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A GENERAL,

SYSTEM OF NAT10_.

THROUGH THE

THREE GRAND KINGDOMS

OF

animalsf, Oegetablesf, ann a^incralsi;

SYSTEMATICALLY DIVIDED

INTO THEIR SEVERAL
CLASSES, ORDERS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND VARIETIES,

WITH THEIR

lABITATIONS, MANNERS, ECONOMY, STRUCTURE,
AND PECULIARITIES.

Translated from Gmelin's last Edition of the celebrated

SYSTEMA NATURiE,
BY SIR CHARLES LINNE :

AMENDED AND ENLARGED BY THE IMPROVEMENTS AND
DISCOVERIES OF LATER NATURALISTS Ai^D SOCIETIES,

JJ^ilh appToprinte Coppcr-phitf.^,

BY WILLIAM TURTON, W- ^r

AUTHOR OF THE MEDICAL GICSSAP.Y.

V O L. I.

' Tliu5 may our life, exempt from public liaunf.
" Find tongues in trees, books in the running brC';kr,
' " St-rnions in stones, and good in every thing." ,

SWAKESFF ADC.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO. TEMPLE OF THE

MUSES, FINSBURY-SQUATE ;
SOLD ALSO BY MR. COOKE, AND MESSHS. HAN\'VELL AND PARKER,

OXFORD; MR. DEIGHTON, CAMHRJOGE ; MR. ARCHER, DUELIN ;

AND MESSRS. MUNDELL AND SON, EDINBURGH.

1802.

T O

Richard Crawshay, Esq;

OF CYFARTHFA IRON- WORKS,

Who, in applying the Materials of Nature
to the Purpofes of Life and the Ufes of
Society, has beft anfwered the Ends of
Science, and advanced its Interefts:

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED,

BY 5

HIS SINCERE FRIEND,

AND HUMBLE SERVANT,

WILLIAM TURTON.

Swansea, May zx^ i8(|^.

PREFACE.

MA N, always curious and inquifitive, and ever defirous or
adding to his ufeful knowledge ; among other fources of
amufement and inftrudion, is naturally led to contemplate and to
enquire into the works of nature. He looks with grateful reverence
upon thofe vaft families of created beings, which it has pleated the
Author of all things to place fubordinate to his wifdom and power:
he examines, with wonder, their formation, habits, and economy ;
and hears, with delight, the narrations of thofe, who have fought
after the natural curiofities of diftant countries.

That this beautiful and inviting ftudy may be facilitated ; and that
the whole of the produdions and inhabitants of this our globe, may
be arranged and conveniently exhibited, fyftems have been invented,
reducing them to their feveral kingdoms, claffes, tribes, families, and
individuals ; with their names, habitations, manners, economy, and
appearance. Thefe have enjoyed their various degrees of repute and
excellence ; but the amazing comprehenfion, learning and labour of
the celebrated Sir Charles Linn e, has produced a fyftenj fo clear
andfimple, fo compendious and accurate, that the lover of Natural
Hiftory may diredly difcover the name and the properties of whatever
fubjeft may fall in his way, or he may chufe to inveftigate.

In

vi PREFACE.

In fyflematic arrangement, the ftudent has this peculiar advantage^
that by immediately arriving at the name, the whole of its known
qualities are immediately difplayed to him : but without a fyftematic
cladincation, he wanders in obfcurity and uncertainty, and muft
collect the whole of its habits and peculiarities, before he can afcertain
the individual he is examining.

The traveller, for example, who wifhes to colle(fi the more curious
fubjcdls of natural hiftory, finds a bird, whofe name, habits, and eco-
nomy, he is defirous of inveftigating : from its conic, iharp-pointed
bill, llendcr legs, and divided toes, he finds that it belongs to the order
Partefes ; and from its thick, flrong, convex bill, with the lower man-
dible bent in at the edges, and the tongue abrubtly cutoff at the end,
lie refers it to the genus "Loxia or Grofbeak ; and running his eye over
the fpccilic differences, he iaimedlalely determines it, from its exadly
anfweriug the fpcciiic charafter " Body above brown, beneath yellow-
iih-white ; crown and breafl pale yellow ^ chin brown," to be the
Philippine Grofbeak, (Loxia PhiUppina;) a little bird which he fincj^
is a native of the Philippine iflands, and endowed by nature with in-
ftindive notions of prefervation and comfort, nearly approaching to
human intelligence; that it conftruds a curious neil w^ith the long
fibres of plants or dry grafs, and fufpends it by a kind of cord, nearly-
half an ell long, from the end of a flender branch of a tree, that it may-
be inaccefiiblc to fnakes, and fafe from the prying intrufion of the
iiuniercus monkeys which inhabit thofe regions : at the end of this
cord is a gourd-fhaped neft, divided into three apartments, the firfl of
which is occupied by the male, the fecond by the female, and the
third containing the young; and in the firfl apartment, where the
male keeps watch while the female is hatching, is placed, on one fide,
a little tough clay, and on the top of this clay is fixed a glow-worm
to afford its inhabitants light in the night time.

That the Englifh fhident may be put in pofTefTion of this vafl treafure,
compruheuding and illuftrating all nature through the three kingdoms
ot animals, vegetables and minerals; I have undertaken a tranflation
fxom the lafl edition of the Systema Nature of Linne, by
Gmelik, amended and enlarged by the improvements and additions
of later naturalifts.

Thu expediency of this tranflation has long been acknowledged,
and the want of it often lamented ; and it has been a principal vjew
of the Editor, to deliver it in as intelligible and as ufeful a form as
the nature of fuch a work will admit. The Linnean terms are ren-
dered as nearly as poflible to the idiom of the Englifh language ; and a
general explanatory Diaionary of fuch as are peculiarly appropriate
to the fcience, Is affixed to the lafl volume. And for the convenience

of

PREFACE. vii

bi luch as vvifh to become acquainted with the produtlions of their
own country, the different fubjcds of Natural Hiltory, hitherto found
in Great-Britain,, will be pointed out by an afteriftc.

In the Ornithological department, I have been chiefly afTifted by the
works of Dr. Latham ; in Entomology, by the laft edition of the
Syftemof Fabricius; in that of Vegetables, by the Species Plan-
tarum of the learned and diligent Willdenow ; and in all by the
accurate Dr. Shaw, in his elegant and beautiful publication, the
Naturalift's Mifcellany.

The numerous fynonyms and references I have omitted ; as they
would fo confiderably have enlarged the bulk of the work, without
adding a proportionate value. The various fubjefts of Natural
Hiftory are fo accurately dcfcribed, that no. doubt can remain as to the
idividual.

The traveller who has leifure and inclination to be acquainted with
this charming fcience, who may find it neceffary to determine what
^nimals are fit for food, and what are poifonous, or who may wifli t©
add whatever new materials rnay occur to him ; the colleftor of fuch
fubjefts as are valuable either for their beauty or their rarity, and who
may wifh to arrange his cabinet according to the laws of nature and
fcience ; and the retired and private individual, who may defire to fill
his vacant hours with a natural knowledge of the various objedls around
him, mufl, except they be well acquainted with the Latin language,
and the technical terms peculiar to the fcience, be for ever ignorant of
the means by which this information may be befl obtained.

Had Natural Hiflory been more fcientifically known, Milton
•would not have defcribed the Whale as a fcaly animal, nor the Snake
as havifig a hairy mane : nor would the arms of many of our Nobility
have been fupported by the reprefentations of compound animals,
exifting only in the imagination of fanciful dreamers.

The advancement of agriculture, and mofl of our arts and manu-
fadlures, muft depend in no fmall meafure upon our comparative
knowledge of Natural Hiftory, particularly of Chemiftry and Botany;
and thefe will queflionlefs become enlarged as this fcience is more
fludied, and more known.

The Editor therefore hopes, that in delivering this work in the
Englifh language, he is adding fom^ething to the flock of innocent
amufement, ani fomething to general utility.

INTRO-

INTRODUCTION.

MA N, when he enters the world, is naturally led to enquire
who he is ; whence he comes ; whither he is going ; for what
piirpofe he is created ; and by whofe benevolence he is preferved.
He finds himfelf defcended from the remoteft creation; journeying
to a life of perfedion and happinefs ; and led by his endowments
to a contemplation of the works of nature.

Like other animals who enjoy life, fenfation, and perception ; whd
feck for food, amufements, and reft, and who prepare habitations
convenient for their kind, he is curious and inquifitive: but, above
all other animals, he is noble in his nature, in as much as> by the
powers of his mind, he is able to reafon juftly upon v/hatever dif-
Covers iifelf to his fenfes ; and to look, with reverence and wonderj
ii|5on the works of Him who created all things.

That exiflence is furely contemptible, which regards only the
gratification of inftinflive wants, and the prefervation of a body
made to perifh. It is therefore the bufinefs of a thinking being, to>
look forward to the purpofes of all things ; and to remember that
the end of creation is, that God may be glorified in all his works.

Hence it is of importance that vV'e fhould ftudy the works of
nature, than which, what can be more ufeful, What more interefl-
ing? For, however large a portion of them lies open to our prefent
view ; a flill greater part is yet unknown and undifcovered.

All things are not within the imrriediate reach of human capacity.
Many have been made known to us, of which thofe who went before
lis were ignorant ; many we have heard of, but know not what they
are ; and many muft remain for the diligence of future ages.

It is the exclufive property of man, to contemplate and to reafon
on the great book of nature. She gradually unfolds herfelf to him,
vrho with patience and perfeveran'ce, will fearch into her mifteries;
and when the memory of the prefent and of pafi: generations (hall
be entirely obliterated, he fhall enjoy the high privilege of living in
the minds of his fuccefibrs, as he has been advanced in the dignity
©£ his nature, by the labours of thofe v.'ho "went befcie him.

Vol, I.— B The

2 INTRODUCTION,

The UNIVERSE comprehends whatever exifls; whatever can
come to our knowledge by the agency of our fenfes. The Stars,
the ElernentSy and this our Globe. '

The STARS are bodies remote, lucid, revolving in perpetual
motion. They (bine, either by their own proper light, as the Surty
and the remoter fixed Stars; or are Planets receiving light from
others. Of thefe the primary planets are folar; Saturn^ Jupiter^
Mars, the Earthy Venus, Mercury, and Georgiiim Sidus: the fe-
Gondary are thofe fubfervient to, and rolling round the primary, as
the Moon round the earth.

The ELEMENTS are bodies fimple, conftituting the atmofphere
cf, and probably filling the fpaces between the ftars.

Fire; lucid, refilient, warm, evolant, vivifying.

Air; tranfparent, elaflic, dry, encircling, generating.

Water; diaphanous, fluid, moid, gliding, conceiving.

Earth; opaque, fixed, cold, quiefcent, fteril.

The EARTH is a planetary fphere, turning round its own axis,
once in 24 hours, and round the fun once a year; furrounded by an
atmofphere of elements, and covered by a ftupendous cruft of natural
bodies, which are the objefts of our ftudies. It is terraqueous;
having the deprefled parts covered with waters ; the elevated parts
gradually dilated into dry and habitable continents. The land is
moiftened by vapours, which rifing from the waters, are collected
into clouds : thefe are depofited upon the tops of mountains ; form
fmall Jlreams, which unite into rivulets^ and reunite into thofe
ever-flowing rivers, which pervading the thirfty earth, and afi^ording
moifture to the produdlions growing for the fupport of her living
inhabitants, are at lafl returned into their parent y^^.

The fludy of natural hiftory, fimple, beautiful, and inflrudlive,
confifts in the colle6lion, arrangement, and exhibition of the various
produ61ions of tlie earth.

Thefe are divided into the three grand kingdoms of nature, whofc
boundaries meet together in the Zoophytes.

MINERALS inhabit the interior parts of the earth in rude and
fhapelefs maffes; are generated by falts, mixed together promifcu-
oufly, and fhaped fortuitoufly.

They are bodies concrete, without life or fenfation.
^ VEGETABLES clothe the furface with verdure, imbibe nou-
rifliment through bibulous roots, breathe by quivering leaves, cele-
brate

INTRODUCTION. 3

brate their nuptials in a genial metamorphofis, and continue their
kind by the difperfion of feed within prefcribed limits.

They are bodies organi-zedy and have life and not fcnfation..

ANIMALS adorn the exterior parts of the earth, refpirc, and
generate eggs ; are impelled to a£lion by hunger, congeneric afFec-r
tions, and pain; and by preying on other animals and vegetables,
reftrain within proper proportion the nvnibers of both.

They are bodies organizcdy and have lifcj Jenjationy and the
power of loco-motion.

MAN, the laft and bed of created works, formed after the image
of his Maker, endowed with a portion of intelle<Slual divinity,
the governor and fubjugator of all other beings, is, by his wifdora
alone, able to form juft conclufions from fuch things as prefent
themfelves to his fenfes, which can only confift of bodies merely
natural. Hence the firft ftep of wifdom is to know thefe bodies ;
and to be able, by thofe marks imprinted on them by nature, to
diftinguifh them front e^ch other, and to affijj; to every obje£l its
proper name.

Thefe are the elements of all fcience ; this is the great alphabet of
nature: for if the name be loft, the knowledge of the objed is loft
a!fo; and without thefe, the ftudent will feek in vain for the means
to inveftigate th^ hidden treafures of nature.

METHOD, the foul of Science, indicates that every natural
body may, by infpe(5lion, be known by its own peculiar name ; and
this name points out whatever the induftry of man has been able to
difcover concerning it : fo th^t amidft the greateft apparent confufion,
the greateft order is vifible,

SYSTEM is conveniently divided into five branches, each fub-
Ordinate to the other: clajsy order y genusyfpcciesy and variety y with
their names and charafters. For he muft firft know the name who
is willing to inveftigate the objedl.

The fcience of nature fuppofes an exa£l knowledge of the nomen-
clature, and a fyftematic arrangement of all natural bodies. In this
arrangement, the daJJ'es and order's are arbitrary; the genera and
/pedes are natural. All true knowledge refers to the fpecies, all
folid knowledge to the genus. ^^ >^^^^<. t« '(■' «s

Of thefe three grand divifions^the animal kingdom ranks higheft
in comparative eftimation^ next the vegetable^ and the laft and loweft
is the mineral kingdom,

B?, ANIMALS,

[ 4 ]

ANIMALS.

A>JIMALS enjoy fenfation by means of a living organization^
animated by a medullary fubftance ; perception by jierves^ and motion
by the exertion of the will.

They have members for the different purpofts of life; organs for
their different fenfes ; and faculties or powers for the application of
their different perceptions.

They all originate from an c^g.

Their external and internal Itructure ; their comparative anatomy,
T.abits, inftin6ls, and various relations to each other, are detailed in
authors who profeifedly treat on thefe fubjeds.

The natural divifion of animals is into 6 dafjes, formed from their
internal flrudlure.

Heart with 2 auricles,'
2 ventricles ;
blood warm, red.

Heart with i auricle, '

{ ventricle ;

blood cold^ red.
Heart with i auricle,

ventricle o ;

fanies cold, white.

J. MAMMALIA. Lungs refpire alternately; jazvs incumbent, co-
vered; teeth ufually within; /^■^//j la6liferous ;
organs of fenfe, tongue, noftriis, eyes, ears, and
papillse of the fkin; covering, hair, which is
fcanty in warm climates, and hardly any on
aquatics ; fupporters, 4 feet, except in aquatics ;
and in molt a tail: -walk on the earth, znd/peait..

II. BIRDS. Zw?r^j refpije alternately ;yrt'a'j incumbent, naked,

extended, without teetii ; eggs covered with a
calcareous fhell ; organs of fenfe, tongue, nof-
triis, eyes^ and ears without auricles ; covering,
incumbent, imbricate feathers; fupporters, feet
2, wings 2 ; and a heart-fhaped rump ; ^y in
the air, zvAftng.

IIL AMPHIBIA- y^w.f incumbent ; /^«/j (frequently) double ; eggs
(ufually) membranaceous; organs of fenfe,
tongue, noftriis, eyes, ears ; covering, a naked
(kin ; fupporters various, iu fomc o ; creep in
warm places and hifs.

IV.

viviparous.

Mammalia.

I.

oviparous.

Birds.

2.

lungs voluntary.

Amphibia.

3-

external gills.

Fishes.

4-

have antenna?.

Insects.

5-

tentacula.

Worms.

6.

MAMMALIA.

S

IV. . FISHES. y^iws incumbent ; pnits (ufually) o ; eggs without

white; organs of fenfe, tongue, noftrils? eyes,
ears ; covering, imbricate (calcs ; fupportcrs^
fins ; ftvirn in the watery and Jmack.

V. INSECTS. Spiracles, lateral pores; jaws, lateral; organs of

fenfe, tongue, eyes, antennx on the head, brain
o, ears o, noltrils o ; covering, a boay coat of
mail ; Jupporters, feet, and in fome, wings ;
Jkip on dry ground, and buzz.

VI. WORMS. Spiracles, obfcure ; jawsy various; frequently

hermaphrodites; organs of fenfe tentacula, (ge^
nerally) eyes, brain o, ears o, noftrils o;
)T6vering, calcareous or o> except fpines; fup-
porters, feet o, fins o ; erawl in moiji places,
and are mute.

f

CLASS I. MAMMALIA.

THESE fuckle their young by means of lacliferous teats. In ex-
ternal and internal tlru6lure they refemble man: molt of them are
quadrupeds; and with man, their natural enemy, inhabit the furface
of the earth. The largeft, though feweft in number, inhabit the ocean.

They are diftributed into 7 Orders, the charaflers of which arc
taken from the number, fituation, and ftrudlure of the teeth.

I. PRIMATES. Fore-teeth c\\n\x\g, upper 4 parallel, (except in fomc

fpecies of bats which have 2 or o) ; tujhs, folitary,
that is, one on each fide, in each jaw ; teats 2,
pedoral ; feet, 2 are hands ; nails, (ufually) flat-
tened; oval ; food, fruits, except a few who ufc
animal food,

I I . BRUTA. Fore-teeth o in either jaw ; feet with ftrong hoof-like

nails; motion, flow; food, (moflly) mafticated
vegetables.

III. FERi^. Fore-teeth conic, ufually 6 in each jaw ; tuJJis longer;

grinders with conic projedions ; feet with claws ;
claws fubulate; food, carcafes and preying on
other animals.

IV. GLIRES. Fore-teeth cutting, 2 in each jaw ; tufis o ; feet with

claws formed for running and bounding; food,
l)ark, roots, vegetables, &c. which they gnaw.

V.

« MAMMALIA.

V. PECORA* Fore-teeth, upper o, lower cutting, many; feet

hoofed, cloven ; food, herbs which they pluck ;
chew the cud ; fiomachs 4, the paunch to macerate
and ruminate the food, the bonnet, reticulate, to
receive it, the omafus, or maniplies of numerous
folds to digeft it, and the abomafus or caille, fa-
fciate, to give it acefcency and prevent putre-
fadlion.

VI. BELLUjE. Fore-teeth ohx.\x(G ; /f<?«' hoofed ; W9//«'« heavy ; fopd

gathering vegetables.

VII. CETE. i^/«x pe£loral inftead of feet ; /a// horizontal, flat-

tened; cJaws o\ hair oi teeth, in fome cartila-
ginous, in fome bony ; nojirils o, inflead of which
is a fiftulous opening in the anterior and upper
part of the head ; food moUufcse and firti ; habiia-
tioTi, the ocean.

Thefe arc necefTarilv arranged with the mammalia
from their fimilarity of llrutlure, though their habits g
and manners are like thofe of fifli. Heart with 2 auri- I
clcs, 2 ventricles ; bhod warm ; linigs refpiring alter-
nately ; eyelids moveable ; ears hoUov/, receiving found
through the medium of the air ; vertebrae of the neck 7 ;
lumbar bones, and coccyx ; teats lactiferous, with
* 'Vk'hich they fuckle their yuur.g.

CHARACTERS

[ 7 ]
CHARACTERS of the MAMMALIA.

I. PRIMATES. Fore-teeth incif or s, 4; tujli,
HOMO. Walks ered ; body naked, except in a few place?-
Simla. Tufks diltant from each other.
Lemur, Fore-teeth, lower 6.
ycfpcrtUio. Fore-feet palmate, formed for flying.

II. BRUTA. Fore-teeth o, h either jazv.
Rhinoceros. Horn on the middle of the forehead.
Sukotyro. ■ Horn on each fide near the eyes.
Elephas. Tulks and Grinders ; nofe elongated Into aprobofcis.
Trichechus. Tufks upper; grinders rough bony; feet ftretchc4

backwards*
Bradypus. Tuflcs o; anterior grinders longer ; body hairy.
Myrmecophaga.Tetth o ; body hairy.
Manis. Teeth 0 ; body fcaly.

Dajypus. Grinders ; Tufks o ; body covered with a crufla-

ceous fliell.
Platxpus. Mouth like a duck's bill ; feet palmate.

Illr P"'ERiE. Foi-e-tceth conic y (10,6,2.); tujlii.
Phoca. Fore-teeth upper 6, lower 4.

Canis. Fore-tccth 6, 6 ; intermediate upper ones lobatc-

Felis. Fore-teeth 6, 6 ; lower ones equal ; tongue aculeate*

Viverra. Fore-teeth 6, 6 ; intermediate lower ones fhorter.

Mujleln. Fore-teeth 6, 6 ; lower ones crowded ; 2 alternate

interior.
19. Urfiis. Fore-teeth 6, 6; upper ones excavate ; a crooked

bone in the penis.

Didelphis. Fore-teeth upper 10, lower 8.

Talpa. Fore-teeth upper 6, lower 8.

Sorex. Fore-teeth upper 2, lower 4.

Erinaceus. Fore-teeth upper 2, lower 2.

IV. GLIRES. Fore-teeth tncifors, 2 'j tufis o.

1.

2.

3-
4-

10.
II.
12.
'3-

5-
6.

8.
9-

7-

14.

15-
16.

I?-
x8.

20.
21.
22.

23-

24-

25.

Hyjlrix.
Cavia.

26. Cnjlor.

Body covered with fplnes.

Fore-teeth wedged ; grinders 4 on each fide ; cla-
vicle o.

Fore-teeth upper wedged ; grinders 4 on each fide ;
clavicle perfed.

27. Mus.

8 MAMMALIA.

27. Mus. pore-teeth upper wedged j grinders 3 on each fide ^

clavicle perfeft.
22. Ar3omys. Fore-teeth wedged ; grmders upper 5, lower 4 on

each fide; clavicle perfe£l.

29. Sciurus, Fore-teeth upper wedged, lower acute ; grinders

upper 5, lower 4 on each fide ; clavicle per-
fect ; tail diflichous ; whillcers long.

30. MyoxuSi Whifi-rers long; tail round, thicker at the point.

31. Dipus. Fore-feet fliort ; hind-feet long.

32. Lepus. Fore-teeth upper double.

33. Hyrax. Fore-teeth upper broad; tail o*

V. PECORA. Upper foreteeth o.
34.- Camelus. Horns o ; tuflvS many.

35. Mojchus. Horns o ; tufks folitary, upper ones projeding,;

37. CamehpardaVis Horns fhortcft ; fore-feet longer than the hind.

36. Cervus. Horns folid, branching,- deciduous; tufks o.

38. Ant'ilope. Horns folid, fimple, perfiftent ; tufks 0.

39. Capra, Horns hollow, ereft ; tufks o^
4(i. O-vis. Horns hollow, reclined; tufks o.

41. Bos. Horns hollow, fpread; tufks o.

VI. BELLU^. Fore-fecih upper and lower,

42. Equus. Fore-teeth upper 6, lower 6.

43. Hippopotamus. Fore-teeth upper 4, lower 4.

44. Tapir. Fore-tcelh upper 10, lower 10.

45. Sus. Fore-teeth upper 4, lower 6.

VI. CETE. Teeth various ; feet 0.

46. Monodon. Teeth in the upper jaw 2, protruding, bonv,

47. Bnla-na. Teeth in the upper jaw horny.

48. Phyjctcr. Teeth in the lower jaw only ; bonv*

49. Dclphinus, Teeth in both jaws; bony.

MAMMALIA,

MAMMALIA.

ORDER I. PRIMATES.

Fore-teeth cutting; upper 4, parallel; teats 2
pedoraL

1. HOMO.

Sapiens. Diurnal ; Varying by education and fituation.

2. Four-footed, mute, hairy. IFild Man.

3. Copper-coloured, choleric, ereft. American^

i/air black, ftraight, thick; nojlrils wide, /"<2ce harfh ; beard
fcanty ; objiinatc, content free. Paints himlelf with fine red
lines. Regulated by cuftoms.
4* Fair, fanguine, brawny. European,

Hair yellow, brown, flowing ; eyes blue ; gentle, acute, inventive.
Covered with cloic veftments. Governed by laws.

5. Sooty, melancholy, rigid. Jfiat'id

Hair black ; eyes dark ; fevcre, haughty, covetous. Covered
with loofe garments. Governed by opinions.

6. Black, phlegmatic, relaxed. African,

//c^zV black, frizzled; jkin filky ; nojt flat ; lips tumid; crafty ^
indolentj negligent. Anoints himielf with greafe. Governed
by caprice.

Mdnjirofus Varying by climate or art,

1. Small, aftive, timid. Mountaineer,'

2. LargCj indolent. Patagonian,

3. Lefs fertile. Hottentot,

4. Beardlefs. American*

5. Head conic- Chinefe,
6« Head flattened. Cayiadian*

The anatomical, phyfiological, natural, moral, civil and focial
> hiftories of man, are beft dcfcribed by thehr refpedlive writers.

Vol. L-*C '2' SIMIA.

le MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simla.

2» SIMIA. /i?r^-^^^/A in each jaw 4, approx-
imate : tujks folitary, longer, more re-
mote: grinders ohtu^Q:,

Thele greatly referable man in the uvula, eye-lajlies, hands, feet^
Jingcrs, toes, nails, and other parts of the body ; yet differ
widely in the total want of reafoii : are of retentive memory,
imitative, and full of gerdculaticns ; chatter with the teeth
and grin ; macerate their food in the cheeks before they fwal-
low it ', filthy, lafcivious, thieving, gregarious, and the prey
of leopards and ferpents.

A. Tail o. Apes.
Troglo- Head conic, body hrnwnyy ^^r^ and fhoulders hairy, reft of
dytes. the body fmooth. Angola Ape.

Satyrus, Rufty-brown, hair of the fore-arms reverfed, haunches
cov'cred. Orang-outang.

Body often erefl, entirely covered, brown, thinly fprinkled witlt
reddifh hairs hardly an inch long : hair of the fore-anns re-
verled : head round, fore-head naked, margin of the mouth
hair^'; eyelajhes hhck, upper ones longer, thicker ; a tranf-
verle feries of hairs inftead of eyebrows ; noft fhort downy ;
palms fmooth, thumb fliorter than the palm : feet well-form-
ed, great toe fhort, the reft long. Inhabits the ifland of
Borneo.
Greatly relembling m.an, even in the hyoid bone, yet, with the
reft of his tribe, wants the nail of the great toe •, and from the
ftrufture of the larynx, mufcles, and whole frame of the bones,
evidently not dehgned to walk ereft. From 3 to 5 feet high,
2. Cheeck-pouches o; ^^//o/;//V5 on the haunches o ^ and walks
always ereft. Pongo.

Inhabits Java and Guinea. 5 — 6 feet high. Face flat, naked,
tawny ; teeth refembling thofe of man ; hair on the back and
loins in fmall quantities ; ears, hands, feet, heajt, belly naked.
Z* Refembling the former, but only 2\ feet high.

Docile, gentle, grave ; probably only differing from the former
in age.

iar. Haunches naked ; arms as long as the body.

Long-armed Ape.
Found in India; gentle, flothful, impatient of cold and rain;

4 feet high.
J"<7ce flefh-colourcd, nakedifh, furrounded with a circle of grey 4
hairs ; eyes large and funk ; colour varying from black to *
wliite } more ereEl than S, Satyrus,

MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simia. ii

0.. Lefs than the former, i| feet high; face, body, brown.
3. Body and arms covered with filvery hairs ; face, cars, crown,
hands, black.
Inhabits the forefts of Dcval in Bengal: playful, gentle, ele-
gant -, 3 feet high.

Sylvanus, Haunches naked ; head roundifli ; arms fliorter. Pig^ny,
Inhabits Africa and Ceylon: mild and ealily tamed; ufcs

threatening gefturcs when angry, chatters when pleafed ; fd-

lutes after the manner of the CaftVes ; drinks from the palm of

the hand.
Face {hort, flat ; fore-head tranfverfely projefting at the region

of the eyebrows; Jkin rough, hair on the neck and fore-arms

reverfed ; about i| feet high,.

Inuus, Haunches naked ; head oblong. Magot.

Inhabits Africa ; fond of the open air ; deformed, dirty, me- .

lancholy.
Refembles S. Sylvanus; Jnoxd longer, colour paler, nails
rounded ; 3|. feet high,

Stiilla. Nofe blunt, truncate, refembllng a hog. Hog-faced A^e^

B. Tails Jhort. Baboons.

A'tm^/?n';ja Beard thin; colour giQy\ ^y^j hazel; haunches mVtdi,

Inhabits Sumatra; lively, gentle, tradable, impatient of cold.
Face naked, tawny; noie flat, lips thin, with hairs reiembling

whifkers ; hair on the body olive -black, belly reddifli-yellow ;

about 2 feet high.

Apedia. Thumb clofe to the fingers; 7iails oblong, thumb-nails
rounded ; haunches covered. Little Baboon,

Inhabits India : fize and colour of S. Sciurus. Nails oblong,
compreffed, except the thumb and great-toe nails, whicn
refemble thofe of a man ; tail hardly an inch long ; face
brOwn, with a few fcattered bairs.

S/)/ii/!,v, Mouth with whifkers i «<z//x acuminate ; haunches nzked.

Great Baboon.
Inhabits Borneo : lafcivious, robuft, fierce ; feeds on fruits ana

feeds, demolifl^es the produce of cultivated lands.
Head oblong, rcfembling that of a dog, but more obtufe ; neck
long; tail fhort, ered; hau7ichcs red edged with purple;
3 — 4 feet high.

Mormon. Beard thin ; cheeh tumid, naked, bltie, obliquely furrowed ;
haunches naked, red. Tufted Ape,

C 2 Inhabits

12 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simla.

j^nhabits India.

Fore-head tufted with white ereft hairs ; fnout long, naked ;

nofi red; beard white, fiiort ; throat yellowifh ; neck white

.. abo\"e, yellow beneath; »i:;c7£ dark grey ; bcLly v^Yiiii^; loins

violet, fliining through thin hair; future of the belly, naked,

red ; nails acutifli, of the thumbs rounded.

Maimen. Beard thin ; cheeks hint, ftriate; haunches n?ikt^.

Ribhed-noje Ape,
Inhabits Guinea; weeps and groans like man; libidinous,

ugly, difgufting.
Difiers from the laft; in its blue nofe, and wanting the vertical
tuft ; body reddifh-brown ; breaji, belly grey ; 4 — 5 feet high,

Percaria. Head refembling a hog; fnout naked; body brown-olive;
haunches covered ; ?2ails acuminate. Hog Baboon.

Inhabits Africa ; probably a variety of S. Suilla.

Sylvatica, Face, hands j feet^ naked, black, fmooth ; nails white.

Wood Baboon^
Inhabits Guinea; about 3 feet high.

Face canine ; fin fine, gloffy, bkick ; body covered with longifh
clofe hair, variegated with black and tawny •, ear^ almofl hid
in fur ; tail not 3 inches long.

Varie^&ta. Bright yellow mixed with black; face long, black, naked;
hands covered on the back Avith hair. Yellow Baboon.
Inhabits Africa; refembles S. Sylvatica.
Above the eyes feveral long dufky hairs : about 2 feet high.

^inerea. Face dufky; beard pale brown; crown variegated with
yellow ; body cinereous. Cinereous Baboon.

Inhabits Africa ? about 2 feet high.

Livea. Face blueiih ; fore-tecth 2 broad flat; beard "pzXo. brown.

^luc-faced Baboon.
Over the eyes long hai^s ; ears with a tuft of hair behind each ;
hair black mixed with cinereous and rully brown : about 3
feet high.

^latypygos Face dirty-white furrounded with fljort ftraight hairs ;
7««zz/^ broad, large. Brown Baboon.

Body upper part brown, under cinereous ; tail tapering, al-
XBoft bare, naked beneath, 4 inches long.

Crifata^ Hair on the crown of the head and cheeks long, difhevelled,

Crcfled Baboon.

.Body

MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simla. 13

Bedy covered with long black hair ; brcajl whitifli ; face, hands ^
Jeet, black, naked; fa// tapering, about ■y inches long: 2
feet hisih.

C. Tail long not prehenjile, cheeks pouched , haunches
naked. Monkies.

Cynofurus, Beard o \ face long, fore-head footy, a whitifh band over
the eyes; ?nale genitals co\(i\ixt<\\ nails convex.

Dog-tailed Monkey,
Faithlefs, reftjefs, lafcivious : 2 feet high.

Hamadryr Cinereous; far; hairy; m-^/Vj fharpifn ; haunches r&d.
^S' Tartarin Monkey,

Inhabits Africa ; fierce, fingulav in appeirance.
JFflce prominent •, )jo/l' fmooth red; mri pointed, almoft hid in
fur ; hair on the fides of the head and as far as the wakt
long fliaggy ; nails of the fingers flat, of the toes acute, nar-
row : aboHt 5 feet high.
2. Head above the fore-head prominent, tcrrninating in a
ridge.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; very gregarious, pillages
gardens, and is watchful of furprife; luad large; noje long,
thick ; ears fliort ; crown covered with long upright hairs ;
body, rough, hairy ; tail half the length of the body, arched
at the end ; nails flat rounded ; haunches red : 4 — 5 feet high,

Vcter, Beard black ; lody white, Loivando,

2. Beard white.

Inhabits Ceylon; wild, ferocious, mifchievous,
Tvjlis long, large ; head furrounded with a broad mane j body
longifh tapering : 3 — '^\ feet high.

Siliins. Beard long black ; hody hlzck. fFanderu.

2. Beard bufhy.

Inhabits Ceylon, and the reft of India,

3. Jet black; beard white, very long.

Inhabits Guinea; about 2 feet high.

4. Beard white, triangular fhort pointed, extending on each

fide beyond the ears.
Inhabits Ceylon ; harmlefs, lives in the woods, feeds on leave*

and buds, eafily tamed. ,
Body black ; face^ hands purple ; tail long, ending in a dirty

white tuft.

JF^unu:, Bearded; /^/7 bufliy at the end, Malbroucl:.

Inhabits Bcn^nl^

Fact

14 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simia.

Fare grey ; eyes large, eyelids flefli -coloured, forehead wkh a
gicy band m{}tid of eyebrows ; ears large, thin, flefh-coloured ;
/'ocij black ifli: /^rea/i, idly, whiter leard hoaiy pointed;
liardly a foot bigh.

Cyvoml- Beard o; «5/?///x bifid thick ; /a;"/ arched; hamiches n:i\ti.

gi. Inhabits yi/r/c^; mild, tradable, dirty, loalliibuie, watching at

night in trees.

UeaA^ hrgt.fare naked, livid, wrinkled; ears covered with

i-.air; body fiiort, thick, upper parts greenifli ani-colour,

i'reaj}, belly, \'elIowlfh grey : 1 1 feet high.

Cjnar,r^;f(7. Beard c ; rj/w/r yellowifh ; W5////> projeaing; /.7/7 ftraight ;
, /-^/mrZ^f^ bald. Z),g Monkey,

Inhabits Africa. Refcmblcs S. Inuus, except that it has a tail.

Dzana. Bearded ; ford'cad projeding ; heard pointed.

Spotted Monkey.

inhabits Gu^,Ka and Con^o ; playful when voung, falutes paf-
fengers by nodding, cliatters and grins when angiy, bites and
IS '.ll-tempered %\-hen old an<l the tuflis grow long, cleanly,
and when called cries greek.

Size of a cat ; colour black fpotted with white ; back rufty-brown ;
thghs underneath pale red; throat, brcajl, white; hcarJ
black a-bove. beneath x\-hite, long, pointed ; forehead with
^yhlte ereft pointed h.iirs, and a tvanlverfe creicent-flianed
line; a white line pafling from tlie anus to the knee on thp
outfideofeach thigli; /^/7 flraight, long, black; face, ears,
bidy.fcet, black. "^ '

Sahaa. Beard o; cohur )'cIIowifh green; face black; taU grey •
hmmchesv^^V^^ ' Green Monkey.

Inhabits Cape^ de Verd, Cape of Good Hope, and the neighbour-
ing countries. ^

Body on the upper parts a mixture of grey, green and vellowini ;
throat brea ft, bel'y, thjrjis, white; face naked, black, tem-
ples yeliowifh white ; hairs long, reverfed ; eyebrows h\zz^^,
bnlUy; <^^/ ftraiglu, as long as the body, hoary ; feet cir^-
reous; 77^^/,; rounded, thofe of the hands ovate : fizeofacat.

^A,-r. Tailed ; checks bearded ; crown ycllowifli ; feet black ; tall

rufty at the point. Moujiache.

inhabits Guivea. •'

£ody ^hovc brown, beneath blulfli white; head with white

croft hairs, eyebrows witJi a white tranfverfe arch; upper

cyehds white; hair on the cheeks .ftanding out ; 7...«^^ blue-

^Ih ; under the c^r.r two Lrge tufts of vcllow hairs like Muf-

Udao5:rize of S.Diana. ^thtops.

i,' MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simla. 15

jTjhiops. Tailed, beardlcfs ; /6/r-/5/> white, erc6t ; rtrr/' of the fore-
head white. JVhtte-eselid Mjnkey.
2. Neck and cheeks furrouhded with a broad collar of white
hair.
Inhabit Madagafgar.

Face, thick, broud ; eyes furroundcrl by a prominent ring ; e\'e-
lids naked, very white ; ears bhick, ahnoll nuked i tail dtchcd,
covered with long bufliy hair: i\ feet high.

Aygula. Tailed ; heard fcanty ; colour grey ; croivn with an ere*£l
tuft of hair reverfed longitudinal. Egret.

Inhabits India, Java.
' £pr/y grey like a wolf, throat, breaft. belly, whitifli ; fa// longer
than the body, cinereous, tapering ; face flattifh, whitiih,
naked ; iiofi deprcfl'ed, Ihort, diilant from the nioulh, with a
double furrow on' the upper lip; cheeks a little bearded, hairs
turned back; eyebrozos gibbous, briftlv, prominent ;yd'it black,
femipalmate ; nails of the tliumbs and great toes rounded, the
reft oblong; cars pointed; an arched future from the ear to-
wards the eves and back to the bale of the lower jaw, and s.
longitudinal learn on the fore-arm.
2. Head rounder ; face lefs black ; body paler brown.

Kiciitans. Tailed, beardlefs, black fprinkled with pale fpots ; nofe
white ; thumb very Ihort ; haunches covered.

Nodding Alonley.
2. Beard long, white.

Inhabit Guinea; playful and continuallv nodding tlie head.

i^^;rf hairy; iHo«//i Ihort ; ci?/i/7j naked ; /r/r/.v pale yellow; AsrV
black, witlia few pale rings; lips, chin, whitilb; tail ftraight,
cylindrical, longer than tiie body; thumb not loriger than ths
firft joint of the fore-Hnger.

Siniea, Tailed, beardlefs; /a r^-(*j/> horizontally placed, and fliading
the whole head. Chinefe Monkey.

2. Fore-top eredt, having the appearance of a round black
bonnet; body hrow^'n\ legs, arms y hlzck.
Inhabits Bengal; 2) India.

Tail much longer than die body: nails of the thum.bs and great
toes rounded, tl»e reil oblong ; body, upper parts pale brown
mixed with yellow, lower whitifli : hze of a cat,

Nemccus. Tailed, beardlefs; cheeks hc:\TdQd-y fail whnc.

Cochinchina Monkey.
Inhabits Cochinchina, Madagafgar.

lace, ears, light red ; forehead \vh\\ a narrow brown band, cover-
ed with black hair; hair furrounding the face whitifir n^ixed

with

l6 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simla.

witli yellow ; veck on the upper part with a wreath of the fame
colour as that of the fore-head; Jkouldcrs, upper parts of the
arms black ; hands, groin, whitifh ; thighs on the upper part
and foes black ; Jcet to the knees brown : 2-— 4 feet highf
From this fpecies is procured the Bezoar of the ape.

Mcna, Tailed, bearded; a prominent whitifh-grey femilunar arch
over the eyebrows. Varied Monkey.

Inhibits Morocco, and the warmer parts of AJia j gentile, docile,
patient of cold.

Head frnall, round; face bright, tawny brown; hair on the
crown yellow mixed with black ; a dark band from the eyes
to the ears, and to {htjhoulders and arms ; tail grcyifli brown;
rump witlr two white fpots on each fide : 1 \ foot high.

Rubra, Tailed, bearded ; cheeks bearded ; crozun, hack, tail, blood
red. Red Monkeys

1* Beard yellow; band over the eyes black,^
3. Beard white; band over the eyes white.

Inhabit Senegal, Congo and hot parts of Africa. Crown flat ;
Oody, legs long ; hair on the upper parts bright red, beneath
yellow-grey; over the eyes to the ears a band: 2) black:
3) white; tail longer than the body: fize i| — 2 feet.

Tatapoin, Tailed, bearded ; checks hc'ixxde^^ ears, nofe,foJcSyh\diQk.
Inhabits India.

Body brownifla green, elegant: fize \ foot ; tail i\ feet long,
2. Colour black.

Head roundifli -yface tawny, v/ith a-few black hairs ; ears human ;
brcaft, belly, thighs on the infide, dufky flefli-coloured ; gen-
tle, playful : Jize of a large cat.

Pctaurijia Tailed, bearded ; back, upper part of the /«//, anterior parts
of the legs, dark olive ; face black ; nofe with a trian-
gular white fpot. Agile Monkey,
Inhabits Gwz'jiw; ger.tle, docile ; 13 inches high; ^tiY 20 in-
ches long.

Maura. Tailed, bearded; cheeks, \f\io\& face, except the region
extending from the eyes to the tip of the nofc, bearded ;
body reddifh brown. Negro Monkey.

InhTihiis Ceylon and Gvinea : aftive, gentle.

Tail long-tr than the body; face tawny flefli-coloured; fecf^
hand.', black, naked, foft •, when fitting, abour 7 inches high,

Roloway, Tailed, bearded ; hcad^ back, outfide of the har.ds and feet
black, inlide, belly and circular beard encloHng a tri-
angular/<7r.'', white Inhabi;

MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simla. 17

Inhabits (^uzrtfrt; gentle, docile.

Beard long, forked-, i^ fcet high; tail fame length,

fuai Beard o ; face long, flender, naked, fiefti-eoloured ; nsje
projcding.

Inhabits Africa ? good tempered.

Head covered with thick longifh hair falling backwards ; ears
fmall pointed, nakedifh ', hair on the upper parts and limbs^
long, rufty-brown mijied with blackj on the bread and belly^
light afh-colour • tail very long : when fitting about 2 feet
high*

\eola. T uflcs very Idrge ; ears large, black, naked ; cheels with
long pale-yellow locks reverfed. Telloiv Monkeyi.

Inhabits Guinea?

Crown, upper parts of the iody, arms, thighsi afh-colour mixed
with yellow ; lower parts cinereous ; face black, with long
hairs over each eye \ throat, brtaf, yellowifh white ; hair
coarfe ; tail as long as the body : fze of a fox.

W, Tuflcs in the lower jaw long; face long, flefti-colourcd ;
n^/i? flattifh. Tawny Monkeyi.

Inhabits India: ill tempered*

£»dy, upper parts covered with a pale tawTiy fur cinereous at
the roots ; back, hinder parts orange ; Zf^j cinereous ; bellrjf
wliite ; tail fhorter than the body : fize of a cat*

idens. Face black ; cheeis with long black hairs ; body pale green ;
limbs grey ; fail dufky*
Is probably only a variety of the laft.

■cina. Face naked, blue, obliquely ribbed; i^^^r^ long, goat-like ;
tail long ; body deep brown.

'ialisi Thumb o ; headf cheelsf throat, /boulders ^ covered with long
coarfe flowing hairs.

inhabits the forefts of Sierra Leone.

Head fmall ; face fhort, black, naked ; toes long, flender ; nails
narrow pointed ; tail long^ covered with Ihow- white hairs, a
tuft at the end ; body, limbs, flender : 3 feet high. The fldri
is by the natives made into pouches and guii'>caies*

diat Thumbs o ; tail long, flender, black j body and limbs flen-
der. Bay Monkey*

Inhabits Sierra Lconci

Crown black; back deep bay; limbs on the outfrde black?
cheeks, uuder parts ©f the hd^ and legs bright bay.

Vol I,*-D Fuf^^

i8 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simla.

Fufca. Tail fhortcr than the body, alternately^ annulate with dark
and light brown. Brown Monkey.

Face flat ; clucks and forehead with long Irairs ; body above
tawny-brown •, bdly cinereous ; hands black, naked.

D. Tails prehenfile ; cheek-pouches o\ hauHchcs covered.
Sapajous.

Bidzehub. Tailed, bearded, black : tail at the tip, and feet, brown.

Inhabits South America : wanders in flocks by night, and howls

hideoufly : is exceedingly fierce.
Beard round, black ; hair long, black, Irnooth.

Seriiculus. Tailed, bearded, red. Old man of the wooers.

Inhabits the woods about Cartha^inia^ Cayenne, and the river
Amazon : falutcs paffengTs from trees, the whole herd howl-
ing at the fame inftant : feeds on the fruit of the Banana.

Bjdy uniformly dirty-red ; mouth like that of a man, placed in
the anterior part of the face •, chin prominent ; fize of a calf,

Panifcus. Tailed, black, beardlefs; thumb o.

Inhabits South America : is active, bold, fond of gefliculations,

and very impatient of cold or confinement.
Body fomctimes brown; face naked, red; limbs and luaiji flen-
der, and with the exterior half of the tail fometimes brown,
fometimes black; thumb very fhort and concealed within the.
fingers ; Jkin black, covered with rough black hair ; ears
> naked ; nails of che iiands round, of the feet oblong.

Exquima. Bearded ; back variegated with black and yellow ; throat and
belly white.
Inhabits South America: in fize and difpofitlon refembles the
laft.

Trepida. Tailed.; beard o; fore-top ere£l; hands and feet blue;
tail hairy.
2. Hair round the face grey, brownifli-yellow on the body.
Ii\habits Surinavi : nimble, dextrous, amufing : a foot high.
Body brown, beneath rufl:y ; hair of the head foiTned into a
black ere6t hemifpherical tuft; tail hairy; nails rounded;
jace and ears downy flcfh-coloured ; eyes approximate, chefnqt,

fatuellus. Tailed, beardlcfs ; two tufts on the head refembling horns.

Horned Sapajou.
Inhabits South America : is harmlefs and gentle.
Face, Jtdes, belly j and anterior thighs brown ; crown, middle of
the back, tail, feet, and hind part of the thighs, black ; nails
long, bluntifh ;• ^fl?7 fplral.

Apdla,

MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simla. 19

Apdla. Tailed, beardlefs; ^o^j brown ; /^^/ black. Brown Sapajou.
Inhabits South America: nimble, conftantly looking about, and
cries like a young turkey.

Capucina. Beard o ; /hin brown ; hair and limbs black ; tail fliaggy ;

haunches covered. Capucin Monkey.

2, Hair on the bread, throat, round the ears and checks white.

Inhabit South Amtrica : mild, docile, timid; walk on the heels
and do not fkip ; cry in a wailing voice ; repel their encniits
by horrid bowlings ; fhriek often like the crickei ; when
angered yelp like a whelp ; carry the the tail fpirally rolled
up, which is often coiled round the neck ; fmell of mulk.

Face fometimes black, fometimes flefh-coloured on the forehead ;
tujks approximate ; nofe carinate towards the eyes ; a black
varicofe retraftile wrinkle jufi; under the hair of" the forehead;

. tail long, always curved, covered with long fliaggy hair :
Jize of a cat.

Sciurea. Beard o ; tailed ; hind part of the head prominent ; nails of
the 4 fmaller toes ungulate ; haunches covered.

Orange Monhey,
Inhabits South America : pleafant, beautiful, graceful ; refts b/
lying on its belly ; looks in the face of fuch as fpeak to it ;
impatient of the climate of Europe.
Body greenifh-grey, under parts whitifh ; legs^ arms, rully ;
tail fhaggy, black at the tip, twice as long as the body ;
nails of the thumbs and great toes rounded; face blueifli-
brown; eyebrows briftly; ears with fcanty whitiflr hairs:
Jize oi^L fquirrel. •

Morta, Beard o ; tailed ; chcfnut ; face brown ; iaii naked, fcaly.
Inhabits America.

Differs from S. Sciurea only in fize which is lefs, and is pro-
bably only the younger animaj of the feme fpecies.

Syrin.a, Tailed, beardlefs ; mouth and eyebrows with long hairs.
An obfcure and doubtful fpecies.

Variegata, Hair on the fides and back mixed orange and black.

Inhabits Antigua ? lively, docile, full of tricks.

Face black ; nofe fhort ; long hair hanging down each fide the
cheeks ; belly white; &^^ outficfe bljrck, infide cinereous; tail^
by which it frequently hangs, dulky-afh: 18 inches long,

tail 20,

«

E. Tails not prehenftle; cheek-pou'c'hes O'y haunches cO'
'i-ercd. Sagoins,
D 2 Pitkecia,

20 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Simla.

Fithecia, Tailed, beardlefs; hairs of the body long, black at the tips ;
tailhXzcky very fhaggy. Fox-tailed Monkey.

Inhabits Sooth Am(rica: amufing, eafily tamed.
i'ace covered with whitiflr down ; throat, belly^ with dirty-
whitifh hairs ; h£:/j long, obtuie: Jtze i A foot,

Jacchust Tailed ; ears hairy, broad ; tail curved, very hairy ; nails
fubulate, of the thumbs and great toes rounded.

Striate Monkey.
2. Yellov/ifh, fmelling of muflc.

Inhabits Brazil: aftive, relllefs, climbing like the fquirrel,
feeds on iniecls, fruits, milk, bread, tea andfiiiall birds, gnaws
bark, untameable, biting, tormenting cats by fixing under the
belly, emits a hiffing cry.
Body grey-afliy ; lips, forehead, white ; head fmall. black, be-
tween the eyes yellowifh ; ears covered before with long white
fur, which prevents the entrance of wind ; tail longer than
the body, annulate with wl)ite •, fore-teeth 4, intermediate one?
broader, parallel, lateral ones acute, approaching at the points j
above the no/e a naked wliite fpot : hardly 8 inches long.

Oidtpus. Tailed \ beardlefs ; locks hanging ; tail red j nails fubulate.

Red-tailed Monkey.

Inhabits South America : aftive, brilk, imitating the lion in its
gellures, fomethjng lefs than S. Jacchus, fmells raufliv, voice
r^fembling a moufe.

Body grey, undenieath white; head ^vith long white hanging
locks ; face black, a few white hairs behind the ears ; a wart
on each check ; irids rufty ; ears roundifh, black, naked ; nails
fubulate, except the thumb ; tad twice as long as the body,
a little hairy, black, v»^d at the b^e ; region of the anus red.

^a/alia. Tailed ; beardlefs ; head hairy; circumfereuce of the face

and feet red ; nails fubulate. Silky Monkey.

Inhabits South America : playful, and Icfs impatient of cold

than others.
Body ycllowiflr-whitc ; nails of the thumbs and great toe^
rounded; ears naked, hid by the hair ; face broAvni furrounded
vilh a bright-red cjaue ; hair long, filky; iai/ tufted: 8
..inphfsjong, tail 13.

Jilidcs. Tailed; beardlefs; upper lip deft; cars fquarc, naked;
nails fubulate. Tamarin.

Inhabits Surinavi : lively, cafily tamed.

Hands ini feet falTron; i>ody black; tail twice as long as the
body, black; ears naked, broad, blunt; nails fubulate, re-
fembling thole of a cat, except of the great toes which are
rounded like thofe of a man : fizc of a fquirrel, 3,

MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Lemur. tii

3, LEMUR. Fare-teeth upper 4, intermediate
ones remote ^ lower 6, longer, extend-
ed, comprefled, parallel, approximate:
^?^jfolitary,approximate : grinder snia.-
ny, fublobate, foremofl longer, fharper.

Tardi^a. Tail o ; body tawny ilh-afli. Loris,

dus. Inhabits Ceylon : agile, cjuick of hearing, monogamous.

Jiack with a bro'.vailli line ; throat whitiili ; between the eyrs
a white longitudinal line ; face hairy ; ears urceolate, within
bifoliate -, hands, Jectf naked ; 7iails rounded, of the great toes
Tubulate ; teats 3 on the bread, 2 on the upper part of tho
belly ; f.zi of a fquixfel,

f-'candat-us Tail 0 ; a dark rufly line along the middle of the back from
the rump to the forehead, where it becomes forked;
oriiis furjrounded by a blackifli circle.

Taillefs Maucauco.

Inhabits Ceylon, Bengal : inaftlve, creeps flowly on the ground,
lives in the woods, feeds on fruit, eggs and fmall-birds, tena-
cious of its hold, emits a plaintive cry.

^cad linall, round, broad at the forehead ; fpacc bejween the
tf)»« white; earj Irnall ; fngers and toes naked; nails flat,
rounded, except the toes of tlic hind-naws next the great
toes, which have long crooked fliarp claws; body covered
with fliort foft filky cinereous and reddifh fur : length about
16 iuches,

Iniri, Tailo; black.

Inhabits hladagajcar : eafily tamed when young, and ufcd by
the natives for hunting ; cries like an infant,

Ttijks in each jaw 8, fore-teeth upper 2, lower 4, approximate ;
feet 5-toed, nails flat, acute, of the great toe large; hair
thick, filky, on the rump curled, white on the /act, and to-
wards the genitals grey, reft of the body black ; the rudiment
of a tail fenfiblc to the touch ; length 3^ feet.

PottOt Tailed, pale rufty ; tail of the fame colour.

Inhabits Guinea : differing only from the laft in its tail.

Mongozt Tailed, grey ; /a// of the fame colour. PFooUy Mangaoz.
Body grey or rather bro\\milh, white underneath j band over thf

eyes black ; hands pale afh.

2. Body grey or brown j facc^ hands black,

3. Body

17,

MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Lemur.

3. Body grey or black, near the eyes a black fpot.

4. Body brown ; vofe, hands, white.

5. Body entirely brown.

6. Body grey; face black, hands yellow.

Inhabits Madagafcar, and the neighbouring iflands ,

filthy, feeds on fruits.
N(},ils of the great toes fubulate, longer.

a6live,

Fari.

Macao. Tailed, black \ collar bearded.
2. Body brown.
3- Body white.
4' Body black and white mixed.

Inhabits Madcgajcar, and the adjacent iflands ; fierce and dan-
gerous when wild, gentle when tamed, clearily, delights in
lun-fhine, and fleeps in dark places ; refufes eggs, flefli, fifh ;
roars almofl: like a lion.
Kails of the great hind-toes nearly fubulate.

Caita, Tail white annulate with black. Ring-tail Maucauco.

Inhabits Aladagajcar, St, Jfohavna: gregarious, very gentle,
climbs with all its feet like the ape, feeds on fnaits, herbs,
roots, when pleafed and at reft purrs like a cat.
Nails of the great toes not longer or fubulate ; tail large, ereft,
waving, with 30 rings; hair foft, ereft : Jize of a cat, but
longer,

Murinus. Tailed, cinereous ; tail tawny.

Inhabits Madagafcar : gentle, elegant,
, All the 7iails flat, rounded.

Bicolor, Tailed ; upper parts blackifh-grey, beneath dirty-white ;
forehead with a dirty-white heart-lhaped fpot.

American Maucauco.
Inhabits South America.

Head reicmblcs that of a bull-dog ; nails all fubulate ; feet
white.

laniger. Tailed; above reddiOi-yellow, beneath white; /^//uni-
formly tawny-red.
Inhabits Madagafcar : about 2X inches long.
liair foft, curled, about the loins reddifh-tawny ; face black ;
■ . '.^i.-./edrs fmall; 'eyes large, greenifh-grey •, fore-teeth upper 2,
lower 4; ^fli7 9 inches long ; /ceJ 5-toed, nails long, great
'.?c nail rounded.

Podje.

MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Vefpcrtilio. 23

Podjf. Hind-legs very long, flender, efpecially from the heel to the

toes ; tail long, flender.

Inhabits Amboina, and the remoteft part of Indid : 6 inches long.

Head cinereous, reft; of the body tawny mixed with afh ; face

long, muzzle flender 2 lobod ; ears ereft, broad, naked, with

a tuft of long hair between on the top of the head ; fore- teeth

'2, tujks 2, thumb diftinft ; toes 4, flender, on each foot;

vails fhort, fharp, but on the great toes Hat, rounded ; hair

long, foft, woolly ; tail almoft naked, greater parts fcaly,

tufted at the end, ^\ inches long.

Prehenfdis Tail prehenfile. Litih Maucauco.

Inhabits Madagafcar : lively, rolls itfelf up when afleep, carries
its food in its hairds, bites leverely, voice weak, not tameable,
feeds on fruits.

Body upper parts cinereous, lower white, fpace round the eyes
dark ; head rounded ; month Iharp ; whijkers long ; ears
large, roundilh, naked, thin ; eyes large, full ; toes long, un-
equal ; yiails fiiort, rounded, a Iharp long claw on the inner
toe of the hind-paw ; tail hairy, long as the body : ftze lels
than a common black rat.

Folans, Tailed ; furrounded by a membrane formed for flying.

Flying Maucauco.
Inhabits Gitznrat, Philippine and Mollucca ifles, gregarious,

nofturnal, feeds on fruits.
Membrane reaching fromi the head to the fore-feet, thence down
the fides to the hind-feet, and extended to the tip of the tail ;
««zYj acute; teats 2, peftoral ; headlong; mouthy teethy
fmall ; ears fmall, round, membranous ; body and membrane
on the ontfide covered with foft hoary or black and alh-co-
loured hairs, infidc naked, fibrous; toes 5, clazos flender,
fharp, crooked; tail flender, hairy: 3 feet long, the fame
expanded.

4. VESPERTILIO. Teeth all ereft, acumi-
nate, approximate: fore-feet palmate,
formed for flying: a membrane fur-
rounding the body.

The animals of this genus fly abroad by night, by means of the
above defcribed expaniile membrane : feed on moths, gnats
and no6lurnal infefts : torpid during winter in cold countries,
gathering together in dark caverns, fliicking to walls, or fuf-
pending by the, hind-legs: have a remarkable additional fenfe
of avoiding obje£ls in their way when deprived of their eyes.

A. Fore-

24 MAMMALIA. l^RIMATES. VefpertiHo.

A. ForC'teeth in each jaw 4.

Vampyrus. Tail o ; nofc fimple ; ynernbrane divided between the thighs,

Ternate Bat^
1. Black or dark red; tars fhort> acutifli.

3. Body brownifh-black ; neck on the upper part red.

4. Body ftraw-colour.

Inhabits the weft, o^ Africa, fouth of Afia, iflandsof the Indian
ocean and South feas : (aid to faft;en on and iuck the blood of
fuch as it finds aQeep, an excellent phlebotomift^ in pleuiifies,
{licks upon trees in large clufters.

Fore-teeth obtufifh, tujks upper folitary, furrowed by the aftion
of the lower tooth, lower 2 with a fmall obtufe fore-tooth
between each ; grinders many, obtufifh ; no/lrils hardly di-
vided ; fore-feet y the firft: toe feparate, clawed, fecdnd afHxed
to the membrane ; hindfcct clcit, clawed, the heels ending
in a fubulate cartilage annexed to the membrane •, a niclitating
vumbrane in the larger corner of the eye : length 5 — 9 inches.

SpeRrunu Tailo; nofe funnelled, lanceolate < yampire*

Inhabits South America : ugly, deformed^

No/lrils on the fore-part refembling a funnel, turning upwards
into a lanceolate leaf; ears ovate with an inner fubulate mem-
branaceous flap the length of the ear ; tvf>s folitary, largCj
anterior grinders Ihorter, more obtufe ; wing-toes 4, firft and
fccond connected ; thumb fliort, claw hooked ', feet 5-toed
equal, claws hooked; from the heel jfTues a fubulate tendon
along the margin of the membrane between the hind-feet, but
not reaching the oppofite : length about n inches, extent of
the wings 2 feet.

Perfpicil- Tail 0 ; nofe foliate, fiat, pointed^
latuj. Inhabits South America.

Fore-feet in this and the next with 5 tots.

Spafma. Tail o ; nofe foliate, obcordate.

Inhabits Ceylon, and the Molucca ifiands.

Cordatcd Bato

Ilafatus, Tail o ; nofe foliate, refembling a leaf of trefoiL

yavelin Batt
li\\\i^i\X% Scrxth America: refcmbles the laft, obfcurely dark or
black.

Scricinus. Tailo; fnout lengthened ; nofe foliate, hearted. Leaf Bat.

•Inhabits South Avierica.

Tad very ftiort or o ; tongue fumifhcd with fharp papillae, long
and adapted fov fuckbg blood ; fur moufe-colour tinged
v.-ith vc'-i.. ^ ' !.fPo.

nmBTYLmABf

N. C State Colkge

MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Vefpertllio. 25

Leporinus. Tailed ; upper lips bifid. Peruvian Bat.

Inhabits South America : feeds on fruits.

Lower Lip varicofe ; head like that of a pug dog ; ears large,
pointed : fize of a rat. '

Labialis, Tail fhort ; lips pendent, upper cleft ; nofe I jbed.
Lihabits Peru, and the fliores of the Mofquito,
Head large ; lips hanging like thole of the maftiff ; ears (Iraiglit,
long, narrow ; colour of the head and back brown, of the belly
aih ; vievibrane thiri. dufky : length 5 inches, extent 20.

B. Fore-teeth upper 4, lozver 6.

*Aitritus. Tailed; nofe, mouth, fi,mple ; ears double j larger than the
head. Long-eared Bat.

Inhabits Europe; moufe-coloured.

*Murinus. Tailed ; nofe, mouth, fimple ; ears lefs than the head.

Coimnon Bat.
Inhabits Europe : flies at night, feeds on moths, is the prey of
owls, caught by the heads of burdock whitened and throwa
into the air ; when on the ground cannot rile till it has crawled
to an eminence ; torpid in the winter, revives in the fpring,
breeds in the fummer.
Colour of the fur, moufe, tinged with red: length 2\ inches,
extent 9.

*NoElula. Tailed ; nofe, mouth, fimple ; ears oval, valved, valves fmall.

Great Bat.
Inhabits France, Germany, Britain : flies high.
A'^o/e fiightly lobed i ozr^ linall, rounded ; c/tzn with a linall wart.

Serotinus. Tailed, yellow ; ears fiiort, thick at the edges.
Inhabits France and Germany.

Colour brown mixed with rudy-ycUow j helly paler; zi'ings
blackifh : length 2 i- inches.

fipijlrel- Tailed, browifh-black ; forehead convex ; ears ovate,
Lus. thicker at the edges, hardly longer than the head.

Inhabits France, VAxtXy Gerynany, common in RnJ/ia and Siberia,
Body, upper parts dark yellowifh-brown, lower du{l|^'-bro\\Ti
or black ; lips yellow, upper turgid ; eyes fmall, funk ; fore-
head covered with longiftr hairs : length 1 inch, extent 6.

Barbajld- Tailed ; cheeks tumid, hairy ; ears large, angular beneath.
lus. Inhabits Burgandy : 2 inches long, lO wide.

Vol. I.— L face

26 MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Vefpcrtillc.

}'(U({hon; niT/e flattened; fyej near the ears; l>odj, upper parts
du{ky-browri, lower mixed afh and brown.

Hifpidui. Tailed, hairy; noftrils channelled ; f'*!?;^ long, narrow.

Bearded Bat.
Inhabits near the river Saiegal.
Beard longifh ; hair longilh, rough : head, neck.Jkoulders, back,

rump, reddidi-brown, reft whitifh tinged with yellow ; daza

yellowifh: length i |- inch, extent y.

C. Fore-tcelh upper 4, lovcer 8.
Piclus, Tailed j nofcfimple; ^^/-^ funnel-fhaped, appendaged.

M Striped Bat.

Inhabits Ceylon : 2 inCnes long.

Nofe fmall ; ears broad, (hort, pointing fonvards : front, top of
the head, neck, Jlioulders, back, ruvip, whitifh-yellow ; lender^
jaw, breajl, belly, blueiOi tinged with yellow ; membrane, tail,
yellow mixed with brown, ftriped with black.
2. Upper parts of the body clear reddifh-brown, lower parts
whitiih.

D. Fore-teeth upper 2, lower 6.

J^igrita. Anterior part of the head yellowifh-brown ; feet and tail
tl^ck. Senegal Bat.

Inhabits Africa, near the river Senegal.

Head longifh, nule fomething pointed; ears (hort, pointed;
body tawny or yellowifh -brown mixed with afh ; belly paler;
length 4 — 5 inches, extent nearly 21.

E. Fore-teeth upper 2, lower 4..

Molcjus. Tail extending far beyond the membrane ; upper lip pen-
- ^"l0"5- Bull-dog Bat.

2. Larger ; above afhy-brown, beneath afli, on the middle of

the belly brown.

3. Lefs ; above brownifh mixed with afh, beneath dirty-white.

Inhabit the JVeJ; India iflands : 2 inches long.
• Lips long; ears hiodd, round; fore-legs and toes cinereous:
membrane and tail black.

F. Fore- teeth upper 2, lower o.
Cephalotes. Tailed:, head large; lips projecting; noftrils fpiral ; warts

under the eyes ; ears fmall, not valved. Molucca Bat,
Inhabits the Molucca iflands: 3 — 4 inches long, 15 wide.
Tongue fumi.died with prickly papilla- j hair, above cinereous,

beneath

MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. Vefpertllio. . 27

beneath whitifh : 7ieck diftinft, longlfli, think' covered with
hair; tujks of the upper jaw with 2 linall intervening teeth.
2. Fine ftraw-colpu;'; belly dull white.

G. Fiyc-tceih upper o, lower 4,

l^epturus. Tailed; noftrils tubular ; ^^r; long, obtufe, valved ; mem-
brane connecting the legs with a pouch on the infide.

Pouch Bat,
Inhabits Surinam: i-| inch long.

Nofe thick, whifkered ; chiyi furrowed ; ears long, rounded ;
body on the upper parts cinereous -brown, beneath paler.

*Ferrum Tailed; nofe like a horfe-{hoe; ears long as the head, not
equimm, valved ; tail half the length of the body, HorJ'e-Jhoe Bat.

Inhabits France, England, Germany.

Face defonned ; ears large, broad at the bafe, acute, inclining
backwards; upper parts deep cinereous, lower whitifh.

2. Larger; lenph ^i inches, ej^tent 14.

3. Smaller,

H. Fori-ieeth o in either jaw ^

Novehorar Tail long; nofe fliort, acute ;^tf;v Ihort, round.
c^nfs. ' New-Torh Bat.

Inhabits North America, New Zealand.

Nofe a little divided at the top ; body, head, membrane, bright
tawny ; belly paler ; at the bafe of each wing a white fpot ;
Treew^rawc thin, naked, dufky ; hind-legs flender : length -i.-^
inches, extent %o.

I. Number and order of teeth unknozvn,

Lafcopte- Tailed; membrane connedling the feet very broad.
rus. <«

Lafiurus. Tailed ; lips tumid ; tail broad.

America. Very large, with long ftraggling hairs ; ^^r^ large.

Thefe three laft fpecies are very little known and require
farther inveflicration.

E 2 ORDER

a8 MAMMALIA. BRUT A. Bradypus.

ORDER II. BRUTA.

Fore-teeth o in either jaw.

5. BRADYPUS. Fore-teeth o: grinders 6 in
each jaw, obliquely truncate, cylin-
drical, 2 anterior longer, far diftant :
body covered with hair.

TrydaSly. Feet 4-toed ; tail fhort. Sloth.

Ills. Inhabits the warmer parts of South Amcrjca : feeds on frefli

leaves, lives in trees, never duinks,- is feari'ul of rain; climbs
eafily, walks painfully and flowlv, hardly travelling 50 yards
in a day ; turns its head as if aftonifhed ; its note an aicending
hexachord; its cry is milcrable, . its tears are pitiful.
^ody very hairy, grey ; face naked ; throat yuUow ; ears o ;
tail, fubovate; Jore-feet longer than the hind, diftant ; toes
clofe; clatos comprelfed, narro'A', hooked, ftrong; teats 2 j
pe£loral ; mouth never without foam : Jize of a fmallifli dog.

DidaElylus Fore-feet 2-toed ; tail o. Two-toed Sloth.

Inhabits South America and India : feeds on fruits and roots ;

Imell weak ; fight better by night than day ; not (o flow in

motion as the la ft.
Jtfflir rufty-brown, waved ; head rounded; ear-s large; clazvs

on the fore -feet 2, on the hind-feet 3 ; teats 1, peftoral : in

this and the kift fpecies there is only one common excretory

canal as in birds : length 1 1 inches.

PtntadaC' Five toes on all the feet ; tail fliort. Five-toed Sloth,

tyj,us, A heavy clumfy though not ferocious animal, of a mixed re-

fcmblance between the bear, floth and hog ; when irritated gives
a fliort harfli cry; catches what is thrown to it with its paws
and carries it to its mouth ; eats bread, fruit, eggs, but not
roots; moves quick.
TufJis 2 in each jaw included by the lips ; body arched on the
back, covered with long black harfh hair ihedding on each
fide from the ridge of the back ; face at the top large, broad,
lower part narrow, projefting ; neck Ihort, thick ; cars fhort,
ereft, hair)', hid in fur; mouth wide, upper lips receiving
the lower within the edges; nojtrils covered by a length-
ened flap; tonpie long, flat, broadifh, truncate; upper jatj
with a moveable cartilage at the fore-part ; le^s diftant, fliort,
llrong, fore-ones a little arched outwards ; feet fmall ; foks
naked ; claios long, narrow, hooked, white, clofe fet, about
3 inches long, not rctra6lile ; length about .\\ feet, heighth
about 3, circumference nearly 5, ' 6. MYR-

MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Myrmecopliaga. 29

6. MYRMECOPHAGA. Teeth o : tongue
round, extenfile : mouth narrowed into
a fnout : body covered with hair.

DidaByla. Toes on the fore-feet 2, on the hind feet 4; tail bufliy-

Leaji ant-eater.
Inhabits South America : walks flpwly on the heels ; feeds only

in the night ; emits no cry.
Body yellow or bright-reddifh ; tongue fpiral ; fnout fhorter
than in the rcfl ; tars fmall, hid in fur ; hair long, foft, filky ;
tail tapering, naked at the end and underneath, prehenfile^
Jizt of a fquirrel.

IridacJyla Toes on the fore-feet 3, on the hind 4; tail bufhy.

Inhabits India : travels flowly ; climbs trees ; defends itfelf by

its broad tail againft flies.
Teats 2, peftoral, 6, abdominal; Jiripe on the fides black;
Imck with a longitudinal mane ; tail compreflfed, black under-
neath, above tipt with white.

jfubafa. Toes on the fore-feet 4, on the hind-feet 5 ; fail bufhy.

Great Ant-eater.
Xvik^^iii^ South America, Congo: covers itfelf with the tail while

it lleeps, and againft rain.
5? rijyc; on the fides and breaft black ; ?az7 very hairy, hairs long,
flattened ; hmd-legs blackifh, fore-legs whitifh, with a black
ipot about the middle ; tongue thin, above 2 feet long, and
when not protruded folded up in the mouth; hair mixed
black and white : length about 4 feet, of the tail about 2.
2. Face fhorter; legs fhorter.

Colour mixed deep-brown and dirty- white ; hair about the ears
long, on the fides longer, brillly : length nearly 4 feet.

Tetradac. Toes on the fore-feet 4, hind-feet 5 ; tail naked.

O'''^' Inhabits South America : wanders only in the night, fleeps by

day; when angry feizes a ftick, and fights fitting on its

hind-legs.

Tail bald at the extremity, by which it is able to fufpend itfelf

from the branches of trees ; Jiripe on the breafland fide black,

PentadaC' Toes on the fore-feet 5 ; tail long, flat, entirely covered

^y^^* with hair. Striped Ant-eater.

Head thick; upper /aw and yjioMi very long ; ^^ej fmall; ears

linall, rounded, fringed above with black hairs; hair long;

backy headj legs tawiy, belly dirty-white; tail covered with

long

30 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Platypus,

long tawny-yellow hair, annulate with blackifli; length 13
inches, heighth io»

Capenfis, Toes on the fore-feet 4; fnout long ; ears large, pendulous ;
tail fliorter than the body, tapering to the tip.

Cape Ant-eater,

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope: larger than the other fpecies,

nearly the fize of a hog, and weighing almoft a hundred

pounds ; burrows in tlie ground, fleeps by day, prowls by

night.

,Aculeata. Body covered v^ith long fliarp fpjncs; tail very fhort.

Porcupine Ant-eater,

Inhabits Nejo Holland: fize of a rat.

/Spines on the back and fides refembling thofc of the porcupine,
^^'hite with black tips, and a circle of dull orange between the
colours ; head and under-parts deep-brown ; tail fnort, naked,
a little flattened at the tip, covei'ed at the root with upright
ipines ; eyes fmall, black, irids blueilh : legs fiiort, thick,
5-toea; toes broad, round; claws black, on the hind-feet
only 4, tlie firll long, fliarp, curved, fecond fliorter, 2 others
fliorter ftill.

7. PLx\TYPUS. Mouth fhaped like the bill
of a duck : feet palmate.

Anatinus. p. Dud-biUed Platypus.

This Angular and newly -difcovered animal, as I have never feen
it, I tan only defcribe in the words of Dr. Shav/, in whofe
Naturahji's Mijcellany^ pi. 385 and 386, it is excellently
figured.

** Of all the mammalia yet known it feems the mofl; extraordi-
nary in its confonnation ; exhibiting the perfeft refemblance of
the beak of a Duck engrafted on the head of a quadruped.
So accurate is the fimihtude that, at firll view, it naturally
excites the idea of fome deceptive preparation by artificial
means : the very epidermis, proportion, ferratures, manner
of opening, and other particulars of the beak of a fhoveller,
r>r other broad-billed fpecies of duck, prefenting themfelv-es to
the view : nor is it without the mod minute and rigid ex-
amination that we can perfuade ourfelves of its being the real
beak or fnout of a quadruped.

*• The body is deprefled, and has fome refemblance to that of an
Otter in miniature : it is covered with a very thick, foft, and
beaver-like fur, and is of a moderately dark brown above, and
of a fubferruginous white beneath. The head is flattifli, and

rather

MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Platypus. 31

rather fniall than large : the mouth or fnout, as before obferved,
fo exattlv refembles that of iome broad-billed fpecies of duck
that it might be mlftaken for fuch : round the bafe is a flat,
circular membrane, fomewhat deeper or wider below than
above ; viz. below near the fifth of an inch, and above about
an eighth. The tail is flat, furry like the body, rather fliort,
and obtule, with an almofl: bifid termination : it is broader at
the bale, and gradually lelTens to the tip, and is about three
inches in length : its colour is fimilar to that of the bod)-.
The length of the whole animal from the tip of the beak to
that of the tail is thirteen inches : of the beak an inch and
half. The legs are very fliort, terminating in a broad web,
which on the fore-feet extends to a confiderable diftance be-
yond ihe claws ; but on the hind-feet reaches no farther than
the roots of the claws. On the. fore -feet are five claws, ftrait,
ftiong, and fliarp-pointed : the two exterior ones fomewhat
Ihorter than the three middle ones. On the kind-feet are fix:
claws, longer and more inclining to a curved form than thofe
of the fore-feet : the exterior toe and claw are confiderably
fhorter than the four middle ones : the interior or fixth is
feated much higher up than the reft, and refembles a ftrong,
fliarp fpur. All the legs are hairy above : the fore-feet are
naked both above and below; but the hind-feet are hairy
above, and naked below. The internal edges of the under
mandible, (which is narrower than the upper) are ferrated or
channelled with numerous ftriac, as in a duck's bill. The
iiojlrils are fmall and round, and are fituated about a qtiarter
of an inch from tlie tip of the bill, and are about the eighth of
an inch dillant from each other. There is no appearance of
teeth : the palate is rernoved, but feems to have refembled
that of a duck: the tongue alfo is wanting in the fpecimen.
The ears or auditory foramina are placed about half an inch
beyond the eyes : they appear like a pair of oval holes of the
eighth of an inch in diameter; there being no external ear.
On the upper part of the head, on each fide, a little beyond
the beak, are fituated two fmallifh, oval, white fpots ; in the
lower part of each of which are imbedded the eyes, or at leaft
the parts allotted to the animal for fome kind of vifion ; for
from the thicknels of the fur and the fmallnefs of the organs
they leem to have been but obfcurely calcukted for diftinft
vifion, and are probably like thofe of Moles, and fome other
animals of that tribe ; or perhaps even lubcutaneous ; the
whole apparent diameter of the cavity in which they were
placed uot exceeding the tenth of an inch.
*' When we confider the genei-al foi-m of this anim^, and par-
ticularly its bill and webbed feet, we fhall readily perceive
that it muft be a refident in watery fituations ; that it has the
habits of digging or burrowing in the banks of rivers, or under

ground ;

2p, MAiMMALIA. BRUT A. Manis.

ground; and that its food confifts of aquatic plants and ani-
mals. This is all that can at prefent be reafonably guefled at :
future obfervatior\s, made in its native regions, will, it is
hoped, afford us more ample information, and will make us
fully acquainted with the natutal hiftory of an animal which
differs fo widely from all other quddrupeds, and which verifies
in a moft flriking manner the oblcrvationof Buffon ; viz. that
AvhatPver was poflible for Nature to produce has aftually
* been produced.

" On a fubject fo extraordinary as the prefent, a degree of fcep-
ticifm is not only pardonable, but laudable; and I ought
perhaps to acknowledge that I ahnoft doubt the teftimony of
my own eyes with refpeft to the ilrufture of this animal's
beak ; yet niuft confeis that I can perceive no appearance of
any deceptive preparation ; and the edges of the riftus, the
infertion, &c. when tried by the teft of maceration in water,
lb as to render every part completely moveable feem perfeftly
natural; nor can the moft accurate examination of expert
anatomifts difcover any deception in this particular.
*' The Platypus is a native of Aujiralajia or New Holland, and
is at at prelent in the poffeffion of Mr. Dobson, fo much
diftin'guifhed by his exquilite manner of preparing fpecimen?
of vegetable anatomy.**

8. MANIS. Teeth o : tongue round, exten-
lile : mouth narrowed into a fnout :
body covered above with moveable
bony fcales.

Pentadac- Feet 5-toed. Short-tailed Manis.

tyla. Inhabits Guinea, China, Indi^ .* when irritated erefts its fcales,

when attacked rolls up ; except in the covering very much
relembles the ant-eaters.
Scales channelled at the bafe, imbricate, rounded, fharp at the
edges ; ears rounded, naked ; under parts naked ; tail fat,
covered wholly with fcales : length 6 — 8 feet including the
tail.

TetradaC' Feet 4-toed. Long-tailed Manis.

tj/lii. Inhabits India : much lefs.

Scales much channelled, each armed with 3 points; under
parts covered with hair; tail three times as long as the
* body.

a. DASYPUS,

MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Dafypus. 33

9. DASYPUS. TiifJis o: grinders fliort, cy-
lindrical, in each jaw 7 — 8 : body co-
vered with a bony Ihell interfered by
zones.

Tlicfe feed on rouis, melons, potatoes, flcfli, fifh, infects and
worms ; rell by day, wander by night ; buiTow in the
ground ; gentle ; defend themfelves by rolling into a globular
form ; chiefly inhabit South America ; and the females bring
forth every month ; flefh eatable.

>*7u/rt^«/. Bands 3, moveable; toes five. Threc-banded ArviadlUoi
Inhabits Brazil: feeds on fruits and poultry.
Middle-/;(ri/u/ narrow ; Jcalcs knobbed on the furface : eyes fmall ;
ears fliort, rounded; head oblong, covered by a helmet of one
piece; 2 middle dates of the fore-feet large: length 1 foot.

Ouadri- Bands 4. Foiir-banded Armadilk*

ctnclust Habitation vniknown; a verj' uncertain fpecies.

Sexciuftus, Bands 6 ; feet 5- toed; Slx-bandcd Armad'tlh.

Inliabits South America : eatable, feeds on fruits and roots,

infefts plantations.
jSc?^^)' feddifli-yellow ; teeth 18 in each jaw, wcc^ covered with

a ihield ; penis fpiral, glands eomprelledj thickened at the

edge*

Septem- Bands 7 ; toes on the fore-feet 4, on the hind-feet 5.
cinciitSo Sevcn-baiidcd Armadillo-,

Inhabits India, and South America.

Shield on the flioulder notched on the fore-part ; Jkin between
the bands brownt

Ociocinc- Bands 8 ; (hields 2. Eight-Jbatided Armadillo,

tns. Inhabits £ra 2 iY; flefu delicious.

Shields fprinkled with prominent white knobs 5 hands marked
triangularly ; back iron-grey -, fides whitifli-grey fpotted with
iron-grey j bdly whitilh.

Novem- Bands 9 ; fore-feet 4-toed, hind-feet 5-tocd.
cinilusi Nine-banded Armadillo,

Inhabits South America: flefh delicate.

Cru/t on the flioulders, rump and head marked with fix-fided
figures; divifions of the bands with tranfverfe wedge-like
marks.
Vol, I.— F J^ucduc'^.*

34 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Rhinoceros.

Duodecem- BMids 12 i toes 5. Twelve-handed Armadillo,

ciriklus. Inhabits South A^iierica.

Covering of the fore-part of the back confids of a feries of (even
Imall fhields, the hind-part of nine ; bands apparently run-
ning into one, and was by Linne called D. Unicinttus.

Maxivius. Bands 12; legs and tail divided into lozenge-fliaped fcales*

Largeji Armadillo.
Inhabits South America: feeds in the night ; eatable.

i^.cinElv.s. Bands 18 ; Oiield on the rtimp o. \%-handed Axrmadillo.

Ir.habits South America.

Shield only t , on the ihoukler ; /cults of the armour of the head
round, of the neck iquarc •, breaji, belly, ears, naked; body
about ic inches long, head 3, tail 5.

LongicGu- Bands 9; tail long, jointed.

dus, Inhdh'iis America : about the uze of a cat.

10. RHINOCEROS. Born [olid, perennial,
conic, placed on the nofe, not adhering
to the bone.

Unicornis. Horn i. One-horned Rhinoceros.

Inhabits marfliy places between the Tropics ; lives on thorns
and fpinous plants •, may be tamed, and becomes mild, but
when enraged will overturn trees with its violence ; fight
v.'eak, hearing and finelling very acute.
hiJizCy but not in lagacity, refcmbling the elephant, except that
its feet are Ihorter ;' in habits and voice, the hog ; urines and
cohabits backwards; Jkin hard, rclifting fwords, arrows and
even mufket-balls, naked except on the tail and ears ; folds
tranfverfe, regular ; Jlejh tough, fpongy ; tongue foft ; horn
hairy at the bafe, acute, fibrous, frequently 3 feet long -, fore-
teeth when old o, when young Itraggling, remote, iblitary;

. ' hoofs 3 ; kill tapering, fliorter than the feet.

^icornis. Horns 2. Two-horned Rhinoceros*

Inhabits. .^/rh'ti : and the bones are by Pallas, liiid to be often

found hurried in the north of Rttffia.
Fief I refemhles that of a hog ; vifcera thofe of the horle ; gall-
bladder o; fore-teeth o; the fccond horn fliorter, placed
over the firft.

A variety is rarely found with 3 horns, the third being. an

'; \T)-efc.-n<;c on one of the others,

ii.SUKOTYRO.

MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Sukotyro. Elephas. 35

11. SUKOTYRO. i7(?r7i on each fide near
the eyes.

Jndkiis. 2VXane upright, fliort, narrow, reaching from the top of tlie
head to the rump.

Inh^hs Java: thick, clumfy, feeds on herbs.

Snout likealiiog, truncate; ears long, rough: f^zV thick, bufliy;
eyes placed upright in the head; Vioo/V 4 ; jUn fmooth, with-
out plaits.

12. ELEPHAS. Fore -teeth c in either jaw :
tuflis, upper elongate, lower o : probof-
CIS very longjprehenfile : body nakedifh.

Maximiis, E. Elephant.

Inhabit? the Torrid Zone, in fwampy places and by the fides of
, rivers ; feeds on the leaves and branches of young trees, par.
ticularly plantains, eating even the wood; devours grain
voracioufly ; gregarious, docile, long-lived, fagicious, though
the brain is fmall ; probofcis long, extenfile, contraftile, fur-
nifhed at the end with a hook, ferving the purpofe of a hand,
with which it takes its food and drink, and which being cut
off it is deftroyed ; is afraid of mice, left when afleep they
fhould creep into the trachea ; urines backwards, copulates
like other quadrupeds ; the female is gravid a year ; the young
fuck the mother with the lips ; carries houfes on its back, its
guider fitting upon the neck; moves quickly, fwims dex-
teroufly ; is armed for war by the Indians, and was formerly
by the Romans, with fcythes.

The largeft of quadrupeds, fometimes weighing 4500 pounds;
body cinereous, feldom reddiflr or white, thinly let with hairs ;
probofcis flat beneath, tip truncate ; eyes fmall ; tujks, which
are only in the upper jaw, far extended beyond the mouth,
refemble horns, marked with curled fibres ; thefe are the ivory
of the fhops, and fometimes weigh 150 pounds each; ears
large, pendulous, dentate ;jftzn thick, callous, impenetrable by
niufl<.et-balls, and yet fenfibleof the fting of flies ; ttats 2 near
the breaft; knees flexible ; neck ihort j hoofs 5 on each fore-
foot, 4 on each hind-foot.

F 2 13. TRICHE.

36 MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Trichcclms.

13. TRICHECHUS. Foreteeth, (in the
adult) o in either jaw: tujlis upper
fohtary : grinders in both jaws conlift-
ing of a furrowed bone: body oblong:
lips double : hind-Jeet flretched back,
forming a fin.

All inhabit the fea, feed on rea-weeds, coralines and fhell-fifli,
not on flefli.

Rofviarus, Tufks in the upper ja'.y remote, proje6ling. Morfe.

Inliabit near the Artie Pole, at the mOuths of rivers; roar like
bulls, inore when -adeep, grej^arious, defend thernfelves vi-
goroiifly, if wounded will attempt to link boats by ftriking
their tuflis into the fides,

fore-teeth in the young 2, linall, in the upper jaw, tujks very
re-note, acuminate, lometimes weighing 30 pounds ; ivory
with interwoven fibres not eafily turning yellow, the central
part brownifli ; grinders .\, linall, in each jaw both fides,
acute, with an, excavation behind the tip; rtiA;j^:erj like ftraws.
pellucid; nojiri/s lunar; neck thick; feet 5-toed, claws
fliort ; /kin made into traces; oil plentiful, much valued:
iaif^th 18 feet.

Duron^. Tufks in the upper jaw proje£ling, approximate.

Indian Walrus.
Inhabits the fea between the Cape oj Good Hope, and Philippine

illands ; feeds on fea weeds. •»

Head more acuminate and narrow ; nojlrily larger and placed
v.idfr: fore-teeth o; tiijks in the upper jaw o; grinders
broader, dilbnt, in the. upper jaw 4, lower 3 ; teats 2, -peC'
toral : Jlfjh refemble? beef,

^Manalus. Tul'ks o.

I' Aujh'alis. Fore-feet 4-tocd, clawed.

Inhabits the African and and American feas, near tlie mouths of

rivers, feldom going far from the ihore.
Skin black, cinereous ; grinders 9 in each jaw on both fides,
Iquared, covered with a glajly enamel ; vertebra: 50.

%' Borealis. Hair, toes, claws o.

Inhabits the north- well coall of America^ frequently entering
the mouths of rivers ; is tamed by the natives, fond of rnufic ;
j; the Dolphin of the ancient^ ; cats voracioufly, lives in

families

MAMMALIA. BRUTA. Trichechus. 37

families of one male and one female with their offspring ; feeds
on fea \s'ceds, with its back above the water, oa which lea^
fowl perch to pick off the iea-licc ; roars like a bull.
Skin when wet brown, ^hen dry black ; inftead of grinders a
rugged bone in each jaw ; vertebra: So ; ftght wcik, hearing
acute ; fore-feet palmate like thole of the lea-turtle, inftead of
hind-feet an horizontal tail ; ears o ; noflrils diftant, regular;
upper lip let wiili rigid incurved bridles ; teats 2, peftoral:
length 23 feet ; weight about 8000 pounds ; JleJIi fapid.

Siren. Ears erc£t, fharp-polnted.

Inhabits the north-weft coaft of America, fwims round fhlps

with antic gcftures^
Head refembling a dog ; eyes large ; lips whifl^cred : l;ody thick,

round, tapering downwards ; tail divided into 2 unequ;^

lobes ; length about 5 feet.

«^-

ORDER

3? MAMMALIA. FERiE. Phoca.

ORDER III. FER^.

Fore-teeth upper 6, JJiarpiJJi; tujksfolitary,

14. PHOCA, Fore-teeth acute, upper 6,
parallel, outer ones larger; lower 6,
parallel, clillin<5l, equal, obtufifh: tujks
twice as long, acute, robufl, folitary,
the upper remote from the fore-teeth,
the lower from the grinders : grinders
5 — 6, narrow, tricufpidate ; ears o :
hind-feet fettered.

Th!s is a dirty, curious, quarrelfome tribe, eafily tamed, and
polygamous-, fledi lucculent, tender; fat,., and {kin ufeiful ;
they inhabit and iwim under water, and crawl on land with
difficulty, becauie of their retrafted fore-feet and united hind-
feet ; feed on fifli and marine produftions, and fwallow ftones
to prevent hunger, by dillending the (lomach.

Urfma, Head with external ears. Urfwe Seal,

Inhaliits Kamtfchqtka, New Zealand, and the adjacent iflands ;
ivvims impetuoufly in large families, copulates on fhore,
fearlefs, biting at what is thrown at it ; tlie old ones live by
tliemfelves, and grow very fat ; each has a peculiar ftone for
Its bed, which it never defeits : the males fight fiercely for
their females and ftations, their combat is llngle and fair,
two never fighting againfl; one ; when grieved it flieds tcjirs
plentifully.

Zeonina. Body brown ; head crefted on the fore-part.

Bcttle-nofcd SeaL
Inhabits about the South Pole, and the coaft of Chili : has a
hairy tubercle at the bafe of the fnout, which it infiates into a
vcficle, and with which it avoids blows ; fwims in flocks ;
fights for its females, and keeps watch.
Teeth 2 in the lower jaw, a little projefting ; eyes large ; uhijkers
white, annulate with red ; /fe;; all palmate, 5 toes on each,
with nails growing out behind the tip ; kind-feet ftretched
back, with a tail between, 3 inches long.

Jaiait, Keck (of the male) covered with a mane. ManeJ Seal,

Inhabits the northern Parijic Ocean, and many of the America':
cuils ; roirs like a bull,

Colour

.. MAMMALIA. FER^. Phoca. 39

) Colour rtAd\{h, in the young more dufky, in the female more

vivid; is larger than the P. Leonina i ucighi about itjo-
pounds, iCHgth 2^ feet.

tidlna. Head without ears ; neck fmooth ; body brown. Sea Ca:f,
2. Botnica. Nofe broader, claws longer, colour more obfcurc*
3- Sibirica. Colour fdvery. Inhabits the lakes 5fl/^a/& 0/-5w.
4. Cajpica. Colour various.

Inliabits mofl S(a Coafts : fiecps on a ftone pvo)e£ting from the
water ; the young are at firft white and woolly ; riffes often
out of the water to breathe ; is eaiily killed by a blow on the
nofe; flcfh eatable.
IVhiJkcrs undulate ; eyes witii a niftitant membrane; cr^-ftaline
hi-.mour globular ; tongue bifid ; tlie foramen ovale is iaid to
be open.

lachus, lltzd v/ithout ears; fore-teeth in each jav/ 4; fore-feet
undivided; hind-feet without nails. Hooded SeaL

Inhabits the coail of Dalmatia.

Skin of the neck folds into a refemblace of a monk's hood; hair
fhort, dufky, fpotted with aih ; above the navd a uwny Ipot :
length 8 feet 7 mches.

Orar«/j»:- Head fmooth without ears; body grey; a lunulate Wack

'^'<"'»» mark on the lides. ' ' fiarp Seal.

Inhabits Greenland and Keafound'and : eftcemed for the good-

nefs of its Ikin, and quantity of oil.
Iliad black< pointed, \v-ith fhort whiflxrs on the lips and nofej
nails on the fore and hind-paws.

in/pidc. Head fmooth without ears ; body pale brown, rough, wiih

briftly hair. ^-'■'g^ Seal.

Inhabits Greenland and Lahradorc, feeds en flirimps and linall

fi{h ; often (leeps on the furfcice of the water ; tlefh red, nau-

feous : 4 feet long.

2. Much larger, weighing 500 pounds.

C jtata. Head on the fore-part crefted ; body grey. Cre/ed Seal

Inhabits the fouth coafts of Greenland, weft of Iceland and
Newfoundland, of a large fize; Jkin covered with black,
. fhort, thick wool, mixed witli white hairs.

^5:r^'.:.'j. Hg^d fmooth without ears ; body blackilh. Great Seat.

Inhabits the coafts of Scotland, Greenland, and Iceland: young
ones white when brought forth : length i z feet. ^

40 MAMMALIA. "FER/E. Phoca.

Pujtlla, Head fmooth with the appearance of ears \ body brown.

Little SeaL
Inhabits the Mediterranean k^.^ Chili, and Jfuan Fernandez:
about 2 feet 4 inches long.

ChiUrfis. Snout and ears longijh ; toes 5 on each foot.
Inhabits the coafts of Chili.

Mutica, Bodyflender; claws on the forc-fcct o. Ls?!£-nccked SeaL

. Aujlrclis, Ears fliort, pointed.

Inhabits Faidkland IJlands t 4 feet long.

Body cinereous; hairs tipt with dirty-white; nofe fet with
ftrong, black brilUes ; Jore-teeth upper tranfverlely furrowed,
lower longitudinally ; titjks with a {mailer fecondary tooth on
each fide ; grinders conic, with a fmall procefs on one iide of
each near the bafe.

Tejiudo, Head refembling a tortoife; neck {lender. Torfoifc Scah
Said to inhabit many of the European fliores, but the fpecies is
very little known.

Fajdata. Body blackifli ; neck, fides and haunches with yellow ftripcs
refembling harnefs. Ribbon SeaL

Inhabits the Kurile Ifiands : covered with fhort fine gloify
blackifh hair.

Laniger, Fore-teeth in each jaw 4; upper lip thick, with long, thick
whilkers; fur foft, uneven. Leporine Seal,

Inhabits the White Sea, Iceland, and the Frozen Ocean*
Fore and hind-feet with nails : length 6 j feet.

f

P.unaata. Body, head, and limbs fpeckled. Speckled Seal,

Inhabits the feas of Kamtjchatka, and Kurile JJlcs.

Maculata, Body fpotted with brown. Spotted SeaL

Inhabits the /Cz^rzYt' feas ; very fcarce,

Nigra. Hi-nd-lcgs peculiarly formed. Black Seal.

Inhabits the coafts of the Kiirilc feas : peculiar flrufture of ths
hind-legs unknown.

15. CANIS.

MAMMALIA. FER/E. Canis. 4-

15. CANIS. Fore-tedh upper 6, lateral ones
longer, diltant, intermediate ones lob-
■dlc\ lower 6, lateral oneslobate: tujks
ibiitary, incurvate: p-indcr^ 6—^ , ot
more than in others.

This genus is voracious, tearing wiu.t .i..-Vours-, fwift lii it?
courfe, but cannot climb trees; the female 1)rings forth rnany
at a litter, has ufually 10 teats, 4 on the breail, 6 on the
belly, head flit on the crown, with a lengthened incut;
body thicker in the fore-part ; penis knotty ; claics long, a
little curved, and not retraftilt;. '

*Fatnili- Tail recurvatc, leaning to the h.-ft,
aris, - ■ -

1. Ears ercdli tail woolly underneath. Shepherds Dog.

2. Hair on the head long; ears crcd ; tall very much. curved

on the rump. 4VcIf Dog.

3. Ears cred \ hair all long. S'ihc7-iun Dig^

4. Ears ere6l, tips pendulous j hair long, except on the fnout.

Iceland D eg.

5. Hair long, curled like a flieep. JVater Dog. '

6. Lcfs; hair long, curled, round the ears long and hanging

down.

7. Head lcfs, rounded; fnout I'iiort ; tail curved back.

Kihg Charles^ s Dcg. ^

8. Ears long, woolly, pendulous, Spaniel..

9. Hair foft, fiiky, very long. ?Aclteje Dog.

10. Very fmall ; hair on the belly and tail (horter. Lion Dog..

11. Ears fmall, fubpendulous ; fnout fmall, acute; legs flender,

Dunip) Dcg.

12. Ears fmall, fubpendulous ; nofe thick, flattifh-

Baj}ardPng-dcg.
13- Nofe crooked upVr'ards; ears pendulous; body fquare.

Pug-dog-

14. Sides of the lips pendulous ; body robuft ; fize of a wolf.

Bidl-dog..

15. Very large ; fides of the lips pendulous ; b"cdy robuft.

MaJ}if\

16. Ears pendulous; a fpurious claw on the hind-feet.

, German Hound.
Z-. Far«- pendulous , a fpuiicus cWw cr:**he hind-feet, whitilh.

Vol. I— G J? Vfr-.-

MAMMALIA. FER.l^. Cani?.

iS. ^'cry fjgacious. Blood Hound*

19. Tail truncate, fpotted. Pointer.

2c. Tail truncate ; hair long, coarfc. Barhet.

21. Head long; fnout robult ; cars fmall, fubpendulous ; legs

long, flout ; body long* flcnder. . Greyhound.

22. Body curved i fnout narrowing ; fizeofi5. I rifh Greyhound.

23. Body curved ; fnout tapering \ hair a little curled ; fize of 15^

Turkijh Greyhound.
■l^\. Body curved i fnout tapering; fize of a wolf.

Common Greyhound.

25. Bodv curved; fnout tapering; hair longer, curled ; fize of

a v/olt. , Rough Greyhound.

26. Lcfs; body curved; fnout tapering. Italian Greyhound.
'27. Body naked. Naked Do^.
2b'. Tall, llender; cars pendulous; hair on the tail very long,

lianging down. Oriental Dog.

29. Body narrow ; legs ftout ; tail ftrong, ftraight ; hair fliort,

thick fet. Lurcher.

30. Body narrow ; legs flout; tail thick, flraight; hair long,

rough. Rough Lurcher.

31. Head and fnout thick; body narrow behind; feet long;

hair long, rough. Boar Lurcher.

32. Legs fhort ; body long, often fpotted. Turnjpit.

a. Feet flraight.

b. Feet curved.

c. Hair longer, curled.

33. Head fmall ; cars pendulous ; back curved; tailfliort; fize

of 9. Alco.

a. Head white on the fore-part ; ears yellowilli ; neck fhort ;

back curved, covered with yellow hair; tail white,
fhort, pendulous; belly large, fpotted with black ; legs
white; prodigioufly fat.

b. With a wild and melancholy air.

34. Tail bufhy, pendulous ; ears fhort, txtSt ; fnout pointed.

Neiu Holland Dog.

AlTocIates with man •, perhaps has never been found wild ; feeds
tm flelh, carcafles, farinaceous vegetables, but not greens ; di-
gcfts bones ; is vomited by grafs ; dungs upon a ftone ; drinks
by lapping ; urines often and fideways, holding up the leg ;
ImcUs to the anus of others; runs obliquely, refling upon the
toes ; rarely fweats, when hot lolls out the tongue ; when
lying down goes often round the place ; hears in its fleep ;
dreams ; when in copulation ftick together ; the female gravid
63 days, .and brings 4 — 1 2 young, blind at the birth, the males
like the dog. females the bitch. Of all animals the npofl faith-
ful :

MAMMALIA. FER/E. Canis. 4,v

fiil; Fhwus at the appearance of its mafler and defends hhn, runs
before him on his journey, and if the road divides looks back ;
docile, leeks for what is loft, watchful by night, givc3 notice
of the approach of ftrangers ; watches over what is comlnitted
to his care ; drives home cattle from the field, keeps them
within bounds, and guards them from wild beafts ; points
out game, and brings what is killed to its mafter ; is made to
turn Ipits, and draw ; begs at table, and when it Iras floleu
any thing flinks away with its tail between its legs •, eats en-
vioufly, looking oblique ; domineers over weaker ones ;
abhors beggars, bites (Irangers •, licks wounds ; howls at
mufic •, bites a flone tlirown at it ; llinks, and is fick before
a florm ; is troubled with worms ; becomes mad and commu-
nicates the dilbrder by biting ; when old grows blind and
gnaws itfdf -, howls if empyreumatic oil is rubbed on the tail ;
is afflifted with gonorrhica, is baniflied as unclean by tho
Mahometans ; has an exquifite lenle of i'mell.
V H^ad carlnate on the crown ; lower lip hid, the fides dentate,

naked ; rows of rjjhijkcrs 5 — 6 ; nojirits turned outwards
into a fcmilunar furrow •, ears, the upper margin i^eflefted,
poflerior doubled, anterior three-lobed ; warts on the face
hairy, 7 ; futures of the fur 8j teats xo, 4onlhebrtaft;
J^et fubpalmate.

*Lupu% Tail bent inwards. ^Volf.

irihahks Europe, Afia, Africa, 7fa^ North America : hunts in
packs, and deftroys cattle ; fufpicious, being hardly heard iii
the woods, fearful of a rope drawn along the ground; will
not pafs through a door but leaps over the fence ; dreads the
found of a trumpet; exquifite in the ienfe of fmelling ; pa-
tient of extreme hunger and cold ; devours man and even its
own fpecies, howls in the night, and is deilroyed by th^.
Lichen Vulpinum : female gravid 10 weeks, brings 5 — 9
young, which are blind at the birth.

Head long; ?zo/«f pointed, ears ereft, fliarp ; <<2j7 bufliy, pcndu*
lous, black at the tip ; head and neck cinereous, body palo!
brown tinged with yellow.
1. Yellow. Inhabits France and Germany.

1. White. Inhabits Rufjia.

3. Black. Inhabits Canada.

4. Grey ftriped with black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope,

Mcxicamis Tail fmooth, bent downwards ; body cinereous, variegated
with brown ftripcs and tawny fpots. Mexican JVolfi

2. Uniformly white.

Inhabits the warmer parts of Mexico*

G 2 Tkous,

■u MAMMALIA. FER.E. Cuni:;.

I'l:: . r>iil fmooth; bent downwards ; body grey I fli, white under-
neath. Surinam Wolf.
Ears erect, of the colour of the body •, a x^iart above tlie eyes,
on the clTieeks, and under tiie tluoat j tongue fringed at the ,
fidcs^; hzt of a cat.

Hyana. Tail Trraight ; hair on the neck creel ; ears naked ; feet

^.-tocd. Striped Hyizna.

Inhabits the Eaji-, Perfia, and Africa : bnrrowi ia the ground,

dwcUs in caves; lives long without food ; intefts buryhig-

grounds, tearing up and devouring the bodies ; when angry

^ ieizes whatever is prelentcd to it, and never quits it alive.

Jldir on the back near a fpan .long, ereft, with black points ;
eyes near the fnout v cars naked ; tail often verticillate with
bl;!ck rinj^s ; Jlreaks of the body brown arid black, tranfyerit;
ficm the back <o the belly; betwven the anus and tail a duel
iecreting a fetid matter.

,€tinopi- Tailbufhy; body with curved ftripcs. Abyfjinian Hyanr..
en:. I Inhabits Abyjfmia, and north-caft of Afi'ica.

Body yellowini-brow.Ti, with curved black ftrlpes like a reverfed
italicy; face black ; Ic^s flriped acrofs with black ; taiL
reddiih-brown.

Crccuta. Tail flraight j body fpotted with black ; feet 4-toed.

Spotted Hyjsna.
Inhabits Guinea, /Ethiopia, Cape of Good Hope : hves ui hollow '
places ; preys by night on fheep, devours carcjITes, attacks
yian ; its voice terrible.
Eace, her.d, black above; ruznc fhort. black; hair fiiort, fofr,
rcddiHi-brown, with round black ipots , ?j;7 fhort, black,
bufny.

Au^iu:. Tailftraight; body pale tawny. Jackal.

Jnhjbits ilie wirnr parts of Afia, and Barldr^ : lurks by day in
mountains and woods ; v/aiks flow, harvging its head, but runs
fwiflly with its .prey; prowls by night in flocks of 200;
a'latks children, and feeds on the IcfTcr atjimals, birds, fruits,
^nd carcafies dug from the c.irth ; . female gravid 1 month,
brings forth 5 — 8 yOmig ; eafily tamed, fiaells 6f niufk ; at
tie Qiy cf one, all within hearirtg howl hidcouily, and urge
' thcr Ixafls to hunt the llig, while the lion or tiger lying hi
\. ait, feizcs the prey, and as the king of the foreit latishes his
'■ i.ijger, and leaves to the crouching jackal the remainder,
whence origiaatcs the tale cf the jackal being- thr lion's provider.

^ B-Jy

MAMMALIA. lERJE. Cams. 45

Rody upper part ti'A'iiy, blackifli ou the back, lower yellowini-
w'hitc ; C'lrs fliort, erccl, pointed, white and hairy withii; ;
tail tapering both ways, tipt with black; (cvgtk 29 inches,

' Mifomdas. Tail flraight*] body niily ; banc! on the back black.
Common at the Cape of Good Hope : 27 inches long.
Fizce relembling a fox; "ear; orcft, ycllowifh-brown ; thro::*,
bnaft i\v\ bdly white; £c2i7 yellowiih -brown, with a Inngitu-
• -diiijl blick ftripe on the upocr part, towards the zvA z bl-rk
riiigs, t:pt with white; Jidcs calc browi:,

Lycacn, Tail ftraight; body black. Black Fox<

Inhabits ^j^rcj^f, Afia^ and the colder parts o^ America: th'i

moil crafty of its tribe.
Colour entirely black, xjr varic-iptcd with greyifli ; Iiairs often

lilvery at the tips ; jlin very precious.

'"'.'pes. TaiHtraight, tipt with white. Fsr,

Inhabits Europ", Afia, Africa, America as fur :?5 Chili: very
cunning ; feeds on lambs, poultry, fmall birds, but not on
birds whofe flelli is rank, and the dung of other animals, fat-
tens on grapes ; preys far from home ; howls at night ; fearful
of fire-arms and th-i fnnell of powder;- is chafed by irnoke ;
emits a rank odour from the bate of the tail.
Body tawny; fore-fict and tips of "the erccl es:ri black, rarely
\yhite; lips white...

Alopex. Tailftraight; lip black. -Brant Fox,

Inhabits Europe, Afta, and Ckili : lefs, rather darker.
I, Tail black above, red beneath, fides cinereous.
■2. Feel coal black. Colour filvery grey, tail tipt with whit'?.

Corfac. Tail ftraight, tawny, bafc and tip black.

Inhabits Afiatic Rufjia : preys on birds, Itink;', howls or birks,

leCs than the fox.
Hair foft, downy ; tail bufliy, as long as the body, .

\Ktira^an, Tail ftraight ; body grey ; ears black.

Inhabits the deferts of the Kalmucs and Kirgifcc:.

( :ncrco-ar. Tail ftraight ; body cinereous; neck tawny at the fides,
i'/nteus. Inhabits North America : fmallcr than the fox.

:.'=!;. Tail ftraight ; body v/hitifti-afti. Crcf Frx

Inhabits Carolina, and warm parts of North America : lives in

hollo--,v trunk." t' '- -■ ; ■"-■-- ,-.-v.' La:ZOtui,

46 MAMMALIA. FER.*:. Fells.

Lagopus. Tail ftraight ; feet very hairy. Jrcli^ Fox.

Inhabits round the Frozen Sta, and North America: lives in

clefts, or burrows on the naked mountains ; eats mice, geefe,

and if pieffed, berries and fhell-fifli ; has the bark but not the

fmellof the fox; gravid c) weeks; fur valuable.

1. White.

2. Blueilli.

Crucigera, Tawny ; a black crofs on the flioulders. Cro/s Fox. .

Inhabits cold countries; fur thick, foft, valuable.

Chilcnjis, Tail flraight, long, tip fmooth, of the fame colour.
Inhabits Chili.

Aujlralis^ Tail bufhy, hanging down, tipt with white; ears fhort,
ere£l, pointed. fVolf Fox.

Inhabits America, Falkland IfMnds, near the (liores : lives in
dens; feeds on k'p-fowl; tame, barks, (links.

Body cinereous; ears lined with white hair.

C:rdo. Tail firaight ; body pale ; ears rofy, ere£l, long.

inhabits the deleit of Zaara, and Libia : Ids tlian the reft of its

tribe, fwift^ climbs, feeds on locufls and other infefts ; yelps

like a young dog.
Body white mixed with grey aad bright-yellow ; ears on the

middle within with white hairs ; claws fliort, retraftile.

16. FELIS. Fore-teeth, intermediate ones
equal: grinders^-, ^^itx^w^ prickly back-
wards : claws retradile.

A tribe temperate in its habits ; eafily climbs trees ; fwift ; fees
beft by night ; when falling from a height alights on the feet ;
the glans penis muricate backwards ; fuddenly fprings on its
prey, iuqks the blood and then devours it ; waves the tail
when in ri|rht of the prey ; except from necefTity refufes ve-
getables ; females bring many young ; teats 8 ; 4 peftoral,
4 abdominal.

A. Tails long, ears plain.

Leo, Body pale tawny. Lion.^

Inhabits Africa^ more rare in the deferts of Perfia, India, Japan, :

mild ; preys on hories and other larger quadrupeds, and when

prelTed by hunger on man ; afraid of flame ; veftrained by

tlogs ;

MAMMALIA. 'FEKJE^ Felis. 47

tbgs ; urines backwards ; when young Is eafily tamed : roars
horribly ; flceps in the lyn, eats every third day; la^^y, flow;
leups upon its prey ; breath fetid ; Imell w.-ak ; its fiefh is
eaten by the Africans.
Head large, rounded; forehead fquare; /"yw very hro'e ; li^s
pendulous; heart large; yiiale a fourth part larger than the
female, fomctimes 8 feet long ; c/iejl fhaggy ; fides of the head
and neck with a )-ellowi fir-brown nrane about 2 feet long ;
tail bufhy at the extremity.

Tijris, Body with dark long ftreaks. 77Vfr.

Inhabits the warmer parts of Afia, China, Japan, and India :
lives in woods and thickets, near rivers ; cunning, cruel,
ftrongj of vail fwiftncfs ; infefling and delblating man efpeci-
ally in India; even when tamed from the birth will exerciic
his ferocity as loon as liberated ; the male deftroys his own
progeny ; will even attack a lion ; bounds from ambufli upon
its prey-; has fetid breath ; the moft beautiful of wild beads.

Body fmooth, pale yellow with tranfverfe black ftripes : length
12 — 15 feet.

Pardus. Body upper parts marked with circular fpots, lower with
ftripes. • Panther.

Inhabits Africa, and the hot parts of Afia : does not attack man
unleis provoked ; enters houles by night and deflroys cats ;
in its habits reiembles the tiger.

CobuT bright tawny ; fpots black ; Jtreaks dufky : length 7 feet.

Uiicia. Body whitifh, with irregular black fpots. Ounce,

Inhabits the north of Africa, Perjia, and Hyrcania: lefs and
milder than the former, may be tamed and trained to the chale :
length about 3!- feet,

Leopardus Body yellow with black fpots, nearly contiguous. Leopard.
Inhabits Africa ; hardly larger than the former, and limilar in
habits.

Onca, Body yellowifh with black roundiih-angular fpots, yellow-

in the middle. Brafilian Tiger,

Inhabits the whole of South America : in cruelty, but not in
courage, refembles the tiger, leaping from ambufli with three
bounds upon its prey ; faftens upon the fhoulders of a horfe,
and carries away animals thrice its own fize ; having tafhed
human blood ever after prefers it ; eats even filh, devouring
crocodiles ; is driven away by fire.

Belly white with black fpots, and the legs with fmaller fpots ;
iail half the length of the body, with long black fpots.

Pardali:.

4S MAMMALIA. FER.-'E. Felis

Pardalis. Bcdy lipper part ftriped/ lower fpottcd. Mexican Cat-

inhabit? South Ameri-ca, and New Spain : runs up trees at th-:
iight of ddgs or mt^.Ti ; ferocious, untameable ; cLccivcs monkeys
by lying us if dead, 3ird then {cizes thein.
Body'ahovc brown, beneath whiiifii, with lines and black fpots
fprinkkd lengthways ; on ihtjcct and dtUy only fpots ; Jides
with broad lines white and brown*, ears bifid at the margin,
\.'ithout pencils of hair; toes.r^ : 4 ; tttU with circular rings ;
u.'hijkers 4 rows of 3 — 5 \vhitc brirtles, black at the robots, as
long as the head: length 4 feet, heigbth 2].

J:ibat::. Bouy tawny, with black fpots j, neck liiancd.

; ',. :.\ Hunting Leopard

Iiihubits Scuth Aj/.i^-, and India : is tam.f'.d for hunting.

Difcolor, Bod',- gpnerally black. Black Tiger.

l\\h<ib'it% South Amtriia, flrong and c:i • . of a calf.

liarr fhort, fiiifiing, brownifli-blacl; ; v.ppcr up and fict white-
iih ; hzetr lip, throaty Ircajl^ and htlly^ darker.

ConcQlor, Body fawnv, without fpots. Broivn Tiger.

Inlrabits Canadh, and Patagonia: fierce, cunning, climbs

trees, dreads fire, rarely attack, : ^ '■■_ ft/e and habits re-
fenibles the tiger.

Coii^uar. Body \-ery thin, long.

Inhabits the mountains of North Ancncc.

Tlgrina. Body tawny above with black flrcaks a:id fpots; beneath
whitith. Cayenne Tiger ■

!;■ ivabits South America : preys on birds, not tameable, iir it,
hab:t* and iize.refembles a c:it.
«
'hkxuana. Body bluc-grcy, with fnbrt black ftreaks.

Mexican Tiger-cat.
Inhabits Nczc Spair. : about 4 feet long.

.. •.,-.,-> Tody above p:il,; tawny, with thr^e rows of fhort black

J'-" ftripcs along the back; behind the fhouldcr a black

perpendicular (tripe. ' Bengal Tiger-cat.

Inhijbits Bc/igal: rather lefs than the common cat.

Head dndface ftripcd downwards with black; chin and throe:'

while, with a black ferr.icircle ; brzajl. and bdl_^ white, wit" .

round

MAMMALIA. FER^. Felis. 49

round black fpots; ears large, dufky, a Vv'hite fpot in the
middle ou the outhde ; tail long, hairy, brown, annulate
with black.

Capenfis. Body tawny, above flrcakcd, beneath fpotted; ears naked^
with a lunate white fpot. Cape Tiger-cati

Inhabits woody mountains at the Cape of Good Hope: mild^
ealily tamed ; preys on hares and antelopes.

Face with longitudinal black ftripes ; belly white; tail tawnVj
ipotted with black, or annulate.

Maniil, Tail annulate with black ; head fpotted with black and 2
lateral black ilreaks.
Inhabits the waftes of Tartary, and Ajia ; preys on hares.
Body tawny •, feet ftriped obliquely with black ; tail of an
equal thicknefs, with lO black rings.

Serval. Body above bfown, with black fpots ; orbits and belly white.
Inhabits India, and Thibet : found in trees : flies from man
unlefs enraged ; not to be tamed ; preys on buds.

'^ Cat us. Tail annulate;

l« Tail annulate with brown; body with blackifli flripes, 3
dorfal ones longitudinal, lateral ones fpiral. fFild Cat,
2. Lefs; hair (horter, thicker. Domejlic Cat .

2' Hair longer, filvery, filky, lohgeft on the neck. Angora Cat.
4- Variegated with black, white, and orange.

Torto^fe-pell Cat,

5. Hair blue-grey. Blue Cat.

6. A red llripe from the head down the back. Red Cat,
7- Ears pendulous; hair Ihining, variegated with black and

yellow. Chinefe Cat.

8. Reddifh-yellow ; head long, fnout fharp- legs fhort, claws-
weak ; ears round, flat. - Tellow Cat.
9v Tail twiited. MadagaJcar'Cat.
Inhabits woods of Europe aind Afia : domefticated every \vhere ;
when tranquil purrs, moving the tail ; when irritated is very
aftive, climbs, ipits, emits a fetid odour; eyes fliine at night,
the pupil in the day a perpendicular line, by night large,
round ; walks with its claws drawn in ; drinks' fparingly ;
urine of the male corrofive ; breath fetid ; buries its excre-
ments ; makes a horrid mewling in its amours ; mews after
and plays with its kittens ; wags its tail when looking after
prey ; the lion of mice, birds, and the fmaller quadrupeds ;
peaceful among its tribe ; eats flefn and fifh, refufes hot or
lalted things, and vegetables ; wafhes behind its ears before a..
Vol. I.— H ftorm;

5d MAMMALIA. FER^. Felis.

ftorm ; back eleftric in tlie dark ; when thrown vip, falls on
its feet ; is not infefted with fleas ; gravid 63 days, brings
3—9 young, blind 9 days ; delights in maruni, cat-mint and
valerian.

B. Tails party cars peiuiUed at the tip>

Cham, Tail annulate near the tip which is black ; body brownifh-
yellow \ cars brown outwards, bearded and black at
the tip. Cajpian Lynx.

Inhabits woods and marflies of the Cajpian fta ; ferocious; re-
fembles the wild cat in its habits ; forfakes .cultivated places ;
fcldorn climbs trees ; wanders by night among fwamps and
fields, preying on filh, mice and birds.

Montana. Ears upright, pointed, with 2 brown tranfverfe ftreaks.

Mountain Lynx.
Inhabits North America : gentle ; grows very fat : about 2^

feet long.
Head and upper parts reddifh-brown, with long narrow ftrlpes
on the iiack ; numerous fmall round fpots on the fides and legs;
belh v/hitiih ; c/ii7i dmd throat -pure -white.', ^rtz/ annulate with
black.

i nracal. Body pale re ddifli -brown ; ears black outwards, tips black

bearded. Perfian Lynx.

Inhabits Barbary. Perjia, and India: preys by night; tamed

for hunting ; gland Imooth.

2. Tail long as the hind-legs. Inhabits Bengal.

3- Legs black on the back parts ; tail with 4 black rings at the

extremity. Inhabits Lybia and Barbary.
4* Tail white, with 4 black rings at the extremity. Lybia.

Jl\ja. "T^W underneath and at the tip white, above black-banded ;
body t|\vny, fpotted with brown ; ears bearded at the
tip. Bay Lynx.

Inhabits Kezo York : large again as a cat.

ForeJiead perpendicularly ftriped ; tipper lip each fide with 3
rows of fmall black fpots ; under parts white.

Mjnx. 'I'^ii obfcurely annulate, black at the tip ; head and body
whitifli-tawny fpotted with black ; ears bearded at the
tip. Lynx.

2. White, with dark fpots.

3. Upper parts whitifh-yellow, beneath white.

4. Ycllowifh-white, with dufky fpots.

Inhabits

MAMMALIA. FER.E. Vivcrra. 51

Inhabits Europe^ Afia, America, dtncX Japan, among the thickeft
woods ; preys on deer and the leder quadrupeds, and if luged
by hunger on its own tribe ; devouis flocks in the fold ;
cunning, acute in fight and fmell ; gravid 9 weeks, brings
3—4 young.

Size of a fox, 2) fomewhat lefs; tail fliorter than the thighs;
a linear brown mark behind the eyes j fore-feet very large.

17. VIVERRA. Fore-teeth 6, intermediate
ones fhorter : tzc/ks 1 each fide, longer :
grinders more than 3 : tongue o^ten acu-
leate backwards : claws not retraclile.

Their bodies are long, of equal thicknefs, legs fliort, ufually
with 5 toes, claws immoveable, ears fmall, fnout pointed ;
between tht anus and genitals an orifice leading to a dufcl fe«
creting an unftupus fetid matter ; aftive ^nd fwift, fome walk
on the heels, fome climb, and fome burrow j females produce
many at a litter.

Idmnmon Tail thick at the bafe, tapering, tip tufted; great toes

remote.
Inhabits Egypt, on the banks of the Nile, retiring to fields and

gardens during the inundation ; is tamed and kept in houfes
•• to deftroy mice ; feeds on poultry, worms, infefts, lerpents,

frogs, lizards, and crocodile's eggs ; deftroys cats and weefels ;

fierce and crafty ; walks on the heels.
Forehead flat ; upper lip prominent ; ears rounded ; zjhifkers

a fmgle row at the margin of each lip; tongue rough; tail

length of the body ; orifice under the anus open in hot

weather; hair verticillate with whitifh and dark-grey: fiz&

of a cat,

Muyigc. Xail thick at the bafe, tapering, not tufted; great toes
remote.
\n\ala\ts Bengal, Perfia, and the hot parts of y^yta ,• refembles
the laft, but fmaller and fmoother ; fights with ferpents, and
when bitten is faid to have recourle to the ophiorhiza ; when
tamed follows like a dog ; cleanly, impatient of cold,

C'afra^ Tail thick at the bafe, tapering, tipt with black.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope j refembles the polecat, but larger.
Ears Ihort, hairy ; zvhi/kers a fingle feries, black; hair fhining,
coarfe, mixed yellow-brown and black ; feet black,
II 3 Nemst

52 MAMMALIA. FER.E. Vivena.

Ncms. Tail thick at the bafe, tapering, of an Uniform colour.
^ Inhabits the eafl of Africa,

Snout fharp ; whijkers o; ears naked; body upper part tawny
and dirty -white; bdly bright-yellow ; head and orbits yellow-
ilh ; paws 4-tpedj with a iinall one behind ; claws fmall, black.

^enik, Feet4-toed; body grey, with 10 tranfverfe black bands 5
tail dark-tav/ny, black to\yards the tip.
Inhabits the country of the Hottentots ; iize of the water rat.
Claws of the fore -feet long, nearly ftraight, of the hind-feet
flioit, hooked; tail {Itndcr •, /h'j?*^ elongated ; ief^/2, accord-
ing to Sonnerat, fore-teeth 2 in each jaw, tufks 6.

Te.tradac- Feet 4-toed ; fnout long, inoveable.

tjla. Inhabits Africa, and Java ; a foot long •, feeds on flefh, fifli,

bu' rows with its fore-feet ; eanly tamed, gentle.
Head depreflTed ; upper jaw longer, nofe black at the tip ; whif-
kers growing from warty excrefcencies ; hair on the back
waved black, hoary at the tips ; tail truncate, tufted.

Nafua. Tawny ; tail annulate with white ; fnout long, moveable.

BrafiUan JVeeJel.

Inhabits South America; digs for worms, feeds on mice, apples,
bread ; when irritated fmells intolerably.

A white fpot above, beneath, and behind the eyes ; ears fmall,
black; over the upper eyelid, under the eye, in the. cheek,
and under the throat, a wart; throat yellovyilh ; nofe length-
ened into a probofcis, truncate inwards without a furrow on
the lip ; lateral, u'p'ptr fore-teeth larger, middle, lower con-
x'ergent ; tongue lobate like an oak leaf; tail ei-eft, longer
than the body, brown, with 10 pale rings, deprelTed, with
fpreading hairs, compreffed at the tip ; toes 5 auproximate ;
claws acute, compreifed, icandent.

Narica. Brownifh, tail of the fame colour ; nofe elongated, moveable.

Inhabits South America; digs fo deep as to bury itielf except
the tail ; feeds on worms, bread, fruit, and roots ; takes the
water, climbs trees.

Hair dufky at the roots, brown in the middle, yellow at the
tips ; tail fometimes oblcurely annulate ; feet black, naked,

Vulptcula. Entirely chefnut ; fnout elongated.

Inliabits North America, and Mexico; of a mod. filthy odour;
feeds ■'On worms, beetles, birds; whifkers black;' fore-feet
4-tc^d; length 16 inches,

O^uasjc,

MAMMALIA. FERiE. Viverra. 53

(luaije, Chefnut, yellowilh beneath j fnout lengthened; tail annu-f
late.
Inhabits Surinam; digs; feeds on worms, infefts, and fruit;
tameable, fetid.

Putorius. Blackifli with 5 dorfal, parallel, whitifh lines.

Striated JVeeJel.
Inhabits North America ; digs holes, climbs ; fleeps by day,
prowls by night ; feeds on worms, infefts, birds, and fheep ;
when purfued by dogs contrafts itfelf ; if irritated emits fo
intolerable an odour, that clothes, furniture, and whatever
has been contaminated mud be purified by burying.
Size of the martin ; colour underneath variegated with black and
white; claws 5: 5, anterior comprefled, long, pofterior Ihort-
er, hollowed underneath ; fnout naked, whijkcrs in 3 rows ;
head fubglobular ; neck fhort ; Jore-feet fhorter, claws long,
hind-claws fliort ; tail hprizontal, white at the tip, with very
long hair ; penis with a cartilagenous bone.

Mephitis, Back white, with a longitudinal black line from the middle
to the tail. Skunk.

Inhabits America ; eafily tamed ; defends itfelf by an intolerable
odour ; hunts for eggs : 16 inches long.

Hair long, fhining ;. tail generally white.

Conepatl. Blackifh, with 2 white dorfal lines reaching down the tail.

Inhabits Neio Spain.

Zorilla. Variegated with black and white.

Inhabits South America.

Snout fhort, blunt; variegated bands irregular, longitudinal and

tranfverfe ; hair long, fhining ; tail upper half black, lower

white.

Mapunto. Black, with a fnowy band from the forehead to the middle

of the back.

Inhabits New Spain ; fleeps by day, pi-owls by night ; fwlft ;

feeds on worrns and infefts; digs deep holes : 20 inches long.

Head fmall ; fnout long ; tongue fmooth ; tail white at the tip,

9 inchts long; feet 5-toed, refting on the heels; claws long.

Viitata. Blackilh, with a white fillet from the forehead to the Ihoul-
ders. Grey Weefeh

Inhabits Surinam.

Feet 5-toed ; tail fhorter than the body, hair Ihorter ; ears Ihort ;
Qlazvs yellowifh ; body 7 inches.

Zeylaniccii

54

MAMMALIA. FER.E. Viverra.

Ziylanica, Above cinereous mixed with brown, beneath whitlfh.

Inhabit Ceylon : in fire and habits lelembhng the martin.

Feet 5-toed ; claws a Uttle retraftile ; tail as long as the body,
thicker at the bafe ; whijkers in 5 rows, white ; lower lip
dentate; xi-^^tr fore-teeth, the lateral longer conic, the mid-
dle obtufe ; tongue warty.

*apenfis. Black ; back grey, edged with white. Cape TVeefeL

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and Guinea; feeds on wild

honey; emits an intolei-able vapour.
Ears o ; hair long, rougli ; 2 feet long, tail 8 inches.

'Civetta, Tail above fpotted, brov/n towards the tip ; mane chefnut ;
back fpotted Avith cinereous and brown. Civet.

Inhabits yEfhiopia, Guinea, Congo, and Cape of Good Hope.
Under the eyes a fpot ; back covered with rounded chefnut fpots
which towards the thighs run into ftreaks ; legs blackifli-
browTi ; grinders each fide each jaw 6 ; fnout fliarp, black at
the tip. The perfume named civet is produced by this and
the next fpecies, from the orifice under the anus : fize of a cat,

Zibetha, Tail annulate; back with grey and black waved ftreaks.

Inhabits Arabia, Malabar, Siam, and the P/dlippine ifles j fe-
rocious, hardly tameable,- and eafily returning to its original
"wildnefs; when angry erefts the hair of the back : bites; eats
fmall animals, birds, hfli, roots and fruit ; climbs and runs
with eafe.

Body flenderer than the civet ; fnout longer, concave above ;
ears covered, fliorter; fore-teeth upper 6, parallel, interme-
diate ones lefs ; lower parallelj intermediate ones fhorter, al-
ternately placed within; hair' co-<\r{c, clofe ; yise^ brown, be-
neath black : length 2\ feet ; produces civet,

Herma- Tail long, black at the tip ; back with three black ftreaks.
phroditUt Inhabits Barbary.

Snmit from the tip to the eyes and beyond black ; throat, tphif-
kers, feet, black ; beneath the eyes and between the whifkers
a white fpot; hair long, cinereous, tipt with black; tail
longer tlian the body ; claws yellow ; between the penis and
anus a naked tender fkin, with a double fold,

Gcnttta, Tail annulate ; body fpotted, blackifli-tawny. Genet.

Inhabits weftern Afia, Spain, and France : mild and eafily tamed ;

hunts mice, fmells of mufk, but weakly : 1 7 inches long.
Snout more acute, feet fliorter, tail longer than the zibet ; grind-
ers on each fide 6 j hair cinereous, black; or tawny at the tips.

Calluat

MAMMALIA. FER.^. Vlverra. 55

Gallka, Tail long, bufliy, the firft third whitifh-grey with -black
hairs, h)wer two-thirds black.

Fierce, biting, feeds on Hefh : 20 inches long, tiil 16.

Headlong ; ears round, black; zchijkers long, black, flat on the
cheeks ; nojirils arched; eyes with a white Ipot above, a white
line beneath; body whitilh-grey, with large black hairs; hack
on the upper part ftriped and ipotted with black; beUy\w\n\..
ifli; legs hhc\.;paws 5-toed, dazos white, crooked..

Aiinnlata. Tail long, annulate; face with a white fpot each fide the
nofe, and outer lide of each eye.
Size of the Lift: fides, rump, and upper part of the le<;s cinere-
ous, with fcattercd black Ipots; «o/£ at the tip, cheeks, and
throat, black; ears large, upright, thin, naked, black, behind
each a black line to the flTsoulder ; tail cinereous mixed witk
tawny near the bale, annulate with black.

j-"Ja, Tail annulate; body cinereous fpotted with black.

Inhabits Madagafcar, and Africa; wild, ferocious; feeds on

flefh, fruit, has not the civet odour.
Body {lender, cinereous, oblcurely Ipotted witli black ; from the

head to tlic fhouldcrs 4 black lines ; belly dirty-white ; eyes

large, black,

Ti^rina. Tail annulate, brown at the tip ; body cinereous fpotted

with brown, with a black ftrcak from the head to

the tail.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; fize of a common cat ; fond of

flefli, efpecially birds ; has no civet odour.
Head ronnd; ?zo/g fhort ; zohijkers yN\niz; c/k'e/i5 yellowifh-

white; a round black T^^oi each fide the nofe; forehead with

a dufky line down the middk'.

Zaudivol' Yellow mixed with black ; tail of the fame colour, pre-

^^' henfile. Tellow WccfeL

Inhabits Jamaica; tame; playful, climbs trees.

Head broad, flat ; ears broad, pendent, diftant ; from the head to

the tail, and from the middle of the belly to the tail, a broad

dufky ftripe.

Olive-yellow mixed with grey and brown ; tail long, pre-
henfile. Mexican ^Wccfel.

Inhabits New Spain ; refembles the laft but is larger, fits up,
catches with its paws, is fond of iugar, fweet meats, fruit and
vegetables ; kills poultry, and fucks the blood from under the
wing.

Nof:

56 MAMMALIA. FER.E: Muflela.

Noje dun<.y, tongue very long ; ears fhort, rounded, dufkv ;
btUy yallowifh-white ; under part of th^paws naked, vermil-
ion ; claws 5 on each foot, hooked, channeled beneath.

Mdlivora. Back cinereous ; lateral band black ; belly black ; claws
long, holloAV underneath, formed for digging.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; feeds on vvdd honey and wax,
to which it is guided by the cuculus indicator, or honey- guide
cuckooj which feeds on bees.

Fajciata. Hair of the tail long, black and tawnyifh ; body grey, with
6 black longitudinal llripcs, beneath white.

Striped Fitchei.
Inhabits India : 2 feet g inches long.

Fore-teeth in each jaw 2, tiijks 14; feet 5-toed; claziis flrong,
hooked; eyes vivid.

Malaccen- Tail long, annulate with black ; body grey, dotted above
j^^' with black ; above the eyes 4 round fpots; on the neck

and back 3 black llripes.
Inhabits Malacca j fierce, aclive, leaping from tree to tree, lives

by prey, fmells of mufk, retains its urine a long time, which

is ufed by the Malays as an aphrodifiac and ftrengthener ;

fize and habits of a cat.
Body with.,.6 rows of imall, black fpots, 7 in a row ; head on th<".

upper part, thighs, and legs black ; claws 5, hooked, fhafp,

retraftile ; Jnout long.

hlaculata. Body, legs, and tail, black, irregularly fpotted with white.

Spotted Fitckct.

Inhabits Nero South Wales ; about if foot long.

Face long ; ears large, blunt, ereft ; tohijkers long, reverfed ;

tail long, taper ; feet long, relling on the heels, 5-toed, the

ijiner toe of the hind-feet leparated from the reft, fmall, fhort.

18. MUSTELA. Fore -teeth upper 6, erect,
acuter, diltinft, lower 6, obtufer,
crowded, 2 placed within : tongue
Imooth.

In many circum (lances the otters and wecfels referable each other ;
body long, of the fame thicknefs, feet fhort, hair fliining,
claws immoveable, burrow in the ground, prowl and piey
by night ; but the otters live moftly in the water, fwim on

the

MAMMALIA. FERiE. Muftela. 57

the furface and under, feed cniefly on fi{h ; do not climb, or
leap with the body curved and tail ftretthed out like the;
rcce.Jdsy head larger and thicker, tongue ftrewed with foft
prickles; otttrs have 5 grinders in each jaw on each Iide;
toeefds 4:5, or 5 : 6.

' A. Hind-feet palmate. Otters.

Lutris. iilnd-fcet hairy ; tail a fourth part as long as the body.

Sea Otter.
2. Black, with a yellow fpot under the throat.

Inhabits the coafts between Afia and America, 2) in the rivers
oi South America : lives molUy in the fea ; harmlels, runs and
fwims fwif'tly, feeds on lobfters, fhell-fifli j female breeds once
a year, brings one at a time ; fur valuable.
Head dcpreffed ; ears fmall, hairy, rounded ; mouth obtufifh 5
zvhijkcrs many, llilT, above and behind the eyes, at the comers
of the mouth, fides of the lower lip, and under the throat ;
fore-teeth upper 6 equal, lower 6 the 2 alternate interior, the
2 lateral bilobate ; toes 5 on each foot, all palmate : 2) taiS
depreffed, a little (horter than the body ; head dufky ; throai
yellow,

#

Fardguen- Mixed grey and black ; feet palmate.

fis. Inhabits on the Rio dc la platai fize of a cat J far velvet^*,

tlcfh delicate.

Chiknfis. Tail long, round ; feet hairy.
Inliabits the coafts of ChUi>

*Lutra. Hind-feet naked i tail half the length of the body. Otter.'
Inhabits Europe, North America, Afa as far as Perjla, in frelh-
water rivers, lakes and fifli-ponds, but never in the fea ; feeds
on fifh, frogs, crabs ; deflruftive to fiili-ponds ; lives under
ground, in holes opening beneath the furface of the watci j
crafty, biting, fomctimcs tamed to catch fifh ; the male calls
the female by a foft murmuring cry ; gravid 3 months, bringj
forth 3 — 4 young. *'

Fur deep brown; fpots 2 each fide the nofe, (mall, white, and
one under the chin ; throat and breajl cinereous ; nihificr:
large; carj fhort; ntfcA fhort, thick; fett 5-toed: kr^^th z
feet, tail 16 inches,

Ca?iadenfis Black ; fur fmooth ; tail long, taper.
Inhabits North America,

Vol, I.— X lutreeliti

c8 MAiMMALIA. TERJE. Multela.

Lutrec'fi. Feet very hairy, toes equal; mouth white. LeJJer Otter.
Inhabits raarfhy places in Germany^ Poland,^ Finland, Rujfia^

and Siberia; feeds on fifh and frogs; fetid; fur valuable.
Body tawny mixed with dufky, fhorter hairs yellowifh, longer,

black; crozcn hodiXy; c/u'« white; ^flz7 duflty, broad, darker

towards the end.

Cayennen- Toes on the fore-feet unconneded ; tail long, taper, naked.
fis, Cayenne Otter,

Inliabits Cay(7ine ; ^ inches long.

Body with large brownifh-black fpots, yellowifh-grey between,
under parts white ; over each eye a white fpot ; ears large,
round; mouth whifkered; tail round above, flat beneath,
white at the tip, covered with a rough granulated Ikin,

Minx. Body entirely deep chefnut. Minx.

Inhabits North America, on the banks of rivers: feeds on filh,
birds, mice ; fomctimcs haunta farm-yards.

B. FcitcUft. Weefels.

BarbatCt Black ; a white '^-lobed fpot under the neck. Guinea PFcefel.
Inhabits Guinea, and Brazil; fizeof the martin.
Hair coarfe; ears rounded, hairy; ipace between the eyes cine-
reous; teats 4, beliind the navel.

GaUra, Bodv uniformly brown. Brown Pf^eefel.

Inhabits Guinea, and Madagafcar ; burrows lihe a rabbit, de-
ftruitlve to game and poultry : hze of a rabbit.

Body fhaped like a rat ; lower j^rf flrorter; eyes midway be-
tween the ears and tip of the nofc; ears flat, round ; tongue
rough ; tail pendent, tapering ; feet flrong, formed for dig-
ging ; fur rough.

'ifia» Body above brown, beneath pale yellow ; tail blackifh at
the tip. Madagajcar IVeefel.

Inhabits JSiadagafcar, and interior parts of Africa.

Heir brown at the roots, annulate above with black and rufty-
brown; tars fliort : grinders, upper 6 each fide, lower 5;
lc7:gth 14 inches, tail 10.

Vifon, Body bright tawny ; tail dufky.

Inhabits North Avierica ; relembles the martin.
Ears rounded; beneath the hair a thick, ioh dozi'n^ cinereous
tipt with rufty-brown : lenj^Jh 1 7 inches tali 5.

Ca?iadcnfts,

MAMMALIA. FERyE. Mufteh. 59

Canadaifis Body blackifh-tawny ; on the brcafl a white fpot. Pelan.

Inhabits Canada; about 2 feet long, tail 10 inches.

JIair foft, glofl'y, cinereous at the roots, tawny at tlie tips ; ears

a little pointed ; ichijltvs long, ftrong', fides grtyAx; legs

' and trJi black ; fpot between the fore-legs white ; tees hairy ;

claws fliarp.

*FQina. Body blackifh-tav.-ny ; throat and breall white. Martin.
Inhabits mod parts of Ibuthern Eu rope ; preys by night on poul-
try, eggs, fi'ogs, birds, and ripe fruit ; an enemy to cats ;
eahly tamed when young ; female brings 3 — 7 young, and
breeds in hollow trees.
Hair on the body, fides and legs cinereous at the root, chernut
in the middle, black at the tip ; liead brown tinged with
reddifli ; ears broad, rounded ; tyes lively ; bdly deep brown j
feet haiiy; claxi:s white: length 18 inches, tail 10.

Mcirtes, Body blaqkifh-tavvny ; throat and bread yellow.

Pine Martin*
Inhabits the iiorth of Europe, Afta, and America.^ rarely the
fouth of Europe ; preys by night ; lives by day in hollow
trees and fquirrel's nefts ; feeds on young fquirrels, mice,
birds, berries, ripe fruits and honey, in the winter devours
pigeons and poultry ; gravid 9 months, brings 7—8 young \
fur valuable.
Head Ihorter ; feet longer than the laft,

Cuianenfis Dark-brown; forehead white ; neck with along, narrow
ftripe along the fide. Guinea Martin.

Inhabits Guinea; near 2 feet long, tail 5 inches.
Fur fprinkled with black and white; fnout long, black ; crown
whitifli-grey ; belly chefnut.

Laniger. Body covered with woolly hair i tail long, taper.

fFoolly Martiti,
Inhabits Cayenne; near 16 inches long, tail g.
Snout \on^, flender; upper Jaw longer 1 carj fhort, rounded ;
ifgs fhort.

Zibdiina, Body dark-tawny \ forehead white i throat cinereous. Sable.
2» Snowy-white.
3. A collar of white or yellow fpots round the neck.

Inhabits the northern parts of Afia and America^ Siberia^ Kamt^

fchatka, the Kurilc iflands ; flceps by day, preys by night on

fmaller weefcls, fouirrels and hares, in winter on birds, par-

I a * ticularly

6© MAMMALIA. FER.E. Muftela.

ticularly patridges, in atumn on berries ; infells cats ; gravid
3 months, brings 3 — 5 young ; fur precious.
Referables the martin, head longer; ears longtv, yellow at tlie
margin ; hair longer, more fliining ; feet more hairy ; tail
fliorter than the extended hifid-legs ; chin cinereous ; mouth
w'hifkered,

Aiaertca- Body light-tawny;, head and ears whitifh. J/ncrican Sable*
iius, Inhdbiis North Afncrica; 20 inches long, tail 5.

£drs more pointed ; feet large, brown, hairy above and beneath ;
5-tQed ; claws white.

Nigra. Back, belly, legs, and bufhy tail black ; fides brown.

Fijher Weejd,

Inliabits North America ; foraetimes varies in colour.

Nofe black, with ftifF whifkers ; cars broad, rounded, dufky on

the outlide, edged with white; feet broad, hairy, 5-toed,

fonietimes only 4 behind; claws ftrong, fliarp, crooked;

» Jure'tceth 6, iir,all; tujks 6, large: grinders upper, 4 on each

lide, 3 fliarp, 1 flat, lower 6, farthcft flat, 3 next pointed,

£ others with 2 points.

*Putorius. Body blackifh -yellow ; mouth and ears white. Polecat.

Inhabits moft parts of Europe and Afiatic Rujfia ; dwells in
ftony places, frequents {bibles, granaries, houies. hollow trees
and fliallow burrows; flceps by day, wanders by night in
fearch of rabbits, mice, moles, poultry, and fhiall birds, in the
'winter frogs and fiflr ; Heals eggs, robs bee-hives ; emits from
the apus when agitated a moll: fetid vapour.

Piffcrs from the mirtin in having the head thicker ; tail fliorter';
in the deferts of Rujia fainetimes fpund white ; male ufually '
ycUowifli, with 4. wUitilh moi^th ; female paler.

* Furo. Eyes red, fiery. Ferret.

Inhabits Africa, tamed in Europe to catch rabbits; procreatts

twice ^ year, gravid 6 v.'eeks, brings 6 — 8, rarely 9, young :

very fetid.
Lefs than the lad; head narrower; fnuut fliarper ; body longer,

llenderer ; colour pale yellow.

iJavmatica. Body upper part yellow and brown. Sarjiiatian WeefeL

Inhabits Poland, and the defcrts of Rit/fia;' exceedingly vora-
cious, devouring Unaller animals ; lives in holes ; very fetid :
body 14 inches, tail 6.
Jlefembles the polecat; body and tail longer; hairj except of
tJiC feet and tail, flxorter,

Sil'irica^

MAMMALIA. ¥EKM. Mulkla. 6i

Sil>irica, Body tawny ; feet vex^ hairy. Sihirian Weefd.

Inhabits the woods ^f SziiVia; voracious; devours flefh, aiid

deals butter from the huts of the ruftics.
Tail hairy, darker than the body; Jiir long, loofe ; fact black;

nojirils whitilTi ; about the ey<iS fpotted; throat fometimes

fpotted with white.

* JEnidnca. Tail black at the tip.

1. Body with a reddifli tinge, Stoaf,

2. Body white ; tail blackilli at the tip. Ermine.

Inhabits Europe, the cold parts cf Americas Afia^ China; lives
in heaps of ftones, banks of rivers, hollow trees, and forefts,
efpecially of beech : preys on fquirrels, mice and fmall animals,

Bcdy lurdiy lo inches long; hair fliort, not fo fliining as the
martin : in northern climates becomes white, except the outer
half of the tail, which remains black : fur valuable.

* Vulgaris. Body tawny-brown, beneath white; tailcolour of thebody.

Comjjicn IVeejd.
2. Body white ; tip of the tail with a few black hairs.

Inhabits the temperate and cold regions of Europe, AJia and
America; in jRHj^a becomes white in winter: lialf the fize
pf the ermine : eats fifli, flefh, mice, eggs and fungi, but no
other vegetables : preys by night, gets into the holes of mice
and devours them, leaving the teeth only : fetid, dirty, and
drinks often : cunning, continually looks about, is not eafily
deftroyed by a cat : when terrified becomes epileptic : playful
when tamed : brings 6—8 young.

Melina, Back and belly pale cinereous-yellow; face, crown, legs,

and tail black. Tdloio JVeeJd.

Head flat : ears rounded : noje broad, blunt : checks and chin

white: throat rich yellow: kn^th i8 inches, tail long as the

body.

(^uif.d. Body brown ; fnout wedge-form.

Inhabits Chili : lives in burrows : is ferocious, and eats thq
moufe tribe.

19. URS'US-

62 MAMMALIA. ¥ERJE. Urfus.

ig, URSUS. Fore-teeth upper 6, hollowed
within, alternate; lower 6, lateral 2
longer, Ipbed ; fecondary at the bafe
interior : (ujks folitary : grinders 5 — 6,
the firfl approaching the tufks : tongue
fmboth: eyes with a niftitant mem-
brane : fnout prominent : penis with
a curved bone.

Thefe have 5 toes on each foot, M contiguous : fole of the foot
long, refting on the heel : they chmb, and fome ule the
fore-feet like hands.

ArSlos, Blackifh-brown; tail (hort, , Black Bear.

1. Quite blacky and lefs.

2. Brown, or ferruginous.

3. Black, mixed with white-hairs.

4. Variegated.

5. White.

Inhabits i) mzxihy -woods of the north of Europe, A fta, 2) the
fame places, and the Alps, Poland, Egypt, Barbary, India^
China, Perfia; 3,4) Iceland: feed 1) on roots, berries, and
other vegetables, 2) befides thefe, on infe6ls, honey, and car-
cafles ; inflate the carcaffes of their prey, and bury what is left ;
wafli their food, lick their paws when in their den ; gravid
112 days, bring forth one ; become torpid from the middle of
November till the froft breaks ; walk flpwly unlefs irritated,
and then very quickly ; fight with the fore-feet, (landing
eretl upon the hind; never attack man unlels provoked;
before battle always make the young get into trees ; defcend
trees tail foremoft, of which they are careful ; are not lowfy ;
fly at muhc ; (land eafily on the hii^d-feet ; fwim ; the nifti-
tant membrane re^iders their afpecl horrid.

Thumb narrower than the other toes ; teats 4 ; htad lefs than the
lion, brain larger ; tendons made ule of as thread by the Lap-
landers -, Jlejh eatable ; gall very bitter, and ufed in epilephes ;
Jat ufed to make the hair grow,

Jiaritimus White ; tail (hort ; head and neck lengthened. Polar Beafo

Inhabits within the ArElic Pole, frequently found on ice iflands;

impatient of heat ; feeds on fifh, feals and cetaceous animals,

fcldom on vegetables; gravid 6 — 7 months, brings forth 2 ;

fights terribly with the iuor(e,

Refembles

MAMMALIA. FERJE. Urfus. 63

Refembles in its habits the lad; head larger, more convex}
/nout thicker I ears {hort, round; «./^ tipt with bhck ; teeth
large ; fur long, loft, Ihaggy, yellowilh-white.

America- Black; throat and cheeks rufty-brown. American Bear
niu. Inhabits the whole of America, except Cliili and Patagonia '

feeds chiefly on vegetables and fifli, is particularly greedy of
potatoes and maize ; very cowardly.
Head more lengthened ; ears longer ; hair ftronger, foft, ftraight,
more fhming and thinner than the U. arftos; body fmaller i
Jiiout larger, (harper,

Tetradac. Feet 4-toed. Sand Bear,

tj/lus. Lels than the badger ; almofl deftitute of hair ; impatient of cold ;

burrows in the ground.
Body yellowifh-white ; eyes fmall ; legs fhort; daws white,
fharp ; tail long.

* Mela. Body above cinereous, beneath black ; a longitudinal black
ft ripe including the eyes and ears; tail colour of the

xxT^^^'^l' Badger.

2. White above, yclIowifh-white beneath.

3. White with reddilh-yellow and brown fpots.

Inhabits Europe, Ajia, as far as the nortliern boundaries of China,
2) New-York, 3) very rare; lives in woods, clefts of rocks
and heaps of ftones, feeds on infefts, eggs, fruit and vegeta-
bles, upon which it gets very fat, and burrows during win-
ter ; hunts rabbits by night ; very cleanly, having a diftinft
repofitory for its excrements without the den ; lies hid by
day ; dilcliarges a fetid matter from the orifice under the anus v
eafily tamed ; gravid 7 weeks, bring 3 — 5 young.
Eye covered by a white niditant membrane ; teats 6, 2 peftoral,
4 abdominal ; feet ftiort, 5-toed : length more than 2 feet,
2)21 inches ; pfJi when dried makes excellent bacon.

Lahrado. Tail hairy at the tip, brown-yellow; throat, breaft and

rius, belly white; fore-feet 4-toed, American Badger.

Inhabits Labradore, and Hudfon's Bay j kfs than the laft, with

fofter, longer hair.
Ears fhort, white, black at the margin ; head white, two black
lines behind the nofe reaching round the eyes; A air of the
back long, chefnut at the root, then bright brown, then black,
at the tip white J legs Ihort, brown; grinders a czch iidcy
each jaw,

Indicus,

64 MAMMALIA. FER.^. Urfus.

Indicii:» Face b!ack ; crown, upper parts of the body white, lo-,vet
black.- Indian Badgcn

Inhabits /^.-Z/iZ; lively, playful ; feeds on fie fli ; fiecps rolled
up ; climbs readily.

Head fmall ; fncut fliarp ; inftead of ears an oval prominent
rim ; feet 5-toed, the ijiner fmaller, claws long, Ihaight j
hair fhort, liiicoih : length 2 feet, tail 4 inches.

Letor. Ta'.l annulate 5 a black tranfverfe ftripe by the eyes.

Raccoon.
Inhabits northern parts of Arnerica, in hollow trees ; eats eggs,
poultry and fhell-fifli ; 'waflies its food, and carries it to its
mouth with the fore-paws ; lenle of fmell and touch exqui-
fite ; memory tenacious ; fleeps from 1 2 at night till 1 2 in
the day ; climbs eafily ; fearful of hog's brillles : brings 2 — 3
young.
Body cinereous, hair black at the tips, brown in the middle,
appearing as if ^vaved ; head brown, forehead white ; talk
annulate with black hair ; penis with a curved bone.
2. Cream-colour, or yellowilh- white.

Lufcus. Tail long; body rufty-brown ; fnout blackifh ; forehead
and fides yellowilh-brown. IVolverene.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay ; ftze of a wolf, head like the glutton ;
very fierce, leizes beavers by furpiile •, lurks on trees, and
fallens on deer as they pais ; burrows ; very fetid.

Hair long, rough ; tail chefnut, darker at the tip ; fore-feet
4-toed, hind 5-toed; claics white at the end; back arched.

Cv-lo, Tall the colour of the body, tawny-brown ; middle of the

back black. Glutton.

Inhabits northern parts of Europe, Afta^ and America, fometimes

Poland, rarely Germany, in mountainous and vaft forefts;

cunning, voracious, preys on hares, mice, rein deer, birds,

I carcaffes, fifli, cheefe and other food ; climbs eafily ; never

attacks man unlefs much prelTed by hunger; defends itfelf
againft dogs by an infupportable fetpr ; tameable when young ;
fur valuable.
Larger, flenderer than the badger; limbs lliorter than the U. arc-
tos, thick, robuft, hairy, 5-toed; iazY fhorter than the hind-
feet, hairy; teats S ; fore-teeth upper intermediate ones equal,
rather lobed both fide?, outer ones longer, conic, robuft, lobed

• on the backfidc; lower 6, as if cut through the middle, 2 al-

ternate within, m.iddle ones lefs, outer ones thicker ; tufks
fmooth, conic, ftout, upper larger; grinders upper 5, lower
G each fide, lobate, fir ft and laft imall,

2. White, fometimes tinged with yellow. «o. DI-

MAMMALIA. FER^. Diddphls. 6s

20. DIDELPHIS. Fore-teeth minute, round-
ed ; upper 10, intermediate 2 longer;
lower 8, intermediate 2 broader, very
Ihort: tufks long: grinders crenate :
tongue frmged with papillae ; a pouch
(in man)^) abdominal, covering the
teats.

This tribe is chiefly found in America, living in holes in woody
places, burrowing in the earth, and climbing trees by means
of their prehenfile tail ; the)- move flowly, feed on birds,
efpecially poultry, infefts', worms, and vegetables ; feet ufu-
ally 5-toed divided, the great toe remote ; penis moftly con-
cealed, glrins divided ; females Ibmetimes with i — 3 ab-
dominal pouches which can be opened or fhut at pleafure, in
which the young ai"e hid in time of danger, and which in
prefent Ibinetimes in the males.

Marfiipi- Teats 8, within the pouch. Amhoyna Opoffum.

^lis. Inhabits ///»(?'i)j)'wa .• fize of a large cat.

Nojirils perpendicular, lunar ; whijkers long, 5-rowcd ; brijlles
8 at each comer of ihe mouth and 5 under the throat ; ears
6val, lax, black, tipt with white; ^jinders Xt^-w.t, anterior
ones flmple, firil: (mail ; Legs black, Imooth, with fhort hair ;
tail length of the body.

Philander Tail buHiy at the bafe ; ears pendulous ; tfeats4.

Braftl OpoJJ'um.
Inhabits South Am&fica ; length 9 inches, tail 14.
Whijkers 6 rows ; viargin of the ofbits duflty ; feet whitifh ;
naked part of the tail whitifh with brown fpots.

Opojun, Tail hairy near the bafe ; region of the eyebi-ows paler.

Virginian, Opojjum^
2, Back dark -brown; belly yellowifti.

Inhabits the wanii and temperate parts of America, 2) Ceylon^
Molucca ; i'prings from tree to tree by means of the prehenfil'e
tail; llowoffoot, tenacicus cf life; grunts, is eafily tamed,
brings 4 — 5 young, which are carefully hid in the pouch;
about a foot long.
Head longer, more acute than the lift, fhorter than D. marlupi-
alis; ears longifh-oval, 2) fhort, rounded; teats 5—7 \ tail
Ihorter than the body, naked part whitifh.

Vol, I,— K Caycpoh

66 MAMMaLiA. FhRJE. Diuelphis.

Cayopcltlri Tall longer than the body ; pou^h c; margin cf the orbits
black. Mexican OpoJJ'u?n.

Inhabits the mointains t)f Ncio Spain; fnout thicker, ears
ffiortcr. narrower tha» the lafl ; lives in trees, in which it
brings forth its young, who chng ck)fe to the dam when
abrnied.

Grindirs upper 5 each \n\c- %_ tail 11 inches long, whiti{}i,
fpotted with clitfnut, hairy at the bafe ; body 6 inches long ;
face dirty-white, a dark line do\,v7r the middle ; zvhijkcrs large.

Murir.a, Tail hairy at the bafe ; a fold including the teats. Marmofe.
I^haDits Siuih America j ezis fruit, grain, roots, and fifh ; flow

and ftupid ; 6 inches long, tail the fifne.
V/htJkers 6 rows, fiiortcr than the head, lowefl row white ;
back convex, jnd with the crown ruliy-brown ; claws acute ;
lta!s \^ cylindrical.
2. Brown above^ white beneath. Inhabits Guinea.

Dcrfi:yra. Tail hairy at tlie bafc, longer than the body ; toes of the
hind-feet unarmed. Meriari OpoJJ'umi

Inhabits Surinavij burrows in the ground; brings 5 — 6 young,
'.vhich when in d;»nger Hick to the back of the mother by
twilling their tails round hrrs; hzeof a rat.

Orbits bro\vn at the margin ; tail long, whitifh, of the male
Iput ltd, brov.'nifb; naked; f/rTriJ of the fore-feet obtufe, hind-
feet fl.arp ; ears naked, fharp.

■^nn::r:-,:Ta Tali fealy, aur/ofl; n.iked, nearly as long as the body ; thumb
of the hind-feet flat. Cayenne OpoJJ'um.

Inhabits m.arlhy places of Cayenne ; fc«ls on crabs, which it
hooks fiom their holes with its prehenhle tail ; grunts like a
pig; grows fat, eafily tamed, brings forth 4 — 5 in hollow
trees ; flefli relembles a hare.

Hair curled like wool, with a few briftles, which from the
n^iddle of the back to the tail form a kind of mane; head^
ri':ck, flioulders, and thighs reddifti-yellow, ftdes and belly
y'lllow, J'ect dark-brown • margin of the orbits black; ears
fliort, oval, naked,'

Caudivol- Tail taper, prehenfile, tip hairy. New Holland OpoJJ'um.
""' Inhdhhs New Hdland J lives in long grafl'y marfhes.

Body above and ftdes with long, foft, glofly hair, dark-grey at
the roots, ti]>s rufty ; tail white at the extremity, naked un«
derneath ; f>iout fharp ; zchijkers long ; Jcre-Jcet .5-toed,
dawed, hind-Jcct 3 toes with claws and a diftinft thumb;
Jorc-tteth 2:2; Jemali vi'h a pouch ; length 13 inches,
tail as long. ^ Br achy.

MAMMALIA. fJLkJE. Pidelphis 67

JBr^c/Vy.'ira Till fhort, hairy ; ears naked; pouch o; body rufous.

Short-tailed Opo/Jutrt.
Inhabits the woods of South America: from 3 to 5 ^ inches long,

tail half the length; brings 9 — 10 young.
Snout longer than p.opoHum; jur loft, glolfy, beautifully red
by the fides of the head And body.

Criir.tclis. Tail hairy from the bafe to the middle, prehenfile, longCF
than'the body ; two middle toes of the hind-feet united..

Phalanger.
Inhabits the Molucca ijlands, probably NcJ) Holland;, tiinicj.

refeinbling the iquirrel in voice and manner of eating; tcuu

2 — 4, as many young.
Head convex, thick ; ear: sxid faet fliort ; cl<i,vi long, curved ;

a black line down the hind part oi the headaiid middle of the.

back ; Jore-tietk upper 8, lower 2.

Brunii. Tail fliort, naked; hind-fcc: loJUgcil, 3-tocd.

Javan Opojfum,
Inhabits ^flt-a; kept in iaclofures with rabbits ; burrows, and

is the fize of a hare.
Head narrow; tars upright, pointed; acrofs the jace and
through the orbits a brown flripe; Jore-tceth upper 6, lower
2 ; tujks o ; fare-h'^s fliort, 5-toed; belly with a pouch.

Gigantea. Tail long, thick ; hind-feet three times as. long as the fore,
3-toed. Kcwguroo,

Inhabits New Holland; when full grown as large as a Iheep ;
leaps, burrows, eats like a fquirrel ; feeds on fruit and vege-
tables ; flefli good.

Body yellowifli-grey ; head more obtufe than any other fpecies ;
ears \on^; ^r«nA fore part flender, hind part robuil ; upper
lip cleft r nofe black at the point ; cars thin, oval, eredl:, with
Ihort hair ; forc-teeik upper 6 broad, lower 2 fiiarp, moveable ;
tujks o ; grinders 4 each fide, far back ; claws of the fore-
feet long, black; middle claw of the hind-feet prominent,
exceedingly large,

TridaSlyla Tail long, tapering, hairy ; hind-kgs long, 3-toed; ear$
rounded. Kangaroo Rat,

Inhabits New South Wales : fizc of a rat.

tore-teeth upper 8, two middle ones {harper, lower 2 long,
pointed; grinders 3 each fide, foremofl, channelled; Jur
fraoothj dark -brown,

j^ J, Ohefulot

6a MAMMALIA. FER^. Diddphis.

Ohifula. Tail longifli ; fore-feet 5-toed, exterior claws rmall ; hind -
feet 4-tocd, 1 interior united. Porculine OpofJ'um.

Inhabits Niw Holla,nd ; lize of a half grown rat.
^Liu/y rufty above, whitiHi beneath, corpulent; }nnd-l(gsTuwz\\
longer; interior c/awj double ; fa rj rounded ; /'aiV coarle.

^acroiar- Xail flender, naked, hairy at the tip \ heels of the hind-feet
/"•^« long;, naked j thumb-nail flat. See Lemur Podje.

VuLpecula. Tail long, thick, hairy, bafe grifly like the body, lower part
more than half way black. Vulpine OpoU'ujn.

Inhabits A^cw South Waks ; 26 inches long, tail 15.

Ji^egs fhort, equal ; Jcct 5-toed. claws fliarp, crooked, except the
thumb of the hind-feet, which is high up tlie fqot and withoiii
clawj' Zi)hi/kers lo — 12, Handing backwards longer than the
head; fore-tedh upper 4, lower 2 projefting ; tujks upper a
long, lower o,

Maculata. Body black fpotted with white ; tail bufhy -, female ^/ith a,
pouch. Spotted OpoJJ'um.

Iv&.ih'ii'i Ncx;) South Wales : 15 inches long, tail 9.

Body black, under parts bvownifli ; cars large, erecl, open,
pc>inted ; tnhijkcrs long at the nofe ; feet 5-toed, claws long,
fliarp, black, great toe o ; teats 6, circularly diipofcd within
the j»ouch.

Volans, A broad hairy membrane extending from the middle of the
fore-legs to the firll joint of the hind-kgs, not include
ing the tail. Flying Opojfum.

Inh-abits NetJ South Wales ; 20 inches long, tail 22.
Bcdy black, under parts paler; along the middle of the back a
kind of iiiane; fort~tctth upper xj, lower 2 ; tuJks upper 2,
lower 0 ; grinders 5 each jaw, each fiQC ; great toe of the
liiud-feet uiiaruicd,

^Ciuufi* A lateral laying pfiembranc ; body grey above, fnowy be-
neath ; tail prehenfik, very hairy, black towards the
tip. Squirrel Opojfurfu

Inhabits New Holland; torpid by day, aftive by night.
Size of a fquirrel ; eyes black, full ; ears round, thin ; membrane
edged with blackiflx ; pouch large; thumb of the hind-feet
rounded, unanned ; a black Jli'ipe down the head and back.;
^ interior tve: of the hind-feet joined,

Macrourci,

MAMMALIA. TZKJE. Talpa. 69

Mr.:r,rura. A lateral flying membrane ; body dark-grey aboi'e, whitifh
beneath ; tail long, flender, black. Long-tailed OpoJJum,
Inliubiis Ntiu Holland; Id's than the lafk, but relembles it in
manners and appeararicc.

Pygmcea. A lateral fiying membfane ; tail flat, pirmatc, linear.

Pigmy Opojfum.
Inh;ibits NcziJ IIolLzjidj fue of a rrjoufe.

Body hrow'ti above, whitifh beneath; zvhijkers long; tongue
large, huig, fijttcned; pouch leinilunar at the opening.

21. TALPA, Fore4eet}} unequal upper 6,
lower 8 : tujks folitary, upper larger:
grinders upper 7, lower 6.

Tliefe live under the earth, dig cylindrical tubes, feed chiefly on
worms: /; ca J thick, lengthened into a fnout; c>'W very fmall,
covered; ears o; body thick; legi fhort, /bre-/cTt broad,
large, fhorter than the hind- feet, with longer claws,

*Lurcpaa. Tail fhort ; feet 5-toed. Mole,

1. Variegated wjth white fpots.

3. White.

4. Yellow.

5. Cinereous; fore-feet narrower*

Inhabits all Europe, and northern parts of Afia and Africa :
frequents raoift. meadows, hollowing and turning up the earth :
feeds on wonns and caterpillars, not on plants ; is deftroyed
by caflor oil, but chieily by floods; Ibme.times efcapes into
trees from inundations ; (kin foft, filky ; brings 4 — 5 >X)ung.

LongicaH' Tail half the length of the body ; feet 5-toed, hind-f( et
data. fcaly. Long-tailed Mole.

Inhabits North America ; 4 — 6 inches long.
Body bright tawny ; Jorc-Ject palmate, almoft naked, claws long ;
nafc radiated with tendrils: fur longer.

Rubra, Tail fhort ; forc-feet 3-toed, hind-feet 4-toed. . Red Mole,
Inhabits America ; largef than T. europxa, tail thicker at the root.

\
Afiatua, Tail o ; fore-feet 3-toed. Siberian Mole.

Inhabits th^ Cape of Good Hope; 4 inches long.
Snout fhorter than T. europsca: nofc naked: hdy brown tend-
ing to golden and grecnifli ; TU7np round.

70 MAMMALIA. FER.^. Sorex.

22. SOREX. Fore-teeth upper 2, long, bifid j
lower 2 — 4, intermediate ones Ihorter:
tujks many on each fide ; grinders cuf-
pidate.

Thefe in their head refemble the mole, in other parts the mouie :
bunx)W in the ground : generally feed on worms and infefts ;
live under ground, fomc near the water: l"idy thick: feet
5-toed : htad lengthened, tennmated by a conic fnout : eyes
Imall.

Crijlatus, Noftrils carunculate; tail fhort. Crejied Shrew.

Inhabits North America ; 4 inches long, tail 1 1 : feeds on roots :

re fcmbiea in face and fnout the mole.
JJair {hott, fmooth, compatt, black: fore-feet fnowy, hind-feei

Iculy : fore-tectk lower 4 : tvfks 4 eacli fide: iiofe iurrounded

with 10 — 15 naked, (lellate, cajruncles.

Minutus, SncHit very long; tail o. Minute Shreiv.

Inhabits Siberia^ -in moid woods under the roots of trees, makes

its neft of lichen, coUetts feeds, run* and burrows quickly,

■ bites, has the voice of a bat, weighs about a drachm.

iiair foft, fliinipg, gre^, paler underneath : head nearly as large

.;is the body: fnout tapering, farrowed beneath: whifkcrs

reaching to the eyes: earj broad, fhort, naked: eyes fmall,

retracted : tots 5 : 5.

Aquaticus. Hind-feet palmate ; fore-feet white ; tail fhort, white.

Aquatic Shreu\
Inhabits North America ; fize of a mole.

Hair fhining, dark grey, brown at the tips ; fore-teeth lower 4 :
fnout flender, upper jaw longer.

Mofchatus Feet palmate ; tail flattened, thickefl in the n;iddle.

Miifhy Shrew.

Inhabits about the lakes of tlie Volga and Tanais ; burrows under
the banks with an entrance into the water : feeds on flags and
fifli : 7 inches long, tail 8.

jF/ffffi like a mole : //zow^ cartilaginous, moveable: zohijkers li
rows, w^hite ; eyes fmall : ears o: tr7ink Hat, and beiides the
fkin a flefhy moveable pannicle : feet naked, fcaly above,
black : fore-teeth lower 4 : tuJks 6 each jaw : grinders upper
4, lower 3 : tail blackifh, with 7 — 8 fmall orifices at the
rvX't, exuding a yellowiflx fluid which lineljs Ilrongly of muOc,

*Bicolor,

MAMMALIA. FER^. Sorcx. 71

♦ BicoUr, Tail middle length, nakedifh ; body blackifh, beneath cine-
reous; toes fringed. fF^iter Shrezv.

Inhabits Europe arid Siberia, near f\vamps and rivers; fwims
eafily, often undor water; female teats 16, brings 9 young;
voice like the chirp of a graishoppcr: 4 inches long, tail 2.

Snout broader at the tip, feet longer than S. araneus ; fore-teeth
lower 2 ; tufks 3:2; grinders 4:3; wJnJkcn long, afh-co-
loured ; ears Imallj a tuft of white hairs within ; legs and feet
white,

Murinus, Tail middle length ; body brown; feet and tail cinereous.

Alurine Shrezu.
Inhabits Java ; fize of a moule,

iViozif long, channelled beneath ; whifker s \ovk'g\ ear^ rounded,
hakedifh ; fore-teeth 2, aciite, parallel; feet 5-toed, clawed;
tail a little fhorter than the body, nakedilh.

^Araneus, Tail middle length ; body whitifh beneath.' Fetid Shrezu.
Inhabits all Europe and north of Afia j lives in old walls, (ta-
bles, yards, granaries, outhoufes, fwSmps and pools, feeds on
com and inlefts ; fmells of mufk, is killed but not eaten by
cats, voice fhrillj tunS flower than a moufo, brings 5 — 6
young in fpring and fununer ; never 3 inches long ; teeth lik0
the S. bicolor.

2. Head, upper parts dufky; fides brownifli-rufty.

inhabits Hudfon's Bay, and Labradore, with 3.

3. Upper parts duflcy-grcy; under yellowifh-whitc.

Surinam' Tail half as long as the body ; body above chefnut, beneath

enftsi white and yellow ifh-grey. Surinam Shrezv.

Inhabits Suruyam ; refembles S. bicolor, ears S. araneus; tail

covered with {hort, cloie hair, above cinereous, beneath paler ;

inouth white,

Pufdlus, Ears rounded ; tail fhort, a little fringed at the fides.

Timid Shrezv,
Inhabits the northern parts of Perfia, in holes which it burrows,
/ 3y inches long; teeth like S. araneus, other parts like S. fu-

' rinamenfis ; body dark grey above, belly paler.

Brafilioim Brown ; back black with 3 ftripes. Brafd: an Shrew.

fiSt Inhabits Brafd : not afraid of cats; 5 inches long, tail 2,

Scrotuvi pendulous ; fnout pointed j tcetk fliarp.

F.xilis,

7i

MAMMALIA. ^ERAL. Erinaceus.

Exilis, Tail very thick in the middle, tapering to each end.

Pigmy Shreu'i
Inhabits Si'kria ; tlic fmancft. of quadrupeds, hardly weighing
■| a drachm, colour darker than S. araneus.

Ccsruleus. Tail middle length ; tipper parts pale blue j belly lighter ;

legs and feet white. ' Blue Shrew.

Inhabits Java, and other Edji Iniian iflands ; feeds on rice ;

fmells io ftrongly of mufk. that cats will not attack it : 8

inches long, tail '^\,
Kofe. flender; upper jflzt.' much longer; fore-teeth upper fliort,

lower long, incurvatc ; Zi.'hifierj long, white ; cars broad^

round, naked, tranfparcnt.

MexicanusTsaKhort; fore-feet 3~t6ed, hind-feet 4- Mexican Shreiv.
Inhabits Nem Spain ; burrows in vaft numbers ; feeds on roots

and feeds ; flefh good ; 9 inches long.
Nofe fharp ; ears fmall, rounded ; fcre-testh 2, long, in each jaw ;

iody thick, fat, yellowifh ; legs very fhort i cUzi's long,

crooked.

Albipes. Tail flender, hairy j upper parts dulky-alh ;, feet, belly and
teeth white. IVhite-footed ShreiL\

Qtiadru Tail fquareifh ; head and Tipper parts dufky-afli, belly pa-
cauJatus, Icr; fore-teeth brown. Sqare-tailed Skreiv.

Luricau- Tail taper, keeled underneath ; head and upper parts dufky-

datus, afh, belly whitilh j fore-teeth brown ; a white fpot

behind each eye. Carinate Shreiu.

Vnicolor^ Tail comprefled at the bafe; body uniform duflcy-afli.

Thefc four lafl are probably only varieties of S. araneus j they
were ail found near StraJBurg,

23. ERINACEUS. Fore-teeth upper 2, dif-
tant; lower 2, approximate: tujks upper
,5 each fide, lower 3 : grinders 4 each
jfide, each jaw: back and fides covered
with fp ines,

*F.urop(tus.

MAMMALIA. FER.E. Erinacetis. 73

* Europ.T- Ears rounded ; noftrils with a loofe flap. Hedge-hog,

'"'• Inhabits all Europe, except the ver)' north, fouthem parts of

Siberia, and Madagajlar ; lives in thickets, and hedges,
builds its neft ^f mols, gtals, leaves, winters in bufhes foiled
up, wanders by nighty feeds on toads, worms, beetles, crabs,
fhell-fifh, fruit, fmall birds, and carcalTes ; digs in mofTy
places, fwims ealily ; when frighted or angry rolls itfelf up
and prefents its Ipines on every lide; fcreams if the feet are
/ preiTed, fihells mufky ; is tamed by the Calmucs like the cat;

female 5 teats, 3 peftoral, 2 abdominal •, brings 3 — 5 young,
does not, as is vulgarly fuppofed, fuck cattle; flelh not
eatable.
Lfngth about 10 inches; fnout acute; upper lip cleft; ears
broad, 'fhort, hairy; eyw finall, black: ^re/'Zice pendulous ;
hair of the head whitifli-tawny mixed with white, of the neck,
feet, between the fpines and on the tail darker, of the throat
greyifh-white^ of the breaft and belly the fame mixed with
tawny ; fpines each end yellowifh-grey, middle blackilh ; legs
fhort, iKiked, 5-to«d ; clazvs weak<

Idduris. Ears o* Guiana Hcdg-kog,

Inhabits South America; about 8 inches long.
Head thick, fhort ; fpines cinereous tinged with yellow ; hair

foft, whitifh-chcfnut over the eyes ; tail fhort ; clazvs long,

crooked.

^talaccen■i Ears pendulous. Malacca HeJge-hog«

f-^* Inhabits Afia ; from it is procured the precious ftone called

Piedra dtl porco.

Auritus. Ears long, oval \ noftrils with a flap. Siberian Hedge-hog*
Inhabits lower parts of the Volga and Ural, and as far as lake
Baikal: refembles E. europaeus, but lefs, eyes larger, whifkers
4 rows, feet longer, fienderfer, taxi fhorter, conic, aanulate,
nearly bald ; female brings 4 — 7 young, lomctunes tv/ice a
year; fpines brown, a white ring at each end.

Set(fus» Ears fhorter ; fpines on the head, neck, tail and withers

only. Afiatic Hedge-hog^

Inhabits India, and Madagafcar : hardly 6 inches long;

wallows in the mire, grunts like a hog, burrows, torpid 6

months, during which the hair falh off»

VoLI.— L . Srtcut

7;i MAMMALIA. FER.E. Eiinaccus. .

SriOut and whijkers long ; feet {hort 'y fpincs wlutiili, pale
chefiiut in the middle: hair white.

L'c.tudatCt Tail o ; fnout very long, acute. Maddgafcar Hedge-hog.
Inhabits India, and Madagafcar : 8 inches long : in its habits

cxaftly refeinbles the la(t;
Mouth and eyes (inall : ears rounded, longer than the lad :

/pines black in the middle, covering the whole back and fides ;

hair yello'.vifli : feet tawny.

ORDEF

MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Hyarix. 75

ORDER IV. GLIRES.

Fore-ieeth 2 in each jaw, appj-oximate, ramote
from the grinders : tujks p.

24. HYSTRIX. Fore4ccth 2, cut off ob-
liquely : grinders 8 : toes 4 — 5 : hody^
covered with fpines and hair.

Porcupine^

Crijiata. Forc-feet 4-toed, hin4-fuet c-tocd.j headcrefted; tail fhort.

CrcJicdP.

2. Spines fhortcr; ciefl fmaller.
\ 3. Spines long; creft ample.

Inhabits South AJia, Africa, Spain, and Italy ; digs large bur-
rows, divided into many apartments, with a lingle. entrance ;
leeks by night for fruit, roots, herbs, cfpecially box ; when
frighted roUs itfolf up, makes a grunting noife ; brings 2 — .J
young; eafily tamed; flelli vejy good.
Lnigtk about 2 feet : /?e<zi long, coxnpreffed : fiiout fliort, obtufe ;
upper lip cleft to the noftrils ; eyes fmall, bUck ; ears oval,
broad, fliort ;. tail conic, fpinous ; feet fliort, thiqk ; hair be-
tween the fpines cinereous •,. fpines \ori.g, robufi, fmooth, an-
nulate with black and whitilb, the longed of which and tlic.
bridles of the "neck it is able to ere£l and recUnc ; the gall-
bladder contains a fort of bezoar.

Prehenjilis Feet 4- toed ; tail long, prehenfilcj, naked beneath at the end.

' • ■ Brq/ilian P.

2- Tail longer, fpines fhorter.
3' Smaller; head white.

Inhabits the woods of Brafd, Guinea, and Ne.w Spain ; climbs
trees, feeds on fruit, and fmall birds ; grunts like a fwine;
rolls itfelf up, fleeps by day, eafily tamed, flcfli good.
Whijkcrs long, white ; /pines on the upper lip under the npfe ;
feci i{hy fflazvs ftrong, black j length 15 inches, tail 7.

Mexicana. Tail long, prehenfile; hind-feet 4-toed; fpines mixed, and

almoll hid in downy hair and long briilles. Mexican P.

Inhabits the mountains of Mexico i lives on fruit, eafily tamed ;

18 inches long, tail 9.
Mody dulky ; fpines annulate white and yellow,' fiaort, flender;
tail from the middle downwards without fpines,
I' 2 Dorfata.

76 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Ca^ia.

Dorfata. Tail middle length, not prehenfile ; hind-feet 5-toed ; fpincs
on the upper part of- the head, back and tail only.

Canadian P.
. 2. Body white.

Inhabits North America; digs holes under trees, climbs, feeds
on fruit, and bark particularly of the juniper ; laps like a dog ;
in the wmter eats Inow in the place of drink ; nearly the fize
of a hare.
Body rufty -brown ; tail underneath white at the tip ; Jpims al-
niofl hid among the hair.

^lacroxira. Feet 5-toed ; tail very long; prickles clubbed or jointed.

Ling-tailed P f
Inhabits the woods of the ifiands of the Indian Ocean.
Ears fhort, n:^ked; tail length of the body, crowned at the tip
with a tuft of long, knotted, filvery hairs; body fhort, thick ;
ears fliort, naked; eyes large, bright.

25. CAVIA. Fore-teeth 2, wedged: grmders
8 : toes on the fore-feet 3 — 5, on the
hmd-feet 4—5 : tail fhort or o : cla-
vicles o.

Thefe feem to hold a middle place between the murine and rab-
bit tribes; move flow with a kind of leaping : do not climb:
feed on vegetables : dwell in lioUow trees or dig burrows.

Faca. Tailed ; feet 5-toed ; fides flriped with yellowilTi fpot^.

■Spotted C'avy,
Inhabits Guinea and Brafd ; burrows on the banks of rivers,
keeps its neft clean having three feparate outietsjr .grows fat,
and when young is eafiiy tamed ; flelh. very goqd, female
brings 1 young : about a feet long, • r

Body -^ovQ brown with 5 rows of white or yellowifh fpot?,
clofe fet along the Hd^s; nuk^ f^^t) and belly dirty- white ;
tars oval, covered, bluntifla ■ neck fhort, tail hardly any :
liind-legs longer than the fore : teats 2, placed between the
liind-legs.
•2- Entirely white. Found near the river St, Francis.

Mlif^h'* Tailed; body olive. ..•,.:,, Olive Cavy,

Inhabits the woods of Guinea r abbut,.the {Tze of a half grown

rabbit: lives on fruit, "avoids water: eafily tamed: tlefli

ifcujeut ': "tail longer than the lad: brings 1- — 2 young.

, , ' Airuti,

MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Cavia. 77

/^ghti. Tailed; body tawny -brown j belly yellowifh.

Long-nofcd Cavy.
1. Fore-feet 4-toed, hind-feet 3-tocd ; belly ycUowifli.

3. Body above tawny i beneath white.

4. Body covered with coarfe, tawny fur..

Inhabits South America, and M^e/l India ijlaiids ; lives in hollo\v
trees or burrows •, feeks food by flay, eats vegetables which it
collects and preferves; fits ou its hind-legs, and carries its food
to its rtiouth with its forc-pa\vs ; leap's rather than runs ;
grows quick, is eafily tamed ; flsfh referables a rabbit, brings
3 — 5 young ; about i.\ foot long.

Tail conic, naked, very ihort ; Jed fubpalmatc,

Aperea, Tailo; body above tawny-afl), beneath white. Kock Cavu
Inhabits Brafil, in the holes of rocks ; a foot long.
Ears fhort; fore-feet 4-toed, black, naked, hind 3-toed; clau's
fhort, fmall.
2,. Black fpotted with tawny.

On the continent of America are found many varieties of this
ipecies, differing only in colour.

Cobaya. Tailo; variegated with white and tawny or black.

Guinea Pig. Rejilejs Qavy.
Inhabits 5rayi/, domellicated in£zirt)j&e; is perpetually reftlefs,

grunting, running to and fro, eating or Qeeping ; feeds on

vegetables, particularly parfley, drinks water, loves warmth ;

teats 2, brings many perfeft young many times a year ; about

a foot long.
Ct)/o7^r vai'ying ; /tair harfii, longer on the neck ; body thick;

neck fhort ; ears fhort, broad, naked without ; eyes largi",

brown, a little prominent.

Magella- Tail very fhort; nofe with tufts of curly hair; whifkers

mca. long, numerous. Patagonian Cavy,

Inhabits Patagonia, refembles the rell in manners ; flefh white,

delicate ; weight often 26 pounds. '

Ears long, broad at the bottom ; upper lip cleft ; nofe black at
the tip ; face, back and legs on the fore-part cinereous mixed
with tawny \ rump black ; belly dirty- white ; cutfide e^ch
thigh a white patch; legs long, 4-toed before, 3 behind;
clan's long, ftraight, black.

Capybara, Tail o ; fore-feet 3-toed, palmate. River Cavy,

Inhabits the eaftern parts of South America, in fenny woods near

large rivers ; fwims and dives well ; feeds on fifh, which it

catches at night, and vegetables ; gregarious, grows fat, flefh

tend':rr; brings x young : 2^ feet long. ' Head

7^ MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Caftor.

i/c£?i oblong ; fr. out narrow, nojlrils black, rounded; upper
lip cleft *, whijkers bLck. ; eyes large, black ; ears fliort, ere6t,
linked, black ; neck flaort, thkk ; legs fhort ; fore-feet 4 toed ;
hair briftly, longer on the back, ufually black at the ends,
middle yellow.

28. CASTOR. Fore-teeth upper truncatp,
hollowed in a tranfverfe angle; lower
tranfverfe at the top : grinders 4 each
jaw : tail long^ deprefled, fcaly : da-
yicles pcrfecl,

fiber. Tail ovate, fiat, naked. Beaver.

2. White ; tail horizontally fl4t.

Inhabits the northern parts of J^nrope, Afia, and America, on the.
Avoody banks of rivers and unfrequented lakes ; feeds on the
hark and leaves of luch trees as have not a refmous juice, but
not on fifli or flefh ; walki flow, f\\'im^ de.Kteroufly, Aeeps
profoundly, is very cleanly, eats fitting on its haunches,
conveys the food to its mouth with the fore-paws ; cuts down
trees with the teeth, ere6ls convenient houfes, lives in families,
fiom which ax's dilmillcd fuch as are indolent, who become fo-
litary and are called hermits; female has 4 teats, gravid 4
months, brings 2, rarely 3 or 4, young ; in the ftinrfture of its
houfe far exceeds the ingenuity of all other quadrupeds.
Leif^ih 1 — 3 "feet; tail half as lo.ng, about a fourth part from
, tlie body hairy, the reft Icaly ; feet 5-toed, hind-feet palmate ;
eyes fmall ; ears fliort, covered with fur ; veck thick, ihort ;
Vai:k convex, ftrong ; hair ioft, fnort, du{kv, varying by cli-
mate to darker or lighter and fometimcj fpotte^l ; falivarv^.'<j«i'/.f
large ; floviach at the right fide of the upper orifice furniflied
with' glands difcharging intp it through 18 orifices a peculiar
fluid ; near the genitals and anus two large glands with cellular
follicles lecreting a iebaceous matter called Cajlor, of which
each animal has about 2 ounces.

Biiidohri- ,Tail comp'reffed, lanceolate, hairy ; fore-feet lobed, hind-
fir, . feet palmate, Chilcfe Beaver.
Inhabits Chili in the deepeft parts of lakes and rivers, fierce,
feeds on fifh, chiefly crabs, remains long under water, has not
the wonderful arcliitefture nor callor of the laft, brings 2 — 3
young : abbut-^i feet long.
Head ne3Ylyfquare ; Jnout obtufe ; eyes fmall ; cars fliort, round ;
hair double like the lad, the undermoft finer than a rabbit's,
valued ^y furriers ; on the hack cinereous, bdly whitifh.

2-T. MUS.

MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Mus. ^^

27. MUS. Fore4eeth upper wedged : grinds
ers ^^ rarely 2, each fide each jaw :
clavicles perfect.

Tiiefe live in holes or any concealed chinks, climb and run
Iwiftly, Ibme fwim ; leek their food by night, which is chiefly-
vegetable, and which they convey to the modth by the fore-
paws ; females moflly 8 teats, breed many times a year, brin"-
numerous litters ; Ibme migrate ; ears fhort, rounded ; forL
Ject generally 4-toed, with a warty excrelcence inlhcud of a 5th,

A. Tail comprejjed at ih; endi
Coypus, Tail middle, length, fubcomprefTed, hairy ; hind-feet pal-
mate. Beaver Rat,
Inhabits the waters of ChUi^ in appearance and colour refemblcs

the ottcri
Tali thick; fat 5-toed; ears rounded; female brings 5 — 6
young*

Zikthicus. Tail long, compreffed, lanceolate ; feet cleft* Mujk Rat,
Inhabits the flow ftreams of North America^ on the banks of
which it builds, but more fimply than the beaver ; feeds on
Ihell-fifh, in fummer on fruit and herbs, in winter on roots j
particularly of flags and water lilies ; female 6 abdominal teats,
bring 3 — 6 young three or four times a year; fwims and divcG
dcxteroufly, walks unftcady : a foot long.
Tail a little fhorter than the body, flat, Icaly, brown ; toes of the
hind-feet with rows of long, thick white hair ; dazos reddifh ;
hair loft, dark-brown; anus with glands lecreting a muflcy,
oily fluid.

B. Tail round y naked.

Piloridcs. Tail longifli, fcaly, truncate; body white. MuJk Cavy*
2. Body above tawny, beneath white.

Inhabits India, 2) JVeJi Indian iflands ; burrows, infefts houfes,

fmells of mufk ; fize of a rirbbitv tail 4 inches long.
Ears large, naked; fore-feet 4-toed, an excrcfcence infteadof the
thumb ; hind feet 5-toed.

Caraco. Tail long, fcaly, bluntifh ; body grey ; hind-feet (lightly
palmate.
Inhabits the waters of caftem Siberia and China, burrows on the

banks, fwims well, frequents houfes : 6 inches long.
Jiead long, uan^owj eyes nearer the ears than the nofc: toes of

the

8o MAMMALIA. CLIRES. Mus.

the hind-feet connefted by a fold of fkin ; back brown mixed
. . wilh grey, belly whitifh-ulli ; feet dirty-white ; tail /^\ inches.

*Dccuma- Tail very long, fcaly ; body briftly, grey above, whitilh

nus, beneath. Norzvay Rati

Inhabits India, Perjia, and has been lately brought to Europe ;

burrows in banks, fwirr.s well, migrates in flocks, frequents

houles, ftables, gutters, gardens, granaries ; feeds on vegetables,

grain, fleih, poultry, and even its own tribe ; is hunted by

dog, cats, ferrets, female thrice a year brings 12 — 18 young.

Body 9 inches long, tail 7, conhfling of nearly 200 rings, toes

dillinft-, headlong; znhijkers longtx; fys^ large, prominent.

* Rattus. Tail very long, fcaly; body black, beneath hoary. .

Black Rat.
Inhabits Europe, PerJia, India, and latterly Africa, America ;
infefts houles and fhips, is cautious and fierce, drinks little,
devours whatever comes in its way, even its own fpecies ; is
the prey of owls, weelels, and cats who will not alv^ys at-
tack it; female 10 teats, brings 5 — 6 young.
Length about 8 inches, tail the fame, confifting of nearly 250
rings, flender ; body fometimes varies to grey with white fpots,
and rarely to white with red eyes.
2- Much fraaller, hardly v/eighfng 6 — 7 drachms.

America- Tail long, fcaly; head long; nofe pointed ; upper jaw

""^» much longer; ears large, naked. American Rat.

Inhabits North America, among ftones and clefts remote from

habitations ; fometimes larger than the lad.
Body deep brown ; bdly paler ; hair coarfe.

*Mufculus Tail long, naked i fli ; fore-feet /t-toed, hind-feet 5-toed;
thumb without a claw. Moufe.

Inhabits houfes and granaries in Europe, Afia, and America i
follows mankind ; eats all kinds of provifions, drinks little ;
gentle, timid, quick, prolific ; devoured by rats, cats, weefels,
owls, and hedge-hogs; deftroyed by elder and hellebore;
about 3! inches long ; varies much in colour ; is faid to poffefs
a fmall eleftric property when alive.

*Silvaticus Ti^i\ long, fcaly; body yellow ifh-brown, beneath white,
bread yellow. Field Moufe.

2. Entirely white ; eyes red.

Inhabits Europe, in woods, fields, gardens, Ihrubberrles, and in
winter in houfes ; feeds on com and feedS; whJ^h it collefts in

large

MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Mus. 8x

large repofitorics. fmiill birds, and even on its own fpccies ;
gnaws through the hardeft pUnks ; is devoured by hawks,
owls, foxes and weelels.
Ratlier larger tlian tlie lall, tail long as the body, bkckifh above,
W'hite beneath ; feet clear white.

* M'Jfi'ruis Tail longj fcaly^ body rufty-broWn, belly white, a flraight
line dividing the colours. Harveji Mouje,

Inhabits England, chietly in Hampjhire, fomething linaller than
the laft ; never enters houles, but is found numerous in the
fields during harvefl ; burrows deep, forms a bed of dry grais,
is carried with flreaves of corn into barns ; tail a little hairy.

■Igrarius. Tail long, hairy; body ycllowifli ; dorfal (Iripe black.

R-uJiic Moufe.
Inhabits Ruffia and Silefia, rarely Germany : gregarious, \\an-

ders in lai'ge troops, doing great harm to the com.
About three inches long, tail half as long ; bdly and legs white ;
hind-lugs with ai dufky circle above the fc'ot ; a finall claw oa
the fore-thumb.
2. Dorfal (hipe mixed dufky and ferruginous ; cheeks, between
the ears, and lides orange; under parts, legs and feet
pure white.
Inhabits Ntio-York, .

Ears large, open, naked; luhiffitrs long, (r.mebf the hairs white,
fome black ; hind-legs fomething longer than the fore; tail
dufky above, vvhitifli beneath,

Muiutus. Tail long,^ fcaly; body above ferruginous, benerith whitifli.
. ' Minute Mou/e.

Inhabits Rujfia ; lives in corn fields and barns.
Half the fize of the common moufe ; female fmaller, lefs elegant ;
face dufky ; viouth at the comers whitifh.
2. Above elegantly yellow ; beneath fnowy.
Inhabits Sil>crla j very beautiful.

Soricinus, Tail middle length, a little hairy ; fnout lengthened; ears
round, hairy; atoVe yellowifh grey, belly w^hitilh*

Shrew-like Moufc,
Inhabits Strajbiirg ; hardly 2i inches long.
Whijkers 7 rows -, claws very ftiort ; tail yellowifh mixed with
cinejeous, more hairy beneath.

Vd^iiSt Tail very long, nakedifli ; body cinereous; dorfal flripe

black ; ears plaited, fFundcring Mouft,

Vol, I.— M Inhabit-:

82 ' MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Mui.

Inhabits tlie dcfeits between the rivers Oby and Ural; lives in
clefts of rocks, among Hones, in hollows of trees ; feeds on
feeds, and lelfer animals ; wanders iu flocks, fleeps in winter j
lefs than the laft.

Fat flender, whitifli ; tail fomething longer thsn the body, above
cinereous, beneath whitilh, prehenlilc ; fore-teeth yellow ;
grindirs 2 in each jav*^; claws long; teats 8; nofc blunt,
leddifh at the tip.

Bctutinu', Tail very long, hakedifh ; body tawny, dorfa! ftripe.black ;

ears plaited. Beech Moufe.

Inhabits the beech woods in the defcrts of Ifchim and Baraba^

and near the Oby ; li;-cs lolitary in the hollows of old trees,

cliiabs eafily ; very delicate, loon growing torpid ; voice weak.
Leis tlian the laft; tail brown above, whitilli beneath; ncft

iliurp, tip red ; limbs Ikndcr.

Pumilio, Tail middle length, nakedilli ; body dark afli ; forehead
naked, black ; 4 dorfal lines black. Dwarf Moufe.

Inhabits the forcfts near the Cape of Good Hope.
Body hardly 2 inches long ; tail not fo much ; feet 5-toed ;
thumb linall, clawedi

Striatus. Tail longilli, nakedifh ; body with 12 fo-ws of parallel
white fpots. Orients} Moufe.

Inhabits India ; half the fize of the common moufe.
Body dufky, whitifh beneath; ^^// length of the body; ears
fhortj rcund, naked.

Barbarus. Tail middle length ; body brown with 10 paleflrlpes; '5
toes before, 4 behind. Barbary Moufe.

Inhabits Barbary ; Ids than the common moufe ; tail naked,
annulate, length of the bod}'.

M'^.u:inus A large reddifh fpot each fide the belly. Mexican Moufe.
Inhabits }ilexico ; whitiili mixed with red.

C. Tail round, hairy.
Virginia- Tall entirely hairy, thick at t'he bafe, long, tapering.
««J. l^irginian Moufe.

Inhabits North America, in com fields and paftures.
Body white; lufe black, pointed; ears fhajp ; limbs flender.

caxatilis. Tail longilh ; ears longer than the fur ; fore-feet 3-toed,
with the appearance of a foiutb. Rock Moufe.

Inhabits

MAMMALIA, GLIRES. Mus. S3

Inhal)its Siberia, in the clefts of rocks, 4 inches long j feeds

chiefly on the feeds of the Aftragalus.
Snout acute, brown; ears oval, brown; hack brown mixed with

yellow; belly whitifli ; Ject blackifli ; tail brown above,

white beneath.

Cyanus. Tail middle length, hairyifh; fore-feet 4, hind 5-toedf
body blue, whitifh beneath. Blue MouJ'e.

Inhabits Chili j ia lize and appearance relenibles the field moufe;
verv timid, forms large burrows divided into many chaiiibers,
^oUcds vaJl {lores of bulbous roots, \\hich tl\c natives Carch
carefully after.

Amphibi- Tail middle length ; ear-s hardly above the fur ; feet 3-tocd-,
''/■'■. with the appearance of a fourth. IVatcr Rat-

1. Tail a little hairy ; fore-feet 3-toed, with the appearance of
a fourth, hind-feet 5-toed ; cars fhorter than the fur.

3. Black; refembles 2 in rtru6lure.

4. Uniformly blackifli.

5. Buck with a large white fpot; on the bread a white riiie.

Inliabits Europe, Northern Afia, and North American buiTOWS
in banks about ponds and ditches, meadows and gardens;
fierce, fwims, dives, lives much in water; feeds on roots,
bark of trees, frogs, infects, and fmall Efli ; flefh fometimes
eaten ; female fnialler, and lighter coloured than the male ;
teats 8, 4 perioral, 4 abdominal ; brings 8 young.

Body -finches long, tail 3; fnout fliort, thick; ear.': oval,
hairy at the margin: tail covered with fliort, bhvi; hair,
v.'hitifli at the tip.

AlUarias» Tail fhort; ears largeifh, a little hairy; body cinereous,
beneath whitifli. Garlic Moufe.

Inhabits Siberia; feeds on the roots of garlic, which it hoards
up in large quantities ; 4^- inches long.

Fore-feet 4-toed; tail white, with a brown flripe; ears large,
openj naked; teats 8.

Ri4(ilus, Tail fhort; ears longer than the fur; fore-feet 3-toed, with
the rudiments of a fourth ; body above reddifli, beneath
whitifh. Red Moufe.

Inhabits Siberia ; lives in holes and hollow trees, in winter in
flieaves of com, granaries and houfes ; feeds on grain, flefli
and roots ; runs all the winter among fnow; ^j inches long.
Feet hairy, white ; tail above yellowifla with a brown ftripe,
b^neath white, hardly an inch long ; fc^cc briftly.

M 2 Gre^alis,

84 ' MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Miis.

Gre^alis. Tail fliort ; "cars longer than the fur ; fore-feet 3-toed, witli
the rudiments of a fourth ; body greyifli.

Gregarious Moitfc

Ifnliabits F.aftem Siberia : burjrows in dry fields, with many

Jiok'S leading to chambers where are depofited florcs of roots,

chiefly of garlic and lilly ; ^ts fitting up ; male 4, female 5

inches loiig.

Oeconomus Tail fliort ; cars fliorter than thp fur ; fore-feet 3-toed, with
the rudiments of a fouxth ; body brown.

Economic Moufe.
Inhabits Siberia, in damp meadows, forming biu'rows witli many
chambers and entrances, where it ftores for winter ufe bulbous
roots and farinaceous feeds ; w^anders in troops in a ftraight
line even oyer rivers, and is preyed on by birds, fifli and wild
beafls ; their hoards are fought after by tlie natives, and the
animals themfelyes eaten • body 4 inches, tail 1.

taniger. Tail middle length ; fore - feet 4-toed, hind 5 ; body cine-
reous, v/oolly. IVoolly Moufe.
Inhabits Noriliern CiiiH ; burrovys, is cleanly, docile, tame;
feeds on bulbous roots, chiefly onions ; female brings twice a
year 5 — 6 young; 6 inches long.
^ars fmall, acute; fno 11 1 (liort; /ir;iV long, foft, formerly ufed
by the Peruvians for llje iineit wcxal.

f.Arvaiif. Tail fhort ; ears above the fur ; fore-feet 3-tocd, with the
rudiments of a fourth ; body brown. Mcadoio Moufe..

Inhabits Europe, Siberia, and Newfoundland, in hedgeSj' corn
fields, gardens, near water; feeds on conn, nuts, acornsj' which
it flores up ; is the prey of cats and many wild animals ; brings
many times a year B — 12 young; 3 inches long.

}kad large ; vof blunt ; belly pale ; tail tufte:d at the tip.

Socialis. Tail fhort; ears round, very fliort; fore-feet 3-toed, with
the rudiments of a fourth j body palc.j beneath white.

Social Moufe.
Inhabits findy delerts between the Volf^a and Ural rivers, in fa-
milies of male and fcunle wit!; their ofTspring; feeds on tulip
roots ; is tlie prey of crows, otters and wcefels ; a little more
than 3 inches long.

tagurus. 'Tail fi)ort ; cars fliorter than the fur ; fore-feet 3-toed, with
the rudiments of a fourth ; body cinereous, with a

longitudijiiil blaciv line» ' Harc-taiTd Moufe.

Inliabits

MAMMALIA. GL!RES. Mus, 8^'

Inliabits the Hindy and muddy deferts on tlie Ural ditid IrtiJJi, each
in around, narro\\? burrow; migrates infwarms; feeds on tlie
dwarf iris and Imaller Ipccies of mice ; flow, flceps much rt)lled
up, is not torpid in winter ; brings many times in a year 5 — 5
young : 3^ inches long,

Tqii hardly appearing beyond the fur ; hclly and feet pale afh ;
lips rough, fwelling.

Torquatus.TWl fhort ; cars fliorter than the fur; forc-fcct 5-toed;
body rufty, variegated ; round the neck a whitifh col-
lar ; a darjc line along the back. Collared Mouje.

Inhabits the Uraiian mountains, and marflics of the Frozen Sea;
feeds on lichens and bulbous roots, which it hoards in its bur-
rows ; migrates in troops ; 3 inches long.

Body variegated with grey, yellow and dark-rufly ; fur fine ;
tail truncate, with a tuft of briftles at the end,-

I^anrms, Tail fhort ; cars fliorter than the fur ; fore-feet 5-toed ;
body tawny varied with black, beneath white.

Lem?ni77g.

Inhabits tlic mountains of Norway and Lapland ; feeds on grals,
lichens; bites, hifl'es, burrows under the Inow in winter; be-
fore the approach of a hard froft migrates in vaft armies in a
ftraight line, chiefly by night, in fpite of every obllacleeven
rivers and houfes ; deitrovs all vegetation in its progrefs, and
lays wafle the country it paffes through ; wilUeven attack man;
is preyed upon in its journey by birds, beads, and many rep-
tiles, fo that few return in the fprmg to the mountains ; fize
of the laft.

Wkificvs long, 6 of the hairs on each "fide longer than the reft ;
upper lip divided; ears fmall, round, reflefted; belly white,
tinged with yellow.
a. Smaller, more uniformly tawny.

Inhabits Siberia ; burrows and lays up {lores ; does not migrate.

Hudfi.nius Tail fhort; cars o; hind- feet ^-tocd; dorfal ftripe brown-
illi-yellow; brealt and belly white. Hudfcns Moufe.
Inhabits Labradore ; 5 inches long.

Bcdy chiefly cinereous, a pale tawny ftripe along the fides ; tail
terminated with long, ftiff, dirty-white hairs; feet fhort.

l.tnr. Tail fliort, covered with coarfe hairj toes 4 before, 5 be-
hind ; body white. Lena Moufe,
Inhabits the banks of the river Lena ; 3 inches long.

D. Chech

86 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Mus.

D. Cheeks pouched.

,Acredula. Ears plaited ; body grey, beneath whitiih. Siberian Hamfier.

Inhabits Siberia, near the Ural j 4 inches long; lives in bur-
rows, feeks food by night.

Snout thick, upper lip deeply divided ;/ore-/ee</j upper yellow,
convex, truncate; lower fharp ; tail fliort, round, brown
above, white beneath ; 1 inch long ; legs white.

Cricetus, Body beneath deep black \ fides with 3 white fpots.

German Hamfier.
2. Entirely black, except the tip of the nofe, edges of the ears,
and feet, which are white.
Inhabits northern parts of Europe ; forms burrows with many
chambers and 2 entrances, one oblique in which the excre-
ments are depofited, the other perpendicular ; feeds in lummer
on herbs, roots, fr^iit, rarely flefli ; coUefts in autumn for
winter (lore various farinaceous feeds, which it carries off in
its pouches ; fleeps one part of the winter* female gravid once
» a month, brings 6 — g young ; runs flow, does not climb,
digs dexteroufly ; fits on its hind-feet ; is the prey of vultures,
(Jogs, cats, vermin and man ; is deftrpy^d by arfenic or helle-
bore made into a pafte ; JO inches long, female 5.
Colour fometimes varying to white, ycUowifh or fpotted; toes 4
on the fore-feet, with the rudiments of a fifth, 5 on the hind-
feet ; tail 2\ inches, covered with long hair ; feet {hort, white.

Arenarius. Body above cinereous, beneath, on the fides and limbs
- fnowy. Sand Rat.

Inhabits tlie deferts of Baraba; fierce, untameable ; burrows,

feeds by night on leguminous plants and feeds.
Head hrgfi, /nout long ; rvlnjkers longer thaji the head; fore- feet

4-toed; hair [oh; 3I inches long.

Phaus, Body and tail dark cinereous ; beneath white. Zaryzyn Rat.

Inhabits the deferts of Siberia, and mountains of Perfia j devours
fields of rice, does not become torpid : ^\ inches long.

Mouth white at the circumference ; limbs white at the ends ; eye-
lids black at the edges; ears, and fbripe down the ^aiZ brown.

Songarus, Back cinereous, with a longitudinal black line ; fides vari-
egated while and brown; belly white. Songar Rat.
Inlrabits fandy deferts of Siberia ; burrows and forms repolitpfies

for grain, eafily tamed, 3 inches long.
Ttiii thick, blunt, hairy, not \ an inch long ; rudiment of the
thumb without a claw ; ,u'hi/Jicrs fliorter than the head, ears
longer ; fed white. Furuncur

MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Mus. 87

FuriCncu- Body grey above ; dorfal ftripe black ; beneath whitlfh.
lus. Baraba Rat.

Inhiibits the deferts of Baraba, ftesff Ob and Daiiria; 3 inches

long, tall 1 ; feeds on farinaceous ieeds.
Ears large, oval, black edged with white ; tad flender, acute ;
rudiment of the thumb with a claw.

E. Ears o\ eyes f mall; tall p^ort or o\ fuhterraneous.

Tdlpinus. Body brmvn, tail Ihort; fore-teeth wedged ; ears o; fore-
feet 5-toed, formed for digging. Talpinc Mole-rat.
2. Entirely black.

Inhabits the turfy plains of Riiffia ; forms chambers under the
fod, in which it depofits various bulbous roots ; is not torpid
in winter; fight weak in the day ; brings 3 — 4 young; 3I
inches long.
Nofe truncate ; eyes hid iu the fur ; chin white ; bdly and limbs
whitiflr.

Capenfis. Tail fhort ; fore-teeth wedged ; ears o ; fore-feet 5-toed ;

mouth white. Cape Mole-rat,

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope 2 infefls gardens.
Head rounded; hair longifh, browni, tipt with yellow; orbit;:

and nape of the neck white ; ears with a longitudinal white

fpot ; inner toe (bort, 2 next long, fourth fhorter, outer very

Ihort ; 5I inches long.

Maritimus Tail fhort ; upper fore-teeth furrowed ; ears o ; feet 5-toed ;

body above whitilh mixed with yellowifh, fides and

belly grey-white. African Mole-rat.

Inhabits the land hills on the coalls of the Cape ef Good Hope^

which it excavates into burrows; feeds on. bulbous roots;

runs flow, digs quick, bites, is good eating; 12 — 13 inches

long.
Head large, nofe black, flattened, wrinkled at the end ; lower

fore-teetk long, moveable ; tail flattened, hairy, bridly at edges.

Afpalax, Tail Ihort ; fore-teeth wedged ; ears o ; claws of the fore-
feet long. Daurian Mole-rat.
Inhabits Dauria and Siberia; digs long burrows with its fiiout
and feet, forming numerous hillocks ; feeds on bulbous roots ;
5 — 9 inches long.
Tail round, blunt, naked ; body above greyifh-yellow, beneatn
pale alh ; head of feme with a white line,

Typklus.

88 Mammalia. glIres. Araomys.

Typhlus, Tail o ; fore-tcet 5-toed ; fore-teeth broad ; eyes> ears o.

Blind Mole-rat;
inhabits Southern Ruffia ; each animal forming a long burrow
under tlie turf with its Inout, teeth, feet and rump ; feeds on
bulbous roots ; when irritated gnaflies its teeth and bites ; is
quite blind, but has 2 Imall c.xcreicencies covered with the
Ikin ; feiifcs of iraell, touch- and hearing very acute j teats 2,
brings 2 — 4 young ; "1 — -8 inches long.
Hair ioft, cloie, ferruginous mixed with grey; fore-teeth wrin-
kled, upper fhort, lower long ; mouth and nofe. white ; toa
nightly palmatci •

28. ARCTOAIYS. Fdre4ecth wedged, 2 in
each jaw : grinders upper 5 each jaw^
lower 4 : clavicles perFecl. Marmot.

Thefe become torpid in the winter, ramble by day, feed on grain
and root^, climb, burrow : A efl^ gibbous, rounded; ears fhort
or o ; body thick ; tail fhort, hairy ; fore-feet 4-toed, with a
very fliort thumb, hind-feet 5-toed ; caciHn large.

Marmota. Ears fhort, round; body brovirn, beneath rcddifli. Alpiiie M.
Inhabits dry open places on the fummits of the Alps and Pyre-
nees J feeds on roots, herbs, inrcfts, and when tamed whatever
is offered ; drinks little, baiks in the fun ; lives among fmall
tribes, with a centinel placed to give' notice of danger, which
is done by a hifs ; forms a burrow wuth mainv chambers and
entrances for tiie lummer, another lined witli loft grafs in which
it remains torpid during winter ; eats with its fore-paws (
walks on its heels, often ereft ; is eafily caught when out of
its burrow ; in a tame ftate very deftruftive to food, clothes
and furniture ; hardly kept awake in winter even in warm
cliambers ; gravid 7 weeks, bring 2 — 4 young: 16 inches
long, tail 6.
Head thick, crotvn fiat ; fnout thick, obtufe, ereft when the ani-
mal fits up ; two bones of the lower jau^ moveable ; ears hairy,
cinereous; cheeks covered and furrounded with long hair;
zi'hipicrs G rows each fide ; a black zcart above the eyes with
6 bridles, beneath with 7; body ihort, thick; z future from
the throat to the anus ; feet ftiort, fore-thumb conic, claw
Hat, dufky; tail ftraight, covered with long hair, blackifli at
the tip ; flefi tender ; fat and Ikin ulcd by the mountaineers
in various remedies,

Mona.x*

MAMMALIA. GLIR£S. Ar<aomys. 8^

Monax. Ears fliort, round ; fnout blueiih ; tail longifh, hairy ; bod/
grey. Maryland M-

Inhabits warm parts of f^orth Americd, in holes of rocks, win-
tering under hollow trees ; hzc of a rabbit ; flefh good.

5«a;cf acute; c/aa'j long, Ihuf p ; ^d:z7 half the length of the body,
blackifh.

Robac: Ears fmall^ oval; tail hairy; fore-thumb clawed; body
grey, beneath yellowilh.

Inhabits dry and funny mountains of temperate Afia and China^
in deep burrows; lives in families of 20 — 24; goes abroad
rilorning and mid-day leaving a ceritinel at the entrance of its
den -, timid, feeds On vegetables ; defends itfelf with its fore-
paws : {its oh its haunches : eafily tamed : eats' with its fore-
feet : in fummer voracious : fieeps in winter * flefh good : fat
ui'ed for drefTing leather and furs : 16 inches long, tail 4^-.

Eyes imall : tail annulate with dufky, tip black : ttats 8.

Empetra. Ears fhort, round ; tail hairy ; body above inixed grey, be-
neath orange. Canadian M,
Inhabits North America, tame, hiflT^s ; 1 1 inches long, tail 2^1
Head round; nofe blunt; cheeks full, grey; /ia?"r of the back
grey at the roots, middle black, tips whitifh ; feet black,
naked, 4-toed, with the rudiments of a thumb before, 5-toed
behind ; claws alrong.

Pruinofa. Ears fhort, oval; tail, feet black; hair of" the back, fides

and belly long, harfli, hoary. Hoary M.

Inhabits North America; rcfombles in hibits A. monax; lizeof

a rabbit.
Noje black at the tip ; cheeks whitifh ; crorori zni clazvs brown ;

hair cinereous at the bale, middle black, tips white ; toes jj.

before, 5 behind.

S'lfiica. Ears very fhort; tail hairy, fhort; body above yellowifli-
brown vvith many fmall white fpots. Ca/an M.

Inhabits Cafan and Aujlria, in holes on the df^clivities of moun-
tains; burrows deep, winding, with feveral entrances anci
many apartments in which are fbored pulfe and com ; hze o£
a large rat.

Head and body lengthened ; face, breafl and belly pale yellow ;
tail yellowifh-brown ; tees 4 before with a fhofi thumb, ^
behind, 2 outer Ihort, 3 other long.

CitilluSt

Ears o ; tall very fhort ^ body cinereous ; nofe blunt.

Barhfs AL

yc1jl,*->t Inhabit*

yo , MAMMAL'A. GLIRES. Sciurus,

Iiifiabits Hungary, Aujlria and Poland; afoot long.

Zcmni. Ears ihort ; body moufe-grey. ; feet 5-toed ; eyes minute,
concealed. Podolian M.

Inhabits Ruffia, Poland, Perfia, RndChina ; ftrong, mifchievous,
larger than the laft, refembles in habits A. marmota ; the prey
of birds and vermin ; gravid 3 — 4 weeks, brings 3 — 8 young.

\'aries in colour and fize, fometimes fpotted with white ; tail
fometimes longifh, with the-hair {bed like a fquirrel.

Cundi. Ears wide, open, truncate ; body brick-dufl: colour.

Inhabits Barbury, near Mount Atlas; fize of a fmall rabbit;

burrows in long deep caves.
Tail ^oxi; fore-teeth upper large, truncate, lower flender,
pointed ; Jtet 4-toed, clawed,

Hudfonius Ears iliort ; tail o; body brown-afii. TalUefs M.

Inhabits Hiidfon's Bay.
Hairs tipt with whjte ; fore-teeth upper 2, lower 4.

I'lanliniis. Ears (harp ; feet 5-toed; body reddifh-brown. Chilefe M.
Inhabits woods of Ckiii ; s.\ feet long.
Unoiit long"; wlLiJkers 4 rows; tail a little hairy.

29. SCIURUS. Fore-teeth 2, upper wedged,
lower acute : grinders upper, each fide
5, lower 4 : clavicles perfeft: tail fhed
each fide : xvhijkcrs long. SquirreL

Thefe areufually aftive, elegant, eafily tamed, and climb dexter-
oufly, leaping from tree to tree ; a few are fubterraneous ; they
live mofllv on feeds and fruit; fome leap in running, feme
are furnifhed with a flying membrane. Body thickifh ; feet
fhort, toes 4 before with the rudiments of a thumb, 5 behind ;
Jiead broad ; ears long, oval ; tail long, hairy, generally
turned over the back.

A. Flying membrane o ; climbers.
•^ Vulgaris. Ears bearded at the tip ; tail colour of the back.

Common Sq.
2. Upper parts reddifli-brown ; bread and belly white.
2. Tail pure white.

4. In winter bhiei(h-afh ; in fummer red, belly ■white.
'^. Uniformly black. ..
6. Entirely white; eyes red.
~ ;, y r, GlofTy lilver-grey ; larger. Inhabits

MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Sciurus. 91

Inhabits Europe^ and temperate parts of AJia^ in trees and woods ;
varies from dark to light according to climate ; feeds on nuls,
acorns and berries ; hides what it cannot eat ; eats with its fore-
paws fitting on its hannches ; drinks little, in winter qitenches
thirft; with Ihow; leaps to a vail diflance, and is laid to pats
rivers upon a piece of bark or wood erefting its tail for a lail :
forms a round neft of mofs ; when fitting fliades its back with
its tail ; flefli good; is preyed upon by vermin, ferpents, and
birds of prey ; gravid a month, brings 3 — 7 twice a year ;
winter fkias valuable.

Albipes, Ears flightly tufted; body above reddilh-brown, beneath
white; tail dufky. fVhite-lcgged Sq.

■ Inhabits Ceylon ; tail fliorter than the laP:.

Niger, Ears not bearded; body black. Black S^.

, 2. Nofe, neck, and tip of the tail \vhite.

Inhabits North America and New Spain ; gregarious ; mifchiev-
ous to fields of maize ; <ai/ fhortilh.

Vulpinus, Ears not bearded ; body tawny mixed with afli, large..

'Cat Sf
2. White; throat, infide of the legs and thighs black.

Inhabits North America j fize of a fmall rabbit ; fur coarle ; ears
at the tips, and tail tawny.

CiKerens. Ears not bearded ; body cinereous; belly white. Grey Sq.

Inhabits North America, and Peru ; builds ia hollow trees ; lays
wafle plantations of maize ; forms fubterraneous magazines for
winter provifion ; deflroyed by the rattle fnake ; fize of a
fmall rabbit.

Tail long, bufhy, ftriped with black.

Iludfortius Ears naked ; back dark-grey ; belly afh ; tail dark-grey,
annulate and tipt with black. Hud/on s Bay Sq.

Inhabits the pine forefts of Labradore ; fmaller than the common
fquirrel.

Carolinen. Ears naked ; body mixed grey, white and rufty; beneath
-A^' white ; tail brown mixed with black and edged with

white. Carolhia Sq.'

Inhabits Caro/i Ha; fize of the hfl, variable in colour.

Virginian- Body mixed dirty-whit'C and black ; fur coarfe.
^^'V-f' Virginian Sq.

N 2 Inhabits

^a MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Sciurus.

Inhabits Virginia; fize of S. cirtereus.
• . Throat, infides of the legs and thighs black ; tail fliort, du^l

yellow.

Perficus, Ears plain ; body dark, fides white, belly yellow ; tail mixed
black and alli, with a white ring. Perfian Sq.

Jnhabits the higher mountains of Perjia j refembles S. vulgaris,
but does not vary in colour; /uUs reddilh.

Anomahs. Ears plain, rounded ; body above yellow mixed with brown,
beneath dark tawny ; tail fame as the upper parts.

Georgian Sif.
. Jnhabits Georgia in Afia; larger than S. vulgaris.

Mouth white; nL>/t: black at the tip ; cheeks yellow; zvhijkers
and orbits brdwn ; ears flame-coloured, within whitifli.

^icolor. Ears plain, acute; body above black, beneath tawny;
thunib-claw of the fore-feet large, rounded. Javan Sq.
Inhabits Java j a foot long, t^il the ianie.
Ears hairy ; hind-Jett black ; tail lipt with black,

Brythraus Ears flightly bearded at the tip ; body above mixt yellow
and brown, beneath red mixed with tawny ; tail the
fame, with a longitudinal dark itripe. Ruddy Sq.

inhabits India, larger than S. vulgaris; a large warty protuber-
ance inflead of the thumb.

Macrourus Tail grey, twice as long as the body. Ceylon Sq.

Inhabits Ceylon j thrice as large as S. v\ilgaris.
£ars tufted with black ; body above black, beneath pale yellow ;
nu/e flefli-coloured ; cheeks with a black bifurcate llreak ;
Jpot between the ear^ yellow.

M'axiinus. Ears a little tufted; body reddiflj-brown, beneath Jilack ;

tail black. Malabar Sq.

Inhabiti the Malabar coafl and Indian Make; fize of a cat ;

voice loud ; feeds on tlie milk of cocoa nuts.
Lars fmall, ereft ; hair long ; daws large, black ; thumbs warty

ejicrefcencc with a claw,

MxJ^nicus Body above rufty-black, beneath cinereous; tail a foot and
half long. AhyffinianSq.

Inhabits Abyjfinia ; fize of the laft, probably only a variety ;
good nitured, fpurtive; wife^foks flefh -coloured.

MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Schirus. 93

Jndicus. Ears tufted; body above 4iill pnfple, beneath yellow ; tall
orange at the tip. Bombay S^.

Inhabits India about Bombay^ 16 inches long,

Fiuvust Ears plain, roundifh ; body piilp yellow; tall round.

Fair S^,
Inliabits near Carthdgma in America J very frnall.
Hair white at the tips ; Jorc-thumb conlifts of only a fmall nail,

Palmaruni Body grcyifh with three yellowifh (tripes ; tall annulate with

whitifh and black. Palm Sq.

Inhabits hot parts of AJia and Africa ; feeds on cocoa nuts, and

is fond of the wine made from the palm tree ; not 3 inches long.

Tail ereft, not fhadowing the body ; ears {hort, broad, hairy,

roundifh i

Cetulus. Body brown, with 4 whitifh longitudinal ftripes. BarharySq,
Inhabits Barhary j 5 inches long.
Body beneath white ; tail filiate ; thumb'Wart o.

BaJjiug. Body pale chefnut, with a yellow llripe along the fides.

Plantane Sq,
Inhabits Java^ very fhy, refembles S. vulgaris,

Striatus. Body yellowifh, with 5 longitudinal brown ftripes.

Ground Sq.
2. Body pale, with 4 ftripes.

Inhdbits Nothern Afia, 2) America 3.nd New Spain; burrows
under ground ; has chtek-pouches in which it brings its win-
ter llores ; feeds on various feeds and grain ; deflruftive to
corn plantations ; very wild •, 5^ inches long, 2) a little longer.
Head oblong ; ears fhort, round, naked ; body flender ; feet
fhort ; hair fliort, rough. 2) Back with a longitudinal black
ftripe ; fides with a pale yellow ftripe bounded above and bp-
loW with a black line ; nofe dii\d feet pale red,

jr.ftu.ans. Body grey above, beneath yellow \ a white ftripe along the
belly ; tail round, annulate black and yellow.

Brafillan Sq.
2. Body mixed dulky and yellowy fides with white ftripes;
tail black.
Inhabits Brafilind Guiana; more than 8 inches long, tailioi
(drs rouuciilh, plain; fur foft.

94 ■ MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Sciurus.

Dffhin- Body brick-rdufl colour; lateral ftripes and orbits white;
fckicus, tail bbck. Carnatic Sq.

Inliabiis Indian Carnatic ; larger than S. vulgaris.

Variegatas Body above variegated with black, white and brown ; belly
.->. • yellow. Varied Sq.

Inhabits Nezo Spain ; burrows and collefts ftores of grain under
, ' the roots of trees ; twice as large as S. vulgaris.

Ears fhort, plain, white ; ynouth white; /^ea^ orange mixed with
the other colours ; wAi/ieri long, black ; c/rza'j black.

Pcgus, Bodyduflcy-yellow ; a black line on the flioulders. ChilefeSq,
Inliabits Chili in large focieties ; burrows and lays up ftores of

fruits and roots for winter provifion ; does not become torpid ;

ilefh fometimes eaten by the natives; larger than the black rat.
Head fliort; fnout acute; cars rounded; tail colour of the

body, bufby at the tip. -

hUxicanus Body brownilh-afli, with 5 — 7 whltilh longitudinal ftripes.

Mexican Sq.
Inhabits New Spain ; c^\ inches long, tail a little longer; ears
plain at the margin ; male y, f'^male 5 ftripes.
2. Body uniform in colour; fcrotum large, pendulous.

Bancrofti, Body above pale yellowifh-brown; fides and belly white;
tail long, hairy, fpotted. GuiaijaSq.

Inhabits Guiana; referobles S. vulgaris.

GuajaneH' Body reddifh, very fmall. Cayenne Sq.

J'^' Inhabits Cayenne j lives folitary on trees ; feeds on feeds; na-

turally fierce, but may be tamed ; brings 2 young, once a
year; fizeof a rat.

fSaiagaf. Middle toe of the fore-foot naked, very long ; thumb-nail of

cartnjis, the hind-feet rounded. Madagajcar Sq.

Inhabits the eaftern fide of Madagajcar ; lives under ground ;

ftothfid, timid, flow; feeds on worms, which it draws with

its claws from the hollows of trees.

Ears large, flat, black, very hairy ; bunches of hair above the

eyes and nofi;., on the cheeks and chin ; under y^^r downy, upper

long, black; /flce and </j>ofli whitifh-tawny ; /a?7 flattened,

18 inches long, upper half white the reft black ; toes of the

fore-feet long, of the hind-feet 4, fharp, hooked.

Capenfts,

MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Sciurus. 95

Cabcnfis. Body above pale rufty mixed with black ; a white line from
the fhoulder down each fide ; tail black in the middle,
fides hoary ; ears fcarcely viiible. Cape Sq,

Inhabits the northern mountains beyond the Cape of Good Hope;
lives in burrows ; never climbs ; feeds on bulbous roots ; very
tame : fize of S. vulgaris, but broader.

i/ea^ flat ; Ko/e blunt ; upper ^/^^ cleft ; zohijker s \or\g\ hdly
dirty -white: Aaw^-Ze^j black, naked behind: above the e)'ei a
white line : tots long, diftinft, with a wart inflcad of a thumb :
claws long.

B. With a flying membrane.

VtiUcdla^ Membrane moderate ; tail long, hairy. Flying Squirrel.

Inhabits the wann and tempei-ate parts oi North America: lives
in troops among the woods : feeds on fruit and iccds which it
collefts in the evening and by night, fleeping by day in nefts
formed among the leaves : eafdy tamed : 5 incb.es longr

Head thickifh : eyes large, prominent, black : ea7-s round, pel-
lucid, nakediflij grey-afh : zohijkers black, longer than the
head : neck fhort : hair foft, gloflTy, above cinereous with
yellow tips, beneath white in the middle furrounded with
cinereous : tail round, 4 inches long : membrane extended
from the ears to all the legs and tail, on the fore-legs as far a?
the toes, on the hind-legs as far as the ankles: by means of
this membrane it is able ^vhen ftretched out to fuipend itfelf
in the air and Iwim.

Virginia- Membrane including the chin and ears \ body above reddifh,.
nus. beneath yellowilh-alh. Virginian flying Sq.

Inhabits Virginia. Ears large, oval : probably only a variety
of the laft.

Iludfoniiis Membrane not including the fore-legs ; bodp above reddifti-
brown, beneath yellowifh-white; tail flat, hairy.
Inhabits A^orf A America about Hudfon's Bay : fize of S. vuU
garis : tips of the hair reddifh -brown.

Vclans, Membrane large, extending to the bafe of the fore-feet;
tail rounded at the end, hairy. Lapland flying Sq.

Inhabits the beech woods of Siberia^ Lapland, and Poland;
larger than S. volucella : feeds on the buds and young {hoots
of the beech : folitary, wandering about by day, and even in
the milder days of winter : forms a neft of mois in hollow trees :
makes very large leaps by means of its wide extended mem-
brane : hifles and is very wild and biting : brings 2 — 4 young.

Ears

96 MAMMALIA. GLIR£S. S

ciurus.

Ears niiked, indented at the outer edges : eyes full,' furrouridfxj
with black : tail when at reft, laid over the back : body above
whitifli ruil'ct, beneath white,

Sagitta^ Body above rufty-brown, beneath paler; tail much flatten-
ed, truncate. yavan flying Sq.

Inhabits J^ava j fize of S. vulgaris.

Membrane reaching to the wrifts before, and to the knees behind,
fringed at the edge : head oval : ears oVal, blunt, hairy :
Tnhijkers as long as the head, one briftle on the cheek : upper
lip cleft, lower fhort : teeth brown, obtuhfh : toes 4 before
5 behinid : fore-feet with i long fpur within the membrane :
hmd-lcgs fringed behind: toes with the fore -joint prominerrt :
clazvs comprelfed fideways: fcrotum oval, large, hair)': prz-
piLce long, hairy: tail long as the body.

^etaurifia Body above deep chefnut, beneath pale rufty ; or above black,
beneath hoary ; tail longer than the body, very hairy,
round, blackifh, rufty in the middle.

Inhabits the illands of the Indian Ocean ; i-| foot long.

Head rounded; n^hijkers and claws black: teats 6 perioral aitd
abdominal : pupils long, narrow, like thofe of the cat.

Atcjlralis. Body above black ifh-brown, beneath whitifh ; hind-thumbs
rounded ; tail long, bulhy ; ears large;

Southern flying Sq.
Inhabits Nczo South Wales; the largefl: and mofh elegant of

its tribe*
iWfmi^rfl?2e fomcwhat fcolloped at the edges, paler: fur exqui-
fitely loft : ears longifh : over each eye a black ftripe : claws,
except of the hind-thumbs fharp, hooked; 2 toes next tho
hind-thumb united by the Ikin,

Norfoken. Body above dark grey, beneath white ; a dulky black dorfal
Jis, line from the nofe to the tail ; ears Ihort ; tail long,

bilfhy.
Inhabits Norfolk ijland; 9 inches long, tail 10.
Membrane above black edged with white : each fide the head
near the noftrils a black line, reaching over the eyes and above
the caa? : tail firft 2-thirds cinereous, the reft duiky black.

MYOXI

'C

MAMMALIA. GtlRES. Myoxus. 97

30. MYOXUS. Fore-teeih 2, upper wedged^
lower comprefled Tideways: zohtjkers
long: tail hairy, round, diicker to-
wards the tip: /eet nearly equal in
length, 4 toes before. Dormoufe.

Thcle all remain torpid duting ^vinter-, walk or rather leap on
thoir hind-legs, bounding 3—4 feet at a time, m which tbey
are allill'^ by the long aiff tail; feed only oft vegetables^
burrow under ground ; Heep by day, watch by night ; carry
food to the mouth by the fore-paws, and drink by dipping the
fore-palms in water.

Glis: Body hoary, beneath whitiHi. P^^D.

Inhabits in the woods of Europe and louthern Afia; feeds on
nuts, walnuts, apple-lbeds ; forms its nefl in hollow trees;
bites ; fleeps by day ; grows very fat m autumn ; about Ufcto-
btr retires by troops into fubterraneous caverns, and remains
torpid till the end of May ; brings 9— 12 young; flefh fonn-
'-rly eRcemed a ddicacy by ttie Romans ; 6 inches long, tail 5.
Ears thin, naked; cheeks white ;_ whijkcrs longer than the head »
teats 10, 6 peftoral, 4 abdominal.

Dryas. Body above tawny-grey, beneath dirty-white; a ftraight
black line from ear to ear acrofs the eyes; fVood U.
Inhabits Eiirop.e ; diftbrs from the reft only in colour, taxi
fliorter, more bulhy ; nor black fpots near the eats.

NMa. Body above tawny, beneath whitifli-afh ; a black circle
round the eyes, and a black fpot behind the ears:

Garden U*

Inhabits fouthern parts of £Kr<;/».^ and 5i^erm, chiefly in gardens,

where it dcftroys all kinds of fruit, elpecially peaches ; makes

its neft in holas df walls and hollow trees ; fmells like a rat ;

brings 5—6 young ; body 5, tail 4 inches long.

Eyts large, black; tars oblong; tail bufliy at the end.

*Mukar. BodyWwriVi throat whitiOi i hind-thumbs without claws.

dims. Common D.

Inhabits Europe, in woods and thick hedges, feldom in gardens,

collefts nuts and walnuts, which it eats- litting upright, and

buries what is left ; forms a neft of grais, mofs or leaves in the

hollow of a tree or a low bufh ; torpid in winter ; brings 3— 4

young ; body 3 inches lon^, tail Icmewbat longer.

Eyes large, black, prominent ; ears fhort, round, naked, thin ;

tail buftiy at the tip ; body plwnper than the moule.

Vol, I,— O 3^' iJii^^^'

9S' MAMMALIA. GLIRES. DIPUS.

31. DIPUS. Forc-teefJi 2 Cd.ch ya,w : foi'e-legs
very fliort, hind-legs very long: tail
long, tufted at the tip. 'Jerboa.

Thefe in their habits referable dormice ; by means of the long
hind-legs make prodigious bounds, and ufe the fore-paws to -
carry food to the mouth.

Jaculus. Feet 4-toed ; fore-feet with a claw inftead of the thumb.

Common 'J.

Inhabits Egypt, Arabia and fouth. Siberia^ in firm ground and
fields covered with herbage ; is not eafily tamed ; refts with
the hind-legs under the belly, and fore-kgs near the throat lb
as not to be ealily feen; forms long winding burrows, with a
chamber at the end half a yard below the furface •, feeds on
roots, grain, grafs ; cuts grafs which when dry it carries into
its retreats for winter proviiion ; llefh eaten by the Calmucs
and Arabs ; body 7 inches long, tail 10.

Hind-legs 3 times as long as the fore ; </u'g/ii naked ; /^i7 pale
brown, black at the end, tip white; ttats %, diftant ; hair
above pale brown, beneath whitifii, ears and yVei flefh-
coloured.

Sagitta. Hind-feet 3-toed ; thumb-claw o. Arabian J,

Inhabits Arabia and Siberia near the Irtijli, in fandy plains}

6 inches long.
Head rounded ; cars longer than the head ; toes hairy ; tail with

a fmall tuft.

jEg;;ptius, Jlind-feet 3-toed ; fore-thumb with a claw. Egyptian J.

Inhabits Egypt and Barbary, on fandy plains and hills.

Body thin, flattened at the fides ; hair on the head and upper
parts long, loft, cinereous at the roots, pale tawny at the
ends ; brcajt and belly whitifh, with a dulky band acroi's the
upper parts of the thighs.

Saliens, Hind-feet 3-toed^ with two fpurious toes above; fore-
thumb-claw o. Siberian J.
I. Body 8|- inches long, tail 10.

A'o/c truncate, edged with white ; ears large, pointed, white at
the tips, naked within ; hair above and on the thighs dark-
grey at the roots, tawny at the ends ; breajl, belly and legs
\v'hite.
1, Body fize of a rat ; colour of the lafl j a white line acrofs
the top of each thigh,

3. Colour

iMAMMALIA. GLIRES. Dipus. 99

3. Colour and fize of 2 ; nofe more lengthened.

Ears fliorter, broader ; tail thicker ; huid-kfs fhorter ;/«/• longer.

4. Much fmaller; rcfembles i, but \Yants the white edge°oa

the nofe,
Thefc varieties chiefly inhabll; Tartary, Siberia, Syria and India;
feed on bulbous roots, and when tamed law tlefh.

Cafcr^ Toes 5 before, 4 behind. Cape J,

Inhabits the Cape nf Good Hope; 14 inches long, tail 15, ears
3 •, very flrong ; leaps 20 — 30 feet } burrows with the fore-
feet; ilccps fitting on the hmnches, the head between the
legs, and the fore-paws over the ears ; is driveti out of its hols
by water poured in ; grunts and is eaten by the natives.
Body above bright chefnut, beneath yellowifh- white ; tail veiy
hairy, black at the tip.

Mtridia. Fore-feet 3-tocd, with the rudiment of a fourtl;; hind-feet

''"^» 5-toed; tail colour of the bodj'. Torrid/.

Iniiabits the landy deferts of the torrid region near tlie Cafpiait

Jca ; feeds on a few farinaceous feeds ; foiTns burrows with 3

apertures about a yard under tlie furface ; 5 inches long, tail 3.

Body above pale tawny, Ibmetimes greyifli ; beneath white;

head oblong, fnout lengthened, neck fliort ; ears large, oval ;

■mouth 2Lnd Jeet white; folcs very hairy, fore-thumb with

hardly any claw; hind-thighs very flefliy, tail thick, hairy.

* ..'•.'.'■■ ^ ' ' ' '••

Tamarici- Fore.feet 3-toed, with the rudiment of a fourth ; hind-feet

"^^* 5-toed; tail obfcurely annulate. " TamarifkJ.

Inhabits fait marflies of the Cafpian fea ; feeds on the fruit of

the tamarifk, and burrows under it with 2 entrances; very

elegant, 5]- inches long, tail the fame.

Body above yellowifh-grey, beneath white ; ears large, oval,

nakedifli ; zvart in the place of the thumb large ; tail hairy,

a little tufted at the t?p.

Labrado. For«-feet 4-toed, with the rudiment of a fifth; hind-feet

''^"''' 5-toed, thumb fhort ; tail taper, nakedtfh. LabradcreJ,

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay; 3 inches long, tail 4-^-.

A<3/I' blunt; ynouth much underneath, upper lip cleft; ears

large, round, nak«d ; body above deep hrown, beneath white,

a longitudinal yellow line dividing the colours,

Qircajfi, Body chefnut, lengthened, of equal thicknefs ; tail long,

^"■f- bufliy. CircaffianJ.

Inhabits near the river Tenk in Cirtajfia ; burrows in the ground,

runs fall up hill ; 4 inches long.
Eyes red, fiery; tcith fharp ; hair long; chxcs fharp.

O 2 Canadinjis,

?oo MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Lcpus,

Canadenfis Toes 4 before, 5 behind ; tail covered with brirtlcs, longer
than the body. Canada y.

Inhabits coldeft parts of Canada, fize of a fmall moufe ; fre-
quents flirubby places; aftive, caught with difficuUv.
£ody above ferruginous ; fides paler, throat, belly and feet
white ; brijllcs on the nofe refle6led ; tail taper, annulate
. with black. Linn.tranf.^^. 1 ^^, tab. S.

32. LEPUS. Fore-teeth 2, upper double,
the interior ones lefs.

Thefe arp timid ; liye on vegetable fpod ■, run by a kind of
leap I toes 5 before, 4 behind.

A. fFifh tails.
Vifc^ccia. Tail long, briftly^ Peruvian Hare.

Inhabits colder parts of Peru and Chili ; digs holes under ground
with two chambers, in one of which it fleeps, and feeds in
the other; coUcfts food in the night; defends itfelf by the
tnil, probably bv fcattering urine in the eyes of its enemies ;
flefli white, tender; fur ver)' {oh, fine, formerly woven into
cloth for the Incas of Peru.

*Timidus. Tail fhort; ears black at the tip, longer than the head.

Common Hare,
2. With horns: (probably fabulous,)
3' Body ftraw-colour.

Inhabits l-'j^ro^r, Perfia,, A fia, znA America ; unarmed, timid,
<if exquihte light and hearing, quick in flight efpecially up
, hill; runs in a circular direction when hunted, which circle

it gradually leffens, and doubling back parallel to its path,
makes a long leap at the turn \o break qfl: the fccnt from its
purfuers; feeds by night on the flioots of young flirubs, bark
<'>i young trees and vegetables ; is hunted bv dogs, cats and
liawks ; fond pf the fou^id of a drum ; infefled by fleas ; urine
fetid; breeds often ; gravid 30 d^ys ; brings 3 — 4 young;
2 feet long.
Hyes large, placed much outwards, by \vhicl; it is able fee quite
behind, provided with a niftilant membrane, open when
:dleep ; chin white; noftrils iiunnd, moveable; upper lip
cleft ; hair above white at the bafe, black in the middle,
t-4wny at the tip, beneath white: throat and hreajl- tawny;
tail above bl-^ck, beneath white ; hiyid-f highs thick ; feet
^woolly ; a cavity on each fide the region of the pubes,

* Variabilis,

• MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Lepus. loi

^rarialiilis T^all fhort ; body white in winter, except the tips of the
ears which remain black. Varying Hare.

2. Sides only turning white in winter.

Jnliabits the northern liills of Europe, Afia and America; mi-
grates in troops in winter into the plains, and returns in
ipring to the mountains; eafdy tamed, p!ayful ; fond of
lioney ; eats its own dung before a ftorm ; fkfli hard.

J.ind'S fnortcf than L. timidus; tail compofed of fewer joints;
colour in the fummer, head reddifli-groy ; ears and back
bro\vn : neck grey-brown ; fides gradually growing paler ;
belly hoary.

Xtger. Body black or dark-tawny the whole year. Black Hare.
Inhabits Siberia and Cajan; larger than L.tiraidus; gloffy.

Aincrica- Tail fliort ; hind-legs half longer than the body ; tips of
^'^''^' the cars and tail grey. American Hare.

Inhabits isorth America; flielters by day under and in the hol-
lows of trees ; does not burrow •, breeds twice a year, brings
5 — 7 young ■> /w gets longer and more filvery farther north ;
i8 inches long ; hind-legs longer tlian L* timidus ; fiefli good.

Tclai. Tail fhort ^ margin of the ears black. Baikal Hare.

Inhabits the deferts of Siberia; larger than the reft; runs

ftraight forward, and takes flielter in hollow rocks ; does not

burrow; flefii white.
Body in fummer refembles L. ^'ariab^Us, in winter a little paler ;

legs fnialler, hind-legs longer ; tdil black at the root.

Minimus. Tail fhort; cars hairy, of one colour. Leaji Hare.

Inhabits Chili, where it is domefHcated ; variable in colour,

prolific, breeding almoft every month; fize of a rat; flefh

white, good.

Bod.y nearly conic ; ears fmall, acute; Jnout oblong; hair fine,

fliort.

Capenfis, Tail bufhy, long as the head ; feet red. Cape Hare.

Inhabits north of the Cape of Good Hope ; dwells in lifTures of
rocks, does not burrow ; flefh white ; fize of a rabbit.

Crown and back dufky mixed with tawny ; cheeks znd fides ci-
nereous ; breajt, belly and legs ferruginous.

*Cumculus Tail fliort, nearly the colour of the body; ears black at the
tip ; hind-legs fhorter than the body. Rabbit.

I. Body brownifh-grev.

* 2' Whit«,

102 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Lepiis."

2. White, with red eyes.

3. Black.

4. Variegated black and white,

5. Silvery grey ; feet brown.

Inhabits the warmer parts of Europe^ cold parts of AJia and
, f Africa, in dry Tandy (oils; fonns long winding burrows;
keeps in its hole by day ; feeds morning, evening and night
on vegetables and grain ; is the prey of hawks, badgers, cole-
cats, and caught by ferrets: gravid 30 days, brings 4 — 8
young 7 times a year; 18 inches long ; flefli white, good.

Ears fliorter than the head; tail in a wild (late black above,
white beneath.

Saccatus, Skin behiiid the head and under the throat folded.

Hooded Rabbit.
Body cinereous; head ^nA ears hro-wn; ^a'/i capable of being
drawn back and concealing the head, with 2 holes for the
eyes ; that below the throat occafionally receiving the fore-
feet ; habitation unknown.

Angorenjis Hair long, waved, filky. Angora Rabbit.

Inhabits -^^/^ora; very beautiful ; fur valuable.

B. Tailo.

Brafiliett' Ears large ; collar round the neck white. Br.i/ilian Hare.

f-s. Inhabits South America in woods; does not burrow; flefli

good ; fizeof L. timidus, but darker ; collar fomctimes wanting.

puftUus. Body brown mixed with grey ; ears triangular, edged with
white. Calling Hare,

Inhabits the mountains of Ural, and funny hills of the Altaic

ridge ; burrows in dry places ; feeds on alpine x'egetables ;

■v'oice lunorous, which is heard all through the fummer ; fleeps

little; drinks often; eafdv tamed; aftive in the night, and

, leaps as if its loins were weak ; 6\ inches long.

Fur rough, above pale grey, blackifli at the tips ; beneath hoary ;
head oblong ; body (lender, weak, unfteady ; eyes dark ;
limbs fhort.

'Alpinust Body bright tawny ; cars rounded, brown; feet brown.

Alpine Hare..

Inhabits mountains of the northern extremity of Afia, in rugged

and inacceflible rocks, or .the hollows of decayed trees ; lies

liid by day, except in cloudy weather ; voice fliarp like a

v;hift!c ; in Auguft cuts foftgrafs, which when dry it collefts

into

MAMMALIA.^ GLIRES. Hyrax. lo^^

into conic ricks : thefe are covered by fnow, and form its
winter provifion, to which it goes from its hole by a troddea
path ; they are from 3 to 5 feet high, and are ibu;:;ht after by
hunters as provender for their horles ; is preyed on by weefels,
and infefted by the oeflrus leporinus, a fpecies of gad-fly ;
body 7 — 9 inches long.
Face more ftupid and wild than the laft; head flenderer; eyes
black ; ears large ; body fhorter, thicker ; teats_ 2 inguinal,
4 thoracic; throat on the upper part cinereous; fur dufky
at the roots, bay at the ends, a little tipt with white.

Ogotcna. Body pale grey; ears oval, acutilh, colour of the body.

Ogaton Hare.
Inhabits mountains beyond Baikal, Mongolia, and the deferts of
Cobi, in rocky places and among heaps of ilones ; forms bur-
rows in fandy places, of Avhich for fjcurity it has feveral ;
■ wanders by night ; feeds on the bark of mountain flirubs, and
* in fummer on herbs which it gathers into heaps for winter ufe ;

voice very flirill ; very aftive and hardly to be tamed ; preyed
on by weefels and birds of prey ; 6^ inches long.
Body very pale throughout the year; feet ftrong ; ears brown;
nofe with a ycUowifh fpot; belly white; fur brown at the
roots, light grey in the middle, white at the tips.

33, HYRAX. Fore-teeth upper 2, broad, •
diflant; lower 4, contiguous, broad,
flat, notched : grinders large, 4 each
fide each jaw : fore-feet 4- toed : hind-
feet 3-toed : tail o : clavicle o.

CapenfiSt Nails of the fore-feet flat ; of the hind-feet i , fubulate.

CapeH.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, 1 5 inches long ; voice fliarp ;
hearing acute, gait unfleady; feeds on vegetables; aftive,
cleanly, drinks little, very fond of warmth, burrows in the
ground ; is troubled with lice and worms.

Head fhort, fnout very fhort, blunt ; cars oval, open, brown,
woolly ; timbs very fhort, the flioulders and thighs being hid
in the fur ; body fhort, thick, belly prominent ; hair woolly,
under hoary, above grey, on the fides dirty grey-white ;
along the back browniili, mixed with longer black hairs and
a few bridles; fore-feet 4-lobed, each lobe with a flat round
nail; hind feet 2-lcbed, and a toe fumifhed with a long fharp
claw,

. Syriaat:.

^j54 MAMMALIA. GLIRES. Hyrax.

Syriacus, Toes furnKhed with foft nails. Syriati H.

Inhabits Syria, among ckfts of rocks •, gregarious, mild, feeble,
timid, eafily tamed, has no cr>' ; feeds on vegetables ; fleih
white, not eaten by the natives ; 1 7 inches long.
Body more lengthened ; fiiout longer than the former ; fur red-
difli-grey ; throat, brtafi and belly white ; fcattered among
the reft are fome long, ftrong, polifhed hairs ; whijkers long ;
vails fhort, broad, weak, that of the inner hind-toe longer,
foks formed of flefhy excrclccncies divided by furrows.

ORDER

MAMMALIA. PECORA. Gamelus. 1.G5

ORDER V. PECORA.

Fore-teeth upper o, loioer 6 or Sf remote from
the grinders: feet hoofed: teats inguinaL

Thefe animals have four ftomachs, already defcribed in the intro-
duAioii ; art hoofed, and have the hcKjfs divided in the middle ,
and, except the camel, ha\'e 2 falfe hoofs which in walking
do not touch the. ground. Such as have horns have no tufks ;
and fuch as have tufks have no horns ; they chew the cud^
and have frequently in the ftomach a ball formed of the hair
licked from their bodies ; when in a recumbent pofture they
rile on the hind-legs firft, and have fuet inllead of fat,

34* CAMELUS. Horns o : fore-teeth lower
6, fpathiform : tufks diilant, upper 3^
lower 2 : upper lip cleft.

Promeda- Bunch on ,the back fingle. Arabian Came),

rm.s. Inhabits the temperate deferts of Arabia, Afia and Africa, is

domefticated in all the eall, Javiaica and Barbadoss ; is fub-
jeft to numexous varieties in lize and colour ; mild and gentle
unlefs fiung by flies ; w'ondorfuUy ufeful for conveying heavy
burthens over the diy landy deierts ; will carry 1200 pounds
weight ; moves flow, will not exceed its accuftomed pace,
nor carry beyond its ufual weight •, patient of hunger, will
travel many days without water, content with the thorny
fhrubs found in the wildernefs which have been rejefted by
other animals ; kneels dcn,vn to be loaded or unloaded at the
command of its keeper ; hair valuable ; flefh and milk eaten
by the Arabians ; 6| feet high.
Hair foft, tawny-grey, longer on the neck and bunch ; head
fmall ; ears fliort ; yrtonth and gums covered with a cartilage ;
neck long, flender, curved ; Jeit bifid ; callofities on the fore-
legs 4, hind-legs 2, breafl 1, on which it refts when lying or
kneeling; tail Ihorter than the legs, hairy; fecond Jlomaih
cellular, for the purpofe of kcepin^^ water a long time in the
dry deferts.
2. Much fmaller, fwifter,

BaEiriamis Bunches on the back ?. BaSlnan CajneU

Inhabits wcftern India and deferts near China, rarer than the

laft, chiefly ufed by great men ; larger; fv/ifter ; hind bunch

larger ; is poilbned by box-wocd ; gravid a year, brings one

young, which fuckks 2 ytuvs, ixA is full grov-T. the third.

Vol. I. — P 2. Hy*

Xd6 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Mofchus.

2. Hybrid between this and the laft.

Glama. Bunch on the bread j back fmooth. Lama,

Inhabits the high mountains of Peru and Chili i in its habits

and manners lefembling the laft ; 4 i feet high.
Hmd fmall, /jo/e^ fhort; ntck long; farj moderate ; *?>'«J large,
round ; feet., long, cleft ; tail fhort ; hair long, foft, varying
with white, black and brown ; perioral bunch continually ex-
uding a yellow oil ; voice a kind of neighing ; teats 2 ; gravid
5 — 6 months, brings 1 young ; carries 1 50 pounds weight ;
flcfh excellent, fat*

Iluanacus. Body hairy ; back gibbous ; tail ere£l. Huanaco,

; Inhabits high mountains of South America, defcending into the

plains in winter : m m.anners and ufes refembles the laft, but

never affociates with it : 4 feet 3 inches high.

Body above yellow, beneath whitifh : tail like that of the flag :

cars like thofe of the hoife: flcfh, when young, good.

Arcucanus Body woolly, fmooth ; fnout turned upwards ; tail pen-
dulous. Peru Camel ,
Inhabits Peru and Chili ; refembling in many things the fheep :
tail longer : wool finer : body white, black or brown : flefh
good.

Vicugna. Body woolly, fmooth ; nofe flat, blunt ; tail ereft.

Inhabits the higheft peaks of the Andes, in flocks: is timid,
fwift, patient of cold, caught by cords ftretched acrofs the
path, and tamed with difficulty: carries linall burthens:
flelh good, wool filky.

In its tail and figure relembles a goat: neck 20 inches long:
head round, unarmed : ears fmall, ereft, acute ; feet long :
Toool fine, filky, rofy, eafily dyed : in its ftomach is found a
bezoar.

Palo, Bunches o ; body woolly ; fnout oblong.

Inhabits the higher mountains of Peru j gregarious, lefs than
the others, and able to carry only 50 — 70 pounds : flefh not
fo good: wool longer, coarfer : body, in a wild ftate, above
purple, beneath white: when tamed varying with black,
white and tawny.

35. MOSCHUS. Horns o: fore-teeth lowei
8: ^w/^i upper folitary, projefting.

MofchU

MAMMALIA. PECORA. Mofchus. rp7

Mofchu A follicle near the navel ; tail fhort, Thlb(t M.

/erus, inhabits Alpine mountains of -4/ifl, Tonquij}, znd Siberia ; lives

fulitary among the liiowy ppaks of rocks ; gentle, timid, not
ealily tamed -, expert in le:}ping, running, climbing and i'wim-
ming ; flefh of the young good ; about 2| feet long.
Head iiandfome, like the roe ; fur foft, faiooth, lax, var^'ing by
age and feafon, chiefly blackifii-browni above, beneath hoary,
the younger animals marked with ftreaks or fpots ; near the
prepuce is an oval bag, flat on one fide," gibbous on the other,
with a fmall orifice; in young animals empty, in the adult
containing i — 2 drachms of oily, friable, brown matter which
is the true muik; upper jaw longer; firotum xoiy.

Indicus. Body above tawny, beneath whitifh ; with fpurious hoofs 5
tail longer. Indian M.

Inhabits India: larger than the iaft; head like that of the
horfe; e<zrj ereft, oblong ; /f^^ {lender.

Py^maus. Body above brown-tawny, beneath white ; fpuriotis hoofs 0.

Guinea M,
Inhabits India and Java; ^\ inches long, tail 1 ; tars long;
fore-teeth 2 middle broad, reft flender; tujks fmall.
2. Body rufty mixed with black j neck and thr,oat with per-
pendicular ftripes.

Memimia. Body above cinereous-yellow, beneath white ; fides fpotted
with white; fpurious hoofs o.
Inhabits Ceylon afnd Java, 1 7 inches long ; ears long ; tail ihoxt.

Javanicus Body above ferruginous, benea,th longitudinally white; tail
longifh, hairy, white beneath and at the tip. Java M.

Inhabits Java ; fize of a rabbit.

Nofe and ears naked; pits under the eyes and on tlie groins o ;
7Leck grey mixed with brown hairs, beneath white with 2 grey
fpots almoft connefted ; under the throat 2 long, divergent
hairs ; crown longitudinally blackifh.

America- Body tawny-brown ; mouth black ; throat white.

nus, Braftlian M.

Inhabits Guiyiea and Brafil, hardly as large as a roe ; timid, aftive,

fwift ; hair fcft, fhort ; head and neck on the upper part

brovm, under white ; hind-legs longer than the fore ; ears 4

inches long ; is probably only the fawn of the American roe,

A fpecies is flightly mentioned by Nieuhoff in a curfory manner,

without plate or farther information than that it is of the fi/e

of a ftag, and without horns.- ^

2. Tawny-brown, fpotted above with white. P 2 . 30«

io9 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Cervus.

36, CERVUS. Horns folid, branched, an-
nual, tip thicker and covered with a
downy Ikin : fore-teeth lower 8 : tufks
o, or upppr folitary.

The animals of this tribe live in woods, fight Vith the horns,
flamp with the fore-feet, and are iaid tq have no gall-bladder ;
flefli tender, wholefome.

Fygargus, Tail o ; horns 3-forked.

Inhabits the woody mountains of Hircdnia, Pjiffia and Siberia ;

becomes hoary in winter, and defcends into the plains ; larger

than the roe.
Body deep red ; beneath and on the limbs paler ; round the

tofe and on the fides of the lozoer lip black : tip of the lip

and rump white; horns tuberculate at the bafe; ears withir^

white, hairy.

4lc£s, H(5rns palmate with fhort beams or o ; throat carunculate.

Moofe, Elk.

Inhabits Europe, America and Afia as far as Japan ; fize of a
horfe ; gentle, except when teafed by the gad-fly ; feeds on
twigs and branches of trees, and marfh plants ; goes on its
hoofs with a fhambling gait at the rate of 50 miles a day \
flcin hard, almoft able to refift. a mufket-baU ; flefh good.

Ears long, large, upright, flouching ; upper lip broad, fquare,
deeply furrowed, hanging over the mouth ; 77 o/e broad, nof-
trils large ; neck fhort, flouching, with an upright mane -, tail
very fhort ; fpurious hoofs large, loofe, making a rattling noife
in travelling.
'*2. Horns palmate, beams long; antlers flattened ; palm-fnags
long, one on the inner edge of each palm. .

The animal unknown, but the horns frequently dug out of
peat-bogs in Ireland, larger than thofe of the elk.

'^f.lephus. Horns branched, round, recurvate. Stag.

2. Larger; hair on the neck longer.

3. Lefs; body brown.
4- Horns very ample.

5. Size of a common dog; inhabits China-

Inhabits Europe, North Avierica and Afia, in herds of many
females with their young, under the guidance of <^ne male ;
fwims well ; gentle, except during the feafon of the gad-fly ;
fights furioufly for the females which are feldom homed ; gra-
vid S months, ^rings 1, rarely 2, young ; drops its horns irj

February

MAMMALIA. PECORA, Cervus. lo^

February or March, and recovers them fully by July ; elegant
, in fhape, 3^ feet high.

Body above tawny-brown, beneath whitifh, rarely all white ;
/<zru;i {potted with white ; the lachrymal dH6l very diHinSif
branches encreafing in number every year. ■".

Tarandus. Horns branched, round, recurvate; fummits palmate.

Rei?t Deer.
". Horns entirely rotmd, covered w^ith a hairy flcin.
3. Horns ftraight, with one branch at the bafe turned back.
Inhabits the Alpine mountains of America, Europe and A/ta^
fouthern parts of RuJ/ia and Sardinian defcends in winter
into the plains, and is driven back to the mountains in fummer
by the perfecution of marfli infefts : feeds on the rein-deer
lichen, which in winter it digs out of the iiiow Avith its feet ;
the male cafts his horns tlie end of November, the female riot
till {he fawns, about the middle of Ma)'; gravid 33 weeks,
brings often twins; lives about 16 years; when caftrated
lofes the horns, not till the 9th year : is ti-ained in Lapland to
draw Hedges, and fupplies the inhabitants with milk, ilefh and
clotlung; when domefticated 3 feet high, wild 4.
Body brown above, growing gradually whiter with age, beneath
and mouth white; tail white; hair thick, under the neck
long ; teats 6, the 2 hinder fpurious.

"^Davia. Horns branched, recurved, comprefTed ; fummits palmate.

Fallow Deer.
Inhabits Europe, and as far as the northern parts of Perfia, va-
rying in colour, red brown, fpotted, rarely white ; gregarious,
eafily tamed, lives 20 years ; female hornlefs, gravid 8 months,
brings 1 — 3 young; leaps remarkably well, is reftrained with-
in bounds by a line drawn acrofs»

Virginia- Horns branched, turned forwards, a little palmate.

""■*"• Inhabits Carolina and Virginia, refembles the lafl, but taller,

tail longer, colour lighter ; gregarious, a6live, eafily tamed ;

feeds in winter on mofles growing upon trees ; is troubled

with worms in the head and throat ; flefh dry : {kin valuable.

Axis, Horns branched, round, ere<Eli fummits bifid ; body fpotted
with white.

2. Body uniformly bright red ; horns 3-forked at the extremity.

3. Horns large, whitifh, ^-forked at the tips,

4. Reddiih-brown ; hornslarge, thick, rugged, 3-forked.

Inhabits

110 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Camelopardalis.

Inhabits India, and iflands of the Indian Ocean ; cafily tamed,
of exquifite fmell, flefli good when faked: fize of C. dama :
colour pale tawny ; tail above tawny, beneath white.

Porcinks. Horns flender, 3-forked ; body above brown, beneath ci-
nereous. Porcine Deer.
Inhabits India J 3-^ feet long, 2-| feet high: horns 13 inches
long, tail 8 : body thickifli : feet flender.
2. Body yellowifh w^ith white fpots.

Inhabits Cape of Good Hope J noflrils black : edrj white within :
tail yellow above, white beneath : legs dark brown.

Mexicanus Horns 3-forked at the tip, turned forward ; body tavy^ny.

Mexican Deer.
Inhabits New Spain, Guinea and Brafil ; fize of the roe.
Horns thick : body when young fpotted with white : head large :
eyes large^ bright : flefji inferior to veniion.

^Capreolus Horns branched, round, erect, fummits bifid ; body brown-
tawny. Roe.
Inhabits the lefs mountainous woods of £!/ro^e and Afia, in fmall
troops : aftire, drops its horns in autumn, recovers them in
winter: never grows fat : flefh very delicate : gravid 20 — 22
weeks, brings twins : female without horns : feeds oti fhootS
of fir and btech : 2 1 fi-'et high.
Hair foft, in fummev finooth, above tawny with grey tips, be-
neath white, in winter longer, hoary, blackifh on ths back :
face blackifh: horus 6 — 8 inches long : legs flender: tail an
inch long.
2. Body white \ hoofs and nofc black,

Muntjac, Three longitudinal ribs from the horns to the eyes ; upper

tufk projecting. Rib-faced Deer.

Inhabits in fmall tribes fava and Ceylon, Ids than the roe :

horns })laced on a bony procefs which is covered with hair,

3. forked, uppermofl branch hooked : flefli good.

^7. CAMELOPARDALIS. Horns fimple,
covered with fkin, terminated by a
tuft of black hair: fore-teeth lower 8,
broad, thin, the outer on each fide
deeply bilobate.

Ciraffa,.

MAMMALIA. PECORA. Antilope. ju

Giraffa, Q. Camehpard.

Inhabits Senna, Ethiopia and fouth ;>£ the Cape of Good Hope i
feeds on leaves and Ihootsof tall trees, fometimes on grafSj with
its fore-feet Ipread wide afunder ; gentle, timid, fwift, elegant ;
when about to lie down kneels like the Camel.

Body whitifh mixed with tawny, and Iprinkled with numerous
rufly fpots ; head like that of the horle ; ears fmallifh ; 7ieck
long, ereft, comprefled; I'ack convex, maned down to the
taii which is round, reaching to the iecond joint of the hind-
legs and a little tufted; horns 6 inches long, ereft, blunt;
Jore-legs much longer than the hind ; meafures at the fhouU
ders 1 7, at the rump only g feet.

38. ANTILOPE. Horns hollow, perfiftent,

round, twifled fpirally or annulate:

fore- teeth lower 8 : tii/ks o. Antelope,,

Thefe chiefly inhabit hilly countries, climb up rocks, brouze
and feed on tender fhoots ; are very gregarious, aftive, timid
and fwift ; have gall-bladders and lachrymal pits under the
eyes, a fold of Ikin divided into cells in the groins, brufhes of
hair on the knees^ and beautiful black eyes ; the flefh is gene-
rally good, and fome have a rank or muflcy fmell.

Z«tco/'/i£C<z Horns recurvate, roundilli, annulate; body blueifh.

Blue A.

Inhabits ih^ Cape of Good Hope, larger than the deer; body

beneath white ; under the eye and on thtfeit a white blotch ;

tail 'J inches, white, a little tufted at the tip; horns 20 inches

long, rings 20, tip fmooth ; hair long.

Lirma. Horns recurvate, wrinkled; body tawnyifh ; nape of the

neck bearded. Gamhlan A.

Inhabits Africa, near the Gambia and Senegal : fize of the deer ;

tufts on the fore-knees long; horns 13 inches, diftant in the

Iniddle, approaching at the tips which are iinooth ; rings 8 — g .

Rupica* Horns ere£l, round, fmooth, tips hooked back. Chamois.

prtit Inhabits Alpine mountains of Europe in troops ; feeds on {hrubs,

herbs and roots ; fwift, fliy, excellent in fight and fmell ;

emits a foft hifs when difcovered ; (belters in winter in hollow

rocks ; gravid 6 months, brings 2 — 3 young ; fize of a goat ;

flefli good.

Fur reddiih-brown, fiiorter in fummer ; along the bach ablack-

' " . ifb

U2 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Antilope.

jih line; forehead., crown, throaty and ears -vvithin white;
ho his black, with an orlhce in tJie (kin behind each •, upper
lip half divided ; tail fhort, blackifh beneath.

Dama. Horns hooked forward at the ends ; body white ; dorfal
and eye-rtripes tawriy. Swift A.

Inhabits Senegal; 4 feet long, 2y Ingh, exceedingly fwift.

Breafl I'potted with white ; horns 8 inches long ; fore-tccth
lower only 6.

Rcdunca. Horns bent forward at the ends; body tawnyifh, with fliff,
upright hair. Red A*

Inhabits near the river Senegal: 4 feet long, nearly 2y high;
cars 5 inches, horns 54 long.

Tra:;oca- jiorns bent forward ; crown maned ; back gibbous ; tail

vidus. long, bu(hy. Indojlan A.

Inhabits India ; kneels down like the camel, which it refembles

in its arched neck ; 5 feet high.
Hair fhort, foft, cinereous; tad 2a Inches, horns y long; under
the chefl a hairy dewlap ; beneath the breafl and under the
tail white ; on ih^ forehead a black fpot.

Pi^ia, Horns bent forward ; crown and neck maned; tail long,
bufhy; legs annulate black and white. IFhite-faoiedA.

Inhabits India ; 4 feet high.

Body grey, female hornleis, darker; horns ^oxt; ears lai-ge,
ftriate with black ; viane black ; female 3 black, 2 wliite
flripes above the hoofs ; throat before with a long tuft of
black hair.

Saiga, Horns diilant lyr-e-fhaped, almofl diaphanous ; nofe carti-
lagenous, arched* Scythian A.

Inhabits Riiffia and Poland, as far as the Altaic Alps, in open
deferts abounding in fait fprings ; timid, fwift, gregarious in
autumn, and migrates into fouthcrn deferts ; bleats like a
flieep ; quick of fmell ; when feeding or fleeping is always
guarded by a dentinel ; walks backwards while grazing, ruris
with the head ver)' ereft ; female hornlefs, brings uiually 1
young ; is infefted by the gad-fly ; of a balfamic odour, lome-
times 3 -horned, nrely with only one ; flefh hardly eatable;
4 feet high.

Nojlrils open, without the bony bridge ; grinders each fide 6,
v.eck and limbs {lender ; fur, m the fummer, fhort, fmooth. on
the back and fides ta'Aoiyiih-grey, darker below the knees ;

MAMMALIA. PECORA. Amllopc. 113

71^1 k, b[>dy beneath, and limbs wiihyi-fuic wliite; beneath the
eyes gradually ^vhitening ; far in winter long, covle; tail x
inclies long, naked below, tufted at the tip.

Gutlurofa, Horns lyrate ; body tawnyilli ; tufts on the knees o.

Chlnefe A.

Inhabits the defcTts between Thibet and China; feeds in flocks
on dry hilly pafhures vipon iweet herbs ; runs Iwiftly, leaps
high ; is fearful of water and \voods ; 4A feet long, 2^^ high.

Grinders 6 each jaw; lachrymal duEl linall ; -crinkles on the
horns 20 ; ??ecft protuberant with a large fluftuating larynx ;
tad iixovi; hollozvs near the groin large; colour m iwxivniavy
above rufly-grey, beneath whitifh ; viale w^ith a bag at the
oriHce of the prepuce, generally empty, ibmctimes filled with
a waxy matter ; female homlcis.

Siihguttu- Horns lyrate; body above alhy-brown,. beneath fnpwy; la-
^^^« ftripe pale tawny. Perftan A.

Inhabits Ferfa; gregarious, refembles the roe.
Horns 13 inches long, fmooth at the tip; head of the larynx
prominent; A //Cci tufted; flefh gocxi.

rygar^a. Horns lyrate ; neck blood-red ; body hoary-red ; lateral
ftripe deep-red ; buttocks white. JVhitc-faced A.

Inhabits Ajriea ; 5-j feet high; leaps prodlgioully ; tlelh good;
gregarious ; dcfolating places through which it pafles.

lace white; horns 16 inches long, of the male annulate, of the
fcmale linooth ; tail -y inches.

Dorcas, Horns lyrate ; body above tawny, beneath white ; lateral

ftripe brown. Bar!/

rl/anan A

^

Inhabits Africa, Arabia and Syria; half the fizc of the dc^r ;
Iiorns 12 inches, with 13 rings near the bafe; very gregarious;
tail above black, beneath white.

Kcvdla, Horns lyrate, large, comprefled ; body tawnyifn with pale
ftripes; lateral Itripe blackilh. Flat-horned A.,

Inhabits Africa and Pcrfia ; fmells mufky ; horn-wrinkle.T
14 — 18 ; flefti very good ; fize of a fmall roe.

Corinna, Horns fublyrate, ftraightifh, llender, fmooth; body tawny -
ilh, beneath white ; lateral llripe dufky ; face with two
lines, upper white, lower black. Carine.

Inhabits Africa ; lefs thai\ the roe ; horns {lender, 6 inches ; belly
and thighs within wliite ; can large ; a dark, lific dividing the
colours of the body.

Vol. I. — ^ B'ubalir.

114 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Antilope.

Biikalis. Hotns lyiate, thick, twifted, wrinkled, ftraight at the tip;

head and tail elongated. Cervine A.

\u\\vh\tS: Africa :xndL Arabia J gregarious; flefh tender, dry; 4

feet high.
Head refemhling an ox ; horns black, 20 inches long ; tail

bufliy. a foot long, refembling an alfes ; body reddifli-brownj

beneath ^s•hite.

Koha, Horns lyrate, thick, annulate ; tips fn;ooth, iliarp, bent
back. ' Senegal A»

Inhabits Senegal; -j feet long.

Ears large, -7 inches long, horns i-j, rings 15, prominent; body
pale r'cddifii-brown ; flripe clo\\ai the neck black ; rump dirty
white; On each knee and above each fetlock a dulky fpot j
tail a foot long, covered with long blackifh hairs,

Cnu, Horns bent forwards at the bafe, backwards in the middle;

neck maned ; tail dirty-white.

Inhabits the plains of Africa behind the Cape of Good Hope ;
feeds in large troops; fierce, fights with its horns ; refembling
in its head an ox, body and tail a horfe, thighs a fhag, fwr
and lachrymal du£t the antelope ; flefh good ; ^z f*^^' high,
6^ long.

Body rully-brown; breafi black; mane cinereous; over the
?iofe a tuft of long, black, reflefted hairs ; on the chin a hang-
ing tuft of white hairs ; feet with one fpurious hoof.

Ory.y;. Horns (traight, tapering, diftin6lly annulate ; body grey ;

dorfal Itripe blackilh, with the hinder hair reverfed.

Egyptian A.
Inliabits the plains of Egypt, Arabia and India; fize of a deer;
horns 3 feet long, tail 1 , black at the tip ; face white, with a
black Ipot at the bafe of the horns, one on the middle of the
face, and one each fide reaching from the eye to the throat ;
body beneath white; tail 2^ feet long, hairy.

Oteot'ragus Horns ftraight, tapering, a little wrinkled at the bafe ; head
tawny ; body greenifh-ycllow, beneath white-alh ; tail
very ihort.

Inhabits Africa.

Gazeud. Horns tapering, a little bent inwards, wrinkled. Gazelle.

Inhabits India, Pcrfia, Egypt and Ethiopia, in herds ; runs

I'wiftly up hill ; eafily tamed ; in the abomafus is found the

real bezoar of a greenifli-blue colour, and when recent very

aromatic ; l/ody red above, white beneath,

l^cucoryx.

MAMMALIA. PECORA. Antilopc. ,115

Liucoryx, Horns tapering, ftraight, convexly annulate ; body milk-
white.

Inliabils near Bajfora; fize of a fmall cow; fiicc in the middle
and limbs reddifli ; no/c like a cow's; horwi long, acute,
black, Ikndcr ; tad a littiu tufted.

Cn'as, Horns tapering, (Iraight, fpirally carinato ; body grey.

Indian A.
Inhabits India, Congo and the Cape of Good Hope i gregarious;
grows very fat ; flefli good ; horns made into tobacco pipes by
the natives; 5^8 feet high; horns a feet, dark brown.
Body blueifh-grey ; mane on the neck and back brown; head
reddifli ; tail a little bulliy, black at the tip ; lachrymal
groove o.

Scripta, Horns tapering, ftraight, twilled ; body marked crofTwifc

with white flfipes. HarneJJ'cd A.

Inhabits in herds the fields and woods near the river Senegal ;

body cheftiut; beneath the eycf a white fpot ; toes fpottedwith

white ;'4| feet long; iiorns 9 inches long, tail 10.

Crimniia, Horns conic, comprelTed, ftraight, furrowed and wrinkled
at the bafe ; pits under-the eyes black. Guinea A,

Inhabits Guinea j 18 inches high ; horns 3 long.

Colour various, cinereous yellowilb. or brown, beneath white ;
tail fiiort, black above, white beneath; between the horns d
fmall ereft pointed tuft of black hair ; down the middle of the
face a black ftripe ; ears Lrge, with 3 longitudinal depreflions
on the outfide : fore-legs with a black band as far as above the
knees : inftead of fpurious hoofs a flight excrel'cence.

Pygmaa, Horns conic, fhort, convex, wrinkled at the bafe, Royal A,

Inhabits Guinea^ and hotteft: parts of Africa: very aftive, leaps

12 feet high, gentle, 9 inches high: body reddifli-browni :

horns black, fliining like jet, female 0 : legs hardly larger,

than goofe quills.

Sylvaiica, Horns a little fpirally twilled, carinate, fharp, fmooth at
the tips j body above brown, behind fpotted with white,
beneath chiefly white. JVood A,

Inhabits woods near the Capt of Good Hope : lives in pairs;
3 feet high : body marked in various places with white Ipots,
reddifli-brown : horns black, 10 — 13 inches long, females o :
neck and back a little maned : flefli good.

Q

Strepftccrou

ii6' MAMMALIA. PECORA. Capra.

Strepjtce- Horns fpirally carinate, wrinkled; body with dorfal and

ros. tranfverfe white Itripes. Striped A.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; ver)' aftiv£; 4 feet high.

Body flender, reddifli-grev. beneath grey ; neck maned ; breajh

creftc'd ; face blackifli, with 2 vv'hite Hnes ; horns pale brown,

compreffed, 3 feet 9 inches long i tail black abt)ve, white

beneath, tip black, 2 feet long.

Cervicapra Horns fpiral, round, annulate ; body brown clouded with
reddilli and duflcy. Common A.

Inhabits Africa and India ; Icfs than the deer.

i/t'^c/ blackilh •, or/nV.v white ; mouthhrown; /iO?'M.rereft, black,
linooth, ftiarp at the tip's, 1 4 inches long, entirely annulate
except the tips ; female hornlefs, gravid g months, brings
J. young.

39. CAPRA. Horns hollow, comprefTed,
rough, erecl-, turned back : fore-teeth
lower 8 : tyjks o : chin bearded.

The animals of this Genus are fond of dry rocky fituations, and
feed on aiomatic vegetables ; have hair inft:ead of wool ; exhale
a rank odour -, are fliv and timid ; fight ereft on the hind-legs,
and fbrike with the head turned on ont lide. It is a fmgular
local peculiarity that in Anp;ora only, the animals of the Capra,
Ovis and Lepus tribe have long, foft, hlky hair.

*AEgagrus Horns carinate, arched back ; throat bearded. Goaf.

2. Horns carinate, arched, with a curvature outwards at the

ends. Domcjllc G,

3- Hair long, foft, filky. Angora G.

4- Horns reclined ; ears pendulous ; chin bearded. Syrian G.

5- Horns fhort, deprefled, reclining on the flvull. African G.
6. Horns ere6l, turned forwards at the ends. JVhidaw G.
7* Horns fliort, turned forwards at the tips, annulate at the

fides. Capricorn.

Inhabits many mrtTintainous parts of Europe, Africa, Perfia and
India; aftive like deer, and reiembies them in habits; horns
of the male dark brown-alh, of the female either fmall or o;
veck and limbs robull; head thick; fur, m a wild ftate, grey
or alhy-rcd with a black fpiral hne -, fail Hiort, black : fleeee
rough ; in the fVoniach is found bezoar ; e) domcfticated
through all Europe, feeds on branches of flirubs, lichens, hem-
lock, is feldom deftitiJte of horns ; treacherous, petulant,
aftive and lafcivious; gravid 5 months, brings 1 — 2, rarely
more; lives 10 — 12 years, Ibtx»

MAMMALIA. PECORA. Cvis. 117

Ih^'x. Horns above knotty, reclined on tlie back ; throat bearded.

Inhabits inacceffihlc precipices of Kamlfchatka, Arabia and
Enrope • grcgnj-ious, aftive, wild ; larger than the laft ; teats
2 ; brings i — 2 kids.

Head fliort, fnout thick, coniprefled ; eyes fmall ; horns x'aft,
Ibmctimcs 3 feet long, rounded within, wrinkled, more arched
than tlic preceding, blackilh-grey ; lijuh flendcr ; tail Ihort,
naked beneath, black above and at the tip ; hair long, tawny
or honry, when young dirty-grey; dorfal /i.'ze black, with a
large deep black Ipot above and beneath the fore-knees which
are elicwhere white ; Jkin tender.

Caucafica. Horns turned backwards and outwards, verging iriwards at

the tips, ilightly triangular, knotty behind.

Caucafan Goaf.
Inliabits the bare vnckv fummits of mount Caucafus, near thfe

rile of the Tcrck and Cuban rivers ; fize of the common goat,

but broader and fliorter.
Horns dark grcr, of the male darker; body above brovkmifh-grey

with a daik fpiral line, beneath wliitilh ; extremities black ;

hair cinereous at the bafe, harfli, ftifF, intermixed with grey

wool.

40. OVIS. Horns hollow, wrinkled, turned
backwards and outwards into a circu-
lar or fpiral form : fore-teeth lower 8 :
tujks o,

Thefe are gentle, harmlefs and ufeful, fupplying food and ray-
ment ; prefer open plains ; lefs aftive ; fight by butting each
other with the head reclined ; threaten bv flamping the ground
with the feet ; drink little ; females gravid 5 months, bring
1 — 2, rarely 3 young.

*!<)-, Horns comprefTed, lunate. Sheep,

1 . Horns o ; tail and fcrotum hanging as low as the knees.

Hornkfs S.

2. Horned; tail fhort; wool fhort, coarfe. Black-faced S .
'^. Horns fpiral, lengthened outwards ; wool fine, plentiful.

Spanl/h S.

4. Horns more than two. Many horned S.

5. Hair inftead of wool, fliort. African S.

6. Ears pendulous ; dewlaps lax, hairy ; hind part of the head

prominent. Guinea S.

7. Tail

u8 MAMMALIA. PECORA. O

VIS.

7. Tall long, very broqd. Broad-tailed S,

. 8. Ears large, pendulous; large fatty cufhions on the hips;

tail o. Fat-rumped S.

9. Ears large, pendulous; cufhions on the hips lefs; tail long,

flat. Buchar'tan S.

10. Tail very long, woolly. Long-tailed S.

11. Ears large, pendulous; tail larger, broad. Cape S,

12. Beard long, divided, hanging from the lower parts of the

cheeks and upper jaw. Bearded S,

13. Beard long, on the fore-part of the breaft; neck with a

ihort mane. Morvant,.

Inhabits the whole globe, of all quadrupeds the moft ftupid and
lielplefs ; lives about 14 years; changes its teeth with its
age ; bleats ; feeds on Ibort tender grals, chiefly flieep's fel-
cue; is infeiled by worms, giddinefs, confumption, dropfy,
Icab and an eruptive dlforder like the Irnall pox ; one ram.
luflices for 50 ewes; 1) common in England; 2) in alj
Europe, particularly the northern parts ; a'(?o/ harfher, Ihorter,
crilper ; horn^ turned backwards, fpirally twifted, angulate,
flat within ; eyes blueifh, with an oblong pupil ; nofe arched ;
tail round, (hort ; colour uiually white, fometimes black w
fpottcd ; 3) peculiar to Spaiii ; 4) found in Iceland and
northern countries, with 2 — 6 horns, the intermedijte ones
ere ft ; tail fhort; zvool harfli, fliovt ; 6) inhabits fouthem
deferts of Africa and India; horns fmall, turned back and
down towards the eyirs ; tail reaching to the knees ; -y) found
in Afia and all the eaft ; tail ronfiRing of an unwieldy lump
of fat 30 — 56 pounds weight; 8, 9) common among the
Tartars, Perfia, Syria ; horns curled like the common flieep ;
<f (3 r J pendulous; dewlaps on the cheft ; ro/oj<r various ; 12]
in Barbary ; horns clofe at the bafe; bending back, diverging
and turning outwards; body p^lc rufly; 13) beard coarfe,
long, mixed red and grey; ma)ie extending to the middle of
tlie back ; body bright yellow ; legs deep red ; taiL yellow and
white, with long coarfe hairs.

'Ammon» Horns arched, femicircular, above wrinkled, flattifh be-
neath; dewlaps lax, hairy. Siberian S.
2. Body brown tinged with tawny; a white mark each fide
pointing to the belly.
Inhabits in flocks, rocky dry delarts of Afia, Barbary and
Corfica ; llze of a fmall deer ; aftive, fv^ift, wild j flefh and
fat delicious.
Colour in fummer brownifh-afh mixed with grey *, beneath whit-
ilh-grey ; tail fhort, white, browiiifh at the tip ; hair long ia
wiiiter, {bed in the fpring ; e<»rj erefl:, acute ; hirid-feet longer
than the fore,

Pudu,

MAMMALIA. PECORA. Bos. 119

Ptidu. Horns round, fmooth, divergent.

Inhabits the Cordcleras in <)OUth America, gentle, defcends in
winter into the vallies ; fize of a half-grown kid • relemblts a
goat, but the Tiorns are turned round outwards ; beard o ;
female no horns ; colour dufky.

Strepfice- Horns ereft, carinate, fpirally twifted. Cretan Sheep.

fOs» Inhabits the Grecian IJlands, Hungary and Aii/lriaj horin

twifted like the worm of a Icrew, Very divergent at the ends ;
zoool long, hairy.

41. BOS. Horns hollow, bent outwards and
forwards, femicircular, fmooth : fore-
teeth lower 8 : tujks o.

Thefe fight by pufliing with the horns ; delight In low ricli
paftures. are ufed for draught and burthen J and valuable for
their flefh, 'milk, hides, and many domellic purpofes,

* Taurus. Horns round, turned outwards; dewlaps lax. Ox.

1. Horns fhort, thick, reflecled back ; forehead curly. IVildOx.

b. Horns bent back ; mane very long. Bonafus.

c. Horns bent forwards ; back gibbous ; mane long. ^/y"!?/;.

2. Horns round, fmooth, diftant at the bafe, bent forwards. ♦

European Ox,
b. Horns fhort, bending back clofe to the neck ; body red ;

a fatty bunch on the fhoulder. Indian Ox.

G. Horns nearly eredt, turned forwards ; a fatty bunch on

the fhoulders. Zebu,

d. Diminutive ; fize of a large dog. Sural Ox.

e. Horns pendulous, adhering only to the fkin ; back with

a bunch. Ahyjjtnian Ox.

f. Ears pendulous ; back gibbous; fize large; body white.

Aladagafcar Ox.

g. Body white; ears black. TinianOx.
h. Bodyfnowy; legs flender; horns elegant ; hoofs black ;

very fwift. African Ox.

Inhabits various parts of the world, and is domellicated alniolt
every where, for the purpofes of agriculture, or for its meat
and fkin; is fometimes found in England and Scotland of a
fmall fize without horns ; obflinate, vicious, attacking with
the horns ; tearing up the ground and llamping with the
feet when enraged ; is fubjeft to a variolous diieale communi-
cable to mankind and preventing future infedion from the

linall

J20 MAMMALIA. PECORA. Bds.

fintill pox ; is infefled by gad-flies, lice and other infects ; is
poifoned by yew, htmlock, aconite, and anemone ; lives
14 — 16 years; gravid 9 months, brings 1, rarely 2, young.

Arnee, Horns long, eredl, femilunar, wrinkled ; tips fmooth, round,
approaching.
Inhabits India, of vail fize ; 8 feet high ; black.

America- Horns round, diftant, pointing outwards; mane long,

nus, woolly; back gibbous. American Ox.

Inhabits reedy marfnesof A^tfw Spain, large, fierce and dajigei-ous.

Horns Ihort, black, diftant at the bafe ; f^thhojity large, flefhv ;

neck thick ; hind-parts flender, weak ; tail a foot long, tufted ;

hair of the head and bunch long, woolly, waving, ^rully-

brown.

Mofchatus Horns approaching at the bafe, broad, bent inward and
backwards; tips bent outwards, pointed. Jlfujk Ox.

Inhabits North America^ in herds among rocky mountains;
runs and climbs well.

Hair long, hlky, black; mayie duflcy tinged with reddifli ; un-
der the hair a fine afhy fleece; Jhoulder gibbous -, cars ercft,
pointed, dilated in the middle ; Jlejk talles mufl<.y.

Grunniens Horns round, curved outwards ; hair long, pendent ; tail
covered with a lilky mane. Grunting Ox.

Inhabits Thibet, and is cultivated in SilfCri.i, China, Perjia and
India; large, fierce, impatient of heat; fearful of anything
red ; Ihakes the body when irritated ; voice a kind of grunt-
ing ; is fubjc£l to many varieties from domeftication ; ibme-
times hornlefs.
Head fhort ; nofe broad; lips thick, pendulous; ears large,
pendulous, hairy; horns Ihort, flender, diftant, with very
fliarp points and a tuft of hair between ; hair on the forehead
radiate ; mane white, extending to the tail ; body black ;
hoofs broad ; tail broad, 6 feet long, covered with long, filkv,
lilvery hairs ; in the Jtomach is lometimes found a kind of
bezoar; Jlejh rank, except when very young.

Subalus. Horns refupinate, turned inwards, flat on the forefide.

Bufalo.
,' 2. Horns fmall, tiper, pointed, comprcffed fidev/ays refupi-

nate; rump and thighs naked.
o. Size of a lliccp ; fierce.
3. Back gibbous ; legs on the lower half white.

Inhabits

MAMMALIA. PECORA. Bos. I2t

Inhabits AJia, domeflicated in Africa, India and Italy ; fize of
a cow, 2) fmalleir; gravid 12 months.

Skin tough ; hair black or dufky, Icanty ; head fmall, with
curly hair on the forehead ; /iornj black, thick; dewlap oj
nofc hro-id: fya white : ^aiV fhort, (lender ». .

Cafer, Horns broad, approaching at the bafe, and then divaricating
backwards, lips turned upwards and inwards; mane
fhort. Cape Ox.

Inhabits Africa gind Guinea j very large, ftrong and fierce ;
lives in woods, wallows in mire, dangerous to travellers, tram-
ples men, horfes and oxen under it;; feet : lo fwift that in
running up hill it is not eafily overtaken by a horfe: ^i feet
high.
Body black or dark afh : face covered with long harlh hair r
horns thick, black, laid flat on the head : fkiti tough : ears
pendulous : iail fhort, tufted, black at the tip : Jlefh coarfe,
of the flavor of venifon.

Barbatus. Horns fliort ; chin and breall bearded. Baas.

Inhabits north of the Cape : larger than an ox : grey,

Piiviilus, Horns nearly eredl, clofe at the bafe, then divergent and

approaching at the tips. Dwarf Ox,

Inhabits Africa j lefs than a ftag, well nude : fhouldcrs a little

elevated : hair tawny-bro'wn, fhining : tail with long, cparle

hair at the end.

Vol.1 R ORDER

J22 MAMMALIA. BELLU.^. Equus.

ORDER VI. BELLU.E.

Fore-teeth ohtufej truncate; feet hoofed.

42. EQUUS. Fore-teeth upper 6, ered, pa-
rallel ; lower 6, more prominent : tvjks
lolitary, included, remote : teats 2
inguinal.

The animals of this tribe are of great value to mankind, and are
uled for draught, burthen, and the faddle : fight by biting,
and kicking with the hind-feet : in the males the teats are fi-
tuated on the glans penis : and they have the fmgular pro-
perty of breathing only through the noftrils and not through
the mouth.

* Cahallu f. Hoofs foiid ; mane and tail with long, flowing hair. Horfe.

1. Wildhorfe.

2. Domeftic horfe.

Is cultivated with care in moft parts of the earth; found in a
natural {late in the deferts of Great Tartary ; fometimes wild in
Africa; timid, fwift, vigilant; moves in flocks, having a
leader before, with its ears thrown forwards, and a centinel
behind, with its ears bent back, to guard againft furprife both
ways; varies much in fize and colour, feeds on grain and
herbage ; generous, proud, fpirited ; drives away flies and in-
kfts with its tail ; carefully guards its hind part ; calls after
its companion by neighing, and kratches its fhoulder with its
teeth ; rolls itfelf when hot ; gall-bladder o ; does not vomit
or eruftate ; its dung heats and iinokes ; changes its fore-teeth
in the 2nd, 3rd and 4lh years, acquires tufks in the 5th;
gravid 290 days.

Hcmionus. Hoofs folid ; colour uniform, crofs on the back o ; tail hairy
at the tip only. Wild Muh\

Inhabits delarts of Arabia and China,, in graffy faline plains,
but avoids woods and inowy mountains ; timid, fwift, not
tameable ; hearing and fmell acute ; neighing more fonorous
than the horfe ; in fize and habits refembles a mule, ears and
tail a zebra, hoofs and body an afs, limbs a horfe ; 5 feet long.
Jlead large, narrowing towards the nofe ; neck flender ; hair
loft ; face tawny ; 710 fe white at the end ; body above brown-
ifli, beneath and on the buttocks white; along the back a
blackifh lift ; tuft on the tail black ; teeth 34,

*AftnUst

MAMMALIA. BELLU.^. Equus. 123

*Ajinus. Hoofs folid; tail briftly at the extremity ; a black crofs on
the fhouldcr of the male. jjj'^^

1. Mane woolly, duflcy ; ears long, crea ; forehead much

arched. fnu ^y>.

2. Mancfhort; ears long, flouching; forehead flattilTi,

Domcftk Afs.

3. Hybrid produce of a male afs and a mare. Mule.
4' Hybrid produce of horfe and a female afs. Hinny,

Inhabits the mountainous defarts of Tartary, from whence it
annually migrates to India and Perfia j found alfo in various*
parts of Syria, Arabia and Africa ; is domefticated almofl
even,' where; loves warmth; "patient of hunger and llripes;
feeds on thorns and tliiftles ; is flothful, flow, flupid and
lafcivious.

Ears large, flaccid ; viane fhcrt ; hady cinereous, with a black
crofs upon the flioulders; 2) fwifter and more active, hunts
wild animals, acute in fight and hearing ; loves fait and bitter
herbs ; fejli eaten by the Kirgifees ; Jkin growing on the rump
made into chagrin ; livs 30 years ; gravid 290 days ; 3) much
cultivated in Spain, where its fize is nearly that of a horfe ;
4) much lefs, of a redder colour, with the ears of a horfe,
mane and tail of an afs.

Zebra. Hoofs folid; body pale buff, with perpendicular browp
bands ; the limbs with crofs ftripes.
Inhabits plains of fouthem Africa, in troops ; beautiful, malig-
nant, fwift, wild ; fize of a mule: viam fliort, ereft, ftriate;
ears ereft; tail like that of an afs.

ii^ia^ga. Hoofs folid ; body above chefnul, with perpendicular brown
ftripes ; belly, legs and thighs white without ftripes ;
■fides fpottcd.
Inhabits fouth of Africa, in feparate tribes ; thicker, ftouter and
more tameable than the zebra.

BifulcMS, Hoofs cloven. Chihfe Horfe,

Inhabits the rocky mountains of the Cordelleras in Soubh Ame^

rica ; vicious, wild, fwift ; neighs like a horfe ; refembles

in fize and colour the afs, but wants the crofs; ears fmall,

eic6l.

R 2 43. HIP.

124- MAMMALIA. BELLU.E. Hippopotamus. Tapir.

43. HIPPOPOTAMUS. Fore-teeth each jaw

4, upper in pairs, remote ; lower pro-
minent ; intermediate ones longer :
tiifis folitary, lower very long, ob-
liquely truncate, recurvate : feet hoof-
ed at the margin.

^imphibius Feet 4-lobed, River Horfe.

Inhabits rivers of Africa, and lakes of Abyffinia and Ethiopia ;
gregarious, wandering a few miles from the water ; feeds by
night on vegetables, roots of trees, never on fifh ; lays wafte
whole plantations of fugar-cane, rice and other grain ; when
angered or wounded will attack boats and men with much
fury ; walks flowly and heavily ; fwims dexteroufly and walks
Tinder water, but cannot remain long without rifing to the
furface for breath ; fleeps in reedy places ; voice tremendous,
between the lowing of the ox and the roaring of the elephant ;
female brings 1 young, which flie fuckles in the water ; near-
ly as large as an elephant,
Head large ; mouth very wide ; Jkin thick, dark, almoft naked ;
teeth very white, harder than ivory, and not growing yellow
M'ith age ; titJJiS 20 — 26 inches long, weighing 6 or 7 pounds ;
grinders 6 above, 8 below, each fide ; ears fmall, acute, ci-
liate with fhort fine hairs ; eyes and noftrils large ; lips tufted
with hair ; tail about a foot long, naked ; legs Ihort, thick ;
lobes of the feet not conntjfted ; Jlefii fometimes eaten, fat ufed
in pulmonary difeafcs.

44. TAPIR. Fore-teeth Qdic\i]^\v 10 \ tufkso\

hoofs on the fore-feet 4, hind-feet 3.

America- Silout long, extenfile, flexible.
nus. Inhabits woods and rivers of 6'(JMiA y^werjC(2; gregarious, fleeps

by day in the thickeft woods near the banks of waters, feeds
by night on grafs, fugar-cane and fruit ; fwims well, dives and
walks under water ; is gentle, fearful, falacious and eafily
tamed ; fize of a fmall cow.
Skin thick, brown, covered with fliort hair, in the young fpotted :
ears roundifli, large, ereft; eyes fmall; grinders 5 each jaw;
Jnout furrowed at the iides, the upper proje£ling much be-
yond the lower ; neck fhort, thick, a little mancd on the upper
part ; back arched •, feet fliort ; hoojs black, hollow ; tail
ihort, naked; t/otce a kind of hifs. t

45, SUS,

MAMMALIA. BELLU.-E. Sus. 125

45. SUS. ForC'tceth upper 4, convergent ;
lower (ufually) 6, prominent : iufks
upper 2, fhorter; lower 2, Handing
out : J'nout prominent, truncate, move-
able: Jeet (moftly) cloven.

Thefe dig in the earth with the fnout, which is furnifliedat the
end ^^•lth a ftrong, roundifh cartilage ; feed indifTerently upon
_ ahnoft every thing, even the mod filthy ; wallow in the mire,
aud nre extremely prolific.

*Scrofa. Back briftly on the fore-part ; tail hairy. Hog.

1. Tail hairy; ears fliort, roundifli. Wild Hot.

2. Tail hairy; ears oblong, acute. CommoiiHog.

a. Hoofs undivided.

b. Back nakedifli ; belly reaching almoft to the ground.
Inhabits fouth of i,wro/'e, Pe)-fia znd India ; 2) domefticated

every where, except in very cold climates : b) China j lazy,
ftupid and gluttunous, devouring even its own offspring;
Iniells rank: reftlefs before high winds : bafks in the fun:
wallows in mire ; attacks with foaming mouth, and makes a
horrid grunting: devours ferpents without injury: grows
very fat : lives 25 — 30 years : is infefted with lice, fcab and
Icrophala : killed by eating pepper ; teats numerous : gravid
4 m()nj:hs, brings 6—20 young.
1} Dark lioary, the young with ieveral longitudinal ftreaks al-
ternately yellowifli and brown: lard o: fnout and tulks
longer: 2) larger in temperate climates, varying in colour:
a) found in England., and various parts of the world : b) in-
habits China and South-Jea IJlands, and domefticated ia
Europe : Imaller than others : ufually mixed black and white ;
legs and tail fliorter : more cleanly : flefli whiter.

Pcrcus. Back brikly on the hind-parts ; tail reaching to the ground ;
navel ciftiferous. Guinea Hog.

2, Ears erc£l, a little pointed; tail reaching nearly to the
ground.
Inhabits Guinea: 2) Siam; lefs than the hog: tail naked:
ears long, pointed : body red, hair longer on the head and
buttocks.

Tajajfu, Back with a glandular orifice ; tail o. Mexican Hog.

Inhabits in droves the warm parts of America^ among woods and

mountains : does not wallow nor become fat like the common

bog :

126 MAMMALIA. BELLUiE. Sus?

hog : feeds on fruit, roots and reptiles : flefh good, if the fetid
gland on the back be cut out immediately after death : 3 feet
long.
Tujks hardly confpicuous when the mouth is fhut ; ears fhort,
ereft, pointed ; eyesiuvik; ?;(rc^.lhort, thick ; ^rz/2^w nearly as
large as thofe of the hedge-hog, longeft on the neck and back,
hoary-black annulate with white ; from the fhouldeis to th^
bread a collar of white.

'^ricanus Fore-teeth 2 in the upper jaw. Cape Hog.

Inhabits from Cape Verd to the Cape of Good Hope.
Body covered with long fine briftles; tv.fks broad, hard as ivoty,
upper thick, obliquely truncate ; ^rua^eri 6 each jaw, each
fide, the anterior largefl ; ears narrow, ercft, pointed, bearded
at the tip with long briftles ; tail ilender, tufted, reaching to
the firft joint of the hind-leg.

Sihiopicus- Fore-teeth 0; under the eyes a foft wrinkled pouch.

Ethiopian Hog.
Inhabits Madagafcar, and hot parts of Africa ; hideous in ap-
pearance ; fierce, fwift, and more cunning than the common
hog ; burrows under ground with expedition ; ^~ feet long.
Body thick, broad, nakedifli, with bunches of blackifh-brown
briftles, longer on the back, lorvgeft on the nape : head large ;
fnout truncate, almoft horny, bent downwards; inftead of
fore-teeth, convex, fmooth, hard gums; tuJks beneath iniall,
above larger, bent upwards ; grinders 6 each ja^v ; ears a lit-
tle pointed ; eyes fmall, approximate, near the the top of the
head ; Jkin lax, black under the eyes, from which hangs down
a large, broad, flat lobe ; tail naked.

^ahyrvj^a. Two crooked tulks piercing through the upper part of the
face.

Inhabits iftands of the Indian Ocean ; gregarious, feeds on herbs
and leaves, of quick fcent ; fwims and dives well, gnants ;
fize of a ftag : flefli good.

.Boiy flender, grey-brown: /< a «V nearly woolly : head ch\ong,
nari'ow: eyes minute: mrj fmall, ereft, acute: grinders c^
each jaw: tuJks perforating the upper jaw, recurvate like
horns : legs long, ilender : tail long, twifted, tufted at the tip.

ORDER

MAiMMALIA. CETE. Monodon. Balcena. 127

ORDER VIL CETE.

Spiracles placed on the fore-part of thejkull:
feet o\ peEior at fins without nails : tail
horizontaL

46. MONODON. Teeth 2 in the upper jaw,

extending llraight forwards, long, fpi-
ral : fpiracle on the fore and upper
part of the head.

Monoceros. M. Narval,

Inhabits northern parts of the Atlantic ; fwims rapidly ; 1 8 — 40

ftet long, 12 bioad.
Skin white, fpotted on the back with black : dorjal jin o, pec-
toral 2^ Imali : head. im'sSS.'. fyej very minute : ttcth^ what
are commonly exhibited as the unicorn's horns, the young
animal has 2, fometimes fmooth, perforating the upper lip, -
the old animal generally only one,

47. BALiENA. Teeth o, inflead of which
are horny laminse in the upper jaw ;

fpiracle with a double opening on the
' top of the head.

*MyJiice- Noftrils flexuous, on the fore-part of the head; dorfal
ius, fin o." Common Whole,

2. Body black with a whitifli glofs.

3. Spiracle o, larger.

Inhabits fcas towards the ArRic Polej is timid, and fwims with
vaft velocity : feeds chiefly on crabs and medufae : is fought
after for the fake of its blubber, and the horny laminae in the
upper jaw, ufually called whale-bone : teats 2, proportionally
fmall : gravid 9 — 10 months, brings 1 rarely 2 young : mea.
fures 50 — 100 feet long.

Head about a third part of the body, flattiili above, with a
tubercle in which is the fpiracle : mouth long, curved like the
letter /^ lower jaw very broad in the middle : tongue foft,
white, adhering to the lower jaw, fpotted with black at the
fides: ryw fize of an ox's, lateral, remote, above the ears:
Jkin an inch thick : tail (lightly bifid, from the middle of
which a fharpilh angular ridge runs up the middle of the back,

*-PhyJahs,

128 MAMMALIA. CETE- Phyfeter.

^•Phyfalus Spiracles double on the middle of the fore-part of the head ;
at the extremity of the back a foft fin. Fln-fjh.

Inhabits the American and European ieas, equalling the lall in
length, but much mors llender and lefs fat: moutk larger,
whalebone fiiorter, blue : ejefts water from the fpiracles v.ith
greater force : body hxo\\rn, fhining, beneath white : dorjal
Jen ftraight, acute, 3 — 4 feet long.

* Boops. Spiracles double on the fnout ; a horny protuberance at the

extremity of the back. - Pike-keaded Whale.

Inhabits Ibuth and north Ocean, 46 feet long : very fmooth,

black : belly white, longitudinally wrinkled.
Head oblong; fnout fharpifli: tongue 5 feet long, like that of

an ox : eyes placed near the angles of the mouth.

Gibhofa. Back gibbous ; dorfal fin o. Hump Whale.

!• Bunch on the back one.
2. Bunches on the back 6.

Inhabits coafts of New England j gibbofity large as a man's head,

* Mufcuhs Spiracles double on the forehead ; under jaw very broad.

Broad-nojed Whale.

Inhabits coafts of Scotland; 78 feet long.

"Body above black, beneath white: lower jaw femicircular, up-
per Iharp : luouth very large : homy LamincE black, very
ihort : fpiracle pyramidal, divided by a partition : belly
wrinkled: dorjal Jin fat.

^^Rojlratu, Npfe elongated to a peak; dorfal fin fat. Beaked Whale.
Inhabits ieas of Norway, rarely England; 25 feet long, very"
black, relembles B. boops: iwims rapidly: lower jart» thicke«
than the upper, in which is one tooth each hde.

48. PHYSETER. Teeth in the lower jaw,
none in the upper. Cachalot.

*Catodon. Dorfal fm o; fiftula on the fnout. Lejfer C.

Inhabits the Northern Sea, rvely the Scottijk coafl: 24 feet
long: head xo\ii\<i: month brnW,

*-Macroce- Dorfal fin o ; fiftula on the neck. Blunt-headed C.

phalusi

1 . Black ; back gibbous.

2. Blackifh-afh ; back gibbous.

3. Whitilhi backfraooth. In'habits

MAMMALIA. CETE. Delphmus. 129

Inhabits i) European(ez!i, 2) coa^iao^ Nezi' England, ^) Davis' t
Straits J 1) 60 feet long, white beneath ; teeth in the lower
jaw 46, in a double row, received in fockets in the upper;
teats retraftile; from its head is procured iht/pcrmaceti, and
ambcrp-ife I'rom the intcllines of fuch as are fick ; 2) 60 — 70
feet long; head \2.rgt', t^'es {vc\7i\\\ teeth razny, 3) 15 — 1$
feet long, yellowifh-white ; teeth a little incurvatCj comprcf-
fed, rounded at the tips.

*Mia-ops. Dorfal fin long ; upper jaw longed. Sharp-nofed C

1. Teeth fliarp, hooked.

2. Teeth iharp, ftraight.

Inhabits the Northern Ocean; 1) 70 feet long, dark tawny;
teeth 42, round, a little compreffed ; dorfal Jin long, Iharp ;
2) 80 — 100 feet long, blackifli above, whitiih beneath; a
high bunch on tha upper part of the back ; Jin near the tail ;
c/a bright, yellowilh; tongue (mull, d.c\xte; teeth [si inihc
jaw like a faw.

*i'inJio. Dorfal fin very long ; teetli flat at the top. Hlgh-jinned C,

Inhabits the Northern Ocean 2 lOO feet long; dorfal Jin very

long, fharp, ereftj refembling the maft of a veil:! ; tongue fharp*

49. DELPHINUS. r^dTZ^A in each jaw.

*i*/^<jc(rizff. Body fubconic ; back broad; fnout bluntiA. Porpoife,

Inhabits the European and Baltic Oceans ; fwarms in narrow
feas, tumbling over and darting in the water ; 5 — 8 feet long.
Body above blueifli-black, beneath white ; head obtufe; eyes
fmall, behind them the entrance to the ear, between them a
femilunar Hftula ; teeth fmall, acute, in each jaw 46 ; orifice
of the penis near the navel linear; anus a little 2-lobed, be-
tween that and the tail.

*Ddphis, Body oblongs roundifh ; fnout narrow, lliarp, Dolphhu
Inhabits European and Pacific Seas ; fwims with velocity, preys
on fifh, adheres to whales as they leap out of the water, :s cf
a crooked form only when leaping ; 9 — io feet long j ilen-
derer than the lall.
Snciit long, fliarp, with a broad tranfverre projeftion of the fiun
on its upper part; teeth ilibuhte, 21 above, 19 balcw, lock-
ing into each otlier ; mouth extenfive, reaching almoil to the
thorax ; kidney conglomerate.

Vol. I. — 3 ^Orcat-

130 MAMMALIA. CETE- Ddphinus.

^Orca. Snout turned up ; teeth broad, ferrate. Grampus,

*2. Snout a little truncate ; teeth pointed ; dor fal fin long, bony.

Sword Grampus.
Inhabits European and Atlantic Seas ; 24 feet long, 12 broad;
, attacks and fafhens on whales, often deftroys them ; fights like-

wile with feals, often pulhitig them from rocks with its long
dorlal fin.
Body black above, white beneath; \o-wzy jaw much longer than
the upper ; teeth 40, obtule ; eyes iixiall ; Jpiracle 2-celled ;
Jin broader at the bale, refcmbling a fcymetar.

,Lcucas. Snout conic, obtufe, inclined upwards; dorfal fin o.

Inhabits the ArElic Pole ; feldom afcends rivers, gregarious ;
imooth, flippery, white, when young dulky ; 18 feet long.

Head oblong, imall ■, eyes minute, round, prominent ; Jpiracle
on the forehead div^ided by a partition ; teeth each jaw, each
fide 9, fliort, bluntifh; peftoraljfn.? foft, with 5 bones ; tail
cartilagenous, 2-lobed; teais 2, filled with white milk.

CLASS

lU

CLASS II. AVES. BIRDS.

THIS beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature confifts of
animals ha\ ing a bodv covered with feathers and down ; jaws protraded.
and naked; iviugs 2, formed for flight, and ifeet. They are aereal,
vocal, fwift and light, and deftitute of external ears, lips, teeth, fcro-
tum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callofum and its arch, and
diaphragm.

Th^ feathers are difpofed over each othpr in the form of a quincunx,
intermixed with down, diftinil from the quill and tail-feathers, convex
above, concave beneath, narrower on the outer fide, lax at the fore-
end, hollow and horny at the bafe, with a central pith, and furni filed
on each fide the elongated Ihaft. with parallel, approximate, diflinft,
flat lamina; compofing the vane ; they vary in colour according to age-,
fex, feafon or climate, except the quill and tail-feathers, which are
more conflant and chiefly chara6lerize the fpecies.

The eggs are various in number, fize and colour, but always co-
vered with a calcareous Ihell, depofited in an artificial nefl, and hatched
by the genial warmth of the parent,

The body is oval, terminated by a heart-fliaped rump, and furnifhed
all over with aereal receptacles communicating with the lungs or
throat, necefl'ary for flight or fong, and which may be filled or emp-
tied at pleafure; the ru}np has. 2 glands, fecreting an unciuous fluid,
which is prcfTed out by the bill to anoint the difcompofed parts of the
feathers; bill horny, extending from the head, either hooked at the
t-nd for tearing the prey, or flcndcr for fearching in the mire, or flat
and broadfor gobling, and is ufed for building nelts, feeding the young,
climbing, or as an infl:rument of offence and defence; eyes lateral,
furnilhed with orbits and a niditant membrane; ears truncate, with-
out auricles ; tuings comprefTed, confifling of moveable joints, and
covered with quills and feathers ; legs placed ufually near the center
of gravity, with toes and claws of various fhapes; tail ferving as th«
judder or diredlor of the body.

They are mofl:ly monogamous, or live in fiiigle pairs, and migrate
into milder climates upon defedl of food or warmth, and a few become
torpid in winter.

The generic chara£lers are taken from the bill, tongue, nofliiIs>
cere, caruncles and other naked parts.

They are divided into 6 orders.

f,% %hCQl-

J32 BIRDS.

I. ACCIPITRKS. Bill fomcwhat hooked downwards, the upper man^

dible dilated near the point, or armed with a tooth:
nojlrils open ; legs ihort, Itrong; feet formed for
perching, having 3 toes forwards and one back-
>vards; toes warty under the joints; claws hooked
and Iharp-pointcd ; body mufcular ; flcfh tough
„ and not fit to be eaten ; food the carcafTes of other

animals, which they feize and tear; nejl in high
places; eggs about 4; female larger than ths
male. They live in pairs.

II. VICM. B///iharp-edged, convex above; /i-^^ fhort, ftrong;

feet formed for walking, perching or climbing;
body toughifh, impure ; food various filthy fub-
ftances ; ncfi in trees ; the male feeds the female
v.'hile fhe is fitting. They live in pairs.

III. ANSERES. 5/// fmooth, covered with a foft fkin and broader

at the point; feet formed for fwimming; toes
palmate, connecled by a membrane ; ihanks
ihort, comprefTed; body fat, downy; fieHi mollly
tough; food ^{h, frogs, aquatic plants, worms,.
&c. ; nefi moflly on the ground ; the mother takes
but little care in providing for the young. They
are frequently polygamous.

IV. GRALLyE. Bill fubcylindrical ; legs formed for wading, havi.n^

all the toes diitincl ; thighs half naked; body
compreffed, covered with a thin fkin ; fleih de-
licate ; tail {hort ; food marfh animalcules ; nejl
chiefly on the ground. They live varioully.

V- GALLINiE. Bill conve.x, the upper mandible arched over the
lower; «£/?/-//j arched over with a cartilagenous
membrane ; legs formed for running ; toes rough
underneath ; body fat, mufcular, and excellent
eating; /a^igrain and feeds, M'hich they fcratch
from the ground and macerate in the crop ; 7uJ}
on the ground, made with little care ; eggs nu*-
merous. They are polygamous, foiid of rolling
in the duft, and teach the young to colledl food.

VL PASSERES. Bill conic, pointed; legs formed for hopping; toes
ilcnder, divided ; body {lender ; flefli of fuch as
feed on grain pure, of thofe which feed on in- .
feds impure; Jicjl formed with wonderful art.
They live chiefly in trees and hedges, are mo-
nogamous, vocal, and feed the young by thruft-
U)g the food down their throaf;.

EXPLA-

w

/. /. /?^>^je /3S.

Co<,\ (c.Bi-;»iol.

I '33 ]

EXPLANATION of the PLATE.

fig. I . a. Spurious wings, i. Lefler wing-coverts, c. Greater

v/ing-coverts. ^. Scapulars. c. Primary quill-feathers.

/. Secondary quill-feathers, g. Tertials. h. Rump. /. TziU

' coverts, k. Tail-feathers. /. Shoulders, w. Crown, n. Front.

0. Hind-head. p. Nape. q. Chin. r. Throat, s. Scrag,

or neck above. /. Interfcapular region, u. Vent.

Fig. 2. a. Upper mandible, h. Low^r mandible, c. A tooth.
" like procefs. d. Frontlet, e. Front. /. Crown, g. Hind-
head. />. Nape, /. Lores, k. Temples. /. Cheeks, ;n.
Chin. n. Briftles at the bafe of the bill.

Fig. 3. ^. A bill with the upper mandible hooked at the point,
and furnifhed wi.h a tooth-like procefs. i. The cere or naked
(kin, covering the bafe of the bill, and in which are placed the
noftrils. c. Orbits or region of the eyes.

Fig. 4. A flat bill, pedinate at the edges, and furniflied at the tip
with a claw or nail.

Fig. 5. A foot formed for perching, having 3 toes before and one
behind.

Fig. 6. A walking foot, having a fpur on the heel.

Fig. 7. A climbing foot, having 2 toes before and 2 behind.

Fig. 8. A palmate or webbed foot.

Fig. 9.' A femipalmate or half webbed foot.

Fig. 10. A pinnate or finned foot.

fiir. II. A lob ate foot.

CHARACTERS

[ 134 j

CHARACTERS of BIRDS.

I. ACCIPITRES.

I. VULTUR.

3. St fix.

4. Lanius,

II.

3^-

Trochilus.

ag.

Certhia.

28.

Upupa.

12.

Glaiicopis.

10.
15.

Buphaga.

Sitta.

Oriolus.

14.

Cor act as.

16.

Gracida.

13-

Corvus.

17-

Pardifea.

6

18.

Thamphajlc.

8.

0

5-

Pftttacus.

11.

26.

Crotophaga.
Galhida.

22.

Picus.

21.

Tunx.

20r

Cuculus.

19.

Bucco„

Upper mandible with an angular
projcSlion. ' -

Bill hooked; head naked.
Bill hooked, covered at the bafe with a cere.
Bill hooked, with a frontlet of covered briftles.
Bill lliraightifli,' notched,

PICiE. Bill coniprcffcd, convex i

A. Feet formed for perching.

Bill bent down, filiform, tubular at the poljit.

Bill bent down, fharp-pointedr

Bill benf down, fomewhat obtufe.

Bill bent down, arched: tongue ferrate, fringed.

Bill ftraight, quadrangular.

Bill ftraight, wedged at the tip.

Bill ftraight, conic, very fliarp-pointed.

Bill fliarp-edged, the point bent down.

Bill fliarp-edged, equal, naked at the bafe.

Bill fliarp-edged; frontlet reverfed.

Bill fomewhat ftiarp-edged ; frontlet velvety.

B. Feet formed for climbing.
c. Bill ferrate ; tongue feathered.

Bill ferrate, hooked at the point.

Bill ft)3rp-edged, grooved ; tongue fplit.

Bill hooked, upper mandible moveable ; tongue

flefhy.
Bill wrinkled, angular at the edges.
Bill quadrangular, very iharp-pointed.
Bill angular ; tongue worm-ihapcd.
Bill fmooth; tongue worm-fliaped.
Bill fmooth ; noftrils furrounded with a riiii.
Bill fmooth ; notched, hooked.

C. Feet

BIRDS.

^3^

9-
7-

25.

27.

24.

Buceros.
Momotus.
Alee do.
Merops,
Tod us.

III.

31. ^«^J.

39-
38.

Mer«^us.
Phceton.

Plotus.

43. Rynchops.

36. Diomedea.

34. Aptenodyta.
33. yf/r^.

35. ProccUaria.

37. Pchcanus.
4.1. Larus.
42. Sterna.
40. Colymbiis.

C. Feet formed for %i\ilki)fg.
Bill ferrate ; front bony.
Bill ferrate ; tongue feathered.
Bill ftraight, triangular.
Bill bent down, a little comprefied.
Bill linear, dcpreffed, ftraight.

ANSJERES. 5/7/ covered zvithjkbiy broad at the ///>.
A. Bill toothed.
Bill with a nail at the tip, teeth membranaceousj
Bill with a nail at the tip, teeth fubulate.
Bill lliarp-edged, compreired, ferrate.
Bill fubulate, ferrate.

B. Bill zvithoi^t teeth.
Bill with the upper mandible fliorter.
Bill with the lower mandible truncate.
Bill ftraight, narrow, furrowed at the fides.
Bill v/ith tranfverfe lateral wrinkles.
Noftrils refembling a tube lying on the bafe of tlic

bill.
Bill girded; face naked; chin with a pouch.
Bill with the lower mandible gibbous.
Bill fubulate, compreftcd at the point.
Bill fubulate, a little coinprefled at the fides.

IV. GRALLiE. Bill roiifidi/Jjy tongue fie fhy.
A. Feet 4.- toed.
44. Phoenicoptcrus. Bill toothed, bent as if broken ; feet p; '

45. Platalea.

46. Palamedea,

47. MySleria.

bending

Bill deprefled, widened at the end

Bill fliarp, hooked at the zn^.

Bill with the lower mandible thicker,

upwards.
Bill bending down ; chin with a pouch.
Bill ftraight, fharpifli, long.
Bill ftraight, narrow, fliort.
56. Recurvirojira. Bill fubulate, tapering, pointed, deprefled, bending

upwards.

53. Scolopax. Bill ftraight, roundifli, bluntifli.

54. Tring.a.

51

52

Tantalus.

Ardea.

Corrira.

136 BIRDS.

• Bill roundifh , blunt ; back toe raifed from the ground.
. Bill at the root and front bare.
Bill at the bafc and front with moveable warts.
Bill thick, fubconvex ; upper mandible tipt with

a horny Iheath.
Bill a little arched; noftrils oval.
Bill keeled above; noltrils in. a furrow.
Bill fomewhat keeled ; body a little compreiTcd.
Bill thick, comprefTed; noftrils linear, oblique.
Bill Ihort, ftraight, hooked ; noftrils linear, oblique-

B. Feet i^-tced.
Bill a little coraprefled, the point wedged.
Bill roundifli, obtufe.

GALLINiE. Bill co72veXj upper tnandtble arched.
Bill fomewhat convex ; tongue notched.
Bill conic; wings not formed for flying.
Bill ftraitened in the middle and wrinkled ; face

naked.
Bill naked ; feathers of the crown turned back.
Face and neck covered with naked caruncles.
Bill naked ; head covered with feathers.
Bill covered at the bafe with a cere.
Cheeks naked, fmooth.
Bill v/ith 2 pendent wattles at the bafe.
A naked coloured fkin above each eye.

VI. PASSERES. Bill conic, fiarp-polntcd,
A. Bill thick.

80. Loxla. Bill conic-oval.

^9. Colius. Bill thick, convex above, narrow beneath.

83. Fringilla. Bill conic, fharp-pointed.

84. Phytotoma. Bill conic, ftraight, ferrate.

81. Emberiza. Bill fubconic, lower mandible broader and turnci?

in at the edges.

B. Upper mandible fomeivhat hooked at the point.
90. Caprlmulgus. Bill depreffcd, fringed at the bafe ; noftrils tubular.

89. Hirundo^

54-

TringOi.

59-

Fulica.

61.

Parr a.

60.

Vaginalis.

63-

Pfophia.

48.

Cancroma.

62.

Ralluu

49-

Scopus.

58.

Glared a.

57-

Hamatcpus.

SS-

Chcradrius.

V.

64.

Otis.

65.

Struthic.

66.

Didus.

67.

Pavo.

68.

Meleagris.

69.

Penelope.

70.

Crax.

/I-

Phafianus.

72.

Numidia.

73-

Tetrao.

89.

Hi r undo.

87.

Pipra.

1

77-

Turd us.

78.

' Ampelis.

82.

Tcwagra.

85.

Mujcicapa.

88.

Parus.

86.

Motacilla.

75-

Alauda.

76.

Sturnus.

H.

Colujula.

c.

BIRDS. i3j

Bill dcprefled^ bent in at the point.

Bill fubulate, flightiy bent down at the point;

Upper mandible notched near the end.
Bill fubulate, comprelTcd at the root-
Bill fubulate, depreflcd at the root.
Bill fubulate, conic at the root.
Bill fubulate, fringed at the root.

D. Bill Jlraight, fimple, tapering.
Bill fubulate ; tongue truncate ; frontlet reverfed.
Bill fubulate ; tongue jagged , hind-claw moderate.
Bill fubulate ; tongue cleft ; hind-claw long.
Bill fubulate, deprelfed at the point.
Bill fubarched; noltrils covered with a tum53
membrane.

Vol. I. — T

-SIRDS-

r 138 1

BIRDS.

ORDER I. ACCIPITRES.

Upper mandible icith an angular projeBion
each fide near the point,

1. VULTUR. Bill ftralght, hooked at the
point: head bare of feathers, with a
naked fkin in front : tongue cleft : neck
retraftile. Vulture,-

Thefe are a rapacious tribe, feeding on carcafles however putrid,
but unlefs prelTed by hunger feldom attacking living animals ;
bold, gregarious, fly flowly unlels when very high in the air,
and have an exquifite lenfe of fmell : tongue large, flefhy ;
head, and often the cheeks, chin and neck on the upper part
naked ; legs and feet ftrong, moftly covered with fcales ; firfl
joint of the 7)nc!dlc toe generally conncfted to the outer by a
ftrong membrane ; zoings lined on the infide with down.

Gryphus, Of vafl fize ; a caruncle on the crown as long as the head ;
throat naked. Condur.

Inhabits South America ; meafures with the wings extended from
tip to tip 12 — 16 feet; builds under the projeftions of the
highcfl rocks ; lays 2 white eggs •, preys on birds, kids, lambs,
calves, and has been known to carry off children 10 years
old ; two are laid'to be able to deftroy and devour a cow ;
when pafling near the ground makes a tremendous and deaf-
ening noife.
female larger than the male, and differs in having a tuft on the
neck, in its brown colour, and having no ruff; quills of the
wings 2i feet long, an inch and half thick ; body black ; back
white ; neck rufted with long white feathers ; throat red ;
head brown, woolly ; eyes black ; irids chefnut ; bill black
tipt with wliitc ; feet black j claxos ftraightilh; tail fmall.

Boigaknfi^t

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. i.Vultur.

■39

Bengakn- Brown \ head and fore-part of the neck naked, pale chefnut \
Ji^* bill lead-colour, tipt with black. Bengal F.

Inhibits Bengal J 2\ feet long.

Head and neck covered with bro\vn down ; Jut dark-brown,
claws black; crop protuberant.

Papa. Noftrils carunculate ; crown and neck naked. King F.

Inhabits South America; fize of a hen turkey ; feeds on ierpents,

lizards, frogs, rats, and carrion ; flies high.
Head and upper part of the neck as if excoriate; orbits naked,
' laffron ; a blackifli, downy hllet furrounds the lower part of

the head; body reddilh-white ; quill-feathers afhy-black ;
feet and point of the bill red; cere orange, with dentatd
caruncles behind.

Calijorni- Black; head and neck naked, pale flefh-colour; bill whit-
^""^' ilh ; feathers of the collar and brcaft lanceolate.

Inhabits California ; approaches in hze to the laft.
Neck inclining to blueilh each fide ; head blackifli at the top
without any caruncles ; wings long ; tail large, fquarifli ;
feet black, claws long, large, {harp.

Monachus, Cxovfn pbhons\ body black. Arabian F.

Inhabits Arabia ; larger than the black eagle.
Head and yjeck covered with cinereous down; orbits white;

bill black, at the tip; cere and feet blueilh ; claws blade;

fhoulders furniflied with loofe cinereous feathers, into which,

the head is retrafted while it fleeps.

Aura, Body grey-brown ; quill-feathers black ; bill white.

Carrion F^
1. Body black ; quill-feathers brown ; bill cinereous.

Inhabits North America zniii its adjacent iflands ; fizeof the laft;
is prote£led in America for it* ufe in devouring dead carcafles
and ferpents, which it does along with dogs, each preferving
the greatefl; harmony ; will feize meat from the fliambles ;
breaths a mofl; fetid odourr, and when taken vomits up an
intolerably fl:inking matter ; fleeps by night in flocks on the
higheft branches of trees.
Body black with a blufla of purpllfli-green ; irids blueina-faffrt>n ;

feet flefli-colour; head rufous.
2) Alike fetid, lazy, and when teized emits a cry like a moufe ;
builds on rocks, or makes its nefl: on the ground, of leaves and
feathers, lays 2 faioaky- white eggs; when young quite white
and gradually growing black with age; bill white, point
black ; quill-feathers, fat and irids brown*

T 3 Cintrcus,

140 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. i.Vultur.

Ciiiercus, Body blackifh-brown ; quill and tail-feathers tending to

cinereous ; legs feathered. Cinereous F.

Inhabits the higher mountains of Europe ; 3-^ feet long.

Head, throat and upper part of the neck covered with brown

* down; under the throat a bearded ^iz/V of long feathers ; toes

yellow; claws h\xc\..

F'.(/cus. Body brown ; quill-feathers blackifli-brown, the primary
.white, fpotted with brown at the tips ; tail-feathers
grey brown ^ legs naked. Malteje V.

Inhabits Europe^ particularly Mall a ; fi^e of a pheafant.

J^ead brqvyn, covered with down : feathers on the neck naiTow ;
bill black; feet yellowifli ; claxvs dufky.

Kt^ct. Body black ; quill and tail-feathers brown \ feathers of the
'legs black. Black V.

Inhabits Egypt ^ and Sardinia ; large.

Head downy; upper part of the neck naked; orbits and legs
down to the toes covered with white down; tongue fmooth,
not lerrate ; bill ftraight at the root ; nojtrils round.

tntcccC' Bodyfnowy; quill and tail-feathers black ^ collar white.
phalos. ' ■ JVhiie'V.

Inhabits Sardinia and Norway ; lefs than the laft ; varies in
more fouthern places to grey or cinereous mixed with brown,
and the head and neck nuked, reddifli.
Head and lower part of the neck covered with white down ;
middle toe covered with eleven diHinft fcales ; rlazvs black.
2. Body footy fpotted with reddifli ; head, neck and root of the'
tail white.
Inhabits /i/zt?, Africa, (onlh oi Europe ; 2t feet long; builds
in lofty rocks; bill black ; front and chin naked, and covered
with a yellowifli wrinkled fkin.

^"uk'us. Body above reddifli-grey ; head, neck and collar white;
quill and tail-feathers black. Fulvous V.

Inhabits mountains of Perfiaj larger than the ring-tail eagle.

Head and neck coverecl with ■white down ; bill cinereous, co-
vered at the root with a bl^ck fkin ; irids dark yellow ; lower
part of the neck furrounded with a collar of long, acute, briftly
rcddifh-white feathers ; in the middle of the brea/i is ^ hollow
covered with white down, and furrounded with long, narrow,
veddifli feathers; feathers beneath, while at the bale, red at
the tips; legs lead-colour, . from the middle of the thighs co-
vered \\-lthin with thick white down, without with long
fcddifii feathers 3 c/(7u'j black,

Percnopteruj;,

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. i.Vultur. 141

percnoi)- Qiiill-feathcrs black, the outc;- edges, except of the outer-

tcnis. moft, hoary. Aqiiiliuer.

2. Body rcddilli-afh, fpottcd with brown; legs naked.

Inhabits Egypt, Syruf, and Ferjia; is encouraged in Cairo to
devdur dead carcaiTes, and in Pale/line to deftroy the vafk
multitudes of mice that fwarm in the fields; in Egypt it wis
formerly a capital crime to deftroy one.
Male white ; quill-feathers black, with the outer margins hoai-y,
except the 2 firft*, feinalf brown; 4 outer quill-fcatlicrs uni-
fonn ; bill black ; <ere yellow ; nojlrils continually running ;
legs andyVt'i naked.

Crijlatus. Body blackifh-red ; head crcftsd; bread rufous; legs
naked. Crejled V.

Inhabits thick and dcfert wOods of Europe ; fize of the ofprey ;
builds in high trees; fwift on foot and in the air; preys on
fifh, hares, young foxes and kids ; when ftandhig the creft is
elevated like horns, when in flight not vifible.

Eat yellow ; -hill and claws black ; tail long, ftraight.

Barharus. Body darkefl: brown, beneath white inclining to brown;
feet woolly ; toes lead-colour, claws brown. Bearded V.

Inhabits Africa, efpecially the coaft of Barbary j fize of Faleo
fulus.

Bill purplill"! fkfli-colour ; lower mandible bearded with a tuft
of black feathers; eyebrows red; irids yellow; head moftly
covered with white down ; front, checks and area of the eyes
black ; neck covered with long, narrow, whitifli feathers.

Pondiceri- Body black ; head and neck fcarlet, nakedifh, with flefhy
^ anus. caruncles on the fides of the neck. Pondi'cherry V.

Inhabits India ; fize of a goofe ; bill black ; feet yellow.

Indicus. Body brown with pale flripes above ; head and neck naked,
reddilh ; quill and tail-feathers black. Indian V.

Inhabits India ; fize of the laft : very voracious, feeds on fifti
and carrion.

Head downy ; bill black ; neck naked ; brtaft covered with
truncate feathers.

Ginginia- Body white ; quill-fcathers black ; bill and legs grey.
""•ft ' ' CoromandeW.

Inhabits India ; fize of a turkey ; irids red,

2. FALCO,

142 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco.

2. FALCO. Bill hooked, the bafe covered
with a cere : head covered with dole-
fet feathers : tongue bifid.

Thefe in their habits refemble the laft, except that a few make
their neft on the ground; are not gregarious; quick-fighted ;
bills mora hooked ; vofirils fmall, oval, placed in the cere ;
Up and feet fcaly ; middle and outer toes connefted.

A. Bill hooked only at the point, bearded at the bafe with
extended hrijlles.

Btrptnii- Body black; hind-head crefled ; tail-feathers white at the
f^'^^' tips, the 2 middle ones longelt ; legs very long.

Secretary Vulture.
, Inhabits interior Africa and the Philippine if ands j 3 feet high,

remarkable for the length of its legs ; feeds on fmaller animals.
Bill black ; cere white ; orbits orange, naked ; irids pale cine-
reous ; tail rounded ; legs brownifli ; claws fliort, black,
hooked, not very (harp ; cref may be erected or depi-effed.

Harpyja, Head crefted with long feathers ; body beneath variegated.

Crefled Eagle.
Inhabits South America; fize of a fheep ; is faid to be able to
cleave a man's fkull at a ftroke ; erefts the creft in the form
of a coronet.
Body above mixed with black, beneath with white and tawny ;
?ieck, back, ^azY and cr«/Z black ; eyes with a niftitant mem-
brane ; under the crop white feathers, ^v•hich when irritated
hang to the ground; winp and tail beneath fpotted with
black and white,

Jfacq-uim. Feathers of the head long, numerous; feet naked; body
beneath fnowy. Crozvned Vulture.

Inhabits mountains of New Granath j 2\ feet high.

Back, wings, greater pdrt of the neck and oill black ; head red-
difli-afli, with a crefted tuft of long feathers, which when
irritated are erefted ; tail long, whitiflr, with tranlverfe black
bands ; fat and tees yellow ; claws black.

Ambufus, Body pale tawny ; frontlet naked ; cerclarge ; feet blueifli.

Tauiny Vulture.
Inhabits Falkland if ands ; 2^ feet long.
B:l! ihort, thick, dark ; cere brillly ; lower mandible bearded

with

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco. 143

\vlth a tuft of long flehder feathers ; zoing-coverts pale tawny
mixed with brown; tail dirty-white, with browa bands ;
daws long, {lightly curved.

AngcUnJis, Body white ; cere blueiilT ; orbits naked, crimfon ; primary
wing-coverts and bafe of the tail black. Angola l^'ulture.
Inhabits Angola.

Bill whltifli, long, a little hooked; irids ftraw-colour ; taii
white at the tip ; feet dirty-white, fcaly ; crop protuberant;
head and neck clothed with feathers.

Barbatus. Whitifh fiery-red; back brown; a black ftripe above and
beneath the eyes. Bearded Eagle,

2. Reddifh ; back black ; quill and tail-feathers brown.

3. Cere blueilh ; legs and body above chefnut mixed with

white ; tail cinereous.

Inhabits the Alps, 2, 3) mountains of Perfta j 4 feet long;
builds in holes of inaccefTible rocks ; preys on alpine qua-
drupeds, and will attack men when aQeep ; flies in flocks.

Bill cinereous mixed with reddifh, furrounded at the fides and
underneath with black fliff briflles, ftraightifh, hooked at the
point, and furrowed each fide ; nojirils large, oval, briflly ;
quill-feathers 28, cinereous, Ihining; tail feathers 12, cine-
reous in the middle ; feet hairy down to the toes ; claws black,
flrong, a little curved.

* AloiciUa. Cere and feet yellow ; quill-feathers white, the middle ones
tipt with black. Cinereous Eagle.

Inhabits Europe ; fize of a turkey ; feeds on birds and fifh. •
Head and neck pale cinereous ; irids and iill pale yellow ; no/-
trils and between the eyes blueifh, naked, with a fewbriftles ;
body and zcings cinereous mixed with brown ; tail white ; feet
below the knees downy, fliining yellow; claw black.

B. Feet generally rough ; of larger ftze\

Coronaius, Cere rufly; feet white fpotted with black, downy; bread
rufous; fides banded with black. Crowned Eagle.

Inhabits Guinea. Body beneath white with round black fpots ;
feathers on the crown long, and may be erefted at pleafure ;
ii7/ rufty-brown ; irids orange; area of the eyes and /ronC
whitifh ; tail above dark cinereous flriped with black ; toes
orange; c^ari;^ black.

Chcriicay, Cere rofy ; legs yellow; body ferruginous ; head whitifli;

crown crefted, ferruginous.

Inhabits

144 BIRDS; ACCIPITRES* 2. Falco.

InhaLits Amba. Cnjl long, which it is not able to ercft ; ur.
bits whitifh; eyes yellow; bill blueifli ; quill-feathers long,
blackilh ; tail longer than the wings, blackiQi; tail-coucrts
white; f/flcfj- black.

Tharus. Cere and feet yellow ; body grey; crovvn crefled.'

Chtleje Eagle.
Inhabits Clali ; builds in the higheft trees, making its nelt of
twigs, wool, hair and feathers ; lays 5 eggs ; feeds on carrion
and domeftic birds ; lize of a capon.
Crf/Z black, outer feathers longer ; ^iW whitifh ; quill znd tail'
feathers black at the tip ; feet fcaly, claws ftrong; male w-hii-
ifli, fpotted with black ; Jcmak grey, lefs,

*MeLanac- Cere yellow ; feet yellow, fomewhat downy ; body rtifly-
*w. black with yellow ftreaks. Black Eagle,

Inhabits Europe and North America ; 2 feet 10 inches long.
Bill horn-colpur verging to blue ; irids chefnut ; exterior part
of the tail white, with blackifli fpots, tip whitifh ; le^s dirty-
white, toes yellow ; dazes blaclc.

Glancopis. Cere and legs citron-yellow ; legs fomewhat downy ; back
and bread brown ; head and crown yellowiih-whitej
with brown ftripes; quill-feathers black. German Eagle.

Inhabits Germany ; 1 foot 9 inches long.

Bill glaucous; 72o/?r27j- large, oval, brilUy ; wiowfA witkin and
tongue rofy ; tongue flefliy, the edges horny, hardly cleft at
the end ; ir:ds hoary-yellow ; front with brown lunate marks ;
legs fhort, covered with foft feathers ; feet on the fore-part a
little downy; dazes black: tail above reddilli -brown, be-
neath dirty-white, each fide with 6 black bands.

Leu cor e-. Cere and legs yellow ; legs fomewhat downy ; body brown ;

phalus. head and tail white. Bald Eagle,

Inhabits woods of Europe and America ; 3 feet 3 inches long ;

feeds on hogs, lambs, and fifh, which it takes from other birds ;

nefl large ; eggs 2.

Bill yellow; head, neck, irids and tail white; tscs yellow;

da zo s hhck; reft of the body chocolate,

* ^Ju^'^' Cere and legs yellow ; legs fomewhat downy; body fcrru-

5'^^'' ginous ; tail-feathers white on the inner fide. Of prey.

Inhabits Europe and North America; fize of a turkey; lives

chiefly on fifh, which it catches dexteroufly.
Feathers white at the bafe, -ferruginous in the middle, black at
the tip ; ^uill-f catkin blackifh, lecondaries whitifh on the

inner

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco. 145

inner fide ; tail-feathers white on the inner fide, fliaft fnowy j
tail-coverts nearly white ; legs yellow -, Jevi.aU dark-rufly.

*Chryfd- Cere yellow ; legs downy, yellowifh-rufty ; body variegated
'^^°^- brown and rufly ; tail black, waved at the bafe with

cinereous. * Golden Eagle.

Inhabits Eufope and Siberia; flies to a vaft heighth in lerene
weatlier, and defcends againft a ftorm ; 3 feet long ; legs
feathered down to the toes ; tail white beneath, black at the
tip.

*Fulvus. Cere yellow ; legs downy, rufty ; back brown; tail with a
white band. Ring-tailed Eagle^

2. Tail white with a: brown tip.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and America; builds in lofty rocks; io
trained by the Tartars to hunt hares, antelopes and foxes j
quill-feathers ufcd to mount arrows.
Front between the eyes and noftrilS naked ; hreaji with trian-
gular fpots J legs feathered down to the toes.

Lvucogaf- White; back, wings, and tail dark brow^n; tip of the tail
ter. '• white ; legs yellow ' JVhitc-hellied Eagle -

Inhabits North America ; z feet 9 inches long; bill large, yel-
lowifh-brown ; clau-s black.

Japonenfis Cere dufky ; legs yellow ; body brown. Japonefe Eagle.

Inhabits Japan j hardly 2 feet long.

Bill narrow, blue at the bafe, blackifh at the tip, beneath yel-
lowilh : front buff: feathers on the refl of the head and body
brown, rufty at the tips: throat white ftreaked with black,
furrounded with a black ring : feathers of the breajl and belly
yellowifli-white at the edges : claws large, black,

Plancus, Cere, orbits and legs orange ; creft black ; breafl and bodv

above grey waved with black, beneath black ; tail

white with tranfverfe black bands. Plaintive Eagle.

Inhzhits Terra del fuego J 25 inches long. V/ings brown: tail

at the tip, beak and clarvs black.

Ameticd' Cere and downy legs yellow ; head, neck and breaft dufky*
nust cinereous ; tranverfe band on the cheeks, back, belly,

wings and tail black. Black-cheeked Eaglc^

Inhabits Nortk America : Hze of A. fuivus : bill blueilh.

Vgl. I. ~ U -^Ib^s^

1^46 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES, 2. Falco«

Albiu. Entirely white. ^P'hite Eagle.

Inhabits the Alps ; fize of the golden eagle.

Candidus, Body white ; wings black at the tips.

Inhabits LouiJuDia : lefs than the la ft : with its wings the na-
tives adorn the calumet or pipe of peace.

Navius, Cere and downy legs yellow; body ferruginous, fpotted
with white below the wings. S7nall Eagle.

Inhabits Europe : fize of a cock ; feeds on fmall quadrupeds,
Irids yellow ; fecondary tail-covcrts white j daws black.

Maculatus Cere .ind downy legs yell,Q.\Vi body above ferruginous, be-
neath brown. ' \ ,/ Spotted Eagle,

Inhabits Europe, Arabia and Perfia ; 2 feet long.

Bill large, black ; irids cinereous ; feathers of the flioulders and
wing-coverts with whitifh oval fpots ; back fpotted with buft j
belly with buff lines 5 clazvs black,

Albicaudiis Cere and naked legs yellow ; head and neck cinereous verg-
ing to chefnut ; body above dulky-ferruginous, beneath
ferruginous and blackilb ; tail white.

White-tailed Eagle*
Inhabits Europe; hze of a large cock. Bill and irids yellow;
feathers black at the tip ; claws black.

CalUcus, Bill cinereous ; legs naked, yellowifli ; body grey-brown,
beneath (in the male) whitilh with reddilh-brown
fpots. French Eagle.

V Inhabits ii'rawcf,' 2 feet long; feeds on rats, mice, frogs ; builds

its neft moftly on the ground ; eggs 3, grey.
Irids yellow ; tail feathers white with brown tranfverfe ftripes,
brown at the tips and edges ; claws grey.

Auflralis, Brown ; cere yellow ; tail black, with dirty-whitirti fpots
on the tip. Statcnland Eagle.

Ixihakiiis Statenland ; 2 feet long ; voice like a hen.

Ni§er» Cere and downy legs yellow ; head, neck, belly and wing*
coverts ferruginous; throat, breaft, back and quill-
feathers black. Black-backed Eagle.
Size of the golden eagle;* hill and Claici black; upper half of
the f^.«7 white, lower black.

Lcuoryphos,

BIRDS. ACCiPITRES. 2. Fako. 147

Lvxcory. Cere livid-cinereous; legs pale whitifh, a little downy;
phoi^ body clowded brown \ crown with a triangular white

fpot; chin white. White-crowmd Eagle.

Inhabits Siberia : larger than the oforey ; tongiu rounded, en-
tire ; irids grey-brown ; u<ings dufky-black, within white ;
tail long, ftiff, equal ; claws very large, black.

Mogilnik. Cere yellow ; legs downy and with the body duflcy ferru-
ginous ; back mixed with white. RuJJiati Eagle.

Inhabits defarts near the Tanais ; 2 feet 3 inches long; feedson
mice and Imall birds.

Bill, pjipil, claws and q,uill-Jecdhers black ; eyelids pale blue :
irids pale ; tail equal ; tail-feathers black with ouiky-grcy
bands, tawny at the tips.

%rijlatust Head crefted ; back, throat and wings black ; belly white ;
tail with 4 parallel cinereous bands. Crcjied Falcon.
Size of a turkey ; lower mandible ftraight.

*

L^gopus, Cere and downy legs yellow ; body black fpotted with
white ; tail-feathers white, towards the tip black.

Rough-legged Falcon.
Inhabits Europe and North America; 2 feet 2 inches lonor.
Head, neck znAbreaJi yellowifh-white with oblong brown bands ;
tail brown, the bale and tip white.

Crcenlan- Cere end legs lead-coldur; body above brownifh, beneath
dua, whitifh with longitudinal brown ftrcaks.

Greenland Eagle,
Inhdb'it^ Greenland ; cffmalllize; lives on birds.
Crcion brown with irregular oblong white fpots ; front whitifh ;
cheeks blackifli ; head on the hind-part and throat white ;
breajl and belly yellowifh-white with longitudinal brown
flripes ; back dulky tinged with blue, the ends of the feathers
iprinkled with a few white fpots ; wings beneath variegated
black and white : tail above duflcy crofled with paler bars,
underneath whitilh.

Ferox, Cere green ; body above brown ; back, belly and tail-co-
verts fnowy, variegated with chefnut fpots ; tail-fea-
thers equal, brown, with 4 paler bands. Fierce Eagle.
Inhabits Ruffia ; more than 2 feet long ; very rapacious.
Bill leaden-black ; eyelids blue ; irids yellow ; head and neck.
ferruginous mixed with whitifh; quillfeathers 26, black,
beneath white, towards the tips grey; tail feathers X2, equal,
beneath white ; claws fliarp.

U 2 Maritimus,

14$ BIRDS. ACCIP.ITRES. 2. P*alco.

Mdritimus Gere and legs yellow ; body and tip of the tail white ;
flianks reddi(h mixed with. white. Javan Eagle.

Inhabits the lea coaft of Java: 4 feet long; feeds on fifh and
carrion *, bill yellow.

JEgyptius, Cere and half downy legs yellow ; body above cinereous,
beneath ferruginous ; wings above brown ; tail forked,
as long as the body, barred with brown.

Egyptian Eagle..
Inhabits Egypt ; a foot and half long.

Bill yellow ; tail-feathers black, towards the tip ; wings under-
neath grey-brown ; tail cinereous ; claws black.

^iloiicus. Cere and legs yellow; body above reddifh-brown with
tranfverfe black rays ; tail forked, as long as the body :
wings variegated with brown, grey, white, and a red-
difh hue.

Inhabits £^V/'' ; 1 2 inches long. i'ort.ni???' 1. 326.

Bill black, Ri'cy towards the bale ; irids hazel ; feathers of the
head black in the middle, of the fides of the head varied with
grey, black and red; throat gi'ey ; upper part of the hreajl
vcddillr with black longitudinal Ipots ; reft of the body be-
neath, grey tinged with red ; legs Ipotted with black.

'^Milvus. Cere yellow ; tail forked; body ferruginous ; head whitifh.

Kite.

2. Crown and throat chefnut

3. Cere greenifn ; body brownifh ; head, throat and chin

chefnut.
4' Coverts of the back violet ; feathers tipt with a white fpot.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and Africa ; about 2 feet long ; feeds on
offal and poultry ; flies placidly and fore-tells ftorms by its
clamour; eggs 3, roundifli, whitilh, with dirty-ycUo-Cv fpots;
migrates into Europe the beginning of April.

/naf J yellow ; r/aaij black ; o/i/^;]"A.f feathered : 3) AzYMeaden-
black ; cere greenifli ; area of the eyes white ; fides of the
head pale brown; head and throat chefnut; <7?«7/ and taiU
feathers black with dulky tips: 4) feathers white at the
tips; quillfeathers marked with llreaks and fpots alternately
white and cherry-colour ; from the nuddlc to the bafe black
verging to green or blue; tailfeathers at the tip with 2 nar*
row ftripes yellow and white.

'^Ater,> Cere and legs yellow; body above brown ifli -black ; head
and body beneath whitifh ; tail forked. Black Kite.

Inhabits!

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco.

Inhabits Europe ; lefs than the laft.
Fcul a liitk forked; tegs rather {lender; claws black.

t49

Aafiriac.Us < Cere and legs yellow ; legs fomewhat downy ; body above
chcfnut, beneath brick-duft colour fpotted with brown ;
tail forked. Aujtrian Kite.

Inhabits woods of Auftria ; fue of F. milvus ; feeds on birds
and bats.

BiU yellow with a black fpot ; angles of the vtoidh yellow ; irids
and claws black ; palate blue ; front and throat white fpotted
with brown; head^ brcajl and wings chefnut; fJzYfinall with
blackifli bands, feathers tipt with white.

B^'djilicn-
fis.

Feet yellow ; body tawny varied with white and yellow
fpots; tail variegated with white and brown.

Brajil Kite.
ln\\.^\[.s Brafd ; fize of F. milvus ; deflruftive to poultry.
BUI and claws long, flrarp, black; eyes inAirids yellow; bnaft
and belly often white ; tail i^ inches long.

Furcates. Cere duflcy; legs yellowifh; body above brown, beneath
whitifh ; tail forked, very long. Sivallow-tailed Falcon.

Inhabits Caroliyia and Peru ; i feet long ; feeds on lizards, fer-
pcnts and infefts, which it chiefly takes on the wing.

Bill brifhly at the bafe : irids red ; head and neck fnowy : back
fhining purple and green.

Jlaliaeios. Cere and feet blue ; body brown above, white beneath ;
head white. Bald Buzzard.

2. Cere cinereous ; legs pale ; body above grey, beneath whit-

ifli ; tail cquTal.

3. Tail brown, colour of the body ; crown black, or brown

variegated with white ; belly white.

4. Body rufty-brown ; a white line from the upper mandible

through the region of the eyes to the hind-head, which
is alfo white.

Inliabits Europe, America ^nd Siberia : in marfhy places, build-
ing among the reeds : nearly 2 foot long : feeds on ducks, and
fifh which it catches by diving for.

A brown bar defcends from each eye by the fides of the neck to
the wings.

AntilUu
rum.

Body brown ; belly white; crown black. Mansfenny.

Inhabits Wejl Indian ijlands ; 18 inches long: feeds on birds
and reptiles ; legs and claws very large and ftrong.

Sinenjis,

150

Sinevjis,

Ch^U,

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco.

Cere and legs yellow ; body above brown, beneath yel-
lowifll. Chinefe Eagle.

Inhabits /ni/i(Z and C/u'na. ^//^ and f/aa'j large, black: irids
brown : cromn dulky : middle llripe of the wings dark.

Head flightly crefted ; body brown ; wing-coverts fpotted
with white ; rump white ; tail with a broad white
band. Cheela Eagle.

Inhabits India. Bill blue : irids and legs yellow.

Aftaticus, Legs yellow, half downy; body brown above, white be-
neath ; bread ftreaked ; tail-feathers lilver-grey, ex-
ternal ones with 5 pale bands. Aftatic Engle.
Inhabits China ; a i inches long.

hill black : quill- feathers grey with black bands : upper taiU
coverts white : legs downy on the fore-part.

Nov^ Hoi- Body white ; cere and legs yellow; hind-claw twice as long
landix. as the fore. • New-Holland Eagle.

Inluhils New -Holland J 20 inches long : orbits ytWow,

Urubitinga Cere and legs yellow; body brown ; wings blackifli mixed
with cinereous; tail vvhite, the tip black, fpeckled with
white. Braftllan Eagle.

Inliabits Brafil ; fize of a half grown duck.

Bill tliick, black : eyes large.

Ponticcri- Cere blueifh ; legs yellow ; body chefnut ; head, neck and
anus, bread white ; a longitudinal brown line in the middle

of all the feathers. Pond'ichcrry Eagle.

Inhabits India; 1 foot ^ inches long.

Bill cinereous, yellow at the tip : the 6 firft quill-feathers
blackifli on the lower half: claws black.

JEquinac^ Legs yellow; head, neck and back black-brown; breaft:

tialis, reddifh ; wing-coverts and flioulders chocolate; tail

black ; the feathers, except the 2 middle ones, marked

w ith the letter V in white. Eqitluociial Eagle.

Inhabits Cayenne; 21 Inches long.

Bill pale : clazos pale tipt with black.

C. Legs naked: lefs.
Orientalist Legs lead-colour ; above the eyes a ferruginous ftreak ; head
and body above duflcy-brown, beneath rufty-brown;
tail fpotted with white. Oriental Hawk .

Inhabits

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco. 151

Inhabits Japan: 17 inches long.

Bill large, black, lower mandible yellow : head darker than the
body : Jeathirs with a black middle ftripe : iecondary wing~
coverts fpotted with white ; daws black : ta'd 8 inches long,

Jndicas, Cere and legs yellow ; front and rump white ; back red-
dilh ; belly rufty-brown'flreaked with whitilh ; tail,
brown, with 5 black bands. 'Javan Hawk.

Inhabits Java ; lize of the la ft.

BUI yellow at the bafe, tip black : lower rving^covurts dirty
reddiih-white waved with rufty: qudi-Jtathtrs tranlVerlcly
ftreaked and tipt with black : tail-coverts dotted with white :
throat and brcajt reddilh-brown : clazos black : nape whitifli,

*Suiec<. Cere and legs yellow ; body brown; belly pale with brown

fpots. Buzzard.

Inhabits Europe J 20 inches long: feeds on birds, inleds and

Imaller animals : varies in its colours.
Bill lead-colour : irids dufky : claios black.

GaUina' Cere and feet yellow; body above brown, beneath rufous,
rius, with brown oval fpots ; tail barred with brown.

Great Buzzard.
2. Wings more variegated.

Inhabits Europe: 20 — 23 inches long.
Bill and claws black ; irids lafFron-colour.

Janiaiceti' Cere and legs yellow ; body-brownilh-buff, with paler
Jist fpots beneath ; crown pale. "Jamaica Buzzard.

Inhabits Jamaica: very beautiful : fize of F. buteo.

Bill and dazes black: irids yellow: fiajts of the back and
tail-feathers brown in the middle : legs Ihort.

Bortalis. Cere and legs pale yellow ; body above brown, beneath
white; tail pale rufty, with a tranfverfe rufty bar
near the tip. Am&r'ican Buzzard,

Inhabits North Avierica : fize of the laft.

Bill and claws black : chin white mixed with brown : throat
and brcajl paler than the back : rump white.

Leverlanus Ltgs yellow; head alternately ftreaked with brown and.
white; body above brown, beneath white; wings
dark brqwn. Leverian Falcon.

Inhabits Carolina : fizc of the laft.

Bill dulky: feathers with a large v/hite fpot at the tip: tail-
feathers with 9 white and as many dufky bands, the middle
pnes dulky and cinereous, Rnfus^

^52

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES- 2. Falco.

Rujus» Legs yellow; body rufous, above verging to brown ; tail

' cinereous. - Harpy Falcon.

Inhabits France and Germany, near the banks of rivers; preys

on fifh ; 20 inches long. '

BilL and claws black ; irids faftron.

Varie^atus "Legs yellow ; head and neck white fpotted with ferruginous ;
body above brown, beneath white ; tail pale brown
with paler bands crolling each other. Speckled Buzzard.

\n\\-3k}\.\% North America : above 1 2 inches long.
^iY'dulky; c/aa-j black.

Alhidus. Legs yellow; body white with large brown fpots ; tail
duflcy with white ftreaks and dots. huz.-zardet .

Inhabits North America; 15 inches long; legs loii^ ; /t>ots un-
derneath few ; leder coverts brown.

*Apivcrus Cere black ; feet half naked, yellow ; head cinereous ; tail
brown, with 2 dufky bands, and tipt with white.

Honey Buzzard.
IrAvdh'its Europe; nearly 2 feet long; feeds on mice, fmall birds, rep-
tiles and inlecls, particularly bees ; eggs rufty with darker Ipots,

*yEri(gi?im Cere greenilli ; body grey ; crown, chin, arm-pits and legs

^/"^' yellow. Moor Buzzard.

Inhabits Europe; 21 inches long; builds its nefl in marihy

places; lives on fifh, aquatic birds and rabbits; varies in

colour.

SdavonU Cere yellow ; legs downy ; body brick-dufl colour with
^"•^« black fpots; head and neck whitifti.

Sclavonian Buzzard.
lx\\vjk>its Sclavonia ; fize of a common cock.
BiU blueifli -black ; fecondary quill-feat hen brown with black
bands ; zcing-coverts variegated with dull red and black fpots ;
tail white on the upper half, growing brown at the end, and
edged with dull red; rump and vent whitifh with a few dull
red Ipots ; legs irregularly ftreaked and fpotted with black ;
irids blackifh.

AfarginU' Cere blueifh ; body above variegated brown and rufly, be-
^"•^» neath rufty with irregular oval brown fpots; tail-fea-

thers barred with blackiflj, edged with white.

Croatian Buzzard.
Inhabits Sdavonia ar.d Croatia j fize of a hen.

Feather i

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES; 2. Falco. 153

Feathers above edged with rufty ; tail above brown with feverai
darker bands, white at the tip, underneath whitifh with
white bunds ; legs yellow.

kuhigino- Body above brown, beneath ■whitifii-ycllow ; brfeaft with a
Jus. yellow fpot i tail-feathers with 4 dull-red bars.

Riijiy Buzzards
\vi\\^\ts Sdavonia. £/// black ; head whitifh-yellow ; wiiig^
coverts white at the tip.

Javanicus Cere black, yellow in the middle ; legs yello# ; head,
neck and breaft chefnut ; back brown. Java Buzzards
Inhabits the coafts of Java; feeds on lifli.

Cinereixs, Cere and legs blueifh ; line above the eyes white fpotted

with brown; body above dark cinereous mixed with

white. AJk-coJciir Buzzard-.

Inhabits Hudjon's Bay ; fize of a hen ; preys on partridges.

Tail above dark afh-colour with tranfverfe grey bands, bcncatlj

cinereous with white bands ; irids yellow.

Lhieatus. Cere and legs yellow; body above dufky-brown, bcneatk
rufous with white and pale rufty lines ; tail-feathers
dufky-brown with 2 tranfverfe dirty-white bands and
tips. Red-jkouldcred Buzzard.

Inhabits Long ijland ; 20 — 22 inches long.

Billh\\xt', claxvs black; head and neck yellowifh-white flreaked
with duflcy lines.

Ohfoletils. Body dufky-brown, beneath flightly fpotted with white;
tail-feathers in the middle pale brown. Plain Falcon,
Inhabits Hudfoiis Bay ; 2 feet long. Bill black ~, nape fpotted
with v^hite,

Rujlitoliis. Cere, eyelids and legi yellow ; body waved with cinereous
and white; collar white. Collared Falcon.

Inhabits Sweden, Siberia and Greenland : fize of a hen.

Bill lead-colour •, body beneath white, with fmall brown heart-
fhaped fpots; tail with t2 — 13 bands alternately white and
brown ; clau<s black.

Novce See. Cere and legs yellow ; body black -brown, beneath fpottea
landia:,^ with reddifli ; wings and tail fpotted with grey.

New-Zealand Falcorii
Vol. I. — X ' Inhabits

i.;4. BIRDS. ACCIPITRK5. 2. Falco.

Inhabits Ncrv-Zurf^and ; 18 in.cfies long, female 23.
Bill blue, black at the tip ; irids .^n(i naked orbits blue, of the
female yellow.

*Paiuml>a' Cere black edged with yellow ; legs yellow \ body brown ;
tail-feathers with pale bands ; eyebrows white.

Gojhazvk.
Inhabits Europe and North Amerira' j 22 inches long; devours

poultry, and was formerly much ufed in falconry.
Hiil blue, black at the tip ; irids yellow; hsad brown; i>ody
beneath white waved with black ; tail long, cinereous, white,
at the tip ; dazes black ; e^gs blueifli-white.

fiUS,

Cayeunen- Legs blue; head and neck blueifli-white ; back and wings
/i-'' duiky-afh ; throat, breaft and belly whitifh.

Cayenne Falcon.
Inhabits Cayenne.

Bill blue ; claws and primary quill-feathers black, fecondaries
> ilreaked with black; tail with 4 — 5 alternately black and

white bands, white at the tip.

Macrouriis Cere and legs yellow ; bill blackilli ; body above cinereous,
beneath white i inner quill^feathers cinereous with
white tips. Long-tailed Falcon.

Inhabits Rujjia ; 19 inches long, tail nearly g.

Bill black, green at the root.

*Geiitilis. Cere and legs yellow; body cinereous with brown fpots ;

tail with 4 blackiili bands. Gentle Falcon.

Inhabits mountains of Europe and North America; larger than

the gofhawk ; lives on partridges.
Bill lead-colour ; irids yellow ; head reddifh with oblong black

fpots ; tail dotted with white ; claws black.

.oiUfKunis

Body brown ; the feathers edged with rufty ; tail with
darker tranfverfe bands ; bill blueifh-afli ; cere, irids
and legs yellow. Common Falcon.

2. Inclining to brown. Tearling Falcon*

3. BacTc gibbous. . Aged Falcon,.

4. Head, neck and breaft with brown fpots.

5. Entirely white, with hardly vilible yellow fpots.

6. Uniformly brownifh-black.
«. Wings fpotted.

8, Body above brown with darker fpots, beneath white with
brown fpots.

9. Spotted

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco. 155'

9. Spotted with black'and red.
10. Body beneath reddift-tawny.

li.Breafl yellow with rufty i'pots; wings towards the tips
fpotted with white.
Inhabits Europe and North America, 5) China, 7) Hmifoii's
♦ Bay, 10) India; larger than the gofliawk ; feeds on par-r

tridges ; iiV/ dufky or leid-colour ; irids ytWow -, body be-
neath white, with dufky heart-lhaped fpots; tail dotted with
white ; claws black.

IJIandus. Cere and legs yellow; body brown, beneath white with
hearted black fpots; tail banded with white.

Iceland Falcon.

1. White ; above with fmall hearted black fpots; tail white;

2 middle tail-feathers obfcnrely banded with black.
3. White, with large hearted fpots; tail-feathers white, all

barred with black.
Inhabits Iceland ; 21 inches long.
Head white mixed with ferruginous ; back dufky, the feathers

wliitifh, banded with brown and edged with white ; tail

rounded, with about 1 4 bands alternately brown and white ;

claws black, the hind one veiy long.

Jiarharus, Cere and legs yellow ; body blueifh fpotted with brown ;

breaft without fpots ; tail barred. Barhary Falcon.

Inhabits Barbary ; i 7 inches long.
Bill black ; irids yellow ; wings fcavcely fpotted-; hreaft yellow-

ilh-white verging to blue; belly with oblong black Ipots ;

tail with 1 tranlverle brown bands.

* Peregri- Cere and legs yellow ; body above cinereous ftriped with

nus. brown, beneath rcddifti-whltq with blackilli ftripes;

tail dotted with white. Peregrine Falcon.

2. Wings rufous; toes very long.

Inhabits Europe, northern Afia and America; migrates.

*J'erficolor Cere yellow ; head and body above white with pale rcddifh
fpots, beneath white ; bread a little fpotted with fer-
ruginous. Spotted Falcon.

Inhabits England; fize of F. buteo.

Bill black ; toings with cinereous bands ; tail barred with lighter
and darker brown ; rump white.

FtnrMtus, Cere and legs yellow ; body above variegated with blackifh-

brown and dirty-grey, beneath brown-yellow with

X2 longi-

^56 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco.

longitudinal blackilh lines ; feet feathered to the toes.

Booted Falcon.

Length 19 — 20 inches; bill blackifh; eyelidi yellow ; head anci

neck yellow-grey with blackifh lines; tail brown, towards

the tip blackifli, grey at the ppiiit, Ipptted with white at the

fides; claws hlach:

Zpadiuus. Cere yellow ; body chocolate mixed with riifly, beneath
white at the fides; legs feathered to the toes.

Chocolate Falcon.
2. Rump white.

Inhi#bits Hudfon's Bay ; 22 jnphes long; fe';ds on the duck
tribe, which it feizes from rocks as they ri!e out of the water.
Bill black ; 2 middle tail-feathers bkick and chiereous, the reft
pale, black without and white within ; toes fhort.

S^ Johdn- Cere and feathered legs yellow; body brown, above with

nis. black and dirty-white oblique lines, beneath with

white and yellowifh fpots; tail barred, white at the

tip. St. Johns Falcon.

Inhabits Hudfuns Bay ; 21 inches long. Toes (hort.

Sacer. Cere and legs blue ; back, breall and primary wing-coverts

fpotted with brown ; tail with kidney-lhaped fpots.

Sacre.
2. Hind-head mottled with white ; body beneath white, the
feathers with a dufky fpot in the maddle.
\v^\-ihlis Europe 2x16. Tar tary, 2) North ylmerica j 2 feet long ;

patient of cold ; uiecl in hunting the white heron.
Head pale brown ; wing-coverts and primary quill-feathers with
tranfverfe white lines ; tail brown, with oval tranfverfe red
ipots on the fides ; legs feathered to the toes.

Kova^-tcr- Cere and legs yellow ; body above brown, beneath and
ra:. hind-head ferruginous ; tail variegated yvith lighter and

darker brown lines. Newfoundland Falcon.

Inhabits Newfoundland ; 20 inches long; legs half-ftathered.

i^tcllaris. Le^s blue ; body blackifh with radiate fpots, beneath mixed
white and black. Starry Falcon.

h\\vA\Ms Europe i fi/e of the peregrine: wings fliorter ; tad
longer; 2>?V/j golden-yellow,

^yemc^lis. Cere yellow ; head and back black-brown ; neck flrtakpd
with white ; breaft and belly white with hearted fpots.

JViritcr Falcon.
Inhabits

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco. 157

Inhabits New York during winter ; 20 inches long.

Male wing-covcrts dufky, dirty-white at the edges, th.e outer

ones orange ; tail with brown and black bars, white at the

tip ; Inllhhck ; feet long, ilender.

Rhomkus L^'gs yellow ift ; body above grey, beneath brown with

rhombic fpots ; tail-feathers with 1 1 oblique black

bars. Rhombic Fnlcot?.

Inhabits India; 19 inches long; head and back of the neck

black ; bil-l dulk)'.

NipicolUi Legs yellow; body reddiih with black bars; crown and
neck ftreaked with black ; tail-feathers hlackifh at the
tips. Black-necked Falcon.

Inhabits Cayenne. Bill black ; behind the eyes a black ridge,

Albicollis. Legs yellow; head, neck, fore-part of the back, brcafl: and
belly white; wings black with white fpots; feathers
between the (houlders with fquare black fpots.

White-necked Falcon.
Inhabits Cayenne ; 22 inches long ; quill-feathers Ipotted beneath
with white from the root to the middle.

Meridian- Cere and chin yellow ; head and neck rufous with dark

alis. ftreaks; belly whitifh with narrow black bars; 4mid-

dle tail-feathers with one, the outer with 6 pale bars'.

Red-headed Falcon.
Inhabits Cayenne ; ig inches long.

Cirrhatus. Cere and feathered legs yellow ; creft hanging back ; bofly
above black, beneath ftrcaked black and white.

Crejied Falcon.
Inhabits India ; fize of the gofliawk.

Bill pale blue ; irids yellow ; veck tawny ; tail with tranfv,erfe
black and cinereous bands ; claws black,

Alclanoleu- Legs yellow ; head, neck, back, fhoulders and quill-fcathep
^^^* black ; reft of the body, wing-covcrts and tail white. 1

Pied Falcon.
Inhabits Ceylon ; 16 inches long.

Bill, clazos and middle wing-coverts blackifh ; irids yellow ;
orbits fpotted with white.

<.'7'.;«f»!/j Cere yellow; body milk-white; 2 feathcfs of the hind-
head hanging down. Ceylon Falcon.
Inhabits Cf^/o/t, ^jY/ dufky. *Gri/eus,

158 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Faleo.

* Grifeus, Cere and legs yellow ; body above duflcy-grey, beneath
white with oblong black fpots; tail-feathers long, the
2 middle ones uniform the reft fpotted. Grey Falcon.
Inliabits England .- fize of a crow.

Bill blueifl) ; irids red ; head before dufky -brown, behind ^hite,
^des and chin buff; quill-feathers fpotted with white,

Gyrfalc&. Cere blue ; legs yellow; body brown, with cinereous bands
beneath ; fides of the tail white. Broiun Gyrfakon.

Inhabits Europe ; preys on herons, cranes and pigeons.

Legs fometimes blueifl\ ; hill ftrong, hooked, upper mandible

fharply angular at the edges ; head ftreaked longitudinally

with dufky ; neck and belly white.

*Candi' Cere and legs blueifh-afh ; body white fpotted with brown.
cans. ' IVhite Gyrfakon.

2. Back and wings brown fpotted with white; beneath white
fpotted with black.
Inhabits Iceland and Scotl-and ; fize a gofliawk.
^z/Z blueifh-afh, black at the. tip ; cZ<^z j/' J lead-colour •, irids 3nd
orbits blue : 2) irids yellow ; legs yellow,

Sujiatcr. Cere and legs yellow ; body whitilh-brown ; eyelids bony.

Surinam Falcoft.
Inhabits Surinam, Cayenne; when irritated or frighted inflates

its head to the fize of the body.
Plumage above whitp at thebafe; beneath and tail-feathers yel-
low fpotted with white and brown ; nofirUs with a flelhy lobe
between tKem.

Cachin- Cere and legs yellow ; eyebrows white ; body varied brown
nans. and whitilh ; crown white with a black ring.

Laughing Falcon,

Inhabits Sovlh America; emits a kind of laugh when looked at.

Back, icings and rump brown; neck, chin, breajl, belly and un-

der-parts of the wings white ; tail with yellow and black bands.

*Lanari- Cere yellow ; legs and bill blue ; body beneath with black
longitudinal fpots. Lanner.

2. Body beneath whitilh ; quill-feathers blackifh.

3. The 2 middle tail-feathers grey ; the reft fpotted with white.

Inhabits Europe, Sweden and Tariary ; fize of a buzzard; mi-
grates ; builds its nell in low trees, and is much elleemed in
falconry.

A white ftripe over each eye; breafl yellowifh-white with
brown fpois; le^s fhort ; primary qiiill-Jeathers and tail

dulky

'US.

BIRDS. ACCIPITRE:S. 2. Falco. 159

ciufky with rufly oval fpots, the firft. only beneath, the tail
both iides.

Mdanopf. Cere and legs yellow ; body black with white fpots; be-
neath white ; head and neck white ftreaked with black ;
area of the eyes black \ quill-feathcrs black with a
white band in the middle. Streaked Falcon.

Inhabits G/j'CK/ie; i5-| inches long.

Bidcntatus Bill brown with 1 tooth-like proccfles; body lead-colour;
brealt and belly reddifli ; vent white; quill and tail-
feathers barred with white. Notched Falcon,
Inhabits Cayenne; 14 inches long; bars on the tail 3, above
pale brown, beneath white.,

*Cyancus, Cere white ; legs tawny; body hoary blue ; a white arch
over the eyes furrounding the chin. Hen Harrier.

Inhabits Europe \.nd Africa; 17 inches long.

Bill black.; irids and fometimes the cere yellow; hind-head
white with pale brown fpots; breaft and belly ^s'hxtt, the
former (Ireakcd with dulky ; 2 middle tail-feathers grey both
Iides, the red above grey, beneath white, and all flreaked
with dulky,

*P)§argus Cere and legs yellow; body cinereous; belly pale with ob-
long rufous fpots; orbits white. Ring-fall Hawk.

Inhabits Europe and temperate parts of Siberia ; 7-^ inches long.

Mill pale; irids yellow; ^aiVlofigifh, banded with dufky, dotted
with white ; male with traufverie fpots beneath, femaU longi-
tudinal.

Hudfeniius Cere and legs yellow; back brown; eyebrows white;
fliield on the wings blucifli. Hudfons Hawk,

Inhabits Hudfoji's Bay ; 21 inches long.

Bill and daws black ; body beneath white with reddifh-brown
fpots; 2 middle tail-Jeathcrsh\:ov{n\?!c\, the outer ones white,
the reft blueifh-afh ; all with tranfverfe brown ftripe*.

Bnjjfoni, Cere blue ; legs yellow ; body above chocolate, beneath
reddilh-buff; eyebrows yellow; tail with pale and
dufky-brown fpots. Cayenne Ring-taiL

Inhabits Cayenne; 2 feet long.

BiU and claws black; primary quill-feathcrs within dufky,

without afhy-blue with brown bands, fccondary paler ; tail^

Jzathirs viliite at the tiv^.

UHi^inofiisJ

j6o birds. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco.

Uligino/us. Cere and legs orange j body above brown, beneath Oiining
rufty; tail with 4 black bands. Marjh Haivk.

Inhabits Jamaica aad Penjylvania during fummer only 5 lives
in fens, and feeds on fmall birdsj reptiles and ferpents.

Lithojako. Ctre yellow; body above cinereous, beneath reddifliwith
longitudinal brown fpots; tail cinereous, growing
black towards the tip and terminated with white.

Stone FalcotJi
Inhabits EurQpe ; a foot long;

Bill blueifh-alh ; irids yellow; 2 middle tail-feathers uniformj
the reft barred with brown*

Monlanus. Legs yellow ; body above afhy-brown ; chin and throat
fpotted with whitifli ; tail cinereous at the root, black-
ilh in the middle, white at the tip. Mountain Falcon^

2. Body cinereous above, white beneath ; 2 outer tail-feathers

white.
Inhabits Europe: finaller than F. peregrinusj
Bill and claws black ; fpots on the neck fometimes rufty fome-

times black ; neck and breaji fometimes wholly black.

* Timun- Cere and legs yellow: back purplifli-red with black fpots i
^ cuius. bread with brown breaks ; tail rounded. Kejlril.

1. Plumage grey.

3. Body reddiili ftreaked with brown, beneath with longitu-

dinal brown fpots ; tail barred with brown, tipt with
white.

Inhabits Europe and Siberia, on the tops of old buildings; mi-
grates into the north early in the fpring ; preys on mice, fmall
birds and infefts ; was formerly trained for catching game.

Tail with a broad black band towards the tip ; tail-feathers^
except the middle ones, white at the tip ; male, crown and
tail pale grey; back and wings purplifh-red fpotted with
black ; female much heavier, head reddifh, crown ftreaked
with black; back, tail and wing-coverts rufty with black lines.

JBohemicus, Legs ye\\owi{h\ body above cinereous, beneath white j 5
outer quill-feathers black outfide ; orbits white.

Bohemian Hawk.
Inhabits mountains of Bshemia ; 12 inches long; preys during

the evening, on mice.
Bill near the angles of the mouth yellowlfti ; irids yellow ; tail
fharp, long ; legs thickifli, feathered below the knees ; claws
black, roundifli,

Pifcator-,

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco. i6t

^^ijLator, Legs brown; head ferruginous with long fcailicrs ; body
above .cinereous, beneath pale yellowilh-white ; tail
above pale brown, beneath biuei!h-alh. Fijh!?ir Falcon.

Inhabits Senegal ; J-'eeds on filh, which it tears to pieces.

Bill and irids yellow ; margin of the upper feathers rullv-browii,
under ipotted on the middle with brown.

Badiiis. Legs pale ; head and body above brown, beneath white with
yellow lunulur fpots; tail pale brown w^ith 4 paler
lines. Broivn Hawk.

Inhabits Ceylon; 13 inches long.

Bill hliic, black, at the tip ; irids yeWo^.v ; unng-coverts whitest
the edges ; JJiouldcrs Ipotled with white ; claws black.

Aquilinus. Cere and legs yellow ; body above blue, beneath reddifh-
white ; neck purpliih-red. Red-throated Falcon,

Inhabits South America: 16 — 18 inches long.
i?/Y/ blue ; or^:f.f yellow, 2ri(ij orange ; claws hlszk.

^'fcus. Cere cinereous; legs yellow; body waved with black,
above afhy-brown, beneath whitilli. American Hank.

Inhabits America : fize and appearance of the next.

Bill pale lead-colour; crown and fides of th<2 head with longi-
tudinal white lines; beily reddifh-brovvr> ; tail afliy-browa
with 3 tranfverfe pale brown lliipeSj tip paler; claws black.

* Nifus. Cere green ; legs yellow ; belly white waved with grey ;
tail with blackilh bands. Sparroiv Hawk^

%' Back fpotted with white.
3« Body entirely whiter

Inhabits Europe, Africa and Madeira; male 12, female 15
niches long : very bold, preys on poultry, partridges, pigeons
and fmall birds; is taught to catch hvks.
Bill blucifh; head, back, rving-covcrts and tail fometimes dufky"
blueifli-alh, fometimes duiky -brown edged with rully ; viala
verging to dove-colour ; chin, breajt :ind belly whitifli-yellc)W,
in the male, more duiky with dufky -brown waves ; 2) brown
witli a few white I'pots ; tail while at the tip with 5 broad
bLck bands; 3) beneath altcniatcly white and brown.

Viil'iv.y, Cere and legs yellow; head duiky with rufly (Ireaks^ body
above brown, beneath dirty-v/hite with brown itreaks ;
tail dulky-alli with 4 black "bands. Dubious Falcon,
Inhabits New York ':ind Carolina; lo inches lung,
if''/ dufky; irids yeWow, wing-coverts edged wiih ru.{iy ; pri-
mary tail-feathers dufky-aih with white linos,

Vol. I. — Y Cb^airus,

i62 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco.

Ohjairus. Cere and legs yellow; hind-head and neck fpotted with
white; body above diiflcy-brown, beneath white with
black lines ; tail with 4 broad and 4 narrow dufky
bands and tipt with white. Dujky Falcon.

\n\\VLh\i'i Nczo York s Icfs than •the lafl:.

BiUh\\it\^\; head dulky-brown ; icing-coverts flightly edged
with rufty ; primary qii ill-feat hers dufky.

Columba- Cere and legs yellow ; body brown, beneath whitifh ; tail

rius. brown with 4 white lines. Pigeon Hawk.

Inluhhs North Americas i of inches long ; migrates, preys on

Imall birds.
Bill w'hitifh, black at the tip ; irids yellow ; body beneath
yellowini-u'liite with brown ftripes; clazvs black.
2. Body above blueilli-grey ; plumage ftreaked in the middle
with white.

Supercili- Cere, legs and eyelids yellow ; body brown waved with
ojus, white; quill-feathers rufty banded with black.

Guiana Falcon,
Inliabits Guinnn and Surinam: fizeof a magpie.
Secondary tail-feathers whitifli at the outer edge ; tail black with
2 broad bands, tip cinereous; vent white with a few black
ftreaks ; ru7)ip variegated black and white ; eyebrows beneath
naked, prominent ; lores with black briftles ; bill and daws
black ; lower zving-covcrts white with fine black lines.

Vefperti- Cere, legs and eyelids yellow; vent and thighs rufty.
niu, Ingriati Falcon.

Inhabits Ingria, Ruffia and Siberia; builds on the top branches

of trees, or takes pofTelTion of the magpie's nefl; preys ort

quails, and goes abroad chiefly in the evening and at night ;

iize of a pigeon.
Body blueifla-brown ; belly blueilli-white ; head brown ; bill

yellow, bi-own at the tip; tail-feathers 12, brown each fide;

quill feathers blueilh -white, the firft 7 blacklfh at the tip ;

legs naked.

Vefperti' Cere, legs and eyelids yellow ; thighs black; neck, breaft:
noides. and belly brownifh fpotted with white. Permian Falcon,

Inhabits Permia arid Siberia; half the fize of the laft.

Magtiirof' Cere and legs yellow; body above brown, beneath white
iris, ftreaked with rufty j tail with black and white bars.

Grcat'bilkd Falcon.
Inhabits

BIRDS; ACCIPITRES. 2. Fake. i6j

Inhabits Cayenne; larger than the fparrow hawk.
Legs ihorttr ; bill longer, thicker, black; inWi orange; feather t
above and on the bread brown edged with rufty ; claws black.

yxi/erus. Legs yellow ; body grey-alh, beneath white ; larger and
lelFer wing-coverts black. CriadFalcorf.

Inhabits India J lize of a pigeon; preys on frogs.
Irids yellow; orbits red, naked; eyelids with laflie*;.

Johannen^ htos yellow; body rufty with finall linear black fpots ;

J^^» chin yellow; quill -leathers blackifh-brown ; tail

white, wedged. Johanna Falcon.

Inhabits Johanna iftand.

Bill black, lower mandible yellow at the bafe.

*Subbutco. Cere and legs yellow; 'back brown ; nape white ; belly
palifli with oblong brown fpots. Hobby.

2. Body above blueifh-black ; cheeks white with a black line
reaching through them from the crown.

\nh.?h'i\.s Europe Axxd. Siberia ; i 2 inches long ; preys on larks,
who are lb terrified that they fly to niankind for proteftion.

JiillhXwt; or^j^f yellow ; irids cht^nnt, leldoin yellow ; lateral
tail-feathers with blackifh bars ; dates black : 2) breafl wliitc
with oblong black fpots; primary quill-Jealhers with oval
reddifh fpots ; 2 middle tail-feathers dove-colour ; the red
underneath with oval reddifh Ipots.

Aurantius, Bill and legs lead-colour; body above dulky-brown with
narrow whitifh lines crofling each other; chin with
long narrow whitifh feathers ; throat and bread orange ;
belly and tail with brown interrupted ftreaks.

Orange-breafted Hobby.
Inhabits Surinam; 15 inches long.

Bill whitifh at the bafe ; throat with round white fpots ; lower ,
tail-coverts rufty ; tail towards the tip with wliite lines ;
legs long, flender ; claws black.

2, Streaks on the body more dufky ; chin white ; throat orange ;

10 inches long,

3. Legs tawny ; body above blueilh-black with blueifh ftreaks,

beneath ftreaked with white. "

Size of the laft: belly, vent and thighs reddifh; chin and throat
reddifh, with a white fpot in the middle.

Plitmbeus, Cere duflcy ; legs yellow : body cinereous, upper part of
Y 2 the

i64 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Falco.

the back black lead-colour; tail-feathers underneath
with 3 white fpots. Spotted-tailed Hobby.

Inhabits Cayenne ; fize of the fpanow hawk.

Bill and claws black ; head and neck cinereous ; legs fliort.

^.ffdion. Cere and legs yellow ; head ferruginous ; body above blue-
iOi-afh with rufty fpots and ftripes; beneath yellowifh-
white with oblong fpots. ALrlhi.

Inhabits Europe; 12 inches long; migrates foutherly on the
approach of winter.

Bill blueifli, varying; irids dufky; tail with alternately dufky
and reddiih ftieaks ; claws black ; e^^s brown-red.

2. Front cinereous ; crown, back and wing-coverts chefnut ;

teniples with a triangular white fpot edged with black ;
tail chefnut with tranfverfc black itripes, beneath varied
with black and white.

3. Body above rufous, beneath white with black fpots on both.

4. Refembles the hobby in habits and appearance.

Inliabils z] New York^ 3) lycjl India illands ; 9 inches long.

Iparvcrius Cere yellow ; head brown; crown and belly red; wings

blueifli. Little Hawk,

Inhabits Virginia, Carolina and St. Domingo ; 1 1 inches long.

Bill and irids yeWowiili; head h\nt\{h-i{h; crown, ^oi^r above

and wing-coverts brown-orange with tranfvede black ftrcaks ;

tail red-brown dotted with black ; legs yellow ; head of the

female furrounded with 7 blackifli fpots.

pijmini' Cere and legs yellow ; head cinereous ; body above red-

ce^lfis^ brown, beneath dirty-white, both fpotted with, black ;

8 middle-tail-feathers chefnut, towards the tip black,

* white at the extremity. Domingo Falcon.

Inhabits St. Domingo.

B^ll yellow, black at the tip ; irids yellow; outer i ail-feathers
of the viale white on the outlide and tips, infidc chefnut with
a traniverfe black fpot towards the tips, of the female out fide
white with 5 black Ipots, infide chelliut, the ieconds whitifli
near tlie tip witli a black fpot ; cl!,iu's black.

^Minuius. Cere brown ; Ipgs yellow; body beneath white ; tail-fea-f

thers brown banded M'ith black. Minute Falcon,

\n\\ih\is Malta, rdix]y England j 1 1 inches long.

B^ll and claws black ; l>ody above brown varied with rufous,

beiK"th witli tranfvcrfe brownifli-red Ibvoaks ; l>cl/_y fonietiuics

Y'ith lanceolate fpot$«

Ca:rulcfccns,

:/ .r.

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Suix. le^r

Cere, eyelids, legs and body beneath yellow ; back blueifli-.
black ; temples furroundtd by a white line.

Bengal Falcon.

Inhabits Bengal : 6\ inches long.

Biii blackifli ; fore-paTt of the head ^\•hite ; area of the eves
naked, yellow ; cheeks white with a black line ; 2 middle
tail-feathers uniform, the reft beneath with traniVerle white
ftreaks ; daws blackifh.

Cere grcenilli ; legs dufky-yellow ; ruff ferruginous ; body
above lead-colour, beneath whitifli with rulty fpots.

Siberian Falcon.

Inhabits Siberia ; a little lefs than the laft ; very rare.

Jrids brown ; crown brown with blackifh lines ; wings white

at the edacs, varying underneath ; tail-Jeathcrs lead-colour

towards the tip, beneath with pale bands, edges black, tips

white.

Legs yellow ; body brown-afh, beneath whitifli with black-
ifh bars; crown whitifh. Tiny Falcon,

Inhabits Cfl)'dnne; hardly 6 inches long,

3. STRIX-. Bill hooked, cere o : nojlrils
oblong, covered with briftly recum-
bent feathers : head, auricles and eyes
large : tongue bifid.

Thefe fly abroad only by night, and prey on fmall birds, mice
and bats ; the eyes are weak by day, and generally clofed,
during which time if dilcovered they are peftercd by fmall
birds : legs ufually downy to the toes ; outer toe retraftile ;
auricles large, covered with a membrane; outer quill-feather
ferrate on each edge; claws hooked, fliarp.

A. Eared.
Body tawny. Great Oul,

2. Body darker with blackifli wings.

3. Legs naked.

4. Blackifn-yellow variegated with white.

Inhabits Europe, Calmuc Tartary, Soutfi America, in caverns

and mountainous rocks ; preys on hares, rabbits, moles, rats;,

mice, and fometimes bats and reptiles.
Jrids yellow ; head and hdy elegantly variegated with black,

brown, afh and rally fpots and lines j cLvs large, much

hooked, dufky.

l^rginiana.

i66 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 3. Strix.

Virpniana Body above brown, varied with fine zigzag tawny and ci-
nereous lines, beneath pale aili with tranfverfe brown
ftreaks ; throat and fides of the breaft orange ftreakei
with brown. Virginian OivL

Inhabits America; lefs than the laft.

Feathers of the ears large ; hiU black ; irids golden-yellow ;
wings and tail with brown bauds ; plumage of the legs cine-
reous; c/dwj' hom-colour.

Scandiaca, Body whltilh with black fpots. Scandinavian Owl,

Inhabits mountains of Xfl^/flnti; fize of a turkey,

2y<?o«f?z;^j Body above reddifh-brown, beneath yellowifli-white; cir-
cles on the face reddilh-brown Itreaked with black.

Ceylon Owl.
Inhabits Ceylon; nearly 2 feet long,

JBill corneous; irids yellow; auricles fliort, acute ; firft qiiill-
feaffiers and tail with tranfverie black, white and pale red
lines: /f^-i^ half naked,

Sinenfis. Body redd ifli -brown with waved black lines, beneath
flreaked with reddifli-black and barred with white.

Chineje Owl.
Inhabits China; fize of S. otus.

Bill and legs black ; fecondary qiiill-feathtrs with 4 blackifh
bars.

Coromanda Body above greyifh-red with reddifh-white fpots, beneath
pale red with fmall femilunar black fpots.
% Coromandel Owl.

Inhabits India ; fmaller than the laft.

^j7/ black; irids ytWow; (Je^j reddifh ; c/j^cAj white; quill 2X\^
. tail-feathers barred with reddifh-white.

',^jto. Body above ferruginous, beneath cinereous; wings with

5 white dots. - Red Owl.

Inhabits North America; lo^^ inclies long.

Body ftriped above, fpotted beneath with black ; primary quill.

Jeatliers with black, red, and white lines ; tai:l rufous with

dufky bars ; legs feathered down to the toes.

Mexicana, Body variegated with brown and black. Mexican Owl.

Inhabits Mexico ; eyes' large ; irids golden.

A^iericann,

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 3. Strix. 167

Americana Head and body above cinereous, beneath rufty ; rump white
fpotted with black ; wings and tail ruity with cinereous
and grey tranfverfe lines. American Owl.

Inhabits Nort/i America; fize of the next.

Jiili yellow ; irids golden -, orbits afh ; legs yellow ; clazos black.

♦ Otus. Feathers of the ears 6. Long-eared Oiul.

2. Body much darker.
3« Much fmaller.

Inhabits America, Europe and Egypt ; 14 inches long ; never

migrates, is clamourous and builds in trees.
Horns black and yellow; irids yellow; hack and wing-coverts
dufky -brown, grey and yellowifh-rufty ; breaji and belly pale
yellow with brown longitudinal lines ; tail barred with alh-
colour and dufky ; legs and feet feathered to the claws.

*Brachyo- Horns lliort ; body above brown, the feathers edged with

ios. yellow ; beneath pale yellow longitudinally ftreaked

with dufky. Short-eared Owl.

Inhabits Euro-pe, America and Siberia; 14 inches long ; watches

for mice in barns ; tail dufky -brown, the middle feathers with

a yellow circle ; feathers of the legs yellow.

Braftliana Body above pale ruily-brown fpotted with white, beneath
whitifh with rulty-brown fpots. Brafil Ozvl.

Inhabits Brafil; fize of a thrufli.
Bill, irids, iixoxi feet and toes yellowilh.

Nxvia, Body grey, beneath paler, bo^ fpotted with black and
rufty; feathers of the head and bread dotted with
black. Mottled Owl.

Inhabits A'Cto York ; 1 1 inches long.

Face white fpotted with brown ; Jhoulders and zoing-coverts whh
large white fpots ; primary quillfeathcrs fpotted with black
and pale rufty.

Indica, Back duflcy; wing-coverts grey with black lines; breaft
buif with fmall black arrow-fhaped fpots. Indian Owl.

Inhabits Ceylon ; 7 inches long.

Bill dufky furrounded with long briflles ; head dufky-brown ;
orbits pale afh; legs half naked, beneath reddiih-yellow :
'ears dufky on the inner, and white on the outer fides ; irids
fcarlet»

Zorca,

i68 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 3. Strhc.

Zorca» Feathers of tlie ears 8 — 9 ; bill grcenifli-yellow.

Sard'niid7i Owl,
Inhabits Sardinia and I(aly ; toes naked, -7 inches long ; fbli-
tary, does not migrate^ makes a howling naile.

Carniolica. Body whitilh-afli, with blackifh fpots and trarifverfe ftrlpes.

Camiolic Owl.
Inhabits Carniola ; makes its ncfb in rocks and hollow trees ;

8 inches loni'.
Irids yellow ; tail fpottcd with hrownifli ; 6 firft quiLl-JeatJurs
fpotted with wliitifli on one lide.

Deminuta,J^o^Y red \ of fmall fijie. Talk Owl.

Inhabits forefts upon the Ural : refembles S. bubo iii colour and
form, but much lels ; hardly weighs a pound ; builds its neli
in fiiTures of rocks and hollow trees.

Puldidla. Body grey variegated with brown, rufly and white.

Siberian Owl.
Inhabits Siberia ; 9 inches long.

Bill.) Iegs2v\d claw^ dirty- whitiih ; irids ytWow; back dlrty-afir;
zvings with oblong white fpots; tail reddifla with browu
{Ireaks and dots.

S:rips. Ears of one feather each. Little-horn Owl.

Inhabits Europe; ^j inches long; preys on field mice.

Ears hardly confpicuous in the dead body; colour varying ac-
cording to age ; grey, rufous, brown or blackifh ; legs fpottcii
with brown ; tois aad dazes brown.

B. Earlefs.

KyHea. Body whitifh, with a few brown lunate fpots. Snowy Owl.
Inhabits Europe, America and Afia ; 2 feet long ; flies abroad
by day, and preys on herons, hares, mice, and fometimes car-
rion ; make^ a howling noife ; in winter is often found fno'«s -
white.
2. Spots numerous: bill and claws black.

Tcfigmabni Body grey with fmall round fpots. Swcdi/h OwL

Inhabits Szveden ; fize of a blackbird.

Bill dufky with a white tip, and a black line fi'om the bafe to
the eye each lide ; eyes clouded with dufky, and furrounded
with a circle of white feathers ; head grey ftriped with white,
furrounded by a dufky collar fpotted with white ; hreajt and
belly white blotched with dufky ; primary quill-feathers dufky
with wlute biirs ; trtnil dufky-grev with wiute iiripes.

*Ndvlofa.

BI^RDS. ACCIPITRES. 3. Strk. 169

* Xtbuhiflu Head, neck,;, breaft, back and wing-covcrts brown fpottcd
with white; belly and vcrit dirty-white ftreakccl with
brown ; tail with brown and whitifli bands, whitifli
at the tip. Barred Owl.

inliabits Hudfon's Bay, Ketv York, rarely England ; 2 feet long ;
feeds on hares, mice and cranes.

BiU and irids yellow ; eyes iurroimdcd by a whitrfli circle ; prl-
rnary qniU-feathers barred with black and white; k^rs and
toes feathered with whitifli ; zvings fhorter than the tail.

Pnfpu'il- Head white, fmooth, downy; body above, area of the eyes
'^'^^^^' and chin reddilli-brown, beneath reddifh-white; breaft

barred with feddiib-brown. Spc£lade Owl,

Inhabits Cayenne ; 2 1 inches long : hill yellow.

C:>''r-a. Head, neck and wing-coverts focty, with dirtv-white lines;
breaH and belly whitilh, with large oblong dulkv-
brown fpots. Scot\ O-u-L

Inhabits Hiidfonx Bay ; 2 feet long ; flies in pairs, and preyj
on mice and hares.

Bill whitilb: irids yellow; tail with oblique brown and dirtv-
white ftreaks ; a part of the ikin from the chin to the vent
bare of feathers.

iiapacu' Back and tail-coverts white fpotted with duHcy: breaft and
^'''"' belly dirty-white with reddilh lines crolling each other.

Spotted OiLi.
Inhabits Hudfon's Bay ; 2 feet long; forms its nell of mols ou

the ground; preys on mice and Imall birds; flefli good.
Bill and clazt's black, hooked ; irids yellow ; fpace between th.~
eyes, cheeks and chin white ; feathers of the head black at tljtt
tip ; Jlioulders and uin^-ccvtrts white with reddifh llvol> ;
vent white.

Body above brown, beneath white ; legs vs'arty, hairy.

Cocu:?nl>o OuL
Inhabits Chili ; fiz.e of a pigeon ; £ics in pairs, Ibmetimes by
day ; preys on in'ofts and reptiles ; lays 4 eggs, variegated
with white and yellow, in long fubterraneouo burrow.:.
Irids yellow ; body above fpotted with white'. i

^'iluco. Head rufty ; Irids black ; firft quill-feathers ferrate.

Jluco Ozvt.
Inhabits FAirope ; 1 5 inches long ; lives during funinier in woods,
in winter near habitations ; feeds on mice.

Vol. I. — . z ^ii:

r7©: ' BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 3. Suix.

^lYJ ycllowifli-white or greenifli •, body above dark rufty vi'ixh
black and whitifli fjpots, beneath white with tranfverfe and
longitudinal black fpots; legs white with fniall black- fpots,

Syhcjiris. Body variegated white and brpwn; fpace round the eyes
white \ irids red. Aujirian Ozvh

Inhabits Aujlria ; iize of a fowl ; covering of the head with aa
elegant radiate wreath of white feathers from ear to car,,

' siUa, Body above tawny fpotted with grey, beneath white ; quill

and tail-feathers rufous, the latter tipt with white.

ff^'hite Owl.
Inhabits Aufiriaj fize of the laft.
Bill white ; covering of the head with a reddifli border.

K«ciua, Body pale rufous with longitudinal brown fpots; irids
brown. Rufous Oul.

Inliabits Aujiria j fize of a pigeon,

Riifa. Body rufly fpotted with brown; irids blueifh.

) Ferruginous OwL

Inhabits the woods of Idrid ; fize of the laft,

Solonienfis. Body abo\'e black-brown mixed with tawny, beneath white;
--*• ' tail white, with blackifli lines crolTingcach other near

the tip. Soloneje Owl.

Inhabits France; 1 5 inches long.

Crown and outer circle of feathers round ths. face varied with
reddlfh and white ; toes horn-colour,

'*riammca. Body above pale yellow with white dots, beneath whitifh
with blackiili dots. Common Owl.

Inhabits Europe, America and northern Afa ; 14 inches long.
Bill white.; irids dufky ; tailfeathtrs within white, outfide
with dulky lines, '

^(W-lialat Space round the eyes and chin black. Mountain Oivl.

Inhabits mountains of ^z^erm ; refembles S. aluco.
BdL and irids yellow ; body cinereous ; primary quillfeathers
ierrate on both edges.

^Stridida, Body rufty ; third quill-fcather longer. '■ Tawny Owl,

InhxktiX.^ Europe ■M\<X Tart ary, 39 ounces A4.'elght.
Plmna^e above with dulky fpot'i and points j brcajl and klly

yellowilh

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 3. Stiix. a ri

yello\viTh mixed with white, beneath with dufky ftreaks',
tail with pale brown and bhck Ipots and hues; irids dulky*

"^ Ululd, Body above brown fpotted v,'ith whit? ; tail-feathers with
linear white bands. Brovsn Ouii.

2^ Much fmaller.

Inhabits Europe and Ne.zjfou)idland : 14 incrcs long.
Irid? chefaut; head, wings and i^cA with black fpots ; Jhoul-
dcrs and zoing-covcrfs white ; breaji pale afh wiith duiky ftreaks.

Arnica. Body rufty-brown, above fpotted with black, beneath
llrcaked with narrow brown lines ; bill, orbits and
band under the wings brown. Ardic Owl.

Inhabits northern Sweden ; 18 inches long.

Irids yellow ; tail barred with black and ruily ; legs white j
claws black.

Funerea, Body brown with a few large white fpots above, "beneafh
white with tranfverfe narrow brown bars ; tail long,
with broad brown, and narrow white bars.

• . •- , . . Canadf Owl.

Inhabits Europe and North America.

ifeai/ black with \yhite points ; ^ dxSi Inner quill-feathers not
fpotted on the outer edge ; irids yellow.

Ilud/onia, Feathers ab*6ve brown with white edges, beneath white
■' with tranfverfe black lines ; bill and irids golden.

Hawk Owlf
Inhabits //liiZ/on.' J Bay ; 13 inches long ; preys by day.
Crtiwn brown fpotted with white ; face white mixed with
brown edged with black; rump brown with pale bands;
tail and zvings' long,

wraknfis. Body whitifh, with longitudinal brown fpots in the middle
.;'•. -.^ of each feather. . Ural Owl.

Inhabits mountains of Ural in Siberia; fize of a hen.
".5j7/ wax.colour ; irids znA eyelids black; orbits z{)^\ rump
white •; tail long, wedged.

Accipitri. Body above yellowifh, beneath yellowifh-white, both fides

r.4. with longitudinal blackifh ftreaks, belly dotted with

black ; irids citron. Cafpian Owl.

Inhabits near the Cafpian Sea: fize of the brown owl.

QUI black ; zcings beneath and vtnt white ; quill feathers out-

Z 2 fid«

ip BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 3. Strix.

fide yellowUli, within wliite teflelbte with black ; taihound-
ed, fliorter than th.e wings, blackiili, b;incd with white, and
whitifli at the fides.

^avanica. Body cinereous, in a few places reddifli >vith black and

white Ipots :, beneath dirty-white mixed with rtddilli

'and black fpots. Javun Owl.

2<'ov<z See- liids yellow ^ body above brown fpottcd with white, beneath

laiidia:. tawny. Neiv^Zfaland Qiv/.

2. Body brown, the feathets edged with tawny; tail brown

, with paler bars ; orbits tawny.

Inhabits New-Zealand s n inches long: bUL horny with a

black tip.

Caycnnen- Body llreakcd with reddifh and tranfvcrfely waved with
J^^' brown; irids yellow, Cayenne Owl.

Inhabits Cj^£/i»(? ; lize of the fcreq,cU owl.
" ■ BilL homy ;'daiL'Sh\^ck. -'J -•;t »■■''''

JOomi'iU- Body beneath rufous ; bjreaft a little fpotted, St -Domingo Oivl.
cenjts, Inhdh'iis St.' Domitigo : relcjnb'les.thfe, brown owl : Ziz/Margcr,

itrongcif more hooked., ■' *

Tolchi- Irids pal.c yellow ; body above vari^gited with black, pale
quatli.\ yellow, white and tawny; beneath white.

Inhabits Kexj Spain.

J^iU^ daxi)s and lower zvin.%-CQvcrts black.

New Spain Owl.

Chichi?M. Body tawny variegated with brown and black ; eyes black,
eyelids blue. '" Mexican Owl.

Inhabits Xcw Spain; fize of a hen.

Acadka, Body above bright bay fpotted with white; beneath dirty-
white mixed with rufty. Acadian Owl.
Inhabits North America; 7 inches long.

)iiU bro\Mi ; irids yellow; crown ^^'ith p^le fpots ; orbits cine-
reous ; toes brown.

* Pajerina QiJiH-feathers with 5 rows of white fpots. Little Oivh

2. Sfnaller ; eyes furrounded with white circles.
. 3. Larger; wings ^■ariegated with browi^ arid yellow ; chii^
-\s hile , 1 2 inches long.

Inhabits

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 4. Lanlus. 173

inliabits Europe and North Americ-a ; 7 — 8 ir.ches long; foli-
tary ; feeds on bals, mice and grafshoppers ; builds in fir trees.

Bil^ whilini-bruwii ; head, back and zving-coverts pale brown
■vv'ith white fpols;, brea/t whitiilx variegated with luftv; taU

' barred with white ; irids pale yellow.

4lhtftcns. Body rufty-brown, beneath paler ; forehead white ; quill-
feathers barred with black and white.

IVh'ite-fronted Oul.

luhih'its North. America i 5 inches Ipng. '...:'.

Bill hlucifli tipt with black ; irids yellow; a femlcircular.whitc

line behind the darsto the crown ; lower pert of the b^lly and

^fjj cinereous-; clazoshhck,

4. LANIUS. Bill ftraightifli, with a tooth
on each mandible near the end, naked
at the bafe : tongue jagged at the end.

Shrike,

The birds of this gemus are generally noify and quarrelfome ;
prey on hiiall birds which they tear in pieces, llicking the
fragments oji thorns ; nojirils generally round, covei;ed with
ItiH' briflles ; ■ toes divided to the origin, except the middle
toe which is flightly connected to the outer; tail moi^ly
wedge- fhaped, the middle rifing higher than the reft, and the
lidcs doubled down.

/(jr/fca/ M J. Tail forked ; frontal crefl ere6l ; body greenifli-black.

Fork-tailed crejled S.
Inhabits the Cape, Madagafcar and China; 10 inches long.
Crejl fometimes wanting ; tail long.

Ca-rukf. Tail forked J body blueifh-black ; belly white.
ccns. Fork-tailed S.

Inhabits £e/.^a/; 7 1 inches long. Breajl dulky-grey,

Malabari. Body blueifh-black ; quill and tail-feathers black ; outer
^"•f» tail-feathers long, without webs, except on the 6uteE

fide near the end. Malabar S,

Inhabits Malcibar ; i 7 inches long : head fometimes crefted.

Cajlaneus, Tail wedged; middle tail-feathers at the tip, outer ones
entirely rufty ; body above chclnut, beneath white.

^ ChcJnutS.

Ten

l^^ BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 4.Lanius.

Ten incl;es long : bill, wings and legs black; front black-
j^cawn;; crown, hind-head^ nape and neck cinereous.

Crijlatiii,' . jPiaiUwedged ; head crefted ;. body reddilh, beneath waved
with tawny and brown. Crcjled red S.

Inhabits Bengal ; ^\ inches long.

^i// horny ; behind the eyes a black crefcent ; tail above rufous,
beneath grey ; legs and daxus black ; creji Ibmetiraes wanting.

Canfl^cny?j Tail wedged ; head crefted ^ body reddifh, beneath whitifli.

Crejled 6\
Inha.bits Canada : 64 inches long.

j^ill and claws black ; crtft ieddilh ; cheeks dufky with white
fpots ;• throat And breajt yellowilh-red ; brlly cinereous ; uing~ •
coverts black edged with white j tail black dotted with white.

'.' , : f: ^; . ' .^■••\;' ' ' ."■' .

X'Ttdovid- T^ii wed^fri*: cinereous; body cinereous, beneath whitifh.

anus, ,■'■■■'.>■•<■' Louijian S.

Inhabits iowi/zflw a J about "8 inches long.
Under the eyes a black band ; 6 middle tail-featliers black, the

red white at the root and tip ; lecondary quill-fcathcrs white

at the tip. •

Kingcta, Tail wedged, white at the tip ; body cinereous, beneath

whitifli. ..'•.,- . Grey S.

Inhai)its Brafil, Surinam, 'RyJJiU and Siberia, in marlhy places ;

9 inches long ; gragarious. • ,' "' ,

Jrids light green -, wings 3hd tail blackifh'; zbing-coverts black

with dircy-.white tips; YX\'^mvy.qui,llJeathershhiCk\ outer

tailjeathers white at the eiids.

Curvirof. Tail wedged ; body white ; back black ; firft 5 quill-feathers

trist with a white fpot, Hooh-billcd S.

\vl\>ki\\.^ Madagafcar : 1 o inches long ; lives on fr,uit.

Points of both mandibles rcflefted ; hind-head greenifh-black ;.

greater tail-coverts oblic^uely fpotted with white ; tail-feathers

in the middle within cinereous, without black, white at the

tip; /f^i lead -colour ; claws \Ai.z\JS\.\. •

^oltaris, Tailv/edged; body black, beneath white ; firft quiil-fca^
thers white at the bafe. •' -•''■'■ Collared S,

Inhabits the Cape: 12 inches Idrigi' -

^ill and head blackiflr ; tail-feathers, except the 4 middle ones,
, white at the tips,

Lucioncnfis,

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 4-Lanius. 175

Luciontn- Tall wedged ; fpot near the ear5? black ; tall-feathers reddifli,
7»^. barred with brown at the tips. Luzonian S.

iTihabits Luzonia ; -yi inches long-

Bii! and body above grey-brown, beneath and on the fides red-
difli with v'hite lines.

*J^xcul)itorTai\ wedged, white at the fides; back hoary; wings black
with a white fpot. G?-cat S.

2. Body white ; legs yellowifh ; bill and claws blackifh.

3. LelT'er wing-coverts and Ihoulders reddifh.

Inhabits woods of Europe and North America; preys on finall
birds, whicli it fixes on a thoni and tears to pieces ; makes its
nell of dry grafs and feathers ; lays 7 blueifli eggs fpotted with
brown.

^ill and legs black ; crozon and 7ieck hoaiy ; l>ody beneath white
with pale brown arched lines ; IciTer rving-coverts black ; tail-
fcathtrs, except the 2 middle ones, • white at the tip i cheeks
white, with a black tranfverfe line from the bale of the bill.

* CoUurlo, Tail fomewhat wedged ; back grey ; 4 middle tail-feathers
uniform ; bill lead-colour. Butcher Bird.

2. Body grey, beneath reddilh with brown (Ireaks ; fcapulars
half white half black ; 3 outer quill-feathers white at
the bafe and tips, the outermoft rcddifh-white above.
*3. Body above variegated with reddilh- white and black, be-
neath reddifh-white. JVoodchat,
4' Bafe of the quill-feathers fpotted -yvith white. •
5- Head black ; tail long.

Inhabits ifziro/^e, 4,5) Senegal; >i\ inches long; builds in
bufhes and hedges ; lays 6 eggs, with a circle of brown near
the broad end ; kills fmall birds by piercing the fkuU with its
bill, and inlefts by transfixing them on the thorn of the floe
tree ; imitates the notes of other birds, that it rnay decoy them
into its clutches.

Antigua- Tail long, wedged ; body above yellowifli-rufous, beneath

Tius, white ; head, bill, wings, legs and upper furface of the

tail black. Antigua Shrike.

Inhabits the Philippine ijlcs ; fize of the butcher bird.

Bill large, upper maddible long, much hooked; azn^J fhort;

2 middle tail-feathers black, the reft reddifh', beneath with a

tawny tip.

Ki^cr, Body black ; tail fomewhat wedged. Black S,

Inhabits Jamaica ; 7 Inches long ; tiU an Inch, *

Lcverianust

B;RDS. ACCIPIXRES. 4. Lanlus. 176

Livcria- Tail long, wedged, black at the tip ; bill, head, neck, mid^
nus, die of the brealt and legs black ; the other parts white.

Magpie S.
Inhabits South America ; 1 o inches long.

Gxtztcr wing- coverts and kf:o\\A7yvy .quilUfeathcrs white at the
edge ; 2 middle tail-feathers long again as the reft, all of them
black with white tips.

Atricapil' Tail wedged, and with the neck, crown, (houldcrs and
^«-^» wings black ; body above moufe-colour, beneath blue-

iih-alh. Surinam S. .

\r\hA>ii^ Surinavi ; 5 inches long.

W7;?^.f fhort ; wiug-coverfs and iecondarv quill-feathers edged
with white ; tail-feathers, except the 2 middle ones, white at
' the tip.

Po7nera' Body above black, beneath white ; hind-head and back of
nus, the neck dark rufty furrounded with black ; 2 fpots on

each fide the wings aiid rump white. Pomeranian 6\
Inhabits Pomcrania.

Bill, legs and zvings black ; 8 primary qTnill- fathers white at the
bafe; 2 outer tail-feathers white, next 2 or 3 on each fide
whitifh from the bafe to the middle, and tipt with white.

7>TaMMMJ. Body cinereous, beneath white ; crown black, with a lon-
gitudinal tawny flreak. Tyrant S, ^
1. Body above brown-grey, beneath white, bread aih.

3. Head black ; tail black tipt with white.

4. Above lead-colour, beneath white.

Inhabits America ; 8 inches long ; builds in hollow trees ; fierce,
audacious ; fixes on the backs of eagles and hawks, making a :

, continual chattering noife till they forced to retire.

Bill, ^f^j and c/ati'j blackifh-brown ; ir ids hvown; tail hxowvi]
edged with rufous.

Schach. Body yellowifh ; front and wings black. Ckinefe S;

Inhabits C/iiwfl; fize of the laft.

JIea.d and neck on the upper part grey, neck beneath dull red-
difh-white ; back and belly reddifli ; quill-feathers black, tlie
fir ft white at the bafe, the fecondary whitiih at the tip.

Pitnngua. Body black, beneath yellow ; crown with a tawny ftreak ;
band over the eyes white. Brnfil S.

Inhal^its Brafil ; 9 inches lon^.

Behind

BIRDS. ACGIPITRES, 4. Lanius. 177

Behind and beneath the eyts ;i blnck fpot ; chin white; feathers
of the body above edged with yellow ; iiiin^i beneath yellow j
tail brown with a rufous edge, beneath olive.

Rufu's, Body rufous, beneath white ; head greenifh-black.

I Rufous S»

Ir;habits Madagafcar ; 8 inches long.

Bill lead-colour ; legs and claws homy ; tail rufous edged with
brown •, neck grecnilh-black, of ihtjtmate grey on the fore-part.

Barbarus, Black, beneath red; crown and thfghs tawny.- BarharyS.
Inhabits Senegal: 9 inches long.

Bill, zi'ings, tail, feet and dazes black ; head, neckj vent, and
lower zving'Coverts yellow;

Sulphura- Brown, beneath yellow j head blackifh furrounded by a
tus. whitilh band. Telloiv-bcllied S,

Inhabits Cayenne ; 9 inches long.

Chin and throat white ; legs grey ; bill and clazvs blackifli ;
zvings and tail brown edged with rufous.

Cayanus. Cinereous; head, tail and primary quill-feath«rs black.

Cayenne i*.

2. A longitudinal black flreak down the middle of each feather.

3. Front yellowilh ; fmaller iize.

Inhabits Cayenne j 8^ inches long.

Bill red at the bale, black at the tip ; feet cinereous; clawshhck ;

3) ^^'^6' S'^^y without Ijpots ; lides of the head with a i-eddifli

Ipot.

.^wr<z/i/2a^. Tawny-yellow; chin, throat and bread reddiHi. Orange Si
Inhabits Cayenne; 7 inches long.

Head above the eyes and nape black ; zuin^f and tail brown;
bill black ; clazos pale.

Senegalus. Grey, beneath whitilh ; crown and band of the eyes black 5
tail-feathers black tipt with white. Senegal S*

Inhabits Senegal; near 9 inches long.

(luill-feathers rufous on the outer fide ; tail-feathers 6, 6, with
llight brown bands and uniform tips.

Madagaf. Cinereous, beneath whitilh ; lores black ; tail-feathers
carcnjis, rcddilh. Madagaf car- S-

Inhabits Madagafcar ; hsrdly = inches long.

Vol. I, — A a " A b!ack

17S BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 4. Lanius.

A black fpot each fide between the noftrils and eyes ; upper
zving-coverts rufous ; tail-feathers greatei- part rufous ; male
with black chin and throat.

L.^eria. Grey, beneath while; temples and rump red. Betigal S,
Inhnbits Bengal; ^i inches long.

j8i/Z afhy-brown; irids whitifh ; crown ^x\A hind-hcdd h\^cV.',
Ihily and upper tail-coverts red ; each fide the neck 4 black
curved fpots ; tail pale brown^ feet and claios black.

Bic<jlor, Blue, beneath white ; frontlet black. Blue S.

Inb.abits Madagafcdr ; 6\ inches long ; feeds on infcfts.

Bill, head, margin of the qii ill-feat hers, 2 middle tail-feather s,
and outer margin of the 4 next blue ; feathers furrounding the
bill, quill-feathers, except the bale, outer tail-feathers, legs
and claws black } female beneatH dirty-white ; tail flightly
wedged,

Leuco- Body above blackifh, beneath whitifh; bill, breaft, belly

rhyncos. and rump white. fVhite-bellied S.

Inhabits Manilla; 7 inches long.
Wings, tail, legs and claws black, tail equal.

? "^

F^9rugi- Body above black-brown ; throat and breaft dirty-white;
ne7ts» belly ferruginous. -^'l/?)' ^^

Inhabits the Cape; 9 inches long.
Bill lead-colour ; tail dulky-brown ; legs black,

Tabuenfis, Body above olive ; chin and brcafl; cinereous ; belly yellow-

ifli-brown ; tail and legs brown. Tabuan S.

■ Inhabits Friendly Iflands ; near 9 inches long.

Bill brown ; crown grecnifh ; temples olive-brown ; wings black

on the outer edge ; fecondary qidllftctkcrs black-brown edged

with dirty-white.

FfTnfiais. Black ; head and neck verging to greenifh ; belly and tall
•^ •'■'• more dufky. Pacific S,

Inhdhiis South Sea Iflajids ; 1 1 inches long.
Bill dufky, I of an inch long ; feathers of the head and neck very
narrow ; tail 3 inches long ; toes divided to the bafe, the mid-
dle one very long.

■Sfptcntri^ Bill black ; legs lead-colour ; body above brown ; chin and
o!ia!is» br.cart cinereous ^ belly and vent brcnvnifli. Northern S.

Inhabits

■ BIRDS. ACCIPITRE5.'4. Lanius; 179

Inhabits North America ; near 8 inches hwg.

Nojirils roundea, fmall ; at the bafe of the upper mandible 5 or 6
black brilll^s ; 4 middle tail feathers brown, the reft, within
white at tjtiz tip, all 2 inches long : /fj? fliort ■, clazos ftrong,
brown.

PiUaius. Head black, crcdcd; body cinercotis ; throat and breafl

black; wing-coverts barred with white ; tail tipt with

white. Black-capped S.

Inhabits Cayenne; 6 inches long.

.Female without crell; crown bli^ckifli ; throat and breajl {.[^

nereous.

r.'-idis. Head, "wings and body above dufky-green, beneath white;
tail black, Green S.

Inhabits Madagafcar ; near 6 inches long,
IVings long ; 2 middle tail-feathers dui"ky-grecn, the reft black
at the outer edge; legi and clazvs black.

Leucoce- White; body above greenifh-black ; head, neck and under
phalos. parts of the \30dy white. JVhite-hcaded S,

Inhabits Madagafcar ; 8 inches long.

^_ Tail above greenilh-black, beneath black ; bill, legs and clazi>s

lead-colour.

Dominica- Black; belly and rump white. Dominican S.

nus. Inhabits Philippine IJlands : larger than a fparrow ; flies very

fwift ; is bold, and troublelbme to crows.
Bill afli, ftout, conic, briflly at the bafe.

Panayen- Bill and legs black;' head, throat, breail and belly red;
fts, crown, wings and tail brown. Panay S.

Inhabits the IJland Panay ; -y inches long. Jrids fiery.

Albus. White; bill, tail, legs and greater part of the wings black.

White S.
Inhabits Panay ; nearly twice as large as the lad.
Primary quill-feathers with a white band.

Varius, Body above afhy-brown ; chin and breafl; yellow-buff; belly,
rump and vent dirty brownifli-white ; interfcapulars
white; tail and wings brown. (Vhite-Jhouldered S.
Inhabits Brafd,
Bill and legs black \ front and cheeks with paler fpots,

A a 2 N(Zvius,

|8o

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 4. Lanius.

NcKvius, Body above black, beneath cinereous ; all the wing-coverts
with an oblong white fpot. Spotted S.

Inhabits Cayenne; 6 inches long.

Bill and legs black ; fome of the feathers on the forc-pnrt of the
back tipt with white; quill-Jeathcrs edged with whit,e; tail-
Jeathers white at the tip.

Ohfcurus. Body above dufky-black, beneath white ; over each eye a
white line. Dujky S.

Inhabits America ? fize of the lafk.

Bill horn-colour; wings and tail more dufl-iy than the body ;
legs brown.

Fufcus, Body above broivn, beneath white ; lores, tips of the fecon-
dary quill-feathers, and edges of the primary yellowiih.

Brown S.
Bill horn- colour, black at the tip ; legs black.

Ruber. Redi wings and tail with eye-like fpots, black at the tips.

Red's.

Inhabits Surinam.

Jmcrica- Black; fpot on the firfl: quill-feathers, greeks and chin.
nus, white ; breall and belly cinereous. American S.

Inhabits North America,

Tail long ; middle tail-feathers black, th.e reft white at the tip ;
primary quM-feathers with a while fpot ; the ridge of each
wing with a white fpot.

Minor, Cinereous; chin white; breaft and belly rofy ; front, linp
over the eyes, and tail black. -^^^^ S'

Inhabits Italy, Spain and RuJJia; refembles the gixv S.

(luill-feathers black, the primary with a white fpot near the bafe,
the lecondary white at the tip ; outer tail-JcOfthers white.

Nootka. Tail rounded j body above black, beneath white; crown
black ; collar white. Nootka S.

Inhabits Nootka Sound; 7 Inches long.

Bill and legs black ; above the eyes a white line reaching to the
nape, and a black one beneath the nape ; lefTer wing-coverts
black, greater white ; firft quill-feathers dulky edged with
ytllowifh-brown, the fecondary Iblack edged and tipt w-ith
>\-hitc ; tail-feathers black, the 4 outer white at the tips.

Melano-t

BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 4. Lanius.

i8t

Mdanoce- Bill, head and chin black ; body olive, beneath paler ; tail
phalus. with a broad black band, yellow at the tip.

Black-headed S.
Inhabits Sandwich IJles ; 6 inches long. Legs dulky.

Brachyu- Top of the head rufly-grey ; eyebrows white ; a black band
ria, from between the eyes to the ears ; body above afhy -grey,

beneath yellgwifli-whitej tail rounded. Short-tailed S.
Inhabits Hungary ; fize of L. coUuiio.

Rump ruftyifh; chin and vent nearly white ; wings blackifh,
the coverts grey at the tip; tail-feathers lo, brown-grey,
and except the middle ones while at the tip.

Boulboul. Black ; breaft and belly tinged with alh ; wings brown,
with 2 white bands.
Inhabits India ; fize of a field-fare. Bill and legs yellow.

Phoenicu- Body above reddifh-grey, beneath yellowifh-white ; tail long,
'■"•f« rounded, and with the rump bright red; orbits crofl'ed

with a black band. Red-tailed S.

Inhabits rocky places on the river Onon; fize of the hft,

Doliatus. Tail roimded ; body clofely varied with black and white
lines. Pied S.

Inhabits Cayenne ; (i\ inches long.

Bill dufky ; legs and daws brown ; czch feather with black and
white bands, thofe on the head long, white, tipt with black,
which when erefted have the appearance of a crefl ; wings and
tail black, with traniverfe white fpots,

Jocofus. Tail rounded; body grey; lower eyelid purple; vent blood
red. Jocofe S,

Inhabits China ; 7-^ inches long.

Crown black; temples, chin and neck white; helly whitifli; tail
brown ; 4 outer tail-feathers tipt with white ; legs and claws
black ; bill llraightilh, notched each fide near the point,

faujlus. Grey, beneath rufty; a white line behind the eyes; tail
rounded. fVreathed S»

Inhabits China j fize of a field-fare.

Bill and legs pale ; wings rounded ; quillfeathers brownifh,
grey at the edges, and marked with light brown lines crolTing
Mch others /flii brown, with like lines,

^^i.-t ORDER

x8a BIRDS. PIC.^. 5. Pfittacus.

ORDER 11. PIC^.

Bill fomezohat comprejfed, convex »

5. PSITTACUS. 5i7/ hooked; upperman-
dible moveable, (moftly j covered with
a cere ; nofirils rounded, placed in the
bafe of the bill : tongue flefhy, obtufe,
entire : feet formed for climbing.

Parrot,

This is a noify, gregarious, imitative tribe, very docile and long
lived ; feed chiefly on nuts, acorns and feeds ; they climb with
the bill, and when angered ereft the feathers ; head large ;
crown flat, fometimes crefted ; kgs fhort ; Jtet ufed like hands
to- convey any thing to the mouth ; breed in hollow trees
without forming a uelb, and lav 2 or 3 white eggs.

A. Tail long, wedgc-Jhaped.

Macao* Red ; qulU-feathers above blue, beneath rufous ; ft^athers of
the Ihoulders variegated blue and green ; cheeks naked,
M'rinkled. Red and Blue Alaccaiv.

Inhabits South America ; above a vard long ; lives in palm woods,
and feeds on the fruits of the pahn ; when young may be eafily
tamed; tkfli hard, infipid, but fometimes eaten.

JBodv fcarlet ; upper viandible white, lower black ; temples-
white ; wing-coverts generally yellow ; tail long, red, the
feathers blue at the fides.

Aracango, Fale fcarlet; fcapular feathers yellow tipt with green;
quill-feathers above blue, beneath rufous ; cheeks
naked, wrinkled. Red and Yellow Maccaiv.

Inhabits Guiana, Brafd znA. jfaviaica; fize of the laft.

Tail-feathers above fcarlet mixed with violet, beneath dufky redj
2 rniddle ones both fides dufky-red on the upper half.

Militaris, Green ; wings blue ; front and tail red ; cheeks moftly
naked, with feathered lines. Militai'y Maccaw.

Bill black ; ruwp and tips of the tail-feathers blue.

Ararauna.

BIRDS. PIC.«. 5-Pfittaais. i8j

Ararauna. Above blue, beneath yellow; cheeks naked, with feathered
lines. Blue and ycUoiv Maccaiu.

2. Tail long; cheeks naked.

Inhabits Jainaica, Guiana, Brafil ind Surinam j fize of the Iaft«
Tail of the female yellow, 7iiak red ; eyelids lerrate with black
papillae-, temples naked, white, ftriped with fcalliered Ipotsof
a blueifh-black colour ; legs blackifh-afh.

Hyacinthi- Violet-blue; head and neck paler; chin and orbits yellow,
^^"•f. naked. Hyacinthine Maccazv.

Nearly the fize of the former ; bill large, black ; wings edged
with greenifh ; legs blackifh-afli.

Makazoan. A\>o\e dulky-green ; head green mixed with blue ; chin,
na, throat and upper part of the brealt reddilh ; lower part

ot the bread and belly green ; rump red-brown.

Parrot Maccaw,
Inhabits Cayenne and Gwiflwfl j' 18 inches long; migrates.
Cheeks naked; tail 9 inches long, and with the zvings above
dufky, beneath yellowiih-green.

Jter, Black, with a green tinge ; bill and eyes red; legs yellow.

Black Maccaw,
Inhabits interior parts of Guiana, on the fleril tops of rocks and
dry mountains.

Ohfcurus, Brown ; cheeks red, naked ; crown varied with blackifh and
afti ; tail cinereous. Obfcure P.

Inhabits Africa; fize of a magpie.

Bill, frontlet, legs and claws black ; orbits white; irids yellow ;
crown and upper furfacc of the wings black ; belly cinereous,

Nobilis, Green ; cheeks naked ; (houldcrs fcarlet. Noble P.

Inhabits Surinam; Uze of a turtle-dove ■; face naked, white,

Scverus, Green ; cheeks naked ; quill and tail-feathers blue, beneatli
purplifh. Brafil Green Maccazv.

2. Dulky-green ; front brown ; crown greenifh-blue.
Inhabits Jamaica, Guiana and Brafil; 17 inches long.
BiU, claws and lines of the cheeks black ; irids golden ; fi-oni
purplifli-chelhut ; crown blue; tail above green, blueifh
towards the tip ; legs brown.

Eiipatrla, Green; checks naked; fliouldcrs fcarlet; bill purplifh. _

C'lngi P.
Inhabits

i34 BIRD^. PICiE. s-Pfittacus.

Inhabits Gingi in India; 21 inches long.

Orbits naked, reddifh ; bcdy above deep olive-grccn, bcneaih
pale green mixed with yeUowifli ", chin zimI throat alhy ; tail
and icings, except the upper coverts whith are red, green ;
legs r<iddifh ; claims black*

jfaportic2is Green ; beneath and lateral tail-feathers red j qiiill-feathers
' blue. yapotiefe P.

Inhabits fouthern parts of Japan.

Tail longer than the body ; a niidc^ie tail-feathers green, with
white fhafts, the reft red, witli black fhafts ; hill and iridx
red ; ipot befoVe and behind the eye and (pace between the
ftoidders blue ; chin rally-red ; body beneath with longtudinal
black lines -, legs and claws black.

Amboineri' Scarlet ; back blue; wings with a green fpot. Amboina F.

y^-f- Inhabits yim^oina ; , i^\ inches long.

Bill, legs and clazvs red, bill black at the tip ; lower tail-coverts
violet in the middle ; 2 middle tail-feathers violet-brown,
cf I inches long, the 2 out er hardly 6 inches long, red at the
inner edge.

Cyayioce^ Green ; head and chin blue. Blue-headed P.

phalus. Inhabits India; iiy inches long.

Upper mandible yellow, fomewhat cinereous at the tip, lower
colour of the tip ; area of the eyes naked, yellowifh ; body
yellowifh -green beneath ; c/izn violet verging to blue ; fides
of the neck yellow ; icings beneath cinereous ; tail beireath
yellowilh-afh ; legs blueifli ; claws grey.

HxmatO' Body above green ; throat and bread orange, the feathers
tus, edged with blue ; belly and tail green. Red-breajled P .

2. Breaft red varied with blue ; head, chin and middle of the

belly blue.

3. Refembles 2) ; whole of the belly blue.

4. Scapulars fpotted with red and yellow.

Inhabits Amboina and A^eu/ Holland; 10—15 inches long.
^fW yellowifli-white, 2) reddifh-white, 3) red with a yellowi;!:
cere ; frontlet and part of the neck blue ; hind-head greenifli.

Atricapil. Above blue; chin, throat and breafl red; belly and vent
^«J. green ; crown black ; collar green and red.

Black-crowned P.

Inhabits the Mduaa IJlis: 14 inches long,

Win^:

Birds, ticje. s.Ktucus. iSs^

U'ingT and 'Upper tail coverts blue, lower green varied with
red ; tail above green, beneath red edged whh black.

.' ai'iidzfis. Head, neck, broaft and belly purple ; back and wing-
coverts green ; crown terminated by a lunidar blue
mark ; firfl quUl-feathers and greater part of the tail
blue. Tabuan P.

Inhabits Frk-ndly If.ands ; 19 inches long.
Billhlick; lower mandible furrounded at the bafe with green
feathers ; Ipurious Ziiings blue ; Ibcondary quill-feathers grcea
edged with blue ; 2 middle tatl-fcathcrs blue, 8 inches long,
edged and tipt with green, the red blue with black fhafts ;
legs duflcy.

2. Green ; head, neck, breaft and belly fcarlet ; neck ter-

minated by a lunular blue mark ; wings gieen ; rump
blue ; tail deep blue.
Inhabits Nezu South Wales j wing-coverts croITcd by a light yel-
lowifh-green bar ; legs cine reus.

Papuenfis. Head, neck and brcaft red ; hind-head with a blue fpot and
two black crefcents; wings and part of the back
green ; reil of the back, belly and tip of the tail red.

- Papuan P.
1. Belly crowed by a black ftripc edged with green ; breail
purplifli.

3. Scarlet; tail fliorter, hinder part of the back blueilh-

black ; a yellow fpot between the wings,

4. Middle of the belly green.

Inhabits Papua: 16 inches long.

Bill red; zuings fiiort ; hind part of the back with a longitudi-
nal ftripc blue in the middle ; each fide of the wivgs an ob-
long blue fpot ; two-thirds of the tail green, reil yellow i
legs red.

P-o'-neus. Red; quill and tail-feathers green at the tips; wings
with a blue fpot ; orbits brown. Borneo i^ ^

Inhabits India; 9 -J- inches long.

Bill orange ; oriiis naked ; quill- feat hers with blue and gi^en
dots ; 2 outer tail-feathers inclining to green ; lower taii-
coverts red edged with blue; legs brown*

/ndicuf. Scarlet varied with brown and violet ; upper part of th^

head and neck, breaR, and ftripc behind the eyes violet i

greater quill-feathers tipt with pale- brown; Icflcr

and tail-feathers violet brown. Indian iP.

Vol. I. .^ B b iali»blta

,iS6 -BIRDS. ?ICJE, s-Pfittacus.

Inhabits Amboina ; near 1 1 inches longj

Lilt rcddifli with a black tip ; legs and claws brovii.

It'egnns. Head, neck, and body beneath red, above brown ; inter-
fcapulars pale blue, mixed with red; tail greenifli-
brown, tipt with white. Beautiful P.

2. Wings, tail and body above greeji.

Inhabits A/o/uff (2 7/Za?;(fj-, 15, 2) 1 2 inches long.

Bill yellowilh-browii ; 2) lead-colour, yellow at the tip,

CiuhUnfis. Bright red; quill-feathers black with a tranfverfe red
band; tail brbwniih-rcd. Guehy P^

Inhabits Gucby ; 9^ inches long.

Bill and trids flame-colour ; a purple ring from the neck to-
wards the breall ; interfcapulars^ brcajl and belly purple.

lanthinus. Head and body above brown, beneath violet; fhouldcrs
blue ; tail and wings green and red. Violet P,.

Inhabits near tlie Amazon,
Bill black -, irids goiden-yellow.

Variegatus. Scarlet ; nape, beginning of the back, breaft and belly pur-
ple blue ; wings above red, beneath yellow ; tail green.

Variegated P\
Inhabits India: 10 — ii inches long, .

Bill dufky, hind part of t\K. belly verjiing to grecnilh-black ;
tail-feathers within red at the bafe, without blue towards
the tip*

Pennantii. Scarlet ; fore-part of the back black waved with fcarlet ;
fides and throat blue ; quill-feathers each with a white
fpot. Pennant's P.

Inhabits Ncxo South Walts; X5 inches long.
Wing-coverts blueifli -green ; outer tail-feathers tipt with white ;
female with the crown blood-red ; back and belly green ; thighs
and vent red.
2. Middle of each wing with a pale band.

Chi?t, tilings and tail blue ; under coverts of the wings black ;
lower parts of the thighs blue ;, legs dulky ; claws black,

Eximius, Head, throat breaft and vent crimfon ; back black waved
with yellow-green ; wings and tail blue. Nonpareil P.

Inhabits New Holland; nearly the fize of the la ft.
R7nnf> and 2 middle tail-feathers green; quill-feathers dark-
brown; legs lead-colour,

■ • Glcricfus,

BIRDS, PIC^. s-Pfittacus. 187

GJuni/i/i. Bright blood-red ; back-feathers edged with black; chin,
wings and tail blue. Splendid P.

Inhabits Neiv Holland ; 16 inches long.

Body beneath paler; flioulders of the win^s black ; -uiin^r.c overt ^
blue, the iecondary tinged with green -, primary quiU-ftathers
black, fccondary blue, rump red; 2 middle tail-fcatkns
gfecn ; hill ^i\c; le^s and clawi i{h; female lefs brilliant;
back olive-green.

A*:5:'fl' Cui- Black with a bright blue tinge ; tail beneath red ; orbits
Tint. naked, brown. New Guinea P.

Sill and legs blackifti ; irids with 2 circles, the outer blue,
inner and leflcr browni{h-red ; bill and legs blacklfh.

Jdvanicus, Scarlet ; orbits naked filvery ; head crefted ; chin grey i
throat and brcaft rofy; fhoulders and wings mixed
red and green ; 2 middle tail-feathers fcarlet, the
reft rofy mixed With green and tipt with blue.

Javan P.-
Inhabits ^ava ; fi/e of a lark.
Bill grey; cere whitifh; eyes black.

jfandaya. Above green, beneath yellow \ head and neck yellow.

Tellow-headed P.
Inhabits Brafil.

Billy A'^J and c/art' J black ; orbits naked, white; irids golden;
hind-part of the belly green,

Solfitia- Yellow ; wing-coverts green ; orbits red i lateral tail-
ii'S. feathers blue without. Angola P.

Inhabits Angola ; 1 1 i inches long.

Bill greenifh ; cere pale alli ; irids yellow ; back with yellow-
green fpots ; reinoteft. mng-coverts blue at the edge ; 6 mid-
dle tail-feathers each fide yellowifli-green ; legs and claw's
rcddifh.

Pallidus, Yellow ; wings whitifh (lightly tinged with rofy, and a

call of grccnilh, according to the direftion of the

light. Pale Parrakeef.

Inhabits Andalufia ; about 7 inches long, Nat. MifceL 258.

C 'u.^rcuba. YcWoyf;: greater quill-feathers green. Brajl yelloiv P.

Inhibits Br afU ; 1 x inches long.
' Bill grey ; eyes black ; tail vciy long.

2. Yellow ; head reddifli j neck orange { wings green.

B b 2 Johabits

m BIRDS. nCM. 5. PHttacus.

Inhabits New Spain.

Bill red; head pale; neck orange-rtd ; upu?r ^■in^-cottrts

green varied with red aiid orange.

Carolinen- Green ; head, neck and knees yellow. Carolina P .

J'^' Inhabits Guiana, and migntcs into Carolina in the mulberrv'

leaion ; deftrutlive to orchards ; builds in liollow trees in
Iwampy places ; does not eaiily learn to fpeak.
liiU yellovvifli-white ; front, ridge of the wine^s and rin^
round the knees orange ; head and neck yellow ; legs white.

4l<^xa7idri. -Green -y collar and crefl: red ; chin black. Alexandrine P.

2. Collar rofy ; hind-head violet ; legs alh.

3. Collar purple; throat apd bread pale rofy.

4. Collar double.

5. Head, chin and tail blue.

6. Head mi>:ed blue and yellow ; temples black ; throat and

breart reddilh ; tail yellow ifh.

Inhabits Afta, India, and Africa; fize of a pigecm.

J^ill more or leis red ; 2) upper mandible at the tip and lower
black, 3) upper mandible orange lower black, 6) lower
yellow, cere black ; irids yellow ; orbits naked, flclli-colour ;
zvings with a purpliflr Ipot, beneath pale afli ; tail edged
with blue, Ijencath pale yellow, 4) pale aflr, 5) above blue,
beneath yellow ; /f^i duiky, 6) grcenifh-grcy.

Tcriinax, Green; cheeks tav/ny; quill arid tr.il-feathers hoaryilh.

Tellovj-faced Parrakeet.
Inhabits Avierica ; migrates in flocks to the north ; feeds on
feeds and fruits, and builds in large ant-hills ; 13 inches
long.
^iU cinerous ; irids, front and fomctimes the hivd-head orange ;
primary quiU-feathcrs blue at the outer-edge ; breajl and
b.dly yellowiili-grecn "; vent yellow.

Z^xcriu' pale-green ; head and neck yellow ; qnill-feathers and tips
nus» ot the tail-feathers blue ; rump crimlbn. Lcverian P.

Inhdhh Souther 71 AJi a J middle f;ze.

Cmaragdi- Shining green ; hind-part of the belly, rump and tail rufty-
71US. chcfnut. Emerald P.

Inhabits near the ll raits cf Magellan ; 13 inches long.

Bill and legs duiky ; tail green at th,; tip.

CinicTila- Green \vith a"red front; hind-head and outer quill-feathers
•*:j* blue; orbits ta'/'ny. _ Kc d-fr anted P^

Inhabits

BIRDS. PIC,^!,. 5. Phttauus. 180

Inhabits South Ayn'sricaj fizc of a large, ihrafli.
Body above groonifti-yellow; bill black ifli; eyes black; iVrr
tawnyifh ; qiall-Jcathers on the outer-edge grecnifh ; tail long.

'Lr-j^znj- Green; crown and fipl quilUfcathers blue ; orbits afli.
''^' BroiLH-throated Parrakeet.

\i\\\zh\fs America; 10 inches long.

Bill, ccTCy legs and clazvs afh ; irids ycUowifa-brown ; body
beneath yellowifh-green; Jr»ntlet^ checks, chin and throat
grey-brown mixed with yellow; tail yellowifh beneath,
fliorter than the body.

RuJtTof. Green ; bill and legs red ; tail-feathers blueifh at the tips ;
'^'■f. orbits ficfh-colour. Red-billed Parakeet.

?. Bill, legs and claws whitifh-red; orbits cinereous.

Inhabits South Arncricc ; 1 2 inches long ; is ealily taught to

fp'-'ak.
Ir:ds orange ; legs and claws whitiih.

9rn::t:.s. YcUow-c^rcen ; hind-head, chin and breaft red; crown and
auricles blue ; orbits cinereous. Orarige-billcd P.

Inhabits India ; 8 inches long.

^;7Z pale orange; cfre brownifli ; zrziix orange; craai?: and fpot
behind and above the eyes blackifh-blue ; tail beneath red-
diili ; Ugs and claws cinereous.

Jaquilma, Green ; quill-feathers brown at the tip ; orbits tawny.

Inhabits Chili: lives in flocks; feeds on buds of trees and
plants ; fle{h favoury.

Cruiancn- Green ; cheeks fpotted with red ; lefTer wing-coverts fcar-
Jis. let, greater yellow ; quill-feathers beneath pale yel-

low, with a blackiih margin towards the tip.

PavsuuKc Parrot.
Inhabits Guiana and Caribbee IJlands ; 12 inches long.
Cere and bill whitiih, bale of the bill afh ; le^s grey ; elates
blackifii.

■•'-argirici. Green; wing-coverts black; the lefiTer edged with yel-
tiis. lowilh-brown, the greater with blue.

Faried-lvinged P,
Inhabits Luzonic.

Frontlet fhining-green ; bill large flefh-colour ; irids white;
crozon blue ; body above grafs-grccn, beneath ^"eUowini-green ;
legs blackifh.

Sonntrnti.

X90 BIRDS. PIC^, 5. Pfittacus.

Scnncrali. Green \ collar blue ; fpot on the origin of tire wings red.

Blue-collared P.
Inhabits Luzonia.

Bill ^ndirids red; head, ricck and ^e//!)' greyifli-green ; urlags
and b(f.ck grafs-grcen ; 2 middle tail-feathers grals-grcen, the reil
grey -green ; kgi blackilh-grey.

Pondichc- Qrcen ; front and flripe from the mandible each fide to

nanus. jhe chin black ; race white and blueifh ; breaft pur-

plifh-blue; tail beneath flraw-colour.

Muflacho Parrakeet.
2. Head from the bafe of the bill to the eyes chefnut ; a brown
line from the noftrils to the eyes; chin black extend-
ing back like a beard ; nape red,
Inhabits Pondicherry ; 11 inches long.

niTr-fotrz-^T varied with yellow; bill red; crown green; legs
dufky, 2} quiU-ftathcrs edged with blue.

Erythrcci' Green ; head red mixed with blue ; chin black ^ collar
phalus. black and pale green. Blojj'om^headcd Parrakeet.

2. Crown and cheeks rofy ; hind-head and two middle quill-

feathers blue above, the reft blue at the edge.

3. Head, chin, throat, breaft and fore part of the belly peach-

bloflbm colour.

4. Colour verging to yellow ; area of the eyes and hind-head
rofy.

Inhabits /?xr/i'a xi, 2) lO, 3) 12, 4) 16 inches long.

Biilrtd; lower mandible in 2) and 3) black, in a) the upper
yellow; cere in 2) browniOi, 3) with the orbits afliy, and
in the laft a green Ipot on the front, and a black line from eye
to eye; collar wanting in 4); wing-coverts with a red ipot;
tail on the inner edge in 2) beneath yellow, in 4) inclining to
blue ; legs and claws cinereous,

Bimac-ula- Green, with 2 oblong black fpots on the neck and a large

'"•^» fulphur-colour fpot on each wing. Spot-necked P.

Bill pale blood-red ; forehead, chin, thrdat, cheeks and hdes of

the ueck orange-yellow; chin and throat each ftde with a

large oval black fpot,

Plumbeus, Green; bill, legs and orbits lead-colour; front, cheeks
and chin brown j edges and tips of the tail-feathers
blue. Brcwn-frontcd Parrakeet.

Inhabits

BIRDS. ?lCm. 5. Pilttacus. 191

I riKabits tropical regions of America; jil inches lon^r.
Irids chefnut ; croiun blucifh ; qidU-f cat hers edged with blue,

Bubalinits, Green above, ycllowilh-gr'ecn beneath ; front buff.

Buff-f ranted Paraked.
Inhabits Cayenne ; 10 inches long.
Bill duflcy ; crown and quill-Jeathcrs blue ; legs dufky-red,

Ollvaccus. Olive ; hind-head with a blucifh fpot ; wings varying with
blue green and orange. Lace-iuingcd Parrakect.

Inhabits Luzonia; above 11 inches long.

Bill red; midrlle of the -rings blue; iail one tliird the length of
the body, the wings when folded reaching to its middle; ^^*,
dulky.

Duhius. Green ; neck reddilTi ; orbits yellow, naked. Duohtts P.
Billt legs pale horn-colovir ; quill-feathers and 4 middle tail-
feathers tipt with blue, outer tail-featiiers tipt with yellow j
9 inches long.

Chryfogaf- Green; belly orange; bill grecnifh. Orange-heUied P,

ter. Greater zving-coverts outlide blue, within each marked with a:

white fpot ; 4 outer tail-feathers each lids tipt with yellow ;

legs greenifh.

I'irefcens, Greenifh ; lefTer wing-coverts at the bafe and within white,
without and at the tip yellow ; 7 iirft quill-feathers
within black edged with white, 7 next white edged
and tipt with yellow. Telloiv-winged Parrakeei.

Inhabits Cayenne: 8 inches long; is numerous, docile, not fhy,
and feeds on the flowers of the erylhrina coralliodendron.

Bill and cere whitifh ; fartheft ning-coverts greenifli-bluc,
nearefl the body fulphurous beneath ; moft of the quillf ga-
thers without and at the tip yellow, within yellowilh white ;
4 nearefl the body green ; tail-feathers yellowilh at the inner
^ge ; Ifgs grey.

VerficelcY. Green; head and chin brown, the latter waved with
tawny ; wings blue with a flame-colour bar ; belly
pale blueilh-purple with brown waved lines.

Waved ParraJccet.
Inhabits Cayenne ^nd Surinam; fize of the lafl.
Bill, legs and claz^s black ; irids flame-colour ; frontlet above
flate-colour, beneath fky-bluc ; tail with a longitudinal lilas
lincj beneath red-bro-ivn,

Squammofus-t

ig2 BIRDS. nCJE. 3'. Pfzttacus.

Sq:am.mO' Green ; feathers of the head, neck and bread edged with

i-.i. orange. ^ ' Scaly Parrakcct.

IrMJoks Cayenne ; 8| inches long.

Shoulders fcarlet ; ruvip and middle of \\\z belly blood-red; bill
and legs dufky ; orbits pale, naked.

Jncarna- Green ; bill> legs and claws carnation ^ cere and orbits
t:is, Vr'hitilh ; chin and wing-coverts red.

Rcd-wing^d Parrakeet.

inhabits India; 8| inches long.

lri.ds chcfirut ; tail \\ inches long \ hill pale horn.

},l-ij.rinus» Olive; face, chin and brcaft moufe-colour ; quill-feathers
green. Grey-breajied Parraheet.

Inhabits Munttvicdo ; \o inches long ; eafily tamed.
B-ill and Itgs grey ; tail Hvc inches long.

■ £irn\tus. Green; head fcarlet, with 2 long feathers {landing out like
horns; collar and rump ftraw-colour; outer edge of
the quill and tail-feathers blue. Horned P .

Inhabits Nczn Caledonia ; 1 1 inches long.

Bill and legs black-blue ; temples orange ; irids golden ; wing-
coverts within and at the tip dufky ; tail beneath black.

Caledoni- Glive ; crown grceniih-ycllow ; tail-feathers whltifh at
cfex. the tip, the outer edges of the four outermofl pale

blue. Caledonian p.

Inhabits A'ezv Caledonia ; 12 inches long.

Bill blueifii, pale at the tip ; frotUUt above red, beneath blue ;
body above inclining to green, beneath to yellow ; legs hhcV -
blue.

Xov^r See- Green ; front purple; crown greenifii-tawny ; a red ftrlpc
landiz. from the bafe of the bill through the eyes ; tail-fea-

thers blueifh, the 2 jniddle ones edged with green ;
rump red. Red-rumpcd P.,

Inhabits New Zealand ; 15 inches long.

Bill deep blue tipt with black; a few feathers on the crown
pale yellow, and on the middle of the back pale rufty-brown ;
temples pale green ; belly afliy-grcen ; £rll quill-Jeaiheri
brown, lecondary and I'purious wings dufky edged with
green and tipt with pale rally ; legs black.

Novff Hd' Olive ; creftcd head and chin yellow ; behind the eyes a
land-icv. red Q^ot ; an oblique white band acrofs the wings.

Cre/ffd ParrcUet^

BIRDS. PlCi^:. 5. Pfittacus.

193

Inhabits N,ezv Holland; 12 inches long.

Bill pale ; cre/l confifting of 6 flender feathers, 2 of which are
near three inches long, the reftfliortcr; legs du(ky ; female
head and body more tawny ; ru?np and tail with tranlverfe
grey lines.

Formofas. Green ; 4 middle tail-feathers barred with green atid black,
the reft with black and yellow. Neiv IValcs P,

Inhabits New South Wales ; lize of the laft.

Wing-coverts green barred with black and yellow; qriill-Jea-
thers green without, black within", with a yellow fpots on
the midtUe, except the 3 outer, which have a iingle yellow
fpot within; 2 middle tail-feathers 9, the reft 3 inches long.

Vlietdnus, Olive ; head black-brown ; rump dufky-red ; wings and
tail duiky. Society P.

Inh-jiaitsUUetca ; iot inches long.

Bill black-blue tipt with black ; feathers edged with dufky be-
neath inclining to yellow ; Ic^s black.

MulticO' Green ; head, chin and belly blue ; fore-part of the bread
i'^f' red, hind-part and tail beneath yellow; collar white.

rVhiie-collarcd F.
Inhabits India ; bill red ; head with a white crcfccnt.

Amcus. Green ; cere and orbits blueifli-carnation ; crown golden ;
wing-coverts with an oblique blue ftripc.

Golden-crowned Parraheei,
Inhabits Brafil.

Bill black : irids orange ; chin yellowifh-green mixed with red ;
legs reddifh ; claws black.

Lineatus, Green; quill-feathers beneath brown, the inner edge pale.
Size of a turtle dove; colour beneath verging to yellow; zoing:
beneath with narrow pale lines ; tail longer than the body,

CoHa?z?:wj. Green; fpot behind the eyes and front crinifon ; crown
blueilh. Crimf on-fronted Parraleet.

Inhabits New Holland ; fizie of a turtle dove.
Bill tawny tipt with black ; legs dufky.

Pacifcus, Green ; fpot behind the eyes and each fide of the rump

red; front red; outer edge of the wings blue; tail

beneath afh. ^ Pccijic Parraleet.

Vol. I. _ C C 5- Spoti,

294 BIRDS. PICJE. 5. Pfittacus.

2. Spots on the rump o ; qutll-feathers blue.

3. Rump and temples red.

4. Crown yellow.

5. Hind-head, fpot below the eyes, and fides of the belly

fcarlet.

6. Crown blue ; hind-head fpotted with yellow ifh -green ;

fhoulders edged with yellow.
Inhabits Pacific IJlands ; 12 inches long.
Bill filvery tipt with black, 6) brown tinged with red at the

tip ; legs brown ; daws black.

Palmarum. Green ; bill and legs red ; quill-feathers tipt and edged
with black. Palm P.

Inhabits Tanna IJland, among palm trees; 8 inches long.
Colour beneath pale j belly and tip of the tail yellowifh.

Aujlralis. (jreen ; crov/n blue, crefted with long feathers ; chin and
middle of the belly red j thighs purple.

Blue-crejled Parraheet,
Inhabits Saytdwich IJlands ; 6 1- inches long.
JBill orange ; front pale green; 2 middle tail-feathers green tipt
with vellow, the reft yellowifli edged and tipt with green ;
legs dufky ; clazos black.

Peregri" Green ; on each wing a longitudinal brown fpot.

''"-^ Peregrine Parrahet.

Inhabits Pacific Iflands ; 8 inches long.
Bill, legs znd feet red.

Taitianus. Blue; feathers of the head long; chin and throat white;

bill and Jegs red. Otaheite Parraheet*

Inhabits Otaheite ; 5 inches long ; feeds on the fruits of the

Banana ; tongue fringed at the end ; body beneath often white,

Cyaneus, Body entirely fplendid full blue. Blue Parrahet.

Inhabits Otaheite ; probably a variety of the laft.

Pufdlus, Ollve-brown ; frontlet fcarlet ; tail-feathers within near
the bafe fcarlet. Tiniid Parrakeet,

Inhabits New South Wales ; 7 inches long.

Bill blackifh, circled at the bafe with fcarlet feathers ; body be-
neath paler ; tailfeathers, except the c middle ones, on the
upper half within fcarlet ; legs blue,

Pygmceusf

BIRDS. PICiE. s.Pfittacus. 195

Pji^nicEui. Green; feathers tipt with greeniih-yellow ; quill-feafhers
within dufky. Pigmy Parrakcet.

Inhabits Pacific IJlcs ; 6 inches Iqng.
BiU whitifh ; cere duiky ; kf^s lead-colour.

J^ilis. Green ; primary (juill-feathers blueifli with tawny co-
verts ; tail hardly lengthened, beneath red i orbits ci-
nereous, '"igile p.

Inhzh'its America ; io\ inches long.

Bill and legs cinereous; iruii chelhut; quill feathers within
black at the tip ; 2 middie taiLfeathcrs green, outer ones
within more than half of the length red.

SanguinO" Green ; frontlet crimfon ; crown and outer edge of the
UntHs, wings deep blue ; fhoulders and wings beneath blood-

red. Red-fhoulderedP.

Inhabits Kew South Wales j lOy inches long.
Body beneath inclining to yellow ; fore-part of the neck mixed
- with crimfon ;. primary quill feathers duficy edged without
with yellow, 2 or 3 of the inner and vent pale red •, tail-
feathers near the rump chefnut, growing dull blue towards
ihe extremity ; bill and legs brown.

B, 1 ails fhort^ equal at the end.

Coronaius. Green ; crefl plicatile red tipt wath blue. Crowned Cockatoo,
Inhabits Guiha, Surinam j 18 inches long.
Front yellow; crcft fcarlet tipt with bright blue; outer ^aiZ-
Zeflf/ien blue on the outer fides; vent red, the feathers tipt
with blue,

Aterrivius. Black ; crefl large, paler \ cheeks red, naked.

Black Cockatoo.
Inhabits New Holland ; more than a yard long.
JBill dufky-brown ; legs black-brown.

Funereusi Black ; middle of the tail ftraw-colour freckled with black.

Funereal Cockatoo.
Inhabits New Holland ; nearly as large as the laft.

Bankfii. Splendid black ; creft fmall ; head and wing-covers dotted

with buff; outer tail-feathers fcarlet in the middle»

barred and tipt with black. Bankfian Cockatoo.

g 2 Inhabits

t96 . BIRDS. VICJE. 5. Pfmacus.

Inhabits New Holland ; fize nearly of the laft. ^

Bill large, deep brown ; 2 middle tail-feathers black ; legs
brown.

2. Sides of the neck, chin and throat yellow.

Inhabits with the former ; 22 inches long.

Feathers of the creji varied with yellow; fides of the neck v»^
riegated yellow and black.

3. Dulky-brown inclining to olive ; tail, except the 2 middle

leathers, crofied with a broad red bar.
Tw^catv-two inches long ; lower part of the back, wings and rump
gloffy -black ; legs and claws black.

Sulpkure- White; creft folding pointed, and with the fpot beneath
^^- the eyes fulphur-ycUow. IVhite Cockatoo.

Inhabits Afo/.'ifcfl IJlands ; 14I inches long.

Bill and cere blackifh ; irids red ; colour beneath inclining to

fulphurous ; legs black.

Galeratus. White; creft long folding pointed fulphur ; bafe of the tail
fulphur. TV^zi' JVales Cockatoo.

Inhabits New South Wales j 2 feet 3 inches long.
Bill blackifli ; orbits feathered ; crown behind the crefl bald;
legs blackifli.

Phiiippi. White; creft feeding, fulphurous, white at the tip; orbits

Karuvi, yellowifh-red; lower tail-coverts I'ed dotted with

Avhite. Red-vented Cockatoo.

Inhabits Philippine IJlands ; 134 inches long.

Bill white, generally cinereous at the bafe; cere grey, orbit <:
yellowifli-red ; lower creft-ffathcrs pale red ; 2 middle tail-
Jeathers white, the lateral ones within as far as the middle ful-
phurous ; legs and claws It-ad-colour.

Mp/ucccn- White inclining to pale rofy ; creft beneath red ; lateral
fi^' tail-feathers within from the bafe to the middle ful-

phurous. Molucca Cockatoo.

Inhabits Molucca IJlands ; more than ly inches long.
Bill blucifh-black ; cere and claws black ; orbits grey ; irids
red ; crejl- 6\ inches long •, legs lead-colour.

Cyijtatus, White ; creft folding, yellow. Telloxv-crefud CockatoQ.

Inhabits Molucta I/lands ; 18 inches long.
Bill, cere, irids, legs and claws black; orbits naked, white;
quill and lateral tail-feathers from tlnibafc to the middle with-
in

BIRDS, pica:. 5. Pnttacui>: 197

in (ulphurmis ; feathers of the mck lax flowing; crcjl 5
inches long, able to be ercfted,

. \.'/i'-(3- Cinereous; rump, quill and tail-feathers fcarlet.
-- - • Red and white P.

Bill and (Yfl&'j black -^ lower part of the Ziaf^ red; legs hUckiih.

'-ryihacus.. Hoary ; temples naked, white; tail cocchineal. Hoary P.

2. Wings red.

3. Variegated with red.

4. Red; head cinereous; cheeks naked; primary quill-fea- ^

thers brown-afh.
Inhabits Africa j 20 inches long ; very loquacious, modulating

its voice in various tones, and repeathig cafily whatever it

hears.
Bill black : ccv. white ; irids yellowifh-white ; legs cinereous ;

claws black.
.« •

Ciheruis. Entirely blueifh-afl?. Cinereous P.

Inhabits Guinea j larger tlnn the laft.

Meridio- Above greenifh-afli, beneath bright-bay; orbits, crown,

nalis. hind-head and neck cinerous ; feathers tipt with

brown. Southern P,

Inhabits A^ew Zealand 2 16 inches long.

Bill blueifli-black ; legs black. ,

Mafcari. Cinereous ; frontlet beneath black ; orbits naked, reddifh ;
""•^- lateral tail-feathers whitifh at the bafe. Majcarine P.

Inhabits Mafcarint; 131 inches long.

Bill^ cert and legs reddifh ; crown and ntck paler ; claws grey.

Fafcus. Entirely brown-afh ; 13 inches long. Brown P.

Carrnlus. Red ; orbits afh ; cheeks and wings green ; latter half of
the tail-feathers blue. Ceram Lory,

2. Scarlet; wings green and black ; tail-feathers yellow, the

latter half greenifli.

3. Shoulders fpotted with pale yellow.

4. Moft of the wing-coverts dotted with blue.

Inhabits Mvlucca Ijlands ; above 10 inches long.

Bill orange; cere afh ; irids yellow; legs brown, 2) black;
claxcs black ; lelTer and lower wing-coverts varied with yel-
low and green, 2) green, 3) yellow, then gi^en, then green

dotted

xgS BIRDS. PIC^. s. Pfittacus.

dotted with yellov/ ; fpurious zoiiigs violet ; greater quill-
Jeathers dufky-green, within fcarlet, tipt with afli ; 2 mid-
dle tail feathers green at the bale, then red with green dots ;
tail in 2) the exterior part yellow tipt wipt with yellow-
green, in 3) all the tail-feathers beneath yellow-red,

liomicella. Red ; cap violet ; wings green; fhoulders and cheeks blue ;
orbits brown. Blue-cap Lory,

2. Cap blue ; wings green ; orbits black ; collar yellow.
Inhabits New Guinea, Molucca IJles s 11 inches long,
£ill red, 2) yellowifh; irids and crefcent on the breaji yel-
low -, 2) back, rump and belly mixed white and rofy ; 2)
tail purple, the feathers varying with white and purple ;
2) quill-Jeatkers blue, the leffcr and coverts yellowilh-green ;
legs blackifh ; cla-ws black.

Xory. Purple; cap violet ; wings green; bread, cheeks and tail

blue; orbits pale flelh-colour. Violet-cap Lory,

Inhabits Philippine IJlcs • above lo inches€ong.

Bill and irids orange ; cere cinereous ; tail-feathers partly red,
partly green, the outer violet at the extreme edge ; legs
blackifli,

Pumccus. Deep fcarlet, beneath violet; lefTcr and under wing-co-
verts, quiil-feathers within and underneath blackifh-f
brown. Crimfoti Lory.

Inhabits Amboina: 11 ^ inches long.

Bill red, lometimes black ; cere and orbits blackifh ; irids
orange ; tailfeathers tipt with dirty-red or orange ; legs
brown ; claws black.

Ruber. Red ; area of the qyes and quill-feathers black ; fpot on
the wing and under tail-coverts blue ; tail chefnut at
the tip. Molucca Lory.

2. Shoulders, belly, vent, tips of the fecondary quill-fea-
thers and greater wing-coverts blue.
Inhabits Molucca JJles and New Guinea; g — 10 inches long.

Crandis, Red ; beneath mixt red blue violet and green ; nape vio-
let ; wings blue; tail tipt with yellow. Grand Lory.
2. Above varied with brown and green, beneath blue ; edge
of the wings and their under coverts blue ; tail
chefnut.
Inhabits Ceylon : 13 inches long,

Cochiri'

TBIRDS. PIC^. 5. Pfittacus. 199

Canchhu Blue; front, nape, lower part of the neck, breaft and
chinen/is. middle of the belly fcarlet. Cochinchina P.

Inhabits Cochinchina,

Bill yellow ; wing-coverts quills and tail with a black crofs bar '
legs black.

Guineenfis. Head and neck fcarlet ; eyebrows and breaft yellowlfh ;
wings yellow-green tipt with blue ; belly vent and
under-part of the tail hoary tipt with fcarlet.

Tellow-breajied Lory,
Inhabits Guinea; 10 inches long.
Bill black ; cere^ chin and orbits white ; claws black,

Paragua-. Scarlet ; head, neck, vent, tail, fhoulders and -wings black,
iius. Paraguan Lory.

Inhabits Brafil ? Bill cinereous ; irids red,

Niger, Tail long, equal ; body blueifh-black ; bill and orbits
white. Black P.

Inhabits Madagafcar ; 13-I inches long.
i?z7/ reddifh ; irids hxcnNU ; /e^j flefli-colour; claws hltax^.

Ca:ruloce' Blue; belly, rump and tail green; crown yellow; quill
phalus, and tail-feathers red. Blue-headed P,

Inhabits Guiana ; 9 inches long.

Bill blackifh ; orbits naked, whitifii ; irids yellow ; legs red-
grey.

Planus, Varied w^Ith brown and blue; cheeks, chin and throat
whitifli ; quilt and tail-feathers duflcy-brown the outer
webs blue. Variegated. P*

Inhabits South America ; above 5 inches long.
BiU^n6. legs yellowifh; claws black,

Violaceus, Violet, varied with mixed black and green ; back dufky- *
green; greater quill-feathers black, the reft varied
with yellow-green and red, with a rofy fpot on their
coverts. Ruff-necked Parrofo

Inhabits America; fize of a hen*
Bill and orbits flcfti-colour.

Fringilla' Green ;, head blue ; cheeks, chin, throat and fpot on the
ccus^ belly white with a bloody hue ; belly violet, ftnch P^

Inhabits

200 BIRDS. VICJE. 5. Pfittacu*.''

Inhabits South Avierlca ; above 6 inches long.
Tail-feather's on the inner-fide and tip, hill and legs yelluvv 5
clazvs brownifli.

Chortzus. Green ; beneath afli ; orbits carnation. Chill i'.

Inhabits Chili i refembles. in manners and food P. jaguihiia.

Slncnfis, Green; under wing-coverts red, fome of the greater and
edge blue; tail beneath brown. Chinefe P.

Inhabits fouthern China, Amboina and New Guinea; fize of
a hen.

Cere o; orbits covered; lower mandible black, upper red,
tipt with yellowifh ; irids orange ; legs and claws black.

Macro- Green; beneath inclining to yellow; wings mixed blue
rhyncost and green with black coverts* Great-billed P.

Inhabits New Guinea; 14 inches long.

Bill large, blood- red ; tail yellowifli at the tip.

Nafutus, Green ; head and breafl: greenifh-grey ; wing-coverts yel-
low. GriJIed p.

Inhabits China ; 12 inches long.

Bill red, almoft as large as the head ; irids blueifii.

Grami' Green ; beneath olive ; front and crown blue ; tail beneath
neus. yellow. Grafs-green P.

Inhabits Amboina; 16 inches long; legs lead-colour.

Leucoce- Green ; quill-feathers blue ; front white ; orbits fnowy,
phalus. White-fronted P.

2. Throat red, the feathers edged with white ; belly purple ;

quill-feathers blue on the outer webs.

3. Head from the front to the neck white, the reft pale blue;

orbits and fpurious wings red.

4. Crown blueifli-adi ; belly fpotted with red.

Inhabits Martinico, 2) and in Jamaica and Nezo Spain;
fize of a pigeon.

All tht feathers edged with brown or red ; head above and on
the fides blue ; chin red, in 3, 4) green ; quill feathers
black, outer-edges blue; tail-feathers equal, •green, red at
the bafe, tipt with yellowifh, the putertr.oft blue at thp outer
edge,.

Cc-iniy

iBIRDS. PIC^. 5. Pfittacus. 2oi

Genu:. Green ; head white ; fhoulders, fome of the middle quill-
feathers and tail-feathers witliin, at the bafe red.

Gcrin's P*
Juhab'it^ Brafi I ; fize of the laft.
Bill and legs pale • lefier wing-coverts red.

Oihroce- Green; crown yellow; wing-coverts red; quill-feather<?
phalus. variegated with green, black, violet and red; 2 outer

tail-feathers within red at the bafe. y'elloiv-headcd F.
2. Crown with a yellow fpot ; bill ruddy.
2. Upper mandible blueilh-green with yellow fides and a
black fpot at the tip, lower lead-cglour, yellow in the
middle.
Inhabits South America ; 16 — 18 inches long,
Bill cinereous red at the bafe ; irids yellow •, legs lead-colour ;
ilaojs hlack<

iiarhaden- Green; orbits and front cinereous; crown^ cheeks, chin>

//. throat and leiler wing-coverts yellow, the greater blue ;

many of the primary quill-feathers without, violet,

the reft from the bafe to the middle red and afterwards

blue. AJh-fronted P.

Inhabits Barbadaes ^ fize of a pigeon.

Bill, corneous ; kgs afla ; clazus black.

Lncionen- Greon ; hind-head and rump blue ; wings marked with
p. black blue and red. Manilla P .

Inhabits Luzoniaj 12^ inches long.

Bill (c:\r\et tipt v/ith white; ctre reddilh; legs cinereous;
claws black ifh.

/Lftivus. Green flightly fpotted with yellow ; front blue ; fhouldcr^
blood-red ; orbits carnation. Amazon P-

2. Head and breaft yellow ; front and chin blucifh ; edges of

the wings and vent red.

3. Lefler V/ing-coverts red.

4.. Cap blue variegated with black ; a yellow fpot on thtf
crown and each fide below the eyes; chin blue.

5. Crcrvvn cheeks, and chin yellow.

6. Pale green ; front pale yellnv ; temples tawny.

7. Green; front bliie ; cfown, cheeks, chin and middle of

the belly yellow.
S.Green; head and neck yellow; fhoulders red.
9. Green variegated with yellovy-; front blue ; fhoylders red,
V«l. I. — D d Inhabtfft

-i.y. BIRDS. FICJE. 5. Pllttacus.

Inhabits South America 2) Jfamaica ; fize of a pigeon.
Back fprinklcd with tawny feathers ; face yellow ; Jront blue ;
CTOztxn whltilli ; tail-feathers paler at the tip, the 3 firft red
at the inner bafe, the fivlt blue at the outer edge ; fhouUers
taWnV or bldod-red; firft quilifeathirs black tipt with
blueifli, within black, without green ; the anterior fecondary
on the outer fide near the bale red ; bill black at the tip,
5] cincreotis.

l.utcus. Green ; crown blue ; fhotilders yellow ; greater wing-co-.
verts with an orange fpot. __ Telbw-fhouldered P.

Inhabits South. America j-ii inches long.
Lower edge of xh^ frontlet and chin yellow.

Ochrcptc- Green \ front and orbits whitiHi ; crown, cheeks, chln^
?""■?• throat and remoter wing-coverts yellow.

ydhw-ivitiged P.
Inhabits Scmth America^ 13 inches long.

Bill \v'hiti{h -, upper fcathsrs of the body edged with black ;
lefler icin^^-c averts nearell the body edged with tawny ; audi-
ftathers black, .fomeof them edged with blue and green, the
midcilc 4 within red at the bale *, 4 middle tailfcathe-rs tipt
with yellowifli, the next 3 from the bafe to the middle red,
the outer blue at the exterior edge ; /eji cinereous. • -

Pidveru- Green ; above mealy ; fpot on the head yellow, on the
lent us. wings red. Alialy P.

Inhabits Cavennej veiy large ; fpeaks diftinftly.

Bill whitilh-hom ; feathers of the face with a flight brown
edge ; quUl feathers black without.

//ara«7!^n- Green ; front, chin and throat afhy-bluc; bread with 3
/'J'« large red fpot ; orbits cinereous. Blue-fronted P.

Inhabits Havannah; 1 2 inches long.

Feathers above tipt with black, beneath with blucifh ; greater
quillfeathers black, middle ones with a red fpot ; lateral tail-
feathers red at the bale ; kgs grey.

Paradif, Yellow ; chin, belly and bafe 0/ the tail-feathers red.

Paradife P,
Inhabits Cuba; 12^ inches Ipng.

Bill, legs and naked orbits white; irids red; greater quill-
feathers white ; 2 middle tailfeathers entirely, the reft en
the laft third part yellow, cUewhcre red,

Aiirorsf

BIRD5. PIC.^. 5. Pfmacus, act

Aurora, Yellow; arm-pits, edges of the wings and, greater quill-
fcathcrs without in the middle red. Aurora P.

Inhabits Brafd ; 12 inches long.

Bill, cere^ legs and claws white ; eyebrows and i-rids red ; tail
rounded, the 4 outer feathers from the bafe to the middle
withiu red.

Pajerinus. Yellow green , fpot on the wings and wings beneath blue.

Pajerine P.
Inhabits Bra f I ind Guiana; 4 inches long.

Bill, cere, orbits, A/^f and claws orange ; primary xvin^-covertihhxt.

Yellowifli-green ; collar blue; rump red. .J^lue collared P^
Inhabits Chili ; larger than a pigeon; docile and cafily tamed ;
is troublffoine in corn-fields, and makes its neft in rocky
precipices ; flcfli eatable.

Sordidus, Brovvnifh ; chin blue ; wings and tail grecM ; bill and vent
red. DufKy P.

Inhabits New Spain : fize of a pigeon.

Cere blackifh ; orbits naked, pale a{h ; irids chefnut ; teviples^
hind-kead, rump and tail above, grecnifli ; lower tail-coverts
red ; legs lead-€olour ; claws black.

Domini- Green ; band on the forehead red ; lunules on the neck
cenfis, and back black ; quill-feathcrs blue. Rid-handed P.

Inhabits S,t. Domingo ; c)~ inches long.

Bill pale flefli-colour ; legs cinereous.

Prythrob- Grcen ; orbits blackifli ; middle of the back black, lower
terus. part blue ; wing-coverts red. Crifnfon-winged P.

Inhabits New South IVales j io\ inches long.

Bill red ; cere and legs dirty \ back of the female green.

fejlivus. Qreen; front purplifli; eyebrows and chin blue; back
blood- red. Fejiive P.

Inhabits Gjuiana ; ii inches long ; very a£live, but fierce and
untraclable.

J5i7nead- colour tipt with black ; cere dark grey; irids faifrpn;
legs cinereous ; claws black.

Md'ujlus. Green; head fomewhat afli ; wing-coverts dirty black

edged with green; fpot on the wings re* Jiohji P.

D d 2 Si2!8

•$•04 BIRDS. FICJE. 5. Plittacus,

Size of a pigeon,

BiU large, white ; frontlet above blackifh ; tcatliers of the

crown ftriped in the middle with a dirty colour ; le^^f

dirty afli.

Magnus. Green ; greater quill-feathcrs bjue, lefTer beneath red.

New Guinea P.
Inhabits New Guinea; fize of a pigeon.

Upper mandible orpiment-yellovv, lower black ; irids flame-
colour; body grafs-green,

Oricnialis. Green ; outer edge of the wings and primary quill-feathers
blueifh ; tail yellow at the tip. • Eajhrn P.

Inhabits India ; fize of the laft.
Bill rod, tipt with yellow ; legs yello\s%

Adfcitus. Green ; cheeks and wings blue \ back on the fore-part
black with yellow llrcaks, hind-part yeliowifh.

Blue-cheeked P .
Length iii inches.
Bill and croxun, pale yellow ; vtnt red ; kgi dulky.

Batavm- Gr?en with yellow flreaks \ hind-head and nape blackilTi ;
fis, face and thighs fcarlet. Bat avian P,

Inhabits Batuxjia.

Bill black ; legs afh;

Taraba. Green ; head, chin, throat, breaft and IcfTer wing-coverts
red. Tarahe P.

InTiabits Braftl; 10 inches long.
5;7^iiid ^'-ji cinereous; c/az^j black.

BrafJieu' Green ; face red , temples blue ; orbits afli.
fS. Brafil green P.

Inhabits Brafil j fize of a pigeon ; is probably only a variety ef

the next.
Body green dafhed v,'ith yellow ; aryn-pits and out fide of the
fecondarjy' tailfeaihers red ; reft of the tail-feathers and firft
q-u,illfeathers\A\xt.

Autuitins," Qieen ; front and fpot on the quill-feathcrs fcarlet ; crown
iis^ and primary quill-feathcrs blue. Autumnal P^

^. Fro^t

BIRDS. PlC.i::. 5.Pfitucus. 205

<c. Fcont and chin blue.
^j. Head variegated Avith 4;*'d and whitifli.
Inhabits Guiana ; lv/.e. pi the laft.

Region of the eves blue ; primary wing-coverts blue with a red
bafe; lander quillfeathtrs green; tailfeathcn above green
tipt with yt'Uowifh, the outer one blue on the exterior edge,
beneath yellow, reddifli at the bale, with a green fpot in the
middle.

Coccinace- Green; crown and front fcarlet ; rump greenini-ycllow ;
pluiUs, quill and tail-feathers blue without* Scarlet-headed P.

Size of the millel thrulh.

Bill pale horn ; cheeks naked -, outer edges of the wings yel-
low ; tail tipt with yellow. _

Accipitn- Green ; head grey ; neck and breafl: varied with blueifh ;

yius, quill and tail-feathers tipt with blue. Hawk-headed P.

2. Feathers of the head white long narrow flreaked with

black.

Inhabits India, 2) domefticated in Guiana, and when angry

erefts the crcft ; fize of a pigeon.
Bill and cere blackifh ; orhits naked, blackifli ; irids ycllow-
chefnut ; legs and claws plumbeous.

^3ff^!/?rttia. Green; head blueifh; vent red. Blue-headed P.

Inhabits Guiana j not very docile, and has the voice of a jack-
daw ; l\ze of a turtle-dove.

Feathers of the head and neck brown tipt with blue ; hack and
zoijKjS green; wing-coverts yellowifli-grcen ; quill-feathers
green with a brown iiwier edge ; belly green, the feathers tipt
withblueifli ; tail-feathers green with a blueifli tip, the 3 firft
pn the inner fide blood-red from the bafe to the middle, the
outer fide yellowifli-bluc ; vent-feathers tipt with yellowifli-
blue; ^///horn-colour; vipper mandible yellow at the fides;
tyes black ; orbits blueifli-hoary.

purpureas, Above black-brown, beneath purple ; crown and cheeks
black ; orbits blue ; collar with dirty-colour fpots ;
quill and tail-feathers bliic. Purple-bellied P»

Inhdbits S.urinam ; fize of a pigeon ; not. docile.

Bill dirty with an orange fpot each fide ; lateral tail-feathers
reddifh on the inner fide, tipt with blue ; legs dirty colour.

Melanocc^ Cfcen ; beneath vellow j cap black ; brcaffc white; orbits

^'W**/. fle^-cplour.' miic-brea/ied P,

^ Inhabits

^o6 BIRDS. ?1CJE. 5.Pnttacus.

Inhabits Nezv Spain and Guiana; g\ inches long; lives in
woods, and flies in flocks, with a hifTing noife ; not eaiily
tanied, and is flaortcr and thicker than others of its tribe.

Bi/f und cere iled^-colouv; rl'.eehs yi^Wow ; 7;,^^ orange ; greater
(jui/!-J'eat!urs on the outer fide blue, on the inner and beneath
black, the firft lelFer green, edged with yellow, the reft green ;
tail rounded ; legs brown-afl^ ; claws blackilli.

Tikaius, Green; head black ; orbits white; fpot on the flioulders
blue ; tail tipt with blue. Hooded P.

Inhabits Cc^emje ; 8 {- inches long ; migrates.
£iU m\d legs red; chia yellowilli ; 2 middle tail-fcaihers en-
tirely green.

nus.

\:- Sea-green ; head tawny, inclining to red towards the bill.

Orange-headed P.
Inhabits Louiftann; feeds on the feeds of the bromelia and Hri-
odendron ; flies in large flocks making a great noife ; i^ not
eafily tamed or taught to fpeak ; 13 inches long.
Bill yellow-ifli ; legs white.

Collariiis. Green ; chin reddilli ; throat red.
Inhabits Jamaica; fize of a pigeon.
Quill Jcathtn bl^k edged with green.

Red-ikroatcd P,

Senegaltu^ Green; beneath yeliow ; head cinereous; orbits blacli,
naked. Senegal P.

Inhabits the findy flicyes of the Senegal ; 8,i inches long ; voice
harfh and unpleafmg; flics in flocks of 6 or -j, and rcfts on
the top branches of trees.

j!3:7/ cinereous ; cfrc blackifh ; irids yellow; quill-fcat hers znd
fpurious zvings afh with a green outer edge ; tail-feathers ci-
iiereouSj edged and tipt with green ; l^gs reddifh-afh.

Tuitara. Pale green ; lunule on the front red ; fpot on the middle of
the wings yellow. Red-fronted P.

Inhabits Brafil ; lize of a lark.

Bdl flefh-colour ; tail very fliort ; legs and claws grey.

ChryfopU' Green ; fpot on the wings blue and tawny ; orbits naked,
WUSt white. Golden-iuinged P.

\v\\A-iils India ; fize of the lafl.

Bill white; 4 firfl quill-feathers blue on the outer edge, brown
on the inner, the rgf^ above onnge, beneath vellow.

Pull

in Hi,

w.

BIRDS. PIC^. 5. PUctacus. .207

PuUiinus. Green ; front ral ; tail tawny with a black band ; orbits

cinereous. Ethiopian P,

Inh-abifi Guinea, Ethiopia, India md Javai 5I inches long;

imitate the manners of other birds, but does not eallly Icarri

to Ipcak ; foml of its own tribe.

\\laluccai- Green; front and rump blue; under wing-covcrts red.
/?/. Malacca P.

Inhabits Malacca ; fi7.e of the lad.

Bill greyifli-violet ; irids red ; k^s browi>.

Ccnica/is. Green; front and femilunar fpot on the nape, under part
of the throat and breaft fcarletr Red-7taped P.

About the llze of the lail ; tail gxZcn.

Ind'cus. Green; orbits pale fitdi-colour; crown red or orange;
hind-part of the rump red; quill-feathers within and
tail without blueifli-grcen. hjdian P.

Inhabits India ; lize of a lark.

BUI orange, i upper tail-cvverts red; legs and claws flefhi-
colour.

Vcfftalis. Bright green ; wings paler ; throat, rump and tail blood-
j-ed. Vernal P.

Size of the laft.

Biil pale reddidi ; zt}ing-coverti fall green ; tail beneath blue ;
body beneath paler green ; legs pak.

QGktdus, Green ; rump and breaft fcarlet ; crown (of the male) blue.
^ Sapphire P.

2. Head yellowifh-bliie, with a tranfverfe orange bar behind;
front, under part of the throat and tail-coverts red.
Inhabits Philippine IJlands : 5 inches long -, fleeps lufpendcd
on a branch by one fo^Jt, and is fond of the milky juice of the
cocoa nut.
dmll-f eat her fhcmnih blue, except the outer margiii, 2) blackiih'
with a deep green edge; tail-J&athers beneath blueilb; throat
blood-red, but not in the female ; 2) legs and claws red.

Anaca, Green; beneath tawny-brown; crown bay; fpot on the
back and tail rale brown; wings edged with red.

* Che/mt P,

Inhabits BrafiJ ; fize of a lark.

Bill and orbits brown ; lower taiUoverts tawny-brown ; greater
quill-fiaihiYs ka grcea at the tin ; hgi and claws blackiih.

Purpuratuf^

j.o8 BIRDS. PIC.©. 5. fTittaciis.

Purpura- Green; crown and neck cinereous; rump, edge of the
tu:, wings and tips of" the fpurious wings blue; tail pur-

ple edged with black . Pui-ple-tailed P.

Inhabits Cayenne ; 8 inches long.

Bill yellowifli ; lower part of the back blue ; jhculdtrs brown ;
tad-coverts very long ; 2 middle tail feat hers green dotted
with black ; legs cinereous ; clazfs yellowifh.

Canus. G:een ; head, diin and throat grey-green ; tail rounded,
with a broad black band. Grey-headed P.

Inhabits Madagafcar j near 6 inches long.
Bill grey ; legs and claws hoary ; head (of the female) green.

Melanop- Pale green; back, wing-coverts, band on the tail and pri-
terns. mary quill-feathers black, the fccondary yellowifh

dotted with blue. Black-whiged P .

Inhabits Java and Luzonia; 6 Inches long.
Bill and legs dirty white; body beneath verging to blueifli ; up-
per part of the /a;/ purplifh ; 2 middle tail-feathers uniform ;
lower tail-coverts ecj^ual in length to the taiL

Capevfis. Green ; fome of the quill-feathers blue ; bill and legs red-
dilh. Cape P.

Inhabits the Cape : ^\ inches long.
Crozcn Ibmetimes with a blue fpot : legs often yellow.

Tirquatiis, Green ; hind-head with a yellow tranfverfe band flreaked
with black.
Inhabits Philippine IJles : 5^ inches long ; does not talk.
Billf irids and legs blackifh-grey ; hind-head (of the femais)
blue with tranlverle black flreaks.

Minor. Green ; crowri fcarlet ; breafl: blue ; greater quill-feathers
black. Lejfer P.

Inhabits Luzonia : fmaller than the laft.

Bill, irids ^nd legs Yd\o\>* ; ^f//y inclining to yellowifh; upper

tail-coverts red ; female with a red frontlet and breafl, and a

tawny fpot on the neck.

Tovi, Green ; throat with a pale orange fpot ; wings with a broad

chefnut band of a gold-green hue.
Inhabits America ? near -7 inches long. Legs grey,

Tirica, Green; bill flefh-colour ; legs and claws blUcifli.

Inhabits Braflmd Jamaica ; fiz°of a lark,

BIRDS. TICJE. 6. Ramphaftos. s«9

iofyv(. Green ; a pale yellow fpot on the wings and tail-coverts.

Caycmne Parrakcet.
Iiahabits Guiana j eafily tamed and very talkative.
Bill and k^s grey.

T'ui. Green; front orange ; orbits yellow. Gold-headed P,

In>iabits Brafil ; lize of a darling.

Bill black ; eyes large, blackifli ; Jront fometimes pale yellow,
with a red bill.

F-rythro- Green; headcreOed; wings and tail red. Red-tatlcd P.
chlorus. Size of a blackbird; creil ':on!":fting of 6 feathers, 3 of which

are longer, moveable at pleafurc.

Meaica- Green; front frefted; wing-coverts :^n6 tail purple; ©r-
fiUfr bits blue ; chin yello^w ; neck red. Mexican P>

Inhabits New Spain ; 7 inches long.

Bill yellow ; quiil-Jeathers edged with white ; kgs and claws
cinereous.

6. RAMPHASTOS. Bill tnormous, empty,
convex, ferrate at the.^edges; each
mandible incurvate at ihe tip: no/-
trils behind the bafe of the bill, long,
narrow: tongue feathered at the
edges : feet mollly climbers. Toucan,

Thefe are confined to the tropical parts of South America ; are
impatient of cold : feed chiefly on the fruit of the palm tree ;
are ealily lamed ; fly in fmall flocks of 8 or 10 ; breed in hol-
low trees delerted by wood-peckers ; spd lay 2 white eggs.

f'y/ldit, G ree.n ; belly yellow ; rump jed. Gnett T.

Inhabits Caye7ine j 14 inches long.

Upper mandibk yellow with red fides and a black lioe in t^e
middle, lower4)lack, the bafe and round the noftrils red, the
, teeth in both white •, irids and naked orbits yellow ; kgs

lead- colour ; daws black; iafi wedged, beneath inclining to
afh ; head^ chin, and throat in the male black, in the female
bay, terminated by a black narrow tranfverfe band,

Zkiituh^t BUI not ferrate at the edges. Taothlefs T,

Vol. I. — E e Inhabits

nr^ BIRDS. PIC^E. 6. Ramphallo:^,

Inhabits Cayenne ; i 2 inches long, ,.

Body above green, beneath greenl^^-yello^^• ; head and wci'l

chefnut j ru'vti) red ; niavdillcs upper brown, lower black ;

thighs green; probably only a variety of the laft.

favcni- Green ; feathers fprinklfed w^ith red fpots. Pavonine 7";
''"■*• Inhabfts the fea coafts of New Spain j 17 inches long", feeds

on fifli.
Bill variegated yellow and black ; I'-'gs and ch'.vs black.

Piperivo- Green; the fore-parts black; vent and thighs red.
^"■^' PJperine T.

Inhibits Cayenne; 13 inches long.

Bill black with a red bafe ; orbits flcfli-colour or blucifli ; ten\-
plcs with an orange fpot ; crefccnt on the neck orange ; quilt-
feathers brown edged with green •, tail wedged, beneath
brown tipt with bay : lower tail-coverts red \ legs plumbeous ;
clams black ; female beneath grey, with a brown ricck.

'/iracari. Green; abdominal band, vent and rump red; belly and
breart yellow.
Inhabits Brafil, Surinam and Cayenne ; above 16 inches long.
Upper viandibii black on the back and tip, fides whitifh, bale
3-lc*^d at tjie noftrils, with a white arch at the r«ot, lower
blao: : head, wings and tail black ; hreafi and belly yellow
und fcarlet, with a black roundiOi fpot in the middle of the
breaft and a fimilar tranfyerie one on the beginning of the
belly.; ^/;;^^';.y tawny.

Tarquatus. Above black, beneath -vvhitifli ; belly green, the hind-part

red ; collar red. Collared T.

Inliabits the coalls of New Spain j 18 inches long ; feeds

on fifli.
Upper mandible blackifli, lower black ; irids reddifli-^'ellow ;

head and neck blac]> ; lower tail-couerts red; thighs purple j

legs greeuidi-afl-i ; claws black.

f*j/ci'y£)rj/f. Blackifli ; abdominal band and Vent red; rump white.

BraftlT.
\n\\.A)\i% South America : 21 inches long.

BUI yellow with a fcarlet fpot on the tip, lower mandible blue ;
cap, hack, wings, tail, hclly and thighs black; temples^ chin^
^reafi and rwfip white,

Eryth^Oih^nchos,

BIRDS. PltjE. 6. Ramphaaos. 2il

hrythro- Blackifli ; cheeks chin and throat white; upper tait-covcrf^
r/ninho!. fulphur, lower and crefcent on the brealt red.

Red-bcahdT.
Inlmbits South Avierua : fize of the lafl.

Bafe aT«l back of the bill yellow, tip of the upper t-nan(Hble and
liollow of the lower, red; noftriU edged with black ; orbits
blueifh; /fjj plumbeous ; c/rtaii black.

Tucanus, Blackifli • abdominal band, vcjnt and rump yellow.

Tellow-breajlcd Ti
Inhabits South America: 19 inches long.

Cheeks, chin and neck orange ; band on the belly and vent in-
clining to red; rump iulphur-yellow ; legs diid claws lead~
colour.

PicatHs. Blackifli ; bread yellow; vent and tips of the tail-feathers
red ; r»imp black. Preacher T,

Inhibits Guinea, and Brafil; above 26 inches long,
^ill yellowiJh- green tipt with reddifli ; belly red; tail dotted
with red at the tip.

Dicelerus. Blackifli ; brcaft, belly, vent and -rump red; chin yellow.

l''eUau'-throated T,
Inhabits Cayeniie: 17 ijiches long.

Bill olive with a black bale, the mandibles e<iged with red 3
cheeks fulphur ; throat orange edged with fulphur.

Toi^, Blackifli ; chin, throat and rump white ; orbits, circle on

the bread and vent red. IVhite-throated T,

Inhabits Cayenne ; 9 — 10 inches long.

Bill reddifh-yellow, bafe bUck ; upper mandible black at the
tip.

IndicKs, Throat qu ill-feathers and tail black ; cheeks and bread
white ; belly and thighs yellow ; crown reddifli-
orange ; rump crimfon. Indian T.

Inhabits India.
Bill hardly ferrate, and not fo large as in others.

Luii\is* YcUowifli-white; neck with 2 black lateral ftrlpes ; tail
and wings variegated witli black and white; lefler
wing-covcrts yellow. *Tell<iw T*

Inhabits New Spain : fize of a pigeon.
iiiYJ black ; irids yellow; ie^^ brown j claici ycllowifli.

E e 2 Cerulcuu

212 BIRDS. ?ICJE. 7. Momotus. 8. Scytlirops*

Qarukus. Blue mixed with cinereous. Blue 7-

Inlwbits coafls of Ncra Spain; fize of the lafl.
Bill longer than the body ; eyes black ; irids tawny.

Dubius, Chin blue. Blue-throated T.

Allies. Entirely white. ff'7)ite T.

7. MOMOTUS. Bill llrong, flightly curved,
ferrate at the edges : nqftnls feathered :
tongue feathered : tail wedged : feet
grefforial.

Brajiliea- Green ; front blueifh-green ; hind-head violet ; crown

/j. black. Brafilian Motmof.

2. Variegated with green, tawny, blue and cinereous.

Inhabits BrafU ; fize of a blackbird; 18 inches long; lives
folitarily in unfrequented forefls, building a neft of dried
grafs on the ground, or in holes abandoned by the armadillo,
and lays 2 eggs ; feeds on inlecls and raw flefh, the fragments-
of which it macerates in water ; when taken ftrikes violently
with its bill ; voice harih, weak, tremulous.
Body above olive-green, beneath rufty ; head large ; crown
blue, black in the middle ; bill black, hafdly 2 inches long ;
legs black.; claws hooked. .

8. SCYTHROPS. Bill large, convex, fharp-
edged, channelled at the fides, hooked
at the point : nojlrils naked, rounded,
•at the bafe of the bill: tongue carti-
lagenous, fplit at the point: feet
climbers.

J'fiittAceuSt S.

Inhabits Nezo Soatk Wales; fize of a cro\v, but from the

length of the tail mealures 2 feet 2 inches long.
Bill pale brown tipt with yellowifh, convex, keeled ; nojlrili
ruiiounded with a red wrinkled fkin ; orbits naked ; headj
nt-.k, and under parts of the body pale blueifh-grey ; back,
-.rings and tail cinereous, the feathers moflly with dufky-
blackifh tips ; tail long, wedged, the 2 middle feathers 1 1
jnches, all barred with black near the end, and tipt. with
white J legs fliort, Icaly, and with the hooked claws black.

9. BUCER03>

BIRDS. VICM. Q.Buccfos. lit^

5. BUCEROS. jBz// convex, curved, fharp-
edged, large, ferrate outwardly, with
a horny protuberance on the upper*
mandible near the bafe : nojlrils be-
hind the bafe of the bill : tongue fhort,
iharp-pointed : feet grelforial. HornbilL

Bicornis. Front bdny, flat, 2-horiied at the fore-part* Philippine H4
■Inhabits Philippine Ifus ; fize of a common hen ; black, be-
neath white; qniU-Jenlhers with a white fpot ; tail longtfh,
black; tail-feathers 10, the 4 outer each fide white; kgs
greenifh.
2. Bill Vermillion ; belly black ; back and rump brown-afli.
Is worfhippcd by the Indians, and has a voice refembling the
grunting of a I'wiiie or the bellowing of a calf; feeds on
fruit, which it fwallows whole, and after digefting the pulp,
cafts up the floiK's whole.

Ahyjfmi- Black ; bony protuberance femiclrcular on the fore-part ;
cus. orbits, chin and part of the throat naked, violet-

brown; greater quill-feathers white. Abyjfinian H*
Inhabits Abyffinia ; 3 feet 2 inches (long ; bill 9 inches;

feeds chiefly on beetles, and builds in large bufhy trees.
Bill black edged with white, about the bafe of the upper mani*.
dible each lide a tuft of briflly hairs.

Africanuf, Black ; protuberance ftraightifh, pointed. African .//,

Inhabits Africa ; fize of a turkey.

Bill partly red, partly yellow, tli« mandibles edged with bla^k ;
head flightly creflcd,

Malabari- Black, beneath white; protuberance rounded above, ficute
(US, towards the front, reaching behind the eyes. PiedH.

Inhabits India ; z^—^ feet long ; eats flefli, nuts, fmal\ birds.
Each mandible curved downwards, fharp at the tip ; protu-
berance 4! inches long, the greater part black, the middle
both of the protuberaiice and the bill dirty ycUowlfl 1- white ;
ventf quill aud outer tail-feathers tipt with wh'ite; le^s
ftrong, fcaly, black ; clazos long, hooked,- bluntifh .
2- The 2 or 4 middle taH-feathers black ; the reft wTiItc with

black bafes.
3« Protuberance egg-fhapcd ; quill and tail-feathers, except the
2 mijjdle ones which have black bafcs, white.

fiydrocoraxt

21^ BIRDS. PlCM. 9. Buceros.

Jlydrcco- Protuberance flattened forwards; belly tawny,; neckwitl-]
a white coilaf. Indian H

Inhabits Molucca IJIand.i ; 2 feet 4 Inches long ; is frequenlh,'
tamed to defliroy rats and mice ; feeds ort the wild nutmeg,
wliich raider? ifts flcfli pleafanttv aromatic;
Prtii(<7'era»fe cinereous, behind whitifla; cfoteu hlackifa ; cheeks
and c/nn black, the latter terminating in a dirtv-grev arch ;
hind-head and neck pale chcfnut ; back, JliouUkn, rump,
!^'i>!g and tail-coverts brown ; brcajl and belL\' blackifli, t; <
Ijlter yellowiih on the hind-part ; .<ai7 afh or dirty-white ;
i^s grey-brown ; claws black.-

Rhinoce- Protuberance rectirvate, pointed. Rh'inocercs H.

tjs. Inhabits India; 3 feet long; prevs on rats, mice and carrion,

and follows hunters for the entrails of their game.
Bill 10 inches long, whitifli-yellow ; upper mandible red at the
bafe, lower black ; horn 8 inches long, red on the upper
lurfice ; body black, beneath and beiiiud dirty- white ; tail
12 inches long, the lower coverts white and black; iail-jea-
tJiers wliite at the bafe and tips, black in the middle ; legs
and claws dufky-grey.

Cakatus. Bill ftraightifli ; protuberance nearly fquare,- the hind-pari
rounded, the fore-part flat. Hehntt H.

Inhabits Ajia.
BUI 8 inches long, inoftly red.

Panayen- Greenifli-black, beneath reddiih-brown ; protuberance
fis, fharp above, flat on the fides. Panay H,

Inhabits Panay ; fize of a raven.

Bill very long, arched, brown witii tranfverfe lateral wrinkles,
and longitudinal oraage furrows; orbits naked, brown; irids
whitlfh ; head and neck of the female, white with a large tri-
angular greenifii-black fpot ; tail-feathers 10, from the bafe
^ to the middle tawny -yelldvv, tint with black} legs lead-

colour.

ManilUn^ Above blackifli-brown, beneath dirty-white ; bill not fer-

fif. rate; protuberance fmall. Manilla H.

Inhabits Manilla ; 20 inches long.

ff BUI lefs curved ; tip lefs atfute ; h^ad and r.cck white waved

with brown ; temples with a black fpot ; tail with a tawny

band acrofs the middle,

..-. • , Na/utus,

BIRDS. PIC-yE. 9. B^ictios. 215

Front finoDih ; tail-feathers white at the bafc and tip.

TcckH.

Inhabits near the river Senegal ; fizc of a wood-pcckcr ; feeds
on fruit, and wlit-n voung is eafily tamed.

BiU bent downwards and with the legs black in the young birdj
but gi owing red with age -, body above dirty-gvey, the fea-
thers whiiilh at the tips, beneath dirty-white ; chccKs with a
dirty white ftj."ipe ; 2 ii;iiddle tail-fcatkers dirty-grey, the
otlier 10 as far as tlie middle and at the tip white, the rcll
blackifli ; clau's black.

Snow-white; bill and legs black. in.ite H.

Inhabits Lachone IJlands : fize of a goufe.
Bill iwrrow, bent down ; neck fmall.

Obfcurns. Protuberance rounded above, 7 or 8-lobed ; body black
ta}l-fc<ithers white. JVreatked H.

2. Protuberance 5-lobed ; body clouded black at>d grey ; tail
black.

Inhabits New Guinea^ 2) Ceylon: fize of a crow.

Bill Ircnt, 5 — 6 incites long, 2) yellow with a naked blue fpot
at tiic baie of the under mandible -, prctubcranee an inch high,
:::.ar»dibles not ferrate ; 2) primary quill.feath'ers black tipt
Wi'_h white ; outer tail-feathers black tipt with -white, half
black ; crozvn black ; legs blueifh,

Qinginia- Bill bent, comprefTed laterally ; protuberance pointed ;
»«'• body above green, beneath white. Gingl H.

Inhabits the Carnatic j 2 feet long.

BiU from the bafe to the middle and protuberance black, the reft
white, pdges lerrate ; quill-feat hers tipt with white ; lateral
fail feathers black w^th a brown bar near the end and white
tips, middle ones grey with a black bar near the end ; cketk$
with an oval black bar under the orbits ; legs black.

Cjuntalif. Bill convex, keeled above, protuberant at the bafe ; orbits
naked, wrinkled, cinereous ; body Hackilh. Enjlcrn H.
Inhabits A'ery Holland; nearly as lai-ge as a jay.
Nofirils open near the bale of the bill.

Grifcujt Protuberance Hoping before, abrupt behind ; body grey.

Gi-cy //.
Inhabits New Holland.

Crown, black ; bill yellow, with a black fpot at the bafe ; at the '
corner of each eye. a tuft of briftles, aud behind a naked blue

fpot ;

^i6 BIRDS. PICiE. lo. Buphaga. ri. Crotophaga.

fpot ; zving-covcrls variegated with black ; quill-feathers tipt
with white.

i^iridis. Protuberance abrupt; body black; wings greenifh.

Green H.

Bill yellowifh, a naked whitifh-blue fpot at the bafe of the un-
der mandible : outer tail-feathers^ bafe of the quill f eat fiers
and idly white : k^s blueifli.

10. BUPHAGA. Bill flraight, fomewhat
fquare, mandibles gibbous, entire,
more gibbous on the outfide : legs
formed for walking.

JJricanx. g. African Beef-eater.

Inhabits near the river Senegal: 8| inches long : picks holes
in the backs of cattle for the purpole of getting at the kirVcC
of the gad-fiy.

Body above grey-brown, beneath and rump yellowifli : hill
hardly an inch long,' lometimes yellowifh tipt with red, fom-.
times black: tail wedged: tculfeathers 12, acute, grey-
brown, the lateral ones within tawny : le^s . and claws
black.

U. CROTOPHAGA. ^z// comprefled, fe^
mioval, arched, carinate on the back ;
vipper mandible angular at each edge:
nojtrils pervious.

'Ani, Blackini-violet ; feet climbers Leffer Am.

Inhabits South America; ir^\ inches long: gregarious, many
females laying in the fame neft, each taking care of its owri
brood : eggs Ipa-green, fpotted towards each end : feeds on
fruit, feeds, worms and various infefts, the cattle it is laid
lying down that it may pick from the back the acarus ricinu^
with which they are infefled.
Body hhck: tail long, wedged, of 10 feathers: upper 7Ka«-
dible, incurvate at tlie tip : nofirils oval : tongue llefliy, en-
tire : legs black.

itt'ijor, Blackifh-violet, the feathers edged with green; quill-fea*
thers duiky-grecn ; feet climbers. Greater Ani.

Iidiabit^

BIRDS. VlCJE. 12. dlaucopis. 13. Corvus. 21^

Inhabits Cayenne; i8 inches long; is docile and eafil^
tamed.

J^aria. Varied with black and red ; fs£t climbers. Varied Ant.

Eleven inches lone ; bill black ; litad, throat, brea/t, larger
and middle wing-coverts and tail black ; refl of the body
tiwny-red -, Ic^s tawny-browh.

/biibulato- Feet formed! for walking. n'alhlng Ann

ria. Inhabits Suj-inam ; except in the flrufture of the feet cxatUy

refcmbles the laft.

12. GLAtJCOPIS. Bill incurvate, arched^

the lower mandible Ihorter and carun-
culate beneath at the bafe : nojlnls
deprelTed, half covered with a fubcar-
tilaginous membrane : tongue fubcar-
tilaginous, fplit and fringed at the tip :
feet walkers.

Cimrci, G. Cinerecus Wattle-hlrd^

Inhabits Ktw Zealand: 15 inches long; walks on the ground
and ieldom perches on trees; feeds on. berries, iniefls ^nd
fmall birds ; makes a hifling and murmuring noife ; flefh
good.
^ody, bill and kgs black ; caruncfe firll blue, then orange ;
irids very large, blue; tail long, wedged, confiding of ici
feathers ; legs long, hind-claws longer tlian the reft.

13. CORVUS. Bill, convex, (harp-edged :

nojlrils covered with fetaceous recum-
bent feathers : tongue cartaliginous,
bifid : feet walkers. Croiu^

The greater part of this tribe is found in every climate ; they
are prolific, fecial and clamorous, building in trees, and laying
6 eggs ; their food is mixed animal and vegetable ; bill with
a fmall tooth-like procefseach fide near the ]^iiht; middle-t«e
joined tot the outer as far as the firfV ioir.t.

Vol. I. ~ F f •' " H«t^n*

^i8 BIRDS. PIC.^. 13. Corvus.

Hottentot- Grcejiilli-bUcii ; tail even ; whifkers very long.
tus, Hottentot C,

Inhabits the Capr ; near 12 inches long.

Above the nsJirUs are black whifkeis 3 inches long, and fliortf r
thicker ones at the corners of the rfiouth ; feathers of the
neck long, narrowj flowing.

*CoTax. Black; back blueilli-black ; tail roundiOi. Ravcn4

2. With a few fcattered white feathers.

3' Entirely white.

4- Variegated with black and white.

Inhabits all Eur ope y Siberia^ North America and a:s far as Ncio
Spain; 2 feel 2 inches long ; feeds on cariion, fmall birds,
weak lambs, dearl ftiecp, eggs, fifh, berries, and when prelFed
by hunger dried fkins and excrements ; is thievifii and noify,
and ma)' be taught to ipcak ; builds in high trees or rocks ;
eggs blueifh-gveen fpotted with brown, which the male fits
on by clay and the fema;le by night ; is long lived and has an
exqaifite (enfe cf irnell ; the Greenlandcrs eat the flefh, make
the (kins into garments, the wings into brufhes, and the fplit
feathers into fllliing lines.

Ckruus. Black; chin white ; bafe of the bill cinereous.

JVhite-chinned C.
Inhabits Srveden ; colour of the body footy-blackj the wings
and tskjl inclining to dark olive ; is probably only a variety
of the carrion crew.

Aujiralis. Black; quill-feathers brownifli-black ; feathers on the chin
lax. Soufh-fea Raven.

Inhabits Friendly IJlands : 19 inches long ; tail^.
Bill flrong at the bafe and flattened at the fides.

Alhicollis. Blackifli ; wing-coverts brown ; a broad femilunar white
patch on the neck ; bill carinate. IVhlte-nechd C.
Length 20 inches.

JiiU keeled on the upper mandible, the bafe covered with fe-
flefted briflly feathtrs ; legs black, rough.

*Corone. Entirely black with a violet-bluc glofs ; tail rounded, fea-
thers pointed at the ends. Carrion C.
1. Varied with white in a few places.
3. Whitp.

In}iabits.£'?o-^/<'j Sikria, North Amtrica, N^ze Guinea, New

Hdland,

BIRDS. nCJE. 13. Qoniur. sr^

Holland and Madeira ; 18 inches long ; feeds on camon and
linall weak animals, alfa on friHf and grain, being very trou-
blefcMne to corn lands ; buildsi in lofty ire.s,
Femali of a duller colour.

* Fruglli- Black; front fomewhat cinereous ; tail roundilli. ^oyk.
guj. Inhabits Europe and wefteni Siberia; i8 inches long; flies

abroad morning and evening in great flocks, perches by night:
on trees in vail nunib«rs, and builds in large conin: unities
called rookeries ; is verytioify and feeds on womns, the larvs
of infefts, particularly beetles, and corn ; flelh of the young
ones good,
-fli// longer, (Iraightcr and . Hendcrer than the laft; ends of the
tail-feathers roui>ded ; colour mixed with a purplifli fl^ade ;
tail above with a dull green tinge.

*Ci}rnix. Park afli ; head, throat, >vings and tail black.

Hood'JC.

Inhabits Europe and AJia ; 2 2, inches long; ir.igrat': 1 in winter
to move foutherly pans *, feeds on almoft every thing, and in
Sweden purges the lands of thofe myriads of larvae which
Would at fome times deftroy the fruits of the earth ; fits with
its face towards the wind ; eggs blueljli-greenwith blackifli-
brown fpots.

Hauricus. Black ; crawn blueifh-black ; neck, throaj and belly white.

White-hreajied C\
2. Entirely black ; neck and throat brown.

Inhabits China, Perjia and near the Senegal; 12 inches long ;

feeds on fruit and iniefts.
Tail and wings with a greenilh caft.

Cakdoni' Cinereous; bill, eyebrows, tarl and legs bUck.
'"•f* Caledonian €".

Inhabits Kfw Caledonia i 15 inches long, tail 5 ; irtds yeU
lowifh.

jfamaicen* Totally black, ChatNr'ing C.

7'-f» Inhabits the mountains of Jctmaica ; 18 inches long; feeds. on

berries and beetles, and is perpetually chattering.

* Momdu. Brown; hind-head hoary; front wings and tail black.

^^' Jackdaw.

2. A white collar round the neck.

3. White with a yellow ifli bill.

F f :» 4- Bright

np BIRDS. ?ICM. 13. eofVus.

4. Bright black ; eyes furrounded with wlilte dots,

5. Black ; bill and legs red.

6. Wings white ; bill fubcwrved.

7. Bill forked.

8. Black ; hind-head hbary.

9. Brownifh with white fhouldcrs.

Inhabits Europe and weltem Siberia, 5) Perfia ; feeds on in-
iedsy grain and feeds : breeds in oH turrets or lofty rock;? ;
is very gregarious, eafily tamed and thievifli ; eggs paler, lels,
and nqt fo much fpotted as thofe of the hooded crow ;. 1 \
incjies long ; {rids white.

^Crianaa- Win.g-cOverts blue with tranfverfe black and white lines,
^"■^' body pale rufty-purple mjxed with grpy. Jay.

2. White with reddift i rids.

Inliabits woods of Europe and Sihej-ia ; 13 inches long; is
very docile, reftlef?, eafily tamed and taught to fpeak ; foims
its neft of fmall ftlcks and fibrous roots, lays fix eggs of th?,
fize of a pigeon's, dull olive fpotted with pale brown; col-
lefts nuts and other fruit, and hides what it cannot eat ; feeds
alfo on corn, fmall birds, and eggs.
BiU ftrong, black ; tongue thm, black ; chin wliite ; montli with
a large black fpot at each angle : forehead white ftrc?.ke4
with black ; feathers of the head long, and may be erefted
into a crefh ; firft quill-feathers black, next 0 cinereous, next
6 black, the lower furfaces^-without tinged with blue, 2 ncJct
black, and the innermofl bay tipt with black ; leffer zving-,
roverts bright bay, greater blue barred with black ; J'capit-
iars black; rump white; tail Wiih. 12 black feathers; legs
j^ale brown ; claws large hooked.

^r^yroph. Black ; breafl blue ; eyes filyery ; tail white at the tip ;

thalmus. bill and legs black. Carthaginian C.

Inhabits CariJiagena in America: fize of the lall; lives in

woods ; feeds on infefts, fruit and feeds ; voice clear and not

unpleafant.

If'ings on thd outer part, and fpot above and beneath the eyes

blue.

Dubius, Rufty-brdwn; crown and temples blackifli ; neck and
belly yellowifh ; bill, eyes and legs black.

Doubtful C.
Inhabits Cdrthagcna ; from the bafe of the bill 2 white lines
pals through tlip Qvbits and ipeet on the hin4-head.

Crifiatus,

BIRDS. PICiE. 13. CoTvus- a^

tnjictus. Blue; collar black; wing-covcrts vvith tranfverfe bW'k
lines. Blue Jay.

Inhabits Norik America; 11 incites long*: is gregarious and
builds in niarfliy places; has ^ veiy pleafant note; feeds on
worms, fcrpents, chefmjts, and is particularly deftruclive to
ilclds of maize ; eggs olive fpotted with brown,

Ctefi blue; from tlie bale of the bill a black ftreak paffes eacH
lide beyond the eyes ; cheeks^ chin and hdly white ; hreaji
pale red; back pale purple; zving-coveris and fecondmy
tjuilljeatliers blue, the latter and one row of the coverts dot-
ted with white ; tail long, wedged, with black and blue lines,
and tipt with white ; legs black,

Stdkri, Body above black', beneath, wings and long wedged tall
blue ; head crelted. Ste'krs C.

Inhabits north-weft coalt of America ; 15 inches long.

Leffer wing-covcrts and primaiy quill-feathers within dirty-
white ; Iccondary quill and middle tail-feathers lined with
black.

/ - 'f. Subvidet, beneat'la white; throat and front black; tail
white at the tip. Cayenne Jay*

In^iabits Cayennes 13 inches long.

BilL tegs and cUiros grey ; frontlet, checks and nape black ;
tail rounded, violet ; fides of the head with 3 white fpots.

AuHiuu Brovvn-afli ; head fomewhat crefted ; frontlet and chin
black; front and ears with a white fpot ; quill-fea-
thers black edged with grey. pF/jJle-eared C.

Inhabits China : ix inches long.

Bill black hardly bent ; irids yellow ; crown blueifb-afli ; tail
long rounded a little flouching ; legs long, brownilli ; back-
clazj ftrong and much bent.

fcrphyro. Il'eddifh, beneath yellow ; head purplifh ; quill and tail-
cephaLus. ftiathers blacky Purple-headed C.

Inhabits China.
BUI lead-colour ; legs carnation ; tail long.

Macenfis. Greyifli-alh^ back, wing-coverts and vent red; forehead,

quill-feathers and tail black ; fecondary quill-feathers

with 2 white fpots. Macao C.

Inhabits Macao in Chin,a ; ab'out a third fmalkr than the mag-

pie J iridi yellowifh.

Rufus>

2t2 BIRDS. VICJE. i3.CQmis.

B-ufus, Red; benciath reddifh-vf hitc ; head and neck brown.

Rufous C,
Inhabits China ; fize of a blackbird.

Bill 2.\A kgs black ; 'grecter loitiff-CGt'Crts zud i'l^condzxy qv ill-
Jeathtrs grey ; p<-imary and 2 middle tail-Jcathers black ; la-
teral tail-Jcathers brown and grey tipt with white.

*Caryoca~ Brown dotted with white ; wings and tall black; tail-fea-
taQes. thers black at the tip, the middle ones as if worn.

Nut Cracker.
Inhabits Europe znd Siberia : 1 3 inches long ; lives chiefly in

pine forefts ; coUefts and feeds on infecls, berries and nuts.
Body with triangular white fpots ; vent white ; crczi:n and taiU

feathers without fpots ; feathers of the nojlnls foaietimes

wanliug ; tongue bicufpidate,

Balic.ifruj. Grcenifh-black ; tail forked. Philippine C.

Inhabits Philippine Ifies : fizeof a thrufli ; fings well.
BiU, IcQs and claws black j tail nearly 4 inches long.

Nova Gui- Front, frontlet and tail black ; head, neck, back and upper
«<-• part of the breaft dufky-afh ; lower part, belly, vent

and rump white tranfvcrfely flreaked with black.

New Guinea C.
2. Cinereous ; head and neck blueilh ; frontlet and oculc;r
band black ; brcafl: and belly pale rufty ; legs brown-
red, wrinkled.
Inhabits New Guinea: a foot long.

Bill blackilh ; a black ftreak drawn through and behind the
eyes ; legs (hort dirty-white.

PapucTifis, Cinereous ; belly w^iite ; quill-feathers blacklfli-brown.

• Papuan C.

Inhabits New Guinea j n inches long.

Bill }eUowifh, back of the upper mandible angular ; legs (mall
cinereous ; c/auis fliort.

Hudus, Black ; feathers on the cap downy ;. neck generally hare.

Bare-necked C.

Inhabits Cayenne ; fize of the jackdaw.

Bill broad at the bafe, dirty-afh ; fome of the outer quill-feathers

pale grey ; legs yellow ; fail even.

Cif}vus>

BIRDS. FICJE. 13. Corvuk ^oi

Cij/iKj. Rully-brown ; front and crown bald. Bald C*

Inhabits Cayrnim ; 13 inches long^

Bill a little curved, dirty-black ; legs duflcy ; lod^ beneath and
upper tail-iovcrts paler.

Pacificus, Cinereous ; Beneath inclining to bay ; hind-head, necky
•vvings and tail black \ wii>gs and tail fipt with white.

Pacijic C,
Inhabits South Sea iflands : 1O7 inches long.
Bill, Uga and claws bhek ; Jront arvd chin pale ; 2 middle tail-
feathers totally black.

-Tropicus. Black; vent dotted with dirty-white; tail rounded.

Trofie Q:
Inhabits Oakyhce; i2| inches long.

Bill an inch and half lung, broad at the bafe ; body above fhining-
black, :vings -diid tail verging to green ; legs and claws black.

Body above brown, beneath whitilh ; tail wedged; quill-
feathers at the bafe pale violet, in the middle black,
and tipt with white. Red-billed Jay.

Inhabits China ; larger tlian the jay.

Bill and legs red ; jront^ throat and breajl deep bkck ; hind'
head and neck pale grey ; claws blackifh, long, hooked, tipt
with black.

Si'nenfis, Above tawny-re<l ; crown brown; eyebrows white; tail
brown wedged, with a black band towards the tip ;
tail-feathers with dirty-white roundifh fpots near the
end. Chinefe Jay.

Inhabits China ; in fize and habits refembles the jay.

Bill and legs lead-colour ; a black line reaching acrofs the eyes :
ears with a blueifh-white fpot incloled in a black circle ; chin
white ; leeondary quill-feathers brown.

Sibcricus. Above cinereous ; beneath rufty-orange ; quill and <► mid-
dle tail-feathers cinereous, the rell orange.

Siberian fay.
Inhabits Siberia ; 10 inches long.

Bill dufky ; Jront, cheeks, chin and throat pale ; crown fub-
crcfted, brownifii -black ; rufnp ru fly-orange ; kgs cinereous,

Peruvin. AboVe pale green, beneath pale yellow ; crown white ; a

72M/. . black narrow band down the chin and throat ; 3 outer

tail-feathers each fide, yellow. Peruvian Jay.

^ • Inhabits

^

giRDS. ?iCM. 13. Corvus.

Inhabits Peru ; 1 if inches long.

^/(J/ dufky, ciixuni'cribed at the bafo with a blue line; ial.
Wedged.

J'lavus. Body greenifh-brown, bencatll yellow ; dun and eyebrows
white ; wings and tail tawhyith-browu.

■Teilow-bcUied "Jiiy-
\\\\\:h'\\.% Caytvnc : 9 inches long.

Bill black; crairvri \vith a Idngitudihal golden -ftfeak in th.c raid-
die ; legs (lender, flioit, lead-colour.

Sfnegalcn- Violet-black \ tail wedged ; limbs blpTck. Senegal C.

Jis, Inhabits neai- the 5enK^j(7iJ m Africa ; 14 inches long.

Body beneath dirty-black ; liill black ; quili and tail-feathert
brown edged with violet-black.

Cyanais. Cinereous ; crown fhining black ; wings and tail blue ;
tail-feathers very long, the middle ones tipt with
white. Blae C.

Inhabits Dauria ; about 9 inches long •, is gregarious, timid,
cunning and noify ; builds in fhrubs ahd Willows ; l?ody be.
ncath paler.

* Pica. Variegated black and white ; tail wedged; Magpie.^

2. Variegated footy black and white; eyes red.

3. Body longitudinally ftreaked with black and white.

4. Totally white.

Inhabits Europe, North America and ^^«; about 18 inches
long ; is crafty, reftleis, noify, quarreUoine, and may be eafily
tamed and taught to imitate the human voice ; builds in trees,
covers its nell over with thorns, leaving a narrow entrance ;
feeds on almoft every animal or vegetable iub fiance, and is
very deflruftive to gardens and orchards ; eggs greenifh
with numerous black or duiky fpols; migrates.

Colour of the body and tail finely gloifed with green and pur-'
pie ; taii very long.

Cdflbbxast Above ferruginous, beneath white ; head, neck and wedgei
tail blue, ftreaked with white ; collar and fpot on the
hind-head white. Caribbee C.

Inhabits Wejl India iflands; fiieof the laft.
- . Bill and kgs red ; fpot on the hind-head (in the maje) with

tranfvcrie black lines ; rump and upper tail-ccverts yellow ;
qudt-Jcathcfs blueifh-green ; It^ci wing-covert s chefnut, green
in the middle, the great<^f Blue (in the female green) with
whitilh ftidfta and 6djges.

Africanust

BIRDS; nCJE. 13. Corvus; 62^

A/ricanus. Above broWn, beneath dirty-afll ;. fubcrefted head and neck
purple ; tail wedged, tipt with white. African C.

Inhabits Africa; 22 inches lon^^.

£lill aiul Icgj red; feathers of the hind-heni tipt with greyi
quill-feat hen blueilh at the oulcf'rtiargin.

MfjiirA- Entirely blueifli-black. Mexican C,

n'us. Inhabits New Spain; fize of the jackdaw; fives near towns

and is perpetually tjiattcrinj.
BiU, legs and cla%vs Mack.

SuTinon- Greeh ; hind-head and tips of the pricriary quill-feathers
enfis. blue ; fpot on the neck and behind the ears pale green ;

tail duflcy. Surinam C.

Iilihabits Surinam: fize of the carrion crow.
Colour of the body deep, changeable.
Bill and primary quill-feathers du{ky ; kgs flefh-colouri

Zanoe, jBIackifh ; head and neck tawnyifh ; tail longj Zanoe C.
Inhabits New Spain ; in lize, uianuers, garrulity and docility

refembles the magpie.
Bill, legs and claws black,

firdchyu- Qtttn ; beneath and lines oi\ the head tawnyifh ; wings
•^i'^* with a white fpot. Short-tailed C

2. Green ; head and neck black ; rump and wing-covcrts

bliieifh-green ; tail black, undcr-coverts rofy.

3. Above green, beneath ycllowilh \ head and neck black

ftreaked with white and orange; quill and tail-fea-
thers black.
4- Above gfeen; beneath yellowifh ;, head blackifh-brown ;

nape ycllowilh ; a black lunule on the neck.
5« Head and neck black ; eyelids greenilli edged with blue ;

chin white j thi'oat and back green \ belly tawny ;

vent red.
6. Head -and neck black ; crown and longitudinal band

tawny \ chin white'; brcall tawrtyifli ; belly, thighs

and vent red.
7* Green ; crown brown; neck and collar white ; nape and

fillet between the eyes black ; belly white, with a
. fpot in the middle and vent fcarlet.
Inhabits illands of the Indian Oican ; 6—- 7 inchc:5 long.

Vol. I. X- G g ■^'•'

22^ BIRDS. ?ICM. i^.Con.u,.

Bill hrown-i fi^ad black : angle of the iriouth orange; inds
whitifTi ; c/2/«, q-uU-fcathcrs and.f^iz/ bLick, the latter green
at the tip'; Ugs oi-arigc ; claws dirty- red.

'<r ;. ' ■ ' ' ■•■ i ■

Canaacn- Brown ^ front ycllowilh ; beneath and tips of the taii-
>. feathers white. Cinereous' C.

Inhabits A'cjri/i //K^Wffl, particularly. theeaftern parts; 11 inches
\Gi\g ;^ lives in woods, but during winter near Villages ; is
thievifh, bold, a"nd flies in pairs -. feeds on fea-weed, worms,
llelh, and lavs up provifions for the wnnter ; builds in pine
trees and lays blue eggs ; is detefled by the inhabitants.
BilL ftout, black ; nojtrils covered ^vith a tuft of whitifh fea-
thers ; cheks tawnyifh dirty white ; f^Mthers of the crotcn
long, black ; zomgs long, wedged ; tail zvAfeet black*

*PvrrAoa''- Blackilh; bill pale yellow ; legs black. • Alpine C.

rax,. Inhabits the Alps, rarely England: 15 ^inche's long; voice

loud, harfli ; feeds on feeds, and is noxious to corti fields ;

flcfh good.

Legs fomcriir.es red ; dares black ; bill fubulatc, curved, longj

as are lijcewife all that follow of this tribe.

* Gracu. Violct-blackifli ; bill and legs red. Red-legged C.

ftw. Inhabits the Alps, Norway, England, Egypt and Perfia :

ifi inches long; is reftlefs, clamorous, voracious, thievith
and gregarious ; flies in a circle : builds iu rocks, and feeds
on juniper hemes and infefts ; is much taken with glitter,
irtd apt to catch up bits of lighted fticks, by which means
mifchief often happens ; eggs 4 — 5, white,' fpotted with
yellow.
Outer circle of the m<i:f red, inner grey; e^chroztis x&di; claw,s
large, hooked, black,

v
Auf:ralis. Above black, beneath cinereous ; bill red ; wing-coverts
fpottcd with white ; tail rounded, Cayenne C.

14. CORACIAS. Bill fliarp-edged, bent m
at the point, ihe bafe naked of fea-
thers: tongue cartaliginous, bifid:
legs fhort ; Jed formed for \valking.

Roller.

* Gamdat

BIRDS. TICJE. 14. Coracias. ity

* nxmua. Blue, back red ; quill-feathers black. . Comm,on R.

Inhabits Africa, oyria and Europe; fi?e' of the jay ; is fono-
rous, gregarious, migiatorv and trmid •, builds in trees, par-
ticularly the beech ; feeds on infefts, wornis, fvogs, nuts
and corn ; eggs pale graen, with innumerable dufky (pots,
Rehiml the cars ;'. naked Ipat ; primary qui¥ Ji^athr'; beneath
blue ; middle tail-feaihers dirtv-green, the reft blue dotttd
with black on tlic outer edge ; legs 4irry-yeI!,o\v»

J/uhca. glue i the fore-part teftaceous ; C3p gi-een, Indian R.

Inhabits Ceylon; 11 inches long •, reiembles the lad.

^•iV^ black, an inch and half long ; crof^) re b)uei lb -green ; neck
at.d upper part of the hack teftaceous -, tcmpla. and chin
Jlre>aked with white ; x,:iiigs mixed gieeyi ^nd blue ; outer
tail-feathers in the middle iea-green.

CaJ^a, Blue ; quill-feathcrs pale yellow at the outer edge. Cape R*

inhabits Ethiopia ; female blueifti-black.

Abyjiiiica. Green; cheeks' white ; flioulders, rump an4 greater (^uill-
feathcrs blue ; back and fccQi;dary quill-feathcrs
orange-brown. Abyfftnian R.

inhabits Abyjfmia.

Senr^alcn- Above reddifli-brown ; beneath, head, tail and upper part

/■". of the wings blueifli fea-grccn ; face white ; fhoulders

and quill-fcathers blue. Senegal, R.

Inhabits near the Senegal and Ceylon : fize of the jay.

Bill black ; tail forked ; legs reddiflr-llelh-colour.

Madagaf Rufty piirple-brown ; rump, vent and tail blueifti-greer^ ;
carenfis. tail towards the tip with a purpiifh band, the tip itfelf

and quill-fcathers above darki(h-blue. Madagajcar R.
Inhabits Madagafcar ; 10 inches long.

B^ll fhort, yellowirn ; eye^ large : quill f eat hers-hhck at the in-
ner edge J legs reddifh-brown or yellowifb.

O-ritntalis, Green; throat ftriate with blue ; tail-feathers black at^thc
tip. '/ OrierJal R'

Inhabits India; \o\ inches long.

Bill yellowifb, broader at the b'afe, and mortf hooked at the

point than in others ; body above green inclining to brown,

beneath blue with a fliade of green ', head and ftrag of the

oeck brown ; quillfealhrs mbicd blue ^d black, with a

Gga ' large

■323

BIRDS. TiCM. 14. Cox4cias.

Jarge pale blue fpot in the middle ; tail-feathers green at the
bale, the 2 middle ones black, the red blue ; legs ycUowifh ;
claws black.

^engakn.' Tawny ifli ; beneath bluei Hi ; neck beneath violet, ftreake4
' fis. with paler; tail entire. Bcr.gai R.

Inhabits Bevgal and the iiland Mindanao ; 12^ inches long.

BiU^u^ claws blackilh ; crown green ; lower part of the back
and nimp blue ; brcajl tawny, verging to violet ; Icfler wing"
coverts and v^pper tail-coverts blackillj-blue ; the grater and
remoter coverts of the uings green blue, the middle ones
mixed blue and green, the next green; the 5 iirft qnill-Jea,
thtrs deep blue •, a \r\\AA\c tail- feathers dulky-green, tlie refl.

» blueilli-green, with blue bafes and tips ; legs grey.

Cauiaia,. Taw^nyifh ; beneath blucifh ; neck beneath violet^ Iteaked
with paler, the outer tail-feathers very long.

Long-taited R.
Inhabits Angola j i^\ inches long.

Ilefenibjes the iaft, except ui hy^ang the outer tail-fiathen very
long.

Cccrulca..
Cyanea.

Above blue da{]ied with pale green ; beneath rufty ; v-ings
tipt wjth black. Blue R,

Entirely of a moft vivid blue.
Length^ inches.
Bill dirty-afli.

Vltramarlm R

Oayennen- Tawnyif^-green ; beneath dirty-white ; eyelids white ;
^s. chin with a black ftreak" each fide ; tail wedged.

Cuyttme R,
Inhabits Cayenne ; 5 inches l(^g.

Bill ftrong, red, a little curved towards tlie tip ; legf pale grey,
and longer tlian in other fpecics.

Mexica-
nus.

Tawny-grey ; beneath and on the wings pale grey mixcc}
with flame-colour. Mexicari R.

inhabits New Spain ; larger than a thrufli-

Pp.dld» Blue; neck on the fore-part and fides, breaft, belly, quill-
feathers and greater wing-coverts black. Fairy R.

Inhabits

JblRDS. PIC/E. 14. Goracius. ;;^2^j

fnhahits India : 0?.e of a blackbird.

RiU ftrong, and with the Up^s black ; v;higi with 3 rmall blus
fpots ; tail dufky-blue.

Striata. Blucifh-bl^ck with grcenifh-bluc ftreaks; bii!, tall and legs
black. Bluc-Jlriped R.

Inhabits New Caledonia ; 8 inches long.

Icmali cinereous or giey, not ftreaked ; qwll-Jcathtrs black,
edged with cinereous ; .rids red.

Blgck ; beneath, lower part of the back, rump and upper
tail-coverts whir: ; tail black, equal, tipt with white.

Pied R.
Inhabits New Guinea ." .13 inches long ; is of a doubtful genus,

between l;.*: Oaioius, Coracns, and Ramphaftos.
3i^ hlue'v^ ', ? *^ ;• rhes long; wing-caverts variegated with
■ black .i ..'• : , :he lecondary foine of them black fon;e

whi; fnil-feathers quite black ; greater quill-fea-

f/; ?; Ui.;e of the wings black j Uqs plumbeous;

ctai,: ■•. r>, black.

S~^t<^c. Black; throat and breaft crimfdn. Red-breajf(d R,

Something lels than ihe common crow.

Body uniformly black with a fliglit blueifh glofs oi> the back and
wings ; beak flrong, broadiUi at the bale, and (lightly notched at
the tip ; lower mandible palifh towards the tip •, each fide the
upper mandible are 7 hairs, flattened at the lower part and ril-
ing in a curved dire6Hon ; 2 outer tail-feathers fhorter than
the reft ; legs black ; daajs ftrong, that oi the back-toe larger
than the reft.

^inchf.s. Qrcenj beneath yellowifli-white ; tail wedse<l» white at
the tip. Ch'ineje R.

Inhabits China; aii inches long.

Bill, irids, legs and clazt^s red; between the eyes a black
ftreak ; thighs grey ; zoing-coverts and quill-feathers olive,
Ibme of the latter tipt with black.

Tagatun- ^cad and neck black ; body above rufty-brown, beneath
^> cinereous \ wings^'white in the middle ; tail very long,

wedged, grey, tipt with black. Grey-tailed R.

Jnhabits India; 17 inches long.

Bill black ; legs cinereous ; lelTer wing-coverts rufty-brown ;
greater and Icgondary quill-feathers white, the primary black.

Dodlis,

230 BIRDS. PIC^.' 14. Coraclas.

Dodlis. White interfperfed with reddifli ; beneath bq^ ; legs yel-
low ; tail-feathers black ti^ t with white. Tarne^R,
Inhabits louthem Afia ; fize of a blackbird : Is docile and

imitative.
BiU yellow : 9 firfl quill-fiathers white as far as the middle
and then black, the reft wholly black : daws flefft-colbur. '

Militarist Crhiifon; long quill-feathers and tail black. Crivifon R,
Inhabits Cayenne ; is probably not of this genus.
Body a rich vivid Crimlbn ; liH orange : head ilight.ly creftcd ;
fide-feathers longer than the reil : legs dulky. ' '

Nigra, The whole body and linabs black ; tail lonp. Black R.

Lei?gtk 16 inches. "^

Bill ilrong, and with tht fat black : tail -] inches long.

Ajra. Ferruginous; bejieath lilac; vent green-blue; quill and

taii-feathers blue with blackifh tips. African R.

Inhabits Africa ;'^\ inches long.
Body ilout ; bill yellow : legs brown.

Mdanace-

Purple-blue ; head and neck black ; body beneath white ;
quill-feathers brown ; tail wedged, tipt with white.

^ , ^. ^ . Black-bcaded R^

Inhabits CJdna ; fize of a crow.

Bill and l<^gs rea : naJK pale grey : 2 middle tailftathers blue,
the reft purplllh, all tipt with white.

Strepcra, Black; fpot on the wings, vcot, bafe and tip of the tail
J^lack- ^ NolfyR.

inhabits No folk Iflnnds in great numbers ; 19 inches lon^ ; is

foolifli and very noh'y by ni^ht.
B,il 2\mc\^e% long, ftraightifti, black, toothed and hom-colour
near the tip : nojlriU naked, long, placed at the bafe of the
bill : 6 firft quill feathers white at the bafe, forming the fpot
on the wings ivent and lower tail-cover ts white : tail long,
round, the large feathers white at the bafe, the lateral ones
within tipt with white: zvings when folded reach as far as
the middle qf the tall : legs black, the outer toe connefted
at the bale to the middle one, which afllmilates it to the
genus Corvus.

ic. ORIOLUS.

BIRDS. PICTE. 15. Oriolus. 231

15. ORIOLUS'. Bill conic j convex, very
fliarp and flraight; upper mandible
a little longer, flightly notched : tongue
bifid, fharp-pointed : feet formed for
walking. Oriole.

The birds of tliis genus are gregarious, noify^ numerous, vora-
cious, and great dcvourers of corn ; tliey chiefly inhabit
America, and often build pendulous n«fl;s,

*.,Calhula, .VnXc yellow;' lores and limbs black; outer tail-feathers
on the hind-part yelloAV. Golden O.

inhabits Europe, Afia and Africa j gl inches long ; is migra-
tory ; feeds on chtrries, berries [and infects ; builds an urce-
clate ncft of leaves in the branches of trees, and lavs 4 — 5
dirty- white eggs with fmall du(ky-brbwn fpots ; fldh good ;
voice fharp.
Bill and irids red ; legs plumbeous.

Female dufky browuifli-grcen ; lateral tait-feathirs ycllovrifli-
white.
2. Head and tips of the middle tail-feathers black.
2. Yellow variegated with blackilh fpots i head, neck, quill

and tail-feathers blackifh.
^. Limbs black with yellow tips ; head with a black band.

Inhabits Cochinchiaa.
^, Head with a tranfverfe blue band; tail-feathers yellow
with a blue bar; quill-fcathers yellow fpotted with
blue.
Inhabits India.

Radial Its. Tawny; head, chin and throat black dotted with white.

Striped-headed 0.
Size of a blaekbird ; hcdy beneath pale ; kgi yellow ; daxai
reddifli. v

Pkus, Tawny ; liead, neck and breaft fpotted with white ; tail

rounded. ClimbingO.

Inhabits among trees in Guiana, which it climbs like a pie and

picks out infefts from under the bark ; 7 inches long.
Lill yellowifh-grcy j colour of the bdly inclining to brown j

l^l^s blackifh.

l^irust

fp J3IRDS. flCJE. 15. Onolus.

Idcru», Tawny ; head, throat, back, quill and tail-feathers olitk ;
wings with a white fpot. W(ric O.

Inhabits the warmer parts of America and Carribhcc Iflands i
a£live and bold ; builds a large cylindrical neft, hanging
from the extreme branch of ai tree ; is domefticated in Ame-
rica for the purpofe of deftroying inl'efts; ()\ in':h<*s long.

^ill moftly black with a brown bafe ; orbits naked, blueifla ;
iridn yellowifh ; fppts on the wings oblique ; legs (oHieLimes
blacky fometimes plumbeoxis or grey-white*

tiova HiJ- Yellow ; head, chiri, quill-feathers and tail Ijlack ; greater
panie, wing-coverts tipt with yellow, lefTer totally black.

Mexican O.
Inhabits New Spain j fize of the laft;
Bill long, yellow.

Arinulatus. Yellow ; head and neck black ; ^feater wing-coverts and
quill-feathers blackifh with a yell'owilh edge ; tail
annulate with blackilli. Ring-tailed O.

Inhabits America; fize of a pigeon.

Bill yellow ; legs grey. .

Plotus, Front red ; nape orange ; back yellx)w ; cheeks, rump and
belly blueifli ; fhoulders brown ; quill and tail-fea-
thers black. Painted O.
Inhabits America ? Cim, Phyf, 98. tab. 53.

Brafilia- Yellow ; breafl fpotted ; head and back with pale brown

ntis. fpots ; belly'white ; tail and wings brown, the latter

tipt with whitifli. Brafilian O,

Inhabits (hrubby places in j^aifiaica; 4 inches long.

Bill I an inch long ; .orbits yellow ; legs brown ; claws yellow.

Ja-pacani, Mixed black and pale brown ; beneath varied with white
and yellow, with tranfverfe black lines ; head and
tail blackifli.
Inhabits £r^/i/; & inches long.
i?i/rblack; iridi golden; legs dirty -white j claziis (harp, black.

Cofototl. Black ; beneath and tail variegated fafFron and black.

AVif Spain O.

Inhabits Nck Spain i fijc of a ftarlvn^-j

Wirtg%

BIRDS. PICiE. 15. Oriolua. 233

Wings cinereous beneath ; the young biid entirely yello\^ except
the tips of the wings, which are black.

Grifcus. Varied with yellow and black; back, thighs and belly ci-
nereous* Grey O.
Inhabits woods in New Spain ; fize of ;he kft ; does not fmg ;
flel"h good.

Phaniccus. "Black ; wing-coverts tawny. Red-winged O.

Inhabits in vaft fli.Lks from Ntto York as far as New Spain ;
8 — g inches long ; is very deflruftive to rice plantations, and
devours likewife the fwarms of inlefts and worms that infefl:
the low grounds •, builds n thick penfile neft between reeds,
and juft beyond the reach of floods ; eggs white, with a few
fcattered black ftreaks.
2. Shoulders red edged with yellow.
I nhabit s Africa. Nat. Mifcd. -252.

Jmema- Black ; chin, throat, breaft: and upper angle of the wings
vus. red. Mocking Lirdi Red-breajied O.

2. Crown red ; bill flefh-colour.

Inhabits Guiana and Cayenne : 7 inches long; fings pleafantly ;
imitates the notes of other birds ; builds a long cylindrical
penfile nefl.

C'ryzivo- Black ; head, neck and breaft with a purple (hade. Rice O,
TILS. Inhabits Cayenne j 9 inches long.

Bill 1 1 inch long, convex and protuberant at the bafe.

LudovicU' V'ariegated black and white ; head, neck, belly and rump
nus. white i wings and wedged tail violet edged with

white.
Inhabits North America, principally Louifianaj 10 inches

long.
Bill black, an inch long ; legs lead- colour.
2. Blackifh-brown ; neck, breaft and wings fpotted with
black ; head white with a black fpot on the crown.
Inhabits IJudfon's Bay ; 9! inches long.
>3. Blackifh-green \ head, chi'n, outer quill-feathers, thighs
and ftreaks on the breaft white.
.Inhabits JIudfon's Bay; 3f inches long^

Cr'Jfatus. Black ; crefted ; lower part of the back, rump and vent

chefnut ; lateral tail-feathers yellow. dire/fed O,

Vol.1. — Hh Inhabi*

234 BIRDS. PlCiE. 15. Oridus,

• Inhabits Sffuth America ; i^ inches long.

BiU yellow, ftrcng, and rather gibbous ; legs blackifh ; 2 mid-
dle tail-feathers black, the reft a little fhorter ; tongue nar-
row, channellerl, deeply cleft.
a, Olive-brown ; beneath bay ; 2 middle tail-feathers chef-
nut, the lateral ones yellow.
Inhabits Cayenne ; 20 inches long,
, Bill yellow ; hind-h-ead with 2 long pendant briftly feathers.

3. Body on the fore-part green, hind-part chefnut ; quill an4
2 middle tail-feathers black, the lateral ohes yellow.
Inhabits Cayenne ; 14 inches long.
Bill red.

Hitmor. Black; rump fcarlet. Red-rumptd 0'

tHous. Inhabits Brafil ; 1 1 inches long.

Bill fulphur ; legs black.
2. Black ifli-brown; rump claret-colour ; vent yellow.
Inhabits Guiana.

PerfiQus, Black ; hind-part of the back, fpot on the wing-coverts
and bafe of the tail-feathers yellow.

Black add yellow O,
2. Black ; hind-part of the back, fpot on the wing-coverts
and outer tail-feathers above yellow at the bafe, all
beneath half yellow and black.
'^. Purplilh-black ; fpot on the wings yellow varied with
black.
Inhabits .Scti^A America j forms a pendent neft, fhaped like an
alembic, on the extreme branches of trees, of which there
are fometimes 400 together ; eggs dirty-white, with fmall
pale-brown fpots.
Bill yellowilh ; tongue in 2) blue ; irids blue ; le^s and clauis
black.

Mexica- Blackilh ; beneath and on the head yellow.
nus, Black-crsufCed O*

Inliabits Neio Spain and Cayenne ; near 19 inches loil^''
BiU^ legs rnd claws blackilh ; neck yellow ; croxun black-
brown ; tail and zuings black.

Ruber, Vermilion ; wings belly and tail deepeft black, Rtd O.
Inhabits Antigua.

Bill and le^s bla.ck ; irids flamu-relotir,

Guianenfiu

BIRDS. PIC^. 15. Orioius. 135

Guicnenfis. Blackirti, edges of the feathers grey ; breall: and neck be-^
neath red. Guiana 0.

Inhibits Guiana ; above -j inches long.
Tail ftriate with grey ; Ifgs ami claws bro\vn.

flavus. Golden ; hind-part of the back, wings and tail black.

Antigua yellow 0,
Inhabits Antigua and South America,
Bill and legs black ; irids rcd.

Bahimof Blackifli \ beneath and banjl on the wings tawny.
Tus. Baltimore 0*

Inliabits North America ; 7 inches long ; builds a purfe-ftiaped

neft, open at the top, on the forked branch of a tree.
Bill lead-cxDlour ; greater wing-coverts black tipt with white ;

firft quill-feathers dirty-white edged with white ; 2 middle

tail-feathers black, the reft black on the lower part and

orange above.
Female head and back olive edged with brownifli ; body beneath

and tail-coverts yellow ; tail grey, edged with white,

Spuriiis, Black ; beneath tawny i wings with a white bar.

Bajlard 0.
Inhabits North America ; foincthing fliortcr than the hit ; builds

a penfile neft and lays 5 cggs^
I<ower part of the back and tail-coverts yellow ; quill-feathcrt

grey edged with white ; tail black, wedged.
Female head and neck olive ; chin black ; wing-coverts and
tail-feathers grey ^dged. with white; taitl dirty- white edged
with yellow.

Tcxtor.. Yellow ; head brown with a fhade of golden ; quill and

tail-feathers blackifli edged with orange. fVeaver O.

Inhabits near the Senegal ; fize of the golden oriole ; voice fliarp.

Bill corneous ; head in the winter often ydllow •, fcrag of the

^ neck fometimes browii ; wir>.gs and ^arY dulky edged with,

yellow ; bdly and thighs whitifh ; irids orange ; legs reddifh.

Bfnana, Tawny ; head and breaft chefnut ; back quill and tail*

feathers black. Bonana O.

Inhabits South America and Caribke Iflands ; 7 inches long ;

forms a neft of leaves and ftalks under a plantain leaf, the

leaf itfelf conftituting one end.

BiU; upper part of the back, quill-feathers and tail black;

neck chefnut ; rump dotted with chefaut ; Ugs and daws grey.

H h 2 Nidiptfi-

Kidipen-
dulus.

BIRDS. PIC.^. 15. Oriolus.

Frontlet and wreath black ; crown, neck, back and tail
reddiih-brown ; breail and belly tawny-yellow.
. . Hang-nejf O.

Inhabits the woods in Jamaica; lings charmingly; builds a

pendulous neft on the extreme branch of a high tree.
Bill wliite ; icings duHs-y -brown iiii.N.ed with wliite.

Varius, Black ; beneath, rump ?nd lelfer wing-coverts ferruginons,

Chef nut and black O.

Inhabits Cdyenne ; 6 inches long.

iJ:// and /e^j dark-bhie ; outer edges of the lecondar)' quill-Jca-
thcrs dirty- white. Sometimes varies in having tlie liead and
neck variegated with blackifli apd grecnifh •, chin and throat
black ; brcajl chefnut ; belly yellowifh ; quill and tail-fea-
thers blackifh edged with white : probably occalioned by
difference of fex.

Xanthor- Pak yellow; chin, quill and tail-feathers black.
^"^' LeJ/h- Bouana Q,

Inhabits Jamaica and Nerv Spain ; -j inches long.
Mill blackifli ; toing-ccverts black, many of them edgcc .nth
whitt; qiiillfeatkers within towards the bale white; legs
and clazvi black.

Domini- Black ; body on the hind-part, wing-coverts and fpot on

^cenfts. the wings pale yellow. St. Domingo O.

Inhabits New Spain, Jamaica and St. Doviingo ; 8 inches

long ; builds a purTe-fhaped neft, on the extreme branches of

trees, hanging Over water.

^amacaii. Yellow ; head, throat, fppt on the flioulders, wings and
tail black. Braflian O.

Inhabits Brafd ; fixes its nefh to a plantain leaf by means pf
filaments ; ip inches long.

Bill black ; wing-covtrts with a wliite fpot in the middle ; legs
brown.

Cayanen- Black with a yellow fpot on the wings. TeUoiv-winged 0.
fS' Inhabits Cayenne and St. Thomas ; 8 inches long.

Bill black ; tail rounded, a little wedged at the tip.

Leucoptt- Black with a white fpot on the wings. If'liite-xvingedO.
^"■^' Inhabits Cayenne and Surinam ; 8 inches long.

Female cinnamon-brown ; beneath fomewhat einereonii.

ISlerocc-

BIRDS. FtCJE. 15. Oriolus. 237

luerou- Black ; head aud neck yellow. Telkw-headed 0.

■bhalus^ Inhabits CayeM7!f; "y inches long.

Bill blackifli ; kgs and claws brown,

Mnancho<f Grey dotted with black ; band over tfie eyes black.
licus. Inhabits AVw Spain ; 6 inches long.

Bill and legs fiefli-colour ; irids bay; feathers with each a
bbckifh {pot hi the middle ; quill-Jeathcrs and tail bUckifh
edged with tawny-brown ; checks and chin black.
q. Blackifh-brown; feathers of the upper part of the body
edged Avilh yellow, of the lower part wings aud tai)
with tawny ; band over the eyes and on the chin white.
Inhabits Caysnnt.
Female grey mixed with white.

CaJKnfis. Olive-brown-, beneath pale yellow. Olive 0.

Inhabits the Capi of Good Hope and Louijiana ; 7 inches long.

Bill, legs and claws brown ; colour on the crown inclining to

grey, on the chin and throat to orange ; zving-coverts brown,

edged and tipt with olive ; quill-feathers brown ' edged with

olive.

C^ruUiis. Black or cinereous ; head, wings and tail blue, Blue 0»
Inliabits Madrafs.
Bill tawny.

Trijafcia- Blueifli lead-colour ; head with a triple ftripe of bla!ck,
tu.-. and waved with black on the fides \ lower part of the

back and rump jonquil-yellow. Triple-Jlriped 0,

Inhabits India. Cini. i'hyf. 101. tab. 56.
Bill dufky ; ftripes on the head commencing at the upper man-
dible, and from thence dividing and palling over the head
and thiough the eyes each hde ; behind each eye a longitudi-
nal white ftrcak extending fome way dovvn the neck ; larger
t^uill-feathers black, Ihorter tipt with white; 2 outer taiL
feathers each fide white, the reft black ; legs reddifh-brown,

Viridis. Green ; eyebrows, cheeks and chin yellow ; fome of the
wing-coverts tipt with white. Tellow-throatcd' O,

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay j 5 inches long.
Bill corneous ; legs grey.

neus.
f

Bljick ; edge of the wings rufty 5 head and neck purplifh-
Wack i belly dirty-alh. Rujiy O.

Inhabits

238 BIRDS. PICiE. 15- Oriolus.

InhaLits New York ; 7 — 8 inches long.

Bill zn6. legs dirty-afh ; area of the eyes black ; z^ing! ancj tail
with a greenifh f|iade,

Fufcus. Black ; head rufty-brown; -tail dirty-afh.

Broxv7i-headed O.

Inhabits Ner^ York ; gregarious,

2^'igir. Totally black. Black 0.

Inhabits North Americas about 10 inches long ; is gregarious,

and in brooding time fings delightfully ; feeds on worms and

beetles; builds in trees about 8 feet froin the. ground, and

lays 5 eggs, dufky with black fpots.
Female greeniflr -brown ; beneath and on the head inclining to'

cinereous.

Minor, Black ; head mixed with a little blue. Lejfer Mack O,

Inhabits Soidh Amfrka ; 6 inches long; is eafily tamed.
Fevrale head and^ieck duiky i wings and tail blueifli.

Ot,

ivaceus.

Olive ; head, chin, throat and brcaft brown ; wings black.

Cayenne olive O.
Inhzhit'i Cayenne ; 6 inches long,
£i/l and Irgs black.

AoonC' Brown; fpot under the eyes and chin white; throat and
lafckken- brcait rufty-brown. Aoonalafcbkan O.

Jis» Inhabits tht lihnd Ago nal.if I hka J 8 inches long,

£ill and legs brown.

CaudacU" Variegated ; tail-feathers fharp-pointed. Sharp-tailed O.
tus. Inhabits New York ; fize of a lark.

Bill and legs dufky ; crown brown or cinereous ; cheeks brown ;

thighs aud vent pale yellow fpotted with brown ; belly white ;

^AlA varied with cinereous, black and white; quill-feathers

, and wing-coverts brown, the latter edged with rufly ; tail

dufky-olive, with pale bands.

v,ncnfis* White ; head, neck, breafl: and upper part of the back ci-
nereous; quill-fcathers fteei-blue ; ta,il rounded, half
white half fteel-blue. ' Kink O.

Inlubits China 2 6 i inches long. ^

Bill

BIRDS. nCJE. i6.GracuIa. 339

J3ill reddifh ; kg.f flefli-colour ; taii rounded, the 2 middle
feathers (lecl-colouv tipt with white, the outer one each fide
nearly all white, with a fteel-blue fpot at the bafe.

Tawny-yellow \ frontlet, chin, primary tail-coverts ancf
feathers black at the extremity. Tawny -yellow O •

Inhabits India j 8 inches long,
£iU brown.

Olive, beneath inclining to gteen ; tips of the wings and
lower coverts yellow, the upper and greater brown
edged with yellow ; fail rounded. IVhiJikr O.

Inhabits St. Domingo; about 7 inches long.

Bill corneous ; legs and claws grey.

Black ; back, rump, quill-feathers and forked tail inclin-
ing to blue; lower tail-coverts white. Fork-tailed O.

Inhabits Neu Spain ; fi/e of a blackbird.
BiU yellow ; tail long ; legs and claws bTack,

Black ; cap, wing and tail-coverts pale yellow.

Gold-headed 0»

Inhabits America ; above 8 inches long ; fize of a lark.
Hind-head and tltighs golden ; biU black ; legs and daxcs black-
brov.ni.

16. GRACULA. Bill convex, fharp-edged,
nakedifh at the bafe : tojigue entire,
fharpifh, flefhy : feet formed for walk-
ing. Grakle,

Thefe all inhabit out of Europe ; have a thick bill, compreffed
at the fides, with fmall nollrils at the bale, and fharp liooked
claws ; the middle-toe of the fore-feet connefted at the bafe
to the outer.

Reli^iofaZ Violet-black ; fpot on the wings white; hind-head with a
yellow naked band. Minor G.

2» Much larger.
i.. . . Inhabits India ; 2) Afia : iqI inches long ; feeds on cherries,

grapes and other fruit ; when tamed is exceedingly lo-
quacious.
,i <^. B'iUxdif tipt with yellow; le^s Uwny } feathrrs oi the head

(except

HO felRDS. PICiE. 1 6. Gracula.

(except the middle ones) very fliort and filky : qui/l-fea-
. ' thcrs 2 — 8 with a white band ; naked band reaching nearly

to the najje.

Calva, Subcincreous ; head naked each fide. . Bald d

Inhabits the Philippine IJles : is voracious ; feeds on fruit, and
builds in the hollows of trec!s •, i o inches long.

Bill and legs brown ; fides of the head, when it is irritated^
leaflet ; crown with a black, feathered line.

I'atida. Black ; quill-feathers without blueifh ; band round the neck
naked. Fetid G.

Inhabits America : fize of a magpie.

Head with ereft fliort filky feathers; bill like that of the
cuckow ; nojirils oval, naked ; tongue fliarp ; tail even.

Barita. Greyilh ; fhoulders blue ; quill-feathers outfide green.

Boat-tailed G,
Inhabits the Antilly IJles and North America : 13 inches long ;

feeds on infefts and fruit.
Bill fiiortifh, blackifli, beneath paler, naked at the bafe ; tail
rounded and concave when folded, but when fpread open,
flat.

Crijiatella^ Black ; the firfl: quill-feathers at the bafe, and tail-feathers

at the tip white ; bill yellow. Crejled G.

Inhabits China : Z\ inches long ; is veiy loquacious and makes

a hifTing noile ; feeds on rice, worms and inl'efts.
Plumage inclining to blue; ir ids oxdiUgQ. ; feathers of the_/ron^
long, erefted at pleafure into a creft : greater quilljeathers
from the bafe to the middle whit?, tl^ other part deep blue }
legs yellow.

Saularis, Blueifh-black ; belly, fpot on the wings, and lateral tail-
feathers white. Dial G.
Inhabits Bengal : fize of a thrufli.
Female^ throat and breaft brown.

Huifcala. Violet-black; tail rounded. Purple G.

2. Body white and black ; head white ; quill-feathers and tail

black.

Inhabits Mexico^ the warm parts of America and Jamaica :

13.1, female x\\ inches long; f:ngs finely, and builds in

tree^

BIRDS. PICiE. i6.Gracula. 241

tfceS in unfrequented places ; lays 5 — 6 liluelfli eggs with
black ftripes and fpots ; when domefticated feeds on all kinds
of grain, and is very deftruclive to plantations, yet clears
them in fonie mealure from nox.'&us inletts.
Bill and legs black ; inds filvery ; tail long, wedged, and with
the tilings purple ; fanale totally dufky.

Atthis. Gfeenifn-bluc ; belly rufly ; legs blood-red. Egyptian G.
Inlwbits Egypt J 4 inches long ; fv;eds on in!e6ls.
Neck with a longitudinal rufty line at the lides.

Longircf- Brown ; beneath Ochre-yellow ; head and neck black ;
^•i. band round the rieck naked, v/rinkled ; area of the

wings white ; tail wedged, black, white at the tip.

Lc7ig-billed G.
Inhabits South America ; above 8 inches long.
Bill black, long ; iiojirils placed in the middle : tongue deeply
cleft, the edges jagged ; irids dufky ; firft quill-feathers
obliquely white at the bafe ; Icgi long, flout, black ; body
flender.
2< Shining-black ; fc/me of the feathers of the fhoulders and
tail yellow.
Inhabits Sandwich IJlands.
Sill without briftles at the bafe.

Stitrnifta. Hoary ; fpdt on the crown and back between the -virings
violet-black ; tail and wings with a fhade of green,
the latter with a double white ftripe.

Inhabits the ozier banks of D anuria ; in its neft and eggs refeih"
bles the thrufh.

Female, dirty-alb ; back brown ; wings and tail deep black.

lElersps, Black ; band on the wings and body beneath white ; region
of the eyes naked, wrinkled. Tellow-faced G .

Inhabits New Holland.
Bill compreffed ; nojirils oval ; legs yellow, wrinkled.

Cayanen- Striate ; above tawny, beneath yellowifh ; head and chia

Js. varied with tawny and white ; tail v/edged, fharp,

and with the wings tawny. Climbing G.

Inhabits the interior parts of Guiana j climbs trees ; 10 inches

long.
Bill black, near 2 inches lorig, ^ little curved ; legshhck.

Vol. I. — I i Carnn-'

7Jt2 -BIRDS. PIC^. 17. Pdrdika.

CnrutuU' Cinereous ; tail and quill-feathers black ; crown and chin

iaia. with warty excrcfcencies. Cock/comb G.

Inhabits tlic Cape of Good Hope ? 6 inches rong.

17. PARADISEA. Bill covered with a
belt of downy feathers at the bafe :
feathers of the fides very long ; two
of the tail-fcaihers naked.

Bird of Paradife,

a

The birds of this genus chiefly inhabit NeiD Guinea, from
whence in the dry fealon they migrate into the adjacent
.iflands; noflrils Imall, covered with feathers: tail with 10
feathers, the 2 middle-ones feathered at the bafe and tip only ;
legs robull, the middle-toe of the fore-feet conne£lea as far
as the firft joint to the outer.

Apoda. Chefnut ; neck beneath gold-green ; feathers on the Tides
longer ih^n the body ; 1 middle tail-feathers long,
briilly. Greater F.

2. Lefs i body above yellow ; feathers on the fides ycUowifti-
white. »

Inhabits the iflands near New Guinea, and in the rainy fealon
returns back to New Guinea; feeds on the larger moths and
butterflies: flies in. flocks with a leader at their head, and
making a noile like the thrufli.
The 2 long tail-feathers are naked, flraight and tapering to the
tip ; the iail. as it is improperly called, is nothing more
than the long feathers of the back and flanks.

Reo^iat Chefnut-purple, beneath whitifh ; a green-gold band on
the breaft ; 2 middle tail-feathers filiform, feathered,
femiluaar at the tip. Ki?}g P.

Inhabits iilands of the Indian Occan^ and returns to New
Guinea in the rainy {eaion ; is lefs than the laft and much
rarer ; folitaiy, and feeks for red berries ; 5 — 7 inches long.
Breajl blueifh ; cirri of the tail very long ; feathers under the
wings longer than the reft ; tail fliort, truncate.

Trajiisp A triangular naked fpace behind the eyes 5 head and neck
brown I Crakle P.

Inhabits

BIRDS. TICJE. 17. Pardifca. j^j

Inhabits Philippine Iflands ; c)\ inches long •, feeds on fruit,

iniecls, mice and eveiy kind of grain ; buUds twice a year

in the forked branches of tiTC^ ; eggs 4 •, when young is ealily

t^-lmed, and becomes docik and imitative.
Bill and legs yellow ; body brownifli ; firfl quilj-jeathns white

from the bale to the middle ; tail-feather.^ (except the middle

ones) tipt with whiteT
This bird has a great affinity in all its habits to the grakle genus,

yet on account of the downy feathers at the bafe.of thebili it

is placed hen?.

t.
Ma^ni/ua. Chefnut-brown above; chin grcprij, with golden lunules;
crovvn with a tuft of yello\v feaihers.

Magnificent P.
Inhabits New Guinea j 9 inches long. >

Firfl qu-ill-feathi'-s bmwn, ucondap/ deep yellow; middle
tail-feathers very Ic^ng, with a very fiiort fringe ; legs and
bill yellow, the latter black at the bafe and tip.

Clrrata. H?ad, neck and wings black ; tuft of ha,irs near tha
crown and frontlet yellow. Crejled P.

Inhabits New Guinea,; 18 inches long.

Mill veiy long, black, hooked ; tuft on the crown 3 inches
high, rigid, appearing as if brifhly : probably a variety 9^
tbie laft.

Ni^rcL. Black ; beneath flight green ; hind-head, nape, ci'own and

band on the middle of the belly fine green ; under the

chin a fplendifl gold-colour crefcent. Gorget P.

Inhabits iflands of the Indian Ocean; 28 inchfes long.

Tail-feathers 12, unecjual, the 2 middle ones 22, the outer

onts 5 inches long.

Leucop. Black; crown fhining copper ; quLll-feathers white, edged
^^^^- with black on the outlide ; tail very long, wedged.

Pl^hite'Winged P.
length. 25 inches; bill blaek, hardly curved; feathers of the
chin long ; tail very long, a middle feathers 20, the reft,
7 inches long.

SuperbA, Crefted; head, crown and belly green ; chin violet, filky ;'

wings black ; tail with a fhade of green. Superb P.

I i 8 Inhabits

'j:44 birds. FICJE. iS.^Trogon,

Inhabits Kew Guinea; lo inches long.

£iU black ; legs brovvn ; under the zvings a tuft of loofe, black,
filky feathers, as long as the wings when folded.

Furcaia. Black ; under the win^s a downy tuft ; featliers in the
middle of the belly like a forked tail, fhining green.
An incomplete fpecimen. Miif. Lev.

^urea, Creftcd, black; crown, checks and chin violet-black 5
throat, fpot on the neck, and breaft fliining green ; at
the region of the ears each lide three long bii;:iy fea-r
thers. Gold-kreajted P.

Inhabits New Guinea; fize of a turtle-dove.

^ill and legs black ; irids yellow ; crejl varied with white and
black ; under the wings a tuft of loofe, bLu k, long feathers ;
briftly feathers of the cars as long as the body, feathered only
at the tip.

V^iriiis. Sea-green ; back, belly, rump and tail fleel-blue.

Blue-green P.
Inhabits New Guimq ; 16 inches long.

Bill thick, black •, plumage on the iLCad fdky, on the body ap-
pearing as if crifp at the tips.

^ilba. Entirely white, If'hitc P.

2. Fore-part black ; hind-part white.
Inhabits Papuan IJlands ; veiy rare.

J 8. TROGON. Bill fhorter than the head,
fliarp-edged, hooked, the mandibles
ferrate at the edge : feet formed for
climbing. Curucui.

Thefe inhabit warm countries, are u-.litary and live in damp un-
frequented wcxids, building on the lower branches ; their
flight is flwrt, and they feed On infetis ; bpdy long ; noftrils
covered with bi idles ; /eti fnort, woolly-, tail very long,
confiding of j 2 feathers,

Strigila- Cinereous; belly tawny j wings with white (Iripcs.
'■'^^' Cinereous C.

Inhabit?

BIRDS. ?ICM. iS.Trogon. 245

Inhabits Guiana and Cayenne; i2\ inches long.
Bill, legs and claws dufky-alli; lower tail-coverts orange ; tail
blackifh.

^^lYncui. Green-gold, beneath tawny ; chin black. Red-bellied C,

2. Wing-coverts brown ; naked fpacc beneath the eyes o.

3. Belly yellow.

4. Cinereous mixed -with green-gold ; tail long.

Inhabits AV^ Spain, Brafil and Peru, 4) Cayenne ; lives &>-
litarilv iu tlie thickeft woods, and is i\ot eafily tamed ; builds
in hoik w trees, and lays 3 — 4 white eggs, the fize of 4
pigeon's ; lO^ inches long.

Lateral tail-feathers with white and black bars, the middle ones
tipt with black.

Vlridis, Green-gold ; beneath pale yellow ; chin black ; a green-
gold band on the breaft. Tellow-beUied C.
2. Green ; belly white.

Inhabits Cayenne ; iiiinches long.

Bill cinereous ; Iiead and neck as far as the bread violet-blue ;
Tilings black, the firft quill-fcathers edged with white, the fe-
condary I'potted with white without ; tail wedged, the 2 mid-
dle feathers black, 2 next each fide mixed blackifh and green,
the reft obliquely indented with half black and white.

Rujiis. Rufous ; belly, vent and thighs yellow ; wing-covcrts-
flriate black and green ; quill and tips of the middle
tail-feathers black. Rufous C.

Inhabits Cayenne j 9 inches long.

Qjdllftathers edged with dulky ; 3 outer tail-feathers each fide
tranfverfely ftreaked with black and white and tipt with
white ; legs dufky.

Vifildizus, Violet ; eyebrows yellow ; back and rump green-gold ; wings
brown ; middle tail-feathers blueifh-green tipt with
black. Violet-headed C.

Inhabits Cayenne; gi inches long.

Bill plumbeous, tipt with white and blackifh near the front ;
upper tail-coverts green-gold ; fecondary tail-feathers partly
blueilh-grcen, the 3 outer black with white lines and tips,
2. Wings black ; belly white. Lev. Muf. 177.

^««fcfiij. Brownifh with dufky lines j crown green; edges of the

/ wings

24^ BIRDS. PIC^. 19. BuccQ.

wings and duiky tail \yith white lines; fccondary
quill-fcathers and wing-covcrts tipt with white.

T 1 , . ^ . Spotted C,

Inhabits Ceylofi. Bill brown. .

:Pafciatus, Back rufty ; beneath tawny-red ; pedoral band white.

Fajciatcd C.
inhabits Ceylon ; 10 1 inches long • bui|ds in high trees.
^/// black, thick, a little bent and funounded with briftles ;

orbits naked, blue ; irids yellow ; head and neck black ;

taiUoverts ^rty; wing-coverts and /houlders undulate with

white and black ; ^uill-fcathers and legs dulky ; tail long,

unequal, tipt with black.
2. Yellow ifh-b row n ; beneath yellowifh-red ; head blackifli ;

neck and bread cinereous ^ wing-covcrts ftriate with

white ; tail-black,
BiU^, legs and Ipace round the eyes blue ; fai7t>eneath yellow.

AJiaticus, Green; front, crown and neck red; chin blue with a red
fpot ; quill and tail-feathers black. Bhe-chsehed C.
Inhabits India ; 9 inches long.

Indicus, BlackiOi, above fpotted with rufty ; beneath ycllowifli
barred with blackifli ; head bUck with white ftreaks ;
tail very long, barred. Indian C.

inhabits India.

Bill hint ; legs cinereous; from tl^e angle of ths mouth a Ion-
gitudinal white band.

19. BUCCO. Bill fliarp-edged, laterally
comprefTed, notched each fide near
the tip, bent inwards, and a long Hit
beneath the eyes : nojlrils covered
with incumbent feathers : feet formed
for climbing. Barbet,

Thefe birds live chiefly in warm climates, and are very ftupid ;
bUl flrong. ftraightifh, almoft covered with briftles •». tail-fea-
thers ufually 10, weak.

Tamatia. Tawny-brown ; beneath tawny-white fpotted with black ;

chin

• BIRDS. PIC/E. 19- Bucco. ^47

chin tawny; neck v'ith a tawny lunule varidd with
black ; behind the eyes a black fpot.

_ , - . ^ Spotted-bellied B.

Inhabits Cayenne and Brafd ; 6i inches long; lives in unfre-
quented places ;\ feeds on inletls ; flelh inhpitl.

Head xny \3.xc^t ; ^i// black ; croicn and front tawnyifh : legs
black. •

Cajyancn- Black ; beneath ycllowifh- white ; front and chin red.

^^' XT t ' Cayenne B,

2. Neck beneath and fides fpotted with black.
Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana ; 7 inches long.

Capenjis. Rufous ^ band of the fhoulders tawny, of the breaft black.

, , ^. ^ . Collared B.

Inhabits Guiana; 7^ inches long.

BUI cinereous ; body above rufous, with tranfverfe black lines;
neck furrounded with a black band, and above this a larger
tawny one ; tail-feathers rufous with black bands ; le^s vel-
lowiai. ^ •

Eitgans. Green ; head and chin red edged with blue : quill-feathers
brown; throat and brcaft yellow, the latter fpotted
with red ; belly yellow fpotted with green.

Beautiful B.
Inhabits upon the Amazon ; more aftive than others of its

tribe ; fize erf a fparrow, near 6 inches long.
Bill, legs and claws cinereous, the latter tipt with yellow : each

fide the mouth a blue ftraik ; tail wedged ; quill-feathers

edged with green,

Macrbryn- Black ; front and tips of the tail-feathers beneath white ;
<^«o^"' band on the breaft black. Greater pied B.

Inhabits Cayenne 2 7 irnrhes long.
Bill large, black, bifid at the tip ; legs dulky.

Mdanolai. Black ; fpot on the fboulders, flreak behind the eyes, tail
*^'^^' at the tip and underneath white. Leffer pied B,

Inhabits Cfl)(eK/ze; 5 inches long.

Bill hrge, bifid at the tip ; front a little white ; chin and fides
of the 7ieck white ; legs dufky.

Philippi. Green ; crown (of the male) and peaoral band red ; area
«^"'>. of the eyes, chin and throat beneath yellow.

TeUow-throated B.
, Inhabits

248 BIRDS. ?1CJE. 19. :8ucc0.-

Inliabits the Philippine IJles ; 5I inches longj

hiU and tlaws brown ; plumage beneath dirty-wliite with dufky-

green longitudinal ftteaks ; Legs yellowini.
Female ; area of the eyes, neck and breafl ycllowifli-white ;

bread and head without red.

liigfr. Black ; beneath white ; over the eyes a yellow ftreak
extending each fide to the neck. Black-throated B.

2. Body above mixed brown and yellow; rump (hining yel-
lowifh ; tail brown edged with yellow.
Inhabits the Philippine IJlands, 2) the Cape of Good Hope.
h^terdX feathers of the neck, and back with a yellow fpot ;
4 wing-coverts with a white border, 1 with a yellow border,
the others beneath fpotted with yellow at the tip ; 4 middle
tailfeathers with a yellow border ; bill and legs black.

Parvus. Blackifh-brown ; beneath white fpotted with brown ; chift
yellow. Little B,

Inhabits near the Senegal ; 4 inches long.

Bill brown ; a white Iheak from the angles of the mouth be-
neatli the eyes ; legs tlefh-colour ; plumage above with a yel-
low call, of the wings and tail greenifli.

Grandis. Green ; lower tail-coverts red. Grand B.

2. Dirty-green, beneath greenifh ; quill-feathers black ; or-
bits naked.
Inhabits China,, 2) India: 11 inches, 2) 10 long.
Bill whitifh tipt with black, 2) red-brown ; plumage of the
head and throat inclining to blueifh, of the crown and back
to bay ; legs dulky- yellow.

Viridis, Green ; head and neck grey-brown ; area of the eyes
white. Green B.

Inhabits India; 6^ inches long. ■ J

^/// whitilh ; grcat&r qidllfeatlicrs brown ; Itgs' duiky. I

Lathami. Olive ; quill-feathers and tail duflcy ; face and chin •
tawnyiih-brown. Buff-faced B.

Length 6 inches ; bill pale ; legs and claws yellow.

Fufcu! Brown ; breaft with a large triangular white fpot.
- * JVhite-hreapd B. .^

Inhabits Cayenne : fize of a lark ; 7 inches long. fl

>Bt// brownifh -black, yellow at the bafe J rat/ wedged. ^

^ubricu*

BIRDS. PIGiE. 19.BUCC0. 249

<5rown and chin fcarlet ; back, wing-coverts and tail
green ; belly white ; breall yellow, tranfverfely
itreakcd with black ar>d red. Red-crowned Bi

Inhabits Ceylon : 5 i inches long.

BUI duflcy J above each rye a Wack line reaching to the cheek ;
above tht JkduUifts each iide a large whililh IpacC ; outer tail-
feathers dulky ; Ifgs reddilli.

ladLui. Green ; beneath white flreaked with green ; head black ;

front and throat red ; cheeks, chia and fpot on the

breaft yellow. ^"^^^^ ^'
Inhabits India ; refembles the laft in fize.

Zeylanl. Green ; cheeks naked, yellow ; head and neck pale

cus. brown. Tellow-cheeked B.

Inhabits Ceylon ; 5^ inches long ; fits on trees and murmurs

like a turtle-dove.
Bill red ; le^s yellow.

Dubius. Black ; beneath red ; pedoral band and vent black.

Doubtful B.

Inhabits the fca-coafls of Barbary ; 9 inches long.
Bill reddifli ; legs reddifh-brown.

C'nereuT. Black : beneath cinereous ; bill carmine ; tail roiinded.

IFax-bilkdB,

InhMts Cayenne t 1 1 f inches long.

Bill compreffed, curved; zving-cov.erts edged With white, a

white fpine f of an inch long at the flexure of the' wings ;

L'gi duflty.

<^crini. Rufous ; bfeaft whitifil ; head, uppet pdrt of the back,
wings and tail blue ; fpot on the ciown, chin and
throat black. <^^^^« ' ^'

Length a inches ; fi2e of a thru/h.

5?7/ftrong, and with the legs black; beneath the eyes, anrl
quill-feathers black.

Vol. I. - K k CUCULU'

359 BIRDS. PIC.^. 20. Cuculus.

20. CUCULUS. Bill fmooth, a little curv-

ed: nojtnls furrounded by a fmall

rim : tongue arrowed, fliort, pointed :

feet formed for climbing. Cuckow,

*Canorus, Cinereous ; beneath ■whitini, tranfverfely ftreaked witk
brown ; tail rounded, blackilh, dotted with white.

Common C.
1. Body above varied with reddifli.

3. Grey-waved; middle tall-feathers with a double row of
white dots ; bill, orbits and legs fulphur.
Inhabits Europe, Afia znd Africa ; 14 inches long; feeds on
inlefts and the larvx of moths ; migrates ; is heard about the
middie of April, and ceafes to fing at the end of July ; is
not able to hatch its own eggs, and depofits them in the neft
of fome other bird, generally the hedge-fparrow, and leaves
the care of the young to f jfter-parents ; the eggs arc reddifh-
white thickly fpotied with blackifh-brown.
Edges of the eyelids, opening of the month ^nd palate fafFron ;
■when young the whole body is brownifh, the feathers edged
with white.

Capinfis. GreenliTi-brown ; beneath white with blaek lines ; cheeks,
chin, throat, tail and upper wing-coverts rufous ;
tail-feathers tipt with white. Cape C

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; hardly 12 inches long.

IHU and legs brown ; irids yellow ; qtdllfeaihers blaskifh.

Crientalis* Tail rounded ; body fhining black-green ; bill brown.

Eafiern C,

2. Body blueifli-black ; bill black ; 14. inches long.

3. Tail wedged ; body black \ bill yellow ; 9 inches long.

Inhabits India ; 16 inches long.
Ltgs grey-brown ; clavis black,

Indicus, Tail rounded ; body black ; wings and tip of the tail
with 3 irregular tranfverfe white lines.

Inhyh'its India ; 16 inches long ; flies in flocks and feeds on

infefts.
Bill ftrongifh, whitilh *, legs blueifh.

Mindn^

BIRDS. VICJE. 20. Cuculus.

t5S<

Mindiinfn- Tail rounded; body green-gold, fpotted with pale brown,
ffii' beneath wavad with white and blackifh.

Aiindanao C.

Inhabits the Philippine Ifla ; 14 1 inches long.

Chi^H and throat brown with white fpots ; quill feather <i brown,

the outer wtbs \*nth rufous fpot, the inner with white ; toAl

brown-gold with ti-anfvede rufous bands ; fome of the tG,il-

feathsrs white at the tips ; legs and claws gr^y.

Vctuld'. Tail wedged ; body browa.ifh.,, lji?neath teftaceous ; eye-
lids red. Long-hilled rain C.
Inhabits wxxxis and fhrubberies in Jamaica ; is eafily tamed
and fings before rain ; flie^ fhort, and feeds on infefts, wornis»
feeds, fmaU ferpcius, frogs, lizards and fmall birds', 15
inches long.
Bill iong, upper mandible black, lower whitifli ; crown brown ;
eyebrotcs with fcarU/. dots ; chin and throat v^hitilli ; 2 mid-
dle tail-feathers olivc-afh, the rell black tipt with white ;
Ugs blueifh-black.,

PUvialU. 01ive-a{h, beneath rufous ; chin and throat white.

Rain €.
Inhabits Jamaica ; 16 — 17 inches long; fings before rain.
Outer tall-feathers edged with white.

Minor, Olive-afh, beneath rcddifh ; chin white. Mangrvve C,

Inhabits Cayenne; 12 inches long ; feeds on infefts.

Clanda- Tail wedged ; head fubcrefted ; band over the eyes black.
rius. Great /potted C.

Inhabit* Andalufta ; fize of a jay.

Bill black ; creli blueifh-afh ; Jhoulders, upper mng and tail~
coverts brown with fmall white and pale afh fpots ; quiU/ea-
ihers brown ; tail blackifh tipt with white.

Sirratuu Black with a white ferrate fpot On the wings.

Crepd black C,
Inhabits the Cape of Good; Hope: 12| inches long.
Tail longer than the body; plumage of the thighs lax, long}
legs black.

Trfhitius, Brown, beneath white ftreaked with brown ; eyelids

white; quill-feathers fpotted with rufty. Society C.

K k 2 Inhabit

M2

BIRDS. PIC.-E. 20. Cuculus.

Inhabits Society IJlands ; ig inches long.

Upper mandible blackiih, lower pale ; irids pale yellow; vertf

white : tail wedged, v/ith tranlveiie rudy-brown lines, white

at the tips ; legs greenifli.

penegaleit' y^ul wedged ; body grey, beneath white ; cap and tailr

P' feathers blackifh. Straight -heeled C.

Inhabits near xht Senegal : 15! inches hmg.

Bill black ; rump and upper tail-coverts brown with deeper

ftreaks ; quill-feathers rufous with brownilli tips ; legs grey j

the inner hind-claw ftraight, longer.

pengakn- ferruginous with white lines ; beneath yellowiOi -brown ;

p.

tail wedged. Lark-heeled C\

Inhabits Bengal; fomething larger than a lark.
JBill du{ky; quill-feathers reddifh-brown, and except the firfl

and fecond, with black lines; outer tail-feathers dulkv tipt

with brown, the reft with black and narrower brown lines ;

legs black ; inner hhid-claw long, ftraight.

jfjfonoza- Tail wedged ; body blackifh fpotted with white, beneath

tus. barred with white and cinereous. Sacred C.

Inhabits Malabar; 1 ly inches long ; feeds on reptiles, and is

on that account prelerved with great care by the inhabitants.

PunHa-
tus.

Panaya^
nus.

Tail wedged ; body blackifh with rufous dots, beneath ru-
fous with black ftreaks ; tail-feathers banded with
rufou§.

Inhabits India znd Philippine Ifles ; i6{- inches long.
Bill corneous, from the bale of wliich to the ears beneath thft
eyes is a rufous band ; legs grey- brown ; claius blackiflj.

Black-brown with rufous-yellow fpots, beneath reddifh
with tranfverfe black ftreaks ^ chin black ; tail even.

Panayan /potted C.

Inhabits Panay ; much larger than the common cuckow.
Bill black ; irids yellow ; legs kad-colour.

^^xvius. T^il wedged ; body brown and ruf^y ; throat With brown

ftreaks ; tail-feathers lipt with reddifh. Spotted C.

^, Chin grey j lateral tail-feathers at the tips and belly white.

inhabits

BIRDS. ?ICM. 20. Cucului. ■253

Inhabits Cayenne, 2) alfo Guinea; near 12 inches long.
Upper mandible black at the top, reddiHi at the fides, lowei

wholly rufous ; body beneath pale rufous ; feathers of the

croivu long, brown, with reddifh tips ; ycra^ reddifli-grey ;

quiU-Jcathers grey-brown edged and tipt with rufous ; legs

cinereous ; daws grey-brown.

Fu^cliiU- Tail wedged ; body brown, the tips of the feathers fome-
tui, what rufous, beneath dirty- white, Punclatcd C. '

Inhabits Cayenne ; 9 inches long.
Bill black, an inch long ; legs longifh.

Tawny; chin, throat and brcaft cinereoui> i belly, thiglis

and lower tail-coverts black. Laughing C.

Inhabits New Spain: 16 inches long; voice like a man

laughing.
Bill blueilli-black ; irids white ; tail half as long as the body.

Crefted, yellowifh- white ; tail and wings brown ; head
brown in the middle, yellowifh at the fides ; neck yel-
lowifh in the middle, brown at the fides.

Inhabits the woods of Brafil : i^'\ inches long; very cla-
morous.

BiU dulky-yellow, an inch long ; irids brown ; tail tipt with
white ; kgs fea-green.

Tail wedged ; body above cinereous, beneath white ; lower

mandible pale yellow. Caroline C.

Inhabits North America ; 12 inches long ; appears in May and

migrates in the autumn; builds in apple trees, and lays 4

blueifh-white eggs.

Primary quill-Jeathers, without brovsm, within orange ; tail'

feathers, except the 3 middle ones, tipt with white ;

legs dnflty.

Tail wedged ; body waved grey and brown.

Indian/potted C.

Inhabits Bengal j 14 inches long.

Bill ind legs yellowifh dirty-green ; quill-feathers znd Jlioulders
>vlth tranfveife brown and rufous ftreaks ; tail reddifh, with
jiblifj^Uv brown bands,

Maculaius,

254 BIRDS. VICJB' 20. Cuculus.

Macula' Tail wedged; body above greenifh-grey with white fpots,
tus. beneath varied with brown and white.

Chinefe /potted C.
Inhabits China ; 14 inches long.

Bill above blackifh, beneath yellow; head and neck blackifh
with white fpots round the eyes' ; legi yellowifh .

Aur, Tail wedged ; body fliining-black ; head creflpd ; firft 5

quill-feathers white at the bafe. CreJ}ed black C

Inhabits the Caps of Good Hope : is probably only a variety of
• C. lerratus.

Metanolcu- Black, beneath white ; tail wedged, tipt with white i
<^os, wings with a white fpot; bead fubcreited.

Coremandel crejied C.

Inhabits Coromandcl: 11 inches long.
Bill black ; legs dufky.

Pifanui. Tail wedged ; body above varied with white and black,
beneath white ; head black, crefted \ chin and breafl
rufous. Pi/an C.

This bird was once only caught in Pija, and was iomcthing
larger than the common cuckow.

Bill greenifh -brown ; lower tail-cover ts rufous; quill-feathers
reddifli ; tail feathers black, each hde tipt with white ; legs
greenifh .

Madagaf. Olive waved with brown, beneath tawny ; chin olive
carenfis. tempered with yellow. Qreat Madagafcar C.

2. Cap black ; crown naked, blue, wrinkled.

Inhabits Madagafcar ; 2.x\ inches long.

Bill black ; irids orange ; hind-part of the belly and lower tail-
coverts brown ; thighs cinereous ; tail 10 inches long, fome
of the lateral feathers tipt with white ; legs yellowifh-brown.

Chryfoce* Head yellow ; breaft and fhoulders lead-colour ; quill-fea-

phalus, thers black ; tail yellowilh-brown with numeroii^

black bars. Telloiv-headed C.

Inhabits South America. Cim. Phyf. 91. tab. 48.

Lower part of the back pale brown ; rump ftraW'Colour ; breaft-

and upper part of the belly cinerous waved with brown.

■"••-•-« ■ Dominicus,

BIRDS. ?ICIE. 20. Cuculus. 255

Domini' Tail wedged ; body grey-brown, beneath whitifh ; 3 late-
en//. ^ teral tail-featherS tipt with white. St. Dsmingo C.

1. Beneath clear white.

Inhabits St. Do^ningo, G/</flna and Louifiana : io\ inches long.

Ouili- feat hers rufous, edged and tipt with grey-brown : tail-
feathers, except the 2 middle ones black, white at the tips
and outer edges : bill, legs and claws grey-brown.

Cayanus. Tail wedged ; body purplifh-chefnut, beneath cinereous ;
all the tail-feathers tipt with white. Cayenne C.

2. Beneath purpiifti ; 10 j inches long.

3. Bill red ; head cinereous j chin and bread rufous ; belly

alhy-black.

Inhubits Cayenne, near rivers : nearly 16 inches long : eafily

tamed.
Bill, legs and claws grey-brown: quill-feathers tipt with

brown : tail-feathers chelhut, near the tip black, tipt with

white: tail lo inches long.

Tranquil' Black, beneath inclining to cinereous j tail wedged ; upper
fut, wing-coverts edged with white, Cayenne black C,

Inhabits Cayenne : 1 1 inches long : folltary.
Bill and irids red.

Tenehro' Black ; belly and thighs rufty ; rump and vent white ; tail

fas. even. ffl/ite-rumped black C

Inhabits Cayenne ; 8| inches long : frequents trees growing near

the water fide ; feeds on infefts : builds in hollow trees or on

the ground. . .

Bill dulky, fubulate : noflrils furrounded by about 10 bridles,

mouth by about 8 : between the breafl and belly an orange

bar : legs Ihort, yellow.

Pyrrhoce. Black, beneath white ; crown fcarlet, furrounded by B
phalus. circle of white; tail long, tipt with white.

Red-headed C.

Inhabits Ceylon ; feeds on fruit : 16 inches long.
Bill curved, greenifh-yellow : head and neck with finall white
fpots : legs blueilh.

Cctrulcus, Tail rounded ; body blue. -^^"^ ^'

' Inhabits Madagafcar ; 1 7 inches long.
Bill, legs and claws black ; wings and tOll with a green and

viokt caft, o- r

liinenjtSt

256 BIRDS. ?tCM. io. Cuculus.

Sinenfis, Tail long, wedged^ body blue, beneath white; tail-fea^
thers with a white fpot at the tips. Chimje C.

Inhabits China ; 13 inches long.

Bill, irids, legs and claws red; crown white dotted with blue.j
the reft of the head and chin blackilh ; a white round patch
on the cheeks.

Afcr, Brafs-green, beneath fhining grey ; head and neck cine-

reous ; crown blackilh-brafs ; tail even, green-gold,
beneath black. African C.

a. Brown, beneath^ reddifh ; head a.'id neck with tranfverfe
brown and rufous llreaks.
Inhabits Mndat^afcar j 15 inches long.

Bill ftraight, blackilli, 2 inches long, from which to the eye
each fide runs a black line ; greater quill-feathers blackilTij
the lefTer oblcure green ; legs reddifh ; clazvs black.

Ciipreus, Golden-copper; belly and thighs yellow. Cupreous C

Inhzhiis Africa? fizeofalark. Lev. Muf i^Cf.
Tail wedged, one or two of the outer feathers each fide with a
triangular white fpot at the extremity ; bill and legs black.

Indicator. Rufty-grcy, beneath white ; eyelids naked, black ; ihoul
ders with a yellow fpot ; tail wedged, rufty.

Honey-guide C.

Inhabits the interior parts of Africa; 6 inches long; is fond of
honey, and not being able to procure it from the hollows of
trees, by its note is faid to point it out to the inhabitants, who
leave a part for its fervices, and fo highly value it upon this
account that it is criminal to deflroy it.

Bill brown at the bafe and furrounded with briflles, yellow at
the tip ; feathers of the thighs white, with a longitudinal
black ftreak ; quill feathers above brown, beneath grey-brown ;
firft tail feathers very narrow, rufty; the next footy, the
inner edge whitifti, the reft brown at the tip on the inner web.

Pcyfa. Tail equal; head crefted; body blucifh -green ; quill-fea-
thers blood-re4. Mexican C,

Inhabits various parts of Africa ; feeds on vegetables and fruit.

5^// red, fhort, fubconic, the mandibles ferrate ; fon^we cartila-
genous, flat, acute; irids bay; band acrofs the eyes black,
with a white line above and beneath ; eyelids furrounded with
red caruncles; noftriLs covered with recumbent feathers.
Varies in having a blackifh pendent creft, which is fometimes
green and rather ercft, varied with white,

Re^i-^u

BIRDS. ?iCM. ao. Cuculusi '257

ji>'giu^. Black with a blue gli>fs ; quill-feathers crimfon ; bill re%
with a yellow front ; back of the head purple.

Rojal C.
Inhabits thf interior pafts of Africa ; refembles the laft.
BiU and tongue as in the lad ; from the land-part of the man-
dibits each (ide a (tripe of white runs tov.ards the nape ; quilL-
Jeat kef's carmine ; legs brown.

Brafi^ic.' Tail fubcqual ; liead creflccfj body icd'y quill-feathers
p. ycllowlfli. Red-crepd CL

Inhabits jBrayI/>" lo inches long.

mil pale red ; crtft red varied with black, belly mixed with
yelllowifti j quill-feathers and tail yellow with a ftxade of
black,

Crijiatus. Tail rounded; headciefted; body (hining greehifh-afh.

Madagafcar crejled C
Inhabits Madagafcar ; 14 inches long.

Bill and Itgi black ; irids orange ; breafi, claret ; belly whitlfh
\vith a rufous glofi ; wings and tail beneath cinereous \ outer
tail feathers tipt with white.

j^gyptius. Brown, beneath tawny-white ; head, neck and wedged tail
green ; wings rufous. Egyptian C.

Inhabits Egypt : 14 — 16 inches long ; feeds on loculls.

Billhlick ; irids fhining red ; upper tail-coverts rufous inclin-
ing to green ; 3 laft quillfeatkers rufous, the reft fhining
green at tlie tip ; Legs blackifh^

2. Shining black f wings rufoiis.

This is probably the male of the laft;

3. Tail black; wings tawny with in ottwfe thorn Jit the

flexure; inner hmd-claw ftraight, fubulirte.
Inhabits China,

Radiatus, Black-brown, beneath yellow with black lines; chin am!

cheeks claret ; crown blackifh-grey. Panayan C*

Inhabits Pdnay : fize of the common cuckow.
Bill black ; irids orange ; lower part of the wings fpotted with

white ; tail black, tipt and ftreaked with white, equal ; le^s

reddifh.

Pdioce-, Tail a little wedged; body above brown-alli, beneath
phatus, white barred with grey; tail-feathers black with dufk)r
bars. Grey-headed C«

inhabits India ; very much refembles the laft,

"^^ Vol, I. — . L i Ssnn<ratiU

BIRDS. nCM. 20. Cuculus.

SoMKivntii. Bamled with black

above rufous-brov/n beneath white ;
tail-feathers fpotted with black. Scnnerat's C.

Inhabits India ; ll/.e of a blackbird.
Bill, irids a:;d l-^gs yellow.

Hcpailids. Tail wedged ; body undulate with brown and black ; rump
ferruginous ; bill, tips of the wings and bands on the
tail black, beneath whitifh waved with black \ legs
,'ellow. Liver-coloured &.

■itc^th 13I inches; tail-feathers rufty-brown, barred with
black, tipt with white, and with a iinall white terminal fpot.

Flavus. Tellaceous, beneath ycllowifli ; crown and chin pale grey ;
tail wedged, black with white lines.

relhw-bellied C.
Inhabits Panay ; above 8 inches long. .

Bill and U^s yellowifh, the former tipt with black ; iridi
yellow.

Auratus, Tail wedged, body above gold-green, beneath white ; ^
ftreaks on the head, wing-coverts, fecondary quill and
tail-feathers at the tips white. Gilded C,

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope , 7 inches long.
Bill greenifli-brown ; legs grey.

Lucidus, Above green, beneath white ; each fide a green-gold lu*
nule ; quill-feathers and tail brown. Shining C.

Inhabits New Zealand j 7 inches long.

Bill and legs blueifh ; irids bay ; lower tail-covcrts white.

Coroman- Tail wedged ; body black, beneath white ; collar clear

Id

white. Colared C'

Inhabits Coromandd ; \ 2^ inches long.

Bill and Legs cinereous ; irids yellowifh ; head crefled, with a
fmall round grey fpot each fide ; chin and thighs blackifh ;
firft qidll-feathers rufous, the fecond blackifh, edged with ru-
fous ; tail blackifh-brown.

CcYtiutus, Tail wedged ; craft bifid ; body footy. Horned C,

Inhabits Brafil ; 13 inches long.
Bill greenifh-yellow ; irids biood-red ; creji moveable, refem-

bling horns; body beneath, U^s and claws cinereous: tail

tipt with white*

^^cotor.

BIRDS. PICiE. 21. Yuax. 259

Difcolor. Reddifh-brown ; creft bifid, orange; 2 outer tail-feathers
white, the reft tipt with white.
Inhabits \.\\*t Eajl Indies. dm. Phyf. 95'. tab. 51. ,

Paradi- Two outer tall-fcathcrs very long, dilated at the tip ; head
7^'«-f. crcftcd ; body green. Paradlfe C.

Inhabits Skim 2 i"] inches long.

J5i7/blackifh ; irids blue ; tegs and claws grey,

Tolu, Blackifli ; rump and belly greenifh-black ; fhoulders and

iquill-feathers chefnut \ tail wedged, black-green, be-
neath black. Lang-heeled C.

Inhabits Madagafcar ; x4| inches long..

BiU brown; feathers of x\\^ head and neck rigid, marked with
a longitudinal rufous-white ftreak ; nnng-coverts chefnut, the
Ihafts purplifli ; legs and claws black ; the inner hind-claw
long, ftraight, i'ubuhte.

21. YUNX. ^f// fmootifh, pointed, a little
incurved, weak : nojlrils concave,
naked : tongue very long, fmooth,
worm-fhaped, armea at the point:
tail-feathers lo, flexible : feet climbers.

* Torquil- Grey varied with brown and blackilh ; belly reddilh-white
la, with blackifli-fpots ; tail-feathers waved with black

fpots ftreaks and bars. Wryneck.

2. Above nifty with tranfverfe fpots, beneath whitifti with
longitudinal yellow ftreaks.
Inhabits Europe, Afta and Africa j lives about the trunks of
rotten trees, and feeds on the larvas of infetls and ants ; mi-
grates, and is perpettoally twifting its neck round and looking
about J eggs 8 — lo, Ivory-white, pellucid; 7 inches long.

L\z j:2. PICUS,

^6ff ' BIRDS. PIC^. 22. Picuij.

22. PICUS. Bill angular, flraight, wedged
at the tip : nqfhrils covered with re-
cumbent fetaceous feathers : tongue
round, worm-fhaped, very long, bony,
miflile, daggered, befet at the point
with briftles bent back : tail-feathers
10, hard, rigid, pointed : feet climb-
ers. Wood-pecker,

The birds of this genus cKmb up and down trees in fcarch of
infefts, which they transfix and draw out from the clefts of
the bark by means of the tongue, which is bony at the end,
barbed, and fumjfhed with a ci rious apparatus of mufcles
for the purpofe of throwing it forwards witli great force.
They build in hollows of decaying and dead trees, which
•■ - they perforate with the hard wedge'like bill.

yfMartius. Black ; cap vefmilion." Greateji black W.

Inhabits Europe, Siberia and Chili ; thpugh feldom vifits £n^-
land; is found chiefly among poplar trees : builds a large
and deep neft, and lays 2 — 3 white eggs ; feeds principally
on bees and ants ; 17 — 18 inches long,

FemaU, the hind-head on|y red.

Xi^nanttj. Cap yerfnilion; body barred with white and blu^.

IFhite-belUed Mf^

Inhabits CAi7r; lefs than a blackbird,

Fri)ici/>fl- Black ; Crefl; fcarlet ; line each fide the neck and fecon-
iii' dary quill-ftathers white. fnyite-billtd JF^

Inh.ibits America, from New Jtrjrj to Erajd ; 16 inches long ;
makes fpiral holes in tires.
, BiU ivory, 3 inches long; inds yellow 5 crtji conic; low^j;
^ part of the hack white.
/Female i cap not coloiHed.

Pikatus, Black ; creft red ; temples and wipgs fpotted with white.

P Heated fK

Inhabits the woods of North Avierica ; 1 8 inches long.
Bill 2. inches long, upper mandible dufky, lower whitifli j
irid!:' golden ; cref^ furrounded with 3 brownifli tine ; fronj

BIRDS. PIC^. 2z. Plcus. 26t

ijic eyes a black ftripe extending to the hmd-hea(3, and be-
neath this a brownlfh line from the inlertion of the bill
through the neck to the origin of the wings ; chin white (
legs duiky.
Female, front brown.
2. Belly obfcurely barred with white.

Lineatm, JBIack ; crcft fcarlct ; a white line from, the bill down the
neck and as, tar as the middle, of the back.

l^ineated W,
Inhabits Cay £«Z2<' ; near 1 4 inches long.

Body beneath reddilh- white with black bajfs ; hill half an inch
k)ng, corneous, the lower jaw with a fcarlct ftripe ; htacL
fcarlct ; cheeks fomewhat cinereous ; chiuy belly and vent
tawny- while, with tranfverfc black ftreaks ; tail wedged j
legs and claws grey.

Rnl/riio!-. Brown, beneath t^wny ; crefted head and neck blood-red.
Hi, Red-necked IV,

Inhabits Cayenne j 16 inches long.
Bill pale ; legs lead-colour,

J^ldana- Black ; body beneath, line each fide the neck, nape gnd
';■■'■'' rump white ; hind-part of the creft bwwnifli-yellow.

Buff'crejied JV.
Inhabits Surinam. ; 12| inches long.
Le^t and belly dirty-white with tranfverfe black lines.

Hiruiidi-; Black; cap fcarlet; fhoulders dotted with white.
Haceu,. Lejfer black JV»

Inhabits North America ; 5^ inches long.
Bill brown ; irids whitifh ; angles of the wings and hind-part
of the hdly white.
2» Middle of the breaft red ; belly varied with black and
grey.
Inhabits Cayenne ; lower part of the hack and rump white ; fe-
maky without red or yellow.
3. Crown with a red fpot ; area of the eyes white; hind-head
golden.
Inhabits Cayenne.

Area of the breajl red ; vent ftreaked with black and white ;
feme of the fecondary quill-feathers dotted with white at
the tips.
fpnaUi the whole bead black ; e^'elids white.
. ^ Paje^

'ikz BIRDS. PIC^. 22. Picus,

Pajfninus, Yellowifli-olive, beneath barred with brown aad whitifli.

Pafferine IV.
Inhabits St. Domingo ; 6 inches long.

J?j//, legs and claws grey ; crown red ; temples reddifh-grey ;
fome of the greater zcing-coverts with an ochre Ipot ; inner
edge of the greater quiLl-feathers brown indented with white.

Siriatus, Black ftreaked with olive, beneath olive ; front, cheeks,
chin, throat and breaft grey; crown, hind-head,
rump and upper tail-coverts red Rayed W.

2. Crown black.

Inhabits St. Domingo ; near q inches long.
Bill corneous ; quili-feathers blackilh, the outer web yellow,
the inner fpotted with whitifh ; legs and claws blackifh.

MeLino- Variegated with black and yellow; creft gold; tail black.
chlorai. ' Gold-trejied IV.

Inhabits Cfl^ijjwf ; 13 inches long.

Bill dufky -, checks reddifh ; between the bafe of the bill and
tyes a purple fpot.
5. Crown black ; creft red ; middle tail-feathers black, th^.
lateral ones barred with tawny and black.

Flavejuns. Black barred with yellow ; pendent creft, chin, cheeks and
. ■ neck yellow. Telloio-crejied IV.

Inhabits Brajil ; fize of a jay.
Crejt long, lax ; kgs dufky-grecn ; belly and tail black.

Cayazitn- Olive, the feathers towards the tip with a black fpor ;

f^^i . crown, chin and tail black; hind-head red; cheeks

whitifti ; belly yellovvilh. Cayenne IV.

Inliabits C<7yfnwe; -^ 4- inches long.

Bill blackifh ; dan ipotted with white ; thighs and lower tail-
coverts with a few black fpots ; jlioulders and wing-coverts
with tranfverle blackifh ftreaks ; wing-feathers blackifh with
yellow fhafts : 2 outer tail-feathers with yellow {hafts, and
black and rufous lines ; kgs grey.

^lauuans, Yellovvilh ; creftcd ; quill-feathers brown ; tail black.

Telhw IV,
Inhabits Cnyennt j 9 inches long.
Bill whitifli ; feathers fometimcs whitifh ; wing-coverts brown,

edgpd with yellow.
Male with a r-ed maxillary band.
*■>.*"*■ * Cinnamo-

BIRDS. PICi^E. 22. Picus. 263

tiyinnmO' Cinnamon, with a few yellowifh fpots ; creft and lower
''•''"^* part of the back yellow 9 tail black;

Ferruginous Jf^.

Inhabits Cayenne^ Guiana and Carolina :■ x\ inches long,
QuilL-Jcathcrs within Ipotted with black.
Male, with a red maxillary band.

Multico- Crefted ; rufous; beneath pale rufty ; head, chin and neck
ivr, orange; nape, throat, bteaft and fpots on the wings

black. Blach-breapd Pr.

Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana : i\ inches long.
Bili pale ; fpots on the tail and lip bhck ; Itgs plumbeous.

Erythroce^ Jlead wholly red ; wings and tail black ; belly whit*.
phdus. Red-headed W^

Inhabits North America : <^\ inches long ; migrates, and feeds

on acorns, fruit and Indian corri.
Bill lead-colour ; back black ; lecondary quill-feathers wliite,

with 2 black tranfverfe bars ; legs black.
Female, head bipwn.

Rukr. Head, neck and breaft red ; bacT^ and wings black ; belly
ochre. Red-hreajied fV,

Inhabits Cayenne : fomething lefs than the laft.

Bill horn-colour, with a brownifli line frcm the noftrils to the
eyes ; many of the lelTer mng-coverts dotted with white,
fome of the greater white on the outer web, lower variegated
wliite and black ; quill-feathers black fpotted with white.

Oi/curus, Dulky, ftreaked and waved with whitifh, beneath white ;
firft quill-feathers black, fecondary white with 2 black
bars. pnyite-rumped JV.

Inhabits Long Ijland : 9 inches long.

Bin corneous ; greater zoing-coverts black ; rianp white ; legt
black.

Fafciatus, Black ; crown, lores and fubmaxillary band fcarlet ; belly
ftreaked white and black; tail-feathers white at the
tip. Striped-bellied ff.

Length 8 iaches ; orbits v/hite ; cheeks ftreaked with black.

AurantiUi, Above orange ; naps, ramp and tail black. Oratjge W.

Inhabits

>64 iJIRDS. PiCjE. 2i..^'<?us.

Inhabits the Cape of Gooi Hopi : loi inches long.

Bill, ligs and claws lead-colour : crozcn and hind-head Black '.
each fide from the noftrils below the eyes and reaching to the
fides of the neck a white ftripc : rheeki, chin and tKrcaf
dirty-grey : lower part of the hack blackifh : brectji and
^ti(y dirty- white : quilt-feather s brown, {(.nne of them Ipotltfel
with white.

Senegalen- Front and cheeks brdwn 5 cap fed ; back and quill-fca-

fis» thers rcddifh-gold ; body beneath grey, ojndulate with

brown and white. Gold-backed JV.

Inhabits near the Senegal : hardly larger than a fparrow.

JBill and legs blackifh : tail-Jeathers black, the hteial cAies fpot-

ted with yellow.

€apenfisi Grey ; back, neck and bread olive ; quill-fcathers diiflcy ;
rump and upper tail-coverts red \ tail-feathers blacks

Cape m
Inhabits the Cape : le's than a lark.
Bill and legs plumbeous.
2. Back and wings olive-brown ; cap, rump and belly red;
Inhabits Africa.
Bill and legs black : zuings and tail blackifii.

Auratus, Tranfverfely ftriate with black and grey ; chin and breafT.
black ; nape red ; rump white. Gold-ivlnged IF.

Inhabits North America ; 1 1 inches long ; migrates to Hud-
Jon's Bay : .feeds on worms arrd ground infefts, and for want
of thefe on" berries and grals : does not climb trees.

iJ/// black, round, a little curved: hind-head sx\6. cheeks md '.
upper part of the breajl -wiih a black lunule: reft of the
breaft and belly whifeifh fpotted with black : back and wing^
coverts ViXe. brown with black lines : firft quill-feathers ciiie-
reous, beneath and fhafts golden : tail black, edged with
white : legs dufky.'

Femakj chin cinereous*

Cafcr» Above brown, beneath claret dotted with black ; wings
beneath, and fhafts of the wings and tail vermilion.

Gold-wittged ff>
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hape : lefs than the laft.
Bill brown, rather bent, with a red ftreak each fide : tcU
pointed, the feather* forked at the end;

OlivaccUT*

BIRDS. PIC^. 22. Pious. 265

Ghvaccus, Olive \ neck beneath, breaft and rump pale red ; chin,
throat, quill-feathers and vent dulky-brown ; tail
above black. Crimfon-breajied JV,

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; \q\ inches long.

Bill z little bent, black ; fhafts of the zdings Bnd tatl yellowifh ;
tail-feathers beneath olive-brown with forked tips; Icfs
black.

CaroUnus. Gap and nape red ; back with black bands ; middle t^il-
feathers white dotted with black, the reft black.

Carolina PP^.

2. Front and cheeks pale brown ; belly pale yellowilh-brown.

3. Spots on the chin and under the eyes red.

4. Black and white ; cap, nape and belly red ; front and

neck beneath yellow-grey j fides of the neck from

the mouth with a blatk line.
Inhabits North America ; xo\ inches long.
Bill, Legs and claws black ; irids bay ; crown (of the female)

rufous-white ; cheeks yellowilh ; f Am and throat olive ;

lower part of the belly with trauiverle brown lines.

Undatus. T eftaceous Waved with black ; temples b'ood-red.

Red-cheekid H\
Inhabits Guiana and Surinam ; 5 inches long.
Bill brownifh ; legs dulky.

Rafus. Rufous waved whh black ; wings, tail and body beneath
deeper. Rufous IV.

Inhabits Cayenne 2X^^ Guiana ; 6 inches long.
Bill pale ; legs lead-colour.
±. Breaft black ; under the eyes a large Mack fp6t.

CUoract- Olive, beneath fpotted with white ; neck and fubcrefted head
phalus. yellow ; crown red. Tellow-headed IF.

Inhabits Guiana ; 6 inches long.

Bill and kgs plumbeous ; frotn the angles of the mouth a
red line.

Miniatus, Crcfted ; red, beneath white ; throat rofy ; bill and tail
blue ; tail-coverts green. Red-wlngcd fF:

Inhabits Java, ; 9 inches long.

Spot on the chin yellow ; quill-feathiri black with large white
fpots ; legs dufky.

Vol. h — Mm MttldC'

266 BIRDS. ?ICJE. 22. Pkub.

Mnlaccen- Crefted head and fhoulders fcarlct; chin and throat rufous-
fis. yellow ; body beneath barred with black and white ;

tail black. Malacca //'.

Inhabits Malacca; about 13 inches long.

£iU black ■, iruis red ; ruvip greenifh-yellow with black bands ;
tail-feathers dufky-red, within {potted with white.

PitiM. Brown dotted with white ; tail fhort.

Inhabit-; Chili ; has the appearance of a pigeon, and builds, nf>t
in the hallows of trees, but on the banks of rivers and decli-
vities of mountains ; lays ufually 4 eggs.

♦ Viridis. Green ; crown erimfon. Green IF.

a. Upper part of the head and fpots beneath the ears deep red ;
rump pale yellow.

l.n\\iihiis Jiiir ope, 2) Mexico ; 13 inches long : makes a circu-
lar hole in the dead parts of trees for its neft, and lays 5 — G
greenilh eggs fpotted with black ; is fond of bees.

^lYMufky, 2 inches long; inner circle of the irids reddifh,
outer white ; temples blackifl-i ; quilt-feathers dufky with
whitifli fpots : tail blackifh, obfcurely barred with green and
tipt with white ; legs greenilh-afh.

Bingakn- Green ; creft red; nape black ; front and throat variegated
Jis, white and black ; body beneath white. Bengal IV.

Inhabits Bengal; 8| inches long.

Bill and legs blackifh ; fore-part of ths face, neck beneath, and
heafi white with black fpots ; tail black ; each ftde from the
eyes a ftripe extendiug to the neck.
2. Head with nuiiierous white fpots; back black, fcarletin
the middle.
Inhabits Ceylon and China ; a little larger.
Body green ; fore-part of the zciugs red.

diiadrima- Green ; beneath blueifh ; crown and rump yellow ; throat,

culatus, quill and tail-feathers black. Blue-throated IF.

Inhabits Ceylon ; fize of P. viridis. Ciyn. Phyf. gg.pl. 54*

Breajl and 6elly blueifh-alh ; under ihe throat a large oval patch

of glofly blue-black ; throat furrgunded by a band of white ;

legs olive.

Philippic

BIRDS. TICJE. 22. Picus.

l^j

Philippi- Brown -green ; crefted ; beneath fpottcd with white and
narum. black ; rump red ; tail-feathiers with 2 white fpots.

Philippine JV.
Inhabits Manilla ; fize of P. viridis.

Goenlis. Green, beneath whitiOi ; croAvn and crefted hind-head red ;
tail and fillet reaching from the eyes to the wings
black ; wings golden. Goa JV*

Inhabits Goa • very much refemblcs P. bsngalenns.

&dl black ; hind htad iurrounded by a white line ; leder wing-
coverts black ; lefler quiU-feathers varied with black and
white ; feathers beneatn edged with black ; legs lead-colour.

ManiLleH- Dirty-green ; crown fpotted with grey j wings and tail
fii, blackifh ; upp^r tail-coverts red. * Manilla green JV.

Inhabits Manilla. Bill and legs blackifh.

Gxrtan. Above grey-brown, beneath ycllowi{h-grey ; wings with
dirty-white fpots ^ crown and rump red.

Crimfon rumped IV.
Inhabits near the Senegal : much lefs than P. viridis.
Bill and legs lead-colour.

Cqnus, Cinereous, front obfcurely fpotted with red ; back, flioul-
ders, wing and tail-coverts green ; rump, yello.w ;
wings and tail brown ; chin whitifh.

Grey-headed green IV,
Inhabits Norway, Ru/Jia and Siberia ; fue of P. viridis.
Bill yellowifh at the bafe ; quill-fcathers vnth. yellowilli fpots;
tail ftreaked with dufky : legs and claws black.

Ptrjicm, Pale yellow; body above, tips of the quill-feathers «nd
area of the eyes ferruginous. Perfian TV,

Inhabits Perjia j fize of P. viridis.
Bill long, ferruginous ; legs blueilh ; clazvs black.

SerairoJlris» Brown-a(h, beneath white \ head brown fpotted with yel-
lowifli ; upper mandible fliortcr. Half -billed IV.

Inhabits India ; fize of a martin.

Bill pale, the fliort upper mandible probably only a lufus rta-
turas ; tail and zoings brown ; quillfeathcrs fpotted with
white at the outer edge.

M m c

Pu,hefcer.i.

ftfig BIRDS. PlCii:. 22. Picus.

Pubefccns. Back longitudinally tlowny ; outer tail-feathers white Avith
4 black fpots Downy W.

Inhabits North America in vaft flocks ; i< bold, ;n i very in-
jurious to orchards by piercing and Jeflroying the trees;
fize of a fparrow.
ilffl'e with a red hind-head.

Vith/us. Back fomewhat downy, longitudinally ; outer tail-feathers
entirely white. Hairy IV:

Inhabits North America, from Hudfon's Bay to Carolina •
9 — 12 inches long, and is, like the former, a ped: to orchards.

£ill horn-colour ; head black with a trani'verle red bar (in the
male) ; cheeks with 2 whitt and 2 black lines ; hack black
with white fpots difpofed in rows ; 2 middle tail-Jeathcri
black, the reft decuffate with white flreaks.

f Major, Variegated with black and white ; vent and hind-head red.

Greater /potted JV.

Inhabits Europe, North America and Siberia ; 9 inches long.

Bill blackifli, corneous at the bafe ; irids red ; fr07it brown-
yellowifh ; cheeks, flioulders, breaji and belly yellowiHar
white ; 4 middle tail feathers without fpots.

Female, without red on the hind-head.

*Medius, Variegated with white and black ; vent and cap red.

Middle /pitted fV.
Inhabits Europe j 81 inches long, perhaps the young uf

the laft.
Cheeks white ; 3 lateral tail/tathcrs tipt with white*

'*^Iinor, Variegated with white and black ; crown red ; vent tef-
taceous. Lej/'er /potted //".

Inhabits Europe and AJta ; 5^ inches long.
Back with black and white lines ; icings with broad white
blotches ; /emale white on the crown.
2. Crown, nape and fcrag black-grey ; body beneath yel-
lowifh, fpotted with bla<k.
Inhabits Fanay ; probably a varictv of the female.
■:>. Hind-head fubcrelled ; crown vvitth a crimfon fpot \ frontj
cheeks and body beneath white.
Inhibits C-'ylon ; (bniething Icfs.

Tricolor,

BIRDS. PIC^. 22. Picus. 269

Triiol^r. Black with white tranfverfe flyeaks^ breafl and belly red.

Varied ir.
Inhabits New Spain : fize of P. medius.

Canadzn- \yhlte ; crown, back, fhoulders .and 2 middle tail-fealhers

fi^' black, the other tail-feathers and wings varied with

black and wiiite. Canada /potted pr.

Inhabits Canada: 9 inches long.

Bill horn-colour ; above and beneath the eyes a white fillet,

I iiriii^. Variegated black and white; crown red; vent white

barred with brown. Tclow-bellied W.

Inhabits North America : 9 inches long ; is very numerous,

and very deftruftive to corn and fruits.
female, without red on the croM'n ; crown (of the male) fur-
rounded by a black, line; chin red; brcaji and belly yel-
lowifh, the latter ("potted with black ; zving-coverts black,
with 2 tranlverle white lines ; tail black.

J^iaxapej, Black, beneath white ; legs yellow. TeUota-hgged IV,

Size of P. minor ; hind-head black ; upper edge of the wings
white.

Biiotar. Varied with grey and white ; fides of the crefled head
white ; quill-feathers brown fpotted with white.

Encenada JV.
Inhabits America and Encenada : 6 inches long.
Bill and legs plumbeous ; irids white ; body above tranfverfely,

beneath perpendicularly varied.
Female totally brown, and with a creft.

Cardinalis, Black, beneath white fpotted with black ; crown and
hind-head red. Cardinal JF.

Inhabits Luzonia : fize of P. viridis.

Bill and legs black ; front grey ; quill and tail-feathers with
yellow (hafts and ipotted with white at the edge.

^aiicuf, Yariegated with white, rufous and brown ; crown black,

fpotted with white ; hind-head fubcrefted, red ;

breaft whitifh with black dots ; tail with rufous

brown lines. Nubian fF.

Inhabits Nubia : 7! inches long.

J^ill black ; irids pale brown ; front brownifh ; chin and vent
V/hififh ; legs glaucous,

Moluccenfiit

270 BIRDS. PIC^. 22. Picus.

MoLucccit' Black-brown waved with white ; beneath whitifti, arrow-
Jfj. ftreaked with brown ; quill and tail-feathers brown,

fpotted with white. Broivn W.

Inhabits the Molucca Ijlands ; fize of P. minor.
Bill and legs duiky ; cheeks while; beneath the' eyes a
brown fpot.
2. Black-brown fpotted with white ; beneath and head white \
crown and fpot beneath the eyes brown.
Inhabits India : 5 inches long.
JBili pale ; legs blue.

Min-^iMf. Chefnut-grey, beneath whitifli waved with brown ; crowii
red y hind-head black fpotted with white.

Minute Jf.
Inhabits Cayenm ; the lenll of its tribe ; 3^ incht-s long.

l^riiatlylus Variegated black and white ; feet 3-toed. Three-toed IV,
2, Variegated black and white \ beneath white.

Inhabits America, Europe ^nd Sicily, ^) Cayenne: 11 'inches

long.
Crown gold or red ; irids glaucous ; cheeks with 3 black and
2 white longitudinal lines ; hind-head and back black ; luin^.^
and tail Mack ; firft quill-ftathers and outer tail-fcRthen
fpotted with white ; legs dulky.

23. SITTA. Bill fubulate, roundifh,
flraight, entire ; upper mandible a
little longer, compreired and angular
at the tip : tongue jagged, fhort, horny
at the tip : nojlrils fmall, covered with
briftles : feet^ formed for walking ;
hind-toe long. Nuthatch,

*^flrt7j&a:(2.._Cinereous, beneath reddifli ; tail-featliers black, the 4 la-
teral ones beneath tipt with white. European N.
2. Lcfs in fizc.

Inhabits Ejirope^ind AJia: near 6 inrhes long; climbs up trees, and
picksout infefts and their larvae from under the bark; perforates
and eats nuts ; wags its tail like .the motacilla ; builds in holes
of trees, Hopping up the cntram;e with clay to a fi^ie con-

vcnien;

BIRDS. PICiE. 23. Sltta. 271

Vcnient for tiie paffage of its body ; lays 6 — "j divty-tvhite
eggs with veddifh fpots ; the female is fo tenacious of her
young, as to be rather taken from the neft than defert them ;
fihgi by night ; the flefh when young very good.
A black line through the eyes and ears', rump\^\\k(t varied witlt
rudy ; the fifft tail-feather with a white bar, i with a
white fpot, 3 and 4 tipt with white, 5 colour of the back.

Canadenfis. QliicreouSy beneath pale rufous; eyelids white.

Canada N.
Inhabits Canada ; hardly 5 inches long.

Behind the eyes a blackifh hand ; 2 middle tail-feathers afhy-
grey, 4 outer ones black, the outer tips cinereous, within
white ; vent ferruginous.

Carolinen- Cinereous, beneath whitifli ; Jower part of the belly red-
fs, difh ; head and neck above black ; lateral tail-ftfathers

white varied with black. Black-headed h.

Inhabits America and Jamaica; 5I inches long.

Jamaicen- Cinereous, beneath white ; crown black ; lateral tail-fea-
fis, thers blackifh, tipt with tranfverfe white lines.

'Jamaica M,
2* Body much lefs.

Inhabits Jamaica .' 5I inches long ; feeds on infefts.

Pufila. Cinereous, beneath dirty-white ; head brown, with a
dirty-white fpot behind ; lateral tail-feathers black.

Small N,
Inhabits Carolina and Jamaica: 4|- inches long ; very ftupid.

Majiir. Grey, beneath whitifli ; chin white ; quill and tail-fea-
thers brown edged with orange. Great N.
Inhabits Jamaica ; i\ inches long ; feeds on worms.
Bill thicker in the middle, hooked at the tip.

Kitvln, Above lead-colour, beneath glaucous ; chin white ; wing-
coverts fpotted with whiter Shotted h-

Inhabits Surinam; 6 inches long.

Inner xoing-coverts dufky, edged with white ; body beneath with
longitudinal white lines ; le^s dufky-brown.

Surinamenftf^

27^ J&IRDS. PIC^. 23. Siua.

Surina-r Reddilli-chefnut, beneath diity-white ; middle of the back
men/is, white ; wings and tail black ; wing and tail-covert:

tipt and fecondary quill-feathers edged with white.

Surinam N^
Inhabits Surinam : 3^ inches long.

Bill dufky-brown, a little curved ; hincL'iead and fieck with
oblong black fpots.

Calfra, Body beneath yellow ; above yellow varied with black ;-
legs black. Cape N.

Inhabits the Cape of Gcod Hope .• 8 ^ inches long.
Bill ftraightilh, a little deprelTed ; tail feathers blackilh, be-
neath olive, tipt with yellovvilh ; claw J yeliowifh.

Sinenfti. Lower eyelid purple. Chinefe K.

Inhabits China : feeds on lice, and is often tamed.

Crefted head and bill black ; back dufky-brown inclining to
blue ; belly and breaji white, towards the chin black ; near
the eyes a fmall fcarlet fpot, and near this a large fnowy
blotch ; fiom the temples to the chin a black line : chj'jt
white bounded by black ; rump yellow ; zoing-coveris fer-
ruginous ; tail-feathers blackilh, tipt with white.

Longirof. Bluciflt, beneath pale rufous ; primary quill-feathers tipt
^''*» with brown ; lores black. Long-billed N,-

Inhabits Batavia : 8 inches long.

Bill longer than in others of its genus, black, pale at the bafe ;
front and cheeks white ; from the mouth through the eyes and
as far as the fides of the neck a black fillet ; legs brown.

Cklcrts. Above green, beneath white; tail black, tipt with yel-
low ilh. Green N.
Inhabits near the Cape of Good Hope : fize of S. furinamenfis.
Bill longer than the head, blackilh beneath towards the tip ;
quillfcathers brown, outer edge greenilh, yellowilh in the
middle, forming a yeliowifh band on the wings ; rump yel-
lowilh : tail fhort.

f

24. TODUS.

BIRDS. nCJE. 24. Todiis. 273

24. TODUS. Bill fubulate, deprefTed, ob-
tufe, ftraight, covered at the bafe with
brillles : nojlrils ovalj fmall : feet
greflbrial. Tody,

Thele niodly inhabit the warmer parts of America ; are very
nearly allied to the genus Mufcicapa, but are diftinguifhed
in having the middle and outer toe much conne6led, which
in the fly-cat chets are divided to the bafe.

t^iridis. Green, beneath yellov/ifli-rofy ; bread red. Green T.

Inhabits South America : 4 inches long ; is folitary, ftupidj

and feeds on the fofter infefts.
Upper mandible brown, lower orange ; irids chcfnut ; checks

with a red fpot ; legs and claws grey.
Male blueifh above, beneath white, breaft rofy.

Cinercus, Cinereous, beneath pale yellow. Cinereous T,

Inhabits Surinam and Guiana; larger than the laft.

Bill duiky, reddifh at the bafe ; front black ; upper wing^

coverts and quill-feathers dark brown edged with yellow ;

tail wedged, 2 middle feathers black, the refl brown, tipt

with white (in the finale) ; legs flefh-colour.

Fufcu;. Ferruginous, beneath olive fpotted with white ; wing-co-
verts with a duflcy band. BroivJi ^C-

Inhabits South America j lefs than X. viridis^

Cceruieus. Blue ; chin white ; belly orange. ■ j^Iue Tt.

Inhabits America : 3^ inches long.
Bill and legs flefti-colour ; under the eyes a pufplirti fppt.

r<jrtVj'. ' Variegated with blue, black and green ; bill, hcadj neck,

legs and' tail black i wing-coverts green.

Fariegated'T^
Inhabits India.

teucece. Black ; fubcrefted head and chin white. H^hite^headed T.
phaUiSi Inhabits America.

Bill blackifli, the lower mandible white tipt with blackifh 3
wings ftiort ; tail even.

\'oI. I. -~ N n ' BrachyM^

274

BIRDS. ?ICJE. 24. Todus.

Brachyu' Snowy beneath ; crown, neck, back and very fhort tail
Tus. ' black. Shart-tailcd T.

Inhabits America. BUI dufky.

FUmhtus. BlackiOi lead-colour, beneath white ; crown, quill and
tail'feathers blackilTi. Plumbeous T*

Inhabits Hunnam. Outer edge of the quill-feathers white.

Obfcurus. Olive-brown, beneath yellowifh-white ; chin pale.

Du/ky T.
Inhabits North America ; feeds on infefts ; frequents dead trees,

and fings delightfully.'
O^mll and tail-Jeathers edged with gtey ; tail even.

.:ffl<\ ■
Renins. Blackifh-brown ; beneath rcddifli ; creft chefnut, fpotte^l
\vith white at the tip ; chin and eyelids white. King 7.
Inhabits Cayenne; j inches long.

Bill dufky-brown ; creji ttanfverfe, confifting of 4-^5 rows
of rounded feathers ; zoing-coverts reddifh-brown ; breajl
with tranfverle blackifh lines ; legs flelh-colour.

CriJlatiLs. Creft fcarlet tipt with black ; body brown, fpotted with

^•hite. Crejied T.

Inhabits Guinea ; probably only a \'ariety of the laft.

Bill depreffed, flender, lanceolate, obtufe ; body above grey-

* brown ; zoing-coverts with a little white ; quill-feathers

blackifli ? chin whitifh-afh ; bredfl and belly waved with

brown and dufky-afh ; tailfeathers brown, beneath paler,

2. middle ones blackifh.

Ferriigi' Blackifh-rufty, beneath ferruginous ; tail brown ; temples
neus, varied with dufky and white. Fe^rruginous T>

Inhabits Cayenne : 7^ inches long.
Bill black ; noflrils oval ; eyelids pale ; legs dufky.

Novus. Brown, beneath white ; bread fpotted with brown ; chin
white. ■ fVhite-chinned T.

Bill very much d'eprefled ; tail rounded ; k^s brown, with
elevated legments ; clcnus ycllo-a'.

FUtyfhyf:'

BIRDS. PICiE. 25. Alccdo. 275

PUtyrhyn- Ycllowifh-brown, beneath yellow ; chin and fpot on the
COS. crown white ; wings and tail brown ; bill very large

and broad. Broad-hilled T.

Nojlrils vvjiitifli, broad ; legs and cbws yellowifli.

Black ; chin, belly, rump and vent red ; bill very broad.

Great-billed "T.
Bill black-\jlue, whitilh at the tip and edges ; upper tail-co-
verts red ; 6 k2])uhrjeathers white, pointed, incurvate,

Ilavigaf- Brownilh-afii, beneath yellow ; bill pale ; legs duflcy.

^^''- ;\ rclhw-belliedT.

Inhabits Ktto Holland ; 6 inches long.

Bill fhort, very much deprelfed, pale hom-Colour, befet at the
bafe with a few briftles ; the whole head, chin, back, wings
and tail brownilh-afh ; body beneath from the chin pale yel-
low ; legs dufky-brown.

25. ALCEDO. Bill triangular, thick,
ftraight, long, pointed : tongue flefhy,
very Oiort, flat, pointed : feet {in moft)
greftbrial. Kingsjijfher,

The birds of this genus moftly frequent rivers and live on fifh,
which they catch with much dexterity ; they fwallow their
prey whole, but bring up the undigefled parts ; their wings
are fiiort, yet they fly with great fwiftnefs ; the predominant
colour is blue in its different fhades ; noflrils lijiaHj and in
moft covered with feathers.

. Tail fhort ; body blue, beneath rufous ; crefl waved with
black. : . Crejied.-K^

Inhabits Ainboina and Philippine IJles ; 5 inches long.
Bill black, fometiroes reddifh ; creji green, waved with black ;
wing-coverts with glody blue fpots; legs red.
2. Wing-coverts without fpots.

Inhabits India : 5^ inches long.

!. Tail fhort ; body yellowifh-green ; fhoulders, throat and
rump yellow ; wings and crown blue. -: Splendid K,
Inhabits South America* Cpn, Phyf, 104. tak. 58.

N n 2 ' Bi

576 BIRDS. PIC^. 25- Alceclo.

£tZ/ yellowiih-horn-colour ; head with a bright yellow drip?
each fide, including the region of the eyes ; fmaller win^.
coverts edged with yellow ; legs reddifh-brown. ^

le

Orientalis. Green, beneath rufous ; crown^ chin, ftripe acrofs th^
eyes and quill-feathers blue. Eajiern K,

Inhabits India ; 4^\ inches- long.

Bill red ; over the eyts a white ftreak, with a reddifli fpot un-
der ; outer edge of the tail-feathers green ; lep black.

Inda. Tail fiiort ; body green, beneath tawny j peroral band
waved. Spotted K.

Inhabits Guiana ; "j inches long.

Bill black ; above »nd beneath the eyes a tawny line ; zvinrs
dotted with white ; legs red.

Surinam' Tail /hort; body blue, beneath whitllli ; breaft rufous;
cifts. crown greenifh-black with tranfverfe green fpots.

Surinam K.
Inhabits Surinam and Guiana ; lefs than a blackbird.
Bill black ; mouth faffron ; back with oblcure black lines •
feathers of the breajl tipt with pale blue.

*Ifpida, Tail fhort ; body above blue, beneath tawny; lores j-ed-
difh ; Grown waved with black, fubcrefled.

Common K.
Inhabits jEMro/xr, Afia and Africa, near the banks of rivers;

7 inches long ; lays 7 white, pellucid eggs.
BiUhXdick ; crown and wing-coverts green v.-ith blue fpots ; tail
beautifully blue ; irids and legs red.
2. Blue-green varied with brown ; beneath tawny, chin yel-
lowi{h.
Inhabits Senegal j 6-^ inches long.

Erithaca. Tail {hort ; back blue ; belly pale yellow ; head and rump
purple ; chin arj nape white. Bengal K,

2. Lefs ; head and neck orange-red.

Inhabits Bengals above 6 inches long.

Bill and legs red ; 2) behind tlie eyes a purple line.

Purpurea. ?mp\e-h\ue, befteath reddifh-wJiitc ; chin white; head,
rump and tail reddifh-gold ; behind the eyes a purplifh
flrcsik. Purple K.

Inhabits

BIRDS. PlCi^. 25. Alccdo. , 277

Inhabits India : fize of the lad.

BiU and legs red ; purplifh line terminating in blue.

Madagaf- Tail fhortifh ; bqdy rufous ; chin white ; qujl1-featheri>
carcti/is. blackifh. Rufous K,

Inhabits Madaga/car ; 5I inches long.

BiU and kgs red ; hdy beneath reddifli-white ; tail blackifli,
the feathers at the outer edge, and 2 middle ones entirely
j-ufous.

Cceruloce- Blue, beneath rufous ; chin "vvhite ; quill-feathers blackifli.
phala. Blue-headed K,

1. Chin, fides and fpot on the bread white.

3. Head and neck reddifti-yellow ; belly white.
Inhabits Madagafcar ; 4 inches long.
Bill and legs red ; crown {"hining blue waved with paler.

Bengalen- Blue-green ; beneath rufous ; tail and wings brown ; head
Jii' with tranfverfe blue (Ireaks. Little Indian K.

2. Lefs \ a rufous fpot at the bafe of the upper mandible, '

and one behind the ears.
Inhabits Bengal; 4^ inches long.
Bill black, the bafe of the upper mandible flefh-colour ; band

acrofs the eyes rufous ; upper zving-coverts tipt with blue ;

quill-Jeathers and-^ci/ edged with blue-green ; legs red.

Supercilio- Tail longifli ; body green, beneath white with a green
fa. band ; eyebrows fulvous. Supercilious A'.

Inhabits America ; 6 inches long.

Bill blackifli, the bafe of the upper mandible reddifh ; chin,
throat, inner zoing-coverts and Jlanks orange ; quill-feathers
blackifli, each fide fpotted with tawny ; 2 middle tail-fea-
thers green, the reft within fpotted with white ^ legs flefli-
' colour.

^eucQrbyn- Blue-green, beneath yellowifli ; head and neck chefnut ;
ca. quill-featliers cinereous ; tail above blue, beneath ci-

nereous. IVhite-biUed K.

Inhabits America j hardly 5 inches long.
Bill whitifh ; remoteft wing-covcrts cinereous.

Brajilien. Varied with rufous, bay, brown and white ; greater quill-
^^' feathers and tail rufous with tranfverfe white fpots.

Brafdian A'.-

Inhabits

27« BIRDS. '?ICJE. 25. Alcedo.

Inhabit* Brajil ; 7 inches long.

Bill and eyes black ; ocular band, kgf and claws brown.

Ainsricana. Blackifli-green, beneath white fpotted with green ; throat
and breall with a large rufous fpot.

f'Fhite and green K.
Inhabits Cayenne ; 6 inches long.

Bill black, with a white line from the bafe, reaching beneath
the eyes as far as the hind-head ; wings with a few white
fpots ; legs red ; female without the fulvous fpot.

Bicolor. Green, beneath reddifli-gold ; band on the bread waved
black and white ; wings and tail fpotted with white.

Rufous and Green A,
Inhabits Cayenne ; 8 inches long.
Bill black, fiom the noftrils to the eyes a rufous ftieak ; collar

half rufous ; legs red.
female without the rufous collar or p^oral band.

Maculata. Brown fpotted with yellowifh, beneath white fpotted with
brown \ chin yellow. Brafilian fpotted K.

Inhabits Brajil ; lizeof a flare.

Bill red, upper mandible a little longer ; legs and claws ci-
. nereous,

Alryon. Tail !ong ; crefled ; blueilh ; belly white ; breaft ferrugi-
nous i a white fpot before and behind the eyes.

Belted K.
Inhabits Carolina ; 11 inches long; feeds on lizaids and fifh.
Bill black ; chin white ; breafl with a ferruginous band on the
fore-part ; thighs rally ; flianks very Ihort ; legs brown ;
outer ioe connefted witli the middle one.

2. Variegated black and white.

Inhabits Louifiana.

I'eathers of the crefl blackifh in the middle ; before th.e eyes a
white fpot; throat and collar white; above the breaft a
blueifh bar, which with the belly is white.

3. Feathers of the breall edged with chefnut,, without the

band \ thighs and vent rufous variegated with white.
Inhabits i/M«//o«'j Bay; ii| inches long.
4.. Ferruginous, beneath and collar white, near the eye5 a
white fpot.
luh.?^\.\,5 Guiana m.^ Bra fil i fize of a thrufh.

BIRDS. nCM. 25. Accdo.

^m

Torquaia. Tail long ; fubcrefted ; body blueifh-hoafy ; collar white ;
wings and tail fpotted with white. Cinereous K.

Inhabits Marti nuo aiid Mexico : i^i inches long.
Bill hhckl(h with a reddifh bale ; Itgs red.
■ ' ■ ' ■ ■ , ■ ..

Amazcna. Glofly-green, beneath and lunule.on t)ie neck white ; fide?
variegated with green ; wings and tail fpotted with
white. Amazsnian K.

Inhiihks Cayenne ^ 13 inches long.
Bill and legs black.

Cayanen- Blue, beneath white; tranfverie band beneath the hi nd-
/^« head black. Cayenne K,

Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana; 9|-:inches lon-g.

XJi^-^tx mandibU hhck, lower red; rump light blue; edge of
the quiU !Li\d taifl-Jeathers blue ; kgs red.

Atricapil. Violet-blue, beneath white ; head, neck, fhoulders and
l-i. tips of the wings black; belly reddifh.

Blacl-capped K,
Inhabits China : 10 inches long.

Bill and legs red ; a white collar at the lower part of the neck.
,-. Head, neck, wing-coverts and upper part of the back
brown, beneath white, j,. lower ;part of the back^
wings and tail blue. -.h /I;i.v !.•.;•
Inhabits Luzonia; lefs than a blackbird.
Lores and collar white ; Jkafts of the feathers brown.
3' Subcrefted ; black varied with rufty ; neck beneath ani
bread white ; belly ferruginous ; wings and tail blue-
green.
Inhabits ifbnds of the Pacific Ocean : 10 inches long.
Bill and legs red ; feathers of the head long.
4' Deep blue, beneath white ; wing-coverts and quill-fea-
thers blackilh ; collar white.
Length 1 1 inches ; bill red ;. legs black ; mod of the quill-fea-,
thers •v\'livte on the inner fide. ' '

Coromari'
da.

Ufa,

Pale violct-rofy, beneath reddiili ; rump with a longitudi-
nal blueiih band ; chin white. , Coromandel K.
■ Inhabits Coromandel j fize of a blackbird.' '
Bill, irids and legs red ; quill-Jeathers within reddifh-yellow.

Tail long ; above olive, beneath white ; eyebrows white ;
collar grcenilh-black, RefpeSled K.

Inhabita

^go BIRDS. PIC^. 25. Alccd6.

Inhabits Society IJlands ; %\ inches long •, is held facred by th#

inhabitants.
Bill black, lower mandible white ; Ugs black.

Ventrata. Brown, beneath pale; tail rounded; quill-feathers, co-
■ ' verts, and tail-feathers edged with green.

Venerated K.
Inhabits ^Scc^<?^y Ijlands ; g inches long; facred.
Bill black, upper mandible white at the bafe ; fiafts of thd
quill and tail-featheis bay \ ■ legs dulky.

^acra. Pale blue-green, beneath white; eyebrows pale rufty ;
wings and tail blackifh. Sacred K,

2. Eyebrows white.

3. Crown greenifli-black ; beneath and nape pale rufty.

4. Head black ; crown blue ; eyebrows, neck and belly ycl-

lowilh ; wings and tail blue.

5. Collar white.

Inhabits Society Ijlands, 4) Nezo ' Zeland, 5) Philippine

Ijlands J gi inches long ; regarded as facred by the natives.
Bill plumbeous 5) black, lower mandible white, 5) yellowifh
at the bafe ; beneath the eyes a narrow rufty-orange ftreak,
beneath this on the nape a blue one, 2, 3) black : feathers
of the neck and fides of the breajh white, 2) cinereous,

3) edged with dufky ; chinin 3) white ; 4) chin and neck
white ; 5) vent black ; quill-Jeathers and outer edge of the
tail blue ; 3) rump pale blue •, legs black, 3) dufky,

4) brown, 5) blackifh.

Chbroce. Green; neck white; collar black ; wings and tail fea-
phala. green. Green-headed K,

Inhabits Molucca Ijlands : 9 inches long.
Bill, tail beneath and legs blackifh.

'Collaris, Green-blue ; beneath and collar white. Collared K.

Inliabits Philippine Ijlands ; lefs than a blackbird.
Bill black, the bafe beneath white ; legs black.

XHixrulea, Blue, beneath rufous ; eyebrows and collar white.

fVhite-collared K.
Inhabits India : 7 inches long.

^i// grey, .blackifh towards the tip; under the eye a rufous
fpot ; chin pale rufous ; rump and upper tail-covcrts fine
green ; legs grey ; claws blackifli.

,Fttfca.

BIRDS. VICJE. 35. Alcedo. aSi

Fup'a, Crefted ; olive, beneath whitifh obfcurely ftriate ; temples
and hind-head dirty-white ; tail rounded with rufty
and fteel-bluc lines, and tipt with white.

, Great brown Kl

Inhabits Nero Gvinen; 18 inches lon^..

Upper viavdihle bbck, lowet white, black at the bafe ; creji

brown, flreakcd with paler ; cheeks and fides of the neck

blackifli ; lower part of the iack aiid rump fea-green ; quill'

feat/Krs blue at the outer edge, within afid at the tip black ;

/?^j yellow ; c laiL) s hhtk.

I'tmale creft o ; crozon blackifli ; collar white ; hack entirely
olive : quill-feathers greenifh-brown ; legs blackiUi.

t'apenfts. Tail long ; body afliy-btue, beneath tawny ; breafl tefta-
ceous ; bill fed. Cape K^

I-nhabits the Cape of Good Hope : 14 inches long.
Bill blackilh at the tip ; head inclining to tawny ; legs red.

Maxima. .Subcrefted; body dark plutnbeous fpotted with white;
chin white ; throat black ; breaft and belly blood-red »

Great African K,
2. Blackifh-grcy fpotted with white ; beneath rufous, the
hind-part white.
Inhabits Africa ; lize df a crow.
BUS black ; no/trils linear ; fides of the neck with a white dafli ;

qui/l and tail-Jeathers black fpotted with white.
Female, throat rufty, body beneath white with tranfVerfe black
lines.

Senegalea- Tail long ; body blue, beneath white ; head lioary ; wing-
fis, coverts black. Senegal K,

Inhabits Senegal and Arabia ; 9 inches long.
Upper mandible red, lower and legs black.
3; Head and neck white ; body beneath rufty ; wings black
with a blue bar ; tail blue.
Inhabits St. jfago and Abyffinia : 9 incnes long J feeds on

crabs.
Bill and legs red ; irids har.el.
30 Head and neck biueilh-white ; body above blue, beneath
rufous; wings black, in the middle blue.
Inhabits Senegat; 7 inches long. Bill and legs blick.

Cancro' Tail lotig ; body blue-green., bentath yellowilh-tawny ;

f>hag(i, band through the eyes, wing-coverts and tips of the

quill-feathers black. Cmb-uiting K»

Vol. I. — . O o * lnhabi«

2b:j -BIRDS. PICE. 25. Alctdw,

Inhzh'its Senegal ; 1 2 inch'is long ; feeds on ciabs.
Bill and legs ruBiy 'led. '' .

Li]i({)ce- Blue-green, beneath head and neck white inclining t»
phala. Itraw-colour ; quill-feathcrs bro%Vn. IVhttc-headed K,

Inhabits Java; 1 2 indies long,

Croxvn ftriate with black ; quill-feathers edged with blue.

Flavicans. Beneath yellowifh ; head and back green ; bill red ; tail
blue. TeJhw and Green K.

. Inhabits the Cdehes ; fize of a lark.

Smymcn- Tail long ; body ferruginous ; wings, tail and back greeUir
fiSt Smyrna K.

Inhabits round Smyrna ; 84 inches long.
Bill and legs red v irids whitifh.

2. Chefnut ; chin yellowifh-white ; wings and tail blue varied

with black. ^

Inhabits Madagafcar !ind China ;. lO inches long.
Bill and le?s reu.

3. Above blue-green, beneath white \ head, neck and lower

part of the belly chefnut.
Inhabits £en^a^ ; lo^ inches.
Bill and legs red ; irids yellow.

Neva Gui- Black fpotted with white. A'ciu Guinea K.

nccc, Inliabits Akw Guinea.

Bill, irids and legs black ; Jpots irregular, thofe on the head^
back, wings and tail round, on the neck and belly oblong.

JEgypiia, Brown with rufty fpots, bqneath whitilh with cinereous

fpots. Egyptian K.

•Inhabits Egypt ; builds in fycamorc trees ; feeds on frogs, fifh

and infects ;.fize of a crow.
Bill blackifh ; chin pale rufly ; upper tail-coverts totally
black; tail even, alhy ; legs gre^niih ', c/flwj blackifh.

Semic(xru' Tail long; hind-part of the back, tail and middle of the
^'■^* wings blue ; fhoulders black ; head and breafl cine-

reous ; belly ferruginous. .Yemen K.

Inhabits near Yemen in Arabia : a Ipan long.
Bill and lep carmine,

Rudi**

BIRDS. PIC^. 26;-Galbula. 2«

J

Rudis. Tail long ; body black varied with whitifh ; beneath
white. Black and ivhite K.

Inhabits Afia. and Africa; ii inches long.

Bill, legs and claws black ; eyebrows white ; feathers of the
head and neck black edged wiih white ; greater quiU-featheys-
tipt with black : tail white with a black bar near the tip,
the 2 outer fcath,;rs wiih 2 iemicircular black fpots.
2, Head black, fubcrcfted; through the eyes an interrupted
white band ; breaft with a black band.

Inhabits the Cap^ of Good Hope : lefs.

J^(d, Two longeft tail-feathers tapering in the middle ; bpdy

blueilh-black ; wings greenifli. Ternate K-

Inhabits Ternate Ifland : above 13 inches long.

Bill orange ; lieaiL, neck ar^d wings glofly blue ; back indfho'uL
ders brown edged with blue ; rump and body beneath white
inclining to roiy ; middle tail-feathers blue, at the bafe and
tips rofy, the reft rofy- white with a brown outer edge j legs
and claws reddifh.

Triinclyla, Tail fljort ^ body above and tail rufous ; feet 3-toed.

'Three -toed K.
2. Pale violet-reddifli, beneath white ; wings black-blue ;
quill-feathers edged with blue.
Inhabits India <ind Surinam, 2) Luzonia ; 4 inches long.
Bill quadriyagular and with the legs reddifh ; varies fometimes
in colour ; chin white.

26. GALBULA. Bill flraight, very long,
quadrangular, pointed : noftrils oval,
at the bafe of the bill : tongue ftiort,
fharp-pointed : thighs downy on the
fore-part : feet climbers. Jacamar,

l^ndis. Tail wedged ; body green-gold, beneath rufous ; chi^
white. Green J.

2. Tail longer.

Inhabits moid woods of Guinea and Brafil : fize of a lark;

9 inches long ; feeds on infefts.
Bill 2 inches long, hhck','irids glaucous; legs fliort, weak,
greenifti-yellow ; claws black,

O o a Grandist

Z^ BIRDS. PlCi^i:. 27.Mero^s.

prandis. Copper-gold, beneath ferruginous ; head and limbs grcc^-
• gold ; tail vyedged, longer th^n the body. Great J'.
Size of Picvis viridis.

Paradifca. Two middle tail-feathers very long ; body green-gold ;

' ' ^ throat and wings beneath white. * ParaJtj'e J'.

Inhabits Cayenne iwd Surinam: ii| inches long; flies in pairs,

and feeds on inlefts.
Bill and Legs black ; head violet-brown ; tail much wedged,
> middle feathers 6, tlie outer j inch long.

'4il>iroJiri:, Tail even ; body green-gold, beneath ferruginous ; chin
with a triangular white fpot, teftaceous on the foK-
part ; bill white. IFhitc-hilled J.

Inhabits South America ; 7 inches long.

Bill fhorter than in others of its genus, blacklfh at the bafe ;
2 middle tail-feathers green, the reil rufous.

27. MEROPS. 5z7/ curved, quadrangular,

comprelTed, carinate, pointed: nojtrils

fmall, at the bafe of the bill : tongue

flender, the tip (generally) jagged :

feet grefforiaL Bee-eater,

f.Aji.iafieri .^ack ferruginous ; belly and tail blueifh-green ; 2 of the
tail-feathers longer ; chin pale yellow. Common B.
2. Bill convex, not carinate ; toes not conne£led at the lall
joint.

Inhabits Afia, Africa and Europe, difcovered in England 1794.
Lmn, Tranfacl. iii. 333 ; fteds on the wing, upon bees, gnats,
flies and other infefts, and in defect of them upon iceds ; 13
gregaiious, and builds in the holes of banks, lays 5 — 7 white
eggs; 10 inches long.

Bid black ; irids red ; froyit blue-green ; cromn, hind-head and
neck bay ; a hhck flreak from the bill to the hind-head ; tad
wedged, the feathers edged within with cinereous ; legs chef-
put ; clatos reddilh-black.

KnfiJw, Gre;cn; band on the breaft black; chin and tail blue^
i of the tail-feathers longer. Indian jff.'

.Inliabits Bengal: 8| inches long.
^ill and band acrpfs the eyes black ; legs brown,

a. Body

BIRDS. PICiE. 27. Merops. 285

2. Body longer, front blue.

3r Chin yellow ; line on the fides of the head black j quill*
feathers tipt with brown.
Inhabits Egypt.

Bill \i\ick, llraight ; fo?i^rwc not jagged, but bidentate ; legs
flelh-colour ; tail even.

4. Chin and ftripe beneath the eyes blue ; tail even.

Inhabits Philippine Ifles ; 2 middle tail-feathers black,

5. Front pale yellow ; chin blue.

Inhabits India.

Congener, Ye]lowifh ; rump greenifli ; quill-feathers tipt with red ,
tail-feathers yellow at the bafe. Yellow-headed B.

Inhabits Southern Europe ; a little lefs than M. apiafler.

Band acrofs the eyes black ; back zxi^Jliouliers bay ; leffer zvirtg-
coverts bluelfh, greater yellow ; ^uiU-feathers black ; le^s
yellow.

Supercilio- Green ; frontal line above and beneath the eyes white ;
Jus. chin yellowifti ; 2 of the tail-feathers longer.

Supercilious B.
2. Bill flenderer ; tail even ; rump and tail blue-green.
Inhabits Mddagafcar j above 1 1 inches long.
Bill and area of the eyes black ; crown groenifh-bay ; legs
brown ; claws black.

Philippen- Green, beneath yellowifh ; rump blue ; tail even.

JiS' Philippine B.

Inhabits Philippine IJlcs : above 8-| inches long.
' Bill and line through the eyes black ; legs and claws brown.

Cinifcus. Variegated red and yellow, beneath reddifli-yellow ;
2 longeft tail-feathers red. Cinereous B*

Inhabits New Spain 2 g\ inches long.
Bill green ; head^ quill and lateral tail-feathers cinereous.

f^vicanst Whitifh ; head varied with white and tawny ; breafl red-
difh ; back yellow ; rump, wings and tail rufous ;
2 middle tail-feathers very long^ TellowB-

Inhabits Afta ? 20 inches long.

Bill Ihort, yellowilh-green ; tongue long, pointed ; eyes yel-
low ; eyelids red ; 2 middle tail-feathers 8 inches longer
<Jj?n the reft^

Ccromandus,

»^6 BIRDS. PICiE. 27. Mcrops.

Corovian- YellowiHi ; fides of the neck, wings and tail yellow ;
<iii-' wing-coverts, back and rump waved-blueifh ^ ocular

ftripe black. Corsmandel B.

Inhabits India and Coromandd.
Bill and legs black ; irids pale rufous ; chin greenini.

Brajilien^ Varied brown and black ; head, chin, lefler wing-coverts
Jit. and body beneath red ; wings and tail blue.

Brajiliein B.

. Inhabits Brazil ; g inches loHg.
Bill, icings beneath, legs and claws yellow,

SupeHus. Red ; front, throat and rump blue ; 2 middle tail-feathers
longer. Superi B.

Size of the laft. Kat. Mifcel. pi. -jS.

Bill blackifli ; quill-foathers edged with bro>\T:i ; lower half of
the middle tail-feathers dark brown.

Badius. Blue-green ; head, neck and ihoulders chefnut ; tail-fea-
thers above blue, beneath grey-brown i 2 middle tail-
feathers longer, pointed. ' Chefnut B.
2. Wings and tail chefnut.

Inhabits the ille of /Va/kTf, 2) Senegal : 11 — 1 2 inches long.

Bill black ; band bencaih the eyes brown ; upper zving-coveris

green, beneath tawny ; quill- feat hers beneath grey, 4 inner

ones totally green; 13 middle ones tipt with" black ; tail-

feathers grey at the inner edge ; legs reddilh ; claws blackifh.

Ckryfoce- Green-gold, beneath blue-green ; head and neck tawny ;
phalus. chin yellow ; 2 middle tail-feathers longer.

Tellow-threated B.
Inliabits Afta : 10 inches long.
I'ront and eyebrows blue-green ; upper tail-coverts green.

Angolenfis, Glofly green-gold : band through the eyes cinereous fpotted
with black : wings and wedged tail beneath cinereous:
chin yellow : throat chefnut. Angola B.

Inhabits Angola : 5!- inches long.

iJi// and claics black ; legs cinereous ; body beneath blueifli,

ErythYocC' Green, beneath yellowifh: head and neck red: chin yel-
pliahs, low : wings and even tail bc.ncath cinereous.

Red'headed B.
Inhabits

BIRDS; VlCM. 27. Merops. 287

Inhabits India : 6 inches long.

Bill black ; irids red ; band acrofs the eyes black ; 2 middle

tail and quill-feat hers edged with ckicveous ; k^s cinereous;

claws blackilh,

Nubicus, Blue-green, beneath red ; back, wings and forked tail
dirty red. Blue-headed B.

Inhabits i\^w^/^; 10 inches long. f

Bill black ; greater quill-feathers tipt ^vith blueifli-afh, the fe*.
condaiy blackifh ; legs pale afh.

Erythrop. Olive, beneath whitifh; chin yellow; wings and tail red,
terns, tipt with black. Rcd-ivingcd B.

Inhabits Senegal ; 6 inches long. Bill and legs black.

Cayanenjis Green ; wings and tail rufous, the latter tipt with black.

Cayenne B,

Inhabits Cayenne.

Bill black ; quill-feathcrs white at the bafe, aud with the taiU
feathers edged with black ; legs yellowifh.

Surinam- Variegated ; hind-hcad reddifli ; fcrag greenifh-yellow ;
eyifis. quill-feathers greenifli, varied with black and blue.

Surinam B>
Inhabits Surinam. Irids chefnut ; claws black.

Nova See- GlofTy greenifh-black ; greater wing-coverts and tuft of

tandice, curled feathers each iide the neck white ; tail even,

coverts blue. New Zealand B.

Inhabits New Zealand ; 11 inches long ; fings well, is held

facred by the inhabitants ; flefh good.
Legs and claws black ; infide the vioath and tongue yellow, the
latter tipt with black and bel'et with briftles ; feathers of the
neck lax, long, a little curled, with a longitudinal white
ftreak through the fhaft.

fhrygius. Black variegated with yellow. Emhroidered B.

Inhibits New Holland J 7 inches long. Zool. New Hoi. i^.tab./[.

Bill dufky ; liead and nech black ; Ipace round the eyes yellow ;
upper wing-coverts yellow, lower black ; quillfeathers black
edged with yellow ; tail wedged, black, edged and tipt with
yellow,

Niger.

288 BIRDS. ncA ij. hLw^L

Niger, Black ; a large tUft of feathers behind the wings and vent
yellow ; tail Wedged> edged and tipt with white.

2. Two middle tail-feathers uniforiri.

3. Flanks rufous ; all the tail-feathers iiniformi.

Inhabits Sandzvkk Ifiands i 14 inches long ; the yfellow fftathtjs
are ufed by the natives as ornaments in drefs.

Kojtrils covered with a membrane : tongue fringed at the tip ;
feathers of the head and throat fliort ; tail-feathers pointed,
2 middle ones 7, the outer 2 inches long.

Caru7icum Brown, belly yellow ; Wattles c^rariculate ; tail wtdged,
Intus, tipt with white. New Holland B.

Inhabits New Holland j 14I inches long.
Bill .black ; nojlrils pervious, half-covered with a membrane ;

croicn blackifli ; at the angle of the vioutk a filvery ftripe ;

behind the bafe of the lower mandible a long, orange, pendent

caruncle ; body above brown, the Jliafts of the feathers whitifh ;

zvivtjs and wedged tail blackifh ; 7 outer quill-feathers tipt

^\'it}l wliite ; all the tail-feathers more or lefs tipt with white ;

Ifgs brownifli, the outer toe conne£led at the bafe to the

middle one.

Cornlada- Brown, head nakedifli ; body beneath and tips of the tail-
tus. feathers whitifh ^ horn on the front obiufe.

Horned B.

Inhabits Neio Holland; 14 inches long.

Bill a little curved, pale brown ; nofirils oval ; tongue briftly
at the tip ; a fliort obtuie horn at the bafe of the upper man-
dible ; head and upper part of the neck with a few briftly
feathers ; body brown, the feathers edged with olive ; tait
e\-en, tipt with white ; Ugshro-^vn, wrinkled.

Guiaris, Black ; forehead and rump blue ; belly fpotted with blue;
throat red. Red-throated B.

Inhabits Sisrra Leona. Nat. Mif tab. 337.

Bill and legi blackifli ; irids red ; band acrofs the eyes blue ;
lower half of fome of the quill-fcathers deep rufty, edges of
thofe near the body flightiy marked with blue-green ; 2 mid-
dle tailfeathers blue-green.

Rufus. Rufous ; qufil-feathers brown, the outer edge rufous.

Rufous B.
Inhabits the Bonary Iflands ; 9>\ inches long, tall 3.
Body beneath inclining to yellow ; toes feparated to the bafe ;
hmd dato lon§.er. IUIhz-

BIRDS. nCJE, 28. Upupa. 2^

MoMCcen- Grey; orbits naked ; chjceks black ; tall fubequal.
fs. Molucca B.

Inhaf>its the Molucca IJlands ; 14 inches long, bill 2.
BiiL blackifli, pervious, half covered with a meir.brine ; tongue
as long as the bill, fringed at the tip ; ibme of tht; feathers of
the cheeks tipt with filvery ; Icgi dulky f outer toe connedlcd
with the middle one ; hind-claw longer.

28. UPUPA. Bill arched, long, flender.
convex, a little comprefTed, fomewhat
obtiife : nojtrils fmall, at the bafe of
the bill ; tongue obtule, entire, trian-
gular, very fhort : feet formed for
walking. Hoop ov Hoopoe^

*Ep«pf. Variegated with blackifli ixhd rufous-white; beneath red-
difh-white; creft pale orange tipt with black; tail
black with a white bar. Common H,

Inhabits Europe, AJia and Africa ; 12 inches long ; feeds on
infefts which it picks out of every kind tif ordurj ; builds
in hollow trees, and lays twice or thrice a yi r 2 — 7 cine-
reous eggs *, when terrified erefts the creft ; is iblitary, and
. migrates.

BiU and legs black ; irids hazel ; back znd wings with bhck and
white lines ; neck reddifh-brown ; creji coufifts of a double
row of feathers ; tail-feathers 10.

tdpcnfis. Crofted ; brown, beneath white ; v.ings with a white fpot.

Madagajcar H,
Inhabits Madagafcar, Bourbon and v/oods rouiio liiC Cape of

Good Hope ; 16 inches long.
Bill yellowilh ; tongue filamentous ; palate full of tubercles ;
crefl white, pointed, when erefted b.nt for .varus ; tailfca"
ihers lo, 2 middle ones a little fhorter t'.aii t;ie reft; legs
arid claws yellowifh; hind-claio large, hookwd.

"Froncrops 'The 6 middle tail-feathers very long. Cape //»

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : ly inches lo::g.
£z//, /f^j and claws black ; ramp and upper tad-coverts oiive,

lower yellow ; chin white ; throat and trreajl pale orange ; ,

belly white 'y tail-feathers 12.
Male, breafh and belly fpottcd,

^'ol, I, — P p Mexicanuii

290 BIRDS, VICM. 28. Upupa=

Me.-xiraniis Grey mixed with fea-grcen and purplifh, bcrteath yellow ;
greater qurll-fcathers blue ; 4 fniddle tail-feathers very
long. Mexican H.

Inhabits the higher mountains of A'^^rci; iS^af): ; near 19 inches
long ; feeds on various inleds and their larvae.

Bill blackifh, iides yeilowijfh ; above the eyes a yellow fpot.

Paradi/ea. Crefted ; chefnut ; 2 of the tail-feathers very long.

Crejied H.
Inhabits India: ig inches' long.

Bill, legs and claws lead-colour; head and neck deep black ;
^dcA, rump, Jhotilders, wings and tail pale tawny ; breaji^
bdly and lower tail-coverts pale alh.

Fu/ca, Brown, beneath grey ftreaked with black and white ; head
and neck black ; 2 middle tail-feathefs very long.

Brown H.

Inhabits Keu< Guinea; 22 inches long.

Bill, irids and legs black. Female, head and neck brown ;
hind-head, back and wings gieenifh.

Magna. Black; head, neck and breaft glofTy green; fcapular
and lateral tail-feathers falcate ; tail very long.

Grand. H.

Inhabits New Gui^iea ; near 4 feet long.

Bill and legs black ; body above violet-black ; on the wings

blucifli ; tail-Jcathers 12, 2 middle ones 21 mches long,

the outer 5.

Aurantia. Orange-tawny; head and neck gold ; tail even. Orange IL

2. Pale yellow ; head, neck and wings varied with cinereous

and black.

Inhabits Barbadoes; gi inches long ; feeds on worms and feeds.

Bill golden, I'urrounded at the bafe with red feathers, 2) black ;

/t'j.f yellow ; 2) cinereous ; c/art'i black.

Erytkro- Black-grecn ; belly black ; tail wedged ; 6 firft quill and
Tynd}os, lateral tail-feathers fpotted with white. Red-billed H.

Inhabits Africa and Afia ; 15 inches long.
Bill and legs red; feathers of the head and ntzk fdky and
fomewhat dovmy.

jKiica, Indigo-blue; tail wedged; bill black ; legs plumbeous.

Blue H.
Inhabits Indict: fizc of tbe laft ; 12 inches long.

29, CERTHIA.

BIRDS. ?ICJE. 29. Certhia. 291

29. CERTHIA. Bill arched, flender, fome-
what triangular, pointed: tongue va-
rious, generally pointed : feet formed
for walking. Creeper,

This is a tribe difpcrieJ through mo.1 countries o{ the globe ;
they feed chiefly on iiStCts, in fearch of which they creep up
and down trees-, bree<i in hollow trsei and lay numerous
eggs; nojirils [mM; tailjiathcrs iz ; Ugt Urgi, hind-toe
flout; cldws long, hooked; tongue mollly fliarp, but fbme-
tiines fiat at the tip, fringed or tubular.

*FamiUc' Grey, beneath white ; qujll-feathen brown^ 10 of them

ris. with a white fpot. Common Cr.

Inhabits Europe. Afia. and America ; 5 j inches long.

Head and nak brown with black, ftreaks ; rurnp^ tawny ; xt>in^-

couerts varied brown and black ; quiit-Jcathcrs dulTty, tipt

with white, edged and barred ^^^th tawny ; brea.fi and belly

filvery ; tad long, tannriy, the feathers doping ofr to a point.

A variety is found differing only in being iomcthing larger.

Viridis, Above greenifh, beneath varied with pale yellow ^x\A green ;
fjuill-feathers brown, outer edge green. Green Cr.

Inhabits Carniola ; fize of the laft,

l='rom the bale of the bill each fids a blue ftreak ; chin, with »
tawny fpot ; legs black.

p£cijica. Black, beneath duflcy ; fhoulders, lower part of the back,
rump and vent yellow; lower wing-coverts fnowy.

Great hook-billed Cr,
Inhabits Friendly IJlands ; 8 inches long.

Bill very much curved, browTi, paler at the bafe ; upper tail-
coverts and fome of the inner wing-covert s yellow ; I'purious
^.ings ochre ; legs blackifh.

Oh/cur a, Qiive ; wings and equal tail edged with green.

Hook-billed green Cr.
Inhabits Sandniick IJlands j 7 inches long ; the feathers are

ufed by the natives to adorn the veftments of their chiefs.
Bill blackifh, vciy much cur\'ed, upper mandible longer ;
nojlrils covered with a membrane, between thefe and the<;^rx.
a brown ftreak ; belly inclining to yellow ; legs duflcy-brown ;
hiccs white ; kind-toe very long.

P P 1 Cocii;

nea*

392 BIRDS. PIC^, 29. Gerthia.

Coccinea. Scarlet ; wings and tail black. Hooh-bilkd red Cr,

Inhabits Sandwich IJlands ; hardly 6 inches long.
Bill longer than the head, curved like a i'cvmetar, v.'hiti{h ; legs
and long claws blackifli ; taiL-fe.athers Ihort, pointed ; edges
of the toings and roots of the throat -feat hers white.

Fakata. Qreen, beneath anc| tail violet ; %yiiigs, belly and vent

" palo. brown.. Sickle-billed Cr.

Length c^\ inches ; _3i7Z dulky, fickle-fhaped ; had with a glofs

of violet ; greater loing-covcrts and legs pale brown ; ciaii^t

black. '

Soui-man- Green, beneath yellowifh ; rump olive; breaft brown with

f^ at. 2 tranfverfe bars, the one blue the other bay; tail

black. Violet Cr.

Inhabits Mada^^af ar ; 4 inches long.

£^ill. legs a.id clavvs black ; tongue bifid at the tip, longer thaa
■' the bill. '

Female olive-brown, beneath inclining to yellow.

JdaniUcn- Green varied with blue and violet, beneath oHve-grey ;
Jis. neck barred with green, blue, violet and yellow ;

wings brown - Manilla Cr.

Inhabits Aia«z7/a; hardly 4 inches long.

Between the fnoulders 2 yellow fpots ; upper wing-coverts
brown.

Surhonica. Greenilh-brown, beneath varied with grey ; rump yellow ;
wings and tail blackifh. Tellow-rumped Cr.

Inhabits Bourbon IJland • 5 inches long.
Bill and kgs black \ f.anks rufous.

Qannio, Olive; crown inclining to violet; fpot on the cheeks
white ; wings and fubforked tail brown.

Mocking Cr.
Inhabits New Zealand : 7I inches long; fips the moillurc

from the neftaiy of flowers ; voice very imitative.
Bill dulky ; noJlriU large, covered with a membrane •, iridt
brown; ^u^jv ;ibove inclining to green, beneath to yellow ;
fccondaiy quill and tail-feathers edged with olive ; legi
dufky ; claius black, the hind.onc longer.

i\ov*. Hoi' Black, beneath flreaked with white ; eyebrows and fpot

iDzdixt near the care white ; quill and tail-feathers edged with

yellow. ^cvj Holland Cr.

Inhabits

BIRDS. PIC^E. 29- Certhia. '293

Inhabits New Holland ; 7 inches long.

Bill dulky, pale at the tip; nofirils covered with a mem-
brane •, tail rounded, 2 outer feathers within tipt with
white ; legs pale.

Incana. Brownifli ; neck and wings paler- Hoary Cr.

Inhabits New Cakdonia ; very frnall.

Aurantia, Green, beneath yellowifli ; throat orange ; wings and tail
black. Qrmige-breajicd Cr,

Inhabits Africa ; 4 inches long. Bill black ; k^s dulky.

Flavipci, Green, beneath blue ^ wings and tail black.

Blue-throated Cr.
lir^^hiiis Cayenne : 4 1 inches long.

Bill and clau<sh\Ac\^ ; hclly pale blue ; f.de^ of the nec\ mixed
with ochre-yellow ; legs yellow,

OckrochU' Green ; checks, throat and belly yellow ; bread and flanks
ra, yellowilh-grcen fpotted with blueifli.

Tellow-cheelcd Gr.
Inhabits Surinam j lialf as large as C. familiaris,

Cardina- Black ; head, neck, breafl and line down the middle of the

lis, back red \ tail even. Cardinal Cr.

Inhabits Tanna IJland : fucks the ncftaries of flowers; fize

of the coiiimou creeper.
Bill black, whitifli at the bafe ; tonc^ue extenfilc, fringed at
^he tip ; a black ftreak from the bill to the eyes j irids chef-
nut ; legs plumbeous ; claws black.

Caruncti- Olive-brown, beneath yellowi(h-a(h ; chin orange ; at the
ifita. bafe of the lower jaw a yellow flefhy wattle.

PFattledCr.
2. Chin without the yellow fpot ; wattle lefs.

I :; = bits Tonga-taboo ijland j "yi inches long.

i??Y/ brown; irids afh ; tongue longer than the bill, with 4

bridles at the tip ; zvattte furroundcd with a tuft of yellow

feathers ; legs and claws blackifh.

Tujca» Brown ; chin and breafl flripcd with white and brown.

Brown Cr.
Inhabits the illands of the Pacijc Ocean ; 6 inches long.
^ill with a nale orange fpot in the middle j feathers on the fides

294 BIRDS. ?ICJE. 29. Certhia.

qf the neck edged with white ; belly paler j tail even ; A'^j
black ; claws long, hooked, black.

Tgnobilis. Above fopty-black, benejjth cinereous with whitifh elliptic
lines. Ignoble Cr.

Z-e ngth 8 inches ; bill y^llowifh, black on the back ; zvings
brown wiih black fhafts ; tail and ^fo:^ black.

Undulata, Above footy-afh, beneath white tranfverfely waved wjth
black. IVaved Cr.

Length Y inches *, bill arched, brown ; legs black.

Muraria. Cinereous ; wings with a tawny fpot. fVall Cr.

Inhabits ioutheni Europe and Afia : frequents old walls and
arches, from which it picks infefts, chiefly fpiders ; is foli-
tary and migrates in autumn ; builds frequently in holes of
walls ; voice fliarp.

Bill iubulate, fliarp-edged, -longer than the head ; neck whitifli
beneath ; quill-feathers black, i, 2 on the thin fide with 2
white fpots ; ziiifigs with a. roly ipot ; tail-feathers whitifli;
clangs (hong, particularly the hind-one.

Female^ chin and throat white.

Puftlla, Brown, beneath white ; eyebrows white ; tail-feathers
brown, the outer ones white at the tip.

Breivn and ivhtte Cr.
Inhabits India : ^\ inches long.

From the bill to the eyes a black ftrcak ; quill-feathers edged
with braffy.

Capen/ts, Brown, tail-feathers blackifh, the outer ones without
fringed with white. Cape broivn Cr.

Inhabits ihi Cape of Good Hope: 4 inches long.
Bill, tail and legs blackifli.

Olivacca, Olive, beneath brown ; orbits whitifii. Olive Cr.

Inhabits Madagafcar ; 4 inches long.

Bill black -, outer tail-feathers tipt with whitCj the reft and ,
quill-feathers brown tinged with olive -, legs pale brov^'n.

Carrucaria Olive ; beneath yellowifli ; tail even. Grey Cr.

2. Greyifli, beneath yellow ; chin violet ; 2 outer tail-fea-
thers tipt with yellow.

Inhabits

BIRDS. TICM. 25. Certhla. 295

Inhabits Philippine IJlands : 4^ inckes long.

Bill ftrong, and with the legs and daws black; tongue Vi-'ilh
2 briftles at the tip ; Jiripe from the chin to the bread and
upper wing-coverts violet ; wings blown ; tail black trpt
with white.

Carulea. Blue ; band acrofs the eyes, chin, wings and tail black.

Blue Cr.

Inhabits Cayenne : 4 inches long ; makes its neft of the ftalks
of dried grafs, in the Ihapc of a retort and open beneath,
which it fufpends from the llender extreme braxiches of trees.
Varies in having the hill and legs Ibmetimes red.

Brajihana. Black ; crown green-gold ; rump, chin and throat violet ;
treaft purple-tawny. Black and violet Cr.

Inhabits Brafil : g| inched long.
.Lower part of the back, lefler wing, upper tail-coverts and edge
of the tail violet ; thighs tawny.

Variegata. Waved with blue, black, yellow- and white ; beneath
faffron ; crown red ; hind-head blue. FariegaUd Cr,
Inhabits America : 5 inches long.
Cheeks and fpace beneath the eyes blue mixed with white.

Cayana. GIofTy-green, beneath ftreaked with white ; tail-feathers
green, the lateral ones within blackifh. Cayenne Cr.
Inhabits Cayenne ; above 4 inches long.

Bill black, lower mandible with a line each fide ; cheeks white ;
fpot near the eyes and chin (of the male) rufous ; lower tail-
coverts yellowifh ; quill-feathers blackifh, the outer edge
green, the inner grey ; legs and claws cinereous,

Chalybea. Glofly-grcen ; breafl red, with a fteel-blue bar on the
fore-part. Collared Cr.

Inhabits the Cape oj Good Hope ; 4^ inches long ; feeds oa
infefts and the neftar of flowers ; fings charmingly.

Bill, legs and claws black ; upper tail-covrrts green-gold,
lower and belly cinereous ; wings grey ; tail feathers blackifli
tipt with grey, the 1 o middle ones braffy-green on the outer

' edge, cinereous on the inner.

Vcnuf.a, Gold-green ; fore-head, chin, broad peaoral band and
rump violet ; wings brown ; belly yellow, Lcona Cr.

Inhabits

296 BlRt)S. PICiE. 29. Certhi^.

Inhabits Sierra Leona ; 3 j inches long. Nat. Mif. tab. 369.^
Bill and legs blackil"h ; pedonl 5and bounded below by bUck.

A/ra. Green ; belly white ; breaft red ; runip blue. African Cr.

a. Belly cinereous ; tutt under the wings yellow ; rump violet.
2. Throat purple-blue.

4. Green-gold, beneath whitifh-brown ; double pedlora!
band blueilh-green and blood-red.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, 4) South America i 4I; inches

long. ^ '

Bill and legs black ; wings and tail blackifli, 4) lateral tail-
feathers with whitilh iips,

^piza. Green ; head and wings blackifh. Black-headed Cr.

2. Chin white ; crown and wing-coverts blue.

3. Head and nape black.

4. Entirely green, beneath paler.

Inhabits South America j 5^ inches long.

Bill whitifti ; head and chin filky ; tail deep gre^n.

Sperata, Purple^ beneath fcarlet ; head, chin and rump purple.

E.ed-breafied Cn
2. Chefnut ; head greenifh ; chin violet ; breall red.

Inhabits the Philippine If.es ; 4 inches long ; fings well.
Bill black, whitilh at the ba'e ; tongue forked, {hort ; hind-
part of the belly yellowifh-olive •, lefTer zving-coverts violet
and green-pold, middle ones brown tipt with tawny, greater
and ^wt//-/«fl^/i;rj brown edged with rufous; tail blackifl-jj
glofly violet-gold on the outer edge ; legs and claws brown;
Female, above and beneath olive.

Senegaten- Black-violet ; crown and chin green-gold ; fareafl fcarlet.
fs. Senegal Cr^

Inhabits Senegal: 5 inches long.

Bill black ; feathers of the throat and breajt black at the bafe,
green-gold in the middle, fcarlet at the tip ; tuings and tail
brown •, legs and clau;s blackifii.

Purpurea. Entirely purple. Purple Qr»

Inhabits Virginia i \\ inches long ; fingS plcafantly.

<^

Gutturalis. Blackifli ; throat glolTy-green ; bread purple. 1

Gretn-faced Cr.

Inhabit:;

BIRDS. PIC^. 29. Ccrthla. 297

Ihliabits Brafd : above 5 inches long.

Bill and leers black ; front green-gold ; feathers of the hreafi

blackifli at the bale, violet-green iu the middle, red at the

tips ; leiFer wing-covcrts purple.

'Cruentata. Blueifh-black, bcnefith white ; crown, neck, back and
rump red. Red-Jpotted Cr.

Iiiiiabits Bengal ; 3^ inches long. Bill i.\\6i legs black.

Flat' coll. Black > beneath pale yellow ; eyebrows whitifh ; outer
tail-feathers tipt with white. Black and yellow Cr.
2. Brown-alh ; vent whitilh.
**3. Chin pale ; belly brownilli ; eyebroHvs white.
4. Lead-brown, beneath yellow; eyebrows yellowifh-green ;
rump greenifh ; vent whitifh ; bill, legs, wings and
tail brown.
.Jahabits Wefi India I/lands: 4 — 5 inches long ; feeds on in-
fctls and the juice of the fugar cane.

Fzrcgrina. Oliver beneath yellow ; wings with a bifid pale band ; tail
fubforked, 2 outer feathers within tipt with white.

Peregrine Cr,
BJ.ll, zuings and tail dufliy. Female paler.

Armillata, Green ; wings when folded, above black, beneath yellow ;
fhouldcrs, bracelets on the thighs and fpots on the
rump fapphirc. • Bracelhted Cr.

Inhabits Surinam ; 5 inches long.

Bill black ; legs yellowilh ; bod.y beneatn whitifii-green ; ~<jf:\*
)'ello\vifli ; quill-feathers black, the inner edge yellow.

Sanguijiea, Blood-red ; wings andltail black j belly dufky ; vent white,

Crimfon Cr,
Inhabits Sandwich Iflands j 5 inches long.
Bill duflcy ; fecondary quillfecthers edged with bay ; tailfca^
thers pointed, with white fhafts ; legs black.

Virais. Olive ; quill and tail-feathers edged with yellow.

Olive-green Cr.
Inhabits Sandwich Iflands ; 5 inches long.
Bill and legs dufky.

Ruha. Red ; wings and tail black ; vent white. Scarlet Cr,

Vol, I. — Q (J Inhabits

298 BIRDS. PIC^. 29. Ccrthhi.

Inhabits South Si:a IJlands ; barely 4 inches long.

Bill^ legs and claws black ; lowfer part of the belly white.

Cinnamo' Cinnamon ; beneath white; Cinnamon Cr.

mea. Length 5 inches. Bill and legs blackifh.

VcTticalis. Olive-green, beneath afhy ; crown green ; wings and tail
brown. ApJ-bellied C.

Inhabits Africa: 5I inches long, Biliznd. legs black.

Parittuvi. Blue ; beneath rufous ; eyebrows and chin white ; under
the eyes as far as the nape a black line. Indigo Cr.

Inhabits Indie ; fize of a nightingale.

Vire/cens. Green ; rump blue ; chin red ; wings and tail rufous-
gold. Blue-rumped Cr.
Inhabits the Cape cf Good Hope ; fize of a canary bird.
Bill and legs black.

Lepida. GlofTy-violet, beneath yellow ; front green ; fides of th6
neck with a longitudinal greenifh llripc, and a violet
one ; chin brown-red. TeUoiu-bcUicd Cr,

Inhabits India. Bill black ; irids red ; legs brown.
2. Violet-purple, beneath yellow ; cheeks greenifh-brown ;
chin and throat reddilh.
Length 4 inches ; uings brown j tail black.

Cantillans, Blueifh-grey ; fpot on the back and body beneath yellow.

Orange^backed Cr.
Inhabits China ; 3 inches long ; fings excellently.
Bill and legs black ; irids red,

Cirrata. Olive ; belly and tail black ; fides of the breafi: with a
yellow tuft. Tufted Cr.

Inhabits Bengal : 4 inches long.
BUI and legs black ; firfl quill-Jcathcrs brown,

ErythrO' Olive, beneath white ; wings and tail blackifh ; bill red.
rynthos. Red-billed Cr.

Inhabits India ; 3 inches long.
Bill tipt with black ; legs dufky,

Chryfopiera,

BIRDS. nCJE. 29. Certhia. 299

Chryfop- Varied with black iih 'and gold ; wing-coverts yellow ;
ttra, wings and tail black. Tellow-wlnged Cr.

Inliabits Bengal. Rill and legs black ; tongue long, miflik.

LongxroJ'- Blackifh-olive ; crown and nape pale green ; throat and
^'■<»« bread white; belly yellowilli. Lung-billed Cr,

Inhabits Bengal: 5 inches long. Bill long; tongue m\^\\t,

Grifea. Grey-afh, beneath reddifh ; tail wedged, 2 middle feathers
brown, lateral ones grey, all barred with black at the
tip. Barred-tailed Cr.

Inhabits China. Bill and legs yellow.

Meianura.Hc^d and back violet: breaft and belly greenilh : wings
brown : tail black, a little torkea : fnanks and toes
black. Black-tailed Cr.

Inhabits the C^ipe of Good Hope : -j inches long.

Bill and legs black ; claws yellow.

j£n(a. Green-ochre : wings footy : tail gloiTy-black : bill and
legs black. Aluf. Carl/, jajc, iv. /. 78.

Gularis. Above olive-afh, beneath pale yellow : chin, throat and
upper part of the bread filky-blue. Muf. Carl/,
fajc. iv. t. 79.

Trochilea. Above brown-olive, beneath* yellowifh dirty-v/hite : tail
' l^lack : wings footy. Muf. Carl/, fa/c. iv. /. 80.

Prafinop- Black : forerpart of the neck purple : wings and tail
tera. yellow leek-green, Mu/. Car/ /a/cvf. t, 81.

Macajfa- Green-gold, beneath blackifh-brown. Maca/far Cr.

rien/ii. Inhibits Macajfar : 4^ inches long.

J?27; whitifh ; ;<rgj black.

Indica, GlofTy-blue : lower part of the nepk whitifh. Indian Cr.
Inhabits India : 4I inches long. Bill and legs black.

Amhoinen^ Cinereous, beneath green: head and neck yellow : breaft
fis, red : wings black. Amboina Cr.

Inhabits Amboina : 2^ inches long. BiU yellowifli.

Q q 8 Mexicans,

30a BIRDS. ?ICM. 29. Certhia.

Mcxicajia. Red : throat green : quill-feathers tipt with blueifh.

Red Cr.
2. Pale red : wings and tail deeper : head black : wing-co-
verts gold-yellow.
Inhabits Aew opam : 4^ inches long.
Bill, thighs, Ltgs and claws yellow.

Erythrono- Scarlet, beneath rediih-wlfite : fides of the neck with a
tQs. black bar : wing-coverts deep green ; wings and laii

black. Red-backed Cr,

Inhabits Irdia ; 3 inches long.
HiU and legs black ; irids red.

Cinerea. Cinereous : rump and wing-coverts green ; wings brown :
belly yellow illi : vent white : tail black.

Cinereous Cr.

Inhabits the Cafie of Good Hope : 9 -inches long.

£iU and legs black, lower mandible each fide with a ycllowifli

flreak •, lower part of the l/ack green ; breajt and middle of

the bdly mixed green and yellowifli ; tail wedged, 2 middle

feathers 3 times as long as the refl.

Tabacina. Two middle tail-feathers very long, body above, head and

neck fnufF-colour, beneath green : tail-feathers

black iQi-green. Snuff-coloured Cr.

tiCrigth 81 inches ; bill z. little curved, blackilh-brown ; lower

loing coverts yellow ; legs black.

fulchdla, .Two middle tail-feathers very long : body gloffy-green :
b I call red. Beautiful Cr,

Inhabits Senegal: 'ji inches long.

Bill., legs and tail-feathers blackifli, the latter edged with gold ;
bcUy whitifli ; wings and greater coverts brown.

Famofa. Two middle tail-feathers very long: body Ihining-green :
armpits yellow : lores black. Famous Cr.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : 9 inches long.

Bill, legs, claws and tail black; between the bill and eyes a
black litie.

female green-brown, beneath yellowifli 5 breaft green, 2 middle
tail-feathers fhortcr than in the male.

PkiUppina, Two middle tail-feathers very long : body greenifh-grey,
beneath yeliowilh-white, Bhilippine Cr.

inhabits

BIRDS. PIC^. 29. Certhia. 30?

inhabits the Philippine JJlands : 4 1 inches long.
Bill, legs and claws black ; tongue tubular, forked ; qitill-fea^
thers brown, with paler edges ; 2 middle tail-feathers black,
■ with a gold glof§, the jreft blackifla tipt with white.

I'lolcicta. Two middle tall-feathers very long : body gloffy-violet ;
brealt and belly pale yellow.

Violct-hcaded Cr.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : above 6 inches long ; makes

a loofe, filky, artificial neftj
Bill, legs and clav/s blackifli ; lower part of the back, rump
and upper tail-coverts olive; lower zving-c averts grey, greater
and quillfeathers brown ; tail wedged, black-brown,

Afiatica. Deep blue: wings brown; bill and legs black.

JJia(ic Cr,
Inhabits India : 4 inches long.

Zeylonica. Cap green : back ferruginous : belly yellow : chin and
rump azure. Ceylonefe Cr.

2. Green, beneath white : chin, breaft, back and wings
brown : tail black.

Inhabits Philippine Iflands : 4, 2) 4y inches long.

Bill fubulate, black, as long as the head ; quill-feathers brown,

the edges of the tip pale ; tail-feathers equal, blackifh, the

2 outer edged with whitifh ; legs black,

(^•anea. Blue ; band acrofs the eyes, fhoulders, wings and tail black ;
legs brown. Black and blue Cr.

2. Dufky-green ; inner fides cf the quill-feathers and lower
wing-coverts fulphur.
Inhabits Brafil and Cayenne ; /^\ inches long.
Bill, hind-head and claws black; tongue as long as the bill,
fringed ; crown pale green-blue ; inner fide of the quill-fea'
thers and lower wing-coverts fulphur.

totenia. Blue ; perioral bar gold-red; lores black. LoJerisCr.

Inhabits Madagafcar and Ceylon ; 5I inches long ; builds a

cup-fhaped nell of the down of herbs ; lays 5 — 6 eggs.'
J^ill fubulate, black, twice as long as the head ; tongue com-
preffed at the tip ; head, neck, back, rump and upper tail-
(fvcrts fometimcs blue, fometime.5 gold-greai; breafl, idly

and

3©^ BIRDS. PIC/E. 30. Trochilus.

and vent glolTy-black, in the female dirty-white (potted with
black ; wings black, leffer coverts violet, middle green,
greater black ; tail even.

Cnnicolcr» Green mixed with almoft every other cojour. Greeti-gold Cr,
Inhabits Ceylon : near 8 inches long.

Caffrft, Brown ; breafl ^nd belly pale ; middle tail-feathers longer-

Cape Cr.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; fize of a thrufh.

Bill black, a little comprelfcd and curved ; chin pale, with
rough black hairs ; ru??z^ yellowifh-green; vent clear yellow;
'tail black, wedged, as long as the body, the 4 middle fea-
thers thrice as long as the reft, 2 middle ones vcjy long;
wings black.

30. TROCHILUS. Bill fubulate, filiform,
tubular at the tip, longer than the
head ; upper mandible fheathing the
lower: tongue liHform, the 2 threads
coalefcing, tubular: Jeet formed for
walking. Humming-bird,

The birds of this genus are the leaft of the feathered tiibc ;
they feed on the neftar of flowers, particularly thoie with a
long tube ; this they extraft on the wing like bees, fluttering
about the place and making a humming nolle ; they are gre-
garious, and build a ("mall, round, elegant neft of mofs lined
with the down of the great mullein : lef^s and bill very weak ;
?f<3/?n7x minute ; tongue miPiile. ; tail-feathers lo ; eggs 2,
white, fize of a pea, which the male and female fit on al-

ternately.

A. Bill curved.

Paradifeus Re(J ; wings blue ; head crefted ; middle tafil-feathers very
long. Paradife H.

Inhabits Nezo Spain : 8j inches long.
Bill and legs black ; xving-coyerts blue.

Qakriius, Green-gold; wings and tail brown ; crefl: purple.

Purple creJiedH.
Inhabits Chili% Wings and tail varied with gold.

Exilis,

BIRDS. VICJE. 30. Trochilus. -^63

Exitis, Grechifh-brown, with a fcarlet glofs ; wings and tail
black ; creft green at the bafe, tipt with gold.
. . Little H,

Inhdh'its Guiana J i^ inch long. J5j7Z black.

PeHa. Red ; middle tail-feathers very long ; head brown ; chin
gold-green ; rump green. Topaz H,

Inhabits Surinam ; 6 inches long.

BUt, head and neck black ; breafl rofv ; back and zoing-roverts
orange-red ; quill and middie tail-feathers purple^ the reft
orange ; female almofl entirely green-gold.

Supercili- Shining-brown ; middle tail-feathers long ; belly pale flefli-
ofus, colour ; eyebrows white. Supercilious H.

Inhabits Cayenne j hardly 6 inches long.

Bi/l, legs and claws brown ; 2 middle tail-feathers twice as long
as the reft, from the middle to the tip whitilh.

Cjianuriis. Green, beneath cinereous; front, throat and 2 middle
longer tail-feathers blue. Blue-tailed H,

Inhabits New Spain ; 8*. inches long.
Bill and legs yellowilh ; tail wedged.

Pcljitmns. Greenifh ; lateral tail-feathers very long ; cap and tail-
feathers brown. Black-capped H,
2. Beneath white ; tail even, tipt with white.

Inhabits South America and jfaviaica ; 93- inches long.
Bill yellow, tipt with black ; irids yellow ; icings edged witTi
white; faiY forked ; Ze^i black,

Forficatus, Green •, cap and forked tail blue. Fork-tailed H.

Inhabits Jamaica j above 7 inches long.

Bill and legs black ; body beneath yellow ; outer tailfeathtrs 3
inches longer than the reft.

Furcatus, Green-gold; wings and forked tail black; upper part of
the back, breaft and lefler wing-caverts glofly-violet.

LeJ/er fork-tailed H.
2t Throat gold-green ; breaft violet-blue ; tail forked.
Inhabits Jamaica^ BrafiL and Cayenne ; 4 inches long.
Bill and legs blackifli i outer tailfeathtn % \ inch long. .

Macrou-

304 . BIRDS. FICJE. 30. f idchilui.

Macrourus Gieen-go\d; head and throat violet ; belly with a white
fpot ; forked tail fteel-blue. Cayenne fork-tailed H,
Inhabits Cayenne ; 6 inches long. Bill and legs black.

Pitrpiira- Green ; crown, wings and forked tail purple ; collar blue.
tus. Purple-crowned H.

Auratics. Green-gold; chin, throat and breaft red-gold ; belly black-

Garnd-throated H.
2. Cheeks, nape and chin gold-red ; head and body dark
glolfy-green.
Levgth 44^, 2) 5 inches. Bill and leg.r black.
Female, chin, throat and bicaft green-gold.

Lcv.curus. Green-gold \ tail even, white ; collar red. White-tailed H.
Inhabits Surinam; £^~ inches long.
Bill and legs black ; body beneath whitifh ; wings dufky-pur-

ple ; 8 outer tail-Jeathcrs white, 2 extreme ones blackifh at

the tip.

Gramineus GloiTy-green, beneath white ; throat green \ breafU black ;
tail purplifh. Black-brcajled H,

Length 6 inches.
Feviale with 2 white lines on the breafi.

Violaceus. Violejt ; wings and tail gold-green. _ Fiolet H>

Inhabits Cayenne: 4^ inches long.

Maculatus Green-gold, beneath white ; fides of the neck rufous ; fpots
on the neck green, on the breafl black, on the tail
beneath violet, white and brown. Green-throated H.
Inhabits Mexico: 5! inches long. BtU and legs black.

Pnndu- Grecn-gold; throat and wing-coverts fpotted with white ;
^^"^' wings violet-brown ; tail greenifti-brown, tipt with

■white. Spotted H.

Inhabits Mexico : ^{ — 6 inches long. Bill and legs black.

Alh.s, Green-gold ; beneath, fides of the neck and tips of the 6
outer tail-feathers white ; tail violet. Violet'tailed H.
Inhabif.3 Cayenne : 6 inches long.
Wings violet-brown ; legs dufky.

Jugularis,

BiRdS. hCJE. 30. trochilus. 305

jfu^ularis. Blueifli ; tall even; neck beneath blood- red. Red-lreaJledH„
Inhabits 6'Mri;!a?ji.' 4|- inches long.

Bill, crown, hind-hiad^ bcUy, thighs and ^azY black, the feathers
edged with blue; tempits {hiuing red; rujiit) blue; U^s
blackiih. * "^

Aurkntius, Brown ; head orange ; chin and breaft yellow ; wings
purple ; tail ferruginous. Oratige-headed //.

Flavifrons Green ; front yellow ; primary <juill-feathers and tail

black. Ttllow-f ranted H,

Thauman- GlofTy-green ; tail-feathers equal, fringed with white ; the

iius, outer ones \Vhite on the outfide. AdmirahU H,

Inhabits South America : 2^ inches long.

Upper mandible and kgs black, lower white ; zvings brown 5

lower part of the belly with a white Ipot j 2 middle taiU

Jeathers entirely greeu-gold.

Dominicus GlofTy-green, beneath fubcinereouS : tail-feathers ferru*
ginous in the middle, tipt with black. St. Domingo H,
InhabiiS St. Domingo: about 4 inches long.
Bill and legs brown ; wings brown with a violet tinge.

Venujiijt' Red ; back blue ; wings black. Crinifon-headed blue H.»
mus. Inhabits New Spain.

Margari- Greerj-gold, beneath fubcinereous ; tail at the bafe fteel-
taceus, blue, in the middle purple-brown, tipt with a black iill

bar. Grey-necked H,

Inhabits St, Domingo ; 4 irtchej long.

Ilir/utus. Green-gold, beneath rufous-white ; wings violet-brown ;
tail blackiih tipt vv^ith white ; legs downy.

Rufous-hllied H,
2. Beneath rufous; tail-feathers dufky, outer ones partly rufous^
Inhabits Brafil ; 3! — 4 inches hiig.

Upper mandible black, lower yellow tipt with black; legs
yellowifti.

^"^xUiicoliir Btown, beneath carmine ; crdwn, chin, breaft and middle
of the back green ; ocular band blue ; tail even.

Harlequin Hi
Length 4* inches ; oculai' hand edged beneat»h with black.

Vol. I. «- R I Cin«r;wj,

3o6 ' BIRDS. PlCi^. 30. Trochilus.

Cinertuu Glofly-green, beneath cinereoas ; wings brown ; tail
rounded, the 2 middle feathers green, 2 next black,
the reft partly fteel partly white. AJh-bellied II.

Length 6 inches. Bill and legs black.

Mungf. GloHy-green ; tail fubequal ferruginous ; belly Wlack.

Mango H.
Inhabits Mexico, Brafil and St, Domingo ; 4 inches long.
Bill and legs black ; a blue line dividing the colours of the
back and belly ; vent white ; 2 middle tail-feathers black.

2. Lower part of the neck purple, the middle black; belly

black iih ; vent black at the fides ; lateral tail-feathers
purple edged with black at the tip.
Inhabits Jamaica ; 14 inches long.

3. Brown-green; lower part of the neck green; breaft and

belly. violet ; vent white ; lateral tail-feathers purple
edged with black at the tip.

4. Throat velvet-black ; neck-ftripes and tail purple.

Inhabits South America. Nat. Mif. Jig. 333.

-Ilolcfcri' Green ; tail even, above black ; pe£loral band blue ;
(US. belly black. Black-belUed H.

Inhabits N^eto Spain and Ouiana : 4 J inches long.
Bill and legs black ; belly with a white band or 2 white fpots
each fide.

Gidari.'. Yellowifh ; chin and rump blue ; belly white ; wings and
tail black. nilow H.

B. BlUJiraight.

Capenfis, Gr£en ; middle tail-feathers long; wing-coverts blue.

Cape H,
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; fize of a fwallow.
Wings and tail blue, the middle feathers of the latter thrice as
long as the reft, edged at the bafe with filky-green ; verit
black fpotted with azure,

Coluhrls. Green-gold ; tail-feathers black, the 3 lateral ones ferru-
ginous tipt with white ; chin flame-colour.

Red-throated H.
Inhabits America as far north as Canada ; gi inches long.
Bill black ; cAm fcarlet with a beautiful gold glofs.
Female, body above browti, beneath whitifh j tail fubequal,
rui>y at the bafe aad tipt with white,

rimhriatMh

BIRDS. TICJE. 30. Trochilus. 307

fimbria. Grecn-gold, beneath grey ; tail fleel-bhie lipt with grey ;
'">". feathers ot the breall fringed with white.

Spattcd-ncchd //,
2. Beneath whi^e ; feathers of the breafl: edged with grey ;
tail greciiifh-black.
Inhabits Cayenne : 4 jnch.es long.

I'ppcr inandibk black, lower whitifh tipt with black ; % mid-
, die tail- feathers with a coppery glofs ; U^s and claws black.

Ruiineus. Green-gold ; chin red-gold ; wings and tail rufous.

Ruby-throated }{.
Inhabits Brafd znA Guiana; 4] inches long.
Mill and legs black ; greater wing-coverts and quilt-fcathcri
edged with violet-brown ; 2 middle tail-feathers fhorter.

Auritus. Green-gold, beneath white ; band beneath the eyes black ;

(male) with 2 violet tufts each fide beneath the ears ;

legs downy. Violet-cared H.

2. Band beneath the eyes purple ; near the ears a black fpot,

and under this a gr^en-blue one.

Inhabits Cayenne ; 4I inches long.

Bill, and legs black ; thighs brown ; 4 middle tail-feathers
black inclining to blue, the reft white ; tuft long, foft.

Curifta. Green-gold ; tail fubequal, brown-gold ; wings black ;
belly blue. Green and blue H.

2. Green, beneath blue j chjn with an orange fpot ; wings
and tail duflcy. °

Inhabits Surinam ; hardly 4 inches long.
Bill and legs black ; ireafi and upper part of the hack and
telly blue ; lower part of the belly^ ojiugs and tail brown.

Mofchitus, Grecti-gold; tail even, ferruginous, the 2 outer feathers
tipt with brown ; wings black. Ruby-necked //.

Inhabits Guiana, Brafil and Surinam ; above 3 inches long.

Bill and legs blackifli ; crown, hind-head and neck ruby, body
beneath brown.

Female beneath whitifii-grcy, with a gold fpot on the breaft and
throat.

Meltifu, Green-gold ; tail even, blue ; wings blueilh-black ; fhanks
5«i. feathered. Honey-fucking H.

Iiihabits Cayenne ; near 3 inches long.

Bill and legs black s lowwr tail-coverts and thighs grey-brov.Ti j
Jhanks hxo\sn»

R r 2 Ferafus,

30? BIRDS. nCM. 30. Trochllus.

Fega/us, Tail-feathers greenifh at the bafe ; body greenifli-gold, be-
jieath greyifh ^ l^anks feathered. Grey-bellied H.

Inhabits Cayenne : probar-ly a vaiiety of the next.
BM and legs black ; taiL even, purple, lateral feathers tipt
with grey.

'teuiogaf. Green-gold, beneath white ; thighs brown ; tail black.
ter.: Gold'ihroated H,

Inhabits Cayenne ; 3- inches long.

Upper mandible black, louxr white tipt with black ; legs
bidCi^*

^triatus. Browp, beneath white with a longitudinal green-gold
flreak ; cap brown ; wings black \ tail cinnamon at
• the bafe, dufky at the tip. Broivn-crowned H.

2« Brown-gold ; cap brown; a longitudinal brown ftripe
on the chin ; lateral tail-feathers at the tip edged with
, white. .

3. Brown-gold ; cap greenifh-brown ; eyebrows rufous ; |
gular ftripe dufky ; nimp and vent reddifli.
Ii. habits iiurinavi and Tobago j 3 inches long, 3) 4. Bill and
legs black.

Quttatus. -Brown, beneath white ; fides of the neck with dufky fpots
and a fcarlet one each fide in the middle. ,

Paich-necked H, i

Size, of Tr. coluber. Bill and legs black. ,

Obfcurus, Blue; crown dufky; chin and throat glofly-green ; rump,
wings and tail purple. Dujky-crowned H.

Length 4i inches ; bill dufhy ; xving-c averts purpiiih blue ;
lower part of the back dulky-purple ; Ze^jj black,

^icdor, ©eep green-gold ; hp^d and nech fapphirc.

Sapphire and emerald H,

Inhabits Gaudeloupe ; middle fized.

ISappkiri- preeji-gol^ ; throgt aii|J breaft fapphixe ; wings and upper
'^"•^' tan-coverts brown ; lower, tail and chin rufous.

Sapphire H,
%. j^elly white ; tail blue-Jalack.
Inhabits &uiana.
^ jBtW white tipt with black ; lower part of the bdh white.

telRDS. PICiE. 30. Trochilus. 3.<,^

Ni^tr. Tall fubequal : body black, beneath orange : vent white ;
fhanks feathered. Black H.

Inhabits St. Domingo ; 2| inches long.

Bill and /rrj black; body beneath whitifli-grey ; chin with mi-
nute brown dots ; tail Ileel-blue.

Cyanoce- Green-gold : head, wings and tail blue : belly red.
phalns. Blue-capped H,

Inhabits Chili : fize of a walnut.
Bill whitilh ; tail 3 time? as long as the body.

Avinhyf- Green-gold, beneath varied wltli cinereous and brown :
tinus. throat purple: tail forked. AmethyjlineH^

Inhabits Cayenne : lize of a Tr. colubris ; xntngs fhort.

Viridiffi' Grcen-gold : belly white : tail fteel-bluc. All-green H*
mus. Inhabits Tobago : 2 inches long. ,

Glaucopif. Green-gold : front blue : vent white : wings violet-brown',
legs feathered : tail fteel-blue, fubforked.

Blue-fronted H,
Inhabits Brajil : 4I inches long. Bill black ; legs brown.

«
Ruju,s. Rufous, beneath whitifh : croyv^n green-gold : throat and
breali fcarlet-gold : wings purpliib-brown.

Ruff-neched H.

Inhabits Nootka Sound : 35 inches long.

BUI and kgs black ; lateral feathers of the neck longer, move-
able ; ct'inj;-coi^''r<j- dulky-green ; fa!7-/efl</zcrj pointed, with a
longitulinal black line down the middle and tipt with black.

Feinafi, i^boye ^reen-gold ; chin with crimfon foots.

frnatui, Green-gpld, beneath gloffy-brovrn : rymp with a vvhitd
band ; creil (in the male) and twft of feathers beneath
the cars rufqus. Tufted-necked H.

Inhabits Cayenne : a I'ttle lefs than Tr. colubris.

j^ower part of the belly white ; throat green-gold ; feathers of
the crefi long, narrow, with a green fpot at ^he tip.

fiinioiutt Pale "brown : .creft blue. Crejied-lrown H,

Inhabits Cayenne : 3 inches Icng ; wi^gs and tail dulky.

Criflatuu

310 BIRDS. PICiE. 30. Trochilus.

Crijlatus. Green : wings brown : belly brown-afh : crefl blueilh :
ihanks feathered. Crejled- green IL

Inhabits Caycnnt : 3 inches long. Bill and tail blackifh.

Longicau. Green-gold: ckin emerald: wings and tail-feathers

dus, brown, the 2 middle ones very long. Racket-tailed H.

Length 2f inches, long tail-feathers naked on the projedin'^

part, except the tip which is bearded. °-

Carbuncu. Black : head, neck and breafl red : wings brown : tail ru-
ius. fous-gold. Carbuncle JI.

Inhabits Cayenne: 3 inches long.
Bill feathered to the middle.

C^tfnomf. Varied with white and blue : chin and breaft red.

Black and blue H.
Inhabits Ca^ibbee IJlands. Wings and tail black.

Guianen. Green : crefl and breaft red : wings and tail variegated
- ' "^i'^h green, red and purple. Guiana H.

Inhabits Guiana : 2 inclies long. Bill and eyes black.

Tohaci. Shining-green: abdominal band and thighs white: vent
pale brown : wings and forked tail black-blue.

'J'eba'^o If.
- Inhabits Tobago : 4 inches long. *

Bill dufky, lower mandible yellow ; legs brown.

Elatus, Greenilh-gold: tail-feathers equal, ferruginous, tipt with
black : crefted cap red. Ruby-crejied H.

Inlabits Cayenne, Guiana and Tobago.

B?ll, legs and head black '. body olive, beneath rufous with a

longitudinal white line ; chin green-gold ; zvings purplifh ;

tail rufous terminated by a black band.

Mdliv&rus Tail-feathers black, the lateral ones white : head blue ;

back green : belly white. If^hite-bellied //.

Inhabits Surinam : above 4 inches long.
Bill znd legs black; ?ieck blue, with a white collar; wings

violet-brown ; tail forked, tipt witli black.

1

Camf}ylc^^

BIRDS. ?ICM. 3o.TrochiIus. 31,

Campylop. Green-gold, beneath grey : lateral tail-feathers brown tipt

teros. with white : quill-teathers 3-4 with curved ft aflf

Inhabits Cayenne : 4I inches long. ^^oad-Jhafted //.

Rnku Lateral tail-feathers violet: body teftaceous, obfcurelv

fpotted with brown. ^////^ ^^^^^ ^

Inhabits itunnajn and Guiana : above 3 inches Ion?

J.^;/ beneath pale bay; fpots on the brcaji blackiih ; temples

wuh a loguudmal brown band ; legs Ind upper n.andil7c

black, lower flelh-coloured tipt with black.

Minimus. Green, beneath whitifh : lateral tail-feathers white on the

outer edge. LeafiH

Inhabits South America : the leaft of all known birds - in

rafn """ '"'^' ^""^ ^ *^"''^^'"' '" ""''^^^t 20—45

^hL'-^M^'i ^'f'"'^-' ^''"^' violet.brown; tail-feathers

Ffwa^f, dirty grecnilh-brown ; beneath whitifh.

ORDEH

312 BIRDS. A>ISERES. 31. Ahlafi'

ORDER III. ANSERES.

Bill fomewhat dhtufe^ covered with a fiiut
gibbous at the bafe ; mouth tooi.hed :
tongue Jlejhy : feet palmate^ Jormeajor
Jwiming,

31. ANAS. Bill convex, obtufe, the edges
divided into lamellate teeth : tongue
fringed^ obtufe : 3 iox^-toes connected,
the hind-one folitary*

A. Bill gibbous at the bafe.

*Cygnus, Bill femicylindiic, black : cere yellow : body white.

fFild Szvan.
Inhabits Europe, Afia and America: about 5 feet long; is"
gregarious, and noUy in its flight ; runs fwiftly, fwims with
its neck ereft; lays 4 eggs*
£)'e/ic/i- naked, yellow; /e^j black ; ribs 11.

*Olor, Bill femicylindrlc, black : cere black : body white.

Tame Swan.
Inhabits Europe and AJia, and is tamed almoft every where ;
fwims with its neck curved; is mute, robuft, long-lived;,
feeds on fifh and grafs ; builds in high gra s near lakes, and
lays eveiy other day ; eggs 6 — 8 ; carries the young on its:
back when alarmed ; flefli when young was formerly in much,
efteem,
Billitd at the bafe ; ribs 12.

Nigricollis. Bill femicylindric, red: head and neck black : body white 1
legs tielh-colour. Black-necked Swan]

Inhabits Falkland IJiands : liie of A. cygnus,

Atrata, Black : wings edged with white : bill red. Black Sivan^

Inhabits Botany Bay. Nat. Mifcel.f. 108. i

Upper mandible blackifK at the tip, a yellow fpot near the tip|
Ifgs black, fe^t paler.

BIRDS. A>tSERES. 31. Anas. 313

Hybrida. Bill femlcylindric : cere red : tail fomevvhat pointed.

Hybrid Swan.

Inhabits Chili; fue of a goofe, but the n:ck fl-iorter and the

legs and wings longer ; tlics in pairs ; lays 8 eggs in the land.

Malt white, legs and bill yellow ; female, black, a few of the

feathers edged with white ; bill and legs red.

Cyghoides. giU femicylindric ; cere gibbous ; eyelids tumid.

Chinefe Goofe,
Inhabits £.uropt, Afia and Africa ; above 3 feet long.
Bill black, wrinkled near the front, gibbous, aicending, fur-
rounded at the bafe with a rufty-white line ; crown and
lont^itudinal band down the neck and white nape teftaceous ;
hack 2nd flanks grey -In own, the plumage edged with whitifh-
grey ; body beneath white ; legs tawny ; clauis black ; wart
on the chin blackifli.
2' Bill not gibbous ; legs fcarlet ; wart on the chin o.
3* Bill pale yellow ; cere large, black ; hind-head black ;
chin with a pouch ; body dirty-grey mixed with
whitilh.

Cambenfis, Bill femicylindric ; cere gibbous ; Ihoulders fpinous.

Spar-winged Goofe,^
Inhabits Africa ; fize of a goofe.

Bill red; cheeks, chin, outer wing-coverts and body beneath
white, above black ; legs cheiiiul ; fpints ^ on the wiiigs
horny.

Indica. Grey, beneath pale afii ; head and neck white ; lunule on
the hind-head and fpot beneath black ; rump and vent
white. Barred-headed Gooje.

Inhabits India ; flcfh good.

Bill tawny-yellow, with a black nail at the tip ; hind-part of

the belly brown edged with white -, tail grey, tipt with

white ; legs tawny.

Cofcoroba. Bill dilated and rounded at the point ; body white,

Chili Goofe.
Inhabits Chili : large. Bill and legs red ; tyes black.

MeUnotos, White ; bill and caruncle at the bafe black ; head and neck

fpotted with black ; back^ wedged tail and wings

black. Mlack-hacked Gooje.

V»l. I. — ?<{ irihabita

314 BIRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas.

Inhabits Coromandd ; 2 feet 9 inches long.
Bili pale, ^ carinate on the back ; taints with a lliong, fha;^
fpur at the flexure ; legs blackifhi

Grandis. Body blackifh, beneath white ; bill black ; legs fcarlet.

Great Goofe,

Inhabits Siberia ; fize of A. cvgnus.

HyptrhoTca Body fnowy ; front yellowifli ; 10 firfl quill- feathers
black ; bill and legs red. Snow Goofe.

Inhabits Europe and North America ; 32 inches long ; flies ia
vafl flocks ; a very flupid bird,

PlSia. Blackifli-afh with tranfvcrfe black lines ; head, neck, mid-
dle of the belly, bar on the wings and coverts white.

Painted Gooje.
Inhabits Statenland ; 28 inches long.

Bill, legs, primiiry quill and tail-feathers black ; wings with
an obtufe fjpur at the flexure.

•Magalle. Rufly-brown ; body on the fore-part and beneath tranf-
nica, verfely varied ; bar acrofs the wings and coverts white.

Magellanic Goofe.
' Inhabits Magellan's Straits ; 24 inches long.
Bill, wings and tail black ; vent grey; legs yellow.

AntarSlica Snowy, bill black ; bill black ; legs yellow.

Antar^ic Goofe.
2. Variegated ; belly, vent, rump and thighs white; wings
with a green fpot.
Inhabits Falkland IJlands ; 24 — 26 inches long.
Female, bill flefh-colour ; body brown with tranfverfe white
lines ; iniddle of the back and greater q^dll feathers black ;
vent greenifli- white.

Vanegata. Above brown fpotted with white ; beneath chefnut fpotted
with white and black; bill, tail .and primary quill-
feathers black, fecondary green ; wing-coverts white ;
rump and vent ferruginous. Variegated Goofe.

Inh'ibii^ New Zealand i fize of A. major. Ze^i black.

Leuccp'

BIRDS. ANSERES. -51. Anas. 315

Laircptera White ; bill, 2 middle tall-feathers, primary quill-feai
thers and greater wing-coverts black \ nape and upper
part of the back with numerous black lines.

Bujlard Goofe.
Inhabits Falkland IJlands : 32 — 40 inches long ; He{h good.
Wings Wix\\ a blunt fpinoat the flexure and a dufky-grcen fpot ;
greater zvin^-coverts tipt with white ; fecondary quill-feathers
half black half white ; legs black.

Cincrca. Cinereous, beneath duflcy ; vent white ; wings and pointed
tail fhort, black ^ bill, irids, tubercle on the wings and
legs yellow. Loggerhead Goofc.

Inhabits Falkland IJlands ; 3 2 inches long ; flcfli rancid.

Bill tipt with black ; fecsndary quill-feathcts white on the
outer edge ; hind-part of the belly blueifh-afli ; daws black.

*Tadorna. Bill knobbed at the bafe, front comprefTed; head greenifii-

black ; body variegated with white. ,

Sheldrake. Burrough Duckl

Inhabits Europe and Afia ; 2 feet long ; feeds on fifh, inlefts
and herbs; lays 15 — 16 roundifli, white eggs in rabbits'
holes ; flefh rancid.

Bill and legi red ; head and neck violet ; collar white ; back
white ; breajl brown ; belly white with a black line ; firfl
qui U-f eat hers black, the next violet, inner ones ferruginous,
the lafl; white ; tail white tipt with black. '

Female with lefs vivid colour?.

SpeElabilii, Bill cdmpreflTed at the bafe with a black feathery keel ;

head hoary. Grey-headed Dud.

Inhabits North America, Europe and Afia ; near 2 feet long,

builds in dry places ; eggs 4—6, white ; flefh very good.
Bin and legs red ; head and crown pale grey, furrounded with

a row of black fpots ; cheeks and napt green -, chin^ throat

and breaji white ; back, belly and tail blackifh.
Female moftly black and brown ; belly dufky.

*Fv.fca, Blackifh ; lower eyelid and fpot on the wings white.

Velvet Dud.
Inhabits Europe and South America ; 20 — 22 inches long.
Bill yellow, black in the middle, gibbous at the bafe ; Ugs red.
Female without the gibbofity on the bill ; body brown ; eggs
white.

Sf2 •AVtf'

p6 BrRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas.

*Ni^a. Body tdtalJy black ; bill gibbous at the bafe.

Black Diver.
Inhiihits Europe ind North America s 22 inches long •, feeds on

grafs and fhell-fifh ; flefh rancid. .
Bill yellow in the middle ; kead and neck fprinkled with purple ;

iflj/fomev/hat wedged.
Female without the gibbofity at the bafe of the bill, and
browner.

Regid. Caruncle compreiTed ; body blue, beneath brown ; collir
white. Royai Duck,

Inhabits Chili ; much larger than A. bofchas.

I^ilotica* Whitifli with hoary fpots ; fides of the breaft and belly
with hoary lines ; marginal callus on the bill and
caruncle purple-red. Nilotic Goofc.

Inhabits near the Nile. Irids yellow ; legs red,

Birin^ii^ White ; wings black ; neck blueifh ; caruncle at the bafe
of the bill yellow, radiate in the middle with blueifh
feathers. Bering Duck.

Inhabits Bering's IJland ; fize of a goofe*

Kound the tars a greeniih-black blotch ; eyes black ; orbits
yellow,

*AlbiJrons. Brown, beneath white fpotted with black ; front and rump
white i bill and legs flame-colour.

White-fronted Goofe.
Inhabits Europe, Afia. and America j migrates loutherly in

winter ; 2 feet 4 inches long.
^rcajl cinereous ; tail dulky, edged with white,

B, Bill equal at the bafe.

*M(irila. Black j fhoulders waved-cinereous ; belly and fpot on the
wings white, Scaup Duck.

Inhabits Europe, Northern Aft a and America ; in winter mi-
grates into warmer countries; feeds on fliell-fifb ; 18 — 20
inches long.

Billhro-id, blueifh-afli ; irids yellow; head and neck greeniih-
black ; back and wing-coverts waved with black and cine-
reous ; legs and primary quill feathers dufky, fecpndary white
tipt with black ; tail, coverts and vent black.,

female brown, bill black furrounded with a circle of white
feathers \ necirufty ; belly and bar on the win^s white ; legs
black. ;

2. Head

BIRDS. ANSERES. 31- Anas. 3ty.

a. Head and neck purple-green ; back and fiioulders wave4.
with cinereous ; belly and wing-fpot white.
Length 21 inches. Wings, rump and fai; black.

lo^ata» Blackifh with tranfverfe greyifh lines, beneath paler ; un-
der mandible lobatc beneath. L^hated Duck.

Inhabits Neu Holland; fize of the common duck. Nat,
Mif.f. 255.

Ml broad at the bafe, black, under mandible with a large,
black, flat, round flap or wattle, feated longitudinally ; body
dark cinereous, paler beneath and on the neck, waved with
numerous tranfverfe whitifh lines ; legs black.

*Ar>Jir. Bill femicylindric ; body above cinereous, beneath paler ;

neck ftriate. ^ ^ Grey-lag Gooje.

2. Varies much in colours by domeflication. Tame Goofe.

Inhabits in flocks the northern parts of Europe, Afia and

Atmrica ; refides in the fens of Englmid the whole year, and

lays numerous eggs ; is excellent food and \'try long Jived ;

33 inches long.

^tll flefh-colour tipt with white ; rump and vtnt wliite : legs

flefli-colour ; claws black ; wing-fpot o.

Montana, Head, neck and quill-feathers red-green.

Mountain Gooje»
Inhabits mountainous parts of the Capt of Good Hope.

Cana. Rcddifh-ferruginous ; head and neck grey; wing-fpot

green ; fhoulders white. Hoary-headed GooJe.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope i lefs than A. bernicla.

Mill daiky; cheeks and wing-co-jerts \vhit£ -, hack, breajl and

ielly ferruginous with deeper tranfverfe lines ; primary quill-^

feathers black, lecondary green ; at the flexure of the wings

a bluntifli fpur ; vent tawny with a black band ; legs and tail

black.

•RufcoUis Black, beneath white ; bUl fmall, conic ; neck rufous }
fpot between the bill and eyes white.
'^ Red-breafled Goofe.

Inhabits Rujfia and Northern Siberia, rarely -^"f ^^"'^ ^' "mi-
grates in winter tONvards Pcrfa; fize of A. canadenhs; tiem
excellent,, , „f.

^1% BIRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas.

£{li brown wilh a black claw : irids yellowifh-broii'n ; per
toral band white, beneath black ; chiyi black with an intci-^
rupted white line ; tail rounded, fhort, the feathers brown,
coverts white ; down long, foft, cinereous ; legs black.

Cfifaca. Rufous ; wings and tail black ; wing-fpot white.

Ruddy Duch.
Inhabits Rufjia and Siberia ; 22 inches long; lays its eggs in
the fiflures of rocks or holes of trees ; flefli very good.
^ Bill and legs black ; head and beginning of the ntck white ;
cellar (of the male) black ; rump deep black.

Jigyptia- Bill fubcylindric ; body undulate ; crown white ; wing-
^'^' fpot clear white with a black bar. Egyptian Gooje.

2. Bill grey ; _fpot on the brcaft black; back, wings and
rump cnefnut.
Inhabits Africa, 2) Cape of Good Hope ; 27 inches long.
Bill reddlfli tipt with black ; body waved with brown and fer-
ruginous ; temples^ orbits ^ and fpot on the breajl chefnut ;
hack, rump, zvings and tail black ; belly white ; legs red ;
claws black.

"'Scgetum. Cinereous, beneath dirty-white ; bill comprefTed at the
bafe ; tail-coverts white ; legs faffron. Bean Goofe.

Inhabits Hudjon's Bay and the Hebrides; in autumn comes in-
to England in flocks, and is deflruftive to com ; 2| — 3 feet
long.

Bill rcddifli in the middle, black at the bafe and tip ; head and
neck inclining to ferruginous ; quill-f cat hers edged witi^
black, faz7 with white ; claws white.

Bcrcalis* Bill narrow ; head green ; breaft and belly white.

Giilaiind Duch^
Inhabits the fens of Iceland ; very rare.

*Erythrop.Qir\trtOMi\ front white. BernacJe,

ttrui. Inhabits Europe, rarely America ; is plentiful on the fea coafts

of England in the winter ; 25 inches long.
Body above vaved black and white ; neck black ; belly white ;
bill fliort, black, with a flefli-colour fpot each fide ; between
the bill and eye a black Ipot ; tail beaeath v/hite; legs
biaekifh,

Cdrulef-

BIRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas. 31^

Cctrulef- Brown, beneath white ; wing-coverts and hind-part of the
fins. back blueiili. Bluc-ivinged Goofe.

2. White ; hind-part of the neck and fcapulur region lead-

colour ; wing and tail-coverts blueiih.

3. Grey, varied with brown; head and upper part of the

neck white, hind-part black ; wing aad tail-coverts

blueifh.
Inhabits North America ; Icfs than A. anfcr.
Bill and legs red ; cronui yellowifli ; reft of the head and neck

white ; Jhoulders and tail waved with white and grey.

*Bernicla, Brown ; head, neck and breafl black ; collar white.

Brent Gooje.

Inhabits North America, Afia and Europe ; fize of the ber-

nacle ; rtiigrates Ibutherly in autumn, and flies ia wedge-

' fhaped flocks with perpetual cackling ; feeds on iea-plaats,

berries and marine inlefts ; tlefh when tamed good.

Bill, wings, tail and legs black ; broad fpot each lide the ncck^

tail-coverts and vetit white ; belly and ficuldexs cinereous ;

Jlanks ftreaked with whits.

Canadenfis Cinereous ; head and neck black'; cheeks and chin white.

Canada Goofe,
Inhabits in vaft flocks North America ; 3 feet 6 inches long ;

flefli good.
Bill, tail, rump and primary quill- feathers black ; a triangular
fpot reaching from the hind-head to the chin; niape, tail-co-
vcrts, vent and lower part of the belly white ; legs plumbeous,

*MoUi£i- Bill cylindric ; cere on the hind-part bifid, wrinkled.
'>na. ■ Eider Duck,

Inhabits northern parts of £z<ro^^, Afia cixxd A7}icricii ; 22 inches
. long ; feeds on teftaceous animals ; lays 5 greenirti eggs in a
neft ftrewed with its foft down ; flefh and eggs good ; the
plumage conftitutes the much valued luxury, Eider down.
Bill, legs, front, ocular band, breaf, lower part of the backzxA
belly black ; middle of the head, upper part of the back,
fioulders and wing-coverts \w\{\it ; beneath the hind-head^
green blotch.
Female almoft wholly obfcurely ferruginous, with black lines ;
tail and primary quill-feathers dufky.

Mefchata, Face naked, papillous. Mufcovy Duck.

Inhabits Brafil and is domefticated in Europe ; 2 feet long ;
builds in trees; is eafily tamed, femals ieis.

Legs

gjo BIRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas,

Lf^s and orbits naked and with the bill red, tip of the bill and
Ipace round the 71 o/Zn7j black ; crown black; temples^ chin
and throat white varied with black ; breajl and lower pait
of the bell]/ brown mixed with white •, back and rump brown
with a green-gold glofs ; upper part of the bdly white ;
3 firft quill-ftaihers white, the reft brown •, tail-feathers 20,
the outer white, the reft green-gold.

Rvfa, Cinereous : head and neck rufous : bread black : back
•with brown lines : wings afhy-brown.

Red-necked Diicki

X^eucoce. Bill broad : tail-feathers rigid, pointed, channelled, the mid-

phala, die ones longer. IVhltc-headed Duck.

Head white ; crown, black ; bill blueifh ; collar black ; hreajh

chelnut with tranlVerfe black ftreaks : belly grey with iniall

black fpots ; back rufous ; wings roddifli with brown dots

and lines.

Monacha. White varied with black : bill yellqwifh tipt with black :
wing-fpot violet-green.
Larger than A. boichas'; lores grty ; head, bill :ind upper part
of the brea/l fpotted wifch black ; firft quill and tail-Jeathers
white tipt with brown.

Melanura. Cinereous : bill and legs teftaccous : wings and tail black.

Black-tailed DucL

Crown and back rufous ; rump black with white fpots.

Torrida. Head white : neck above black, beneath chefnut.

Torrid Duck,

Albicans. Front and body beneath whitifh, above brown : head and

neck brown-rufous. White-fronted Duck.

Feathers of the brtaji cinereous edged with pale rufty and with

a rufous bar near the tip ; quill-Jeathcrs within and at the

tip white.

Georgicor^ Cinereous-waved : wing-fpot greenifli edged with white :
wings and tail dulky. Georgia Duck.

Inhabits Georgia ; 20 inches long ; flcfh good.
Bill yellow, a little bent back at the tip ; iridf chcfnut ; toing-
ccrocrts pale afli ; legs greemfli-afli.

Bahamirt-'

BIRD'S. ANSERtS. 31. Anas. jai

Baliamcn- Grey: bill lead-colour with a lateral tawny fpot : wing-

f'^' fpot green and pale yellow. Ilathera Duck.

Inliabits Brajtl tind Bahama Ijlands : 17 inches lonff,

Crotcn reddilh-afh ; neck, back, JJiouUiers and rump rcddifh-

brown ; cheeks and throat white ; breaft and belly rufuus-

grey fpotted with black. ; primary qmll-feathers and leiret

zoing-coverti du'fky, greater , grct'n tipt with black; fecon-

dary ^t<i7/-/"(.':if/je r J yellow ; /d^'j lea'd- colour.

Brajdien- Brown, beneath cincreou!^ : between the Sill and eyes a
Jis. yellow fpot ; chin white ; tail wedged; black.

Marua Duck,
Inhabits Brafd ; fize of the laft.

BrlL black ; upper zi-ing-covcrts brown with a green-glofs, the
greater edged with blue-green and tipt with bla:ck ; quiU-fea-'
thers tipt with white ; legs red,

Erythro. IBrown, beneath white ; temples and tranfverfe bar on th«
rhynca, wings white and one yellowifli; tail black.

Crimfon'biUed Duch
, Inhabits the Cape of^ Good Hope ; 15 inches long.
Irlds and bill red, the latter a little bertt back at the tip ; legs
black.

AlbcoU, WhJtc ; back and wings blatk ; head blucifh ; hind-head
white. Buffel-hcaded Duck.

Inh3:bits America, from Carolina to Iludfon's Bay ; builds iri
trees ; 16 inches long ; migrates in autumn.

Bill black ; crown and ftont ihining black varied with green
and purple ; cheeks white ; bale of the fecondary quill-Jea-
then with the incumbent ceteris white ; legs orange.

female, head and body aibovc brown, beneath white ; behind
the eyes each iide an oval white fpot ; ctxin white ; wing*
brown with a white fpot in the middle.

}tclkri. White ; hind-head fubcrefted ; tranfverfe fpot on the nape
and each fide the bill green ; tail brown ; 10 firil quill-
feathers blackilh-brovvn, the reft black-blue.

WeprnDuck,
Inhabits Kamifchatkn and America : flies in flocks, and builds

in inacceflible rocks; fizc of A. fuligula.
Bill and legs black ; orbits, lunule at the bafe ©^ the TAck, -and

band from the zvings to the back black.
Female ferruginous.

Vol. I. — T t, *ClypeatA^

322 BIRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas,

*Clypeata. Extremity of the bill dilated, rounded, with an incurved

nail. Shoveler.

a. Wing-fpot purple, each fide black and white ; bread

reddifli.
3. Above grecnifh- black, beneath tawny ; bread white ;
legs red.
Inhabits Europe, AJia and North America, 2) Mexico ; 21

inches long.
Bill black ; irids yellow ; head and neck violet-green ; breajl
white, lunulate ; back, wings and wedged tail brown ; belly
chelnut ; veyit white ; tirft and fecond icing-coverts pale
blue, greater brown tipt with white, the reft edged with
white ; legs tawny.

Mexicamis Tawny ; above lined black and v/hite ; wings brown,
ielTcr coverts white, the greater next the body green-
gold. Alexican Shoveler*
Inhabits Neio Spain ; lefs than the common duck.
Bill brownifh-red ; greater xving-covcrts brown ; legs reddifii.

*Rubcns» Brown ; chin and bread chcfnut ; wings tipt with grey ;
wing-fpot purple edged with white ; tail fliort, white.

Rcd-hreajied Shoveler.
Inhabits the fens of Lincolnjhire ; fize of a tame duck.
Bill broad, brownlfh-yellow ; head large ; eyes finall ; irids
yellow ; legs linall, {lender, bay.

Jamniccn- Varied with brown, faffron and rudy ; back wings and
fis. tail brown ; upper part of the head black ; beneath

and chin white with black fpots. "Jamaica Shoveler,
Inhabits Jamaica ; 16 inches long.

Bill broad, blueifh, orange at the fides ; irids brown ; legs
orange ; back with a few arrowed yellowKh dots ; tail
wedcjed.

Mnrfa* Waved with cinereous and yellowifh and fpeckled with
brown ; beneath brown fprinkled with grey ; throat
brown-yellow waved with black ; tail long, black,
wedged. Ural Duck.

Inhabits the lakes between the Ural and Irtifn ; larger than
A. querquedula ; fwims fwiftly with the tail dipt as far
as the rump in the water, but cannot walk ; makes a
floating ned.

Bill large, broad, azure, tumid at the bafe ; had white ; croxcv

and

: BIRDS. ANSERES. 31- Anas. ^aj

and t^dids black ; icings fmall, brown, without the fpot ;
neck velvct-bUck ; tail-Jeathcrs 18, very narrow j Ugs
brovvn.
Female, bill and head brown *, chin white.

^ :andiaza. Chefnut \ back, wings and tail black ; belly white.

Lapmark Dticl.
Inhabits AVzi'<r>' ; fize of A. bofchas.

Bill broad and with the legs black ; fecondary quiU-fcatkert
white tipt with black ; Jlanks ferruginous.

*Strepera. Wing-fpot rufous, black and white. Gadwall. Grey.

Inhabits Europe and Aorthern Ajt.(f : 19 inches long..-*- "^
Bill flat, black ; legs tawny ; rump black ; back brown waved
wiih paler ; breajl and hclly grey varied with white.

fslcaria. Crefled ; varjegated with hoary and bjown ; bread fcale-
\yaved ^ front, chin, collar and bar on the wings
white. Falcated Duck.

2. Quill-feathers not falcate ; vent brown ; thighs white.
Inhabits Eajtern Siberia, 2.) jfava: 1 8- inches lojig. • ,,ti;
Bill black ; croxon teftaceous, reft of the head filky-green yflih.
a fmall white fpot on the front ; wing-fpot fteel-black edged
with white ; 5 inner quill-Jeathen long, falcate, varied with
violet and white ; ^e^j lead- colour. '•

Dominica, Rufous; fore-part of the head footy; Wing-fpot whit<t;
(hafts of the tail-feathers deep black.

1$/. Domingo Teal.
Inhabits St, Domingo ; 1 2 inches-long.

Bill black ', breajl and belly, grey-brown mi.xed with white j
feme of the greater wing-coverts white ; ivivgs brown ; tail
wedged, the feathers pointed ; legs brown, ".

Spinofa, "^j^oyfYi^ crown black; tail-feathers daggered.

Spinous-taikd T^aJ.
Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana : 11— -12 inches long.
Bill blueifh ; ocular band white in thd middle, bUck each fide ;
/flt^ fliort ; /e^j flefli-colQur, "^ ' -^ ♦" " .' *

'■'fricana, Reddifh-brown ; back, wings and tail black ; fpot ^n the
breaft and tranfverfe bar on the wings white.

J/rican 7eal.
T t 2 Inhabits

3*4

BIRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas.

Inhabits Egypt ; 1 6 inches long.

Ftmak lelg vivid ^ Ipot on the bread waved witli brown.

Madigaf- I)uflcy-green, beneath white ; cap, front and chin white ;
carenjis. hind-head and neck greepifhrbl^ck j throat and breal|

ferruginous, waved with brown. Madagajcar leal.
Inhabits Madagajcar : 12 inches long.

£iU yellow tipt with black ; irids )eUow ; between the ears 4
pile green oval patch ; Ic^s and win^s dufky, the latter with
a whive llreak.

ddina.

Above glofTy-brov^^n, beneath white ; ^xrown black ; the
reft of. the head, and neck white fpotted with black.

Coroniandel Teal.
Inttabrts Coromandd ; fmall.
Bill dulky ; lower part of the neck with black (Ireaks crofTing

each other ; vent fcrrugiiiQUS at th^ fides ; legs black.
Female beneath varied with white and grey.

MdriilUn-^ Hesjd and chin vy^hite ; neck, bread and wing-coverts bay ;
Jit» wings and tail pale grecniih. Manilla Teal.

J5z7/ black; feathers of the ^ar/t yellow edged with black, of
the belly white edged with black ; legs blackifli.

l^rmofa. Brown ; crown black edged wjth white ; chin reddifli fpot-
ted with black ; wing-fpot black edged with tefta-
ceous, and marked on the fore-part with an oblique
green fpot. Baikal TeaL

S'Brown ; crown black ; head yellowifh-brown at the fides ^
behind the e)^s green with a curved black fpot.

Inhiibits the lake^fiai^a/, z)China: 15 inches long.

lixll black ; Icg'i dulky-rcd -, froin thte eye to the chin a curved
black Ipot, paler on the hind-part and edged with green ;
vape and fides of the neck waved ; vent black with a white
band and tawny at the fides ; middle tail feathers whitifh.

J^iiu^, Region of the eyes green. Hina TeaL

Inhabits China.

Bill foft, blackiflr-grey ; head and neck brown ; under the eyes
a white line ; neck and upper part of the Zfac/t fpotted with
•tjjack ; rump cinereous ; breaji. white, fpotted.

*■ Sparmar,'

BIRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas. 335

Sparman- Beneath dirty-white, above black varied with ferruginous
■nia. and white ; fcapulars white, edged and lined on the

dilk with rully-whitc.
Inhabits near Aboam ; 23 inches long.
' Bili and U^s black. ; tail ferruginous.

*CUr.gub. Varied with black and wliite ; head, tumid, violet ; at
each corrier of the mouth a large white fpot.

Golden Eye.

Inhabits Europry Afia and Kcrth America: 19 iiiches lono- ;

builds in the hollows of trees and preys on (hell-Hlh, mite,

fifh axid frogs.

Bill black ; irids golden, lower part of the neck^ hrcajl and

belly white ; back and rump black ; t(gs red.
female : head red-brown ; neck grey ; bre^afi, and bcUy white ;
zi'iKg-coverts varied with dulky and cinereous ; middle quill-
feathers white, the rell and tail bUck ; legs dulky,,

Pirfpicil' Black ; crown and nape white ; bill with a black fpot be-

^<ii<^- hind the noftrils. Black Duck.

\n\\!^\ts biortk America : at inches Ion*,

Bill and legs red ; crown and nape with a white tnangular fpot.

female lels, footy, without the ipot on the nape ; checks with

2 wiiitifli fpots,

*G!aucion, Body blackifli ; brcaft waved*; wing-fpot white, linear.

Morilloti.
Inhabits Europs, Afia and America ; lefs than A. clangula^
^Bilt yellowifli-bi-own ; irids golden ; head ferruginous ; collar
whiit with 4 border of grey beneath ; back and wing-coverts
dulky with a few white Jincs, the greater with large white
fpots ; taiUnd primary qui life at hers black, fecondary, breafi
and klJy white ; legs yellow.

Nova: Hif. White footted with -black ; head ttwny, varied with

■panix. blackilh and green-blue ; wing-coverts and vent blue ;

fpot between the bill and eye, and bar on the wings

^vhite. Mexican Duck.

Inhabits Mexico and Surinam ; fize of A. querquedula.

Bill blue, beneath black ; legs pale red ; middle quillfeathers

green without, tipt with tawny.
lemjiU, head an.d body above black, beneath varied black and
white ; U^s cinereous,

Malaiorhyn*

3^6 BIRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas.

Malaco' Blueifh-lead ; bill membranaceous at the tip ; crown green
f^nchps. ifh-a(h ; wings with a tranfverfe white fpot.

> . Soft-billed Duck,

Inhabits New Zealand ; 18 inches long.
Bill pale afh tipt with black ; legs dufky-piumbeous.

^Gkcitans Subcrefted, brown waved with black : head green : before
and behind the eyes a ferruginous fpot : bread with
black fpots ; wing-fpot green edged with white.

Bimdculated Duck.

Inhabits Siberia and England : 20 inches long.

Bill plumbeous, with a black nail ; irids and crown brown ; chin.
purple ; hreafi ferruginous fpotted with black ; crown and
iack brown waved with black ; Jlioulders, wing-coverts and
primary quilLJcathcrs cinereous, iecondary green edged with
white ; belly dufky, fpeckled ; tail-coverts green ; tail-fea-
thers 12, brown, edged with white, 2 middle ones black;
legs tawny.

^fMricana. Pale rufty waved yf\x\\ black : crown and front ochre :
wing-fpot large, white : wings and tail brown.

■ ■ - American Wige on.

Inhabits /4?«mf a; fize of A. penelope : flefli good.
Bill lead-colour tipt with black ; hind-head and neck varied
with white and black ; behind the eyes a black Ipot ; vent
black ; kgs dufky.

Capenfts, Dirty-white : back bay : wing-fpot bluciHi-grecn edged
with white. Cape fJlgeon.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; ,15 inches long.
Bill red, black at the bafe ; head fpeckled with dufky ; le.gf red,

* Penelope. Tail a little pointed : vent black : head brown : front
white: back cinereous waved. IVigeqn.

2. Throat cinereous waved : wing-fpot filvery. ' *

Inhabits Europe^ v4/Jfl and Africa: iq incheis long; flefh good.

Bill lead-ccj-our with a black jiail ; head and upper part of the
neck red with blackifh fpots; breafi claret; body above
waved w-ith cinereous and blackifh ; wing-fpot blue-green,
black before and behind ; tding-fioverts variad brown and
white ; belly white ; legs le^d-colour.

legale wavedbrown, brcaft paVer ; fggs pale brown, a little
waved.

*Acuta,

BIRDS. ANSESES. 31- Anas. 327

"Acuta. Tail pointed, long, beneath black ; hind-head each fide

with a white line \ back cinereous waved. Pin-tail,

Inhabits America, £urope uiid AJia ; 28 inches long ; tkih

good.
Bill black, blucifh at the fides ; head ferruginous ; throat
white, a little fpotted ; body beneath white •, zcin^s brown,
thtfpot violet, on the fore-part ferruginous, hind-part black,
and white •, tail brown, edged with white, 2 middle feethcrs
longer.
Female lefs ; wing-fpot ftraw-colour edged with white.

*Ferrugi. Reddi(h-brown ; bill dilated and rounded at the tip ; legs

nea. blueilh. Ferruginous Duck,

Inhabits Sweden, Denmark, rarely England; weight 20

ounces.
Bill long, the mandibles ferrate at the edges ; body beneath pale,

*Glacialis. Tail pointed, long ; body black, beneath white.

Long-tailed Duck.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and Aynerica : let's than A. acuta.

BiH black, orange in the middle ; head on the fore-part and
tides rcddifli-grey, hind-part, breajl and belly white ; fcapu-
lars long, white : fides of the neck with a black fpot ; lower
part of the breajl, back, wings and tail chocolate ; 4 middle
tail-feathers black, 2 middle ones longer, the rell white ; legs
duflcy-red or blackifh.

Female, tail fhorter, wed^^ed ; body varied with blackifii. ru-
fous and grey ; back black ; collar and lower part of the
belly white.
2« Blackifh-brown, beneath white ; head pale grey at the
fides ; orbits white ; hind-head, chin and neck fpot-
ted with brown ; wirtgs with a reddifh-brovvn fpot.

Inhabits the ifland Oedel,

Fulva, Tawny \ back, fhoulders, wings and rump tranfverfely
ftrcaked with tawny and brown ; tail varied with
white and black. Mexican Pochard.

Inhabits Mexico, Bill znd legs Am^w ; ^'^'ej^black.

*Ferina, Cinereous waved ; head brown ; pectoral band, vent and

rump black. Pochard. Red-headed fPlgeon,

2. Blackifh ; head and neck chefnut; bread and belly varied

with brown and cinereous ; wuigs varied white and

grey.

IniubitS

3^8 BIRDS. ANSERES; 31. Anas.

Inhabits Europe^ Afia and America ; ig inches long ; flcfh good.
Sill broad, blue, tipt with black ; irids tawny ; head and

neck bay ; i>reaji and upper part of the hack blatk ; fcapu-

lars and inner wing-coverts undulate with black and white ;

belly whitirti with dufity lines at the fides ; legs lead-colour.
Female darker; head pale rcddifli-brow'n ; icmg- coverts and

belly cinereous.

Lurida, Black ; head chefnut ; brcaft with tranfvcrfe red lines.

Lurid Duck.

Inhabits fouthem Rujfia : larger than A. crecca.

Near the mouth. 2. white fpot ; belly whitifli fpotted with
blickifh, on the fides and vent fnowy j quill-feathers varied
with cinereous and black ; tdil-Jeathcrs 12, black.

Kekujhka* Ochre-yellow, beneath fnowy ; back cinereous : rump
and tail deep black j quill-feathers 15 — 19 tipt with
white. Cii/pian Duck.

Inhabits the Ca/pian Sea ; near 20 inches long ; flefla rancid.

*Otier^u:m Spot on the wings green ; above the eyes a white line.
^"^'^- . Gargafiey.

Inhabits Afta and Europe : 17 inches long.

Bill lead-colour ; crozvn dufky with oblong ftreaks ; cheeks and
r.eck purple with white ftreaks ; breaji light-brown with fe-
mitiicular black bars? belly white, lower part and vent
Ipeckled ; firft quill-Jcathers cinereous, outer webs of the
middle ones green ; fcaputars long, narrow, ftriped with
wlntc, afh-coiour and black ; tail duflcy ; legs lead-colour.

female with an oblcure white mark over the eye ; plumai's
brownilh-afn ; zvingj without the green fpot,

*Crecca. Wing-fpot green ; a white line above and beneath the
^ycs. Ccmmon Teal.

2. Wing-fpot varying in colour ; body above brown-afli, be-

neath rufous-white, with black fpots on the belly.

3. Cheek, chin and body beneath white-rufous ; wing-fpot

without black.

Inhabits Europe and Afia : 14 inches long.

Bill black ; trids hazel ; head and neck bright bay ; behind
the eyes to the nape a broad green band, terminating beneath
ir a white line ; My whitifh with tranfverfe blackilh linc---

abovf ;

ilRDS. ANSERES. 3i-Anas. 32^

above ; fore-part of the neck and brcaji with round blaclc
fpots ; wing-fpot green, edged beneath with white, above ob-
liquely black ; •w^n^blick in the mictdle,
Fanale, head and 7ieck varied with whitifh and brown ; vent
. totally white.

CaYollenJis, Waved with black ancJ white ; head and ifpper part ©f the
neck chefnut ; throat and breaft fpotted with black ;
wing-fpot green \ line beneath the eyes and humeral
arch white. American TeaL

Inhabits America^ from Carolina to Iludfoji's Bay.

From the eyes to the hind-head each fide a gf^en ftripe ; xcing-
coverts brown ; legs dufky.

Female reddifli-brown^alh fpotted with black.

Jlijirionica Variegated with brown, white and blue ; ears,' double line
on the temples, collar and perioral bar white.

Harlequin Dud..

Inhabits America and Exirope : 17 inches long.
Billind legs black ; zoing-fpot blue with a white tranfverfc line.
Female grey ; firft quill-feathers blackiflj ; upper viandiblc whi.te
at the bafe ; ears white,

Fufce/cens. Brownifh ; head and neck paler ; wings cinereous, fpot
blue tipt with white ; tail dufky. Broivn Duck*

Inhabits /Jmmca: 16 inches long.

£ill thick at the bafe, blueilh tipt with black ; Ircaji rufty-
Waved,

Poecilo. Black ; cheeks anct part of the throat cinereous ; wing-fpot
rhyncha, green, above white, beneath bounded with white and

black 4 fecondary (juill-teathers white.

Spottcd-hUhd Duck.
Inhabits Ceylon^

Bill long, black, a red ^pot each fide the bafe and tipt with
white ; band acrols the eyes black ; vent black ; legs yellow.

Damiatica White ; head, upper part of the neck, {houlders and tip
of the tail bbck ; nape with a ferruginous lunuk ;
wings greenifh-black. Dcnuatta Duck'

Inliabits Northern Afnce. ; larger than A. bolchas.

Vol, I. — U « 'DifiQTS,

330 BIRDS. ANSERES. 31.A1US.

Difcors, Wing-ccverts blue ; fecondary quill-fcathers green with-
out ; band on the front white.
-2. Cap and tail black ; greater wing-coverts with a white
fpot ; fecondary quill-fcathcrs without, chin and belly
white.

Inhabits America : 14 inches long ; feeds on corn ; flefli good.

Head Tind neck violet; cap :m(kbilt black ; before the eyes eack
fide a white ftreak : body brown waved with grey ; zving-fpot
green, the upper part edged with white ; ki^s yellow.

Female, head, neck and body vaaied with grey and brown.

Viduaia, Brown ; fore-part of the head white 5 legs blue.

Spanijh Duck.
Inhabits the lakes of Carthagena in America : lefs than

A. autumnalis.
BUI, eyes and longitudinal ftreak from the chin through the
middle of the brcaji and belly black ; chin white ; mck ru-
fous ; feathers of the belly dirty-white, fpotted with black
at the edge ; back and wings black-blue ; thighs blackifh.

Jacquini. Chefnut ; back blackifh ; bill and legs black.

Jacquin's Duck,
Inhabits St, Domingo : fize of the lafl ; voice Ihrill.

Doviinica- Grey-afh ; face and chin white; band acrofs the eyes,
'^^' hind-head, neck and breall black. Dominican Duck.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; fize of A. bofchas.
Bill and kgs black ; body beneath paler.

Avtumna-
lis.

Grey ; wings, tail and belly black ; w^ng-fpot tawny and

white. Red-billed whijiling Duck.

Inhabits 50 ziM America ; 21 inches long ; fits on trees ; is eafily

tamed, but very quarrelfome.
Bill red, tipt with black ; irids. hazel ; croum, back znAfcapii-

lars chefnut ; breaji and armpits yellowifh-afh ; uiing-coverts-

cinereous ; legs yellow.

Labrador a Brown ; head and neck reddifh-whitc ; collar and perioral
band black; fcapular and fecondary quill-featheis
^^hite. Pied Duck.

Inhabits Labradore : 19 inches long.

Bill orange at the bafe, the lower mandible dufky ; from the

BIRDS. ANSERES. 31- Anas. 331

crown to the nape-z black ftreak ; head and neck Inclinirtg to
rufous; /f^j yellow.
Female bciieath wlntini ; zvings with a white fpot -, legs black.

Svpercilt- Grey ; eyebrows white ; chin and throat dirty-white ;
<:/a. wing-ipot green-blue, edged with black.

Supercilious Duck.
Inhabits New Zealand ; 21 inches long.

Bill plumbeous, tipt with black ; baud beneath the eyes white;
legs dulky-alli.

Curvirof' Black ; middle tail-feathers (of the male) recurvate ; chin
^^^. with an oval white fpot j bill hooked.

Curve-billed Dud.
Inhabits the Netherlands ; larger than A. bofchas.
Irids tawny ; head, neck and rump greenifh-black ; 5 outer
quill-Jeathers white ; chin white ; wing-fpot deep ftiiningbluc.

* Bofchas. Cinereous ; middle tail-feathers (of the male) recurvate ;
billftraight; collar white. Mallards IVild Duck,

2. Varies in its colours by domeftication. Tame Duclt.

3. Back footy ; much larger.

4. Size of 3 ; body tinged with grey.

5. Back black fpotted with yellowifh ; fize of 3.

6. Bill hooked.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and America, about ftagnant waters^;
£3 inches long ; feeds on fiogs, fnails and almoft any filthy
■(ub fiance ; builds Ibmetimes near waters, fometimes in treae ;
lays 10—16 blueifli -white eggs.

Bill greenifh-yellow -, head ana neck glofify-grcen ; fcapulars
white with waved brown lines ; back brown ; vent black-
green ; breaji chefnut ; belly grey ; wing-fpot violet-green,
edged above with a black and a wliite line ; 2 middle taiU
Jeathers dark-green, recurvate.

Female reddifli-brown fpotted with black.

GalericU' Pendent creft and hind-part of the back each fide with a
lata, recurved, compreffed, elevated feather. Chinefe Duck.

Inhabits China and Japan ; fomething lefs than A. penelope.
Bill red ; irids chefnut ; crejl green and red ; legs tawny ;
back brown, fhining with blue-green ; mng-fpot blue-green,
the lower edge white ; wings brown ; belly white ; <ai7 pointed,
brown, edged with blue-gi'een ; legs tawny.
Female with 2 black flreaks on the wings ; bread with round
krown fpots.

U u a Sponfi.

1-32 BIRDS. ANSERES. 31. Anas.

^ponfa. Pendent creft double, varied with green, blue Ind white.

Summer Duck.

■ \ Inhabits the warm and temperate parts of Avienca : 19 inches

long ; migrates, and builds in the holes or branches of trees.

£iU and legs red ; crefi ftriate -, irids flame-colour ; chin white ;

neck and breaji claref, the latter with triangular white ipots j

iack brown ; /capillars blue-green ; Jlanks whitifli with

black lines.

Female lels ; body bi^own, beneath dirty-white, A-aricd with

brown and triangular whitifh fpots.

4rborea, Brown ; head fubcreftcd ; belly fpotted with white and

black. Black-billed whijiling Duck.

Inhabits Guiana and Jamaica ; migrates in winter to Carolina ;

lefs than A. bolchas ; fits and builds in trees.
l^illhhck ; crouni dullcy ; hind-head, back and JJioidders brown ;
temples 2.c\A f/iz?z white; throat white and with the rufous
breaji fpotted with black ; icings and tail dufky ; legs long,
lead-colour.

Crijlata. Crefled ; cinereous ; throat fpotted with pale flraw-colour ;
wing-fpot blue, beneath edged with white ; wings
and pointed tail black. Crcjied Duck.

Inhabits Statenland : 28 inches long.
£j7Z black ; irids xtdi\ croa;?i dufky.

0bfcura, Brown, beneath edged with yellow ; wing-fpot blue with
atranveife black bar, tail wedged, dulky, edged with
white. Dujky Duck.

Inhabits New York ; 2 feet long.
BUI, crown, primary quill-feathers and legs dufky ; neck pale.

IJlandica. Crcfted ; black ; tjiroat, breafl: and belly white ; legs faf-
fron. Iceland Duck.

Inhabits Iceland,

'Novx See- Black, beneath afliy ; quill-feathers cinereous, the fecon-
landi(£. dary with a white band ; tail dirty-green.

New Zealand Duck.
Inhabits New Zealand y 15 inches long.

^iiJ^blueini-white, with a black nail at the tip ; head zn6.neck
purplifli J wings and upper part of the body green ; legs
pale afh.

Rufina,

BIRDS." ANSERES. -i.Anas. 33^

liujina. Black ; head and upper part of the neck teflaceous ; crown
reddifh, (of the male) crefled ; wings beneath and at
the edge white ; tail brpwn. Rcd-crejied Duel.

Inhabits the Cafpian Sea and the lakes of vaft delers of Tar^
tnry ; lolitaay ; is Ibmetimes found in Italy and Barbery. ^

^lU carmine ; irids brown ; creji rounded^ tumid ; kgs brown,
red on the fore-part.

Female brown ; bill reddifli ; crejl o.

Nyraca. Olive-black; head, throat, bread and flanks chefnut;
belly white ; rump black ; vt-nt fnowy.

Olive-tufied Duch.
Inhabits the Tanais : i6 inches long ; feeds on vegetables,

leeds, and fometimcs fifn ; migrates ; flefh good.
Male; head tumid behind, not crcllcd ; irids whitifli.
Female ; lefs, dirty-reddifli where the male is chefnut ; belly
whitini, waved ; back more inclining to rufous,

Arabica. Grey fpottcd ; beneath and runap whitifli with cinereous
fpots ; wing-fpot blackifh, white on the fore and
hind-part. Arabian Duck,

Inhabits Arabia.

Bill yellow, black in the middle ; legs yellowilh.

Alexandri- Bill and rump black • neck cinereous, with white femi-
na. circles ; belly whitilli without fpots.

Alexandrian Duck,

Inhabits Alexandria : legs yellowifh-afh.

Cattair. Brown ; wings above black, beneath white, edged with
brown j quill-feathers 4 — 20, white in the middle.

Egyptian DucJc,
Inhabits Alexandria.

Bill brown, beneath black ; chin black ; belly and tail-coverts
white ; legs blue-afh,

Sirjkir, Bill beneath yellow ; wing-fpot obliquely divided, upper
l^alf filky-green, lower black, before and behind
white.

Inhabits Arabic.

Bill lead-colour ; chin white ; crown brown ; back brown,
the feathers edged with, white ; belly whitifh ; legs grey.

Balhl.

334 BIRDS. ANSERES. 32. Mergus,

BalbuL Bill black*; wing-fpot above obliquely green, beneath qb-
liquely black.
Inhabits Cahira ; is probabjy a variety of the laft.
Body cinej-eous ; head (of the male) brown ; temples with a
hi'ge re.ddifla-grecn ^ot ; rump gx^eenifti-blaf k ; Ifgs cinereous.

'luhgula. Crefl pendent ; body black ; belly and wing-fpot white.

Tiiftcd Duck.
1. Brown ; head, bill and legs black.
3. Black ; back brown ; head and beginning of the neck

rufous.
4* Beneath white ; head and neck rufous.

Itihabits Europe atid Xorth Afia ; i6) inches long.
Bdl broad, livid, tipt with black ; iriii golden ; head greenifh ;
■ faoulders blackilh-brown, with pale ftraw-colourcd dots ;

legs dufky-blue.
Female brownifh without the crefl;. In the young bird the.
~ head, veck ind. brcafl ^k chelautj and the 3a l.^, wings and
tailh{a.ck.

32. MERGUS. jBi// toothed, flender, cylin-
drical, hooked at the point : noftrils
fmall, oval, in the middle of the bill :
feet 4-toed, the outer toe longefl.

Merganfer.

CucuUatus. Creft globular, white each fide ; body above brown, be-
neath white. Crejied M.

Inhnbhs North America ; I'j inches long-, builds near lakes,
forming its nell of grafs, and down plucked from its own
breaft ; lays 4 — 6 white eggs.

Bill and legs black •, irids golden ; creji larger than the head,
edged with black.

Female brown ; crejl lefs, ferruginous.

,*'Mergan' Subcrefted ; white; head, neck, upper part of the breafl
J-'^' and wings glolTy-black ; tail cinereous.

Goofander.
Inhabits

BIRDS; ANSERES. 32. Mergus. 335

Inhabits northern parts of Europe, Afia and America; 2-8
inclics long •, builds fometimcs in trees, but generally among
rocks, feeds on fifh ; its flefh ii rancid.
BiUi Legs and irids red ; greater qiull-Jtather s black, Iciler
' \v-hite.

^Cajlor, Crcfled, cinereous ; head and upper part of the neck bay ;
chin, middle quill-feathers and belly white.

Dun-diver.
Inhabits with the lafl ; 23 — 27 inches^long.
BiU 7iX\6. iridsxtt(}t; belly lometimes Hefh-colour,

*Scrrator, Crtft: pendent; brcaft variegated with rcddifli ; collar

white ; tail-feathers brown varied with cinereous.

Red-brenjied M.
Inhabits northern parts of Europe^ Afia and America: 2t

inches long.
Bill beneath and legs red ; feathers of the fides of the bre.'tfl

large, white, edged with black, covering the fore-part of

the folded wings.
Male, hind-head cvc^itd ; head and upper part of the yjeck green.
Fenials fcarcely crefted ; head and beginning of the neck rufous,

2. Above black, beneath white ; greater quill-feathers black ;

tail brown ; variety of the male.

3. Above black, beneath white ; neck bay ; wings with a

tranfverfe white ftripe; greater quill-feathers and tail
black ; variety of the female.

Imper talis, y^r'ied with black, brown and grey; head fmooth ; firil
quill-feathers black ; wing-fpot o ; bill and legs red-
difh-white. Imperial Goojander,

Inhabits Sardinia ; fize of a goofe ; tongue fringed.

*Albdlus, Crcfi: pendent ; hind-head black ; body white ; back and
temples black ; wings variegated.

Sinew. White Nun*

Inhabits fwro^e and America; 16 — 17 inches long.

Bill and legs black; wing-fpot white; nape, oval fpot from
the bill lurrounding the eyes, back, and 2 arched lines each
fide near the beginning of the icings black.

Female, head fmooth, ^rey ; band acrofs the eyes black, and
under the eyes a white fpot ; body above blackilh-browoj
beneath white ; upper part of the head bay ; chin white.

*MinutuS9

336 ilRDS. ANSERES. 33. Alca.

*Minv.tus, Brown-afh, beneath and chin white ; head and upper part
of the neck ferruginous \ wing-fpot white before and
J)ehind. Minute M.

2. Head fmooth ; back black; belly white; bill and legs
blood-red ; firft quill-feathers black ; tail cinereous.
Inhabits with the laft, 2) Afiracajt ; 14T inches long ; ver.y
much refembles the female of the laft, but wants the blacli
oval eye-fpot.

Furcifcr. Black ; head fmooth ; hind-head, neck, vent, belly and
lateral tail-feathers white 5 front and checks pale
brown ; tail forked. Fork-tailed AL

Inhabits Curoyiia.

Bill black ; dirty-red at the fides ; from the ears each fide,
through the fides of the neck to the breaft a black band.

Fufcus. Crcfted ; brown, beneath white ; chin and breaft fpotted
with black; wings black with a white band.

Bro'Lvu M.
Inhabits Hudfon's Bay ; i^i inches long.,
Ilind-head crefted ; behind the eyes a white band extending to
the nape ; lower part of the crejl black ; breajl blueifli waved
with whitifli ; legs yellowifh,

Cctrukus. Crefted ; blue ; crown and tail black ; chin, belly and
fpot on the wings white. Blue M.

Inhabits Hudfon'e Bay ; 14 inches long.
Bill long, black ; legs blue.

'1^^. ALCA. Bill toothlefs, fliort, compref-
fed, convex, often tranfverfely fur-
rowed; lower mandible gibbous near
the bafe : nojiriis linear : legs (moflly)
3-toed. Auk.

Thefi birds principally inhabit the ArRiz. Seas ; are very ftupid,
and build in rabbits* holes and fiffures of rocks ; lay one
egg ; their colour is pretty uniform ; above black, beneath
wlute ; the body is (haped like a duck's, the bill with ob-
lique, curved lines tcning t« the point, which is fliarp.

*ArHica»

BIRDS. ANSERES. 33.AIca. 337

*Aritica. Bill comprefled, 2-edged, with 4 grooves ; orbits arid tem-
ples while ; upper eye-lid daggered. P^ffi^'
2. Crown cinereous ; chin and body above black, beneath
white.

Inhabits the northern feas of Europe, Afia and America in vaft;
flocks; 12 inches long ; fcids on fmall fifh, crabs and fea-
weeds ; flefh rank except when very young ; eggs excellent.

Body Hack ; cheeks, breajt and belly white ; bill red, with 2
black bafe ; upper eye-lid with a iharp fielhy point ; U^s red.

Labradora Bill carinate, the lower mandible angular ; noftrils covered
with a duflcy membrane. Labradore Auk,

Inhabits Labradore ; 12 inches long.

Bill narrow, upper mandible dufky-red, lower whitifh, with
a black fpot near the tip ; orbits and temples whitilh ; chin^
tilings and tail dulky *, kgs red.

Tmpennis. Bill comprelThd, edged ; an oval fpot each fide before the
eyes. Pevguiti. Great Auk.

Inhabits Europe and America ; 3 feet long ; is timid ; cannot
fly, and feeds on fifti ; egg 6 inches long, white, with pur-
plifli lines and fpots.
Bill black, with 8 — 10 grooves ; wings fliort, appearing to be
only the rudiments ; fecondafy quill- jeathers tipt v/ith white-;
legs black.

^ Tor la. Bill with 4 grooves, and a white line each fide as far as the
eyes. Ra-z.or-hiH.

Inhabits Europe and North America; 18 inches long; lays
1 whitifli-brown egg va'ied with yellowifh, and irregular
purple fpots, in inaccefilble rocks and precipices.
Bill black, v/ith 4 tranlverie grooves, the larked white ; bod^
black, beneath from the middle of the throat white ; iecon-
dary quill-feathtrs tipt with white : leys black ; in the young
bird tiie bill has but one groove. ^i;.a in the ftlU younger
there is no line from the bill to the eyesi

Crifiatella, Bill comprefled, a little grooved; body blackifh ; back with
• • rufty fpots ; creft frontal, bending forwards.

Crejied AiiL
, - Inhabits the Iflands between Af.a and America ; a toot long ;
is llupid a:nd eafily caught ; lays in rabbits' holes or clefts.
Bill red ; crejl with 6 or 7 feathers longc" hau the reft ; be-
hind the eyes each fide a white band ; tongue thickift, entire j ^
rump hoary ; legs livid.

Vol. I. ^ X r Tetfacula,

338

BIRDS. ANSERES.

Alca.

Tetranda. Bill fmooth, comprclTed ; body black, beneath cinereous ;

rpot on the nape and lateral tail-feathers at the tip

riirty ; front fubcreftcd. Dujky Auk.

Inhabits the fea between Japan and Kamtfchatka; ii inches

Bill yellowifh-bro\vn, \vith a whitifli keel ; irids white, ivith
a black circle ; face long, covered Math rcflefted feathers ;
behind the eyes a white llreak ; legs livid.

PJittacula. Bill comprcflcd, with a fingle groove in each mandible ; a

white fpot on the upper eyelid, between and under the

eyes. Perroquet Auh.

Inhabits with the laft ; is often the figrt of approaching land to

Icamen ; egg dirty-white fpotted with brown.
Bill red ; cere o, inftead of which is a fmall leathery wrinkle ;
noflrils pervious ; tongue fubulate, curved, nearly triangular,
channelled above ; tail very fhort ; legs yellow.

,Cirrata. Black ; bill with 4 grooves ; fides of the head, area of
the eyes and angle of the chin white ; eyebrows with
a long yellowifh tuft. Tufted Auk.

Inhabits Kamtfchatka and the adjacent iflands ; 19 inches long;
lives, on the water for days together, but does not go far
from land : feeds on fhell-fifh, which it opens with its bill.

Bill and legs red ; front, fides of the head and chin white.

Female lefs ; bill with 2 grooves ; tuft fhorter ; egg white,

*Alk, Bill fmooth, conic ; beneath and tips of the hind-quill-

feathers white y legs black. Little Auk,

1' Totally white.
3. Breail rufous.

Inhabits Europe and America ; g inches long.
Bill fhort, black ; back with a few dulky lines ; fecondary
quill-feathers tipt with white ; above the eyes a white dot.

Antiqua. Bill black, whitilh at the bafe j feathers of the neck long,
linear, white. Ancient Auk.

Inhabits iflands of the Northern Sea ; 11 inches long.
Crozon and chin black; body above footy, beneath white,

Pygmcta. Bill carinate, deprelTed at the bafe ; body black, beneath

cinereous. Pigmy^Aai:.

Inhabits the iflands between Afia and America ; -y inches long.

Bill black, carinate on the back, a little curved at the tip ;

body footy-black ; middle of the belly and chin whitifli ; legs

blackifli,

34. APTENODYTES.

BIRDS. ANSESES. 34. Aptenodytes. 339

34. APTENODYTES. Bill flraight, a little
comprefled and fharp-edged ; the up-
per mandible longitudinally obliquely
grooved, the lower truncate at the
tip : tongue with reflefted prickles :
wings lin-fliaped, without quill-fea-
thers : feet fettered, 4-toed. Penguin,

This genus much refemblcs the lafl: in colour, food, ftupidity,
cgg5, neft, pofition of the legs behind the equilibrium, and
conlequent ereft pofture ; they are totally unfit for flight, but
fwim dexteroufly ; nojlrils linear, hid in the groove of
the bill; palate as well as the tongue befet with a few
rows of conic, retroflefted, ftiff papillae ; wings covered
with a llrQng, broad membrane ; tail fhort, wedged, the
feathers very rigid.

Chryfoco. Bill redd ilh -brown ; legs reddifh ; frontal crefl black, crc6l,
Vif' auricular, fulphurrcoiour, flicd each fide. Crejied P.

Inhabits Falkland IJlands, and the louthern parts of New Hol-
land ; 23 inches long ; erefts the creil when irritated ; dc-
pofits its egg in a naked neft dug irl the earth, among
pelecans.
Body blueifh-black, beneath white ; wings beneath white.
Female with a yellowilh ftripe on the eyebrow.

Patachoni- Bill and legs black ; ears with a golden fpot.

ca, Patagontan P.

Inhabits Falkland IJlands and New Guinea : 4 feet 3 inches

long.
Lower mandible tawny at the bafe ; irids hazel ; head and hind-
part of the neck brown ; back black-blue j breajl, belly and
vent white,

Papua, Bill and legs reddifh ; hind-head with a white fpot.

Papuan P.
Inhabits with the laft ; 2-| feet long.
Upper mandible tipt with black, lower faffron ; irids yellow.

'Antardica Bill black ; legs reddifli j line on the thrqat white.

AntarSiic T,
X X s Inhabits

340

^IRDS. ANSERES. 34. Aptcnodytcs>

Inhabits the Southern Ocean ; 25 inches long.

Bill Ihorter than the head ; irids yellowilh ; foks black.

Magelta^ Bill black ; legs reddjfli ; eyebrows white ; pectoral band
nica. ^nd collar round the middle of the neck black.

Magellanic P-
Inhabits Falkland IJlands ; fize of the lafl.
Bill with a tranfverie purplifh band; irids reddifli -brown;
legs with a few black Ipots.

t)tniirja. Bill and legs black j eyebrows and pectoral band white.

Cape P.
2. Bill black, with a -white bar ; eyebrows white ; pedoral

band black.
3* Bill black, with ^ white bar ; chin and orbits black.

Inhabits the y|/ifd;?/.?'c and AntarEiic Seas: chiefly round the

Cape of Good Hope: 21 inches long ; lays 2 white eggs.
BUI blackifh, with a pale band towarcls the tip ; body above
black, beneath white ; fides of the head and chin grey ; legs
black or rcddifh.

Catarrac^ Bill and legs red ; head bro^Yn. Red-foofed P.

^^^' Each mandible pointed, the lower a little hooked ; body above

dirty-purple, beneath white ; wings brown, fringed with
white.

Torjuata, Bill and legs black ; area of the eyes naked, blood-red ;
collar extending- half way round, white. Collared P.
Inhabits New Guinea and New Georgia ; 18 inches long.
Bill, irids and legs black ; area of the ey^s oval ; body above
black, beneath white.

Little P.
digs deep holes in

Minor. Bill black ; legs white.

Inhabits New Zealand: 15 inches long

the earth, in which it lays its eggs.
Bill duflcy, the lower mandible glaucous at the bafe ; body

above blue-a{h, the feathers at the bafe deep-brown ; area of

the eyes brownifh-afli ; wings above dufky, beneath white ;

tail-Jeathcrs 16, fhort, rigid.

pnknfis. Body cinereous, downy. Chili P.

Inhabits Chili. Sijq of a duck. Feathers curled.

Moling,

BIRDS. ANSERES. 35. Procellam. 34^

Molmx. Varied with cinereous and blue, beneath white ; feet

3-tocd. Molins P.

Jnhabits Chili ; fiae of a duck ; lays 6 — -j white eggs, fpotted

with black, in the fand ; neck long.
Head linall, comprefTed ; bill {mall.

35. PROCELLARIA. Bill toothlefs, a lit-
|:le comprefled, hooked at the point ;
mandibles equal : nojlrils cylindrical,
tubular, truncate, lying on the bafe
of the bill : feet palmate ; the back-
toe pointing downwards, feflile, fharp,
a mere fpur. Petrel.

Tliere live chiefly at Tea, and except at breeding-time are ieldom
feen near land ; have the faculty of fpouting from their bills,
to a confiderable diftance, a large quantity of pure oil ; and
feed on the fat «f dead v^hales and other fi{h.

Obfcura, Black, beneath white ; membrane conneding the toes

tawny.
Inhabits North America; 13 inches long.
Bill black, homy at the fides ; nojlrils diftinft ; fides of the

neck varied >vith brow»i and white ; k^s black without, pale

within.

Pacijicc. Black, beneath dufky; legs fpotted with black.

Pacific P.
Inhabits in vaft flocks the iflands of the Pacific Ocean; 22

inches long*
Bill lead-colour, much hooked ; nojlrils elevated, oval, dif-
tinft, obliquely placed ; Ugt pale.

Cxrulea, Whitifh-blue, beneath white ; bill and legs blue. Blue P.

Inhabits the Southern Ocean; 12 inches long.

Sill black at the tip, and with the legs blueifh ; outer quill-Jea-
thers entirely, the next within, the reft tipt with white ; area
beneath the eyes and band on the breafi dufky.

Vittata, Blueifh -afh, beneath white ; legs black. Bread-billed P.
Inhabits the AntarHic Seas : lays in holes or rocks ; flies by
night in numerous flocks ; 1 2 inches long.

^ Bin

342 BIRDS. ANSERES. 35. Procellaria.

Bill blueifh-grey, very broad at the bafe, each mandible hooked,
and ferrate at the edges ; tongue very broad, flefhy ; temples
white ; beneath the eyes a black, ftrcak •■, quill and 6 middle
tail-feathers blackifla at the tip.

Urinatrix. Blackifh-brovvn, beneath w^hitc ; bill and chin black ; legs,
blue-green, without the fpur behind. Diving P.

Inhabits round New Zealand in numerous flocks ; 8|- inches
long ; dives remarkably well.

Lower mandible in the middle at the fides white ; irids dufky-
blue ; fkin of the chin lax.

*Pelagicii. Black ; rump white. Stormy P.

Inhabits mofl feas ; 6 inches long ; except in breeding-time is
feldom feen near the fliore ; braves the utmoft fury of ftorms,
fometimes Ikimming with incredible velocity along the hol-
lows of the waves, fometimes on the fummits ; if feen hovering
round the ftern^ of velfels, is a fure prelage to feamen of foul
weather.

Three outer tail-feathers whitifli at the bafe.
2. Black \ head and fides blueilh ; fcfag gieep ; wing-coyerts
and rump fpotted with green.

Fregata. Black, beneath white ; legs black. Frigate P.

Inhabits the Southern Seas ; 8^ Inches long.

Furcata. Silver-grey ; rump white ; tail forked ; legs black.

Fork-tailed p.
Inhabits the feas between Afia and America ; lo inches long.
Bill black, upper mandible much hooked -, inner flexure of the
wirigs black ; outer tailfeathers white on the outfide.

FuUginofu. Mixed black and brown ; head and neck footy ; tail forked;
wings, bill and legs black. Sooty P.

Inhabits Otaheite ; 1 1 inches long ; irids pale afh.

Marina, Back and wIng-coverts brown ; crown and neck blueifh-
afh ; rump blueifh ; cheeks and body beneath white.

Marine P.
Inhabits the Southern Ocean; 8? inches long.
Under the eyes each fide a cinereous ftreak ; legs black,

Defolatat Grcenifh-afli, beneath white ; wings and rounded tail
dulky, the latter tipt with brown. Brown-handed P,

Inhabits

BIRDS. ANSERES. 35. Procellarla. 343

Inhabits Defolation Ijland ; 1 1 inches long.

Bill black, tipt with yellowifh ; temples and area of the eyes

white ; legs brown, the membrane connetling the toes

yellow.

Kivea. Snowy ; fhafts of the feathers and bill black ; legs dufky-
blue. Snowy P.

Inhabits the colder parts of the South Sea ; 12 inches long.
BUI and legs blackilli-blue, the membrane pale.

Melanopus Black, beneath hoary ; legs pale ; frontlet and chin grey,
with minute blackilh fpots ; bill and part of the toes
black. BlacUocd P.

Inhabits North America: 13 inches long.

Bill black ; legs pale ; toes and connefting membrane half
black, half white.

*GlaciaUs,'WK\i\i\\ \ back hoary ^ bill and legs yellowifli.

Fulmar P.
2. White ; middle of the back hoary ; wings blackilh.

Inhabits the 5ouiAer?i and Northern Seas; i^ inches long; a
ftupid and fearlefs bird ; feeds on fifh, dead whales, and any
filthy matter ; flefh rancid.
Bill pale afh, yellowifh at the tip ; no fir Us compofed of 2 tubes
lodged in one {heath ; legs yellowifh-afli.

Cinerca. Cinereous; beneath white; tail black; bill yellowifh ;
legs blueifli. Cinereous P.

Inhabits the AntarEiic circle ; 2o| inches long.
Tail rounded, above black, beneath whitifh ; legs pale, the
membrane yellowifli ; breaji and belly ibmetimes blackilh.

Gigantea, Brownifh fpotted with white ; beneath white ; fhoulders,
wings and tail brown ; bill and legs yellow.

Giant P.
Inhabits the -r4r<5?ic and ylni(2rc?fc Seas; migrates, and flies ia

flocks •, 40 inches long.
At the angles of the mouth a naked, wrinkled, yellow mem-
brane; /eei 5-toed? connefting membrane dufky.

Brajiliana Blackilh ; lower part of the neck yellow. Brafilian P.
Inhabits Brajil ; lize of a goofc ; frequents the mouths of ri-
vers,' and makes its nell on the fhore.
Head rounded, tumid ; neck long.

y£auinoC'j

344 BIRDS. ANSiiRES. 35. Procellaril

jEquinoc- Browii^ without fpots ; bill yellow ; legs brown.
tidlis»- Black P.

2. Legs reddifh-black.

inhabits the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand, 2) Kamt^
fckatka ; 23 inches long ; 2) half as large again; chin fome- ,
times white.

Grifca. Sooty; lower wing-coverts white; bill brown; legs
blueifh on the fore-part. Grey P.

Inhzhits the Southern Heinifphere s 14 — 15 inches long;

Cdida. Blueifli-afh 5 back blackifh ; chin, throat and breaft ^
white ; bill yellow ; legs blue. G/acial P.

Inhabits the Icy Seas : 19 inches long.

Tube of the nojlrils, edges of the mandibles, back of the up-
per and tip of the lower black.

Alba. Blackifli-brown ; breaft, belly and vent white.

White-hreafied P.
2. Sooty, beneath cinereous; face varied with white and
brown ; legs yellowifli ; toes and membrane half
black.
Inhabits iflands of the Pacific Ocean : 16 inches long.
Bill black ; chin whitifh ; tail rounded ; legs brown.

Antardica Brown, beneath blueifh-\Vhite ; tail white tipt ■y^'ith black ;
legs lead-colour- Antar^ic P.

Inhabits the AntarBic circle ; 16 inches long.
^j7/ brown tipt with black ; in^j hazel ;■ iecondary quill-fea-
thers white tipt with dufky -brown ; rump white.

Capen/is. Variegated Svith white and brown. Pintado P.

2f Variegated with yellowifh and brown.

Inhabits the Southern Hemijphere j 14 inches long.
Bill md legs black ; temples white and black.

*Jl*uJi7ius. Above black, beneath white ; legs rufous. Shearwater P.
2. Above cinereous, beneath white ; tail clear white.

Inhabits the Southern and Ardic Seas ; 15 inches long.

Bill yellow tipt with black, 2) bltck ; hind-head whitilh-afli ;
fpurious uings fpotted with black ; firft quill and tail-fea-
thers brown without, white within ; legs often brown.

36. DIOMEDEA.

filRDS. ANSERES. 36. Dlomcdea, 344

36. DIOMEDEA. Bill ftraight; upper
mandible hooked at the point, lower
truncate : nojlrils oval, wide, promi-
nent, lateral : /^^7?^z^^ very f mall : feet
4-toed, all placed forward. Albatrofs»

Exulans. White; back and wings with white lines ; bill pale yel-
low ; legs flelli-colour j quill-feathers black ; tail
rounded, lead-colour.

PVandering A. Mati of tvar bird.

2. Brown, ^above blackifh ; bill red, tipt with blackilh ;

down cinereous, whitifh towards the head.

3. White ; region of the Ihoulders, wings and tail blackifli-

brown ; head and upper part of the neck deep ftraw-
colour ; upper mandible white or reddilh, lower red-,
with a white keel.

Inhabits moll leas, but chiefly within fhe Tropics ' 3f^-4 f^^t
long ; feeds on fifh and moilufcx ; is gregarious, and mi-
grates ; lays numerous white eggs on Ihore, as large as thofc
of a goofe, whole white is laid not to be hardened by boil-
(ing ; flefli hard.

BilL grooved, dirty-yellow ; noftriU remote from the bafe. ridng
out of the furrow ; legs flcfh-colour ; tail-feathers 14 ;
thighs naked; wings When extended 10 — '13 feet.

Spadiceai Bill whitifh ; body deep chefnut-bfcJwn j belly pale ; face
and wings beneath whitifh. Chocolate ^,>

Inhabits the Pacific Ocean ; 3 feet long.
Irids brown ; legs blueifh-wlute ; cl^iivs white,
2. Entirely grey-brown ; bill and leg? pale.
Inhabits China : 2i feet Icmg. ; ■

Chloro- White ; bill black, keel of the upper mandible and

T'nynchcs» bafe of the lower yellow j body above black-blue,

beneath white. Ttllcw-nafed A.

Inhabits the Pa.cifc Ocean ; about 3 feet long.

Irids brown ; nape and rump white ; legs pale-yellow, the fore-J

part and connedling membrane dulky.

Vol, I. ~ Y y Tulip-

3^6 BIRDS. ANSERE3.. 37. Pelccanus.

J^ulip/iofa. Brown ; head, bill, tail, quill-feathers and claws footy-
brown ; area of the eyes white. Sooty A.

Inhabits ieas within the Antarclic circle ; 3 feet long.
Irids yellowifli ; feathers of the wings and tail with a white
fhaft, the latter pointed ; legs lead-colour.

37. PELECANUS. Bill ftraight, hooked
at the point and furnifhed with a
nail : nojlrils an obhterated flit : face
nakedifh : legs equally ballancing the
body, all the 4 toes palmate. Felecan.

Thefs are extremely expert at catching fifh with their long
bills, and are often tamed for that purpofe ; are veiy vora-
cious and gregarious ; the claw of the middle-toe is fre(|uently
ferrate.

A. Bill without teeth.

Onccrota- White ; gullet pouched. ff'hite P.

liif- Inhabits Afia, Africa and South America j 5 feet long ; feeds

on fifh, which it catches by dipping its bill in the water,
and devours them fn\ a neighbouring rock ; makes its nefton
the banks of rivers, and lays 2 white eggs, fometimes in dry
deferts, when it carries water in its pouch to the young.
Bill 15 — 16 inches long-, red, when young yelUow, upper
mandible depreffed, broad, the lower forked ; gular pouch
flaccid, membranaceous, capable ©f great diflention ; irids
hazel ; gape of the mouth large ; head naked at the fides, co-
vered with a flefh-colour fkin ; hind-head fubcrefled ; hdy
with a tinge of pale flefh-colour ; fpurious zvings and firfl
quill-feathers black ; legs lead-colour.

Rofeus, Rofy ; gullet pouched. Rofe-cohured P.

Inhabits Manilla ; fize of a goofe.
Bill and legs black ; area of the eyes naked, and pouch yellow.

. "Bufcus. Ginereous-brown ; gullet pouched. Brown P.

Inhabits America : 4 feet long.

Bill blueifh-red. tipt with black ; irids afliy ; pouch dirty-blue
with red lines : hind-head fubcrefted, and with the neck whitilh ;
primary fwj7/-/eflf/ier J black ; tail feathers 18 ; legs plumbeous.

Manillen-

BIRDS. ANSERES. 37. Pdccanus. 347

M(xruui)ifs Entirely brown : gullet gouched. Manilla P ,

Inhabits Manilla ; relembles P. rofeus.

Philippen- White ; crefl varied with white and brown ; gullet

/'s. pouched. ' Philippine P.

lnh\h'its thu Philippine Ijiands ; ^y icet long.

£ill and naked ait:a of the eyes Ikfli-Tcoiour ; feathers of the head

and ?je(:A ioft, filky, whitifli ; pouch pale; breajt, belly and

ruvip white; quill-fcathers blackifli ; le(^s red.

'{iufe/icns. Reddifh ; crefted head and neck rcddifh-whhe ; tall duflcy-
afh ; gullet pouched. Red-backed P.

Inhabits Africa ; 5 feet long. • '

" Bill, naked area of the eyes an,d pouch dirty-yellow ; crejl 4
inches long; body beneath pale ; ycfl^M^arj grey lead-colour;
quill'Jeathcrs black ; feathers of the breajt long, narrow ;
legs yellow,

Carolineri' Above duflcy, beneath white ; gullet pouched.
P' Charles -town P.

2. Beneath reddifh-white ; upper mandible rounded at the

bafe.

3. Lower part of the back ftriate with black and duflcy- white.

Inhabits Amerita ; above 3 feet long ; pouch very large.

Erythro. Crefted j white ; gullet pouched and ftreaked with black.
rhynchos. Rough-hilled P.

Inhabits North America ; 4-| feet long.

Bill reddifh-yellow, rough, with elevated ridges from the mid-
dle to the tip, lower mandible each fide with a black fpot in
the middle ; greater quilL-Jeathcrs black ; legs yellow.

Aquilus, 'j^ail forked ; body and orbits black ; bill red.

Frigate P.
Inhabits within the Tropics : 3 feet long ; extent of the wings
1 4 feet ; flies fo high as hardly to be feen, and far from land ;
builds In trees or rocks, and lays 1 — 2 flefh-colour eggs fpot-
ted with red.
Male J pouch deep red ; wing-coverts rufous.
Female; belly white.

Minor, Tail forked ; body ferruginous ; bill and orbits red.

Lejfer frigate P.
RefeHibles the laft, but lefs; about 3 feet long.

Y 2 Leiuocc-

348 PIRDS. ANSERES. 37. Pelecanus.

tcucocc- Tail forked ; body brown ; head, neck, breaft and belly
phalui. white ; bill dufky. White-headed frigate P .

Inhabits Afcenjlon IJland ; near 3 feet long.
Bill pale at the tip, each man^itile much hooked ; temples fea-
thered ; legs tawny.

Palmer- Tail forked; body glofTy green-brown, beneath white;

Jionu throat varied black and white ; belly white ; vent

black. Pabncrjion frigate P.

Inhabits Palmcrjion IJland j 3 feet 2 inches long.

Billhhck ', tarples ft^thev^d ; /c^j blackifh.

*Carbo. Tail rounded ; body black ; head fubcrefted. Corvorant.
Inhabits Europe, Afta and America : 3 feet long ; is exceed-
ingly voracious ; builds on the highell cliffs hanging over the
fea, and in trees; eggs greenilh ; was formerly tamed by the
Englifli to catch fifli, and is Hill by the Chinefe.
Bill blackifli, the bafe of the lower mandible covered with a
yellowifla fkin, extending under the chin, and forming a
pouch ; irids green ; chin white, furrounded with a yellowifli
arch; tail long, lax, feathers 14; </uV/ij with a white fpot
dotted with black ; legs black. ^

^raculus. Tail rounded; body black, beneath brown ; tail-feathers 12.

Shcig. Cranf.
Inhabits Northern Europe and Iceland : 2\ feet long.
Head and?uT,4 black with a green glofs ; back and zoing-coverts
purple-black, gloify at the edges ; middle of the belly dufky ;
legs black.

2. Chin yellow ; tail wedged.

Inhabits near the Cape.

3. Blackifh, beneath brown ; feathers above edged with black.

Inhabits Cayenne and the Canhbee Ifands j 26 inches long.

rygmxus. Tail wedged, feathers 12; body Mack with a few fcattered
white fpots. Dwarf Shag.

Inhabits the Cafpian Sea ; fize of the garganey.
Female brown, without fpots.
%' Chin moufe-colour ; legs black.

Head and neck above and on the fides chefhut, with a few
fnow^ fpots ; belly hoary, fpotted with brown ; zoing-coveris
black.

PunClatui,

3IRDS. ANSERES. 37. Pelccanir.. 345

P^iKciai u :. Ctcdcd j black; tail rounded; wings dark-afli fpottcd
with black; fides of the neck with a white line.

Spotted Sha^.
Inhabits Kew Zealand; 21 — 24 inclics long.
^(7/ lead-colour ; orbits naked, reddifli ; feathers en the midf
die of the back and zvings with a black Ipot ; body above
giccnifh-black ; varies in having the bill and legs yellow.

*Crijuiiiis. Shining green, beneath dulky ; bill and legs dufky ; head
crcfted. Crejied Shag.

Inhabits Northern Europe: 2 feet 3 inches long.

Bill blackilh ; irids green ; feathers each fide the h;ad leing,
forming a creft ; tail-feathers :2, dufky-grccn ; hcadoh<in not
crelled.

Violaceus. Crcft creft ; body fhining violet-black. Violet Shag.

Inhabits Kamtfchatka and the neighbouring Ifles.

Uriel, Shining green ; throat and orbits white ; face naked,

blueilh red ; wings and tail dufky ; legs black.

^ Red-faced Shag.

Innabits Kamtfchatka ; 2 feet 10 inches long.
Bill reddifh-green tipt with black ; fore-part of the neck and

back witli a few linear white feathers; tailfeathers 12,

blarkifli,

Caruncu- Black, beneath white; face naked, carunculate, red ; or-
latus. bits elevated, blue ; wings with a white band.

Carunculated Shag,

Inhabits Nexo Zealand : about 20 inches long.
Bill dufky ; irids whitifti ; head a little compreffed ; legs flefli-
colour or brownifli.

Macrella. Black, beneath white ; temples and chin naked, reddifh ;
ntcus, head tumid ; temples with a white line ; tail wedged-

Magellanic Shag.
Inhabits Terra del Fuego and Statenland j 30 inches long.
Bill black ; feathers of the flanks ftriate with white ; legs
brown.
Variitt, Brown, beneath white ; rump, wings and rounded tail
black ; eyebrows pale ; area of the eyes naked, yel-
low. Pied Shag.

Inhabits

350 BIRDS. ANSERES. 37. Pdccanus.

Inhabits Kezo Zealand.; 2\ feet long ; builds in trees ; eggi

pale greenifli-wiute.
Bill yellow, dufky on the upper part ; legs flefli-colour.

Clrratus. Black, beneath white ; crown crefted ; wings with a white
band ; tail rounded ; bill and legs yellow.

Tufted Shag.
Inhabits New Zealand ; 2 htt 10 inches long.
Orbits n^ked ; CT'dy^ turned back. ;• tail-feathers 14, pointed.

AJricanus. Brown-black, beneath varied white and blackifh ; chin
white ; wing-coverts blue-grey, edged and tipt Avith
black. ^ African Shag.

Inhabits Africa : 20 inches long.

Bill ytWowiCn., upper mandible dufky ; ^aiZ wedged, feathers 12,
the middle 4 and outer ones pale brown, the reft black ; legs
black.

B. Bill ferrate.

Thagus. Brown ; tail rounded ; gullet pouched, and covered with
- . fhort cinereous feathers. \^aiv-billed Pel,

Inhabits Chili ; fize of a turkey ; extent of wings 9 feet.

Bill a. foot long, each mandible hooked •, pouch very large ; leo-s
black.

*£afanus. Tail wedged ; body white ; bill and primary quill-feathers
black ; face blue. Gannei.

2. Brown fpotted with white, beneath white \ orbits naked,

blackifli.

3. Brown with triangular white fpots, beneath whitifli, fpot-

ted with brown ; bill, wings, tail and legs brown.

Inhabits Europe -axiA America, 3) Cayenne ; 3 feet long; ex-
cept in breeding-time feldom comes near the fhore ; migrates.

^/I'ids yellowifli ; tailfeathrs 12 ; eyes furrounded with a naked
flvirr'of fine blue ; legs black, greenifl: on the fore-part.

Fifcator^^ Tail wedged; body whitifh ; all the quill-feathers black;

. . */■ face red. Lefj'er Gamut.

Inhabits the Chinefe, Indian and American feas ; 2y feet long.

Bill, face and legs reddiQi ; cAz)t naked, black; wing-coverts

and tips oi iht fcapulars black; tail-feathers 14, white at

the bale, oilier part black.

BIRDS. ANSERES. 38. Plotus. ^^j

Sula. Tail wedged ; body whitifh ; primary quill-feathers tipt

with blackiih j face red. Booh,

Inhabits South America and neighbouring iiles ; si feet lonc'. *

Bill grey, brownilh at the bafe ; trids pale afh'; chin bald,

yellowifh ; 6ody beneath white ; tail brownifli at the tip •

legs yellowifh. " *

fiber. Tail wedged; body ~ brown ifh ; all the quill-feathcrs

blackifh ; face red. Broivn Booh:

Inhabits America and Africa j above 2 feet lono-.
Bill and legs red; 6ody beneath paler; rump\vh\l'i{\i ; tail-
feathers 14, 2 middle ones cinereous, the reft brown tipt
with grey. ^

Sirtcnfu. Tail rounded ; body brown, beneath whitifh fpotted with

brown ; throat white. FIJ}ji,!g Corvoranf.

Inhabits China, and is there tamed for the purpole of catchin-r

fifh. Staunton's China. ^

Bill yellow ; irids blue.

Parvus, Black, beneath white ; face downy. Lr/pr Booby,

Inhabits CrtjdKTjc ^- 18 inches long.

38. PLOTUS. ^z7/flraiglit, pointed, tooth-
ed : nojlrils a fin near the bafe : face
and chin naked : legs fliort, all the toes
conneded. Darter.

Thefe have a fmall head, and long, {lender neck, and are chiefly
fcen in fouthern climates ; they live chiefly on Hfh, which
they take by darting forwaids tlie head while the neck is con-
trafted like the body of a ferpent.

Anhinga, Head fmooth ; belly white. mjlte-hUied D,

Inhabits Brafil ; 2 feet 10 inches long ; builds on ti2€s, and is
hardly ever feen on the ground ; when at reft fits with the
neck drawn in betweey the flioulders ; fleflr oi'ly and rancid.
Bill cinereous, ycUowi{h at the bafe ; irids golden ; head, neck
and breaft reddilh-grey ; body above black,^the fcapular fea-
thers with a white fpot in the middle; tail-Jcathers t2,
broad, long ; legs yellowifh-ani,

hUlanogaJ. H«ad fmooth j belly black. . Black-bellied D.

''''• Inhabits

35^ BIRDS. ANSERES. ^^.Phmon,

Inhabits Ceylon and Java j about 3 feet long.

Bill above blueifli, beneath feddifh f eyes vivid; head, neck and
upper part of the l>rca/l pale brbwn ; fides of the head and
neck with a broad white line ; l/ack, fcapuLirs and wing-co-
verts black with wliite lines ; belly, wings and tail blafk ;
legs yellowifli-green.
2. Above brown, beneath black ; Tlrcaks on the fcapulars
and oval fpots on the wing-coverts white;

Inhabits Cayenne. Between the bread and belly a rufous ba;nd.
3* Black ; back and fcapulars fpotted with white ; wing-co-.
verts yellowilh-whitc ; tail rufous at the tip.

Bill, naked part of tht face, chin and legs yellowifli.
4' Black ; head, neck and wing-coverts (Ireakcd with rufous
and brown.

Inhabits SenegaL

Surinam- Head crefted ; belly white* Surinam D.

^njt^. Inhabits iS!<rnm;?i ; 13 incites long ; is domefticated, and feeds

on fifli, infefts, efpecially flies, which it catches with great
dexterity ; is very aftive.
Bill pale ; irids rtd ; crown black ; cheeks chefnut ; from th.e
corner of Cach eye a white line ; neck with longitudinal white
and black lines ; wings large ; back and tail duflcy-brown,
the latter wedged and tipt with white ; upper tail-cOvcrt^
very long; breaji white 5 toes flreaked with black.

39. PHAETON. Bill fharp-edged, flrafght,
pointed, the gape of the mouth reach-
ing beyond : noflrils oblong : hind- foe
turned forwards. Tropic-bird,

They chiefly live within the Tropics, and are often feen upon
the backs of porpoifcs ; iiU comprelfed, a little bent back,
the lower mandible angular ; yc£f 4-toed ; tfl;7 wedged, the
2 middle feathers very long.

JLihercui. White \ back, rump and lefler wing-coverts ftreaked with
white i 2 middle tail-feathers black at the bafe ; bill
red. Common 1r.

2. White i band over the eyes, fcapulars towards the ex-

tremity, band above the wings and ihafts of the tail-
feathers at the origin black. .

3, Body pale tawny.

Inhabits

BIRDS. ANSERES. 40. Colymbus. 35J

inhahlrs within the Tropics ; 2 feet lo inches long; flies very*
high ; feeds on fifh ; is feldom feen on land except in breed-
ing-time.

Bill red, the margin ferrate backwards, 2) yellowidi ; eye-
hrczvi hld^ck; greater quill feathers hhck, edged with wliite;
tail-feathers 14, white, 2 middle ones 15 inches longer than
the reft, a fourth part black ; legs yellowifh.

Melano- Streaked black and white,' beneath white ; bill black ;
rhyrichos, quill-feathers tipt with white, tail-feathers with black.

Black-hilled Tr.
Inhabits Palme/ion and Turtle iflands; xgf inches long.
Before and behind the eyes a black ftreak ; front white,

Phanicu. Rofy-flefh-colour ; bill and 2 middle tail-feathers red.
*^^i Red'tailed Tn

Inhabits Mauritius Ifland : 2 feet 10 inches long, of which
the 2 middle tail-feathers mealure 1 foot 9 inches ; builds ia
hollows in the ground under trees, and lays 2 yellowiih-
white eggs with rufous fpots.
Arch over the eyes black, broken ; ends of the fcdpulars black
at the tips ; flanks dulky ; legs^ (hafts and bifc of the 2 mid-
dle tail-feathers blick.

40. COLYMBUS. Bill toothlefs, fubulate,
jftraight, pointed : throat toothed : nof*
^nYi linear, at the bafe of the bill : legs
fettered.

The birds of this family walk on land with difficulty, but
fwim and dive with great dexterity : the Guillemots chiefly
inhabit the fea, have a (lender tongue, the fize of the bill ;
the bill ccrtnprened, and covered with fhort feathers at the
bafe, the upper mandible a little bent : flefli tough, and as
well as the eggs naufeous : the Divers frequent alfo the nor-
. them lakes, have a ftrong bill, lefs pointed, cylindrical, the
edge of the mandible turned in, the upper longer ; noftrUs
divided in the middle by a membrane -, tongue long, fharp,
ferrate at the bafe each fide ; legs Uender, a black band bc-
Vol. I, — Z z tweea

^f BIRDS. ANSERES. 40. Colymbu?.

tvveea the thighs; tail-fealhers 20; they are monogamous,
lly with difficulty, and in breeding-time frequent frelli wa-
ters: the Grthcs arc without a tail ; have a (Irong bill ; lores
naked ; tongue a little cleft at the tip •, body depreffed,
thickly covered with loft, fliining plumage; wings fhort ;
legs comprelTed, and are frequently found about the frelh wa«
lers of fouthern Europe.

A. Feet "i^-toed. Guillemot.

Marmora- Above ftreaked with chefnut and brown, beneath waved

tus. with dufky and white ; legs tawny ; bill, tail, wings

and claws black. Marbled G,

Inhabits weftern Avierica and Kamtfckatka ; 10 inches long.

Crown dufky ; fome of the greater quill-featlicrs edged with

white ; chin dufky with white ftripes.

LaclcoUs. Snowy ; bill and legs brownifh, flefh-colour. IVhite G.
2. A black fpot each fide behind the eyes ; interfcapulars and
area of the wings black ; upper mandible black, lower
yellow.
Inhabits the Netherlands ; fize of the Garganey.
Mouth whitifh within ; tongue triangular, grooved above, the
tip entire ; back, rvings and baff of the tail pale grey ; le-
condary quill-Jeathtrs brownifh in the middle ; clazvs
tlackifh,

*Gryllc. Body black ; wing-coverts white. Black G.

2. Sooty ; wangs with an oblong tranfvcrfe white fpot.

3. Above ftreaked, beneath white with cinereous bands ; up-

-per wing-coverts varied with white and black.

4. Back, wings and tail black ; head, neck, body beneath,

and fpot on the wings white.

5. Black ; crown white, waved; greater wing-coverts and

bocjy beneath varied with white and black ; chin en-
tirely black.

6. Above fpotted white and black, beneath white.

Inhabits Europe. 3x\^ America; 13 — 14 inches long; feeds on
fifb, and builds its nefl on the ground; eggs whitifh, fpot-
t-id with black.

jBii!^ black ; inhde of 'the wouM and legs red; upper zving-co-
: c^ts in the middle, and lower wholly white.

' *Troik.

BIRDS. ANSERES. 40. Colymbus. 355

*Troile, Body black ; bread and belly fnowy ; fecondary quiU-fea-
. thers tlpt with white. Fooli/h G.

1* Black; beneath, cheeks and band on the wings black.
3. Tail-feathers all black.

Inh;ibits Europe and America ; 17 inches long, 2) 10 inches.
Bill black ; infide of the moMth yellow ; legs and tail blackiib.

B- feef 4-toed, palmate. Diver.

Sinenfis» Grccnifh-brown with deeper fpots ; bread and belly red-
dilh ; wings and tail brown. Chinefe D.

Inhabits China. Bill dufky ; irids and legs cinereous.

§triafiis. Blackifli, beneath white ; head and neck grey with black
lines. Striped D^

Inhabits the lakes of North America ; 2 — 3 pounds weight ;
is very clamorous, and continually flying backwards and
forwards.

Bill black, ftrong ; checki white,

*Sepien- Neck beneath with a ferruginous (hield-likc fpot.
trionalis. Red-throated D.

Inhabits the lakes of Europe, Afta and America, and is often .
feen at fca ; feeds on marine infefts, crabs and fifli, which if
prefled by hunger it will feize from the fifl:iermens' nets ;
builds a neft ot grafs and mofs near watey, and l,a>'« 2 eggs,
cinereous fpotled with black ; flies about, and makes a cla-
morous noife before ftorms • 2 feet 5 inches long.
Body above brown with minute white fppts, beneath white ;
bill black ; head and chin cinereous Ipotted with brosvn ;
ntck above with Imall whil;eand brown hnes \ legs dufliy.

*Arclkns, Head hoary; neck beneath violet-black, with an inter-
rupted white band. Black-throated D.

Inhabits northern parts of Europe, Afta and America ; 2 feet
long ; is reftlefs and noify before ftorms.

Bill black ; body above black, beneath white ; fides of the
neck white fpotted with black ; Jhoutders and wing-coverts
with white fpotSj the former ftjuare, the latter round ; quill-
feathers dufky.

*Stdlatui, Beneath white ; hind-head and quill-fcathers duflcy ; throat

paleafh; back, flanks, rump and tail fpotted with

white. SpeckJcdD,

2 ^ „ Inhabits

356 BIRDS. ANSERES. 40. Colymbus.

Juhzhits Europe znd America : 27 inches long.

Bill horn-colour ; legs brown ; egg duilty, fpotted with black,

*GlaciaHs, Head and neck violet-black ; chin and upper part of the
neck with a white interrupted band. Northern D.

Inhabits Northern Seas : ^\ feet long.

Body above, billy legs and tail black ; hack with fquare, white
fpot5 difpofed in rows ; wing-covcrts with white dots ; egg
brownifli.

J^onalis, Above blackifh, with numerous white ftellate fpots, be-
neath white ; neck on the fore-part rufous.
Refcmbles C. ftellatus. Killed near Copenhagen.

ffjmmer. Body above blackifh waved with white, beneath white.

Jmhr D,
Inhabits the Arclic Ocean ; above 2 feet long.
Feathers of the back, wings and tail edged with white.
Male front and fides of the head and neck fpotted with brown,

C. F^et J^-tOfdy hied. Grebe.

*CriJiatus. Head rufous ; collar black ; fecondary quill-feathers white,
(the adult bird). Crejied Gr.

2. Throat with a long downy tuft each fide, (2 year old bird).

3. Head fmooth; wings with a white fpot, (? year old).

Inhabits Northern Europe : 23 inches long ; makes a floating
neft of grafs and aquatic plants, and lays 4 whitifli eggs.

■Bill flefli-colour, brown at the tip ; lores and irids red ; body
above brown, beneath white ; head tumid ; varies in colour
by age.

*Auritus. Black^fh-brown, beneath white ; head black ; ears crefted,

ferruginous. Eared Gr.

2- I^efs ; head with a double creft ; neck fpotted with chcfnut.

Inliabits the northern lakes of Europe and Siberia; 12 inches

long ; builds a floating neft of grafs and reeds.
Bill and legs black ; irids and lores red ; primary quill-feathers
dufky, lecondary white.

Csrnutus, Head gloflTyrgreen ; through the eyes a yellow tufted band.

Horned Gr.

Inhabits North America : 12 inches long j neck and brcajl
tawny,

2. Hea4

BIRDS. ANSERES. 40. Colymbus. 357

2. Plead and upper part of the neck greenifh-black ; nect
beneath chcfnut ; tuft reddifh -orange.

* Miner, Chefnut; beneath, fpot on the quill-feathers and lower
part of the rump filvery-\vhite ; neck beneath grey-
tawny. Little Gr.
2. Larger ; above purple-brown \ cheeks and fides of the
neck reddifh.

Inhabits Europe, and America, 2) Philippine IJlands : 10
inches long ; feeds on fiili, infeftj? and aquatic plants.

Bill chefnut ; irids hazel ; helly varied with cinereous and red
fpots ; legs dirty-green.
^« Upper part of the head and peck blackifh-brown, beneath
filvery ; fides variegated with black, reddiih and
white.

Inhabits the Delta in Egypt. Sonnini. 2. 238.

Feathers of- the body edged with reddifh ; lower part of the
ielly grey ; upper wing-coverts and firft and lad quill-feathers
blackifli, reft of the quill-feathers white ; bill blackiflr, the
bafe of the lower mandible reddifh ; legs blackifh-green.

tudovicu' Brown ; fides of the neck and body ferruginous ; beneath
nus, white with tranfverfe blackilh fpots. Louiftan Gr.

Inhabits Louifiana.
Head fmooth ; legs dulky ; middle of the belly filvery white,

Thomenfts, Brown, beneath white with grey fpots ; quill-feathers pale
rufous ; breaft with a black fpot. Black-breajied Gr,
Inhabits St. Thomas's IJland : lefs than a hen.
Bill black, pale at the tip ; irids ^nd/pot between the bill and
eyes white ; legs dufky.

*Ruhricol' Subcrefted, brown; chin, cheeks and region of the ears
lis. aihy ; neck beneatb a»d breaft rufty-red ; belly and

fecondary quill-feathers white. Red-necked Gr.

2. Head fmooth, black ; chin, ears and under the eyes
whitifh with black lines ; body black.
Inhabits Europe : 18 inches long ; very rare in England. -
Bill black, the fides tawny at the bafe ; irids tawny ; legs
dulky,

''Olfciirus, Head fmooth ; body dark brown ; front, body beneath and

tips of the fecondary quill-feathers white. Dujhy Gr.

* * Inhabits

35? BIRDS. ANSERES. 40. Colymbus.

Inhabits Europe and America ; 1 1 inches long.
BJU black, red at. the fides ; irids and lores red ; upper edge
of the wings white ; legs purple flelh-colour.

Ceyanenfts Dark-brown, beneath white ; neck beneath rufous.

Cayenne Gr,
Inhabits Cayenne ; igi inches long.
Bill and Legs dufky ; lower mandible yellow at the bafc,

Cafpicus, Head fmooth, body above dark-brown, beneath filvery ;
bill lead-colour ; chin and cheeks white ; wing-co-
verts brown. Cafpian Gr,
Inhabits the Cajpian Sea ; probably a variety of C. rubricoUis.

Doimni- Head fmooth ; body beneath thickly fpotted,
f"-f- White-winged Gr,

Inhabits the Antilly IJlands and Surinam, j 8 inches Ion<T.
Bill black ; body dufky, beneath filver-grey, with brown fpots;
quill-jeathers cinereous-white ; legs brown.

*Ikhr:di' Head fmooth ; body blackifh ; chin black ; throat ferriigi-
*^-^ nous ; belly cinereous mixed with filvery.

Black-chin Gr,
Inhabits Tiree, one of the Hebrides ; larger than C. minor.

Podiceps. Brown ; bill olive, dufky at the bafe, with a tranfverfe
black band in the middle (male). Pied-bill Gr.

Inhabits North America ; 14 inches long,

Irids white ; chin black furrounded with white ; body beneath
filvery ; hreajl waved with cinereous ; fecondary quill-f fa-
thers tipt with black.

Female without the band on the bill and the black neck.

4r.LARUS.

BIRDS. ANSERES. 41. Lams. 35^

41.LARUS. Bill flraight, fharp-edged, a
little hooked at the tip and without
teeth ; lower mandible gibbous below
the point \ nojlrils linear, broader on
the fore -part, and placed in the mid-
dle of the bill. GulL

Thefe inhabit northern countries, have a light body and long
^vings ; tongue 'a little cleft ; legs fhort, naked above the
knees ; hind-toe imall ; they feed on tifh and carrion ; arc
very voracious, and when terrified, call up the undigefted
food they have lately Iwallowed •, are Ipotted till the third
year, which makes the difcrimination of the fpccies rathtr
difficult.

A. Nojirih ivithout a cere.

*Tridadi' Fack whiti(h-hoary ; quill-feathers white ; hind-toe un-
^u!. armed. Tarrock. Kittiivake.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and America ; 14 inches long.
Bill yellowilh ; mouth iaffron within ; head, neck, belly and
tail fnowy ; wivgs hoary, the outer edge of the lirft and tips
of the 4 — 5 next feathers white ; Legs dufky ; hind-toe a>
mere wart.
1. Whitifh ; back haory ; tips of the tail-feathers, except the
outer one black ^ feet 3-toed : the younger bird.
Bill and le^^s dufky ; head, i^eck and body beneath white ; fpot
on thec/;2/j and on Uie ears and femicircular mark on the nape
black ; wings varied black and white ; tail white tipt with
black.
3* Wings with an oblique black band ; chin white.

Minutus, Snowy ; head and beginning of the neck black -, back and
wings rullet ; bill brown-red ; legs fcarlet.

Little G.
Inhabits RuJJia and Siberia ; fize of a thurfli. Irids blueifh.

Eburnius, Entirely white; bill and legs lead-colour. Ivory G.

Inhabits Greenland and the ley Seas j 16 inches long.
Bill paler at the tip : wings longer than the tail ; the young
birds are fpotted with black.

366 Bikt)S. ANSERE3. 4i.Larus.

*Canus, White ; back hoary ; primary quill-fcithers black at the
ends, the fourth and fifth with a black fpot at the
the tip, the outer one black without. Common G,

2. Head fpotted with brown ; neck brown above ; tail-fea-
thers white with a black band : the younger bird.
\n\i2ih'\\.s Europe TinA America : 17 inches long.
Bill yellow ; irids hazel ; le^s greeniftj-white.

* Ji/flri'«M J. White ; back Slack; Black-bached G.

2. White ; back and wings koary ; primary quill-feathers

black towards the tip : the aged bird.
3; White ; back cinereous ; tail tipt with black ; bill
blackifh ; quill-feathers black : young bird.
Inhabits Europe and Avicrica ; 29 inches long ; feeds on fifli
and young birds ; eggs blackiih-grey with dairk purple
fpots.
Bill yellow, lower mandible with a red fpot near the tip and
black in the middle ; irids yellow ; lower part of the back
white ; quill-feathers black tipt with white •, legs llefh-
colour, '

Ichthy- Snowy ; head and as far as the middle of the iieck black ;

actus. eyelids white. Great G.

Inhabits the Cafpian Sea; fize of the bemacle.

Bill fcarlet, yellow at the bale and tip, with a brown fpot near

the tip ; mouth red within ; irvds brown ; legs reddilh-

brown.

*Ftifcus, White ; back brown ; legs yellow. " Herring 0.

Inhabits Europe, North America and Afta j migrates in winter
to Iceland; 23 inches long; feeds on filh, particularly
herrings, the fhoals of which fifhermen are direfted to by
thele birds hovering crver and following them ; eggs 3,
wliitifli fpotted with black.

Bili yellow -, irids ftraw-colour ; 5. firft quill-feathers above
black.

Ctaiicus. White; back afid wings hoary; quill-feathers tipt with
white ; bill yellow, fafFron at the angle. Glaucous G.
Inhabits Europe and Sweden 2 larger than the laft ; is very vo-
racious, and preys on fmaller birds, fifh and carrion.
Bill much hooked at the tip, the lower mandible fhorter ; fggs
greenifhj lengthened at the little end, and marked with 6 — 8
ipots,

Atricillst

BIRDS. ANSESES. 4i.Larus, 36X

At nulla. Whitifli ; head blackifli ; bill red ; legs black.

Black-neaded G,
Inhabits America and Europe; 18 inches long; flies about the
fliores in flocks, with a continual clamour ; builds in pine
tfees.

Atricilloi- Reddifli-white ; head, orbits and neck black ; back and
dcs. wings cinereous ; legs fcarlet.

Inhabits the lalt lakes of Siberia. : lefs than the laft,

*Ridibun- Whitifh ; head blackifli ; bill and legs pale red.
^us. Laughing G,

2. White; back hoary ; a brown fpot behind the ears.
2. Whitifli ; head brown with white fpots ; back hoary;
10 middle tail-feathers with a black band.
Inhabits Europe and America ; 15 inches long ; makes a laugh-
ing kind of noife ; eggs 3, greenifh-brown fpotted with
tawny.
Eyelids red ; irids hazel ; head and chin duflcy -brown, in tlis
full-grown bird black ; firft 10 quill-feat hers white, edg4l
and tipt with black, the reft cinereous tipt with white s
clazus black.

B. Nojlrils covered with a cere.

*Parafui' Two middle tail-feathers very long. ArBic G.

vf. Inhabits £urt?j&e, Afia and Avierica ; 2 1 inches long ; is very

rapacious, and purfues the leffer gulls till they difchargo
what they have lately eaten, which it dextroufly catches and
devours before it reaches the water ; eggs cinereous, fpotted
with black.
Bill and legs duflcy ; body ibove blrick, beneath, temples and

fro7it white ; breaji with a dufky band,
Fcmalt brown beneath.

*Cnpida» Varied with dirty-white and brown, l^eheath paler ; 2 mid-

'''<f' die tail-feathers a little longer. Black-toed G,

Inhabits Europe and America : 16 inches long.

Bill black ; breajl and belly white with numerous duflcy and

yellowifli lines ; Jlanks and vent tranfverfely black and

white ; zt)ing-c averts and tail black, edged with white or

hrownifh ; tegs bliieilh ; tees and coxmc£ling membrane

black,

Vol.1. ~ 3A 31. Varied

36a BIRDS. ANSERES. 42. Sterna.

a. Varied with grey and white, beneath white ; primary

quill and tail-feathers blackifh terminated by white,

the fide ones of the latter within for the greatell part

■ white.

Length ] 5 1: inches ; bill orange tipt with black ; irids whitifh ;

legs orange.

*CataraC' Greyifli ; quill and tail-feathers white at the bafe ; tail
ics. fubequal. Skua G.

Inhabits Europe, Ajia and America ; 2 feet long ; is very vora-
cious and fierce, efpecially in breeding-time ; feeds on fifh,
and all the leficr water-fowl ; frights the leller birds of its
own tribe till they mute or vomit up what they have eaten,
and then devours it.
Bill duflcy, much hooked, upper mandible covered half way
with a black cere ; body brown, beneath rufty-cinereous ;
Itgi blackifli, rough, warty ; clazos hooked, black ; hiniU
toz fliort, with a fharp, hooked claw.

Ketajk. Brown \ wing-coverts variegated with white ; tail black,
fpotted and tipt with w^hite. Efquimeaux G.

Inhabits Avierica, as far as Hudfon's Bay j 22 inches long.
Bill and legs black ; toes and membrane half black, half
white.

42. STERNA. Bill fubulate, flraightifh,
pointed, a little comprefled, without
teeth; nojlr i Is lincdir : tongue pointed i
icings very long : tail (moftly) forked.

Tern,

Cafpia. Body above plumbeous-afh, beneath and neck white ; bill
fcarlet ; frontlet and legs black. Cajpian T,

Inhabits the Cajpian Sea j 22-^ inches long; frequents fea-
fliores and banks ; feeds on fmall fifli and fea infefts, hovering
over the water and fuddenly darting into it for its prey.
Bill red ; irids duiky ; tail fhort, forked ; quill-feathers tipt
with black ; legs reddifli-brown.
2. Crown black fpotted with white ; tail-feathers with brown
bars.
Inhabits 3c?«^fl>'; £1 inches Icng* £iU icd ; legs hhck.
• 3. Crown,

BIRDS. ANSERES. 42. Sterna. 363

J, Crown black ; hind-head fubcrefted ; buter -tail-feathers

white trom the middle to the tip ; bill yellbwifh ;

legs black.
Inhabits China and Sandzi'ich Iflands.
4, Bill white ; frontlet varied black and white ; ears black ;

back and wings cinereous ; quill and tail-feathers tipt

with black.

Cayanenjis Cinereous, the feathers edged with reddifh, beneath white ;
hind-head black. Cayenne T.

Inhabits Cayenne ; 16 inches long.

Surina- Bill, head, neck and bread black ; back, wingJ and tiil
menjis, cinereous ; belly whitifh ; legs red. Surinam T-

Inhabits Surinam J about 15 inches" long.

Fuligino/a Black ; beneath, cheeks, front and (hafts of the quill tnd
tail-feathers white. Sooty T.

Inhabits the Atlantic and AntarSlic Seas ; 16 inches long.
Bill and legs black ; eggs yellowifh, with brown and violet
fpots; outer tail-feathers white, except at the tip.

AJricana. White ; bill and legs black ; crown, wings and tip of thj
tail fpotted. -African T*

Inhabits Africa ; fize of the lad.

Crown fpotted with black, wiitgs with brown, tail with
white ; quillfeathcrs blueifh-alh.

Stolida, Body black ; front whitifli ; eyebrows black. Noddy.

Inhabits chiefly within the Tropics i 15 inches long.
Bill and legs black ; hind- head cinereous.

Phi'ippina Chret-grey ; cap white; band through the eyes, wings,
tail, bill and legs black. Philippine T.

Inhabits the Philippine Iflands ; twiCc as large as a fwallow.

Simplex, Above plumbeous, beneath, crown, greater and middle
wing-coverts white j band behind the ears and quill-
feathers black. Simple T.
2. Bill and legs black.

Inhabits Cayenne ; 15 inches long.

Bill and legs red ; fome of the tving-coveris edged with brown,
3A 2 Nihties,

3^4 BIRDS. ANSERES. 42. Sterna.

Kilotica,- Cinerepus, beneath white; head and neck with blackifU
fpots; orbits black, dotted with white.

Inhabits Egypt ; lize of a dove.
BiU black ; legs flefh-colour.

fCantiaca. White ; back and wings hoary ; cap black ; front with
white fpots ; quili-teathprs blackifh with a white fhaft.

Sandwich T,
Inhabits the Kentijh Coajl ^ 18 inches long.
Bill black, yellowifli at the tip ; kgs black ; wings longer than
the tail ; egg olive-brown with crowded purplifh fpots.

2. Tail hardly forked ; body vari^ga;ed ; ears with a black

fpot.

3. Above blapk varied with paler cploprs, beneath white ;

tail forked; bill and legs black.
Inhabits .fin/a?i(^.

1(IIirundo. Xwo outei: tail-feathers half black, half white.

Greater "I',
2- Legs black ; outer tail-feathers entirely white.

Inhabks Europe, Afia and America: 12 inches long; breeds
among fmall tufts of luflies, and lays 3 — 4 dull olive e^gs
fpotted with black ; is very clamorous.
Bill and legs criiijion, the former tipt with black ; crown and
area of the eyes black ; reft of the head, neck, tail and body
^ beneath white ; l>ack and zvivgs cinereous ; outer tail-ftathen

black on the outer edge.

^anayenfis Beneath white ; crown fpotted with black ; wings and ti^il
brown, beneath paler. Panayan T.

Inhabits Fanay ; lize of the laft. Bill and legs black.

Cinerca. Cihf repiis ; hea^ and chm black ; lower tail.-coverts and
upper edge of the wings white. Cinereous T.

Inhabits Italy ; 13 inches long.

Bill black ; legs red ; chin Ibm'etimes fpotted with white.

Alba, Entirely white; bill and legs black. IVhile T,

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; fize of St. nigra.

O.bfcura. Above brown, beneath white ; head black ; wings varie-
gated with brown and cinereous. Brown T.

This 'is probably the young bird of a former fpccies.
'' ' ' ■ Nigra,

BIRDS. ANSERES. 42. Sterna. 365

Nkra. Body hoary ; head and bill black ; legs red.

* ' Black-headed r.

Inhabits Europe : i\ inches long.

4uJ}ral:s. Cinereous, beneath grey ; front yeltowi(h-\vhitc ; quill-
feathers white. Soifthern T.
Inhabits Nativity IJlands ; 7^ — 9 inches long-
Bill black ; /r^/blackilb, tlie connefting membrane taway.

Sinenfu. White; back,, wings and tail cinereous; crown with a
black band reaching as far as the nape. ChinefcT.
Inhabits China ; 8 inches long. Bill black ; le^s tawny.

^f?^^/)o/f^^- Head and neck black ; back blackifh-hoary ; wings cine-
cos. reous ; front, body beneath and tail white. Hooded T.

Inhabits Rujia and Siberia j S\ inches long.
Bill yellow, red at the bale ; legs fafl'ron.

*Minuta. Body white ; back hoary ; front and eyebrow^s white.

LrJJcr T,

Inhabits Europe and America ; 8| inches long.

Bill yellow tipt with black ; irids brown ; cap black ; through

the eyes a black band ; legs yellow ; eg^ yellowilh-brown

with purple fpots.

Striata. White ; hind-head and nape black ; body above and wings
with tranfverfe black ftreaks. Striated T.

Inhabits New Zealand. Bill black ; legs lead-colour.

Vittata. Cinereous ; crown black furrounded with white ; rump,
vent and tail white ; bill red ; legs tawny.

breathed T.

2. Tail cinereous with white fhafts.

luhiihils Nativity Ijland ; 15 inches long.

■Spadicea, Reddifh-brown ; vent white ; bill and claws black ; tall
and qulll-feathers duflcy, the fecondaries tipt with
white. Brown T.

lx\\\<^nis Cayenne I 15 inches long.

Body beneath and legs pale brown ; feathers of the back and
zcing-coverts tipt with reddifh-white ; Jcapulars white ; up-
per edge of the xvirigs and lower coverts white,

Tufcata,

366 BIRDS. AN SERES. 43- Rynchops.

Fufcaia^ Body blackifli without foots; legs red; bill brown.

Dujky T.

InKabits St. Dominc'^o ; 11 inches long.

Bill tipt with black ; head, chin, upper part of the neck and
rump black-brown ; lower wing-coverts hoary ; the 2 quiU-
feathers next the body and 2 middle tail-feathers rufous at
the tips ; legs red,

^Fi/Jipes, Black; back cinereous; belly white ; legs reddifh.

^ Black T,

Inhabits Europe and America ; 10 inches long.
B'^ll Wack -, viale with a white fpot on the chin ; zvings and
.- . tail cinereous ; vent and lower tail-coverts white ; egg
browaifh-green with purplifh i'pots.

43. RYNCHOPS. Bill ftraight, the upper
mandible much (horter, lower trun-
cate at the tip.

Nigra, Blackifh, beneath white ; bill red at the bafe.

Blach Skimmer.
3. Tawny ; bill black.

Inhabits America and Afta ; 20 inches long ; is perpetually
flying about and fkimming over water, out of which it
fcoops fmall fifh with its lower mandible ; in ftormy feafons
frequents fhores in fearch of fhell-fifh.
Bill black, the lower mandible grooved ; front and chin white ;
wings With, a tranlVerfe white band; 2 middle tailfeathers
black, the next edged with white ; legs red,

ORDER

felRDS. GRALLi?!. 44. Phcenicoptcros. 367

ORDER IV. GRALL^.

Bill fuhcylindric, a little obtufe : tongue en*
tire, Jlejhy ; legs naked above the knees,

44. PHCENICOPTEROS. Bill naked,

toothed, bent as if broken: nojirils

linear : feet 4-toed, palmate, the mem-

, branes femicircular on the fore -part ;

hind-toe not conne61;ed. Flamingo^

Thefe birds combine the characters of the Anferes and GralLc;
have long legs and neck •, bill large, the upper mandible
carinate above, and toothed on the edge, lower compreffed,
tranfverfely furrowed, and noftrils covered with a thin
membrane.

R-.iber. Quill-feathers black. Red FL

Inhabits Africa and South America ; from the tip of the bill to
the end of the tail 4 feet 4 inches long, and to the end of the
legs 6 feet *, feeds on aquatic infefts and fifh ; perpetually
twifts its neck about when eating, fo that the upper mandi-
ble touches the ground ; makes its neft on hillocks in fliaU
low water, on which it fits with the legs hanging down like
a man fitting upon a ftool ; lays 2 white eggs ; very impa-
tient of cold ; flefh good, efpecially the tongue ; it changes
its colour with its age, being the firft year white-afli, the
fecond rofy, the third full Icarlet ; tongue covered with
about 12 papillae, which are Ircioked backwards, and cartik-
genous at the tip,

Chiknfis, Qiiill-feathers white. Chili Fh

Inhabits Chili: 5 feet long from the bill to the claws.
Bill covered with a reddiih fkin ; head I'ubcrelled.

45. PLATALEA.

3-63 . BIRDS. GRALLiE. 45' Piatalea,

45. PLATALEA. Bill long, thin ; the tip
dilated, orbicular, flat : nojlrils finally
at the bafe of the bill : toiigue fhort,
pointed : feet 4-toed, femipalmate.

Spoon-bilL

'^Laicoro' Body white; chin black; hind-head fubcrcfted.
<^^^' f'P'hife Sp.

2. Wings varied with black and white ; legs yellowifh.
3* Body all white ; legs flelh-colour.

Inhabits Europe and AJia ; 2 feet 8 inches long ; feeds on
fifli, frogs, fnakes and gi'afs ; builds in high trees ; lays
3—4 white eggs, powdered with rcddifh fpots ; flefh relein-
bles that of a gooie, elpecially when young.
Bill black, brown or ipotted ; tongue heart- fliaped ; irids grey ;
lores, orbits and naked dilatable chin black ; quill -feathers
iometimes tipt \\ ith black ; le^s black.

.'Ajaja. Body rofy ; tail-coverts fcarlet. Rofeats Sp.

2- Blood-red ; neck white ; collar black ; tail-feathers
fcarlet.
Inhabits South America ; 2 feet 3 inches long.
Bill cinereous-white, with a furrow parallel with the edge ;
face and chin naked, whitifh ; legs greyj 2) is the full-
grown bird.

Pygmcva. Body above brown, beneath white. Dwarf S^.

Inhabits Guiana and Surinam : fize of a fparrow.

Bill black, longer than the head, nearly rhomboid at the tip,
the angles and tip of the upper mandible white ; fhafts ct
the quillfeathen white ; tail {hort, rounded ; fctt cleft..

46.,PALAMEDEA.

JBIRDS. GRALLjE. 46. Palamedca. 4^.Myaeria. 369

46. PALAMEDEA. Bill conic, the upper
mandible hooked : nojlrils oval : Jeet
4-toed, cleft, a very foiall membrane
conneding the toes at the root.

Screamer,

Cornuia. Wings with 1 fpines at the bend ; front homed.

Horned Sc.

Inhabits the fenny and maritime parts o{ Sovth America ; 3 feet
4 inches long ; they are always found in pairs, and feed on
herbs, feeds and reptiles ; makes a neft of mUd, {haped like
an oven, and lays 2 eggs ; when alarmed rifes from the
ground with a loud and continued fcreaming ; the flefh when
young is fometimes eaten.

Bill and legs black ; irids golden ; body above blackifh, be-
neath white ; wings reddifh beneath ; fpines, ftrong, fharp;,
hornv, triangular, yellow ; horn on the front recurved,
round^ whitilh, 3 inches long ; hind-toe flraight.

Crijiata, Wings unanr_ed ; front crefted. CreJledSc*

Inhabit^ Brajil ; fize of a heron.
Bill and legs yellowifh ; irids goldpn •, crejl black varied with

cinereous, erech ; /io<fy g;ey mixed wi^h vafous and brown ;

hind-toe placed fd hi^h as not to touch the ground iix

■walking*

47. MYCTERIA. Bill a little bending up-
wards, fharp-pointed, upper mandi-
ble triangular : front bald : nqflrils li-
near : tongue fmall or o : Jeet 4-toed,
cleft. Jabzru.

Americana White ; quill and tail-feathers purplifh-bladk.

ATTierican f.

Inhabits themarfhes of South America: nearly 6 feet long; is

migratory and gregarious ; feeds on fi{h which it devours in

large quantities ; builds in trees hanging o%'er the Vater, and

lays u eggs.

Vol. i. — 3 B Mtl

370 • BIRDS. GRALLiE. 48. Cancroma.

Bill long, flout, black ; head and neck bald, two-thirds of the
neck blackillij the reft red ; hind-head alhy ; legs long, ftout,
blackilh.

Aftatica. White ; band over the eyes, lower part of the back, quill
and tail-feathers black. Indian y.

Inhabits India j feeds on fhell-fifh.

mil blackifh, upper mandible gibbous at the bale, lower tumid
beneath ; legs flefti-colour.

Ifova: Ho!- Body above purplilh-grcen, beneath, neck and fhoulders
landi(f. ivhite. Neiv Holland J.

Inhabits New Holland. Lev. Muf.

Head purplifb, fpotted with white ; neck feathered ; irids yel-
lo\v ; firft quill-feathers white ; tail black and white.

48. CANCROMA. Bill gibbous, fhaped
like an inverted boat : nojlrils fmall,
placed in a furrow : tongue fmall :
toes divided.

CocA^Mn4, Crefted ; afh-colour ; belly rufous; crown and lunule on
the neck black. Crejied Boat-bill.

Inhabits South America: 22 inches long ; perches on trees
■which hang over the water, and darts down on the fifli as
they fwim underneath ; feeds likewife on crabs.
Bill brown', lores naked, blackilh; creji long, pendulous,
pointed ; legs yellowifh -brown ; toes connefted at the bafe,
2. Body fpotted with brown.

Cancro. Crefted ; rufous-browii ; belly whitifh ; crown black.
.fhaga. ^ White-bellied Boat-hill.

In its habitation, manners and food refembles the laft, of which
it may perhaps be only the feniale.

49. SCOPUS,

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 49. Scopus. 50. Ardea. 371

49, SCOPUS. Bill long, thick, compreiTed,
a little hooked : nojlrils linear, ob-
lique : Jeet 4-toed, cleft.

Umbrcita, Sc. TufteJ Urfihe,

Inhabits Africa ; 20 inches long.
Bill brown, with a longitudinal furrow each fide, in which are

placed the noftrils, lower mandible narrower towards the end,

and a little truncate ; crejh thick, t\ifted, l^x •, body brown ;

tail obfcurely baiTcd ; legs longifli, bi;own ; tots conncfted at

the bale.
Female ndl crefted.

50. ARDEA. Bill flraight, pointed, long,
fubcomprefTed, with a furrow from
the noilrils towards the tip : nojlrils
linear: tongue fharp: feet 4-tQed,
cleft ; toes conneded at the bafe.

A. Crefted : hill hardly longer than the head.

Pdvonia, Creft briftly, ereft ; temples with 2 naked wattles.

Crowned Heron,

Inhabits Africa and Guinea; 2 feet g inches long ;-is eafdr
tamed, and feeds on worms and vegetables ; runs well, and
continues long on the wing ; fleeps on one leg ; flelh tough.

Bill brownifli ; irids grey ; crown covered with fhort, filky
feathers ; crejl circular, yellowifh tipt with black ; temples
and wattles red ; body blueifh-afl-i ; zoing-coverts white, the
greater ones reddifh, thofe next the body blackifh ; tail and
greater quill-feathers black, the fecondary bay ; legs dulky.

• -'■5!7, Behind each eye a tuft of long, white, pendent feathers.

Numidian Crane.

Inhabits Africa and Afia : 3 feet 3 inches long.

Bill yellowifti, the bafe greenifh, the tip red ; irids red ; head

and tips of the primary quillfeathcrs black ; feathers of the

3B 2 5^c«/t

372 BIRDS. GRALLi^. 50. Ardca,

brcajl long, pendulous : crcjl over the eyes turned back ar.d
pendulous ; body blueifh-afli ; crown cinereous ; head, nrc/c,
throat, brcajl and tegs bUck.

B. Cranes. Head bald.

Canadenfis Fore-head naked, papilloiis ; body cinereous ^ wings tc{-
taceous on the outfide. Prown Cr.

%. Cinereous ; greater quill^feathers black.

Inhabits North America ; 3 feet 3 inches long ; feeds on corn

and various iniecls, and migrates; flefh good.
Bill dufky, the lower mandible tipt witii pale flefli-colour ;
head Qn the naked part red ; back, ^'ings zad/capulars red-
difh ; greater qtiilLfcathers dark brown ; kgs black.
«

^Grus. Hind-head naked papillous ; cap and quill-feathers black ;
body cinereous ; innermofl tail-feathers jagged.

Common Cr.
2, White ; lower part of the neck and quill-feathers black.
Inhibits Europe and A ftOf z)jfapan; migrates in autumn to-
wards the louth ; above 5 feet long ; feeds on all iorts of ver-
min and green corn •, flies in vaft flocks, at a great heighth,
and refls on one leg.
Bill greenifh-black ; front cpvered with black down ■, hind-
head red, with a few fcattered hairs and beneath a cinereous
area ; temples and upper ntck white j Itgs black.

Americanfi Crown, nape and naked temples papillous ; front, nape
^nd primary quill-feathers black ; body white.

Ha oping Cr.
Inhabits North America j 4 feet 6 inches long ; makes a great

clamour, and feeds on worms and marfh infetls.
Biil yellowifh, ferrate at the tip ; crown red, covered with
black hair; head beneath, as far as the lower jaw led; legs
black.

j^ntigonc. Naked head and papillous collar red ; body cinereous ;
primary quill-feathers black.
2. Body blueilh-afh ; bill and tail black ; legs blackifli.
Inhabits India; 5 feet high.

Bill greenifh- yellow with ^ dufky tip j croxan and fpot behind
the eye^ white j legs red i cla-a>s black,

Gigantea*

■!t'-

BIRDS. GRALL.^. 50. Ardeu.

373

Gi^antm, White ; temples and front naked, red, wrinkled ; 10 firft
quill-feathers fhining black ; bill and legs red.

Siheriaii Cr.
Inhabits the vafl: marfliy flats of Siberia; feeds on reptiles,,

worms and fmall fifh' ; ftands 4} feet high.
Bill ferrate •, irids pale white; tail with 12 fubcqual feather.i-j
the year old bird is tavvnyifli, beneath white ; face and le^s
grcenifh-brown,

C. Storks. Orbits naked.

Ciconia, White ; orbits and quill-feathers black ; bill, legs and flcin
red. WlnteS.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and Africa ; 3 feet 3 inches long ; feeds
on fifh and reptiles, and is 19 fome countries held facred for
its ufe in dellroying lerpents ; fleeps on one leg ; in autumn
migrates in vafl; arid orderly flocks to the fens of Egypt and
Parbary ; greater icing-coverts black.

Maguari. White ; orbits and legs red ; bill cinereous ; upper tail and
greater wing-coverts, quill-feathers and fcapulars
black. Americans,

Inhabits the warmer parts of America ; 3! feet long.

Bill 9 inches long, the bafe yellowifh-green ; irids fdvery ;
feathers of the throat long, lax ; claws broad, flat.

Nigra. Brown ; breafl and belly white. BJach S.

Inhabits Europe and Ajia : 2 feet 9 inches long ; is timid, and

retires into thick woods and inacceflible fens ; feeds on fifli

and reptiles.
Bjill greenifh-grey tipt with whitifli ; feathers of the hind-head

and under the neck long ; neck and fides of the head fliining

azure ; kgs red.

D. Herons. Middle claw ferrate inwardly.

DuVia. Glaucous, beneath dirty-white ; bill a little triangular.

Gigantic H%
Inhabits India and Africa : 7 feet high when {landing ; is do-
cile, eafily tamed and very voracious ; feeds on fifli, birds
and reptiles.
Bill of many colours, i6 inches round at the bafe ; gape of the
mouth very large ; head and neck nakedifh ; in the middle of
the neck is a long membranous conic bag, thinly covered
with down ; quill feathers brawn ; kgs black.

Torquat/^

,-4 BIRDS. GRALLiE. 50. AiiJea.

Torquaia. Hind-head black, crefted ; back brown ; neck aftd belly
dirty-white ; breaft black with yellowifh hinules.

rVreathed H.
Inhabits South America, ^

Nt3iccrax Crefl on the hind-head white, horizontal, of 3 feathers ;

back black ; belly yellowifli, (male). Night H.

2' Head fmooth, brown; belly browiiifh, beneath white;

firrt quill-feathers with a white fpot at the tip,

(female).

Inli:ibits Europe Afia, and Amerioa : 20 inches long, builds in
trees or among rocks ; feeds on fifli ; migrates and frequents
the mcmths of rivers and Ibgnant marfhcs.

BiU bUck, yellowifli at the bale ; lores and orbits green,

Mo!c J a Tvliite band on the front ; head as far as the middle of
the neck black ; quill and tail-feathers cinereous ; legs yel-
lowifh-green.

Female J crown brown ; crefto; body grey-brown ; neck be-
neath with a rufty line ; .x8 firft quill-feathers with a white
fpot at tlie tip •, tail-feathers edged with white ; lores white ;
legs brown.

Jamaicen- Brown, beneath white ; head fubcrefted ; breaft and belly
^Jis. with brownilh (freaks. yamaica night H.

Inhabits the woods of jfarnaica : 1 foot 1 1 inches long.
J5zW dulky ; lores and orbiks greenifh ; cliin and i^eni white;
primary quill-feathers tipt with black ; legs brown.

Cakdonica Ferruginous, beneath white ; creft on the hind-head of
3 feathers ; frontlet black ; eyebrows white.

Caledonian night H.
Inhabits New South Wales ; 22 inches long.
Bill black ; area of the eyes green ; legs yellow.

Ohfaira. Creft on the hind-head of one feather ; body above greenilh,
beneath chefnut, longitudinally ftriped with white and
ferrueinous : quill-feathers with a white fpot at the

tip. . J^^Jh H.

Inhabits Sclavonia ; {\7.t of A. flellaris.

JiiU recurved, greenifli-black ; feathers of the crejl white ; front,
crown and 7iape dufky-chefnut ; back and wing-coverts dulky-
chefnut and gold-green ; legs fliort, greenifh.

Cii.yzn'.n1is Q\nQrto\is\ head black, crown white; creft unequal, of
"^ 6 feathers, half white, half black. Cayenne night H.

m ' Inhabits

J

BIRDS. G'RALL^.. 50. Arcfea. 375

Inhabits Cayenne : 21 inches long.
* Bill black ; bres pale green : a white line from the nojlrils be-
neath the eyes to the hind-head ; hdy blueilh-aih ; quill-fca-
thcrs black ; kgs ycUowifh.

Purpurea. Hind-hea<i bhck ; crefl pendent, of 2 long feathers ;

body olive, beneath purplilh. Crcjicd purple H^

Inhabits Afia j 2. feet 10 inches long. ,

Bill brown tipt with dufky, beneath yellowifh ; crfjl black ;

orbits naked yellowifh ; from the angle of the mouth to the

hind-head a black ftreak ; chin white ; upper half of the nech

rufous, with 3; longitudinal black lines, the reft olive behind,

rufous at the fides, and reddifli on the fore-part, the feathers

long, narrow, each with a black fpot ; a black band from the

middle of the breafi to the vent ; lower tail-coverts white,

mixed ,with rufous and tipt with black ; angles of the icings

rufous ; qicill-Jeathers dulky ; legs greenifh.

*Ctfpica, Creftcd ; body cinereous ; neck, breaft and belly ferrugr-
nous \ chin white ; neck with 3 black lines.

African //»

Inhabits Africa, AJia, and is very rarely foimd in England i

fize of A. cinerea.
Bill and legs yellow ; creji of 3 long feathers ; feathers of the

breajl and rump mixed with ferruginous; from the nape to

the back a broad, black line, and another on each of thff

fides.

*MAJ$r, Hind-head with a long, pendent cfeft ; body cinereous ;
line on the neck beneath and pedloral bar black,
(male). Common H.-

i. Hind-head fmooth, black ; back blueiftt, beneath whitifh ;
breaft with oblong, black fpots, (female).

Inhabits almoft every where in fenny places ; is very vora-
cious, and preys on fifli and reptiles, and even vegetables ; is
a great depredator on fifh-ponds ; flies very high with its
head between its fhoulders and its legs pendulous ; builds
frequently in trees, and lays 4 — 5 greenilh-blue eggs ; 3 feet
3 inches long.

Bill dufky, the bafe beneath yellowidi ; p.rea of the eyes naked,
greenifh ; irids yellow ; temples black ; front, crown and
7ieck. above white ; fpurious wings and greater quill-feathers

, black ;

.376 BIRDS. ORALLiE. so.AnleS.

hlzch; /capillars and feathers of the throat long, lax, nar-
row ; body beneath white ; legs dirty-green.
Female j crefl hardly any ; head grey ; feathers above tlie brcajl

fliort.

■,^

*G(irzetta. Hind-head crefted 5 body white ; bill black ; lores and legs
greeniih. Little Egret.

Inhabits marfhy places in temperate regions ; a foot long.

Irids yellovv'ifh ; crejl confifting of fome fhort and 2 long (c^i-
thers ; face naked, green ; clazfs black.

L''ucogaf Blueifh-black, beneath white ; creft on the hind-head of
^'^^' 2 feathers ; bill, naked face and legs yellow.

De?rJ-egref.

Inhabits Cayenne j hardly 2 feet longi

Lower part of the back with tome long, pendulous, rufous
feathers.

Rujfceas. Blackifh-grey ; lores and orbits green ; feathers of the
head and neck, and longer narrow ones of the back
rufty- rufous. Rcddijh Egret.

Inhabits Louifiana ; near 2 feet long.
£ill yillowilh, dufK-y at- the tip j legs black.

E^-ctta. Subcrefted, white ; legs black ; feathers of the back and
breaft lax, narrow and very long. Great Egret.

Inhabits South America : about 2 feet long ; is folitary, {by,
lies hid among the tall reeds, and feeds by night.

Crejh hardly vifible ; hill black or dirty-yellow, dufky on the
back and at the tip.

Agami. Black-blue, beneath rufous ; hind-head crefted ; orbits and
chin white. Agami //.

Inhabits Caven«e; 31 inches long.

Bill dufky ; cap and 6-feathered long creft blue ; nape and jag-
ged fcapulars pale blue ; lower part of the nt(^ and back
with long pendulous feathers.

Com. Hind-head, pendent creft and back cinereous; neck be-

neath fpotted with black ; fides of the head black.

Cocoi H,

liTihabit^

BIRDS. GRALL.^. 50. Ardca. 377

Inluhits Bra/d and Cayenne : above 3 feet long;

^m greciiini-ydlow ; irids golden; body cinereous ; my«

5I inches long ; chtaks, chiri and crown white ; neck and tacK

•with Very long, j>endulous feathers.

7ohanna^. Above cinereous, beneath white ; pendent creft and quill-
teathcrs black \ feathers of the throat long, lax and
fpotted with black. Johanna H,

Bili ycllouilli i/ace naked, yellowifh-gTCcn ; Ugs brown.

Fufca. Crcft blackiar ; body blackifh-brown, beneath white;
brcall with long brOwn fpots. Brown M.

Inhabits Cayenne; iii feet long. Bill brown ; legs yellow.

Iloaaii Crefted head and body above black, beneath white; face
naked, yellowiih; front between the eyes white i
wings and tail cinereous. -^^^ <"-

Inhabits the lakes of New Spain ; 3 feet 3 mches long.
• Bill black, yellow at the fides ; irids and Lgs yellow.

f ema/e above brown mixed with whitifh, bcn^ith while tinged
with brown.

Head purple, crefted; body cinereous ; angles of the
wings white ; front varied Wack and white ; wing-
coverts blue and cinereous. ^ouhou /I.

Inhabits the fens of Me;^tco : a rare bird ..-fy. .

J3:7/ black; le^^s variegated with brown, black and yellowiOi »
crejl confifts of 7 purple feathers.

Iniua, Varied with brown and green; fecondary q^i^J^-J^^^^"*

green ; tail black ; wing-coverts, primary qtiill-te»-

thers and body beneath white. Uhaujung M.

Inhabits India : 3 feet long. , u- j ^ r.( ih.>

i?i/Z black; ff^iflem-colour; crou^n, neck Mid hind-part ot the

back with green fpots ; fometiiues the back is white.

Flavicollis. Creft on the hind-head and body black ; neck yellow ifh at
S'- the fides, the fore-part chefnut, ^^1, ff ^^"%^ .^^^

with black and white. YcUoxv^ncckcd H.

Inhabits India : 2 feet long.

Novat Hd. Subcrefted ; lead-cinereous, btneath rufty-rufous ; face be-
Undi^. yond the eyes, chin and throat >vhije^.^^_^^^^^^^^^

Hjhou.

37^^ BIRDS. GRALL/E. 50. Ardea.

Inhabits Kczj Holland ; 28 inches long.

Bill black, the bale underneath yellowifti ; lores and orhits
naked, greenifli ; Ifgs yellow-brown ; feathei-s of the crown
long, black ; c/iec.ks, chin, front and fore-part of the neck as
hr as the middle, white ; feathers of the chejl long.

Hcrodias. Hind-head crefted ; body brown ; thighs rufous ; breaft

*V»' with oblong black fpots. Great H.

Inhabits the lakes and rivers of Virginia; feeds on lizards,

frogs and Hlh ; above 5 feet long.
Bill brown ; face yellowifli ; crtjl and quill-feathers black ;
nc(k and hreafl rufous.

Ludovlcia' Head and neck rufous \ front white, fpotted with rufous ;

TiA^ , , crown crefted ; wing-coverts and tail green ; back

ci,nereous, with a purple tinge ; breaft rufous-brown.

*• Louifianc H.

Inhabits Lcuifiana ; 16 inches long.

Bill dulky ; lores yellowifh ; quillfeathers blackilh, many of
^^^ - ^ them tipt with white ; uing-coverts edged with tawny ; Up

'^"^'^ 'yellow.

Hind-head pale yellow ; creft white ; body flreaked black
*' and white, beneath blueilh ; legs pale yellow.

Tellow-crowned H.
Inhabits Carolina: 15^ inches long.

Bill black ; irids red ; face naked, green ; crefl 4 — 6 iuches
long ; head violet ; from the angle of the mouth each fide to
the hind-head a white flreak ; quillfeathers blueifti-bronw ;
tail blue.

«

ruka. Hind-head crefted ; body blue. Blue H.

Inhabits Avierica : 18 inches long.
Bill and lores blue ; legs green.

Female ; head and neck dufky-purple ; chin and middle of the
throat white ; tack lead-colour.
Subcrefted ; blue-green ; chin and throat white.
Inhabits New Zealand : 18 inches long.
Bill and legs yellow.
Varied with browa yellow and cinereous ; above ftcel-
black, beneath white ; wings and tail greenifh.
Inhibits Brafil : 16 inches long.

Bill beneath white; lores and legs yellow; quiUfeatkers with
a white fpot at the tip,

Carul'fcfn:,

V^olaua,

ft

.11 ■

BIRDS. GKALLJE. 50. Ardea. f^^

Creftcd ; body dufky-bluc ; head and neck rufous-brown ;
hind-head with 2 long feathers. Blueijh H.

Inhabits Cayenne: 19 inches long.
Bill pale y-'Uow ; lores red ; le^s brown, *,

Rubigino- Ferruginous, beneath whitifh ftriate v/ith black ; head fub-
/^' crelted ; chin white ; back with a few black fpots.

Rujiy-croivnti H.

Inkibits Xortk America : fizc of A, {lellaris.

Bill flender ; irids and legs yellow ; frpnt and qui tl- feat hers'

dufky; throat with 4 black Ibeaks j feathers of the ireajl

long, Joofc ; from the breajl to the upper part of the neck 1

black line ; tail fhort, lead-colour.

Uudfonia. Creftcd crown black ; body brownifh, beneath whitifh ;
neck beneath fpotted with reddifh-black.

Ksd-JhouUeniH.

Inhabits North America : perhjps the female of the lafl.

Bill above black, beneath Uwny ; face greeuilh-N'elloW ; tem-
ples, lower part of the head and brcajl white, the latter v^ith
oblong black fpots ; neck beneath brown, with deeper bars ;
legs duflcy.

Cemata, Ferruginous, beneath white ; hind-head with a lon^,

white, pendent creft, edged with black. Squacco fj.
Inhabits Europe and Afia : lize of A. niinuta.
Bill livid red, tipt with brown ; lores grcenifli ; irids yellow;

rump, wings and tail white ; legs greenifh-yellow.
*2. White ; head fmooth, the upper part, crdwn, bread and'^

back reddifli. . ,. ; ;;,.,.' \t ■ ;. f,

\v\\\A)iis Coromandel : has been once ihpt, in £nnf^n<£. Linn,

Tranf. 3. 33,5,
Front and neck whitifli, ftreaked with teftaceous and

black ; wings teftaceous ; rump, belly and thighs

white. *^

Inhabits Pofegan. )i -

5:7/ white, tipt with black; A^arf fmooth; 2 middle tail-Jea-

ihers pale, teftaceous at the tip.

^rythroccm Hind-head with a red pendent creft j body white.
.^^^ala. Red'CrtJiedH.

Inhabits Chili,

3 C £ Thula,

J*

3So BIRDS. GRALLiE. 50. Ardea.

Thula. Hind-head crefted and with the reft of the body white.
Inhabits Chili,

Cj!ar*«cc- Qto-^'n crefted and with the back blue ; wings black edged
■phah. with >yhite. Blue^hcaded H.

Inhabits Chili.
Bill black ; belly ycUow-grecn ; tail green ; legs yellow.

CandidiJJi' Snow-white; bill and logs blackifli ; cyt$ and toes yellow ;
ma, " crefl: very long, fhading the hind-head, neck, brealt

and back. Smwy H.

Inhabits near Carthagcna in America ; lefs than A. fl-ellans.

Cjfianea. Chcfnut, beneath white ; face and eyebrows green ;

pouched chin and rump white ; head crcfted.
V^ \|fc<*- Cajlancous H,

■^ Inhabits nor the 7^ ndir ; 2a inches lorig ; builds in trees.

^^^ ^'11 hvid at the bafc. brown at the tip ; trids iaftron ; fides of

the head yellowifli ; neck yejlovv-bay, beneath varied yellow

and whitifli ; quill and tail-featheh fpowy ; wing^-ccverls

ochre.

Sjuajotia. Bay; creft on the head black, the middle feathers white ;
;. fcapulars long, narrow, white at the bafe.

Inhabits Italy : 18 inches long.

BtU yellow, tipt with black j /ace naked, yellow ; cr<y? with
30 feathers ; U^s green,

Galcata. Hind-head fubcrerted \ body milk-white ; bill pale yellow;
legs fcarlet^
Inhabits Chili : 4 feet j inches high. Bill 4 inches lor.g.

Ferruginea Head fubcrefied ; body blackifli, the feathers ferruginous
at the tips ; beneath varied with ferruginous, whitifh,
brown and cintreous. Ferruginous H.j

Inhabits Europe and Afia ; 21 inches long; migrates; feeds 0|
fifti and inlctls, and builds on the top branches of trees.

B'll above brown, beneath rcddifli-green ; y^cc naked, green j
irids fafTron ; chin pale ochre ; quill-feathers black-browi
tipt with white ; kgs grccnifli.

S.rythropui

BIRD6. GRALL.*:. 50. Ardea. jSr^

ErythrO' Head crcfted ; body chcfnut-fafFron, beneath deeper; bil*
puu blue ; legs red. . Red-legged H

2. Neck fpottedlit tha fides; legs pale ycUowifli.
Inhabits /mZv: li/l of A. vivffccns,
BUI tipt with black ; htad varied with ycUow and black.

.Striata. Hind-head fubcrefted ; back hoary, ftreakcd ; neck bencatk
ferrucinous ; fccondavy quill-feathers tipt with white.
^ ' ~ Striated H.

Inhabits Guiana aiul Surinam ; f;/r of A. cinciea.
Crown black ; quill-feathers brown.

Kxvia, Brown ; hind-head black, fubcrcaed ; long quill-feathers
blackifh, tipt with white; fhoulders ftreaked with
white. Spotted H.

Inhabits South America. Cim. Phyf. 70. tah. ^6.

BUI and kf;s deep brown ; behind each eye a fmall, oblong,
Ulack patch •, cheeks and fides of the ncek palo nifty ; throat
and fore-part of the neck white, thickly fpottcd wit^i
black ; body beneath pale brown ; thif^hs with minute, longi-
tudinal, Wack fpots ; long quill-feathers with a white fpot at
the tip ; taU black.

Virtjans, Hind-head fubcreftcd; back fhining green ; bread reddifli;
lores pale ycllovv ; tail-feathers gold-green, (male).

Green H-

2. Brown gold-green, beneath whitifh ; neck reddilh, ftreak-

ed with white ; wing-coverts and quill-feathcrs fpot-
ted with white, (female).

3. Crefted ; cinereous ; fore-part of the neck white, with

rufous ftreaks ; wing-coverts greeniih, edged with ru-
fous ; crown and tail black.

4. Brown, beneath paler; wings dotted with white; quill

and tall-feathers blueifh-afh.

Inhabits South America ; 18 inches long ; fits on trees.

Bill greenilh-brown, 3) black ; le,^s yellowifh ; crown deep
green.

Male : quill-feathers gold-green, fecondary edged with rufty.

Female ; crejl hardly any ; wing-coverts with triangular, rufous-
white fpots at the tip.

*Stdl<iris, Head fmoothifli ; body above teftaccous, with tranfverfe
fpots, beneath paler, with oblong, brown fpots.

Bittern.
a. Body

3^2 BIRDS. GRALLM. 50 Ardea.

2. Body lefs ; colour of the wings deeper.

Inhabits the temperate parts of Europe and Afia, 2) Avienca ;
3 feet 2 inches long ; migrates northerly in funimer ; feeds
on fifh and reptiles ; about I'un-fet riles in tlie air to a vail
heighth in a Ipiral direftion, making a prodigious noife ;
builds among reeds ; eggs 4 — 5, greenilh-ani.

BiUhiown, beneath grecnilh ; legs and lores green.

Sotauruit Head fmootini, black ; body above cinereous-brown, be-
neath rufous ; lores and naked orbits yellow ; throat
. white, itreaked with black and reddilh.

Greater Bittern.
Inliabits Italy ; 3 feet 9 mches long.

Bill yellowlfli ; irids yellow ; feathers of the head and heaji
l(3ng, flowing ; feathers of the fides of the neck Iheaked
with black.

Schnnien-
p.

Marfigti,

Danuhia.

lis.

CroM-n black \ fmooth head and neck ferruginous ; body
above blackilh, beneath rcddidj. Italian Bittern.

Inhabits Italy ; larger than the next.

Bill blackilh, beneath corneous; irids yellow; uin/r-coverts
varied with ferruginous and white; greater quill-Jeathers
blackilh, Icffer ferruginous ; legs brown.

Rufous ftreaked with brown ; head fmooth ; throat white ;
quill-feathcrs browniOi with duflcy bars ; tail whitifh.

Swabian Bittern.
Inhabits the banks of the Danube ; Ids than A. ftellaris.
Face tiaked, yellow ; irids whitifli ; legs yellowifh.

Brown, with black and reddifli lines ; head fmooth ; lores
naked, yellow; throat and breart whitilh.

Rayed Bittern.
InJiabits the banks of the Danube ; ftze of the lalk.
Bill brown, beneath yellowilh ; legs and claws grey.

Undulata. Rcddifli-grey ; cap black; body above with black waves,
beneath with angular ftreaks. Zigzag Bittern.

Inhabits Cayenne; 13 inches long.

Bill brown ; lores blueiih ; neck tumid ; legs yellow.

JPi'aJiliin.

Head fmooth

1 fmooth^ body blackifii, dotted with yellow; quill
and tail- feathers, bill and legs blackilh.

Braftlian Bittern.
Inhabits

*»•>•>

BIRDS. GRALLii;. fo.Asdca.

■M

.Inlubits lirafil ; 2 feet 8 inches long.

Irids yellow ; htad and neck brown, with a few black fnots ;
throat whit«, with black and brown longitudinal i'pots.

Iigrina. Head fmooth ; crown and tail black, with white bands ;
body black, fpotted above with rufoiis, beneath with
pale ochre ; chin and vent white. T'/V^r Bittern.

Inhabits South America ; 2.\ feet long.

Bill grecnifh ; irids yellowini ; chin and fides of the neck red-
difh, with black fpots ; tail with 4 bands ; If^s green.

Linrata, Head fmooth ; bill and lores blue ; wings and tail black ;
body above waved with rufous, yellow i(h and browri
lines, beneath dirty- white. LIneated Bittern,

Inhabits Cayenne; 2\ feet long.

Head and neck rufous with numerous brown lines crofling each
other; fore-part of the neck with a white line, each fide
edged with black fpots ; legs yellow.

Flava. Streaked; above brown, beneath white; head and neck
reddifh ; tail-feathers with tranfverfe white ftrcaks.

TeUow Bittern,
Inhabits Brafil; 2 feet 3 inches long.

Bill near the tip ferrate, brown, grecnifli at the bafe ; irids gol-
den ; feathers of the belly edged with yellow ; tail with
white lines ; legs duflcy-grey.

Bononien- Black ; collar white ; legs and 2 fpots on the yellow bil!
Jls, black. Collared H.

Inhabits about Bononiaj fize of a curlew.

*Alba. Head fmooth ', body white ; bill tawny ; legs black.

Great white Hm
Inhabits Europe, Afia and America : 3 feet 6 inches long.
Bill 6 inches long ; irids yellowifh ; lores green.

Pileata. Hind-head crefted ; body white ; crown black.

Black-crejied H;
Inhabits Guiana: about the fize of the laft.
Bill brown ; legs pale yellow ; lores grey-green,

Nivca, Head fmooth; bill and legs black; body fnowy ; feathers
of the neck and back flowing. Snozvy H.

Inhabits

^^4 BIkDS. GRALL^. 50. Ardea.

Inhabits fhores of tlic Ca/pian Sea : above 2 feet long.
Face yellowilli-blue ; toes ^ffron.

Hdias. Head fmooth : body above black, vaved vv'ith tranfvcrfe,
ferruginous lines: beneath whitilh : quill and tail-
feuthcrs with ferruginous bars.

Inhabits 60 w^/i America: 16 inches long; feeds on I'inall fifh
and infects, and expands the tail like a peacock.

Bill blackifh ; tongue very narrow, grooved ; pupil red ; head
and beginning of the nak black with white ftreaks ; rump
with tranfverle white lines ; 7 of the taii-coverts with a large
white fpot at the tip ; fai7 blackiih, llrcaked with white and
2 ferruginous bands.

Sclera. Head fmooth: body white : inner wing-coverts and tail-
feathers with black lines ; dorfal feathers jagged,
white. Sacred H.

1' Crown white : body variegated white and black : dorfal
feathers jagged, black : legs black.
Inhabits Otaheite : 'i\ feet long j is held lacred by the natives.
Middle of the crown with a tew black Itrcaks ; bill brown;
leg! yellow; greater quill-feathers dulky at the tips.

Atral Entirely black : faee naked: head fmooth. Black H,

Inhabits Silejic : ftze of A. major. U'ui^s blueifh,

Furpurata Head fmooth : crown and neck blackifh-afh : body above
purple-bay, beneath cinereous: face naked, yel-
lowifh. Purple H,

Inhabits the banks of ahe Danube : fiicof A. major.
Upper mandibl: yellowifh-green, lower yellowish ; neck above
, with blackifh lines ; threat with yellowifh fpots ; quill-fea-

thers blackilh-brown ; legs brown,

Spaduea, Purple-bay : wings, tail and fmooth head bay : crown
black. Mexican H.

• Inhabits Sew Spain: a foot long.

.^.quinoc- Head fmooth : body white : 2 firfl quill-feathers brown an
t'"^'^' the outer edge. Little white H.

2. Crown and brcaft fafFron : lores and legs yellow -faffron.
3- Lore? pale yellow ; bill purple : legs pale purple.

Itihab-:?;

BIRDS. GRALL.E. 50. Ardca. 3S5

Inhabits Americay 2) Bononia ; i8 inches long.
Bill and lores red ', irids yellow; U^s green.

Cracra. Head fmooth ; body variegated with reddlQi, above blueilli-
alh, beneath cinereous ; neck beneath and breaft
white;

Inhabits South America, near tlie banks of rivers.

Jiili black, beneath yellowifli brown ; ^r^ids goWen ; crliifr
naked, ycllowilh ; hind-heed and neck above brown mixed
"vvith a vellow, deaJ-leaf colour ; lelVer wing-coverts green,
edged with rufous, the greater and quill feathers edged with
white ; tiiil greenifh-black ; Ic^s yellow,

Leitroce- Black-violet ; crown fmooth, black ; reft of the head,
phalu. neck and vent ^vhite. Fiolet M.

Inhabits Corornandel ; .33 inches long.

Bill and tegs brown: loWfer pait of the neck blueifli-hla'-'^ ;
lower tail-coverts white.

Rufa. Black ; head fmooth ; temples ferruginous ; breaft ru-
fous ; lower part of the neck whitilh, with longi-
tudinal bfownifli fpots,- upper part, back and wings
brown-a(h. Rufous H.

Inhabits Auftria j fize of A. major.

From each eye to the hind-head a black ftreak ; legs brown.

Sincnfis. Brown with pale bars ; head fmooth ; wings and tail black.

Chine/e H.
Inhabits China ; finall. Bill ycUowiih ; legs green.

Variegata. FerriJgin(5us fpotted with brown,- befteath palor ; front
black ; chin white i thighs rufous ; legs brown.

Variegated H.

Virgata. Blacki (hi -brown ; neck beneath white ; throat ftreaked with
black ; wing-coverts ftreaked with yellowi'fti.

St risked li
Inhabits North America ; i) inches long. Legs grcenlfli.

Cana. Cinereous; neck brown-afh ; belly, cheeks and chia

white. AJh-cohured H.

Inhabits North America; 25 inches long;

Bill black ; feathers of the JIaihs long, broad ; legs vcllowifh,

Vol.1. — 3D Ca^-.iicula*

3S6 BIRDS. GRALL^. 50. Aidea.

Carunru'ii Back, wings, legs and crown black-blue ; fmooth head
'"'•• and neck white ; body beneath black ; bill and chin

carunculatc. IVattled //.

Inhabits Africa ; 5 feet long.

iJ/'Z/hhick, with a red bale ; orbits naked, red; ir/</.f rcddifli ;
2 wattles hanging from the chin covered with white feathers.

hialaccen- Brown ; beneath, wings and tail white ; fmooth head and
J^^* neck ftreaked with brown and white ; face naked, ci-

nereous. Malacca H.

Inhabits Malacca ; 19 inches long.

Bill b!ack, th.e bafe yellow at the fides ; feathers of the head and
neck long, narrow, loofe ; lep yellow.

Cianavio- Cinnamon ; head fmooth ; chin and vent white ; throat

mea, flreaked with brown ; a white ftripe each fide the

chin. Cinnamon H»

Inhabits Chtna ; 18 iiiches long. ^/7Z and legs yellow,

Pt^rnila, Smooth head and neck varied with yellowifh, chefnut and
white ; body above chefnut, beneath whitifh ; tail
fnowy. Dwarf H,

Inhabits the Cafpian Sea ; 19 inches long.

Upper mandible black, with a yellowifh edge, lower pale ochre,
with a vellowilh bafe -, face ochre ; irids yellow ; chin and
band reaching as far as the breall white ; ru?np Iriowy ; legs
dirty-afh.

Badia. Chefnut, beneath whitifli, with a longitudinal fnowy
ftripe down the middle ^ quill-fetithers black ; wing-
coverts blueilli. Chefnut H.

Inhabits Silefia ; hze of a crow; builds in trees.

Bill brown ; irids yellowifh ; tail chefnut ; legs red.

/'Ai/i/'/'crt- Beneath white; fmooth crown and neck above reddifh-
fis, broAvn ; back with tranfverfe rufous and brown lines ;

wings and tail black ; throat reddifh dirty-white.

Philippine H,

Inhabits the Philippine Iflands : xi inches long.
Bill greenifh-yellow ; face naked, gre«n ; zeings edged with red-
dilh-vv'hite; /t'^j ydlow,

tsova Gui-

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 50. Ardca. 38;

Navat Gui- Black ; head fmooth ; face naked, grecnifli.
n(<z. A\-iu Guinea H.

Inhabits AVr*' Guinea j lo inches long. ^lYZ brown.

Cyanopus. Cinereous, beneath white ; head fmooth ; face blue ;
quill-feathers partly white, partly black.

Cinereous H.
Inhabits America ; ;i little larger than a crow.
BiU blue, tipt with black ; wing^coverts cinereous mixed with
black ; legs blueidi. '

Maciilata, Brown ; neck above and upper part of the back fpotttd
with white ; head fmooth i lores naked!, grecnifli.

Spotted H.
Inliabits the fens of /wn-o^e; i8| inches long.
BiU brown, beneath greenifti-yellow ; quiU-Jeathcn with a
black fpot at the tip ; kgs greeniih-brown.

Gardcni. Brown; head fmooth; back blackifh ; throat and breaft
whitilli, fpottcd with brown. Gardeniaii H.

Inhabits Cayenne and Carolina; 18 — 22 inches long.

Scnegalen- Rufous, beneath white; head fmooth; feathers of the
Jis. throat with a black longitudinal ftreak down the mid-

dle ; wings white, reddifti in the middle.

Senegal Bittern.
Inhabits 5f«f^rti; 12 inches long.

Bill reddifli-brown, beneath yellow ; feathers of the neck lax,
rufous ; le^s yellow.

Exilis. Smooth head and body above reddifli-bay^ beneath white ;
fides of the neck rufous ; wings and tail black.

Minute Bittern.
Inhabits jfamaiea ; i.\\ inches long.

Bill greenifli ; irids draw-colour ; lateral and lower feathers of
the neck long, loofe ; breajt brownilh-black ; middle wing-co-
verts ferruginous ; fome of the quill-fecithers tipt with chef-
nut ; legs green.

*Minuta. Head fmooth ; body brown, beneath reddifli ; tail-feathers
greenifti-black ; lores yellowifli, (male).

Little Bittern,
3 D 2 2. Body

^88 BIRDS. GRALL^E. 5i.Tiinulus.

2. Body brown ; edges of the feathers reddifn, beneath red-
dilli ; crown, back, wings and tail black, (female).
Inhdbits Europe and AJia, very rare iu England; 15 inches

long.
Bill yellow-green ; naked part of the face yellow ; irids faf-
fron ; Ic^s grecu^browa.

E. BUI gaping in fhe middle.

JPandiceri. Grey-afh ; quill-feathers long, black ; middle claw not
tf/i^* ferrate. Pondicherry H.

Inhabits India ; 14^ inches long.

Bill yellow, thick at the bafe, pointed at the tip, and a little
beat in, gaping in the middle ; fpace between the bill and
eyes feathered ; legs yellow,

Ccrcmtn. White ; back, wings and tail black ; upper mandible fer-

deliana. ^3(5 from the middle to the tip. ' Coromandel H.

Iwhshiis Coromandi'l : feeds on fifh and reptiles.

BUI like the hll, and with the k^^ reddifl^-yellow ; upper part

of the head with black lines ; lores and chin naked, black ;

irids red ; toes connected at the bale.

Scplopacea. Brown ; throat and breaft ftrcal>ed with white ; chin and
legs \yhite ; wings and tail copper-colour.

Scolopaccous H.
Inhabits Cayenne; 25 Inches long ; an intermediate fpecies be-
tween the Ardea and Scolopax genus.
Bill brown-red, blucilh at the tip, and a little bent in ; nof-
trils a mere ilit in the furrow qf the bill ; orbits naked,
tawny ; middle-f(je connected at the bale and peclinale on the
inner edge; /;'.^j whitifh.

51. TANTALUS. Bill long, fubulate,
roundillj, fubarched : face naked :
tongue fliort, broad : jugular pouch
naked : nojlrils oval : feet 4- toed, pal-
mate at the bafc. Ibis.

J,G:uUtor» Face bheifh ; bill reddifli ; Jegs, quill ai^d tail-feathers
black ; body white. f^ood Ibis.

?• ^ea(j

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 5i.Tantaiu?.

z^

J*

2. Head and neck white varied with yellow ; body black ;
belly cinereous.
Wing-coverts white, with a black blotch in the middle.
Inhabits Xcw Holland and the wanner parts of Amrricaj 3 feet
long ; is very flow in flight and ftupid ; {its on trees, and
feeds on herbs, feeds, fruits, fifh and reptiles ; flefli good.
Bill c) inches long, v?llowifh-brc)\vn ; irids reddifli.
Male ; head and neck naked, wrinkled, black-bluo.
Fcmali ; head and chin naked ; neck grey, downy.

Fukincllus Face black ; legs blue ; wings and tail violet ; body chef-
nut. . Bay L
2. Glofiy chefnut ; brcaft green.

Inhabits Europe and Ajia ; 21 inches long.

Bill black ; hc-ad and neck with a few brown and white fpots.

Viridi

*Ignfus.

I.''ucorf.
phalli:.

Face and legs black ; wings green and blue ; neck black-
afh, beneath barred with white ; body above and tail
green-gold ; beneath and rump blackifti-browr..

Greet: T.
Inhabits Rujfia ; flics in flocks and reds on trees ; feeds on fifh

and inlefts ; gi inches long.
BiVnead-colpur ; above the eyes a white hand ; crown with 2 or
3 white fpot^.

Head and neck black ; legs green ; body varied with glofTy-
blue, blackifh, green and claret, beneath dark ru-
fous ; Guill and tail-feathers green-gold. GloJJ'y I.
Inhabits with the lafl, but is 3j inches longer ; was once
fhot in Cornwall. Bill green.

Head, neck and body white ; bill and face yellow ; legs
pale flefh-cqlour ; rump with long rofy feathers. -

IVh'itc-headed T.
Inhabits India: the largeft of its tribe ; every year bcfure the

rainy feafon fheds its rofy feathers.
Breajl with a broad band ; win f^-c over ts and firft quill-feathers
black ; in the other_/cx the wing-coverts arc edged with white
and brown.

Catvus, Head white ; hind-head tuberculate, and with the gular
pouch bald ; crown, bill and legs black ; body glofTy
black-green. Bald I.

Inhabits

^9P- BIRDS. GRALLiE. SI. Tantalus,

Inh^lts the Cape of Good Hope : 32 inches long.
Irids brown ; ^nug-covcrts with a grec-a glofs, coppery near
the tip.

ManiUcn- Bill and orbits greenifli ; legs carmine ; body reddifti-
[is, brown. Manilla /.

Inhabits the Philippine IJlands. Jrids red.

hlinutus. F»ce, bill and legs greenifh ; body ferruginous, beneath
^vhite. LeJJ'er I.

Inhabits Surinam. Bill tipt with black.

Crifratus. Face pale ; head, paj-t of the neck, tail and vent black ;
hind-head crelted, the feathers partly black, partly
V hite ; body ferruginous ; wings whitilli. Crcjied I,

Inhabits Madagajcar ; 20 inches long.

Bill and legs brownifli-yellow.

Mdavou. White ; bill, head and legs black. BlacJz-headed I.

plialus. Inhabits India; 21 inches h)ng.

Bill much curved ; nape znd Jlrag with jninute black fpots ;
irids brown.

^'iger, ' Face, bill and legs red ; body black. BlacJ: I.

Inhabits Egypt j 30 — 40 inches long.

//.,

Face red ; bill pale yellow ; quill-feathers black ; body
whitifh-rufous. Egyptian f.

Inhabits in vaft numbers the lower part of Egypt : lize of the
la(t; is lield facrcd by the Egyptians for its ufe in clearing
tlie land ot" reptile-; and inlefts, wliich are left after the in-
undation of the Nile ; rcfls in an erctl poflure.

Suhtopi. White : head and upper part of the neck brown : hind-
'"^"* part of the back and quill-feathers black. Ethiopic I.

Inliabits Ethiopia ; (lands 19 inches high.
Bill above gieen, beueath black ; eyes large ; legs black.

Ruber. Face, bill and legs red : body fcarlet : wings tipt with
black. Scarlet I.

Inhabits 6'o7//A America: 21 inches long; fits on trees, but
lays its greenilh eggs on the ground ; the young are at firft
black, then grey, juft before they fly whitifli; and afterwards
glow gradually red.

Alhus.

BtKDS. GRALLiE. si.Tafttafus. 39^

AIjUs. Face, bill and legs rerf ; body -white; wings tipt with*
green. //7>/V^ /.•

2» Face and bill yellow fkJTi-coloui' ; legs pale flefh-colour j
body white ; 3 oufer quill-fcathers tipt with black-
• Inhabits Brafd and Caribbce JJlands : 22 inches long.

Fufius. Face, bill and legs red ; body brown, beneath white.

Broivn I.
Inhabits Cayenne in^ Carolina ; near 2 feet long.
Jrids grey-; lower part of the iack and rump wliitc.

Pilliis. Face, bill and legs brown ; body white ; quill and tail-
feathers black.

Inliabits near rivers and lakes in Chili ; fize of a goofe ; builds
in the fcdge, lays 2 blucilh- white eggs.

Keck 3 feet long : hill large, pointed, convex, 4 inches long,
naked at the bale ; chiii pouched, naked ; plumage while-
varied with black ; Icp and thighs 2 feet 8 inches long,

Cayanen- Face duflcy-reddifh ; bill dulky ; body black glofly-grcexj.
Jts, Cayenne /,

Inhabits Cayenne ; 22 inches long ; fits in pairs on trees.
Pl'ings and tail with a deeper tinge ; legs brownifh -yellow.

Mexicanus Varied with purple, greer» and Hackilh; beneath browa
varied with red ; wing-coverts green ; bill blueifh.

Mexican L
Inhabits Mexico ; 3 feet long.

Melanoph. Back, wings and pe£loral band cinercoiis ; head and neck
tawny ; quill and tail-feathers, thighs and vent
black. Black-faced /.

Inhabits New Year Ijland : 28 inches long; builds in rocks.

Bill long, black ; face naked, wrinkled ; gular poueh naked,
plaited, black ; legs- red ; feathers of the head and hind-
part of the neck long.

Albicollis. Bill black; head and neck rcddifh-white ; body brown,
waved with grey and glofly green ; legs red.

Whiie-necled L
Inhabits Cayenne ; 27 inches long ; g: eater wing-covcrts white,

Grifeus,

392 BIRDS. GRALLiE. 52. Corrira. 53. Scolopax.

Grifeus. Whitifh : hind-part of the head and neck grey : rump,
quill and tail-feathers greenilh-black. Grey I.

Inhabits BraJU; lize of a Lcn.

llagedajhi Cinereous : back varied with green a:nd yellow : wings

blue-black, the lelfer coverts violet.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; feeds chiefly on bulbous

roots.
Bill above red, beneath and at the tip black •, wings beuenth

duiky i /i?^j bhckifh. Sat Scolopax Icucoiephala.

52. CORRIRA. Bill Ihort, ftraight, with-
out teeth : thighs longer than the
body : feet 4-toed, palmate, the hind-
toe not connected.

Italua. Above ferruginous, beneath white ; 2 middle tail-feathers
white tipt with black. Italian Courier.

Inhabits Italy ; lefs than the curlew ; runs fwiftly.
Bill pale yellow, black at the end, with a large gape •, irids a
double circle of bav and wlute.

53. SCOLOPAX. Bill roundifh, obtufe,
longer than the head : nqftrils linear :
face covered : feet 4-toed, hind-toe
confifting of many joints.

Gwarjunc. Bill arched yellowiftt: legs brown: head brown ftreaked
with white. Braftlian Whimhrel.

Inhabits South America; 21 inches long.

Bill brown, with a vellow bale ; feathers of the head and neck
brown, with a whitifh edge ; l?ack and body beneath chefnut ;
jlioulders, li'ing-coverti, rump and fazY brown, with a green
glols ; quill -feat hers brown, the outer edge gloffy groen.

Bor:aUs. Bill and legs black : body brown, fpotted with grey, be-
hcath pale ochre, Ejquimaux Curlew,

Inhabit'

BIRDS. GRAtLiE. 53. Scolopax. 393

inhabits the moifh and inundated meadows of Iludfon's Bay :
mucti lefs than the common curlew ; feeds on worms and
berries.

Africa.na. Bill arched, blackllh-browh ; legs brown; body cinereous,
beneath white ; brealt witH rufty fpots. Cape Curkii\

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : lizc of a Inipe.

Face and rump white ; edge of the wings mixed white and
grey ; quillfcathers brown, with white fhafts ; lecondary
wing-coverts tipt with white.

*Pygni{ra. Arched bill and legs black ; body varied with ferruginous,
brown and white, beneath white. Pigmy Curlca-.

Inhabits Europe ; very rare in England; fize of a lark.
Rump white ; qnill and outer tail-feathers edged with white.

UadagaJ. Arched bill and legs reddlfh ; back vrlth brown rhomboid

cdrenfis. fpots. Madagojcar Curlni .

Inhabits Mhdagafcar j in fize and appearance reiembles the

next, except that the hill is lefs arched ; chin white, and fpots

on the lioay more dlftinft,

*Arquata. Bill arched, blackifh ; legs blueilh ; wings blackifh, wiih
fnowy fpots. ^ Common CurleiQ.

Inhabits moift and fenny places of Europe, Afta and Africa in
flocks ; feeds on worms and marfii mlefts ; lays 4 eggs, olive,
witk brown fpots ; flefh good:

Lower mandible rcddifh , at the bafe ; body /abovo. and breaft
with dufky brown ftreaks ; chin^ rump, belly and vent
white ; quillfcathers black, within fpotted with white ; legjc
blueifh, toes flat and broad : nearly 2 feet long.
2. Varied with rufous and black ; beneath pale rufous ; lega
black ; wings black, with rcddifli fpots.

Inhabits North America, Body lefs ; bill longer.

Luzonien- White ; head and neck whh black ftreaks ; belly and tail
fis. with black bands ; back brown, with white fpots ;

crown black. Luzonian Curleu.

Inhabits Luzonia ; lefs than the lad.

Tahilicnfis Bill brown, reddlfh at the bafe ; legs blue-grey ; crown
brown ; eyebrows pale ; body reddilh-whlte with
dulky ftreaks and fpots ; back black vvavcd with white.

Otaheitc Curkzi'i
Voh I. — 3 E InhabijC

394 BIRDS. GRALLtE. 53. Scolcpa;t.

Iiilubus Otahdtc ; 20 inches long.

Q^inll feat hers dufky vviih paler edges ; tail dirly-ycllow, neai
the bale with fpots, the leil with dulky bars.

Lfiicoce- Bill red ; legs black cinereous ; head and neck white ,
phala. body blue; quill-feathers black.

Jih'ite-htadcd Curlew.
Inhabits the Cape cj Good Hope. See Tantalus HagcdaJJi.

* Disc pus. Bill arched, black ; legs blueifli \ back with rhomboid
brown fpots; rump white. Whimbrel.

Inhabits Europe and America ; half the fize of S. arqiiata.

Lower mandible reddifli at the bafe ; body above and breajl
brownifli, with dufky brown flreaks ; chin, rump, ^e//y and
vent white; tail brown, with dufky bars; quill-Jeathers
black fpotted with white within.

Hudfunica Bill black ; legs blue ; body brown, fpotted with white ;
belly white \ crown chefnut-brown, with a longitudi-
nal white line in the middle. Hudfotiian Curlew.

Inhabits Hudjon's Bay : fizc of the laft.
Eyebrows white; ruwp the colour of the back.

Fujc^. Bill bent in at the tip ; body black, waved with white ;

rump and wings beneath white. J^ujky Snipe.

Inhabits Northern Europe; 12 inches long ; migrates.
Bill black; lep^s brown; lower part of the back and rump

white ; qi(,ill feathers brown, fpotted with grey ; tail-feathers

brown, tranfverfoly flreaked with while.

Cinerea. Bill black ; legs reddljh-brown ; body cinereous, beneath
white ; wings with a whitifh tranfverfe band.

Terek Snipe.
Inhabits the Cafpian Sta ; 9 inches long ; gregarious.
Bill a little recurved, black ; throat and breafi (Ircaked with
cinereous ; feathers brown in the middle; firil quillfeathers
brown, fecondary cinereous.

Suharqua- Arched bill and legs black ; head, neck and fpurious wings
^^« brown waved with pale rufty ; body above cinereous,

beneath pale rufty 4 chin, vent and rump white.
Inhabits the Cafpian Sea ; 8 inches long.
Lower mandible fhorter ; tongue long, arrow-fliaped, entire ;
eye.s brown: orbits whitiOr ; lores brown; rump and vent
w;i!i brown fpots; /a;/ rounded, brown-afli,

BIRDS. GRALL.^. 53. Scolopax. 395

[juana. Bill black ; legs yellow ifh -green ; body cinereous ; fpot
behind the bill and eyes, chin, throat and middle of
the belly white. Ajh-cohnred Snipe,

Inhabits Palmerjlon IJland ; 1 1 inches long.

Bill ■&. little incurved at the tip ; chin with brown ilripos.

Grifea, Bill, legs, wing-covcrts and cjuill-fcathers brown; head,
neck and fhoulders brown-afh fpottcd with black ;
back and belly white. Brsiun Snipe.

Inhabits the lea cuafls of New York; ii Inches long.

Band between the bill and eyes nudjiripe each fide above tlie
eyes white ; fecondary quill-feathtrs ed^ed with white •, breajl
varied with white and brown ; tail and rump with black, and
wliite lines ; iacA-ioe high, long.

Novchora- Varied with black, cinereous and red ; back and belly
cenfis, white ; wings cinereous ; tail barred with white and

black. Red-hreajled Sni^e.

Inhabits New York : fize of S. gallinago.

Bill and legs brown ; fore -part of the neck ferruginous with
black fpots.

Nigra. Bill and legs red; body black. Black Snipe.

Inhabits the iflands between Northern Afia and America.

Nutans. Bill black; legs greenifh ; body cinereous; crown and up-
per part of the back duflcy red, ftreaked, lower white
fpottcd with black. Nodding Snipe.

Inhabits Labradore i fize of S. gallinago; is continually nod-
ding the head.
Cheeks cinereous ftrcaked with black ;. neck and breaji mixeA
cinereous and fufty, with dufky (pots ; belly white ; leffe^
mi ng-c averts cinereous, greater dufky edged with brown i
quill-feathers dufkv, the fecondary tipt with white ; tail
with black and wliitc lines, reddiQj at the tip,

Flavipcs. Bill black ; legs yellow ; body whitifh fpottcd with black ;
throat and breaft varied with black and white; belly •
and tail-coverts white. . .Tellow-Jhanlk, '

Inhabits New York in the autumn; i f irxches "long.
Rill^ little bent at the tip; lelTer wing-coverts brown; pri-
mary quilLfeathers duflcv ; tail with brown and white lines.

3 E 2 MelanolcU'

3^6 BIRDS. GRALLiE. 53. ScolopaK,

M'danolcu- Bill black : legs ycllovy : body varied with black and white.
ca. Stone Snipe.

Inhabits during the autumn the fandy fhores of Labradore :
twice as large as S. gallinago ; is perpetually ncxiding the
head.
Tail and rmnp with black and white lines ; primary quill-fea-
thers dufky.

^emipat- Semipalmate legs and bill dulky : head and neck Oreakcd
mala. black and white : breait white dotted with black :

back cinereous, wjth black arrow-fliaped fpots.

Semipahnated Snipe,
Inhabits' JN'cru York: 14 inches long.

Mclly white ; Jlanks wjiite, with tranfverfe black lines ; pri-
mary quitt-feathtrs dulky. with an oblique white band, fe-
cundary white ; middle tail-Jcathars cinereous, with bluck
lines, outer ones white.

f.Rujtitola.^lW ilraight, reddifh at the bafe: legs cinereous: thighs
covered ; head with a black band each fide.

IVood-CQch.
Ct, Body w|iite.
'^. Very pale flraw-colour.
'^\ Head reddifli : body white ; wings brown.
5. Body fpotted : wings fnowy.

Inhabits the northern parts of Europe, AJva and Africa, and
migrates in winter to the more temperate countries : 15 inches
i long -, feeds on wonns and infefts which it fearches for with

its long bill in loft ground and moifl woods ; flies by night,
and returns to its day retreat the lame way but lower ; builds
on the ground, generally at the root of a tree, and lays 4—5
M ^ggS) vully with brown fpots ; fleih and inteft;ines good.

1} Upper mandihk longer, jx-dflifh at the bafe ; front cinereous ;

]<)\ver eyelid white ; crown, neck above, back and wing-co-
verts ferruginous mixed with black and grey •, chin pale afh ;
throat yellowifh, with imall dulky fpots ; body beneath
whitifli, with dufky lines ; quillfcathers dufky, with trian-
gular rufous Ipots ; .tail rounded, cinereous at the tip ; legs
brownifh.

Mino.t, Bill ftraight : legs brownifli : front cinereous : hind-head
black, with 4 tranfverrc ycllowifli lines : chin white :
body above black waved Nvith tawny ilh, beneath yel-
low. Little Wood-cock.

inhabits

BIRDS. ORALLY. 53. Scolopax. 397

Inhabits Amnua : i.\\ inches long ; flefh delicious.

Inower mandible much {hoiter ; from the hill to the eyes a tlu(ky
line ; greater wing-coverts with black and red angular lines*
the inner ferruginous -, primary quill-feathers duiky ; tail
black, with 4 brown tip.

Paludofa. Bill and legs brown ; lores and eyebrows black ; body
black, varied above with rufous, beneath with
whitifh. Savanna lFood-coc\.

Inhabits the favannas of Cayenne ; lefs than S. rullicola.

Body beneath varied with black fpots.

* Major. Legs and crown black, the latter with a palp divided line
down the middle ; above and beneath the eyes a pale
llreak j body above varied, beneath white.

Great Snipe.

Inhabits 5j3fn'fl, rarely £«5'/d«^.* 16 inches long.

Bill like S. rulticola ; lower feathers of the body, except the

middle of the belly, edged with bl^ck ; quill-feathers dufkv ;

tail-feathers reddith, and except the 2 middle ones with

black lines.

Cayencn- Bill duflcy, wjth a reddifli bafe ; legs brown ; body above
fis. afhy-brown fpotted with pale yellow, beneath white.

Cayenne Snipe,
Inhabits Cayenne ; 13 inches long.

Greater wing-coverts whitifh, lower ones varied with dufky and
white ; quill-feathers brown, the bafe and fome at the tip
white ; throat a little fpotted ; rump white ; tail with
dufky lines and tip.

fCallinago Bill ftraight, tuberculatc ; legs brown; body varied with
blackiih and 'tawny^, beneath white; front with
4 brown lines. Gammon Snipe.

Inhabits every where jn marfhy places ; near 1 2 inches long ;
feeds on worms, infefls and leifer reptiles ; flies with great
velocity, and lay$ 4—5 dirty-olive eggs with reddilh fpots.

Crown, bill, ocular band and wings black ; chin pale rufty ;
tail-feathers black at the bafe ; rump variegated.

Callinaria Bill ftraight, tuberculatc ; legs yellow ; head grey ; body
variegated. Finmark Snipe.

Inhabits Z^mTwarA; refcniblcs the lafl.

*Gailinula,

398 BIRDS. GRALLiE. 53. Scolopax.

*Gallinula Bill ftralght, tuberculate \ body variegated ; legs grccniili ;
lores brown \ rump varied with violet. Jack-Sni^e.
Inhabits Europe., Afta and America; 8i inches lonof.
BULhXAc'k; body variegated with teftaceous, black, violet and
gloflTy green ; head with pale yellow and black lines reaching
from the bill to the hiiid-head; breaji fpotted ; belly and
vent white.

BiHca. Bill very ftraight, tipt with black ; head, neck and breaft
ferruginous ; belly white ; back, wings, tail and legs
black.
Inhabits the Netherlands : feeds on land infefts.

Ohjcura. Bill flraight, purple; legs flefh-colouri head cinereous;
quill-feathers black-grey.
Inhabits the Ihores of the Cafpian Sea,

Ftdoa. Bill ftralght, yellow ifh ; legs brown ; fecondary quill-fca-
thcrs rufous dotted with black. American Godwit.

Inhabits Hudfoh's Bay ; 16 inches long.

^ill tipt witii black; eyebrows white; lores dufky ; cheeks and
chin white ; head and neck varied with du{ky and pale
brown ; breajt with black lines ; belly brown ; back and
rinng-coverts varied with ferruginous and dufky ; quill-fea.
thers ferruginous without ; tail with pale brown and black
lines.

*Glottis. Bill ftraight, the lower bafe red ; body beneath fuowy ;

legs greenifli. Green-Jhank.

Inhabits AJta^ America and Europe: 14 inches long.
Bill black, the lower mandible bending a little upwards ; eye-

brozvi and lower part of the back white ; head, neck and back

pale cinereous, the fliafts of tlie feathers fpotted with brown ;

quill-feathers dufky, I'pottcd within with white ; tail white,

with dufky lines ; le^s very long.

*Calidris, Bill ftraight, red ; legs fcailct ; fecondary quill-feathers
white. Red-Jhayxk,

Inhabits Europe z\v[ America: 12 inches lon^.
Bill black towards the tip; irids reddifh-hazel ; head and neck
above cinereous ; bark and y^(?;/Werj grecnifh-broWn; wiii"-
covcrts cinereous, mixed with dufky and brown, and fpotted
with v.hitifh ; fecondary quill-f eat hers, except the 2 inner

ones,

BIRDS. GRALL.^. 53. Scolopax. 39^

ones, wliite towards the tip, primary dufky, the 4 — 5 inner
ones tipt with white ; line over the eyts white ; between the
bill and eyes a dufky fpot ; chin and throat with fhortdulky
ftreaks ; body beneath and rump white, with Irnall dufky
fpots ; tail-feathers each with 12 — 13 tranfverfe black lines.
2. Body above grey, beneath white ; neck beneath and fide of
the bread fpotted with blackifh \ rump and tail
barred with black and white.
Inhabits China. .

*T<jtanus. Blackifh, with white fpots, beneath white; lines on the
breait and bands on the lateral tail-feathers blackifh v
legs red. Spotte.d Snipe.

2. Wings with triangular white fpots ; larger.

Inhabits Europe, 2) North America • fizc of S. glottis.

*Limofa. Bill a little bent back, red at the bafe ; body grey-brown
varied with rufous, beneath white ; quill-feathers
white at the bafe, the 4 firft withoot fpots ; tail
white at the bafe. LeJJer God-wit.

Inhabits Zwro^t' ; 17 inches long.

Irids whitifli ; cheeks reddilh; back brown; quill-feathers
blackifh ; feathers round the bill reddiflx-white.

Capenjis. Straight bill and line on the crown reddifh ; band on the
bread black ; line each fide the back white.

Cape Snipe.

2. Olive-green ; neck black ; crown and throat ferruginous ;

orbits, fcapulars and belly white ; quill-feathers and
tail with tawny fpots.

3. Waved with cinereous, grey and black ; head and neck

rufous ; orbits, chin, fcapulars and belly white ; pec-
toral band and eyebrows black ; wings and tail with
yellow oval fpots.

4. White ; head and neck black ; wings and back green ;

primary quill-feathers fpotted with red.

5. Above with black fpots and lunulcs ; back blucifli ; wings

chefnut ; lower part of the breaft black \ checks,
chin and belly white ; orbits and line on the flioulders
yellow.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 10 inches long.
Crown cinereous drcakcd with black ; orbits white ; red of the

head

400 BIRDS. GRALLJE. 53. Scolopa>i.

head and neck ruft)us ; lower part of the hyeajl. belly and
vent white ; body above, zvings and tail cinereous, tranl-
verlelv ftreaked and waved with black.

Sinen/u. Variegated with bluciflij browh, rufous and bidck ; eye-
brows, line on the crown, chin and belly white.

Chlneje Snipe,
Inhabits China:, lo inches long.

Bill long, brown-yellow ; body alx)ve finely waved ; veck
a]x)ve brown, with tranfvcrie black lines, beneath whitifli,
with longitudinal white ftrcaks ; uings and tail with reddifli
fpots ; legs grey.

SiadcraJ. Bill reddilh ; body above varied with tawny and blackifh,

patana. beneath white ; flreak on the middle of the crown

and each fide the head black-brown; throat tawny^

fpotted with blackifh. Madras Snipe.

Inhabits Madras.

Back with 1 black-brown bands : brtafi Avith a tranfverfe black
bar ; quill and tail-feathe.rs varied with black, -tawny and
grey ; hind- toe as long as the fore-ones.

Jndica. Bill and legs black ; body dirty-grey, waved with brownifli,
beneath whitifli ; band acrofs and beneath the eyes
grey. JPhite Indian Snipe.

Inhabits India ; Icfs than S. gallinago.

Head whitQ] throat and breaji ^vith fpots and Hrezks ; Jlanks
with dirty-grey bands.

*Lapponi- Bill a little recurved, yellowifh ; legs black ; body bc-
cd, neath reddilh-rufty. Red Godzuit.

2. Head and neck cinereous ; chin and belly white.
Inhabits Europe and Avierica r 18 inches long.
Bill blackifli at the tip ; head, neck, breajl and body above
ferruginous, and except the neck, ftreaked with black ;
lower part of the back and . rump rufous-white ; greater
quill feat hers black without, the bafe within white, lecon-
dary and tcil-Jeathers half black, half wJhite.

*u£gocc. Bi]l ftraight, rcddifli-yellow ; legs grcenifli; head and

phala. neck rcddifli ; 3 of the quill-feathers black with a

white bafe. Common Godzvif.

Inhabits

JBIRDS; QRALLJE. 5;;. Scolopa*.

401

inhabits Europe^ Afia and Africa : i6 inches long.
From the bill to the eye a broad white ftreak ; body above reii-
di(h-bro%vn, the feathei-s wilh a dufky fpot in the middle.

*Leuco' Browri edged with wliltidi ; neck whitifli, with fmall
pkxai brown fpots ; chin and belly white ', quill-feathers

with black bands. Godiviti

Inhabits Europe : 16 inches long.

Bill a little turned uj*, biCwn with S purple bafe ; tail-fea-
thers white, the a middle ones wholly, the reft barred with
brown on the oUter fide ; rump Ibmetimes white.

^Canejctns Legs lorig, cinereous ; head, neck and back varied with
cinereous and white ; chin and breafl white fpotted
with alh. Cinereous Godwit.

Inhabits Lincoln/hire ; fize of S. glottis;

Bill thicker than in S. glottis ; tail with cinereous lines.

*Cantdbri-
giinfis.

Legs orange ; bill red ; body above brown-afli, beneath
white \ wing-coverts and tail-fealhers barred with
black. Cambridge Godivit.

Inhabits Cambridge/hire ; larger than S; calidris.

Leffer iving -coverts brown edged with white and barred with
black; quillfeathers blackiili, white within, the fecondary
barred with white i

Candida, Straight bill and legs orange ; tody whitifh ; tail-feathers
white barred with grey. trhiie Red-Jhan\,

J nhdhhs Hudfo7i's Bay J 1 1 inches long.

Bill tipt with black ; front, rump and bo^ beneath white,
without fpots } other parts with tranfverie reddifh-grey
ftreaks ; primary quillfeatkers grey.

Curonica, Spotted with grey; wings and bill Blackifh, the lower
mahdible from the bafe to the middle fcarlet j legs
bfick-dufl colour.

Marmora' Variegated with blackifh and pale rufotis fpots } middle

fa. of the belly, eyebrows and chin whitifh ; breaft

waved with brown ; quill-feathers reddilh, the 4 firfk

without tipt with black. M&rhled Gcdwit,

Vol. 1. — 3 F Inhabitt

402 BIRDS. GRALLi^. 54. Tringa.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay ; fize of S. fedoa.
Bill black, a little tiirncd up and rcddifh at the bafe ; legs
black ; tail with blackifh-brown bars.

Hudfonica Brown, with white fpots, beneath, rufty-chefnut, with
brown bars ; eyebrows, chin, rump and bafe of the
tail white. HudJ'onian Godwit,

Inhabits iiv.dfon' s Bay ; kfs than the laft.

Bin and Itgs blackifh ; tail fliort, black, with a while bafe.

54. TRINGA. Bill roundifh, as long as the
head : nojlrils finall, linear : tongue
flender : feet 4-toed ; the hind-toe of
one joint, and raifed from the ground.

Sandpiper.

*Pv§nax. Bill and legs rufous ; 3 lateral tail-feathers without fpots ;
face with flefh-colour granulations.

Ruff and Reeve.

Inliabits Europe and Siberia: 12 inches long ; appears in the
fens early in the fpring and difappears about Michaelmas ;
the. riij^s ormales fight with great obftinacy for the females
or reeves, who lay 4 white eggs, with large rufty fpots in a
ti ift of grafs ; the ruffs are lb variable in their colours that
•2 are feldom found alike.

Bill fometimes black or yellowlfh ; irids hnztl; back of the
neck with a large tuft of feathers which fall off in moult-
ing leaion.

Female pale brown ; back fpotted with black ; tail brown, the
middle feathers fpotted with black ; breajt and belly white,

*Vancllus. Legs red ; creft pendent; breaft black.
L. Lapwing. Bafiard Plover. Fewit.

Inhabits the molfl heaths and marfhy grounds of Europe, AJia
and Africa ; feeds on worms and flags ; lays 4 dirty-olive
'jggs Ipoited with black ; the parents arc very anxious about
and light vigoroufly for the young ; flefh and eggs delicious.
Bill black ; iridt hazel ; croicn fhining black ; crejl on the hind-
head 4 inches long ; cheeks and fides of the neck white ; be-
neath each eye a black line ; throat black ; hind-part of the
Tiecji niixtd \,'i^\\ white, alh-«olour and red j back and /ca-
•' puUtn

BIRDS. GRALL.^. 54: Tringa. .403

pillars glofly green, fomr. of the feathers with fcrruginbtt?
tips ; leiltr wing-coverts fhining black-blue and green ; greater
quill-feathers black, the 4 firlt with a white I'por. at the end,
leiler on the upper half black, lower white; belly white;
vent and tail-coverts orange ; outer tail-feathers white, the
reft on the lower half black tipt with dirty-wiiite, upper
white.

Bononiai' Black, beneath whitifh ; head and neck above chcfnut ;
Jis, throat and bread with ferniginous fpots ; tail black.

Greater Lapwing,

Inhabits near Bononia : larger than the laft.

Bill yellowifli tipt with black 5 U^s pale yellow.

Erythro- Legs red ; front, rump and tail reddifh-white ; body above
p^i' and wings brown-afh ; belly footy. Red-legged S*

Larger than T. pugnax.

Bill and 7 firft quill-feathers black, fecondary white ; tail with
a black band at the tip.

Fa/ciata, Bill, crown, hind-hes^d, ftripe behind the eyes and belly

black ; front and rounded tail white ; back cine-
reous ; 7 fir(t quill-feathers black.
Inhabits AJlracan. ^

*Camhttta Bill and legs red ; body variegated with pale yellow and

cinereous ; beneath white. Gambet,

Inhabits Europe and America ; 12 inches lon^.

Bill tipt with black; irids yellowifli-grcen ; mng-covtrtizn^

Jcapulars cinereous edged with yellow ; firft (^uill and taiU

feathers duiky, the latter edged with yellow.

^Nigricans Blackifli-afh ; chin and middle of the belly vfhitc; bafc of
the bill and legs red. fVel/h S,

Inhabits G lamer ganfhire and CarmarthenJIiire : larger than
T. cinclus ; 8| inches long. Linn. Tranf. iv. 40.

Bill flender, tapering, a little curved ; irids hazel ; head and
neck dulky black ; eyelids whitiih ; back zn^fcapularshXzcV
edged with afli-colour ; wing-coverts black tipt with whits:. ;
quill-feathers black, flightly edged with white on the outer
webs, the {hafts white ; body beneath white, fpottcd with
black, except the middle of the belly and vent ; rump
black ; 2 middle tail feather 5 black, outer one cinereous, the
refl dufky.

•^ F 2 *Inttrpreu

40+ BIRDS. GRALL/E. 54.Tringa.

^Interpres. Legs red; body black, varied with white and ferruginous;

brcaft and belly white. Turnjione. Sea Dottrel.

Inhabits the fea coails of Europe and America ; g inches long ;

feeds on worms, which it turns over ilones to look after ;

builds on the ground and lays 4 olive eggs fpotted with

black.
Bill black, a little turned up at the tip ; checks and neck above

black ; tail black in the middle, while at the ends.
Femak more dufky ; head varied with brown and whitifh ;

neck above blackifh.
•2. Legs red ; tail-feathers blackifh, white ^t the hafe ; body

grey ; breaft black.
Inhabits Scoitand and North America,
Body above brown-afli, beneath, chin and rump white.
3- Varied with brown and white ; chin, throat, belly and

double band on the wings white ; quill-feathers and

tail dulky.
Inliabits Cayenne. Billhrown tipt with black ; legs red.
4' Varied with brown and white, beneath white ; brcaft

with brown fpots ; wings and tail brown, the outer

fp^thers of the latter at the edge and all tipt with

white.
Inhabits Cd^enne. BiUhhck ; le^s hxown.

Strtaia. Bafe of the bill and legs yellow ; tail-feathers white,
barred vvjth brovyn ; molt of the qiiill-feathers white.

Sriated S.
2. Blackifh, edged with reddifh-grey ; breaft, belly and rump
white ; tail-feathers barbed with black apd white-.
Inhabits Europe and North America; io| inches long ; feeds
on fhell-filix ^nd molufcsr, which it fearches after at the ebb
of the tide, and on inlefts which it catches hanging over the
water like a fwallow.
Bill tipt with bhck ; body above waved with cinereous and
blackifh ; brcajl, bdty and rump white.

fMccula- Bafe of the bill and legs flefh-colotir ; body every where
"^» fpotted ; eyebrows and double band on the wings

white. Spotted S.

Inhabits Europe and North America : 8 inches long.
BiU dufky; body above grecnifh-brown, beneath white with
dufky ipots ; 2 middle tail-feathers grecnifh-brown, the rell
white with dufky lines.
Female beneath without fpots.

Keptujck"

BIRDS. GRALLyE. 54. Tringa. 405

Keptuf.h- Body cinereous ; crown black ; belly blackilTi, towards the
ca. ' latter part rcddi(h.

Inhabits the marfhes of Siberia. "■

*Cinerca. Cinereous, beneath white ; legs duflcy green ; head fpot-
ted with black ; neck with duflcy ftreaks.

J/h-cohund S>
Inhihhs Europe ind America; lo inches long.
Back and uing-CQverts with concentric black femicircles, va-
ried with cinereous and white ; tail-coverts black and white ;
tail cinereous edged with while ; breajl fpotted with black ;
membrane furrouuding the toes narrow, toothed.

*Fu//:a. Pale brown fpotted with black, beneath white ; fore-
part of the neck ftreaked with black ; tail cinereous j
wing-coverts edged with whitifh. Brown S.

Inhabits England ; fize of a Jack-lhipe,

Bill and legs black.

*Lincolni- White, varied above with grey and brown fpots, beneath
ertfis, -with oblong brown and black fpots ; 2 middle tail-

feathers all black. Black S.

Inhabits Engiflnd, chiefly in Lincohjhire.

Atra. Head and neck black ; back and wings brownifh mixed
with black ; breaft and belly cinereous ; rump cine-
reous, waved with white and black. Pitchy S.
Inhabits the banks of the Rhine.

Novebora- Duflcy, beneath white ; breafl fpotted with brown ; tail
cenfts, cinereous. Nexv-Tork S,

Inhabits New York in America.

Feathers of the back and fecondary quill-feathers edged with ci-
nereous ; leffer zving-coverts edged with black ; tail with
black and white lines.

Vireata, Dufky, beneath white ; legs yellowifh ; head and neck
with longitudinal duflcy white ftre;»ks. Streaked S»

Inhabits Sandmck Bay ; fize of a fnipc.

Bill duflty -, feathers of the hack edged with white ; fcapulars
with ferruginous fpots and edge ; lower part of the hack and
tail duflcy afh ; wing-coverts cinereous ; rump white,

Borealis*

4o6 • BIROS. GRALLiE. 54. Tringa.

Borcalii. Bill ^nd legs brown ; body above cinereous, beneath
white ; wings and tail dulky. Boreal S.

Inhabits King Ceorge's Bay.
Bill black, a little gibbous at the tip ; eyebrows white,

Nover-ter. Above black, beneath white-afli ; bill, wings and tail
rar. black ; legs cinereous. Newfoundland S.

Inhabits Newfoundland.
Feathers of the upper pavt of the body edged with ferruginous.

Vcf.riegata, Varied above with brown, black ^nd rufous ; front and

chin pale ; throat and breaft whitifli, longitudinally

, . {treaked with black ; belly white ^ bill and legs dulky.

Variegated S.

*'Lobata. Bill fubulate, bent In at the tip; feet pinnate; breaft
waved with white. Grey Phalarope.

2f Beneath white, above black, with longitudinal yellowifh
flripes ; band on tha wings white ; feet lobate.
Inhabits Europe, Afia and America^ rarcjy England; fize of
the common Purre : in ftormy weather fwims in numbers on
lakes, but in fine weather is lolitary among the fens.
Bill black ; front white ; crown dufky ; neck above pale afh ;
backf rump and jhoulders dove-colour, with dulky fpots ;
mng-coveris and quill feathers brown ; bread and belly
white ; tail dufky, edged with cinereous ;. legs black, mem-
brane round the toes indented.

Glacialij, Feet pinnate, ycllowifh ; bill black, dilated at the tip ;
cheeks and throat teftaceous ; body above dufky, be-
neath white. Plain Phalarope.

Inhabits the Northern Icy Sear.

Crown dirty-yellow ; line acrofs the eyes black ; firft and third
quill feathers edged with dirty-yellow ; wing-coverts and tail
cinereous ; membrane round the toes entire.

Fu/ca» Bill, crown and pinnate feet black ; body above brownifh-
afh, beneath white; throat cinereous, tinged with
rofy. Broivn Phalarope.

Inhabits America, Membrane round the toes ferrate,

Cancellata.

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 54. Tringa. 407

Cancdlata. Upper feathers broWn edged with white, lower white
with tranfverfe duflcy lines ; feet pinnate, duflcy.

Barred Phalarope.
Inhabits Nativity IJland j ^^ inches long.
Bill black ; quill-feathers and coverts dufky, with palef edges
and tips.

*Hyperbo- Bill fubulate, bent in at the tip; feet pinnate; breaft ci-
^i^^' nereous ; fides of the neck ferruginous, (male).

Red Phalarope.
2' Grey, beneath rufous : rump white ; eyebrows and bafe of

the tail rcddifh, (female).
3. Waved with brown; chrn and belly white; fides of the
neck with a rufous fpot, (variety of the male).
Inliabits Northern Europe and America s 8 inches long ; mi-
grates and comes in pairs.
Male ; bill black ; band through the eyes blackifh ; bar on the

wings white ; rump with blackifti bands.
female ; bill yellowifh ; band above the eyes reddifh ; bar or*
the wings white ; rump ipotted with blackifh.

*Aipina, Brown-teftaceous ; breaft blaekifh ; tail-feathers whitifh-
afh ; legs bxownifli. Alpine S.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and" America ; gf inches long.
Belly white ; 2 middle tail-feathers a little longer.

Hdvetica. Bill and legs black, beneath black ; vent white ; tail-fea-
thers white, barred with black. Swifs S.

Inhabits Europe and America ; 1 1 inches long.

front white ; hind-head varied with black and white ; cheeks^
throat, breafi and belly black ; feathers of the neck above
white, the (hafts fpotted with brown ; back and zuing-coverts
white, fpotted with black ; primary quilt-feathers black ; tail
white with narrow black bands.

'^Ochropus, Bill dotted at the tip : legs grecnifh : back brown-green :
belly and outer tail-feathers white. Green S,

2. Back and wings cinereous, with pale whitilh fpots : la-
teral tail-feathers without barred with black : bill
black.
Inhabits Europe and Americas lo inches long ; is folitary and

fmells of mulk.
Bill greenifti ; crozvn and hind'htai dufky alh ; rump vari-
egated ; eyebrows white,

tittorca,

4<o8

BIRDS. GRALLi?^. 54. Tnnga.

Littorea, Smooth bill and legs cinereous : quill-feathers brown, the
Ihaft of the firft fnowy. Shore S.

Inhabits Europe: near ii inches long.

Region of the eyes whitifh ; line between the eyes and bill
brown ; crown blackifli ; neck brown with oblique blackifh
lines ; dack brown with ferruginous fpots anil clots ; rump
white, the feathers blackifh towards the bale ; breajl, belly
and tail-coverts beneath white ; tail-feathers wave-fpotted
with broWn and White, the outer ones for the greatefr part
brown*

*Grenovi-
cenjis.

Body above varied ; heck beneath cinereous : belly, vent
and fides of the rump white. Greenwich S.

Inhabits England ; fize of the laft ; a rare bird.

Brll black ; legs greenifli ; cfoun brown, ftreaked with black ;
7ieck beneath afliy ; back and zoing-coverts brown-ferruginous
edged with whitifh ; liind-part of the back, rump and Icffer
zcing-c everts cinereous ; tail cinereous, the feathers waved
towards the tip, which is pale rufty.

Equ?/itis. Legs greenifh : back varied with brown : belly and rump
w^hite. Chevalier S,

I rihdthits Europe : 1 2 inches long.

Body waved' with grey, rufous and brown ; tail rufous-brown,
the 2 ;fiiddl€ feathers barred with blick ; bi/l and feet
blackifh.

Clareola, Bill fmooth: legs greenifh
white : breaft whitifh.

body brown, dotted with
fFood S,

Inhabits the tnoift woods of Sweden ; fize of a flare.
Rump and belly white; quill-J eat hers brown, the fecondary
tipt with white ; tail barred with brown and white,

Ltucoptira Black, beneath rufous : bread cinereous : legs green : vent
yellow. H^hite-winged S.

Inhabits Otaheite and Eimeo : %\ inches long.

Bill cinereous, and with the legs Ibmetimes yellowifh ; iridt,

dufky brown ; eyebroujs pale or ferruginous ; wing-coverts

white, the greater fometimes mixed ferruginous and black ;

2 middle tail-feathen black-brown, the rell with black and

rufous lines.

Msritima,

BIRDS; GRALLiE. 54. Tringa. 469

Mau\i\n(h, Atfove Varied : \\-.ith.igrdy and: black,, beneath "ivhite; legs
yellow ; middle of the back violet ; t.hroat and tail
dufky. . _ Selninger S.

Inhabits Xorway and Iceland ; fi?.e of a flare.

Four outer t ail-feat kersvcryihoTt, edged witli white.

Undata. Duiky, waved with pale yellow and white ; ruinp, fecon-
dary quill-feathers and wing-coverts at the tips white ;
tail cinereous, tipt with black. JVavcd S.

Inhabits Denmark and Norway.

BUI and legs black-brown.

Unijormis. Entirely pale afh ; bill fllort, blacks Uniform S,

Inhabits Iceland.

*HypcUu- Bill fmooth; legs livid ^ body qmereoiis, with black flripes,

<^f-'. beneath W'hite. V.i. !..'.' Common S.

Inhzh'ns Europe M\^ America : 7-^ inches long ; wags the tai'l,

and lays 4 — 5 dirty-vellowlfh eggs with pale Ipots, in banks.

:/ CTi:.: i-^'^'^ brown ; irids hazel; head brown, w'itK black ftreaks ; eye-

'. '\\viCY brows white ; neck above cinereous ; hack and wingi greenilh-

brown, with numerous narrow, dulky lines; quill feathers

browuj and except the firfh with a white fpot within ; tail

rounded, fiiining green-brown.

*Canut^s, Bill fmooth ; legs aftiy 5 prinjary quill -feathers ferrate;
'• '.,.•( buterrrioft tail-feather white without fpots. Knot.

,% ', 'j "Inhabits Europe and Avi'erica ; 9 inches long ; eggs flefli-colour,
with crowded orangc-red ipots ; flefh delicious.
Bill dufky-afli ; irids hazel ; lores dufky ; eyebrows and band
on the wintTs white ; body above cinereous, beneath white ;
lower zDing-coverts tipt with white; chinzndbreaj} with mi-
nute fpots ; belly and vent with dulky lines ; rump with
-. . brown fenaiGif^les. ■
.(ri .7 L. -* • -.■ ■\lv.A-'
Ai^firali'S,^. fi^hovc cinereous, fpotted with brown, beneath reddifh ;
belly and ruitip whitifli \ wings and tail dulky ; bill
and legs black. . Southern S~

Inhabits Cayenne ; 1 1 inches long.
, Crotjn .Hxtdkcd with brown; rump with duflcy lines i vpper
,;. . tail-coverts very long.

Vol. I. — 3O Angaria,

410 BIRDS. GRALLJE. 54. Tringa.

Artharia.'. Bill and legs black ; body grey, bfeneath and face white;
•? :- ;s • lores grey. ■

Inhabits the laiidy fliorcs of Europe and the Cafpian Sta,

^(.inclus. Bill and legs black ; lores white ; body and rump grey and
brown. Sandcrling. Purre. Stint.

■1. Legs brown.

inhabits Europe, Afia^nA America ; -yi inches long.
Head and neck above pale cinereous, with brown ftreaks ; back
^ ^nA luing-coverts brownilh-afli, the greater tipt with white;

throat white, mixed witli brown ; breajl and belly white ;

2 middle tail-Jeathers more dufky, the reft edged with

white.

J-iiiJicollii. Legs black ; head above and neck ferruginous flreaked w^itb
black ; throat ferruginous. Red-necked Purre,

Inhabits in large flocks about the fait lakes of Dauria ; much
refembles the laft, of which it is perhaps a variety.

Calidris, Bill and legs blackifli ; body beneath olive ; rump vari-
egated. Dujky S.

Inhabits Europe ; 9 ^ inches long.

Bill pale at the bale ; body tbove black-brown ; tail-feathers
grey-brown, and except the 2 middle ones, edged with white.

Na:via. Bill dufky ; legs greenifli ; body above cinereous, fpotted
' Avith red and black, beneath reddifh-white, fpotted

with duflcy and bay. ' Freckled S.

Inhabits Europe ; 9 inches long,

Tail-Jeathers cinereous edged with white, the outer ones with-
out with a longitudinal white line.

Crifeti, Grey, beneath white ^ neck beneath, rump and bread
waved with brown ; tail-feathers edged with white.

GriJIedS,

Inhib'Xts Europe : 9 1 inches long.

Bill and kgs black ; piimary quill-Jeathers brown.

*PuJills, Bill and legs bro\Vn \ body beneath reddifh ; outer tail,
feathers with a white fhaft j rump variegated.

Little S.
Inhabits

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 55. Charadrius. 4r?i

Inhabits Evr.ipe and'AWMa Sound ; 5! inches long.
BUI tipt with blick; greater zci>ig.f averts ami quili-feathcrs
brown, lipt with white ; tail flufky; breaji and belly white.

*Suuata- Bill black ; legs grccnrfli ; body grey, beneath white.
rola. Crey S.

2. Bill and legs black i body brown varied with white ;
belly white; tail-feathers white, barred with brown.

Inhabits Europe and America : 12 inches long.

Head, hack and ti'ina;.c everts bbck, edged with ^rcenifh-afti ;
cheeks and chhi with oblong dufky Ipots, and with the belly
and rump white, 2) rump variegated ; tail barred with
black and white ; 2) outer tail-feathers white.

*IJlandica Bill and tegs brown ; body beneath ferruginous ; fccon-
dary quill-feathers edge4 with white. Aberdettt S.

Inhabits Europe, America and Iceland : 8 — 10 inches long.

Body above thickly fprinklcd with black and ferruginous ;
wing-coverts white on the oiiter edge ; rump and vent
whitiHi, the former waved with black, the latter with a fcw
black llreaks ; quill-feathers black with white fliafts ; tatl-
Jtathcrs cinereous with white fhafts.

55. CHARADRIUS. Bill roundilh, obtufc,
flraight: nojlrils linear: feet formed
for running, 3 -toed. Plover.

*Hiaticu' Breaft black ; front blackifhi with a white band ; crown
la. brown ; legs yellow. Hinged P.

Inhabits Europe and America J 6 — 7 inches long ; frequents
the fhorcs of England early in the fpring, and migrates in
autumn.
Bill the upper half orange, lov^-cr black ; irids hazel ; body
above grey-brown, beneath white : tggs blueifli-whitc, with
fmall, round, purplifh fpots.
2. Grey \ collar and belly white.
Inhabits Spain.

Eront grey; quiU-Jeathers brown; orbits yellow; bill black;
tail-feathers brown, 6, 6 without fpots, 3, 4, 5 tipt with
white, 2 outer white, with a brown fpot in the middle.

3 G 2 3 G^^^y^

^f,2 BIRDS. GRALL^. 55. Gharadrius.

3. Grey-afh ; front and collar white ; lower half of the tail
black tipt with rulty.
Inhabits Amtricci. BiU black ; legs pale.

Ale^qndri- Brown ; front, dorfal collar and bel]y white ; lateral tail-

' nu.s. feathers each fide white; legs black. Alexandrine F.

i^. Perioral band black; eyebrpws whjte ; tail-feathers with

a black band, and tipt with white ; legs blue.
3. Pedloral band and crown black ; body above pale brown,,
beneath white ; tail white, wjth a blaqk band at the
tip ; legs red.
Iiiliabiis Egypt near the Nik.

Bill and Icgi black ; ^i/27/-/t'a</;cr.j'blackifh-gi-ey, i, fliaft white ;
3 — 8 witli an oblong white fpot cju the outer edge, lecondary
and coverts tip with white ; tail-f cat hers i. 2 each fule white,
3, 4 each fide dirty- white tipt with blown ; 5, 6 blackiih-
brgwn, a iittle longer than the reft.

J^gyptius. Above bright afh-colour, beneath white with a reddifh
tinge ; head deep green ; upper part of the brcaft with
a narrow, deep ftiining green band palFing half way
. round. Egyptian P.

Inhabits Egypt ; 8 inches long. Sonnini, vol, ii. 209.
Billhlick, a little curved at the tip; above the cjt'fj and fur-
rounding the head a wliite fillet ; quill-fcathers while, tipt
_ y;ith black, and a black fpot in the middle of each, forming

.^Il!,.» !*■"' i: band acrofs the wings', tari \'^h\\ a broad black band near

'the cijd, and teiTOinated. >y'ith whitt: ; /ejjblueHh.

^dvctSec- Green-afli ; face and collar black ; annular ilripe on the
landics. head, band on the wings and body beneath white.

hlnu- Zealand B,
Inhabits Xew Zealiind.; 8 .inches long.

Bill, and kgs red ; face beyond the eyes and as far as the hind-
part of the neck each fide black ; irids glaucous.

ftrfgarius. Cinereous, beneath white ; brcaft with a black femicircle,
on the hind-part rufous ; tail-feathers white, with a
black band. Gregarious P.

Inhabits plentifully near the Vol>ra and Urvlj in lize and ha-
bits refemblcs Tringa vancUeus, and in its bill and fubtetra-
daftylous feet.

1 iront and bi-oad band o\tx the eycbrotvs white ; /ofCi black,

Jfiaiicus,

BIRDS. GRALL.^.-55. Charadrias. ^v^

4ha::r.: . Above brown, beneath white; throat ferruginous; tranf-

vcrfe pectoral band brown ; bill and leg's tawny ; tail

rounded, edged with whitifli. Aftat'tc P.

Inlmbits ih'j lalt lakes in the defcrts pi Tar tar y ; a rare and fo-

litary bird; larger than^Ch. hiaticul:f* .
Front, eyebrQttii and temples wliite.

Tc-'idrkus Neck cinereous ; brcaft tcrruginous , band on the chin and
breafl black ; belly white ; wings and tail brown.

Tartarian P.
. Inh.i)its near the. (At lakes of fouthern Tariary.

V/tvi^o/wT^. .Brown-afh ; front and beneath white; throat and breafl
'' ' ' ferruginous; chin with a black femicircle.

Alon^olian P.
Inhabits near the fait lakes round Mongolia : the fize and fliapc
of Ch. inQrincUus ; folit-4rv-.

t'oajeriis. Bands on the bread, neck, front and cheeks white ; tail
pale pale yellow, with a black bar; legs yellow.

Noify P.

2. Breafl varied with black; front white ; crown and collar

black ; bill and legs blueifli ; 3 outer tail-feathers

tipt with white.

Inhabits America : gl inches long, 2) 8] ; is very reillcfs and

noify ; migrates in fpring to New York.
Body above brown, beneath white; hill, eyes znd greater quiU-
feathers black ; eyebrows red ; front white ; feathers of the
rump long, rully-orangc ; tail rounded, tipt with white.

Jfamaicen- Above brown, beneath white ; breafl black and white ;

fs. tail varied with rufous, whitifh and blackifh ; bill

black ; collar and legs white. Collared P.

Inhabits Jamaica, near the banks of rivers ; 8 inches long,
Irids orange ; joints of the toes duflty ; daws black.

*MorincU Bread ferruginous; band over the eyes and line on the

^"•r. bread white ; legs black. Dotterel.

1. Crown varied wtih white, grey-brown ?nd yellowidi ;

body beneath yellowifh mixed with white ; 2 middle

tail-feathers brown, the lateral ones white.

Inhabits

^f^ BIRDS. i}RAlLM. 55. CRaradrlusr.

Inhabits Europf t 9 — 10 inches long ; a very foolifli'blrci.

Bid black, dcprcfied in tlie middle ; fr077t mixed with dufkv
and grey ', hind-head black ; temples and chin white ; neck
above, baf^ and wings grey-bro\yn ; line acrofs the hrcajl
U'bitc ; middle of the bdly black, below reddifli- white ;
greater quill-feathers brown, fome of them edged with white ;
fai/ olive-brown, wijth a dufky band near the end, and tipt
with white.

Female, .band over the eyes (i\i{k.y ;■ crown brown.

FalklaniU ]B row n.- waved ; front, neck beneath and belly white ; an-

<^"^' nular llripe on the head ferruginous ; breaft and band

on the crown black. Riijly -crowned P.

Inhabits Falkland Iflands ; «ii inches long.

Bill and /c;;,v blackiih ; body beneath white > circular flripc on

the head rcicnd)li;)g a crown, which is wanting in the

female.

-Atricapil- Above brown-afh, beneath white; bill and legs red;

las. crown black, furrounded with a white circle ; neck

and breaft cinereous, terminated by ^ tranfverfc duHcy

ftreak. Black-crowned ^.

Inhabits Kezv Zealand ; 10 inchi^s long.

Chin duiky-white ; quill-feather's dulky ; datos black,

fulvus. Above black, the feathers edged w^ith tawny; beneath
whirifli fpotted with black ; bill dufky; legs glacous;
breaft tawny fpotted with black ; wings with a white
band. Fulvous P.

2, Bill brown ; legs yellowifli ; wings without the white
band,
1n\\^\^\\% Otaheite : j 2 inches long, 2) lo.-

i-ront and chin dulky white-, win j^. covert s black, with tawny
fpots, the lower ones black-brown, tipt with white ; (atl
black-brown, with whitifli bands ; claws blafek, obtufe.

l^eucogaf. Brown, beneath white ; legs pale blue ; front and line above

tCT, and beneath the eyes white. jrhite^hcllied P.

. Length 6 inches ; fome of the Iccondary quillfeaHiers from the

bale to the middle white ; tail-feathers 6, 5, 4 brown, 4, 4

white at the ba(c and tip, 3, 2, 1 white, 2, 2 on the outer

web with a brown fpot near the tip, 1 tipt with black.

RiibrU

BIRDS. GRALLj^. ^^. Charadrius. ^§

Ruhrkollii Above cinereous, beneath •white ; bill and legs flefh-co-
lour; wings and tail duflcy; hfud and neck black;
neck with a harge fquare bay fpot each fide.

Rcd-tieehcd P.
Inhabits Van Dieiften's land: lizc of Tringa cinclus.
Bill tipt with black, ; irids orangt-^

Apricarius Ch»n and belly black ; body dotted with brown, wliite and
pale yellow ; )egs cfnercous/' ^/" • Ahvargrim P.

Inhibits Europe, America and Siberia > fiV.c of Ch. pluvialis.

General colour black ; irlds brown ; temples black (in the fe-
male brown) ; front, eyebrows, lower eyelid, fanks and vent
wliite ; • wings and tail with brown and black bands.

^Pluvialis Body blackifh, fpotted with yenowifh-gfeen, beneath
-whrtifh ; legs blackifh. Golden P^

Jnhabits^ almoft every where, in England during winter on
heaths and moors; breeds on unfrequented mountains, and
makes a: whirling noife ; eggs dirty-white, irregularly fpot-
ted with purple.

Bill and legs black ; irids red ; orbits and chin netirly white ;
temples, neck and flanks duiky. with grcenifli-ytllow fpofs ;
middle of the belly wliitifh; wing-coverts 2ind quill-feathers
blackilh tipt with white, the Ihafts of the latter partly
white ; tail with dufky and yellow bars ; feet lometimes with
a back-toe.
■5. Body blackilh, varied with yellowifh, beneath white.;

• lower part of the neck and bieaft pale grey.

Inhibits St. Bomingo,

Ruhidus. RM rpotted with black and fprinkled with white ; bill ani
legs black; 2 middle tail-feathers brcnvn, edc^ed with
ferruginous, the reft whitilh. Kuddy P.

Inhabits /iu^OTt' J ii ay. . -. ; .

Four tirft quilLfeatkers brown without, .white within and tipt
with bro%yn, the refl; above white, benejtth brown.

*Calidris. Bill and legs black; lores and rump greyilh ; body be-
neath white without fpots. Sandtrling. CurxvilUt.
2. Body cinereous varied with brown ; wing-coverts black,
edged with cinereous, the greater cinereous, edged

with white ; quill-feathers and tail dulky.

Inhabits

4i6 :,,_,..: JIflDS. GRALLiE. 55. Charadrius.

.. J InUi^ts^'tJte ^fdridy fhdres oi Europe and America : S inchci

. :\-,uld .' .longl. •;'^ . ' : • ■- •:.•/•;'.

Front undcheeJii whitifli ; band sbtoh the eyes grey; head,

.H. 'U'ii'ir' . nerk and body above black-llreaked ; feathers of the hark and

JcapuUirs brovvnifh-grey, edged >yith whitiili ; wing-coverts

and ijiiill-f cat hers dijfky tiji.t \vith >vhlte, th^ Ihafts of the

latter partly white ; tail cinereous, with' a paler edge.

L.a. -U:'-,; .,!,•/'•••;'-! rfjiv/ l;j;;wi! ?! , ' ■ J-,i ', V : i i,;::; -■;;:,} ■ :
Sfhiriciis, ..Front varied wi;th. 'white and bl^if Jc ; crp.wn barred with
blackilh ^ bxeait brovyji, 'terminated by a white band ;
belly jicrruginous. Siberian P,

luh'dints .Siberia..

.:d hiu ■■:. ■

*Hiinanto- White ; back and wings black ; bill black, longer than the
i^j'V' .head, 3, legs red,' extrcfnely long. . Long-legged P.

2. Wing's varied Avith white and black ; tail-' feathers white.

Inhabits inofl; temperate climates] is rare in England, and witli
its lung legs mcai'ures 1 "I feet.

i^z'// black, ilendcr, tapering to a fharp point, the npper man-
dible a little longer and bent 6\jeX, the lower -, iruiV red ; neck
above with dufky fpots. " " V. *

Spnofus. Qiiill-feathers breaft and legs b'lack ; hind-head crefted 9
{■ • tail-feathers half white; fptirious wings fpurred.

-' Spur-ivinged Pi

2. Above chefnut ; neck and lower part af the belly white ;
breart, wings and tip of the tail black,
inhabits Egypt, 2) EiLfope and AJia : 12 inches long.
Bill black : crown, chin, iemicircle on the breajl, lefler wing-
coverts, fpurs and tip of the tail black ; neck, Jhoulders^
muldlc xcing-ccverts and body ai*vc grey.; tempUi, body be-*
, ■ , ( neath, greaXer ,a/z«j-ccwen'i- and f#i/ t^chre, ^

Cajanus, Head, hind-part of the neck and bana on the breafl: black j
annular band on the hind-head, fore-part of the neck,
belly and bafe of the tail white ; fpurious wings
fpurred. Cayenne P.

■ ■ •'- Inhabits Ca^innc; 9 inches long.

Bill black ; legs yellow ; body above brown,; hind-head varied
with brown and furronnded with a white fillet ; /i^apulars,
quiiy'cathtTS and tip of the t&il black.

PiUatus,

feiRbS. GRALL^. 5^. Charadrms. 41;^

Pi/eat.us. Bill and legs red ; face naked, yellow, warty ; head and
part of the neck black; hind-head fubcreiled ; body
above rcddifti-grey, beneath white. Hooded t.

Inhabits Senegal ; io\ inches V>ng.

iiiU vellow at the bale, tipt with black ; crefh fhort, pointed ;
thtoat a little fpotted ; toings and tip of the fhort tail black.

Coronatus.-hiW reddifh ; legs ferruginous ; head black ; cifcle on the
crown, belly, greater wing-coverts and black-barred
tail white ; throat grey ; neck above and back fhining-
brown. Wreathed P,

Inhabits the Ca^t of Good Hope ; 12 inches long.
Bill du(ky towards the tip ; breajl browni, with a fhade of
greenifh -purple and fpotted with black ; uings black.

Bilohus. Bill and legs yellow ; front with a pendent, pointed wat-
tle ; body above yellow iih-grey, beneath white.

irattUd P,
Inhabits Maldbar ; gj inches long.

Croicn, bar on the tail and uings black ; band acrofs the eyes,
greater tijing-ceverti and tips of fome of the tail-feathers
■White.

MelanocC' Blue-grey } head, hind-part of the neck and back black \
phalus, eyebrows, fore-part of the neck and breaft pale ru-

fous. Black-headed Pi

Inhabits Senegal; ^ inches long.

5i7/ brown ; legs grey ; quill-feathers blacky Varied with white ;
lateral tail-feathers towards the tip black, tipt with white.

Indicus. Brown, beneath white ; breaft with 2 brown bands ; tail-
feathers white at the bafe; Indian P,

Inhabits India 2 6 inches long.

Gjiliicust Brownifh with a pale ftripe through the eyes ; quill-fea-
thers, fpot behind the eyes and near the tip of the la-
teral tail-feathers black. Cream-coloured P.
Inhabits £uro^e, though very rarely ; 10 inches long.
Bill black } legs yellowifh ; fides of the head and chin whitifh ;
croxnn rufous; tail grey-brown, and except the 2 middle fea-
thers with a black fpot near the end and tipt with white.
Vol. I. r-3H 3. Reddifli^

4i8 BIRDS. GRALL^. 56. Rccuviroftra.

*2. Reddilli -yellow ; fides of the head, chin and belly paler ,
behind the eyes a dufky fpot v "tvirrgs aijd lateral tail-
feathers near the tip black.

This bird was once fliot in Kent ; fize of the laft.

Body with a few waved dufky flripcs ; cap rufhy -brown, with

minute blackifh fpots ; '4 firft quilLJeathers il the tip very

flight rufous. Probably the other fex.

Goroman- Brown, beneath rufous ; eyebrows, chin, lower part of
delicui. the belly, rump and tip of the tail white \ quill-fca-

thers and band throu,gh the eyes black.

Coromandel P»

Inhabits C<'ro7rta7!^t/; fi7.e of the laft.

Bill and tail brown ; thighs white, between them blacki{h»

Curonicus, White ; bill blackifh ; band on the crown and femicircle
on the front white; cap cinereous ; band through the
eyes blackifli-waved ; back, wings and tail cinereous ;
legs reddifli.
Inhabits Curonia. Orbits citron.

Navius,. -Above varied with cinereous black and white, beneath
white ; band beneath the eyes dotted with Wack j bill
and legs blackifh.

56. RECUVIROSTRA. Bill deprefled, fu»
bulate, recurved, pointed, flexible at
the tip : y^d^ palmate, 4-toed, the hind-
toe not conne6led, very fhort and
placed high up : nojlrils narrow, per-
A^ious : tongue fhort. Avocet,

^AvoctUa, Variegated with white and black. Scooping Av.

f. .Inhabits 5owM<rn Europe, near thefea; 1 8 inches long ; feeds

on wonns and infefts, which it fcoops from the fand and mud

with its bill ; eggs 2, white, tinged with green and marked

with large black fpots.

Bill

BIRDS. GHALL.^. 57. Hxmatopus. 419

Bill 2j iiiclies long ; irids hazel ; crown black ; behind and
beneath the (yes a white fpot ; reft of the head, neck, back^
exterior part of the wings, leffer qufll feathers, tail and body
b'neath whilfe ; inner /^'^/'"^'^^•f aiid greater quill-feathers

. without and '2.1 the tips black 5 lep blueifh, very long ; mem-
brane conneftuig the toes indented.

- o

Americana Head and neck i-eddifh ; back tlack, beneath white.

■ ' ' Americ(2n Av.

. Inhabits North America and New Hb'llahd ; 1 4 inches long.
Bill black; front dufky-white ; neck nbove white ; primary and
tertial wing. coverts black, the middle ones and ibme of the
fciondary qailC feathers white.

Alha. White ; lower wing-coverts brownifh ; bill orange ; legs

brown. White Av.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay ; 145 inches, long.
Bill tipt with bhck ; edge of the wings, greater quill feathers
and tail tinged with yellowifli-

^'j. HiEMATOPUS. Bill comprefTed, the

tip an equal wedge : nojlrils linear :

tongue a third part as long as the bill :

feet formed for running, 3-toed, cleft.

""Ofiralt- H. Sea-pie. Pied Oyjier-catcher.

gus. Inhabits almoft tv&ry fea-fiore j x6^ inches long; feeds on

marine worms and inlefts, but chiefly on oyflers and limpets,
which it extrafts from the fhells with great dexterity ; eggs
4 — 5, olive-yellow, with irregular purplifli fpots.
Bill, eyelids and legs red, the former fometimes tipt with black ;
irids fcarlet ; body fometimes totally black ; frequently head^
neck and body above black, beneath white ; under the eyes a
fmall white {pot; breajl with a white femicircular band;
middle wing-coverts at the tips and greater entirely white ;
quill-feathers within fpotted with white ; tail from the bafe
to the middle white, 'lower half black ; claws black.

3H2 58.GLAREOLA.

429 BIRDS, GRALL^. 58.Glarcola.

58. GL AREOLA. Bill {irong, fhort, ftraighf,
hooked at the tip ; nojlrils at the bafe
of the bill, linear, oblique : gape of
the mouth large ; feet 4-toed, toes
long, flender, connefted at the bafe
by a membrane : tail forked, confifl;-
ing of 12 feathers. Pratincole^

Aujlriaca. ABove grey-Brown ; collar black ; chin and throat white ;

brcafl: and belly reddifh-grcy, Aujir'tan /*.

2. Beneath white ; front black, with a white fpot each fide ;

collar brown.
^. Beneath and rump white ; chin ftreaked with black ^nd

furrounded by a black curved line.

4. Brown ; beneath, rump and bafe of the tail white,

5. Tail-feathers brown, the outer ones with a white curved

band.

Inhabits the heaths of Europe, near the banks of rivers, 4, 5) the
coaft of Coromandd ; about 9 inches long ; feeds on worms
and aquatic infefts ; is very reftlefs and clamorous.

Bill black, red at the bafe ; upper toing-covcrtx whitifli ; q^till
and tail-feathers dufky, the outer fide of the firft tail-fea-
thers white ; legs and naked part of the thighs fometimes red
or lead-colour.

Senigakft' BiH^ legs and whole body brown, Senegal P.

f-^* Inhabits near the .SeHf_g:a/ and 52^erM ; g^ inches long.

hxvia^ Brown, fpottcd with white ; lower part of the belly and
vent reddilh-whitc, with black fpots ; bill and legs
black. Spotted P.

Inhabits Germany ; fize of Gl. auftriaca.

3pots on the upper part of the body lefs diftin£l ; quill-feathers
black, the lecondarics black and cincrpous } tail whitifli, tipt
with black.

59. FUtICA,

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 59. Fulica, 4^1

59. FULICA. Bill convex, upper mandi-
ble arched over the lower at the edge,
lower gibbous near the tip : nojlrils
oblong: front bald : feet 4-toed, fub-
pinnate.

Thefe frequent waters, and feed on worms-, infefts and fmall
fifh ; have a body compreffed ; bill thick and bent in towards
the tip, the upper mandible reaching far up the forehead ;
wings and tail Ihort, The GalUnules have the feet cleft, the
■ upper mandible membranaceous at the bale, and the wings
concave. The Coois have the toes i'urrourrded by a fcalloped
membrane, the mandibles eoual, nollrijs oval, narrow ^nd
Ibort,

A. Feet cleft, Gallinule.

Fufca. Front and bracelets yellowifh ; body brownilh. Brown G.
2* Body above chefnut, beneath cinereoue, the feathers edged
with white ; head and neck blackifh ; lower part of
the belly white.
Inhabits Southern Europe ; 1 2 inches long ; flefli good.
Bill olive-green ; legs and body above olive-brown, beneath ci-
nereous waved with white ; edges of the loiiigs white ; outer
tail-feather each fide white,

*Chloro. Front tawny ; bracelets red ; body blackifli.
pUs. Moor-hen. Common G.

Inhabits Europe and America ; 14 inches long ; flies with dif-
ficulty, but runs and fwims well ; builds near the water lide
on low trees or flirubs ; ftrikes with its bill like a hen ; lays
7 dirty-white eggs twice or thrice a year, thinly fpotted with
rufty ; flefh delicious.
Bill red, with a greenifli tip ; irids red ; body above footy
niixed with olive, beneath cinereous ; outer edge of the wings
and lower tail-coverts white ; legs greenilh ; toes flat,
broadifh.

Viridis, >Vbove green, beneath white ; front, bill and legs greenifh-
yellow. Green G.

inhabits India; \\\ inches long ; claws grey,

Mdanoce^

412 BIRDS. GRALLiK. 59. Fulica.

Mdanocc- Blue ; head and neck black. Black-headed G.

phala. Inhabits America ; fize of F. porphyrlo : perhaps a variety.

Female; croww and ^oiy above lawny ; ^^lOuWerj ftreaked with
white ; wings greenifh, with a tawny tinge ; quill-Jeathers
greenifh-blue.

Alba, Body white ; front, bill and legs red. fVhiie G.

Inhabits iflands in the South Sea ; 2 feet long.
Bill ftrong, fbortifh, naked part nearly covering the whole head ;

irids reddifli ; area of the eye.^ covered with red granules ;

back and interjcapular region fometirpes fpotted with blue.

Purpurea. Purple ; bill pale ; legs greenifh-yellow, Crowing G.

Inhabits the marflies of Ncnu Spain: crows like a cock.

Flavircf- Above blue ; throat blueifh-white \ belly and rump white ;
iris. , wings and tail brown ; bill and legs yellow.

Favourite G.
Inhabits Cayenne ; 1 2 inches long.

Forphyrio. Front red ; bracelets many ; body green, beneath violet.

Purple G,
Inhabits moll temperate and warm places; 15 inches long ; is
docile and eafily tamed ; (lands on one leg and lifts the food
to its mouth with the other ; feeds on ftfh, roots, fruits and
feeds.
Bill and legs red ; irids tawny ; head and neck above gloffy
violet ; cheeks and throat violet-blue ; hack and rump gloffy
green ; mings and rounded tail fliining green, within brown,

Viclaesa. Black-violet ; neck beneath blue ; front and legs red.

Holct G.
Inhabits with the lafl:. Vetit while.

Carthage- Front blue ; body rufous. Carthagena G.

na. Inhabits Carthage in A^nerica 2 fiz€ of F. atra,

Cayantnfis Grey-brown ; breaft and upper part of the belly rufous;
back and wings olive ; chin whitilh. Cayenne G.

Inhabits Cayenne : 18 inches long.
Bill pale yellow, tipt with dufky ; legs red,

RuficoUis,

BIRDS. GRALL^. 59. Fullca. 423

RuficoUis, Crown, neck above, back and quill-feathers broAvn ; chin
white ; throat and breaft rufous ; belly, vent and
rump black. Black-hell'ied G,

Inhabits Cayenne: 17 inches longw

Bill red at the bafe, yellow at the tip ; quill-feathers edged with
rufous ; Jlanks and lov/er wing-coverts with tranlvcrle rufous
and black bands -, legs long, red.

Front and temples white j body above cinereous, beneath
white. Madras G.

Inhabits Coromandel znA Malabar: fize of a duck.
Throat With black femicircles; quill-feathers cin^rtous, edged
with black ; bill and legs very long.

Martini' Front and bracelets blue ; body violet. Martinico G.

ctnfis. Inhabits inundated parts of the Antilly Jfles ; 12 inches long.

Bill red, tipt with yellow ; eyes black ; legs yellow ; back and

upper part of the wings greenifh-brown ; tail blackifh above,

white beneath.

Novabora- Legs brown ; crown and neck above olive fpotted with
tenjis, white ; back brown ; breaft dirty-yellow.

I'elloiv-breajied G.
Inhabits New York : fize of a quail.
Scapular feathers yellow at the edge.

Ncevia. Bill and legs greenilh ; front fafFron ; feathers of the head
and upper parts of the body black, edged with ru-
fous, of the back edged with white ; eyebrows white \
wings and tail brown. . Grinettc G,

Inhabits Italy ; gl inches long.

Irids yellowifh-green ; chin, throat and breafi blueifh-afh, fpot-
ted wi^h black ; belly reddilh ; flanks with tranl'verle black
and white lines ; wing-coverts rufous, with tranfverfe waved
or angular lines ; outer edge of the quill-feathers white ; tail-
feathers on the outer edge, and 2 middle ones on each edge
white.

Maculata, Above reddifli-brown ; front and bill yellow ; temples and

throat white ; wings fpotted black and white ; breaft,

belly and tail brown ; a middle tail-feathers black,

tipt with white. Speckled G.

Inhabits Germany ; u mches long ; legs grey,

Flavipes*

424 BIRDS. GRALLi*:. 59. Fulica.

Flavipes. rront and legs yellow ifh ; head, body above and tail ru-
fous, fpotted with black; beneath white; wings
black. I'ellow-legged G,

Inhabits Germany ; flze of G. chlofopus.

Bill yellow tipt with black ; edge of the f>'c/tWi faffron ; temples
white ; greater ztUTig-coverts next the body white, the refl and
klVer with duiky Ipots, and near the tip edged with reddiih,

Fijiu/dns, Front yellowifh-gfeen ; body above brown, beneath white ;
wings and tail brown. Piping G4

Inhabits Germany, near lakes and fifh-ponds.
Bill black ; temples white j legs yellowilh-grey j clazi'S grey.

Cinnea. Cinereous ; middle of the belly white ; front and gibbous
crown bald, reddiih ; legs brown. Crefted G,

Inhabits CAzrza ; 18 inches long, ''''"i-^''

Chin with w'lute ilripes ; backind. iiiings greenifh-'afh, the latter
pale on the outer edge.

B< Feet plnriate. Coot^

*Atra. Front flefli-coiour ; bracelets greenifh-yellow ; body
blackifh. Common C.

2. Black ; wings white.

3. Entirely black ; bread and belly waved with ferruginous.

4. Brown ; chin, belly and primary quill-feathers white ;

head fpotted with white; upper mandible red*

5. White ; head and wings with a few fpots.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and America ; 15 inches long ; frequents
lakes and dill rivers, and forms a floating neft among the
rulhcs ; lays numerous dirty-white eggs, fprinkled with mi-
nute deep rufty fpots ; the young when jull hatched are very
deformed ; runs along the water, Iwims and dives dexte-
roully ; feeds on Irnall fifii, aquatic infefts and feeds ; in
winter time often repairs to the fea.

Bill yellowifh -white; front, except in pairing time, white;
legs yellowilh-green ; outer edge of the toings white.

*Aterrima. Front white ; bracelets red; body blackifli. Greater C.
Inhabits with the laft, from which it differs in being larger and
of a deeper black.

Americana Cinereous ; front, chin and line in the middle of the belly
white; legs blue-bla(?k. Cinereous C.

Inhabits

IBIRDS. GRALLiE. 60. Vaginalis. 425

Inhabits North America ; Icfs than F. atrii.

Bill greenifh ; membrane between the toes narrow.

Me.xicana. Purple; front and bill red; back,! wings and rump
greeniih. Mexican C\

Inhabits Neto Spain ; fize of F. aterrima.

Bill tipt with yellow ; back^ rump and zviug-ccverts varied with
blue and tawny.

Crijtata. Blue-black ; naked front and crown red ; caruncle red,
bifid, credi ; bracelets red, green and yellow.

Crejied C.
Inhabits Madagafcar and China; 18 inches long.
Bill whitifh, with a red bafe ; legs dudcy.

60. VAGINALIS. Bill flrong, thick, conic-
convex, comprefTed ; the upper mandi-
ble covered above with a moveable
horny fheath : nojlrils fmall, placed be-
fore the fheath : tongue above round,
beneath flattened, pointed at the tip :
Jace naked, papillous : wings with an
obtufe excrefcence under the flexure:
legs flrong, 4-toed, naked a little above
the knees ; toes rough beneath ; claws
grooved.

Atba. V. mite SheathbilL

Inhabits New Zealand, and South Sed Ijlands ; 15 — 18 inches

long ; feeds on fhelUfilh and carcafles.
Bill black at the bale ; fieath a homy yello\/ or black plate,
nearly covering the noftrils ; face naked, in the adult bird
befet with white or pale orange warts ; above the eyes a
brown or blackifli wart, larger than the red ; feathers white ;
excrefcence on the icings blackilh ; Icg^ 2 inches long, gene-
rally reddilh.

Vol.! — 31 61. PARRA.

4-i6 BIRDS. GRALL.^. 6i.Pana.

61. PARR A. Bill tapering, fomewhat ob-
tufe : nojlrils oval, in the middle of
the bill : Jroiii covered with lobate
caruncles : icings fpinous. Jacana.

DQ^inica. Claws moderate ; legs yellow. St. Domingo, J.

Inhabits the warm parts of America ; 1 1 inches long.
Bill yellow ; caruncle lax. pale yellow ; head and body above
pale yellow, beneath ochre, inclining to roly.

Ludovici- Bill and caruncle tawny ; crown black ; body above grey-
ana. brown, beneath ochre. Leuiftana J.

Inhabits Louijiana ; n inches long-

QHill-feathers black, mixed with a little grey ; tail pale yellow,
tipl with black ; legs red ; clah^s black.

Cayennen- Legs reddifh ; hind-head brown, with a blackifh creft.
Jis, Cayenne jf.

Inhabits Cayenne ; feeds on infefts ; 8^ inches long.
Bill red, tipt with black ; frorit and chin black ; middle of the
crown cinereous ; breaji with a broad, black band ; belly and
x>ent white ; back greenifh-purple ; zuirigs white without ;
tail from the bafe to the middle white, the reft black, the
tip edged with white.

Gccnfis, Caruncle red ; legs yellow ; head, neck, wings and mid-
dle of the tail black ; body beneath white. Goa J,

Inhabits near Goa ; 13 inches long.

Bill dufky ; from the hind-part of the eye a black Jlreak runs
through the fides of the neck as far as the breaft ; back and
zviyig-c averts reddifti-brown, the greater ones white ; tail white
at the bafe, and tipt with brown,

Scntgalla, Claws moderate ; legs red. Senegal J,

Inhabits near the 5ewe^a// 12 inches long.

5z7/ yellowifh-green, tipt with black ; /riJrti white; caruncle
lax, pale yellow ; chin and throat black ; lower part of the
belly, tail-coverts and greater wing-coverts whitifh ; quill-Jea'
thers black, tipt with white ; fpur on the wings black ; tail
from the bafe to the middle whitifli, the reft black, tipt
with reddifh ; reft of ihe body and head grey-brovv-n.

Chilcnjts,

\

I,

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 6i.Parra.

Cfiilcnjii. Claws moderate -^ legs brown ; hind-head fiibcrcfted.

Chilefe J
Inhabits Chili; fize of a jay, but has longer legs; feeds on

worms and infeOs ; is noify and defends itfelf by the fpurs ori

the wings ; builds in the grais, and lays 4 tawny f'ggs, fpeck-

Icd with black.
B.dl Gonic, 2 inches long, a little curved at the tip ; irids ntI-

lowidi ; nojlrils pervious, fcjuare ; caruncle 2-lobed, red ;

neck, back and ^ore-part of the wings violet ; throat, and hrcafl

black ; uings and fliort ta,il brown ; fpurs on the wings yeU

lowiih, conic, bony, \ an inch long.

Jacana. Hind-claws very long ; legs grecnifh. GhefnutJ.

Inhabits watery places of South America ; 10 inches long ; is
veiy noify, continually making a fhriil crv.

Edl tawny ; body cheihut-purple ; head and neck beneath vio-
Ict-black ; quill-feathers olive-green, edged at the tip witir
brown; iailfeathers zX. the tip black-violet, 2 middle ones
varied with bay and brown ; fpurs on the wings flrong,
yellow; caruncle orange, 2-parted, hanging each fide the
head.

Ni^ra. Hind-claws very long ; legs cinereous ; head, neck, tail
and body above black. Black J.

Inhabits Brafil; fize of the lafl:.

Bill faffron ; front rufous ; brtafl, belly and vent brown ; quill-
fcathers green, tipt with brown ; wing fpurs yellow.

Brafdicn- Hind-claws very long; body greenifh-black. BraftllanJ.
Jis. Inhabits Brafil ^.nd Guiana; fize and manners- of ?-. jacana ;

is gregarious, and feeds on fifh and iufefts j wing-fpurs

yellow.

Viridis, Hind-claws long, yellow ; legs yellowifh-grcen. ; body
blackifli-green. Green J.

Inhabits jBrayi/ ; fize of a pigeon.

jBi/^ part red, part yellow ; /r07ii red'; htad^ neck zn6. breafl
glofly-violet ; toes very long.

Variabilis, Hind-clawrs long ; legs blueifh. Variable J.

Inhabits Cayenne and Brafil ; 9 inches long.

Bill tawny ; carunck red ; crown brown, with duflty fpots ;

eyebnows white j ocular line black j hind-head brown ; tem~

3 I 2 ptes

4^8

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 6i. Parra.

pliS and 3o^y beneath white ; uiing-fpur ytWow ', /capillars
brownifli ; lefler luing-coverts purplifli-bay, middle brown,
gieater black ; 4 qailL-fcathcrs next the body brown ; the
I'cfl green, the tips edged with black.

J,uzorden- Beneath white ; toes long ; legs black. Luzanian J.

ftU Inhabits marfhy and maritime parts of the Manilla IJlands,

Bill pale green ; crown brown ; line above the eyes black, and
yellow after it reaches behijid the eyes ; back and fpot on the
breafi brown ; leffer wing-coverts white, the reft brownifli,
with tranfverfe black lines ; fecondary quill-feathers white,
the 3 primiiry long, n<)ked and rhombic at the tip ; fides of
the neck with a cinereous band.

'4Jricana. Pale cinnamon ; toes long ; legs greenifli-black.

African J^
Inhabits Africa ; 9^ inches long.

Bill dufky, pale horn-colour at the tip ', chin white •, breaji
pale yellow, fpotted and lined with black ; ocular band
reaching as far as the back and greater quill-feathers black ;
hind-claw ly inches long.

$incnfis. Toes long ; legs greenifh ^ body claret-colour. China J.

Inhabits CAi7ia ; 21 inches long.

Bill dufky ; crown, front, chin, throat and hreaf pale reddifh-
afli ; hind-he.aih\^.cV.; nec^ above yellow, furrounded each
hde with a black }ine ; wing-coverts white ; wings black ;
tail long.

Chavaria. Toes long ; legs tawny ; hind-head crefted. Faithful f.
Inhabits the rivers and inundated places near Carthagena in
America ; feecjs on herbs ; its gait is flow and it cannot run
lanlefs affifted by the wings, but flies cafily and fwiftly.
When the fkin is touched a crackling is felt ; voice clear and
loud. The natives keep one of thefe tame to wander with
the poultry and defend them againft birds of prey, which it
docs by means of the fpurs on its wings. It never deferts
the charge committed to its care, but brings them Wme at
night. It will readily fuffer itfelf to be handled by grown
up perfons, but not children ; is about the fize of a cock,
and fWmds a foot and a half from the ground.

Bill dirty-while, upper mandible like that of the dung-
]iill cock ; on both fides at the bafe of the bill is a red mem-
brane extending to the temples, in the middle of which are
\.\\^ ^yci-y irids browns hind-head with about 12 blackifh

feathers,

BIRDS. GRALL-ffi. 62. Rallus. 429

feathers, 3 inches long, forming a pendent creft ; rePi. of the
neck covered with thick black down ; body brown ; wings
and tail blackifti ; wing-fpurs 2 or 3, half an inch long ;
belly light black ; thighs half bare ; toes lb long as to en-
tangle each other in walking,

Indica. Blackifh-blue ; back and wings brown; eyebrows white;
a red fpot at the gape of the mouth. Indian J.

Inhabits marfhcs of India, and builds a floating neft.
Bill yellow, the bafe above blueifh ; Legs yellowilh-brown.

62. RALLUS. Bill thickifli at the bafe, at-
tenuated on the back towards the tip,
comprefTed, a little incurved, pointed :
tongue rough at the tip : body compref-
fed: tail Ihort : feet 4-toed cleFt.

Rail.

*Crex. Wings rcddifti-rufty. Crahc. Land R.

Inhabits fedgv places of £?no^c' and Ajia : 9^ inches long;
migrates ; runs fwiftly along tlie grafs, but flies flowly, with
its long feet hanging down ; feeds on feeds and infefts ; and
grows prodigioufly fat ; its note is harfh, refembling the;
words crek, crek, whence its name ; lays 12 — .16 eggs in the
dry grafs, of a dirty-white colour, with a few yellow fpots ;
flefh very excellent.
Bill and legs brown-afh ; irids hazel ; feathers of the body
reddifh-brown, the upper ones black in the middle ; chin
very pale ; belly whitifh-yellow.

2. Rufous-brown, beneath pale!" ; wings and tail deeper ;

chin and vent white ; legs dufky-red.
Inhabits Jamaica. Bill larger, black.

3. Reddifh-grey, beneath and wing-cov^rts rufty-brown.

Inhabits China. Legs dufky.

Aquati- Wings grey, fpotted with brown ; flanks fpottcd with
cus, white ; bill orange beneath. Brook-ouzel. IVater R.

Inhabits watery places in Europe and Afta ; 1 2 inches long ;
hides itielf among the fedges ; runs and fwims with celerity,
but flies heavily with its legs hanging down ; eggs yellowifh,
with dufky-brown fpots.
fiill black, reddilh at the bafe ; irids red ; feathers of the up-
per

430 BIRDS. GRALLiE. 62. Rallust

per part of the body olive-brown and black 'wk the middle,
the lower ones cinereous, thofc of the lower part of the
bdly and vent edged with rufous ; quill-feathers dufky ;
lower tail-coverts white; tail-Jeatkxrs fhort, black, the
2 middle ones at the tip, the reft edged with ferruginous ;
legs duflcy-red.

"^Porzana, Two middle tail-feathers edged M'ith white ; bill and legs
pale olive. Spotted Gallhiule.

Inhabits Europe and North America; frequents the fides of
fmall ftreams, hiding itfelf among the buflies ; g inches long.

BiU greenifh-yellow ; irids hazel ; head brown, fpotted witli
black ; line over the eyes pale grey ; neck above and Jlaiihs,
brown-afli, with Imall white Ipots ; back and wiug-coverti
«live with black ftripes and rear the edges of the feathers
with white Ipots, the greater w"ith w hite ftripes ind linvs ;
checks, c hi 71 ^nd throat pale grey, with brown Ipots ; breajt
brown, with white fpots ; belly varied with cinereous and
■white ; vent ochre-yellow.

Crepitans, Bill and legs Ijrow^n ; body above olive, tbe feathers afhy
at the edges ; chin white ; throat and breaft yellowilh-
brown. , Clapper R.

Inhabits New York; 14 — 16 inches long. Cheeks cineieous.

Fufcus. Brown ; \nsnt waved with white; legs yellow. Brsivn R.
Inhabits the Philippine IJlcs ; 7 inches long.
Body beneath light chefnut, on the belly inclining to grey •, tail
barred with black and white.

Striatus, Blackifh, waved with white ; chin reddifli. Streaked R,
Inhibits the Philippine IJles ; 8;i inches long ; is. perhaps

merely a variety of R. philippenfis.
Billhotn-Qolour ; crozvn varied with dufky and bay; napehay ;
neck, back, fioulders and rump brown, with "whitifli fpots ;
ming-covefts with a few tranfverle whitifh ftjreaks ; chin red-
difh-white ; cheeks, throat, bria/t and upper part of the belly
cinereous, with a tinge of olive, lower part barred with
duflcy and white ; quill-feathers brown, the outer bands rcd-
difh -white, inner white ; tail brown, with white lines ; legs
grey-brown.

Torquatus, Brown, beneath waved w^ith white *, beneath the eyes a
white line. Banded R.

Inhabits

BIRDS. GRALLjE. 62.Rallus. 431

Inhabits the Philippine IJlcs : t2 inches long.

Biil and Ifgs grey-brown ; cheeks and chin black. ; body beneath *

tranlvcricly flreaked •vi'ith black and white •, coUar bay ;

quiU-fiathcrs on the outer edge paler, bands \Vithin on the

lirll 3 white, 6 next reddifti-bay.

Philippen- Brown, beneath barred with grey ; eyebrows white ; neck
fis, beneath reddilh. Philippine R,

2. Red-brown, fpotted and ftreaked witli black and white ^

head chclnut ; body beneath and eyebrows cinereous.
Inhabits Otaheite.

3. Brown, fpotted and flreaked with white, beneath white ;

eyebrows grey ; tail barred with brown and white.
Inhabits Tongataboo.

4. Above brown, beneath afhy ; back and wings lined with

white fpots ; belly white, with blackifh bars.

Inhabits the Philippine IJles .• 1 1 inches long.

BM grey, 4) red, tipt with white ; l(gs grey, 4) greenifli ;
body above dufky, the feathers edged with reddifb-grey ; chin
dirty-white ; throat reddifb-grey, with pale brownilli, tranf-
verfe bars ; wings with white and bay ipots ; tail dufky,
edged with reddidi-grey, and except the 2 middle feathers,
fpotted within with bay.

rcaudatus Olive; beneath blueifh ; body tranfverfely waved with
black ; eyebrows white. Taillefs R.

Inhabits Otaheite. Cim. Phyf. qo.

Bill blackifh ; upper part of the head pale brown ; orbits
black ; over the eyes on each fide the head a braid white
line -, body above deep glofiy olive, with a tinge of olive on
the jkoulders ; vent pale yellow ; tail io (hort as to be fcarce-
ly perceptible, the coverts pale blue.

Cavduius, Brown ; frontlet black \ bread lead-colour ; bill yellow ;

legs greenifli. Soree.

Inhabits Virginia ; 7 — 8 inchas long ; flefti excellent.
Irids red ; crown and body above brown, with black fpots ;

face and chin black ; reft of the neck, temples and breaji

blueifli-aflr ; belly and outer edge of the zcings white ; loings

and tail brouai.

PhcenicU' Black ; beneath white ; bill and legs greenifli ; front
^"■^' naked, flefh-colouij vent and tail rufty-rcd.

Red' tailed R.
Inhabits

43^

Virginia-

71US,

BIRDS. GRALL^. 62. Rallus;

inhabits Ceylon j 9 inches long.

Bill and legs with a red tinge ; crown and checks pure white;
quill-feathers fpotted with blue.
Above cinereous, beneath white ; belly and vent red.

Inhzhits China J 15 inches long.
Front white ; vent red ; legs yellow.

Inh-dhks Madaga/car J 16 inches long.

Brown, without fpots; bill and legs brown, i^irginiaii R.

Inhibils Virginia J probably a variety of R. aquaticus.

Lower mandible reddifli at the bafe ; irids red ; crozun dufky ;
temples cinereous ; eyebrows, chin and flexure of the luings
wliite ; neck, back and tail flrcaked with black ; throat and
hreajl reddifli-tawny ; lower part of the bdly with dulky and
white lines; vent varied with white, tawny and black j
wing-coverts che&iut ; quill-feat hers dulky.

Ferrugine- Above dufKy, beneath cinereous ; neck and bread ferrugi-
ns. nous; bill pale ; legs yellow. Red-breajied R.

Length g mch.s.s ; eyebroti-'S pale; j?fl«A; with tranfverl'e, nar-
row, white lines.

Caffcnfis. Ferruginous ; lower part of the breaft, belly, vent, wings
and tail waved black and white ; bill black ; legs
blood-red. Cape R.

Inhabits the Cape and Ceylon j fize of R. crex.

Two middle taic-jeathers ferrugincrus.

CctruU'us. Bay, beneath blueifh ; bill and legs red ; vent white ;
belly with tranfverfe black ftreaks. Blue^necked R.

Inhabits the Cape oj Good Hope j ^^ inches long.

Zcylanicus Head dufky; body above ferruginous, beneath reddifh,
waved with brown ; firfl quill-feathers black ; bill
and legs red. Ceylon R.

Inhabits Ceylon : larger than R. aquaticus. Tail long.

Aujlralis. Rudy-afh ; wings and tail deep brown ; feathers barred
with black. Troglodyte R.

Inhabits Nezo Zealand ; fj inches long.

Bill and legs yellowifh ; body above rulty-brown, beneath rufty-
afh ; quill and tail-Jeathirs waved v/ith black,

Pacijicus,

BIRDS. GKALLM. 62. Rallus. 433

Pacijicus; Black, fpeckled with white j wings barred ,- bodv bcn»«tn
whitifh ; head brown ; brcall blxK-JOi-uflw Pacific Ri
Injiabits Otahcitc and neighbouring i!lcs.

Jiili ted; l:^s flefii-cdlour ; chin and eyebrows white ; nate
rurty.

Tabiunfis. BrdvVnifh-black, bericatk diiflcy ; bill black; legs bay.

"Tabuan R.
2. Vent ftreaked with black and white ; legs red.
Inhabits South Sea IJlands : 6| inches long.
Eyelids and irids red;

ki^er. Black ; bill red at the bafe, brown at the tip ; legs brown
or red. Black R,

Inhabits Africa ; g inches long.

Sanduiccn- Palc ferruginous ; bill dufky-fllh ; legs dull flefh-colour.
fts. Sandwich R.

2. Bill and legs yellowifh.

Inhabits Sandtvichf 2) Tdiuid IJlcs : fmalL

Taitienfis. Cinereous ; body above red-brown ; bill, rounded tail and
claws black. Otaheiie R.

Inhabits Otahcite and Friendly Ifies ; 6 inches Icng.
HuiU-f eat hers dulky, edged with white; legs yellow.

Obfcurus. iBrown ftreaked with black, beneath rufty-brown ; bill
black; legs red-brown. Dujly R-

Inhabits Sandwich IJlands ; 6 inches long.
Edge of the mandiblei yellowifh.

longirof^ Above cinereous, fpotted with brown, beneath ruftj--
tris, white ; flanks tranfverfely waved with white ; bill

long, ferruginous. Lotig-biUed R-

Inhabits Cayenne: 9— •J2 inches long.
Bill tipt with brown ; legs yellowifh ; chin whitifh.

Varie^atm Streaked and fpotted with white and black; hind-head
dulky ; bill yellowifh ; chin white ; legs yellow.

Variegated Ri

Vol, I. — 3 K Inhabit*

434 BIRDS. GRALL.^. 62. Rallus.

Inhabits Cayenne: ii inches long.

Win!;s brown, the coverts fpintetl with white; tail-feathers
lome of the middle ones edged with white.

Cayennen- Crown rufous; body above olive-brown, beneat)i rufous;
/■f. ocular band blackifh ; quill-feathers black; bill

brown ; legs bay. Cayenne Rm

2. Crown bay ; chin and vent reddifh-white.

Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana ; 8 inches long ; in the evening
is noily and gregarious, by day folitary ; builds in the forked
branch of a flirub, near the ground. Vc7it pale.

Ja'maicdi' Above reddifh-brown, with black ftreaks ; bill and chin
f^^' black ; throat and breaft blueifli-afh ; belly with white

and brown lines. Jamaica R.

Inhabits Jamaica : 6 inches long.

Bill reddilh at the bale ; tuing-coverts brown, fpotted with
white ; qiiiU-jeathers reddifh-brown, with black lines, the
fccondaries and tail-feathers fpotted with white ; kgs brown.

Miiiiutut, Brown, beneath yellowiili ; eyebrows, flreaks on the back
and fpots on the wing-coverts white ; tail barred black
and white. Little R.

2. Middle of the neck above rufous ; belly and vent waved
with black and white.
Inhabits Cayenne and Jamaica; 5 inches long.
Bill bro^vn ; zuin^ycovtrts black •, chin whitifh -, legs yellow,

PuftUus, Striped with ferruginous and black ; body beneath black,
with narrow white bands ; throat and breaft blueifh.

Dwarf R.
Inhabits near the fait lakes of Dauria : fize of a lark.
Face, neck beneath and middle of the brtaft longitudinally
blutilh ; middle of the chin wliitilh ; longitudinal band
through the eyes paleVufty j 'hack with fcattered, white, lon-
gitudinal lines ; legs grcenifh.

BarbariQus Ferruginous; bill black ; wings fpotted with white; rump
itreaked above with white and black, beneath with
white, legs duflcy-brown. Barhary R,

Inhabits Barbary ; lizc of a plover,

Dlibins.

BIRDS. GRALLiE. 63. Pfophia. 435

Du'iKus. Striped with brown and ferruginous; belly white; flanks

barred with brown and rurty-afli ; firft quill-feathers

without, loBgitudinally white. Doubtful R.

Inhabits Pofegdn.; fr7.e of the common galliuulp.

Varc pale rully ; chin dirty-white, lurrounded with a broad,

blow II collar ; ft,dts brown ; bill and kgs greenifli-black.

63. PSOPHIA. Bill cylindrical, conic, con-
vex, fohiewhat pointed, the upper
mandible longer: ?2^/?/n7>f oval, pervi-
ous : tongue cartilagenous,* flat, fringed
at the tip : feet 4-toed, cleft.

Trumpeter,

Crepitans. Black ; back grey ; bread fliining blue-green ; orbits
naked, red. Gold-breajied T.

Inhabits B raft I znd Guiana; 20 inches long; emits from the
lungs a harlh, uncommon noife, not unlike a child's trum-
pet, and follows people through the llreets, perfecuting
them with its difagreeable cry, that it is fometimes difficult
to get rid of them ; ftands on one leg, and fleeps with its
neck drawn in between the flioulders ; eggs blue-green.

BiU yellowifh-green ; legs ftrong, tall, brownifli-afh or green ;
beneath the back-toe a round protuberance, a little dillance
from I the ground; tail veiy fhort ; feathers of the head
downy, of the lower part of the 7?«r^ fquamiform, of the
Jhoulders ferruginous, lax, pendulous, fdky ; fcapulars long,
pendent.

Vndulata. Creft of the hind-head fhoft, whitifh ; of the breafl, long,
black, pendent. Undulate T,

Inhabits Africa ; fize of a goole.

Hta.d brown, with black fpots ; body above brown, ^^•aved

with black, beneath blueifh-white ; breajl and belly with a

few blaclc fpots ; outer edge of the zvings, bill and legs

^ ■ dufky-blue ; each fide the neck a black ftripe, widening as

it defccnds, and meeting on the lower part before.

3C 2 ORDER V.

4^6 BIRDS. GALLINiE. 64. Otjs,

ORDER V. GAI,LIN.$:.

jBill convex, the upper mandible arched and
dilated at the edge over the lower : nof~
trils half covered with a convex cariih-
ginous membrane : taiLfeathers more
than 12; feet cleft ^ but connected at the
innermofl joint,

.64. OTIS. Bill fubconvex : noflrils oval,
pervious : tongue bifid, pointed : feet
formed for running, 3-toed, tall,
nqiked above the thighs. Biflard,

ftTarda, Wave-fpoted wjth black and rufous, beneath whitifh ; head
(of the male) and throat each fide crcfted. Great B.

Inhabits the open plains of Eurape, Afia and Africa; feeds
on grain and herbs ; 4 feet long ; weight pften 2 5lbs. ; is fo-
litarv and fliy, except about the time of nvgration ; flics
heavily, but runs fwiftly ; is quick of fight and heaving ;
lays 2 pale olive-brown eggs, with darker fpots, in a hole
fc raped in the ground.

Head and neck pinereous •, quill-fcathers black ; tail with rufous
and black lines, the feathers 18 — 20 ; pouch beginning under
" the tongue and reaching to the breaft, long, capacious, able

to hold near ". quarts of water, probably for the purpofe o£
fupplying the hen whilft flic fits, or the young before they
can lly } leg.^ diffky.

4i'ah: Ears with erecl prells. Arabian B.

Inhabits yifi(^ and Africa; fizc of the laft.

Bill pale horn-colour : irids brown ; /lint/.^facJcrefted, black ;
front whiliih ; tanplcs with a black fpot ; refl of the head^
neck and body above rufous varied with black ; throat cine-
reous, with blafk lines ; hrcajt and belly white \ quill-fear
thcrs black, the fccoitdaries fpotted -with white arid black,
thofc next the body with bljtkiflr lines ; 2 middle tail-Jca-
thers blackifli, the refl. white, with 1 black band and a little
Ipotted } U^s brpwnilh.

*TetraXf

BIRDS. GALLlNiE. 64. Otis.

437

*Tetrax. Head and throat fmooth, Lfftle B-

Inhabits fouthtini Europe and Afta ; rarely in England; 17

inches long ; eggs {]iining-green : flefli bjuciiifli.
Bill grey-bnnvn ; crown black, \yith rufous bands ; tf:vpks znA
chin reddiih-wTiite, with finall dark i'pots ; nsck (of the male)
black, with a white collar ; body abo\e varied with black*
rufous and white, beneath and outpr edge of the icings
while.

Afra. Black; back cinereous ; ears white, IVhitc-eared B.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Ilope : 22 jnches Jong.
•Male: bill and /(•^(jj ydlou- ; cron' n cincrcQu^; wings with a
large white blotch •, neck behind and thighs above the knees
with a white collar ; tail- feathers i^.
Female cinereous ; thighs and belly black.

MengaUn- Black; area of the eyes brown; back, rump and tail
Jis. Ihining brown. Indian B.

Inhabits Bengal: 13 inches long.

Bill and legs whitifli ; irids hazel } eyelids cinereous ; feathers
of the head, neck and lower parts of the trunk lax, the up-
permoft ones black in the middle •, a black llripe fpotted
with brown fianoundiug the breajl : tail with black fpots
and lines ; wing-coverts white ; quill-feathers white without,
tipt with cinereous, the fccdndaries white, with black Ipots
and bands, ' -' 1' ;

4urz:a. Black ; body above reticidate with brown ; hind-head with
4 capillary feathers each fide, rhombic at the tips ;,
fpot on the wings and ears white. Pajfarage B.

Inhabits India: fize of O. tctrax.

-fli// whitdh-brown ; /c^^j yellowifli.

Iloubara. Ycllowifh, fpotted with brown ; feathers of the neck long,
whitilh, with black fliafts ; quill-feathers black, with
a white fpot in the middle. Ruffed B.

Inhabits Africa and Arabia ; fize of a capon.

Ukaad. Hind-head (of the male) with a black-blue ereft ; head

black ; body above and wings yellow, fpotted w ith

brown ; belly white ; tail brownifh, w ith tranfverfc

black ftreaks.

Inhabits Arabia, BiU d-ivl legs rdhviH^

' I^Jica.

^^p BIRDS. GALLINjE. 65. Struthio.

Indica. Above ferruginous, waved with white and bl^ck, beneatU
whitifh; chin white; crown, area of the eyes and
ftreak each fide the head black. fVhite-chiiiried B.

Inhabits India : lize of the next. J^cgs brpwnifh.

*Oedkne-
mus.

Grey ; 2 firft quill-feathers black, white in the middle ;
bill fharp-pointed ; legs cinereous. Thick-inced B.

Inhabits Europe, Afca and Africa : feeds in the night on
worms, caterpillars and reptiles : breeds in holes, or among
flones on the bare ground ; eggs cjpper-colour, fpotted with
darker red ; makes a piercing, (lirill cry, and migrates.

Bill black ; legs, grcenifh-yellow ; lower eyelid naked, pale
yellow ; ^bove and beneath the eyes a yellow line ; from the
hill nndgr the eyes to the cars a bipwn line ; knees thick, as
if fwoUen ; belly and thighs white.

ChiUnfts» Head and throat fmooth \ body white ; crown and tail-fea-
thers cinereous ; priinary quill-fe^thers black.
Inhabits Chili : larger than O. tarda ; is gregaifious, and feeds

on herbs ; probably not of this genus.
Tail fiiort, feathers 18 ; tQes 4, very thick.

Oameiujt

rfji7,-

6^. STRUTHIO. Bill fubconic: nqftrils
oval: u'i7igs fhort, unfit for flighf:
/eet formed for running.

Feet 2-toed. ^lack OJlrich,

Inhabits Africa and Afia : the largeft of all known birds ;
8 feet long, and 7 — -9 feet high ; feeds on almofteyery thing,
and is fo yoracious that it will deyour glafs, rtoncs, iron or
whateyer comes in its way ; lays 40 — 50 eggs as large as the
head of a child.
Head fin all ; hill horn-colour; irids hazel; eyelids fringed;
Afa^ and greater part of the w^tA bald, flefh-colour, with a
few fcattered hairs ; feathers of the body lax, black, dccom-
pofite, the webs each fide equal ; quill and tail-fcalhers
Jnowy, waved, long, here and there on the edge or tip black ;
< /jf/? callous ; wivg-fpurs 2, one at the end of the wing and
ont on the jpunous wing; thighs and Jl a 71k s ndkt;d-. feet
Ihong, grey-brown; tjes conn^^ed at the bale, the outer
yc-rv fliort, unarn)ed.

Cafua>

BIRDS. GALLING. 65. Struthio. 4^^

Cafudriiu. Feet 3-toed j helmet and dcvv-laps naked.

Emeu. CaJJoivary.

Inhabits within the Torrid' Zone in Afia J ^\ feet long ; feeds
on vegetables ; is like the oftrich, unable to fly, but runs
with great fwiftnefs : is very fierce, and grunts like a fwine ;
tggs greenifh, with deeper fpots.

£iU and legs black ; gape very large ; irids topaz ; eyelids
fringed; no/irils nearly at the tip .of the bill; eyes large;
helmet hdtiiy, reaching from the bale of the bill to the mid-
dle of the cro\\Ti, 3 inches high, the fore-part blackilh, the
hind-part yellow ; temples and neck bald, wrinkled, reddifh,
with a blue or purple tinge, and covered with a few fcat-
tered hairs ; each fide the neck are 2 pendent caruncles, part-
ly red, partly blue ; chejl, on which it refts, callous ; fea-
thers brownifh-black, lax, generally 2 from one fhaft, of the
rump 14 inches long, pendulous; tailo; zuings conWiiing
of about 5 naked dulky fhafts ; claws ftraight.

Nova Hoi- Feet 3-toed ; crown flat ; (hanks ferrate behind.
lajidix. J\[eiv Holland Cajfowary^

Inhabits Kexo Holland j 7 feet 2 inches long.

Bill black ; head, neck and body covered with briftly feathers,
varied with brown and grey ; throat nakedifli, blueifli ; fea-
thers of the body a little incurved at the tip ; icings hardly
vifible ; legs brown.

Rh«a, Feet 3-toed, and a round callus behind. American Gjlr'ich.

Inhabits South America ; nearly as high as a man ; feeds on
fruits, flelh and flies ; defends itfelf with its feet, and calls
its young by a kind of hifs.

Head fmall, round, feathered ; bill ftiort ; eyts black ; eyelids
fringed ; neck i\ feet long ; xoings unfit for flight ; back and
■wing-coverts black-afh, reft of the body whitifh, fometimes
black or white ; tail o J feathers of the rump long ; legs as
long as the neck.

66. DIDUS*

440 :felRDS. GALLING; 66. Didu*.*

66. DIDUS. Bill Harrowed in the middle^
with 2 tranlverfe wrinkles ; each man-
dible bent in at the tip : nqftrils ob-
lique, near the edge of the middle of
the bill : face naked beyond the eyes :
legs fliort, thick ; feet cleft : wings un-
lit for flight : tail d. Dodot

In.eptu.Si Black waved with whitilli ; head hooded; feet 4-toed.

Hooded D.
Inhabits the ifles of France Ar\d' Bourbon .; 3 feet long.
Bill ftrong, large, blueilh, with a red Ipot, the upper mandi-
ble yellowiih at the the tip, the lower bulging near the tip ;
^]ape very large ; hids whitifli ; pLuyhage foft ; belly whitifli ;
head large, black, as if covered with a cap ; feathers of the
rump curled, inclining to yellow ; legs yellowifli ; i:lazi;s o.

Sotitarius. ■\''aried with grey and brown ; feet 4-toed. Solitary jD,

Inhabits the IJland Roclrifrue j fizeof a turkey.

Eves black ; Ipurious things terminating in a round protu-
berance.

Female with a white protuberance each iidc the bread, refeni-
bling a teat.

Kazarenus Bhc\:y downy; feet 3-foed. Nazarene D,

Inhabits the IJle of France; larger than a fwan ; builds on

the ground with leaves and drv grais, and lays 1 white egg.
Bill laige; feathers of the rumb creft. curled, on the body

d^Nvny ; legs long, fcaly.

67. PAVO-

BIRDS. GALLINjE. 6-7. Pavo. 441

67. PAVO. Bill convex, robuft: head co-
vered with reVolute feathers : noftriis
large: feathers of the rump long,
broad, expanfile, and Covered with
eye-like fpots. Peacockk

lOKJlatus. Head with a comprefled creft ; fpurs folltary. Cnjied P-

2. Cheeks, throat, belly and wing-coverts white.

3. Body entirely white.

Inhabits v4y:a and AJri.cc, and is domcflicated every where;
3 feet 8 inches long ; deeps on the higheft plates, and utters
a loud and harfh cry ; is proud and vindiftive, alid feeds:
thiefly on grain and infefts ; lays 5 — 6 eggs in (omt very pri-
vate place, which are grey-white ; the young do hot attain
all their elegance till the third year.

Bill and Zr^j brown ; irids yellow ; creji gold-green, of 24 fea-
thers, barbed at the tip and with white fhafts ; line above and
beneath the eyes white •, head, neck, breaji, back and rump
green- gold ; feuthcrs of the rump, ufually called the tail-
feathers, fortictimes 5 feet long ; tail-feathers 18, grey-brown,
i\ feet long; fcapulats and Ifefler zoirtg-coverts reddlfli-
brown, varied with black, middle ones blue, with a glofs of
green-gold, greater and fpurious wings rufous ; quill- feathers
rufous, fome of them varied with rufous, blackiih and greea ;
belly ind. vent greenilh-black ; thighs ycUowilb.

Female j creji fliorter ; fpur o ; feathers of the rump not fa
long or elegant ; irids lead-colour ; bill and fringe on the
breajl white; neck green; reft of the body and uin^s
brown-afh.

BicaUard- Brovvn ; head fubcrefted ; fpurs 2^ Iris P.

(us. Inhabits China : larger than a pheaiant.

Bill blackifh, the upper mandible from the noftriis to the tip
red ; irids yellow ; croiun black ; face naked ; templa white ;
■neck fhining brown, with black lines ; upper part of the
bdck, Jhoulders and uing-covcrts brown, with yellowilli
ftrlpcs, the feathers near the tip with a large purple-gold
fpot ; lower part of the back and rump fpottcd with white ;
body beneath brown, with tranrverfe black ftrcaks ; quills
feathers dufky ; legs brown.

Vol, I, — 3 L Tibdanui,

44A BIRDS. GALLJNyE. 68. Mclagris.

Tibctanus. Cinereous ftrcaked with blackifti ; head fubcrefted ;

fpiirs 2. Thibet P.

Inhabits 7"AiV't;? ; 25I inches lonj;.
Bill cinereous; irids yellow; wing-covert^, hack and ruvtp

grey, with Imall white fpots, bei'ides which the coverts have

Ihining-^hlue Ippts ; quilLJeathcrs with 2 fliining-blue dots ;

Ic^s grey ; claws blackifh.

hlutkvs^ Head with a fiibulate creft ; fpurs o. y<z/a« P*

Inhabits Japan ; lize of P. criftatus.

Bill large ; kgs cinereous ; area of the eyes red ; irids yellow ;
body blue, mixed with green ; he^d and neck greenifh, with
blue fpots and a white {treak down the middle ; belly, wing-
coverts, fecondary quillrfeathers and thighs cinereous, with
black fpots, the belly with white ftreaks ; piimary quill-fea~
thcrs green, with tranfverle black lines and yellowifh towards
the tip which is black ; feathers of th« rump bay vrith
white fhafts.

Femqle ; belly black.

68. MELEAGRIS. Bill conic, incurvate :
head covered with fpongy caruncles :
chin with a longitudinal membrana-
ceous caruncle : tail broad, expanlile :
legs fputred. Turkey,

Galltpavo, pVont and chin carunculate ; breaft (of the male) tufted.
Inhabits America ; above 3i feet long ; is domefticated every
where, and varies much in its colours ; in a wild ftate lives
in woods and feeds on nuts, acorns and various infefts ; roofts
on the higheft. trees ; is very iraiciblc and impatient of any
thing red ; the cock ftruts with an inflated breaft, expanded
tall, red face and relaxed frontal caruncle, and makes a fnigu-
lar inward noife, which when it is uttered Ihakes the whole
body ; eggs numerous, white, with reddilh or yellow fpols ;
tail-feathers 18.
Female without a fpur.'

Satyrs, Head with 2 horns ; body red, with eyelike fpots.

Hornfd T,

Inhabits Indian fomething lefs than the laft.
^?7^ brown J nojirits, front and area of the eyis covered with

black

BIRDS. GALLING. 69. Penelope. -443

black halr-likc feathers ; crou^n red ; horns callous, Blue,
bnit back ; caruncle of the chin dilatable, blue, varied with
rufous ; If.gf whitilli, fpurred ; tail-feathers 20.
Femak ; head covered with feathers, without horns or gular
caruficle ; feathers of the head and upper part of the neck,
black-blue, long, decumbent ; reft of the Lody as in the
male, red, with eye-like ipots ; fpufs more dbtufe.

69. PENELOPE. Bill naked at the bafe:
head covered with feathers : chin
naked: tail with 12 feathers: legs
without fpurs.

CrtJIata. Head whh an ere£l creft ; temples violet. Guan^

Inhabits Brafil and Guiana ; 2 feet 6 inches long.
BiU black ; irids orange ; noflrils reaching from the middle of

the bill to the front; or/'iVj -violet ; caruncle on the chin

comprcfled, red, covered with a few hairs ; crejl oblong ;

body black-green ; back brown ; neck, breafl and belly fpot-

ted with white ; legs red.

Ciiynanen- Blackifli ; crefl and firfl: quill-featHe#s white. Tacou.

fis. Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana ; fize of a hen turkey *, erefts the

creft and fpreads its tail ; builds on the ground or in low

trees,
BUI black; cr-eft long, pointed; ir»«/j brownifli ; orbits and

chin naked, blucilh ; body beneath fpecklcd with white ; tail

long, even ; legs red.

Pjpile. Caruncle on th? chin blue ; belly black ; back brown, fpot-
tcd with black, Pfp^^S Curaffoxv.

Inhabits with the laft. Voice weak, piping.

Ihad, varied with black and white ; crefi fliort ; orbits wliite ;
neck and breafl black ; hack and wings black-brown ; wing'
coverts and firft quillfeathers white ; legs red.

Marat!, Green I fli -black ; naked orbits and legs red ; throat nakcd-
ifli, fpecklcd with white.
Inhabits in flocks the woods of Guiana ; roofts on trees whofc

fruit it feeds upon ; emits a difagreeably harfh cry.
Bill and irids blackifh ; chin and. throat covered with a few
feathers ; head crcfted, which is erefted when the bird is iiri-
tated ; wings {hort ; tail long, even, often ercfted and ex-
panded.

3L2 70. CRAX.

^ . ^^RDS. GALLING. 70. Crax

70. CRAX. Bill ftrong, thick, the bafe of
each mandible covered with a cere :
noJiriU in the middle of the cere:
feathers covering the head revolute :
tail large, llraight, expanfile.

Curajfow,

Aicdor, Gere yellow ; body black ; belly white. Crejled C.

Male. 2. Cere red ; belly brown.

3. Cere red ; belly brown ; tail tipt with white.

4. Creft white tipt with black ; neck barred with white and

black; thighs brown; vent white.
Inhabits the mountainous \voo<is of South America; 3 feet

long ; feeds on fruits and roofts in trees.
Bill black or horny ; are reaching from the middle of the bill

behind the eyes ; rrtji ereft, black, 3 inches long ; tail black,

jDundiih, \\ inches long, feathers i/^; fpnrs o.

Akffhr. Red; head blueifh ; crcft white, tipt with black.
Fcviak, 2. Neck annulate, with white and black ; belly white ;. t^il
brown.

3. Body barred with red-brown and yellowifli.

4. Tail with 9 yellow bands edged with black.

Bill cinereous ; irids led ; U^s brown.

^lobiccra.. Yellow ; gjbbofity of the noftrils globular ; body blackifh-

blue ; lower part of the belly white. Globofe C.

Inhabits G«zdr?a ; lize of C. alefior.
Bill yellow, tipt with cinejjeous ; gihhofity yellow, very hard ;

irids red-, orbits white; crejt black, tipt with white ; legs

pale rufl;\'.
Female ; Ifill and lfj;s cinefjous ; head and crown black ; crejl

black, with a white batiJ ; fouie of the feathers of the neck.

tipt with white; throat, brer;li, bach and wings hxovm ;

upper part of the belly white, lome of the feathers tipt with

black; vent yellowifli-brOwn ; /(ZzTfblack, with 4 tranfvcrfe

wliite bands.

Baiixi, Cprc blue ; gibbofuy of the noftrils creftcd ; body blackifh ;
belly and tip of the tail white. Cujhew C.

Inhabits

BIRDS. GALLlNiE. 7.1; Phafianus. 445

Inhabits Xfzv Spain ; fize of C. alcftor.

Bill red, of the female bro\NT» ; pbbofity pvriftirm, bluf, longer

than the bill and placed bet\Aeen the nollrils ; lars reduiOi,
femaU bro\.'n. where the male is black,

Galeata, Crown with a horny cone ; body black ; vent wliitc.

Galcutcd C.
Inhabits the Ijlcriyt Curajfow ; near as large as a turkey.
Bill and Irgs red.

':-ifiran'< Brown ; bill and brcaft blue; belly whitifh. Crying C.
fiihabifs the mountainous parts of Mexico; fize of a common
fowl ; a very noify and clamorous bird.

71. PHASIANUS. Bill fhort, flrong: cheeks
covered with a fmooth, naked (kin:
legs generally with fpurs. Pheafant,

Callus. Cornb on the crown and 2 wattles on the chin coinprcf-
fcd ; cars naked ; tail comprelTed, eredled ; feathers
of the neck linear, long, membranaceous at the tips.

ff'^ld Cock,

2. Comb on the crown and 2 wattles on the chin compref-

ftd ; ears naked ; tail compreired, erefted ; feathers
of the neck linear, long. Common Cock,

3. Crown with a thick downy crefl. Crejied Cod.

4. Feet 5-toed, 2 behind. Dark'wg Cock.

5. All the feathers turned back. Frizled Ctch,

6. Rump and tail-feathers o. Perfian Cock.

7. Legs very fliaft. Dwarf Cock.

8. Shanks feathered, the feathers behind long. Bantam Cock.

9. Legs feathered down to the toes. Rough-legged Cock.
10. Variegated with beautiful colours. Turkijh Cock.
J I. Body twice as large. Paduan Cock.

12. Creil, wattles and chin black. Negro Cock.

13. Hen with the crown tuberous. Crowned Hen.

14. Crown horned. Horned Cock.

15. Feathers rcfcmbling hairs. Silk Cock.

Inhabits in a wild Tlate India ; 3 feet 4 inches long ; is domef-
ticated every where, and fubjeft to innumerable varieties in
colour and fize ; feeds on grains and worms, which it (crapes

from

40 BIRDS. GALLING. 71. Phafianus.

from the ground and fhews the chicken ; is very coura-
geous, proud, watchful and falacious, and claps its wings be-
fore it fings or crows ; has a piercing fight, and never fails to
cry in a peculiar note at the fight of a bird of prey. The
hen, if fhe have plenty of food, water, gravel and a warm
neft will lay through the whole year, and after laying makes
a loud clucking which is anfwered by all the hens within
b.earing ; will not fit if fhe be immcrfed in cold water ; is
hurt by elder-berries, and fubjeft to lice, which are dellroyed
by pepper,

Body, wheji wild, lefs than the common cock ; cow^ large, in-
dented, fhining red ; ttmpUs and line from the crcft to the
eves naked, flefh-colour ; behind the eyes a clav-colour fpot,
of the fliape of a man's nail, and covered with fliort feathers 5
feathers of the reft of the head and veik long, narrow, grey
at the bale, black in the middle and tipt with white ; feathers
of the lipper part of the body grevifli, with a wlute and a
black ftreak ; bresjl reddifh ; greater wing-coverls reddifh-
chefnut, with traniverfe black and white ftreaks ; tail-coverts
glolTy-violet ; middle tail-feathers long, falcate ; Jpur large,
curved.

female ■vi-'ithont the comb and wattles; head and neck grey;
cheeks and chin whitifh ; body more dufky and varied with
brown, grey and rufovis. ; fpur o»

Varius. Black ; front red ; neck and back glolfy-green ; tail com-
prcfled, afcending, the coverts hanging down each fide.

Far legated P.

Inhabits India? lefs than the common cock, Nat. Mifcel. 353.

Caruncle includes the eyes and is continued upwards into a
plain comb, and downwards into an obfcurely divided wat-
tle ; feathers of the yieck and upper part of the back difpoled
fo as to referable a kind of I'cales or fliells ; lefler n-infr.c overt s
black, lanceolate, deeply edged with briglit orange-yellow ;
tail-f averts fhed each fide, long, narrow, pointed, black, the
edges ochre ; bill and legs ycUowifli.

Jgnitu:, Black, with a (leel-blue glofs, fides rufous ; Tower part of
the back fiery-ferruginous ^ 2 middle tail-feathers yel-
lowiOi-brown. Fir^-backed P^.

Inhabits Java; fize of a fowl. . '^fauntoni China, pi. 13.

fAct'r^.t. Brown, beneath reddifh ; tail wedged, the lateral feathers.
rufous. Mottnot P.

Inhabits

BIRDS. GALLtNJE. yr.Phafianus/ 44f

Inhabits Brajd and Guiana ; 18 inches lon*^

Bill reddifh ; head brown, the feathers long, rufous ; neck and

body above, quill and 2 middle tail-feathers olive-brown ;

breajl and btlly rufous-brown ; le^s blackifh ; claws brown.

pArraka. Brown, beneath and crown tawny ; tail long, oven.

Pan (ilea P.
Inhabits the thick wofxls of South Ametica ; 23 inches long ;

at lim-rile makes a clamour like the cock.
Bill and legs obfcurely rufous ; eyes brown ■, wings fhort ;
tail-feathers 12, long, pendulous, often erefted.

il/mca«Mj Tawny- white; (ail long, fhining green. Courier P,

Inhabits New Spain; 18 inches long; flow in flight, but fo

fwift on foot as to outiun the fleetelt horles.
At the bafe of the tail a few white fpots.

Impejaniis Crefted ; purple glofTy-green, beneath black ; feathers of
the neck with a changeable luftre oi gold, copper and
green ; tail entire, rufous. Impeyan P.

Inhabits India ; larger than a common fowl.

Orbits naked, carunculate, greenifli ; upper mandible much in-
curved ; feathers of the neck long, daggered ; crefi. 18 fea-
thers, ereft, rhombic at the point ; tail tipt with brown ;
feathers 14.

Female: io^y brown-waved; undei? the c^« a %vhite band.

Crif,atiis» Above brown, beneath reddifh-whke ; vent rufous ; head
crefted; orbits naked, red; tail wedged, tipt with
yellpw. CreJiedP.

Inhabits New Spain ; 22 inches long ; frequents trees growing
near water, and feeds' on ferpents, worms and iniefts.

Bill and unarmed legs black ; feathers of the crejl- whitiih -brown,
beneath black ; feathers from the hind-head to the lower part
of the neck with a white ftreak down the middle ; xving-co~
verts at the tip and edge of the uiings white ; quillfeathers
rufous; tail 10 inches long.

Africanus, Body blue-afh, beneath white ; head crefted ; 1 middle
tail-feathers at the tip and lateral ones entirely black.

Afiican P,

Inhabits Africa : 19 inches long.

Bill yellow ; crefl of long, brown feathers white at the fides ;
feathers of the breafl and belly white, with black fhafts ; tail
rounded, fcarcely wedged. *Colchi€us,

448 BIRDS. GALLING. 71. Phafianus.

•Cokhicus. Rufous ; head blue j tail wedged ; cheeks papilloiis.

Common Pi

2. Collar white; Ringed P.

3. White varied with rufous. Faricgated P.

4. White, with a few fmall black fpots t»n the rieck and ru-

fous ones on the fhouldcrs. IVhite Pi

5. Above rufous varied with brown and whitifh ; tail-ieathcrs

black edged with white. Pied P.

6. Orbits naked,- red; reft of the head feathered. Turkey P.

Inhabits Africa and AJia ; 2 — 3 ft-et long ; is donicfticated
every where ; in breeding-time above the ears each fide is a
golden feathered tvift like horns.

i?iZ/ pale hurn-Golour ; iri-ds ytilow ; fA<r''iii red, fpeckled with
black, in the old birds wrinkled, pendulous ; trotn the nof-
irils to beneath the ej^cs is a grecnifli-black feathered line ;
reft of the head and 7ieck green-gold, with a glofs of violet
ynd blue ■, lower part of the 7iCik, breajl, back and rump
iiiining tawny ; qnUl-ftathers brown, with oclire fpots ; belly
and vent wliite ; tdil-feathers 18^, with tranfverfe black bars ;
legs dufky, armed with fpurs.

1 einalc lels, varied wi'h bnnVn; grcv, rufous and blackifli ;
ihceks feathered ; after flie has done breeding puts on the ap-
peara'uce of the male.

Argus. Pale yellow, fpotted with black ; face ^ed ; hind-head
crcfted, blue. Argus P.

Inhabits Chinefe Tartary ; hze of a turkey.

Btll yellowilh ; orbits and whijlars black; front, chin and

throat red ; crefted hind -head and nape blue ; wings grey,

with eye-like Ipots ; tail wwdged, the colour of the wings,

, 2 middle feathers 3 feet long, with large eye-fpOts at the

fliaft ; feet armed.

Piilus. Creft yellow ; bread fcarlet ; fecondary quill-feather^ blue ;
tail wedged. Painted P.

Inhabits China: 2 feet C)\ inches long.

Bill, irids and armed legs yellow ; feathers of the crejh fdky,
pendulous backwards ; cheeks naked, flefh-colour ; feathers
of the hin'd-head tawny, with black lines, and beneath thcfc
green ones ; back and rump yellow ; upper tail-coverts long,
narrow, fcarlet •, wing-ccierts varied with bay and brown ;
Jcapulars blue ; quill-feathers brown, with yellowilh fpots ;
tail-feathers varied bay and black, 23 Inches long.

Female reddifh-brown, beneath yellowilh -fcrovr-n ; legs unarmed.

NycihfTKi'

BIRDS. GALLINiE. 72. Numi^: 449

Nyclhemc White ; creft and belly black i tail wedged. Pencilled P-
rus. Inhabits China ; 2-| feet long.

Bill and iridi yellow ; temples naked, red ; Head and body be-
neath purplifti-black, above white-, 2 middle tail-feathers
white, the reft with oblique, black ftreaks ; legs red,
armed.
FfmaU brown, beneath white varied with brown and with
traiifverl'e, black bands \ legs unarmed,

Superbus, Unarmed ; rufous varied with green and blue ; caruncles
of the front rounded ^ wattles Tubulate. Superb P,

Inhabits China. Bill and body red.

Each fide of the iteck with long feathers turned back ; crotcn
green, the hind-part with a folding, blue crell ; /houldeu
green, fp>ottcd with white; ; primary quill-feat hen blue ; tai^
long, wedged, the feathers varied with blue and red, coverts
declined, of various mixed colours ; legs yellow,

Zeucome- Crcfted, black ; feathers of the body edged with white.
^^'^^'' ^ Coloured P,

Inhabits India: 22 inches long;

Bill whitiih ; temples naked, red ; ctefl on the hind-head lor^,
decumbent ; feathers of the body above with a narrow, be-
neath w^ith a broadei- white edge ; thfoaty i/reaji and hcll^
with longiih, daggered fisathers ; legs armed.

72. NUMtqAv^^'^^ftrong, fhon, thebafe
covered with a carunculate cere re-
ceiving the noflnls : head horned,
with a comprefTed coloured callus :
tail ihort, bending down : body fpeck-
led. Fintado, Guinea-hen*

M:kagris. Caruncles at the gape double ; gular {(Ad o. Guittea-hen.
2: Brcaft white.
3. Body entirely white.

Inhabits Africa, and is domefticated in moft parts of tn-rope :

22 inches long ; mikes a hadh unplcjfant cry.
5rW reddifh-honi-colour ; head blue, the crown with a conic,
compreffed, blueifh-red protuberance ; upper part cf th i
Vol. I.--. 9 M neck

4.-0 1':^ BIRDS. GALLINit. 73. Tetrao.

■n:ck bluel(h-a{h, almofl naked, lower feathered, verging to
violet ; i/ody black, with round white fpots • legs grey-
brown ; gular caruncle of the male b\\ie.i{h, female red.

Mitrata. Caruncles at the gape double ^ gular fold longitudinal.

Mitred P.

lrih?ihks- Madas^afcar and Guiana : fize of the laft.

Bill yellowifli ; conic protuberance on the crezvn and front
red ; upper part of the neck naked, blueifh ; feathers on the
lower part tranfverlcly waved j hody black, with larger white
fpots ; tegs })^ickiih,

Crifata, QituntXt o; each fide the gape a longitudinal fold.

CreJiedP.
Inhabits Africa; lefs than the laft.

Bill horn-colour ; head and upper part of the ruck with a few
flender hairs, obfcurely blue ; threat blood-red ; crefi on the
front black, turned back ; body black, fpotted with white ;
quillfeathcn black-brown ; tail roundedj waved with
black-brown, feathers 14 ; /t-^i blackiih.

\tEgyptiacaV>\^cki fpotted -with blueidi^, crown crefted ; head and
neck rufous. Egyptian P.

Bill reddifh ; legs blueifli-black ; head and neck with a few
hairs ; checks and caruncles each fide the jaws blueifh,

iH'm. \auur

73. TETRAO. ' ISfear the'^'fibs'a fpot which
is either naked, or papillous, or rarely
covered with feathers.

The birda of this genus follow the old one as foon as they are
hatched, and often with pieces of the fticU {ticking about
them ; the bill is convex and ftrong ; the flelh and eggs
moftly delicious. Grous, Partridges and Quails have a fliovr,
convex bill : Grous inhabit frigid clitnatcs, and. are by their
warm cloathing defended againft cold ; nolttils fmall, hid in
feathers; tongue pointed at the tip ; legs ftrong, and tail
.long ; Partridges and (htails are of lefs fize ; have a fhort
"^ tail ; noftrils covered above with a prominent callous edge,

and inhabit temperate and wanm countries : Tinamous are pe-
.-r . culiui

BIRDS, GsALLINi^. 73. Tetrao. ^||

cullar to Guinea: have a longer hill,'' tlunt atr the, ^ip,.!]!*
noftrils placed in the middle ; gape very large ; rhin covered
with a few f(?athcrs ; tail very fhort ; tack-toe fiiqrt, ufelefs
in running; claws concave beneath •, the female larger than
tlie male : Q^uaili have a longer bill than partrldi^cs.

A*. Spot ov€f::4he eyes naked i Icgy downy. Grous.
a. feci j^-tced,

*Urcigallus Tail rounded ; armpits white. PTood G.

Inhabits nn)urrtafnous and woody purts of Europe and Northern
Afia ; 2 feet 9 inches long ; feeds on juniper berries and the
feeds and tops of pines •, is foUtary except iii breeding time,
when it is very inattentive to its fafety and cafily taktiJi fiCs
on the tops of trees and calls tlyi female with a loud, ibr-ill
voice ; female lays 8-— 16 white eggs, fpptted with yellow, on
the dry ground ; fleflr eatable.

Bill horn-colour ; fpot above the eyes fcarkt ; irids hazel ;
nojlrih covered with fhort feathers ; feathers of the chtn.
black, longer •, head and neck cinereous, with fine tranfverfe
black lines ; body above bay, with blackifla lines ; breajl
blackifti-green ; bdly and vent black, vaiicd with wbittf>;
tail-feathers 18, each fide fpottcd with white; le^s robuft,
brown, the toes peftinate at the edge.

Female 26 inches long ; bitl^niky ; chin red ; hody above with
alternate red and black tranfverfe lines ; breaji with a few
white fpots, the lower part orange ; belly fpotted with pale
orange and black, the feathers tipt with white ; Jkculdtfs
black, the feathers edged with black and. pale tawny, and
tipt with white ; 'tail rufty, ban;ed \vith black »nd tipt with
white.

Phafianel. Tail wedged ; head, neck and body aibove tcftaceous,
^'*^' barred with black. Long-tailed G.

Inhabitis Hudfon's Bay and the uncultivated parts of Virginia t
1 7 inches long ; feeds in winter on the buds of beech and
larch, in fummer on various berries ; flefh brownifli.

Between the bill and eyes a white fpot ; fides of the neck and
Tving-coverts with round, white fpots ; lateral tail-feathers
tipt with white, the a middle ones^mucli, longer and marked
with ocellatc fpots.

Male with the brcaft clicfnut-brown, *

3 Mb *Tetrix,

4S* BIRDS. GALLINiE. 73.TetraQ.

*Tetrtx» Violet-black ; tail forked ; fecondary quill-feathers white
towards the bafe. Black game. Black G.

2. Varied with black and >vhite ; bread with a large fhining

black fpot.

3. Dirty-white and pale waved-rufty ; bill black ; legj

rufly.

4. Hybrid ; tail forked, beneath fpottcd with white.

Inhabits mountainous and woody parts of Eurpope ; 24 inches
long ; eggs yellowifli, {"potted with rufty-rcd ; flefli good.

Bill black ; body fliining glaucous-black ; Zi'ir.g -coverts black-
brown ; 4 firft quill-fcathcrs black, the reft white at the
baie ; tail-Jiathcrs 16 — ^8, black; legs black-brown; toes
pcftinate. Female Icfs.

Nemejia- Tail rufous, fpoited and tipt with black; body varied

nus. with black and rufous. Nemefian G.

Size of T. tctrix ; firft quill-feathers brown, the outer fide

varied with rufous Ipots, fecondary tipt with white ; lower

part of the neck with tranfverfe black fpots.

Female ; neck, cheeks and breajl rufous without fpots.

Betulinus. Tail black, with tranfverfe rufous fpots; rump whitifh^

barred with black. Birch G.

Body varied with black and rufous ; bill and legs black ; brea^

cinereous ; quiU-Jatkers tipt with white ; eyebrotcs not red.

Cafiadenjis Tail-feathers black, tipt with tawny ; near the eyes

2 white flripes, (male). Spotted G.

2^«'Tail entire ; benind the ears and noflrils a white fpot,

(female).

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay ; 13 — 16 inches long.

Male ; bill black ; orbit i naked, carunculate ; body tawny,
\aricd with cinereous, beneath white, with black lunules ;
neck beneath and breafi black ; middle toe pcftinatc.

Female ; bill brown ; body I'potted with black, above red-
brown, beneath whitifh ; tail brown, wave-banded with
black and tipt with tawny ; ^g varied with black, j«elloi^
and white.

P^ago^us. Cinereous ; tqes downy ; quill-feathers white ; tail-fea-
thers black, tipt with white, the middle ones white.

Ptarmigan.
InVubits

BIRDS. GALLINiE. ^:^. Tctrao. 4^f

Inhabits the alpine parts of Europe and ^iltnia. ; 14 — 15 inchca
long ; is ftiipid, and burrows under the fnow ; feeds on in-
Iccls, berries and tender ftioots of trees ; runs fwiftly and is
impatient of lun and wind ; eggs pale rufqqs, with red-
brown fpots,

Body in fuinmer cinereous varied with white ^nd brown, in
winter nearly all white, in each feafon t'ne lateral tail-feathers
are black, tipt with white ; /tf^Jandeycn toes covered with a
thick wool like a hare;'s.

Albits. Orange, varied vrith black bands and white blotches ; toes
downy ; tail-feathers black, tipt with white, the mid-
dle ones entirely white. H'hlte G.

Inhabits the woods of Europe and AJia ; 16 j inches long ; like
the laft grows white in winter ; eggs powdered with black,

BiU Wlack ; belly and legs white ; xlaus broad, flat.

Rup'Jlris. Orange, with black black bands and white blotches ; t©e$
downy ; tail-feathers black, tipt wjth white ; the
middle ones entirely white ; lores black. Reck G,

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay ; Icfs than the lafl ; does not frequent
woods, but fits on the tops of rocks, and makes a cr)' like i
man calling with a loud voice.

tspponi- Toes naked, fcaly ; back black, varied with rufty ; neck

cus, ferruginous, fpotted with black ; bread and vent

white. Rehufak G.

Inhabits the alpine parts of Lapland : fize of a hen.

Female fpotted with pale yellow ; primary quill-feathers black ;

thighs white, with ruft)' fpots ; legs downy \ eggs reddiilif

with Urge brown fpots. ''

Cupido, Back of the neck with fupplemental wings. Pinnated G.

Inhabits North America ; lefs than a partridge ; feeds chief!/
on acoms ; the male at fun-rife crc£ls his neck-wings and
fmgs for the fpace of half an hour.

J^ilL black ; irids hazel ; body tawny, waved with black and
white ; head crcfted ; neck-wings each with 5 feathers not
3 inches long ; greater quill-feathers blackifh, fpotted on the
outfide with rufous ; tail beneath and band at the «nd black j
toes yellow,

f'er^alt withomt the fupplemental wing?;.

;x UmbclUi,

4j;4 - BIRDS, GALL I.N.'E. 73. Tctrao.

l/m'jiUuSf V'^riegated with brown, rufous and black ; tail-feathers

barred with black and tipt with cinereous ; fcrag of

the neck with a raifcd tuft, (male). Ruffed G.

2- Axillary ftathers larger, black-azure, (female).

Inhih'Mi Norih America: 15 — 20 inches long.

Hiad crefted; tail ntar the tip \Vith a broad, black band, the

tip white-afh ; middle-toe peftinate.
female without creft or ruff.

Benajia, Tail-feathefs cinereous with black fpots and a black band,
except the 2 middle onek. ' • ' HaxehiJ.

Inhabits thts hazel woods of £wroy>; ; feeds on kntkins; 14
inches long ; when ternfied erects tiie feathers of the crown,-

Bill fhort< black; /ie«<i fubcrefted v orhifs wrinkled, red: fea-
thers at tlie bafe of the upper mandible black 5 body above
•<4fith tranfvcrfe red ftreaks, varied with brown aiid cinereous
ones ; each hde 3 white fpots, one at the hdes of the no{-
trjls, another between the bill and eyes and the third behind
the eyes J r^j";! (of the male) furrounded with a white line ;
belly with bl'ack lunules

^s ; kfj j]i;rev,
1:'. //

%Si.iUcvi, Tranfverfely ftrcaked with rufous and black ifli ; 6 outer

tail-feathers each fide blackiih. Moorcock. RedG.

Inhabits the heaths of Scotland and northern mountains of

England ind. Wales : eggs reddifli, with deeper fpots.
Cftrumle on the eyebrows lunate, Icarlet ; ^ater quill-feathers
brown; tail feat hers 16, the 4 middle ones the colour of the
back, the reft blackilh.

Canus, Body hoary waved with black ; bill and legs black.

Inhabits Sweden ; refembles T. bonafia.

Feathers tipt with brown ; zving-r.overts brown, the outer ones
with a whitifh ipot at the tip; vent whltilh ; tail wh^n
folded, above waved with white, brown and hoary, beneath
brown at the fides, with a triangular white fpot in the
middle.

A^:haifl, Varied "^jlth olive, yellowifli, black and rufous ; belly

white ; 2 middle tail-feathers twice as long as the

reft, fubulate.- Phi-tailed G .

Inhabits Southern Europe, Syria and Arabia: 137 inches

long. ...
Eychrozoszhd. chin (of the male) black ; fcmlcircle on the hreafi

broad,

Blfeos. GALLIKiE. 73. Tet

rao.

45i

'Sentf^alus,

broad, tawny, edged with Llack ; firfl quill-feathers cine-
reous, the coverts ferruginous, edged with white ; tai^
wedged, pale yellow, with brown bands and tipt with white ;
k^s cinereous, naked behind ; toes petlinate.

Legs

downy ; body teftaceous ; 2 middle tarl-feathers
twice as long as the reft. Senegal G.

Inhabits Senegal. Sides of the head with a blueifh band ; la-
teral quill-feathsrs white ; legs naked behind.

Namaqua, Above chefiiut, beneath blackifh ; 2 middle tarl-feathers
longer fubulate. Namaqua G.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : g inches long.

Bill glaucous 5 head, neck and hreafi cinereous ; upper part of
the bread with a white lunate mark, beneath this a broa-Jer
chefnut one, and from this to the thighs a third, black-cine-
reoiis ; legs naked behind,^ with a fmall Ipur.

Female above waved with bhck, white and rufous, beneath
tranlverlely ftreaked with white aiid black ; legs unarmed,

Indicus, Front white, the hind part furrounded with a black fillet ;

body above ru-fous-yellow, varied with black, lunate~

marks. Indian G.

Inhabits Coromandel : fize of T. alchata.
Bill yellowifh ; feathers of the hind-head rcddifh, with a black

line down the middle ; neck rufous-grey ; breaji chefnut ;

primary qnill-feathers brownifh-black, ferondary grey, barred ;

belly grey, with tranfverfe black bands; legs brown.

Arcruirius^. QoWzr, belly and vent black; tail-feathers barred with
brown and grey, and tipt with white, 2 middle ones
tawnyifh. Sand G,

Inhabits the fluftuating fands near the Cajpian Sea : 19 inches
long ; eggs pale white.

Head alhy ; chin, pale yellow, with a black femicircle on the

^,,thioat, the feathers truncate, {hmmg;, tail barred, the a
-• 'x-.-i-y' ^^^^^^ fi^-athers fubulate at the tvf^; Ssgs naked behind, with a
" final! fpur. . i . ,t^ ., .', .

Tema{c yellowifh ; . Jifa^. an^-vntfcA fpptted with black ; back
barred wltli black.,

b^ 'Feet.'^'foed.
Paradoxus Toes downy, conneded nearly to the tip. HeterocUtous G,

Inhabits

A.^e BIRDS. GALLINi^. 73. tetrao.

inhabits the fouthern dcferts 6f Tartary ; an ambiguous blrcl,
betweea the bulbm and grous.

Bill fleiiderer than others of its tribe, upper mandible neither
arched nor receiving the lower ; head and 7ieck hoary ; chin
tawnyifli, with an orange fpot each fide the neck ; hack
waved grey and black; hreafi pale reddi(h-afli ; icily, Jlanks
and vent black ; wings longj pointed, beneath white, above
dotted with black.

B. Orbits granulated; Ugs naked.

a. Legs of the malt armed ivith a fpur. Partridge.

francoli- Belly and chin black ; tail wedged. FrancoUne P,

Tiiis. Inhabits Europe^ AJia and Africa; i2| inches long.

Eyebrows nak&il, not papillous, fringedw'ith (hort hair; body
above varied with blackifti and yellowifh-rufous, beneath
black, fpottcd with white ; collar pale chefnut ; legs red.
female, whole body mixed blackifti and rufty-yellow.

Arragoni- Legs downy on the fore-part ; qiiill-feathers, belly and
cus. thighs blacki Artagonian P,

Inhabits Arragon.

Body brown, varied with ferruginous ; breaft rufous, with a
black band ; vent white, fpblted with black ; tail wedged,
the lateral feathers white it the outer tip,

Madagaf Bcljy blaekj with large rufous fpots \ chin white ; 2 mld-
•^arenfts, die tail-feathers reddilli, barred with black.

Pintado P.
Inhabits Mddagdfcar ; fize of A. rufus.

Each fide the hedd a double band ; hind-head and 6 fpots on
tne hreaji black ; greater quiUfedthefs barred with white ;
iack and legs feddiftl.

Rufus. Bill and legs blood- red ; chi« white, furrounded with a
black band, fpottcd with white. Greek or red P,

Inhabits Southern Europe and the Greek Ijlands.
Feathers of the fides with a double black ftnpe ; tailftathtn
1 4, cinereous, the 5 outer rufous for the lall half.
♦2. Feathers of the fides with a fingle black ftripe ; tail-fea-
thers 16, the 5 outer each fide rufous. Red'leggedP.
Inhabits fometiraes the Suffolk and Norfolk cgafts,

3. Collar

tlRhS. GALLINiE. 73. tetrao. 457^

3; Collar chefnut, with white round fpots; feathers of thfc
fides with a fingle black ftripe ; tail-feathers cine-
reous, the middle ones tranfverfely ftreaked with
bro\vn> the lateral ories for the iaft half orange.

Barbery P.

*Pcrdix. Under the eyes a naked fcarlet fpot ; tail ferruginous ;
breaft brown ; legs white^ Common P,

^' Greyifli-white.
3' Entirely white.
4' Collar white.
5* Body brown.
6. Chin and upper part of the throat tawny;

Inhabits Europe and Afia : x 3 inches lolig ; frequents com
fields and paftures ; feeds on green corn, feeds and infefts ;
lays 15—18 greenifh-grey eggs ; is extremely falicious.
Under the lower eyetid a naked, red, papillous area, reaching
behind ths eyes ; fact yellowilh ; ciap and neck waved-a{h ;
quill-feathers brown, With ferruginous bands ; tail-feathers
i8 ; lower part of the breafl with 2 chefnut fpots.

Damafce- Under the eyes a haked fcarlet fpot ; tail ferruginous ;
nus. breaft brown ; legs yellow. Damajcus P.

Inhabits France ; reiembles the laft, but is much lels ; bill
longer ; perhaps is only a variety.

Montaniis, Bill and legs red j head and upper part of the neck
tawny; 7 outer tail-feathers pale chefnut.

Mountain P.
Inhabits mountainous parts of Europe ; io| inches long.
Body pale chefnut ; tail-feathers 20, the 6 middle ones chefnut-
bfown, tipt with grey.

Rubricollii Body brown, fpotted ; vent white ; orbits and chin naked,
red. Red-necked P*

Inhabits Africa; 13 inches long.
Bil/znd legs red ; above and beneath the eyes a white ftrenk.

Pitrofus, Brown ; bill, legs and irids red ; breaft with a ferrugi-
nous fpot.
Inhabits mountains near the Gambia ; let than T. rufus.

Vol. I. — 3 N Pcrlaius.

453 BIRDS. GALLIN.*:. 73. Tetrao.

Perlatus. Legs and eyebrows rufous ; bill blackifh ; chin white ;
body brown, fpotted with whitilh and reddi(h.

Pearled P,
Inhabits China : 12^ inches long.

Band through the eyes black, one beneath the eyes white and
one on the lower ^aw black ; tail brown, with black tip and
tranfvcrfe bands.

jfir^ Brown, with whitifh ftreaks ; eyebrows and neck be-

neath varied with white and black ; wings and tail
with tranfverfe white lines. African P.

Inhabits the Capt of Good Hope : 13 inches long.

Breajl dnd fides variegated with ferruginous, chelhut, blackifh
and whitifh.

Capenfis. Legs red, with the rudiment of a fecond fpur ; body Ci-
nereous waved with grey. Cape P,
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : 19 inches long,
Bill pale reddifh ; da)ujs black.

Bicalcara* Legs 2-fpurred ; eyebrows black. Senegal P,

fuj. Inhabits near the 6fne^aZ; 13 inches long.

iiody varied with brown, moufe-colour and whitifh ; tail
barred with brown and moufe-colour ; fpurs obtule.

Zeylonicus, Legs 2-fpurred j bill and naked orbits red ; tail rounded,
brown. Ceylon P.

Inhabits Ceylon i fize of a hen.

Male ; head varied with black. Female with cinereous and
black.

Spadiceus. Legs 2-fpurred, red ; bill yellow ; body chefnut.

Brcwn African P.
Inhabits Madagafcar : ftze of T. perdix,

Nudicollis, Legs 2-fpurred and with the naked throat red.

Bare-necied P.
Body variegated with blackifh and yellowifh-rufous,

Gin^icus, Bill black ; rump and tail reddilh-grey, varied with black ;
eyebrows white. Gingi P»

Inhabits Gingi in Coromandel s lefs than T. perdix,
Ta:!-f(athcrs with each a black fpot j bcHy white, the feathers

with

BIRDS. GALLIN.^. 73. Tctrao. 459

with a double longitudinal pale bay band ; Ifg? reddifh-
yellow.
Female ; tail/fathers with a black band ; bel'y rcddifh ; legs
dirty-grey.

Pondiceri. Bill black ; 2 middle tail-feathers rufous, with numerous

aaus, angular brown lines, and 4 ochrc-yellow-bands,

(male ?) Pondicherry P.

Inhabits Coromandel ; fi7.e of T. perdix.

yfrontlet ind throat yellowifli ; nape grty, with black bands;
rtfck above and iack rufous •, breajl reddifh, waved with
black ; idly white, with black fcinicircles ; rump grey, with
whitifli bands, each fide edged with black ; tail-feathers chef-
nut, barrt-d within with black.
7, Brown barred with black ; neck and breaft white, with
black fpots ; tail-feathers barred with black, (fe-
male ?) ,

Orbits and chin yellow ; peftorul band of black and white lines ;
tail with 10 oblique white bands ; legs unarmed.

Naevius.

Bill and legs reddifh ; body variegated with brown, yel-
lowifh and tawny. Mexican P.

Inhnhlts New Spain : 21 inches long.

Head and neck tawny, with grey and white fpots ; croxun^ c^in.
and Jlanks with black fpots ; fpurious rvings grey, fpptted
with tawny and white, beneath cinereous.

^fiaticus. Variegated with reddifh-yellow, brown and black, beneath
whitifh, with black ftripcs. AJiatic P,

Inhabits Mahratta : 6 inches long.

Bill (hort, obtufe, brown, lower mandible pale ; head and
chin yellow-brown ; feathers of the body beneath with 2 black
bands ; quill-feathers yellqwifh-rufous, varied with brown >
legs reddifli,

b. Legs without a fpur. Quail.

t ^'toei.

Ferrugine- Bill and legs brown ; body beneath pale chcfnut, above

«J' dirty-brown ; feathers of the nape and neck above

longer, pointed. HacileJ ^.

2 N ft Inhabits

460 BIRDS. GALLINiE. 73. Jetrao.

Inhabiits China; 12 inches long.

Feathers of the neck ercft, collefted in a tuft ; quill-feathers
brown, fpptted at the edge with black ; tail black-brown.

jfavanicus Legs flefli-colour ; front, fpot on the hind-head and belly
orange; back, bread and tail cinereous^ varied with
black. Javan ^

Inhabits Java.

CA«Ai black, furrounded by an orjnge line; vent x^^ with a
cinereous black band.

Viriiis, Green ; bill aivi legs reddifh,; wings chemut, fpeckled
with blacks Green ^

Length ii-| inches ; InU a little bent at the tip ; hind-toe un-
^ armed ; tail and vent black.

Virginia- Above and beneath the eyes a black band ; crown with a

r.us. tawny line. ~ f^irginian ^.

Inhabits the woods of America: perches on trees; lels than

T. perdix.
Bill and collar black ; temples and chin ochre ; crown, neck
Sack and rump reddifla-brown, varied with black ; legSj tail
and quill-feathers brown, the latter edged with rufous,

Marilan- Eyebrows white ; neck above dotted with black and white.

'dus. Maryland^.

Inhabits North America ; very much refembles the lall.

Bill black ; head and body above reddifli-brown, with fmall

black ipots ; front and throat white, terminating in a black

lunule ; brcajl and belly dirty-yellow, with black lunules ;

legs hxown. Female j chin yellowifli,

^akelik. Bill, eyebrows and legs fcarlet; bread cinereous; back
waved white and cinereous.
Inhabits Chiwa and Songoria j fize of a Columba gutturofa ; is
named from its note, which refembles the word kakdik.

Cafpius, Cinereous, fpotted with chcfnut ; nodrils, orbits aud bald
temples and legs pale yellow. Cajpian ^.

Inhabits near Aufrabat in Perfia.

Cambaien- Yellowifli-rufqnsj with deeper waves ; back-toe unarmed.
>. ■ . . • Guzurnt ^

Inhabit^

BIRDS. GALLINiE. 73. Tctrao. 4&1

Inhabits India in Gjuzurat ; 6 inches loner.

Bill ftrong, (liort, pale ; body "beneath pale ; legs yellow.

Mexican-ui Bill and legs blood-red ; over the eyes a white line.

Louiftane J^.
Inhabits Louifdna and New Spain ; 8 inches long.
Fcdthers of the head black, tipt with bay ; cJnn white ; mck
above varied with bay, black and white •, body above, rump
and zi'ings bay, waved with black, beneath whitilh, with
blackifh llreaks ; 2 middle tail-Jeathtri bay, with black lines,
^he reft cinereous.

Falklanrjti- Varied with brown fpots and ctirved ftreaks, benelth
fJ<-f. white; bill lead-colour; legs brown; temples fpot-

ted with white. Malouine ^

Inhabits Falkland IJlands : fize of T. C(^urnix.
Upper feathers of the body brownifh, brown in t!ie middle,
and marked with 2 — 3 curved lines near the tip ; cMn. throat
and breajl yellowifli-browli, varied with brown ; quill-fea-
thers black ; tail brown, with paler bands.

Nova HiJ' Bill and legs black ; creftcd head and neck varied with
panicc. white and black ; body and quill-fcathers tawny, the

latter tipt with white. Mexican .^.

Inhabits New Spain ; fee Phaftanus criftatus.

Californi' Lead-colour; crown with an upright creft; throat (of the

cus. male) black, edged with white; belly yellowifh-

brown, with black crefcents. CaJifornian ^

Inhabits California ; larger than the common quail.

Bill and legs dufky ; upper mandible a little fhorter than the
lower ; body dove-colour ; front dull-ferruginous ; feathei*^
each fide the neck lanceolate, edged with black and tipt
with cream-colour ; lower part of the brcaft teftaceous, the
feathers edged with black ; wings dull-brown ; tail deep ci-
nereous; crefl of 5 — 6 upright, black feathers, fiightly
bending forwards and gradually widening towards the tips,
the fides doubling inwards.

Female wants the black throat and whit.ifh margin. Naf,
Mifcet. 345.

Coyoclos, Ijtgs tawny ; crown and neck Barred with white and
black ; body above tawny, varied with white.

/ cffer Mexican ^

luhsAi'Ms New Spain. £>•« black,

Sufcitatcr.

4^2

BIRDS. GALLINiE. 73. Tetrao.

Sufcitator, Varied with yellowtfli, rujfous, black and grey; bill
longer than in others. ^oify ^

Inhabits the woods of Java : a very clamorous bird.

Striatus,

Grifeus,

Legs reddifli ; eyebrows white ; bill, chin, lower part of
the bread and belly black, fpeckled with white.

Madagajcar ^
Inliabits Mada^jafcar : twice as large as T. coturnix.
Colour above brownifh-rufous ; crown and back ftreaked with
white, the latter varied with traniverfe black bands ; line be-
ginning from the gape of the mouth and running nearly pa-
rallel with the eyebrows white ; tipper part of the brM/t
bav ; feathers of thejlanks long, narrow, bav ; quill- feather s
<lirty-brown, the fecondaries bay, with yeUowilh bars ; tail
black, with ochre lines.

Bill and legs black ; body pale and dirty-grey, barred with

black. Grey-throated ^

Inhabits ^Aadagafcar ; fize of the cowimon quail.

Crown and neck abcve varied with black and rufous ; lower

feathers of the body each with a black ilripes parallel to the

margin ; wings brown.

Head black ; crown and eye-band reddifh-yellow ; chin
white, furrounded with a black ftreak ; body ftriate ;
quill- feathers brown. Coromandel .^.

Inhabits Coromandel: a third part lefs than the laft.

Body beneath with a longitudinal black angular band.

Female, feathers of the throat ftreaked with white and with 2
round ipots at the tides, of the bcily with 2 black bands.

Kova: Gut^ Brown ; legs greyifli ; quill-feathcrs black ; wing-coverts
nect. pale yellow. New Guinea ^

Inhabits New Guinea ; half as large as T. coturnix.
Iridi greyifb ; head and belly more glolTy.

Manilknfis Above black ;^ bill and legs deep black ; chin white ; breaft
grey, fpotted with black; belly yellow with black
bars. Manilla ^

Inhabits Manilla ; 4 inches long.
Wings with grey lines ; Jlanks tinged with rufous.

Carornan-
delicus.

H'ud/c^.ica, Body pale brownifh-rufous ; neck above fpotted with

'white; wings, back and tail with diftant, tranfverfe

white lines. Hudfonian ^.

Inhabits

BIRDS. GALLINiE. 73. Tctrao. 46

Inhzhits Hudjhn's Bay s 5 inches long.

White lines of the upper part of the body edged with black on
the lower fide.

Crijlatus. Pendent crcft an<I chin tawny. Crrjied ^

Inhabits Cuiana and Mexico; 6^ inches long.
Biil, quiU-feathers and legs brown ; creji narrow, an inch long ;
crown tawny ; reft of the body varied with rufous, brown,
black and dirty-yellow ; tail varied with brown and grey.

Sinenfis, Body fpotted with grey j throat black, with a white arch.

Chine/e ^.
Inhabits China and the Philippine J/Ies ; 4 — 6 inches long ; is
carried alive in the winter by the Chinefe, betwetn their
liands, for the purpofe of warming them.
Bill black ; body above varied with blaekifh and brownilh i
cheeks and throat white ; brcaji with a black bar ; belly ^ vent
and very fhort tail bay ; quill-feathers brownifh ; legs
yellow. ^

* C<5f urn: jc. Body fpotted with grey; eyebrows white; tail-feathers
with a ferruginous edge and erefcent. Common ^,

2. Much larger in fize.

Inhabits the whole ancient world; ^i inches long; migrates
and feeds on corn ; calls nearly all night long ; eggs whitifh,
with irregular rufty fpots.
Bill black ; head black, varied with rufous ; down the middle
of the crown and neck a yelhjwifh ftreak ; feathers of the
back rufty -brown, varied with grey, the fhafts with a longi-
tudinal ycUowifh ftreak ; body beneath dirty-ochre ; throat
and breaft rcddifh ; quill-feathers grey-brown, with rufous
bars without ; tail-feathers 1 2, with reddifh and black lines ;
legs brownilh.

i t Feet i-t;>ed.

Cibrdticus Legs pale ; bill black ; wings and tail Jeep biack.

Gibraltar J^.
Inhabits near Gibraltar: (i\ inches long.

Crown brown, furrounded with a white edge ; back brown,
•with white lines ; wing-coverts rufty, tipt with white and a
black fpot in the middle, furrounded with white ; chin witl\
black and whitifli lines ; feathers of the breafi white, with a
black fpot, rufty in the middle ; tail edged with white, and
ftreaked with black and brown,

A^dalufiius,

464 13IRDS. GALLINiE. 73. Tetrad.

Andalufi- Rufous varied with black, beneath reddifh-white ; bill
cus, and kgs flefh-colour. Andalufian J^.

Inhabits Andalujia.
Throat and breafi tinged with yellow ; quill-Jeathcrs black.

I^igricollis, Body above varied with cinereousj rufoUs and black ; be-
neath, legs and bill cinereous ; chin and throat black ;
quill-feathers brown; Black-necked ^

Inhabits Madagafcar J 61 inches long.

Head and fides of the neck varied with white and black.

Luzonien- Head, neck above and chin varied with white and black ;
Jis. throat and brcaft bay } belly yellbwifh ; bill and le^s

pale grey. Luzonian ^

Inhabits Manilla : a third part lefs than T. coturnix.
Back blackifli-grey ; quill-feathers grey^ the leffer yellow to-
wards the the tip, with a round, yellowilh-black fpot, fur-
rounded with a lemicircle of bay.

C. Orbits with a few feathers ; kgs naked, ^-tocd unarmed.
Tinamou.

Guiancnfis giU and legs brown ; back afliy-brown, varied with blaek-
ilh llripes j chin cinereous j belly pale orange.

Cayenne T.
Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana; ii inches long, a fpecies Ibme-

thing between the partridge and tinamou.
Granulations on the orbits red; eye-band reddifh ; plumage
above reddiih-brown ; breaji a{hy-brown, with paler lines ;
quill feathers on the outfide fpotted with rufous.

Major, Legs yellowifli-brown; bill black; crown rufous; body
olive ; back and tail with black fpots. Great T.

Inhabits woods of South Avierica : 18 inches long ; roofts on
the lower branches of trees ; feeds on worms, inlefts, feeds
and fruit ; builds twice a year at the root of a large tree, and
lays 12 — 15 green eggs.
Greater quillfeathtrs cinereous, the fecondaries inclining to
rufous ; legs covered with fcales (landing out behind.

Cinsreus. Body cinereous; head and neck \vith a reddifh tinge.

Cinereous T
Inhabits with the laft ; 1 2 inches long.

f'arifgaius.

BIRDS. GALLINiE-. 73. Tetrao. 465

t^ariegatus Bill and legs brown ^ head and neck above black ; body
above varied with chefniit and black tranfverfc lines,
beneath rufous ; chin and middle of the belly white.

Variegated T.

inhabits Guidna : ii inches long.

Lower mandible yellowiih ; orbits pale ; quill-feathers browni

Sovi,. Bill ahd legs yellow ; head and neck black ; body above

brown, beneath rnfous. Little T,

Inhabits Guiana i 9 inches long ; builds an heraifpherical neft

in the branches of trees.
Chin mixed with white; qnill-feathcrs brown.

Vol, L ~ 3O ORDER VL

466 BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba,

ORDER VI. PASSERES.

Bill conic, pointed : nojlrils oval, pervious j
naked,

74. COLUMBA. Bill flraight, defcending
towards the tip : nojlrils oblong, half-
covered with a foft, tumid membrane.

Pigeon.

A. Tail even, moderate.

*Oenas. Blueifl) ; neck above glofly-green ; double band on the

wings and tip of the tail blackifh. Stack P.

Inhabits old turrets and rocky banks of Europe and Siberia^

and migrates ioutherly in winter; about 14 inches long.
Note. The eggs of all the pigeon tribe are white.
7 hroat and breaji claret-colour ; claws black.

*Z)^w?/ii.:fl Cinereous ; rump white ; band on the wings and tip of

the tail blackifh. Common P.

2. Wings with a double blackifh band. Stock Dove.

3- QiiilUfeathers brown. Rock P.

4* Cere whitifh, fcurfy. Roman P.

5- Legs rough with feathers. Rough-footed P.

6. Legs rough ; head creftcd. Crejied P.

7- Creiled ; body fnowy \ legs rough. Norway P.

^' Area of the eyes naked, tuberculate ; wings with each a

double black fpot. Barhary P.

9' Feathers of the hind-head ere£l, reflected. Jacobine P.

10. Down fmall, ercdl, difperfed over the back and wings.

Laced P.
II' Feathers on the brcaft recurvate. Turbit P.

12. Tail ercft, many-feathered, broad. Shaker P»

13' Tumbles over and over in flight. Tumbler P.

14' Head, quill and tail-feathers of one colour^ but different
from that of the body. Helmet P.

J 5' Ccro granulated, rod. ' Titrki/h P.

•I « 16. Cere

BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba. 467

:6. Cere broad, caninculate, whitifli ; eyelids naked.

Carrier P.

17. Crop Inflated. Poivter P.

18. Crop inflated ; cere caninculate. Horfcman P.

19. Strikes its win^ violently in flight, Smiter P,
. 20. Creli hanging down from the crown like a mane.

Turner P.
21. White; tail and fpot on the front of one colour.

Spot P.
Inhabits and is douiefticatcd in alfnoft every part of Europe and
Ajia ; 14 — 15 inches long ; lays 9 — n times a y<*iir.

Montanct Orbits naked, red ; body rufous, beneath yellow.

Partridge P.
Inhabits Cayenne and Jamaica ; S~ inches long ; refemblcs a

partridge, and builds in low trees.
Chill, throat and breaji tlefh-colour ; l^eUy and vent reddifh.

Tetraoidcs, Head and neck black edged with white. Tetraoid P.

In fize and appearance relembles Tetrao rufus.

Leucoce- Orbits and crown white; body blueifh.
phala. irkite-croi^'tted P,

Inhabits South America; io| inches long; refides in flocks

among the rocks, and feeds on coffee and other berries.
Bifl purple at the bafe, tipt with white ; fcrag of the nick
fhining green, edged with black.

Lrucoptera Orbits naked, blue ; tail-feathers cinereous, tipt with

■white, the middle ones brown. IVhite-winged P.

Ir\habits Iitdia and Carthagen^a in America j 8—9 inches long ;

moves its tail like the wag-tail.
Bill black ; iridt tawny ; front, cheeks, throat and breaji red-
difh-hrown ; between the ears each fide a tranlVcrfe black
ftreak •, kind-head, neck and body above brown ; bel/y and
rump cinereous ; quill-feathers black.

Pufca, Brown ; eyes black ; neck and brcaft waved white and
black.
Inhabits Carthagena in America ; fize of the turtle-dove.

Njv(r Sfe. Orbits and body red ; belly white ; rump blue ; tail black.

taniiir, Jk^w Zealand P.

3 O 2 Inhabits

4^5

BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba,

Inhabits New Zealand ; 18 inches long.
Bill and irids red ; throat with a green glofs
dufky ; vtnt blueifh.

quill-feathcrs

Brunnea.

Chakoptc
ra.

Caribbcta.

Cap, neck above, back and wirig-coverts brown ; breaft,
neck beneath and rump fhining greep. Broivn P,

Inhabits New Zealand. Bill and legs red.

^rownifh, edged with rufous; front and chin white; a
bifid copper-gol4 bar on the wings and a black one
near the tip of the tail. Bronze-winged P,

Inhabits Norfolk IJland : fize of C. qenas. Phill. Bot.
Bay, 162.

Bill and legs red ; lores white ; body above afhy-brown, beneath
paler, ail the feathers edge4 with tawny ; leffer wing-covert^
brown, Avith a few copper-gold oval Ipots, the reft Wix.\\ an
oval copper-gold fpot at the tip, forming a tranfverfe bifid
bar ; quill -feat Iters brown, within rufous ; 2 middle tail-fea-
thers brown, the reft pale lead-colour.

Head, neck and breaft purplifh ; belly whitifh ; back,
rump and tail blueifh, the latter with a black bar.

Ring-tailed P.
Tail without the bar ; orbits naked, yellowifh ; rieck
fhining copper ; body blueifh.
Inhabits the Caribbee IJlands ; 15 inches long.
Bill greenifh, with a red bafe ; cere gibbous ; irids red ; wings
brownifh.

Orbits naked, re4 ; wings with triangular white fpots ;
tail-feathers tipt with black. Triangular /potted P.

Inhabits ibuthern Africa; fize of C. palumbus.

BiU blackifii ; irids yellow ; head, neck and body beneath cine-
reous, above purplifli-brown, with a violet tinge ; belly, vent
and ru7np white •» claws brown.

Coronata. Blueifh, above cinereous ; orbits black ; crefl ere£l ; ftiouU
ders ferruginous. Great crowned Indian P.

Inhabits New Guinea ; fize of a turkey.

Bill and lores black ; irids red ; crejl- comprefled, 5 inches
long ; wing-covcrts tipt with ferruginous ; wings and tail
blackifli-alli, the latter paler af: the tip ; legs various in
colour.

Guinea,

Crijiata.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. CoIumBa. 469

Crijlata, Eyelids vhitc; hind-head with a red-gold crtd ; breaft and
belly violet ; back, rump and tail green ; legs yel-
low ; hind-toe nnarmed. LefJ'cr crcwved P.
2. Bill yellowifh ; eyelids red; orbits naked; reddifh ; head
and neck chefnut.

Inhabits Malacca; fize of the common pigeon.

Jlead, neck and ^iV/ black, bale of the upper mandible and iritis
yellow ; front with 6 long briftly hairs ; frontlet white ;
le(Ter mncr.coverts brown, the reft and lelTer quill-featktrs
reddifh-white, waved with black, greater quill-fcathcrs
rufous,

Albicapilia Green ; crown whitifli ; greater quill-feathers and tail

black ; femicircular fpot o# the armpits half green,

half grey* Grey-headed P.

Inhabits the Iftcnd Panay ;. fize of the common pigeon.

Bill red ; iridf yellow : lides of the neck chefnut, with a

bralfy glofs ; IcfTcr quillfeathers green, with a metallic glofs.

Pompado- Grcenifli ; cjieeks and chin yellowifli ; wing-coverts pur-
ra. pie ; quill-feathers blaclc, edged with yellow.

Pompadour P.
Inhabits Ceylon and Inditi. Female^ zvin^s green.

Pkanicop' Olive, beneath afliy ; head and neck yellowifh ; lefTer
tera. wing-coverts purplifh, greater and fecondary quill-

feathers ftreaked with black and white.

Purple-fhouldered P.
Inhabits India ; fize of the common pigeon.
Bill dufky ; legs yellow.

Afiatica, Green-3(h ; head cinereous \ body beneath and fpot on the
wings white ; quill-^eathers black, edged on the out-
fide with white. Indian P.

Inhabits India j 1 1 inches long.

Above the breaft: a white collar ^ legs.hlutiih or yellow*

Erythrop~ Black ; eyebrows and front white ; neck above, fhoulders

'"^^^t and wing-coverts fine red \ tail from the bafe to the

middle cinereous ; legs brown. Garnet-winged P.

2. Throat

470 BIRDS, PASSERES, 74. Columba.

2. Throat and bread white ; eyebrows ferruginous ; v.lngs

and tail blackifh.
2. Reddilli-black ; eyebrows and breaft white ; legs red.

Inhabits South Sea IJlands ; ^~ inches long.

Bill yellow or black.

Striata. Orbits and lores white; body cinereous, barred with
black, beneath rutous. Barred Turtle.

Inhabits India and China ; C)\ inches long.

Bill pale horn or blueifh ; noftrils blueifh ; eyes black ; iridi
blue-alh ; front, cheeks, chin, lides of tht neck and body
blueifh ; crown and hind-head verging to rufous ; veck
above, back, rump and win^-c averts pale biown, with black
lunules ; throat, breaji and belly tinged with rufous.

^Pahari' Cinereous; tail-feathers black on the hind-part; primary

ius, quill-feathers whitifli on the outer edge ; neck each

fide white. ^'"g Dive.

Inhabits Europe, rarely Siberia; lives in woods and builds in
trees ; 7^ inclies long.

^i!L yelltnvifli ; f^rj red, fcurfy ; 2V.:'Jf yellowifh ; hfad, back
and zi'ing-cpverts blueifii ; rump and throat pale afh ; breajl
claret ; belly and vent whltifh ; neck above and at the fides
green-gold, with a white creicent each lide ; fitt rough as
far as the toes.

Citruua. Blue; beneath, bill, legs and wing-coverts red. Blue P.
Inhabits Mexico J lize of the common pigeon; irids red.

HoiLtL Purplifh-red ; leflTer wing-coverts white ; bill and legs
fcarlet. lVlnte-P)ouldered P.

2. Body pale tawny.

Inhabits Xew Spain : lives in mountainous woods.

Nixvia, Brown, fpotted with black ; breaft and belly pale tawny ;
wings and tail brown. BJack-f potted P.

Inhabits the cold woods of Mexico ; fize of C. crnas.
Bill black ; lower taiL-coverts cinereous.

Mexicana^ Brown ; orbits red ; breafl and tip of the wings white.

Mexican P.
Inhabits Xeio Spain. Irids black,

Pacifca.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba. 471

Paafica. Cinereous, above greenilh-brown ; vent ferruginous; biH
and tail blackilh. Ferruginous-vented P.

2. Head, neck, bread and belly whiti(h ; back, wing-co-
verts and tail grecnifti ; bill gibbous at the bafc.
Inhabits South Sea Ijlands } ig^ inches long.
Nojtrils gibbous ; chin whitilh ; breaji claret ; l(gs red or
brown. -

Curvirof. Green, beneath yellovvifli ; vent white ; back and fhoul-

ira. ders bay ; wings with 2 yellow bars ; middle tail-fea-

'thers green, lateral ones cinereous, with a black band.

Hock-billed P.
Inhabits Tanna ; 'j\ inches long.
BiU (harply keeled, very much bent in at the tip, yellow,

with a red bafe ; tail rounded.
Female, back green.

Tannenjzs, Green ; wing-coverts fpotted with white; fecondary
quill-feathers edged with yellow at the tip.

Tama P.
Inhabits Tanna; n inches long.
Biil (lightly hooked ; legs led ; tip of the tail pale.

S. Thomx. Green; vent yellow ; legs fafFron ; bill curved, blue, with
a red bafe. St. Thomas F.

Inkabits St. Thomas IJland ; fize of the common P.
Eyes black ; orbits blue ; wings and tip of the tail brown.

Aromatica.O]\\e\ back bay; double baron the wings yellowilh and
black; quill-feathers black, edged with yellow.

Aromatic P.
Inhabits Amboina : io\ inches long.

Bill greenifli ; crown grey ; tail beneath black at the bafe,
whitifh at the tip ; upper tail-coverts dirty-ochre ; wing-co^
verts bay, ibme of them tipt with yellowifti ; kgs grty
or red.

CyanocC' Head blue ; band under the eyes white. Blue-headed P>
phala. Inhabits warm parts of America ; (ize of the common P.

Bill red at the bafe, blackilh at the tip ; (yes and claws black ;
throat blue, lurrounded by a white or black arch ; neck,
backy ^innpf tail and wing-coverts brown ; breajt and belly
claret, the latter ver^g to rufous ; tail above cinereous,
beneath blackifh,

Suratenfts,

4T2

BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba.

/>Hra;«?/j. Grcy-claret ; feathers of the nape and neck above black,
the former with a white fillet, the latter with a rufous
one; quill-feathers black ; back, rump and tail dirty-
grey. Surat Turtle.

Inhabits round Surat ; fi/,e of C. riforia.

Bill black ; irids red ; tving-coverts cinereous, with a black
ftreak down the middle -, lower tail-coverts white.

Canibay;n- Grey ; belly white \ lateral tail-feathers half black, half
its, grey; quill-feathers black. Cambayan Turtle.

Inhabits Cambay ; fize of the ccmmon turtle.
Bill hhck ; irids red; feathers of the throat black, the lower,
third part rufous.

Malabari- Grey ; belly white ; middle wing-coverts with oval fpots ;
tfi. lateral tail-feathers black, the lower third part

white. Aialabar Turtle.

Inhabits Malabar : fize of the common turtle.
Bill and irids red.

AntarElica Grey lead-colour, beneath paler ; hind-head with a pen-
dent ferruginous creft; wings and tail blackifli, the
latter with a pale bar. Antarflic P.

Inhabits iVew Holland : fize of the ring-dove, Zool. A',
HolLis.t.^.

Bill and legs red, lower mandibte with a blueiHi tip ; fro'Trt
and chin blueifli ;' bcdy beneath wuth a pale reddiQi tinge.

Madagaf' Legs downy ; tail violet ; bod/ blackifh-blue.
canclijis. Madagajcar V.

Inhabits Madagafcar : lOy inches long.
Bill 2nd iocs red; feathers of the neck narrow, ciiiereous,

Aiifralis^ Green ; belly, vent and thighs fpottcd ; fhoulders violet.

Southern P.
Inhabits Madagajcar ; 12 inches long.

Bill lead-colour ; eyes and legs blood-fed ; hind- part of tl;?
belly, vent and thighs Ipotted with black.

Tmncicf. Blue ; naked orbits, rump and tail #6d ; feathers of the
head, neck and breart lo:ng:, narrow, pointed.

Hackled F.
Inhabit^

BIRDS. PASSERES. 74; Coiumta. 473

Inhabits the IJle of France ; larger than the ring-dove ; Is hy

tlie inhabitants accounted polionous.
Bill and irids red ; legs black.

Mdculata, Deep green ; body above fpotted with whitilh ; belly
blackifh ; tail blackj tipt with ferruginous.

Spctted-green Pi
Length 1 2 inches ; bill and claws black ; feathers of the neck
long, narrow ; legs downy on the fore-part.

vEnea. Legs downy ; bill and toes greenifh ; body brafs-colour.

Nutmeg P.
2. Head blueifh ; body beneath grey-rufous ; vent yellowifli ;
legs flefh-colour
Inhabits the Molucca IJles^ 2) /View Zealand ; 17 inches long ;

feeds on nutmegs.
Head alhd neck whitifh, mixed with claret ; quill-feathers ci-
nereous, 2) loings and tail black.

'Alba, White ; wings and lower part of the tail black ; bill and

legs p^ile grey. IFhite Nut?neg P,

Inhabits Neio Guinea: middle fized; feeds on nutmegs ajid
other aromatic feeds which it fcitters with its excrements.

Viridis, Brafs-greeu, beneath purple-violet. Green Turtle,

Inhabits Amboina ; near 8 inches long.

Bill red ; front and chin cinereous ; greater wing-coverts above
fulphur, lower cinereous ; quill feathers blackifh, the outer
edge and tip brafs-green ; lateral tail-feathers tipt with ful-
phur, beneath blackifh, with whitilh tips ; lower tail-coverts
greenilh-white.

MelanocC' Green ; head blueilh-afli ; hind-head black ; chin yellow ;
phala, vent orange ; 6 middle tail-feathers green, the reft

clear red. Blcuk-cap P,

Inhabits J^ava : g\ inches long.
Bill black, tipt with yellow ; tail a little wedged.

Javanica, Green ; head, neck and bread red^claret ; greater quill-
feathers brown ; belly black; jfavan Turtk,
Inhabits Java ; fize of the laft.

Bill reddilh, covered with a white cere ; front and temples
paler the reft of the head.

Vol, I, — 5?

Cyanoci'

474 BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba.

C^anoU' Above green, beneath reddifh ; crown blue ; wings and
fhala, tail black-blue. Blue-crowned Turtle,

Inhabits China : fize of the 2 laft. Sill red.

Mdrtinicn. Subviolet ; belly reddifh ; quill-feathers rufous on the inner
webs. Martini CO P.

a. Reddifh-brown ; collar violet-gold ; wings fpotted with
black ; latetal tail-feathers ending in bl*ck, the very
tip white.
Inhabits Martinico : gl inches long.
Biilf granulations on the eyebrows and irids red,

Jamaicen- Tail-feathers blue, terminated by a white line.
P' Pyhite-bellied P,

Inhabits trees in Jamaica ; 9 inches long.
Nojirils gibbous ; irids^ crown and body beneath white ; ' neck
above varied with blue and purple ; back and rump purplifli-
brown.

Senegakti" Three outer tail-feathers white on the lower half ; neck
fts* beneath fpotted with black. Senegal Turtle*

Inhabits near the river Senegal; about 10 inches long.
Bill blackifh ; head, neck and breaji claret ; upper part of the
back brown, lower cinereous ; belly white ; quill-feathers ci-
nereous without, within and beneath brown ; 6 middle tail-
feathers alhy-brown, beneath from the bale to the middle
black, the reft cinereous.

Vinacea. Two middle tail-feathers grey-brown, the reft 2 thirds
black, lower third grey ; collar black.

Collared Senegal Turtle.
Inhabits near the Senegal ; i\z<t of the bft.
Bill blackifh ; htad^ neck and breafi vinaceous ; hack and rump
grey-brown ; belly whitifh ; quillfeathers blackilh-brown,
edged with whililh ; claws brownilh.

Nicobarica Tail white ; body black ; wings blue ; back fhining-green ;

feathers of the neck long. Nicobar P.

Inhabits Nicobar Ifland ; fize of the common P.
£ill black ; irids hazel ; body dark purple-blue ; feathers of

the neck pointed, with a gloCs of blue, red and gold.

Sptcicfa,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba. 475

Sjxcio/a. Back, head and wings ferruginous; tail round, black;
feathers of the neck and breaft waved with rufous,
then with white and edged with blue.

Scallop-needed P.
Inhabits Caytnne ; larger than the turtle-dove.
Bill red ; cere white.

Corenfti, Tail even ; orbits naked, fpeckled with black ; body grey.
Inhabits South America ; fize of the common P.
Eyes red ; feathers of the neck difpofed like fcales.

Sinicet* Brown, barred with black ; belly reddifh ; wings and bill
black. • Striated Turtk.

Inhabits China ; fize of C. riforia.

Irids white ; crown cinereous ; feathers of the cheeks and fidea
of the neck yellow, tipt with red ; longitudinal bar on the
neck blue ; heaji and belly rofy ; wing-coterts brownifh,
with a tranfverfe white and black fpot near the tip, the reft
black tipt with white ; daws black.

Eimienfis, Front and throat vinaceous ; crown and neck aB©*'»
brown \ double band on the breail purple and white.

Purfe^breajled F.
Inhabits Eimeo ; 1 4 inches long.

Bill and claws black ; cheeks deep black ; fides of the neck
chcfnut, gradually becoming purple.

Purpurea* Greenifli; head and neck pale purple; breaft orange ; vent
fcarlet. Purple P.

Inhabits Java ; fize of C. oenas ; wings dulky.

Rubrica- Black, with a glofs of violet and blue; cap red; neck,
pilla. upper part of the hack and breaft blueifti-grey.

Red-crowned P,
Inhabits Panay s fize of C. cucullata.

Bill grey, covered with a red flefhy cere as far as the eyes ; legs
grey,

Jamhu, Green ; front red ; breaft white. Jambou P.

Inhabits Java : lefs than the turtle.

Bill and eyes yellow ; from the orbits to the breejl a tricolour-
ed (Ireak.

r^Y t Purpurata*

476 BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba.

Purpurata Grceiif beneath inclining to cinereous; front and part of
the crown purple ; vent yellow ; wings black.

Purpk-crqwned P,

Inhabits South Sea IJlands : 9 inches long.

Bill yellowifh or black ; irids yellow ; head and neck greenifh-

afh ; front and croion often furrounded by a yellow line ;

primary quili-Jeathers^ except the 2 firft, edged with green,

lecondaries yellow on the outer edge ; tail-feathers green oji

' the outer edge and marked with an interrupted grey band ;

legs rough, ulually black.

Tndica. Body purple; fhoulders green ; cap blueilb.

Green-ivinged P.
2. Wings green, the coverts violet ; rump blue.

Inhabits Amboina ; 10 inches long.

BiU fcarlet ; nojirils and cere blueifli ; front and ocular band
white ; upper part of the back green-gold and copper, lower
and rump cinereous ; flexure of the wings fpotted with
white ; belly chelnut ; wings brown ; 2 middle tail feathers
black, the reft cinereous tipt with black.
ft

jp.oJea. Sanguine-rofy ; cere orange ; crown, orbits and tips of
the fmaller poverts white ; wings and tail brown.

RofyP.
Inhabits India : fize of the common P. Cm. phyf, 105.

tab. 59.
Bill and legs yellow-brown ; orbits white, imbedded on the
fore-part with black, which colour runs juft over the cere,
fo as to fonn a black frontlet ; irids yellow ; body beneath
paler,

Canadevfis Primary quill-feathers tipt with yellowifh ; tail-feathers
fubcinereous, the outer ones white. Canada Turtle.

Inhzhks Canada : 13 inches long.

Body grey-brown, beneath iprinkled with yellowif;. ; hill
blackiihv rump cinereous; belly whitifli ; lower tail-covtrts
GaOwy ; wing-coverts fpotted with brown ; wings brcvvn ;
middle tailfeathers within towards the bafe with a large ru-
fous fpot, and a brown one beneath^

female^ feathers of the head, neck, breaft, upper part of the
back and wing-coverts whitifh at the tips.

Sanguined. White ; throat and breaft fanguine. Sanguine Turtle,

Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba. 477

Inhabits Manilla. : fize of C. turtur.
Bill red; m't/x reddifh-purple.

Cru.'nta. Crown, belly and 3 tranfverfe bands on the wings grey ;
throat white; brealt with ^ fanguine fpot.

Red-breafied Turtle*
Inhabits Manilla : 8 inches long,

^j^'_ black; irids ferruginous; Tift A above violet ; wings Wnh
3 grey and 2 black tranfverfe bands; quiU-feathers black;
tail grey at the bafp, tipt with black ; U^s reddifti-violei.

Jna, Outer tail-feathers at the outer bafe and fpot on the tip
white ; wing-coverts with violet-azure fpots.

African Turtle,

Inhabits near the Senegal: 8 inches long.

Bill reddifh ; crown cinereous ; neck above, back, ming-coverts
and rump grey-brown ; chin whitifh ; throat and breajl pale
claret ; belly whitifli ; zvings brown ; 2 middle tail-Jeathers
blackifh-brovvn, the reft grey-brbwn, tipt with blackifli,
beneath white,

^TiLftur, Tail-feathers tipt with white; back grey ; bread flelh-
colour ; each fide the neck a fpot of black feathers,
tipt with white. Turtle Dove*

2. Feathers of the fides of the neck black, each with a round

white fpot near the tip.

3. Brown ; fpot on the fide of the neck varied with black and

white i lateral tail-feathers on the outer fide tipt with
white.

4. Two middle tail-feathers black, lateral ones white.

h\\\T^\<^ Europe, China and India; 1 2 inches long ; migrates
in flocks, and breeds in thick woods ; is very fhy and retired,
and a peft to fields of peas.

Bill brown, 3) black, 4) red ; irids yellow, 4) red ; crown
olive-afh ; front and chin nearly white ',fcapulars and coverts
rcddifh-brovcTi, fpotted with black ; throat and breajl claret ;
ielly and vent white ; 2 middle tailfeathcrs dulky-brown,
the end and exterior fide of the outermofl feathers white.

Orientalise Grey-brown ; feathers of the fides of the neck black, tipt
with grey-afh \ wings with a yellow band.

€hinefe Turtle.
Inhabits

478 BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columba,

inhabits China : fize of the lift,

£in, irids and Ugs red ; wings brown, with a tranfverfe yellow
bar ; rumjt and tail grey-alh ; beUy purplifli-grey.

^gyptiaca Teftaceous fiefh-colour ; chin fpotted, the featheirs black,
2-lobcd, truncate and ferruginous at the tip.

^Egyptian Turtle.

Inhabit* y£gypt. Frequents houfes.

Bill black ; head violet flefh-colour ; orliits naked, bluei{h ;
back cinereous ; breaji violet flefh-colour ; i>elly and thighs
whitifh ; wings brown ; 2 outerraoft tail-feathers cinereous
at the bafe, black in the middle, the refl white ; 2 next on
each fide cinereous at the bafe, black in the middle, cinereous
below and whitifli at the tips; the fifth on each fide, brown,
obfolete-black in the middle ; 2 middle ones wholly brown ;
legs tlelh-colour,

Surinam Cinereous, beneath whitifh ; chin varied with black and

nxn/is, green ; bill blue, Surinam Turtle.

Inhabits the woods of Surinam : 10 inches long.

'^Riforia, Above pale yellow ; neck above with a black crefcent.

Collared Turtle.
2« Brown, beneath grey-claret; crown grey; black crefcent
on the neck above fpotted witK white ; lateral tail-fea-
thers black, fpotted with white.
Inhabits Europe and India : larger than the Turtle-dove.
Bill blackifh ; irids red ; body beneath white ; rump and quill-
Jeathers grey-brown *, tail cinereous, the lateral feathers tipt
with white.

Pajerina, Wings and tail dufky ; body purplifli ; bill and legs red.

Ground P»

2. Body with a few white fpots.

3. Eyes chefnut; body inclining to reddifh.

4. Eyes chefnut ; feathers of the neck and bread of many

colours.
Inhabits the warm parts of America : 6| inches long ; frequents

rocky and mountainous places, and feeds on feeds.
Bill blackifli at the tip ; irids orange ; head^ neck and body

above cinereous, beneath and front vinaceous ; throat and

breaji fpotted with brown ; 2 middle tail-feathers dufky-afh,

the reft blackilh.

Minuta»

BIRDS. PASSERES. 74. Columbik. 479

Minuta, Brown; wings with 5 fteel-blue fpotsj outcrmoft tail-fea-
thers tipt with white. Minute P.

Inhabits St. Domingo ; 5^ inches long.

Bill and Ugs brown ; body beneath reddifh-white ; zaing-coverU
with 7 fteel-blue fpots ; 2 middle tail-feathers brown, the
red cinereous at the baie, black in the middle and tipt with
brown.

Malaccen- Waved with black lines; abov« grey-afh, beneath cine-
Jis, reous ; fides of the neck white ; tail-feathers brown,

the lateral ones white towards the tip.

Malacca Turtle,
Inhabits Malacca j fize of a fparrow.
Bill yellow, black in the middle ; irids and legs yellow*

Vernans. Green, beneath ycllowifh ; outer edge of the wtngs pale
yellow.
Inhabits the Philippine IJlands,
Bill and legs red ; Ireaji azure,

B. Tail long, wedged.

Migrate- Orbits naked, fanguine ; breaft rufouS. PaJ/enger P,

ria. Inhabits North America in numerous flocks, and is very trou*

blesome to rice and corn fields ; 15 — '16 inches long.
Bill black ; irids orange ; body cinereous, beneath vinaceous ;
wing-coverts fpotted with black ; fides of the neck purple ;
quill-feathers black-brown, edged with whitifti j 2 middle
tail-feathers blackifh-brown, the reft hoary.
2. Brownifli, beneath whitifh-rufous ; neck on the fore-part
fubvinaceous ; lateral tail-feathers within with a black
round fpot in the middle.
Primary quill-feathers brown, edged without and at the tip
with reddifh ; 2 middle tail-feathers brown, lateral ones ci-
nereous from the bafe to the middle within black, the other
part cinereous.

Carolintn- Orbits blue ; body beneath reddifli. Caroline P»

fxs. Inhabits warm parts of America-; ia| inches long.

Bill blackifh ; irids black ; fronts throat and breafl reddifh,
with a green-gold and violet glofs (in the male) ; lady above
brownifh-afh ; wings fpotted with black ; tail-feathers ci-
nereous, tipt with white, and a black fpot in the middle ;

legs red,

Melanop-

48& BIRDS. PASSERES, 74. Columba.

Melanop- Body livid ; wings black. Black-winged P.

tera. Inhabits Chili,

Amboineri' Body rufous ; neck Waved with blackifh.
fiSt Amboina Turtle.

Inhabits Amhoina; i 4 inches long.

Bill black; feathers of the crowriy neck and breajl with a
blackifh tranfverfe bar near the tip ; feathers of the upper
part of the back and zving-coverts browHj tipt with rufous ;
zuings brown ; tail reddifh-brown.

Captnfs. Primary quill-feathers rufous dn the inner fide. Cape P,

Inhabits y4/"rzVa; gi inches long.

Bill red ; body grey-brown ; bdly whitifli ; zuing-fpot fleel ;
fecondary quill-featkers brown, the outer edge grey ; tail
black beneath, the lateral feathers at the bale grcy^broVn,
tipt with blackifh.

Male, throat black.

Macroura. Cinnamon, beneath whitifli ; tail tipt with white.

Great-tailed Turtle,

Inhabits ndar the Senegal: 12 inches long.
Bill red ; cere white ; tail as long as the body*

M argiaat a Brezii red ; tail-feathers tipt with black and edged with
white. Marginated Turtle.

Inhabits America; 10 inches long.

Bill comtoxis \ irids rufous; lores Vfh.\iz\ front and cAtn red-

difh-brown ; hind-head blueilh-afh ; under the ears a black

fpot ; body above brown -, flioulders fpotted with black ;

rump afhy ; throat and breaji rofy ; 2 middle tail-feathers

blackifh, the refl cinereous.

Bantamen-. Orbits naked, flefh-colour ; neck, breafl and flanks
fs» waved with black and white. Bantam P,

Inhabits J^ava ; fize of the wryneck.

Bill black ; body above hoary-afh, beneath whitifh ; backf
wings and breajl with lunate black fpots ; tail as long as the
the body, feathers 14, the 6 middle ones black, the reft
white towards the tip ; legs red.

Vominictri'

BIRDS. PASSERES. 75. Alauda. 481

tiomini- Body grey ; fides of the head and collar beneath, the nape
cenjis. white ; fpot oh the crow h, band under the eyes atrd

collar on the rieck black. St. Domingo Turtle.

Inhabits St. Domingo : i i inches long.

liill black ; luirigs w'ah a few blackifh fpots ; ireaji vina-
ceous ; Jront, chin and vent white ; tail gvzy, the outermoft
feathers white ; le^s red.

y^, ALAUDA. Bill cylindrical, fubulate^
ftraight; the maLndibles equal and a
little gaping at the bafe : tongue bifid :
hind-claw ftraight, longer than the toe.

Lark,

*ArvenJis. Outer \Veb's of the 2 middle tail-feathers white, middle
ones ferriiginou^ on the inner fide. Sky L. Field L.

2. Body wholly white.

3. Body black-brown.

4. Legs very long. Inhabits Ruffia.

Inhabits Europe, AJia and Africa : -j inches long ; feeds on
fruits and infefts ; fings exquifitely at the carliell dawn, as
It foers fpirally in the air, increafing the Volume of its noti
as it afcends ; aflembles in vaft flocks iti winter, when it be-
comes very fat ; builds on the ground beneath a clod, and
lays 4 — 5 greenifh-white eggs, with dufky confluent I'pots.
This and the v^ood-lafk are the only birds that fmg as
they fly.

Body above Varied with blackifh, rcddifh-grcy and whitifh,
beneath rcddifh-white ; biU and legs black ; throat Ipotted
with black.

Rufa. Blackilh-brown ; neck above, back vid fcapulars reddifh-
orange ; wings and tail dulky. Rufcus-bcckai L-

Inhabits Bonaria ; hardly 5 inches long.

*Pratcnfis Grcenirtl-brown ; outer webs of the 2 outermoft tail-fea-
thers white ; eyebrows with a white line. Tit-lark.
Inhabits Europe, in low grounds; 5^ inches loftg ; has a fine

note and fmgs fitting in trees or on the ground.
Bill black ; body beneath white ; breaft ochre-yellow, with ob-
long black fpots ; legs yellowilh.

Vol. I. — 3 Q •Minor,

482 BIRDS. PASSERES. 75. Alauda.

*^Mlnor.' Reddifh-brown, fpotted beneath; chin and belly white,;

throat and bread obfcure yellow. field L,

Inhabits Europe ; larger than the lall.
Legs hrovfn'iQi ', rjjn^-coucr/jr edged with white ; quill-feathers

dufky, the uuter web of the firft edged with white, the

others with yellowilh-grecn ; hind-clazo (hurt, lbmetime«

hooked.

Italka. Middle tail-feathers bay, the 2 outermoft white, the next
tipt with white. Italiaii L,

Inhabits Italy : 8 inches long.

Bill red ; body above ' bay, the feathers edged with reddilh-
white, beneath white ; legs flclh-colour.

*ArboTea, Head furrounded by a white annular fillet. irood-Iarh.

Inhabits Europe -ind Siberia: lefs than tlje fky-lark ; hts on

trees and wliiftles like the blackbird ; lings in the night and

in its flight ; builds on the ground ; eggs dufky, with deep

brown blotches.

Body varied like A. arvenfis ; legs flelh-colour.

Ludovica- The. outermoft tail-feather but one tipt with wliite, the
na. outermoit half brown, half white. Louiftane L,

Inhabits Louifiana ; 7 inches long. ,

Body above brown, mixed with grecnifh and blackilh ; quill-
Jeathers blackifh-brown ; tail brown ; throat and breajl
yellowifh-grey, fpotted with brown ; belly tawny.

* Rubra. Brown ; orbits black ilh ; 2 outermoft tail-feathers white.

Red L,

Inhabits North America, and is fomctimcs found near London z
about the fize of A. arvenfis.

Bill blackifh ; a white line crofles each eye. and another be-
neath ; body beneath dirty-white, with black fpots ; kgs
brown ; hind-clazj a little curved.

Mofellana, Rufous, beneath reddifti-white ; cheeks and breaft with
brown lines ; tail black, edged with rufous.

Marjh L.
Inhabits Gerrkmy : 6 \ inches long,
Bill, legs and clan's ycllowifh.

Campff^

BIRDS. PASSERES. 75. Alauda. 483

Camptjiris Tall-feathers brown, the lower half, except of the 2 middle
ones white; chin and bread yellowiih. Meadow L.
2. Two outermoft tail-feathers obliquely half-white.
Inhabits Europf. ; ^ inches long.

Upper mandible blackifli, lower flefli-colour ; l:gs brown;
'J.) bill and le^s black.

Mdabari' Wings and tail dirty-brown, with rcddifh edges.
ca. Malahar L.

Inhabits Malabar ; ^i inches long.

Jiill black ; crf./l long, brown, tipt with white ; chin and belly
reddifh-whitc ; feathers of the back and wing-coverts brow^b,
the edge reddifh towards the tip, and marked with a white
fpot ; legs reddilh.

Gingica. Above brown-afh, beneath and oculaf bapd black.

Gingi Z.

Inhabits Coromandelj 4! inches long.
Bill and legs rcddifti-grey.

Tartarica. Tail a little forked ; body blacki{h«brawn, the feathers
edged with whitjfh ; wjngs and tail black. Bla^k I^.

Inhabits Europe and Tartary ; fize of a ftare.

Bill thick, convex, yellowiCh horn-colour.

Female tnd young birds brownifh.
2. Feathers above hoary at the €dgcs ; wings and tail brown.

Inhabits near AJlracan ; 7 inches long.

Bill brown.

Female, front hoary ; young bird cinereous, or reddilh varied
with grey.

Yeltonicn- Black, varied above with reddifli ; exterior edge of the fixth
fis. quill-feather white ; 2 middle tail-feathers rufous.

Inhabits near the lake Yelton, beyond the yolga : fizQ of a dare ;

is gregarious and of an exquihtc flavour.
BiU cylindrical, fubulate, ftraight, thickilh, black at the bafe,
whitifh at the tip ; tongue bifid ; head and back with a few
reddilh feathers.

*Trivialis. Tail-feathers brown, the outer one half white, the fecond
with a white wedged tip ; wings with 2 whitifli lines.

Graffhopper Z.
3 Q 2 Inhabits

^84 BIRDS. PASSERES. 75. Alauda.

Irthablts Europe : 5 — 6 inches long •, is an artful fliy bird, and
chirps like the giafshopper, but louder.

BHl dufky ; legs whitifh ; Lores white ; body above greenifh-
brown, the featheis dulky in the middle, beneath yellowifh-
whiic ; hreaji dirty-white ; tail longifh, fomcwhat wedged.

*Obfcura, Olive-brown^ varied with blackifti, beneath yellowifh ;

fides of the nepk and br.eall -with brownifh fpots \

outermoft tail-feathers obliquely half whitifh, fecpnd

whitifh at the tip. Rock L.

Inhabits rockv places in England ; 7I inches Ipng ; is lolitary

and fings buf litile ; its note like the chirp of the grall-

hopper.
Bill (lender, long, brown, deeper ^t the tip ; tail 3 inches long,

not wedged ; legs red-browa ; hind-claw hooked, hardly

longer than the toe.

Crtjlaia* Tail-feathers black, the 2 cutermoft white on the outer
edge; head crefted ; legs black. Crejled L.

Inhabits Europe ; 6| inches long.

Bill hxo\K'x\ ; crcji darker -than the body ; body cinereous ; breajl
and belly while, with a yellow band.

IfNemorofa Tail-feathers black, the 1 otjtermoft white on the outer
edge ; head crelled ; legs red. Leffer-crejied L.

Inhabits moll parts of Europe; lels than the lalh
Body pa^e brown ; le^s red.

^ndata. Tail-feathcrs brown, edged with reddifh ; legs yellowifh ;
feathers of the creft black, edged with white.

Undated L.

Inhabits Europe and Africa : 6| inches long.

Bill above brown, beneath whiliih ; crejl moveable ; body above
mixed blackiflj and reddifli, beneath white ; greater wing-co
verts tipt with white ; ^uill-feathers brown, edged with red-
dilh ; ne^hixi^ hreaji with blackilli fpots,

Serifi^kn- Two middle tail-feathers grey, the reft brown, the outer-
Jis. nioll on the outer lide reddifh-white ; head fubcrefled.

Senegal L.
Inhabiis near the Sev.egal : 6-| inches long.
Bill liom-colour ; body above mixed gj^ey and brown, beneath
whitifh ; chin with fmall brown fpots ; quill-feathers grey-
brownj edged with grey, the bafe within rufous ; legs grey.

Tejfarea,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 75. Alauda. 485

Tejiacea,' Four middle tail-feathers black, the reft white-teftaceous ;
body above teftaceous, beneath whitifii.

Tejiaceous L.
Inhabits near Gibraltar,

Billh\ic\i ; crown and wing-cov^ris fpotted with black; quiit-
featkcrs black, fecondaiies edged with teiiaceous ; leg:
yellow,

Lufttana, Yellowifh-brown, the feathers brown in the middle ; be-
neath and outer tail-feathers yellowiih-white.

Portugal L.
Inhabits Portugal. Bill white ; legs flefli-colour.

ij'uana. Tail, wings and coverts brown, edged with while; body
beneath white, with oblong brown fpots.

African L.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : 8 inches long.
Bill black ; body above varied with brown, rufous and whit; ;
legs brown.

Cincrea, Cinereous ; belly and vent white ; quill and tail-feathers
brown, the outermoft without near the tip white.

Cinereous L.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 6 inches long.
Nojlrils placed in a foft membranaceous groove ; legs black.

Hujd. Tail-feathers brown, the 8 middle ones edged with red-
difh, the outermoft with white. Rufous L.

Inhabits South America; ^\ inches long.

Bill brown ; body above blackifli tinged with rufous, bei^ath
white ; quill-feathers edged with rufous, the greater ones
grey, lelfer brown legs yellowilh.

Capenfts. Three lateral tail-feathers tipt with white ; chin pale yel-
low, edged with black ; eyebrows yellow. Cape L.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; ,8 inches long.

Bill yellowifh-brown ; body above and tail brown, each fea-
ther darker in the middle ; body beneath ochre ; legs black ;
back-claw a little hooked.

Nov<r Sec-. Duflcy, the feathers edged with afh-colour; belly and eye-

landia:* brows white; ocular band black. New Zealand X»

2, Quill and tail-feathers l^Uck, the outer edge white

Inhabits

4%^ {BIRDS. PASSERES. 75. Alauda.

Inhabits New Zealand : •]{ inches long.
Bill afhy, above black ; legs rcddifh-afh.

Mongdica, Crown ferruginous, furrounded by ^. white fillet and with
a Hack fpot in the middle. Mongolian L.

Inhabits Mongolia ; larger than A. calandra ; fings very char-
mingly on the ground.
Bill thick ; throat with a large, bilobed, black blotch.

Sibertca. Secondary quill-feathers white ; crown, ears and ihroiifders
ferruginous ; outermofl tail-feathers white ofi the outer
fide. Siberian Z.

Inhabits Siberia ; fize of the next.

Bill livid tipt with btown ; fpols on 'the throat and tail-co-
verts rufty-yellovr ; body beneath whitifh ; outer edge of the
firft quill-feathers white ; legs grey.

Calaruiraf Outermoft tail-feathers without totally white, fecond and
third tipt with white; pe.£loral band brown.

Ca land re L.
Inhabits Italy and Rujfia : 7I inches long ; builds on the

ground ; lings finely and imitates the notes of other birds.
Bill and Irgs pale grey ; body abo\'e varied with brown and
grey ; chix white ; throat with a white crefcent and beneath
this a' whitifh band Tpotted with black ; belly white ; quill-
Jeathers dufky, edged with white, the leffer ones tipt with
white ; tail black.

AlpeJtriSf Tail-feathers white on the inner half; chin yellow ; band

under the eyes and on the breall: black. Shere L,

Inhabits Europe and North America ; 6y inciies long.
Bill and legs black ; orbits yellow ; body above, wings and tail

chefnut, with dulky ftreaks, beneath yellowifli ; tail-coverts

ferruginous.
Female, back grey, with darker flreaks.
2» Varied with rufous and grey, beneath white ; crowp fpot-

ted with blapk ; lores, ban4 under the eyes and on the

breart black.
Inhabits Siberia ; 5^ inches long.

76. STURNVS.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 76. Sturnus, ^87

76. STURNUS. Bill fubulate, angular, de-
prefled, bluntrfh ; the upper mandible
entire, fomewhat open at the edges :
nojlrils furrounded with a prominent
rim : tongue notched, pointed.

Stare, Starlino-,

o

*Fulgaris. Bill ycllowifti j body black, with white dots.

Common S,
a. Body white.

3. White ; crown, neck, wings and tail black.

4. White ; above the eyes, near the bill 2 black fpots.
5- Cinereous ; bill and legs black.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and Africa ; 9 inches long ; bp'eeds ia
hollow trees, eaves of houics, towers or rocky cliffs ; lavs'
4 — 5 pale greenifli-alh eggs ; aflembles in winter in valt
flocks in marlhy places v feeds on worms and infe£is ; is very
docile and may be cafily taught to fpeak ; flefh bitter and
hardly eatable.

Quill-Jtathers and tail duflty, the former edged \vrth yellow oa'
the outer fide, the latter with dirty-green ; lefler coverts
edged with yellow and flightly gloffcd with green ; Lc^s
reddifh-brown.

Male {hining with purple, green and gold,

Captnfis. Blackifh, beneath and fides of the head white. Cape S.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hopei fize of the laft.
Bill yellowifh ; fcapulars at the tip and winp at the edge*
white ; legs yellow.

Ludovicia- Spotted with grey and brown, beneath yellow ; head and
nus, eyebrows with a white line ; chin black.

Louijiane S.
2. Varied with brown, reddifh and blackilli, beneath yellow ;
breaft with a curved black band ; 3 lateral tail-fea-
thers white.
Inhabits North America: g| — -w inches long.
Bill whitifhj tipt with brown ; ckuhs yellowy j at'wj^ and tail
reddifh-grey ; legs grey.

Contra,

488 BIRDS. PASSERE3. 76. Sturnus.

Contra. Brown ; eye-fpot, bar on the wings and belly white.

Indian $.
Inhabits India ; is perhaps a variety of S. capenfis,
Body blackilh ; ring on the upper part of the neck white ; up-
per uing-covcTts with white ipo'ts j trgs yellow-brown.

*Cindus, Black ; breaft white. fVater-ouzfl. Craie.

Inhabits Europe and Northern Perjla : 7I inches long ; fre-
quents waters, and feeds on aquatic infects and fmall hfh ; is
very folitary, and breeds in the holes of banks ; makes a cu-
rious neft of hay and fibres of roots, lined with dead leaves
and having an entrance of green mcfs.

Chin white ; tail black ; belly ferruginous, in the young bird
white ; I'^s pale blue before, black behind.

Militaris. Grey ; bread and chin red. Magellanic S.

Inhabits Falkland I/lands'; iiy inches long.
Beliind and under the eyes a white fpot ; lores red ; each fide
the neck a black blotch ; vent and lubforked tail black.

Moritan'js Cinereous ; lower part of the head and chin varied with
cinereous and white ; belly fpotted with reddi(h-
hoary ; bill tipt with black.
Inhabits alpine parts of Perfia; fize of the common lark;
builds in hollow rocks and feeds on infefts.

Lnyca. Spotted with brown and white ; chin and bread fcarlet.

Inhabits Chili ; larger than S. vulgaris -, builds in holes on the
ground, and lays 3 cinereous eggs, varied with brown ; fings
well and is eafily tamed.

Mcxicanus BUie varied with black. Mexican S.

Inhibits South America: fize of S. vulgaris.
Bill and eyes black ; irids pale yellow ; head faiall.

Ohfcurus. Black ; head brown. Brown-headed S.

Inhabits New Spain : lefs than the lad.

Zeyhnicvs JJne over the eyes and one on the fides of the head black ;
body grey, varied with ochre and white fpots, and
crefcents ; quill-feathers green ; tail with green and
black lines. CeyUneJe S.,

Inhabit?:

BIRDS. PASSERES. 76. Sturnus. 489

Iniiablts Ceylon ; imitates the notes of other birds.
Bill black ; head yellowifh ; U^s blueilh-grcy.

Fafcus. Olive ; eye-band blueilhj bill and legs reddi(h.

Brown S,
Inhabits China. Belly yellowini ; tail long,

Viridis. Green, beneath blueifli ; a tuft of black and white fea-
fhers on the front and ch'in. Green »?■.

Inhabits China.

Above the front and behind the eyes a white fpot, and 2 on the
fhoulders ; quill-f eat Hers arid fhafts of the tail-feather^
white ; legs blue-afla,

Sericeuf. Pale grey ; wings and tail black,- the former with a tran{-
verfe white bar^ liead ochre-yellow. / Silk S.

Inhabits China ; lize of S. vulgaris.
Bill and legs orange or red ; plumage filky.

Caruncula- Bill and legs black ; at each angle of the mouth a pendent
fw-f. orange Wattle. ff'attlcd S ,

Inh^xts New Zealand ; lo inches long.
FemaU, rufty-brown, with very linall wattles^
Male, black ; back and wing-coverts ferruginous.

CoUaris. Blackifh-brown, fpotted with brown ; flanks rufous ; chiri
white, fpotted with brown. Collared S.

Inhabits Switzerland and Italy ; fize of a field-fare ; is iblitary,
wags its tail, feeds on feeds, fings with a very weak voic«
and builds on the ground or in clefts of rocks.

Upper mandible brown, lower yellowifh tipt with brown ;
breafh brown-afh ; belly rufous ; quillfeathers blackifh, the
edge at the tip and inner fide reddilh ; tail brown •, legi
horn-coloui:,

Dauuricus Body above violet-black; beneath afliy-wKite ; hea(i and
neck blueilh-afh ; crown with a violet-blick Itreak,
(in the female) brown.
Inhabits among the ozier plantations of D anuria ; above 6 inches

long ; feeds on vegetables and infefts.
Bill black, fhorter and more jconvex than in others of its tribe ;
tongue blackilh ; irids brown ; downy eyelids and lores
Vol, I. — 3 R white ;

L

400 iJIRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdus.

V\'hitc ; hedd (of the female) cinereous ; back grey-brown ;
winj^'Coverts (of the male) black, filky-gretn, the feconda-
ries tipt with white ; ^uill-Jeathers black, the 2 inner ones
tipt with -white, primary ones green at the tip ; tail lub-
forked, greenifh-black, the coverts violet ; legs blueifh-
black.

77. TURDUS. Bill flraightifh ; the upper
mandible a little bending and notched
near the point : nojtrils naked, or half
covered with a fmall membrane :
mouth ciliate with a few bridles at the
corners : tongue jagged. Thrujlu

*VifcivQ- Back brown j neck fpotted with white ; bill yellowifh.
rus, ^ M'tjjel T.

Inhabits woods of Europe j 11 inches long ; builds in bufhes
or on the fide of fome tree, and lays 4 — 5 eggs ; feeds on
infefts and the berries of holly and mlffeltoe ; lings finely in
the Ipring, lilting on the lumtnit of a high tree.

Bill brown, yellow at the bafe and angles; ^ody beneath
whitifh-yellow, with fpots brown on the chin and white
beneath ; quill and tail-feathers brown, with pal«r edges, the
3 outermofl tipt with white ; legs yellow ; clazvs black.

^TilSris. Tail-feathers black, the outermoft at the inner edge tipt
with while ; head and rump hoary. Field-fai-e»

2. Spotted with black \ head, neck and body bensath white ;

chin and brcaft rufoys ; back brown ; rump ci-
nereous.

3. Head and neck white ; body as in r.

4. Head and neck white ; body white with large blackidi

fpots.
Inhabits Europe, Siberia and Syria: to inches long; vifits

England about Michaelmas, in vaft flocks, and leaves it about

March; builds in large trees, and feeds on ail kinds of

berries.
Bill yellowifh tipt with black ; crown and neck above olive-

afh ; body above bay ; quilLJeathers cinereous ; throat and

bxraft yellowifti-rufous ; bdly and vcHt whitifh ; legs

hjackifh,

Ahicanur

BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdus. 401

Africar.us, Blaclyifh; feathers of the breaft black, edged with rufous;
bill yellow ; legs cinereous. Margined T.

Inhabits Africa : lize of a blackbird.

Ilend and chm bUck ; hiU blackifti at the tip ; feathers of the
fore-part of the belly edged with rufous, of the hind-part
edged with white ; U^s annulate with black.

Tripolita- Olive-yellow, beneath whitifh ; quill-feathers black ; even
iius. , tail blackifli tipt with yellow. Tripli T.

Inhabits Barbary ; lize of T. vifcivorus.

Barharkus Green ; breaft fpotted with white ; rump and tip of the
tail yellow. Barbary T.

Inhabits Barbary ; fize of the laft.
Htad, neck and back pale green ; u;ings like the lark.

Aoona- Brown fpotted witl) black ; breaft yellow fpotted with
j^ lafchkcr. black ; wing-coverts, primary quill and tail-feathers

black edged with tellaccous. Aoonalafchka T.

Inhabits the Jjland Aoonalafikka : fizc of a lark.

*riact/s. Wings ferruginous underneath ; eyebrows whitifh.

Redwing. JfindT.
Inhabits Europe, and migrates in great flocks ; 9 inches long ;,
builds in hedges, and lays 6 blueifti-green eggs, fpotted with
black.
Bill blackifh ; legs pale grey ; body grey-brown, beneath
whitifti, with brown fpots ; fides and inner coverts ferrugi-
nous ; vent white.

Minor. Tawny, beneath white ; breaft ycllowifli, with black
fpots. Little T._

Inhabits America ; 7 inches long ; migrates.
Bill brownifh ; orbits pale ; legs cinereous.

Jamaicen- Above cinereous ; head, bill and legs brown ; wings and
fs. tail black ; chin white, ftreaked with brown ; breaft

cinereous ; throat and belly white. Jamaica T.

Inhabits Jamaica ; fize of a blackbird.
'I
Guianeri' Above greenifti-brown, beneath pale ochre, with longitu-
^x. dinal black ftrcaks. L Guiana T.

Inhabits Guiana ; 7 inches long. ,

3 R 2 *Mu^ius.

492

BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdus.

fMyftciiS, Quill-fcathers ferruginous at the inner bafe.

Throjik. Song Th.

Inhabits woods of Europe : 9 inches long ; is the fined of our

ringing birds, and like the miffel, delivers its mufic from

fome high tree ; builds in a low bufli. a neft of earth, moi?

and ftraws, plaftered with clay within : lays 5 — 6 pak

blueifli-green eggs with dufky fpots.

Refembles in colour the miltel, but the inner wing-coverts arc

yellow ; bill brown ; mouth within yellow ; irids hazel ;

jfpots on the body more arrow-fhaped than in the miflfel.

CUvaceus, Olive-brown, beneath brown. Olive T.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 8| inches long.
Bill, legs and 2 middle tail-feathers brown, the reft ferrugi-
nous ; lores black ; chin yellow-brown, with brown fpots.

Jndicus. pilve ; bill and legs blackifli ; qulll-feathefs brown on tjic
inner fide. Indian T.

Inhabit India ; 8 inches long.

Cin

ertus.

Cinereous ; 1 middle tail-feathers cinereous, the next each
Tide black, edged and tipt with cinereous, the reft
black. AJh-coloured T.~

Bill and legs black ; greater wing-coverts black, edged with
grey; quill- feathers black, edged with white, the Ijecondaries
white An the edge and inner fide.

Migrateri. Crey ; belly rufous ; eyelids white ; outermoft tail-feathers

*'» white on the inner tip. Red-hreajied T,

Inhabits ^North America ; 9 inches long ; migrates in flocks,

and fings charmingly ; feeds on worms, inlefts and feeds ;

builds in trees, and lays 4 — 5 blucifh-green eggs.

Head hiov^-n ; chin afhy ; orbits white ; each fide between the

eyes and bill a white^oi ; lower tuing-c overt s white.

Tunn,atus. Grevifh-brOwn dafhcd with blackifh ; throat lead-co-
loured; fl:ioulders black, fpeckled with white.

Spotted-Jhouldered T»
Inhabits Ken) Holland; 8} inches long. Zool. New Holl.

p. 25. tab, 9.
Bill luad-colour ; chin black, with a longitudinal white Itripe
each fide ; breo-ft. fpotted with black ; from the bafe of the
' ^- bill

BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdus. 49i

hill over the eye and reaching as far as the tiape a white
Oripe ; leffer luing-e averts edged with fcrruguious ; lateral
tai' feathers black tipt with white.

^miorus. Brown, beneath ferruginous ; a white line on the fides of
the head ; tail rounded. ^H'^^S ^•

Inhabits Bengal and China : gi inches long ; feeds on rice,
flies and flelh ; has a Hirill loud note.

JiiU and irids yellow ; lej^s rcddilh,

Female fcrnigi'nous, cx'cept the quill and 3 tail-feathers which
arc the greateft part white.

Rufiis. Rufous, beneath paler fpotttd ; quill-feathers of one co-
lour ; tail rounded, rufous. Ferruginous T.
Inhabits North Ayneriea; 11 — 12 inches long; fmgs finely;
builds in low (hrubs ; eggs white, with rudy fpots.

Polyglot- Dulky-afh, beneath pale afh ; primary quill-fcathers white
tus. on the outer half. Mocking-bird. Mimic T.

Inhabits molft; W'oods of Virginia, Carolina and Jamaica :
<)i inches long ; feeds on berries, fruits andinlctls ; has a de-
lightfully mufical and foleinn note, and can imitate the tone
of all other animals ; in mimicking the notes of the ledcr
birds it frequently allures them near it and then terrifies them
with the fcreams of birds of prey ; builds often near houfes
and is eafily tamed.

Bill black ; irids yellow ; tail 4 inches long ; legs cinereous.

Orpheus. Back brown ; bread and lateral tail tail-feathers whitifli ;
eyebrows white. Mocking T.

2. Grey-brown, varied with black and whitifh ; beneath
white, fpottcd with cinereous and black.
Inhabits South America; 9>\ inches long ; refcmbles the laft in
its imitative notes and fine fong ; eggs white, fpottcd with
brown.
Outcrmoft tail-feathers white, the next white on the outer
fide ; tail long, rounded ; bill brown.

Thenca, Brown-afh, beneath pale afh ; quill and tail-feathers tipt
with white.
inhabits Chili ; refembles T, polyglottus in fi^e and manners ;
builds a cylindrical nefl; a foot long, defended on the outfidc

Vr'iik

k

f94 53IRDS, iPASSERES. 77. Turdus.

yith thorns and ftrewed within with wool and feathers, and
having a fmall opening on the fide j lays 4 white eggs, Ipot-
ted with brown.
Bill, irids and legs brown ; body aboye cinereous fpotted with
brown and white •, breaji and belly ^ale grey.

S^nd- Above and belly brownifh ; beneath and front white-afh.

mchenjls. Sandwich T.

Inhabits Sandwich IJlands : 5^ inches long.
Bill and le^s black ; tail even.

Aujlralis. piackifli-brown ; breaft and belly white. New Zealand 7.
Inhabits New Zealand : lize of T. muficus.
Bill and legs bjack.

P^ijcus, Abwe cinereous, beneath brownifh-white ; lores black ;
tail black tipt with white. Pacific T.

Inhabits Pacific Ifiands : c^\ inches long.
Miil and legs black ; temples brownifli-white j fides of the neck
and hreafi verging to brown,

GuTAtenfis. Crefled head, peck, tail, greater quiil-feathers and legs
black ; body above yellowifh, beneath dirty-grey ;
■vving-coverts a^d fecondary quill-feathers glofly green.

Sural T.
Inhabits Sutat : 8 inches long.
Bill reddifh ; irids red.

PhiUppen- Above olive ; neck and bread red, fpotted \Vith white ;
fi^' belly and vent pale ochre. Philippine T-

Inhabits the Philippine Ifiands : fize of a blackbird.

Shanbu, Gfcen-brown ; head, lower part of the neck, breaft and
belly grey ; orbits, chin and throat black ^ ears with a
white fpot. Black-fiacedT.

Inhabits woods in China : fize 6f a blackbird,.

Bill black; /f^j brown,

A^ouar/^;. Blueifh lead-colour ; fore-part of the head, bill, chin,

iandia. throat and legs bjack ; quill and tail-feathers black,

edged with lead-colour, the middle ones tipt with

white. New Holland T.

Inhabits Van Diemri's Land: 7 inches long.

Plumbeus,

BIRDS. PASSERES. vj.'Furdus.

49S

Plumbeus. Black ; armpits pale yellow ; tail wedged. Red-Ieggid P.
2. Biueirti ; chin white dotted with black j fail wedged, (fe-
male).

Inhabits America; above lo inches long; builds in trees near
the banks of rivers and lines its neft. with ihud ; fings excel-
lently and feeds on berries ; flelh rank.

Male wholly black, except a large yellow blotch under the
wings.

Female, bill, eyelids, irids' and le^frs red ; palate orange ; head and
body cinereous, beneath paler ; between the bill and eyes a
black Tpot ; chin white, with black lines ; quilL- feathers biack-
ifh, edged with grey •, tail-feathers blackiih, the 4 outer one.o
each fide tipt with white.

CrafJiroJ- Above reddifh-brown, beneath black-brown ; quill and-
tris. 2 pointed middle tail-feathers more dufky.

Thick-biikd r.

Inhabits Nero Zealand; 9 inches long.

Bill blackifh ; temples blaek-brown ; feathers of the neck and

breafi with a reddifh ftreak in the middle, of the belly with a

white one ; Legs blacik.
Female tawny, beneath piler ; tving-covcrts with 2 rufou:?

bands.

L'lietenfis. Reddifh-brown ; quill-feathers edged with black ; tail
black, rounded. Bay T.

Inhabits Ulietea ; %\ inches long.
Bill reddiih ,• legs black.

Pallidus. Yellowifli-afli, beneath whitifli ; tail-feathers brown-afii,
the lateral ones tipt with white. FaJe 7".

Inhabits beyond the lake Baikal in Siberia.

Sibiricus. Black ; mouth yellow ; eyebrows and fpace under the
wings white. f'f^ite-browed T.

Inhabits woods of Siberia ; lefs than T. vilcivorus.

RufcoUis, Above brown, beneath fnowy ; neck and even tail-feathers

rufous, the 2 middle ones cinereous. Red-necked T.

Inhabits higheft mountains of Dauuria ; fize of T, vifcivorus.

Obfcurust Brown; eyebrows, chin and vent white.
Inhabits woods of Siberia^ Bnaji blackifh.

Dark T,
Fhanicurus*

i

/^9<5 BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. I'urdus.

Phixnicu- . Above olive; eyebrovys white; ocular band black; quf\i
^"•^» and 2 middle tail-feathers tawny, the lateral ones,

throat and brcafl rufous. Red-tailed T.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 7 inches Igng.
Bill, crown and legs black..

Ruficau- Above olive, beneath purplilli-white ; quil and tail-fea-
dtis. thers black, lateral ones the greater part rufous.

Rufous-tailed T.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 7 inches long.
Bill cufved at the tipj and le,^s black ', lateral tail-feathers |
and upper coverts wholly rufuus. ■

Malabari- Grey-afh, beneath reddifh-brown ; quill-fcaithers and bill
cii'i, black ; legs yellow. Alalab'ar jT.

Inhabits Malabar : 8 inches long.

Bill yellowifh at the tip ; feathers of the head and neck long
and narrow, with a white ftreak down the middle of the
fhaft.

Pagoda- Black ; back and rump grey ; vent white ; head crcfted^

7 urn. Pagoda T.

Inhabits Malabar and Coromavdel, chiefly about the tuiTets of

temples and pagodas ; fize of a finch.
Bill black iipt with yellow ; irids glaucous ; feathers of the
■ head, neck and lower part of the body long and narrow ; legs
and claziis yellow.

Cayanen- Cinereous, beneatth whitifh ; vent white ; greater wing-
jls. '' coverts and quill-feathers black; chin, bill and legs

footy. . Cayenne T,

Inhabits Cayenne ; "8 inches long.

Feathers of the upper part of the body edged with white, of the
lower black in the middle ; lelTcr quiUfeathers and icing-co-
vcrts edged with ferruginous.

i'ariegaius Abote brown, beneath whitifh ; feathers mixed whitifh
and black. Variegated T.

Inhabits Surinam ; frze of a lark,

Sjriatus. V^aried with yellow and grey ; a yellow ftripe down the
back. 7'elloW'backed T.

Inhabits SuTinajr. : fize of the laft,

Fufcus,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. turclus. 457

Pufcus. Olive-brown ; bread and belly whitifh, fpotted with brown ;
primary qnill-feathers and legs black. Brown T.

Inhabits New York ; fize of T. iliacus.

Mufidi- Tawny, beneath white fpotted with black ; cheeks brown,

nus, fpotted with white ; rump, primary pointed quill and

tail-feathers brown. Tawny T.

Inhabits Nezo York ; fize of the laft.

Calliope. Rufty-brown, beneath yellowifh-white ; . chin cinnabar,
edged with white and black; lores black ; eyebrows
white. Ruly-throat T.

Inhabits Kamtfchatkd zn6. Siberia; 6 inches long.

Bill black ; fpace between the bill and eyes black ; tail a littlr;
Wedged ; chin fornetimes white. '

Kxviui, Head and pe£loral band black ; flreak from the eyes to tlie
hind-head ferruginous ; body above cinereous, beneath
ferruginous. ' Spotted T,

Inhabit", near Nootka Sound ; lo inches long.

^i^ black ; greater wing-coverts with a triangular rufty fpot
near the tip ; quill-feathers black, with 2 rully fpots on the
outer fide ; legs yellow.

Female ; chin and throat cinereous, mixed with white ; pero-
ral band o ; body beneath red, growing white towards thti
vent*

Ilvdfoni- Blueifh-afh ; bill and legs black ; feathers of the crown
<^«-<"- and nape, wing-coverts and primary quill-feathers

edged with pale rufous. Hudfonian T.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay : i\ inches long.

, ♦
Nevetbord- Waved with black and pale ferruginous, beneath blackifh ;
cenfts. wings and tail glolfy green ; above and beneath the

eyes a black ftripe. New Tork T.

Inhabits North America ; fize of a black-bird<
Bill and legs black ; tail rounded.

Ginginid' Grey; crefted head black; wings black-green; primary
""-■f- quill-feathers at the bafe and tip of the tail rufous ;

above the eyes a naked yellow band. Gingi Tf

Inliabits India : fize of thijlttiffel thrufh.
Bill and legs yellow. '

Vol. I. — 3 S Dauma^

k

4^8 BtRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdas,

Duama. With black crefcems, above brown,- beneath white ; lelTer
wing-eoverts black, varied with white; primary
quill-feathers brown trpt with cinereous. Dauma T.
Inhabits India ; feeds on fruits ; very voracious.

Sjreciofus^ Black ; belly, hrnd-part of the backy middk wing-coverts,
3 fpots on the quill-feathers and lateral tail-feathers
icarlet. Black and /car let 7.

Inhabits India ; 8|- inches long.

h^inutus^ Above rufly-brown, beoeath rufty-afti ; €h»n whitilh ;
wings and tail marked with black and ferruginous.

Minute T.

Length 3^ inches-. Bill and legs brown ; primary quill-fea^

tkers blacklfh, the reft black and tranfveriely ferruginous in

fhe middle ; 4 upper tail-Jeathers black, lower fenuginous,

Citrmixs, Glolfy black; bill fubftrrate; tail wedged.

Inhabits Chili : fize of T. vifcivorus ; fings finely, and imitates

the notes of other birds, and when tamed the voice of man ;

feeds on worms and feeds and on fmaller birds, which it kill*

by- perforating the fkull with its bill ; lays 3 blueilh-whita.

eggs.
BiU^ eyes, legs and Jlejk black ; tail 5 inches long.

Nitens. Green, with a glofly violet fpot on the wing-coverts.

. Shining T»
2* Green, beneath violet ; chin and rump blue.

Inhabit Angola and Cape of Good Hope ; 19 inches long.
Bill and legs black,

j&neus. Shining green, beneath copper ; head blackifli-gold ; rump
and 2 middle tail-feathers purplifti ; tail wedged.

GhfyT.

Inhabits near, the Senegal : 18 inches long.
£iU and legs black ; tail 1 1 inches long.

Auratus. Violet ; back and wings gold-green ; band on the^ inner
edge of the wings^ tail and its upper coverts blue.

Gilded r.
Inhabits Whidah in Africa : fize of a blackbird.
Bill brown \ irids yellow 5 legs tawny.

leucogaf

BIRDS. PASSERES. 77.Turdus. 499

Lsucogaf. Violet ; belly white ; quill-feathers bbckifh ; bill anJ
<f''« legs cinereous, tyhidah T,

Inhabits Whidah in Africa ; 6 j inches long.

*R-feus. Pale rofy ; head, wing? and tail black ; hind-head crefte<V

Rofe-coloured 'T.
Inhabits Europe and Afia, rarely in England ; about 8 inches
long ; feeds chiefly or; locufts, for which reafon it is held
facrcd by the Turks,
BUI flefli-cplour, blackifli at the tip ; irids pale ; head^ crtjt^
neck, ti)ings and tail black, with a changeable glols of blue,
purple and green ; legs reddifh.

Leuurus, BUck ; riimp ?ind tail white, the feathers of the latter tipt
with black. Whiu-t ailed 7*,

Inhabits round Gibraltar ; 8 inches long.
Bill lead-colour ; 2 middle tail-f&athers on the fewer half
black ; legs and clams yeilowifiu

Cafer^ Blacki(h, fubcrefted ; rump and beily white \ vent red.

Cape T.
3t Above browi(h-^{h, ftreaked with brownifh, beneath
hoary ; head black ; 3 lateral tail-feathers tipt with
white.
Inhabits China and Cape of Good Hope ; 8 inches long.
Bill blackilh ; head and crejl violet-black ; feathers of the up-
per part of the., body brown, edged \vith grey ; throat ^nd.
' breafl brown^ with a violet glofs ; Xi)ings and wedged tail

brown the latter tipt with white.

MacYourus Purplifli fhining black, beneath tawny-ferruginous ; rump
and 3 outernioft tail-feathers each fide white.

Long^taihd T.
2. Two middle tail-feathers black, the reft half white.
Inhabits India: uf inches long.

Bill and claws black ; 2 middle ta,il-feathtrs longer than the
reft by 3 int:he|^, le^i yellowifli,

Amboimn^ Chefnut, betieath yellow ; fecondary quill-feathers from
fit, the bafe to the middle yellowiih i tail wedged, be-

neath tawny. Amboina T,

\t^\^\X.^' Avnhoina ; larger than a lark; fings -finely, and in
breeding-tin^e reflcfts the «nl on the back,

3 S 2 Boihoniius,

4

^00 BIRDS. PASSERES. yy.Turdus.

Borbonicus Olive-afh ; crown black ; belly and vent ol?ve-ycllow i
tail brown, with 2 pale bands near the tip.

Bourbon T.
Inhabits the ifland Bpurbon : near 8 inches long.
Bill and legs yellowifh ; middle of the belly white ; quill-fea-
thers brown, edged with reddifli,

OchrocC' Greater quill-feathers, tail and legs green ; crown and
phalus. cheeks yellowifh ; lores black ; belly and breaft cine-

reous, the latter varied with arrowed fpots.

Tellow-crowried T.
Inhabits Ceylon and Java ; is often tamed, and imitates th'.

voices of other birds.
Bill black ; fpots on the breajl white and black.

Oricntalis, Black, beneath white ; rump cinereous ; ocular band
black ; 3 outermoft tail-feathers each fide white on
both webs. AJh-rumped T.

Inhabits India j 6\ inches long.

Bill black ; tem.ples white ; legs and quill feathers blackifli,
the primary on the inner fide from the bale to the middle, the
fecondary on the outer fide white ; tail foraewhat wedged.

Nigerri' Black, the feathers edged with yellow ; cheeks and chin
mus. filky. Black-cheeked T,

Inhabits Madagafcar ; 5I inches long.

Jlifpani- Olive, beneath varied with olive and grey ; tail-feathers
oUvfis, brown, the inner edge whitifli the outer olive, the

middle ones entirely olive. Hifpaniola T.

Inhabits St. Domingo : 6 inches long,

^t^Z and legs grey-brown; quill-feathers and greater wing-co-
vcrts brownifli, the outer edge olive, the inner whitifli.

Albifrons, Dark lead-colour, beneath pale yellow ; front with a
white fpot ; legs brown. f-Fhlte-frontcd T.

2. Black, beneath and fpot each fide the hind-head white.
Inhabits New Zealand : near 7 inches long.

Capenfis. Brown; belly yellowifh ; vent pale yellow. Brunei T.
2. Head and chin black.

Inhabits the Cape oj Good Hope : 7] inches long.

Atricapit-

BIRDS. PASSERES. 77.Turdub-. ^.r

Atricapil- Browtt ; head black ; belly and rump rufous ; wings with
l,us. a white fpot. Black-capped T.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope j g inches long.
Sides of the l>eUy with brown Itieaks ; tail wedged, the feathers
pale at the tips,

Mauritiao Deep greenlfti-blue ; feathers of the head and neck nar-
nus, row, long ; bill cinereous; legs lead-colour.

Maritius T.
Inhabits the IJle of France : f niches long.

Mindana- Steel-blue, beneath white ; wings with a longitudinal
n&fifis. white band ; tail a little wedged. Mindanao T*

Inhabits Mindinao ; -j inches long.
Bill lead-colour ; U^s brown.

r

Brown ; belly and vent white ; tail fubforked ; 2 middle
tail-feathers wholly, the rell on the outer edi^e gold-
1^ green, the outermoft each fide on the outer edge

% white. Madagafcar T,

Inliabits Madagafcar: 7]; inches long,

BiU and Ic^i black ; rump greenifh ; breafl 2x16. flanks reddifli-
Lrown ; quillfeathers blackifli, 2 — 6 on the Outer fide partly
white, partly violet, the lecondaries black, varied with violet
and green. '

Senegalen- Grey-brown ; belly whitifh ; wdngs, tail, bill and legs
/>f. brown. Senegal T.

Inhabits near the Senegal; 8 inches long.

Langirof. Pale olivc-brown, beneath pale fulphur ; rounded tail yel-
'"J* low, the middle feathers brown. Long-billed T,

Inhabits the iQands Eimeo and York : 9I inches long.
BiU i| inch long, hardly notched at the point, and with the
legs brown flefh-colour ; toes long ; hind-claw large ; fea-
thers of the Aeaifhort, pointed; wing-coverts and quillfea-
thers edged with yellowilh.
Body fometimes waved with brown and pale tawn)'.

Grifeus, Grey ; crown and neck aSove whitifli ; breaft, belly and

vent pale Jirey-red. ^'■^>' ^•■

^ ^ ^ Inhabits

503 BIRDS. PASSERES. 77.Turdus.

Inhabits Coromandd ; lefs than a blackbird ; feeds on worms

and infefts which it I'eai ches for with its bill.
Bill pale ochre ; legs yellowifti.

Palmarum Gre£n-olive^ beneath pale a{h ; head bla?k with -5 white
fpots each fide. Palm T.

2t Head totally black.

inhabits the palm groves of Cayenne : 6^- inches long.
JLe.gSf crown and bill cinereous ; chin white ; quill-feathers
brown, edged with olive,

Monacha, Above olive, tinged with brown, beneath yellowifh ; head
black, the black i:eachiiig to the breaft and ending in
a point. Nun T.

Inhabits woods of Abyfjinia ' fize of a blackbird ; feeds on ber-
ries and fruits, and frequents trees growing near precipices.

Bill reddifh ; zoing-c everts and tail-feathers brown, edged with
yellow; ^ai/^^c<?r^crj bUokifh, edged- with pale grey.

JFjhiopi- ^lack, beneath white ; wings with a tranfvcrfe white
cust band; tail rounded, the feathers fquare at the tips.

Ethiopian 2",
Inhabits wpods pf Abyjfnia : fize of T. iliacus.

Abyjinicus Brown, bepeath tawny ; chin brownilli \ legs black.

Abyjfmian T.
Inhabits AhyJRnia : fize of the laft,

PtHoralis. Brown ; lower part of the neck and bread reddifh-yellow.

Telloiu-breajifd T^
Inhabits Cayenne : 5 tnthcs long,

Ceckinchi' Gjeen, with blue foots at the bafe of the bill each fid? ;
nenjis, face, chin and throat black, the latter furrounded with

a yellow arch. Black-chinned T.

Inhabits Cochinchina : fize of the laft.

Bill and legs black ; towards the Mi/ and the outer edge of the
quill-feathers inclining to blue.

Cinnamo' Cinnamon, beneath paler ; legs, temples, cheeks, chin,

vtfus, throat, breaft and wing-covei'ts black ; collar waved

with white, Black-hreajied T,

Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 77.Turdu$.

5<51

Inhabits Cayenne : about 7 inches long.

LcflTer wing-coverts tipt with white, the reft with rufous ; taii
about 2 inches long. '

Riifijrons, Brown, beneath, front and! temples rufous ; vent white ;
tail anci legs cinereous. Rufous T,

Inhabits Cayenne; G\ inches long.
BiU blackilh ; wing-coverts black tipt with yellow.

Cantans, Reddifh-brown, varied with tranfverfe dark ftreaks, be-
neath whitilh ; chin, cheeks and throat reddilh-
orange ; a black blotch, fpotted with white eack fid«
the neck. Mufuian T.

Inhabits woods of Cayenne; 4 inches. long; is folita'ry, and
feeds on ants and other inlefts, and is celebrated fof its fweet
and variable note.

Bill black ; taii an inch long ; legs yellowifh.

«,

Rcddifh-brown, beneath paler ; crown and fides of the
head and neck black ; tail grey, with blackiih lines.

Barred-tailed TV
Length e^\ inches ; beneath the eyes fome white ftreaks ;• chin
and throat white ; tail 2 inches long ; legs yellowifh.

Ginereous,^^ beneath rufous; crown black; legs and wingp
brown ; tail a little wedged. Buff-winged T.

Inhabits Cayenne; 6\ inches long.
Tail 2\ inches long ; wing- coverts buff-colour.

Ahpi, Olive-brown; throat and breaft black; belly cinereous;

wedged tail blackifh. H^hite-baeked T.

Inhabits thick woods of Cayenne : 6 inches long; has a harlh

note, and feeds on ants.
Legs yellowifh ; wings brown-afh, the coverts fpotted with

white.
Male with a white fpot in tlfe middle of the back.
Female without the white fpot ; chin white, refl of the body

beneath and wing-coverts at the tips reddilh.

CirratuSt Cinereous ; tail wedged, edged and tipt with white ;
crown crcfted ; chin tltl^icd with white and black ;
throat and breaft black, Black-crcjied T.

Inhabits

504 BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdus.

In'hatits Cayenrie.' 6 inches long.

Jrids black ; wing-coverts modly tipt with white ; crejl move-
able, in the male black, female rufous.

Tintinna- Brown, beneath and rump reddifti -tawny ; chin white ;

hulatus. dap and cheeks white, fpotfed with black ; eyebrows

and ftreak behind the eyes black. Chiming T.

Inhabits woods of Cayeyinc and Guiana; 4 inches long ; its

note is like the chiming of bells.
Bill above black, beneath white ; breajl {"potted with black,
wing-coverts with white ; L'gs black.

Bamhla, Spotted ; above reddifh-brown, beneath cinereous ; Wings
black, with a tranfverfe white bar. Black-winged T.
Inhabits Cayenne : 5^ inches long.
Bill black ; tail black, \ an inch long •, legs blackifh-brown.

Anritus. Reddifh-ollve, varied with brown ; belly white ; chin and
throat black ; crown and perioral band reddifli-
brown ; flripe on the fides of the neck filvery.

ffl>ite-eared T.

Inhabits Cayen7ie : hardly 5 inches long.
Bill and legs blackifii.

Fnnale with a broader collar ; ocular band greenifli ; chin and
throat white.

Colma, Reddifli-brown, beneath cinereous; crefcent on the nape
rufous ; throat varied white and black ; fpot on the
noftrils and chin white. Rufous-necked T.

2. Crown and nape rufous ; body deep brown.

Inhabits Cayemie: near 7 inches long.

Bill blackifh ; nape rufous ; at the bafe of the nofrils a white
fpot ; legs chefnut.

Tinniens. Above brown, beneath white ; bread fpotted with black ;
tail even. Alarum T,

Inhabits Cayenne : 6^ inches long •, every morning and even-
ing for the Ipacc of an hour cries with a harfh loud voice
like an alarum bell.

Bill above black, beneath white ; legs pale lead.

lAneatus, Olive-brown; chin, throat and breafl: white, the latter
fpotted with brov.n ; fides of the neck with white
line?. Speckled T.

' Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. Tiirdus. 505

Inhabits Cayenne j ^\ inches long.

Bill and legs brown ; wing-coverts with reddifli fpots.

Pormicivo- Above reddifti-brown, beneath cinereous ; chiny throat and
riu. breaft black> furroiinded with a black and white band.

Ant r.

2. Throat rufousj edged with black ; tail tipt with black ;

between the fhoulders a white fpot.

3. Throat white, black in the middle.

4. Belly and vent cinereous ; thighs reddifli-brown.

Inhabits Cayenne ; 6 inches long ; is very aftive ; does not
continue long on the wing, and climbs trees like the creeper j
is very fond of ants.

Billf middle of the back and wings black ; irids reddifli ; area
of the eyes blue ; tail very fhort, rufous, the coverts mollly
tipt with reddifh-yellow ; fpurious wings white.

Cyanurust Chefnut, beneath varied with alternate tranfverfe blue and
yellow ftreaks ; crown as far as the nape, quill-fea-
thers and ocular band black, with another orange ;
peroral band and wedged tail blue. Blue-tailed T,
Inhabits Guiana : Sj inches long.

Bill and legs brown ; chin and throat yellowilh ; gteater wing^
coverts tipt with white.

M;x. Reddifh-brown, beneath paler ; hind-head lead-colour ;

front varied white and brown. King T.

Inhabits South America, near the hillocks raifed by the termites

or white ants, on which it feeds ; 7^ inches long.
Biil brown ; quill-feathers black ; vent white ; ftreak at the fide
of the lower mandible and triangular fpot in the middle of
the breaji white ; legs reddifli, naked above the knees ; has a
great affinity to the crow tribe, but has no recumbent feathers
on the noftrils.

Sineit/is, Reddilh ; head ftreaked with brown ; eyebrows white ;
tail-feathers bro,wn, with darker ftreaks j legs yellow.

Chincfe T.
Inhabits China : refembles T. iliacus, but is lefs.
Body above reddifli-brown, beneath reddifh-yellow ; bill yel-
lowifh ; head and neck l^rtUtudinally flreaked with brown ;
tail rounded. ^

Vol. I, ~- 3T AnuatuSi

5o6 BIRDS. PASSERES. 77.Turdus.

Arcuatus, Above chefnut ; eyebrows, lores, chin and vent white ;
cheeks and crefcent on the throat white ; tail rounded,
black towards the tip and tipt with white.

Crefcent T,

Inhabits China ; i i inches long.

Bill and li^s lead-colout ; behind the tyts a tuft of lax, white
feathers ; belly leddifh-white ; claws white,

Mtlanopis. Grey ; back and wings greenifti-brown ; orbits, chin and
throat black ; ears with a white fpot.

Black-faced T.

Inhabits woods of China ; fize of a blackbird.
Bill black ; legs brown.

yiclaceus, Violet-blue ; feathers of the head, neck, breaft and wing-
coverts barred at the tip with fteel-blue i bill and legs
black. Fiolet T.

Inhabits China j fize of a blackbird.

Irids red ; 2 of the mng'Coverts with a white band.

Leucoce- Grey ; quill-feathers black, the lelTer, wing-coverts and
phalus, ^aii copper-green with a violet glofs.

IVhite-headed T.
Inhabits China ; lefs than the laft.

Bill blackifh, tinged with red and yellow ; legs yellow ; zoing-
coverts fpotted with white ; feathers of the head and neck^
long, narrow, in the male white.

KlgricoUis Brown ; head, chin and nape white ; ociilar band and "
breaft yellowifh ; neck, lower part of the back and
quill-feathers black ; wedged tail lead-colour.

Black-necked T,
Inhabits China ; 9 inches long.
Bill and legs black ; fecondary quillfeathers tipt with white.

Boubil. Brown ; behind the eyes a longitudinal black bandc

Chanting T.
Inhabits China ; lefs than the blackbird ; fings finely, and i:

the only fong-bird the Chinefe have.
Bill and legs yellowllh-grey.

FerfpiciUs-

BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdus. 507

Perfpicil' Head and neck cinereous ; front and crefcent under the eyes
(•(iins' black ; body above greenilh-brown, beneath yel-

lowilh-whke. Spetlach T,

Inhabits China ; Sj inches long.

Bill blackifh j tail Ibmewhat wedged-, the 2 middle feathers
greenifh-brown, the reft darker ; legs )'ellow.

Fldvus. Yellow ; orbits white ; from the upper mandible reaching
behind the eyes a black band ; bill and l.egs red.

Tello.w T.
Inhabits China : ftze of a blackbird,
Irids grey ; Jliaft of the feathers white.

Citrinus, Cinereous; head, neck, bread and belly tawny ; vent and
foot on the wings white. Orange-hsaded T.

Inhabits /niim; 8 i inches long,

Viridis, Qrceu ; eyebrows, fpot beneath the eyes, belly and vent
white i chin grey, fpotted with white; breaft reddifh.

Green T.
Inhabits China ; 7 inches long ; wafhes itfelf in water.
Bill black, beneath yellowilh, tipt with brown ; tail even ;
legs and claws yellowilh.

Atir» Grey-brown,, beneath greenifh-yellow, fpotted with black i

bill, legs, front, face, chin and throat black, the
latter edged with rufous. Black-throated T.

Inhabits, St. Domingo j 7^ inches long.

Crown rufous ; greater wing-coverts and quill-feathers, biackifli-
brown, edged with pale grey ; rump greenifh-yellow ; tail
3 inches long, rounded, blackifh-brown, the lateral feathers
blackifh at the edges,

Dcminicus Browilb, beaeath white ; primary quill-feathers white at
the bafe ; 3 outmoft tail-feathers white.

St. ^omingo T»
Inhabits St. Domingo and Jamaica; 8| inches long,
Bitt and kgs bhckHh.

J5ra/»/i^j Black, beneath yellow ifli-rufty ; rump feriuginous ; tai!
fomewhat wedged, the outmoft feathers wholly, the
reft tipt with white, "j., Yellovo-hHlied T.

Inhabits ^r^^; ft ze of the la ft.
Wings with a tranfverre white band ; legs birown.

3T 2 *Mau[a»

5o8 BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdus.

*Merula. Black ; bill and eyelids yellow. Blackbird.

2. Head white.

3. Variegated with black and white.
4' Body wholly white.

Inhabits Europe and AJia ; frequents hedges and thickets near
inhabited places, and makes its neft of mofs, grals, &c. lined
with clay and covered again with hay ; lays 4 — 5 blueifh-
green eggs, with irregular dufky fpots ; the note of the mal^
is very fine and loud.

Female and young male rufty-black ; bill dark.

Aurantiits. Blackifh-brown ; chin and belly whitifh ; bill and legs
orange. fVhite-chinned T.

2. Chin the colour of the body.

3. Body black ; bill and legs tawny.

Inhdihits J^amaica, 2) New South Wales, ^) Surinam; fize of
a blackbird ; feeds on fruit and infefts ; fat yellow.

America- Shining violet, beneath dufky ; quill-feathers tipt with ru-
nui. fous ; bill and legs pale yellow. American T.

Inhabits America : fize of the laft. Female grey,

Labrado- Shining black, with a blue and violet glofs ; bill and legs
, rus. black. J^ahr adore T.

Inhabits Labradofe j 8^ inches long.

Female, back blackifh, breaft grey.

''Tor^uaiiisBla.ck'iih', bill yellowifh ; collar white. Ring-ouzeL

2. Blackifh-brown, the edges of the feathers grey ; above the

breaft a reddifh tranfverfe ftripe ; quill-feathers

blackifh. Rock-ouzel.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and Africa ; j 1 inches long ; migrates

in flocks, and feeds on infetts and berries.
£2/^ blackifl^ ; mouiA yellowifh within; ^e^J brown,

I'ifaiijlus. Blackifh, varied with brown and reddifh ; head cinereous,
fpotted with reddifh ; lateral tail-feathers rufous.

Rock T.
Inhabits Southern Europe; fize of T. vifcivorus.
Feathers of the head and back cinereous at the tips ; 2 middle
tail-feathers edged with rufous, lateral ones rufous, with a
littl-4 blackifh on tha outer fide near iHe tip,

SaxatilisL*

3IRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdus. 50

Saxatilis, Jlead blue \ tail ferruginous. LeJJer Rock T.

Inhabits Aujlria and Prufia : lefs than the laft ; builds amo:ig

rocks, and lays 5 blue-green eggs ; wags its tail and feeds on

infefts.
Breaft^ belly, rump, bafe of the wings beneath, tail and thighs

f.rruginous ; bafe of the wings above blackifli ; 2 middle

tail feathers more dulky.

lita. Orbits white; crown olive ; feathers of the hind-head and
nape brown, near the tip whltifti barred with black,
of the lower part of the body redHilh-whIte, edged
with brown ; rump cinereous. Hermit T,

Infiabits Philippine IJlands ; -j- inches long.
Bill, quill-feathers, tail and legs brown,

'nnitlenfis Bluc-alh ; rump blue ; wings and tail blackifli-bro.wn ;
body beneath rufous, fpotted with brown and whitifh.

Penfive T,
Inhabits Manilla : 8 inches long,
Bill brown ; legs blackifh.
Female brownilb, fpotted with brown,

Solitarius. Brown, dotted with whitifh; cheeks, neck, breaft and
wings clouded with blue ; tail blackifh. Solitary T.

Inhabits Europe ; 8 — 9 inches long ; is folitary and frequents
mountainous rocks ; feeds on inle£b and berries ; fings de-
lightfully.

Female brown, dotted with dirly-yellow ; wings and tail
brown.

Cyaniis. Feathers edged with pale blue ; mouth and eyelids pale
yellow. Biue T.

Inhabits Ajia and Italy : 8 inches long.

Bill blackifli ; feathers towards the tips with a brown band and
tipt with white ; quill-feathers, tail and legs brown.

Arundi- Rufty-brown, beneath white-teftaceous; quill-feathers
nauus, brown tipt with reddifh. Re^t^ ^•

2. Rump and tail rufous.
3« Varied above with black a|srow-lhaped fpots.
4. Above yellowifti-green ; wiftg-covcrts ferruginous.

Inhabits

5id BIRDS. PASSERES. 77. Turdus.

Inhabits reedy marfkes of Europe ; builds a hanging neft among
the reeds, and lays 5—6 yellowifh-white eggs, I'potted with
brown ; the male imgs while the hen js fitting ; 7 inche$
long.

Chin and throat white ; hilly mngs and legs bnown,

Morio, Shining black ; primary quill-feathers rufous tipt with
black. African T,

Inhabits the Capt of Good Hope ; 1 J inches long.
Bill black ; Ugs brown,

Bkolor. Brown, tinged with green ; belly and vent white.

IVhite^rurtiped T,
Inhabits the Cape of Good Uopej 10 inches long.

Erythrop- Black ; wings rufous ; lower tail-coverts and feathers, ex-
terus» cept the middle-ones, tipt with white ; tail wedged.

Rufo.us -winged T,
Inhabits near the Senegal ; 10 inches long.

Chryfogaf Green, tinged with orange, beneath orange ; bill and legs
ter. brown. ' Orange'beUicd T^

2, Blueifti-green, beneath orange.

Inhabits the Oape and near the Senegal ; 8 inches long.
Some of the quillfeathtrs white on the outer fide.

'Urovang. Cinereous; crown greenifh-black ; reft of the head, neck,

breaft and body above inclining to olive ; belly and vent

yellowifh. Cinereous T,

Inhabits Madagafcar j 8| inches long, Legshxoviu.

Surinamus Shining black ; crown, rump and lateral fpot on the breaft
pale yellow. Surinam T.

Inhabits Surinam ; S\ inches long.

Inner and lower wing-coverts white; bill and quill-feathers
blackilh, the latter moftly yellow at tlie bafe within ; legs
brown.

Cilumbinus Greenj rcfle^ng various hues. Pigeon T.

Inhvihits the. Philippihe JJlands J fize of T. muficus ; frequents
pigeon-houfes ; varies in having the rutup and vent white.

Domini'

BIRDS. PASSERES. f8. Ampelis, 51^

Dominica- Above brown, here and there tinged with violet or fteel-

nus. blue, beneath reddifti- white j tail fteel at the bafcy

greeniflv towards the tip. Dominican T.

Inhabits the Philippine IJles ; 6 inches long.

Bill and legs brownifh ; head brownifli -white ; wings long,

when folded nearly reaehing to the tip of the tail.

Cantor, Greenifh-black, Ihining wtth blue Or violet ; wings ani

tail black. Songjier T.

Inhabits the Philippine IJles in nui!her6us flocks ; fings very

finely, and often lays in pigeOn-houfes.
Irids red ; feathers of the head and neck long, narrow*

i-lalabd!' Shining-green ; front yellow ; chin, bill and legs black ;
ricus. wing-coverts and ftreak on the lower mandible blue.

Tell ow -fronted T.
Inhabits Malabar j fize of a common finch.
Irids yellow ; female, chin azure ; iody yellowifli.

Sikucis. Bill and legs yellowifli ; belly and back fcarlet ; tall,
wings and thighs brown. Scarlet-bellied T,

Inhabits Smyrna ; lefs than T. pilaris.

Zeylonus. Green, beneath pale yellow ; crefcent on the breaft black.

Ceylon T*
Inhabits Ceylon : »j\ inches long.
Bill black ; crozvn olive-afh ; body above olive-green.
Female wants the ocular line and crefcent on the bread, above
and beneath greenifli-yellow ; tail wedged, lateral feathers
black tipt with yellow ; legs blackilh.

78. AMPELIS. Bill ftraight, convex, fub-
incurved, each mandible notched:
nojlrils covered with bridles : tongue
(harp, cartilagenous, bifid : middle-
toe conneded at the bafe to the out-
moft. Chatterer.

*Garrulus. Hind-head crefted ; fccondary quill-feathers tipt with red
horny appendages. ; IVaxen C.

2i Belly yellowifli.

Inhabits

512 ^IRDS. PASSERES. 78. AmpeliSo

Inhabits Europe, Northern Afia and America : 8 inches long ;
migrates in flocks, and feeds on berries ; fiefh good.

Bill and legs black ; irids bright ruby ; cheeks tawny ; throat
black, with a fmall briftly tuft in the middle ; head and
body above reddifh-afh ; ocular line and chin black ; hreafl
and belly pale purplifh-bay ; leffer toing-covetts brown,
greater remoteft from the body black tipt with white ;
quill-feathers black, 3 firft tipt with white, 6 next with | an
inch of the exterior edge yellow, inner white ; tail black
tipt with yellow.

Fompodo- Purple; laft wing-coverts erifiform, elongated^ carinatc,
ra. rigid. Pompadour C.

2. Brown-purple ; vent roly ; tail brown.

Inhabits Guiana; ^i inches long; builds on branches of

trees hanging over water ; feed on fruits.
Bill hvo-wn; legs black.

Carnifex. Red ; ocular band and tips of the quill and tail-feathers
black. Red C.

Inhabits South America : 8 inches long.

Bill, temples, neck, back and legs brown ; throat browni{h-pur-
ple ; head crefted, with fmall, pointed feathers ; leffer wing-
coverts yellow, edged with brcrwn ; fecondary quill-feathers
and coverts yellow, primary and coverts zndfpurious wings
black ; tail rounded,

Coccinea, Scarlet ; cap purple ; neck and back olive ; tail-feathers
edged with green. Scarlet C.

Inhalbits South America : refembles the laft in fize and man-
ners ; feathers covering fhe head larger ; cheeks with pale
tawny feathered whilkers ; wings longar.

■Cfftinga. Fine blue, beneath purple ; wings and tail black.

Purple-breajled C
Inhabits Brafil ; 8| inches long.

BUI black ; throat with 3 — 4 fcarlet ftripes ; breajl purple,
(in the female blue) furrounded with a h} xt and another Xcar-
let band ; belly and vent blue ; [egs blackilh,

Maynana. Fine blue ; chin violet. Silky C.

ln\a!o\is South America : 7^ inches long.

Feathers of the head and neck long, narrow, brown at the bafe ;
feathers of the reft: of the body moftly white at the bafe and
violet in the middle; wings and tail blackifh-brown ; legs
biatk. Cay an a.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 78. Ampelis 513

<^uyana. Fine blue ; neck beneath violet ; quill and tail-feathers
black, edged with blue. Purple-throated C.

Inhabits Cayenne ; %\ inches long.

Bill and legs black ; feathers chiefly black tipt with blue-green 5
ihin. and throat puiplifti-red.

7Vr/a. Fine blue ; back blatk ; belly yellowifh-white.

Blue-breapd C,
Inhabits South America.

Head, fltoulders, wings and fai7 black ; qidU-Jeathers blueiili
on the outer edge ; chiri, breajl, hind-part of the back and
band on the wing-coverts paie blue ; fides of the i>ell/
fpotted.

Caruncu' Bill black, with a pendulous, expanfilc, moveable carun-

^i*^^* cle at the bafe. Carunculated C

Inhabits Cayenne and Brafil ; 12 inches long.

Legs black. Male fnowy ; rump, tail and wings a little yel-

lowifh. Female above olive ; front and cheeks vvhite, beneath.

yellow ; 2 middle tailfeathers olive, the reft grey, edged

with yellow,

Varit-rdta. Cinereous ; throat with 2 black lanceolate caruncles.

yariegated' C
Inhabits Brafil; fize of a miffel thrufli.

Bill black ; gape of the mouth large ; irids glaucous ; head
brown ; leffer wing-coverts black, greater varied with black
and green ; quillfeathers and legs blackifti 5 tail cinereous,
varied with blackilh and green.
Female blackifh, without the caruncles.

Cinerca, Grey-afh, beneath paler ; bill and legs iti. Grey €.

Inhabits Caytnne : 8 inches long.

Phctnicsa% Blue-black ; IcfTer wing-covett^ fcarlet-tawny.

Red-winded C.
Inhabits Africa : 7'! inches long,
IVing-coverts edged with yellow,

Lutea, Above olive-bpovvn; breath, tump and lateral tail-fea-
thers pale yellow ; fpot on the jaws white.

Yellow C.
Vol. I. — 3 U ^'^H-^

514 BIRDS. PASSERES. 79. Colius.

Length 6| inches. Bill black ; legs blackifh *, klly whitifh dn
the hind-part ; 2 upper tail-feathers black, yellow at the
origin and tipt with yellowifh, the reft yellowifh-brown.

Crijlata. Head crefted ; wings and tail black ; belly and cheeks
white ; back red. Crejied C.

Inhabits America,

79. COLIUS. Bill fhort, thick, convex
above, flat beneath ; upper mandible
bent down at the tip: nojlrils fmall,
at the bafe of the bill and nearly co-
vered with feathers : tongue jagged at
the tip : tail long, wedged. Coly,

Capenfis„ Outmoft tail-featkers white ort the OBtfide ; body cine-
reous, beneath whitifh. Cafe C»

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; io| inches long.

Bill grey tipt with black ; head and neck purplifh-afh ; breafi
vinaccous ; upper tail-coverts- purplifh-bay ; lower zving-co-
verts black ; kgs grey ; clau's black.

Setiegalcn- Grey-vinaceous ; tail blucifh ; head crefted. Senegal C.
Jts, Jnhnbits near the Senegal ; 12^ inches long.

Bill grey at the bafe tipt with black ; crefl fea-green ; wings

and frtiY grey-brown ; middle tail-feathers 8-, the outer ones

hardly an inch long.

Eryihro' Blueifh-afh, beneath whitifh ; head crefled f ramp purple
pus. with a white flreak in the middle j legs red, all the

toes turned forward. White-bached €.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : 1 2 inches long.

Striatus. Grey ; belly rufous, with tranfverfe black f^reaks ; tail
green. Radiated C.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : 1 3 inches long.
Legs reddifh-grey ; 2 middle tttil-feathcrs 8 inches long.

Panaytnfis Yellow ifh-iafli, beneath rufous j breaft ftreaked with black;
head creflcd. Panayan C.

Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 89. Loxia. 515

Inhabits the. I/land Panay.

BUI black ; legs pale flelh-colour.

Viridis, Shining-green ; hind-head and eyelids Alky black ; wings
and tail blackifli. Green C.,

Inhabits New Haltand ; 12 inches long,
BUI black ; taU 7^ inches long.

Indicus, Cinereous, beneath rufous ; hind-head ^nd chin yellow ;
lores and naked orbits yellow. Indian C.

Inhabits India: 14 inches long.
BUI black, the bafe and legi red.

80. LOXIA. Bill ftrong, thick, convex,

rounded at the bafe ; lower mandible

^ bent in at the edge : nojlrils fmall,

round, at the bafe of the bill : tongue

truncate. GroJbeaL

In the toxia, Emberiza and FringUla genus both mandiblesi
are moveable, by which means they are able to fliell and
break in pieces the feeds they feed upon.

"Curxtirof- Mandibles croffing each other ; body varying in colour ;
■ ra, wings and forked tail brown, Crofshill,

2. Reddifh ; head fcarlet.
3» Larger ; bill thicker, ihorter.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and America ; 6\ inches long ; feeds on
the cones of pines, the feeds of which it is dexterous in
fhelling by means of its crolfed bill, alfo on hemp feeds and
the kernels of apples ; builds an hemifpherical ncft in the
branches of high trees ; eggs whitifh with fome red fpots to-
wards the thicker end.
Male red, varied with brown and green, and is faid to change

its colours thrice a year.
Female olive-green, mixed with brown.

Leucoptcra Mzndibles croffing each other; feathers whitifh, edged
with red ; rump pale red ; vent whitifh ; tail and
•vvings black, the latter with 2 white bands.

IFhitC'-Wtnged G,
gU a Inhabits

5i6 BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxia.

Inhabits North America ; 5I inches long.
Bill horn-colour ; legs brown.

Pftttacea, Olive; quill and even tail-feathers edged with yellowifli j
lower mandible much {horter. Parrot-billed G.

Inhabits Sandwich IJlands : 7 inches long.
£ill and legs brownifh. Mak^ hejid and neck yellow.

*Coccoth- Chefnut-afh ; wings with a white line ; middle quill-fea-

raujics. thers rhombic at the tips ; tail-feathers black at the

bafe of the thinner web. Hawfinch.

Inhabits Europe^ rarely England; 6| inches long; feeds on

berries and the kernels of the ftrongeft ftones, which it

breaks with eafe with its very ftrong bill ; builds in the

forked branches of trees $nd lays 5 rotindifh, blueilh-green

eggs, fpotted with bjrpwn.

Orbits end chin black ; tail fpotted with white within.

*Enuck' Wings with a double white line ; tail-feathers all black.
ator. Pine G.

Inhabits northern Europe, AJlo. and America : 9 inches long ;
feeds chiefly ofi the leeds of pines and firs ; fings in the
night.
Head, neck, breaji and rvmp in the young bird red, in the old
bird yejlow ; Jemale olive.

Macroura, Black ; band on the back and wings reddifli-yellovv ; taij
long, wedged. Long-tailed G.

Inhabits Africa and near the Senegal ; 7 inches long.
Bill and leg^ black*

Aurea, Black; back golden; wing-coverts pale brown, fpotted
with black. Gold-backed G,

Inhabits Africa j 6 inches long. Legs blueifh.

Rubicilla. Scarlet, fpotted with white ; belly and vent rofy : grciter
wing-cov«rts brown ; tail black. Caucajia*i G.

Inhabits mountains of Caucajiis ; 8 inches long.
Feathers of the body cinereous at the bafe, giving the plumage
a waved appearance.

*Pyrrhula Cinereous ; head wings and tail black ; coverts of the tail
and hindmofl quill-feathers white. Bullfinch.

2. Entirely

>^.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxia. 517

2. Entirely black.

3. White ; back with a few black fpots.

4. White ; head, neck, breaft and belly rofy.

Inhabits Europe ; hardly 6 inches long ; frequents gardens ii*
the fpring and is very deftruftive to fruit trees by eating the
voung buds^ when tamed is eafily taught to whiftle any
tune, and even to Ipeak.

Crown black ; breaji cuiereous ; belly in the ma'i red, in the
feviale chefnut.

fSardinalis. Crefted, red ; frontlet black ; bill and legs blood-red.

Cardinal G.
Inhabits North America ; nearly 8 inches long ; fings very
finely in fpring and fuminer ; feeds on grain and Indian corn,
which it hoards up.
Bill and legs pale rofy ; crejl, when ereft, pointed.

Carlfoni, Red ; chin black ; runap, tail, wings and legs brown.

Inhabits idands of the Indian Ocean ; refembles the laft, but
is not crefled.

Boetoncnfts Crefled, red ; frontlet red ; bill and legs yellow.

Indian G.
Inhabits India ; 8 inches long.
Toes long ; claztis fharp, pointed ; zoing-coverts dark.

Madagaf. Red ; ocular band black ; blck fpotted with blackifh.
carienjis. Madagajcar G,

Inhabits Madagajcar l ^\ inches long.

Bill black ; wings and tail brown edged with olive, the young
bird at firft olive and gradually growing red.

Mexicana. Red ; wings and tail black. Mexican G.

Inhabits Neu Spain ; 6| inches long.

^rafiliana Brown, beneath reddifli with fpots annulate with black ;
head and middle of the belly red ; crefcent on the nape
and tip of the tail vvrhite. Braftlian G.

Inhabits Brajil : 5I inches long.

Bill flefh-colour ; toings and tail black ; wing-tovcrts and fe-
condzry qtiill-feathers reddifli at the tips,

•' ' Domini'

5i8 BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxia.

pominica- Black ; head and chin fcarlet ; bread, belly and edge of

na. the qujll-feathers white. Dominican G.

2. Cinereous, beneath fnowy ; fore-part of the head a^nd

throat red ; tail-feathers black edged with cinereous,

the outmoll whjtp on the outer edge.

Inhabits Brafd.: fize of a lark.

Neck above blackifh ; b(^ck^ rninp and wing-coverts grey, a little
fpotted with black ; vent and fides of the ueck •whitifh ;
zvings 3nd tail black ; legs cinereous,

CucuUata. Cinereous ; crefted head and chin fcarlet ; bread and belly
white ; tail long, the lateral feathers blackifh.

Crejled Dominican G,

Inhabits Braftl ; a little lefs than the lad.
Creji, when erefl:,-fharp-poipted.

SiMma, Red, above fpotted with brown ; frontlet purple ; wjngs
a double oblique band ; outmoft tail-feathers white.

Siberian G,
Inhabits thickets near the torrents in Siberia : ftze of

L. linaria ; is very reftlefs, and gregarious in winter.
Feathers of the head filvery at the tip.
Female and ma/e, when young, brown, beneath reddifh.

Virginica. Head, neck, middle tail-feathers and body beneath red;
belly yellow; nape, lower part of the back, wings
and lateral tail-feathers olive, TeUovu^bellied G.

Ifthabits Virginia, Bill yellow.

Crijiata. Whitifh ; front crefted ; rump and legs red ; middle taiK
feathers very long. Crejled G,

Inhabits Ethiopia : one of the largeft of its tribe.
Tail-feathers cinereous, the middle ones twice as long as the
lateral ones ; creJi and brcajl in the male red, female white,

Erythroce- Pale afh ; head purplifli ; breaft fpotted with white.
fhala, Paradife G.

Inhabits Angola : near 6 inches long.

Bill and legs flefli -colour ; chin red ; body beneath and double
oblique band on the wings white.

Maja,

4k

BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxia. 519

M(^a. Brown ; head white. PP^ile-headed G*

Inhabits Malacca and China / 4 inches long.
Head and neck whitifh ', 2d and 4th quilL-Jeathers white,

FUvicans. Yellow ; back greenifh ; head tawny. tellow G^

Inhabits Afia j fizc of a Canary-bird.
Wings and tail greenifh-yellow.

Bonariin- Head and neck blue; body above blackifli, beneath yel-

fis. low ; belly and vent fulphur j wings and tail blackilh,

edged with blue. Marigold T.

Inhabits Bonarid j 'j inches long ; flies in pairs.

Bill blackifh ; legs reddifti ; claxus (harp, curved^ grooved, the

hind-one very large.

OryziiiOra, Cinereous ; temples white j bfll red. Java G,

Inhabits China, J-ava and Africa : 5 inches long ; is very

deflruftive to rice plantations.
Bill, eyelids and legs red, paler in the female ; head and chin
black ; belly pale rofy ; vent whitifh ; tail black ; female
wings edged with white ; cheeks black.

Flabelli' Cbefnut^ beneath paler ; bill, wi'ngs, tait and legs black.
fera. Fan-tailed G.

Inhabits Virginia; about 5 inches long,

Panidv0ra Black ; fpurrous wlings black ; bill flclh-cclour.

White-winged G^
Inhabits Africa ; rj^ inches long.
Bill grey ; eyes bhck ; legs cinereous.

Malacca, Bay ; head and belly black ; brll blue. Malacca G.

2, Ferruginous ; head and Fower part of the the neck black.
Inhabits Java and China ; 4^ inches long.
Breaji dxidjlcmks vrhite ; legs brown.

Molucca, Brownifh-; head, throat and tail-feathers black, beneath
waved white and black. Molucca G,

Inhabits the Molucca IJles ; 4 inches long.
Bill black ; hind-head brown ; rump waved white and black ;
mngs and legs brown.

52^

BIRDS. PASSERESv 80. Loxla.

PunSlu' Bay ; belly black, fpotted with white. Cowry O,

lana. Inhabits Java : 4I inches long. ,

BHi and legs black ; hind-head and baik reddifh-brown : breafi
and jlaiiks black with hearted white fpots ; middle of the
hdly and veat white.

Undulaia. Brown-fe(i, beneath waved with brown ; tail pale red-
afh. Eajiern G.

Inhabits Ajia ; 6 inches- long. £/// ftrong, (bort.

Hordeacea. Tawny ; temples white ; taii and bread black.

Tellaiu-rumpid G.
Inhabits India : fize of Mot. alba.

Head, iieck and rump tawny ; wingSy tail and breajl black ;
Jhoulders, thighs, vent and edges of the tail-feath-ers
brown-a{h .

Saiiguini- Grey, befteatb white ; bill and legs red. Red-billed G.
rojlris. Inhabits Africa and Afia : fize of Fring. fpinus.

Front and Jace black ; breaji and bdly pale ochre, the feathers
fometimes blackifh in the middle; wiyrgs and tail brown.

AJtnld. Brown waved with blackifh ; bill, orbits and breaftfcarlet.

M'^axed-hill C,
2. Rnmp and vent fcarlet.

3- Beneath fofy-white ; crovv-'n, rieck and back blue ; a fcar-
let band acrofs the eyes.
Inhabits the Canaries, America and Africa : 4I inches long';

hides ilfelf under grafs and herbs, and feeds on feeds.
Ocular band, middle of the breaji and bdly rod ; body beneatli
reddifb-grey ; tail wedged.

Leiuura, Bill and legs red; head and wing-coverts 'cinereous ; back
yellow; breaft and belly yellow ilh i tail white, the
outmoft feathers black. IFhite-tailed C.

Inhabits Brajil; 3 inches long.

Cyanca. Blue ; wings and tail black. Angola blue G.

Inhabits Angola ? fize of L. caerulea.
Bill lead-colour ; irids hazel ; legs black .

Virens. Greenifh ; fhoulders blue.
Inhabits Surinam.
Wings and tail black, edged with green. [^ArigoUnJi:;,

BIRDS. PASS^RES. 80. Loxia. sat

Angolenfis, Black-blue ; belly ferruginous ; wings with a 'white fpot.

Angola (?,
In^db'its Angola: 5 inches long.

Bill black ; wings edged with white ; legs purplifli-flefh-
coloiir.

Ferruginea Head and chin brown ; body above black, beneath ferru-
ginous ; 6ven tail and quill-feathers black, edged with
yellow. Brown-headed Q.

Length. 6 inches ; bill horn-colour ; legs pale.

Melanurd, Head and tail black ; neck above brown ; throat aud vent
grey ; belly reddifli ; vent white ; quill-feathers black,
the primaries near the tip, the fecondaries on the inner
edge white. Grey-necked G.

Inhabits China; fize of the hawfinch.

Bill, irids and legs yello^v ; wing^coverts blueifh-black with a
white fpot in the middle.

female^ head grey.

Auraritia. Orange ; crown black ; quill and tail-feathefs black edged
. with orange. Orange G,

Inhabits Bourbon and the Cape; 4^ inches long.
'Bill black ; legs reddifh.
Female ; head and throat black ; body beneath wMte.

Torridd. Black ; . breaft and belly bay ; middle tail-feathers very
long. ff^ite-bilkd G,

Inhabits South America,

Lineola. Black ; frontal line and temples white. Lineated C?.

1* Feathers of the lower part of the body curled.
Inhabits Afia and Africa: \\ inches long.
Body above black-blue, beneath white ; bill black with a white
fpot above the upper mandible ; tail forked ; quill-feathtrs
black, the primary white at the anterior bafe.

Hamburgia Head and neck above chefnut ; chin, band in the middle
of the white throat and rounded tail brown j back,
breaft and rump yellowiih-brown, fpotted with black ;
belly, vent and 2 bands on the wing-coverts white.

Hamburg G-
Vol, I. — 3 X Inhabit*

522 BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxia.

Inliabits round Hamburg: 5! inches long; feeds on infe£lsy

and climbs trees like the creeper.
Biil black ; irids yellow ; quill-feathers yellowifh-brown.

Mexicana.- Spotted with brov/n ; front,, chin, rump and eyebrows
pale yeHow. I'ellow-headed G.

Inhabits Nezo Spain; 5I inches long.

*Chloris. Yellowifh-green ; primary quill-feathers edged with yel-
low ; 4 lateral tail-feathers pale yellow at the bafe.

GreenJiHch,
Inhabits Europe and Kamtfc/mCka j builds in hedges and is
eafily made tame ; lays 5 — 6 pale green eggs with blood-co-
loured fpots.
Bill brownifh ; legs flefli-colour ; female browner.

Sinenfis. Head ^d neck greenilh-grey ; back pale brown ; primary
quill-feathers the firft half yellow, lower part black,
fecondaries within black, without grey y vent yellow.

Chinefe G.

Inhabits China : refembles the lafl;.

Bill and Legs greenifh-yellow ; belly dirty-rufous ; tail black
tipt with white.

Butyracea. Greenilh ; head and back fpotted with black, beneath yel-
low ; bJll, tail, quill-feathers and legs black.

Yellow -fronted G.
Inhabits India and the Cape of Good Hope.
Front, eyebrows ,and temples yellow ; fpots on the female
brown and the tail tipt with white.

Doritini' Green-brown, beneath pale rufous, fpotted with brown ;
cenfts, vent and area of the eyes white y wings black ; tail

and legs brown. St. Domingo G,

Inhabits St. Domingo: 5I inches long. Bill reddilh.

Africana. Varied with greenifh-brown and grey, beneath white ;
breaft varied with brown ; primary quill and lateral
tail-feathers edged with reddifh-white, the outmoft
with a white fpot. African G.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; 6\ inches long.

Upper zving-coverts and edges of the Igcondary quillfeathers
rufous,

HypoKantha.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxia. 523

Hypoxan- Yellowifli ; front and eyebrows pale-yellow ; quill and
ilia. tail-feathers black, edged with yellowilh.

Sumatra G.
Inhabits Sumatra ; fize of Fring. cltrinella.
Bill pale ; irids nifous ; legs pale.

Canaden/is Green-olive, beneath yellow-olive ; frontlet black.

Canada G,
2. Above blue-grey, beneath pale grey.

Inhabits Canada and Cayenne ; 6|; inches long.
Bill and legs cinereous ; chin black.

Sulphura- Olive-brown ; throat ^nd belly pale yellow ; cyebiows yeU

ta. low. Brimjlone G.

Inhabits in flocks near the Cape of Good Hope : 5! inches

long ; frequents the banks of rivers, and builds a pendulous

neft with a long neck beneath, in trees and (hrubs.

Bill horn-colour ; quill and tail-feathers brown, edged with

olive, 2 middle tail feathers entirely olive ; legs brownifli-grey.

fldviven- Olive fpotted with brown, beneath yellow ; quill and tail-
tris. feathers brown, edged with olive ^ above the eyes a

yellow ftripe. Tellow-beUied G.

2. Hind-head, cheeks and chin cinereous.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; lefs than the kft.
Rump olive ; tail forked ; legs grey.

Collaria, Yellowifli ; breafl and collar yellow ; temples black.

Nun G.
2' Collar broader.

Inhabits India, 2) Angola ; 4^ inches long.
Bill black; front bald ; head znd body above greenifh-bhie, be-
neath and rump reddifh-white ; peBoral band fpotted, black ;
wings varied with rufous, yellow and black ; tail black ; legs
brownifh. *

Grifea^ Blue-grey; neck and front white. Grey G.

Inhabits Virginia: 4 inches long.
Bill and claws brown ; legs reddifh,

Bengaleri' Grey ; crown yellow ; temples whitifti ', belly whitifli,

P> fpotted with brown. Bengal G.

3X2 Irihabits

5'24 BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxia.

Inhabits Bengal; 5^ inches long.

BiU tlefh-cblrour ; body above and peEloral band brown ; k^s
ycUowifh ; claws grey.

idalabari' Cinereous ; quill and tsiil-feathers black ; chin and vent
ca. . white. ,' ' ' Malabar Q.

Inhabits India. Bill hhck,

Afra, Beneath black ; head, flanks and- tail-coyerts yellowy wings
and tail brownilh. . ' Black-bellied G.

Inhabits Africa, ' ^ '

Cafra, Black ; quill-feathers brown ; fhoulders red.

Inhabits the Capt of Good Hope : fize of the bullfinch.
Female^ and male in breeding-time cinereous.
Plumage filky ; bill brown-afh ; quill-feathers at the edges and
coverts white ; tail longei: than the body -, legs grey.

Totta, Quill and tail-feathers all black, the very tips white.

Inhabits among the Hottentots,

Body brown-teftaceous, beneath pale orange ; front grecnifh-
brown ; 6 primary qiiillfeaihers, 8 fecondary, 10 tailfen-
thers beneath footy ; fkanks yellowifli ; legs black,

Jndica. Blackifh, beneath whitifh j head and neck cinereous ; tail
tipt with white. Afh-headed G,

Jnhabits India : very froall. Bill and legs blue,

Ajtatica. Reddifh-afh, beneath cinereous ; belly pale red ; head,
greater v^ing-coverts, quill-feathers and tip of the tail
black. Aftatic G.

2- Blueifh-afli ; head, wings and tail black ; quill and 2 mid-
dle tail-feathers tipt with white ; bill red.
Inhabits China ; fize of the bullfinch.
BiU yellow ; tail forked ; legs red.

^anora* Dirty-greeninfh, beneath cinefeous ; cheeks brown, fur-;
rounded with a yellow fringe. Bhwrthcheekcd G,

Inhabits Mexico j fings charmingly.
BiU black J legs whitilh.

Xineatii^

BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxi4. 5^5

Llneata, Black, beneath white ; fides of the body and bafc of the
primary quill-fcathers tranfverfely ftreaked with white
and black. Radiated G.

Length 4 inches. Bill white ; le^s black.

Pcrlata. Black, beneath broWn ; near the tail varied with white
and black. Pearled G,

Inlmbits Africa : refenibles the laft.

fufdala. Brownifti with black crefcents ; quili-feathers, tail and
cheeks brown ; under the chift a broad red band.

Faf dated G,

Inhabits Africa;^ 4I inches long.
Bill blueifh-grey ; U^s tlefli-coloun

Cantuns. Brown, tranfyerfely lined with blackilh, beneath white ;
tail brown, wedged. fVarbhngG.

2. Belly yellowlfti ; chin and fides waved white and blackifh.
Inhabits Africa: 4 inches long.

Mdanoce. Pale yellow ; head black. Gambia G.

phaia. Inhabits Gambia: 6\ inches Itxig.

Bill cinereous ; thmat and irids black -, legs blue-afli.

ErythrovK' Red ; head and chin black. Black-headed G^

as. Inhabits Cayenne : 9 inches long.

Bill black, white at the bafe ; tail rounded.
Female above greenillv orange mixed with red, beneath orange ;
' quill-feathers olive, the outer edge rufous.

Coronata, Scarlet, beneath blue ; creft on the head and fpot in the
middle of the throat black. Black-crefled G.

Inhabits America v near 6 inches long.

Cana, Hoary ; quill and tail-feathers ^rown ; legs red.

Cinereous G.

Inhabits Afia ; fize of a linnet.

Bill cinereous ; greater quill-feathers white at the bafe, blackifh

at the tips ; tail blackifh, edged with pale afh ; le^s flefh-

colour.

Philippina j^rown, beneath yellowifli-white ; crown and breaft pale
yellow ; chin brown. Philippine G

^ 2. Tail

526 BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxia.

2. Tail and quill-feathcrs greenifh-brown, edged with
yellow.

Inhibits the Philippine IJlcs, 2) Abyjfinia; 5-! inches long;
conftrufts a curious nell with the long fibres of plants or
dry grafs, and fufpends it by a kind of cord, nearly \ an
ell long, from the end of a flender branch of Tome tree, that '
it may be inacceffible to fnakes or other injurious animals ;
the interior part confifts of 3 divinons ; the hrft is occupied
by the male, the fecond by the female, and the third contains
the ^'oung ; in the firft apartment, where the male keeps watch
while the female is hatching, a little tough clay is placed on
one fide, and on the top of this clay a glow-worm, which
affords its inhabitants light in the night time.

The neft of 2) is fbmething fpiral, with an opening on one fide,
which is always turned from the rainy quarter.

Ilind-head, back and Jhouldcrs pale yellow, the feathers brown
in the middle; lower part of the back brown, the featheis
edged with whitifli ; belly pale ochre ; xcing-coverts brown,
edged with white ; quill and taii-Jeathers brown, edged with
reddifli or whitifh.

Female above brown, beneath redciifli.

Ahfinica. Yellowifn ; crown, temples, throat and breaft black ;
fhoulders blackifh ; quill and tail-feathers brown,
edged with yellow. Abyjfmian G.

Inhabits Abyjfinia; fize of tlie hawfinch; makes a pyramidal
pendent neft, the opening of which is on one lide facing the
eaft : it is divided in the middle b\' a partition, and the'nefl
is within this cavity on one fide ; by this means it is lecure
from the intrufion of fnakes, fq\iirrels, monkeys and other
milchievous animals, and defended from the wefterlv rain:-
w^hich in this country lafts for 6 months together.
Jrids red ; zoing-c&verts , brown, edged with grey ; kcs red-
difh-grey.

Penjilis. Green ; head and throat yellow ; ocular band green \
, belly grey ; vent rufous-red ; bill, legs, tail and
quill-feathers black, the laft edged with green.

Pen/tie G.
Inhabits Madagafcarj fi/.e of a houfe-fparrow ; conftrufts a
penfile neft; of ftraw and reeds, fliaped like a bag, with an
opening beneath, on one fide of which is the true neft. The
bird does not chule a new fituation every year, but faftens a
hew neft: to the end of the laft, often as far as 5, one hang-
ing from another ; builds in large focieties and brings 3 at
each hatch, ' Irids yellow. {Socia.

Secia.

Striata.

BIRDS. FASSERES. 80. Loxia. 527

Rufous-brown, beneath yellowifti ; frontlet black ; tail
fliort. Sociable G.

Inhabits the interior parts of the Cape of Good Hope : 5-J- inches
long. Thefe live together in vail tribes under one common
roof, containing their feveral nefts, which is built on a large
fpecies of mimoiii.

Bill black ; region, of the ears yellowifh ; legs brown.

Brown, ftrcaked with ferruginous, beneath white ; throat
black. Striated G.

Inhabits the IJland Bourbon : 3I inches long.
Bill black ; Legs blackifh,

Ztytomca. Ferruginous-brown, beneath purple, waved with black ;

front and rump blueiih. Ceylon G,

Inhabits Ceylon. Cim. Phyf. tab. 42. p. 80.

Bill and legs reddifh-brown ; hind-head^ back and long quilt~

feathers brown ; tail rufty-brown tipt with white ; wing-

I coverts (lightly edged and tipped with white, thofe nearell

the back with blueiib-afh ; vent white.
fnnale, head, neck and body beneath bright ferruginous ; wings
brown ; tail beneath afh-colour.

Ludovicia- Black ; breaft, belly, band on the wings and bafc of the
na. quill-feathers white. Louifiana G.

2. Breaft rofy.

Inhabits North America : 6| inches long.

Bill and legs brown ; breaft and lower wing-coverts pale pur-
ple ; vent and ruvip whhe ; belly with a few purple Ipots %■
3 outmoft tail-feathers each fide white on the lower half.

Maculata, Feathers of the upper part of the body black, fpotted
with white towards .the tip, of the lower part
whitifli, ftreaked with black j quill and tail-feathers
whitilh on the outer fide. • Spotted G.

Inhabits America.

Bill pale tipt with black ; 2 outmoft tail-feathers each fide
with a white fpot near the tip on the inner fide ; legs
brownifh.

Obfcura, Middle of the throat and double band on the wing-coverts
white ; quill-feathers green ^ flanks white, fpotted
with brown. DuJky G.

Inhabits New York. .
Feathers of the head, neck and bach edged with brown.

JIudfonica.

5'.g

BIRDS. PASSERES. 80. Loxla.

Iludfonica. Brown ; belly white ; fides fpotted with brown ; wingr
coverts with 2 xed bands. Hudjoris Bay G.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay ; 5 inches long.

Short, flrong l>il/ and legs brown : featiicrs of the back and
rump, lecoiid;'.r\' quili and tail-feathers edged with pale ru-
fous ; tail a little forked.

Capenfts. Blackifli-brown ; rump and wing-coverts pale yellow.

J Cape G.

2. Feathers above brownifii, in the middle fpotted with black,
beneath whitilh, fpotted with black.
Inhabits Coromandd and the Cape of Good Hope ; 6| inches
long ; frequents thickets near nvcrs ; eggs cinereous, i'potted
with black. ,»

hill and leg's black ; feathers of the head fliort, and in breed-
ing-time filky ; wings cheihut, edged with grey ; greater
quilt-feathcrs edged with yellow ; back fopietimes pale
yellow.

Nigrd, Black ; fpot on the flioulder and bafe of the 2 outmoft
tail-feathers white. Black G,

Inhabits Keic Spain * 5I inches loitg.

CraffiroJ- Black ; bafe of th<i quill-feathers and middle tail-feathers
tris. in the middle white ; legs whitilb. Thick-billed G.

Length 5 1 inches ; bill thick, yellowifli.

Rcgulus. Black ; wings with a white fpot ; hrnd-head with a crim
fon crelt-like band. Crimjon-crejled G,

■ Bill very thick and ilrong. Lev, Mvf. p. 46.

Americana Black, beneath white ; pefloral band black : wings witfi
a double white band : tail rounded.

Blach-lr^eajled 0.
Inhabits America ; hardly 4 inches long ; legs brown.

Ccerulva. Blue : wings brown M'ith a purple band at the bafe.

Blue G.
2. Entirely blue, except a black fpot between the bill zrid.
eyes.
Inhabits South America : 6 inches long.

Bill md tnilhrown ; frontlet hhck \ %f duff-y ; />wa/^ nearly
all brown.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 8o;Loxia. s^fQ

0!ix. Grey ; bill, front and belly black ; neck and runip tawny.

Grenadier G.
o. Wings and tail brown.

Inhabits Africd : fize of L. madagafc.

Front, temples, breajl and belly black ; zuin^s brown with paler
edges ; legs pale. Female grey.

Flami'hgo. White ;■ head, neck, bread and belly rofy.
Inhabits Upfal j refembles the bullfinch.
Bill and legs reddifh ; feathers of the frontlet blackifli at the

tips ; 3d and 4th quill-feathers and fpot on the rump black ;

tranlVerfe line on the wings and upper furface of the tail

footy.

Violace^, Violet; eyebrows; chin and vent red. Purple 0.

Ifihabits 5oM?/j America; 4 1 inches long.
Bill black ; irids red ; legs black-grey.

Groja. Blueifh-hoary ; throat and tail-feathers blackifh ; chin
white ; bill fed. fFhite-throated 6",

Inhabits America ; 'ji inches long.
Frontlet black ; legs blueifh-black.

Minima. Brown ; beneath teftaceous ; primary quill-feathers at the
bafe and fecondaries on the hind-part white.

Divarf C.
Inhabits Surinam ; very fmall.

Short, thick bill and eyes black ; tail-feathers even, blackifli,
paler at the tips ; legs cinereous.

Fufca. Brown,, beneath whitifh ; quill-feathers from the third to
the ninth all white at the bale. Broivn G.

Inhabits Africa : fize of the Canary finch.
Bill lead-colour ; vent white ; wings and tail black ; legs pale.

Guttata, Brown ; breaft black ; bill and rump red ; fides of tile
body black fpotted with white.
Inhabits New Holland, Lev. Muf. 2. 48.

Septentrio- Black ; wings with a white fpbt. Northern G,

nalis. Inhabits Scandinavia : referobles the buUiinch,

Vol. I. — 3Y

Hirmiai

530 BIRDS. PASSERES. 8i. Emberiza-.

Minida. Grey ; rump and body beneath ferruginous ; quill-feathcrs
4, 5, 6, each fide ■vvhite at the bafe ; tail entire.

Minute G,
Inliabits 5u?nm77» and Cayenne: very fmall, aftive and bold j

frequents inhabited places and feeds on feeds and fruits.
Bill and Legs brown.

Bicolar. Brown, beneath red". Orange-bellied G.-

2. Brownilli> beneath white ; chin fomewhat ferruginous.

Inhabits /n(izfl ; 3 1 inches long.
Bm whitifh ; legs brown.

Prafina. Olivc-green, beneath yelfowilli-hoary ; rump red-; legs
yellow, (male). Red-riimped G,

2. Olive-brown, beneath yellowifh-hoary ; rump pale red ;
legs yellow,- (female).

Inhabits 7'^^^ ■'■ fize of Fring. fpin\is.

Mali ; bill black ; taiLfeathers\A?i.ck, the 2 middle ones on the
upper furface, and 8 on tiie outer edge red.

Female ; bill above black, beneatH yellowifli ; a'2)7^j with yel-
lowifh-whitc bands ; quill- feat hers cinereous,- the 8 iecon-
dary on the anterior edge whitilb at the tips-, tail-feathers
black, tipt with white.

Tridatlyla Feet 3-tocd. Three-toed G.

Inhabits woods of Abyjfinia ; feeds on kernels, the fliells of
which it eafily cracks with its bill.

Head, veck, throat and narrow band reaching to the latter rod ;
tuck above, back and tail black ; zving-coveris brown, edged
with white ; two of the toes placed forward.

81. EMBERIZA. Bill conic; mandibles re-
ceding from each other from the bafe
downwards, the lower with the fides
narrowed in, the upper with a hard
knob within. Bunting.

^Nivalis, Quill-feathers white, the primaries black on the cuter
edge ; tail-feathers black, the 3 lateral ones white.

Snow B.
%. Feathers

BIRDS. PASSERES. 8i. Embcriza.. 531

2. Feathers white daflied witli yellow ; chin and throat fpot-

ted with brown.

3. Red-brown ; head and neck white ; bread with a blueiflj

fpot ; wings and tail varied with ^vhite and black.

4. Ycllowilh-white ; front and body beneath blackiih ; wings

and tail varied'with white and black.
Inhabits during rummer in vafl flocks the north of Europe, Afia

and America j in winter migrates to a warmer climate ; ap^

pears in England before the fetting in of froft and fnow ;

builds in holes of rocks, and lays 5 white eggs fpottcd witli

brown.
Co/our varying with age, fex, or climate. ; in winder nearly

white, but the hack and middle coverts black.
Bill and le,^s brown.

*MuJidinn QiiiH- feathers dulky, white at the bafe, the laft wholly
black ; tail-feathers black, the middle ones at the
edge, and 3 lateral ones each fide white with a duflcy
fpot without. Tawny B.

Inhabits with the lafl ; 6| inches long. -

Head and neck tawny ; chin nearly ^vhite, growing jiellow to-
wards the breajl ; belly white varied with yellow ; fcapulars
and ^acA- feathers black, edged with pale tawny ; rump half
white, half yellow ; fecondary quill-feathers white within ;
legs black ; bill yellow tipt witli black ; hind-claw very
long.

*Montana Five firll quill-fcathers blackifh-bjown, the reft white
fpotted with brown at the tip ; tail-feathers brown,
3 lateral ones each fide all white. Mountain B.

Inhabits Yorkjhirc and LincolnJIiire.

Bill yellow tipt with black ; head chcfnut ; chin white ; ntck
above and back cinereous ; brcajl and belly with longitudinal
flame-colour fpots.

Ilycmalis. Black t, belly white. Black B.

Inhabits North America ; migrates ; ^\ inches long.
Bill reddifh-white ; irids blue ; chin black ; 2 outef tail-Jeci-
thers each fide white ; lei^s grey. , , / / / *//-^

*Miliaric. Brown, fpotted beneath with black ; orbits rufous.

Contmon B,
o Y 2 Inhabits

533 BIRDS. PASSERES. 8i. Emberiza.

Inhabits in flocks during the autumn and winter Europe ; fiz^
of the yellow-hammer ; makes its nefl in the grafs.

Bill and legs biownifli ; quill-feathers dufky, the outer edges
pale yellow ; tail a little forked, edged with white ; legi
yellowifh.

Hortulana Qiiill-feathers brown, the firft 3 whitifh at the edges ;
tail-feathers brown, the 2 lateral ones black on the
outer fide. Ortolan.

2. Yellowifh ; quill-feathers edged with white.

2- Snow-white.

4. Tail white.

5. Blackifh ; head and neck greenifli ; bill red ; legs ci-

nereous.

Inhabits Europf. ; S\ inches long; feeds chiefly on panic-
grafs and grows prodigioufly fat, when it is efl:eemed a deli-
cacy ; lays twice a year, in a low hedge or on the ground,
, 4—5 g'ey eggs.

Bill, naked eyelids and legs yellowifli ; Jiead and neck olive-afli ;
chin yellowifh, furrounded with a cinereous line ; feathers

. of the back and Jcapulars brovynifh-bay, black in the middle ;
io</y- beneath reddifh.

Female, head ajid ntck cinereous, each feather with a narrow,
r blackifli line.

^inenfis. Reddifli-rufous, beneath pale yellow ; leflcr wing-coverts
yellowifli ; quill and tail-feathers and longitudinal
ftreak on the belly brown. Chineje B.

Inhabits louthem parts of China.

Bill and legs reddifli ; irids yellow ; fecondary quill and tail-
feathers edged with grey.

fCitrinella Tail-feathers blackifli, the 2 outer ones on the inner
edge with a pointed white fpot. Telhw-hammer.

Inhabits Europe j 6_j inches long ; comes about houles in
winter ; builds on the ground in meadows •, eggs whitifh-
purple with irregular blackilh fpots and flreaks.

Bill black ; crown, cheeks and body beneath yellow ; eyebroz^s
brownifh ; nape greenifh ; feathers of the neck and back
blackifh down the middle, rufous at the hdcs, and edged
with grey ; rump pale tawny; wings chefnut, olive or black,
moftly edged with grey ; 2 middle tail-feathers edged with
grey, lateral ones olive without- the tip edged with white ;
k^; yellowlfli-bro.vn.

Olivacea,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 8i. Embenza. 535

Clivacia. Olive, beneath whiter ; chin orange ; peftoral band
black ilh. Ol'ive B.

Inhabits St. Domingo ; 3^; inches long.

Bill and legs grey-brown ^ fyCi^rtn(.'.f yellow ; Irroat and upper
part of the heaft: black ; rcfi: of the I'reaft and belly olive-
grey ; edge of the tvings ysUow ; quiU-Jcathcrs bro\vii, ed^ed
with olive.

fajcrina. Above grey-ferruginous, middle of the feathers black, be-
neath whitifli-afli, fpotted on the fides ; tail-feathers
black, the middle ones edged with ferruginous, the
outer one each fide alraofl: to the bafe, the next as fat-
as the middle, obliquely white. Pajj'enne B.

Inhabits near the Ural; hze of the i-eed-fparrow.

Behind the eyes a pale ftrcak ; throat (in the male) black, the
feathers pale at the edges, and a white line to ths neck each
fide ; quill-feathers and wing-coverts ferruginous on the outer
edge ; tail a little forked ; legs br.ownilh-fleili-colour.

PuMU. Above grey-ferruginous, beneath whitifh ; throat fpotted ;
head with alternate longitudinal tellaceous and black
bands. Dwarf B.

Inhabits fnowy mountains of Dauuria; very fmall.

Ruftica. Head black with 3 longitudinal white bands; chin, body

beneath and 2 outmofl: tail-feathers each fide obliquely

white. Rufiic B.

Inhabits woods of Dauuria j fize of the reed B.

Neck zndfioulders {ttrrughxous; ^ac/^ grey-ferruginous ; throat

with teflaceous ipecks.

Fucata. Grey-ferruginous ; ears with a round rufous fpdt ; eye-
brows, line beneath the eyes, and throat white ; chin
furrounded with a brown fpotted circle.

Inhabits rocky parts of Siberia ; fize of E. cia.

Crown and part of the neck hoary-afh, the (liafts of the fea-
thers brown.

Spodoce- Grey-ferruginous, beneath pale ftraw-colour ; frontlet
■j)hald. black ; head and neck hoary-afh.

Inhabits near the water falls of Dauuria: fm^ill.

i Chryfophrys,

534 BIRDS. PASSERES. 8i. Emberiza.

Chryfo^ Grey-*ferruginous ; crown black ; eyebrows citron ; from
phrys, the middle of the crown to the nape a white band.

Inhabits with the lalt ; iizt of a yellow-hammer.

Hadbyeri' Head and neck load-cinereous: chin whitifli : belly fer-
fis. ruglnous. Maelby B.

Inhabits Sweden.

Bill and legs reddifh ; eyebrows^ fpot eacli fide between the nof-
trils and eyes, chin, fides of the neck, vent and tail beneath
white :, upper part of the breajl lead-cinereous, lower rufty ;
back, Jlioulders and vent with black and ferruginous pointed
ipots ; upper wing-coverts black, lower lulphur ; quill-fca^
thers blackidi, edged with pale rufly ; 6 upper tait- feat hers.
black, 4 outer from the middle to the tip white, the outer
edge black,

Chvyfob- Reddifli-brown, beneath white : breaft and leiTer vving-
tira, coverts yellow : throat with a brown band.

Tel low -winged B.

Inhabits Falkland I/lands : Ci/.c of the yellow-hammer.
Hill brown ; fides of the head white; quill and tail-feathers
edged with yellow ; kgs yellow.

Rutila. Bloody-rufous, beneath fulphur : wings gr^y-rufty.
Inhabits Si-Ocria ; lize of the yellow-hammer.

Ferruginea Ferruginous ; belly and 2 fpots on the primary quill-fea-
thcrs white. Rujly B,

Inhabits North America.
Two outer tail-feathers eaph fide tipt with %\hite,

Americana Above cinereous ftreaked with bfown, beneath yellow r
chin white : quill and tail-feathers black with pale
edges. Black-throated B,

' Inhabits New York : fize of the yellovs'^-hammer.

Bill brownifh ; eyebrows and line beneath the eyes yellow ;
chin (in the male) with a large triangular black Ipot ; greater
ZL'ing-coverts chelnut.
2. Afliy-brown, beneath whitifh : front and eyelirows yel-r
low ; band under the eyes and crefcent on the front
black : chin yellow with a triangular black fpot in
the middle.
Inhabits Iludfon's Bay ; 7 s inches long.

Brafilien-

BIRDS. PASSERES. 8i. Emberiza. 535

Brajdienfii Crown, neck and body beneath yellow ; back wings and
tail greeni{h, varied with yellofAv and brown.

Brafilian B,
Inhabits Brafil : fize a fparrow.
Bill and eyes black ; legs brown.

Mexicana, Above brownifli, beneath whkirti fpotted with brown y
head and^ throat yellow. Mexican B.

Inhabits New Spain :' G\ inches long.
Bill and legs pale ; wings and tail hiowmiU.

Milltaris, Head, wings, tail and back brown \ lower part of the back
and bread yellow j Ihoulders greenilh ; belly white.

Military B,
Inhabits Malta.
Outer edge of the quill-feather's yellow.

Melanoce- Yellow; head black ; back rufous. Black-headed B.

phala. Size of the yellow-hammer ; hdes of the breajt reddifh ; quitl-

Jeathers brown, edged with whitifh ; tail-feathers pale.

Brumalis. Body beneath, front and region of the eyes citron ; hind-
hea<l and neck cinereous. Brumal B.

Inhabits the Tyrolefe country ; fmall in fize.
Back yellow-brown ; vent citron ; thighs whitifh ; quill-fea-
thers brown, the outer edge citron.

Coccinea, Body above filvery, beneath crimfon ; vent .white ; bill,
head and quill-feathers black ; hind-head- and tail
black-blue.
Inhabits woods round Baden: fize of the next.

Badenfis. Olive, ftreaked with blackifii, beneath paler ; chin orange ;

breaft ftreaked with blackifli. Badcri Bo

Inhabits Baden : a ipan long.
Bill alx)ve black, beneath yellowifh, upper mandible with a

fingle obtufe tooth in the middle ; noflrils feathered ; tongue

fliort ; quill-feathers i'6 ; tail-feathers 1 2 ; legs yellowifh ;

claws black.

Erythroph. Black with a red glofs ; belly reddifh ; wings with a white
thalma» fpot. Towhe B.

Inhabits

.^36" BikDS. PASSERES. 8i. Emberiza.

Inhabits America ; 8 inches long ; flies in pairs.
Bill md lefTs brown i quill'f cat hers black, edgetl with white;
tail black, a little forked.

Leucoph- Rufty-brown, beneath white ; vent yellow ; crown black
rys, with a white fillet in the middle \ eyebrows \vhite»

White-croivned B.
Inliubits Canada: 71 inches long; feeds oa grafs, feeds and

worms ; fings finely, and lavs 4 — 5 chefnut eggs.
Bill and legs flefli-colour ; neck, breaji and rump cinereous;
zvings with a double white band.

Lncliiofa, Black ; beard on the clicft, front, brealt, belly, rump and
vent white. fVrcathed B,

Size of the greater titmoufe.

Bill black ; from the frottt to the vcipe Each fide a white line ;
zcings \vith a white fnot.

Aureola, Rufous, beneath yellow ; tranfvcrfc pedloral band ferru-
ginous; crown, cheeks and chin black.

7'eUozv-breaJ}ed B.
tiihabits pine groves of Siberia j fize of the reed-fparrow.
Temples white ; Jlahks with brown lines ; /capillars, llrcak on'
the ziings and vent white ; tail a" little forked.

SandiL'i. Brown, beneath whitiili fpotted with brown ; eyebrows
, chenjis, yellow ; temples dulky. Sandivich B,

Inhabits Sandwuk Bay j 6 inches long.

Bill and le'^s black ; under the eyes a dufliy tine ; middle of
the belly whitifli, not Ipottcd.

Aoonalaf. Reedifli -brown, beneath whitifh (Ircakcd wuth brown ;
ckkenjis. middle of the belly white. Aoonlajchka B'.

Inhabits Aoonaldjlhka ; "j inches long.

-.'♦frjcfl^i';67a Reddiili-brown, lieneath cinereous; chin white; crown
pab yellow; front and ftreak through the eyes to the
nape black. Blach-crowned B.

2. Bread waved with black ; feinale, crown not yellow.

Inhabits. AWMfl Sound and Sandwich IJland ; 7 inches long.
- iJ;// black: r/nn/* pLilc olive ; /c// even ; /o'^i brown ; zuing-cO'
irrts and qiult-Jtathers pale at tlje edges.

Pithvor-

BIRDS. PASSERES. Si.Emberiza. i^f

Pitkyorniis Middle of the crown with an oval white fpot ; nape varied
with white ; chin red-teftaceous ; 2 outmoft tail-fea-
thers each fide with an oblique white band.

Pine B,

Inhabits ^iienfl ; fize of the yellow-hammer,
* Bill and le^^s whitifb ; each fide the htad a black band ; ocular

band rufous; cheeks with a white fpot ; fides of the neck
ferruginous -, brtaji ^^'ith a large triangular fpot ; middle of
the belly hoary, the fides rufous ; vent white ; /^acA and rump
rufous; wing-coverts and fecondary quill-feathers brown,
edged with rufous, greater and tail-feathers blackifh with
whitilh edges ; tail a little forked.
Female varied with grey and rufous.

Cinerea; 6ay, beneath wliitifh fpotted with bay ; tail and quill-fea-
thers brown, edged with grey i rump grey ; tail-co-
verts reddilh-white. Cinereous B.

inhabits juniper woods of America ; 5^ inches long.

Cxrulea. Varied with rufous and blue ; crown rufous ; greater
wing-coverts, quill and tail-feathers brown with the
outer edge rufous. *'"^ ■"•

Inhabits Canada ; /^\ inches long.

Cyanea, Blue ; crown deeper ; quill and tail-feathers brown, edgec^
with blue. , Indigo B.

a. Shining blue ; inter fcapulars and Ihoulders varied witli
blue and ferruginous.
Inhabits America : 5 inches long. Female brown.
Bill lead- colour ; legs brown.

Queka. Grey ; front black ; bill fcaflet. Black-faced B.

2. Varied above with brown and black.

Inhabits near the 5eMC^fl/: 4| inches long. , „ ,,

Bill thick ; cheeks and chin black ; reft of the head, fhoiddcrs
and back varied with black and grey ; breafi and belly reddilh-
white ; quiU and tailfeathers blackifh, edged with cine-
reous ; legs flelh-colour.

Textri;:, Chefnut, beneath yellow; eyebrows and rump yellow;
middle of the breaft with a br»ad black band.

Jreaver a^

Vol.li-~3Z i"^^>"

538 BiRpS. PASSERES. 81. Emkriza.

Inhibits Africa ? fize of a fparrow.

Sides of the /zeai^. varied with yellow and black; bill z.nA. tefrj

pale ; tail black. In winter the wliole bird is much like

the houle-fparrow.

Ruha, Crimfon ; neck and back varied with olive and black wtthf
a few erimfon marks ; belly and vent cinereous ;
quill and tail-feathers black, edged with grey-green.

Crimfon B*

Inhabits the I fit of France : fize of the laft.
Bill black. ; legs pale flelli-colour,
Fcviale, olive, beneath paler.

Capenfis. Grey ; chin whitifli ; ocular band blackifli. Cape B,

2. Body beneath yellow ; fides of the neck with 3 black

ftreaks.

3. Body beneath whitifh.

4. Beneath whitifh ; throat varied with cinereous.

Inhabits the Capt of Good Hope j (ize of a fparrow.

Bill black ; body above reddifh varied with black ; crown and
nape varied with grey and black ; leffer zving-coverts rufous,
greater, quill and tailfeathers black, edged with rufous ;
legs blackifh.i

Fufca, Brownifli ; wings and tail brown with dufky bands ; belly
white ; noftrils, cheeks and chin with feathered tufts.

Barred-tailed B»
Inhabits China ; fize of the ortolan.
Bill flefh-colour ; leg^ rofy ; hind-claw long,

Ludovicia.'KviioviS fpotted with black, beneath pale; breaft rufous ;
head with a black crefcent. Louijiana B»

Inhabits Louifiana ; ^\ inches long.

Bill rufous fpotted with black ; head and throat reddifh ; rump
and wedged tail black ; breafl rufous ; greater wing-coverts
and quillfeathers bkck, edged with rufous ; legs cinereous.

Cia. Reddilh ; head with a few blackifli lines ; eyebrows white.

Foolijh B,

Inhabits EuTflQpe and Siberia j fizeof the yellow-hammer.
£i7/ black ; 2 middle tail feat hers brown, outer ones half white.
Male, head cinereous fpotted with black ; feathers of the body

black in the middle; ocular hand black; quillfeathers

black, edged with white,

., Fmak,

BIRDS. PASSERES. Si.Emberiza. 539

Female, liead with a cinereous line on the crown, the fides
varied with dufky and ferruginous ; temples with a white
line ; from the eyes to the bafe of the mandible a white
line; neck cinereous beneath ; breajl and belly ferruginous;
back reddifli, varied with black ; toi>igi cinereous at the
bafe ; tail blackifh-

Cirlus^ Brown ; brcaft fpotted ; eyebrows pale yellow ; 2 outmoft

tail-feathers with a w^hite wedged fpot. Ctrl B.

Inhabits France and Italy : 6| inches long ; feeds on feeds,

worms and infefts.
Bill brown-afh ; head olive ; temples yellow ; between tlie bill

and eyes a black fpot ; throat black with a yellow banql ;

body beneatli yellow ; taii a little forked, the feathers edged

with grey.
Female beneath ftreaked with birown j chin and vent white.

Familiaris Cinereous fpotted with brown ; tail-feathers tipt with
white ; hind-part of the back yellow. Familiar B*
Inhabits Jfava ; very fmall and tame.

Bod"^ beneath cinereous ; head and n^ck alh-colour ; bill black ;
coverts and tip of the tail white. ^^

Flaveola, Grey ; face yellow. Tellow-faced B.

Inhabits warm countries ; very fmall.
Front and chin yellaw.

iiimazonia. Brown ; crown tawny ; vent whitCt Amazon B,

Inhabits Surinam ; fize of a titmoufe,
Bafe of the wings beneath whitifh.

Oryzivora, Black ; crown i:eddi{h. i belly black ; tail-feathers daggered.

Rice B,
2. Olive-brown, beneath yellowifli ; rump yellow, tranf-
verfcly lined with brown ; greater wing-coverts and
quill-feathers black, edged with white.
Inhabits Cuba, and migrates to Carolina as the rice crops come
in, committing great ravages ; afterwards travels to Neto
York to feed on the young Indian com ; fings well, and is
6i inches long.
Bill black ', front, temples, back, {in the female rufous); tailing
body beneath black ; hind-head reddifli ; Jhoulders whitifh ;
quill-feathers edged with yellowifli-grey ; tail forked,
brownilh at the tip ; legs brown.

3Z 2 *Schcsniclus»

540 BIRDS. PASSERES. Si.Embenza.

f^Schctni- Head black ; body grey and black ; outraoft tail-feathers
clus. with a white wedged fpot. Reed B.

2, Brown, beneath cinereous ; head and neck blackifti ; 2 out-

moft tail-Feathers wholly, the 3d from the middle to
the tip white.

3. White ; wings dufky ; firft tail-feathers each fide white ;

fecond half white, half black ; tail even.
InHabits Europe and Southern Siberia, 2) Good Hope, 3) A/r
tracan, in marfhy and reedv places ; fufpends its neft on
' 4 reeds like a hammock, 3 feet above the water ; lays 4 — 5
blueifh-white eggs with irregular purplifli veins; fings in
r the night, and is much admired for its fong ; 5^ inches long.

J Bill brown ; throat and breajl black ; belly Mobile ftreakcd with

black at the fides ; zving-coverts and quill-feathers brownifh-
red, black down the middle ; tail-feathers pointed, the 8
middle ones black, 2 middle ones each edge, the reft on
the outer rufous; 2, 2 on the fhaft and the inner web from
the bafe to the middle white, outmoll each fide at the baie
and tip dufky ; legs bro\ynlfh.
Female, head and neck brownifti-red.

Provinci- Beneath white ; band acrofs the eyes and on the wings
alis, and chin white ; fpot under the eyes, flreak each fide

the chin, and breaft brownifli fpotted with black;
quill and tail-feathers dulky, edged with rufons.

Mujiachoe B.
Inhabits Provence i 4^ inches long.
BUI black j legs brownifh.

Lfjbia. Beneath white ; face white with 3 black bands ; breaft and
rump brownilh ; tail-feathers white, 2 middle ones
dulky, edged with rufous. Lejhian M*

Ijihabits Prooc7ic«,- refembles the lad.

Lothariii' Spotted with black, above rufous, beneath cinereous ;
' gica, belly rufous ; ftreak acrofs the eyes and on the man-

dibles black ; tail-feathers black and white, middle
ones rufous, outmoft nearly all white. Lorrain B,
Inhabits Lorrain ; 6i inches long.

Bill and legs brownilh flefh-colour ; temples pale ; leffer wing-
coverts cinereous, the reft varied with rufous and black.
Female, beneath white ; a whitifh fpot above and a rufous one
beneath the eyes,

J^fittaceoi,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 8i, Embcnza. 54?

Pptaua. Brown-afh ; wings tawny ; 2 tail-feathers very long.

Pfittaceous B-
Inliabits Brafil: fi?.e of a fparrow ; 1 1 ^ inches long.
Frontlet red Jifti ; midile tail-feathers tipt with bay.

Paradifea. Black ; breaft red ; 4 middle tail-feathers long, pointed,
2 very long ; bill black. Wh'tdah B.

Inhabits Africa, chiefly Anf^ola ; changes its plumage ever\'
fpiing and autumn, and during tlie winter wants the longcft
tail-feathers when the male is dark-brov/n like the female, and
5 J inches long.

Bill lead-colour ; neck above pale orange ; upper part of the
Silly orange, lower white ; vent black ; middle tail-feathers
4 inches long, waved, mpre (hining than the reft, broad and
terminated by a long thread, 5 — 5 13 inches long, broadell
in the middle and ending in a long thread proceeding fro:n
the middle of the fhaft -, legs flelb-colour.

bnpenalis. Black \ fhoulders red, banded with white ; quill-feathers
brown ; tail long, the middle feathers extremely long.

Imperial B,
Inhabits Africa. Cim. Phyf, 7. tab. 3.

Bill and legs dufky-brown ; long tail-feathers refembling thofe
of the laft, and are wanting in the female, and in the male in
winter,

Serena. Head black ; crown red ; tail wedged, 2 middle feathers
very long. Dominican B,

Length 6{ inches ; changes its plumage, like all the reft of the
long-tailed ones, twice a year, and wants the long tail-feathers
in winter.

Bill red ; neck above and body beneath reddifh-white ; feathers
of the lower part of the neck and back black, edged with
whitifb ; zoings black ; inner coverts and quill-feathers edged
with white ; tail black, iome of the feathers tipt with
white.

Vidua. Blackifh, beneath whitifh ; 4 middle tail-feathers long,
pointed, 2 of them very long ; bill red.

Long-tailed B.

Inhabits India and Angola ; lefs than a fparrow.

Temples whitifh ; wing-coverts with a white band ; quill-fe&-

thers edged with brown ; tail-feathers 12, middle ones i2{,

the next 9 inches long, nearly black, the reft equal, and half

white ; legs brown.

Princifa*

54?

BIRDS. PASSERES. Si.Emberiza,

Principal Variegated ; bread rufous ; 4 middle tail-feathers very
lis, long ; bill and legs red. Variegated B.

Inhabits Angola ; fize of E. paradifea.

Head and body above yaried with black and rufous, beneath
■whitifh ; lefler wing-coverts white, greater black, edged with
i-ufous; quill-feathers rufous; 2 middle tail-feathers 5!,
2 next 4^ longer than the reft, fhort ones brown with paler
edges and fpott^d with white qn the inner web.

Regia, Middle tail-feathers very long, equal, feathered only at the
tip ; bill red. Shaft-tailed B.

Inhabits Africa i lefs than the linnet.

Body above and vent black ; throat, temples, orbits and body
|)cneath rufous ; 7ieck above (potted with black ; tail-feathers
black, 4 middle ones 9 — 10 inches long ; legs red.

Lovgicau. Black ; flioulders orarige, edged with white \ tail-feathers
da, long, 6 middle ones very long.

Orayige.-fhouldered B,
Inhabits the Cape of Good Mope: fize of a thrufh, 20 inches

long, of which the tail meafures 15.
Bill ftrong, black ; fome of the quiil feathers white at the bafe ;
legs brown j clqzvs long, hooked.

Panayenfis Black ; brcaft with a large crimfon fpot ; 4 middle tail-
feathers very long^ pendulous, pointed, equal.

Panayan B,
'Inhabits Panay ; 12 inches long.

Angolenfts, Black ; crown and nefk yellow ; tail long, Angola B.

Inhabits Angola s fize of a fparrow.

Ciris, He^d blue ; belly orajige ; back green ; the feathers green-

brown. Painted B.

Inhabits South America ; 5-| inches long ; varies in colour by

age, fex or climate ; builds in orange groves.
The young bird for the firft year brown ; the old male, head
and neck blue ; orbits red ; flioulders and upper part of the
back green-yellow, lower part, ricmp and body beneath red.
Old female, above green, beneath yellow-green ; quillfea-
thers brown, edged with green ; tail varied with brown and
green.

Mixta. Grey j brcaft and thjoat blue ; belly white.

Mixed B.
Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. Si.Emberiz^r 543

inhabits China,

Bill pale, lower mandible at the fides of the bafe gibbous ; body
above grey with here and there a blueifh glols ; feathers of
the belly brown ait the bafe -, thighs grey with a few blueilh
feathers ; legs pale,

Qjiadri. Head and neck blue 5 back, -wings and tip of the tail
color, green ; tail and middle of the belly red ; bread and

reft of the belly brownifti. Red-rumped B,

Inhabits Java ; 5 inches long.

Cyanopis, Green ; rump and belly rufous ; front, cheeks and chin
blue ; quill-feathers brown, edged with green ; tail-
feathers edged vrith red, the middle ones green, the
reft brown. Blue-faced B»

InTiabits Java : 4 inches long.

Biti lead-colour ; middle of the belly red ; legs grey,

l^iridis. Above green, beneath white ; wings and' tail blue.

Green B,
2. Chin and vent yellow.

Inhabits India ; fize of a fparrOW.

Bill greenifh-brown ; fhafts of the quill and tail-feathers
white ; legs black.

Flatenfis, Above greenifh-brown, beneath white-afii ; .back varied
with black ; quill and lateral tail-feathers edged with
yellow. Plata B^

Inhabits near the river Plata ; 8 inches long.
Bill cinereous; irids bay; legs lead- colour. ^

Borbonica, Rufous-red ; wings, tail and legs chefnut. Bourbon B.
Inhabits the Ifland Bourbon : ^\ inches long.
Bill brown.

Calfat, Hoary, beneath vinaceous ; head, chin and edge of the
tail black ; bill, legs and orbits rofy. Red-eyed B,

Inhabits the Ifle of France ; lefs than a fparrow.

Irids rofy ; from the corner of the mouth to the hind-head a
white ftreak ; lower tail-foverts white.

*Chlor&ce-

$u

BIRDS. PASSERES. Sz-fanacrra.

*Chloroce- Bi'own ; head and neck olive ; back and wing-coverts va-
phala, ried •\vhH brown and black j tail forked.

Green-headed B,
Was once caught hear London, Legs ytfllowilh.

Crijid, Grey ; wing-coverts and breaft varied with red ; quill and
taJl-fenthefs within white, withotit varied with grey
and red. Grey B.

Inhabits Surinam : 5 inches long.

Surina- Grey, beneath pale yellow ; bread with oblong black fpots,
meiifis, Surinam Bi

Inhabits Surinam ; frze of a lark,

Afiatica, Cinereous ; wings and tail brown. Gaur B.

Inhabits /ntizfl ; 4y inches long.

kujicapilla Above brown, beneath cinereous ; chin ferruginous ; front-
let white, above reddiih ; tail black.

82. TANAGRA. Bill conic, pointed, notch-
ed, almofl triangular at the bafe, a
httle inclining at the tip. Tanager,

jfacapa. Black ; front, throat and breaft fcarkt. Red-hreajied T,
Inhabits South Avierir.a : 6 t inches long; frequents inhabited

places, and builds 1 pendulous, cylindrical and fomething

curved neft ;• feeds on fruits ; eggs white with fmall rcddifh

Ipots.
Bill black, lower mandible filvery, Convex on the hrnd-part ;

front lometimes black ; legs brown.
Female purplifli-brown, beneath reddifh ; icings and tail

brown.

Brafiiia. Scarlet ; wings and tail black. BraftUan T.

2« Bread and upper part of the back with curved greenilh

fpots.
3* Each fide the neck 1 femilunar blue fpots j edges of the
wings blue.
Inh-.ibits 5(Ju.';^ America: 6i inches long.

BUI black, lower mandible from the bafe to the middle white ;
Jeathcn at the bafe and legs black, ^Rubra,

BIRDS. PASSERES. S'Z.T^nagrt 545

Rubra. Red ; wings and tail black ; tail-feathers tipt with whitCo

RedT,
2, Tail not tipt with white.

Inluihits woods of Canada : 6^ inches long. Ternah green.
Bill horn-colour; quill-feathers brown, the greater part of the
inner edge white ; tail a little forked } legs black.

dli

ivacctt.

01

IVC

throat and breaft yellow ; belly white ; quill and
tail-feathers brown, edged with white. Olive T.

Inhabits Cayenne, Female green, beneath yellowifh,

Mifijipcn. Entirely red. Mififfipi T.

jis. ^ ^ , . ._

2. Head, wings and tail amethyftine ; neck above and wing-
coverts green ; fcapulars yellow, edged with greenilh.
Inhabits near the hiiffifftpi^ 2) Mexico : 7 inches long ; lings
finely ; feeds on Indian corn, which it coUefts and covers
over with leaves for winter ftore.

yEjliva, Red ; bill yellowifh. Summer T.

Inhabits during fumraer in North Anerica ; 6| inches long.
E\:s black ; quill-Jeathzrs blood-red at the tip ; legs dufky.
Femak yellow-brdwn.

Magna, OHve-brd'wri, beneath reddifh ; le^, front and cheeks
blue \ chin and vent red; the fofrmer with a white
fpot. Grand T.

Inhabits woods of Cayenm and Guiana : feeds on fruits and
lefler inlefts ; 8| inches long.

Bill brown, lower mandible with' a black ftreak each fide ; eyim
brows white.

jacdrina. Black-violet ; wiftgs v^hitiih beneath ; tail divaricate,

forked. Jacarini T»

Itiivs^ixs South America : fize of a finch; makes an hemifphe-

rical neft of dry herbs, and lays 2 greeni(h- white eggs with

numerous fmall red fpots.
Bill and legs cinereous. Male, in moulting-time partly black,

partly grey, like the female,

Violacea, Violet, beneath and hind-head fine yellow ; middle qurll

and lateral tail-feathers within white. Golden T.

2. Shining-black ; front, bread and belly pale yellow ; out-

moft tail-feather with a white fpot.

Vol, I, — 4 A iahibitj

546 BlkDS. MSSERES. 82. tanagra.

Inhabits Brajil and Cayenne : 3^ inches long ; is very deftfuC-

tive to rice plantations ; variable in its colours.
Female above olive ; young bird, blue and olive.

CceruUa. Blue \ bill black ; legs chefnut. Blue T.

Inhabits Cayenne: 5 inches long.

Gyrola, Green ; head red ; collar vellow; breaift blue.

Red-headed T.
Inhabits South America : 4^ inches long.

Bill horn-colour ; head rufous or crimfon ; wings with a white
fpot ; quill and tail-feathers edged with brown, 2 middle
ones of the latter nearly green ; legs brownilh.

Variabilis, Gxttn with a glofs of blue or brown ; ocular band black ;
quill and tail-feathers black, edged with green.

yariabk T.
Length 4^- inches ; bill horn-colour ; rump greenifli ; legs pale.

Tricolor, Shining green, beneath yellowifh-green ; wing-coverts
violet ; frontlet and upper part of the back black ;
rump tawny. Green-headed T,

1. Crown and chin violet ; an orange fcarlet band from the

eye each fide and meeting on the neck above ; coverts
with a narrow yellow band ; rump green.

Inhabits Cayenne ; ^\ inches long.

Bill black ; tail a little forked, the feathers on the outer edge
near the tip with a fmall violet fpot ; legs lead-colour ; chin
with a large black fpot ; perioral Ifand blue.

Grtjea. Olive-grey, beneath grey ; wings and tail black, edged
with grey. Grey T,

Inhabits Gmana and Louifiana : 5 inches long.
Bill black ; front grey ; legs black-brown.

Cayana. Tawny ; back green ; head rufous ; cheeks black.

Rufous-headed 7*.

2. Beneath golden ; back yellow-green ; head blue ; wings

and tail green.
Inhabits generally in pairs the open plains of Cayenne: fize of
a linnet ; feeds on ieeds and fruits,

Atratat

BIRDS. PASSERES. 82. Tanagra. 547

Atrata» Shlnining black ; back a little violet. Bhck T.

Inhabits India ; fize of a thrufti,

Mexic&na, Black, beneath ycUowifh ; breaft and rump blue.

Black and blue T.
2. Beneath white ; head, lower part of the neck and breaft
blue; tail-coverts green.
Inhabits South America ; 5 inches long ; fings finely.
Bill and legs black ; flanks fpotted with black and blue ; head
and throat blue ; upper wing-coverts blue-glo(Ty green, gieat-
er black, edged with blue ; quiU-featlurs edged, feme with
green, feme with white.

Guiancnfts Green ; head grey-afti ; front and ftfipe eagh fide from the
front to the nape rufous. Grey-headed T,

Inhabits woods of Guiana ; 5^ inches long.

Tcktao, Violet ; back black ; rump tawny ; head green ; breafl an4

wings violet. Paradlje T.

Inhabits Guiana ; hardly 6 inches long.
Bill and legs black ; hreaji, belly and vent fea-green ; leffer

wing-coverts golden-green, middle ones blue, greater violet ;

quill-feathers black, edged with blue, fecondaries and tail

black.
Male, rump, flame-colour ; female orange.

Nigrifollis, Olive, beneath yellow ; chin black ; bread orange ; wing-
coverts, quill and tail-feathers brown, edged with
olive. Black-throated T,

Inhabits Guiana : 5 inches long.

Upper mandible black, lower grey ; fides of the neck yellow ;
legs blackifh,

Albiroflris. Black ; bafc of the tail and fpot on the wings yellow ;
bill white. IVhite-bilkd T.

2. Bafe of the tail and fpot on the wings white.
Inhabits America : fize of a thrulh.

Bill long like that of the thrufh ; feathers of the back white at
the bale ; rump and vent yellow ; tail even.

Gularis, Bhck, qeneath white ; head red ; throat purple.

Red^headedT.
4 A 2 Inhabits

54^ BIRDS. PASSERES. 82. Tanagra.

Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana : 7 inches long.
Bill brown ', chin red with purple fpots ; tail roundifli,
3 inches long ; legs dufky -black.

Cayennen- Shining black ; bread each fide and wings beneath yellow,
i^' ' , Ne^ro T.

Inhabits South America. Bill and legs black.

J^ujfcollis. Black -blue ; throat with a large rufous band ; wings and
tail black. Rufous-throated T.

Inhabits Jamaica: 5j inches long. Bill and legs black.

Br'afdknfis Black, beneath white ; throat and rump blueifli ; face and
t)rea{l black. Turquolje T.

Inhabits BrafiL ; 6 inches long.
Bill biackifti ; head, blueifh.

Dominica. Spofted with black, above olive-brown, beneath whitifli.

St. Domingo T,
Inhabits 5^ Domingo ; 6^ inches long.

Q^uill-feathcrs brown, edged with olive ; tail a little forked,
brown-afh ; middle tail-Jeathers entirely, the reft edged with
olive ; bill and legs brown,

ijiilitaris. Brown ; breaft, throat, chin and fltoulders blood-red.

Military T.
Inhabits South Americas noar (5 inches long.
J5f//and /e^j brownifli.

Liuccce- Black-brown ; front white ; throat reddirti ; brealt and
phaia. wings purplifh ; belly and vent yellowiih.

Whke-fronted T.
Inhabits iiiountains of Brajils 4 inches long.
Bill and legs yellow.

J^loAia. £)u)ky-yellow ; throat, breaft and fpot on the belly black j
quill and tail-feathers black, edged with fea-green.

Tellow r.
Inhabits Brafil ; fize of a lark,
jS?7/ black ; ?e^j cinereous,

Aviboinexim

BIRDS. PASSERES. 82. Tanagra. 549

Amboinen- ^'ar^ed with black and bine ; crown black ; rump grecnlfh-
J^^' blue ; cheeks, chin, throat and breaft blue ; belly and

vent white. Amboina T.

Inhabits Amboina; 6| inches long.

"Upper wing-co-aerts blue with a purple fpot ; wings blue varied
with black and green ; tail black, reddilh at the tip.

Sihcns. Green ; head and body beneath hoary ; eyebrovf s, ocular
band and one acrols the throat black.
Inhabits the thickeft woods of Guiana ; is folitary and build«

its neft moftly on the ground.
Bill black ; le^s brown ; chin white ; Jhoulders yellow.

Canora. Blue varied with tawny fpots ; tail black "tipt with white ;
wings partly blue, partly tawny. Ccerukan T-

Inhabits New Spain j fize of a fparrow ; fings finely,
liiU brownifh ; legs grey.

Epiffopus, Cinereous ; wings and tail blue without. Bijhop T.

Inhabits Cayenne ; 6\ inches long ; tail a little forked.
Female brown ; head, neck and breajt blueifti ; belly grey ; ztdngs
and tail black.

2. Wings and tail blucifli ; fhoulders with a whitifli fpot.

Length -7 inches ; bill black, beneath whitifli ; coverts at the
flexure of the wings white with a few blueifh feathers ; pri-
mary ^Mi7/-/i'fliAer.v blueifh-green, fecondary nearly all brown;
legs blackifh.

Sayaca, Hoary; wings pale blue. SayacuT.

Inhabits Cayenne j lefs than the laft. Bill s^nd eyes black.

Punctata, Green fpotted with black, beneath yellowifh-white.

Spotted T.
Inhabits Cayenne : 4^ inches long.

Bill and legs brown ; chin, breafl and throat brown, the fea-
. thers whitifh at the edges ; quill and tail-feathers brown,
edged with green,

Virtns, Green, beneath yellowifli j lores, cheeks and chin black.

Green T.

Inhabits

55P BIRDS. PASSERES. 82. Tanagra.

Inhabits South America : 6^ inches long.

Bill black, lower mandible with a longitudinal blue band ;
quill and tail-feathers black, edged with blueifh, 2 middle
' ones greenifh ; legs brown.

Capitalist Above green, beneath yellow; head and lower part of the
neck black : breaft orange. Capital T.

Length 5 inches ; upper part of the ntck yellow ; quill and
tail-feathers edged with yellow.

Sinenfis. Olive, beneath yellow ; quill and tail-feathers black, edged
with yellow. Chinefe T.

Inhabits China ; 5-1 inches long.

Bill chefnut tipt with yellow ; legs black ; tail fomewhat
forked.

Criflata, Blackifh ; creft oyange ; chin and rump tawny.

CreJledT.

Inhabits Guiana ; 6| inches long.

Bill black ; chin and rump pale yellow ; ftreak on thtfhoulders
and upper edge of the wings white \ legs laad-colour.

Bonarien- Black-violet ; wings Jind tail growing greenifli.
fis. , • " Violet T.

Inhabits Bonaria j 8 inches long.
Bill black ; legs blackifh. Female brown, head black.

Atra. Cinereous ; face, chin and throat black, (female brown). .

Black-faced T.
Inhabits the plains of Guiana: 7 inches long.
Bill black, upper mandible whitifh at the bale ; legs dufky.

Pileata, Blueifh-afh, beneath filvery ; crown, temples and fides of
the neck black ; ocular fpot white, (male).

Hooded T.
2. Blueifh-afh, beneath white, (female).

Inhabits Guiana and Brafd: fize of a Iparrow.

Melanic' Above ferruginous, beneath fine yellow ; head and nape

tira. black ; wings and tail brown, the former ftreaked

with whit ifli. Black-crowned T.

Inhabits

BIRDS. MSSERES. 83. Fringilla; 55!

Inhabits promontarles of Caucafus and Gcorf^ia : -j inches long.
Bill and legs livid ; eyes brown ; lower zviiig-coverts \yhitini-

ycllow ; tail-feathers cd^ed with pale yellow.
Female above rufty-olivcj beneath whitifh-yellow;

Sililrica. Black ; the tips of the intetfcaj^ular and rump feathers
fringed with white.
Inhabits Siberia ; fize of a thrufh.

Bill fhort, pale, tipt with brown ; tail notched at the tip ; legi
black ; hind-claw nearly twice as long as the reft,

Atricapilla Reddifh-rufous j head, rounded tail and wings glolTy-
black. Black-headed T.

Inhabits Guiana : 7 inches long.
Bill black ; inner edge of the zoings with at white fpot.

Striata, Beneath yellow ; he^d ftreaked \<^ith black and blue ; back
above blackifh, beneath orange ; quill and tail-fea-
thers and upper wing-coverts black, edged with blue.

Furroiv-clawed T,
Inhabits South America : 7 inches long.
Upper tail-coverts olive-brown ; claws fvn:row«d at the fides.

Nigerrima, Black ; wings with a white fpot within. Guiana T,

Inhabits Guiana ; 6| — 7 inches long.
Female rufous, beneath cinereous ; bill black ; legs yellowifh,

Capenfis, Above ferruginous-brown, beneath ferruginous, and va-
ried with white ; tail blackifh in the middle, thq fides
brownilh-ferruginous ; bill yellowilh \ legs black.

CapeT,
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.

83. FRINGILLA. Bill conic, ftraight,
, pointed. Finch,

Lapponica Head black ; body grey and black ; eyebrows white ; out-
moft tail-feathers with a white wedged fpot.

, ' Lapland F.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and America: 6|- inches long; runs

along the ground like a lark, and fings on the wing-
Throat and breajl black ; neck above ferruginous ; belly, vent
and firft ^uill-Jeathcrs on the outer edge white.

Surinama,

352 BIRDS. PASSERES. 83.' Fringilla.

Surinama. Grey : quill-feathers each fide and lateral tail-feathers
within white, Surinam F.

Inhabits Surinam.

Bill yellow; belly w^hitifh ; quill-feathers black, the primaries
towards the hale each fide, the fecondaries at the bale and tip
White ; tail-feathers equal, blackifh, i, 2 with a white fpc>t
on the inner fide ; 3, 4,- 6 tipt with white.

LongiroJ- Varied with brown and yellow, beneath orange ; tail
iris^ olive \ head and chin black \ collar chefnut.

hong-hilled F.

' Inhabits near the Senegal; G\ inches long.

Long bill-ixxA legs grey-brown -, quill- fiat hers brown, the outer
edge olive, the inner moftly yellow ; lateral tail-Jeathirs
edged with yellow.

*Ccekbs» Limhs black ; quill-feathcrs white on both fides, the 3 firfl
without fpots; 2 ai the tail-feathers obliquely white.

Chaffinch.

1. Afhy, beneath fiefh-colour ; wing-coverts white, black in

the middle ; wings and tail black.

3. Body white.

4. Collar and crown white,

5. Fore-part white ; hind-part ferruginous.

6. Back yellowifh, beneath very pale.

Inhabits Europe and Africa; the females migrate from Sweden
to Holland in tlie autumn leaving their mates behind, amd
return in the fpring ; fmgs enrly in the fpring ; lays 4 — 5 dull
white eggs fpotted with deep purple.

Bill white, in fpring and fummer blueifh tipt with black. ;
crown, nape and fides of the neck hoary ; temples and throat
rcddifh ; belly and vent reddiiTi-white ; wivg-coverts with a
white blotch, the greater with a white band befides ; quill'
feathers yellowifh at the edge, white at the bafe ; tail a little
forked ; lags brown*

Female wants the red on the breaft and other parts. ,

*Monti- Bafe of the wings beneath fine yellow.

Jringtlla. Bramhling. Mountain F.

2. Eyebrows and band on the nape black ; body beneath and

rump white ; chin and breaft reddifh ; \> ing-coverts
with a whitifii band.

3. Body paler ; head white.

Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 83; Fringilla. SSS

Inhabits Europe and Siitria, 2) Afia ; 6| inches long ; fccdi
on the mall of beech and other trees ; eggs yellowifh,
fpotted.

BiU )'eUowi{h tipt with black ; head, neck and back blacky (in
t!ie female brown) the feathers edged with reddifh-brown ;
rump, lower pdrt of the breafi and belijf white •, throat and
upper part of the breajt reddifh-tawny, (in the female rcd-
dilh-grey) ; leffer wing-coverts reddifli, middle ones leddifh-
whitc, greater black tipt with white, thofe next the body red-
dilh at the tip ; quilLJeathefs black, edged vvith yeUowifti )
tait a little forked ; legs grey.

Lulenfis. Brown; bread and (houlders rufous ; wings black with a
rufous fpot. Lulean -F.

inhabits Sweden ; fize of the gold-finch. ^

Bill brown ; head and neck above blackifh-a(h ; throat white ;
bcUy and vent whitifh ; wing-coverts with alternate Rufous
and black bands, the lall white ; qiiill-f sat hers black ; tail
dark cinereous.

Erythrocc- OHve ; head and neck fcarlet ; wings and tail black ;
phala. wing-coverts with 2 white bands. Red-headed F.

Inhabits Mauritius IJland : near 5 inches long.
Bill black ; legs reddilh-grey ; orbits black.

I*fitiac:a. Green ; face, chin, rump and wedged tail fcarlet.

Parrot X
Bill black ; quill-feathers on the outer edge green, inner
brown-afh ; 2 middle tail-feathers entirely fcarlet with btown
IhaftS, the refl fcarlet without, brown wifchin,

"^Cardvctlis Qiiill-feathers blacky and (except theoutmoft) marked with
fine yellow in the middle ; 2 outmoft tail-feathers in
the middle, the reft tipt with white.

Gold-finch. Th'xfiU F.

2. Region of the bill and eyes fnowy.

3. Head ilreaked with red or yellow.

4. Mead and neck black ; bill fpotted with red at the bafe.

5. Whitifti ; front, cheeks and chin rcdi ; wings and tail

brown-afh.

6. White ; quill-feathers black tipt with "white*

7. Black J middle tail-feathers fulphur.

Vol. 1. — 4B 8. Blackifti^

554- BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Fringilla.

8. Blackifh ; bread grecnifh ; body beneath afhy ; frontlet

faffron.
o. Hybrid between the gold and canary-finch ; body yel-

lowifli-brown, beneath yellow ; tail yellow tipt with

white.
Inhabits Europe, Afia and Africa; fings charmingly, and is

very docile ; frequents orchards, and feeds on various feeds ;

builds frequently in apple or pear trees, and lays 5 white

eggs with deep purple fpots on the upper end.
BHL white tipt with black ; frontlet fcarlet, in the female

brown ; checks, hind-head, and belly white ; top of the head

black ; wing-coverts black, in the female brown ; ba<,k, rump

and brcajl chefiiut-brown.

hlelba. Green ; face and tail red ; belly waved with white and

black.
Inhabits China and Brajil'; fize of the gold-finch.
Bill flefln-colour, in the female yellowifh ; chin and rump red ;

lores blueifli ; quill-Jeathcrs black, the fecondaries and tving-

coverts edged, with red ; tail even ; legs brownifh.
Female, crown and neck cinereous ; bafe of the wings and

rump yellowilh-green ; tail brown, edged with red.

Afra. Green ; cheeks and tail red ; primary quill-feathers black,
edged with orange. Red-faced F.

Inhabits Angela ; 6 inches long. Zf^j. yellowifh.

Alario, Head and breaft black; body chefnut, beneath white;
4 lateral tail-feathers with a black line. Cape F.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 43 inches long.
Bill pale alh ; ntck black ; loings blackifh ; legs brown.

Icucotis. Above duflcy, beneath yellow; ears with a white fpot ;
primary quill-feathers blue, fccondary green.

fVhite-eared F*
1. Back and tail purple.

3. Head green ; breaft and tail purple.

4. Head, back and wing-coverts purple ; tail blue.

5. Head and leflTer wing-coverts brown ; breaft pale green,

6. Beneath red ; head, back, tail and wing-coverts brown,

the lower ones fcarlet.
Inhabits China : very fmall.
All the varieties, have the white fpot on the ear.

Amandava,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Fringilla. 555:

Amandava Brown and reddifh fpotted with white, beneath yellowifli :
tail-feathers black with a white fpot at the tip.

Amaduvadi: F,
2. Brown : wings with a few white fpots at the tips.
Inhabits Aft a j hardly 4 inches long ; is often tamed.
Bill dull red ; hfad, rump and ve7it reddiih ; back and wings

brown with white dots.
Female, chin and throat mixed with white, legs pale yellow.

Granatina Tail wedged : body reddilh : bill red : temples, rump and
belly violet. Brafilian F.

2. Lores brown : hind-part of the body violet.

3. Lower part of the belly and thighs the colour of the body.

4. Tail reddilh.

5. Thighs grey-brown : beneath pale tawny : crown tawjiy.

Inhabits ^rayJ/ ; 4 i inches long; fmgs well.
Bill and eyelids red ; ckin, lower part of the belty and thighs
black. Female, crown tawny.

Zeylonica, Yellow, beneath white and black : quill and tail-feathers
black, the outer edge yellow : head and bill black.

Ceylon F.
2. Back green : breaft and belly yellow iih- white : head
brown-red.
Inhabits Ceylon and China ; very fmall.

FufcicoUis. Crown, rump and vent green: back ferruginous: throat
brownifti with a cinereous and a reddilh fpot : tail half
yellow, half black. Brown-throated F.

Inhabits China,

Bill red ; legs yellow ; behind the eyes a white line ; quill-fea-
thers black with a yellow fpot.

Ignita. Shining chefnut : wings and wedged tail black. Fire F.

Inhabits Africa ; fize of the linnet.

Bill black, yellowifh at the bale ; legs flefti-colour.

Female paler"; front and fpace between the eyes red ; tail red

tipt with black.
«» ■ »

Trials, Yellow : front black : wings brown. American Gold-F.
Inhabits America : /^^ inches long.
2. Olive-brown, beneath white : neck, bread and rump yel-
low : quill and tail-feathers black, edged with white.

4 B 2 Bill

556 BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Fringilla,

Bill and Ugs white ; wing-covcrts black with a white band ;

tail and quill-Jeathers black, the lejier edged and tipt with

white.
Jf-'emale, head npt black 5 body above olive ; belly and vent

white.

^ena. plack, beneath -white ; above and beneath the eyes a white
line ; breaft orange. Orange F.

Inhabits South Avi^rica : 6| inches long.

Bill arid legs lead -colour ; under the chin a large yellow fpot ;
neck above and rump red ; belly and vent white ; zvings xid
tail brown : zoing-covcrts with a \yhite band.

Female, head and neck cinereous.

Lepiia. Greenifli -brown ; band above and beneath the eyes an^
chin orange ; breaft black. Lepid F.

Inhabits the woods of Cuba : as fmall again as the Canary bird ;
fings with a weak but very fweet note.

Bill and eyes black ; belly and legs purplifh-a(h.

Carthagi' Variegated with cinerpous, brown and yellow.
'nenfis. Carthagcniait F,

Inhabits woods of America : larger than the Canary bird,
ft// and legs pale brown.

^thiops. Deep black ; irids rufous. Ethiopian F.

Inhabits woods of America ; feeds on fruits and feeds, and is
I calily tamed ; fings with the feathers of the head crefted.

Autumna- Grcenifl^ ; cap ferruginous ; vent tcfticeous.
ii^' Aiftumnal F.

Inhabits Surinam. Tail entire,

Citrindla. Pale grecnifli ; back fpottetl with brown ; legs flefli-co-
lour. Citril F.

Inhabits Sov,thern Europe and Syria j 5 inches long.

Bill brown ; body beneath and rump greenifh-yellow ; lefTer
mng-coverts grccnifh ; greater quill iud tail-feathers black,
edged with green.

Senna. Pale greenifli ; lower mandible whitifli ; back and fides
fpotted with brown j wings with a yellow hand.

Serin F.
inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Frlngilla. 557

Inhibits Southern Europe; 4} Inches Kmg.

Upper mandible grey-brown ; hdy above brown, mixed witii
y.-llowiih-given, beneath gieenifli-yellow ; quill and tail-fear
titers brown, edged with greenirti-grey ; tail a little forked;
l('gs brown.

n--^iUa, Rijfty-brown, beneath and crown rufous ; bill red, flreaked
■with black. Senegal F.

2. Bin purple; neck and wing-coverts rufous; fides of the
brealt and wings above fpottcd with white.

ln\\\i\^\is Senegal, 2) Abyffinia ; 4^ inches U)ng.

Bill reddifrt with brown edges ; body vinaceous-rcd ; lower part
of the belly greenifli -brown; hind-head, neck, lack and a'ZH^-
(cvirts brown ; tail black ; legs pale grey.

Nocils. Black ; chin and lores rufous ; bill black.

Rufous-chinned F.
2. Lead-blue ; chin with a rufous fpot, quill and tail-feathers
blackifli.
Inhabits South America ; 4^ inches long,
Irids red ; legs blackilh.

}^'itcns» Black-blue with a (leel glofs ; bill and legs fiefli-colour.

Glofy f.
2. Black ; bill and legs the colour of the body.
Inhabits Brafd ; 4^ inches long.

Irid^ white. Female above blackifh, the feathers edged with
yollowifli-brown, beneath yellowidi-brown ; rump grey ;
behind the eyes a blackilh ftreak ; tail black, edged with
grey.

MclaniSlS' Black ; edges of the wings and tail ferruginous 4 belly
ra. with a few white fpots. Black and orange F.

Inhabits Moco ; 4} inches long.
Bill and kgs brownifli.

Mdanoleu' Black ; peroral band white. IVhite-hreafled F.

ca. Inhabits Java ; refembles the hft,

Pecoris, Brown, beneath paler ; tail a little forked. Cotvfen f.
Inhabits North America: 6} inches long; feeds about the cribs

and ftalls of cattle.
Bill blackifh ; legs brown.

Sinica»

558 BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Fringilla.

Sinica. Olive, beneath teftaceous ; quill and tail-feathers black
with a yellow bafe. Chinefe F.

Inhabits China : 5 inches long.

Bill and legs yellowifh ; body above olive-hro\\'n, a little
fprinkled with rufous ; throat olive,

Forjcata. Neck, breaft and rump pale yellow ; back olive ; tail
long, forked, blueilh-black ; head with a black, pen-
dent creft. Forked-failed F,
Inhabits Ceylon. Cim. Phyf.c)^. tab. 50. A.
Dr. Shaw doubts whether it might not with more propriety be
cortfidered as a fpecies of mufcicapa, or fly-catcher.

Mdanoce. Rufty-brown ; head, throat and quill -feathers brown ;
phala. f](jes of the neck and flanks ftreaked with black ; neck

above and belly white. Black-headed F.

Inhabits China: 4 inches long.
Bill red ; legs lead-colour. .

lufca. Brown, beneath brownifli-white ; bill and legs black.

Brown F,

Inhabits China: fmall.

Ndvia, Cinereous, ftreaked above ; temples white ; ocular ftreak
reddilh ; back and wings pale rufous ; tail black.

fVJnte-chccked F.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; 5^ inches long.
Legs black.

Euji&cm. Yellow, beneath orange ; fpot each fide under the eye»
blue ; limbs red. Eujiace F,

Inhabits St. Eujlace / 5 j inches long.

Variegata, Variegated with red, yellow, blue and white ; head red-
dilh ; breaft yellowifh ; tail tipt and edged with
white. Variegated F.

Inhabits New Spdin : 5^ inches long.
Bill yellowilh ; legs red.

Nivalis, Black, beneath fnowy ; fecondaTy quill and tail-feathers
white. Snow F.

2. Flanks ftreaked with black ; outmoft tail-feathers with a
white wedge-fiiaped fpot.

Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. FringiUa. 559

Inhabits Enropt.^ chiefly Dauphiny : i inches long.

Bill black ; head and Mck above cinereous ; iack and ruwip

grev-brown ; 2 middle tail-feathers black, the. lateral oiies

white tipt with black.

Monticola. Brown, beneath white : crown chefnut varied with grey :
temples, neck and 2 bands on the wings white.

Tree F.
Inhabits North America j 6| inches Icmg.
Bill reddifti ; legs brown.

Ca/pa, Redd ifh -grey : front and chin white: wings and tail
black. Ca/pa F,

Inhabits Abyffinia and Barbary ; frequents granaries in great
flocks ; excels the Canary bird in its long,

Arcuata. Chefnut, beneath white : head and lower part of the neck
black : collar and Itripe behind the eyes white.

Crefcent F,

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 6 inches long.
Lelfer wing- coverts bay, middle ones black tipt with white ;
quUl zn6. tail feathers brown.

Elegans. Above green : neck cinereous : breaft yellow : frontkt,
chin, rump and tail red : belly with curved white
fpots. ' Beautiful F.

Inhabits Africa; 5 inches long.

Bill and legs red ; rump and tail chefnut-red,

Formofa, Green: chin and throat yellowifh : belly barred with
white and black : bill and legs red. Lovely F.

Inhabits India. Perhaps the other fex of the laft.
Tailfeathers blackilh.

Butyracea, Green : eyebrows, breaft and belly yellow : primary
quill-feathers white on the outer edge. Tellow F.

Inhabits India j 4^ inches long *, fings finely.
Bill and legs brown ; quiUfeathers edged with white.

Canaria, Bill and body ftraw-colour : quill and tail-feathers greeniili. *

Canary bird. Canary F.

2. Body above browii : eyebrows yellow.

Inhabits

56d BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. FiingiJIa.

liilubits the Canary Ijlands, 2) Africa j is eafily tamed, and
domcilicated every where for its rich long ; feeds on various
{^eds, chielly hemp and Canary -grals.

Flavcoldi Yellow : front tawny : quill arid tail-feath'ers black, edged
with yellow. Saj[frotl-f rented F.

Size of the laft. ; bill palfe tipt with brown ; back greenilli-yel-
low ; tail forked ; /e^i pale;

*Spinus. Qiiill-feathers yellow in the middle, the firft 4 without
fpots : tail-feathers yellow at the bafe and tipt with
black. Si/kin.

2. Body black : crown yellow;

o. Pale olive, beneath yellow : head black : quill and tail-
feathers edged with yellow.
4. Rump and body beneath yellow.

inhabits A"it/-u^e; 4^ inches long; feeds on various feeds; is

eafily Uimed, and iings indifterently.
Crc^w/i black ; body yellowifh, above greeniQi ; ^rfa/? greenifh ;
zoin^s green ; throat brown, [fanaU white) j head and back^
in the female, grcenifli-afh fpotted witli brovvri.

Mexitana. Above greenifh-browny beneath pale ochre.

A^Iexlcan Sijkin,
Inhabits New Spain j in fize and manners refembles the lalt.

Catotol. Above varied with yellow and blackilh, beneath white ;
legs cinereous. Black Alexican Sijkin.

Inhabits Nexo Spain : {\zi cf F. fpinus ; fings fwectly.

BarbaLz. P'lle yellow : wings green, fpotted with black and red :
chin bearded. Bearded F.

Inhabits mountains of Chili, in winter defcends into the plains ;
is eaiily tamed, fmgs charmingly, and imitates the notes Of
other birds ; builds in trees ; fize of the Canary bird.

Bill white at the bale tipt with black; head hhck ; chin^in.
the young bird, yellow, when half a year old covered with
black hairs, and when full grown appearing as if bearded.

Female without beard, cinereous ; zoings here and there fpotted
with yellow-

Diucc»

BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Fringilla. 561

biaca, Blii'e ; chin white. Chilefe Fi

Inhabits Chili, about houfes ; fize of a fparrow ; fings finely,
elpecially at fun.rifc.

Sineufis. Olive, beneath yellow ; head, bill, legs ahd quiU-featherS
black> the greaiter and tail-feathers half yellow.

Chinefg Si/kin:
Inhabits China ; lefs than a fparrow.

Wing-coverts yellow, the greater with a black fpot at the tip,
leffer with 2 black bands.

Flammea, Brown ; creft flame-colour. Cr in f on-crowned F.

Inhabits Norland: 4* inches long.

£iU and legs brownifh ; hdy beneath rofy.

Flavirof- Brown ; bill yellowiOi. Ar£Iic F.

tris. Inhabits Norway and eaftern Siberia ; migrates;

Bill tipt with brown.

Female darker ; quilt and tail-feathers edged with grey ; tail
foinewhat forked ; legs black.

^tannd- Chcfnut-brown, beneaith reddJlh-White ; wings with a lon-
bina. gitudinal white band ; fpot on the crown and bread

red. Greater Redpole,

Inhabits Europe and America ; ^\ inches long.
Bill blaf k ; head and neck cinereous ; fides yellow ; middle of
the belly white ; tail forked, dulky, both fides edged with
white.
Female, head afh-colour, fpotted with black ; crown and hreaji
Without the red ; breajl dirty- yellow v>^ith black lines.

*Linota. Ghefnut-brown, beneath whitifh ; wings with a longitu-
dinal white band; tail-feathers each fidfc edged with
white. Common X.innet.

Inhabits £Mr(?^(» ; 5 J inches long; feeds principally on hemp
feeds, which it peels before it eats ; fings well ; lays 5
whitifti eggs with chelhut fpots.

Bill grey tipt with brown ; fides of the neck cinereous ; throat
with a brown line in the middle bounded each fide with a
white one ; back black, bordered with reddifh-brown ; bot-
tom of the breaft blood-red ; vent yellowifh ; 2 middle tail-
Jcathers edged with dull-red.

Females and young birds want the red on the breaft, vs'hich i$
Hreaked with brown poi^iURg downwards '„ie^s brown.
Vol, I. — 4 C •Jri»ar»>*

562 BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Fringnia.

*LinaTia. Brown, varied with grey, beneath reddifh-whitc ; wing*
with a double white band ; crown and bread red.

Leffer Redpole,
2. Belly whitifh ; eyebrows and band on the wings pale ru-
fous ; cro-vvn and rump red".
Inliabits Europe, AJia and America ; 5 inches long.
BM and Legs brown ; back black, the feathers edged with chef-
nut ; Jides with narrow dulky lines ', quilt-feathers dufky,
edged with dirty- white ; legs duflcy.
Female, fpot on the front lafFron.

*Montium. Black varied with reddifh, beneath whitifh ; feathers of
the lower part of the neck black in the middle;
wings with a white hand j rump red.

Twitt. Mountain LinneL
Inhabits Europe : 64 inches long.

Feathers of ihtt throat and breajt black, edged with white ; mid-
dle quill-feathers edged, fecondary tipt with white.

Caudacuta Varied with rufous and brown ; eyebrows, chin and neck
above rufous i tail entire, the feathers all pointed at
the tips. Sharp-failed F.

Inhabits Georgia ; 4,' inches long.

Bill and legs pale ; irids brown ; feathers of the body brown,

edged with pale rufous ; chin and ftreak above the eyes pale

rufous.

Georgiana. Brown, beneath whitifh ; lelTcr wing-coverts wholly, quill
and tail-feathers on the outer webs rufous ; chin and
throat moufe-colour ; under the armpits a black
ftreak. Georgian F.

Inhabits Georgia ; 6 inches long.

Bill dufky ; irids brown ; head brown, a little tumid ; middle
of the back blackifh ; legs brown.

Argento- Brown, beneath rufous fpotted with brown ; belly and
ratenfis, vent whitifh ; legs reddifh. Strafbourg F.

Inhabits round Strafburg ; fize of F. linota.

Angolenfis, Brown-afh, fpotted with brown, beneath chefnut ; fronlet
and chin black ; cheeks and throat fpotted with white ;
rump pale yellow. Angola F,'

Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Fringilla.

563

Inhabits Angola ; fize of the laft ; fings delifjhtfullv.

Bill brown; greater zoing-coverts and quill feathirs brown,

edged with yellow ; tail-feathers bi-own, edged with grey

legs flefh-ccAour.
FanaU above brown-rufous, beneath paler fpotted with black ;

temples pale rufous ; near the bafe of th? bill a brown foot.

Atra, Blackifli ; breaft azid rump pale afh.

Inhabits Angola : 4 inches long.
Bill cinereous ; legs black.

Dujky F.

Macroura. Beneath pale afli 4 quill-feathers brown, edged with
, greenifh ; tail wedged, the middle feathers narrow,

pointed, greenifli-brown, lateral ones brown.

Lcng-talUd F.
Inhabits Cayemie ; 'j^ inches long.
Bill and legs brown,

Petronia, Grey ; eyebrows white ; chin pale yellow.

Ring Sparrow^

2. Above varied with black and reddifh ; beneath white-afh ;

wings barred with white ; tail-feathers grey-brown.

3. Neck and collar whitifh.

Inhabits Europe, efpecially Germany j 5^ inches long ; feeds
on infefts and feeds, and builds in hollow trees.

Tail-feathers with a white fpot at the tip of the outer fide, the
outmoft, white on the outer edge.

Stuka.

Bononien-
p.

Leucufa,

Reddifli-grey fpotted with ferruginous, beneath yellowifli ;
wings with a double white band. Fo^alifh Sparrow.
Inhabits Italy ; fize of the houfe-fparrow.

Spotted with white, black and yellow, beneath yellowifh-
white ; head white with pale yellow fpots ; tail-fea-
thers pale yellow. Speckled Sparrow^

Inhabits Italy ; fize of the houfe-fparrow.

Bill yellow ; xcings dufky ; legs and tail yellowifh. ,

Yellow ifli fpotted with chefnut and varied with white
lines ; beneath and head whitifh-yellow ; tail-feathers
whilifh-afh. White'tailed Sparrow.

Inhabits Bologna in Italy,

4C

Brathyura.

564 BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. FrlnglHa.

Brachyura Entirely yellowifh. Short -tailed Sparroiv..

Inhabits with the lad. Brcajl and belly paler.

Palmauca Above reddjfh, beneath whitifh ; tail forked.

Dalmatic Sparroiv.
Inhabits Sdavonia ; larger than the houfe-fparrow.
Bill whitifh ; legs yellowifh.

Btngalus. Pale blue ; head and back grey ; fides of the head purple.

Blue-bellied r=
2. Back brown ; bplly and tail blue.

Inhabits Angola and Bengal ; 4A inches long.

Bill dirty flefh-colour ; quill-feathers brown, edged with grey •,

tail pale blue, a little wedged ; legs whitifh.
female without the purple at the fides of the head.

Jamaica. Grey; brcaft blueifli-green ; quill and tail-feathers black,

Bonona F,
Inhabits Jamaica; 5 inches long.
Bill and legs black ; wiV/jj, coverts and tail gjreenifh-blue.

Carta. Above yellow-brown, beneath yellow; head apd chin
grey ; vent white ; wings and tail brown with white
lines. Grey-headed F,

Inhabits Jamaica : 8 inches long.
JBj7/ blueifli-bfown; /e^j blueifli ; c^da-j brown.

Savanna- Above brown varied with whitifh and pale yellow, beneath
♦■"'«• yellowifh-brown ; belly and tip of the quill-feathers

white ; wings ^nd tail brown ; eyebrows yellow.

Savanna F,
Inhabits the Savannas of Jamaica : 4 inches long.
Bill brown ; legs whitifli.

Coccinea. Bright orange ; wirigs and even tail black ; quill-feathers
orange at the outer edge, the primaries tipt with
bl^ck. .Scarlet F,

Inhabits Sandwich Ijlands : 4^ inches long.^

Bill browjiifli ; legs black,

Punicea.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Frlngilla. 5G5

Punicea. Black; cheeks, throat and bread red; wing-coverts with
2 white lines. Red-breajied F,

Inhabits America. Bill whito,

Fcrrur^mea grown, the feathers edged with chefnut ; orbits white ;
belly and fpots on the breait paler. Ferruginous F.
Inhabits North America ; 54 inches long.
Bill black ; le^j brownifli flcfli-colour.

■^ '-I./;.-. Ch'Tnut, beneath hoary ; chin white ; cheeks hoary ; eye-
brows orange. White-throated F,
Inhabits Frnjilvania : 6; inches long.
Biii and ocular band black ; L'gs flclh-colour.

Fafciata, Ferruginous fpottcd with black, beneath white ftrcaked
with black; wings ferruginous; tail brown with
darker bars. Fajciated F.

Inhabits New York.
Primary quill-Je cithers black with whitifli edges.

Graminea. Varied with cinereous, ferruginous and black, beneath

. white ; throat ftriate; tail and primary quill-feathers

blackifh ; lefler wing-coverts bay, Gfafs F.

Inhabits New York. Lays ^ eggs in the grafs.

Middle and greater wing-coverts' black, arid with the primary

quiU-Jeathtrs edged with white,

Cinerca. Brown-afli, the feathers edged with rufty ; cheeks with a
grey and duflcy band ; chin grey ; throat cinereous
fpottcd with whitiih. Cinereous F.

Inhabits Aoonalafchka, BM and le^^s black,

Hiemalis. Pale brown varied with black, beneath white fpotted with
browp ; belly white ; wing-coverts and primary quill-
feathers brown, edged with white. Winter F.
Inhabits New York,

Striata. Head with 4 black ftreaks ; face yellow ; temples whitifh ;
wing-coverts and fubwedgcd tail brown ; wings
blackifh. Striped-headed F.

Inhabits New York ,* 5^ inches long.

Bill lead-colour; breaji blueifh-grcy ; belly Tpzh; legs brown.

purpurea.

5^^

BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Fringilla.

Purpurea, Oljive; belly whitifh ; quill-feathers brown on the inner

webs. Purt>le F.

Inhabits Carolina : 5-| inches long ; feeds on juniper berries and

the buds of fruit trees. Tail a little forked.
Female brown ; breajl only fpotted with white,

Bofea, Rofy ; frontlet filvery ; back with brownifli-grey ftrlpes ;
wings and tail blackilh ; tail-feathers rofy on the outer
edge. Ro/y F.

Inhabits Siberia j fize of the mountain F.

2. Reddiih-afli, beneath white; feathers of the head, rump

and throat tipt with fine red ; (jujll and tail-feathers

brown, edged with paje yellow.
Inhabits woods of Siberia : hardlv 5 inches long.
Female above yellowifh-afli ; chin white.

3. Blackifli, feathers edged with red ; head and breaft fcarlet,

the firft with browp fpots ; belly flerti-colour. *

Appears in April round Neto York.

lUaca, Feathers of the upper part of the body fteel-blue at the
bafe, olive in the middle and tipfwith brown, beneath
white, a few tipt with chcfriut j tail-feathers and cor.
verts above rufous.

Inhabits North America : fize of a thrufli.

Bill yellow with a browTi ridge and tip ; tnnpks white ; lower
wing-coverts cinereous, edged and tipt with white, the upper
rufous; quiel-feathers blackifh-brown, the outer edge rufous ;
/OTf yellow.

CyanomC'

las.

Blue ; line between the eyes ^^nd crefcent on the back
black ; equal tail and quill-feathers black-brown, the
latter edged with blue. Blue-headed F,

Size of F. Imota, Bill and lej'^s brown.

Piaa.

Cyanoce-
fhala.

Red; crown, wings and tail blue; belly pale afh ; rump
yellow ; back and Icfler wing-coverts purplifh, the
greater green. ^ Azure-headed F.

Inhabits China j 4 inches long.

Head blue ; neck above red ; back ferruginous ; belly,
rump and thighs blueifh-hoary ; wings, tail and legs
black. Blue-crowned F.

Inhabits near the river Scne<ral.

Torquata.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Fringllla. 567

Torquata» Above ferruginous, beneath white ; head red ; rump
blueiih ; arch on the cheeks, legs, tail and quill-fea-
thers black, the latter tipt with blue, and with a
white fpot near the tip. Lunar F.

Inhabits India ; 6~ inches long.

Multicolor, Black, beneath yellovrifli \ vent yellow ;• cheeks yellowifh ;

lower part of the back green ; wing-coverts with a

white fpot \ fecondary quill-fcathers with white lines

near the tip. Grcen-rumfed l'\

Inhabits Ceylon. Bill Llueifh ; legs grey.

Maja, Purplifh ; perioral band deeper. Cuia F.

Inhabits Cuba : 3^ inches long ; feeds on rice.
Bill grey ; head, tuck and body beneath blarkilli ; quill-feathers
grey-brown, edged with bay ; legs lead-colour.

*DomeJlica Qiiill and tail-feathers brown ; body grey snd black ;
wings with a Tingle white band. Houje-Sparroxv.

2. White.

3. Yellow, above clouded with chefnut.

4. Blackifh.

Inhabits Europe, Africa and Afia ; 5^ inches long ; frequents
inhabited places, and builds often under the eaves of thatched
houfes ; feeds on feeds and fruits, and infefls gardens ; is
proverbially falacious ; eggs pale afh-colour with thick-let
brown fpots.

Bill black ; crawn grey ; under each eye a black fpot, and above
the corner of each a broad bay mark fur-rounding the hind-
part of the head ; cheeks white ; chin and under fide of the
neck black, the latter edged with white ; lefler wing-coverts
bright bay, the laft row black tipt with white.

Female, lower mandible white ; beyond eaeh eye a white line.

^Montana, Qiiill and tail-feathers browa ; body grey and black ;
wings with a double white band". 'Tree Sparrow.

Inhabits Europe and North America j 5^ inches long ; builds
in trees, and like the lad is very gregarious.

Bill, chin and fpot on the ears black ; head diud vape bay;
body above reddilh-brown fpotted with black, beneath
whitilh ; wing-coverts black, edged with rufous ; tail-feathtrs
blackifh, edged with rufous ; legs yellovvifli.

Female without the blach fpots.

Pinttoruns

568 BIRDS. PASSERES. 83. Frin-illa.

Pinetorum Above feddifh-teftaccpus, beneath yellow ; brcafl whh J.
tranfverfe ferruginous band. Fine f.

Inhabits the pine, groves of Sil>(:ria.

Syhatica. Head barred ; body aibove varied with black and grey ^
bread and belly hoary. /f^ood F-,

Inhabits the pine forefts of «Sii('7 2a.

Hudfonia Above blacky beneath white ; outmoft tall-feathers white.

Hutlfon's Bay F,
Inhabits Hudfoii's Bayi

Flavicollis. Above cinejeous,- beneath whitifh ; chin white ; throat
with a yellowifti fpot ; primary quill-feathers black,
edged with brownifli ; bill and legs blueifh-grey.

TcUoiv-throated F,

Inhabits N'ew York.

Crijlaia. Chefnut, beneath red; crefted crown red; temples black.

Black^faced F,

Inhabits Carolina and Cayenne : 6\ inches Ions;,
Bill and rump red; legs brown ; tail long.

Carolincn- Red-brown ; belly white ; face and peftoral band black ;
/•J* throat and rump fcatlet. Carolina black-faced F.

Inhabits Carolina : 5! inches lo'ng.

Bill and legs brownilh ; zvings black ; tail Chovt.

Bicolor. Head and bread black ; back, wings and tail dirty-green.

Bahama Sparron'.

Inhabits Bahama and Jamaica : 4 inches long.
Bill and chin black.

Ahyjimca. Yellow, beneath and collar black ; wings and tail blacky
edged with yellowifh. Black-collared F.

inhabits Abyjfinia ; fize of the Canary bird.

Vait yellovvilh ; l^gs brownifh.

Ultramar Blue; bill white ; legs red. Ultramarine F.

nna. Inhabits Abyjjinia : li/e of the lad ; fings well.

Fcmalt and youi;g bird grev.

Syriaca,

.ridca.

Crijpa.

indica.

Ockracea.

Tejlacea,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 84. Phytotoma. 56'r)

Bfown varied with blackifh and yelloAV, beneath whitilli
with duflcy fpots j crown red. Tripoline f.

Inhabits 6yria j fize of F. linota ; fings well.
Bill and legs lead-colour ; chin and throat blackifh varied with
brown ; quill and tail-feathers edged with orange.

Olive, beneath pale yellow ; head black ; moft of the fea-
thers recurved. Frizzled F.
Inhabits Angola and Brafil ; fize of F. cselebs.
£iU white ; 7ieck black ; legs brown.

Brown-afh, berieath rufous-wHite ; bill, head, band on
the throat; quill-feathers and 'wirig-coverts black ;
frontlet, orbits and chin white. Collared F.

Inhabits India; fizc of F. caelebs.

iVmg-coverts and fecondary quill-feathers edged \vith rufous.

White ; head, fides of the neck, bread and wing-covcrts
ochre ; bill and legs yellow. Ochre F.

In^iabits Aujiria : llze of F. caelebs ; hind-head fubcrefted.

Teftaceous waved with black ; quill and tail-fcatherS
brown ; bill and legs tieih-colour. Tejiaceous F.

Inhabits Lufitania : 5^ inches long. Eyes black.

Imperialis. Rofy-ferruginous ; crown and body beneath yellQ\V ; winps
and fjiort tail duflcy. Imperial F.

Inhabits China ; 4 inches long. Bill and le^s flefh-colour.

Aufiralis. Brown with a ferruginous collar.
Inhabits Terrra del Fue^o.

RuJiy-coUared F.

Rnra,

84. PHYTOTOMA. Bill conic, ftraight,
ferrate : nojirils oval : tongue fhort,
obtufe : feet 4-toed.

Ph. Molin. Chil. p. 226.

Inhabits Chili ; nearly the fize of a quail ; has a harfh inter-
rupted cry refembling the fyllables Ra, Ra ; feeds on frefh
vegetables which it cuts down Hear the roots with its bill as
Vol, I, — 4 D -with

570 BIRDS. PASSEKES. 85. Mufcicap*.

with a faw, and is on thi,s account a pcft to gardens, aild dc--
teftcd by the natives ; builds in high, fhady trees, in retired
places ; eggs white ipofred with red.
Bill thick,, i an inch- long, toothed each fide like a faw ; irids
brown ; body above dulk^'-afli, beneath paler *, q.inU and
tnii-Jcath-ers fpotted with blatk ; taii rounded ; hind-tee
fiiorter than the fure-ones.

Sc^, MUSCICAPA. Bill nearly triangular,
notched each fide, bent in at the tip,
and befet with briilles at the root :
toes (mollly) divided to their origin.

Fly^catcher.

The whole of tliis tribe feed on infe£ls, chiefly flies.

Paradifi. Crefted'hcad-iilack ; body white; tail wedged, the 2 mid-
dle feathers very long. Paradije F.
2. Head greenifh-black ; body chefnut, beneath white ;

lower part of the neck and breafl grey.
7, Chefnut, beneath white ; brcalt blueilh.
4. Body paler ; wing-coverts golden.

Inhabits Africa and Jfia : 8^ inches long.
Iliad, neck and chin grecnilh-black ; back, rump, throat and
body beneath white ; zoing-coverts and quill-feathers black,
edged with white; 2 middle tail-feathers 15 inches long ;
leers lead-colour.

Mittata. Head crefted ; tail wedged; 2 middle tail-feathers very
long ; eyebrows blue. Alutable F.

2, Body and tail cinnamon.

3. Chefnut ; 2 middle tail-feathers varied with black and

white.

Inhabits Madagafcar : ii^ inches long.

J^iil and legs black ; head, neck and back^ greenifli-black, the
latter varied with white ; body beneath white ; wings black,
longitudinally white in the middle ; 2 middle tail-feathers
41 inches longer than the others, white, with a black fpot
near the tip, the reft \i'hite oii the iruier and black on the
<9uter webs,

Striatat

BIRDS. PASSERES. 85. Mufcicapa. 571

Striata. Grecnifli-afh ; back ftreakcd with black, beneath ycHow-

iili ; chin and fides of" tlie neck fpotted with brown ;

3 outmoft tail-feathers tipt w ith white. Striped F.
inhabits North America : 5 inches long.
Bill black : cheeks wliite i vape varied with bhck and white ;

cJij-ji and lidcs fpotted with black.
Female, head yellowifh-gicen. llroakcd with black ; eyel>ro}^'s

and eyelids )'ellow.

Martiflica. Head crefted ; body brown, beneath cinereous ; outer edge
of the quill-feathers whitifh. Mariinico F.

Inhabits Martinico ; 6 inches long. '^

Feathers of the croum at the bale, and quill-feathers at the e4ge
wiiitifh ; legs cinereous.

^Fufca, Brown, beneath ycUowifli-white ; bill, crown and legs
black. Black-headcd /.

\n\\A)\\.s Carolina ; 6 1 inches long.
Tail a little forked. Female, crown blackifli.

^jrannus. T^il very long, foFked ; body black, beneath white.

Fork€d-t:ailed f.
Inhabits Canada and Surinam : ^4 inches long.
Middle feathers of the crown yellow at the bafe ; neck above,
hack, rump, lefTcr wing-coverts and Jhoulders cinereous ;
greater wing-coverts And quill-feat hers hro\vn, the latter white,
on the inner edge ; outmo,fl: tailfeatliers half white on the
outer fide.

Forfcata. Pale grey, beneath white ; tail forked ; quill and tail-fea-
thers black, edged with grey, the outmoft of the lat-
ter half white on the outer webs.

Sivallow-tailed F.

Inhabits New Spain: 10 inches long.

BiU and legs black ; irids red ; beneath the wings a red blotch ;

wing-couerts pale at the edges, the lefTer cinereous, greater

blackilh ; ta.il 5 inches long.

Surinama. Tail rounded, tipt with white ; body black, beneath
white. Surinam F.

Fuliginofa, Black-brown, the feathers edged with yellowifli-brown,

beneath whitifh ; quill and equal tail-feathers edged

•with whitifh. Brown F.

4 D 2 InhabitJ

4

572 BIRDS. PASSERES. 85. Mufcicapa.

Inhabits Cayenne j hardly 4 inches long.

Bill and legs black ; breajl mixed with brownifh,

Aurantia. Greenifh-rufous, beneath white ; breaft orange ; head and
neck above greenjlh-brown ; quill-feathers black,
edged with rufous. Orangc-hreajied F.

;■ Inhabits woods of G;«'anfl„* 4 1 inches long.

Bill black ; legs pale.

Coronala, Brown ; crefh on the head rounded ; temples and body be-
neath red. - Round-crejlcd F.

Inhabits near the Amazon ; 5-I inches long.

Quill-Jeathtrs edged with grey ; legs reddiQi, Female, crefl: o.

Mtilachura'hrovfn, beneath ferruginous; throat (of the male) blue;
tail long, wedijed, with loofe-webbed feathers.

Soft-tailed F.

Inhabits marfhy plates of New South Wales j lives among long
grafs and ruflies, in which it hides itfelf very dexteronfly ;
3 inches long. Linn. Tranf. 4. p. 240.

Bill brownilh-black ; head with a pale azure bar from the baic
of the bill over the eye ; front and cheeks ferruginous ; mid-
dle of the belly nearly white ; feathei-s of the bacji and rump
long, foft, filky ; things l"hort, brownifh -blnck, edged with
rufous-brown: body above (Ireaked with hn)wniih-black ;
tail above 4 inches long, tlie fliafts black, {lender, and armed
Each fide with minute, {lender, black filaments like hair.

Female without the azure throat and bar over the rye.

Rujffcens. Glofly pale rufous, beneath white ; quill-feathcrs black ;
crow'n with a brown band. Rufous F.

Inhabits Cayenne j ^\ inches long. Bill and legs black.

Cinerea. Cinereous ; rump, tail and body beneath rufous.

Riifous-bdVicd F.
Inhabits Cayenne : 8| inches long.

Upper mandible black, lower grey ; feathers of the throat
whitifli at the edge ; quill-feathers edged with rufous.

Pygincea.- Beneath ftraw.colour ; head and neck rufous fpottcd with
black ; feathers of the back and wing-coverts cinp-
reous, edged v/ith green i fh ; quill-feathers blacJ:,
edged with grey ; tail black, fhort. Dwarf F.

InhaL.:,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 85. Mufcicapa, sJi

Inhabits Caynnie : hardly 3 inches long.

Bill black • beneath the eyes a pale ftreak; fioulders and rump
pale cinereous ; legs flelh-colour.

\linul<z. Olive-ercy : wings blackiHi with a few yellowifh ftreaks.

Ii-ihabits South America ; foniething larger than the laft.
Upper part of the hack and belly fliaded with green.

Barhata, OUve-brown, beneath greenini-ycUow ; crown orange ;

rump yellow. lihipredF.

Inhabits Cayenne. ' 5 inches long.
Bill dcprclled, broad ; whiskers longer than the bill.
Itmak grccnim-black, beneath yellowilh ; breaji brownifh ;

crown' with ail, oblong yellow fpot.

RabricoUis Black ; chin and throat with a large purple-red fpot.

purple'throated t.

Inhabits woods of South America: i^ mches long ; is grega-
rious, fceds on fruits and inlcfts, and often afluciatcs \¥ith
tlie toucan. Bill black

Crinitn, ' Crcfted head and neck blueiai ; belly yellowifh ; back

greenifli ; quill and tail-feathers ryfous. Crejicd I'.

Inhabits Carolina and Virginia; 8 inches long. _

Bill and /r« black; head, neck and back green-, rJmgs and tait-

coverts brown; chin, throat and breajt cinereous.

Fercx, Brown; chin, throat and breait cinereous ; belly yel-
lowifh • greater wing-coverts edged with olive.

' ^ Tyrant F.

2. Body brown inclining to rufous ; lefs.

Inhabits Cfljen/ic; 7 inches long. i,c^i blackifli.

Ludovici. Grey-brown, beneath yellowiHi ; chm cinereous; quill
arm. ' and tall-feathers edged with rufous. Louijiane t.

Inhabits Louiftana : fize of the laft.
Greater wing-coverts varied with white.

Aiida^, Blackifli waved with rufous, beneath yellowifh ; crown
yellow ; frontlet white ; rump and tail rutous.
^ ' ■ yellow-crowned h.

Inhabits

5-74

BIRDS. PASSERES. 85. Mufcicapa,

In'Iiabits Cayenne ; 8 Inches long.
Bill black ; ocular band blackilh.
Female without the yellow crown .; legs dufky-blue

* Alric^p

pilla.

Black ; beneath, fpot orj the front and fiiield on the
wings Avhite i lateral tail-feathers white without.

2. Above varied witli grey; thighs varied with brownlifd

white ; 3 oijtmolt tail-teathers edged with white.

3. Collar white , outmoft tail-feathers edged with white

4. Brown 5 beneath front fides of the head and longitudinal

hnc from the (lioulder to the back white
Inh:,bus£«r.^,, 4) /"^^'^ ; 4! inches long.
Ihll and Ic.s black ; tatUoverts Ipotted Nvith white
J^emale brown, beneath white; without the frontal fpot.

Ruticma. Blacky breaft fpot on -the, ^^ings and bafe of the quill and
taii-teathers yellow. r^ii.a., * -i j r-

itn"/'",'""? ,>'«°'"' ■• 4 J inches lo.l'""'-""'"' ^■

BdlhhAM, ■ Mly and «„( pale orange ; tail orange black

no.r Ae e„d ; . middle taU^f^atlurs bla k ; uTZlT

Virens.

G

reenifli-brown, beneath pale yellow ; eyebrows white.
L,habits dun.^ iujnn.er in Carolina ; 5. inches I^"'"'" ^'

^.!^!;r"; vt ^^"^' ^^T ^^"^-^ -"^^^ Wwn,^ed.ed with
white; i^zzJ brown ; /^(ri- black. ^

TzV/i/.. Green, beneath yellow ; belly and vent whitifli ; eyeb
and fpot under the eye whitifli ; tail brown;

Inhabits unfrequented places of Carolina : 7I itchef lonf • ^■-
yery n.y, and flics with its le^s exte.Kle.1. ^' ^ ' '

JiUl and legs black ;
*' mandible.

)rows

legs extended,
a white line parallel to the lower

^rhtrioa. Brown ; throat and vent fpotted with white.

Inhabits Siberia and Kamtfchatka.
Body beneath inclining to cinereous.

Dun F.

£'-ytkropis.

BIRDS. PASSERES. 85. Mufdcapa'. ^7^

Erythropii Spottedy beneath whke ; front red. Red-faced F,

Inhabits Siberia. Under the wings rufous.

Cayanen- Brown, beneath pale yellow j eyebrows whrtc ; crowre

/•»'■ pale orange. Cayenne F»

Inhabits Cayenne and St. Domingo : 'j\ inches long.

Bill and legs black ; middle feathers of the crown orange at the

bafe ; chin white ; upper feathers of the badv edged with

olive ; quill and tail-Jeathcrs edged with rufous.

Canadenfis Cinereous, beneath pale yellow ; lores^ yellow ; croWn
fpotted with black. Canada F,

Inhabits Canada : 4t inches long.

Jiill grey-brown ; beneath the eyes a black fpot ; throat fpotted
with' black; qidU-feathers grey-brown, edged with cine-
reous ; legs yellowifh.

Cinnamo- Yellowifli-cinnamon ; bar on the' wings and tips of the
mea. coverts yellow ; q^uill-feathers black, edged with fer-

ruginous. Cinnamon f.

Inhabits Cayenne : 8 inches long. Bill black.

Spadicea. Chefnut ; quill-feathers and e\cn tail brown ; wing-co-
verts edged with rufous ; rump yellow ; belly and'
vent yellowifti. Telhw-rumped F.

Inhabits Cayenne : 7 inches long. Btil brown.

Clivacea, Olive, beneath whiter ; eyebrows white ; eyes red.

Red-eyed F.
2. Eyebrows olive ; wings with a double pale band.

Inhabits in fummcr Carolina, in winter Jamaica : ^\ inches

JSzY/lead-colour ; ocular band brownifli, parallel to which is
another whitifh ; quitl and tail-feathers edged with white ;
legs brown.

\> Senegakn- Variegated ; eyebrows white ; outmoft tail-feathers half
fis, white. Senegal F.

2. Breaft black ; body ajjove waved with black and white.
Inhabits near the Senegal : 4J inches long.
Bill and legs black ; body varied witli black, brown and white ;
cheeks black ; brea(l pale rufous j 4 middle tail-feathers
black, the reil tipt with white,

1 Crijiata,

jy

76 BikDS. PASSERES. 85. Mufcicapa.

Crljlata. Grefted liead and throat gloHy black ; body above bay,
beneath cinereous ; tail wedged. Crejied Senegal F.
Inhabits near the Senegal : ^\ inches long.
Bill cintrtovxs ; gm-jxtx zclng-r averts und quill-feathei s bro\\'n',
edged with bay ; tail piirplifli-bay ; legs grey.

Borbonica, BettiS^ath cinereous ; Head greeni{h-black with a violet
giofs ; back and tail pale bay i rump grey ^ quill-iea-'
thers black, edged with bay. Bourbon F.

Inhabits thc'ijland Bourbon : 5" inches long.

Bill grey ; lell'er witig-coverts pale bay, middle ones black tipt
with rufous, greater black tipt with white ; legs brown.

Melancp- Ciriereods, beneath white ; throat browni(h-bay with a

(i^ra, - tranfvcrfe black bar beneath \ bill, wings and tail

black. Collared F.

Inhabits near the Senegal : 4| inclies long.

IVitig-coverts with a white band •, quill-Jciithtrs edged with grey ;

2 middle tail-feathers black, the rell tipt with white, the

outmofl wliite on the outer fide.

Kignfrons Brown, beneath olive-bfoWn ; front and temples black ;
chin and throat yellow ^ tail-feathers olive-brown,
the 2 middle ones brown. Black-fronted F.

Length 4^ inches. Bill blackifli ; legs black.

Leiicura. Grey-afli, beneath white ; bill, legs and middle tail-fea-
thers black, the reft obliquely half white, outmofl:
nearly white. fVhite-tailed F.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : 4' inches long.

Pondiccri- Grey-afli, beneath white ; lateral tail-feathers half white ;
^w«» fpot on the wing-coverts and eyebrows white.

Coromandel F-
Inhabits Coromandel : lefs than a fparrow ; fmgs well.
Bill and legs black.

Afra, Dirty-yellowifh fpotted with black ; crown rufous ftreak-

ed with black ; tail and wings rufous, the latter
edged with brown. Spotted-yellow F

Inkibif

BIkDS. MSSERES. 85. Mufcicapa. 577

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : 8 irichcs long.
Sides of the neck with 2 — 3 dark lliipcs and one from the
mouth.

Cana. Cinereous; head, nape and chin blackilh ; vent white;

quill-fcathers black, edged with cinereous ; bill and
tail black ; lateral tail-feathers cinereous at the tips ;
middle ones cinereous, blackifh at the tips.

Ajh-coloured ¥<■
Inhabits Madst^afcar : 8 f inches long.

yiadagaf. Olive; chin yelloW ; throat and breafl: yellow i Hi.
carienjis, Madagajcar F,

Inhabits Madagajcar ; -ji inches long.
Bill brown ; kgs grey.

Undulata. Waved with whitifh and brown ; head blackidi ; wings
rufous-brown. Undulated F,

Inhabits the IJlc of France ; lefs than M. atricapilla.

Tecler. * Brown varied with fmall rufous fpots, beneath pale ru-
fous ; throat whitifh ; tail and quill-feathers at the
edges and the latter tipt with rufous. Indian F.

In"habits the IJland Bourbon; 4I inches long.

Bill and legs brown.

Female white where the male fs rufous.

Rv-fiveti' Black ; vent and lower tail-coverts rufous ; legs reddifli.
iris. Rufous-vented F,

Inhabits Bourbon ; 4I inches long.

Comata, Black : beneath> rump and tips of the middle tail-feathers
white ; vent yellow ; head crefted.
Inhabits Ceylon. Legs blueilh.

Hcemor- Waved with brown, beneath white ; vent red ; fubcrefted

rhouja. head and tail black. Red-vented F^

2. Vent yellow ; tail black with a white bar towards the tip.

Telloiu-vented F.
Irxhabits Ceylon^ 2) Java; 4I inches long. Legs black.

Pftdii, Brown, beneath white ; vent yelotvifh ; crown, lores and
legs black ; eyebrows white. Guava F*

Inhabits Manilla ; lefs than a fparrow, Jrids yellowifh.

Vol. I. — 4 E Mdanic^

578 BIRDS. PASSl£RES. 85. Mufcicapa.

Melajiic- Head and cheeks black ; back and wing-coverts grey-;

iera. brown varied with yellow; bread yellow; quill and

tail-feathers black,, edged with yellow.

Tellozv-breajied F,
Inhabits Ceylon : fi2e of a gold-finch ; fmgs well.
Bill grey ; legs blueifii,

Xitens. Green-gold ; wings black ; throat and breaft rufous ;
rump and belly yellow ; tail-feathers long, green on
the outer and black on the inner webs. Green F.

Inhabits India.

Sinenjis. Greenifli-grey ; head, bill and legs black ; chin white ;
throat and breaft grey ; belly and vent yellowifti ;
quill-feathers yellowifh-green. Wreathed F.

Inhabits China : iize of a Iparrow. .

Grifea, Black, beneath reddifli ; throat grey ;- wing-coverts with
a white band ; tail a little wedged. Grey-necked F,
Inhabits China. Legs yellowifh-brown.

Fldvicotlis, Above green ; crown and orbits yellowifh ; face black ;

throat and edges of the quill and tail-feathers yellow ;

belly greenifh with 3 yellow fpots. Tellow-necked F.
Inhabits China : 6y inches long.
Bill red, each fide of the mandiblle a black ftreak ; tail a little

forked ; 2 middle tail-feathers tipt with white ; legs reddifh.

Flammca, Black ; back, lafl: wing-coyerts, breaft, vent, edges of the fe-
condary quill-feathers and tips of the tail-feathers orange.

Flammeous F.
2. Hoary, beneath fcarlet ; chin black ; 4 firft quill-feathers
red at the bafe.
Inhabits India : 6 inches long.

Female, head and back cinereous ; belly and vent yellowifh ;
rump and tranlVeric band on the zuings orange ; tail yellow
beneath.

Fvfrcjcens, Brownifh, beneath v/hitifh ; head fubcreftcd ; rump and
vent orange. Orange-vented F,

Inhabits China ; 6 inches long.
Bill red ; tail fon-ewhat forked ; legs purplifli,

Luzonien-

BIRDS. 'PASSERES. 85. Mufcicapa. 579

Luzcnien- Black glofly violet, beneath grey ; wings with a white
fts. ftiipe in the middle. Black F.

Inhabits Philippine IJles and Madagafcar ; very fmall.

Philippen- Grey-brown, beneath whitifh ; eyebrows white.
fts. Philippine F.

Inhabits Philippine IJles ; fize of a nightingale.

Cccrulea. Blue ; hind-head and bread with a black fpot ; belly and
vent bliieifh-white ; quill and tail-feathers duflcy-blue.

Azure F.
Inliabits Philippine If.es ; 5 inches long.

Bill black ; quillfeathers edged with blue-grey ; le^s pale
chelnut.

CyanocC' Red, beneath brownifh ; head blue ; tail-feathers tipt
phala. -with black. Blue-headed F.

Inhabits Manilla : fize of a linnet.
Bill and legs brown.

Maniilenfis Hind-head and back grey ; reft of the head and nape
black ; middle of the back bay ; chin yellow ; middle
tail-feathers black, lateral ones w^hite.

Tellow-throaled F\t
Inhabits Manilla ; larger than M. cyanocephala.
Bill., edge of the black quilifeathcrs and legs brown ; 2 tranf-
verfe bands on the checks, fanks and vent white ; brtaf red-
difh ; middle of the belly yellow.

Flahdli- Above olive, teneath ferruginous ; eyebrows, chin, throat,
/'^^^* fides of the neck and lateral tail-feathers white ;

middle tail-feathers head and Collar black.

Fan-tailed F,
Inhabits New Zealand ; 6\ inches long ; flies with its tail ex-
panded like a fan, and is eafily tamed.
Bill black ; zving-coverts tipt with white ; tail wedged ; legs
black.

Supercili-i Cinereous, beneath reddifh-white ; eyebrows black ; tail
^fo» wedged, the middle feathers black, the next each fide

at the tip, the reft entirely white. Supercilious F.
Length 4; inches ; dill black ; legs brown.

^E 2 Caledonicci,

580 BIRDS. PASSERES. 85. Mufcicapa.

Cakdonica Olive, beneath yellowifli-white ; chin and vent yellow ;
quill-feathers ferruginous. Olive F,

Inhabits A^ea^ South Wales j 6 inches long. Legs black,

Lutea. Whitifh-yellow ; -vving-coverts and quill-feathers fpotted
with black ; tail dufky towards the tip. Lutcous F.
Inhabits Otahcite ; 6 inches long.
Bill and irids lead-colour ; legs cinereous ; clazvs black.

Ockroce- Head, neck and bread golden ; body above yellowifh-
fhala, green, beneath white. TeJlow-headed F.

Inhabits New Zealand ; 5^ inches long. Legs black.

Flavifrons Yellow-olive, beneath yellow ; front, eyes, edges of the
blackifh quill-feathers and brown tail-feathers yel-
low ; arch over the eyes white. y'^llow-fronted F.

Inhabits Tanna IJland j 5' inches long.

Bill plumbeous ; tail olive-brown ; legs bluelfh*

Nxvia, Black ; middle of the back and fhoulders fpotted with
white. Ncevous F.

Inhabits New South Wales j 8| inches long.

Multicolor. Black ; front white; breaft and belly red ; vent reddifli.

Red-bellied F.

Inhabits Norfolk IJland : 4, inches long.

Lower mandible yellowifh at the bale; lower wing-coverts

white ; legs long, (lender, yellowifh-brown.
Female brown ; chin and lores grey-brown •, breaji and belly

pale orange ; vent whitifli-yellow.

Sand- Brown, beneath and eyebrows whitifli ; Lreaft: ferrugi-

ic'ichenfis. nous ; wing-coverts, quill and lateral tail-tt,athers

tipt with white. Sandwich F.

Inhabits Sandwich IJlands ; 5' inches long.
Bill black wijh a yellowifh bale ; legs black ; xhin ftveaked
with black ; middle tail feathers all brown.

O-hfcura, Brown, beneath paler ; tail-feathers long, even, pointed ^
belly inclining to rufous. Dujhy F.

IxihJaks Sandwich IJlands ; 7 1 inches long.
Bill iligluly notched near the tip ;, legs black.

Maculate:

BIRDS. PASSERES. 85. Mufcicapa, 581

Maculafa. Ferruginous, bcneatli pale chcfiuit : quill-feathers black ;
wing-coverts with a rulty-white fpot near the tip ;
tail-tcathers brown, the outmoil tipt with white.

Spotted-ivinged F.
Inmh'iV:, Satidanch IJlavds,
BiU black, the bafc of the lower mandible ed^ed with yellow. .

Torquata. Black, beneath wiiite ; breafl rufous ; innermofl quill-fea-
thers tipt with white, (male). Cape F.
2. Brown, beneath white ; breall black ; wings with a rnfou^
band ; tail-feathers tipt with white, (female).
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 4' inches long.
Sides of the neck^ collar and fpot in the middle of the zcings

white.
Bill black ; le^s brown.

Bicolor. Black ; front, orbits, throat, rump, fpurlous wings, band
on the greater wing-coverts, tips of the tail-feathers
and body beneath white. Black and white F.

2. White ; hind-head, neck, wings, rump and tail black.

Inhabits Cayenne j 4^ inches long. Female, 2) all grey.

Carolinen- Brown, beneath cinereous ; head "black ; vent red.
fis. Cat F,

Inhabits Virginia ; 8 inches long ; mews like a cat.
Bill and crown black ; tail even, blackifh.

Ochrolcuca Dirty-olive, beneath Whitifh-yellow ; chin and edge of the
wingS' yellow ; prirnary quill and tail-feathers olive.

Golden-throat F.
Inhabits New York.

^Itida. Pale green ; wing-coverts edged with white ; quill and
tail-feathers blackifh, edged with yellow. Nitid F.
Inhabits China; a fmall fpecies,

Atra, Olivc-afh ; bread cinereous ; belly whitifli-yellow ; head,

tail and quill-feathers black, the fecondaries at the
edge and outmoft tail-feathers on the outer webs
white. ^^^^ -f •

Inhabits Noo. York ; feeds on bees. Legs black,

Novehra-

582 BIRDS. PASSERES. 85. Mufdcapa.

Novehra. Greenifli : middle of the belly and 2 bands on the wings

ccnjis. white ; chin cinereous : fpot each fide the bill and

flanks yellow : primary quill and tail-feathers black,

T ^3^^J'^^ §'^^"- Hanging F.

Inhabits New York from May to Auguft.

Pajferina, BlackiOi, beneath white: tail black. Pafjerine F,

Inhabits Tii^na in the PaajJc t?ceare. " .'

Acadicc

Subcrefted, green-afh, beneath yeliowifli-whitc : wings
with a double white band. lejfer-^rejicd F.

Inhabits Nova Scotia, Legs bjack.

4<^Jo.. Rufty-brown, beneath yellowilh-white : middle tail-fea-
thers fubequal, the outmoft each llde much fhorter.
Inhabits Dauuria : fize of Turdus arunamaceus ; fings in the
night very charmingly. - & *i

J^W//./- Brown, beneath whitifh : under the eyes each fide as far
iand^a:, as the ears a yellow ftreak. New Holland F.

Inhabits Aew Holland : 7 inches long.
£ill yellowilh, dilated at the bafe ; tail a little forked.

i>rr.^.^«.^ Brown-rufous, beneath whitifh-yellow : chin white-
wings black, edged with rufty : tail-feathers beneath
glaucous, above black, edged with brownifh, the out-

Inhabits tarolina : 5,] inches long.

Bill black, tJie mandibles edged with brown ; legs brown.

Nigra. Totally black : bill, head and legs dulky-black.
Inliabits Society Ijlandt. '

Qchracea. Neck and breall ferrugino,us-afh : wings and tail black-
aih.

Inhabits tlie Cape af Good Hope.

Headend back brown; belly rufty-ochre: near the ^ar. fome
tufts of long fringed feathers ; quilUJeathtrs, wing-co-
verts and tail-feathers at the tip and inner fide black, outer
Wiute ; legs black ; clam yellow ; tail as long as the body.

Albifrms*

BIRDS. PASSERES. ^5, Mufcicapa. 5^3

Albijrons. Above black-brown : throat and bread whitifh : belly pale
ferruginous : front whitiih : bill and legs black.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.
Primary quiU-Jeathers brown, the outer edge ferruginous,

Melanoku- Snowy, the feathers brown at the bafe : breaft palifli yel-
ca. low : head and rreck as tar as the n>iddle, wingSj

tips of the tail-feathers, bill and legs black.
Inhabits Georgia, in fummer ; 6 inches long.
Female dirty-afh where the male is brown,* and brown where
the male is black.

Petechia, Brawn, beneath cinereous fpotted with rufoas : throat and
vent rufous. Petechial f.

Inhabits Martinico : 6.^ inches long.
Lateral tail-feathers edged With broWnifh and white.

Virgata. Brown, beneath whitifti-brown with longitudinal brown

ftreaks : crown fub-crefted, varied with cinereous

and yellow : edge of the quill-feathers and 2 bands on

the coverts rufous. Streaked i .

Inhabits Cayenne j 4.' inches long.

Bill black ; legs brown.

Agilis, Ollve-browh, beneath whitifh : quill and tail-feathers
black, edged with olive-brown. ASlive F.

Inhabits Cayenne j fize of the laft : is continually hunting af-
ter inl'efts, which it picks out from under the bark of trees.

Bill blackifh ; chin tinged with rufous ; tail long ; iegs
brown.

*Grifola, Brownifh, beneath whitifh : neck longitudinally fpofted :
vent pale rufous. Spotted F.

Inhabits Europe; 5' inches long ; appears in England in the
fpring, and retires in Auguft •, builds in holes of walls or
hollow trees •, is fond of cherries ; eggs pale Ipotted with
rcddifh.
Bill black, whitiih at the bafe ; infide of the mouth yelbw ;
head large, brownifh, fpotted with black ; back moufe-co-
lour ; wings and tail black, the former edged with white ;
chin fpotted with red; legs black.

Dichroa*

5g4 BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilu.

Dichroa, Above cinereous, beneath ochre ; tail-feathers partly ochre^
partly cinereous. ' Two-cohuj-ed F.

Inhabits Africa. Bill and kgs blackifh.

Deferti, Body ferruginous and footy ; ^^ngs and tail blackifh ;
bill yellowiih. Defcrt F.

Inhabits delerts of Arabia. Legs black.

Javanica. Tail v^rv long, rounded ; body varied with black and fer-
ruginous^ beneath white ; throat black ; eyebrows
white. Javan F.

Inhabits Java : fize of M. grifolai

Bill and legs black ; feathers of the body above blackifh tipt
with ferruginous ; 8 of the tail-feathers tipt with white.

Alba, White ; head yellowifti-fulphur. ffhite F.

Inhabits round Stockholm.

Bill white, a little depreiTed ; . Afaii, throat and part of the
neck yellowiih. Perhaps a Motacilla.

Cambaisn- GlolTy-black ; back yellow ifh-green ; beneath tawny-yel-
/:.. low j wing-coverts with a double white band.

Cajnbay F.
Inhabits Cambay ; fize of M. atricapilla.

Bill deprcffed, broad, blackifli ; zv in g- coverts tipt with whitCj
forming a double band ; legs blueilh.

S6, MOTACILLA. Bill fubulate, ftraight;
the mandibles nearly equal : nqftrils
oboval : tongue lacerate at the end.

Wag-taiL Warbler,

'*Lvfcina. Rufous-afh, beneath white-alh ; tail-feathers rufous-
brown ; bracelets cinereous. Nightingale.
2. Body fomething larger.
2. Body entirely white.

Inhabits Europe, Afia and Africa : 6| inches long ; is of all
birds the mofl famed for its long ; vifits England the begin-
ning of April and leaves it in autumn ; frequents thick
hedges ; fuigs the greater part of the night and ■ during the

tJKi<r

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla. 585

time that the hen is hatching ; breeds 3 — 4 times a year, and
lays^4 — 5 greenifh-brovvn eggs; feeds on the larvas of
in lefts.
BiU bi-own ; htad and bdck pale moufe-colour with olive
fpots ; tail red-moule-colour ; U^s and qiiiU-fcatlien brown-
aih, the latter chelhut on the outer edge.

Caiidris, Above greenifh-brovv^ni beneath tawny ^ ocular line and

one beneath black. Hang-neji JV.

Inhabits Jamaica ; fize of a robin ; builds a hanging neft.

Bill blackifh ; lateral tail and quill-J cat hers within rufous ;

temples orange ; zvtTig-coverts edged wi;h yellowilh ; legs

blackifh.

Bonarien- Black ; throat and flanks ferruginous ; face, chin, middle
Jis. of the belly and outraoft tail-feathers w^hite.

ff'liite-chtnned Pf\

Inhabits Bonaria ^ 5^ inches long.

BiU blackifh ; hind-claw large.

Palmarwm Brown, beneath dirty-yellowifh-white ; belly yellowifh ;

rump olive ; 2 outmoll tail-feathers with a white band

near the tip. Palm W.

Inhabits St. Domingo ; 5 inches long ; feeds on feeds and fruits ;

has a fine note, and builds among palm trees.

Barnani' Black -grey, beneath yellpwifli ; armpits yellow ; vent va-

'-ora. ried with yellow and grey ; chin cinereous ; tip of the

tail-feathers, fpot on the wings and eyebrows white ;

lores black. Banana If\

Inhabits St. Domingo ; ^\ inches long ; feeds on feeds, iiilefts
and fruits, particularly bananas.

Vermivora. Olive ; head, throat and breaft tawny ; ocular band and
arch over the eyes black ; over the eyes a yellowilh
line ; vent cinereous. fVorm-eating iV>

Inhabits Ptnfylvania : lize of the hedge-fparrow.
Bill black, beneath flefh-colour; legs tlelh-colour.

Madagaf- Olive-brown; head rufous; chin white; breaft reddifh i
ctirenjis, belly brown-rufous. Madagajcar fV»

Inhabits Madagaf car ; 6 j inches long.
Bill and legs brown.

Vol. I, 4 F * Modularity

586 BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motaciila.

*Modula- Above grey-brown ; wing-coverts tipt with white ; breaft

ris. bluei(h-alh. Hedge-fparrow. Hedge fV.

Inhabits Europe ; 5 v inches long ; frequents low hedges, where

it builds and lays 4 — 5 blueifh eggs ; fmgs through the

whole winter.

Bill blackifh ; cheeks flriped with white ; feathers of the back

and wing-coverts edged with chefnut ; wings and tail dulky ;

ruvip greeni(h-brov;n ; chin and breaji cinereous ; belly

whitifh ; vent yellowilh ; Legs flelh-colour.

Juncorum. Brcfwn, beneath paler ; tail fomewhat forked. Ru^ W.

. Inhabits Virginia and Carolina : lefs than the laft.

Aquatica. Above pale rufoiis fpotted with brown ; throat and breaft
reddifh ; belly and rump whitifh. Aquatic W.

Inhabits Italy ;- migrates.

Spot above the outer corner of the eye^ and band at the bafe of
the wing white j tail-feathers pointed.

Schcenoha' Teftaceous-brown, beneath pale teftaceous ; head fpotted.

nus. Reed W.

Inhabits marfhy woods of Europe; fize of M. hippolais ; is

very t^me, and fmgs through the whole winter.
Bill blackifn ; quill-feathers brown, edged with rufous ; tail
brown ; legs whitifh.

Campeflris,^"^^^^ i bead greenifh-afli ; tall tlie colour of the body ;
belly whitifh. Simple JV.

Inhabits Jamaica ; fize of the hedge-fparrow.
Bill black ; neck greenifh-alli 5 body beneath brownifh-white ;
legs brown.

Macroura. Brown, beneath whitifli -yellow fpotted with blackifh ;
eyebrows white ; tail wedged, long.

Great-tailed W\
Inhabits the Capt of Good Hope.; 6 inches long.

J.ongi- Olive ; crown reddifh ; quill-feathers olive-brown ; tail-
Cauda, feathers long, narrow, the middle ones longer.

Loyig-tailed JV.
Inhabits China ; is tame, and has a fine note,

CurtKcat

BIRDS. PASSERES. S6. Motacllla. 587

Ciirucca. Above brown, beneath wliitifli ; tail-feathers brown, the

outmoft white on the thinner edge. Babbling fV.

Inhabits Europe; 5 inches long; builds in hedges and lays

3 — 5 greenifh eggs fpotted wiui brown.
Bill blackifh ; crown and ftreak. beneath the (ya cinereous ;
zving-ccverts on the inner edge white, outer edge rufous-
grey, greater cinereous ; tail-feathers edged with grey ; tegs
brown. '

Pajferina, Cinereous, beneath grey-white ; eyebrows whitifh ; wings
and tail black. Pa£erine IV.

Inhabits France and Italy '55 inches long ; has a hmple note,
and lays 4 whitifh eggs fpotted with green.

^Hippolais Greenifli-afh, beneath yellowifh ; belly whitifh ; limbs
brown ; eyebrows whitifh. Lefjer Petty-chaps.

Inhabits Europe j larger than the linrtet ; builds under beams,
or in a low flirub ; eggs white with fmall red fpots.

Upper viavdible black, lower blueifh ; infide of the mouth red ;
above and beneath the eyes a yellowifll line ; quiil and tail-
feathers moufe- colour, edged with greenifh, the fhafts bla^k ;
lower wing-coverts yellow ; bc'Uy filvery.

*Silvatica. Above olive-green; throat and cheeks yellow; belly and
and vent fine filvery ; tail-feathers brown, and except
the firfl, green on the outer webs, and white on the
inner. Wood Wren.

Inhabits England; 5I inches long; frequents woods, and
fearches about trees for infefts. Linn, iranj, 2. 245.

BM horn-colour ; irids hazel ; breaji pale yellow ; through
the eye a yellow line ; tail rather forked, brown ; under part
of the Jkoulder bright yellow ; legs horu-colour,

Hortcnfis. Grey-brown, beneath rufous-white ; eyebrows whitifh ;
quill-feathers brown-afh, edged with grey, the out-
moil on the outer web and near the tip on the inner
whitifh. Petty-chaps,

Inhabits France and Italy ; 6 inches long ; frequents gardens.

Bill blackilb ; lateral tail-feathers edged with grey-brown ; legs
brown,

Rufa, Rufous-grey, beneath white: eyebrows white.

^ Rufous JV.

Inhabits France and Germany ; 4^ inches long; lays 5 green-
ifh-white eggs with duflcy fpots,

4 F 2 *Salicariai

588

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

*Salicaria, Cinereous, beneath white ; eyebrows white. Sedge IF.
Inhabits fedgv places of Europe ; fize of M. atricaplUa, but
flenderer ; lings in the night, and imitates the notes of other
birds ; eggs wlaitifh varied with brown.
Bill black ; head brown with du{ky flreaks ; hind-part of the
neck and back reddifli-brown ; hack I'pqtted with black ; tail-
coverts tawny ; wing-coverts dufky, edged with pale brown ;
tail brown, wedged ; -legs dufky.

^Sylvia, Above cinereous, beneath white ; firft tail-feathers longi-
tudinally half white, the fecond tipt with white.
*2. Above reddilh-afh, beneath rcddiili-white ; throat white ;
outiPiofl tail-feathers on the upper part of the inner
Tide and whole of the outer iide white.

fFhiie Throat.
Inhabits Europe : c^\ inches long ; migrates ; frequents gar-
dens, and builds in low buflies ; lays 5 pale green eggs,
fprinkled with reddifh-brown fpots.
Bill black, white at the bafe j kzad brow^iifli-afh ; back

reddifli.
Female, breaji and belly fnowy.

^SylvieUq. Brown-afh, beneath dirty-white ; 2 middle tail-feathers

fhorter, fubulate. Lef/'er fVhite Throat.

Inhabits Europe- is common in the hedges in England:

hardly 5 inches long ; builds in low flirubs ; eggs white

Ipotted with brown.
Bill dufky, the bafe beneath yellowifh ; irids dufky ; crown

deeper than the body; legs brown.

Ficedula. BrOwnifh, beneath white ; breafl: fpotted with cinereous.

Epicurean fV.
Inhabits Europe : 5 inches long ; flefh delicious.
Bill and legs blackifli ; wings brown-afli with a white band ;
tail-feathers black, edged with giey-brown, the outmoft
white on the outer fide ; neck white.

^xvia, Reddifh-brown varied with yellowifli and cinereous, be-
neath white; bread yellowifh fpotted with black;
quill and tail-feathers blackifh, edged with white.

Fig-e^ter.
Inhabits Italy : 5^ inches long ; feeds on figs and grapes.
^z7^ chelhut ; legs rzddiih ', c/awJ black. '

Patagonica,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla. 589

Pafagoni- Cinereous ; chin, throat, eyebrows and ontmort: tail-fea-

ca. thers white ; wings varied with brownifh, the coverts

with a brownifh band ; quill-feathers edged with

brown. Patagonian fV.

Inhibits Patagonia : 9 inches long ; feeds on fea-worms and

fliell-fifh.
Bill black, edged with cinereous ; body above ftieaked with
wliite ; legs black ; hind-claw very long.

*Provinci- Chefnut, beneath ferruginous ; middle of the belly, edge
alis. of the quill-feathcrs, fpurious wings and outer fide of

the outmoft tailrfeathers white ; eyebrows red.

Dartford W,
Inhabits Europe: above 5 inches long.

Bill black, the bafe beneath white ; iridi fcarlet ; tail black, as
long as the body ; legs yellow.

AJricana. Black ; the feathers edged with rufous-grey, beneath
whitifh-rufous ; crown rufous fpotted with blackifh ;
each fide the chin a longitudinal black ftreak ; quill
and 4 middle tail-feathers brown, edged with rufous,
the reft rufous on the outer fide. African If,

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : 7^ inches long.

Bill horn-colour ; tail (lightly wedged ; legs grey-brown.

.Novcebora- Varied with cinereous and brown, beneath yellowifli,
ctnfis. ftreaked with black ; eyebrows white.

Neiv York fK
Inhabits New York and Lo^iijiana, : 5 finches long.
Bill black ; legs pale cheihut.

Umhria. Grey-br»wn, beneath white with a few black fpots ; back
with dulky fpots ; rump yellowifli ; wing-coverts, tail-
feathers and upper coverts black, edged with white.

Umbrofe W,
Inhabits Louifiana : c^\ inches long.
Bill black ; greater quill-feathers and legs blackifll.

flavicoUis. Grey, beneath white ; throat pale yellow ; front, eye-
brows, and fides of the neck black; wings with a
double white band. TeUow-throated W.

Inhabits Carolina : 5^ Inches long.

Tail-feathers black, lateral ones white on the inner fide ; bill
black with a yellow fp0t each fide the bafe ; legs brown.

Trichias,

5$© BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. MotaciUa.

Trichias, Ollvci, beneath white ; head with a tranfvcrfe white bar ;
thighs and vent orange. Orange-thighed IV.

Inhabits Louijiana : 5^- inches long ; tail rounded.

Rujicanda. Brown, beneath white ; back inclining to rufous ; edge of
the tjuill-feathers, wing-coverts and tail rufous ; chin
white fpotted with black ; breaft pale brown.

Rufous-tailed W.
Inhabits C<j}'eKMe ; 5 1 inches long,

Fu/cicoUis. Greeniih-brown ; breaft and belly yellow ; tail greenifli ;
wing-coverts and quill-feathers brown, edged with
pale rufous, TeUGW-bellied W.

Inhabite Cayenne: fize of a humming-bird.

Carukf. Blue-grey, beneath white ; chin black ; wing-coverts and
CMS. quill-feathers brown, the former with a white fpot,

the latter edged with blue-grey. Blue-grey IV^

Inhabits St. Domingo : 4-j inches long.

Americana Blue-grey ; armpits olive-yellow ; throat and breaft yeU
low ; belly and tips of the wing-coverts white; tail
pale at the tip. Tellow -hacked W,

Inhabits America. Bill pale ; legs brownifli.

Penjilis, Grey, beneath yellow; belly and eyebrows white ; lores
fpotted with yellow ; wing-coverts wit-h alternate
white and black bands. Penjile JV,

Inhabits 5^. jOomiw^o ; 4^ inches long; fings very finely, and
feeds alfo on fruits ; builds a hanging neft over water, open
at the bottom and moveable by the wind.

Bill black ; head grey-black ; fides of the ncek and jlayiks
fpotted witi^ black ; 4 outmoft; tail-feathers fpotted with
white ; legs greenifh-grey.

*Alha, Breaft black ; 2 lateral tail-feathers obliquely half white.

fV}}tte Wagtail.
2. Whitifh ; back, wing-coverts and tail pale afti ; bill and

legs purplifh.
3« Cinereous ; breaft black ; frontlet, chin, cheeks, oblique
band on the wings and 2 outnaoft tail-feathers white.

Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

59t

Inhabits almoft every where ; -7 inches long ; frequents the
fides of ponds and fmall (treams ; feeds on infefts ; runs
fwiftly afid continually wags its tail ; lays 5 white eggs Ipot-
ted with brown.

Bill, kind-head, nape, throat and legs black ; front, orbits,
fides of the neck and belly white ; body above cinereous ;
greater quill-Jeathers blackifh, fecondary and zuing-coverts
dufky, edged with grey •, middle tail-feathers black, edgeii
with grey.

Female, crown brown.

Black, beneath white : oblique band on the wings and la-
teral tail-feathers white. Figd IVagta'd.
Inhabits Madrafs.
Female cinereous where the male is black.

Cinerta, Grey-afli, beneath white : bread (in the male) with a
band ; tail black, the 2 outmoft feathers moftly
white. Cinereous ff^agtail.

Inliabits Europe : 6\ inches long ; frequents waters.

Bill and legs brown ; primary quill-feathers blackiih-brown,
fecondary and coverts blackifh, edged with dull white,

Jndica, Greenrfli-grey, beneath yellow : bread: with 2 curved con-
fluent bands : middle tail-feathers greenifh-grey, the
reft blackilh-brown, the outmoft and vent white.

Indian fVagtail,
Inhabits India. Irids yellow.

Viridis. Greeniffi : head, wings and tail cinereous i edges of the
wings and tail, and belly white. Green IVagtaiL

Inhabits Ceylon : 4 inches long.

Tchut' Olive-brown, beneath white fpotted with ferruginous:
fcnenfis, fpot between the bill and eyes, 2 bands on the wing-

coverts and greater part of the outmoft tail-feathers
white. Tchutfchi Wagtail.

Inhabits the (hores of Tchiitfchi.

Wing-coverts and primary quiilfeathers brown ; vent yel-
lowilh ; tail long, blackifh ; legs black.

Afra, Yellowifh-brown, beneath yellow : lower tail-coverts

white : bill, eyebrows, wings, tail and legs black. ^

African IVagtaiL
Inhabits the tape : lefs than M. alba.

Citnota,

592 BIRDS. PASSERES. 86; Motacilla.

Fiin-ola, Yellow : crefccnt on the nape blackilh : back blueifh-afh i
2 lateral tail-feathers half white.

TeUow-headid Wagtail.
Inhabits Siberia : much refembles M. fiava.

*CUva. Brcdft and belly yellow : 2 lateral tail-feathers obliquely
hdlt white. Tellow Wagtail.

2, Grcy-alTi, beneath and eyebrows yellow : quill and tail-
feathers black: wings with a white band.

Inhabits Europe and ylfia : frequents woods and corn-fields ;
lays 5 lead-coloured eggs witli yellowifli Ipots.

Bill and legs black ; hind-daw very long ; body above olive ;
band through and one beneath the eyes black ; throat with a
few black Ipots; middle and greater wing-coverts black,
edged with yellowifh -, tail black.

Female, eyebrows whitifli.

Tiphia. Green, beneath ydlowifli: wings black with 2 white
bands. Green Indian Jf\

Inhabits Bengal : fize of hippolais.

Bill and legs blackidi, the bale of the foi^mer yellow ; wing-co-
verts brown, the middle and greater tipt with white ; quill
and tail-feathers blackifh, edged with yellow.

Sinenfis, Green, beneath flefh-colour : fpot on the ears and ftripe
from the eyes to the nape pale: tail pointed.

China jr.

Inhabits China : 6 Inches long. Bill and legs black.

Sirtgaknjis Changeable green : throat orange : breaft and belly yel-
low. Cingalefe W.
Inhabits Ceylon : 4^ inches long. Bill brown.

Zeylonica, Green, beneath yellow : crown, nape and wings black,
the latter with a bifid white band. Ceylon IV.

Inhabits Ceylon : 4^ inches long. Bill blue-grey.

Olivacea. Olive : bread and belly white. Olive W.

Inhabits Ceylon: fize of M. modularis ; lifts its tail into an

acute Fngle.
Bill whitifh, covered at the bafe with yellowifh feathers,

Caryophyl' Pale pink : bill and legs reddifh* Pink-coloured W,

lacea. Inhabits Ceylon : very finall.

Wings and tail growing dulky.

Alhi'

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

593

Albkapit- Black, beneath vvhitifh \ chin, fpot on the crown and eyes
la, white. IVkite-croivned IV.

Inhabits China : 7 inches long.

ijrifea, Gfrey-afh ; crown, bill, throat and breaft black ; ocular
ftrcakj tip of the quill-feathers, belly and vent white.

GriJIy JK
Qjdll-jcathti s edged with grey ; Icgi cinereous.

Maculata, Spotted with black, above brown, beneath whitifh ; or-
bits pale ochre ; rump brown ; tail black with a
white bafe ; outmolt tail-feathers without and at the
tip white. Spotted IVheat-ear.

Inhabits France : fize of a fmall lark.

Wing-covtrts and ^uill-feathers blick, edged with whitifli.

Majilien- Rufous^ beneath reddi(h-white fpotted with blackifh 5
fis. crown and neck above brownilh-rufous ; under the

eyes a pale yellow fpot ; tail-feathers black, the mid-
dle ones edged with rufous,' 4 next each iide white,
outmofl all white. Provence Wheat-ear.

Inhabits Provence j fize of the lad.

Bill black ; feathers of the crown and neck edged at the tip
with blackifh ; lelfer wing-coverts and quill-feathers black,
edged with rufous ; tail {lightly forked ; legs yellowifli ; hind~
claw long.

Fikata. Head, middle tail-feathers and tips of the lateral ones
black ; eyebrows, front, chin, rump, tail and belly
. white. . Black-headed Wheat-ear.

Inhabits Africa and China s 6 inches long. Bill black.

Aurantia, Brown, beneath orange ; throat whitifh ; varied beneath
with black ; greater wing and tail-coverts white ;
tail-feathers brown, the lateral ones tipt with white.'

Orange-breajied Wheat-ear.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope j 6 inches long.

Hottentot-
ia.

Tawny-brown ; rump with a yellowifli band ; chin and
lower part of the belly whitifli, upper tawny ; upper
tail-coverts yellowilh, lower white ; tail white at the
bafe, black in the middle and whitilh at the tip.

Cape Wheat-ear^
Vol. I. — 4C Inhabits

r -f BIRDS. PASSIlFLES. 86. Motacilia.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; larger than M. cenanthci
Croun and hreajl varied with deeper and pajer colours ;

vjings brown, edged with yellowini ; middle tail-feathers

black with taWny tips.

a 1 .C'jr/i^jfl. Reddifli-brown, beneath whitifh-yelloW ; rump, bafe of
the tail and coverts white. ' Rufous Wheat-ear.

Inhabj-.s near th.:; Senegal j -jr inches long.

Bill and legs black; zving- coverts, quill and tail-feathers brown,
edged with rufous.

Stapaziria, Ferruginous ; wings browm ; area of the eyes and tail
black ; outmolt tail-feathers white at the fide.

RnJ/et Wheat -ear.
2. Pale rufous, beneath whitifh ; band acrofs the eyes black ;
2 middle tail-feathers black, the lateral ones white
each fide and fringed with black towards the tip.
Inkibits Europe; fize of the next.

Lower part of the hack with a crefcent of black fpots ; chin
' in the male black, female white; rurapy- lowtr part of the
belly and upper tail-coverts white.
BilL and legs black.

^Ocnanthe. Back hoary ; front, line above the eyes, rump and bafe of
the tail white ; through the eyes a black band.

Wheat-ear.
2. Above olive varied with white ; lowed part of the neck

fpotted with grey ; 2 middle tail-feathers black.
3* Above cinereous varied with grey-brown.
4* Above white ; chin, wings, middle tail-feathers nearly all
and 2 fpots on the wings black.
Inhabits Europe., Afia and Africa : c^\ inches long ; vlfits
England in March ; frequents warrens and the edges of hills ;
feeds on infefts, particularly earth-worms, and grows prodi-
gioufly fat ; breeds in rabbits' burrows or under a ftone ;
eggs light blue.
Crozon, neck and back reddilh-grey ; eyebrows, rump, upper
tail-covcrts and upper half of the tail white, lower half,
legs and quill-feathers black, the latter edged with reddifh-
brown ; body beneath yell owifli- white.
Female wants the line over the eyes.

*Rubetra. Black i fh ; eyebrows white; wings with 2 white fpots;
chin and brcaft yellowilh. Whin-chat.

Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla. 595

Inhabits Europe; fize of M. rubicok ; lays 5 whitifli egg^

fpotted with black.
Bill and legs black ; chin white ; tad wliite, the \qwcx third

part blackifh, 2 middle feathers all bbtkifli.

r:rvida. Bfown, the feathers edged with rufous: beneath pale
ochre : wings with 2 white fpots : tail blackifh.

Su.ltry IV.
Inhabits near the Senegal: fizc of the laft.
Bill and legs black.

Montand- Pale teftaceous fpotted with brown, beneath pale o<:hrc ;

la. crown black-brown ; eyelids and chin ochre or

white; ears with a black fpot ; wings brown ; 'tail

afliy. Siberian W.

Inhabits Siberia ; larger than the whin-chat.

Feathers of the throat brown at the bafe; quill-feather 3 greyifli

without, fecondary coverts tipt with white ; taily/eathen

longifti, 2 middle and outer 6n£i each fide fliorter. '

Magna. Brown ; crown and back paler,, beneath rcddifh ; chin
whitifh ; quill and tail-feathers half rufous, the out-
moft white on the outer webs. Dark Warbler.

Length 7 1 inches.

J^hilippen' Violet-black, beneath reddifh-white ; wlftgs with 3 white

fu, fpots ; head reddiih-white ; neck dirty-red ; pedoral

band blueifli ; outmoft tail-feathers reddifh-white

without. , Philippine W,

Inhabits the Philippine Ijles : 6| inches long..

BiU dirty-yellow ; legs ferruginous.

Coraman- Black ; lefTer wmg-coverts with a yellowilh fpot, the reft
delica, with a white one, and edged with yellow ; rump

and belly pale rufous ; wings and tail black.

Coromandel f^.
Inhabits Coromandel 2 fize of a titmoufe,
Irids rufous-yellow,

Pcrfpicil' Black ; wing-coverts with a white fpot : tail even : orbits

lata^ naked, yellowifh, wrinkled/ Spe6lach W.

4G 2 Inhabits

|96 BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

Inhabits near the river Plata ; fize of a gold-finch.
Irids yellow; pupil blue ', tail when extended forming an
equilateral triangle.

*Rubicola. Grey, beneath pale rufous: throat with a white band:
lores black. Stone-chat. Moor Titling,

Inhabits hedges and dry moors in Europe and Siberia; 4| inches
long ; is a reftlefs, noiiy bird, and builds under a (tone, or
in iome low fhrub ; lays 5 — 6 blueifh-green eggs with a
few pale rufous fpots.

Bill and legs blackifli ; head and neck nearly black •, body above
blackifli varied with pale rufous ; brcaft and belly reddilh-
yellow ; vent and rump white ; tail-feathers black, the 2
outmoft on the outer edge and tip pale ferruginous ; quill-
Jeathers black, edged. with ferruginous, thole next the body
at the bafe and zving-coverts with a white fpot.

Female varied with blackifh and reddiih.

*Atrica- Teftaceous, beneath cinereous : cap dufky-black.
pilla. Black-cap.

2. Varied with black and white.

3. Above blackifh : fides grey : chin white.

4. Greenilh-brown : cap blackifh : neck above cinereous :

eyebrows white : wings and tail blackifh.
Inhabits Europe j ^j inches long; frequents orchards and gar-
dens, and feeds on berries and infefts ; fmgs very finely ;
eggs pale chefnut with deeper fpots.
Bill brown ; crown black, in the Jemale chefnut ; body above
• greenifli-afh, beneath grey, gradually growing white ; tem-
ples grey; quill zr\6. tail-feathers broiwn-afli, edged with
greeniih-afh, the middle ones very fliort ; legs lead-colour.

Melanoce- Greenifh-afh, beneath grey : crown black : eyes with a
phala. . red band. Black-headed W.

\ri\\zhiii Sardinia ; lefs thaa the lafl. /

Mofchita, Lead-colour : cap pale rufoup.

Inhabits Sardinia ; frequently hatches the cuckow's eggs,
which are laid in its neil.

Penfylva- Cap yellow : flanks blood-red. Bloody-ftde W.

■nica, Inliahits Penjylvania ; fize of M. hippolais.

Bill, hind-head (of the male), band beneath the eyes and le^s
black ; bcdy above olive fpotted with black, beneath white ;

tcmpUi

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla. 597

temples whit? ; zoing-covcrts dufl-'.y-bla'ck with 2 white
bands ;•, quill and tail-feathers blacliifh, the outmoft fpotted
with white on the inner webs.

JRufuapil- Olive, beneath yellow ; throat and breaft with longitudi-
Az. r.al rufous fpots ; crown rufous ; wing-coverts, quill

and tail-feathers brown, edged with olive-

Eed-cap W,
Inliabits MartinicQ: 4 inches long.

Bill brown ; 2 middle tail-feathers yellowifh on the inner
webs ; legs grey.

Chryfop- Black-cinereous, beneath white ; cap and fpot on the

tera. wings pale yellow ; chin black. Golden-winged IV»

Inhabits Penfylvania in Ipring and autumn ; fize of M.

ccerulea.
Bill, oculai flreak, throat and legs black ; temples white ; out-
moft tail-feathers with a white fpot within.

Chryfoce- Chefnut, beneath yellowifh ; head and neck orange ; band
phala. above and beneath the eyes brown; wing-coverts

white and black ; tail-feathers black, edged with yel-
lowifh. Orange-headed W.
Inhabits Guiana. Bill black ; legs yellow.

Crifiata. Above brownifh-green, beneath greenifli-grey ; creft on
the head blackiih-brown, edged with white.

Crejied W.
Inhabits Guiana : 4 inches long.
Bill blacki{h-brown ; crefi plicatile ; legs yellowifh-brown.

Multicolor, Black ; bill and legs brown ; breaft, fides of the neck,
* tips of the greater wing-coverts and half the tail ru-
fous ; belly and vent white. Rufous and black W.
Inhabits Cayenne ,• 5 inches long. A rare bird,

^€qu{noc- Greenifh-brown, beneath pale ochre ; chin and breaft
tialis. yellowifh ; wings, tail and legs brown.

Equinoffial ^^.
Inhabits Cayenne ; a little lels than the lad.

Prolonota-

598

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

Protonota. YcWovf-, rump cinereous; vent white; wings and tail
rius. varied with cinereous and blackifh. Protonotary W.

Inhabits /,OM?^dZ«d; lizc of the laft. Ze^j black.

StWitOT-

quatcf.

Fulva.

Fufca,

Beneath pale afli ; crown yellowifli-olive ; behind the eyes
a cinereous Itrcak ; wing-coverts and quill-feathers
brown ; ^ tail-feathers cinereous, pointed, the lateral
ones white on the inner y^^ebs. Half-collared IV.

Inhabits Lowijiana: 4 f inches long.

Bill above black, beneath whitifh ; zouig-coverts edged with
yellow ; primary quill-feathers whitifli, fecondary olive tipt
vv^ith white ; lower part of the neck with a yellowifh band ;
legs blackinr.

Olive-brown, beneath yellow ; quill and tail-feathers
brown, edged with yellow, the primary edged with
pale grey. Orange-bellied //'.

Inhabits Louifiana. Bill and legs brown.

Olive-brown ; throat varied with whitifh and grey ; limbs
brown ; 2 outmoft tail-feathers within near the tip
white. Olive-brown JV.

Inhabits Loiiifiana.

Wing-coverts and fecondary quill-feathers edged wit,h brownifli
and tipt with white, primary edged with pale grey ; lower
tail-coverts yellow ; tailfeathers edged with grey, the 2, mid-
dle ones tinged with yellow, the outmbft each fide ed<red
with white. ' "^

Pinguis,

Cana*

Grey-olive a little fpotted with black ; throat mixed reddifli
and afh ; breall: and belly white ; fpot on the head and
rump yellow ; quill and tail-feathers edged with grey.

T , , . GraJ/k //'.

-Inhabits Louifiana,
Bill 2nd legs black; privr.zry quill feathers brown, the inner

edge whitifli, fecondary blackifh, and all tipt with grey ;

tail-feathers black, the lateral ones within near the tip with

a white fpot.

Cinereous; quill-feathers edged with whitifh; tail-fea-
thers black, the outmoft nearly all white.

Grey-throated IF.
Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. IVtotacilla. 59^

Inhabits Louifiana,

£iU black, beneath grey ; tail-fcathen 4, 4 tipt with white,
5, 5 half white.

Coronata, Spotted with black ; cap> flanks and rump yellow.

Golden-crowned tV.

Inhabits, a few days in' the fpring, in Ptnjylvania ; fize of M*
hippolais.

hill black ; body above blue-afh ( female rufous-brown) ; ttm-
pies, chin and 2 bands on the bflly white ; ocular band (of
the male), throat and upper part of the breajt black ; legs^
zoing-covert^, quill and tail-feathers blackilh, the quill-fea-
thers edged with gtey ; 3 outmoft tail feathers within with
a white fpot.

Senegalen- Brown ; quIU-foathers rufous on the inner webs ; tail-fea-
fis. thers black tipt with white. Senega! ff\

Inhabits near the Senegal; 5 — 6 inches long.

Middle tailfeathers nearly black.

Leucomela. Black, beneath white ; crown whitifh ; feathers of the
cheeks and chin black bordered with whitifh ; rump
white ; wing-coverts, quill and middle tail-feathers
blackifh-brown, the lateral ones white with duflcy
tips. Leucomele IV.

Inhabits rocky precipices near the Volga : feeds on worms, and
wags its tail ; lays about 10 eggs under ftones or in the
chinks of rocks ; 6 inches long.

Bill and legs dirty-black ; orbits whitifh ; thighs above brown-
afh, beneath pale alh ; neck grey-alh.

Hurundi- Black with a glofs of fteel-blue ; throat, breaft and vent
nacea* crimfon ; belly white with a longitudinal black band.

Swallow W,
Inhabits Neia Holland, Nat, Mif, 114.

Erythro' Black, beneath, belly, rump and tail chefnut ; cap pale
gafier, alh ; quill-fcathers with a white fpot ; bracelets

black. Chef nut-bellied fF.

Inhabits in fummer the gravelly hollows of the Caucafian tor-
rents, and migrates foutherly in autumn ; is fery reftlefs, and
continually wagging its tail ; -7 inches long.

Bill

6oo BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilia.

BiU and k^s black ; eyes brown.

Female cinereous ; middle of the belly rufous •, 2 middle tail-
feathers entirely, the lateral ones tipt with brown.

Maiir^i Dufky-black, beneath white ; rump and fides of the neck
* - white ; throat bright ferruginous ; wings with an ob-

lique yellow ifh-white blotch ; tail-feathers black, the
lateral ones from the bafe half white. A'Joor IV.

2. Above rufous-brown, beneath rufous-white.
Iwhwhlts Siberia ; fize of M. rubetra.
IVinp^s dark at the bafe and edged with grey ; quill-feathers

brown, within white.
Female and young bird obfoletely waved with broMrn and
grey.

Sapercili- Above greenifh, beneath pale ; crown with a pale ftreak ;
oja. e^-ebrows yellow. • i'eUow-hroivcd Iv.

Inhabits Ruffia,

Ferrti^ijiea Above cinereous, beneath whitilh ; neck ferruginous.

Gilt- throat U'\

Inhabits' Rujfia.

Cyaviira* Above yellow-afh, beneath yellowifh-white ; throat and

eyebrows yellowilh-whitc ; rump blueifli ; vent

white ; tail-feathers blueilh-brown, the outer webi;

pale blue. Blue-tailed W.

Inhabits Siberia ; fize of M. rubecula.

Sides of the breajl near the wings yellow ; zvlngs brown ; quilt-
feathers on the outer edge greenifh-yellow, inner yellow.

Aurorea. Beneath tawny ; crown and neck above hoary ; front

whitifh ; throat dufky-black ; back and wings black,

the latter with a triangular white fpot ; tail-feathers

tawny, the 2 middle ones black. Daurian JV.

Inhabits Siberia as far as China : fize of M. phoenicurus.

Striata. Streaked with black ; above cinereous, beneath white ;
crown black ; cheeks fnow-whitc. Black-poll IV.

Ijihabits Next) York : migrates.

I'Vings with a double white band ; 2 <iutmbft tailfeathers with
a white, fpot at the tip.

Incana»

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla. 6oi

IiTCana. Head, fides of the neck and upper tail-coverts grey ; quill
and tail-feathers black, edged with grey ; throat
orange ; chin and breall yellow ^ belly whitifli-afh.

^ , . Grey-poll JV,

Inhabits Kcu) York. JVing-coverts with 2 white bands.

FLdvifrons Blueifh-grey, beneath white ; crown, front, greater wing-
coverts and lower of the lelfer ones yellow ; ocular
band black, edged with white ; chin and throat black.

Tellow-franted IV.
Inhabits Pcnfylvania.

Quill and primary tail-feathers cinereous, the outmoll of the
latter fpotted with white,

Blackbur- Crown black with a; yellow line in the middle ; ocular

nice, band and leflTer wing-coverts black, greater, vent and

lateral tail-feathers white, the middle ones duflcy-

black ; fides of the neck, chin and middle of the

belly yellow. Blackburnian IV,

Inhabits Ncio York,

Mitrata, Olive, beneath and front yellow ; hind-head and collar
black. Mi t rid W>

2. Body above greenifh-grey.

Inhabits North America : 5 inches long.
Bill black ; legs brown.

Cucullata. Grecnilh, beneath yellovv ; front and cheeks black ; tail
wedged. Hooded IV.

Size of the laft, of which it is probably only a variety.

Littorea, Above dufky-green, beneath pale ochre ; quill and tail-fea-
thers blackifli.' Shore W.
Inhabits the {bores of the Cafpian Sea : feedi on worms,

Longirof. CmercouS, beneath dulky-black ; bill long.
tris, Long'bilkd W.

Inhabits mountains near the Cafpian Sea,

Ochrourd, Head cinereous ; neck above and fore-part of the back
dulky-black; throat and bread fhUing black; belly
yellow.
Inhabits mouatains of Ptrfta*.

Vol. I. -. 4 H Ohfcur^

6o2 BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motadlla.

Ohfcura, Upper feathers of the body cinereous at the bafe, bay in
in the middle and blackifh at the tips : beneath cine-
reous : quill and tail-feathers^ the outer edges bay.

Oh/cure JV,
Inhabits the alps of Perfia ; (ize of the nightingale.
Bill brown ; cyttids nakedifh ; crown and neck above broWnifli-
afh ; rump and vent varied with cenereous and white ; legs
blackifh,

Sunamifica Reddi(h-afh ; chin and throat black ; breaft and belly pale
rufous, the feathers tipt with white ; vent fnowy ;
middle tafl-feathers brown, lateral ones tawny.

Perftan W.
Inhabits rocky mountains of Pcrfia; fize of M. fuecica.
Bill and legs black ; a white tine from the bafe of the bill over
the eyes and reaching as far as the nape ; quill-fcathers and
zving-coverts at the outer edge and tips white. ^

Murina. Moufe-colour ; head, neck and tail black ; ocular ftreak,
belly and edge of the outmoft tail-feathers white.

Murine W,
Size of a fparrow. Middle of the bttty black*

Spinicau- Chefnut, beneath white ; crown fpotted witb yellow ; face

da, and eyebrows yellow ; wing-coverts rufous varied

with brown, the greater and quill-feathers brown ;

tail wedged, the feathers daggered. Thorn-tailed JV.

Inhabits Terra deljuego ; 6 inches long.

Line over the eyes rufous ; armpits white ; 4 middle tail-fea-
thers ferruginous, the reft chelhut tipt with white ; kgs
brown,

Magellani- Yellow-brown waved with black and tinged with red, be-
cfl. neath yellow-afh with blackifh lines ; tail (hort, wedg-

ed, yellowifh-brown tinged with red and ftreaked with
black. Magallenic IV,

Inhabits Terra deljiiego j 4^ inches long. Legs yellow.

Citrine, Yellow, above ftreaked with black ; cheeks, throat and
breaft white ; tail black tipt with yellow. Citrine fV»
Inhabits New Zealand; 3^ inches long.
jBjY/ black; taH^oxt\ /c^i dufky-black,

Aurata,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

603

Aurata. Yellow ; upper part of the head and rump orange ; throat
deep blue; wings and tail brown. Gilt-headed W,

Inhabits India. Cim. Phyf. 73. tab, 38.
But and legs pale brown ; between the bill and eye each fide a
iball patch of white,

Zongipes. P^^^ green, beneath cinereous ; beneath the eyes a white
arch ; front, temples, cheeks and fides of the neck
cinereous ; vent greenifli. Long-legged JV,

Inhabits Ncio Zealand; 4y inches long.

Bill black ; iridi blueifh-afh ; kgs flefti-colour, above an
inch long.

Minima. P^^e brown, beneath whitifh ; bill and very fliort tail yel-
lowifh. Leajl IF.

Inhabits Ntxo Holland; 3 inches long.

Varia, Spotted with white and black ; wings with 3 white bars ;

tail bifid. White-poll IV.

Inhabits St. Domingo, Jamaica, and the neighbouring ifles, in

fummer Penfylvania and Nezo York ; \^ inches long.
Bill black ; croion white ; temples black with 2 white flreaks ;

wing-coverts black ; ^ill and tail-feathers blackilh edged

with grey, the lateral ones, within whitifli ; legs greenifh-

brown ; ctaxas yellowifli.

Capenfis. Brown, beneath whitifli ; peroral band brown ; eyebrows
white; lateral tail-feathers obliquely white. Cape W.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; fize of M. alba.
Bill and legs dulky-black ; quill-feathers blackilh edged with
grey ; tail black.

Icleroce- Black, beneath whitifli; cap pale yellow; ocular band

phala.^ black ; wings with 2 yellow bars. ^ebsc IV.

Inhabits North America in lummer ; 4^ inches long.

Bill and legs brown ; between the biliznd eyei a large triangular

black fpot, beneath the eyes a white one ; body above black,

the feathers edged with yellowifh-green ; quill and tail-

feathers duiky-black edged with olive and whitifli, the 3

outmoft within from the middle to the tip pale ochre.

Dominica^ Cinereous, beneath white ; before the eyes a pale yellow
fpot, behind them a white and beneath them a black
one. Jamaica IV.

4H3

Inhabits

j6o4 BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

Jnhabits Jamaica and St. Domingo : ^\ inches long. *

CinSla> Pale afh, beneath ^yh^te ; crown and band on the belly palp
yellow ; breaft fpotted with brown. Belted IV.

Inhabits Canada ; 5 inches long.

^ill black ; eyebrows white ; orbits and bands on "the zoin^s
white ; quillfeathcrs brown edged with grey ; upper tail-
coverts yellow •, tail-feathers blackifti edged with cinereous,
the outmoft within white near the tip ; legs brown.

Madagaf. Greenifh, beneath whitifli ; chin and vent yellow ^ eyelids

carienjis» white. White-eyed W,

Inhabit? Madagqfcar and the Ijle of France ; 3i inches long.

hill grey-brown ; quill-feathers brownifh edged with olive ;

middle tail-feathers olive, lateral ones brpwn edged with

olive; legs cinereous.

Borbonica. Grey-brown, beneath dull yellowidi-grey ; quill and tail-
feathers brown edged with grey-brown. Bourbon W,
Inhabits Madagafcar and Bourbon ; fize of the laft.

Mauritia- Blue-grey, beneath white ; quill and tail-feathers black
fia, edged with white. Maurice V/.

Inhabits the Ifle of France: 3^ inc]?es long.
Bill blackifli ; legs blueilh.

Zivida.- Blue-grey; vent white ; bill and legs lead-colonr ; quill-
feathers blackifli edged with white ; tail-feathers black,
the 2 outmoil white. Madagafcar W*

Inhabits Madagafcar : 4' inches loi'g.
Tail above 1^ inch long.

Flave/cens. Brown, beneath yellov^^ifh ; t-i;ipl>.s whiiifh ; equal tail
and quill-feathers e;!gLd with rufous-brcwn.

-■ \ • Citrov- bellied IK

Inhibits Senegal ; 4^ inches long. Bill ind Ices dufky.

Rvfgafira Olive-brown, beneath yellowi:" ^ ., quill and tail-
feathers brown. i\ifous -bellied W.
Inhabits Senegal; 3^ inches long: ;nu:;. ;■ icmbles the laft, but
the ^ail is fhorter ; perhaps is only a vaiiety.

Undata,^

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. iVIotacilU.

605

7riddlfi.

Black, the fe;ithers edged with rufous; beneath white;
rump rufous; tail wedged; quill and tail-feathers
brown edged with rufous white. Undated W.

Inhabits near x\\t Senegal : 4 inches long.
Bill black ; legs dufky-blatk.

Fufi.ala.

Su/j/lai

Browr), beneath grey ; tail long, equal.
Inhabits near the Senegal ; 6 inches long.
Bill black ; Legs yello\y.

Rufous-brown, beneath grey ; rump pale ;
body pale rufous ; tail wedged.

Dujly W.

fides of the
Flaxen IV.

A It r oca-
pilU.

2. Above brown, beneath grey ; rump yellowifh.
Inhabits Senegal: 4^ inches long.
^;V/du{ky; /(Jgr yellow.

Olive, beneath white ; crown golden ; eyebrows black ,
breaft fpotted with black. Golden-crowned W.

Inhabits North America, and in winter migrates foutherly ;
5j inches long ; eggs white fpotted with brown.

Bill brown, flefli-colour at the bale ; temples white ; legs yeU
lowilh-brown.

Petunia. Olive, beneath yellow dotted with red ; cap red.

Red-headed W.
Inhabits Penfylvania : fize of M, atricapilla.
Bill black ; guill and tail-feathers dufky edged with yellow ;
legs dufky-black.

Albicollis, Olive, beneath yellow ifli ; throat and bread dull pale ochre
ftreaked with red ; quill and tail-feathers brown edged
with greenifh-yellow, lateral ones within yellowifh.

St. Domingo IV.
Inhabits St. Domingo ; near 5 inches long.
^i7/ hom-colour; temples ytWowi^-y /e^J grey-brown.
FeyiaUf neck above greenifh-afh.

Ludovici-
anq.

Olive ; throat and breaft yellow fpotted with red ; belly
pale ochre: 1 bands on the wings and 2 6utm6fl tail-
feathers within near the tip white. Louiftane W.

Inhabits Louifiana and St. Dmningo j 4\ inches lor»g.

Bill brown, beneath grey; quill-Jeathers blackifh-brown edgrd
with blue-grey j legs cinereous. Female breaft not fpotted.

Chloro-

6o6 BIRDS, PASSERES. 86. Motacilk.

Chloroku- Olive, beneath pale ochre : head cinereous varied with
ta, olive : greater wing-coverts and tail-feathers brown

edged with yellowilh-green. Green and ivhite W.

Inhabits St. Domingo; 4^ inches long.

Bill horn-colour ; taU (lightly forked, the lateral feathers va-
ried with yellow ; legs grey -brown.

Auricollis, Olive, beneath orange : belly yellowifh : vent whitifli ;
greater wing-coverts and middle tail-feathers cinereous,
the lateral ones within white, without and at the tip
black. Orange-throated W.

Inhabits Canada : above 5 inches long.

Upper mandilk brown, lower whitil}i; quill-feathers brown,
edged with cinereous ; legs grey.

Maculofa. Qlive fpotted with black : head and quill-feathers cinereous :
belly, vent and 2 bands on the wings white : rump
yellow : bread yellow fpotted with black.

TeUoiv-rurnped W.
Inhabis Penfylvania i fize of M. hippolais.
Bill and legs brown ; quill- feathers edged with white ; middle
tail-feathers black, lateral on(?s black with a white fpot in the
middle within.

Fufcefcens. BrowniOi, beneath varied with blackifli and rufous-grey :
bill, chin and ocular band brown. Broxvn-th routed IV.
Inhabits jfarflaica : 5 inches long.

Tigrina. Brown, the feathers edged with olive: beneath and rump
yellow : lower part of the belly dull yellowifli-white :
behind the eyes a rufous blotch : quill and tail-feathers
edged with olive. Spotted-yellow W.

2. Paler, beneath whitifh : bread fpotted with brown ; wing-
coverts without the white band.

Inliabits Canada, 2) St. Domingo ; 4^ inches long.

Bill dufky-black ; neck and breajl with blackish fpots •, greater
wing-coverts with a white band ; tail (lightly forked, the 2,
outmofl feathers near the tip within white ; Itgs brown.

Olive, beneath yellow: lores black; wings blue with a
Pimis, white bands. ■ Pine W^

Inhabits Caro/tHfl, in fummer ; 4,^ inches long.
Tail frightly fork(ul. Female wholly brown.

Virinst

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

667

yirens. Green-olive, beneath white : cheeks, fides of the neck and

bread yellow : neck beneath white : wings with

2 white bands. Green /f -

Inhabits Penfylvania; fize of M. hipfpolais.

Bill black ; 3 outer tail-feathers within fpotted with while ;

Jlanks varied with black and white ; legs brown.

DumetO' Afhy-brown : head blueifh : chin and bread white.
rum, White-breajled //"-

Inhabits Germany and Rujp,a.

Nigrirof- Olivc-brown : lores and chin fufous-yellow : breaft ru-
iris. fous fpotted with blackifh : belly white : wing-co-

verts tipt with reddifh-white : quill-feathers edged
with ycllowifli : tail-feathers pointed, the outmoft
white. Black-jawed IV,

Length 7 inches ; bill black, pale at the bafe with a blackifh
ftreak each fide the mandible ; legs brownifh- yellow.

Lutejcens. Rufty-brown, beneath reddifh-whke: front and chin bufT;
ears with a red fpot : breaft fpotted with black.

Buff-faced IF,
Ze??^<A 6 inches ; ^lY/ dufky-black ; /f^j browhifh.

Borealis. Green, beneath yellow : chin and temples ferruginous :
tail rounded, the lateral feathers tipt with white.

Rujiy-headed IK
Inhabits Kamtfchatka : 5 inches long.
Bill pale ; legs dufky-black.

Ka7nt' Brown, beneath paler : tniddle of the belly white : front,
fckatken- cheeks and chin pale ferruginous. Kamtfchatka IV.

Jis, Inhabits Kamtfchatka. Bill long, flender.

Awatcha. Brown : chin and breaft white fpotted with black : middle
of the belly and lores white : primary quill-feathers
edged with white : tail-feathers orange at the bafe.
Inhabits Kamtfchatka,

Cariefcens. Hoary-brown, beneath white : head black : front ftreaked
with white : breaft and vent ftreaked with black :
fpot on the wings and edge of the tail-feathers art the
bafe tawny. Van Die men s IV.

Inhabits

6oS BI'RDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

Inhablt^s New Holland : 6| inches long.

Tail (lightly wedged, (horter than the body ; 2 outer tatlfea-
thers with a white fpot at the tip of the iraier webs.

.EquinoC' Brown-teflaccous, beneath white ; rump pale ; tail-fea-
tialis. thers with obfoLete bands. MguinoSiial W.

Inhabits Nativity IJland : fize of a fparrow.

Nigricollis: Sifbcrcfted, above pale grey, beneath flefh-colour ; cap,
neck above, quill and tail-feathers black.

Black-necked IV,

Inhabits India. Bill and legi yello-W;

Pluvibea. Lead-colour, beneath cinereous ; quill and tail-feathers
dufky. Plumbeous JV.

Size very linall.

Camhaien- Black ifh-brown, beneath fine black; top of the belly and
fi^' vent rufty-rufous ; wing-coverts white. Cambay fr.

Inhabits India: 6 inches long.
Bill black ; tail 3 inches long ; Legs brown.

Guzurata. Greenifh, beneath white; crown chefnut; quill-feathcrs
and tail brown. Guzurat f^.

Inhabits India : 4^ inches long.

Bill and legs pale brown ; quill and tail-feathers edged with
green.

Afiatica, Brown, beneath yellowifti ; head and neck black ; lores
and chin white ; tail long. Afiatic fV.

1, Brown ; front, eyebrows and body beneatl^ white ; lateral
tail-feathers half white.
Inhabits Guz2irfl^ ,• fize of a nightingale.
Bill blackifh with a few fmall bridles at the bafe ; hrcajt with
a few white fpots ; tail 3^ inches long, wedged, the out-
mo ft feathers pale from the middle to the tip.

QapratOr, Black ; rump, vent and fpot on the wing-coverts white.

Luzon! an /J^'
Inhabits Luzonia ; 4! inches long.
Bill blackifh ; legs black-brown

Tcmak

•< BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla. 609

Female without the fpot on the wings ; body above brown, be-
neath rufous-brown; chin whitifh ; rump palt rufous; tail
brown.
'i. Head, neck and body above black, beneath whitifli-rufous ;
wings with a white band.
Inhabits China. Bill and legs red.

■^Phxni- Throat black ; belly and tail fufous ; head and back
curus. hoary ; front white. Redjiart.

2. Breaft fpotted with rufous.

3. Body cinereous.

Inhabits Europe : 5^ inches long; appears in England in the
the fpring ; builds in hollow trees and holes of walls, and
lays 4 — 5 blue eggs ; wags its tail horizontally.

Bill, cheeks and legs black ; belly \\'hite ; rurrip, breafi and la-
teral tail-feathers rufous, the middle ones brown ; wing*

^ brown. i^

Female^ crozun and back grey-afh ; cHin whitfe.

-i

Tithys, Quiil-feathers blAckifh ; tail-feathers rufousy the 2: rriiddle
ones black with a pale rufous outer web.

Inhabits Italy.

Male above pale afli ; throat and bredjl black ; helly between
the thighs vyhitifh, cllewherc varied with black and white,

Gihxfilta- Hoary ; front, temples drid chin black ; hind-head and

rienjts. lower pnfrt of the belly <white ; rimp and tail orange ;

a middle tail-feathers brown. Grey Redjiart^

Inhabits round Gibraltar ^ fize of M. rubccula.

Bill and legs brown ; quill-feathers grey-brown, edged with

white ; lateral taitfcathers except the outmbft tipt with

bfown.

rythaca, BacTc arid quill-feathei's cinereous ; belly and tail-feathers

rufous, the 2 outmoft cinereous. Red^tail PF.

Inhabits Europe: fomelhing lels that\ the redftart ; feeds on

worms, and wags its tail ; eggs white varied with grey.
Bill blackifh ; body above grey, beneath grey-white varied

with rufous.
Male, horfe-fhoe mark on the throat and fpot between the biU,

and eyes brown ; 2 mi&6.\^ tailfc&thers browo.

Vol. I, -i- 4 I ^ Guiar^ni'

6x0 BIRDS. PASSERES". 86. Motacilla.

Cuianenfis Grejt beneath white ; wings and long tail rufous.

Guiana Red-taiU
Inhabits Guiana; 6 1 inches long.
Bill pak ; legs flenn-colour,

Atrata. Black ; crown plumbeous ; quill-feathers black, the fecon-

daries white od the outer edge ; tail-feathers rufous,

the 2 middle ones dufky-black^ Black Red-taiL

Length 6 inches ; feathers of the baik edged with dark brown.

Guira. Green, beneath pale yellow; cheeks and chin black, fur-
founded with a pale yellow line. Guira W,
Inhabits J5ra/j/; fize of a gold-finch.

Bill blackifh, beneath fkfii-colour ; Jact black ; over the eyes
a yellow line reaching each fxde the neck; tips of the quilU
feathers Bad tegs brown.

Sutcica. Breaft ferruginous with a blue band ; tail-feathers brown,
towards the tip ferruginous. Blue-throated IV.

2. Breaft with ai filvery fpot.

Inhabits £7<ro^<r and Siberia: fize of M. rubecola; fings very

finely and does not ucigratc.
Eyebrozcs rufous-white ; throat blue, terminated beneath by a

black band ; bdly and vent whitifh.
Female, chin white with a broad blue band and another black
one, terminated by black.

Sialis, Above blue, beneath red ; belly white. Blue JF,

Inhabits North America ; 5|- inches long ; migrates.

Bill blackifh ; legs black.

Female, fecondary quill-feathers tipt with white.

FuKcata, Violet-black ; vent chefnut ; wing-coverts with a white

fpot. Soot^ f^r.

Inhabits the Philippine Jfles ; 6^ inches long.
Bill and legs brown, ^

Cayana^ Blue ; frontlet, ihoulders, wings and tail black.

Cayenne W.

2. Head blue ; chin black.

3. Head entirely blue>

Inhabits

BIRDS, PASSERE3. 86. MotacilU.

Inhabifs Guiana j 4| inches long.

Bill blackifh ; /rent and tempUi black \ U^s gufy.

6ir

Cyaiwce. Green : head and upper wing-coverts blue ; chin hoary i
phala. ^uill-fcalheri; brown, edged with green.

Blue ^headed W.
Inhabits Cayenne : 4^ inches long.
Eiil brown ; legs grey.

Lintata. Beneath and fpot on the crown blue ; front, ftripe over
the eyes and fides of the neck IJunin^ blue ; band on
the breaft and belly white. Blue-Jlrlped IV.

Inhabits Qayenne, Bill and Ugi black.

Cyati^ci. Black-blue, beneath white ; feathers of the head long, lax,
turgid ; front, cheeks and lunule on the neck fine blue.

Superb fF.
2. Blackifh-grey ; he:id, chin and neck above blue ; wing-
coverts brown ; quill and tail-feathers black.
Inhabits Nexf) Holland^ 2) Manilla ; 5! inches long.
Head, except the blue places, deep black ; bill and ocular band
black ; 2 long quill-feathers brown ; taU wedged ; legs
brown.
Feviale above bro\\'nj beneath white ; blue round the eyes.

relia. Blue ; belly and rurpp tawny. Red-bellied W.

2. Front and rump golden ; body beneath I5)lueifh.

3. Lower part of the back and belly rufous.

4. Back blackrfh-brown ; breaft ^nd belly fcarlet.

Inhabits Guiana^ Surinam and Cayenne i fize of M,
hippolais.

Bill lead-colour, beneath whitifh ; front blucifli-green ; cKiri
and throat violet, the latter varied witli brovm ; quill znA
tail-feathers black, edged with bluej legs cinereous.

Canadenfis Above blue, beneath white j throat, quill and tail-feathers

black. Black-throated JV,

Inhabits during fu miner in Penfylvania : 4| inches long.

Bill and temples black ; body beneath whitifli ; tail blue-adi,

(lightly forked ; 3 outmoft tailfeathers within at the . bafe

and tip whitc^ 4, 5 and primary quUlfcaihcrs tipt with

^white.

4I 2

CctruUa*

«JI2

BIr6s. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

Carulea, Above blue, beneath white ; wings and -tail black.

Cctrukan PF.
2. Head black ; quill and 6 middle tail-feathers black, the refl
white.

Inhabits Penfylvania : C\zt oi M. hippolais ; builds a cylin-
drical neft, open at the top, in the forked ■branch of a tree.

Bill black, lower jnaqdible reddilh at the bafe ; a black line (in
the male) frohi the bill to the hind-liead ; quill-Jcathers white
on the inner edge ; outmoft tali-feathers white, the rett blue-
afli, 5, 5 tipt with whiie.

Cyana, Fine blue, beneath fnowy ; froni the.bill to the wings ^
. black ftreak.
^ Inhabits Dauuria : fize of M. calliope.

fArundi- Above olive-brown, benjeath whitirti ; lores and orbits
nacea.' whitifh-browti ; band in the middle .of the wings be-

neath tawny-yellov^ ; tail brown, flightly wedged ;
foles greenilh-yellow. Reed IFren.

Inhabits reedy places in England : ^v- inches long ; builds its
neil near the ground with 3 or 4 reeds for its fupporters,
and lays 4 whitifh eggs fpotted with olive.
, Upper mandible horn-coloui*, Jower flefh-colour ; mouth

orange ; irids brown ; chin white ; legs pale olive.

Sibilla, Blackifh, beneath white ; breafj rufous ; wings with a
white fpot. Sybil JV,

Inhabits Madagaf(a( ; fize of M. rubicola ; fmgs finely.
Feathers of the back and edges of the wing-coverts rcddifh.

Siberata, Green-brown, bepeath apd rump rufous-grey; 2 middle
tail-feathers blackilli, lateral ones ^obliquely half
tawny-brown.
2. Chin white ; bre.aft rufous.

Inhabits the Cape of^'Good Hope ; 6 inches long.

fRubecola. Grey ; throat and breaft ferruginous. Rsbin Red-breajl.
ij. Chin white ; wing-coverts varied with white, black and
, rufous ; quill aud tail-feathers black, edged with

rufous. ^

;?. Entirely white,

/ Inhabit?

BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motadlla. 6i ,

Inhabits Europe : eggs whitilli with rcddifli fpots.

Bill and /t-g-f dufky ; tail-featkcrs terminating in an acute

angle; bell)i white; edges of the quill-Jeathcrs inclining to

yellow.

♦Trovji-Wv- Grey : eyebrows white : wipgs waved with black and ci-

tcs/ nereous. li'ren.

Inhabits Europe and Afa : 3^ — ^ inches long ; carries its tail

ereft, and fings through the whole year ; builds an oval,

deep neft with a fmall hole in the middle; lays 10 — 18

white eggs fpotted with reddifh.

C Bill dark-brown ; head and body above deep reddilh-brown ;

quill-Jeathers alternately barred with black and red; throat

yellowifli-whitc ; bdly and fides croiTed with narrow, dufky

and pale reddilh-brown lines ; tail with dufky bjrs ; legs

brownifh.

Platen fis. Above varied with rufous and black, beneath white : quill
and tail-feathers barred.

Inhabits Buenos Ayres j fize of )Ll;e laft.

Body bcfieath from the chin white ; Jlanks pale ferrugiiious.

Ludovifia- Rufous-brown : eyebrows, cheeks and body beneatli ytU
na. lowilh : quill and tail-feathers barred vv'ith black and

rufous.
Over the eyes a band reaching to the fides of the neck ; the«ks
* waved with brown.

Furva. Brown, beneath paler : back, wings and tail with blackifli
bars. Brown W.

Inhabits Surinam; jl inches long ; ftngs well.
Bill and legs yellowiih-brown,
P
Calendula. Greenilh-afh : crown with a ruby line ; belly and wihgs
beneath yellowifh. Riiby-croivned Wren.

Inhabits North America : 4^ inches long.
^ JVijtp with 2 yellowifli bars ; quiE and tail-feathtrs brown

with paler edges ; legs brown.
Eemale without the ruby vertical line. Varies in having a
fcarlet lunule on the nape.

*Reguluu GreeniOi : fecondary quill-feathers yellow on tlic outer
edge and white in the middle : crown orange.

Cclden-crejted Jf^ren.
Inhabit?

6i4 BIRDS. PASSERES. 86. Motacilla.

Inhabits the whole knovyn world ; is the leaflL of Britifh birds^,

and fings inclodioufly ; 3^ inches long,
Bill black ; crejl orange (female yellow), each fide edged with

black ; body above yellowifli-green, beneath reddifl^-white ;

Zi'ing-covirts dark-brown with % tianfverfe white bars ; l(gi

yellow.

Llata» Crefted, greenifK, beneath whitifh-afh : hind-head and
vent pale yellow : wing-coverts at the edge and lateral
tail-feathers at the tip white.

Inhabits Cayenne : fomething Icfs than the laft.

£iU fliort ; long feathers of the creji yellow on the hind-pait,
elfewhere with the head brown ; wing-coverts with 2 pale
bars ; quill and tail-feathers black, a middle owes entirely,
tlic reft white at the tip.

*Trochilus Dufky-green, beneath yellowifli-whlte : wings and tall
browp, edged with green : eyebrows yellow.

yellow IVren.

2. Beneath yellow : throat and breaft: yellowifli-\yhite : wings

beneath brimftone-colour. ^

3. Above varied with blackifh, beneath rufous-white : chin

and eyebrows white.
Inhabits Europe and America : 4^ inches long ; frequents moift
woods, and creeps up and down trees in fearch of infefts*;
builds in hollows in the fides of ditches, making a roundifli
nclt, with the entrance at the top ; eggs white with crow4£4
ferruginous fpots.

«
*Sj/h<icola, Grecnlfh, beneath yellowlfh : eyebrows yellow : belly and
, vent fnowy. IVood IVren.

Inhabits Europe, particularly the oak woods of Carmarthen-
Jhire : ^i inches long ; builds on the ground a joundifh
ncft with an entrance near the top ; eggs white, fprinklcd
with ferruginous fpots. Linn. Tranf. 4. 35, ♦

Bill dufky ; irids hazel; upper part of the head, back, fcapu-
tars and upper tail-coverts lively yellow-green ; cheeks and
throat yellow ; lower part of the breaji, belly and under
tail-coverts pure white ; quill-feathers dufky, edged without
with yellow-green ; tail a little forked, and except thei a
outmoft edged with yellow-green ; Ugs yellowilh-brown.

Aijtiva,

BIRDS. PASSERES; 86. MotaciUa. 615

^/liva. Olive-green, beneath yellow : neck beneath and breaft
•with redclifh fpots : lateral tail-teathcrs within yel-
„ * low. . relloiu-poU IF.

2> Body above brown.

Inhabits Guiana, and Canada in'furamer ; 4I inches long.
Bill and legs black ; irids blue.

Carolincn- Olive-green, beneath yellowifli: quill and tail-feathers
fis* bfowri, the lateral ones edged with yellow.

Carolina Telloiu-poU.
Inhabits Hud/on's Bay: fizc of the laft*

Sataria, Entirely yellow and very fmall.. Taylor IF.

Inhabits India ; 3 inches long ; conftrufts a curious neft by
fewing the edges of one or more leaves together, fb as to form
a conical repofitary for its eggs and young, which is after-
wards lined with feathers and vegetable down ; this fint^ular
work is performed by ufing its bill in the place of a needle,
and feme vegetable fibre for thread. A beautiful reprcfenta-
tion may be feen in Shaw's Naturalijl's Mifcellany, No. 70,
plate 237. The eggs are white, and are laid to be not larger
than what are ulualty called ants* eggs.

Cajfra. Olive ; chin and tail ferruginous : eyebrows white.

Caffrarian IF,
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; fize of M. alba.
Rump ferruginous ; breaji and belly whitifh ; quilLJeathcr s
brown ; tail-feathers even, the lateral ones at the tip, middl;
ones entirely brown ; lores black.

Gulafis. Above ferruginous, beneath .white ; chin, wings and tail
black.
Inhabits South America,

Flavicau- Olive, beneath white : crown and rump cinereous : area
^^' oi the wings and lateral tail-feathers yellow tipt with

** brown, the middle ones entirely brown.

rellow'toil IF.
Inhabits America and migrates,

Tfchecant' Above blackifh, beneath ferruginous : head dark -brown :
fchia» nape whitifli: collar and oblong fpot on the wings

white : back black.
Inhabits Siberia,

Melanopa,

6i6 feiRDS. PASSERES. 87. Pipra.

Mdanopa. Blueifh-afli, beneath yellow ; lores and throat black ; eJ'C-
brows and 3 lateral tail-feathers each fide white ; the
outmoft black on the exterior edge. " 1

Inhabits Dauurta: lefs than M. flava
A white line from the gape through the neck ; tail even,

liudfonica Rufty-brcrwn, beneath whitifh ; neclc beneath with duflcy
ftripes ; outmoft tail-feather white^ fecond white
edged within with black, third white on the dilk.t

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay : 6 inches long.

Bill and legs yellowifti-brown ; l>ody above brown, the feathers

edged with ferruginous •, chiri 2nd throat pale ferruginous j

tail blackifh, 3 inches long.

*Boarulai Cinereous, beneath jrellow ; fiiff! tail-feather entirely, fe-
cond on the inner fide white. Grey fVagtatl,
* Inhabits Europe ; "yi inches long ; is much in motion,
feldom perches, frequciits waters, perpetually flirts the tail,
and makes its nell on the ground ; eggs reddilh-white fpotted
with yellow.
Bill and legs brown 5 chin and throat (of the male) black ;
wing-coverts brown, edged with afh ; quill-feathers brown,
the lecondaries white at the bafe; middle tail-feathers black,
edged with gretnifh.
2. Olive-brown, Kehedth yellow ; lower part of the neck
grey ; firft tail-feather entirely, fecond and third on
the inner fide and tip white.
^ Inliabits j^ava j 7 inches long.

87. PIPRA. Bill fhorter than the head,
ftrong, hardy nearly triangular at the
the bafe, and (lightly incurved at the
lip : ncjlrils naked ; feet greflTorial ;
tail fliort, . Manakin*

Rupicola. Crefl erecl, edged with purple j body faffron ; tail-coverts
truncate. Reck M,

Inhabits rocky parts of South America ; fize of a fmall pigeon ;
10 — 12 inches long; is fhy, but maybe tamed if taken
young ; feeds on imall wild fruits, and builds in the clefti
of the mofl remote rocks ; eggs 2, white.

Bit

BIRDS. PASSERES; 87. Pipra. 617

Bill yellowifh ; creji confiding of a double feries of feathers 5
quill-Jtatliers partly white, partly brown ; tail-feathers x 2,
upper half of the 10 middle ones orange, lower brown,
outer ones brown, the upper half of the inner web orange ;
legs yellow.

Temak and young bird brown ; lower zving-coverts rufous-
orange.

Peruviana Body faffron-red ; greater wirfg-coverts cinereous ; quill
and tail-feathers black, the coverts of the latter not
truncate. Peruvian M»

Inhabits Peru : fize of the lafl : tail much lonrer.
Bill and legs yellow ; fecondary quill-feathers and rump red,

Pareola. Crefl blood-red ; body black ; back blue.

Blue-hacked M,
Inhabits South America : 4-| inches long.
Crefi plicatile ; leder zuing-coverts blue ; legs red ; irids blue.
Female olive ; young bird green.

Superba, Deep black ; rhiddle feathers of the crown longifli, flame-
colour ; between the wings a pale blue lunular
blotch; prirfiary quill-feathers broWnilh..

Superb M.
In fize larger than P. aureola.

Bill black ; legs pale yellow ■, feathers of the. front covering
the noftiils ; hairs at the nollrils, angles of the mouth and
chin thickfet ; primary quillfeathtrs pointed ; tail fhort, of
iO feathers.

Criflata. Creft pale yellow ; body purple. Purple M^

Inhabits Brafil and New Spain; 3- inches long.
Bill and tail red.

Picicitli. Cinereous ; head and neck black ; round the eyes a
whitilh fpot which ends in a point at the breaftl

Mexican M.
Inhabits Mexico: of very fmall fize,

Ruhetra, Creft pale yellow ; body teftaceous ; quill and tail-feathers
blue. Telloiv M,

Inhabits Brafil and Cayerine : 4^ inches long.
Bill yellow ; chin brown ; neck with a golden cojiar.

Vol. I, — 4 K Torquatai

6i8 BIRDS. PASSERES. 87. Pipra.

Tor^uata. Black 5 head fcarlet ; quill-feathers and coverts blue*

Collared M,
Inhabits Brafil; 3| inches long.
Bill and Itgs yellowifh.

Miacatototl Black with a few whitilh feathers ; belly pale ; wings and
tail beneath cinereous. New Spain M.

Inhabits Ntio Spain j rather fmalf.

PunHata. Greyifh-brown waVed with dufty ; top of the head and
wings black fpeckled with white \ tail-coverts red.

Speckled M.
Inhabits Neto Holland. Naf. Mifcd. 1 1 1 .

GTifea. ' Grey, qeneath yellow ; hrnd-hea<} crefted ; greater wing-
coverts red ; quill-feathers and tail grey-afh ; front
with a yellow fpot. Grey M*

Inhabits /4mmrfl; 3 t inches long. £i7^ yellow.

Albifrons. Creft white ; body teftaceaus ; back black.

White-faced M.
2. Body rufty-teftaceous ; creft longer, unequal.
Inhabits South America j 5 — 6 inches long.
Bill black ; cnjt plicatile, compofed of pointed, decumbent
feathers, and with the face and chin furrounded by a black
line; legs reddifli-yellow.

Erythroce- Black ; head and armpits tawny. Gold-headed M»

phala.

1. Black ; head and bracelets red.

Inhabits 5o!iiA America : 3^ inches long.

Bill yellow ; body purplHh-black ; legs flefh-colour.

Aureola* Black ; head and breaft fcarlet ; quill-feathers with a
white fpot on the fore-part. Red and black M'.

2. Head, lower part of the neck, breaft, belly and edges of

the wings orange ; quill-feathers with a white fpot

within.
Inhabits Guiana ; 3!^ inches long.
Bill black ; legs and claws red, 2) brown.
Female olive ; crozun hoary-red, beneath olive-yellow ; young

bird olive with red fpots on the head, throat, breaft and

belly.

Caudata,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 87. Pipra. 619

Caudata. Blue ; crown fcarlet ; wifigs black ; 2 middle tail-feathers
long, pointed, Longr-t ailed M-

Inhabits South America. Nat, Mifcel. ^53.
Sides of the neck and tail \yith a green, lulhe.

Leucoce- Blacky head white, fVhite^headed M.

phala. Inhabits Surinam; fize of a warbler.

Leucocilla. Dufky-black ; cap white. White-capped M.

2. Dufky-black ; cap white ; bracelets red.

Inhabits reedy places of South America : 3I inches long.
Bill gxey-brown ; hdjf with a ftecl-blue glols; &^j reddifh.

Gutluralii Black; throat white. White-throated M,

Inhabits the hotted parts of America ; ^\ inches long.
Upper mandible blackifh, ^ower white ; fome of the middle
quilljeathers white on the inner webs i legs and claws red.

Serena^ Black ; front white ; rump blue ; belly tawny.

White-franted Af.
Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana: 3i inches long.
Bill and legs black ; feathers of the head black at the bafe, the
reft blue, of the front tipt with white ; vent orange.

Manacus, Black, beneath white ; fpat on the wings and neck above

white. Black-capped M.

2. Spot on the win^s o.

Inhabits the woods of Guiana ; 4| inches long \ is gregarious

and reftlefs, perpetually hopping about.
Bill black ; legs yellow.

Minnta^ Grey ; head black fpeckled with white, l^ittle M.

Inhabits India : fize of a imall wren.
Breajl yellowifli with tranfverfe black lines; tail-feathers

brown with pale edges.
Male with flefh-colour lipes on the frt?nt and white blotches

on the hind-head.

Striata. Beneath yellowifli; upper part of the head and nape black,
the feathers with a longitudinal white ftreak j quill-
feathers black, the third very fhort.

Striped- headed M.
^ K 2 Inhabits

)62o BIRDS. PASSERES. 87. Plpya.

Inhabits South America : 4I inches long.
. Bill brown with a yellow fpot between it and the eyes ; ?ieck
above and hack brownifh-afti ; nnng-coverts brownifh, fom?
of them tipt with yellow ; fpurious zvings tipt with white ;
tail black, (hort, the lateral feathers tipt with white ; legs
dufky-black.

IJ'cevia, Brown, beneath tawny ; chin and throat black ; breaft,
bifid band on the wings, and tips of the tail-feathers
while. Spotted M.

Inhabits Soutfi Av^rica ; 4 inches long.

^lYJ blaCkifh ; lower part of the belly and vent orange ; breajl
fpotted with black ; legs brownifh.

Liucotis. Varied with olive and rufous, beneath rufous ; belly
* grey ; crown bjown ; temples and chin black ; each

lide the neck a tuft of longer fnowy feathers.

JVhite-eared M.
Inhabits South America ; 4| inches long. Legs brown.
Female, chin and throat white ; from the bafe of the bill^ be-
neath the eyes and reaching down each fide the neck a green
flreak.

Alricapilla Pale afh, benenth grey- white ; bill, crown, greater wing-
coverts -and quill-feathers black, the latter edged with
grey; front and cheeks grey- white.

Black-crowned M.
Inhabits Guiana : 6 inches long.
Tail longiih, {lightly wedded ; legs pale grey.

Paputnfis, Greenifli-black, beneath whitifli ; bread with an oblong
orange blotch ; middle tail-feathers very fhort.

Papuan M.
Inhabits New Guinea ; 3^ inches long.
Bill black ; legs livid.

f lamer- Deep black, beneath white ; vent with a red fpot.
Thia, Cr'imjon-'vented M.

Length 31 inches : bill pale; lower tail-cover ts nearly as long
as the tail ; legs brown.

NigricoUis,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 88. Parus. - 621

Nigricollis. Blucifli-black ; throat and vent black ; belly white.

Black-throated M.

Length 4 inAes. Bill and kgs brown.

Capcnfis,. Duflcy-black, beneath pale yeliowifb-orange ; edge of the
quill-feathers pale, of the wings pale yellowifh-
orangc. Orange-bellied M.

Inliabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 4 inches long.

Bill black ; kgs dufky-black.

Cinerea. Cinereous ; belly whitifli. Cinereous M.

Length 2i\ inches.

Miifica. Black, beneath orange; front and rump yellow: crown
and nape blue ; chin and throat black. Tuneful M.
Inhabits St. Domingo j 4 inches long ; is very fhy, and eafily
eludes the vigilance of fuch as attempt to take it ; its note is
mufical and forms a complete oftave, one note ' fucceeding
another. ,

Bill and lejrs black.

o 88. PARUS. Bill very entire, narrow, fub-
comprefled, flrong, hard, pointed,
and covered at the bafe with briflles :
tongue truncate, briftly at the end :
toes divided to the origin, the hind-
one large and flrong. Titmoufe.

This is a very fertile tribe, laying 18 — 20 eggs at one hatch ;
they feed on feeds, fruits and inlefts, and a few on flefh :
moft of them are fond of the brains of other birds, which
they get at bv cleaving the IkuU of fuch as thev find dead ;
they are reftlefs, bold, and cruel to birds lefs than themfeves,
and will attack fuch as are three times their o-a'u fize.

Bicolor. Head crefted, on the fore-part black ; body cinereous ;
beneath pale whitifh-rufous. Tottpet T.

Inhabits woods of North America : 6 inches long.
Bill black ; crefi pointed, grey ; orbits pale rufous ; quill and
tail feathers edged \\nth grey-rufous ; tail (lightly forked ,
legs lead-colour.
Femakf belly white,

Cr-'UtUS.

52^ BIRDS. PASSERES. 88. Parus.

CriJialuSf. Head crefled ; collar black ; belly white. CreJledT.

Inhabits Europe., chiefly in fir woods ; 4| inches long •, is fo-

litary and no}: eafily tamed,
^i// blackifh ; front and cheeks white; crejl plicatile, pointed,
black, edged with white ; chin, throat and ipot on the ears
black ; reft of the body reddi(h-grey ; legs lead-colour.

*Majar* flead black ; temples white ; nape yellow. Great T.

Inhabits Europe^ Afia and Africa : 5^ inches long ; frequents
gardens, but builds in woods, when it lays about 10 eggs ;
does much mil'chief in gardens and orchards by picking off
the teader buds of trees ; eggs white with rufty fpots.

Bill, chin and tail black ; Sack and wings olive ; rump blue-
grey ; belly greenifh- yellow, divided in the middle by a bed
of black extending to the vent ; quillfeathers dufky, edged
partly with blue, partly with white ; exterior lidea of the
outmoft tailfeathcrs white, of the others blueilh, inner fides
dulky ', legs lead-colour.
*2. Olive-brown, beneath dirty-yellowifh ; head black ; tem-
ples cinereous ; bill forked. Crofs-billed T,

This bird was once killed near FeverfJiam in Kent,

Bill croffed as in the Loxia curyiroftra.

Igncttus. Yellow-green ; breaft yellow fpotted with rufous ; Uelly
blue; vent yellowilh. StroemianT.

Inhabits Norway, and much refembles the laft.

Bill black, beneath yellow ; t(iil forked, the middle feathers
greenifli, the outmoft white without ; legs black ; back-clau
3 times as long as the reft,

Cyanus. Pale blue, beneath fnowy ; rump and crown whhilh-
hoary; neck above white with a ^j road blue band;
fhoulders and tail-coverts blue, Azure T,

Inhabits Ruffia and Siberia; above 5 inches long.

Bill and legs blackifh ; from the bill acrols the eyes a black
band ; wings varied with white and blue ; coverts with a
white band ; tail long, flightly wedged, above blue, beneath
white, the 4 upper feathers blue tipt with white, and with
black fhafts ; tongue cartilagenous bilobate, each lobe fringed
with 3 — 5 briftles.

America. Elueifh ; temples, breaft and back yellowifii ; flanks pur-
««-r. pliOl. Creeping T.

Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 88. Parus. 623

Inhabits Carolina and Canada : 4J inches long ; continually
runs up and down trees in learch after inlecls;

Upper mandible brown, lower yellow ; above and beneath the
eyes a white fpot ; wings with a double white bar ; colUr
half round the neck black ; belly white ; quill-ftathers
blackifh, within whitCj edged with blueifh-afli ; tail black-
ifh, middle feathers entirely, lateral ones edged with blue-
afh, the outmofl; within with a black fpot ; legs ycUowifh,

Female varied with black and brown.

*Carukus, Quill-feathers blueifh, the primaries white on the outer

edge ; front white ^ crown blue. BJue T,

Inhabits Europe: 4J inches long; frequents gardens, and does

much injury to fruit-trees by bruifmg the young buds in

fearch of infefts ; breeds in holes of walls, and lays 12 — 14

fmall white eggs.
Bill blackifh ; line from the bill to the eyes and one furrourid-

ing the temples black ; crown black ; back vellowifh-green ;

loing-coverts blue ; quill-feathers, black with dufky edges ;

tail blue, the middle feathers longer ; body beneath whitifti-t

yellow ; legs and claws black.

Atricapil- Cap and chin black ; body cinereous, beneath white.
ius, Canada Ti

Inhabits North America : 4I inches long ; feeds on worms and

infefts, and is very patient of cold.
tJpper tail-coverts whitifh ; greater wing-coverts brown, edged
with grey; quill-feathefs hrown, the outer edge grey, the
inner white ; middle tail-feathers cinereous, lateral ones
brown, edged with grey ; legs and claws blackilh.

*Atcr, Head black ; back cinereoos ; hind-head and breafl: white.

Colemoufe»
Inhabits woods of Europe and North America : 4 inches long.
Bill and chin black ; each fide from the bill to the neck be-
neath the eyes a broad black ftripe ; belly and vent reddifh-
white ; wing-coverts grey tipt with white ; quill and fazY-
yeflf A?ri brownilh-alh, edged with grey ; legs 201^ claws lead-
colour.

*Pfl/tt/?m. Head black; back cinereous; temples white. Marjh T,

2. Wings without the white bands.

3. Body beneath and band on the hind-head white.

4. Crown black ; nape yellowilh.

Inhabits

(,21^. BIRDS. PASSEREi?. 88. Parus.

Inhihits Europe, 2) Loui/iana : fomething larger than the ia ft,'
£ cdy ihovQ grey, bei:euth white; chin with a black fpot ;
zviiigs with 2 white bars.

Virginia- Rump yelloW ; body cinereous. , Virginian T.

nus. Inhabits Virginia ■ind Carolina ; 5 inches lortg.

BiU blackifh ; body above olive-brown, beneath grey i l(g^
ahd clazos brown;

Peregrinus Rump fcarlet ^ body cinereous, beneath while.

Crinifon-rumped T,
Size of P. major.

Quilt feathers brown ; tail-feathers black, except the 4 mid-
dle ones which are ob.H(|uely yellow On the hind- part.

Gri/eus, Grey ; crown red. Cr im/on-cr owned T,

Inhabits Greenland, See Fringilla Jlammea.

AJtr. Bfackifh ; cheeks, nape and belly white ; neck bencatli

and breaft black. Black-breajled T,

-Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; 6 inches long.
Bill, legs and tail blaCk ; a Vvhite Ibeak on the fides of fh.e
neck : outmo^ tail-feather without and lecond at the tip white.

*Caudatiis Crown Ayhite ; tail longer than the body. Lpng-tatled T.

Inhabits Europe and Siberia j 5' inches long ; is very deftruc-
tive to the trees in gardens ; foirns an oval neft with a hole
near the upper end for adniilTion; eggs 10 — 17, grey tinged
with reddifh.

Bill and legs black ; irids hazel ; the white on the head and
down the back fuvrounded with a broad black flreak ; teM-
ples and body beneath white ; fides of the back, rump, belly
and vent pale rofy ; greater zuing-covcrts black, lefler brown,
edged with rofy ; 4 middle tailfeathers black, 4, 4 edged
with grey, the reft varied with black and white.

Capenfis. Grey-aih ; quill-feathers black, edged with white ; tail
above black, beneath white. Cape T.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; builds a pendulous neft,
Ihaped like a retort, with a long, narrow neck and an open-
ing on one fide, which is attached to the branch of fome tree
or ftirub.
Bill and legs black.

*Biarmicust

tikDS. PASSERES. 88. Paru?. 625

* Biarmi- Rufous; crowri hoar^; tail longer than the body; head
c^j. bearded ; vent black. Bearded T.

Inliubits Europe, in marOiy places ; 6^ inches long ; fufpends
its neft bejween 3 reeds; eggs .reddifh -white with linall red
fpots.
Bill pale drarige ; irids yellow ;' kg.': black ; tail wedged ;
whijkers compofed of long black feathers; 3 outer tail-fea-
thers black at the bafe and whitish at the tips ; middle of the
Sreaji flesh-colpured ; fides and thighs pale orange.

Sinen/is. Rufty-brown ; head and neck paler ; qdill-feathers and
long tail brown edged with black. Chineje T.

Inhabits China ; ^i inches long. Bill black ; legs red.

Malabari- Grey ; chin, wings and middle tail-feather? black ; bod/
<^"-^' beneath, rump, fpot on the wings and bafe of tho

lateral tail-feathers tawny. Malabar T*

Inhabits Malabar ; 5^ inches long.
Bill and black; irids red. Female beneath rufous yellow.

Alpinus. Black, beneath pale rufous fpotted with black ; from the
bafe of the bill to the neck a white line ; hind-claw
very long. Alpine T*

Inhabits alpiue parts of Per/in; fize of P. caudatus,
IJjipa feathers of the body edged with cinereous; quill feathen
ana reverts above black, beneath cinereous, the latter tipt
with white ; tail forked ; outmoft tailftathets with a white
"^vcdged Ipot at the tip.

Sibiricus, Grey-brown^ beneath whltilh ; belly rufous grey ; lower
part of the neck black in the middle ; fides pale ru-*
fous. Siberian T,

2. Belly and vent white.

Inhabits Siberia j 5 inches long.

Bill and legs blackifh ; quillfeathers edged with rufous-grey?
tail (lightly wedged^ the outraoft feathers edged with tsd-.
difli-grcy<

Knicefcik, White ; beneath, ocular line and collar livid.
Inhabits the oak forefts of Siberia.

iludfonius Reddlfh'brown ; back cinereous ; throat black ; band undw
the eyes and bread white; fides rufous.

Bud/en's Bay T,
VoU I. — 4 L InbibiP?

C26 BIRDS. PASSERES. 88. Parus.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay ; ^\ inches long.

liHl and legs black; feathers long, lax at the bafe; wings snd
rounded tail broxvn, the feathers edged with cinereous.

Macroce- Black ; brcafl orange ; belly yellowilTi ; head tumid ; fpot
phalus. on the front and wings and 2 outmoft tail-feathers

white. Great-headed T.

2. Brcafl fcarlet.

Inhabits Ktiio Zealand : ^]- inches long.

Tail long, round, the 2 outmoft feathers each fide at the tip.
obliquely black, 3, 3 within tipt with white ; legs dark-
brown. Female above brownifli, beneath yellow.

^ovtx Se^-„Red-alh, beneath rufous-grey ; eyebrows white ; 2 mid-
landia, '" die tail-feathers black, the lateral ones in the middle
wiih a fquare black fpot. New-Xealand T,

Inhabits New Zealand : 5 inches long.
Kill brown tipt with black ; legs duflcy-black,

Penduli^ Head ferruginous ; ocular band black ; quill and tail-fea-
nus, thers brown, edged on each fide with ferruginous.

Penduline T.
Inhabits Europe and Siberia : 4^ inches long ; frequents moift
and marlhy places, and builds a neft in the fhape of a long
puife, with an opening on one fide, and attached to the end
of fome branch hanging over the water.
Bill cinereous; /roui whitifh; hind-head and wec^ cinereous ;
upper part of the back rufous-grey, lower and rump grey ;
throat pale afh ; breajl and belly pale rufous ; lelfer zuing-
-coverts brown tipt with rufous, greater blackifh edged with
bay; quill diud tail-feathers brown edged with white; le^s
rcddifh-grey.

Narhonen- Rufous-grey; crown hoary; wings and tall blackifh edged
Jis. with rufous ; primary quill-feathers edged with white.

Languedoc T.
Inhabits fr^fzce; 4 inches long; builds a ftrong pendulous

neft on the forked branch of a tree.
Bill black, upper mandible edged with yellow-bro^^'n ; legs
lead- colour.

Cda, Black ; bill white ; fpot on the wings and bafe of the tail

yellow. Guiana T,

.Tnhabit<5 Gxiima,

Amatoriiis,

BIRDS. PASSERESt. 89. Hirundo. 627

Amatorius Blackifli-blue ; longitudinal fpot on the middle of the wings
half yellow and rufous. Amorous T.

Inhabits Northern Afia : 5^ inches long ; is remarkable for the
great affeftion each fex fhews to the otFicr,

Bill black at the bafe and tipt with orange.

Cocclmus, Cinereous; bread, fpot on the wings, rump and lateral
tail-feathers on the hind-part fcarlct. Scarlet T.

Bill and legs black •, vent yellowifli.

Indicus, Above cinereous, beneath ferruginous ; chin and throat
dirty-white ; limbs black-browrj. Indian T.

Inhabits India.

89. HIRUNDO. Bill fmall, weak, curved,
fubulate, deprefTed at the bafe : gape
larger than the head : tongue fhort,
broad, cleft : -wings long : tail moftly
forked. Swallow^

Thefe birds chiefly frequent moift and v/atcry places, and fkim
about near the furface in fearch of infefts, which they catch
on the wing with great dexterity by means of the enprmous
gape of their jaws.

A. Toes 3 before and i behit\d'

* Rujlica, Front and chin chefnut ; tail-feathers, except the 2 middle
ones, with a white fpot. Gammon S.

2. Body entirely white.

Inhabits almofl every where ; frequents houfes, aud ufually
builds under the roof or in the chimney ;" leaves England in
September, and previous to its departure affembles in vaft
flocks on the tops of houfes, churches and even trees ; lays
4 — 6 white eggs fpeckled with red \ is faid to prefage ftonuy
weather if it flies low : 6 inches long.
Bill black ; hody above blackifh-blue, beneath whitifh ; tail
very much forked ; legs fhort, blackifli,

Takiiica, Blackifh-brown with a blue glofs above ; front and neck
beneath purple-tawny ; belly and vent footy ; tail, bill
and legs black. Otaheite Sw.

Inhabits Otahdte : 5 inches long, Irids brown.

4 L 2 ' EfcuUnta*

628 BIRDS. PASSERES. 89. Hirundo.

fjcuknta. Blackifh, beneath whitifh ; all the tail-feathers •with a
white fpot. - jRfculent Sw„

Inhabits China and iflands of the Indian Ocean; 2~ inclics
long ; builds in caverns of rocks, and makes its neft of gela-
tinous marine fubftances, in fhape refembling an apple cut
down the middle. Thefe nefts are found in great numbers
together, and are by the natives and luxurious Afiatics made
into broths, or otherwile cooked, and regarded as one of th<;
greateft dainties of the table ; or if they are foiled ierve the
purpofes of glue.
Bill black J tail tipt with white ; legs brown.

^orbonica. Blackifh-brown, beneath grey fpotted with brown ; tail
entire. - JVheat Stv.

2. "Three outer tail-feathers whitifh at the tips.

Inhabits the IJle of France: ilze of PI. apus: frequents fields
fown with wheat ; eggs 2, grey fpotted with brown.

francica. Blackifl:, beneath and rutpp whitifh or grey.

G^'ey-rujyipcd Sw.
Inhabits the 7/Ze of France : 4! inches long.

\^mtricana Blackifh-brown with a green glofs, beneath whitifh ;
rump and vent rufous ; quill-feathcrs whitifh within.

Rufous-runiped Sw.
2. Chin rufous ; quill-feathers without the whitifh.
Inhabits South America: 6^ inches long.

* Urbica. Blueifh-back, beneath white ; tail-feathers without fpots.

Martin,
a. Quill and tail-feathers tipt with white.

Inhabits £Mroy;c and North America: 5I inches long; builds
under the eaves of houfes, but not in chimnies ; eggs white.
Bill black ; mouth yellow; rurnp white; legs covered with a
fliort white down.

t^ana.y. Black, beneath white ; fpot on the front and chin rufty-
ana. yellow; collar black. Panayan S-ju.

Inhabits the Philippine IjlainU j fize of H. riparia>
Leifcr wing-coverts of a changeable violet-black.

M^f^' Shiningrblack, beneath rufous ; front whitifh.

Rufous-heUied Szv.
Inhabits Cayenne: 5; inches long; affixes its neft to beams,

which is {bmetimes i^ foot long,
#;■// black; legs iuiky-hUck, [Captnfts.

. BIRDS. PASSERES. 89. Hirundo. 625

Captnjis, Blackifli-blue, beneath yellowifh v/kh blackifh flreaks ;
cap rufous ; lateral tail-feathers with a white fpot.

Cape Sw.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : -j inches long ; builds often

in houfes. and lays 4 — 5 fpotted eggs.
/??7/ black; q uill-f eat hers brown wkh ^ilc edges; legs duiky-
black.

Riparia. Cinereous ; chin and belly white. Sand Martin.

Inhabits Europe aiid A'orth America: 4^ inches long; builds

in holes in iand pits a!id banks of rivers.
Bill blarkifl-. ; throat encircled with a moufe-coloured ring ;

h'(^s back, downy behind,

Rupejlris. Moufe-colour, beneath whitifh ; tall fubequal, the feathers
with a white fpot on the inner web. Rock Sw.

Inhabits Carolina : fize of II. urbica ; builds in holes of rocks.
Bill and naked legs black,

Montana, Moufe-colour, beneath rufous ; quill and tail-feathers
grey-brown edged with rufous, the latter, except the
middle and outer ones with a white fpot within.

Crag Sw.

Inhabits, during the fummer, rocky and mountainous parts of

France and Spain : 5^ inches long ; refembles H. rupeftris.

' Bill and claws black •, jianks brown; legs covered with a grey

down varied with brown.

Purpurea. Entirely violet ; tail forked. Purple Sw.

Inhabits Carolina and Virginia, during fummer; is very much
efteemed by the inhabitants for its ufe in alarming poultry of
the approach of birds of prey, which it does not only by
flirieking but attacking them with the greateft; fury; n^
inches long.

Bill black ; legs blackifh : female brown.

Subis. Blueifh-black ; beneath and mouth whitifh-afli. Canada Sw.
InhaLiis Iludfon's Bay : larger than H. apus.
Belly white clouded with brown ; quill and tail-feathers black-
ifh edged with brown ; legs and clazos dulky.

Senegalen. Shining-black, beneath and rump rufous. Senegal Sw.

f^ Inhabits Senegal; 8i inches long.

Bill black ; cJiin pale,

AfnbrO'

$20 BIRDS. PASSERES. 89. Hirundo.

Ambrofta- Grcy-brcy-brown ; bill blackifti ; legs brown.
ca. Ambergris Szv.

2. Pale afh, beneath paler.

Inhabits Senegal ; ^\ inches long ; fmells ftrongly of ambergrife.

Fafciata, Black : tranfverfe band on the belly and (pot on the outer
part of the thighs white. iVhtte-bellied Szv.

Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana ; 6 inches long.

Taptra. Tail-feathers equal ; body blackifli, beneath white.

Brafilian Sw,
Inhabits Brafil, Cayenne and Jamaica: 5I inches long.
^27/ black ; throat and breaji grey-brown; quill ind. tail-fea-
thers blackifn-brown ; It'gs brown.

Tt>rquaia. Brown, qeneath white : tail even ; pedloral band brown 5
between the bill and eyes a white fpol.

Brown-collared Sw,
Inhabits the Cfipe of Good Hope; 6 inches long.

Leucoptera Cinereous with a glofs of blue and green, beneath, rump
and wings waved with white. fFhite-ivinged Sw.

2. Brown, beneath fpotted Avith brown.

Inhabits marfhy places of Guiana; 4-^ inches long.
Bill black ; wings longer than the tail ; quill and tailfeathers
brown with a blue and green glofs ; legs pale.

Pelafgid. Tail-feathers equal, naked and fubulate at the tip.

Acideaied Siv.
2- Throat whitifh fpotted with brown.
3* Rump grey ; throat rufous-grey.

Inhabits yiwerica ; 4^ inches long : builds in chimnics.
Bill and body brown ; chin whitifh.

Actita. Black, beneath brown ; tail-feathers naked and fubu-
late at the tip. Sharp-tailed Sw.
2. Body beneath chefnut.

Inhabits Martinico : 3^ inclies long.
Bill and legs brown.

Zvr.aris, Black with a white collar. IVhite-coUared Sw.

Inhabits America, Cim, Phyf, too. tab, 55.

Dauurica,

BIRDS. PASSERES. 89. Hirundo. 63I

Dauurica, Blue, beneath white ; temples and rump ferruginous.

Dauurian Stv,
Inhabits alpine parts of Siberia! larger than the common
fwallow; builds ian hcmifpherical neft in the clefts of the
bigheft rocks.
Tevipks ferruglnoMs ; primary quiU-feathers blackifh, the tipt
obtufe with a brown ilreak, the firfl long ; ontaioft; tail-fea-
ther twice as long as the reft; vent pale-afh, the feathers tipt '
with black.

Erythroce- Duflty-black, the feathers edged with white, beneath
phala. white ; head red. Red-headed Sw,

Inhabits India j iize of the leaft humming-bird.

Tail-coverts brownifh.

Aoonala/i- Black, beneath cinereous ; rump whitifli. Joonala/hka Szv.
kenhs. Ivihabixs Aoonalajhka ; 4-|- inches ^ong.

Indka* Brown, beneath whitifh ; greater part of the head rufous.

Rufous-headed Siv*
Inhabits India : ,4 inches long. •

Some of the zoing-coverts edged with white ; quill-feather's
longer than the tail ; legs duiky.

Nigra, Entirely black. Black S:u.

2. Front with a white ftripc.

3. Entirely blackilh-grey.

Inhabits interior parts of South America ; 6 inches long ;
builds in a deep hole in the ground, with a long entrance.

Domini- Black with afteel glofs; belly white. St. Domingo Siv.
cenfis. Inhabits St. Domingo : 7 inches long : migrates.

Bill and legs brown.

Peruviana Black, beneath white ; band on the belly pale afh ; quill
and tail-feathers pale grey edged with yellowi(h-grey.

Peruvian Sw»
Inhabits Peru, Round the black eyes a brown circle.

Cinerea. Black, beneath cinereous ; quill and tail-feathers cinereous

edged with yellowifh-grey. Afh-belUed Sw,,

Inhabits Peru and Otaheite; lefs than the common fw.

2. Entirely blackifh-grey.

Inhabits Louifiana, IVings longer than the tail.

Violacea,

' 632 BIRDS. PASSERES. 89, Hirundo.

Violacea. Black -blue tinged with violet ; greater quill-feathcrs within,
bill and legs blackiih.
Inhabits Louijiana ; 8) inclies long.

bill and legs blackiih. l^iolet Sw-

Chalyka, Black with a Reel glofs, beneath white ; wings and tail
black ; bill and legs brown. Chalybeate Sw.

Inhabits Cayenne ; 6 inches long ; lays in hollow trees.

B. Toes all placed forwards.

*JpiiS4 Blackiih; chin white* Swift.

lEihabits almoft every where ; 8 inches long : flies about
chiefly in a morning and evening ; its feet are fo fmall that
it riles from the ground and walks with great difficulty ; is
moft:ly on the wing, and refls by clinging to lome wall ;
builds under the eaves of houfes, in fleeples and other lofty
buildings ; retires from England^ either by migration or be-
coming torpid, very early in the autumn*

Melba. Brown ; chin and belly white. JVhite-hellied Swiff.

Inhabits So«^/ifrrt Europe and Afta; 8| inches long; builds in

holes of turrets and rocks ; migrates.
Bill black ; collar grey-brown varied with blackifh ; zvings

and tail with a glofs of red and green ; breaji white ; _^ lower

part of the belly grey-brov/u ; le^s fiefh-colour, downy on

the fore-part.

Cayenmn- Blackifh -violet ; iiead black ; collar, bifid ocular band and
f-s, thighs white. ff^:iite-coUared Swift.

Inhabits Cfl>'e/zn« ; 5 i inches long ; builds a long conic neft
with a divifion in the middle.

Greater loing-coverts brown edged with white ; legs downy,

Sininfis, Brown, beneath reddiih-grey ; crown pale rufous ; eye-
brows brown : chin and eyelids white. Chinefe Swift.
Inhabits CAina ; 1 1 ?- inches long.
Bill^ irids and legs blue-grey ; icings long.

90. CAPRI,

BIRDS. PA3SERES. 90. Caprimulgus. 633

90. CAPRIMULGUS. Bill flightly curved,
very fmall, fubulate, and . deprefled
at the bafe : mouth extremely wide
and furnifhed at the lides with a fe-
ries of bfiftles : ears very large :
tongue pointed, entire : tail not fork-
ed, feathers 10: legs fliort ; middle
claw with a broad ferrate edge.

Goatfucker»'

The birds of this family feldom appear in the day time, except
they ai-e difturbed, or in dark cloudy weather, but wander
about in the evening in f'carch of infefts ; they lay 2 egg<s
which they depoiit on the naked ground : the lateral toes ar«
connected by a fmall membrane to the middle one.

*Europctus Black varied with cinereous, bro\Vn, ferruginous and
white ; beneath reddilh-white with brown bands.

European G.
Inhabits Europe, Afia and Africa ; during fummer frequents
>he woods of England : io-| inches long ; feeds chiefly
♦Ml beetles and moths ; its note is flngular, refembling
the noife made by a large fpinning wheel ; this bird was
formerly, but ablurdly, accufed of fucking the teats of
goats, whence its name, eggs whitifn marbled with blueifh-
brown. •

Irids hazel ; legs fhort, fcaly, feathered below the knees.
The male is diftinguifbed from the female by a large oval white
fpot near the end of the 3 firft quill-feathcrs, and another on
the outmoft tail-feathers.

Vir^ianus. Brown", tranfverrely varied with grey-brown and a little
cinereous, beneath reddifli-white tranfverfely rtreaked '-,
chin with a triangular white fpot ; area of the eyes
and neck above fpotted with orange, Virginian G.
Inhabits A^ori/i America; 8 inches long; makes a dilagreeable
loud nolle all night long ; eggs green with dufky fpots and
ftreaks.

Vol. I. — 4M Checks

634 BIRDS. PASSERES. 90. Caprimulgus.

Cheeks brown-afh ; quill-feathers dark-brown, the 5 firft on
the middle, and outmoft tail-feathers near the tip with a
fpot ; legs fklli-coldur.
CaroUnen- Above varied with tranfverfe, angular, alternate, blackifh
fis, and grey iines, beneath reddifh-grey with blackifh

longitudinal lines ; 3 outer tail-feathers white on the
inner fide. Carolina G.

Inhabits North America ; 1 1\ inches long.

Bill blackifh. ; ctowh with grey fpots ; 3 firfl quill-feathers With.
a largifh white fpot ; bgs brown ; eggs olive with blackifh
fpots.

Crifeus. Grey ; vv'ings black with pale grey lines j tail brownifh-
grey with brown lines. Grey G.

Itihabits Cayenne : 13 inches long.

Bill above brown, beneath yellowifh ; tail 5 inches lorlg.

Jamaicen- Ferruginous fireaked with black ; wings varied with

fis. with white ; quill-feathers brown with white fpots ;

tail-feathers barred with black. Jamaica G.

Inhabits woods of Jamaica ; 16 inches long.

Bill black ; noflrib covered with feathers ; irids reddifh-yel-

low ; legs large^ feathered to the toes, yellow j daws black,

Grandis* Blackifh with fmall brown fpots and flreaks ; area of the
eyes yellowifh ; legs white ; middle claw not ferrate.

Grand G»
Inhabits Cayenne: near 2 feet long ; the gape of its mouth is

fo large as readily to admit a man's lift.
Bill feathered nearly to the tip ; zvings brown on the outer
edge ; quill-feathers *ufky-black with a black fhaft each
fide lined with white ; tail brown with fpotted bais j legs
brown, feathered nearly to the toes.

Alhicollis. Rufous-brown varied with white and blackifh, beneath
with tranfverfe brown and blackifh lines ; throat with
a triangular white fpot. PFhite-throated G,

Inhabits Cayenne i 10^ inches long.

Bill and legs long ; lefTer quill feathers fpotted with rufous
without, greater black with a white band in the middle ;
third tail-feather white, fccond within white without black,
outmofl black with a white fpot near the bafe ; middle-foe
very long.

Rufus*

BIRDS. PASSERES. 90. Caprimulgiis.

^3S

Rufui. Rufous, longitudinaUy ftreaked with black and varied witli
black and white ; chiu with tranfvcrre lines ; tail
barred with black ^ quill-feathers with alternate ru-r
fous and black flripes. Rufous G.

Inhabits Cayenne : :oi inches long.

Bill brownifh ; irids yellow ; wings with tranfverfc- black bars ;
upper part of the l>elly inclining to black, lower tp rufous ;
l^^s lleih-colour.

Guia^unh Tawny flreaked and fpotted with rufous ; a white band

from the gape through the mandibles and reaching

below the chin ; quill-feathers black, the 5 or 6 firft

with a white fpct. Guiana G.

Inhabits Quiana : 5 inches long.

Crown and neck above with longitudinal ftieaks ; hack with
oblique, and body beneath with tranfverrc ones ', tail 3 inch«5
long, reaching an inch beyond the wings.

Brafdia- Yellowifh-black varied with white fpecks, beneath var"ic>J
nas, with white and black ; area of the eyes yellowifli-

white. Braftlian G.

Inlaabits Brajil : fize of a fwallow, Tai/ cxpanfile.
Orbits pale ochre ; bill and eyes black ; legs white.

Semitor- Blackifli varied with rufous and grey ; half-collar white.
quatus. fVhite'Collared G»

Inhabits Cayenne : 1 inches long.

Cayennen- Grey varied with black ; throat and bar on the wings

/

white ; temples rufous with 5 black ftreaks ; back ru-
fous ftreaked with black ; quill-feathers black, the
firfl 5 with a white fpot. Whit^necked G,

Inhabits Cayenne : 7J inches long.

Mill black ; head and neck above tinged with rufous ; lower
part of the belly whitilh fpotted with black ; 2 middle tail-
feathers grey with 5 — 6 blackifh bars, lateral ones black,
edged with white ; legs yellow-brown.

Acutus, Head and neck with rufous tranfverfe ftreaks varied with

brown and black ; body ftreaked with black, above

grey, beneath rufous ; tail pale rufous with black

fpots and bar near the end. Sharp-taHed G.

4 M ?, Inhabit?

e^e BIRDS. PASSERES. 90. Caprimulgus.

Inhabits Guiana : ^i inches long.

^ill and legs black ; tail a little longer than the wings, the bar
near the end bordered above with white.

America' Variegated with grey, black and dead-leaf-colour ; noftrils
nwj. eminent, cylindrical. American G. ,

Inhabits Jamaica : 7 inches long.
BiU black ; tigs grey.

Torquatus, Browii-afh fpotted with yellow ; hind-head with ^ golden
ring ; collar fpotted with whitifli \ 1 middle tail-fea-
thers much longer. Gold-collared G.
Inhabits BraJiL : fize of a lark.
Head large, deprelTed; fje^'black ; (egs 4ufky-black, »

Afiaticus. Pale afh waved with black and ferruginous ; breaft with
cinereous bands ; crown with a blackift ftreak, one
on the jaws and fpot on the chin pale. Bombay G.

Inhabits India : 8.^ inches long.

lira j\ qjciU-fcathers with a White fpot on the inner webs;
tail-feathers barred with rufous, 2 outmoft tipt with white.

Jndicus. Pale afli with tranfverfe black lines ; cheeks, breaft and
wings fpotted with ferruginous ; tail-feathers blueifti
barred with black, the outmoll varied with ferrugi-
nous and black. Indian G.

Inhabits India.

Crown and back pale afli, elegantly ftreaked with fine blackifii
lines.

Nova! Hol-Wzved witlf brown, black and whitifh, beneath whitifh ;
landi(X, neck and breaft with dufky bands ; creft on the front

ered, fetaceous. Crejled G.

Inhabits Kczo Holland: 9^ inches long.

Bill black ; behind the bale of the upper mandible an ereft
creft of 12 bfiftles, which are thinly barbed at the fides ;
quillfcathers brown, the outmoft 5 or 6 with whitifh fpots
on the outer fide ; tail rounded, brown, with 12 whitilh
bands waved with blackifli ; legs longifti, yellow.

^oft^i^en- Variegated grey; wings fpotted rufous and black ; a very
«i^. long naked-fhafted feather on each fhoulder.

Leona G.
' Inhabits

BIRDS. PASSERES. 90. Caprimulgus. 637

Inhabits Sierre Leona : fize of a darling. Nat, Mif. 265.

Naked-fhaft feathers projefting from the midft of the (rnaller
toing-c averts twice as long as the whole bird, naked part
black, nightly bearded each lide, the ends webbed, dufky
with a few obi'cur'e tranfverfe bars; ^od'^ blackifh-grey, ele-
gantly varied with fpefts of black, rufous and whiti{h ;
zvings ferruginous, all the feathers except the fmaller coverts
with numerous blackifh bars ; undcr-parts pale ferrut^inous
daflied with bars and patclics ; round the back of the neck
a fort of ferruginous collar or band ; tail fhorter than the
wings, cinereous with blackilh bars and freckles : feet
Iball. •'

CLASS

[ 638 ]

CLASS m. AMPHIBIA.

THIS clafs of animals is diftinguifhed by a body cold and genc-
rjlly naked; a countenance ftern and expreflive ; voice harfh ; colour
moltly lurid, and 'filthy odour : a few are furniflied with a horrid
poifon ; all have cartilagenous bones, flow circulation, exquifite fight
and hearing, large pulmonary veflels, lobate liver, oblong thick
ftomach, and cyflic, hepatic, and pancreatic du6ls : they are deficient
in diaphragm, do not tranfpire, can live a long time without food,
are tenacious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which
have been deftroyed or loft : fome undergo a metamorphofis ; fomc
Caft their fkin ; fonae appear to live promifcuoully on land or in the
water, and fome are torpid during the winter.

They arc divided into 2 Orders,

I. REPTILES. Thefe have feet^ and flat naked ears without
auricles.

II. SERPENTS. Feet o ; eggs connected in a chain, and penis
double, muricate.

Thefe laft are caft upon the earth naked, without limbs, expofed
te every injury, but frequently armed with a poifon the moft deadly
and horrible : this is contained in tubular fangs refembling teeth,
placed without the upper jaw, protruded or retraced at pleafure, and
lurrounded with a glandular veficle by which this fatal fluid is fe-
creted. But left this tribe fhould too much encroach upon the limits
©f other animals, the benevolent Author of nature has armed about
a fifth part only (which are marked (J) in this dreadful manner, and
has ordained that all lliould call their flcins, in order to infpire a ne-
ceffary fufpicion of the whole. The jaws are dilatable and not arti-
culate, and the oefophagus fo lax that they can fwallow, without
maftication, an animal twice or thrice as large as the neck ; the co-
lour is variable and changes according to feafon, age, or mode of
living, and frequently vaniflies or turns to another in the dead body ;
tongue filiform, bifid j fkin reticulate.

•■■1

CHARACTERS

C 639 ]

CHARACTERS of the AMPHIBIA,

I. REPTILES, mthfcet.

1. TESTUDO. Body 4-footed, covered with a fhell.

3. Draco. Body 4-footed, tailed and winged,

4. Lacerta* Body (moftly) 4-footed, tailed, naked.

2. JRana, Body 5-footed, naked, taillefs.

5. Sir^rt. Body 2-footed, tailed, naked.

II. SERPENTS. Feeto.

6. Crotalus, Plates on the belly and tail, with a rattle.

7. Boa. Plates on the belly and tail, without a rattle,

8. Coluber. Plates on the belly \ fcales on the tail.

9. Anguis. Scales on the belly and tail.

10. Amp'tjhoena. Rings on the belly and tail.

11. Coecilia. Body with naked lateral wrinkles.

12. Achrochordus* Body covered with warty tubercles.

AMPHIBIA.

L 640 J

AMPHIBIA.

ORDER I. REPTILES.

Lungs arbitrary ; legs [generally) 4 ; penis
fimple,

1. TESTUDO. Body tailed, covered above
and beneath with a bony or coriaceous
fliell, or fcales above : upper jaw in-
clofing the lower like the lid of a box.

Thefe are held in abhorrence by the Perfians ; are very fertile,
and in the egg ftate the prey of many ravenous animals ;
feed on worms, the marine ones on fea weeds, and when
tamed will eat almoft any thing ; are extremely flow, and in
copulation frequently adhere together a month ', are capable
of exifting a long time in noxious air, and fo tenacious of
life, that if the head be cut off, or the cheft opened, they
\vill live feveral days ; tho land ones are torpid during win-
ter, in cold climates. Tht Jhell confifts of 2 cormefted la-
mina;, the upper convex, covered with fcutels which of the
difk are 13, of the margin 24; the lower concave, particu-
larly in the male, obtufe on the fore-part and notched be-
hind, divided by futures into fcutels ; between the 2 la-
minae is an anterior aperture for the head and aims, and a
pofterior one for the tail and thighs.

A. Legs fn-Jhaped, the forsmoj} longer. Marine Turtles.

*Coriac£a, Shell cotiaceons, longitudinally grooved.

Coriaceous Tortoife,.
2. Shell tuberculate.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and Atlantic feas ; about 6 feet

long, 3 wide ; flefli not good.
Upper jaio bifurcate at the end, extremity of the lower one
Iharp, clafping into the fork of the upper ; noflrils fmall,
roucd ; hide refembling blacjt Itather, divided iato 5 grooves.

Imbrieta.

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. i.Tcfludo. 641

Iinhieata. Fore and hind-feet 2-clawed ; plates lax, lying over each
other. Hazbk's-bill Turtle,

Inhabits America and AJiatic feas; above 2 inches long.

Body depreffed; head longifh ; fhell oval ; ribs of the plate 3,
{lender, carinate, interrupted, acute, at the edge, jerrate be-
hind, with 34 unequal fcales, chiefly pentagonal, of which
13 are on the difk, the reft on the margin. The plat?s arc
the tortoile-fhell of th6 (hops.

Vyiflj. Fore-feet 2-clawed ; hind-feet folita'ry i fhell oval.

2. Claws pointed, one on each foot.

3. JBeak like the bill of a goofe.

4. Bcaik like the bill of a fowl.

5. Plate of the fhell very large.

Inhabits Southern feas ; is the hrgefl of its tribe, and fo flrong
as to be a-ble to run with a load of 600 pounds weight, and
lO move with as many men as can fit upon its back ; deeps
on the water upon its back, but when turned up on land is
not able to move ; lays numerous round membranaceous eggs
(as many as looo-) which it depofits in the fand and fits up-
on by night ; flefli and green fst delicious and greedily fought
after by icorbutic failors ; feeds on fepize and {hell-fifh.

.aretta. Plates of the back gibbous behind; fofe and hind-feet
2-clawed.
Inhabits near the American and Mediterranean iflands; afFordi

tortoife-Oiell ; flefh lancid.
Head middle fize ; mouth large ; beak long, flout ; back more pro-
minent and gibbous than others -jJUeU thick, elegantly painted.

■acropus. Shell oval, keeled, notched; feet large, 2-clawed.

B. Feet palmate; Jhell joined to the cheji by a memlraney
end propped each fide In the middle by 1 procejfes of the
chcfi. River Turtles.

Orbicularis Shell round, flattifh,- fnaooth. Round Tortalfe'

2. Shell dotted.

3. Shell rough.

Inhabits Europe as far as Prujfia.

Shell of the female very entire at the edge and fraoother on the

furface •, plate of the male fub-convex white, as is the head,

and furrowed with fmall black flrcHk-^, behind much lels

Vol. I. — \ N nctfhed

64Z AMPrilBlA. REPTILES. i.Tcftudo.

notched than the female, the fcutels deeper grooved, fome of
the middle of thofe on the back fub-carinate ; che/l rougher,
a little iinuate, brown, in the female yellow, whole neck and
feet are alfo more variegated with yellow fpots.

Membra- Feet 3-cIiiwed; dorfal (hell membranaceous, oval, ftreaked
nacea. vvith grey.

Inhabits the Guiana leas ; very fmall^ probably only A. variety
of T. cartilaginea.

Truinruis. Feet 3-clawed ; diflc of the back orbicular wrinkled, bor-
der more deprelTed, fmooth ; noftrils in an elevated
cylinder projedling beyond the head.

Inhabits the AHL ; a rare fpecies.

Cartilagi- Shell round raembranaceotis, ftriate on the back ; feet
Tiea. 3-clawed ; nofe cylindrical, projecting.

Head depreffed ; lips broad, yellow, the upper turned up, the
lower down ; aperture of the eye horizontal; upper eyelid
broader than the lower ; plate fprinkled with elevated grains,
edge of the notched part revolutef, the anterior part convex
in the middle, behind flat, depreffed ; fcutels on the plate or
cheft o, which latter is as long as the back fhell,

Ferox. Shell cartilaginous^ ova^ ; feet 3-elawed ; noftrils tubnlar,
prominent.

Inhabits the rivers of South America ; 20 inches long, 14
broad, about 70 pounds weight ; flefli very delicate ; is fierce,
and defends itlelf by biting.

Head i'ubtregonal, narrowed before, dilatated behind ; neck long,
thick ; eyes contiguous, eyelids broad, lax, pupil narrow,
iris citron ; each, jaw confifts of one bone ; upper lip broader
than the lower ; nofe like the fnout of a mole, but loft, thin,
pellucid, cartilaginous ; arins thick, flout, and with the
hands covered with a lax, folding, dufky-green {kin ; fore-
feet with 2 fpurious claws ; hind feet only 1, whitifti ; tail
thick, broad, originating an inch beneath the vent, equal in
length to the hinder part of the dorfal plate ; dorlal plate
black-brown tinged with green, bony in the middle, cartila-
ginous, flexile on the fides, behind and before fprinkled with
fmooth oblong tubercles ; beneath whitifln, elegantly veined ;
chef clear whitifh, cartilaginous on the fore-part, and reach-
ing 2 — 3 inches beyond the dorfal plate, beliindbony, re-
fembling a faddle,

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. i.Tcfludo. 643

Scabra. Head fmooth, particoloured ; plate ov^l, fcarcely convex,
highly keeled and rough.
Body a finger's length ; Jkin warty, fprinkled with a few fcales ;
plate ovz\, 22 inches long, 15 broad, on the fore-part mo-
derately blunt with a convex, crenate circumference, behind
rounded, a little ferrate, and at laft notched, furface covered
with angular warty fcales,

Squamata. Body oval ; above, neck tail and legs fcaly ; beneath
fmooth, foft.
Inhabits rivers of Java ; burrows on the banks^ and in con-

junftion with other reptiles hunts fifh ; flefh very good.
Hiad fmall, i-efembling a ferpent's; eyes fmall, moveable ; teeth
fharp ; fcales lefs towards the head.

tutatia. Tail half as long as the body; fhell flattifli, carinate on
the hind-part with 3 fcutels.
2. Shell tubular.
2, Shell campanulate.

Inhabits lakes on the banks of the Tanais, Volga, Ural, and

other Indian and Eajlern rivers.
Fore-feet more palmate than the hind ■, chef truncate on the
hind-part ; feet 4-clawed; claws fharp.

Scorpioides Fore-feet 5-clawed, hind 4.-cla\Yed ; front callous, 3-lobed 9

tail with a claw at the end.

Inhabits Surinam.

Shell blacky oblong, oval with 3 obfclete angles on the back ;
fcutels on the back refembling armorial fhields ; head on the
fore-part covered with a callofity which is 3-lobed on the
hind-part ; outcv-toe of the hind-feet unarmed; clatos fharp,
that oi, the tail incurvate. ,

Hermanni, Feet 4-cla\ved ; tail terminating in a claw.

Zen^fA half a foot -ffiell convex, variegated with yellow and
hizck; fcutels oi the margin 24, the 2 lalt more convex;
teeth o ; hind feet like thole of the elephant ; clazo of the tail
bony, bent inwards, i an in<^h long.

Carolina. Feet digitate ; /hell gibbous ; tail 0.
Inhabits Carolina.

Head obtufifh, covered with callous fcales; incifure of the

plate lunate on the fore-part, fharp edged ; fcutels broad, flat,

4N 2 llriatc

644 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. i.Teftudo.

ftriate on the margin Avith hollow dots in the middle ', chejt
before truncate, behind bifid ; legs covered with round icales,
the fore 5-clawed, hind 4, acute, ftout..

Palujiris. Shell deprefled ; fore-tect 5-clawed, hind-feet. 4.

Inhabits ftagnant waters in Jamaxca : 8 — 9 inches long ; wan-
ders into meadows in fearch of food ; body deprefled, oval,

Cafpica. Shell round ; fore-feet 5-clawed, hind-feet 4 ; head fcaly ;
tail naked.
Inhabits frefh waters in Hircania; fometimes grows fo large as

to bear the weight of a man.
Plate more than 8 inches long and 7 broad, convex, variegated
with black and green ; fcutcls of the margin 25 parallel-
ogram, of the dilk 5 fubquadrate, with confluent futures,
fometimes ftraight, fometimes curved ; chejl more than 7
inches long, 3 broad, fmooth, blackifli, fpotted with white,
behind bifid, obtufe, before marked with a triangular furrow,
each fide with a longitudinal Ipiral furrow and 4 tranfverfe
ones. ^

Claufa. Scutels of the diik carlnate ; cheft a little bowed and pref-
fed to the plate by means of valves.
Inhabits North America : by means of the 2 valves the fhell
can be lo completely clofcd as not to admit water.

Penfylva- Fore-feet 5-clawed; hind-feet 4; tail tipt with a .Iharp

nica. horn. ^ r 11 r

Inhabits flagnant waters in Penfyi,vania ; wnen alive Imells ot
mulk ; by means of the tip of the tail turned in it climbs up
flippery hills and flops itfelf ; tail fhort.

Serpentina Feet digitate ; fliell fubcarinatg, the hind-part obtufe with
5 iliarp teeth.
Inhabits frefli waters in Algiria and China; bites in the water.
Head refembling a lerpent's ; tail as long as the fhell.

SpcngUri. Shell yellow, fubcarinate, hind-part obtufe with 10 fharp
teeth ; fcales imbricate.

Refembles the laft.

Fimhiia, Shell ftriate, fpinv ; front callous, 3-lobed,
' 4 Jnhabi-ts

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. i.Teftudo. 645

Inhabits favannas of South America.

Head flat, 3-cornerecI ; neck long, much wrinkled ; has a great
relifmblance to T. fcorpioides.

C. Feet cJavatCy clawed ; Jhell convex y joined to the cheji
by bony commijj'ures. Land Tortoifes.

^eniicula. Feet fubdigitate ; fhell round-heart- fliaped, the margin ir-
'■'^' regularly fcooped.

Inhabits Virginia : lomething larger than a turkey's egg.
Skell palifh dufky, covered with G-fided rough fcales ; tail
Ihorter than the feet ; foet like an elephant's, 5 — 4 clawed,
tof s not very diftinft.

■<ircc. Feet fubdigitate ; fliell gibbous behind, lateral margin very
obtufe ; fcutcls flattifh.
Inhabits Africa and Sardinia; the Greeks are very fond of its
flefh and eggs, and drink its blood ; the male when irritated
runs and butts its head againft a ftone ; hides under ground
in September and emerges in February ; lays 4 — 5 white
eggs in holes which it digs in warm funny places, they are
about the fize of a pigeon's, and the young come forth after
the equinoftial rains not larger than a walnut.
Body tailed, 6^ inches long, 4 pounds weight ; hind-feet 4-toed,
fore generally 5, fometimes 4 ; fiiell oval, very entire at the
margin ; plate very convex, and with the fkin variegated
black and yellow,

Carinata, Feet digitate ; fhell gibbous ; the 4 anterior fcutels of the
back carinate ; cheft entire.
Inhabits warm regions.

^cometr'ica Shell oval ; all the fcutels elevated, flat above with yellow
ftripes running from a centre in a ftellate manner.

Inhabits Dalmatia, fouthern Rujia, Afia and South America.

Tail {hort ; feet all cleft, the fore 5.toed, the hind 4, all with
claws ; full frequently a foot and a half long, very gibbous
with elevated fcutels yellow in the middle, hexagonal and
ftriate towards • the circumference •, cheft behind fharply
notched.

Meleagris. Feet digitate ; fhell oval, fmoolh, fpeckled with numerous

yellow dots.

Inhabits

646 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. i.Teftudo.

Inhabits America : about 5 — 6 inches long.

Shell deep chefnut, covered \\ith innumerable oval, yellowifti-
white fpecks, Imooth, except that down the middle of the
3 central fcutels runs an obfcure keel, margin fmooth ; lower
fui-face pale yellow with a few irregular brown patches ;
he^d and eyes large ; clazvs ftrong ; tail longifh, fcaly.

PitfMd, Feet fubdigitate ; fhell hemifphsric with convex trapezi-
form fcutels, the edge ftriate, the difk dotted.

Inhabits the Cape ; when tamed eats any thing offered it, ex-
cept milk or animal food, but abftains from food during the
winter, and does not go into the water ; is veiy flow of mo-,
tion unlefs driven by heat.

Upper fnell m.oderately convex, hardly the fize of a man's
hand, furrounded within the margin by a whitifh band, and
ornamented with 22 dufky 3-fided patches ; ycwff/i of- the

- difk in the middle with elevated dots, the 2 firfl fubcarinate,
tlie reft not ; lower fiell reddifh, the fore-part entire, the
hind notched ; arms and thighs without kales ; Jore-Jeet
undivided, 5-clawed, hind-feet indiftinftly digitate, 4-claw-
cd ; tail fhort,

Jndica. Shell turned back above the neck j 3 firfl fcutels tuberous.
Inhabits India.

Jaws ferrate, with a double row of teeth ; Jhell brown-afli,
the 3 firft pieces \vith a round, uneven, elevated knob.

Ptcla. Shell flat, each fide with a double blackifh-blue fpot;
fcutels furrounded with a yellow edge ; neck longi-
tudinally ftreaked with yellow and black.
Claws fhort, acute ; tail Ihoit •, chejt yellow with a black line
in the middle. "

Sulcata. Tailed ; feet digitate ; (hell gibbous ; i"cutels lineate, fur-
rounded by a furrow.
Inhabits iflands in the South American feas,

Pianaria, Feet digitate ; fhell oval, convex, fmooth.
Inhabits Surinam.

Head oval, the fore-part acute, above broad ; eyes large, round,
contiguous ; tip of the beak obtufe, prominent; jaws with-
out teeth, the lower hooked at the point -, tongue round ;
fcutels elevated, broad ; chejl narrowed at the fides ; feet
thick, fhort, each with 5 acute, curved claws.

Terrejlris.

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 2. Rana. 647

Terrejlris. Shell oval, gibbous ; fcutels of the difk yellow in the mid-
dle, edged with fhining black, furrowed, the lateral
ones many fided.
Inhabits South America.

Head refembling that of a ferpent, above with yellow, beneath
with red fpots ; jaws channelled, containing minute teeth ;
tongue round, broad ; eyes black, languid, moift ; neck when
extended, 4 inches long, covered with a dufky, wrinkled,
fcaly Ikin; thighs thick, curved, fpotted with red ; fore-feet
5-clawed, hind 4 ; plate 10 inches long, 6i broad, 5 high ;
fcutels of the back 13, the firft of the middle feries penta-
gonal, 2 — 4 hexagonal, 5 trapeziform ; margin black, ftriate ;
ckeji yellow ; tail thick, conic, about an inch long.

Longicollis Shell fmooth, oval ; neck very long.

Inhabits New Holland.

Body above deep olive-brown, beneath pale whitifli-vellow,
the fhell deeper yellow, and ftained at all thejundures with
black-brown, fo as to form fo many crofTuigs of that colour;
fiell nearly fmooth. but in fome parts relembling the grain of
common black leather ; Jiead fmooth ; neck extr-emely long,
its upper furface marked with oval granulations, giving it a
ferpentine appearance ; forefeet fhort, tetradaftylous, ibftly
foaled, and fomcwhat pinnate by a continuation of the fkin ;
kind feet longer, more widely pinnate, totradaftylous ; claws
refembling thofe of birds; tail fliort, being a mere elonga-
tion of the Ikin.

2. RANA. Body 4-footed, naked : tail ge-
nerally o: hindi'legs longer than the
fore.

This genus differs from the lacerta in having a fhorter body,
broader, thicker head, and in general no tail. They feed on
infefts, are full grown the fourth year, and feldom live be-
yond the twelfth; fore-feet moflly cleft, 4-toed, hind-feet
palmate, 5-toed, all without claws ;'are very falacious, flick-
ing to the female for days and weeks ; the tadpole is excluded
from the egg without feet, but with a tail refembling a lifh's,
which drops off as the legs are protruded ; in this flate they
have likewife a fort of gills and fublidiary lungs, and many a
fmall tube on the lower lip, by which they can affix them-
felves to other bodies, or near the left eye a veficle from

which

648 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 2. Rana.

which they difcharge water ; in breeding-time the fore-
tiiumb of the male is warty : toads are filthy in their afpeft,
and live in damp, obfcure, dark places, and crawl out only
by night, their eggs are in a long conne£led chain : frogs are
more ^ive, more abciut by das', and lay their eggs in a con-
fufed mak.

A. Bot^y war fy, puffed up ; Ugs Jhcrtcr. Toads.

Pipa. Toes of the fore-feet unarmed, 4-cleft, of the hind-feet
clawed, palmate. Surinam Toad.

Inhabits the waters of Guiana, and is eaten by the natives ;
in this extraordinary animal, the male, after the exclufion
pf the eggs, collects the ma's together and linears it over the
back of the females with its paws, where they are received
into cellules, impregnated by the male and clofed up ; after
fome time the perfect young are excluded from thele hollow
tubercles on the back of the female, without gills, and al
firft without tails, the tails are produced loon after, and at
laft drop off.

IIt:dd flat, broadj very (hort ; beak fpatula-fhaped ; eyes \ery
fmall and remote ; neck very fliort, wrinkled ; body orbicu-
lar, flat, black-bay,, with a hard cartilaginous Ikin i fore-toe.
round, hind very long, connected by an undivided meiii-
brane.

Mu/ica. Shoulders gibbous, dotted. Mufual Toad.

Inhabits frefh waters in Surinam : larger than the common
toad ; in the evening and during the whole night makes a
mufical kind of cro-.iking.

Body varied with lurid and brown ; upper eyelid wrinkled, a
little warty ; Jlioulders each fide with an oval gibbofity per-
forated with dots ; belly and thigks with raifed dots ; fore-
feet cleft ; hind-feet fubpalmate, 5-toed, with hardly an\
claws.

*Bufo. Body lurid and brown. Common Toad.

2. Back olive; an unequal yellowifli-red band down the fide,

3. Body with confluent green fpots and warta on the fpots of

the fame colour, thofe of the intervals red ; the fpaces
between bicoloured.

4. Much lefs.

Inhabits

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 2. Rana. 649

Inhabits woods and fhady damp places of Europe: lives during
fpring and fummer in ftagnant fhallow water, in winter in
muddy places and not unfrequently in holes of its own dig-
ging ; feeds by night on various infefts ; is fo tenacious of
life that it has been found alive inclofed in rocks, where it
mull have remained for years ; is devoured by the eagle and
hawk tribe, and even domellicated by the natives of Ucrania*

♦ Rubeta. Vent obtufe ; a yellow line on the back ; body beneath
fpotted with black. Natter Jack.

Inhabits dry fandy places of Europe : appears in the eveninc^
efpecially after fliowcrs, and is the fpecies which has been
fuppofed to have been rained down ; is of quicker motion
than the laft ; 2i inches long, li broad.

Body ^bove dirty yellow clouded with brown, and covered
with porous pimples of unequal fiaes, beneath paler with
rough black fpots ; fore-Jest with 4 divided toes, hind-feet 5,
a little webbed.

Gibbofa. Body ovaly convex^ with a longitudinal cinereous dentate
band. Gibbous Toad,

2. Back marbled with red and yellowifli-aih ; belly yellow
fpotted with black.
Inhabits India, 2) Surinajn.

Bombina. Belly orange fpotted with fky-blue ; pupil triangular.

Laughhtg Toad,

2. Belly black with clear white fpots and points.

3. Brown with white fpots ; fides and round the joints red.

4. With a very loud fonorous voice.

Inhabits fenny places in Germany and Helvetia; leaps like a
frog ; emits a clear found like a man laughing ; refembles the
common toad, but is fmall, black, and every where rough
with dots on the upper part and variegated beneath, with a
tranfverfe wrinkle under the neck.

Salja. Above dirty-olive; beneath white fpotted with black.

Salt Toad,

Inhabits ftagnant fait waters of Berchtefgad : lefs than R. ar-

borea ; avoids light, is inodorous and emits no liquid from

its minute perforated warts ; legs with bro^vn bands, beneath

yellow.

Vol. I. — 4 O Ventricofa^

650 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 2. Rana.

Ventricofa. Mauih (etniov^ite ; throat prominent. Tumid Toad,

2. With pale white puftules.

Inhabits South America and Inditt,

Body brown, orbicular ; tubercles On the top of the neck longi-
tudinally -difpoled ; back with 3 longitudinal wrinkles ;
fianks tumid, dilated,

Marina. Shoulders tumid ; eyelids warty, conchate ; hind-feet
fubpalmate. Marine Toad.

2. Above Ipotted with brown ; beneath fhaded. with livid ;
neck and flioulders fpotted with grey.
Inhabits America : of vaft fize, above 6 inches long.
Body yellowifh-grey with a few tawnyifli fpots ; warts with
an elevated bay fpot in the middle ; protuberances of the
JliouLders oval, fmooth, porosis; vent furrounded with
wrinkled radii ; hind-toes connefted only as far as the firft
joint, the laft joint fringed with a bay membrane.

; -nri,Pn^ Yellow i(h-afti with red \Vaved fpots, beneath fmooth.

Brafil Toad.

AH the feet palmate. Chili Toad.

Inhabits waters of Chili : in fize and colour refembles R. tem-
, poraria ; on the hind-toes is a flight appearance of claws.

Body yellow ; all the feet fubpalmate. Telloiv Toad,

Inhabits Chili ; relembles in habits; R. efculenta, but much lefs ;
the laft joint of the toes not connefted.

.ariti- Body brown-red, fprinkled with pale red fpccks.

Pearled Toad.

■' rnuta. Eyelids horned. Horned Toad.

Inhabits Virginia and Surinam: of all animals this is perhaps
the moft defornaed.

Head large, rounded before; mouth excefllvely large; eyelids
foft, mucronate, trifid at the point, the eyes feated in the
middle ; body greenifli-brown with broad longitudinal whit-
ifh ftripes on the back ; le^s tranfverfely fafciate with brown j
when full grown the back, thighs and vent are fpiny.

Sitibunda,

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES, t, Rana. 651

Sitibunda, Above afliy-glaucous varied with blackifh-grcen fpots, be-
neath dirty-v/hite ; hind-feet Ic.mipalmatc, with the
appearance of 7 toes. Defsrt Toad.

Inhabits dry dcfarts near the Ural: foinetimes hides in holes
and crawls out in the evening ; refeaiibks the common toad,
but is larger.

Vefpertijia. A tranfverfe fpot between the eyes forked behind, and other
fpots running obliquely from the eyes to the nofe ;
body above cinereous, with longitudinal fnbcontluent
brown fpots varied with different {hades of green \ be-
neath dallied with whitifli-afh. Siberian Toad.

Inhabits Siberia; fize of the common toj^d ; leaps ilowiy.

Head fhort ; body above fprinkled with fubwarty papillae.

Ridibunda Body brown, fpotted above with cinereous ; dorfal lin^
yellow or greenifli ; beneath fmooth, whitifh ;
haunches brown fpotted with milk-white.

"Jocular Toad.

found in great numbers near the pivers which empty themlelves
into the Cafpian lea ; never ventures on dry land ; is very
large, and often weighs more than half a pound ; refembles,
R. temporaria, but broader and (liorter ; its voice in the
evening is like a man laughing.

Head broad ; upper eyelid convex fprinkled with pores ; aper-
tures of the ears flat ; back porous ; fides \vith obfolete
warts ; fore-thinnb divaricate, thick at the bafe, the next toe
fhorter than all the reft ; hind-/mw fubfaiciate ; hind-feet
with a callus within refembling a fixth tos ; tocj with a wart
beneath near the joints.

Variaiilii. Colour variable; back and fides gibbous ; warts yellowifh
in the centre, very fmall on the middle of the back,
and larger on the moft prominent part of the flanks.

Changeable Toad.

Inhabits fhady places in lower Germany ; above 2 irtches long ;

in its habits holds an intermediate rank between the toad ajid

frog ; when full awake the body is white with green fpots,

in the heat of the fun entirely cinereous, when afleep the

fpots only are cinereous, and. when torpid the body has a

flefh- colour caft.

Head rounded ; mouth without teeth ; margin of the upper

jazo doubled; tongue flelhy, thick, placed far back, the bafe

obfcurely bifid, very entire at the tip ; upper eyelid hardly

4 O 2 any,

652 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 2. Rana.

any, lower folding ; cavities of the ears white ; loarts re«
fembling teats, very numerous on the groin ; chin with pro*-
minent dots •, colour, when preferved in fpirits, yellowifh-
afh, above pale olive ; fore-feet 3-tocd, beneath marginate,
the thumb larger ; fecond toe of the hind feet very long.

B. Body jnore oblong, Jmooth ; legs longer. Frogs.

Typhonia. Lobes of the ears oval. Hurricane Frog.

Inhabits America, and is faid to make a noify croaking before

hun-icanes and whirlwinds.
Back with 4 longitudinal wrinkles, elevated points and black

fpots; hind-toes narrow, without claws, the fecond very

long.

PemtadaC' All the legs fafciate, 5-toed ; body veined, the dorfal (Ireaks
tyla. tranfverfe, the lateral ones ocellate. Mackrel Frog.

2. Brown ; fore-feet 4-toed with the rudiment of a fifth ;
hind-feet 5-toed with the rudiment of a fixth.

Ocdlata. Ears with an ocellate fpot ; feet without claws, the hind-
ones fubpalmate. Ocellate Frog.

Inhabits America.

Pipiens, Green with numerous ocellate fpots, furrounded with a
yellowifh ring. Clamorous Frog,

Inhabits running waters in North American from the mouth to
the end of the feet 5 — 6 inches long ; during the fpring, and
efpeciaily by night, or on the approach of a. florm, makes a
continually clamorous noife ; takes prodigious leaps.

^ars in the living animal of a fhining golden colour; region of
the anus wrinkled; the third fore-toe from the thumb longer
than the reft : body refembling the efculent frog, hind-thighs
Longer : fianks longer ftill, and hindfeet longer than the(c,
marginate each fide ; toes connefted nearly to the tip, the
fourth longer than the reft.

Bicolor, Above blue, beneath ochre-colour.
Exceeds m fize moft of its tribe.

Tw3-coloured Frog.

Maxima* All the feet palmate, and as well as the toes, fafciate ; body
veined, variegated j the top of the back obliquely
fpotted. ' Great Frog.

Bands of the legs in pairs, approximate, above confluent.

[Alpina.

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 2. Rana. 653

Alpina. Entirely black. Alpine Frog.

Inhabits the declivities of mountains in Aujtrla.

Venulofa. Feet cleft y body veined with confluent fpots.

Veined Frog.
Inhabits India and South America.

Virginica. Cinereous fpotted with red, beneath yellowilli ; back
5-angled, with 5 llripes. Virginian Frog.

Inhabits Virginia.

^Tempora- Back flattifh, fubangular. Common Frog.

*2. Above dirty-olive' with large warty fpots, the head above
plain, beneath whitifli \ twice the fize of the com-
mon frog.

Inhabits Europe, 2) and Ptrjiai lives during fpring in the
water among toads, in fummer on land, at which time it is
filent ; feeds on various infefts, and is the prey of ducks and
cranes; croaks when in muddy ditches, 2) by night with a
voice like an angry man.

fore-fcct 4-toed, cleft ; hind-Jeet 5 -toed, palmate, the thumb
longer,

Marginata Sides marginatc ; feet cleft. Bordered Frog.

Inhabits India and South America,

*Mfculenta Body angular j back tranfvcrfely gibbous ; belly marginatc.

Efculent Frog.
Inhabits fens and waters of Europe*

Body green with 3 yellow lines, the middle ones extending from
the mouth to the anus ; the male makes a continual croaking
in an evening, efpecially before rain, with the angles of the
mouth diftended in a globular form ; when irritated will
purfue and deftroy a pike.

Aujiralicia Body above brown, beneath blueifti ; fides fpeckled with
ochre-colour ; toes of the fore-feet fpiny.

Aujiralian Frog.
Inhabits New Holland; fecond toe of the hind-feet very long ;
claws red.

Paradoxa, Thighs obliquely ftreaked behind. Paradoxical Frog.

Inhabits

654 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 2. Rana.

Inhabits South America. The tail of this animal in the tadpole
ftate is very large, flefhy, two-edged, and has given rile to
the opinion that it gradually became a fifli, and afterwards
changed to a frog ; but like the reft of its tribe it gradually
drops its branchial fins and tail, and arrives at its perfeft
frog- ftate.

Body pale yellow with ochre-colour fpots; fore-feet 4-toed, not
webbed, hind feet 5-tQed, palmate, with the rudiment of a
ilxth.

C. Hind-feet vo-v long ; clazvs lentlculate.

Arbsrta. Body green, beneath granulate ; feet cleft. Tree ^rog»

2. Fore-feet 4, hind-feet 5-toed ; knees warty beneatb.
3- Green with a ftraight yellow line each fide.

4. Body reddifh.

5. Body brownilli-green.

6. Body very llender.

Inhabits Europe, Americq :■ lives under the fipliage of trees, and
adheres ftrongly to the Leaves by means of a mucus upon its
orbicular flattened claws ; feeds on iniefts ; frequently changes
its colours ; the viale in breeding-time has an orbicular gulai-
pouch, at which feafbn and before ftorm^ it is much in-
flated.

Body above green, beneath whitifh ; on each fide a yellow
curved line.

Leucophyl- Body fmooth, hoary, with oblong niilk-white fpots ; fiare-
^<2. , feet lobate, hind-feet palmate. fFhite-fpotted Frog.

Inhabits America : weighs 46 grains.

Eyes golden ; between thele, on t\\c fides and middle of the bach
oblong white fpots ; haunches ^Q.nd.tv,

Squami^e- A fcaly band reaching half way round upon the back ; fides
^^' and throat with folds ; fore-feet femipalmate, hind-

feet palmate. Scaly Frog.

Inhabits America ? above 2 inches long.

Body \'aried with grey and brown, in thick aggregate fpecks
and a few fpots down the hind-part of the back, in a ferpen-
tine direftion; the band confifts of minute, fubpellucid,
rhomboid, imbricate fcales ; hind-limbs twice as long as the
fore.

Boans*

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 3. Draco. 4. Laccrta. 65^

Boans. Body fmooth with contiguous dots beneath; feet palmate.

Croaking Frog.

2. Body above blueifh lead-colour.

3. Body inclining to orange.

Inhabits Avierica ; differs onlv from the tree frog in having all
the feet webbed, and the body marked with white fpots.

3. DRACO. Body 4-footed, tailed and
winged.

Volans. Fore-legs dillindl from the wings. Flying Dragon.

Inhabits Africa and India; is diftinguiflied from the lizard
tribe only in having a bi-oad lateral membrane, ftrengthened
by radii or bony procelTes ; wanders about trees, and is able,
by means of the membrane, to fpring from bough to bough,
and fupport itfelf a few moments in the air ; feeds on infects.

Body afn-colour, varied and clouded with brown and whitifh,
and covered with minute fcales ; gular pouch large, pointed ;
tail very long, annulate with whitifh- brown.

4. LACERTA, Body 4-footed, tailed, na-
ked, long: /^^j equal.

This is an aftive, nimble tribe, and except the aquatic ones,
feed on infects : the crocodiles have both jaws moveable, and.
the largefl; mouth of all animals : their body is covered with
callofities ; the chameleons have a prehenfile tail ; fit on
trees ; walk flowly and irregularly ; have no teeth ; eyes
large, fixed in a wrinkled focket ; tongue very long, worm-
fhaped, with which they di-aw in flies ; head angular, co-
vered with very thin lucid tubercles or fcales.

A. Tail 1-edgedy divided into fegmenis ; tongue very

J}3ort.

Crocodilus. Head armed ; . nape carinate ; tail above with 2 lateral
crefts. Crocodile of the Nile.

2. Snout much fhorter than the head; nape naked.

Inhabits the Nile: 18 — 25 feet long ; is of amazing fvviftnefe,
voracity and flrength ; Irnells of mufk ; roars hideoufly ; de-
vours men and other large animals, both aquatic and terref-

trhl ;

656 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Lacerta.

trial; fwallows ftones to p!b||Mit= hunger ; overturns boats
when taken in nets, and is not^ft,;Be killed by a mufket bail
unlefs ftruck on the belly ; is oH^^yed by tobacco ; feldom
moves but in a ftraight line, by which means it is eafily avoid-
ed; the female lays her eggs in the land which are hardly
larger than thofe of a goofe.
Eyelids wrinkled ; ears linear, clofed with a flap above ; teeth
in the upper jaw 40, lower 38, (liarp ; fore-feet 5-toed ;
hind-feet 4-toedj palmate.

Ganfretica, Jaws long, round, fubcylindric j tail above with two crefts
running into one. Gangetic Crocodile.

Inhabits the Senegal and Ganges.
Teeth in the upper jaw 60, lower 58, fharp ; ears larger than

the orbits, without a flap ; fnout nearly 3 times as long as

the head ; nape with 6 mamillary fcales.

Alligator, Head flat, imbricate ; nape naked ; tall above with 2 rough
lateral lines. Alligator,

Inhabits the middle parts of America j lefs than the crocodile,
but refembles it in habits aud voracity.

B. Body covered with cartnate fcales.

Caudiver- Tail depreiTed, flat, wing-cleft ; feet palmate.
^'^^'2' Flat-tailed Lizard.

Inhabits Peru and Chili i above 14 laches long.
Body black inclining to blue ; fcales very minute ; head con-
vex, oblong ; eyes large, yellow ; noflrils ample with a
flefhy edge ; mouth vaft ; teeth minute, hooked, in a double
feries ; tongue thick, broad, red ; chin with a dilatable pouch ;
crejl running down the back from the front to the tip of the
tail, undulate at the edge ; feet 5-toed, with a cartilage in-
ftead of nails ; tail fpatulate at the edge.

Draccena. Tail toothed above, long ; toes fubequal ; body fmooth.
Inhabits America.

Body deep chelnut ; fcales very minute ; legs tefiellate with
faffron and white.

Biinacula- Tail carinate, toothed, twice as long as the body ; all the
^"^ toes lobate. Penfylvcinian Lizard.

Inhabits

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Lacerta; ^57

Inhabits the vMttk of St. Eujlace and Penfylvania, and lives in
hoks, ^jjJltBt^i and hollow trees; makes a hifling noife, and
depofitlfP^gs in the eartli.

Body greehifh-blue, mofdy fpotied with black, the ftioulders
wit!i 2 larger fpots ; feet all 5-toed.

Momtvr, Xail carinatc ; body unarmed^ whh ocellafe fpots.

Monitor Lizard:
2. Green with red fpots.
3" Teirella:te grey and white.
4' Cinereous fpotted with black j tail very thick.
5* Blue fpotted with white.

6' With 6 longitudinal rows of fpots on the back.
?• Sea-green with blackifli ocellate fpots.

Inhabits America and Southern Ajia : about 3 feet long ; fre-
quently accompanies the crocodile and aligator, of whofc
approach it is laid to give notice to Other animals by its hilfing.
Body verticillate with white ocellate fpots, beneath v^hite va-
ried with broken linear bands.

Far,d, Tail long, carlnate ; body blackifli, trafifverfely variegated
with yellow fpots and marks. Variegated Lizard.

Inhabits Nezo Holland ; very much refembles the laft, and is
perhaps only a variety ; about 15 inches lo^g, tail longer ;
legs with rows of tranfverfc, round fpots ; tail with broad^
alternate black and yellow bars.

Bicarinata Tail comprelTed, above bicarinate ; back with 4 carinate
ftreaks.
Inhabits South American IJlands and India ; very fmall.
Body grey ; back with 2 elevated ftreaks, and each fide with 2
fcaly, carinate ftreaks, fcales convex ; bdly with numerous
tranfverfe rows of fcaies ; tail half as long again as the body,
" beneath ftreaked, Imooth on the fides.

CordyUs. Tail verticillate, Ihort, with denticulate fcales ; body
fmooth.
Ifihabits Africa ixA Afia.
Body livid or blackifh ; fazYwith oblong cinereous fcales.

C. Back and taily or the whole body covered with denticulate
or fharp-poitUed fcales.

PeUuma* Tail verticillate, longiih, with rhomboid fcaie«.

Vol. I. — 4 P Inhalit*

6^8 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES, i^. Lacerta.

In}iabits Chili ; lives under ground ; near a foot long, tail the
fame ; the (kin is made into pouches by the inhabitants.

'Body above covered with minute fcales varying with yellow,
groen, blue and black, beneath ftiining with green and yel-
low ; Jeet 5-toed ; ciazi'S ftrong.

SulU&i Tail verticillate, moderate; head and body rauricate.

Inhabits the Eajl and Ibme parts of Africa ; its dung coUefted
near the pyramids in E^ypt is ufed as a cofmetic.

Mfiurita- TaiJ fubverticillate, muricate, fhort, fmooth at the tip ;
nica. body above muricate ; toes unarmed, lamellate beneath.

Meon'P Lizard.
2. Tail verticillate.
3« Body prickly.

Inhabits Mauritania^ 2) Indld.

Body lurid ; fides of the heady neck^ hack and thighs with mu-
cronatc protuberances, beneath (mooih; fcales minute; tail
lliorter than the body, from the bale to the rniddle rough
with 6 rows of fpines, thence to the tip fmooth ', Jeet fub»
lobate.

Azurea, Tail verticillate, fhort, with mucronate fcales.

Azure Lizard,

1. A deep chefnut band on the (houlders.

Inhabits yi/r^Va, a) BrafiL: of a middle rank between this and
the next fubdivifion.

Ariguiata. Tail hexagonal, long ; fcales carinate, miicronate.

Angular Lizard,
Inhabits America ; of a fmall fize.

Body above brown, beneath with fcales not mucronate,
under the throat are 2 large, rounded onts ; head naked with
various elevated wrinkles, behind, where the fcales of the
neck begin, as if truncate ; tail very angular, half as long
again as the body.

Orbicularis Tail round, middle fized ; crown with 3 prickles ^ belly
^-•^' - . roundifh. Orbicular Lizard.

2. Tail round, fhort; trunk fubglobular, muricate above.

Inhabits warm parts of Atn'ricay a) Nezu Spain,

Bajilifcus.

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Laccrta. 659

Bcfdifcus, Tail round, long; dorfal fin radiate i hind-head crefled.
- -^ BafiUJk Lizard.

Inhabits South America : appears to be a middle animal betvjew

the lizard and dragon. ^

Hind-head covered by a hollow, fcaly, conic, compreffe. ■ :r.c.:r--
brane ; dorjal-fin Italy, and which it can fold up or ex: a:\^
at pleafure when lilting on a tree.

Principa- Tail fubcarinate ; creft on the throat very entire ; hack
lis. fmooth.

Inhabits South America; of an uncertain tribe.
Skiji very thin •, tail jointed, each joint confifHng of 5 rings
of very thin fcales j th? laft joint but one ' of the toes
broader.

Piatura. Tail deprefled, lanceolate, almoft fpiny on the edg© ; body

rough, dulky-grey. Bread-tailed Lizard.

Inhzhils New Holland ; 4 — 5 inches long. .

Head large; 6ody above befet with fraall tubercles, which in

fomc parts are lengthened into {harp points, beneath nearly

white ; toes warty,.

D. Back ciliatey toothed, or crejied; head covered with
callojities.

Iruana Tail round, long ; dorfal future toothed ; gular creft dinti--
culate. American Guana.

Inhabits India^ the warmer parts of America and its adjacent
ittands ; 3-— 5 feet long ; lives, in rocky and woody places ;
feeds on infefts and vegetables ; is eafily tamed and fodlow*
mankind hke a dog ; it is caught by a noofe thrown over its
head ; the flelh is reckoned delicious, but does not agree with
venereal perfons; the general colour green, but varipudy
tinged in various animals ; has. the poWey of inflating the
gular pouch to a. large fize.

Calotes, Tail long, round ; back on the fore-part and head on the
hind-part toothed. Aftattc Guana.

1. Body above livid, beneath green.
3, Neck above covered with broad obtufc prickles.
Inhabits Afia^ efpecially Ceylon.

Body blue ; beneath ilriate with {harp fcales j /pines of the
back lanceolate,

4 p 8 SvperciHi

66o AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Lacerta.

Superctli- Tail carinate ; back and eyebrows ciftate with fcales.

I of a. Fringed Lizard.

Inhabits South America and India.

Hiitd covered with ereft fcales ; eychrozus higher than the head j
crcji reaching from the nape to the end of the tail, toothed.

Qcutata. Tail fubcomprefTed, moderately long ; dorfal future tooth-
ed ; hind-head with 2 fharp-edged fcales.

Shielded Lizard.
Inhabits Afia.

Amboineri' Tail comprefTed, long, with a radiate fin ; dorfal future
J?i. toothed. Amhoina Lizard.

2. Tip of the tail fquare, (female) round j gular pouch
compreffed.

Inhabits Amboina, near the banks of rivers ; 33 inches long ;
flefh very good.

Body fpotted with white ; head and collar greenifh flriate \vith
white ; back and tail brown ; bdly grey.

2) Inhabits Jndia ; 3 feet 8 inches long ; head tetragonal, flat,
tuberculated, with a convex round fcale in the middle ;
jaws equal, with a fingle feries of marginal unequal {harp
teeth, 32 in each ; tongue thick, comprefled ; neck com-
prefTed, dentate, as long as the head, with a lax fkin covered
with round fcales ; gular ^ottc/t comprelTed ; trunk greenifh
fpotted with black, beneath whitifli covered with innume-
rable rows of quadrangular fcales ; tail nearly 3 times as long
as- the body, angles covered with truncate carinate fcales,
doubly keeled on the back with 14 rays in the fin, angular
beneath; Jeet 5-toed, cleft; claws acute, comprefTed.

Jgama. Tail round, long ; upper part of the neck and bead prickly ;
hind-head with reveried fcales.
2. Tail imbricate, with large fcales.

Inhabits America ; body pale, not ftriate beneath, fcales (harp.

Umbra. Tail round, long ; nape fubcrefted ; hind-head callous ;
back flriate. Clouded Lizard.

Inhabits fouthern parts of America.

Body clouded ; fcales keeled and daggered at the tip ; head
more obtufe and round than others of its tribe ; callus on the
hind-head large, naked ; under the throat a deep fold.

Marmorata.

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Lacerta. 661

Marmora- Tail round, long ; throat fubcrefted, dentate on the forcw
ta, part \ back fmooth. Marbled Lizard.

Inhabits Spain and America.
£0^^ comprefl'ed ; f ai7 ftreaked; c/a&^i black above.

Cri/latc. Tail lanced, fhort, pinnate ; back crefted ; body porous,
naked. Crejied Lizard,

Body reddifh-brown with lead-colour fpots j crejl reaching
from the head to the tail, iinecjually dentate., fubpellucid, in
the ihiddle of the back- \ an inch high ; head very thick,
obtufe ; fnout broad ; Jut cleft, the fore-feet 4, hind-feet
5 -toed ; taiL with a bordered membrane each fi'de.

E. Body nahd; feet unarmed; fore-feet 4-toed,

Americana Tail lanceolate, middle-fized ; back fringed ; belly fpotted

with yellow. Fringed Lizard.

Inhabits America; 4 — 5 inches long.
Head on the fore-part rounded; fjiout broad; body dufky-

blueifh, beneath yellow fpotted with black, fides pale ochre;

legs without blueifh, withiii yellow ; finge extending from

the head to the tip of the tail.

*PaluJir{s. Body blackifli ; fides fpecklcd with white ; belly orange
with irregular black fpots. JVartcd Newt.

Inhabits ftagnant waters of Europe ; lefs than the water newt.

Mody above deep blackifh-brown ; tail each fide with a broad
filvery ftreak of a blueifh caft ; back of the male with a flat-
tened creft irregularly ferrate.

Lacujlris. Black ; tail lanceolate, middle-fized. Fenny Newt,

2. Much larger ; fpotted with black.

3. Variegated white and yellow, and fpotted with black,

4. Tuberculate ; chin fpeckled ; belly fpotted ; tip of the

tail red.

5. Tuberculate ; belly faffron.

(6. Head round ; back black fpotted with pale yellow.

7. Black with whitifh bands.

8. Black ; beneath dotted with white.

Inhabits lakes of Europe^ 2) Martinico^ 3) Ceylon; is very
dcilruftive to filh.

*A^uatica» Tail roundifh, middle-Axedf. fFater Nevjt.

2. Brown

6t>2

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Lacerta.

2. Brown or yellowifli.

3. Dorfal line dotted with white and black.

Inhabits Europe, 2) France, 3) Germany ; lives in pools,

ditches and ftagnant waters, and is killed- in 3 minutes if fait

be fprinkled upon it.
Body Ipongy, blackifh dotted with black ; chin rough ; Irack

fubcrefted ; tail fmooth, fpecklcd with a longitudinal white

ftripc each fide,

Salamari'
dra.

2

4'
5"

variegated with black
Salamander,

Tail round, fhort ; body porous
and yellow.

Entirely black.

Brown.

White,

Small, brown ; tail fomewhat comprelTed,

Inhabits Germany^ and many parts of Europe ; exudes from its
pores a milky liquor, by which it is for a fmall time defended
from the aftron of tire, and has cauled the antient belief that
it was inconfumable by fire, which it poflelTes in no greater
degree than frogs, fnails or niany of its own tribe.

Strumo/a, Tail round, long 5 breaft gibbous, projefting forward.

Strumous Lizard,
Itihabits warm parts of America,

Body pale afh fpotted with brown i hreajl pale rofy; tail
(lightly banded,

F. Feet hardly armed, Jublohate, ^-toed; body warty,

Vittata^ Tail round, long ; body brown with a white dorfal fillet,
forked over the head. Forked Lizard,

Inhabits India : 6 — g inches long.

Body yellowifh-brown, paler beneath, (lightly warted; tail

flender, cream-.colour with longitudinal browa marks ; feet

tranfverfely lamellate beneath.

Turcica. Tail fubvferticillate, middle-fized ; body grey, a little
warty. Turkifb Lizard.

Inhabits the Eajl : very fmall.

Body dufted with brown fpots, unequal, and as if fprinkled
with hardly vifible warts ; tail about the length of the body.

RaHcauda Tail turbinate \ ears concave.

7urnip'tailed Lizard,

Inhabits

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Lacerta. 663

Inhabits American iflands.

£ody white fpotted with brown ; zoarts fmall, thickly fprinkled ;
clatus hollowed in the middle underneath.

Gtckot Tail round, middU-fized j toes a little clawed ; ears
concave.

Inhabits India, Arabia, Egypt and the warmer parts of Europ::
fiequents houfes in fummer, but is feldom lean in winter ;
makes a noife like a weafel ; is tame, and when frighted will
run into houfes ; emits a poifonous moifture from the lamellae
beneath its feet, which is fometimes fmeared over articles of
food it has run over, and cauiijs a deadly colic; Hands oftea
ereft ort its hind- feet.

The greater warts are furrounded with leffer ones; ^fli/ fometimes
naked, fometimes annulate with warts, conic or fpindle-
fhaped.

Geitje, Tail lanceolate, middle-fized ; fore-feet 4-toed.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : hardly 3 inches long ; the

moifture exuding from its pores is apt to produce dangerous

gangreans.
Body varipgated ; beneath whitifh ; tail and Jeet like the fab-

mander.

G. Feet ^-toedf fome of the toes conneSled ; tall roundy
fhorty incurved.

Chamaileon Body cinereous ; head flat. Chatncleon.

2. Body white.

3. Head very large.

Inhabits India and Nezo Spain / lives chiefly in trees ; the lungs
are enormous, w^hich the animal can inflate to a vaft; fize;
eyes fo moveable that it can look, at the fame time, in differ-
ent direftions, pupil fhining golden ; frequently changes its-
colour.

Africana, Black ; head carinatc. African Lizard.

Inhabits northern parts of Africa aod Spain : in manners re-
fembles the laft ; the protuberant parts all white,

Pumila» Sides blueifh with 2 yellowifh lines. Dwarf Lizard,

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope,

H. ailar

^64 AMPiilBtA. REPTILES. 4. tacerta.

H; Collar double; aldemlnal fcales fquare,

Ameiva. Tail verticillatej long ; abdominal fcales 30 ; collar be-
neath with a double wrinkle.
Inhabits Arnerica. Abdominal fcaies in 8 rows.

Tiligucrta. Tail x'erticillate ; twice as long as the body ; abdominal
feales 80.
Inhabits Sardinia, the whole year, in fields and meadows ;
j\ inches long.

* Agilis. Tail verticillate, longifh, with fharp fcales; collar fcaly

beneath i Scaly Lizard.

2. Lowed fcales of the collar Icofe ; fcutes of the middle

feries round.
3' Green lizard.
4* Skin very thin, brown.
4 Body with eye-like fpots.

5- Brown ; on each fide a feries df Indiftin£l fpiots,*
6. Sides brown ; back tawny.
7' Blueilh ; each fide a triple row of ocellatte fpots.
8. Green fpeckled with brown ; collar tawny.
9» Blue ; head white : back longitudinally ftriate ; hind-IegS

fpotted.
10. Blue; the fides fpeckled with white.

Inhabits Europe, as far aft the lake Baikal, 9) America : is

innocent, aftivcj elegant, living in dry meadows, walls

and rocks.
Collar with 7 larger fcales beneath ; fcales of the belly ufually

difpofed in 6 lowi; kind-thighs marked beneath with a line

of Callous dots ; fcales of the tail linear, pai-allel, acute,

carinate,

Seps, Tail verticillate, longj later^ future refleded ; fcales

fquare. Eft.

2. Variegated with chefnut ; head varied with black and white.

3. Black-blue, marbled with confluent white bands mixed

with round fpots.

Inhabits Southern countries.

Body covered above and beneath with thincate fcales in 8 rows,
forming lateral and longitudintd ftreaks, belly fiat ; tail with
about 50 whorls half as long a§ji:n as thC bo<Jy; legs (hort,
<iiftant, formed for running,

yelox.

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Lacerta. 665

Vilox. Tail verticillate, longifh ; collar beneath fcaly ; body above
cinereous, varied with 5 longitudinal paler ftreaks
and brown dots ; fides fpotted with black and dotted
with blueifl). Szvi/t Lizard.

Inhabits fultiy defert places abcn.it thejake Inderjkien : wanders
among rocks, and is exceedingly fwift ; refembles the fcaly
lizard, but is much ftenderer and lefs ; hind-legs marked with
round patches.

Criienta. Tail verticillate, above cinereous, beneath fcarlet with a
whitifli tip ; fold oi the neck beneath tranfverfe.

Red-tailed Lizard,
Inhabits about the fait lakes in foufhem Siberia : refembles the

lafE in (hape, but is 3 times as fmall and has a fharper head.
Body brown with 7 white ftfipcs on the n^ck, of whTdi 4
reach to the tail, beneath white ; limbs varied with round,
milky fpots ; thighs without the line of callous dots.

' Arguia, Tail verticillate, fhort, thickifh at the bafe, very (lender
at the tip ; collar with indiftind fcalesy and a double
collar under the neck.
Inhabits dry funny places on the fouthern parts of Irtijh, and
I t'r.e fandy plains ba^'ond ; refembles the fcaly lizard, but is

fhorter and thicker, with a fharp ihout, and tlie dots on the
. thighs are fewer and indiftinft.
Bcdy beneath wliite, above glaucous with thick tranfverfe black
fiibconfluerit bands, very difllnftat the bafe of the tail, each
containing 4 — 5 ocellate dots of the Colour of the body.

Algira. Tail verticillate, longifh ; body each fide with 2 yellow
lines. _ Moorijh Lizard.

Inhabits Mauritania,

Body hardly a finger long, above brown, fccreath yellowifh ;
back with fharper carinate fcales, enclofed on each fide by a
yellow line which feparates the fides from the belly.

Tiligugu. Tail round, conic, middle-fized , toes 5 marginate, clawed.

Sardinian Lizards
Inhabits Sardinia : 8 inches long.

Body thick, browii above variegated with numerous black dots,
beneath whitifh ; legs very fhort, the hind-on£S longer ; taiS
2y inches long.

Vol. i. — 4 Q Uralinfii>

666 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Lacerta.

UraUnp. Tail round, longifh ; neck beneath folding ; feet all 5-toed *
back livid-aih, wrinkled and fubwarted.

Ural Lizards
Inhabits Ural: 4 inches long ; very fwift.
Head roundiih ; bod;i vvhitifti beneath.

Bullarls. Tail round, long; chin pouched. Bladder Lizard.

Inhabits Jamaica : Imali, green ; gular pouch globular, red,
tccrattilej which the animal when terrified is able to inflate,

Aurita, Tail round, middle-fized, with callous dots each fide;
gular fold traniverfe, almofl double ; angles of the
mouth each fide dilated into a fcmiorbicular foft,
rough, dentate crefc. Eared Lizard.

Inhabits the landy hillocks of fouthcrn Sihtria and gravel pits
in thedeiert Comani ; fomcthing larger than L. gecko; above
waved with cinereous and yellovsrifh, and thickly fpeckled
with bro\vn, beneath whitifh ; tip of the tail and blotch on
the cheft black.
Head blunt ; crejl in the living animal turgid with blood ; pa^
rotids each fide muricate ; body bellying, deprefled, and with
the tail and legs rough with Iharp dots ; toes 5, clawed, the
3 middle ones ferrate, the inner with one notchj the 2 others
with two,

Tequixin. Tail round, long ; lateral future folded ; neck beneath
with a triple fold.
Inhabits India and South America.
Back and tail verticillatc with crowded ftreaks.

Heliofcopa, Tail imbricate, tapering ; neck with a tranfverfe fold be-
neath ; head covered with callofitics..

Star-gazing Lizard,

Inhabits in vaft numbers the burning fand-hillocks of fouthern
Siberia ; moves very quick, but in a Icfs lerpentine direftion
than the fcaly lizard ; holds its head very ere6t with its eyes
turned vipwards ; about 2 inches long.

Head very blunt, the lips and noftrils hardly projefting ; eyC"
brows ibmewhat fcaly ; eydids dotted, rough at the edge ;
neck as if bound round with a cord ; hind-part as far as the
fhoulders rough with an oblique muricate tubercle, and of-
ten with a I'carlet blotch ; body fhort, above whitifh-grey or
cinereous dufled with brown or glaucous, beneath whitilh ;

bellying

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Laceru. 667

Lellying out at the fides, fprlnkled with leflTer warts aBove,
beneath with acute lefl'er fcalcs ; tail with etjual fcales, the
tip above brown, beneath carmine or pale.

Plica. Tail round, long; hind-head callous ; eyebrows above
excoriate ; neck warty at the fideSj^ folded beneath.

Inhabits South America aud India ; hardly larger than a finger,
and every where covered with conic fcales.

Eyebrows fubcrenate with a membranaceous cicatrix above,
tranlVerfely tripartite with a furrow ; bejiind the ears, at the
fides of the head and neck are 2 muricate warts ; fold of the
neck beneath double, with a wrinkle running ab(fve the arm^
each fide and bending to the middle of the trunk ; dorfal-
ffiture. on the fore-part as if crenate with larger fcales ; tail
covered with very minute fcales, indiilinftly verticillatc,
twice as long as the body ; toes long, bciieath rough with
fharp fcales ; cLitus. comprefled,

I. Collar or fold, on the neck o ; l^ody Ifneate or handed ^
Jcaly\ tongue bifid.

SexUneata» Tail verticillate, long ; bacl^ with 6 white Itees.

Six'lined l,izari.

Inhabits Carolina : refcmbles L. lemnifcata.

Back hoary with 3. narrow white lines and 3 black ; under th€.

neck 2 ^vrinkles ; thighs with a row of callous dots behind;

ranks between this fabdivifion and the laft.

Qjdnqudi' Tail round, middle-fized ; back with 5 white lines.
neata, Fiv^'lined Lizard,

Inhabits Carolina.

Head with 6 yellow lines, 2 between the eyes, j each fide
above and x each fide below the eyes ; back blackifli, with
'lines reaching to the middle of the tail ; tail half as long
again as the body ; belly flreaked imbricately,

NiUtiea, Tail long, the outer fide triangulai: ; body fmooth ; back
with 4 lines of fcales, Nilotic Lizard,

Inhabits Egypt,

Jnterpunc Tail round, long ; back With 2 yellow lines, interfpcrfcd

'^/«. with black dots. AJiatic Lizard.

4Q 2 Inhabit*

^eS AMPHIBIA. REPTILES, 4. Lacerta,

Inhabits AJia; very fmall.

Back included in 2 lines, and diftinft from the fides ; in the
area are 6 longitudinal rows of brown dots,>|jmd as many on
each fide ; legs and tail dotted in the fame manner.

JLemnifca- Tail round, long; back with 8 whitifh lines.
' ta. Eight -lined Lizard,

Inhabits Guinea. . Thighs dotted with white.

fafciata. Tail round, longifh, blue ; back with 5 yellowifh lines.

Blue-tailed Lizard.
Inhabits Carolina,

^Vukatist Tail round, middle-fized ; feet clawed ; fore-feet 4-toed ;
back with a double brown line. Brozun Lixard.,

Inhabits Europe : 3 inches long.

Tail fmall, round, {lightly compreflTed ; body above pale brown
with a narrow black line each hde the back reaching to the
end of the tail ; btUy pale yellow with finall dufky fpots.

Japoixica. T^il round, long ; feet clawed ; fore-feet 4-toed ; back

banded. yaponeje Lizard.

Inhabits Japan.
Body beneath yellow, above livid with a dentate broad yellow

band from the hmd-head to the tip of the tail : eyes finall ;

eyebrows large rough ; claas black ; tail a little compreffed

at the tip.

Deferti. Tail round, longifli ; feet t^-tocd ; body above black with
6 white longitudinal lines. Ural Lizard.

Inhabits the dclert of Ural ; above 2 inches long.

Body beneath white : lines of the hack confiilLing of oblong
fpots, and between each outer line and the next are 5 white
dots.

Quadrili- Tail round, long ; feet fomewhat clawed ; hind-feet
neata. 4-tDed i body with 4 yellow lines

Four- lined Lizard.
Inhabits North America ?

^un^ata, iTail round, middle-fized ; feet unarmed ; fore-feet 4-toed;
back longitudinally dotted \yith white.

Dotted Lizard.

r Inhabits

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Laccrta. 669

Inhabits Caroiina,

Body brown with a double row of white fpots on the back ai^
a fingle one on the tail.

^putaior> Tail round, middle-fized, with a longitudinal row of
fcalcs beneath ; feet unarmed, 5-toed; body cinereous
with white bands above, before and behind edged with
liver-colour. Spitting Lizard.

Inhabits South America, in houfes and among old walls ; when
irritated difcharges a black acrid matter, which is cured by
camphor or fpirits of wine ; 2 inches long.
'' The whole animal, except the very- tips of the jaws and the
lower furface of the tail, covered with minute truncate
fcales ; tongue round, a little notched at the tip ; tail near
the end, and legs fpotted with brown.

K. Belly covered zvith imbricate fcales ; tongue entire,

Sepijormis, Tail fhort ; body greenifh-black ; head armed ; back flat ;
hind-thighs ou the hinder-part covered with callous
dots.

Sciucus. Tail round, middle-fized, comprefled at the tip ; toes un-
armed, marginate. Scinh,
2. Tail very long ; toes round.

liiliabits Lybiay Egypt, and the rocky parts of Arabia; was
, formerly kept in the (hops as an aphrodifiac.

The whole i>ody with the head and tail covered with imbricate
fcales.

Scincoides, Tail round, middle-fized ; legs fhort ; toes very fliort.

Scincoid Lizard,
Inhabits New Holland: about 18 inches long.
This is made a diftinft fpecies on the authority of Dr. Shaw«
' ' Naturalijl's Mifcel. pi. 179.

Body pale yellowifh-brown with a long patch of deep brown
or blackifh each fide the neck ; fides tinged with the fame
colour ; tail deeper than the fides ; teeth Ibmewhat obtufc,
fiiort.

Ocellata, Tail round, fhort ; body beneath white, above greenifh-
grey with roundifh ocellate fpots, brown on the
piargin, rectangular and white on the difk.

Ocellate Lizard.
Inhabits

670 AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 4. Lacerta.

In'nablts Egypt ; is very beautiful, and about a fpai) long.
Body deprelled ; legs fliort, 5-toed, without warts.

4urata. Tail round, longifli ; fcales round, fmooth; fides brown-
i(h. Golden Lizard.

Inhabits the ifland of jftrfey : when alive is of a beautiful gol-
den colour which vanilhes when dead.
^ody round, appearing as if it was fat; cars concave.

Guitata. Tail round, long, the tip and 4 tranfverfe fpots black ;

body above hoary dotted with white, beneath

whitifh.
Inhabits the defert of Ural; above 3 inclies long,
Mody imooth above ; Jcct 5-toed, v'ith claws,

L. Crawling on the belly ; refembling both (he lizard an4
ferpent.

Chakides. Tail round, long ; feet 5-t«ed ; legs very fhort.
Inhabits Ibuthern Europe and AJrica.

Serpens, Head, body and tail a continued cylinder ; legs very mi-
nute, remote, 5-toed, and clawed. Serpent Lizard.
Inhabits Jfava : 4 — 5-^ inches long ; in fhape is very much
like a ierpent, but more conical ; body above with 14 — 20
brown, longitudinal ftripes, beneath filvery, or above chef-
nut, beneath cinereous ; it ha? an auditory canal.

Anguina. Tail verticillate, ftiffifh at the extremity; body ftriate ;
feet without toes, fubulate. Snake Lizard.

Inliabits muddy places near the Cape of Good Hope.
Head lomewhat deprelTed ; ears tranlVerfe ; body round, very
long, verticillate, the fcales each fide longitudinally fur-
rowed ; vent tranfverfe ; tail twice as long as the body, very
fharp at the tip ; legs 6, the foremoft; ilenderer, covered with
fliarpifli fcales.

ZvKBricO' Body fubequal, round, ferruginous, teflellate with fquarc

'-'-''♦ ftreaks, beneath paler } hind-feet o ; fore-feet fhort,

4-tced. V Lumbriciform Lizard.

Inhabit?

AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 5. Siren. 67^

inhnhits Mexico ! 6 — S Inches long.

Body each fide with a longitudinal line dividing the upper from
the lower part ; fcaUs of a lengthenedj fquare form ; head
covered by large fcaly plates ; ej/es minute.

Mipis, Body fubequal, round, pale, imbricate ; each fcale with a
brown dot ; fore-feet o ; hind-feet 2-toed, unarmed.

Biped Lizard.
Inhabits South America and India : abdominal fcales loo,
Tub caudal 60.

Apus, Head, body and tall a continued imbricate pale cylinder }
fore-feet o ; hind-feet hardly any, fubdidadylous.

Cylindrical Lizard.
Inhabits the gralTy meadows of the defetts of iouthern Siberia,
and near the rivers Sarpa, Cuma and Terek j in general ap-
pearance refembles a inake, but in internal flrufture the
lizard.
Scales difpofed in an annular form ;, tail fragile, many-angled,
much longer than the body ; the fcales fliarply keeled*

5. SIREN. Body 2-footed, tailed, naked :
/eet placed in the manner of arms, and
furnifhed with claws.

Lacertina, Body ell- fhaped; branchia; ramified.

Inhabits muddy aud fwampy places in South Carolina : lives
generally under water, but foraetimcs appears on land ; feeds
on ferpents, which it holds firmly between its jaws ; is fome-
times a foot and half long ; is of a fingular ftrufture, be-
tween the amphibious and fifh tribe, being furniflied with ex-
ternal gills like the latter, and feet like the former ; has a fort
of fqueaking or finging voice ; when thrown on the ground
breaks in pieces like fome of the ferpents.
Body compreffed, long, brown, fpeckled with whitilh ; /f«?i
4-toed ; gill-membranes 3 each fide, toothed or feathered ;
tail bony.

ORDER

672 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS, 6. Crotalus.

ORDER II. SERPENTS*

Mouth breathing by the lungs only : body ta^
pering^ neck not diJlmEi ; jaws dilatable,
not articulate : feet,Jins, ears o ; motion
undulatory,

6. CROTALUS. P/^^f.y on the belly : plates
and fcales under the tail : tail termi-
nated by a rattle. Rattle Snake,

The whole of this genus is fumiftied with poifonous fangs ;
they fcldom bite unlefs when irritated, or for the purpofe of
fecuring their prey ; and the fafcinating power which has
been attributed to them is probably nothing more than that
they fir (I bite the animal and patiently watch till it dies to
devour it. The rattle is compofed of hollow, homy, brownifh-
joints, which increafe every year as far as 40, and give notice
of the animal's approach ; head broad, covered with large
carinate fcales ; Beak rounded, obtuie.

Miliarius. Plate of the belly 13; of' the tall 31.

(J Inhabits Carolina.

Cinereous with a triple longitudinal row of black fpots ; a red
fpot between the dorlal ones,

Ilorridus. Plates of the belly 167 ; of the tail 23.

^ . Inhabits Arnerica : the moft venomous of the ferpent tribe ;

grows to near 6 feet long, and as tliick as a man's arm ; is
eaten by Iwine without injury ; preys on birds and the fmal-
ler quadrupeds ; body covered with triangular brown fpots.

Dryinas, Plates of the belly 165 ; of the tail 30.

^ Inhabits America. Whitifh with yellowifli fpots,

Duri/us. Plates of the belly 172; of the tail 2r.

S ' 2. Plates

Amphibia, serpents. 7, Boa.

671

2. Plates of the belly 174; of the tail 22.

3. Platesof the belly 163 — 170; of the tail 20 — 29.

Inhabits America; from i-| to 4-^ feet long; hdy mixed white
and yellow with black rhombic fpots, white on the diflc,
3) with 2 black bands on the head and neck; is generally
found under the trunks of fallen trees.

Mutus. Plates of the body 217; of the tail 34.

^ Inhabits Surinam : is very large and has vafl: fangs ; bad

with black rhombic concatenate fpots ; a black line behind
the eyes ; inftead of a rattle is a quadruple row of very mi-
nute fharp Icales ; iS probably not of this genus,

7. BOA. Plates on the belly ; plates under
the tail ; without a rattle.

A. Head imbricate f with fcales. '

Ccntortrix Plates of the belly 150; of the tail 40.

Inhabits Carolina j broad, back convex, cinereous with lateral
round fpots ; has the poifonous bag, but not the fangs ; tail
half the length of the whole body.

Canina, Folates of the belly 203; of the tail 77.

Inhabits America ; frequently rolls itlelf round trees ; 6ody
green with tranfverfe white bands which are narrow, on the
back only, and fomewhat broken near the middle ; belly
white ; is 4 feet long, and about as thick as the fmalt of the

Hipnak, Plates of the belly I79 ; of the tail 120.
Inhabits Siam.
Yellowilh with white ocellate fpots on the back,

ConJlriSlor Plates of the belly' about 240 ; of the tail 60.

Inhabits India; and warm parts ofry4wenca. Beautifully va-
lidated with rhombic fpots ; belly whitifh ; is of vaft
ftrength and fize, meafuring fometimes 1 2 yards long, and by
twiftitig itfelf round the bodies of deer, leopards and other
larger quadrupeds, breaks the bones, and after covering theni
over with a llimy mucus gradually fwallows them.

Vol. I. — 4 R

Cenchrisi

.^^4 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber.

Ccnchris. Plates of the belly 265 ; of the tail 57.
Inhabits Surinam.
Greenifh, with vvhitifli oceUte fpots ; irids grey.

Oprias. PUtes of the belly 281 ; of the tail 84.

Bod^ brown ; relembles the conftriftor in appearance,

Enydris, Plates of the belly 270 ; of the tail 105.

\nYiii!o'i\.s America. Grey variegated ; lower teeth long,

Murina. Plates of the belly 254; of the tail about 65.

Inhabits America. Glaucous with round black fpots.

^cytaU, Plates of the belly 250 ; of the tail 70.

Inhabits America ; is eaten by the natives ; preys on frogs,
lizards, apd fometimes twifts round and deftroys (beep, goats
and young deer.
Body afhy-glaucous, with round black fpots on the back ; the
lateral ones black, annulate, with a white dilk ; the ventral
oaes oblong.

Kortulana Plates of the belly 290; of the tail 128.
Inhabits America.

Pale, with livid, wedged fpots ; head with yellow blotches
fomething refembling a flower- pot.

8. COLUBER. Plates on the belly : Jcales
under the tail. Viper,

Vtpera. Plates of the belly 118 ; fcales of the tail 20.

^ Inhabits Egypt : was formerly much efteemed in medicine :

the broad, alternate fcales of the tftil are always reckoned by
pairs.
Body fhlnlng, very fliort, pale, with brown fpots; fcales flat,
lying dole together ; head gibbous, with minute imbricate
fcales ; eyes feated on the top.

Yariesa-tus ^oye tawny, variegated with grey and white; beneath
and on the fides pale yellow.
Inhabits America : in (hape refembles the lad.

Vcnp/us,

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber. 675

Venofus. Body tawny-afti with white tranfverfe veins.
Inhabits America : refembles C. vipera.

IntejUnalis Body equal,- (lender, with a lateral atnd dorfal longitudinal
line, the latter forked near the eyes.
Inhabits Africa ; is probably oniy a variety of C. vipera.

Lachefis, He^d indi{lin£l ; a black tranfverfe band above the eyes.
C? Likfe the two next, fliakes its fcales when about to fpring on its

prey, and gives notice of its approach by a crackling kind of
noife; ,
Head in this, as well as the 2 next, imbricate with fcales ; eyes
feated on the top of the head ; plates itnd/cales lax, carinate
and moveable, which makes the colour of the body change-
able ; they are large, rounded, white at the edge, fome thicker,
blackifh, and a few cinereous.

Clothoi Head indiftin£l 5 kefcl of the fcales on the chin with a white
^ fpot ; tail very flender. ,

Inhabits Ceylon and Cuba.

Plates and fcaks large, rounded, brown, a few of them
yellow.

Atropos, Plates of the belly 131 ; fcales of the tail 22.
(J Inhabits America.

Hoary with a quadruple row of brown eye-like fpots with a.

white iris.
ilead hearted, gibbous, with 4 or more black fpots ; fca'.ct
lanceolate.

Naftcotnis. PUtes o( the belly 127 ; fcales of the tail about 32.

^ Inhabits the interior parts of Ajrica ; about 35 inches long.

Olive-brown freckled with blackiih, with a row of pale dorlal
fpots furrounded by black, and a flcxous pale band on the
fides ; belly pale olive with dulky fpots.

Head with 2 large (harp horns on the top of the nofe, inclining
a little backward, fomewhat flexible, and nearly triangular,
about half an inch long ; at the bale of each an upright,
ftrong fcale, nearly the Ihape of the horn itfelf ; Jaiigs large*
long ; fcales harfli, ftiff, ftrongly ferrate^

Leberis. Plates of the belly no ; fcales of the tail 50.
$ Inhabits Canada. Linear ftreaked with bl?.ck.

4R 3

t'j.truxt

676 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber.

tutrix. Plates of the belly 134 ; fcales of the tail 27.

Inhabits South America and India. ., Yellow with bliieifh
fides.
Calama- Plates of the belly 140; fcales of the tail 22.
rius. Inhabits Amerxa. Livid with linear brown ftreaks and dots,

beneath teffellate with brown.

Dubius. Plates of the belly 141 : fcales of the tail 24.

Simus, Plates of the belly 124; fcales of the tail 46.

Inhabits Carolina. Above variegaetd with white and black,
and appearing 2s if banded with white, beneath black.

Head roundifh, gibbous ; between the eyes a black curved fil-
let ; noje blunt ; crown with a whitifh crofs, marked with a
black dot in the middle.

Striatulus. Plates of the belly 126 ; fcales of the tail 45.

Inhabits Carolina. Small ; brown, ftreaked above, pale be-
neath ; head Cnooth.

AmmodytesV\:it&s, of the belly 142; fcales of the tail 32.

(J Inhabits the Eajl, and mountainous parts of lllyria j fomctimes

brown, fometimes pale blueifh, with a black dorfd band,
toothed, the teeth (landing backwards ; nofe terminated by an
erefl: wart.

Cerajles. Plates of the belly 150; fcales of the tail 25.

^ Inhabits \\\t Eajl, 12 — 15 inches long. Rufty brown with

darker fpots ; belly blueifli ; Iprings luddenly to a confider-
able diftance, and bites without provocation thofe who ap-
proach it. According"' to the teftimony of refpeftable tra-
vellers, the natives of the countries infefted by thefe animals,
have a method of charming or llupifving thefe and other
noxious ferpents, by means of certain preparations, as to fe-
cure the perfon fo prepared from be;ing bitten, however irri-
tated the animal may be.
Scales oi the head fmall, rounded; above the eyes a pair^of
horns or curved proceffes pointing forwards.

'Verjuolor, .Plates of the belly 136 ; fcales of the tail 39.
Variegated with ferruginous, blue and white.

Mclanis, Plates of the belly 148 : fcales of the tail 27,

<S ■ ' ' Inhabits

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber. 677

Inhabits fwampy and filthy places near the Volga and Samara :

of the fize and appearance of C^ berus.
Xrids brown ; pupils lanceolate vertically with a filvery edge ;

body black, opaque, beneath polifhed, with darker fpots ;

on t\it fides, and to\'\wrds the chin, waved with blueifli ; 'tail

fhort, conic.

pxalbidus. Plates of the belly 135 ; fcales of the tail 42.

Whitifh with ti-aniVerfe very broad fpots, mixed black and
white.

Plicatilis. plates of the belly 131 ; fcales of the tail 46.

Inhabits the South America iflands. Livid, beneath with a
quadruple row of brown dots ; fides with brown cohaerent
Ipots, thofe on the fore-part ocellate with a white pupil.

Head covered with broad fcales, roundifh oval, each fide taper-
ing; mouth rounded; fnout obtufe ; truiik like C. natrix,
but more thick and ftout ; tail thick, rather blunt.

Nova Hif. Black above, white beneath ; back with oblique (Ireaks 9
paniee hind-parts with oblique bands.

Inlrabits New Spain : head, trunk and tail like C. plicatilis.

Coronatus, Deep black, with white, unequal fpots and dots.
Inhabits Ncx») Spain j refembles the laft.

Domicdla, Plates of the belly 118; fcales of the tail 60.

Inhabits Afia, White with blackifh bands, uniting beneath,

Alidras, Plates of the belly 121 ; fcales of the tail 58.

Inhibits South America ind India. Entirely white.

PunSiatuf, Plates of the belly 136 ; fcales of the tail 43.

Inhabits Carolina. Cinereous, beneath as far as the tip of thft
tail pale yellow with a triple row o£ black dots difpofed in
threes.

Buccatus, Plates of the belly 107; fcales of the tail 72.

^ Inhabits South America and Lidia. White ; triangular fpol

above the noftrils, 2 dots on the crown, 2 very broad fpots
on the back, which fill nearly the whole furface, all brown.

Head

$^^ AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Colutjer.

ilead broad, triangular, the hind-part widened out, deprelTcd,
comprefTed at the fides, the fore-part covered with plates, of
which the 3 near the eyes are largeft, the hind-part imbri-
cate with I'cales ; jazu on the hind-part each fide protuberant ;
trunk like C. natrix.

Elegantif. White : front with a red crofs : back with a triple row
fimus. of ocellate fpots : lldeS with a fingle row of red

(J fpots.

Crofs on the front fprinkled round with red fpots ; the middle
row of thole on the back very {lender ; in other refpefts re-
fembles the laft.

jfavanus. White with a tranfverfe tawny-brown fpof before the tjes
^ andi a white one above the eyes : a longitudinal

ftripe from the crown through the fore-part of the
back, middle and hind-part of the back with rhom-
boid fpots which are whitifh in the middle.
Inhabits Java: bears a great refemblance to C. buccatus.

Jgnobilis. Cinereous-yellow witl? roundifh fpots on the back, and
. (J a feries of dots each fide, running together into a

band.

Inhabits America : refembles the laft.

.Nfxa. Tawny with a double angular band on the back, the an-
S- gles crolling each other.

Inhabits Africa j much like C. buCcatus.

'^Bertft. Plates of the belly 146: fcales of the tail 39.

C? Inhabits Europe and Siberia ; lives in woods and thickets, and

in breeding-time in the open fields ; is polfonous, but not
deadly ; grows to if foot long ; was formerly much in re-
pute as a rellorative.
Bod^ cinereous, or (which is probably the male) tawny-brown,
or blackifh ; a dark indented ftripe along the middle of the
back, or dark -brown ; belly tinged with purple, fpotted
with black ; throat pale ; irids orange ; pupil black.
2. Spots on the top of the back roundilh, almoft running in-
to a ftripe : thofe near the end of the tail tranfverfe.
Inhabits India.
-, Tawny ilh : head variegated : neck flender.
Inhjbiti St. Enjiace,

4. Arch

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber. 679

4. Arch of the hind-head intercepting a white fpot.

Inhabits India.

5. Spot on the head many parted.

Inhabits the Celebes.

Leucomelas Plates of the belly 135: fcales of the tail 48,
White with black fpots.

^hcrfea. Plates of the belly 150: fcales of the tail 34.

(^ Inliabits low fhrubby places in Sweden ; is fomething like the

berus, but more fpeedily fatal, if the place bitten be not in-
ftanlly extirpated ; gi inches long ; body lefs than the berus
and much deeper bay ; along the back a dark indented line ;
head oval ; trunk round.

Scytha, Plates of the belly 153; fcales of the tail 31.

^ Inhabits woods in the mountainous parts of Siberia ; half a foot

long, and about as thick as a finger ; not very poifonons ;
above deep black, opaque, beneath polifhed, milk-white ;
head fomewhat hearted.

*PreJler. Plates of the belly 153 ; fcales of the tail 32.

£^ Inhabits northern A^a and Europe as far as Aujlria, in which

latter place it is not venomous. Totally black without
fpots ; fcales lanceolate with a longitudinal ridge ; lips va^
ried \yi:h black and white dots.

Redi. Plates of the belly 152 : fcales of the tail 33.

<J Inhabits Aupia and Italy, near the lea. The whole head im-

bricate with very minute fcales ; body with alternate, trant.
yerfe, fbort ftreaks, difpofed in 4 longitudinal row$, the mid-
dle ones on the fore-part confluent, beneath tawny. Its bite
is fpeedily fatal,

Coha. Entirely brown, comprefled : back carinate, fcales of the
ridge larger : head elongate, roundifh.

Maculatus Cinereous with fpots edged with brown and pale yellow
on the dilk.
Head compreffed, white at the fides, above cinereous with >
brownilh line running each fide before the noftrils ; hind-
head with 2 triangular fpots ; back with a triple row of chp-

tic fpots, larger in the middle,
■ '^ ' ° Glaucus.

68o AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber.

Glaucus, Bluei{h-white, waved on each fide with large obtufe fpots ;
a white band each lide behind the eyes, which on the
nape is ferruginous.
Inhabits Martinico : reierables C. redi ; band behind the eyes
terminated above by a white line, beneath by a black one.

Maderenfis Reticulate with pale yellowifh lines, the fpaces between
plumbeous.
Inhabits Madras,

Bitis, Variegated above with cinereous, yellow, white and red,

with tranfverfe brown bands, beneath yellow with a
middle row of very minute white fcales.
Inhabits Brajil : much like C. redi.

Aconita, Above coppcr-tawny with carinate whitifti fcales, beneath
pale yellow, fpotted with red.
Iniiabits among the trees in the IJland Santa Cruz,

Angulatus. Plates of the belly 117 ; fcales of the tail 70.

Inhabits Afia ; above 2 feet long ; brown or brownilli, with
black or blackifh lanceolate, broad, tranfverfe bands.

Cctruleus. Plates of the belly 165 ; fcales of the tail 24.0

Inhabits America, Blueifh, the fcales white on the inner lidej
beneath white.

Aibus. Plates of the belly 170 ; fcales of the tail 190.

Inhabits South America and India, White, without fpots.

A/pis. Plates of the belly 146 ; fcales of the tail 46. Afp,

(J Inhabits Dauphiny, Lions, and Poitiers : larger than C. cherfea,

and is perhaps a variety of the berus.

N^ofe tei-minated by an ere£l wart ; body tawny with figured

ftrcaks, alternately diftinft and confluent, beneath fteel-blue,

dotted with yellow.

Typhlns, Plates of the belly 140 ; fcales of the tail 53.

Inhabits South America and India. Blueifh ; af feet long.

Fajciatus, Phtes of the belly 128 ; fcales of the tail 67.

Inhabits

Amphibia., serpents. 8. Coiubcr. 68i

Inhabits Carolina. Body with pale white bands, which on the
fides are bifid; fcalcs carinate ; belly with as many obfcure
bands as there are plates,

Subfufcus. Plates of the belly 149 ; fcales of the tail 43.
BrOwnifh ; the fides fpotted with black.

Croialinus. Plates of the belly 154 ; fcales of the tail 43.

Large ; cinereous, with large blackifti alternate fpots ; beneath
yellowifh fprinkled with brown ; head hearted ; tyebroms
ftanding forwards.

Holys, Plates of the belly 164; fcales of the tall 34.

» Inhabits, though rarely, in the drieft parts of the deferts o^
AJlracan ; thicker and fhorter than the berus ; above pale
grey, \yith tranfverfe olive-brown fpots, which are lefs to-
wards the thighs ; beneath paler ; fcaks crowded, fub-
carinate.

Rufefcens, Plates erf the belly 159
Body tawnyifh-white.

fcales of" the tail 42.

KfbftiniLS.

Melanoce-
phalus.

Plates of the belly 155 ; fcales of the tall 46.

Inhabits the Eajl j deftroys the perfon bitten by caufmg ari
-unconquerable and deadly fleep ; about t^ foot long; be-
neath whitilh varied with thick black or brown dots ; above
grey, with 4 rows of tranfverfe alterrute fpots, the middle
ones yellowifh, the fide ones brown or blackifh ; fcales of
the back obtufe-oval, flat, carinate in the middle with an
elevated ridge ; head broad, depreffed, fomewhat hearted i
tail 4 inches long.

Plates of the belly 146 ; Qmles of the tall 62.

Inhabits America : about 1 7 inches long ; very fmooth ; above
brovmifh, beneath whitifh ; head and dorfal band behind the
head darkeft brown ; fometimes varies in having plates under
the tail.

Pdnamen- Plates of the belly 164; fcales of the tail 38.
fis. Inhabits Panama. Blueifh, with marginate fcales,

Craficaw Plates of the belly 142 ; fcales of the tail 60.

duSt

Inhabits Africa, Blue ; tail very thick,
V(JI. i, — 4 S

Naviusi

682 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8, Coluber,

Nd'vius. Plates of the belly 153 ; fcales of the tail 50.

White, with black lines and Ipots.

Cohdla. Plates of the belly 150 ; fcales of the tail 54.

.Very common in America j from 8 inches to 2 feet 9 inches
long ; head broad, with an oblique kad-colour line behind
tach eye ; tail filiate from the origin, obtufe at the tip ;
body black or brown, with white or pale lines ; hteral JcaUs
white on the difk, brown on the edge ; varies much in the
dilpofition of its colours.

Purpurans Plates of the belly I44 ; fcales of the tail 72.

Furplilh, with black Ipots, <

Regince. Plates of the belly 137 ; fcales of the tail 70.

Inhabits South America and India; above violet-brown ; chin
and tail beneath white ; abdominal fcales alternately white
and half-blackifh;

Dotiatus. Plates of the belly 164 ; fcales of the tail 43.

Inhabits Carolina. Whitifli, with black rings difpofed in pairs,
but not quite furrounding the body on the belly ; very fmall*

Ordinatus. PJates of the belly 13S ; fcales of the tail 72.

Inhabits Carolina: fmall; blueifh, waved with black fpots j
the fides with a row of black dots.

Coccineus. Plates of the belly 175 j fcales of the 35.

inhabits Florida and New Spain; a yard long, and about as

thick as the little hnger.
Head fmall; face fcarlet ; eyebrows black; front yellow;

back with 23 fcarlet fpots, tranfvcrfely oval, or obtufely

fquare, black at the edges, and feparated by yellow lines

fpotted with black ; klly whitifh,

Mexicanus Plates of the belly 134 ; fcales of the tail 77.
Inhabits America,

everus. plates of the belly 170 ;r cales of the tail 42.

O Inhabits y4/J<i : 4 feet long and. upwards; cinereous, with as

many as 10 white bands, converging on the back, and tranf-
verfe blackifh ftreaks; beneath whitifh with a few bands,
fometimes brown above, with traalverfe narrow cinereous

bands ;

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber. 683

bands ; beneath pale, and fpotftd with brown <^n the tail ;
hind-head brown, with a brown band between and another
behind the eyes.

Aurora, Plates of the belly 179 ; fcales of the tail 37.

Inhabits America; livid, with a yelio\y back ^ tail and w^fiji
thickifli.

Sipedon. Plates of the belly I44>; fcales of^the tail 73.
Inhabits North America. Brown.

Maurus, Plates of the belly 152 ; fcales of the tail 66^

Inhabits Algiers ? Body above brown, with 2 dorfal lincS,
beneath black ; from the dorfal lines to the belly, on each
fide are many black bands,

Stolahts. Plates of the belly 143 ; fcales of the tail 76-

^ Inhabits Afia. Grey, with 2 white fillets on the back, and

obfcure brown bands ; head blueifh ; abdominal plates
marked on each fide with a black dot.

Vittatus, Plates of the belly 142 i fcales of the tail 78.

Inhabits America, Back whitifh, with longitudinal black lines;.
on the hind-head^ each fide, a broad black fpo^ fiirrounded
by a white line, froui which on each fide begins a whitifli
band which luns along the whole body; under the tail a
white indented band ; plates brown at the edge.

Miliaris, Plates of the belly 162 ; fcales of the tail 59.

Inhabits South Amen: a and India: beneath white; above
brown ; fcales marked with a white fpot.

Picatus. Plates of the belly 186 ; fcales of the tail 36.

Inhabits India? White, with black bands uniting here and
there, and a continued narrow black ftripe beneath. Very
much refembles C. dpmiceila, and is probably the fame, or
a variety.

JEJculapi- Plates of the belly 1 80 ; fcales of the tail 43.
^•^» Inhabits South America «nd India. White with black rings ;

about 18 inches long; head broad, with a double black
band ; body brown j boye, whitifh beneath ; bands white
and black, the latter divided by a white line or ring ; tail
tapering, blunt at th ttip.

4 S 2 Bipes,

|684 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber.

fipes. Plates of the belly 1 1 6 j fcales of the tail 58.

I'nliabits in the waters of the Tyrokje country ; feeds on frogs
and fifh ; has 2 feet ; eyes tawny ; lower ^"aw whitifh ; dor-
faiyca/cj elliptic, rnarginate; fides fpotted with \vhite ; plates
of the belly whitifli, with a brown Ipot in the middle.

Rhomboi' Plates of the belly 157 ; fcales of the tail 70.
deus. Inhabits South America and India. Blueifh-wbite reticulate

with black, and a triple row of rubrhomboid fpots, blue in
I the middle.

Rujelii, Plates of the belly 161 ; fcales of the tail 59.

^ Inhabits India. Pale yellowifli-brown, marked the whole

length of ihe. back with a continued chain of long-oval deep
brown fpots, with paler middles and narrow white" edges ;
beneath white with a few dufky fpots; is exceedingly
poifonous.

Cy uncus. Plates of the belly 119; fcales of the tail no.

IxiYi^hiis America. Deep blue; beneath greenifh.

'^Nairix. Plates of the belly 170 ; fcales of the tail 60.

Inhabits Europe ; lives ufually in hedges, fhrubberies, or in old
buildings; is fond of fun- (hine and heat ; depofits its eggs
in dung-heaps or under rotten tfees, which are conne£led in a
mafs by means of a mucus ; 3 feet 9 inches long.

Body above blackifh, with a white fpot each fide the neck ;
back fubcarinate ; fcales of the back oblong-oval, carinate in
the middle, difpoied in 19 rows ; beneath white, fometimes
yellowifh or browiiifh, with a longitudinal irregular broadifh
black ftripe down the middle, beginning at die 15th plate;
fnout acute.

2. Blackifh-brown, with a icw yellowifli fpots ; beneath

cinereous.

3. Head on the fore -part variegated ; a fhort black band be-

tween the eyes, a very long one on the hind-head ;
nape with 2 larger fpots, which are fucceeded by lefler
ones and continued down the back,- yellow in the
centre, and confuted at the extremity.
4* Hind-head with a flame-coloured fpot and blotches.

5. Blue, with black fpots and tranfverfc waved lines.

6. Blue, with a white line each fide, fprinkled with black

fpois ; belly white, with a black fpot each lide.

Croiiovu

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber. 685

Gronovia- Blueifli-afh, beneath blackifh ; a white arched fpot each
nus. fide the hind-head, and one black; back waved with

black.
Rdemblcs in appearance the laft.

Lubricus. Very (lender, fhining, fmooth, white with black bands^
2- With red bands.

Inhabits 6'urinaw, :i) Africa: refembles C. natrix,

Huvianus, gjack fpotted with white; tail alternately ftriped with
white and black.
Inhabits Amboina and New Spain : is often domefticated.

PunRiila- Brown with minute white fpots.
^^^' Head covered with broad plates, depreffed, triangular by means

of the jaws being widened out behind ; fnout fharper than
C. natrix; trunk fmooth, fhining, narrower behind the
head, very thick in the middle ; tail conic, long, tapering.

Vanus. Plates of the belly 160 ^ fcales of the tail yp.
Blackifh ; fides variegated with white and black.

Tyroknju. Phtes of the belly 178 ; fcales of the tail 60.

Inhabits the Tyrokjt country. Depofits its eggs among flones,
which are white, leathery, with a lateral yolk and turbid
watery white, about 14 in number, and flicking together.

AraUcus, Plates of the belly 174 ; fcales of the tail 60.
Inhabits Arabia. Brown ; belly blackifh,

A,gilis. Plates of the belly 184 ; fcales of the tail 50.

Inhabits Ceylon. Varied with alternate white and black bands,
and dotted with black ; head ihiall.

Latteus. Plates of the belly 2CP3 ; fcales of the tail 32.

(J Inhabits South America and India, White with 2 black fpotCi

crown black ; a white line running down the body,

jfaculatrix Plates of the belly 163 ; fcales of the tail 77.

Inhabits Surinam, Blueifh-afti with longitudinal black lines,

Scutattis, Plates of the belly 190 ; fcales of the tail 50.

j^nhabits the river Ural; lives chiefly in the water, but comes

occafionally

686 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber,

occafionally on land ; refembles C. natnx, and is often 4 feet
long ; black ; abdominal plates black, every other pair ochre-
colour at one end or the other.
Teeth exferted, needle-like ; in a double cc«nb on the palate ;
irids brown ; tail very obfcurely triangular ; fcalcs every
other one white,

r

Subalbidus Plates of the belly 165 ; fcales of the tail 75.

Inhabits America. Whitifh, with 30 brown bands; fnout
rounded, obtufe,

Airatus. Plates of the belly 163 ; fcales of the tail 77.
Body with a black band.

Porphyri- Plates of the belly 188, of the anus 7 ; fcales of the tail 45.
tuus. Vioiet-black ; belly and fides crimfon ; plates edged with black ;

Jcaks lead-colour.

UnicoloY. Plates of th^ belly 176 ; fcales of the tail 66.

Bock uniform ; jides lineate as far as the vent ; Jnout fharp.

Aulkus. Plates of the belly 184 ; fcales of the tail 60.

Inhabits America, Grey, with numerous linear white bands,
which are forked at the fides; hind-head each fide with a
triangular white fpot, which nearly meet on the nape.

Monilis» Plates of the belly 164 ; fcales of the tail 82.

Inhabits America : annulate ; back with 3 white dots flrung
together like beads.

Hydrtts. Plates of the belly 1 80 ; fcales of the tail 66,

Inhabits the Cafpian fea ; never goes on land ; nearly 3 feet
long.

Head fmall, cheeks not inflated ; palate with a double comb of
fine fharp reclined teeth ; <<3/?^«e very long, black; ej/cj fmall
with a yellow circle ; back olive-afh with round black fpots
difpofed by fives in 4 rows ; neck with a band each fide,
forming an angle on the hind-head, with 2 oblong blackilh
fpots between ; belly teffellate with yellowilli and blackifh ;
tail almoft entirely blackifh, with a double minute daggered
fpot, cue over the other, at the end.

Fulvivs,

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber. 68j

Fulvius. Plates of the belly 218 ; fcales of the tail 31.

Inhabits Carolina, Body with 22 black rings, and as many
alternate tawny ones fpotted with brown.

Pallidus. Plates of the belly 156 ; fcales of the tail 96.

Inhabits South A7nerica and India, Pale, with fcattered grey
fpots and brown dots ; fidts with 2 interrupted blackifli lines ;
about i.\ foot long.

Lineatus. Plates of the belly 169; fcales of the tail 84.

Inhabits ^jia ; 18 — 2 1 inches long ; blueilh, with 4 brown
linear ftripes,

Am^iguus Plates of the belly 189 ; fcales of the tail 64.

^ Inhabits America ; 4 feet 6 inches long ; above hoary, unth

broad rounded brown bands; beneath paler, varied with deep
farowa.

Cacus.

Naja.

Rufus,

Padera*

Canus,

Tawny-yellow ; fcalos all marked with a white fpot.

Inhabits India ; relembles the next.

Plates of the belly 193 ; fcales of the tail 60.

Inhabits India and Ternati IJlands. Rufty-yellow, with the
neck (generally) much dilated, and marked above with a
fpeftacle-fhaped fpot of black and white ; the moft. venomous
of its tribe, and hardly inferior to the rattle-fnake in the
malignity of its poifon ; head fmall, covered with large fcales;
body covered with finooth fcales.

2. With tawny-red bands over the whole body.

3* Cinereous, with a tawny back.

4* Tawny-yellow ; all the fcales with a white fpot.

Tawny, with diftant tawny-brown bands ; fpedacle on
the back fomewhat hearted with 4 black fpots.
Inhabits Brafil, Is probably only a variety of the naJ3.i

Plates of the belly 198 ; fcales of the tail 56.

Inhabits South America and India. White, with brown dor-
fal fpots connefted, by a line, and as many lateral ones un-
conne^ed.

Plates of the belly 188 ; fcales of the tail 70.

Inhabits South America and India. Hoary, with large whitilh
fpots difpofed ferrately, and a fnowy fpot beneath each ; fnout
obtufe, rounded ; head imbricate with fcales.

Getulus,

688 AMPrilBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber.

Getulus, Plates of the belly 215 ; fcales of the tail 44.

Inhabits Carolina. Blueifh-black, with linear yellow lines on
the fides, and bifid bands on the belly.

Sibilans, Plates of the belly 160 ; fcales of the tail 100.

Inhabits Afia. Blueifh with black ftripes ; beneath white.

Diont. Plates of the belly about 190 ; fiales of the tail 66.

Inhabits the fait deferts near the Cafpian fea, and the dry fait
mountains near the Irtijli ; is flender and very elegant ; about
g feet long.

Head fmall, fquare, reticulate with brown futures ; teeth in 4
peftinate rows ; back a delicate blue or whitifh, with 3 longi-
tudinal whiter ftreaks, and intermediate alternate brown
dafhes, often fubconfluent ; belly whitillj, with minute livid-
brown fpots and reddifti fpecks,

Zeylonicus. Plates of the belly 180 ; fcales of the tail 80.

Inhabits Ceylon. Body covered with large blown fpots.

Latkau- Plates of the belly 220 ; fcales of the tail 42.
datus. Inhabits South America and India, Cinereous with brown

bands; frti/ compreffed, 2-edged, obtufe.
2. Tail (harp, lanceolate \ fcales imbricate.

Sirtalis. Plates of the belly 150 ; fcales of the tail 114.

Inhabits Canada, Slender, brown, ftriate with 3 blueifti-
gieen flripes.

Atrox, Plates of the belly 196 ; fcales of the tail 69.

^ Inhabits A fa ; about 1 8 inches long ; hoary, fcales carinate ;

beneath with tranfverfe black-brown fpots, alternating length-
way-s ; head angular, with minute fcales.

Sikon. Plates of the belly 180 ; fcales of the tail 85.

Inhabits Africa. Rufty-brown fprinkled with white; beneath
white fpotted with brown; head white.

Ndulatus. Plates of the belly 185 ; fcales of the tail 81.

Inhabits America ; twills itfelf round men's legs ; 2 feet 5
inches long; above waved with brown and cinereous, be-
neath varied with white and brown,

Fufcus,

AMt>HIBIA. SERPENTS. 8.*Coiubeh 689

Fnfcus, Plates of the belly 149; fcales of the tail 109.

Inhabits A/ia: about 4 feet long. Alhy-brown ; behind thi
eyes an oblong brbwri fpot.

Brunneus. Plates of the belly 191 ; fcales of the tail 7J.
Brown with white fpots; belly white.

Sdturninus t^lates of the belly 147 ; fcales of the tall 120.

Inhabits South America and India ; 21 inches long ; lividj
waved with brown ; head oblong, livid ; fiiout obtulely
fquare ; eyes very large ; trunk gradually tapering.

Cmdidus, Plates of the belly 220 ; fcales of the tail 50.

Inhabits South America and India, Whitifh with brown bands.

Niveus* Plates of the belly 209 ; fcales of the tail 62.
Inhabits Africa. White, without fpots.

Scaher, Plates of the belly 228 ; fcales of the tail 44;

Inhabits South America and India. Spotted with brown and
black: crown with a black fpot, bifid on the hind-part;
Jcales carinate*

Carinatus Plates of the belly 157 ; fcales of the tail 115.

O Inhabits South America and India; abdVe 6 feet long.

Lead-colour, beneath w'hite ; head obtufe ; eyes large, promi-
nent; back carinate, fcales pale at the edge; tail round,
gradually tapering, with a pale line in the middle.

Corallinus Plates of the belly 193 ; fcales of the tail 83.

O Inhabits AJia. Glaucous, with 3 brownifli {Iripes; fcak*

diftant ; beneath pale, with hoary dots,

Ouivorus. Plates of the belly 203 ; fcales of the tail 73,
Inhabits America,

Saurita. Plates of the belly 156 ; fcales of the tail 21.

Inhabits Carolina. Greenifli ; above brown, with 3 green-
ifli lines.

Conjlriclor Plates of the belly 186 ; fcales of the tail 29.

Vol. I. — 4 T lohabitfl

690 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber.

Inhabits iV(jriA America; runs fwiftly and bites very hard,
but is not poifonous ; t^vifts itfelf round the legs of fuch as
approach it ; very fmooth and flender ; black, beneath pale
blue ; throat white.

Exoletuu Plates of the belly 147 ; fcales of the taxi 132.

Inhabits South America and India. Shaped like a coach-whip ;
blueifh-cinereous ; fcales large, obtufe, few in number; tips
white!.

Sltula. Plates of the belly 236 ; fcales of the tail 45.

Inhabits E^ypt. Grey, with a longitudinal ftripc each fide,
edged with a black line. _

Trifcalis. Plates of the belly 195 ^ fcales of the tail 86.
Inhabits South America and India. Glaucous,
Back with 3 longitudinal brown lines-, meeting on the nape, the
middle one ending above ; and on each ftde a brown line,
running with the 2 former ones to the tip of the tail.

^

Gutulatus Plates of the belly 227 ; fcales of the tail 60.

Inhabits Carolina. Livid.

Back with red and black fpots ; fides with black blotches ;

beliy with black fpots, alternately fquared ; abdominal plates

223 — 230.

Lemnifea- Plates of the belly 250 ; fcales of the tail 35.
tus. Inhabits Afta ; 3 feet long ; \'ery fmooth, flippery and

round ; white with tranfverfe rufly or black bands forming
rings, of which 3 are near each other ; dorfal fcaUs ferrugi-
nous at the tip.

Annulatus Plates of the belly 190 ; fcales of the tail 96.

Inhabits Atnerica : i^ — 3 feet long.

Back cinerereous, grey, brownifh, or browilb-whlte, with a
band, or round alternate brown fpots, confluent, and form-
ing a band, beneath white,

Dipfas. Plates of the belly 152; fcales of the tail 135.

^ Inhabits America. Blueilh-green ; fcales whitilh at the edge ;

tail beneath blueifh,

Dhara. Plates of the belly 235 ; of the tail 48.

Inhabits

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS, 8. Coluber. 691

Inhabits Yemen in Arabia : above a cubit long, and not as thick
as a finger ; without fpots, above copper-alh, the edge of ths
fcales whitifh, beneat white.

Head oval, obtufe ; icales of the crown large, the i^iiddle one
between the eyes exceeding the reft.

Pelias, Plates of the belly 187 ; fcales of the tail 130.

Inhabits South America and India; behind the eyes, and on
the crown brown, beneath green, with a yellow line each
fide.

Tyria, Plates of the belly 210 ; fcales of the tail 83.

Inhabits Egypt, Whitifh with a triple longitudinal row of
rhomboid brown ipots.

jfiigularis. Plates of the belly 195 ; fcales of the tail 102.
Inhabits Egypt. Black ; throat blood-red.

Cafpius» Plates of the belly 198; fcales of the tail 100.

Inhabits fhrubby and low places on the fhores of the Cafpian.
Sea ; is fearful of man, unlefs when irritated, when it vio-
lently attacks him, running along the ground with its head
ereft and making a loud hiffixig ; above ej feet long ; ab^ve
alternately banded with yellow and brown, beneath yellow.

Eyes globular, pale brpwn ; jaws with 2 rows of fmall, fliarp
teeth; back and fides covered with 18 rows pf fcales, yellow
in the middle, and white at the edge.

Orientalis. plates of the belly 202 ; fcales of the tail 96,
Inhabits the Eaji.

Pethola. Plates of the belly 209 \ fcales of the tail 90.

Inhabits Africa. Lead-colour with teftaceous bands; body re-
fembling C. natrix ; head with a (hining fhield in the mid-
dle of the front between the eyes, fuboval, confifting of
many-fhaped plates ; fides of the head and hind-head covered
each fide with imbricate fcales ; fnout fharp.

2. White, with fpots on the back which on the fore-part are

roundifh, and become gradually rhomboid, rcddilh at
the edge.

3. Blueifli, with a quadruple feries of black ocellate fpots,

blue in the middle and longitudinally difpofed.

4T 2 4- Blueifh-

^9% AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber.

4« Blueifh-white, with black -brown bands, and 2 longitudi-
nal white divided lines.

5. Brownifti, with a few pale bands; fnout deprcfTed.

6. With yellowifli confluent bands near the belly.

7. Brownifh-white, with very pale brown fpots, the occipital

ones 2, longitudinal, the dorfal ones eliptic, difpofed
in one row.

8. A brown ftripe in the middle of the back ; belly and fides

whitifli-brown.

9. With entire circular brown bands, beneath obliquely con-

"Current.

Pcellatus, Reddifli, with fcarlet ocellate fpols ; plate on the head yel-
lowifh-tawny.
Inhabits Csylon and China ; refcmbles the laft.

Bitamlo' Yellow with 2 deeper bands ; head tawny.
cia. Inhabits India : nearly allied to C. pethola.

Tigrinus. Spotted all over ; plate on the head clear white.
Inhabits Amboina ; like C. pethola.

Catus. White ; the fcales difpofed in fours, bjack and thickly
crowded into patches.
Inhabit-s America s lies in wait for, and fprings on mice like
the cat.

Cervinus. White dotted with black in the middle, and branched with
black at each end.
Inhabits America : reiembles C. pethola.

Virginicus. Deep brown wjth yejlow bands ; front fhielded.

Iniiabits Virginia.

Ruber, Fine red with fppts alternately uniting, beneath white.
Inhabits America,

Avjlriacus Tawny with a mixture of blueifh-afh ; fpots of the back
alternate diftinft ; front fhielded.
Inhabits near Vienna.

Jefella-

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. ColuBcr. 69;

Tejfdiatus. Above alternately teffellate with black and brown, beneath
black with white unequal fpots each fide ; head long,
fhielded.
Inhabits Japidia : refembles C. pethola.

yEJivus. Plates of the belly 155 ; fcalesof the tail 144.

Inhabits Carolina ; very irnocth ; entirely blue, beneath pale
green.

Cahirihu:. Plates of the belly 230; fcalcs of the tail 82.

Inhabits near Cahira; 4^ feet long, and thick as a finger;

above grey with large oval brown fpots on the back ; thofs

on the fides fmall, lqua?:e, notched, beneath entirely filky-

white.
Head flattifh, fubcordate ; crown with 2 pale oblong fcales,

1 2 times as large as the reft.

Slave/cens, Plates of the belly 225 ; fcales of the tail 78.

Inhabits the Tyrolefc country ; 3 feet long ; covered with elip-
tic fcales ; brown, beneath yellowifh.

Molurus. Plates of the belly 248 ; fcales of the tail 59.

Inhabits South America and India ' refembles a Boa, yet has
plates, and large fcales on the head like the coluber.

$chokari. Plates of the belly 180 ; fcales of the tail 114.

Inhabits the mountainous woods of Yemen in Arabia ; a cu-
bit and a half long, and as thick as a finger ; above brown-
afh with a double longitudinal white ftripe each fide, and in
the larger ones a fmall ftripe in the middle of the back com-
pofed of white dots, beneath whitifh, growing yellow near
the throat, and dotted with brown ; head oval, obtufe ;
croojyi flat with large fcales j tail half the length of the
bpdv.

Baetxn, Spotted with black white.

(J Inhabits Arc^bia ; a foot long, »nd nearly 2 inches thick ; its

bite is immediately fatal, the body fwelling to a great fize.j

Hoelleik, Entirely red.

<J Inhabits Arahia ; a foot long ; its bite produceg^a burning tu-

mour, its breath is faid to caufe 2 violent itching.

694 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber.

Hannafch^ Entirely black.

^ Inhabits Arabia ; a cubit long, and as thick as a finger ; its

bite produces a fwelling of the body.

Purpura/, Plates of the belly 189; fcales of the tail 122.

ctns.

Aketula. Plates of the belly 163 ; fcales of the tail 15P.

Inhabits Afia and America : ' 3 feet 1 4 inches long ; (baped like
a coach whip , golden-green, the fkin which ibmetimes ap-
pears between the fcales, black ; head long, narrow ; a bdack
band acrois the eyes ; tail fquare.

Feialarius Plates of the belly 212 ; fcales of the tail 102.

Inhabits South America and India; from a foot to Sy feet
long ; brown with white bands, beneath pale.

Fiilus, Plates of the belly 172 ; fcales of the tail 142.

Back blue ; /ides with a black line terminated by whitifh.

Caracaras, Plates of the belly 190 ; fcales of the tail 125.
Variegated with many vivid colours.

■llaje. Plates of the belly 207; fcales of the tail 109,

^ Inhabits lower Egypt j very large, black with oblique Bands

and half white icales ; when irtitated it lifts up its head, and
ftretches out its head to bite.

FiU/ormis. Plates of the belly 165; fcales of the tail 158.

Inhabits South America and India j black ; exceedingly flen*-
der, beneath white j head thicker than the body.

PuUatus. Plates of the belly 217 ; fcales of the tail 108.

Inhabits Afia: 22 inches long; bands of the body black with
white dots ; temples fnowy with black fpots ; /nout rounded,
obtufe ; beneath white with black fpots.

Hippotre- plates of the belly 232 ; fcales of the tail 94.

P^^' Inhabits America j livid with brown fpots ; between the eyes a

brown band, and an arched one on the hind-head.

MintTvce-, Plates of the belly 238 ; fcales of the tail 90.

Inhabits South America and India, Glaucous with a browa
ftripe on the back and 3 oa the head,

Cinenus,

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 8. Coluber 695

Cinereus, Plates of the belly 200; fcales of the tail 137.

Inhabits South America and India. Cinereous ; beHy white,
angular ; fcales of the tail ferruginous at the edge.

ViridiJ^- Plates of the belly 217 ; fcales of the tail 122.
vms. Inhabits Surinam. Clear green ; plates of the belly dilated in

the middle.

Muco/us. Plates of the belly 200-; fcales bf the tail 140.

Inhabits South America and India. Blueifti ; a little more thaa
a foot long.

Domejlicus Plates of the belly 245 ; fcales of the tail 94.

Inhabits Barbary, in houfes; much reiembles C. hippocrepis,
but has a forked band between the eyes, or a double black
fpot.

Sthtz, Plates of the belly about 272 ; fcales of the tail 70.

Body clouded.

Cenchoa, Plates of the belly 220 ; fcales of the tail 1 24.

Inhabits America. Brown with pale fpots and fnowy bands*
Head fubglobular.

My£feri' Plates of the belly 192; fcales of the tail 167.
zans. Inhabits America. Whip-fliaped ; blueifh.

Head angular ; fnout long, fcjuare ; fides with a pale linear
ftri^e; tatV pentangular.

2. Inclining to moufe-colour.

3, Colour pale green.

CotruleJ, Plates of the belly 215; fcales of the tail 170.
cens. Inhabits South America and India, Smooth^ blueilh ; heai

acuminate, lead- colour.

Argus, Aboi'c fmooth, brown, fubreticulatc ; fcales paler on the
difk ; beneath teflellate.
Inhabits AJriia» Hind-hea^ gibbous, 2-lobecl.

^. ANGUIS,

696 AMPHIBIA. SERPENfS. Q.Anguis.

9. ANGUIS. 5<:^/^i on the belly : Tind fc ales
under the tail. ' Snake,

Striatus. Scales of the belly 179 ; of the tail 7.
Body furrounded with tranlverfe lines.

MeUagris. Scales of the belly 165 ; of the tail 32.

Inhabits South America and India ; reiembles Lacerta bip&.
Glaucous with numerous longitudinal rows of black dots.

2. Dotted with brown.

3. Tail very long.

Coluhrinus Scales of the belly 180 ; of the tail 18.

Inhabits Egypt. Varied with brown and pale ochre.

Miliaris, Scales of the belly 170 ; of the tail 32.

Inhabits near the Cajpian Sea : 14 inches long, and as thick as
the little finger ; black with numerous pale fcales or dots on
/ the fides, and grey ones on the back.

Head ^Tty, fprinkied with black ; tail' 2 inches long, much
thinner than the body, cylindrical, oblufe, varied with
white.

jfacuius. Scales of the belly 186 ; of the tail 23.

Inhabits Egypt. Abdominal fcales a little broader.

Maculatus Abdominal fcales 200 ; fubcaudal 12.

Inhabits America ; above yellow with a brown d»rfal (Iripe
and linear bands.
2. Decuffate with red bands dotted with Slack.

Inhabits Afia.

Reticula- Scales of the belly 177 ; of the tall 37.
tus. Inhabits America. Scales brown with a whit; difk.

Cerajies. Abdominal fcales 200 ; fubcaudal 15.

Inhabits Egypt.

Nafutus, Scales of the belly 218 j of the tail X3. '

Afoot

i^PHIBIA. SERPENTS. 9. Anguis. 697

A foot long', colour greenifti-black ; beneath, at the fides, on

the.:'^ip of the head, a hroad band on the tail and dots on the

tipllll yellow.
SnoutjaixMincni ; teeth o ; eyes on the top of the hea^, not la-

terw; trunk furrounded with 20 rows .of hexagonal fcales;

iJazf H of an inch long, with minute fcales, and obtufe, rigid'

at the tip.

Lumbrica- Scales of the belly a-^o ; of the tail 7.
Us, Inhabits America. WhitiJh, inclining to yellow.

Laticauda Abdominal fcales 200 ; fubcaiidal 50.

Inhabits Surinam. Tail comprefled, fharp, pale With brown"
bands.

Scytak, Scales of the belly 240; of the tail 13."

Inhabits South America and India. Varies very much in it?
colours ; generally orange with black blotches, fometimSs
black and white, fometimes- pale rofe and black, paler beneath,
and beautifully fafciated with bars of deep black.

*Eryx» Scales of the belly 126 : of the tail 136. Aberdeen Snake.
Inhabits America and England. Above cinereous' with 3 black
lines the whole length, beneath lead-colour with white
Ipots.

*Fra^ilis. Scales of tlie belly 135'; of thfe tail 135. Blind PForm,
Inhabits Europe and Siberia, in hollow ways, woods, paths,
alad among rubbifh ; breaks into pieces if thrown down, and
the fragments will live a long while afterwards.
Back yellowilh-afh ; belly black -, fides ftreaked with black and
white ; tail long, obtufe ; fcales fmall, foft, compaft. Co-
lour various.

Ventralis, Abdominal fcales 127 ; fubcaudal 223.

Inhabits Carolina.

Body afhy-green, ftriate ; lateral band black ; hdly Ihort, ap-
pearing as if annexed by a hoUow future ; tail verticillate,
3 times as long as the body.

Platuros, Tail comprefled, obtufe.

Vol, I. — 4 U Inhabu*

698 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. 9. Anguis.

Inhabits the fliores of Pine IJland in the Pacific Ocean.

Body a foot and a half long, above black beneath white ; fcales
minute, iuboibicular, not imbricate •, head oblong, toothlefs,
fmoothifli ; back fubcarinate ; tail variegated with black and
white.

lineatU'S. Blackilli, above white \ a curved liae running down the
whole body.

Clivicus. Cincreous-bro^vn^ ^ plat«e of the front larger, heart-^
Ihaped,
Is common in the Duchy oi Clives,

Annulatus Whitfi with flraight brovsfn bands meeting beneath ;
tail tapering,, beneath with a double rovir of imbri-
cate fcales.

Scutatus^. Very flender \ waved with white and black bands ; plates
of the head broad ; tail fliarpifh.
Inhabits Surinam. Belly and tail beneath with tranfverfe broad
fcales like the Boa. It is probably not of this genus.

Corallinus. Red with paler bands ; fcales tipt with black.-
Inhabits Brajil.

■^ier' Black with white bands ; fcales tipt with black.

Inhabits Ceylon.

Rufus. Tawny with tranfverfe interrupted white lines, beneath
variegated.
Inhabits Surinam.

Hepaticus. Line on the top of the back, and waved line on each fide
liver-colour, the fpaces between paler with roundifli
whiiilh fpots.
Inhabits Surinam.

TeJJellatus, Saffron with numerous bands and 3 ftripes ; head white
fpotted with brown.
Inhabits Paraguay.

Alhus. Entirely white, tapering towards each end.

^ 10. AMPHISBiENA.

AMPHIBIA. SERPENTS. lo. Ampliifb^na. it.Cxcilia. 69$

10. AMPHISBiflNA. Rvigi on the body
an|d tail.

The animals of this and the next genus, have no fcales, and
a finooth equal cylindrical body ; the tail hardly to be dif-
tinguifhcd from the head, and very obtufc.

Fuligino/a, Rings of the body 200 ; of the tail ?o.

Inhabits America. Wljite, variegated \^'ith black or deepeft
brown ; head without fpoti.

rartfl. Variegated with white, black, chefnyt and grey.
Inhabits America,

Magnified, Variegated with purple, violet and yellow ; head yellpw-
ifli ; a purpHfh band over the eyes.
Inhabits America.

Flay a. Variegated with' virhite ai?d brqwn ; head yellpw.
Inhabits America,

Alba, Rings of the body 223 ; oS the the tail 16.

Inhabits Apierica, near ant-hills. White, growing ta^^^lyifi^ ou
the fore-part ; head annulate on the fore-part, and narrowed
into an obtufe fnout.
2. Rofe-cplourcd. Nat. MifceL plate 86.

XI. CiflCILIA. Wrinkles on i^^ body and
tail : upper lip with 2 tentacula.

Tentacu' Wrinkles of the body 135 ; of the tail o.

lata. Inhabits America; about a foot long and an inch in circum-

ference ; tail o ; teeth very fmall ; hody lead-colour.

Glutinofa, Wrinkles of the body 340 ; of the tail xo.

Inhabits South America and India, Brown with a white la-
teral line.

4U2 12, AGROCHORDUS.

7PP AMPHIBIA. REPTILES. 12 Acrochordus,

12.ACROGHORDUS. Tubercles covering
the whole body.

Javankus Brown, beneath paler; the fides obfcurely variegated with
whitifli. fVartedfnake.

Inhabits Java, chiefly amongft the pepper plantations ; grows
fometimes to 7 feet long. The warts or prominencies, by
means of a magnifying glafs, appear to be convex carinate
fcales, and the Imaller ones are fumifhed with 2 fmaller pro-
minencies, one each fide the larger.

Head fomewhat flattened, hardly wider than the neck ; body
gradually thicker towards the middle, and fuddenly conti-aft-
ing near the the tail, which is flaort and flightly acuminate.

CLASS

CLASS IV. PISCES. FISHEb.

THE Animals included in this clafs are always inhabitants ot thr
•waters; are fwift in their motion and voracious in their appctitCi.
They breathe by means of gilhy which are generally united by a
bony arch ; fwim by means of radiate fins, and are moftly covered
over with cartilaginous /r^/rj.

Befides the parts they have in common with other animals, they
are furnifljed with a nidlitant membrane, and moll of them with an
air-blader, by the contraftion or dilatation of which, they can raile
t)r fink, themfelves in their element at pleafure.

They are deltitute of eyelids, external ears, neck, arms and legs.

They hear through the medium of water and not of air ; move
themfelves by means of the fins, are propelled forwards by the caudal
or tail-fin, direcilcdto either fide by the dorfal and anal fins, lifted up-
wards by the perioral, and reft themfelves on the ventral fins.

They are fometimes defended yfixh/pincs.

"J^heir fa sd is mucus, infeds, worms, dead bodies, leffcr fifli or
fea-plants.

The generic charadler is taken from the ftiape of the body, co-
vering, ftrudture, figure and parts of the head, but principally from
the branchioftcgous membrane.

T\\cjpecific charaiSer is taken from the cirri, jaws, fins, fpines,
lateral line; digitated appendages, tail and colour.

The age of filhes is known by numbering the concentric circles in
a tranfverfe feftion of the back-bone, or the concentric cij-cles on
the fcales.

They are divided into 6 Orders, the 4 firft of which have bony
rays to the gills.

I. APODAL. Ventral /«x none. Fig. 3.

II. JUGULAR. Ventral fins before the pec^

toral. Fig. I.

III. THORACIC. Ventral fins under the pec-

toral. Fig. 4.

IV. ABDOMINAL. Ventral fins behind the pec-

toral. Fig. 5.
V. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. Gills deflitute of bony rays.

VI. C^ONDROPTERYGIOUS. Gilh cartilaginous.

EXPLA-

»•»■

[ 7«2 ]

EXPLANATION of the PLATE.

Fig. 1. a. Peroral fin. 3. Ventral fin. c. Anal fin. d. Caudal
fin, or tail. £. Dorfal or back fin. f. Bony gUl-covcrs.
g. Branchioftegous rays and their membranes, h. Jyateral or
fide line.

fig, 2. A fifh breathing throiogh lateral apertures or fpiracles, a.

Fig. 3. An Apodal fifh, having no veijtral fins. f. Tlie dorfal and
anal fins united.

Fig. I. A Jugular fifh, having the ventral fins b. placed before
the peftoral fins a.

Fig. 4. A Thoracic fifh with the ventral fins a. placed diredly un-
der the pedoral fins b. c. Digitated appendages.

Fig. 5. An Abdominal fifh, having the ventral fins a. placed behind
the peroral fins h. c. Cirri or bearded appendages.

CHARACTERS

C^ tc.tr.t~i

X 7^3 J

CHARACTERS of FISHES-

I. APODAL. Ventral fins o.

2. MURiENA.

2. Gymnotus.

3. Gymnothorax.
II, Leptocephalus.

4. Trichiurus.

5. Anarhichas.

6. Ammodytes.

10
12

7. Ophidium.
9. Xiphias.

8. Stromateus^
Sternoptyx.
Styhphorus.

Aperture of the gills at the frdcs of the thorax.
Dorfal fin o.

Perioral fin o ; body anguiliform.
Pedoral fin o; body thin, much comprefled.
Caudal fin o ; body enfiform.
Teeth rounded.
Head narrower than the body.
Body enfiform.
Snout enfiform.

' Body oval, fcaly ; breaft fimple.
Body oval, naked ; breaft folded.
Eyes placed on a (hort cylindrical peduncle.

II. JUGULAR. Ventral fins htfore the peSloraL

13. Callyontmus,

14. Uranofcopus,

15. Trachinm.

16. Gadus.

17. Blenniiis. .

18. Kurtus,

Aperture of the gills on the nape.
Head large, rough, depreffed.
Vent near the breaft.
Peftoral fins tapering to a point.
Ventral fins of 2 united rays.
Back elevated.

II L THORACIC. Ventral fins under the pecfsraU

19. Cepola.

29. Echineis,

21. Coryphana,

22* Gobius.

23. Cottus.

24. Scorpoena.

25. Teus,

26. Pleurone^es,

Body enfiform, naked.

Back of the head flat, tranfverfely furrowed.

Head ftoping fuddenly downwards.

Ventral fins united into an oval fin.

Head broader than the body.

Head armed with prickles.

Upper lip arched by a tranfverfe membrane.

Eyes both on one lide of the head.

27. Cheetodofi,

704

FISHES.

27. Ch a to don,

28. Spams.

29. Scants.

30. Labrus.

31. Sc'iana.

32. Pcrca.

Tf-achychthyi.

Gajlerojicus.

Scomber.

33-

34'
35

36. Cenirogajier.

37. Mullus.

38. rr/>/^.

39. Lonchiiirus.

Teeth fetaceous, flexile, crowded.

Teeth Itrong, obtufe ; lips double.

Teeth o ; jaws creiiate at the edges.

Dorfal Hn with a flender flcin beyond the end of
each ray.

Head and gill-covers with ftrongly fixed fcales.

Gill-covers 3-leaved, the upper ferrate.

Belly armed with large carinate fcales.

Tail carinate at the fides.

Tail carinate at the fides ; fcveral fpurious filns

between the dorfal fin and tail.
Tail carinate at the fides ; ventral fins connefted

by a membrane, the firft 4 rays fpinous, the

other fix unarmed.
Body and gill-covers with large lax fcales*
Dillindl appendages near the pedoral fins.
Caudal fin lanceolate.

40.
41.

42.

43-
44.

45-

Cobitis.
Ami a.
Silurus.
Teitthis.
Lor't carta.
Sal mo.

46. Fi/iularia.

47. Efox.

48. Ehps.

49. Argentina.
Atherina.
Miigil.
Exocoetus.
Polynemus.
Clupea.
Cypriniii.

50.

52-
53-

54-

5'5-

I V. ABDOMINAL. Central fins behind the peaoral.

Body hardly decreafing towards the tail.

Head naked, bony, rough.

Firft ray of the dorfal or peroral fins toothed.

Head truncate on the fore-part.

Body mailed with a bony coat.

Hindmoft dorfal fin flelhy.

Snout cylindrical with a cover at the end.

Upper jaw much (horter than the lower.

Branchioftegous membrane double, the outer left.

Vent near the tail.

Body with a lateral filvery flripe.

Lower jaw carinate inwards.

Peel oral fins as long as the body.

Diftlncl appendages near the perioral fins.

Belly carinate, ferrate.

Gill membrane 3-rayed.

V. BRANCHi

FISHES.

76J

V. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. Gnidajiitute of bony rays.

56. Mormyrus. Teeth notched ; feales imbricate.

57. OJlracion, Ventral fins o ; body covered with a bony coat.

58. Tetrodon. Ventral fins o ; belly prickly.

59. Diodon, Body covered with fpineS.

60. Syngnathus. Ventral fins o ; body covered with a ftrong cruft.

63. Balijles. Ventral fins folitary, placed like a keel.

62. Centrijcus. Ventral fins united ; head ending in a narrow fnout.

61. Pegafus. Ventral fins 2 ; fnout ciliate-toothed.

64. Cyclopterus. Ventral fins 2, united into an oval concavity.
66. Lophius. Ventral fins 2, more or iffs refembling feet.

VI. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. Gills cartilaginous.

66. Acipenfer. Ventral fins 2 ; mouth beneath without teeth;

69. Prijlis. Snout loag, flat, fpinous on Both edges.

67. Chimara. Spiracle folitary, quadtifid.
72. Gajlrohranchus S^ixa.c\t5 2, ventral.

68. Squalus. Spiracles 5, lateral.

70. Raia. Spiracles 5, beneath.

71. Petromyzon* Spiracles 7, lateral.

Vol. I. — 4JC

FISHES,

7o6

FISHES.

ORDER I. APODAL.

Gills bony : ventral Jins o.

1 . MtJR:/^NA. Head fmooth : nojlrils tu-
bular. Gill-membrane with lo rays.
Eyes covered with a common (kin.
Body round, fmooth, mucous. Caudal,
dorfal and anal fins united. Spiracle
behind the head or pecloral fins. Eel.

Helena. . Pefloral fins o ; body variegated. Roman Eel,

2. Spotted with black and green.

Inhabits the European and American feas ; is exceedingly vora-
cious •, bites dangeroufly, and was regarded by the Romans
as one of the greatcfl luxuries of the table.

Colubrina. Pecloral fins o ; body alternately annulate with yellow and
black bands. Snake Eel.

2. Irids brown with black fpots.

Inhabits Amboina ; has very much the appearance of the An-

guis fcytale.
Body covered with moft minute fcales.

Snout pointed ; eyes very fmall; dorfal Jin with numerous very
fhort rays,

Meleagrii. Body blackilh, thickly fpeckled with white. Speckled Eel.
Inhabits the Southern Ocean; about 2 feet long.
Body deep brown or blackifti, thickly fet with fmall round
white fpots; breaji much paler.- l^at. Mifcel. 220.

*Ophis. - Rc)dy flender, fpotted ; tail round, fpear-fliaped, naked.

Spotted Sea-ferpent,
Inhabitr

FISHES. APODAL, i. Murina. ^07

InLabits Eurepianje.as : 3 — 4 feet long. ,

Body fmall in proportion to its length ; mouth hrgc •, iutk

pointing inwards; back fpottcd with white,; belly and_/nj

whitifh.

■t;ins. Tail naked, pointed; body round. Serpent £eL

Inhabits the fouthcrn European /eas : pcEioral f.n "ATth about
i6 rays.

*Angiiilla. Lower jaw longer i body of one colour. Commsn Eel.

Inhabits almoft every where in frefh waters ; grows fomctimcs
to the length of 6 feet, and ^Meighs 20 pounds ; in its ap-
pearance and habits fomething refembles the fcrpcnt tribe;
during the night quits its ekmcnt and wanders along mea-
dows in fearch of fnails and woniis ; beds itfelf deep in the
mud in winter and continues in a ftate of reft ; is very impa-
tient of cold and tenacious of life ; the flcfli of fuch as fre-
quent running water is very good ; is viviparous, and has
1 16 vertebrae.

Body, in ftagnant muddy waters black, beneath ycUowifh, in
in gravelly clear waters green or brownifh, beneath filvery,
fometimes varied with brown lines ; head fmall, narrowed on
the fore-part ; mouth large ; beneath each eye a fmall orifice,
and at the end of the no/e 2 others, finall and tubular ; teeth
fmall, fharp, numerous ; eyes fmall, near the end of the nofe,
pupils black, iris golden ; aperture of the gitis femilunar ;
body a little compreffed ; lateral line ftraight, dotted with
white ; Jkin covered with foft oblong fcales ; peSloral jins
fmall, round, paler with about 19 rays; dorfal, caudal and
anal Jins united, frequently edged with white.

"Mytus. Fin furrounding the lower part of the body white, edged
with black. Flat-tailed Sea-Jerptnt,

2. Entirely cinereous.

Inhabits European feas.

Head narrowed on the fore-part; 2 fhort teutacula on the up-
per lip ; back dark olive fpotted witii white ; body compref-
led. Head of 2) (ufpeftcd of being poifonous.

*Cjx^€r» Lower jaw rather ftiorter than the upper ; nofe with 2 ten-
tacula J lateral line whitifh with a row of fpots.

Conger Eel.

4X8 Inhabits

7o8 FISHES. APODAL. 2. Gymnotus.

Inhabits European feas and rivers ; is extremely voracious, feed-
itig on other fifli, crabs in their foft ftate, and particularly
carcaffes ; grows to a vail fize ; 5—6 feet long.

Body above dark olive, beneath white ; eyes large, irlds fil-
very ; lateral line \>xoz6. ; edges of thtdorJalix\dianalf.ns
black : peEloraljin 19 rays.

Guttata. Glaucous fpeckled with black, with a larger fpot each fide

near the head.
Inhabits Arabia.
Between the eyes a callous protuberance, irids golden ; upper

lip fhorter ; dorfal and anal fins connected with the bafe of

the caudal.
JDorf. [ji peB. g ? vent, o: an. 36: caud. 10.

2. GYMNOTUS. Head with lateral oper-
cula : 2 tentacuLa at the upper lip : eyes
covered with the common ikin: gill-
membrane 5-rayed : body compreiled,
carinate beneath with a hn.

Cai-opo. Naked, brown ^ without dorfal fin ; tail tapering to a
point ; lower jaws fnocter. American G.

Inhabits freili water nv^ers of America i 1 — 2 feet long.
, Back blackiih fpotted-with brown; ayial nn not reaching to the

tip of the tail, but terminating briorc the caudal ; tip of the
tail ending in a finlefs thread ; Jlejli very good,
DorJ. o: peSi. 10 :- vent, o : an. 230 : cc.ud. o.

lafdatus. Nak^d, tranfverfely ftriped ; dorfal fin o \ tail tapering to
a point ; lower jaw longer. Banded G.

Inhabits Brafil ; yellowifli waved with brown, rufous or
white and covered with thin fcales.

Head fmall : teeth fmall, numerous ; Jins fpotted ; tail fliort.

Dorf. o: ped. 13 : vent, o: an. 193 : caud. o.

Alhus, White; back convex without fin ; lower jaw longer ; up-
per lip each fide with a fmall lobe before the angle
of the mouth, JVbite G.

Inhabits

FISHES. APODAL. a.'GymnotLs. ^09

Inhabits Surinam ; refembles the laft but is fatter and has a

deeper cavity on the fore-part of ihe back.
Upper lip notched each fide before the angle of the mouth.
Dorf, o: pcct. 13 : vent, o : an. 180; cau,d. o.

jElecIrii.us, Blackifli, without dorfal fin; caucjdl fin very obtufe and
ioined to the anal. FJeffrical G.

Inliabits various rivers of South America ; 3 — 4 feet long •, has
a i-emarkable power of inflifting an eledlrical Ihock when-
ever it is touched. This may be conveyed through a ftick
to the perfon that holds it, and is fo fcvere as to benumb the
limbs of fuch as are expoled to it. By this power it ftupi-
iies and then leizes fuch Imaller hfli and animals as have vi-n-
tured to approach it.

/lead fprinkled with perforated dots ; body blackifh with a num-
ber of fmall annular bands or leather wrinkles, by which it
has the power of contrafting and lengthening its body ; itof-
trils 2 each fide, the firft large, tubular and elevated, the
others fmall, and level with the fkin ; teeth fmall, prickly ;
tongue broad and with the palate warty.

4U'ifrons. Fore-part of the back fnowy. Whlte-jhouldered G.

Inhabits Surinam; about a foot long; fhaqj edged, Jioary ;
tail white covered with rounded leaks, which are very fmall
on the back.

Head with a deeper mouth than the reft of its tribe, very ob-
tufe, flefliy and fprinkled with minute pores ; upper lip very
thick including the lower ; tongue o ; gill-covers with a fe-
milunar opening before the flefliy bafe of the peftoral fins ;
perioral fins black, prominent, with a fmall double bone at
the bale of the firft ray ; palate befet with papillae ; anal fin
beginning from the throat ; fore-part of the back convex,
with a brown foft flefliy cirrus behind the middle, behind
which it isdeftitute of fcales ; <fli7 compreffed, flat, with an
oval fin ; from the tip of the lower jaw to the middle of the
back a fnowy band.

Dorf. o : peel. 16: an, 147 : caud, 20.

Rojiratus, Snout fubulate ; anal fin fliorter than the tail.

Sharp-Jiofed G.
Inhabits America, Body fpotted ; fubacute.
JOorf. o: pe^, 19 : an. 396 : caui. o.

Notopt:ru.s.

7IS FISHES. APODAL. 2. Gymnotirs.

Notopterus Silvery with a gilt hue ; dorfal and other fins pale afli.

Gilt G.

Inhabits Amboina : above 8 inches long ; depreffed, lance-en"
fiform ; back fat, fomerwhat convex convex, covered with
minute fcales.

Head fhort obtufc ; eyes large, and above them a fmall pore ;
upper jaw with a few Imall equal teeth at the edge, lower
with a few larger and more diftant, with a row of very mi-
nute ones within ; palate edged with row of fmall teeth ;
gill-cover fcaly with a membranaceous edge ; vent near the
throat ; anal fin more fiefhy, and narrower on the fore-part.

Dorf. q ; ped. J3: an. 116 rays.

Acus. Naked: dorfal, ventral, caudal fins o ; anal fin with 60

rays, terminating before the tip of the tail.

Needle G,
Jxih's^i'is the. Mediterranean ; compreffed, long, tapering, end-
ing in a {harp point ; whitilh with reddidi fpots and waved
with brown flreaks, beneath blueifh ; tentacula o. Fed,.
16 rays.

AftJtkus. Scaly ; back furnifhed with a fin. Jfiatic G.

Inhabits Afia. Body duflty with brown bands, thickifli, and
more than a fpan long ; covered, even on the head, with
fmooth, round, diflinft i'cales. '

Head depreffed, fmoothifli, with 5 hollow dots and a fmall hole
on the front ; 2 truncate tentacula before the noftrils ; tongue
fmooth ; teeth in both jaws fliavp, befides which is a row of
teeth within the upper and a few hollowed points in the
lower ; gill-covers at the fide, with a large gape ; body fub-
cylindrical, comprcffcd on the hind-part ; dorfal fin begin-
ning at the nape and reaching to the tail, and with the hind-
part of the body fpotted with white ; lateral line elevated,
flraightj but defcending before the anus.

3. GYM-

FISHES. APODAL. 3. Gymnonhorax. 711

3. GYMNOTHORAX. Body eel-fhaped :
perioral fin o\ fpirade fingle on each
fide, fmall, oval, uncovered : mouth
armed with numerous fharp teeth :
Twjirils tubular.

Catenatus. Brown variegated with confluent veins. Marhkd G.

Inhabits American feas ; i^^ foot long.
Head with 2 fmall tentacula at the end of the nofe.
Dorfali anal and caudal fins united.

Zebra. Blackifh-brown with tranfverfe linear diflant white bands
meeting irregularly beneath. Striped G.

Inhabits American feas •, 2 — 3 feet long.
Body ferpent-like, without fins ; head tumid ; tentacula o.

Echidna. Head deprefled ; body varied with brown and black, and
immediately behind the head very turgid.

Palmerjion G,
Inhabits P aimer jlon Ijland : 4 — 5 feet long, 10 — 12 inches

thick ; has a horrid a(pe6t and much refcmbles a ferpent.
Head fmall; lip mucous; month horizontal, with 2 cirri
near the noftrils ; eyes imall, vivacious ; gape large /^/S very
good.

Caca. jrjjis o ; fnout fomewhat pointed. Bl'ntd G.

Inhabits the Mediterranean fea.
Body like an eel ; middle of the head with 7, fore-part with

8, and hind-head with 7 perforted points ; jaus acuminate ;

teeth fmall, (harp; nojinls tubular, under the end of the

nofe ; aperture of the ^itls under the neck 1 vent nearer the

head than the tail.

4. TRICHIURUS,

712 FISHES. APODAL. 4. Trkhiunis. 5. Anarhichas.

4. TRICHIURUS. Head hngthened, the
apertures lateral : teeth enliform, hook-
ed on one fide, the fore-ones larger :
gill-membrane 7-rayed : body compref-
led, enfiform : tail fubulate, with-
out fin.

Xepturns, Lower jaw longer than the upper.

Inhabits frelh waters of South America j 3^ feet long; is very
voracious, and Iwims rapidly; frequently leaps into boats as
they pais by ; body naked, entirely filvery.

Head mnow; com prelVed, long ; mowM large; teeth movezhley
iome long and hooked, Ibme Ihort and pointed ; tongue long,
fmooth, triangular; palate iinooth ; throat with 2 oblong
i'.nall bones ; eyes vertical, approaching, large, pupil black,
ins golden, within edg«d with white ; aperture of the gills
large, of one piece and membranaceous at the edge ; lateral
line yellow, reaching from the gill-cover to the tip of the
tail ; vent narrow, nearer the head than the tail ; peroral fins
fnvall, ii-rayed; doi-fal (ingle, extending from the nape to
nearly the tip of the tail ; inftead of the anal fin are above
110, fmall prickles, behind the vent. Dorfi it 7: pecf. 11.

Indicusi, Jaws equal.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean : is in a fmall degree eleftrical,
brown, fpotted, with moft minute teeth ; tail lefs, fharp.

5. ANARHICHAS. Head rounded, blunt :
fore-teeth in each jaw, conic, large,
divergent, 6 or more ; grinders in the
lower jaw and palate rounded : gill-
membrane 7 - rayed : body roundifh :
caudal fin diftinft. Wolf-Jijh.

* Lupus. Livid-afli ; fides, anal and caudal fins and belly whitifh.

Ravenous IV*
2. Sides and back with irregular tranfverfe dufky ftreaks.

Inhabif^,

FISHES. APODAL. 5. Anarhichas. 713

Inhabits Northern fcas ; grows to 1 5 feet long ; is a mod raven-
ous and fierce filh, and \vill faften on any thing within its
reach ; feeds ori leffer fliell-fini, which it grinds to pieces
with its teeth and fwallows {hells and all ; moves flowly and
with fomething of a lerpeniine rriotion ; the grinders are often
found foflil, and are called toad-ftones ; the flefli is good,
but not often eaten.

Body long, mucous, compreffed ; Jkin thick, tough, and covered
with minute deep-feated fcales ; head ftrong, fiopiiig on the
fore-part; toom^/i large; /z'/)^ ftrong, membranaceous; each
jaw formed of 2 bones joined by a cartilage ; behind tht fore-
teeth is a row of leffer ones; tongue (hort, obtufe, hxiooth ;
eyes oblong, pupil black, iris filvery ; vent large, nearer the
head than the tail.

Dorf. 1^: peB»2o: an. iG: cdud. 1^ — 18 rays.

Minor. Lefs ; body black ifli-afh ; teeth cartilaginous, more
pointed. ^ Lepr IV.

Inhabits the Greenland feas.

Eyes large, feated near the top of the head, which refembles that
of a dog ; mouth large ; teeth each jaw, each fide 3, fliarp,
ilfong, unequal, with 2 leffer in the anterior fpace between
them ; dorfal fin beginning from the neck, anal from the
vent, both ending, before they reach the tail ; peroral fins
broad with divided rays.

Dor/. 70: peEl. 20: fln. 44 : cflM<^. 21 rays.

Panthcri- Body coVered with round brown fpots. Panther W<,

~'^^' Inhabits the A^orf/jcrn and FrozenytTZi : above 3 feet long; is

m.ucous, inflated, yellowifli, and fprinkled over with dots in
the place of fcales.
Head fubglobular ; lips doubled; wowf/^ large ; ^a/rtifu with 7
teeth; eyes largifh, diftant; aperture of the gills lunate,
ftraitened; the covers confiding of ± pieces ; back convex at
firft and gradually floping, Jin beginning 4 inches from the
nape and ending at the tip of the tail ; peEloral fins very
broad and rounded ; i/fw? near the middle of the body ; tad
lanceolate. ' Dorf. 67: peH, 20; an, 44: caud. 20 rays.

Vol. i. — 4Y 6. AMMO^

-14 FISHES. APODAL. 6. Amraodytes. 7. Ophldiuni.

6. AMMODYTES. Head comprefTed, nar-
rower than the body : upper lip dou-
bled in ; lower jaw narrow, pointed :
teeth very (harp : gill-membrane y-rayed :
body long, fquare, the fides rounded :
caudal fin diflinci:. Launce,

Ani. Sand Launce „

Inlnbits fandy fhores of the Northern feas ; g — 12 inches long;

buries itfeif on the recefs of the tides a foot deep in the fand,

and in fine weather rolls itfeif up and lifts its nofe juft above

the fand ; is the prey of other rapacious fifli ; the flefh is good,

but it is generally ufed for baits.

Head oblong; eyes fmall, /jm^zV black, iris filvery; in thejaro

* are 2 rough oblong bones ; region of the gills filvery ; back

blue, varying with green, on each fide of which is a narrow

dufky line or two ; fides and belly filvery ; lateral line flvaight ;

' vent nearer the tail, with a brown fpot near it; rays of the

fins foft ; tail forked.
Dorf. 58: pe^l. la: an. 28: caud. 16 rays.

7. OPMIDIUM. //^^^ nakedifh : teethhoth
in the jaws and palate : gill-membrane
7-rayea : body enfiform.

*Barba- Lower jaw with 4 cirri. Bearded Oph.

^^'"^' Inhabits the Mediterranean and Adriatic feas, and is rarely

found in the Britijh ; 1 2 — 1 4 inches long ; fil very-grey with
linear fpots ; lateral line dufky.
Head fmall, without fcales; upper jaw doubled in and longer
than the lower ; lips thick ; teeth very fmall ; eyes covered
with the common Ikin, pupil black, iris golden, with
a tranfparent niftitant membrane; tongue fmooth, narrow,
fliort; ^acA convex, blueifli ; lateral line htov^w, vent W-zrtx
the head than the tail ; peroral fins fmall, brown at the bafe
and edged with cinereous, the reft joined together, narrow,
white and edged with black ; fcales irregularly placed and

difperfed

FISHES. APODAL. 8. Stomateij-.

dirperfed over the body, fometimes round,
oval, larger near the head, and hardly d:,-
tail, adhering to the body by means of
/)or/l 124: peB,,2o: an, 115.

*Imherbe. Jaws without cirri ; tailfomewhatblu.it E^ar,-^

Inhabits European feas.

Dorfal, anal and caudal fins united.

i)(?r/". 147; ped.2.6: are. 41: caud. 1^.

Viridc, Jaws without cirri \ tail a little pointed. Green 0.

Inhabits deep parts of the Greenland leas ; is a very nre fifh,
and is found often as large as a whiting ; i\\t body is long,
conipreifed, green ; flefli eatable.

Head broader than the body, deprelTed, the neek elevated and
grooved between the eyes ; eyes large, dufty-gree.n, irij
white ; mouth large ; lower lip a little longer than the upper ;
teeth bniW \ dorfal, andl ■in6. caudal i\ns uxnuA, white, the
rays very fmall and numerous •, belly white before the vent,
which is nearer the head ; ra)'s of the caudal fin longer and
ending in a point. Pe^. 10 — 11 rays.

.■iculeatum Jaws acuminate. Prickly O.

Inhabits frefli rivers of /??t^i<z ; 6 — 8 inches long; fieds on
wonns and a fat kind of earth ; is efculent and long.

Head fmall, narrow ; jaxus without teeth ; eyes imall, pupil
black, iris white ; giU-cover of one piece ; bark convex, the
fides above reddilh, beneath filvery, with 14 recurved diflinft
prickles, longitudinally placed before the fin ; vent nearer the
tail -, peEtoral fins violet, brown at the bafe; dorfal fin red-
difli varied with brown, with 2 black fpots furrounded with
a paler ring ; anal fin reddifli edged with black, caudal blue-
ifli varied with black.

Dorf. ^1 : peel. 16 : an. 53 : cand. 14 rays.

8. STOMATEUS. //^^^ compreffed : teeth
bo^ in the jaws and palate : body oval,
broad, fiippery : tail forked.

Fiatola, Body beautifully partly barred.

4 Y*? Inliabi'u-

7i6 FISHES. APODAL. 9. Xiphias.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and Redjeas j has 2 ftomaths.
X>or/". 46: peB.z^: an. 34 rays.

PiZT-M, Back gold-colour ; belly filvery.

Inhabits South America and Tranquebar : feeds on leffer fifh
and worms; body (lender, covered with fmall thin' deciduous
fcales ; flefh white, tender, delicious.

Head middle-fized, Hoping, above brownifh ; eyes lange, pvpil.
black ; iris with a white ring and another yellow oi\t : mouth
fmall ; jaws equal ; teeth imall, fliarp ; lips ftrong, move-
able ; tongue imooth, broad ; aperture of the gills veiy large,
the cover of one piece and furrounded with a membrane ;
lateral line nearer the back, broad, filverv ; vent nearer the
mouth than the tail ; Jins long, fcaly, rigid, whit^ at the bafc
and edged with blue, the rays foft, branched.

■DorJ^, 50 : petl. 24 : an. 42 : caud. 18 rays,

Cumara, Back blue ; belly while.

Inhabits frefh waters of C/<?7/ .■• is about a fpan long, and not
croffed with ftripes.

9. XIPHIAS. Head furnifhed with along,
hard, fword-fhaped upper jaw : mouth
without teeth: gill-membrane 8-rayed:
body rounded, without apparent fcales,

Sword-fJJi,

fGladius, Dorfal fin falcate. European S.

Inhabits the European and Mediterranean feas : grows to 20
feet long ; is very aftive, and feeds on fifh, the larger of
v/hich it penetrates and deflroys with its fword-like fnout ;
body long, fmooth, covered with a thin fkin ; flelb very good.

Head Hoping, (leel-bluc ; mouth large ; upper jaw compreffed
at the top and fharp at the point, four times as long as the
under jaw, which is likewife fhaaj; eyes prominent, pupil
black, iris greenifh-white ; apert^e of the gills large, the
cover of 2 laminae ; back black, belly white ; lateral line
fpotted with black; Jins Icythe-like, dorfal brown, peEloral
yellowifli, the reft cinereous ; fflu^fl^ femilunar.

-Po^. 42 : pcEltin: an, 1^: caud. 26,

Platyt)terus.

FISHES. APODAL. lo. Sternopty>.. 71.7

Platypte- Dorfal fin very broad ; thorax with 2 very long pointed
fus. appendages. Indian S.

Inhabits the Brafilian and Eaji Indian feas; giows to the
length of 20 feet or more ; is a very powerful fifh, frequently
attacks whales, and pierces the fides of fhips with its fwovd-
like fnout. A part of the bottom of a large Eaft-Indiaman^
with fword of this fifh driven completely through, is now in
the Britijli Mufeum. The fifn was killed by the violence of
the effort, and the veffel probably faved from foundering by
its not having power to withdraw it. Nat. MifccL 88.

Body hivery blueifh-white ; upper part of Ihe back, head and
tall deep brown -, dorfal fin pale brown, finely fpotted with
roundifh black marks ; jkin Imooth, without the appearance
of fcales ; tail femiliinar.

10. STERNOPTYX. //^^^ obtufe: teeth
very minute : gill-membrane o : body
comprefTed, without apparent fcales:
breajl carinate, folded : belly pellucid.

"^Diaphav.n.. St.

Inhabits ^?reen'cfl.- fmall, compreffed, truncate before, narrowed

and filvery behind.
£yM large, amber-colour-, wow/A perpendicular ; !'o^,irt<e thick,
' rough ; upper lip Ihort, lower perpendicular with 4 femi-
circular depreffed cavities diftina from the ridge, and 3 others
under the aperture of the gills; the aperture is oblique with
foft covers; folds of the breafi forming a pellucid ridge;
back greenlfh-brown, gibbous behind the fin, with a double
ridge diverging towards the noftrils ; lateral line o ; dorfal
fin with an oblique, ftrong, fpinous immoveable ray, joined
to which is a membrane very finely toothed at the edge ;
peroral fins amber-colour ; tail bifid.
Dcrf I: ped,%\ «fi, 13: cav.d. \Q,

n.LEPTO-

^i8 FISHES. APOLAL. ii. Leptocephalus. 12. Stylephorus.

11. LEPTOCEPHALUS. Head^msM, nar-
row : body extremely thin, compref-
fed ; peroral fins o.

*Morrifii. Leptocephalus. Morris,

Found in the fea near Holy- Head; 4 inches long.

jBody almoft tranfparent, growing flenderer towards the tail, and
ending in a point ; eyes large ; teeth in both jaws, very fmall j
lateral line ftraight ; fides marked with oblique ftrokes meet-
u\g at the lateral line ; aperture of the gills large ; dorfal fin
low and thin, extending the whole length of the back, very
near the tail; anal extending to the vent.

12. STYLEPHORUS. Eyes pedunculated,
{landing on a ihort, thick cylinder :
fnout lengthened, direded upwards,
retra6lile towards the head by means
of a membrane : mouth without teeth .f^:
gills 3 pair, beneath the throat : pec-
toral fins fmall ; dor/at as long as the
back ; caudal fliort with fpinous rays :
body very long, compreffed.

Chordatus. St. Chordated S.

Inhabits Weji India feas ; whole length about 32 inches, of
which the procefs at the end of the tail meafures 22 ; body
rich filvery, flexible part belonging to the fnout brown, fins
and caudal procefs paler brown.

Snout connetled to the back part of the head by a flexible
leathery duplicature, which permits it to be extended ib that
the mxiuth points upwards, or to fall back fo as to be re-
ceived into a fort of cafe formed by the upper part of the
head ; eyes clofe to each other, and with the fliort columns

clear

FISHES. APODAL. 1 2. Stylcpharus. 719

clear chefnut-brown, with a coppery glofs ; below the head
each fide, a confiderable compreffed femicircular fpace, the
fore-part of which is bounded by the gill-cover, which
feems to confift of a moderately ftrong membrane ; body gra-
dually diminifhing as it approaches the tail, which termi-
nates in a procefs or ftring of enormous length, ending in a
very fine point ; peEloral fins fmall, fituate behind the cavity
each fide the thorax ; caudal fin with 5 fpinous rays.
Lin, Tranf» 1. go. Natural Mijcd, 274.

ORDER

^20 FISHES. JUGULAR. 13. Gallionymua.

ORDER II. JUGULAR.

Gills bony : ventral Jins before the peEloral,

13. CALLIONYxMUS. Upper Lip doubled
up : eyes approximate : giU-membrane
6-rayed, the aperture in the neck ;
covers fliut : body naked ; verdral fins
very remote. Dragonet,

*Xv>\7, Flrft ray of the firil dorfal fin as long as the body.

Gemhieous D.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and Northern feas ; I2 — 'I4 inches
long; feeds on echini and Pcar-HIh ; body tapering, roundifli ;
flefli white and good.

Head oblong, broad, ab"6vc convex, brown, beneath flat fpotted
with blue at the fides ; mouth large; lips tliick ; jaios with
numerous friiall teeth ; tongue fliort. moveable ; eyes oblongs
placed on the cro-Jvn ; pupil black-blue ; aperture of tho
gills narrow, tubular, the cover of one piece with, a trifur-
cate fpine at the end ; back ftraight, brown, yellow at the
fides, white towards the belly with 2 interrupted blue lines ;
vent near the head ; lateral iuie ftraight ; pcBorat fin brown,
round; ventral broad, confilling of 5 blanched rays ; anat
blue, round, long, the refl vellow, the rays of the pectoral,
and ventral branciied.

^orf, 4, la; petl. 18: x-ent. 5 : an. lo : caud. 10.

'^Dracun- Rr^ys of the flrft dorfal fin fliortcr than tlie body.
cuius. ■ Sordid D.

Inhal>its the European fs?.s; about 6 inches long ; filvery and
fpotted ; head and back brown ; flefli white, good ; body
broad on the fore-pait and narrowed behind.
Head flat, broader than the body, floped down to the nofe ;
eyes large, ovai, prominent, vertical, pupil black, iris red-
difli ; inoiuh fmall ; teeth very minute; flrft dorfal fi;
4-rayed, the flrjl; fttaceous. longer, the lalt very fhort ; k

cond

FISHES. JUGULAR. 13. ailionimusi 721

cond to-rayed, foft, the ends extending beyond the webs which
are peUucid ; pecloral fins ferruginous with deeper fpots ;
ventral fin with branched rays ; anal white ; back longitu-
dinally grooved, with 4 holes before the firfl fin ; upper
jau! a little longer than the lower.
Dorf, 4, 10 : peE» 19 : venti 6 : an. 9 : caud. 10

tndicus. Head, fmooth, longitudinally wrinkled; gill-covers open-
ing at the fides. hidian Dr.

Inhabits Aft a.

Head depreffed; mdutfi rough; lower j da' a little longer ;
tongue obtufe, notched ; aperture of thcgills large, the firft
tover with 2 Ipines, the hinder with only one ; body very
much depreffed, livid', ^' en ? in the middle ; firft ray of the
dorfal fin very Ihort, remote.

DorJ.\^ 13: peEl. 20: v&nt.\\ an. 13: caud, 11.

Saikalen/ts Ventral fins o ; firft dorfal fin very fmall, fccond with
cirriferous rays. Baikal D,

inhabits the deepeft parts of the lake Baikal, and in fummer
approaches the fhore in great numbers ; about 9 inches long ;
Dcidy loft, as if fmeared with oil, flender a little compreffed,
and gradually tapering from the head. '

Head large, nearly triangular at the bafe, flat on the crown,
with a, bituberculate ridge on the temples ; eyes largifh,
black, near the front ; fnout broad, depreffed ; mouth very
large ; jaws thick at the edge, rough with numerous fmall
hooks, the lower prominent, Imooth at the end and fubacute ;
gill-vtembrane lax, the rays' very remote and cartilaginous ?
peroral fins lax, half as long as the body, the rays v.ery
thin and rigid ; rays of the fecond dorfal fin alike rigid, very
long ; tail 2-lobed ; lateral lins nearer the back.

Dorf. 8, 28 : ped. 13 : vent, o: an. 32 : caud. 13,

Ocellatus, Membrane of the firft dorfal fin with brown ftrlp^s, and
4 brown ocellate fpots. Ocsllate D^

inhabits the fea round Amboina ■ fizc of a little finger;
varied with cinereous and brown and fome white pointe
fcattered over the cinereous, benenth whitifti ; roundifti, ta-
pering, more depreffed near the head, and fatter than others
of its tribe.

Vol. I. — 4 Z fltad

722 FISHES. JUGULAR. 13. Calionymus,

Head finall, rather acute, crown flattifti, fnout obtufc ; ;yfJ
fmal!, lateral ; mouth frnall, lips flefhy, tumid, the upper one
doubled up ; aperture of th.e gills acute, with a finge fpine ',
fjrft dorfnl fin (in the male) entirely dufky-black, with feta-
ceous flexible rays ; (female) brOad, the membrane beneath
'.vith brown ftripes, bounded by a white line, edged with
black, above \vith fp«»ts black in the centre and furrounded
with a \vhite circle edged with black ; hinder dorfal fin nar-
rower , brown with panallel white lines ; pectoral fins hy-
aline, fpotted with \\ hite at the bafe, the rays twice marked
with brown, the 4 middle ones longer ; ventral fins large, la-
ciniate, black, edged with white, the rays very thick and
much branched ; anal fin ferrate, black with a white bafe,
the. 2 firft. rays fetaceous, the reft bifid ; vent a little before
the middle of the body, and behind it a fmall conic pedun-
cle placed in a cavity (in the female) ; lateral line ftraight ;
tail rounded, fpotted with brown at the bafe, the rays marked
with brovcni.-

Dorf. 4, 8 : pect. 20 : vent. 5 : an. 7 : caud. jo rays.

Sa^itta. Head triangular ; gill-membrane 3-rayed ; rays of the dor-
fal fins equal.. J r row-headed D,

Inhabits the fea round Amhoina : 3 inches long ; above brown-
ifla clouded with grey, beneath whitilh-grey ; body thin, de-
prciled near the head zvA tapering downwards, fomewhat
convex and 4-fided.

Head large, broad, very much depreffed with a fliarpifh fnout,
at the end of which is the mouth, gape fmall, lips minute,
the upper flightly doubled in ; jaws rough ; tongue very
fhort, flat ; eyes fmall, approaching ; iris filvery ; gill-co-
vers foft, the hinder lamina broad, reaching to the peftoral
fins, the fore one ending in a long fubulate fpine, ferrate with-
in with finall teeth turned back ; firfl dorjal fin very fmall,
with a dark brown band on the hind-part, fecond and pectoral
fins hyaline, varied with brown and whitifli ; ventral fins
jagged, dotted with brown, the rays much branched; anal
fin narrow, the laft ray branched ; vent a little before the
middle of the body ; lateral line ftraight, growing obfolete
towards the head ; tail rounded, Ipotted above with
brown.

Dar/. 4, 9 : pect. 1 1 : vent, 5 : an, 3: caud. 10 rays.

Japonicus. Firft dorfal fin with a black ocellate fpot, the firft ray ter-
minating in 2 hairs half an inch long. Japan D,

Inhabiti

FISHES. JUGULAR. 14. Uranofcopv/!^. 723

Inhabits the fea round Japan ; ^\ inches long ; body variegated,
Imooth, roundifh,

IliAd dcprelTed ; eye^ large, approximate ; f rft dorfal fin with
black rays, the hinder whitifh ; pectorai fins rounded ; ven.

. trai very large ; caudal 4 inches long, forked, the rays un-
equal.

Dorf. 4, 10 ; ptct. 17 f" Vint. 5 ; an. 8 ; caud, 9 rayj.

14. URANOSCOPUS. Head Urge, depref-
fed, rough : upper jaxo fhorter than the
lower : gilLmembrane with 6 papillous
toothed rays ; the covers with a mem#
bran^ceous fringe -. vent in the middle
of the body,

^caber, Jack fmooth.

Inhabits Mediterranean fea : frequents deep places near th*
fhores ; about a fooi long ; body above brown, cinereous at
the fides, beneath white ; feeds on lefler fifli and aquatic -in-
fefts ; fometimes fleeps ; fiefh white but tough.

Head large, fquare, mailed with a bona fprinklcd over with
minute warts, and which terminates above in 2, beneath in
5 fpines ; tongue thick, ftrong, fhort, tovered with minute
teeth; lips bearded with cirri; upper jaw with a double
oval cavity within, lower covered with a membrane termi-
natirig in a long appendage ; eyes vertical, approximate, pu-
pil black, iris yellow ♦, aperture of the gills very large ; body
covered with fmall fcales, nearly fquare as far as the vent,
and afterwards round ; lateral line confiding of finall, round,
hollow dots, defcending from the nape to the peftoral fins
and afterwards flraight ; fms with foft yellow rays, thofe of
the ventral quadrifid, of the broad perioral cleft at the tip,
of the gloffy-black anal and dorfal fimple, of the caudal
much branched ; firll dorfal fin bony.

Dorf. 4, 14 : pict, i-j : vent. 6 : an. 13 : caud, 12 rays.

Jap9nicus» Back with a row of fpino.us fcales.

4Z 2 Inhabits

724 FISHES. JUGULAR. 15. Trachinus.

Inhabits the fea round Japan ; half a foot long ; body round,
above yellow, beneath white.
V Hiad deprefled, with recurvate prickles ; ventral fins Ihort.

J)orf. 4, 15 : pe£l. 12 : vint. 5 : caud. 8 rays,.

15. TRACHINUS. Head comprefled, fpi.
nous at the top: gill-membrane G-rhy-
ed; the cpvers aculeated, lower la-
piina ferrate : vent near the breaft.

*> Draco. Tr. $ ting-hull. CommQn IVeever.

Inhabits moft European Teas ; feldom grows to 1 2 inches long ;
buries itfelf in the land, and leaves only its nofe out; if
trodden on ftrikes with great force. The wounds inflidled
by the fpinous rays of the fir ft dorial fin produce an immedi-
ate and often dangerous inflammation extending all up the
ann and {houldcr. Body long,*comprefred, and covered with
fmall, round, deciduous fcales; feeds on fliell-fifh, crabs,
aquatic infers and leller fifh ; flefli very good.

Head moderate; under jaw longer, floping veiy much towards
the belly ; eyes brilliant, vertical, pupil black, iris yellow
fpotted with black ; mouth large, oblique; teeth fmall,
fharp ; tongue pointed ; aperture of the gills large ; back
ftraight, yellow- brown ; fides and belly filvery, with oblique
bro\\'n lines ; lateral line ftraight ; firft dcrfal fin with a
black membrane, and when quiefcent lodged in a fmall hol-
low, the rays very rigid, the rays of the others branched j
pectoral ■ind caudal larger than the reft. •

Dorf. 5, 24 : pect. 16 : vent. S : an, 25 : caud, 15 j-ays.

j6. GADUS.

VISHEa. JUGULAR. i6. Gadus. 725

16. GADUS. Head fmooth : gill-mevibranc
with 7 llcnder rays : body oblong, co-
vered with deciduous Ibales : Jins all
covered with the common (kin; dor-
i'al and anal generally more than
one ; the rays unarmea : ventral lins
llender, ending in a point, Cod-JiJIi,

A. Dorfal Jins 3 ; mouth bearded.

u£gl(f.' Whitifh ; tail forked; tfpper jaws longer. Haddock.

nus. Inhabits the Northern feas, and migrates in vail flioals,

appearing on the Yorkjliin coalls about Chrifhnas ;
fetd? in {ummer on young herrings and other fniall fifh, in
winter chiefly on ferpulx •, is eagerly hunted after by feals
and other rapacious marine animals ; llefli white and toler-
ably good.

Htad wedged; mouth narrower tlian in others of its tribe ; cyis
large, pupil black, iris filvcry -, fcalcs minute, rounded, and
flicking hrmcr than in the other fpecies ; body thick, filvcfy,
above brownifh ; lateral line nearer the back, hUc]f. ; jawn
with very minute teeth ; Jins blueiflu the tirft dorfal angular ;
fpace between the hind-part of the tirft dorfal iin ridged ;
each fide beyond the gills a large black fpot.

Dorf. i6, 20, 19 : put. 19 ; vent* 6 : an, 22, 21 : caud. 27
ray.

*Callarias. Colour various ; tail equal i upper jaw longer. Torji.
Inhabits the Baltic and northern European feas v fbmctiraw en-
ters the mouths of rivers; feeds on IclTer fifh, worms ajid
marine infcfts ; flefh white, firm and finely flavoured ; fcldoro
exceeds 2 pounds weight.

Head le(s than the lad, cinereous, fpotttcd in the fuoimer with
brown, in the winter with black ; eyes round, pupil black,
iris pale yellow; mouth large; teeth in the palate, many
rows in the upper jaw, and only one row in the lo>^*:r;
body covered with fmall, thin, foft fcales, above cinereous,
beneath white, rarely rcddiflv with brown fpots which in the

ydung

72^ FISHES. JUGULAR. i6. Gadus.

young fiflt are often orange ; lateral, line nearer the back,
broad, curved, ipotted ; ^«j brownifli, fometimes reddifli.
Derf. 15, i6, x8 : pect, 17: vent. 6: an, 18, 17: caud. 26
rays.

*Mor4iv.a. Tail fubequal ; firft anal ray fpinoiis. Common C.

. Inhabits northern European and American feas in innumerable
flioals ; generally 2 — -3 feet long ; is very voracious and will
prey even on its own tribe ; will often fwallow ftones or any
hard fubftances to allay hunger by di (lending the flomach ;
is beyotid imagination prolific, nearly a million of eggs hav-
ing been counted in one roe ; thefe it lays under ftones in the
fpring ; bcdy cinereous ipotted with yellowifh, beneath
white, the younger fifti fometimes reddifh fpotted with
orange •, fcales larger than in others of its tribe ; JleJJi white,
and excellent when in feafon. Qf the air-bUdder or founds
is made ifmglafs.

Mouth large ; jaws equal, bearded with a cirrus ; pnpil black,
iris yellowifh ; jSn J with foft, branched rays, the dorfal, firft
anal and caudal fpotted with yellow ; hinder anal and ven-
tral cinereous, peftoral yeilowifti ; vent nearer the head ;
lateral line brpad, white, ftraight till it reaches the vent.

Dorf. 15, xg, 2i : pect. 17 : vent. 6: ci,n. 20, 16 : caud. 44
rays,

*LuJcus, Firft ray of the ventral fins fetaceous. Bil*

Inhabits European feas : grows to a foot long ; body above
pale olive, fides finely tinged with gold, belly white ; fcales
larger than the la ft and extremely deciduous ; Jlejh ex-
cellent.

Mouth fmall ; middle dorfal fin longeft ; vent nearer the head
than the tail ; anal fin dufky, edged with white ; tail even,
edged with black.

Dorf. 12, 20, 10: ptct. i6 : vent.d: an. 13, 18: caud. 17
rays. - '

*Barbatus Each fide the lower jaw 7 punflures. Whiting-pout,

Inhabits northern European feas : 15 — 18 inches long ; depo-
fits its fpawn among rocks on a ibutherly ftiore ; feeds on
fmaller fifl; and crabs ; flefh white, ibft, and eatable, but ra-
tiier dry ; body white, more dufky on the back and tinged
with yellow.
I!''ad fmall •, mouth large ; upper jaw longer ; teeth very fmall,
in both jaw-s ; lips cartilaginous, connefted by the common
coatraflile fkia ; tongus fliort, thick, rough on the hind-
part ',

FISHES. JUGULAR. i6. Gadus. fij

I part ; eyes large, prominent, pupil black, iris lilvery or ci-
tron *, aperture of the gills large, the cover of many pieces ;
iody covered with Irnall fcales, flicking clofcly ; lateral line
black, beginning at the nape, bending towards the belly at
the end of the fecond dorfal fin, and ending in the middle of
the caudal fin ; Ifack much arched, carinate, very deep •, veni
nearer the head ; Jiiis edged with black, and except the
caudal one olive ; firft dorfal fin high, fiiort, falcate ; pecto-
ral with a black fpot at the bale.
Dor/. 12, 20, 20: j?ect, 18 ; vent. 6 ; an, 19, 19 : caud. 40
rays.

•Minutus, Each fide the lower jaw 9 pundures ; vent In the middle
of the body. Poor.

Inhabits European and Mediterranean Jtas : 7 inches long:
feeds on teftacious animals and worms, and is the prey of
the larger fifh of its own tribe ; hoiy filvery fpotted with
black, back brownilh-yetlow covered with fmall thin fcales.

Head wedged ; lower jaw {boiter with fewer rows of teeth ;
tyes round, pupil black, iris filvery ; gill-covers punftured ;
lateral line narrow, (Iraight ; tail forked.

Dor/. 12, ic), 17: /»ec(. 13: vent. 6: a«.27, 17: caud. i9
rays.

Bknnoides Ventral fins bifid.

Inhabits the Mediterranean /ca : 9 inches long ; body thick,
foft, convex, comprelTed, covered with fmall fcales ; filvery
white, grey towards the back.

Head thick, conic, obtufe ; lips flefhy, doubled ; teeth mi-
nute, unequal, in the upper jaw hardly vifible ; tongue
flefhy, pointed, prominent, fharp-edged ; palate longitudi-
nally ftriate ; eyes large, iris filvery ; gill-covers foft ; lateral
line arched on the fore-part ; /ns yellowifi-i-white with very
fmall rays, the dorfal and anal reclined ; firft dor/al fin nar-
row, triangular, fecond narrower, third a little broader and
fhorter ; pectoral fins narrow, fubfalcate, very thin ; firft ray
of the ventral fins long, very thick,' bifid ; firft anal round-
ed, fecond nearly triangular ; tail forked, the ends rounded.

D<rr/. 10, 17, 16 : pect. 19.: vent. 5: an. 23, ig; caud. 27
rays.

Saida. Fourth ray of the third dorfal, and fifth ray of the firft
anal fins longer than the reft ; fecond ray of the ven-
tral fins ending in a long briftle.

° Inhabits

7Ji IRISHES. JUGULAR. i6. Gadas.

Inhabits the White Sea : above 8 inches long ; is often tfatcii,
though the flefh is dry and tough.

Head Ibmewhat coniprclted on the fbtre-part and rounder be
Mnd ; crouin black ; jauis armed with {harp fetaceous teeth
Nvhich are barbed Iwckwards, the upper more obtufc, the
lower more pointed and a little longer ; palate with a double
row of teeth ; eyes large, pupil whitifh, iris bluciHi ; gill-
covers filvery fpoited with black, compofed of 3 laminar, the
loweft lunate, the next eliptical, the third triangular, bicuf-
pidate ; back convex, (lightly channelled on the fore-part,
dirty-white with a few confluent blackilh Ipots ; fides blue-
ifh ; lateral line ftraight, nearer the back ; belly white ; dor-
Jal fins triangular, brown with whitifli rays ; anal oblong
triangular, the fore-part of the bafe dufky-blue ; ventral
whitifh at the bafe ; tail forked.

Dorf, io — 11, 16 — 17, 20: pect,2o: vent, c^ — 6: crz. i8»
20: caud.2^ — 26 rays,

B. Dorfal fins i^; mouth without cirri.

I\ren3. Back gfeenifh ; tail forked.

Inhabits plentifully the Norway fe as : refembles the Pollack,
but the /'flrcf arc equal, the lateral line not curved, and the
tail diRinctly bifid.

Do7f. 13, 20, 19: pat. 17 : vent. 6: an. 24, 20 : caud, ^o'
rays.

*Mcrlan- Back dufky, fef! of the body white ; upper jaw longer;
^T'- tail even. fVhiting.

Inhabits the European feas : appears on our coafts in vaO.
(hoals in the fpring' ; is generally about a foot long, and the
rnoft delicate food of all its tribe ; body long, rounded, co-
vered with fmall, round, tender, filvery fcalcs.

Head narrowed on the fore-pacrt ; eyes round, pupil large, black,
ins filver)- ; teeth in the upper jaw in numerous rows, the
fore ones very long, in the lower a fingle row ; lower jatu
■vvith 9 — xo punftures ; palate on the fore-part with a tri-
angular bone each fide •, back olive or brownifti ; lateral line
straight ; /nj white, except the caudal and peftoral which
are blackiih ; near the root of the peaoial fin each fide %
black fpot.

Dorf. 14, i8, CO : prct. 20 : vent.Q: an* 30, so : caud, 31
rays.

^Ctti^onariu:^

FiSriES. JUGULAR. i6. Gadus, 729

* Carhona- Low6r jaw longer, lateral line ftraight. CoaI-fiJh»

'''"•^' Inhabits the F.uroptan and Pacific feas ; grows to z\ feet long;

appears about the beginning of July in vaft flioals on the
Yorkfhire coafts ; varies much in colour, but grows blacker
with its age.
Head narrow ; gill-covers with a filvery hue tnixed with black ;
mouth fmall, black; ya!i?5 pointed ; tongue {\\wtiy ; body
covered with thin oblong Icales; lateral line white; Jins
black, 2 firft dorfal and peftoral olive at the bafe, ventral
fmall ; tail forked ; under the pectoral fins a black fpot ;
llefh good.
Dorf, 14, 20, 22: peEl, 18: vent. 6: an. 22, 19: caud.
%S rays.

*Paltachi' Lower jaw longer ; lateral line curved. PcUnci.

""^' Inhabits the rocky coafts of £!<ro^e/ ufually about 18 inches

long ; migrates in great fhoals ; feeds on leiler filL, and

often frolicks near the furface of the water ; body above

dufky-brown, gradually whitening towards the belly, be-

> neath fpotted with brown.

Head narrowed on the fore-part ; tongue fhort, (haq>, rough on
the hind-part ; eyes large, pupil black, iris yellow fpotted
with black ; body covered with fmall oblong thin fcales edged
with yellow ; peEloral fins yellowifh, ventral orange, ayial
olive i'potted with black ; tail a little forked.

Dorf. 13;, i^j 18: pect. 16: vent. 6: an. 27, i8: caud.,
42 rays.

C. Dorfal Fins 2.

*Mer/Mt-«- Moiith without cirrus^ lower jaw, longer. . Hahe.

^^* Inhabits Northern and Mediterranean feas ; 1 1 — 2 feet long ;

is extremely voracious, and migrates in vaft fhoals ; body

long, covered with fmall fcales, whitifh, above hoary ; flcih

white, flaky, but not much efteemed.

Head long, depreifed and compreffed ; mouth large ; palate each
fide with a fingle, jaws with a double row of iharp teeth, in
the lower jaw long ; pupil black, iris filvery or golden ;
lateral line curved, with 6 — 9 fmall tubercles near the head,
nearer the back ; pector,al and ventral fins pointed ; firit
dorfal and anal lower in the middle ; tail even.

DorJ. 10, 40: pect. ta: vent, 7: an, 39: caud, 20 rays.;

Vol, I. — 5 A ^Molya,

730 FISHES. JUGULAR. i6.Gadus.^

* Molva. Mouth bearded ; upper jaw longer. ' -^'»^»

Inhabits Northern feas : grows to 7 feet long; feeds on fifhand

crabs ; approaches the Ihores about June to depofit its ipawn ;

is in perfection from February to May, when it is very good ;

body very narrow and long, above brown, beneath whitilb,

and yellowifli at the fides. '"*

Head large, obtule 5 pupil bkck, iris white j month large ;

tongue white, thin, pointed ; body round, covered with thin,

oblong, firmly adhering fcales ; Jins edged with white, and

allj except tlie anal which is cinereous, black; dorjal fins

with a black fpot towards the end.

Dorf. 15,63: pcct, 15—20: vent.fd: an. 60'. caud, ^o izys.

Albidus. Chin with a cirrus ; ventral fins long, bifid.

Inhabits the Mediterranean^' 4 inches long; whltifhj foft,
dbldng, fllghtly compreffed.

Head pale-bloody, above flattifh, compreffed at the fides, with
2 fpines behind the eyes ; lower jazv fliorter, with 7 punc-
, tures beneath each fide ; teeth fmall, fharp, crowded; eyes
large, iris white; lateral tine ftraight; firft dorfal fin fmall,
blackifh at the top, hinder whitifh fpotted with black, the
edge and hind-part black ; anal whitifh, the hind-part black ;
tail rounded, blackifh.

Dorf. 10, 56 ; pcEl. 11 ; vmt. 2: an. 53: caud, i6 rays.

Tau, Bearded ; gill-covers 3-fpined ; firft dorfal fin with 3 rays.

Inhabits Carolina : body fmooth, mucous, brown, beneath
whitifh, back and fins fpotted with white, and covered with
foft, thin, very fmall, round brown fcales, edged with white.

Head large, broad; eyes vertical, large, pupil black, iris golden,
with each fide a double row of fmall tubercles; between
them and the nape a cavity and tranfverfe yellow ftreak ;
palate each fide v/ith a double row of teeth, upper jau with
many, lower only two rows of fharp uneven teeth ; ctrri
numerous, on the lower jaw, and difpofed in a femilunar
manner ; gill-covers of 2 pieces, the membrane large, loole ;
pectoral aud ventral fins pointed, the firft ray of the hinder
ones ftrong, rigid and very long ; firft dorfal fin with fpinous
rays, the other ahd anal foft, and reaching above the mem-
brane; tail rounded, the rays as well as in the perioral
forked.

Dorf. 3, 26: pect, 20: vent 6: an, 22 ; caud. 16 ray5.

* Lota.

FISHES. JUGULAR. r6. Gadu5. ^31

*Lota, Bearded ; jaws equal ; tail nearly oval. BuTtot,

Inhabits clear frefh waters of Europe, Siberia and India ; 1"^-;:-
on lefler filh ; grows fad and reaches as far as 3 feet long ; is
a very cunning and fertile fifh; body varied with brown and
yellow, beneath white, covered with mucus and ver)' fmall
loft fcales ; Jlejli white ajid excellent.
. Head large, broad ; eyes lateral, fmall, pupil blueifh, iris yel-
low ; mouth large ; jaws with 7 rows of fliarp teeth, the
' lower bearded with 1, rarely 2 cirri, and 3 on the nofe ;

tongue and gili-m^vibrane broad ; Lateral line ftraight ; dorfal
and anal fins long, narrow ; vent in the middle of the
belly.
Dorf. 14, 68 : pcct. 20 : vent. 6 : an. 67 ; caud. 36 rays.

'^hlujlela. Cirri 4 on the upper jaw, i on the lower ; firft dorfal fin
obfolete, lodged in a furrow with a cirrus before it;
no bending lateral line. Five-bearded Cod.

iTih-Ooxis European and Mediterranean Jeas ; 19 inches long;
feeds on teftaceous animals and crabs ; tody covered with
mucus and very fmall fcales, yellowilli-brown, beneath
white and not Ipotted as is the next.

Head fmall, filvery tinged with violet ; pupil black, iris gol-
den; mouth large; teeth fmall, fharp ; 'upper jam longer;
tail rounded ; firft. dorfal fin very narrow.

I>orf. i, 42 : peEl. 14: veiit. 7 : an. 40 ; caud» 2,5 rays.

*Tricirra. Cirri 2 on the upper jaw, lower o ; firft dorfal fin obfo-
tus. Icte without the cirrus before it ; lateral line angular,

curved. Thrce-bsardcd Cod. Rockling,

2. Cirrus only one, on the lower jaw.

Inhabits with the laft, which it much refembles, except that
the body is covered with brown fpots.

•
Cimbrius. Cirri 4; firft dorfal fin obfolete, the firft ray fpcar-
Ihaped.
Inhabits the Atlantic and Norway feas.

Cirri 2 on the nofe, 1 on the upper lip and 1 on tlie lower ;
firft dorfal fin hardly difcernable, the firft ray fubulate, and
branched in the form of the letter T, which chiefly difbn-
guifties it from G. muftela.
Dorf 1, 48 ; pe^, 16: vznt. 7 : an, 42 : caud. 25 rays.

5A2 Xy Dorfal

f33 FISHES. JUGULAR. 17. Blennius.

D. Dorfal fin only one,

Mediterra- Upper jaw with 2 cirri, lower with one.

nicus. Inhabits the European and Mediterranean feas.

Di>rJ, c;4 : pe9., 15: vtnt, 2: an. 44: caud,-^- rays^

Brofme, Mouth bearded ; tail oval, pointed.

Inhabits f he leathern feas of Greenland.
DqtJ. iGO : pcEl, 60: vait, 5 ; an. 600 : caud. 30 rays,

t

^Scoticus, Lower jaw with one. cirrus ; tail rounded ; dorfal fin

rounded at the upper end. ScoUh Torjk.

Inhabits the Northern Jeas ; about 20 inches long.

Head fmall ; upper jaw a little longer ; teeth numerous in both

jaws ; from the head to the dorfal fin a deep furrow ; dorfal

fin beginning from the flioulder and reaching almoft to tlic

tail ; peroral fmalj, rounded ; ventral ftiort, thick, fiefhy,

'■ ending in 4 cirri; anal long, reaching clofe to the tail;

lateral line hardly dilcernable. Colour of the head dufl<.y,
back and fides yellow, belly white, edges of the dorfal, «oal
and caudal in:& white, other paits dufky ; perioral fins
blown.

^7. BLENNIUS. Head floping from the
eyes, covered: gill-viembrane with 6
rays : body lanceolate, mucous, com-
prelTed : ventral lins (generally) of
2 united rays : anal fin diftiniSl:.

Blenny,

»

A. Hta.d crcflcd,

Gfkrita. Between the leyes a tranfverfe triangular creft, red at the
edges. Crejied B.

li-)\rikO\t% t\-^ European cctan i 4- — 5 inches long; body hro-^n^
fpotted ; fkin at the corner of the upper jaw loofe, projeft-
ing ; dorfal !ha 'exteuding Irom the head almoft to the tail ;
ventral fin ftuall ; vent under the ends of the peUoral i\n.
■P-orf. 1°: p^eci.. lot utni, 3 : an,^€ ; caud^ i6 rays.

CriJiatUT*

FISHES. JUGULAR. I j.BIcnmus. ^jr

V Jl-aius, Creft fctaceoiis, placed longitudinally between the eves.
Inhabits South America and India.
Dor/. 26: ped. S4 : v£iit. 3 : a.71. 16 : (aud. n rays.

k Csrnutus, Above the eyes i fingic ray ; dorf^l fia folitary.

Horned S^
Inhabits India,
i^orf. 33 : ^«i. 15 : »!?•;>, i>; <2«, 23: ca^i. ta rays,

0cei!aris, Above the eyes a fingle ray ; firft dorfal fin with a large
black occllate fpot. Ocell/ite B.

Inhabits the Mediterranean Se/s ; g inches Icng • /fcody with-
out fcaks, dirty -^cen with olive (Ircaks, rarely pale blue ;
ilefli eatable, but not in much repute^

flead oblong, large ; eyes large,, prominent, pupil black, ins
golden ; moutk large; jaws e^ual with a fmgle row of fmall
teeth in each; tongne fliort, for-io»ad; apentui^e of the giUc
iarge, the cover of one piece ; i&ck convex, blueifli ; vent
riearer the head ; iaUral line nearer the tali ; peroral fins
3arge, rounded, the rays forked; anal fin long, narrow,
olive with blue fpots and white points, the rays fimple ;
dorfal lower hi the middle, olive.

Dorf. IX, ag; pcct. 12 : z)£nt, 2 : a.n, 16 x caud. 11 rays.

Fsfdaius. Between tlje eyes a fimple fins ; anal fin with 19 rays.

B^rr^d B,

Inhabits In4ia ; J)ody thick, covered with mvicus, abo\-c
brownifh-blue, benexth yellowifh, broader on the fore-pan.
and tapering bchiiKj, with 4 brown bands, between which
are yeliowilh {'paces with brownilh lines.

Head fmall, above brown, beneath yellowifii ; jaas equal ;
ieeik crowded, Gnall, fetaccous ; aperture of the giiU
large; iack convex; lateral iins viearer the back; vent
nearer the head ; fns ivith brown bands, the ra^T; fimple ;
jpecioral fins rounded, and with the ventral long, narrow,
fpotted, hyaline ; firft ray of the anal fpinous ; tail lousid,
cinereous,

2)orj. 29 : pect, 13 : t^ckU s. : an. 19 : cattd. i a rays,

*<Ja«<5(rK- Over each eye a palmate membrane ; lateral line flraight.
j^ine* Inhabits the Eurepcan^ Mediterranean s^nd Atlantic Jcas ; 8

inches long ; body waved with brown, bcncith cuicreous ;

flelh good.

-.4 FISHES. JUGULAR. ly.Blgnmuc.

Jlfad fmall ; eyes vertical, prominent, pupil black, iris red-
difli ; nojlrils near the eyes ; mouth large ; teeth flender, fe-
taceous, clofe fet ; tongue ihort ; palate fmooth ; gill-cover
of one piece; body compreffed ; lateral line ftraight, nearer
ths back ; vent neaier the Head ; J-ns -yellowifli with fimple,
rays ; dorfal fin generally with a black Ipot, the firft 1 5 rays
Ipinous, the hindmoft. very long.

■Doyf. 3^ : pect. 13 : vent. 2 : an. 2.1 : caud, 12 rays.

..i./'./.u- Over each eye 9 palmate membrane; lateral line curved.
ofus. Inhabits India ; body long, thick, lomewhat comprefied, co-

vered with imall icales, yellowifn, fpotted with red ; is vi-
viparous and feeds on fmall crabs.
J/r'acZTmall, thick, witliout fcales ; eyes lateral, large, round,
pupil black, iris filvery with a pendulous trifid fibre between
each ; mouth large ; tongue fliovt ; palate I'oh ; jazcs equal,
the upper with a row of remote teeth and behind theie many
rows of fmaller ones ; aperture of the gilU large, the mem-
brane naked, the cover of one-piece; back carinate ; vent
large, nearer the head : Jins with Dmple rays, the dorlal pnes
fpinous, except the 6 lall.
^■-■:^f' i^: peci. 12; vent. 2 : an. gG; caud. 12 rays.

Teutacula- Ray over the eyes fingle ; dorfal fin entire with an eye-like
^is. : fpot on the fore-part.

Inhabits the Mediterranean j 2^ inches long; body long,

whitifh, waved with brown fpots and lines.
Head obtufe, fwelling out at the fides, brown with 3 tranfverfe
white bands beneath ; teeth peftinate ; iris filvery fpotted
with red ; dorfal fin pale, with many brown fpots ; anal
lubfafciate with white and brown ; pectoral, ventral and
V caudal pale, the rays fpotted with brown.

^'^^f' 34 • p'^' 14 J ^'(nt, 2 ; an, ,/, : caud. 11 rays,

■Simus, Cirrus over the eyes very fmall ; dorfal fin joined to the
caudal ; lateral line curved.

Body 3^ inches long, fmooth and verv thin ; mouth placed be-
neath ; jazjs arched, the lips membranaceous, very thin and
ferrate ; teeth fmall, crowded, equal, in a fingle row ; eyes
very large, approximate, prominent ; gill-covers fmall, flex-
ible, pellucid, of 2 pieces ; vent in the middle of the body;
at the origin of the dorfal fin is a fatty tubercle ; tail round-
ed with a few 4 — 5 rayed fpurious fins near it.

l>orf, 27: pcil, 15: v^:::. 2 ; ar,. I'j ; caud, i^ray^.

*P

Phyci

FSHES,. JUGULAR. 17. Blennius. 735

*rhycis. Noilrils fubcrefted ; lower Up with a cirrus ; back with
2 fins. Forked Hah. Pennant.

2. Body lefs, black, fmooth.

Inhabits European and Mediterranean feas ; about a foot long,
2) 5 inches ; body afliy-brown.

Mouth large ; teeth in the jaws, and a triangular feries of fmallcf
ones in the palate ; firft dor/kl. fin triangular, the firfl ray
long, flendcr, fecond beginning juft behind the firil ancl ex'--
tending almoft to the tail ; ventral of 2 rays, joined at thr
bottom and bifurcated towards the end; vent in the middi--
of the body ; lateral line curved ; tail rounded,

Dorf, lo, 61 : pe£i. 1^ : vent. 2 : an. 57 : caud. 30 rays,

B. Head not crej^ed.

^Trifurca- Ventral fins trifurcated. * TrifurcaUd Hake,

"■'* Taken near 5<rauOTaMrzj by Mr. Davis. Pennant. ^, iC)G.

Body 12 inches long, deep brown, except the folding of thf;
lips ^vhich are fnowy ; head depreffed, broad ; eyes larg.-..
irids yellowifh ; mouth wide with irregular rows of curvt-J
teeth ; palate with a lemilunar row ; tongue o ; ^'dy qom-
•p relied from the pectoral fins and. i'uddenly tapering to th .
V tail ; on the beginning of the back a cavity, in which is thr;'
rudiment of a firft dorfal fin ; fecond dorfal fin reachintr
to the tail ; the anal corrcfponding i, above the pectoral tin
each fide a row tubercles, from which commences the Uteris
line., which is curved in the middle.

^Pkc'.::. Lateral line curved, fubbifid. 'Smooth B.

Inhabits European ?x\6. Mediterranean feas ; 6 — 7 inches long ;
is vtry aftive and tenacious of life ; feeds on the fpawn of
other fifh, and is generally found under ftones ; body fmooth,
mucous and olive-coloured varied with dufky and white
fpots.

Head thick; mouth Izxgd ', jaws armed with teeth, the upper
longer; lips thick; noflrils round, the hind-ones tubular,
fringed "with 4 fibres ; tongue fmooth ; palate rough ; eyts
large, pupil black, iris pale red; veni nearer the head ; dorfal
fin long, appearing as if divided in the middle ; rays of all
the fins thick ; peciaral broad, round ; ventral fplit near
the ends.

Dorf. 28 — 32: pc^, J4: vent, 2 : an. iq: cr.-id. 10 rays.
' If "f ' \

^Gunneluf,

^3^ FISHES. JUGULAR, t-j. jglenni«>.

^Gujindus. Dorfal fin with lo black cxrelate fpots ; inftead of iht

ventral fins i minute fpincs. Spotted B>

2, Body nearly linear, tawny ; dorfal fin with 5 black and as^

many white ocellate fpots. D.^oi /. 17 ; v. 4:

«,.38; f. 18.

Inhabits the European feas, 9, 2) 6 inches long; lurk? Kke
the laft under Hones ; fwinis wifh great velocity, and feeds-
on aquatic infefls and the Ipawu of other fifh ; body mucous
like an eel, covered wuIj fmalJ fcales, fometimesycUowifti-ifh
Avith paler fpots. fometiines brown or olive with dufky or
paler fpots, beneath white, cc«nprcfled and very thin ; fiefl^
not very good.

Mead, pectoral and ventral fins fjnall ; moufk fmal!, poinding
upwards, the lower jaw (loping towards the throat } each
jaw with a row of fmall, fharp ^teeth ; pupil black, iris
white ; latf.ral line ftraight, obfolete ; vent nearer the head ;
hack keeled ; fns yellow, long, narrow, with fpinous rays
and 9 — 12 ocelkte fpots; pectoral and a ??ai{ orange, the I;*:-
ter fpotted with brown at the bafe ; caudal yellov/,

Bor/.i-j: peH. 10: vcnt.z: cw. 43: caud. i^,

Mujida-na Firft dorfal fin with 3, fccond with 43 rays,
Pect. 17: vent. 2 : an. 29 : caud. 13 rays.
2. Firft dorfal fin with 3, fecoad with 40 rays.
Pect. 16 : vent. 2 ; an. 28 : caud. t2 rays.
Inhabits India,

*VimpaTus Mouth with 2 tentacula ; dorfal, anal and caudal fins
united. Viviparous B.

Inhabits the deeps of the European feas ; feeds chiefly on crabs ;
1 5 inches long ; is viviparous and brings forth 3 — 400 young
at a time; body mucous, varied with yellow and black, and
covered with minute, oblong white fcales, edged with bjack ;
flefh coatfe and hardly eatable ; the bones fhine in the dark
and are green ^vhen boiled.

Bead and mouth fmall ; upper jaxa longer, armed ^v•ith fmall
teeth ; lipi ftrong ; eyes oblong, pupil black, iris filvery ;
bdly fhort ; vent large ; lateral line ftraight, obfolete ; chin
and^;ja/fin yellow; dorfal yellowifh, with 10 — i2 black
Ipots and, very narrow near the tail ; rays foft.

^'^'/' 79 • t'^^' 20 : vent. 2 : an. 66 : caud, — rays.

* Liimptry,: 3

FISHES. JUGULAR. i8. Kurtus. 737

Zumperus. Back with tranfverfe brown patches ; rays of the dorfal

fin fpinous aiid arched backwards.
Inhabits deep fandy fliores of Europe : lurks among fea- wrack ;

body palifh, fmooth, with fmall, round, fixed fcales, beneath

white, the hind-part yellow.
Head yellowilh, narrower than the body.
Dor/. 63: peB, 15: vent. 2: an. 41 : caud. 1^ rtiys.

•Raninus, Ventral fins almoft 6-cleft ; chin bearded.

Inhabits the lakes of Sweden j an interaiediate fpecies between
the cod and the blenny tribe -; it is faid that whenever this
fifh appears, others retire ; flefli not eaten.

Dor/.66 : pcH. 22 : vent. 6 : an. 60 : caud. 30 rays.
2* Chin bearded \ 2 rays of the ventral fins long, briftly.

Inhabits Northern feas; dark-brown, covered with mucus and
fmall fcales, depreffed as far as the dorlal fin, and afterwards
comprelled and tapering.

Head very much deprefled and broader than the body ; pupil
violet, iris tawny; mouth turned up, white within; each
jazo with a double row of fliarp, reddifh teeth ; tongue ob-
tufe, flefhy, thick ; Jins black flefhy foft, dorfal and anal
equal, abrupt on the hind-part ; 2 firft rays of the ventral
ending in a long brifble.

Dorf. 66 : peEl. 22 : vent. % : an. 60 : caud. 30 rays.

Muranoi- Gill-membrane 3-rayed ; X^entral fins of one fmall fpi-
des, nous ray.

Body compreffed, enfiform, fmooth, without vifible fcales,
above 6 inches long, afhy-brown, the head and belly whiter ;
head with minute tubercles ; front triangular, a little cor.-,
vex ; mouth oblique ; jaws equal with 2 rows of teeth ; La-
teral Line obfolete : vent in the middle of the body ; dorjal
fin aculeate ; perioral and caudal oblong ; tail equal.

18. KURTtJS. Bodjy carinate each fide :
hack elevated: gill'Viembrane with 2
rays.

Indicus» Kurtus.

Inhabits the Indian Sea : feeds on crabs and teftaceous animals ;
body fhort, fiender, golden, and appearing as if covered
with filvery plates.

Vol, — 5B , I^eaii

738 FISHES. JUGULAR. i8. Kurtus.

Head large, comprefTed, obtufe ; eyes very large, pupil black,
iris above blue, beneath white ; mouth large ; jaws with nu-
merous fmall teeth, the upper fomething larger and a little
curved ; tongue fhort, cartilaginous ; palate fmooth ; aper-
ture of the gills large, the cover membranaceous ; back fpot-
ted with orange, and before the fin are 4 black fpots ; late^
ral line ftraight, commencing above the peftoral fin ; vent
near the head, fins with forked rays ; peaoral and ventral
golden, edged with reddifh, the reft blueifh at the bafe and
yellow towards the edge, firft ray of the dorfal and ventral
hard, 2 firft of the anal fpinous.

Dorf, 17 : peEt, 13 : vent, 6 ; an, l„'. caud, 18 rays.

ORDER

FISHES. THORACIC. 19. Cepola. 735

ORDER III. THORACIC.

Gills bony : ventral fins placed direElly tmder
the thorax.

19. CEPOLA. Head roundifli, comprefled :
teeth curved, in a lingle row : gill-
membrane with 6 rays : body enfiforin,
naked ; the belly hardly as long as the
head.

Tcenia, Caudal fin tapering, wedged ; head very obtufe.

Inhabits the marlhy fliores of the Mediterranean ; grows to
4 — 5 feet long ; feeds on crabs and teftaceous animals ; body
carlnate each fide, fdver>' ; back hoary, fpeckled with red;
very thin and nearly pellucid ; flefh hardly eatable.

Head broadifli at the top ; mouth large ; upper jaw with a
(ingle, lower with a double row of fharp diftant teeth ; tongue
thin, broad, rough; eyes large, vertical, pupil black, iris
blueifh-filvery ; aperture of the gills large, the cover of one
piece with 5 pores before it, and many near the eyes ; late-
ral line ftraight ; Jins red ; long dorfal and anal with forked
rays, the others branched ; perioral and ventral fmall,

Dorf. 60 : pe£l. 18 : vent. 6 : an. 58: caud. 9 rays.

Rubefcens, Caudal fin tapering ; javv^s fharp pointed.
Inhabits the Mediterranean, pale flefh-colour.
Head naked ; teeth fharp ; iris filvery ; dorfal fin beginning at

the nape ; vent juft behind the ventral fins.
Dorf, 68 : pect. 17 : vent. 6 : an. 58 : caud. 12 rays.

Trackypte-. Head (loping ; both jaws arched ; fins prickly, ferrate,
'■^« rough.

Inhabits the Adriatic : lateral line ftraight, with a fingle row of
fcales,

5 B 2 20. ECHINEIS.

^4o FISHES. THORACIC. 20, Echineis.

20. ECHINEIS. Head fat, naked, depref-
fed ; above flat, margined, and tranf-
verfely ftreaked or grooved ; giU-mem'
brane with 10 rays : body naked,

femora* Tail forked; head with 18 ftreaks. Sucking Fijh,

Inhabits ^q Mediterranean and Pacific feas ; from 12 to 18
inches long ; adheres fo fiiTnly to the fides of veffels and
the larger fi{h by its head, that it is often removed with dif-
ficulty, and was by the ancients fuppofed to have the power
of arrefting the motion of the (hips it fluck to ; body long,
thick, mucous ; flefh not eaten.

Head acuminate on the fore-part, the plate on the top with
16 — 19 grooves; inouth large; lower jaw longer; teeth
fmall, rough like a rafp ; tongue broad, thin, loofe, and as
well as the palate befet with Imall teeth ; near the upper lip
each fide are 2 pores, the anterior one tubular, the hinder

. oval ; eyes fmall, pupil black, iris filvery ; aperture of the
gills very large, the membrane loofe ; back convex, black,

- growing white towards the belly ; lateral line in the middle
of the body, obfolete, beginning at the nape, bent at the end
of the peftoral fin and then llraight till it reaches to the mid-
dle of the tail ; vent nearer the tail ; Jins fmall, covered with
a thick Ikin, the rays foft, branched, mod of them cine-
reous, edged with brown ; tail femilunar.

DorJ, 21 : pect. 22 : vent. 4 : an. 20 : caud. 20 rays.

Meucrates, fail entire ; head with 24 ftreaks.

Inhabits moft feas; grows to -y feet long ; body green, beneath
the lateral line white, llendcrer than the lall ; flefli coarle.

Head moderate ; lower jaw pointed ; tongue narrow ; iris gol-
den ; Jkin naked, perforated with a number of pores : late-
ral line in the middle of the body, v/hite, ftraight ; ^ns yel-
low, edged with violet ; dorjal and anal very remote from
the tail ; vent nearly in the middle.

Dorf. 3-7,; pect, 21 : vent. 5 : an. 37: caud. 16 rays.

tineata. Tail wedged ; head with 10 ftreaks.

Inhabits

FISHES, THORACIC. 21. Coryphtena. 741

Inhabits the Pacific ocean : about 5 inches long ; body fubij-
late, fmooth, daik-brown, dotted with minute darker fpols,
or ornamented with 2 whitifh longitudinal lines on each fide,
w-liich begin at the eyes and end in the tail.

Linn. Tranf. 1. 187. tab. i-j. fig. 1.

Lower jaw a little longer than the upper ; teeth minute, in
both.

Dorf. 35: pe^. 18: vent. 5 : an. 33 : caud. 14 rays.

21. CORYPH^ENA. Head floping fuddenly
downwards : gill-membrane with 5
rays : dorfal fin as long as the back.

Hippuris. Sea-green fpotted with orange ; tail forked ; dorfal fin
with 60 rays.

Inhabits the Mediterranean ; 4 — 5 feet long, is fometimes er-
roneoufly called the dolphin ; is very fwift, vigorous and vo-
racious, following (hips and greedily devouring whatever is
thrown overboard ; when alive in the water has a fine golden
fplendour which vanifhes when it is dead, body thick, com-
preffed, covered with thin ftrongly fixed fcales ; back blue,
belly filvery ; flefh tolerably good.
Head fhort, compreffed, above blue, greenifh at the fides, be-
neath filvery ; eyes round, near the mouth, pupil black, fur-
rounded with a white line, iris orange ; mouth large ; lips
ftrong ; jaws equal, armed with 4 rows of fmall fharp teeth,
curved back ; tongue fhort ; aperture of the gills large, the
cover of one piece ; back convex ; lateral line yellow, bend-
ing at the end of the peftoral fins and afterwards ftraight ;
Jins yellow, pale brown at the bafe ; caudal greenifh at the
edge, anal narrow, entirely yellow, dorfal with yellow rays,
' and blue membrane.

Pe6l. 2t : vent. 6: an. 26: caud. 18 rays.

Equijetalis Tail forked ; dorfal fin with 53 rays.

Inhabits the great Ocean j a moft beautiful fifii,
Pe£i. 19 : vent. 6 : an. 23 : ^aud, 20 rays.

Plumieri, Anal fin with 55 rays.

Inhabits

^42 FISHES. THORACIC. 21. Coryphxna.

Inhabits round the Eajl Indian iflands ; body long, covered
with fmall fcales. above brown with blue curved lines, golden
on the fides and filvery beneath ; flefh good.

Head oblong, naked, brown, above the eyes yellow with blue
lines near thera, filvery at the fides ; pupil black furrounded
with a white line, iris red ; aperture of the gills large, the
cover of one piece and ending in an obtufe angle, the mem-
brane loofe and lateral ; back convex ; vent near the head ;
peroral and ventral fins fhoit, yellowifh at the bafe and cine-
reous at the edge, the rays branched ; dorfal violet ; anal
long, yellowifh, both with fimple rays ; caudal yellow, red-
difli in the middle and edged with blue, the rays branched,
the lateral ones very long.

Dorf, '^^"j : pect, 11: vent. 6: card. 16, ■

CsKTzdia. Entirely blue.

Inhabits the American Otian ; body comprefTed, above convex

and covered with large Icales.
Head large, fcaly above, on the cheeks and gills ; eyes round,,

large, pupil black, furrounded with a white line, iris yellow ;

mouth large ; teeth ftroDg, fharp ; aperture of the gilb very

large, the cover of one piece ; lateral line nearer the back ;

rays of the dorfjil and anal fins fimple, the refl bi-anched,
Dorf. ig ; pctt. 14 : vent. 5 : an. n : caud. 19 rays.

PentadaC' Near the head 5 black longitudinal fpots.

-' Inhabits rivers of China and the Molucca iflands ; about a foot

long ; body flender, pbtufely carinate each fide, and covered
writh large fcales, above brown and white on the fides ; flefh
good.
Head large, above brown with a dufky-blue ftreak on the fore-
part ; eyes vertical, pupil dark blue, iris yellow ; jaws with
a row of fharp teeth and 2 tufks ; lips thin ; checks covered
with fmall fcales ; aperture of the gills very large, the cover
of 2 large laminas ; fpots on the belly fmall, round, blue,
2 firfl of thofe on the back black, furrounded with yellow,
the anterior one round, the other oval, the reft blue and lefs ;
lateral line nearer the back ; vent nearer the head ; dorfal fin
blueifh, edged with orange, the 9 fir ft rays fpinous ; ventral
with 2 white fpots at the bafe, and like the perioral and cau~
dal orange at the bafe, edged with violet, the rays branched :
anal blueifh with fimple rays,
Dcrf. ", : pect. 11 : vent. ^; an. .^ : caud. 13 rays.

NovacnU,

FISHES. THORACIC. 21. Coryphxna. 74.3

Novaeula, Head and fins cancellate with blue lines.

Inhabits the Mediterranean fea. Back fharp.

Pompilus, Back with fmall yellowifh bands above the curved lateral

line.
Inhabits the Ocean i body fat, tapering behind.
Head obtufe ; mouth large, rough within ; jazos cohering at the

lide, the lower afcending; firft dorfat fin joined to the fe-

cond ; pectoral fins ending in a point.
Dorf.^^: pect. 14 : vent, 6 : an. J"^ : caud. 16.

Fafciolata. Milk-white filvery with tranfverfe brown circles running
from the bands of the dorfal fin, generally cohering oa
the back and difappearing on the belly.

Inhabits Amboina; 2 inches long ; body tapering, a little cora-
preffed ; back pale grey ; a mod beautiful fifh.

Head conic, flat above ; eyes large, iris golden ; mouth large ;
tongue fmooth ; aperture of the gills very large, the cover of
2 round pieces ; lateral line ftraight, a little prominent ; vent
in the middle of the body ; peEloralzn6. ventral fins hyahne;
dorfal and anal with brown bands ; tail deeply forked, ^ith
a brown crefcent.

Dorf. 54 : pect, 19 : vent. 5 : an. 27 : caud, 17 rays.

Velifera, Silvery-alh ; dorfal and anal fins very large, ventral very
fmall.

Inhabits the fouthern Indian Ocean ; body fmall, flat, thin,
equally tapering towards the tail, covered each fide with
1 1 rows of large, thin fcales, finely ftriate, deeply notched
at the top and armed at the bafe with a fhort recumbent
fpine.

Head covered with truncate fcales ; eyes large, iris golden ;
mouth large, afcending ; jaws with fubulate incurved teeth,
the upper in a fingle, lower in a double row ; dorfal fin
beginning from the front, the membrane connefting the rays
brown with pale fpots, 2 firft rays very fhort, triangular,
bony, the reft fetaceous, 9 — 17 very long; pectoral pale,
pointed, middle-fized ; ventral one - rayed ; aw ,2/ edged with
white, the 2 firft rays white, bony, the firft very long, next
long, the reft fetaceous, the fifth very long; tail deeply
forked, with 3 fupporters.

Dorf. 55: pect, 14 : vent, x : an. ^x ; caud^ 22 rays.

PJittacus,

744 FISHES. THORACIC. 21. Coryphreni.

PJittacus. Lateral line intercepted ; fins with longitudinal coloured
linesi

Inhabits Carolina. A very beautiful fifli, but the colours va-
nifh after it is dead.

Head finely variegated ; iris flame-colourj furrounded with
, blue; in the rhiddle of the bcdy towards the back a purple

rhombic fpot varied with green, yellow and blue ; vent in
the middle of the body ; dorjal and anal fins linear, reach-
ing nearly to the tail.

Dorf. /j, : p. li : u. 5 : a. i6 : c. 14 rays.

Acuta. 'Pail Iharp-pointed ; lateral line convex.
Inhabits the Afiatic Sea.
Dorf. 45 : ^. 16 : v. 61 fl. 9 : c. 16 rays,

Sinta, Tail entire ; lower lip longer.

Inhabits the AJiatic Hea.
Dorf. 32 : ^. 16 : v. 6 : a. 16: c. 16.

Vircns, Fins with filiform appendages.
Inhabits the Afiatic Ocean.
D. 26 : p. 16 : V. 6 : a. 13 : c. 16 rays.
D orfal dind anal fins ending in long filifonn appendages: oni
ray of the ventral ending in a thread.

Hcniiptera. Jaws nearly equal ; dorfal fin fhort.
Inhabits the Afiatic Ocean.
i>. 14 : ^. 15 : u. 8 : fl. 10 : c. 18 rays.

Sranchiof. Aperture of the gills a tranfverfe cleft.
tega. Inhabits the Afiatic Ocean.

D. 24 : /». 15 : y. 6 : a. 10 : c 16 rays.

jfaponica. Yellow ; aperture of the gills a tranfverfe cleft..

Inhabits the fea round Japan ; 6 inches long ; coVered with

thin fcales ; very nearly allied to the laft.
D, 24 : j&. 14 : V. 6: a. — : c. 17 rays,

Clypeata. Bony plates between the eyes*
Inhabits the AJiatic Seas.
jD. 32 : ^. .14 : t/. 5 : a. 12 : c. 7 rays.

Lineata. Body with tranfverfe coloured lines.

Inhabits

FISHES. THORACIC. 22. Genius. 745

»

inhabits Carolina ; body covered with large fcales.

Head compreflTed, naked ; 2 fore-teeth longer, {landing out,

diftant, in each jaw ; gill-covers Imooth ; dorfal and anal fins

with coloured lines ; tail rounded.
DorJ. .;•, : pect. 11 : vent. 6 : an. 15 : caud. 12 rays.

Rupejlris. Dorfal fins 2 ; the firft ray of the firft toothed backwards; ^
Inhabits round Greenland ; grows to 3 feet long ; body filvery,

rough, covered with large hard fcales.
Head large, broad above ; eyes large, round, pupil black, iris
filvery ; before the eyes are 4 holes, 2 of them round and 2
oblong ; mouth large ; upper jazv longer, with a cirrus be-
neath, and armed with 5 ro\vs of fliarp teeth, lower with 3 ;
tongue white, cartilaginous, thick, fhort, fmooth ; aperture
6f the gills large, the cover of one piece ; vent nearer the
head ; lateral line nearer the back ; back a.ndjins cinereous.
Dorf. 11, 124 : pect. 19 : vent. 7 : an. 148 : caud. — rays.

22. GOBIUS. Head fmall: eyes approxi-
mate, with 2 punctures between them 2
gill-membrane 4-rayed : body fmall,
comprefTed each fide, covered with
fmall fcales, with a tubercle behind
the vent : ventral fins united into a
funnel-like oval ; dorfal fins 2. Goby*,

Thefe lie chiefly under ftones ; feed on worms, infefts and the
fpawn and young fry of other fifh ; they ftick firmly to
rocks by the funnel-lhaped ventral fins ; mouth fmall ; jaay
armed with fmall fliarp teeth ; tongue Ihort, obtufe ; palate
rough, with 4 bones ; aperture of the gilti narrow, rounded ;
Lateral line in the middle of the body.

*Nig4f» Second dorfal fin with 14 rays. Black G.

Inhabits the European and Afiatic feas; 5 — 6 inches long;

body deep brown, or whitilh with deep bro^vn and yellpw

fpots ; flefh very good.

Head compreffcd towards the low'cr parts ; eyes nearly rouna,

pupil black, iris filvery ; jaios equal, with 2 rows of teeth ;

tongue loofe ; body covered with bard cinereous fcales ; back

Vol, I, ^ 5 C convex,

746 FISHES. THORACIC. 22. Gobius.

convex, banded with black; lateral line oh(o\(ttc ',' from tht
head to the firft dorfal fin a fmall cavity ; belly yellowifh ;
vent in the middle of the body ; Jins glaucous, ipotted with
black, the rays fol't ; dorfal and anal fimple, the others cleft ;
middle ray of the peroral longed ; tail rounded.
DerJ'. 6, 14 : pect. 18 ; vent. 10 : an. 1 1 : caud. 14 rays.

ibi.olor. Brown; all the fins black. Tivo-coloured G.

Inliabits th4 Mediterranean ; 3 inches long ; the rays of the

fins hardly reaching above the connefting membrane.
Dorf. 6, 16: ped. 19: vent. 12 : an. 15: cdud. 17 rays,

Cruintatus Mouth pullulate with red ; rays of the dorfal fins reaching
above the membrane. Bhody-fpotted G.

Inhabits the Mediterranean : a fpan long ; body pale with ob-
lolete brown bands.

Mouth, gill-covers^ chin znAJins puftulate with blood-red fpots ;
beneath the eyes a tranlverfe membranaceous line, and 2 other
longitudinal ones before the dorfal fin ; jins moftly brownifh,
the rays fetaceous ; perioral rounded ; ventral blueifh, the
rays fplit at the end ; caudal pointed like a compafs and fub-
fafciate with black,

Dorf. 6, 16 : ped. 19 : vent. 12 : an. 15 : caud. 15 rays.

Paganellus Caudal and fecohd dorfal fins purplifli at the bafe ; the firft
dorfal fin edged with a yellowifh line.

Inhabits the Mediterranean fea.

Dorf. 6. 17 : pcd. 17 : vent. 12 : an, 16 : caud. 20 rays,

Arabicus, The 5 pofterior rays of the firft dorfal fin terminating in
a red filament, twice as long as the membrane.

Arabian G.

Inhabits D Jidda in Arabia: fize of the little finger; body

greenifh-brown, with numerous confluent violet fpots and

blue Ipecks.

5Az« very foft, covered with minute firm fcales ; all thejJnr

fpotted ; tail wedged,
Dorf, 6, 14 : pe£l, 16 ; vent. 12 : an. 13 : caud. 17 rays,

NeHlofuSt Second ray of the firfl dorfal fin ending in a black filament
twice as long as the body.
Inhabits Arabia : 3 inches long ; body whitifh with brown
clouded confluent fpots, beneath white without fpots.

Ski-.

■#

FISHES. THORACIC. 22. G^)bius. 747

Skir. covered witK large, rhombic, rigid fcales ; pupilhlutiihf
iris white ; pectoral fins glaucous with obfolete brown fpots
at the bale ; ventral brownifh ; dorfal and rounded caudal
hyaline, dotted with brown; ancil hyaline, the outer edge
black.

Dorf. 16, 11 : pect. ^8 : vent. 12 : an, \\: caud. 14 rays.

Eleotris. Anal fin with 9 rays ; tail roundifh. Chlnefe G.

Inhabits China.
Dorf. 6, 1 1 ; pect. 20 : vent. 10: an. 9 : caud, 10 r*y».

*Minutus. Whitifli fpotted with ferruginous ; rays of the dorfal aftd
caudal fins obfcurely ftreaked with ferruginous.

Spatted Ct.

Injiabits the coafts of Europe : 3 inches long.

Head deprefled ; fnout blunt ; eyes large, prominent, iria W^
phirine ; tongue large ; teeth in both jaws ; doy/aL fins re-
mote ; tail even.

Dorf. 6, IX ; an. 1^ ra/s.

Aphya. ;pody and fins with brown b^rs.

Inhabits the Nile and Mediterranean.

Dorf, 6, 16: peel, 18: vent. 12: an. 14: caud. %^ r«yi.

Jozo. Fays of the dorfal fins fetaceous, reaching above the mem<>

branc.
Inhabits the fhores of the European and Mtditerranean feas ;

4 — 6 inches long ; body above brown, beneath whitifh, CO

vered with fcales ; flefli hardly eatable.
Head comprefTed ; pupil black, iris white i back a little arched ;

jaws equal ; lateral Urn ftraight, blackifli, in the micidlc of

the body ; ventral fin blue.
Dorf, 6, 13 : peel, 16'. vent, 12: an, ,•, : caud. 14 rays;

Pectinirof- Teeth in the lower jaw horizontal. Pe^linated^,

tris. Inhabits China,

Dorf. 5, 26: peel. 19 : vent. 12: an, 25 : caud. 15 rays.

Barhat%s. Peroral fins fan-fliflped^ firft dorfal fin with 12, fecond
with 13 rays.

Schhjeri, Blackifh-brown, beneath whitifli ; rays of the firft dorfal
fin fpinous.
5C 2 Inhabits

^48 FISHES. THORACIC. 22. Gobins.

Inhabits the lakes of Amboina ; is verv' fat, and about a fpan
long ; when puiiued by other filh, hides itfelf in the mud ;
body a little j^ompreffed, and hardly decreafing towards the
tail, covered with large, round, coriaceous fcales.

Head floping, long, much thicker than the body and nearly
fquare ; front unequal ; mouth tranfverfe ; Hps thick, flefhy,
granulous within, the upper one doubled in; teeth large,
unequal, diftant, irregularly alternate : palate flefhy ; tongue
thick, flefhy, foft ; eye.^ vertical, placed forwards, protube-
rant, the pupils turned to the fides, with a large lunate ca-
vity Leneath each ; gill-cover oblong, fcaly ; moft of the rays
of the fins branched ; pectoral placed on a fiefliy, fealy bafe ;
aual with the 3 outmoft: I'ays branched ; tail oval-acute ;
lateral lint o ; vent in the middle of the body.

Dorf. 8, 13 : peel. 16 '-Jitfnt. xz : a,n. 12 : cciud. ig rays.

^danurofs Dorfal fin fingle ; tail black.

Anguilla- Porfal fin fingle ; tail red.
fis* Inhabits China; body fat, flippery like an eel.

Teeth (landing out of the mouth ; J.ns all red ; dorfal and ana,l

joined to the caudal ; pectoral very fmall, rounded.
PorJ. 52 : pect, 12 : vent. 10: an. 43: caud. 12 rays.

^oddcerti, Rays of the anterior dorfal fin cirriforrn, the third very

Inhabits the hidian ocean ; about 6 inches long ; body blueifh-
brown, beneath pale yellow, fat, convex, hardly tapering
towards the tail, and covered with fmall loft fcales.

Head thick, blunt, fubconvex, with white and brown fpots ;
crown convex, gradually floping down ; jazvs nearly equal ;
lips thick, flefhy ; eyes vertical, oblong ; gill-membrane li,
vid ; lateral line with hardly v.ifible papilla; and a few
fnowy Ipots ; back with 7 brown fpots each fide, and as
niany white dots on the fides ; vent a little nearer the head,
iurrounded wdth a black circle, behind which is a conic pe-
duncle ; dorfal fios blueifli-black, the membrane of the firft
fpotted with M'hite, the other with fetaceous rays, and 6
tranfverfe white lines between each ray ; pectoral rounded ;
tail blueifh-white.

D^orf. 5, 25: pect. 21 : vent. 34 : an. 25 : caud. 18 rays.

ttigocc' Upper jaw hemifpha?rical ; tongue ajid lateral line 0.

phaliis.

Body

FISPIES. THORACIC. 22. Gobius. -749

Body round, comprefled towards the tail ; fize of a finffJr ;,
grey or dark brown, covered with minute fcales.

Head fhort^ thick, without fcales ; jnoiith tranfverfe ; upper
jfiw very tnick, lower with a few larger teeth which arc a
little '"hooked ; lips cleft in the middle, doubled, the upper
ili-iby and very thick, reaching much beyond the jaw ; pa-
late with numerous crowded fmall teeth on the margin ; eyes
riiflant, Imall, covered with the common (kin ; rays of th-
Hrfl dorfdl fin fimple, of the other and tail branched ; tail
oval-rounded; /»Cc/or«Manceolate-oval ; ventral with, very
fhort crowded rays ; vent in the middle of the body.

Dor/. 6, 11 : pcct^j : vent. 8 : an, lo : caud. 12 rays,

C-iprinci- C<^'lv covered with large fubcillate fcales ; tail rounded ;
^deu the membrane conne6ling the rays telFellate with

brown.

Inhabits Amboina : fize of a finger ; body comprefled, thickifh,
convex, grey-brown, beneath whiter.

Jlead a little thicker than the body, fkin foft, cancellate with
fine lines ; te^th fubequal, minute ; tongue flat, foft, obtufe ;
eyes lateral, and between them a blackifli, feniilanceolate crcft
or fold ; rays of the fins moftly branched ; fir ft dorfal broad-
er, with fimple rays; pectoral hro^A; firft ray of the anai
fimple; lateral line ob(blete: peduncle near the vent, taper-
ing, rather obtufe and lying in a cavity.

Dorf. 6, 10: pcct. 18: vent. 12: an. 10: caud. t^ rays.

\y '

Lanceola- Tail very long ; fharp-pointed.
'"•f» Inhabits the rivers and brooks of Martinico: body oblong, co-

vered with I'ound imbricate fcales which are larger on the
hind-part ; beneath cinereous ; flefli good.

Head oblong, truncate ; eyes vertical, pupil black, iris gol-
den ; jaws equal ; tongue loofe, acute ; cheeks blueifh, edged
with red ; aperture of the gills large, the cover of 2 pieces ;
lateral line in the middle of the body ; vent nearer the head ;
dorfal and anal fins with fimple, foft, diftant rays, conncft-
ed by a thin pellucid membrane ; rays of the firft dorfal
reaching far beyond the membrane ; between the dorfal fins
each fide a brown fpot ; rays of the other fins fplit at the
ends ; pectoral yellow, edged with blue ; tail greenifh-ycl-
low at the bafe, and edged with violet.

Vorf.6, 18: peH. 16: vent, n: an. i6: caud. 20 nys,

PlumUfi.

rs^ FISHES. THORACIC. 22. Gobius,

PUmiiri. Upper jaw prominent.

Inhabits the Caribbee IJlands ; body round, flefliy, abcv"
tawny, yellow at the fides, l||rffeth white, covered-- with
iinall fcales ; flcfh good and tender, ^

fleai large; pupii bhck, iris filvery; aperture of the gills
large, the cover of one piece ; vent in the middle of the body ;
lateral lint ftraight ; fins yellow ; pecfural and caudal yellow
at the edge, tlie rays branched ; dorfal and anal with firpple
rays.

■Dor/. 6, 12: ^cc^. ir. : vent 6: an. lo: caud. 14 rays.

€>ctl!aris» Upper jaw longer ; firft ddjrfal fin 6-rayed, with a black
ocellate fpot near the bafe on the hind-part.

Inhabits frefh water rivers of Otahtite. : body compreiTed,. lan-
ceolate, covered o\\ the hind-part with' imbricate, filiate
fcales, obfcurely clouded with olive and black, beneath
glaucous.

Head a little comprclTed, fubconip, blackifli, above flightly
curved, obtufely carinate ii^^he middle, beneath ftraight,
flat ; eyu looking obliquely upwards, .pupil black, iris glau-
cous ; teeth unequal, minute, thofp of the lower jaw lels ;
lateral line nearly in the middle, ftraight, obfolete ; vent
placed a little behind \ fins generally wi'h fplit rays, the con-
Tiefting membrane diaphanous ; pcHoral an^ ventral blackifti ;
firit dorfal ftiort, waved with olive and brown, the rays fnn-
•^ pie, liitaceous at the tips and curved back, fecond long,

greenifh, dirty-red at the tip, the rays annulate with greenilh
and brown, firft ray funple ; anal long, greenifh-brovy-n,
hyaline at the tip ; tail oval, grecnifti, the rays fimple.

Dorf. 6> 11 : peel. }6 : vent. 6 : an. n : caud. 22 yays.

Strigatus. Ventral fin divided ; firft caudal fin 6-rayed.

Inhabits the Pacific Ocean near Otahc'Ue ; body comprelTed,
lanceolate, covered with imbricate, fubquadrate, obfcurely
crenate fcales ; fubpellucid, pale greenifta-blue, beneath
whitifli, with brownifli ftreaks behind the peftoral fins ;
beneath the lateral line on the hind-part, varied with obfo-
lete reddifh fpots.

Head compreifed, yellow, ftreaked and fpotted, above greenifh-
yellow, the hind-part broader than the body ; month large;
lower jaw a little fliorter ; palate and tongiie fmooth ; jaws
armed with fharp linear teeth turned inwards ; eyes oblique,
pupil black, iris fUvery-green ; rays of the fins nK)ftly fplit
at the ends ; dorfal, pectoral and ventral pellucid ; 'dorfal
j^reen wuh narrow fillets, which with the rays are red, the

firft

FISHES. THORACIC. 22. Gobius. 751

firft: fin is fhort, and has 4'i the other long with 9 of the(c
fillets ; pectoral pale grcenifh, the marginal rays fhorter an(i
{implc ; ventral whitifh ; anal long, grcenifh-red ; tail
round-oval, yellowilh-green, the rays red, fimple, with
broad oblique, flightly curved, reddiih fillet each fid

Dorf. 6, 20: pe£l. 20: vent. 12 : dn. 19: caud. 22 rays.

.0.

ri>ftrj«;fgr: V^entral fins divided ; firft dcrfal fin 11 -rayed.

V Body about 9 inches long, foft. fat, whitifh-grcy ; head lotigifh,

thick/'conveic on the front ; eyes on the top of the head, iris
filvery-brown ; lips doubled, flefhy ; teeth unequal, conic,
the fore-ones larger, one larger above each fide • aperture of
the gills lunate ; lateral line appearing as if imprelfed ; vent
about the middle of the body with a peduncle behind it ;
fins foft ; the firll dorjal large, brown, with a black terminal
band, the fays fiiinous, the lecoind narrower, yellowifh, with
a longitudinal cteep brown band, the rays branched ; perioral
fan-fhaped or oval, placed on a broad pedicel ; tail oval-
lanced, the rays branched,

Dorf. \l, 13: pect', 13 : vent. 12 : an, ix : caud. |^ rays.

Gronovii. Ventral fins divided; firfl dorfal fin io-rayed; tail
forked. M

Inhabits South American feas ; body filvery, above black,
fpotted with black at the fides, and covered with fmall im-
bricate fcafes.

Head naked ; eyes large, lateral ; mouth narrow ; teeth equal,
in the jaws and palate ; tongue rounded, thin, I'mooth ;
gill-covers fmooth, roundifh ; back a little convex ; lateral
line curved, parrallcl to the back ; vent in the middle of the
body ; rays of the^wi unarmed.

Dorf. 10, 30 : pect. 24 : vent. 10 : an, — : caud. — rays,

Fifottis, Ventral fins divided ; low^er jaw^ longer.
Inhabits South Ayncrica. Head deprefled.

23. COTTUS.

^.-i ^ Wishes, thoracic. 23. Cottas.

23. COTTUS. Head broader than the
body, fpinous : eyes vertical, furnifh-
ed with a niclitant membrane : gilL
viembrane 6-r3.ycd :. body round, with-
out fcales, tapering towards the tail :
dorfal fins one or more.* Bull-head.

*Cata- Body oftangular, mailed ; upper jaw wit'h 2 upright bifid
phractus, fpineS ; throat with numerous cirri.

Pogge. Armed B.
Inhabits the. European coafts; 6 inches long; feeds on fmalJ
crabs and other aquatic infefts •, body brown, beneath
white.
Head large, bony, rugged ; eyes lateral, round, pupil black, i^is
yellow; viouth beneath, lunate; upper jaw longer; teeth.
numerous, fmall, both in the jaws and palate ; tongue broad,
thin ; aperture of the gills large, the covers of one piece ;
body covered with ftrong, bony crulls, divided into pieces the
clids of which projcftinto a fharp point, forming prickly lines
down the back and fides ; back with 3 or 4 black fpots ; la-
ttral line in the middle of the body, ftraight ; t'^Tzf nearer
the head; dorfal fins 2, the rays of the firft fpinous, of the
fecond foft, both cinereous with fquarc black fpots ; y;ec<p-
ra/ roundifh, hoary, large, fpotted with black ; ventral nzr-
row, long ; anal black at the bafe ; tail rounded, the rays
branched.
borf. 5, 7: peel. 16 : vent, ± : an. 7: caudt. x\ rays.

Cjiadricor- Four bony protuberances in the iniddle of the head.
yiis. Four-hcrned B>

Inhabits the Baltic and Greenland feas ; afcends rivers and
feeds on worms and infefts ; is a bold voracious filh ; body
dufky, clouded with brown, beneath dirty-yellow ; the pec-
toral fins very large, which it is perpetually agitating.

Female more dufky, beneath yellow-brown.

Dorf. 9, 14: pcct. 17: vent. 4: an. 14: caud. ti rays.

Grunniens. Body fmooth ; throat with numerous cirri.

Squeaking B.
Inhabits

FISPlES. THORACIC. 23 Cottus.

Inhabits India and. Smith America j makes a (queaking nolle
when it is handled ; body brown with numerous punttures^
the fides varied with white and brown -, [kfh good, except
the liver which is poifonous, efpecially in the lummer
months.

Mead large ; eyes fmall, pupil black, iris red ; mouth very large ;
tongue broad, and with the palate fmooth ; lownr jaw longer;
teeth fliarp, diftant, curved' inwards ; aperture of ihc giUs
very large, the cover of one piece, armed wiih 4 fpines. ihe
membrane loofe ; vent in the middle of the body ; J.ns (pot-
ted with brown, the rays generally brariched ; pectoral and
ventral reddifh, the reft cinereous ; ventral and dorfal witii
fimple rays, the 2 anterior rays of the firft doifal ipinous.

Dorf. 3, 20: pe&:. 22 : vent. 4 : an. 16 ; caud. n rays.

Scaher. Head and lines down the body with ferrdte fcales ; lateral
line aculeate. Prickly B.

Inhabits India j feeds on teftaceous animals and crabs ; body
comprefl'ed, filvery, girded with 6 reddifh bands, and cover-
ed with fmall, hard, toothed, firmly fticking Icales.

Head oblong, with 4 fpines turned back, and covered with
fmall, rough fcales at the fides ; eyes vertical, oblong, pupil
black, iris filvery ; lower jaw longer, teeth in each ; tongue
broad, thin ; viouth and aperture of the gills large ; lateral
line rough with prickles turned back ; vent in the middle of
the body ; rays of the fins moftly fplit ; peroral fhort,
broad, yellow at the bafe, with variegated rays ; ventral long,
~ blueifh, with 3 yellow bars ; firft dorfal tawny, with fimple
fpinous rays, the other j5«i blueifh with variegated rays.

DorJ. 9, 11 : peB.. 2: vent. 6 : an. 11 : caud. 12 rays.

*S'corpius, Head armed with numerous large fpines j upper jaw a lit-
tle longer. Father La/ber:
Inhabits deep places near the fiiores of Europe, Newfoundland
and Greenland s is very fierce and fwift ; leldom with us ex-
ceeding 9 or 10, inches ; follows fharks and other large pre-
dacious fifli, lalhiiig them with its fpines, which it is able
tXJ diftend in a formidable manner, till they are forced to
abandon its haunts ; body compreffed, tapering towards the
tail, covered with iinall fpines, above brown with white dots
and lines, beneath whitifh ; the flefh is eaten by the Green-
landers.
Head with 2 foft, large tubercles before the eyes ; eyes large,
oblong, vertical, pupil black, iris pale yellow ; cheeks com-
preffed ; inoiith very large j both jaws able to be protruded
J Vol. -^ s^ ^^

754 FISHES. THORACIC. 23. Cottus.

and retra£led, and with the palate armed with teeth ; tongue
fhort, thick, hard ; aperture of the gills large, the cover of
2 pieces ; lateral line flraight, nearer the back ; vent in the
middle ; Jins red fpotted with white ; female white flreaked
with black, the rays fimple ; ventral long ; tail rounded,
the rays cleft ; firft dorfal with fpinous rays.
i^orf. g, 16 : peel. x6; vent. 3 : an. 12 ; caud, 12 rays.

*Gohio. Sinooth 5 gill-covers with a crooked fpine turning inwards.

Miller s-ihumb. River B.

Inhabits clear brooks of Europe and Siberia : grows to 7
inches long ; conceals itfelf either among the gravel or under
a (lone ; feeds on aquatic infefls, and the fpawn or young fry
of fiifh ; is like the others of its tribe, a very voracious fiih ;
body mucous, tapering, covered with fmall, round tubercles,
brown, fpotted with black, (male cinereous fpotted with
brown) beneath white ; fle/h good and wholefome, but it
gats red by boiling.

Eyes fmall, in the middle of the head, pupil black, iris yellow ;
jaws equal ; teeth fmall, both in the jaws and palate ; tongue
loofc, fmooth ; gill-cover of one piece, the membrane broad ;
lateral line in the middle ; vent about the middle ; Jins
blueifh, fpo,tted with black, the rays fimple ; (female veil'
tral varied with yellow and brown) ventral long ; tail fhort,

• rounded, the rays branched.

Dorf, 7) 18: pett. 14: vent, 4: an. 13: caud» 10 rays.

Japonicus Body oftangular, mailed with prickly bony fcales ; cirri o.

Japan B.

Inhabits the feas round Japan and the Kurile IJlands i about
a foot long ; body yellowifh-white, back brownifh, beneath
very rough.

Head long, depreffed behind and broad, narrowed and obtufe on
the fore-part, and covered with a biangular plate above the
jaws, which are moveable ; mouth fmall ; before the nojlrils
a fmall recurved fpine ; eyes large, pupil black, iris filvery,
with a golden hue ; gill-cover lunate, the membrane rough' ;
vent nearer the head ; Jins with brown ferpentine ftreaks,
the rays very rough and fimple ; large peBorai and tail
rcvMnded,

DorJ. 6, 10 : peR. 12 : vent. 2 : an. 8 : caud. 12 rays.

Injidiator, Head with fliarp lines above, and 2 fpines at the fides.

Crafty B.
Inhabits

FISHES. THORACIC. 24. Scorpana. 755

Inhabits Arabia : above a foot loiig;^ bicks itfelf under the fand
for the purpofe of enticing other /ifh within its reach ; bo<]y
deprefled, tapering, above grey with brown points and fpots,
beneath white.

Tail white with a yellow bifid fpot in the middle, and 2 un-
equal black obliqvie linear ones.

^'^'''f- t\i It Ij- P^^' ^9' vent. I : an, 14: caud. 15 rays.

Majjilienfis Head armed with numerous fpjjies ; doxfal fins uniterf.
Inhabits the Mediterranean ; rei'emblcs C. fcorpius.
Within each eye a cavity ; rays of the dor/ai fins fpinous.
Dorf. J: : pect. 17 : vent. I: an. I : caud. 12 rays,

M^onopte- Head unarmed ; dorfal ftn Ongle.
rygius. Inhabits Tranquebar : body narrow, long, o£Ungular, behini,

hexangular, above brown, the fides cinereous with brown
fpots and bars, beneath fpotted with white

Eyes very large, oblong, vertical, pupil black, iris filVcry ;
upper jaw longer, with 2 recurved ipines ; aparturc of the
gills very large, the covei; of one piece ; body broad on the
fore-part, mailed with 8 -fided fcales ; i/cni nearer the head ;.
fins cinereous, the rays raoflly fplit ; peEiorat long, broad,
fpotted with brown ; tail round, fpotted with brown ; ren.
tral narrow, the rays fnnple ; dorfal and anal fliort.

Borf, 5 : pect. 4 : vent^ 2 : an. 5 : caud. 6 rfys.

04. SCORP^NA. Head large, aculeate,
cirrous, obtufe, without fcales, fub-
comprefled : eyes near each other :
teeth in the jaws and palate : gill-mem-
brane 7-rayed : body thick, flefhy :
dorfal 'fin fingle, long, the anterior
rays fpinous.

Cirri near the eyes and noftrijs.

Inhabits in (hoals the Mediterranean., i hides itfelf among the
fea-weed and preys on fifli or crabs ; when touched ere£ts
and wounds with the fpines of the dorlil fin ; above a foot
long ; body brown, the fides fpotted above with black, be*
neath white ; belly reddilh.

5 D 2 Ikai

.: FISHES. THORACIC. 24. Scorpxna.

Head large ; eyei large, vertical, pupil black furrounded with a
golden line ; iris red ; mouth large ; jaws with many rows
of fmciU fharp teeth ; palate rough ; tongue {hort, imooth ;
aperture of the gills large, the cover with a few fpines and
3 cirri ; lateral line ftraight, nearer the back.; ve.nt nearer the
tail ; fins reddifh fpotted with brown, the rays moftly^
branched ; dorfal long, half brown, with 12 flrong recurved
fpines ; pectoral cinereous, the rays bihd ; ventral without
Ipots, the firft ray fpinous ; 3 firft rays of the anal fpinous ;
rays of the pectoral yellow, Ipotted with black.

J)orf, J;: peEl» 18 : vent, 7 : an. \: cavd. 15 rays,

Qzrofa. Lower lip with 2 cirri.

Inhabits the Atlantic, Meditervanecn and Northern feas ; 3 — 4
yards long ; a moft voracious fifli, preying not only on other
fiiTi, but aUo on fea-birds ; body whitifli-tawny, fpotted with
brown and covered with large fcales ; fle(h eaten in Italy,

Head large ; eyes very large, pupil black, irjs yellow or
reddifli, with 4 brown rays, above them 3 cirri ; mouth
large : cheeks and lower jazo cirrous ; jazos equal, and with
the tongue and palate armed with fnarp recurved teeth ; aper-
ture of the gills large, the cover with 2 large and many
fmaller fpines; lateral line parrallel to and nearer to the
back, rough with cin'i ; vent nearer the tail ; back brown ;
^ns blueifb, the rays varied, with yellow and brown, and
moftly forked ; ventral flefhy.

DorJ. ^^ : pect, 19 : vtnt, I : an. 6 : caud. 12 rays.

J^arjida. gody befet with callous tubercles.

Inhabits India ; body variegated with brown and white, de-
-> void of fmall fcale , and on all fides rough with cirri.

Head large, covered with tubercles and prickles, and disfigured
by cavities ; eyes fmall, pupil black, iris yellow, placed above
a deep hollow ; moicth above, large ; jaws armed with many
fmall teeth, the lower horfe-fhoe fhaped, the upper cor.v.ex ;
tongue broad, loofe, rovinded, and with the palate Imooth ;
infide of the mouth with numerous fmall fharp teeth ; aper-
ture of the gills very large; lateral line beginning at the
nape, and bent downwards near the anal fin, and ending in
the middle of the tail ; Jins covered with a thick fkin, the
rays forked.

DorJ. '.^ : pcct. 15 : vent. 6: an, I', caud, 12 ray.'i.

VolUanu Peroral fms larger than the bodv

!nhabit=;

FISHES. THORACIC. 24. Scorpqena. 757

Inhabits the frefhi waters of Amboina and Japan; l^s than
the river perch ; has the power of raifing itielf out of the

' water and lulpending itfelf in the air a fliort time, by means
of its long peftoral fins, when purfued by larger fifh 5 body
varied with brown bands aud intermediate orange and white
lines, and covered with fmall imbricate fcales ; flelfci deli-
«uous.

Hrad floping, broader on the fore-part, and covered with cirri
and prickles ; pupil black, iris white, with blue and black
lays; mouth \zxgt; jaws equal, with numerous fmall fharp
teeth ; tongue loofe, thin, pointed ; aperture of the gills
large, thp covers fcaly; lateral line fonned of many eltvated
lines and white points, beginning at the eye ; Jins generally
with numerous forked rays ; pectoral fimple, the conm.fting
membrane violet, fpotted with white ; 1 2 firft rays c-f the
dorjal ipinous, varied with brown and yellow, the other
x-ays black, fpotted with yellow; ventral violet, fgotted
with white.

J)or/". ^'\'. pect. 14: -jent, 6: an, ^1 ' caud. 12 rays,

Antennata With an ocular band.

Inhabits rivers of Amboina ; fiefli very good.

Very much refembles the laft, but the head is lefs fioping^' and
varied with numerous ftreaks and bands ; eyes larger^ the
cirri over them round ; bones of tlie upper lip as long
again ; chin white ; beneath the eye a double row of pricklas ;
nojlrils double, near the eyes ; pettoral fins lefs and pal^r ;
bands on the body broader, and the fcales larger.

Dor/. ■*: peCi. 17: vent. 6: an. f„: caud. 12 rays.

/Jidactyia. Two diflin£l appendages near the peftoral fins.

Inhabits the Indian ocean; about a foot long; body luriJ,
brown, with a few yellow blotches above and yellow fpois
beneath, without fcales.

Head depreffed ; fnout truncate, with 2 cavities between it aad
the eyes ; eyes vertical ; viouth tranfverfe ; lowtt jaw longer;
teeth in both jaws, palate and infide of the mouth ; tongus
prominent, with yellow granulations and black blotches ;
cirri flefhy, a very large one each fide on the lower jaw :
lateral /jkc parrallel with the back; vent behind the end ef
the ventral fins ; fins with numerous rays terminating in fila-
ments ;

"58 FISHES. THORACIC. 25. Zeus.

mcnts ; pectoral large, oval, ami with the rounded tail
barred with black ; dorjal reaching from the head to the
tail.

f)orf.\\: pcEl. 10: vent. 6 : an. 12: caud. 12 rays.

CapenJ^. Jj^ad each fide above the eyes 4-toothed \ tail fubcqual.

Inhabits near the Cape of Good Hope ; n inches long ; body
covered witli fraalj, rough, imbricate fcales.

Jlead large, convex, a little Hoping above ; ey£S large, lateral,
round, covered with the common fkin ; mouth xcry large ;
jatvs equal ; gill-covers very large, fcaly, tlie upper lamina
4-toothed, the lower pointed behind ; back carinate, arched ;
lateral line Ibaight, nearer the back ; rays of the fins
branched ; dorjal reaching from the region of the gill-covers
to the tail ; pectoral oval, large,

DorJ, JJ : pect, 18 : vent. J : an. \ : catid. i2 rays.
Spincfi. Lateral line fpinous ; body comprefTed.
Amcicana Pcdoril fins nearly orbicular.

j 25. ZEUS. Head comprefTed, floping down ;

upper lip arched by a tranfverfe mem-

I brane : tonge fubulate : giU-mevibrane

with 7 perpendicular rays, the lower

tranfverfe : body comprelfed, thin, fhiur

( mg : rays of the firft dorjal jin (moft-

, ly) filamentous.

i^?rvr. Tail forked ; a recumbent fpine before the caudal, anal
and dorfal fin.

Inhabits the fea round Brafil and Norway ; about 6 inches
long ; body filveiy, blueifh or purplifli ; flclh tolerably
good.

( Hea^d

FISHES. THORACIC. 25. Zeus. 759

Head narrow, long; eye.'; round, pupil black, iris filvc^y and
red ; lower jaw longer ; teeth very fmall and fliarp, }n both
jaws; aperture of the ^iV/j large, the cover of one fim pie
narrow piece ; ' lateral line beginning from the corer and
arched towards the back ; vent behind the ventral fin$ which
are narrow ; Jins blue, the rays chiefly bifid ; pectoral and
ventral with branched rays. I

I^°^f' 8, ,', : pect, 18 : vent. 5 : an, ,;: caud. 23 rays.'

Injiduitor* Mouth narrow.

Inhabits frefh waters of India ; fwims near the furface of the
water and feeds on aquatic infefts, which it catches by fuck-
ing water into its gills and cafting it forcibly through its
mouth, by which means their wings are wetted and tbcy be-
come incapable of flying away ; Ikin thin, filvery, without
fcales.

Head fmall ; iris filvery-yellow ; jaws with fmall fharp teeth ;
aperture of the gills very large, the cover of 2 pieces ; late-
ral line nearer the back, and interrupted at the end of the
dorfal fin; vent ju ft behind the ventral fins; Jides filver*-,
fpotted with black ; back brown, fpotted with black, the-
edge with a double row of recurved prickles, and a hollow
to receive the dorfal fin ; firft 7 rays of tlie dorfal, 3 firft of
the anal, and fourth of the ventral fpinous, the reft foft,
iplit at the tip ; pectoral and caudal branched.

Dorj.J^: peel, 16; vent. I: an. ^l^ : caud. 18 rays.

Callus, Tenth ray of the dorfal fin and fecond of the anal longer
than the body.

Inhabits American and Indian feas ; 6 inches long ; body very
thin, without fcales, grcenifh-lilvery ; feeds on worms and
marine infefts ; flefh very good.

Head large ; eyes large, round, pupil black, iris filvery -brown %
mouth large ; jaios with fmall teeth ; upper lip with 2 broad
bones ; aperture of the ^ills large, the covers long, of one
piece ; lateral line arched from its origin ; vent juft behind
the ventral fins;jfnj fine green; of the dorfal g, of the
anal the 10 hindmoft rays fplit at the ends, all the refb
branched.

Dorf. ^^: pect, 16 : vent. 6 : an, '^ : caud. 24 rays.

Ciliarist Firft 11 rays of the dorfal fin very fhort, 6 next very
long i tirft ray of the anal Ihort \ 6 next very long.

Inhabits

^r.3 FISHES. THORACIC. 25. Zeu*.

Inhabits India ; body very thin, naked, filvery, arched aboVe
and below •, back blueifh ; flelh hardly eatable.

Head fmall ; eyes large, round, pupil black, iris filvery ; jaws
with ihovt, fharp teeth, the lower jaw longer ; vipper lip
with 2 long, broad bohes ; aperture of the gills large, the
cover yellow, of 2 pieces; J?/?J brown ; ventral long, pec-
toral narrow ; tail divided; the rays of them all branched,

Dorf. 30 : pe£c. fj : vent, 5 : an. 19 : csud. 21 rays,

*Talcf. Tiiil rounded; fides with an oval, biown, ocellate fpot in
the middle ; anal fins 2. John Doree.

Inhabits nioft feas, and grov/s to i| foot long ; body above deep
brown, the fides olive, varied with light blue and white ;
while living it is very refplendend and appears as if gilt, on
which account it h^s received its European name of Doree :
it is covered with minute icales, and the fleih is excelleijt.
Jlead hrgCj deformed, the fhout very much projefting, with a
deep cavity before the eyes : (yes large, vertical, approjt-
im3te, pupil black, iris filvery ; jazos retiaftile, armed with
imall teeth turned inwards; aperture of the gills very large,
the covers of 2 pieces ; chin and Jhoulders with 2 fpines ;
^ack and hind-part of the kliy ierrate with fpines ; lateral
line bending with the curvature of the back ; peEloral fins
iliort, rounded. ciii^reouS, edged with yellow,- the rays, as
alfo in the ventral branched ; merhbrane connefting the ravs
in the dorjal and anal fins blackiih, the rays fimple ; tail
jounded, with yellow rays ; fir ft dorjal fin v/ilh fpinou^
rdys, terminating in long filaments.
TiorJ. 10, 33 ; pect, 13 : vent. \ ; an. /„ : caud, 13 rays.

At-.r,

Tail even ; body reddilh ; fnoui reflc^ed.
Inhabits round Rome and GencaL
Dorf. ij, 23 : pect. 14: vent, \: a-K, ,-„ : caad. — rays.

*L-un(i. Tail fomewhat lunate ;, body beautifully red, green, or pur-
ple, with oval white fpots. Opah. King-fijh.

Inhabits the coaft of Normandy : rarely found on the Britijh :
above 3 feet long ; is of all European fifh the moft rich and
fplendid in its colours ; body veiiy deep from the back to the
cheft, aind tapering vejy Imall to the tail, covered with
hardly Vifible fcales.

Head fliort, rounded, red, with golden patches ; eyes large ;
teuh very fmall ; mouth hrge ; Jins fcarlet,

' Quadratus,

IRISHES. THORACIC. 26. Pleuronedes. 761

(luadratus Tail equal ; body cinereous, tranfverfely barred with
black.

Inhabits Jamaica : 5 inches long ; body fcaly, and gradually
tapering towards each end.

ii^V^jT large, pupil black, iris white ; mouth fmall ; tetth fmall^
ftiarp, dilpofed in rows ; tongue round, cartilaginous ; latt*
ral line curved ; firft ray of the fore dorfat fin black, broader
aind Icfngcr, the reft fpinousi

26. PLEURONECTES. Head {m^Wi eyes
fphserical, both on the fame fide of the
head, and near each other : mouth
arched • jaws unequal, toothed : gilU
membrane with 4 — 7 rays ; the cover
(moftly) of 3 laminae: body convex
and coloured above, flat and palei'
beneath : vent nearer the head*

'This genus comprehends thofe wbich are commonly called flat-
fifh ; they fwim conftantly obliquely and refide at the bot-
tom of the water, from their wanting the aih-bladdct ; they
often bury themfelves in the fand as far as the head, by
which they elcape the jaws of the more rapacious tribes ;
the eyes are covered with a niftitant membrane ; nojtrils
double and contiguous ; belly without ribs ; fins foft, and
moftly with fimple rays ; the ventral and peroral long, the
tail generally rounded, with bifid rays.

A. Eyes both on the right fide of the head.

Trichodac- Body rough ; perioral fins filiform*
tyiust Inhabits Amboina,

Body brown with dulky fpots ; ^lateral fins hardly con-
fpicuous.

Dorf, 53 : peEl. 4 ; vent. 6 : an. 48 ; caud, 10 rays.

Vol. I. — 5 E 2.ehra,

762 FISHES. THORACIC. 26. Pleuronedes.

7.ihra,. Body with numerous tranfverfe bands.

Inhabits India ; body long, back brownifh at the edge arid
white in the middle, rough with denticulate fcales.

Hrad fcaly ; e/:s imall, pupil black, iris fea-green ; uppef jazj
longer ; aperture of the giUs and covers large ; lateral line
ftraight,\ beginning from the eye ; vent farther from the head
than in others ; _fins yellow With bfown bands, mod of the
rffys limple ; pectoral very thin ; dorfal, anal and caudal
connefted, the rays of the latter fplit.

Dorf. 87 : pect. 4 : vent. 6 : an. 48 : caud. 10 tays,

Plagiiifa. Body oblong, fomewhat rough ; dorfal and anal fins joined

to the tail.
Inhabits Carolina: body pale cinereous.
Dorfal, anal and caudal fins fo clofely connefted that they

cannot be dillinguiilied, even by the length of the rays.

Ocellatus, Body with 4 dark brown occllate fpots ; irids white.

Inhabits Surinam : dorfal fin folded ; tail with a black band.
Dorf. 66: pect. 3 : vent. 6 : an. 55 : caud. 14 rays.

*Hippo- Body perfedly fmooth ; tail lunate. Holibut.

globus. Inhabits the European and North American feas ; is the largeft

of all aquatic animals except the whale tribe, and frequently
weighs 400 pounds; body rnucous, with oblong fcales {tick-
ing firmly to the body ; above liver-coloured, beneath
white ; flefli fat and coarie, except the part adhering to the
fide fins.

Eyes large, pupil black, iris white, and very rarely placed on
the left fide of the head; mouth large; tenh lon^, fharp,
curved, diftant ; upper jazo moveable ; aperture of the gills
large ; lateral line arched near the breaft: and afterwards
flraight ; Jins dufky-afli ; peEloral oblong ; dorfal beginning
above the eyes ; anal, before which is a long fpine, and cau-
dal, with rays longer than the membrane, the bale covered
with fcales.

Dorf. 107: pect. 15: vent. 7 t an. 28 : caud. 16 rays.

Cynoglojfus Body oblong, fmooth ; teeth obtufe ; tail a little rounded.
Inhabits the Belgic and Greenland feas ; 26 inches long.
Lateral line oblique, but not arched.
Dorf, 11a; pe£l» 1! ; vent. 6 : an, 102; caud. 24 rays,

*Plate£a,

FISHES. THORACIC. 26. Flcuroneaes 763

*PlateJfa, Body fmooth ; behind the left eye a row of 6 tubercles
reaching to the lateral line. Plaifg.

Inhabits European feas; grows to 16 pounds wciglit ; body
above varied with brown and cinereous, with large bright
orange fpots, beneath white ; fcales thin, loft ; flcih good.

Head covered with firm fcales, each depofited in its proper
bed ; eyes moderate, pupil blucifli, iris grcenilh-ycUow ; y
mouth fmall ; teeth imall, obtufe ; lower jaw longer ; palati
and tongue fmooth ; lateral line ftraight, in the middle ; Jins
dufky-afh ; dorfal beginning above the eye ; aval Ipotted
with orange, with a large fpine before it ; tail fcaly at the
bafe, and all with rays longer than the membrane.

Dorf. Ct^: p. 12: V. Si a. 54: c. 19 rays.

*FlcJfus, Lateral line rough ; fliort fpines on the right fide of the
fins. Flounder.

Inhabits European feas, and even enters rivers far above the fait
waters ; leldom cxcqpds 6 pounds weight ; body covered with
thin oblong fcales, firmly fticking to the fkin ; above pale
brown with dirty-yellow fpots, beneath white fhaded with
brownifh.

Eyes a little prominent, pupil black, iris yellow ; mouth fmill j
lower jaw longer ; tongue fhort, narrow ; aperture of the
gills large, the covers tenninated by an ofctufc fpinc ; lateral
line a little nearer the back, and bending abo.ve the pcftoral
fin ; ^ns brownilh ; ventral, caudal and dorfal fpottcd with
black ; between the anal and ventral is a ftrong fpinc.

D. 59 : p. 12 : V. 6 '. a. 44 : c. 16 rays.

*Rcf(uis. Body rofy ; fins pale yellqw-brown.

Roje-colourei Flounder.
Taken in the Thames^ and is preferved in the L^v^Mufeuin.
Naturalijl's Mi/cellany, No. 79, tab. z^S.
Body in fome parts ilightly tinged with yellowifh, in others
with filvery-white, without fcales, though marked with mi-
nute fcale-like reticulations ; Lateral line nearly ftraight.
D. 60 : />. 12 : V. 7 : c. 42 : c. 20 rays.

*Limanda Scales fmall, ciliate ; fpinules at the root of the dorfal and
anal fins with obtufe teeth. I)ab,

Inhabits European feas; lefs and thinner tlian the flounder;
feeds on worms and infe£b, efpecially fmall crabs ; fpawns i^»
June ; body mucous, above dark liver-colour, beneath
%vhite ; fcales foft, oblong, fticking firmly to the body ; flefh
very good.

5 E 2 ^ye^

^64 FISHES. THORACIC, 26. Pleuroneaes.

»

Eyes large, pupil black, iris white ; mouth large ; teeth long,
ftiarp, curved, diftant ; upper ;^zy moveable; fins refembling
thofe of the pkife, but the pectoral are oblong ; tail lunate ;
lateral line arched at tlie beginning and then going ilraight
to the tail,

Dorf. 75 : pect. ii : vent. 6 : an. 6t : caud. 15 rayst

JLcevis, Brown with obfcure yellow fpots, beneath white with 5
large duflcy fpots ; fcales fmooth ; dorfal fin 79-rayed.

Smear-dab,
Inhabits Europe j li foot long; flefh very good.
Head fmall ; mouth full of fmall teeth ; lateral line much
curved for the firft 2 inches and afterwards ftraight.

'^imtndo' Body oblong, rough ; lateral line ftraight, broad.
tdcs. Inhabits Korthern feas ; body rough with large denticulate

fcales ; above pale brownifli-yellow, beneath white ; relembles
the plaife ; flefh very white, firm and good.

Head Icaly : pupil blueifh-white ; mouth large ; upper lip con-
fifting of 2 bones, and can be protruded or retrafted at pica-
fure ; tongue loofe, thin, and with the palate Cnooth ; aper-
ture of the gills large, the cover of one piece ; ventral, dorfat
and anal fin with fimple rays, the bafe covered with yellow
fcales ; pectoral and caudal with forked rays.

Dorf. ^9: pect, XI : vent.^: an. 63: caud. 15 rays.

'^Solm, Body oblong, rough ; upper jaw longer. Sole,

Irihabits European and Mediterranean leas; fometimes above 2
feet long ; body narrow, above olive ; fcales iiiiall, hard, den-
ticulate, very firmly adhering to the Ikin ; a hfii of very de-
licate flavor.
Head truncate above ; jaxtjs bearded with very fmall white cirri,
the vipper lunate, lower with many fmall moveable teeth ; eyes
not fo near together as in moft others, pupil blue, iris yel-
low ; gill-rover rounded, of one piece, covering the mem-
brane ; lateral line ftraight, neater the back j vent between
the ventral fins ; fins above olive, beneath whitt, pectoral
edged with black, and like the ventral fmall ; rays of the dor^
fal and anal fcaly nearly to the middle.
Dorf.%0: peH. 10: vent. 6_: an, 65: caud. 17 rays.

*Arno^lof. Thin, pellucid, white, fmooth, Smooth Sole,

fos, foiiud iu Cornwall) but rarely.

Einguatulcft

FISHES. THORACIC. 26. Pleuroneaes. 765

Linguatu- Vent on the left fide j teeth (harp,
/ti. In hah its Europe.

DorJ. 68 : pe6l, lo : vait. 6: an. 55: caud. 19 rays.

Glaciclis. Very fmooth ; above brown, beneath white ; middle rays
of the-dorfal and anal fins rough with fmall fpincs.
Jnhabits Tandy places of tlie Frozen Sea j 9 inches long •, bony
part of the head behind the eyes promineat, rough.

Platejfo- Body above with brown fpots.
ides. Inhabits, though raiely, fandy places on the mouths of rivers in

Greenland: hardly a foot long; feeds on fmall worms and
fifh ; in fhape refembles P. linguatuln, in its fcales the fole,
and in its ipots the plaife; body oblong, narrowing at each
end, and covered witli large rough fcales ; above afliy-tawny,
beneath linooth, white ; is troubled with the gordius mari-
nus and is very good eating.

Hiad fmooth ; eyes black, iris filvery ; lower jaw longer, ter-
minated by a tubercle; tongue long, {lender, fmooth, rounded
at the end ; vent at thcjcdge of the belly ; lateral line nearer
the belly, ftraight ; peAoral fins fliort, and like the ventral
wedged ; tail large, broad, a little rounded.

I)orJ. 89 ; petl. 12 : vent. 6: an. -ji : caud» 18 rays.

B. Eyes both on the left fide of the head.

Lineatus, Body rough, barred with black ; pe£loral fins o.
Inhabits North America.
Scales cifiar ; tail i-ounded.
Borf 53 : p.o: v. ^, s- <^' 45 '■ <^' ^^ ^^V^

Bilineatus. Lateral line double ; perioral fins o. -^

Inhabits China ; body thin, long, above yellow, edged with
brown, beneath reddifh-white, entirely covered with fmall
roundifh denticulate fcales.
Head large ; eyes hnall, pupil white, iris fea-green, furrounded
with a white line ; mouth fmall, femilunar ; teeth obtufe ;
aperture of the gills large, the cover of one piece over the
membrane ; lateral lines, one nearer the back, the other in
the middle, and befides thefe 2 tranfverfe lines from the lower
lip ; fns brown with fimple rays ; dorfal furrounding the
the head and with the ana/ joined to the caudal.
porf, an* and caud, I74.

Functatus,

^6(5 FISHES. THORACIC. 26. Pleuroneaes.

J*unctatus. Body broad and very rough.

Inhabits deep fandy places of the Northern fea ; body oval, co-
vered with fmall denticulate imbricate feales, cinereous,
edged with brown and I'potted with red, beneath reddifli-
white, and varied both fides with round and oblong blackifh
fpots ; is reckoned a delicacy in Denmark.

Head middle-fized ; eyes prominent, pupil black, iris fea-green,

. with a black band behind ; jaws with crowded, intlefted
teeth; upper ^i/* retraftile and proti-ufile ; lateral line begin-
ning above the eye, bent over the perioral fin and then
ilraight ; vent nearer the head ; Jins cinereous, fcaly, the rays
broad ; dorfal commencing from the upper lip ; tail fhort,
rounded.

Dorf. 89 : />. 11 : t'. 6: a. 68 : c. 14 rays.

^Rhombus. Body fmooth. Pearl.

Inhabits the European feas; is the broadeft of its fize except
the tuibot ; body covered with fmall fcales, deep brown
with dirty-yellow fpots, beneath white ; flefh very good, but
inferior to the turbot.

flead broad; pupil \Azck, iris yellow? viauthXzxgQ.', jaws re-
tiatlik, toothed, the lower longer ; gill-cover ending in an
obtufe angle ; lateral line arched near the head and afterwards
flraight ; Jins brown varied with white and yellow ; tail
long, rounded.

DorJ. 71 : peci. 12 : vent. 6 : an. 57 : caud. i6 rays.

Dentalus. Body oblong, fmooth ; teeth extending out of ihc mouth.
Inhabits Carolina.
Teeth fliarp ; tail rounded, fcaly.
Z). 86 : p. X'2.: v. 6: a. 50 : c. 17 rays.

*}faxhnus Body rough. Turbot.

Inhabits the European and Mediterranean feas ; gro\\'s fomf;-
times to 30 pounds weight ; is very voi'acious, and feeds on
inlefts, worms and tellaceous animals ; body oblong, covered
with obtufe, unequal, fpinous tubercles, above brown varied
with yellow, beneath wliite fpotted with brown ; fle(h firm
and excellent.

Il€ad broad; eyes large, pupil fea-green, iris brown; lower
jaw longer ; aperture of the gills large ; lateral line in the
middle, arched near the breaft and afterwards ftraight ; jins
yellowifli, with black points and fpots.

Dirf, 67 : pcct, 10: vent,, 6 ; an, 46 : caud, i^ rays.

*PQjer,

FISHES. THORACIC. 26. JPleuroneaes. 763^

*PaJer» Lateral line much curved, prickly. JVluff*

Inhabits European feas ; hardly a foot long ; body oblong,
fniooth, covered with thin I'eales, above varied with cine-
reous and yellow, beneath white ; flefli very good.
Head covered with long tubercles ; eyes fmall, pupil yellowifli-
green, iris brownifli ; lower jaw longer ; lateral litie llraight
after the deep curvature at the beginning ; behind the vent a
fpine ; Jins yellowifh fpottcd with brown,
JDorf. 59 : pect. 1 1 : vent. 6: an, 44: caud. 16 rays.

Papillofus. Lateral line curved ; body papillous.

Inhabits Americd. Is probably only a variety of the laft.
^'^^/' 58 : pect. 12 : vent. 5 — 6 : an, 42 ; caud. i6 rays.

Mancus, Head tuberculate ; perioral fins unequal.

Inhabits fandy bottoms of the Brafil and Pacific feas ; feeds on
crabs, teftacea and other flfh ; body oblong elliptic, covered
with large, fuboval, obliquely and irregularly imbricate
fcales ; the right fide and fins cinereous with black dots and
unequal whitifh-glaucous fpots, the left fide whitifli-glaucous
with round brown equal fpot ; flefh very good.

Head comprefled, large; pupil black, iris filvery ; mouth when
fhut turning obliquely upwards ; jaws with 2 rows of very
fharp teeth, the lower a little longer ; tongue loofe, fmooth,
pointed ; gill-covers of 2 pieces ; lateral line a little arched
at the beginning ; dorfal and anal fins long, the rays fimple,
the reft with branched rays ; left pecloral falcate, the right
oblong-oval.

Dorf. 94: peEl, 13, 12 : vent. 6 : an. 80 : caud, 17 rays,

Argus, Body variegated ; tail rounded ; jav^s equal.

Inhabits the Caribbee Ijlands ; body covered with fmsll foft
fcales, and variegated with yellow fpots, which are dotted
with brown and edged with blue ; the body is likewife
fprinkled with brown points.

Head broad ; eyes unequal, pupil blue, iris white and brown ;
lateral line in the middle, bending above the peftoral fin ;
Jins fpotted with blue, the membrane yellowifh, the rays
brown ; tail pointed like a compafs ; dorfal fin reaching
from the noftrils to the tail.

£). 79 : p. 10'. V. 8 : a. 69 : c, 17 rays,

LunatuAt

^68 FISHES. THORACIC.. 27. Chcetodon.

Lunalus, Body with fcattered, bine, half ocellate fpots.
Inhabits North America: tail lunate.
DorJ, 85 : ptEl. 12 : vent. 6 : an. 79 : cnu6.. 17 rays.

jfaponicus. Tongue rough.

Inhabits Japan ; 6 inches long ', body beneath whitiflii
Rays of the dorfol and dnal iinS very numerous.

27. CH^TODON. Head fmall : mouth
fmall ; the lips retractile : teeth (mofl-
ly) fetaceous, flexile, moveable, equals
clofely fet, and very numerous : eyes
round ^ fmall, vertical, furniflied with
a niftitant membrane : gill-membrane
3 — 6- rayed: body hro3.d, comprefTed,
fcaly, generally fafciated : dorfal and
anal fins rigid, flelliy, coated with
fcales, and mollly fpinous.

Canefcens, Tail bifid ; dorfal fplnes 2, the third ray very long \ mouth
with a fpine each fide.
Inhabits South America and India.
DorJ.y'. pect.iy. vent I : an. ^^i caud. 16 r^ys.

Akpidotus. Tail bifid ; dorfal fpines 3 ; ventral fins 0.

Inhabits Carolina : body rhombic, without fcales, above
blueilh ; jaws with a fimple row of teeth ; lateral line pa-
rallel to the back, dotted, the interftitial one ftraight, from
the gills to the tail ; dorfal and anal fins falcate.

D. ^\ : p. 24 : V. o : a. ^^ : c. 23 rays.

Acumina- Tail entire ; dorfal fpines 3 ; third ray very long.

Inhabits South America and India,
Body with 3 brown bands.

Dorf. i'g : peci. 16 : vent, I : an, ,'^: caud. 7 rays.

Pinnatuj,

IRISHES. THORACIC. 27. thxtodon. 769

Pinnatus. Tail entire ; dorfal fpines 4 ; dorfai and anal fins very
long.
Inliiibits South America and India.
Body grey ; frontal band and tip of the tail white. *
Dorf. ^\ : peCl. i8 : vent. ^ : an. 28 : caud. i8 rays.

CorniUus, Tail bifid ; fpines of the dorfal fin 7, third ray very lohg.

Inhabits India ; body thin, coaled with fine leaks, white with
many traniverfe black bands ; flefli good.

Head with 2 fhort fpines above the eyes ; pupil black, iris yel-
lowifh -, jaws equal, armed with a double row of teeth •,fnout
tubular ; gilUcover roundilli, of one piece and covering the
membrane.; lateral line nearer the back, arched ; vent in the
middle of the body ; tail lunate.

Dorf. ^^: peEl. i8 : vent. I : an. ^^ : caud. 16 rays.

Argcnteus, Tail bifid ; dorfal fpipes 8 ; inftead of ventjral fins 2
fpines.
Inhabits the Indian ocean.
Ventral fpines ftiort, and firll dorfal fo fmall as to be fcarcely

vifible;
Dorf. ^j : peB. 26 : vent. I : an. .^^ : caud. 1 7 rays.

Armatus. Dorfal fpines 6, the third very long ; body with 7 black
bands ; gill-covers fpinous.

Inhabits the Southern ocean. Nat. MlfccL tab. 57.
Body filvery-white, darker with a bluclfh tinge on the back }
fins and tdil pale brown ; tail fubequal.

Boddcerti, Body with brown and blue bands ; fpines oh the ventral
fins 2.

PunElatus. Dorfal fpines 8 ; pe<aoral fins falcate.
Inhabits Afia.

Body whitifh or filvery with brown fpots ; eyes large, red \
lateral line Airved ; 3 firft rays of the anal fin diftant.

Dorf. 3* : peE. \ 7 : vent. \ : an. J : caud. 17 rays;

Arcuatus, Tail entire ; dorfal fpines 8 i body with 5 white arched
bands.

Vol. I, — 5 F Iiihabits

770 - FISHES. THORACIC. 27. Chitodon>

Inhdihlts Brafil ; 4 inches long ; body brown.

Head large; e^ics fmall, pupil black, iris golden; gill-covers

armed with a fnine ; lateral line compofcd of white points ;

vent in the miutlle of the body.
Dorf. ^ : pcct. 20 : vent. I : an. ,^ : caud. 19 rays.

Rof.ratus. Tail entire ; dorfal fpines 9, the fin with a black ocellate
fpot i fnoot cylindrical.

Inhabits India; is chiefly found near the fhme or at the
mouths df rivers ; body white with brown longitudinal
lines and 5 tranfverlc bars, the hinder ones edged with
■white ; feeds on inle6ls flying near the iurface of the water,
■which it catches by cjefting water from its tubular fnout and
bringing them down with it into its jaws ; flefh white arwi
well-tafted.

Head narrow, long ; iris yellow ; jaws equal ; lateral line
nearer the back, arched ; vent in the middle of the body ;
Jilts ^vith numerous branched rays ; tail with a black ban«l
edged with white.

Dorf. ^^: peU. i/^: vent. I: an. 4^ caud. ^\x^)•s,

Orhis. Body orbicular, blueifhi anal fin with 19 rays.

Inhabits India.

Head large, floping •, iris golden ; jaajs equal ; gill-cover long,
narrow, covering the membrane ; lateral Hiie compofed of
many ftraight, interrupted lines, running together into an ob-
tufe angle towards the back ; vent in the middle of the body;
rays of the fins branched, the iecond, third and fourth dor-
fal elongated into a bridle; ventral fins long.

^orf. .fg: peB. 18 ; vent, g : an. 4- caud. 16 rays.

Nigricans. Tail bifid, with a fpine each fide ; dorial fpines 9.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean and Red Sea ; 2 feet long ; body
blackilh, brown at the fides, beneath white, fleftiy and
coated with fmall fcales ; flefti good.

Eyes large, iris filvery ; teeth in each jaw 10 — 16, notched,
thofe beneath cylindrical, thofe above broader and very hard,
the fore-ones longer ; tongii^ ihort, thick ; gill-cover long,
narrow ; lateral tine nearer and parallel to the back ; rayt
' of the fins moftly branched ; pcEtoral and caudal cinereous;

ventral black ; dorfal and anal white at the bafe, elfewhere
brownifh with forked rays.

^orj. %: pe£t, i6: vent, I : an. ,\: caud, 16 rays.

Leucurust

IISHES. THORACIC. 27. Chaetodon. 77^

Leucurus. Body black ; tail white, entire ; dorfal fpines 9, the firft
recumbent.
Inhabits America ; fmall.

Before the dorfal fin a recumbent fpine ; ve.ntral fins poiritcd.
Dorf. ^, ; pect. 16: I'lTKf . i : an. -\ : ca;/^/. 20 rays.

Lineatiis. Tail forked with a fpine each fide ; body variegated with
longitudinal lines ; dorfal fpines 9.
Inhabits South America and India.
DorJ. ^^i pect. 16: vent. J: an. l^i cdnd. 16 rays.

Squamulo- Gcld-green ; the fcales coated with fmallcr ones.

y"-^* Inhabits America and the IVeJl Indian iflands.

Eyes large, pupil black, iris golden ; gill-cover very fpinous ;
dorfal fpines 3, and 3 before the anal, both thcfe fins blue,
ending in red, and fomewha^ falcate •, body green ; peroral,
ventral and rounded caudal golden-yellow. Nat, MifceL
tab. 275.

Triojegus. Tail fubbifid ; doffal fpines 9 ; gill-membrane 3-raycd.

Inhabits the Indian and Pacijic oceans ; bodycomprefled, ob-

ovate, coated with fniall imbricate fcales, pale greenifh-ani

with 6 dark browti bands.
Head on the top nearly parabolic ; iris fUvery-brown ; jdtjjs a

little afunder, armed with about t6 comprcftcd teeth ; tongue

fhort, bound with a frenum and with the palate fmooth ;

gill.cover of 2 pieces ; Jini greenifh ; ventral whitifh ; tail

with a fpine each fide.
Dorf. 9, ; pect, 18 : vent. \ : nm *, : caud. \S rays.

Macrole- Tail entire ; dorfal fpines 11, the fourth filiform and very
pidotus, long. " f

Inhabits India ; grows to 25 pounds weight ; body filvcry
with 2 brown bands, and coated with larger fcales towards
the tail ; flelh good. *

Head with a brown fpot above and another before the eyes ;
eyes round, iris blueifh \ jaws equal ; gill-cover of one piece,
covering the membrane ; lateral line arched ; vent nearly in
the middle ; rays of the fins moftly branched ; tail
truncate.

Dorf, ^J: pe&. 16: vent. I: an, ,\: caud, 16 rays.

^^i^s, Dorfal fpines 1 1 ; body with numerous black fpots ; tiil
* entire.

5F 2 Inhabits

^72 FISHES. THORACIC. 27. Chzetodon.

Inhabits India, and is chiefly found in frefli fwamps ; feeds on
infefts ; body nearly fquare. above violet, beneath white, the
fides fpotted with brown ; flefh good.

Iris golden ; jaws equal ; gill- cover large, the membrane loofe ;
lateral line arched -, vent nearly in the middle of the body ;
Jins fliort, yellow ; before the anal a.YC 4 fpines.

Dorf.ll: peel. 18: vtnt."^: an.^: caud. 14 rays.

^friatus. Tail entire; dorfal fpines 12; body ftriatc ; fnout pro-
minent.
I Inhabits India ; body yellow with brown bands ; fc^les large,

paler at the edges ; flefli good.
£res large, iris yellow, gill-cover of 2 pieces, covering the
membrane; lateral line ■p^nW^l with the back; vent nearer
the head ; f.7is yellow, edged with pale brown ; ventral en-
tirely brown ; tail rounded. >

Dorf. 3^: pectt 16 : vent, l: an, ^1 : caud. ^8 rays.

Arct^anus, Tail bifid ; dorfal fpines 12; body barred with browr,.

Inhabits the Indian and Arabian coafts, among coral rocks ;
feeds on fea-worms ; body filvery with deep brown bands,
one on the head, another on the breaft, and a third pafling
from the dorfal fin to the anal ; back cinereous ; fcales mi-
nute ; flefli eatable.

Head large ; front and iris white ; mouth narrow ; jaws equal ;
teeth fall, wedged ; gill-cover of one piece, mucronate m the
middle ; ventral fins long, and with the anal black; rounded
tail and dorfal cinereous.

I)orf,y^: peel. 18: vent. I : an, '^ : caud. 16 rays.

Capiflrd-
tus.

Tail entire; dorfal fpines 12; a purple fpot furrounded
with white near the tail.

Inhabits Jamaica : about 3 inches long ; body white with
brown lines ; fcales rather large,

£yes \ery large ; ocular band black, edged with white ; gill-
cover lea-green, of 2 pieces ; fns ycUowifli, the rays branch-
ed; dorfal and anal bordered with brown, the fpines fea-
green ; near the caudal a black band.

Dorf."^: pect.i^: vent. I: an. f^: caud. i6 nys.

•a •

Vagabunr "TaW entire; dorfal fpines 13; body flrfate ; fnout cylin-
dus. drjcal.

Inhabits

FISHES. THORACIC. 27. Chcetodon. 773

Inhabits India: body yellow, with brown lines; above the
eves a black band, another at the end of the trunk, and a
third through the middle of the tail ; fcalcs of the body
large, of the head fmall ; flelh good.

Iris brown ; gill-cover of 2 pieces, the membrane loofc ; vent
nearer the tail ; Jins yellqw, the rays branched ; dorfal^ anal
.md raudal edged with black.

Di->rf. ■' : p'cl, 15 : vent. ^ : an, ^^ : caud. 18 rays.

Ciliarir. Tall entire ; dorfal fpines 14; gill-covers fpinous ; fcales
cillate.

Inhabits India ; body grey with 4 brown bands.

Iris roddifti-white ; mouth very fmall ; lips large ; jaws equal ;
gill-covers with 3 fpines, the hinder one longed ; lateral lins
parallel to and near the back ; vent in the middle of the
body ; fins edged with brown, the rays branched ; a (hull
black ring before the dorfal.

Dor/. II : peel, no : vent, I: an. ,\ : caud. 16 rays.

Saxatilis. Tail bifid; dorfal fpii)cs 14; ventral fins pointed; teetli

notched.
Jnh.ibits Brafil, India and Arabia; among beds of coral;

8 inches long *, bcdy white, with 6 black bands ; fcales very

large ; flefli not eaten.
Eysi large, iris yellow ; aperture of the gills very large, the

membrane loofe ; lateral line interrupted at the dorfal fin ;

fins large, black ; tail forked.
Dorf. {% : pcB. 16: vent. I: an. f^: caud. 15 rays,

Rotuudus. Dorfal fpines 23 ; body with 5 pale bands.
Inhabits South America and India,
Body cinereous, rounded.
Dorf. II: pcct. 10 : vent, i: an. \ : caud. — rays.

lanceola- Tail entire ; body with 3. bands, one acrofs the eyes, ano-
tus. ther acrofs the brealt, and a third from the anterior

dorfal fin to the tail. •

Inhabits India ; body oblqng, lanceolate.
Bands black, edged with grey. '

Aureus, Golden ; a fpine near the cheek-bone ; dorfal fpines 12.
Inhabits the Caribbee Iflands : body oval, coatecl with hard
denticulate fcales.

Iri:.

77* FISHES. THORACIC. 27. Chxtodon.

/m reddifh ; mouth fmall ; tips ^rong; teeth kt^ctous', gilL
cover of a fingle piece ; lateral line a little arched ; Jins yel-
low, green ,at each end, the rays branched; pectoral and
caudal rounded, the reft falcate ; pectoral and ventral with-
out fcales.

Dor/. .": pe£i. 12: vent, 6: an» f^: caicd. 15 rays.

J^perator. Body longitudinally ftreaked : dorfal fpines 14.

Inhabits jfapan ; yellow, the rays blue ; fcales behind the pec-
toral and ventral fins large ; fleih delicious.

Head large ; iris golden, furrounded with a blue arch ; mouth
fmall ; lips large ; jazos equal ; teeth long, fetaceous ; gill-co-
ver of 2 pieces, marked with a blue ftreak ; lateral line near
the back, and bending down at the end of the dorfal fin,
rays of the fins branched ; dorfal and anal thick, rigid,
rounded.

Porf. l^^: peB, 18: yent.l; an, ^^: caud. 16 r^ys.

Dux, Body fafciate : belly with 7 fpines: dorfal fpines 14.

Inhabits India-: body white, with blue ftreaks edged with

brown ; fcales very fmall.
Iris wliite, blue and brown ; mouth narrow ; jaws equal ; gill-

cover of one thin piece ', lateral line near and parallel to the

back and bending at the end of the dorfal fin ; pectoral fins

fliort, pellucid, rounded.

Dorf. ly. peci.iS: vent, I: an..]: caurf. 14 rays.

Cuttatus. Body fpotted : dorfal fpines 13, ventral 2.

Inhabits Japan; body long, narrow, covered with minute
fcales, above cinereous, beneath white, and fpotted with
tawnv.

Hyes large, round, iris dulkv-yellow ; mouth large; jazvs
equal ; teeth fharp ; lips thick, the upper protrufile and re-
ti-actile ; gill-cover of one thin long piece, covering the
membrane; lateral line, originating at the cover, (lightly
arched, nearer the back, and interrupted at the end of the
* dorfal fin ; fins without fcales, the rays branched ; pectoral

yellow-brown ; dorfal and anal cinereous ; tail yellow with
cinereous fpots.

■^^^* »3 • P^^^' V5 : 'vent. * : an. If, : caud, 16 rays,

y^r-^. Dorfal fpines 10: anal 5.

Inhabits

FISHES. THORACIC. 27. Chxtodon^ 775

Inhabits South America ; 16 inches long ; feeds onfmall aquatie
animals ; body black, the fides grey ; I'cales on the trunk
large, edged with yellow ; fle{h eatable.

£>rjl'mall, iri3 golden ; lower Jaiu longer; gill-cover oi 2 pieces,
terminating downwards in a' Ipine and covering the membrane ;
vtnt in the middlt; of the body ; pectoral and caudal fins
fliort, rounded ; the refl long, falcatJe j before the pe£loral
fins a yellow fpot.

Pect. 14 : vent, 6 : cand. 15 rays.

Pav&, Dorfal fpines 14 ; body oblong.

Inhabits India. Exhibits a beautiful difplay of colours.

Head and breaji yellow-brown, I'pottcd with blue and marked
near the eyes with blue lines ; iris greenifli- white ; moutk
fmall ; gill-cover of one piece, the membrane Icole ; lateral
line parallel with the back and interrupted at the end of the
dorfel fin ; tevt in the middle of the body ; rays of the fins
branched ; pectoral Ihort, pellucid ; ventral with a third
between them.

DorJ.^!, ; peci. 15: vent. I', an. '^ : caud, ig rays.

Vefpertilic, Dorfal fpines 5 ; dorfal and anal fins bpoad ; tail with a

black band.
Inhabits India ; body cinereous^- beneath paler, very thin ;

Icales minute.
Head without fcales ; iris yellowifh-filvery ; mouth fmall ; lipi

thick; gill-cover oi z Y>KCGh filver-gilt ; (at er at line zrch^A',

Jins cinereous^ the rays branched ; the icaly part of the dotjal

and a«fl/^yellowifh.
Dorf,^^ : pect. 18 : vent. 6 ; an. ^^x caud. 17 rays.

Univiacxi-
tus.

Dorfal fpines 13 j fides marked with a black fpot.

Inhabits India : body white, with ttanlverfe brown line»^ back
cinereous ; fcales large.

Iris white, brown without ; over the eyes a black band; jaws
equal ; gill-cover of 2 pieces ; lateral line near to and parallel
with the back; ^ns yellowifh, the rays branched ; anal 3nd
dorfal ihort and rounded at the edge; tail bro-wn at the bale,

I^orf. j^ : ped. 4 ; vent. 6 : an. •^^: caud, i6 rays.

Bicolor, Upper half of the body brown, lower and tail white.

Inhabits iSoufA America and India j oblong.

Hiad

«,;6 .^ IRISHES. THORACIC. 2^. Chretodoii.

Head thick; eyes hrgc, iris fil very; gill-cover hrgc, fpinous,
ferrate, of one piece ; fins liguif the rays branched; dorjat
and aiiiil covered entirely with fcales ; ventral hnall ; pectoral
pellucid; <}LOii-A f pines 15, anal 3.

Dorf. II: peB. 14 : vent, i : an, ,^ : caud. 16 rays.

Margind' pins margined and pointed; dorfal fplncs I2.

''*- • Inljabits gravelly fliores of the Cdribbecs : feeds on IpfTer fifh ;

body yelloNv, beneath and heijd whitifh, with 8 pale brown
♦ 'bands; fcales large ; fie fh good.

jL^ei oblong, Iris fil very; gilLmembrane look \ re/if nearer the
tail; Jins without fcales, the rays branched, yellow on the
fore and cinereous on the hind-part ; tail forked, entirely
yellow.
Dorf. ^^ : peEl, 12 : vent. 8 : an. i6 ; caud. 20 rays.

Chifurgus. Dorfal fpines 14, caudal i.

Inhabits the Caribbee iflands ; body yellow with 5 narrow
violet bands, beneath blueifli ; tlefli ^ioodi

Head large, violtt ; a black C|30t at the mouth and cheeks ;
cj £5^ round, iris white and brown ; vipperjrtw longer '. vent
nearer the mouth than the tail ; Jins without fcales; pectoral,
ventral and unal vioktj the latter with yellow bars ; dorjal
varied with yellowt and violet ; tail yellow at the bafe, and
violet towards the edge.

Dorf. II: pe5i. i6 : vent. I: an. ,1: caud. 16 nys.

Rhovibci- Dorfal fpines 5, anal 2.
^<-'-^» Inhabits the American ocean: body rhombic, green, beneath

yellow, the interftices of the 3 bands on the belly white.

Itead filvery, truncate on the fore-part ; eyes large, round, iris
white and red ; mouth larger, teeth Imaller than others of its
tribe ; gill-membrane of 2 lemilunar pieces, the membrane
loofe ; lateral line a little curved ; vent in the middle of the
body ; dorfal fin green, pecloral and ventral yellow at the
bafe, and violet toward the edge; anal and caudal edged
with green.

■^^^« et = P^'^f' 18: vent. [: an. ^: caud. 26,

Ciauciis, Lateral line ftralght ; dorfal fpines 5.

Inhabits yimcr:ca/ nearly 1 4 foot long; body oblong, above
blue, beneath filver)-, with 6 fhort narrow brown ftreaks ;
flelh well-tailed.

FISHES. THORACIC. 27. Chxtodon. 777

tyes fmall, iris yellow ; mouth large ; lips tjiick, with many
bones ; aperture of the gills narrower, the membrane loofe ;
Jins with branched rays; ventral very fmall, ending in a long,
narrow point, and like the pectoral whitifli ; the other fin*
blackifh ; anal without fpines.

Dor/. 4 : pert. 12 : ve7it. l: am 17: caud. 20 rays,

Pliimicri, Dorfal fJns 2 ; head without fcales.

Inhabits the llony fhores of the Avitrlcan feas ; body oblong,
coated with fmall fcales, above brownifh, cinereous at the
fides, beneath white, and marked with 6 greenifh bands;
fie 111 good;

liead above brown, white at the fides; iris greenifh-white ;
lips thick ; gill-cover of 2 pieces ; lateral line arched ; Jins
without fcales, greenifh, the rays branched ; all the fpines of
the firft dorfal fin yellowifh.

Dorf. 5, 35 : ptSl, 14 ; vent. \ : an. \^: caud. 12 rays,

Ocellatus, A black band acrofs the eyes ; dorfal fin with 12 fpines and

an occUate fpot ; anal fpines 3.
Inhibits India j body yellow, beneath white ; the fcales on th^

trunk large.
yaws equal, prominent ; lips thick ; gill-cover of one fhort

golden lamina, the membrane loofe ; later al lint ^xz^^r . \v.-

terrupted at the dorfal fpot; Jins cinereous with bianchtd

rays.
Dorf.'^y. pcct. i6': vent. I: an, ^l: caud. x&.

Curacao. Dorfal fpines 13^ anal 2.

\n\\2\yit.s South America J body thick, browmlh, the fides with
filver^' fcales edged with violet.

Head large ; iris white ; jaws equal ; tips thick ; gill-covfr
broad, violet, covered with large icales ; lateral line compofed
of oblong white fcales, ftrtiight and interrupted at the dorfal
fin ; vent in the middle of the body ; Jns yellow, the rays
branched ; tail forked.

Dorf. II'. pect. 12: vent «: an. J: c<^ud. x 6 rays.

Mauritii, Dorfal fpines 11, anal 3.

Inhabits Brajil : 2 feet long; body long, blue, the fides paler,

with 6 black narrow bands, beneath white ; flelh good.
/n.f yellowifh-filvery ; mouth and aperture of the gills large,
hack a little arched ; lateral liyie nearer the back ; vent nearer
the tail ; rays of the fins branched; ventral yellow ; pectc-
ral dulky ; the reft pale blue,
Dorf. 11 : pect. 14 : vent% 6; crz, ,5: c<;«i, 18 rays.

Vol. I, — 5 G ^engalinf.;,

778 FISHES. THORACIC. 7. Chxtodon.

Ben^alen.' Body, with 5 bay bands : dorfal fpines 13, anal 2.
Jis» Inhabits Bengal ; body broad, white •, fcales on the trunk

large.
Iris yeliowifti-white ; aperture of the gill's large ; lateral line
{lightly arched near the back, and interrupted at its end ;
> vent nearer the tail -, Jins brown at the bafe and edged with

blue.
DoTf.\l: pect. 16: vent.l: an. ',: (raw i. 18 rays.

Octofafcia- Body with 8 brown bands : dorfal fpines ii, anal 3.
tus. Inhabits India : body violet-white.

Iris whitifh-yellow ; jaws prominent, equal ; lateral line
flightly curved ; vent in the middle of the body ; Jins Ihort,
brownifh at the bafe ; dorfal and anal edged with brown,
the reft cinereous.
Dorf. l\ : pect. 16 : vent. , : an. X' caud, 12 rays.

Annularis. Body brown with curved blue ftreaks : dorfal fpines 14,
anal 3 : lateral line with a fmall ring.

Inhabits India ; body coated with fmall fcales.

Iris filvery ; gill-covcr of 2 pieces, the anterior one toothed
and fpinous ; lateral line parallel with the back ; vent in the
middle of the body ; anal fin rounded, with a blue band ;
dorfal pointed, both deep brown, the reft, white.

D»\y. />. 16 : v.l: a. ^g : c. 16 rays.

Cellare* Head with 5 bands : dorfal fpines 12, anal 7.

Inhabits Japan ; body blue, beneath yellowilh ; fcales on the
trunk very large.

Hi'.ad Hoping down ; eyes large, iri.s blue ; lateral line bending
in an obtufe angle at the dorfal fin, and interrupted at its
end ; pectoral fins yellow ; ventral cinereous, the reft yel-
lowifh edged with brown ; dorfal with a yellow, caudal
with a brown band.

Dorf. ^J : pcM. 14 : vent, I: an. ,^ rays.

Mefomelas. Head with an ocular band : dorfal fpines 12, anal 3 ; gill-
cover with I fpine.

Inhabits Japan : body oblong, round, the fore-part blueifti-
white, the hind-part black ; fcales fmall.

'Eyes large ; gill-cover of 2 pieces and armed with leffer fpines
befides the large one ; lateral line near the back ; vent in the
middle of the body ; dorfal and anal fins black, the reft
white.

Dorf'^/, put. 16: vent. I: an, ^\: caucf, x6 rays,

laber.

FISHES. THORACIC. 27. Chietodon. 779

Faher, Body banded : dorfal fpines 9, the third very long : anal 3.
inhabits the Indian and American leas ; ii inches long; body

filvery, with 6 blueifh-black bands.
Iris yellow ; lateral line near and parallel with the arched

back. ; jins with branched rays ; p«^tora,l ai\d ventral black,

the rell bluejfh-black.

Darf, 3» : pect, 16 : vent, I : an, ^\ : caud, 20 rays.

C/ii!^nfis. Golden, with 5 different coloured bands : tail entire : dor-
fal fpines 1 1.

Inhabits the lea round Chili; 12 Inches long; body oval,
coated with minute fcales ; the firft band black, 2 next ci-
nereous, 2 laft black and cinereous.

Snout long; nojlrils 2, near the eyes; aperture of the giUs
arched, the cover of 3 pieces ; lateral line arched, hardly vi-
fible ; vent nearly in the middle of the body ; perioral finS
Ijnall and like the ventral pointed; dorfal large, yellow ;
caudal filvery, edged with yellow, fan-fliaped ; near the tail
an oval black fpot,

Longirof- Snout cylindrical: tail unarmed : dorfal fpines 11, anal 3.
tris. Inhabits the Pacific ocean ; body comprelTed, citron, beneath

ftriate, and coated with unequal obliquely imbricate fcales.
Head floping, brownifh, beneath filvery flcfh-colour ; pupil
brownifh, iris pale glaucous ; mouth large, oblong ; jaws
fubequal, with a few fmall unequal teeth ; tongue and palate
fmooth ; lateral line ftraight ; vent nearly in the linddle ;
dorfal and anal fins citron, a black line on the hind-part
and another edged with whitifli, the latter with a black fpot
near the tip ; ventral citron, the outer edge brownifli ; eau~
dal and pectoral pale blue, the latter yellowifh at the bafc.

^'11' P' ^5' ^'-l- ^' « • ^' 23 ray6.

Teira, Body with 3 black bands : dorfal and anal fins very long .*
dorfal fpines 5, anal 3. i

Inhabits the Arabian and Indian leas ; about a yard long ; feeds
on corals and teftaceous animals ; body white, broad and
long, floping on the fore-part ; fcales fmall, denticulate.

Iris reddifh-white ; mouth very {mall ; gill-cover of one picc« ;
lateral line compofed of white points; vent near the ventral
fins which are black, the reft; white,

^orf. 3* : pect, n : vent, 1 1 an, 4 : caud, t-j rays.

5 G 2 Orbicularis,

f8o FjtSHES. THORACIC. 27. Chxtodon,

Orbicularis Body routidifh, afhy-brown: dorfal fpines o.

Inhabits the ftony fliores of Arti^lna ; about a foot long ; body
refembling a ttat-fifh, fpotted with black, beneath whitifh,
behind yellowifli ; fcales round, -entire.

Sront Hoping perpendicularly ; iris yellow ; lips obtufe, equal ;
teeth moveable, numerous, the outer row 3-toothed at the
tip ; gill-cover entire, fcaly ; lateral line nearer but not pa-
rallel to the ba.ck ; before the dorjal and anal fins are the ru-
diments of fpines, each of them as well as the caudal thick,
flefhy. fcaly \ ventral oval, -within yellowifli, without
greenifh-brown, pellucid ; perioral pval lanceolate, green-
ifh-hrown.

JDcrf. jl: pect. 16: vent. J: an. 26; caud, 16 rays.

fafciatust Yellow : band acrofs the eyes black, one above the nape
white, and one through the fides rufty-brown.

Inhabits Arabia j 5 inches long ; fcales round, imbricate.

Jlead conic-obtufe ; upper lip protraftile ; lateral bands each
fide 8 ; dorjal fin at the bale with a tawny fillet, then black,
afterwards rufty-yellow, edged with yellow ; anal rufty-yel-
low ; ventral ytWo"^' ; pectoral Raucous', ?<2i7 truncate, yel-
loxvifli, with a brown band in the middle.

Horf. ]^'/pect. 16: vent. I: an. ,2: caud. 16 rays.

4^ri£a» ^ody blueifli-white with 16 oblique brown bands: fifth
ray of the dorfal fin long, filiform-

Inhabits the fliores of Arabia j 5 inches long, nearly rhom-
boid, and coated with rhombic fcales.

Jlead with aii ocuUr band, above flat, fcaly, reddifti-white,
and with 4 tranfverfe tawny bands ; iris black ; vionth com-
preffed, conic ; lips rounded, equal ; dorfal fin black at the
hinder edge ; anal varied with black and yellowidi-white ;
tail truncate, tawny ; lateral line curved.

DorJ. ^3; peel. 16 : vent. I: an. ^•. caud, 17 rays.

Mefulevcvi JFore-parl of the body white, hind-part brown with 12
black bands.
Inhabits Arabia ; 3 inches long ; body oval, with large rhom-
bic ciliate fcales ; through the eye a black band.
'Jlead conic, mrrow ; lateral line curved -, pelloral (ins glau-
cous; ventral white; dorfal and ^nai brown; tail black
with a broad glafs-green band at tip.
iforf. ^J ; pett. 16 : vent. I: 'ah» ^,: caud, fj rays.

4sfitr,

J'lSHES. THORACIC. 27. Chxtodon.. 7^1

A-f^r, Black with a tranfverfe yellow lunar-wedged band.
?• Blucifli with oblique blotches and fine violet lines.

Inhabits Arabia': '5 inches long; body oval, with rhombic

fcales difpofed in a quincunx and finely toothed.
Gitl-cover with a ftrong retroverted ipine, half an inch long;
lateral line curved, nearer the back ; dorfal and anal hns ho-
riiiontal, falcate ; tail rounded, tawny, edged with black.

Dorf. l\: pect. 12 ; vcnt» \ : an. ^l : caud. 16 rays.

Maculofus, Cinereous with tranfverfe blue fpofs : anterior gill-covers
onc-fpined.
Inhabits Arabia ; body oval-oblong, covered with ferrate fcales,
(triate and the edges broader near the head; behind the mid-
dle of the body a large tranfveirre golden Ipot.
Front between the eyes elevated, flat, fcaly ; gill-cover fcaly on
the fore-part, ferrate behind ; lateral line near and parallel
with the back ; pectoral fins oval ; ventral lanceolate ;
dorjal falcate behind ; anal triangular ; caudal entire, a little
rounded, cinereous with yellow dots.

Porf. j;: peEl. 19 : vent. I : an.\\ : caud. x6 rays.

^ordidus. Brovvn-a(h, oval, with 4 obfolete tranfverfe bands.

Inhabits Arabia j about a fpan long ; is found among beds of
coral ; body covered with broad fcales membranaceous at the
edge ; flefh good.
Gill-cover behind 2-toothed at the edge ; lateral line nearer the
back and not parallel ; Jins brown-afli ; pectoral oval ; ven-
tral ■pointed ; anal and dorfal rounded behind; tail fhort,
yellowifh, a-lobed, with a black fpot.

/). i^• p. 19: v.l: a. ,1: c. 14 rays.

Unicornis. Front horned : tail with 2 elevated ridges each fide.

Inhabits numeroufly on the Arabian coalls ; about an ell long ;

feeds on herbs ; body rough, fhining-grey, oblong-oval ;

flefh not well- tailed.
front floping, with an horizontal ftraight horn before the eyes ;

teeth rigid, in one row, the middle ones larger ; lips obtufe ;

lateral line parallel with and nearer the back ; aperture of

the gills fhort ; pectoral fins pointed, oval ; tail nanower

in the middle and truncate.

J)or/, ^ : petl. X7 : tent. \ : cm. j* : cfl'-i. "16 rays,

Sohif,

^82 FISHES. THORACIC. 27. Chcetodon.

Sohar, Tail with a bony ridge each fide in a red cavity.

Inliablts deep waters of the Arabian (hores ; about 3 fpans
long ; body oval, brown, with longitudirul violet lines, be-
neath whitifh ; refembles Ch. lineatus,

J^ead fcaly ; teeth contiguous, crenate, in one row ; lips
equal ; gill-cover entire ; lateral line obfolete ; Jiits coria-
ceous, violet ; peEloral vnih. a yellow fpot ; tail truncate in
the middle, the incurved angles twice as long.

P°^/' 39- p^^i' i-T' vent I: an. ^^: caud, 16 rays.

Kigrojuf- Black-brown ; tail 2-lobed with 2l recumbent fpine each
cus. fide.

2. Black ; bafe of the tail violet.

Inhabits deep waters of Arabia ; 5 inches long, 2) longer.

Firfl fpine of the dorfal and anal fins covered by the ikjn ;
hinder edge of the tail whitifh, the lobes falcate, lateral fpine
fpear-fubulate, and may be erefted from the cavity.

Dorf, 23 : peel, 1=^ : vent. 6 : an. 26 : caud, i6 rays.

Bijafdatus Tail bifid, yellow ; head with 2 black bands.

Inhabits viraiid; body fil very, oblong-oval.

Crown wrinkled ; iris filvery ;. jaws full of hemifpherical cal-
lofities ; upper lip longer ; anterior gill-cover ferrate behind,
pofterior with a bony point behind; ventral fins black; dor.
Jal and caudal yellow ; pectoral half yellow, half white ; la-
teral line curved, near the back.

Dorf. ^ : ptEl. 16: vent. I : an, 2,: caud. 17 rays.

Fidus, Whitifii with oblique violet lines; eyes and tail with a
black band.

Inhabits Arabia : nearly reftangular ; fcales broad, ferrate, ob-

• liquely imbricate : violet lines 18.

Crown with 5 tranlverfe tawny lines ; /?io2/i prominent; lips
equal ; lateral line curved ; dorfal fin black, rounded be-
hind ; tail truncate, with a golden crefcent in the middle,
edged with brown.

D. '^: p. 16: v. I: a. ^^ : c. 23 rays.

Confi-ri^

FISHES. THORACIC. 28. Sparus^ 783

Conjlrictus Body conftridled in the middle;

Inhabits Nezu Holland. Zool. N. Holl. tab. 6.
Body greenifh with 7 tnnfverfe bars ; head Imall ; mouth ob-
lique ; upper gilt-cover ferrate, with an incurved fpine on
the edge, about the middle ; dorfal fins 2.»

Canicula- All the fpines grooved.
tu's. Inhabits Sumatra. Linn. Tranf. 3. ^3.

Body above greenifh-yellow, beneath whitilh with paler fpots ;

fcales fmall, oboval ; flefli good.
Iris fil very- yellow ; gill-cover oi 2 pieces; lateral line parallel
with the back ; vent between the ventral fins and nearer the
head ; Jins greenilh, without fpots ; tail bifid.
Dorf. ^^ ; pect. 18 : vent. \: an. I', caud. 18 rays,

Trifacia' Body with 16 brown longitudinal ftreaks ; head with g
tits, black bands.

Inha!bits Sumatra : 3 inches long. Linn. Tranf. 3. 34.

Body with a black band, edged with yellow in the dorffil fin,
another at the bafe of the anal fin, and a third through the
middle of the tail ; fcales ciliate, large on the trunk and
fmall on the head.

Iris brown ; mouth very fmall ; gill-cover of 2 pieces ; la-
teral line near the back, and broken at the end of the dorlal
fin ; vent nearer the tail ; Jins yellow ; tail fomewi"iat
rounded.

Dorf, ^ : pe^, 14 : vent. I: an, ^\ : caud, 16 rays.

28. SPARUS. Teeth (generally) flrong ; the
grinders fomewhat obtufe and crowd-
ed : /tj^i doubled : gill-membrane ^-v^.y
ed ; the cover fcaly : body compref-

^ fed : lateral-line curved on the hind-
part ; peroral Jins rounded.

A, Marked with a black fpot,

*Auratxis, Between the eyes a femilunar gold fpot.

Lunulated Gilt-head.
Inhabits

*iU J^iSHES. THORACIC. 28. ^parus.

inhatiits the Me.dittrranr.an and European feas ; feeds chiefly
on fhell-fifii, which it grinds with its ftrong teeth before it
fwallows ; about lo pounds weight ; rtcfli rather coarfe.

Irids liK'ery ; back very Ihaip, d ufky- green ; on the upper
part of the gilts a black Ipot, and a purple one beneath ; to-
wards the tail a black ipot : dorfal fin extending nearly the
whole length of the back ; tail much forked.

iiorj, \\\ ;&. 16-: z^; 6 : d ^^ : c. x'] rays

Annularis^ Yclldwifh, with a black ocellate fpot near the t;»il.
Inhabits the Adriatic lea.

Sargus. Body with black bands, and a black ocellate fpot near the
tail.

Inhabits the fouthern parts of Europe : body oval, broad ; teeih
equal, cAjtufc ; tail forked.

Dorf. II : pefl. 16 : vent. 6: an. ,^ : caud. — rays.

Mdanufus Body with longitudinal lines and a tlaek ocellate fpot near
the tail.
Inhabits fouthern European fcas.

Svuzris, A black ocellate fpot on each fide ; pectoral fins ajid tail
red.
Inhabits fouthern parts of Europe.

Mxna. Body variegated ; a blackifh fpot on the fidts. ;:

Inhabits the Mediterranean fea.

Sa.xatilis. Body whitifh i a black ocellate fpot at the bafe of the
tail.

Inhabits Surinmn.

Snout deprefled ; tail rounded.

^ ^^!/- M : /'• »6 : Vi ;: a. .J : f. 17 rays.

Crphus. A black ocellate fpot at the tail ; head red^fli ; tail
entire^

}*untdzze. Mouth cufpidate ; taU entire, partly black.

Inhabits the {hores of Sardinia; in fiae and colour nearly al-
lied to Sp. fargus.

Argent a-

■' ' FISHES. THORACIC. aS.Sparus. 785

Argentatus A black fpot behind the gills.

Inhabits Japan: 6 inches long; body coated with filvery

leaks ; before the eyes are 2 iiollrils, ,j,

Dorf. ^9 : pect. 16 : vent. ^ : an. J: caiid. 18 rays.

Notdtus^ Dorfal fin divided ; gi-ll-covers and tail fpotted v/ith black.
Inhabits Japan i head coated with filvery icales nearly a finger

long.
Dorf. j^, gj put. 10, ventftil, an. li, caud. 14 rays.

B. Body mojily red.

Erythinus. Tail nearly entire ; body red. ^

Inhabits European^ American and Japan feas ; is often eaten,
but frequently proves poifonous ; iris filvery,
I' E>orf. 'J, pect» 19, vent. 6, an. .!], caud. 18 rays.

InfidiatoYt Body red, yellowilh at the fides ; tail a little forked.
^^ Inhabits the Indian fea ; 10 inches long ; catches aquatic infefts

^^' like the Chaetfiidon roftratus, by its fnout which it can

lengthen out into a tube ; body brojrfdilh, fat, coated with
large fcales of a metallic-green colour at the edge ; when dead
it becomes brown •, flefh eatable.
Hea^d comprefled^fealy ; eyes lateral ; jazos divided, each with
2 large ftraight conic teeth in the middle ; gill-covers very
entire ; firfl; Lateral line nearer the back, beginning at the end
of the dorfal fin, the other ftraight ; vent nearly in the mid-
^ -i' die ; Jins yellowifh ; dorfal and anal with green fmall bands,

the laft ray but one of the anal very long.
Dorf. ,^, pect. 11, vent, 6, an, ?, caud. 11 raysi

*Formofus Red ; longitudinal marks on the bo^ and tip of the tail
blue. « '

This filh is preferVedin the Liver'ian Mufeum^ and Dr. Shaw,
,:, who has given a beautiful figure of it in the Naturalijt's

a... Mifcellany, *. 3 1, fufpefts it to be Britijh.

The fore-part of the dorfal and edge of the anal fins are blue,

*Pagriis. Rsddilh ; fkin at the end of the dorfal and artal fins gathered

1 up and hiding the laft rays. Red Gilt-head.

Inhabits European feas ; in fhapc, teeth and fize refembles Sp.

auratus ; iris filvery; infides of the gill-covers, mouth and

tongue fine red ; at the bafe of the perioral fins a ferruginous

fpot ; fcaks large ; tail forked.

Vol. I. ^i- 5 H Spinijeu

-86 FISHES. THORACIC. a8. Sparus. '

^.blnifir.. Dorfal fpines recumbent, the 5 middle one^filiform and
longer.

Inhabifs the nroddy dee^s of the Red Sea : a fpan and half long ;
■"ftody lilvery'-reddil'h -, back with darker lines ; fcales broad,
very entire, obfcureiy ftreaked; fiefli verȣxcellent.

//(fdd' Hoping ; cr<ja),f. convene, nake<i, punfi^red; eyti remote,
iris filveiy, above and. beneath golden ^"^ lips ver}' obtufe, the
upper longer, protrstlile; Jvre-tectk in each jaw 4, coaic,
remote, the exterior ones largei", grindei-s numeraus, crowd-
ed, hcmUphscncal ; '.J^tl-ccvtrs fcaly, \'ery entire ; dorjal and
anal fpines placed in a cavity; lateral hnt curved, nearer
and not parallei witn' the hack ; tail pale, the hinder edge red.

^^^J^-lili pect, 16, vciit.l.) '^^^ lit caud, i6 i"ays,

^'
Pdlptbra- Chefnut-red ; eyes pale yeiiow, covered with a loofe ycl-

tus, lowifti membrane.

Inhabits Ambdina ; sefembies a perch, but the head is obtufer.

Head blackifli ; front fulcate ; exterior' lamina oi ^^ giU-covtrs
with 2 fpines ; lateral lint elevated, with 5 papillae beginning
at the iiead and difpofed in a row. .,

Dorf, 22, pect» 16, vtiit^ 6, an. 16, caud. 20 rays, *?

C. Boxfy marked with Ihtes,

Boops, Longitudinal lines dulky, the 4 lower ones gold and Hlvery.
Inhabits the fea round Jfapcn,
Dorf, 30, an, i^rays,

Canthartts* Tail without fpots ; body with yellow longitudinal lines.
Inhabits the coall of Tufcany. Iris lilvery.

Chromis, Tail bifid ; fecond ray of the ventral fins fetaceous.

Inhabits Ibuthern Europe. -i^

DorJ. 23, pect. 17, vetit.^^ an, 12, c^twi.— -rays, ^

Salpd, Tail bifid ; body with 1 1 tawny longitudinal lines.
Inhabits the Mediterranean fea.
^orf.l\^ pect, iS^ Vint. 6, an, ^^^ caud. f] Xiys,

t
Saria. Oblong-oval, filvery, with numerous obfolete ftripes ;
ventral fins yellow with a golden line each fide near
them.

Inhabits

•r

FISHES. THORACIC. 28. Spams. 7S7

Tnhahits the h«-b3ceous and coral coafls of Arabia : body bread
t overed with broad ei:itire Icales ; longitudinal ftripcs browTi-
ifh, each iide t-j •, fleih plcalkit.

Crown brown, polilhed, naked, fubconvex ; fore-teeih conic,
griiidershemilphxncal ; pli-cmiers fnina; latcrai tinen^^rtr
tHe" back and very httlc curved ; pectoral fins lauceolae^,
whitifb, half as long agaiaas the ventral ; ventral and anai
yellow, the i'pines of the latter and caudal hid in a cavity;
tail'hihd, bro^vn-glau<ams, yellow beneath.

^orf.ll, peci. 16, vent, l^ an, ^l, caud. I'j rays.

Synagris, Yail bifid, red; body purplifh with 7 gold lines each fide.
Inhabits South Amcrka,

Rhomhoi' Tail entire ; back caniculate ; body with yellow lines.
f HCi^ Inhabits America : is there called the Salt-water Bream.

Teeth obtule ; between the roots of the pectoral and dorjal fins

a black fpot ; ventral^ a%at and caudal i\.ns tawny.
DorJ."^^ pect, 16^ vent.li an, ^l, caud./zorsiys.

Latus, Yellowidi ; head filvery ; fcales longitiidinally imbricate.
Inhabits Japan : 3 inches long, i\ broad.
■^0'C/» «t5 pect. 12, vcntl, an. ,^,, caud 18 rays.

Firgatus. Xail forked ; body deprefled, oblong, ftriped with fcales.

Inhabits Japan : ^\ inches long : head obtufe.
Porf. X, pect. 12, vent.%. an. ,3, caiici. 22 rays.

JIaffura. Silvery with 14. obfolete yellowifh-brown brown lines each
fide ; tail bifid.
Inhabits the muddy fhores of Arabia : a fpan long ; flefh good.
Fore-teeth in each jaw, ftrong, remote, obtufe ; within ihtjawj

are many hem ifph aerie tubercles.
Dorf. [\, pect. 15, vent \, an. ,^, caud. 18 rays,

Bcrda,. Whiti(h-afh ; lateral fcales with each a tranfverfe brown
band in the middle ; dorfal fpines recumbent.

Inhabits the Red Sea ; body oval ; back gibbous with obfolete
bands, beneath wliite ; fcales broad, round, entire.

Crown naked, convex, Hoping; iris white; nofirils large,
linear, with a conic cirrus before them ; upper lip longer,
protra6lile ; gill-covers entire ; lateral line nearer the back ;
fins, brown ; pectoral lanceolate, hyaline ; tail 2-lobed.

Dor/. H^ pect f t/^f vent, I J c«, ,^, caud, 16 rays,

5 H 2 ^ Chilenfts,

^88 FISHES. THORACIC. 28. Sparus.

ChiUnfis, Tail bifid ; body with tranfverfe brown lines each fide.

Inhabits Chili : 6 feet long, oval, depreffed, coated with large
rhomboidal margaritaceous fcales fpotted with white ; fielli
good.
Head fmall, floping, fmoothifli ; cyei large, lateral, iris> filvery ;
jaws fubequal ; fore-teeth conic, grinders obtufe ; tongue
fmooth -, gill-cover of 2 pieces ; lateral line curved,' obfolete,
parallel with the back ; vent in the middle of the body •,
dorfal fin declined.
^o^f--Ai pect, I'j, vent.lt an. ,1, caud. -^ rzys,

, '**
D, Various.

Chryfops, Tail femilunar ; back groove4 ; iris golden.
Inhabits Carolina : body blueifh.
Head with blue blotches ; pectoral, ventral, anal and caudal

fins red.
I>orf^ l^,- pect. i'j, vent, 6, ak, J, cfl«c/. 19 rays.

Argyrops, Tail femilunar ; back grooved ; iris filvery.

Inhabits 'Jamaica and Carolina : vefembles the lad-
Three fir ft rays of the dorfal fin ending in a long briflle,
Dorf. '^: peci. i-j : vent. 6 : an. 5 : caud. 20 rays.

Dtntex. Tail bifid ; body variegated ; 4. of the teeth larger.
Inhabits Europe and the Capt of Good Hope.
-^"'il/* w • p^^l- 16: vent. 6: an. f , : caud. 15 rays,

Spinus. Tail bifid ; dorfal fpjne recumbent.
Inhabits South America and India.
Body painted with blue recurved blotches.
Dorf. ly. peEln 16 : vent, \ : an, ,3: caud. 16 rays.

Rddiatus, Tail entire ; lateral line compofed of linear fcales divided
into 3 bifid branches. Ptidding-fijh.

Inhabits Carolina: above green, purple at tfie fides, beneath
rufous ; head varied with blue, yellow and green ftreaks.

/rij golden, blue, and reddifh ; e>'e^ro&..r punftured ; upper ///>
duftile; teeth conic, the 2 fore-ones larger; gill-covers Wxih a
purple and a yellow fpot ; /^z^era/ /zkc parallel with the back,
deflefted at tlie end of the dorfal "fin ; fins variegated; tail
rounded.

Dorf, I' : peEl, j2 : vent, 6 : en. %: caud, 17 rays.

Virnnicus.

FISHES. THORACIC. 28. Spams. 789

Virginicus. Tail bifid ; body with 2 black tranfverfe bands and nume-
. rous blue longitudinal lines.
Inhabits A''o?-</i America.

Gill-covers fubferrate ; longitudinal lines parallel ; ^ft band
over the eyes, the other from the fhoulders to the^eftor4
fins ; tail 2-Iobed, obtufe.
Durf.l): i^ct, 18: vent, g: an. ,]: caud. 18 rays.

M<irmyrus. Tail bifid ; body with numerous filvery and black bands.

Inhabits Tufcany.

Upper jaw longer.

Dorf. ^3: peEi. 14: vent. I', an. ,] : caud. 18 rays.

Capi/ira- Tail entire ; body reticulate with white.
tuu Inhnt^ts America : body oblong; fcales loofely imbricate, with

a white band bent into a right angle before the edge.
Fore-teeth large, above 2, beneath 4 ; dorfal fin nearly as long ^ ^

as the back.
Dorf. 4: pett. 12 : vent. I : an. ^\', caud. 14 rays.

Galilceus. Tail entire ; body above greenifh, beneath white.
Inhabits the lake Genazareth in GaUilea.
Dorf. ;j : pe£l. 1 1 ; vent. 7 : an. ,^ : caud. 20 rays,

Fufcefcens Brownifh ; fcales golden ; near the pectoral fins a black
fpot.
Inhabits Japan: 4 inches long.
DorJ.'l'. peEi. 16: vent.\: an. ^^'. caucf. — rays.

* Nigtr, Back black ; fides brighter ; belly filvery.

Toothed Gilt-head,
Found in Yorkjhire, PennanVs Brit. Zool. 3. 243.
Body 26 inches long, 10 broad; eyes large; teeth in the lower ^
jaw flender, fharp, ^nd on each fide a flender canine tooth,
in the upper jaw a fingle row ; firft 7 rays of the dorfal fin
high, the reft; low, this fin and the anal covered with im-
bricate fcales.

29. SCARUS

roo FISHES. THORACIC. 29. Scaruj>

, 29. SCARUS. Inftead of teeth ftrong bony
procefTes, crenate at the edges : gilU
mevibrane 5-rayed, the covers very
entire : lateral line mofliy branched.

Sxv'utatus. Jaws continuous, fmoothed, ferrate, with mof! minute
teeth at the edges, the teeth approximate, filiform,
growing a Httle Tefs from tlie middle of the lip.

Inhabits y4rai{>m ; near a yard long; body l^lueifh with black
fpots and longitudina! yellow rivukts ; feeds on herbs ; fca)es
very minute. ; f^efh eatable, though the ipines of the rays
produce a temporary inilammation,

Firft and kft ray of the ventral fins fpinous; a fpine before the
dcrjal Sn ; tail forked. • ,

Dor J. .^^ : j:?. 15 : u. ^; a, ,^: c. i-j rays.

SieUatzis; Body 'qyal, flellate with contiguous nearly hexagonal

fpot&.
Inhabits Arabia, among banks of coral ; half a foot long ;

feeds on herbs i fcales round, fmall.
Crown flattifh, with 2 longitudinal obtufe ridges, converging

on the fore-part ; eyes remote, iris yellow ; vofirils each fide
a double ; iips equal ; gill-covers fcaly^ filiate behind ; vent
- covered by the ventral fins ; lateral line not cpnlpicuous ;

pe floral fins obtufe, yellowiCh, the red black; dorfal and

aHffl/fobtufe behind ; tail 2-Lobed, obtuie, with yellow Motches

at the fide.
D. ^\ : p. 16 : V. '^: a. ,] : c. 17 rays.

iJhohban. "YdW even ; jaws whitlfli ; patches on the head and outer
edge of the fins green-blue. .

Inhabits Arabia; body whitifli ; fcales with each a tranfverfe
blueifli ftripe in the middle and one at the bale, alfo with
brown longitudinal ftreaks.

Lips yellowiCb at the edge^ green-hlue at the bafe ; lateral line
double, one near the back, the other commencing before this
hniflies, and running ftraight through the middle of the
tail ; pectoral fins obtufe, hyaline, the upper edge at the
bale only blue, the reft veddifli-violet ; dorfal and anal with
M'ith a green-blue longitudinal flripe at the baf^ ; tail trun-
cate, greenifh behind,

Z), 19 : ^. 34 : V, 6 : a. 12 : c. 12 rays,

Ferru^i-

FISHES. THORACIC. 29. Scarus. 791.

Rufly-brown : jaws and outer edge of t}i,c fins green :
tail even.
Inhabits Ardl)ia ; body oblong-oval-

jfaxos bind in the middle, thin at the edge, hlae-git^ ; lateral
/i«« double, one near the back, the other in the middle, ter-
minating at tlie end of the lirll; ftct-oMl ftns rvifly-brown ;
ventral axi.<2i. anal,, violet; derfal and caudal yellowifli, the
latter with long lanceolate icaies at the bale.

Dorf. lov'p^ct. 13 : ve%i, 6 : an, 12: caud. 13 rays.

Jaws reddifli: body rufly-brown: fins more dufkyz tail
even.

Inhabits Arabia : body narrow, ©blon^.

Jaxes cleft, a little, moveable, not covered by the lips, and thin
at the edge ; iattral lines 2, ftxal^it, one beginning where
the other ends ; vr.niral ^ns violet ; dor fat brown, with 9
fimple rays; ajtOil with 3 fimple rays; pectoral with cm-i
fVmple ray, and lilie the cauded yellowifti. '

Dorf. 20 ; pect. 14: voit. 6; av., 12: caud, 12 rays.

Tail forked, the bafe covered with fcales in the middle.

Inhabits Arabia : body beneath pale violet ; icaies large
aud'lax.

H^ad and throat naked ; jazos eminent, clie&, the crenate
edges in the lov^'er foinetimes enlarging into 2 Tubulate teeth ;
upper tip longer, \wh a canine conic tooth each fide ; late-
ral line flraight, double, one near the back, beginning at the
nape and reaching to the end of the dorlal fin, the other in
the middle, reaching from the middle of tlie fide t<^ the tail ;
perioral fins yellowilh ; dorjal and awiiLpale violet, coria-
ceous ; tail lunate, violet .

Dorf, 10: pect. 15 : t:ent.J^ : an. 13: caud. 11 rays.

Golden, with 5 brown fpots each fide : back brownifh :
tail nearly even.
Inhabits jfava : fize of Cyptinus rutilus; body comprefTed,

broad, covered entirely with large fcales.
Head a little thicker than the body, flattiHi above ; eyes lai^e ;
iris tawny ; mouth afcending ; lower jaw longer ; palate
bony, rough, the arch carinate ; tongue flat, pointed, the tip
-ioofe ; pectoral fins pointed ; ventral triangular, joined to the

bcHv

^92 FISHES. THORACIC. 30. tabrus.

belly by a perpendicular fnembrane, with a lanceolate fcale
each fide; dorjal ^ little flefhy at the bafe, extending half
way down the back.
3^ DorJ. ,\: pe6i.i/^: vent. I: an, ,%: caud, tfrzy^.

i^ridis., Body green: lateral line interrupted. *

Inhabits Japan ; fize of a carp. Nat. MifccL tab. 286.

30. LABRUS. Teeth fharp : lips fimple t
gill-membrane with about 6 rays ; the
covers fcaly -. dorfal fin with a flender
fkin beyond the end of each ray :
lateral line flraight.

A. Tail forked.

Scarus. Trarifverfe appendages at the fides of the tasL
inhabits the coafts of Gretce.

Cretenfts. Body greenifh : teeth 4*

Inhabits Candia and the adjacent places. ^

Anthias* Body entirely reddifli.

Inhabits fouthern Europe and America, ^

Gill-covets ferrate. This is more probably a perch;

Hepatiis. Lower jaw longer : body with tranfverfe black lines
/ each fide.

Inhabits the Mediterranean fea, ^ >,;

Dorfal fin with a black fpot behind the fp^ous rays.
Dorf. ,^° : pect. 13 : vent. 6 ; an. 9 : caud. — rays»

Grijeus, Tail fubbifid: body pale grey.

Inhabits America. 4'

Gates BY has figured this filh withoojt peftoral fins.

JLunarius.

#

FISl^ES. THORACIC. 3^0. Labrus. 7^3

Lunarius. Caudal fin truncate in the middle.; dorfal and anal with a
purple line; lips folded.

Inhabits South America and India ; body gblontj.
-^^'/- ^V P^'^^' ^5' ^'Cnt.S: an, \,-, caud. 16 rays.

Gallus. Caudal fn truncate in the middle ; dorfal and anal with
violet lines at the bafe ; lower lip with a doubling
each fide.

Inhabits Arabia, and is accolinted very polfonous ; body dufky-
green with violet lines all over the body; belly with 2 blue
llripeSj and a greqn one in the middle ; fcales lax, ftriate,
membranaceous at the edgCj and marked with a tranfverfe
purple band. .

Ej^'Cs remote, iris green, the edge of the pupil red ; teeth In one
row, the middle ones larger and remote, the reft contiguous ;
lateral line a little branched, bent downwards near the end of
the dorlal fin; pectoral fins oval, blue, the middle violet;
ventral blue, the lecond ray ending in a long thread; dorfal
and anal blue at the outer edge ; tail yellow in the middle,
violet towards the fides and edged with blue.

DorJ, l^: pert. 14: vent. I: an. ^^: caud. 15 rays.

Purpurens Caudal fin truncate in the middle ^ dorfal and anal with a
longitudinal purple refledted ftripe at the bafe.

Inhabits Arabia; i\ foot long; body lauce-truncate, dufl^y-
green with 3 purple ftripes each fide, beneath blue ; fcales
broad, rhombic, llriate, loofely imbricate ; fxelh good.

Crown convex, naked brown, with a purple triangle each fide
before the eyes ; eyes fmall, remote, iris purple ; lips obtufe,
equal, the upper protraftile ; teeth ftrong, in one row, the
2 middle ones larger, remote ; before the tranfverfe nojirils
a round foramen with a cirrus ; gill-covers naked, with a
fcjuare purple fpot, and hinder edge of the pofterior, pecto-
ral and dorfal tins green, the tip of the former with a large
lunar black fpot ; anal and ventral blue ; tail green, with
purple fpots ; lateral line branched.

■Dorf. ^^ ; pect. 15: vent. 6: an. l^: caud. 12 rays.

Tftttacus. Tail truncate in the middle ; edge of the fins, abdominal
ftripe and marks on the head blue.
Inhabits Arabia; body geecnifh, with yellowifli lines; fcales
ftriate.

Vol. I. — 5 1 £yu

794

FISHES. THORACIC. 30. Labrus.

^yff fmall, remote ; jaws of 2 bones, the lower with one tooth
ench fide, upper- 3 •, gill-cover with loofe Icales \ lateral line
flightly branched, double, the firfl near the back, the other
in the middle ; jins purple.

Dorf. 20; ptcl. 13: Vint. 6; an. it : caud. 12 rays. '

Ni^er.

Tail truncate in the middle ; a dlifky-green longitudinal
ftripe down the chin.

Inhabits Arabia: body- black-brown; head with greenifli-
brown lines.

jf&zus^ which are bifidj blotches on the head and outer edge of
the fins blue-green ; lips edged with red, then greenifh-
brown ; teeth in the upper jaw 2, canine, white; Jins vio-
let-brown ; pecloral obfcure, ferruginous, brown at the bale ;
tail greenifii, the angles lanceolate.

Dor/. 20: p(^, 14: vent. 6: an. 12 : caud. 13 rays.

Chatius. Head with 3 bli;eifh rivulets each fide ; under the eye a

fquarc blue fpot.
Inhabits Conjlantinople ; above brown, beneath white.
Lower jaw longer, between the eyes are 2 furrows, diverging

behind ; anterior gill-covers ferrate behind, pofterior 3-tootU-

ed ; p&ctoral, ventral and anal fins yellow ; dorfal and caus

dal Ipotted with red.
Dorf, 1,°: pccl, 15: -ucnt, I : an. i?,: caud. 17 rays,

OpM-cuk' Body with 10 brown bands; gill-covers with a brown
tus, fpot.

Inhabits Afia.

Dorf. II: pcH, 16 : vent, e f -^n. H : caiuL 16 rays,

Pavo. Body varied with green, blue, blood-red and hoary.
Inhabits the Mediterranean fea, near Syria.
Dorf. 31 : pect. 14: vent, 9 : an. ,'^ : caud, 16 rays.

Auritus, Gill-covers fin-lhaped.

Inhabits frefh waters of North America,

Iris yellow ; gill-covers with a long, obtufe, black membrane at

the tip ; tail 2-lob6d.
Dorf. \\ : peEl. 15 : vent, 6 : an, fj : caudt i? rays.

TrichoptC'

Ventral fins with one ray.

inhabits

FISHES'. THORACIC. 30. Labrus. 795

Inhabits the Indian ocean ; 4 inches long ; body carinate be-
hind, oblcurely waved with biown and pale, the middle of
the fides and bafe of the tail with a round black-bvown fpot,
furroundcd by a circle of paler.

Head pale fpotted with brown and entirely covered \vith fcales ;
iris golden ; viouth fiiiall, afcending ; jaws emipile, rough ;
vent at the thorax ; lateral line, a little in,terrupte(l near the
tail ; pectoral fins thin, pale, the reft brown ; anal and cau-
dal fpotted with white ; tail 2-lobed»

Dorf, ,1: petl. 9 : vent. 1 : an. '^ : caud. 16 rays.

Falcatus. Dorfal and anal fins falcate, the 5 fir(t rays unarmed.
Inhabits America ; body filvery.
Teeth fharp ; ventral fins finalh
Dorf. ,^ : peEl. fj : vent. 5 : an. ^1, : caud, 20 rays.

Rufus. Tail lunate ; body entirely tawny.
Inhabits America.
Dorf. 23: pect» 17 : vent. 6 : an. 12 : caud. j6 rays.

Zeylanicus Tail lunate; body above green, beneath pale purpte.
Inhabits Ceylon; i\ foot long; flefli good.
Head blue ; gill-covers green with purple lines ; pectoral fins

with a purple fpot in the middle and edged with fii^e blue ;

ventral blue ; dorfal and anal blueifh-purple, edged witW

green ; tail yellow in the middle, each fide ftreaked with

red, blue at the bafe.

Oyer.a, Body filvery ; rays of the dorfal fin 2 — 5 nearly unarmed.

Inhabits the fandy fhores of Arabia ; above 6 inches long ;
body oblong ; belly ftraight ; fometimc? painted with rtd in-
terrupted ftripes.

Lips equal, the upper protraftile ; teeth numerous, very {hort ;
lateral line nearer the back and nearly parallel ; tail 2-lobcd,
the lobes lanceolate ; fins glaucous.

Porf. ,J: pc6l. 16: vei\t. i : an. ,', : caud. a6 rays.

B. Tail entire.

Hiutj,la. Anal fin o ; body with 6 — 7 black bands,

Lip retraftile, wrinkled within ; teeth in the jaws ftiarp, in the
palate orbicular ; gill-covers punftured at the edge ; fpinous
rays of the dorfal fin equal, black on the hind-part.

Dorf.'^: pcct, 16 ; vtnt. I : an, o: caud, 21 rays.

o

I 2 MarginU'

796 Ji'ISHES. THORACIC. 30. Labrus.

Marginalis Brownifh ; edge of the dorfal and perioral fins tawny.

Inhabits the Ocean,

^orj, J^: pecf.. 17 : vent, 6 : an. ,] : caud. I'j rays.

ferrugU Body ferruginous, without fpots.
nius. Inhabits India,

■D orf. ^gi pect. i6 : vent. I: an. ,^^: cawi. i^rays.

Julis^ Side^ blueifli, . with a longitudinal tawny indented ftripe
each fide.
Inhabits the Mediterranean and Red feas ; body oblong, black-

ifli ; 2 fore-teeth in the upper jaw larger.
J^orJ". j', : peel. 13 : vent. I : an. ,]: caud, 12 rays.

Paroticus, Lateral line curved ; fins rufoi^^s ; gill-covers fky-blue.
Inhabits India,
DorJ. ^^'. peci. 12: vsnt.6: an. 14.: caw^. 14 rays.

Suillus, Dorfal fin filamentous ; above the tail a black fpot ; dor-
fal fpines 9.

Inhabits the European ocean.

D. ,% p. 13, v.l, a, ,1, c, 14 rays.

Striatus, Dorfal fin filamentous ; body with white and brown lines.

Inhabits America.

Dorf. .'° : pect, 17; vent I', an, ,^. : caud. 12 rays.

Guaza, Brovv^i ; tail rounded, the rays extending beyond the
membrane.
Inhabits the Ocean.
Dorf. 1)^1 peel, 16 : vent. 6 ; an. 13 : caud, 15 rays,

O^ellaris. Dorfal fin filamentous ; an ocellate fpot at the bafe of the
tail.
Dorf. l\ : peel, 15 : vent. « : an. ^^ : caud. 13 rays.

' fTinra, Upper jaw turned up ; tail rounded. TFra^'e, Old-iuife.
Inhabits deep waters on the Briiifi coafts j grows to 5 pounds
weight ; feeds on Ihell-fifli and teftaceous animals ; varies
mucli in its colours, fomeiimes dlrty-red, fometimes beau-
tifully fbriped.
Xrids red", teetJi in 2 vows, the firft conic, the fecond minute ;

mouth able to be drawn in or protruded.
i), ^J : ^. 14 : v,S : a. ^^ : c ^4 rays.

^Ballan,

FISHES. THORACIC. 30. Labrus. 757

*}ia'dan. Body yellow fpotted with orange ; absve the nofe^a.dcepL
fulcus ; faitheft gill-cover with a deprellioti radiated
from the centre. Ballan IVrajfe.

Found during funmier in great fhoals at Scarborough j iize of
the laft, of which it is probably only a variety.

Dorf. 31 : pect, 14 ; vent. 6 : an. 12 : caud. — rays,

*Biviaeii. Dorf.il fin filamentous ; a brown fpot on the middle of the
latui, body and at the bafe of the tail.

Bimaculated fFraJfe.
Inhabits the Mediterranean and Britijh feas ; body pale.
D^\l: p. 16: V. I: a. *: c. — rays.

Punclatus. Dorfal fin filamentous; body with longitudinal lines fpot-
ted with brown.
Inhabits Surindm : fecond ray of the ventral fins fctiform.
Dorf. «4 • P^'^^' '*4 ' vi>it' 6 '• an, ,^: caud. 16 rays.

Melops, Dorfal fin filamentous, and with the anal variegated ; bdK
hind the eyes a brown crefcent.
Inhabits louthern European feas.
Dorf. f^ : pect. 13 : vent. I : an. ,5 : caud. 12 rays.

Niloticus. Dorfal, anal and caudal fins clouded.
Inhabus E/jpt^ chiefly in the Nik.
Dorf.'^: pect. 14: vent. I: an.,l: caud. i-] — 20 rays.

Offifragus. Lips doubled ; dorfal fin with 30 rays.
Inhabits Europe ; a very obfcure fpecies.
Dorf ^; : pect. 15 : vent. J: an. ,^: caud. 13 rays,

Ru-peflris. Dorfal fin filamentous ; tail with a brown fpot at the up-
per edge.
Inhabits the rocky fhores of the Norway coafts.
X>. i^: ^. 14 : f. i : a. ,i : c. 13 rays.

Onitis, Dorfal fin filamentous ; belly fpotted with cinereous and ^
brown.

Dorfl]: peH. 15: vent. I: a«. ,?: caui 14 rays.

Viridi-. Green, with a blue line each fide.

Inhabits the Mtditcrraman, Dorf. f^ rajfs,

Lufcus,

798 FISHES. THORACIC. 30. Labrus.

Vif-urtm All the fins yellow ; upper eyelid black.

Dorf. ^* : peci. 14 : vent. 6 : an. ,\ : caud. 14 rays.

Livens. Tail rounded ; dorfal fin filamentous ; body livid-brown.
Inhabits the Mediterranean : about a foot long.
D.f^: /'. 14: v.l: a. ,; : c. 11 rays.

Turdas. Body oblong, green, fpotted ; iris golden.

Inhabits Europe ; hardly a fcx)t long ; body Ibmetimes green,
the peftorai fins pale yellow, the ventral blue ; fometimes
deeper green, fliining beneath the lateral line, with goldeH
Ipots on the chin, and white ones in the middle ; fometimes
above yellow, with white fpots, beneath filvery, with red
veins,
DorJ. ^* : pe[i.. 14 : vent. I : an. ^' : caud, 13, rays.

Exoktus, JDOrfal fin filamentous ; body "with blue lines ; an^l
^ fpines 5.

Inhabits the Atlantic and Norway feas, rarely Greenland.

DjrJ. ;^: pect. i3 : vent, ; : an. ^^ : caud. 13 rays.

Sinen/is. Dorfal fin filamentous ; body livid ; crown retufe.
Inhabits Afta.
Dorf. .;» : pect. 13 : vent. I : an. ,1 : caud. 12 rays,

J-aponicus Entirely of a fine full yellow.
Inhabits jfapan ; 6 inches long.
DorJ. J° ; peel. 16 : vent. I: an, I : caud, 18 ray*,

Boops, Lower jaw longer ; dorfal fins 2.

Inhabits japan j eyes very large ; t?eth in the lower jaw larg?,

fli()rp.
-^<"[/- >U 12 : pect. 14 : vent, I; an. i\ : caud, 12 rays.

1^ Cromis. Dorfal fins nearly united ; fecond ray of the anal fin very

large, thick, and compreffcd.
Inhabits Carolina ; body dull filvery, with brown bands.
Gill-covers i-toothed, not ferrate ; firlt ray of the anal fin very

fhort and rigid.
DorJ JO; i\\ pect, 18: vent. 6 : an. ^; caud. 19 rays.

Linearis i

IRISHES. tHORACIC. ;^o. Labrus. 79^

Zinedns, Body oblong; all the rays of the dorfal fin fpinbus except
the laft.
Inhabits South Amirica and India.
Dor/, l'^: p. li : v. 6 : a. 15 : c. 1:2. rays

Perdica, Tail even ; back flraight ; crown fmooth ; body with In-
dented yellowilh Itripes each fide.

Inhabits the lea round Conjlantinopk.

//eflti aibovtt brown, beneath rctldi fh -white ; hinder gill-covers
unarmed, ending in a refunded angle and blue at tlie tip ; la-
teral line vihovc law-toothed ; dorfal and anal fins reddilh ;
p€cloral with a blue fpot at the bale.

IXQrf.^^: peil. 14: vent. l'. an. ,1: caud. 15 rays.

Scina. Body greenifli, with white and yellow waVes ; betwfcn
the eyes an imprefled hollow, and before the hollow a
groove.

Inhabits Conjlantinopk ; body above white, with yellow rivu-
lets ; belly llraight.

Iris green ; middle teeth very large ; anterior gill-covers flightly
ferrate behind, pofterior linanned ; lateral line interrupted ;
■pectoral fins yellowilh, without fpots, the reft; obfcure, yel-
low Ipotted with blue.

^o^/'fr-p'^^-'^'l'' «. 4:c.i5rays.

inc..

Pedloral fins yellow, ventral blue, the roll violet fpotted
with blue.

Inhabits Con/?arj<inop/c; body oblong-oval, above brown, be-
neath whitifh, the lides grcenifh -yellow with 3 lines each
fide, each compoled of a double row of red Ipots.

Head fpotted with red on the fides ; under the eye an irregular
blue line ; before the nojirils an oblique gibbofity ; iris blue;
anterior gill-covers ferrate behind, pofterior notched,

Dorf. [^', peEl. 15 : vent. I : an. ,^ : caud. 15 rays.

RamtntO' Greenifli-brdwn ; filaments of the firft dorfal fpines twice
f'^^» as long as the ray.

Inhabits Arabia ; body lanceolate, fpotted with violet on the
fins, crown, and under the eyes ; fometimes fine green ; fcales
large, entire, rounded, difpoied in 9 ro\vs from the belly to
the back.

Jris

■€•

god JF-iSHES. THORACIC. 30. Labtus.

■ lii' above anci beneath brown, the fides yellow : lips equal,
the upper protraftile ; behdes the row of frnall teeth, in the
middle of each jaw are 4 fore-teeth, 4 times as long as the
reft •, anterior gill-covers deeply toothed, the pofterior un-
armed ; lateral line elevated, nearer the back and parallel
•With it.
Dorf. ^, : pect. 13 : vent, ^i an. ,^: caud. 12 rays.

Ocdlatus. Greeniflij with a fcarlet ocellatc fpot behind each eye.

Inhabits Syria : body fuboval ; back, yellowilh -brown ; head

mai-ked with irregular blue lines.
Gili-covers with an oblong oblique blue fpot, furrounded with

a fcarlet circle, from which both above and below proceeds

a fcarlet line, the anterior truncate behind and flightly fawed,

the pofterior unarmed ; tail linear.
Darf. l\ : pect. 11 : vent. I: an, ^i ca^td. 15 rdvs.

LuTLulatus Greenifh-brown with darlcer bands ; fcales -^'ith each a
ferruginous band ; breaft fpeckled with red.

Inhabits Arabia ; a foot long ; fcales broad, entire, grooved.

Head fome%vhat compreHed ; iris greenifh-brown ; gill-covers
with a red fpot towards the bafe, the hinder part general],
marked with a tav/ny lunule, furrounded with black on t; ■
membrane ; gill-mevitrane grcenifh, with 2 tav/ny Ipots ; latera!
line interrupted; petloral Rns lounded, yellow, tie reft green,
the Ipaces between the rays red or fpottcd with red ; ta
rounded.

Dorf. ^\ : pcEl, 12 : ve?it. I : an. ,] '. caud. 13 rays,

*Trimacu- Red, with 2 large fpots at the lower part of the dorfa'
laius, fin, and a third between this fin .ind the tail.

Trimaculatcd JVrcJji .
Inliabits Britifi coafts ; 8 inches long ; body oblong ; fnout
long ; petloral fins and tail rounded ; lateral line curved to.
wards the tail.
Dorf. ^;: pect. 15 : vent, i : an, ,1 : caud, —^ rays.

*t'ariega- Red, with 4 lateral parallel olive ftripcs^ and as many
tus. blue ones. Striped PFraJ/e.

Inliabits £7 if ?j7i coafts; 10 inches long ; body oblong.
Lips large, double ; gill-covers cinereous ftriped with fine yel-
low ; at the beginning of the dorjal fin a broad bed of rich
blue, middle pait white, the reft red; at the bafe of the

pectoral

FISHES. THORACIC. 30. tabrus. Soi

pectoral fins a dark olive fpot -, ventral and anal fins tipt
with fine blue ; tail rounaeed, upper half blue, lower
ycllpw.
DorJ. ^J, pect, 15, vent, i, an. .^j caud. — rays.

^Giblus. Varied with blue and orange ; tail rounded ; above each

eye a dufky ferailunar fpot. Gibbous H'raJJe*

Inhabits Britijh coafts ; 8 inches long ; fcales large.
Head floping ; neareft gill-covers finely ferrate ; back very much

arched ; dorfal and anal fins fea-green fpotted with black ;

-pectoral yellow, tranfverfely (Irlped with red at the bale ;

ventral and caudal pea-green ; tail large,
Dorf.l^, pect. 1^, vent, I, an, ^l, caud, — rays.

: ;-v;;. Body olive-gtcen ; gill-covers tipt with blue; tail with a
black fpot.

Inhabi's the Mediterranean : 2 inches long ; body oblong com-
prcil :d, beneath inclining to filvery.

Head pointed, forr.ewhat filvery*, iris green; fore-teeth (harp,
intermediate ones remote ; anterior gill-cover deeply ferrate,
the poflciior one"» blue at the tip, iurrounded with a fcarlet
ring ; fins the colour of the body ; tail pale rufous.

Dorf. II: peel. 13 : vent, I: ari, ^^: caud. 12 rays,

Fufcus, Body brown, with blue lines and fpots.

Inhabits the Mediterranean : 3 inchri long ; body cosapreffedj
oblong, beneath whitifh.

Head pointed, and marked with blue rivulets ; iris white,
within cheGiut ; mouth fmall ; anterior gill-cover lerfate ; la-
tcral line a little arched, the hind-part crooked ; dorfal and
caudal fins brown fpotted with blue ; pectoral rufous tipt
with blue ; ventral without Ipots; anal reJdiih dotted witb
blue.

JDorftll : pect. 12 : vent. I : an. ,J: caud. 13 rays.

Unimacu' Body finely ftriped with olive ; dorfal fin with a black
latus, fpot on the hind part.

2. Reticulate with dufky and greenifh-filvery.

Inhabits the Mediterra,nean, 2) the Adriatic; 3 inches long;
body oval, comprefTed, with about 10 pale blue longitudinal
parallel llraight lines.
Iris rtddiih-white, with an inner circle of red; teeth in one
row, the foi-e-ones larger ; anterior gill-covers ferrate ; pectO'
ral fins blueifh.
^orfW^ pect, 14, vent, J, an. .2, caud^ J 3 rays.

Vol. I, — 5 K Venofus^

doz FISHES. TPiORACIC. 30. Labrus.

Venofus. Green, with red anaftomozing veins; gill-covers and dor-

fal fin with a bkck foot.
Inhabits the Mediterranean : body oval, comprelTed, 3 inches

long.
Side* of the head with a few red longitudinal lines ; filaments

and band on the dorfai fin red. *

Dorf. ly. pcct. 13 : vmt. I: an. ,.J : caud. 13 rays.

Grtfeas. Body grey with darker fpots ; tail with a black fpot at the

bafe.
Inhabits the Mediterranean s 3 inches long ; oval comprefled.
Cheeks with a few blue lines : iris green ; mouth fmall ; teeth

fmall, the fore-ones larger ; Jins reddifh, with dulky-yellow

fpots ; tail yellowifh towards the bafe.
Dorf. I* : pect. 13 : vent. I : an. ,]: caud. 13 rays-,

Guttatus. Body reddifh, variegated with black ; tail with a fpot on

the middle of the bafe.
Inhabits the Mediterranean: 3 inclies long; body oblong,

comprefled, with very minute white fpecks in rows, and

black Ipots.
Irii green ; under each eye z oblique black lines ; fns pale ru- '

fous -, anal fpeckled with white, and with the ventral forae-

times green.
J)orf.\l: pect. 13: vent. I: an. ,li caud. 17 rays*

Adriaticus Body with 4 broad trarrf"verfe brown bands ; dorfai fin on

the fore-part ic-fpined, on the hind-part with black

ocellate fpots.
Inhabits the Ariatic ; body pale, 3 inches long.
Head with oblique tawny lines '. iris yellowifh ; teeth very

fmall ; anterior gill-cover ferrate ; ventral and anaZ fins black,

the latter tipt with yellow.
Dorf, II : pect, 14 : vent. I: an. ,1: caud. 17 rays.

*Cormihi- Near the tail a large black fpot ; firft rays of the dorfai

enfis. fins tinged with black. Goldjinny*

Inhabits the Cornifi coafts ; about a palm long.
Tail even at the end ; near the vent a black fpot.
'Dorf.\\^ /'at. 14, vint.li ««♦,}> ca.'tcf, — rays.

FISHES. THORACIC. 31. Sdcena. SSj

*-Coirfb^.r, Back, fins and tail red ; belly yellow \ tail rounded.

. Ccmher,

Inliabits the coafls of CorntoalL ; body flender, fmall.
Beneath tlie Literal line a parallel, fmooth, even, filvcry ftl^p^,
reaching from the gills to the tail.

Borf. '/i, pat. 14, vctit,\,, an. ,?, raud. — rays.

*Coquus, Body purple and dark blue, teneath yellow i tail rounded.

Cook.
Inhabits the Cornijk coafls ; of a fmall fize.

MixLus,

Variegated with yellQW a.nd blue ; fore -teeth larger.

Inhabits the coafls of Dalmatic; -vjery much rel'cmfclcs L.
pavo.

Fulvu^f, Body tawny ; tail convex.
Inhabits America.

Varius, Variegated with purple, greeii, blue and black.
Inhabits the Mediterranean.

Merula. Body blackifh-blue.
Inhabits Europe.

Cynctivis. Pale yellow ; back purple ; dorfal fin reaching from 4iead
to tail.
Inhabits the Mediterranean.

31. SCIyENA. Head covered with fcales :

fcales ftrongly fixed : gill-membrane

with about S rays ; the cov^ers fcaly :

dorfal fins 2, frequently concealed in

longitudinal cavity.

Cj:ppa^» Sides of the head with a double row of fcales.
Inhabits the Mediterranean.
DorJ. n, 23, pect. 16, vtnt.l^ flr». ,]j caud.%/jri.ys.

fjK. z Lefifma.

$04 FISHES. THORACIC. 31. ScIa;Da.

J^epifma. Dorfal fin concealed between 2 fcaly leaves.

jDorf. 10, ig, pect. 11, vent. I, ««.,?, caui. 13 rays.

Unimacu- A brown fpot on the middle of each fide.
lata. Inhabits the Mediterranean.

Dorf. 11, 21 : ped. 15 : vent, I : an* ,',: caud.. 17 rays.)

Vnxhra, Body varied with black : ventral fins very entire.
Inhabits the Mediterranean and European leas.
DorJ. JO, 26 : peB.. 18 ; vent. I : an. ^: caud, 18 rays.

Cirrofa, Upper jaw much longer, lov^'er with a cirrus.

Inhabits European and American fcas ; about a foot long.
Body yellowifh, beneath fomewhat filvery, with oblique black-

ilh ftripes; <ai7 lemilunar. Nat. Mifcel. ^66.
DorJ". g, 25 : pect. 1^ : vent. I : an. ^ : caud. — ^ays.

Hamrur, Red, with a copper glofs ; fins more duflcy ; mouth fub-
yertical ; fcales membranaceous at the edges.

Inhabits Arabia: body oblpng, fcales imall.

/'zf^i/ hyaline, iris carmine; upper /i/> protraftile ; teeth irmW,
rigid, fubulate, equal, remote ; anterior gill-covers ferrate,
pofterior pointed behind ; lateral line rifing near the head,
and afterwardvparallel with the back ; pectoral fins reddifli,
half as long as the ventral -, tail lunate.

Jdorf. 10, 24: p(Ei. 18: vent. I: an, ,^ : caud, j 6 rays.

fuhiflam.' Yellowifh, with longitudinal golden {Iripes ; fides with d,
ma, black fpot; dorfal fins convex. v

Inhabits Arabia : llripes 5 — 6 fometimes obfolete.
Jris golden ; teeth flrong, remote, conic-lubulate ; anterior
gill-cover ferrate, a little notclied behind ; lateral line near the
back, a little curved ; Jins yellow ; firft dorjal brown.
Dorf. 8j 15: peEl. 15 : vent. I : an. J : caud. 15 i"ays.

Kafinira,, Yellowifh, with 4- large blue firipes cafh fide.
Inhabits Arabia.

Crown white, with 7 fmall blue obfolete ftripes each fide ; eyes
fomewhat rertiote, iris yellow ; lower lip fhorter ; teeth
conic ; anterior gill-covers finuate, pofterior unarmed ; late-
ral line ftriate with fcales ; Iccond /pine of the dorfal fin
larger than the third ; tail lunate, with fometimes a large
!^ brown fpot near it between the flripes.

porf, 10, 25, pect, ?6, ve7it. I, an, ,1, caud, tynys,

Bohar,

FISHES. THORACIC. 31. Sdarna. 80.4

Bohar, Reddifli, with v/hitifh lines and clouds.

Inhabits Arabia; body oblong, coated with fmooth fcalc? ; of
a very donbtful genus ; when alive lifs 2 large Ipots on thi
back which dilappear when the Hfh is dead.

Before the nojlrils are 2 fhort cirri ; in the U3>per jarv ZT(t 2 fu-
bulate teeth reaching without i\vt lower, the middle ones of
the lower remote ; Lateral line nearer the back ; dor/a!, ai^d
<nial fins rounded behind, the unarmed pari of each Icalcd,
the fpincs of the latter growing gradually larger ; ventral
connetled by an intermediate membrane ; tail forked.

Dorf. 10, 25, pat. 16, vent. I, an. J, caud. 17 rays.

Gil>ba. Reddifli, dotted with white ; back gibbous.

Inhabits Arabia; body oval ; fcales red, tipt with white.
Upper middle teeth contiguous, the canine diftant, and twice 33
large as the others ; dorjal and anal fins refibngular behind,

^'i£rci. JBody black ; belly whitifli-brown.

Inhabits Arabia ; fcales very entire.

Crown convex, naked ; iris within white, without black ; Itps
obtufe, the upper protratlile ; teeth remote, fubulate, larger
towards the middle, where there ia a vacancy ; throat armrd
with numerous fmall, fixed teeth ; palate white, fmooth ;
anterior gill-cover recurved behind and deeply indented ;
lateral line nearer and parallel with the back ; pectoral fins
falpate at the tip, half as long again as the ventral, fcaly at
the bafe ; tail a little truncate.

Dorf. 10, 10: peH. i6: vent.l: an. ,■: caud. 17 rays.

Argentata. Scales above blackifh, with filvery edges and tips, beneath
pale rufous, with paie edges.

Inhabits Arabia; refembles S. bohar.

Head with a curved blue patch, running under the eye towards
the mouth ; lower lip longer ; lower lateral teeth in a row of
larger ones, and behind thele a row of fmaller ; pofterior
gill-covers ending in an acute angle ; Jins reddifh-brown ;
dorjal ^zncoxxs, edged with pale rufous ; fpines of l\it anal
growing gradually longer and larger.

Dorf. 10, 24 : />. 17 : v.l: a. .J: c. 18 rays.

Rubra. Dufky-Ted, beneath white, with 8 longitudinal reddifh-
•whitc ilripes each iiic, growing dufty towards the
back.

Inhabits

8o6 FISHES. THORACIC. 3i.Sci;:ena.

Inliabit.5 Arahid ; fcales a little fpinous,

Crozon with finall recurred fpines -, eyes furroundcd with a bony
nng,^ferrat,e with fpines and 2-horned on the fore-part, iris
fhining red ; upper lip protraftile ; teeth fetflceous, fiiort,
thick ; anterior gill-cover covered with fpines, pofterior with
3 fpines behind, the third fmall arid fpinous ; dorfal fins con-
jiecled, the firfl: whitifh, with 2 longitudinal red llripes, the
other ihorter and fcilv at the bafe ; 2 firft fpinous rays of the
anal fmall, the third large and thick. ; ventral whitifh at the
exterior edge, black at the poflerior ; tail yellowifh in the
middle with 5 fpinous rays each fide.

/). J, 7 : p. 19 : V. '(,: a. 14 : c. 15 rays.

Murdjan. Lips rctufe ; body with a metallic fplendor, beneath

paler.

InXuhiia Arabia : body oblong oval ; fcales broad, toothed.

Crozvn flat, with 4 elevated lines, branched behind ; eyes fur-
rounded by a bony ring, beneath ijidented y upper lip fliortcr,
protnftile ; teetli iniall, numerous, crowded ; tongue, triangu-
lar, reddifli, rough; giU-covcrs fcaly ; law-toothed, the pof-
terior ones with one fpine behind ; lateral line nearer and pa-
rallel with the back ; _/i«i red ; tail forked and with the ven-
tral white on the outer edge.

Poif. 10, lo, pect. 13, vent, i, en. ,^, caud. 17 rays.

Gim'T.ara, Back red with a brafly glofs ; fides filvery with 10 darker
ftripes each fide \ lateral fcales with a whitifli fpot
furrounded with bla<:k.
Inhabits Arabia : half a fpan long ; beneath filver)*i
Anterior gitl-covcrs with a ftrong fpine, pollcrior with 2 fpines;
pectoral fins reddifli; ventral white; firfl dcrfal with 3
fpines in the middle, the hinder hyaline, the fecpnd and third
ray red ; anal liAaline, the firfl and lafl ray red, the firfl uir-
armcd, the lafl fpinous ; tail hyaline, each edge red, with 6
fpinous rays above and 5 beneath.
DorJ. 10, 15: pctl. 14: vent, «: an. ,* : caud. so rays,

Spinljcra. Red ; dorfal fins conneded ; head fpinotis ^ anterior gill-
covers with a very long fpine.
Inhabits Arabia : 3 fpans long ; behind the eyes each fide and
at the bafe of the peftoral fins a dufky fpot ; fcales broad, in-

43!Hed.

■ Crozvn

FISHES. THORACIC. si.Scicena. 807

Croiiin with 2 fafciculi of elevated lines behind the eyes ; before
the eyes a long deep unequal cavity ; eyes furrounded with :i
fpinous bony ring, iris red ; anterior ^ill-cover.i ferrate, with
a ftrong white fpine beneath, pofterior naked behind, ftriate
and fpinous at the edge ; bafk gibbous at the neck and flop-
ing behind the fecond fin ; tail forked.

Dor/. 10, J5: pefi. 14: vcnt.'^: an. ,y, caud, 20 rays.

Gkanam. Whitifh ; fides with a double white flrlpe.
Inhabits Arabia.' gill-covers fpinous.

Lateral line parallel with the back, with a white ftripe each
fid« ; another ftripe compoied of dulky quincuncal (pots ex-
tending from the crown to the end of the dorfal fin.

Jarlua* Silvery, with 2 curved ftripes each fide meeting on the
back and forming a ring ; fpot on the middle of the
back and 2 bands on the front black.

Inhabits Arabia : under the ftripe each fide a brown line, and
beneath this a yellowilh one.

Iris blue ; teeth lubulatc ; lateral line curved, nearer the back ;
firft dorfal fin with 2 black fpots, fecond with 3 ; peEloral
and anul with a yellow blotch ; tail witla 4 brown lines.

DorJ, 10, 20: peel. 13 : vent. I : an. .J; caud. 17 t^ys.

Stridens, Silvery-blue, with 3 — 5 brown longitudinal lines each
fide.
Inhabits Arabia : a fpan long ; feeds on herbs, and when firfl
taken out of the water utters a ftnall ftiriek.
' Lateral line curved, nearer the back.

DorJ". 11, i^'.^pect. 16: vent.'^: an. ,^ : caud. 16 rays.

Gatcrina, Blueifh-yellow, fpeckled with black, and a few larger
fpots.
2. Body with 4 brown ftripes each fide ; fins yellow.
Inhabits Arabia ; varies in fizc and flavor.
Lips obtule, fat ; tongiie white ; palate red ; gill-covers as in
S. mardjan : pectoral aiid ventral fins yellow, without fpots.
'^orf.i^, 12, pect. 17, vent.'^j ah. ,J, caud. 17 rays.

Argentea, Silvery, above fpeckled with black.
Inhabits Arabia ; fcaies ciliate.

Crown

8o8 FISHES. THORACIC. ^i.Scixn^.

CrowrtfcaW ; between the nofiriL 2 elevated lines ; iris filvciy,
above brown ; teeth numerous, fetaccous, rhoveable, the outer
row larger •, dor/at fins connefted, Ipotted with black, th;^
firfl: rounded, the other linear ; ventral atid anal reddifh,
pointed ; tail a little forked.

Dorf. 11, 16, pcct. i6, ventl, an. ,\, caucU 16 rays.

t^ebul'ja. Body with longitudinal blue and yellowllh-brown clouds.
2. Body with obfolete lorigitudirial vidlet ftripes.

Inhabits Arabia.

Head floping ; ^ns fildmentous ; tail forked.

Dorf. 10, 20, pect. 13, vent. I, an. ,^, caud. 17 rays. •

Mahftna. Body brown, lincd> and with tranfverfe waved filvery
bands.

Inliabits Arabia : body oblong-oval ; ftales brown, with toOlhj
like ramifications.

Crown fmooth, Hoping ; before the nojlrils are conic cirri ;
18 conic teeth in each jaw, thofe of the throat fetaceous, the
grinders obtufe, broad; gill-covers very eatiare ; f.ns filamen-
tous, violet-red ; tail forked.

Dorf. 10, 20, pect. 13, vent I, an. ,|J, caud. 17 rays.

Harak, Greenifh ; fins pale red \ beneath the lateral lii)e a black
linear fpot each fide.

Inhabits Arabia : very much refembles the laft;

Fore-teeth 4 in each jaw, and behind them other numerous ft-
taceous ones ; palate red ; anterior gill-covers fcaly behind th'.-
eyes } gill-membrane entire, (Iraight, with elevated rivulets •,
lateral fpot r^ftangular, furrounded with a brown colour.

Dorf 10, 23, pect, 13, vent. 5, an. .-J, caud. 17 rays.

Ramdk. Greenifh-white, with obfolete longitudinal ydlowifh-vio-
let lines ; fins reddilh.
2. A tranfverfe membranaceous lamina in each jaw.

Inhabits Arabia ; except in colour refembles S. Mahfcna.
Middle teeth a little larger. Dorf 10, 29.

Grandocu- Blueifh ; lower lip gibbous.

lis. Inhabits y^rflJio.; oblohg-oval, with oblblete lines.

Spac!

FISHES. THORAGIC. 32. Perca. 809

Space between the eyes tuberculate ; lips flcfby, covered with
red papillae ; fore-teetk in each jaw 6, grinders broad, flat,
fhovt ; gill-covers entire ; ^ns violet ; pectoral pale red j
dorfal and anal with a lobe on the hmd-part ; tail forked,
the Ipaces between the rays Icaly from the bale to the tip.

Cinerafcens Grecnifh-afh, with longitudinal yellow lines.

Inhabits Arabia; body oblong-oval ; fcales very entire, rhom-
bic, whitifh with a rufty-yellqw fpot at the bafe each fide.

Teeth filiform, in one row; gill-covers f^nuxt, fcalv; pectoral
fins white on the outer edge; the unarmed part of the dorjat
and anal elevated, obliquely truncate behmd.

Dorf. n, 23: pect. 18 : vent. I: an. ,^: caud. 15 rays.

Sajgha.i Oblong, filveryj without fpots ; tail forked.
inhabits the Arabian coafts. Dorf. 8, 8,
Jazos indented, the lower longer ; gill-covers finely ferrate,

Armata, Silvery ; between the head and dorfal fin a rigid horizon-
tal fpine ; tail forked.

Inhabits Arabia ; body comprefled, oval pointed.

Spine behind the head pointing forwards ; lateral line flraight ;
fins white ; dorfal and anal tipt with black j tail brow'p^
the inner edge whitifh,

32. PERCA. Jaws unequal : teeth fharp^
incurved : gill-covers fcaly, of 3 la-
minae, the upper ferrate : gilUmerry-
brane 7-rayed : lateral line arched with
the back : fcales hdixd, rough : fiyis fpi-
oious: vent nearer the head than the
tail. ' Perch,

A. Dorf al fins 2, dtflinSti

'fluviaiU Second dorfal fin with 16 foft rays. Common P,

.':*". Inhabits clear ftreams of Europe and Siberia : grows to 2 feet

long ; back and part of the fides deep green, with 5 broad

black bars, which are fcmeiimes dark-green or blue and ver/

rarely wanting ; belly white tinged with red ; fwims with

Vol. I. — 5 L great

8i* FISMeS. tHORACIC. 32. Pcrca.

great fw'iftnefs at a certain height in the water *, is tenacious
of life, but eagerly takes a bait ; feeds on aquatic infefts and
fmaller fifh ; fpawns in May and June, and is very prolific ;
it has no real air-bladder, and from its integuments may be
obtained a kind of glue ; flefli very delicate.

Eyes large, iris blueilh, edged within with yellow ; nojlrils
double, near the eyes, with 4 pores before them ; mouth
large ; jaxos nearly equal ; teeth fmall, in the jaws and on the
roof ; tongue fhort, fmooth ; aperture of the gills large ; dor~
fal fins violet, the firft: with fpinous rays and a black fpot at
the end ; peEloral reddifh, the reft red ; tail a little forked,

Dorf. 14, 16: peB. 14: ve)it. I: an. ', ; caud, 17 rays,

America' Red; fecond aorfal fin with 13 rays.

nits. Inhabits brackifh waters of North America : lower lip, chir>,

giil-membrane and upper edge of the covers red.
Dorf, 9, 3', : peH. 15 : vent. ^ : an. ■', : caud, i8 rays.

Luciopercd Second dorfal fin with 23 rays.

Inhabits deep clear waters of Europe and northern Perji^;
grows to 4 feet long ; is very voracious, feeds on other fifh
even of its own tribe ; fpawns in May, and is extremely
prolific ; flefh tender and good.

Mead oblong, devoid of fcales and obtufe on the fore-part ; eyes
clouded, iris chefnut, pupil glaucous ; upper jaw a little
longer ; teeth unequal, about 40 ; cheeks tumid, varied with
green and red ; back with obiblete mixed livid and red fpots ;
Jides filvery ; billy white ; ■pectoral fins yellowifh, the reft
whitifh ; dorjal Ipotted with black, the rays fimple, thole of
the fecond foft ; of the other fins the rays are branched ;
tail forked,

Dorf. 1^, 23: pe6l, i6: vent. 6 : an. 14 : caud, 17— -22 rays.

VoigenfiSt Green-gold ; fecond dorfal fin with 23 rays.

Inhabits chiefly the Volga and neighbouring rivers ; is an in-
termediate fpecies between the river perch and the laft.

Body with 6 tranfverfe interrupted black bands ; fcales large
and rough ; iri-s filvery ; 2 larger ; teeth at the tip of the
lower jaw ; dorfal fins with 5 bands, the rays ftrong and
rigid,

jDorf 13, 23: pect» 14 : vend, 6 ; an, — : caud. 15 rays,

Afper,

MRiL

FISHES. THORACIC. 32. Perca. 811

A/per, Yellowifh/with 3 — 4 tranfverfe black bands ; fecond dor-
fal fin with 13 rays. ^

Inhabits clear waters of fouthern Europe ; 6 — 8 inches long ;
body above blackifh, ben€a,th whitifh ; feeds on infc£ls and
worms ; flefh delicious.

Head broad ; iris white, edged with reddifh ; nojirils double,
near the mouth ; mouth, fmall, placed beneath and femilunar ;
teeth very minute ; upper jato much longer ; gill-covers of
one piece? lateral live flraight ; Jins yellowifh ; firft dorjal
with fimple fpinous rays, the refl foft and branched.

Dorf. 8j 13 : ped., 13 : vent, 6 ; an. 1 \ : caud. 18 rays.

Zingel, Second dorfal fin with 19 rays j lower jaw much fborter.

Inliabits rivers of Germany / refembles the laft, except that it
is much larger, the head more pointed, the gape larger, co-
lour lefs dufky, and the tail longer, truncate, and fomewhat
rounded.
Dorf, 13, ig: peB. 14 : ve.nt.6 : an, 13: eaud, 17 rays, '

*Labrax, Second dorfal fin with 14 rays; back duflcy, tinged with
blue; belly white. ^^Jp'

Inhabits Europe and Egypt j grows to the weight of 15 pounds;
is ftrong, aftive and voracious ; body (haped like a lalmon.

Jris filvery ; mouth large ; teeth in the jaws, fmall ; in the roof
of the mouth a triangular rough fpace ; when young, the
fpace above the lateral line marked with fmall black fpots ;
gill-covers ending in a fliarp point ; peroral- fins brownifh \
ventral reddifh-white ; tail, femilunar. This is a very deli-
cate filh.

•^^t/* 9> 'l ' P^'^t' 19 ' vent. I : an. ,\ : caud. it rays.

Aiournus. Dorfal fins unarmed ; gill-membrane 3-rayed ; tail entirCi
Inhabits Carolina j body oblong, with numerous oblique

brown bands.
Gill-covers fubferrate ; firft ray of the firft dorfal fin fpinOus

and very fhort, the reft rigid.
Dorf. .^, 4 : peEl, 22 : vent. 6 : an, i ; caud, 19 rays.

Puftlla, Body oval, comprefled, rough.

Inhabits the Mediterranean; i| inch long; body reddifli-fil-
very, covered over with very minute prickles.

5L a Head."^'

«I2 FISHES. THORACIC. 32. Perca.

Head armed with larger prickles ; viouth pointed ; lower jaa;
a little longer, very rough beneath ; iris white ; ventral fins
with a ftrong Ipine, ferrate on the anterior edge.

Dorf, g, 23 : pect, 14: vent, I: an. ,]: caud. 14 rays.

Lophar, Silvery ; ventral fins conne6led.

Inhabits ConJlantinopLe ; fize and fhape of a herring; back
greeniflr-brown ; is probably not of this genus.

Head with elevated groove^ placed longitudinally between the
eyes ; anterior gilt-covers ferrate only at the fides ; rays of
the firft dorfal fin hardly fpinous, the other and anal very
flefhy at the anterior bafe ; ventral connefted by means of a
ridge upon the belly ; tail forked, the. rays blackifh at the
tips.

Dorf. 7, 27: pect.. 16: vent. I : an. ^\ : cdud, 1*7 rays.

^rabica. Body filvery, with longitudinal black liries ; tail with i
golden fpot, black in the middle.

Inliabits Arabia : body oblong lanceolate, truncate, beneath
without fpots or lines ; fcales lax, broad, deciduous, denticu-
late, difpofed in about 10 rows; black lines 16 — 17 each
fide.

Crown flat ; iris yellow ; between the eyes a ridge, obtufe on
the fore-part and forked behind ; behind the eyes are 3 ele-
vated bones; teeth long, fubulate, ftraight, remote ; in each
jaw each fide 3, the middle one larger, in the middle of the
lower jaw are 2 ftronger remote ones ; lips nearly equal ; pa-
late covered with fetaceous teeth ; tongue flat, fmooth ; ante-
rior gill-covers flightly ferrate at the hinder angle and beneath
only; dorfal fins remote, the firft brown, all the reft yel-
|owifh-brown ; dorfal, ve;itral and anal triangular, pectoral
lanced; tail bifid, the fcgments lanceolate.

Dorf. I ,', : pect. 15 : vent, i : an. ,\ : caud. 17 rays.

Ntloiica, Ddrfal fins hardly diftin£l \ tail entire.
Inliabits the Nile and CafpLan lea.
Dorf. 8j ^ : pect. 14 : vent. I : an. ,^ : caud. 15 rays,

B. Dorfal fin fin gle\ tail undivided. '

Vndulata. Dorfal fins fuhnnited ; body broWn, waved ; a brown fpot
at the peftoral fins.
Inhabits Carolina, and is there called the Croker.
Anttrior gill-covers, with. 5 fhort teeth ; tail entire,
Dorf. 10, ,J : pect, 18: vent, I: ch. .»: caud,i^nys.

Ocelkta,

FISHES. THORACIC. 32. Perca. 813

Octilata. Dorfal fins fubunited; tail with a black occllate foot at the
bafe.
Inhabits Carolina, is there called the Bajje.
Firll ray of the dorfal fin very Ihoit, the firfh of the ventrajf.

Ihorter and unarmed ; fpot on the tail encircled with white.
Dorf. 10, si : pect. 16 : vent. 6 : an. ,; ; caucl. 16 rays.

Argus. Silvery-blueifli, with numerous ocellate brown fpots.
Grows to about the length of a foot ; a V€^ beautiful fllh.
Spots on "the body with white centres, thofe on the head peroral
and ventral fins fmaller, and without the white centres.

"'Marina, Red, with tranfverfe dufky lines on the fides ; gill-covers
with a black fpot ; dorfal fpines 15. Sea P.

Inhabits Europe : about a foot long ; flefh good,
//eac? large, deformed ; eyes large; teeth fmall, numerous; on

th< head and gill-covers are flrong fpines.
Dorf,Y^: pect. 19: vcnt.\'. an, ^\: caui. 14 rays,

Scandens. Dorfal fin with 17 fpinous apd 8 foft rays ; fcales rough,
with a widtirfi denticulate edge.
Inhabits riviTlet"; in Tranquebar j about a palm long ; has the
very fingulai habit of crawling up trees, which it effefts by
Ijft- means of the fp ;»os on the gili-coVers, and fpinous rays of

^ the other fins. Linn. Tranf. ^. 6z. Body covered with a black

llimy mucus, above duiky-green, lighter on the fides, beneath
pale golden.
Mouth toothed each fide before' the lips ; front porous, the fcales
with an entire edge ; eyt lateral, flat, pupil large, black,
iris fhining golden ; gill-covers fcaled, fpinous, the middle
fpines longer; dorfal and anal fins when folded hid in a
longitudinal cavity ; perioral oblong, obtufe ; ventral (ome-
what connefted, reddifii ; tail a little rounded, the rays
bifid.
Dorf. ll : pect. 12 : vent. I: an, ||: caud. 17 rays.

^iobilis. Body filvery, with 8 brown bands*

Inhabits North America : fpinous rays of the dorfal fin filvery

at the fides.
Dorf,'^^\ fe^^ i^', vcnt.lx on.,?; caud I'jrzy^,

Pclymn^*

8i4 FISHES. THORACIC. 32. Perca.

Pefymna^ Body black, with 3 white bands.

Inhabits South America and India j the middle band pafles

through the hind-paiL of the dorfal fin.
Dorf.ll: pect.^S: vent. I: an. ^\: caud. 16 nys.

M(rrc. Body white, with numerous fubhexagonal brown fpot?.
Inhabits Japan : about a foot long. Nat. Mifccl. 382.
Lower jatw longer ; pofteripr ^i7J-coyer Ipiny ; iai/ rounded.

Cattoides, All the fins with 2 detted lines.
Inhabits India.
^o^f' It- pect. 14 : vent. ^ : an. ,1: caud. 12 rays.

Philadd- Dorfal fin with a black fpot ;n the middle ; fcales and
phica^ gill-covers ciliate.

Inhabits Soxith America ; body fpotte^l and ban-ed with black,
beneath red ; poflerior gill- cover mucronate ; 2 firft rays of
the dorfal (in Ihorter.
Por/.ll: peci. 16: vent. I: an. ,1: caud. ix rays.

Palpebroja Eyelids with a brown fpot ; lateral line curved.
Inhabits America 2 Imall.
^^Xf' 38 V P^^: ?5 J veiU, c ' an. ,' : caud. 17 rays,

At'rariai Body black, the fins fpotted with white.

Inhabits Caro/nia; anterior ^z7/-coycr denticulate, pofterior ci-
liate ; lateral line ftraight ; dorfal fin with whitilh lines.
^- 335 P' 20, f. 7, a. 26, c. 20 rays.

Chryfopte- Lower fins yellow fpotted with brown.
ra. Inhabits Carolina.

Gill-covers very finely toothed ; lateral line ftraight.

Mediterra- All the fins, except the dorfal, tawny ; pefloral with a
nea, black fpot.

Inhabits tlve Mediterranean \ body green with dufky lines pa-
rallel with the lateral line on the upper part, thofe on the
lower part broader, and fine blue ; about a fpan long ; com-
prelTcdj oblong.

Head

FISttES. THORACIC. 32. Perca.

8.5

Head above naked, -with tranfverfe and waved blue lines; iris
golden, with a circle of blue in the middle ; dorfal fin fik-
inentous, the hind-part higher.

Dorf,\l: pect. 13: vent ^i an. ^^: caud. 13 rays.

Body with 5 white and broWn tranfverfe lines.
2. The lines widened into bands.

Inhabits America, 2) Japan; ^ inches long.
Dorf. \l : pe£i. 18 : vent. ^ : an. ,3 : caud. 17 rays.
2) Dorf. II: peEl. 16: vent. I: an. ;\ : caud. 1 6 rays.

Body dotted with blue.
Inhabits America.

, Body fprinkled with bidody dots.
Inhabits America.

Perioral and caudal fins yellow; head with irregular
zigzag marks.
D. H : />. 13 : v.l: a. I : c. 15 rays.

Body clouded ; gill-covers 3-fpined ; dorfal fpines ii.

Inhabits the Mediterranean; 3 feet long ; body oval, comprcf-
fed at the fides, whitifli-yellow with dulky-brown waves.

Head naked on the fore-part, beneath red ; iris pale yellow ;
mouth large ; teeth in the palate and gullet, the 4 upper fore-
ones larger and conic ; lips fimple ; tongue large, fmooth ;
lateral line dufky, parallel with the back and gradually curv-
ed ; vent nearer the tail ; dorfal fin filamentous, the feventh
ray {horter ; pectoral rounded, red on the outfide.

^orf. l^: peSt, 16: vent. I: an. ,^ : caud. 15 rays,

Reddifh-black ; tail equal ; fins black ; gill-membrane
dufky-red.

Inhabits Arabia;^ fpans long.

Crozon convex, floping between the eyes ; iris black without,
then yellow and blue within ; lifs broad, very obtule, the
upper fhorter and protraftile ; teeth numerous, fetaceous,
with frequently 2 flrong remote fore-teeth ; before the nof
trils a Imail cirrus ; gill-covers fat, fcaly, the pofterior
3-toothed ; fnoulders gibbous ; lateral line not vifible ; fins
obtufe ; dorfal filamentous ; ventral rounded.

Dorf, ^X' P^^» 18; vent, I; an, ^^i caud, 14 rays.

Lunaria,

5i6 FISHES. THORACIC. 32. Perca.^

Lunaria, Rufty-black ; perioral fins Wack, behind yellow ; dorfal

and caudal behind pale hyaline.
Inhabits Arabia; refembles the lad.
Ventral fins obveifely triangular, black, aind like the ayial and

dorfnl with a dufky-red (Lripe towards the outer edge, the

latter white at the iioflerior edge ; tail with a hyaline lunulc

and behind this reddilh.
Dorf. jg: peEl. 18: vent. ^\ : an. 4: caud. 14 rays.

Tauvina: ]feody oblong-linear, brown with rufty-black dots ; tail
rounded.

Inhabits Arabia i fcales fmall, denticulate.

Head wedged, fleeing from the crown ; teetJi fmall, remote,
fubequalj rigid, with a canine tooth in each jaw, each fide;
gullet and bale of the tongue covered with teeth; lips obtuie,
the upper fhoiter, retuie : anterior gill-cover denticulate be-
hind, pofterior 3-lpined ; lateral line parallel with and nearer
tlie back ; fins rufty-black with darker fpots, the hinder edge
Whitifh ; pectoral and ventral nearly equal.

Dorf. ^5: peS:. i-j: vent. [ : an. ,-|: caud. i'j rays.

Fafciata, Red, with broad whitifli tranfvcrfe bands.

Inhabits the Red Sea ; above a yard long ; fcales ficall.

Head large ; eyes large, approximate, feparated by 2 longitudi-
nal furrows ; iris greenifh-rufous ; lips rounded, obtufe,
equal ; teeth fetaceous, many rows in the vipper jaw, only
ont^ in the lower ; anterior gilt-cover flightly toothed behind,"
pofterior pointed, Ipinous ; pe&oral fins on fiiort pedicels,
nearly connefted by a membrane ; lateral line nearer th-
back.

i>orf. II i pect. 7 : vent. I: an. ^, : caud. 17 rays.

Miniata. Scarlet, covered with blue dots ; tail rounded.

2. Brown, with ocellate blue fpots.

3. Red, with blue dots.

Inhabits Arabia ; feeds on fifli ; fcales fmall, round, ftriate ;
tlefh good.

Crown marked with the letter V before the eyes ; iris red with-
out, yellow within ; nojtrils round, funple, with a conic
citrus ; lips very broad, obtufe, fprinkled with blue dots,
the upper fliorter, protratlile ; teeth fetaceous, with 2 ftrong
canine ones in each jaw 5 gill-covers flightly ferrate behind ;
fns 3II rounded behind, the ventral only pointed, the ante-
rior'edge blue.

Vorf, ^; peil. 17: tent, i: an, ^^i caud. 15 rays,

Summava, \

FISHES. THORACIC. 32. Perca. 817

Summana. Tail rounded ; body afhy-brown, covered with "white
fpecks.

2. Body blueifh, with brown dots.

3. Whitifh-aih, with yellowifh-brown dots. ^

Inhabits Arabia ; very much refembles the laft.

Head brown, a little dotted ; beneath the eyes each fide an oB-
long black fpot ; iris brown ; _fiHS brown, fpeckled with
•white ; tail fhort, with a black Ipot above.

Dorf. I}, : /». 17 : v. I: a. ,3 : c. 15 rays.

2) Dorf. I : pe6i. 18 : vent, g: an. — : caud. 18 rays. .

3) ^"^f' II'' p- i^- v.l: a. — : c. 15 rays.

^■intvfis, Yeilowifli ; tail ov^l ; loWer j^w fhortcr.

Inhabits China : relembles the river P., but dialler.

Mouth oblcng, rounded; lateral line curved; tongue, "palatt

zr\d^ns )• Uowifli ; dorfal reaching from the head to the tail,

narrower in lihe ini.idle.
Dorf. ^5: ped, 18 : vent, 6 : an. ,| : caud. 17 ray«,

C. D or J al fin Jingle ; tail forked:

Afcenfionis Above reddifh, beneath whitifh.

Inhabiis Akcnfion Ifc ; body nai'row, covered -with oblong-
round ic des, denticulate on the fore-part.

Gill-covers ferrate, of 2 pieces, 2 of the teeth larger than
the reft.

Dovf. 'J : pect. 16 : vent. 8 : an. 14: caud. 26 rays.

ZaiiH, Cblong-lanceolate, carmine with pale violet dots ; hind-
edge of all the fins yellow.

Inhabits Arabia ; about a yard long ; body beneath pale with-
out fpots ; fcales Imall. ftriate, rounded, entire.

Crown naked, convex ; iris carmine ; n$firili fimple, with a
conic cirrus before them ; lips obtufe, the upper fr.orter,
protraftile ; teeth ietaceous, flexile, remote, conic, lon.e of
them ftronger; gill-covers fat, Icaly, the anterior very entire,
pofterior 3-fpined behind ; lateral line nearer the back, and
not parallel; pectoral and ventral fins Without fpots, the
former oval, the latter with a falcate angle ; tail linear.

Dorf. ^l : pect. 17 : vent. |: an. ,^: caud. 15 rays,

Venenofa, Pe£loraI fins tipt with yellow ; tail lunate ; body with
blood-red dots.
Inhabits America ; is fufpefted of being poifonous.

\^ol. I. — 5 M Xehnu-

8ia FISHES. THORACIC. 32. Perca.

Mdanura. Tail black, edged with white ; body with yellow lines.
Inhabits America.

ScEtatrix. Tail forked, red on the hind-part ; belly paile yellow^
with grey lines.
Inhabits America^

Stigma, Dorfal fin filamentous ; gill-covers branded.

Inhabits India.

Dorf. ^j : pcQ;. 13 : vent. I : an. ,^ : caud. 17 rays.

Diagram' Body whitCj with longitudinal brown ftripes ; dorfal
ma. fpines it.

Inhabits India, in frefh waters ; grows to 10 inches long, and

preys on fmaller fifhes.
Croiun Hoping •, JJioulders convex ; dorfal fin with large
blotches of deep brown ; tail with an oblique brown band
on each lobe and another down the middle.
Dorf. JJ: pect. 13: vent. I: an^ ,3. : caud, x8 rays.

Striata. Body ftriate.

Inhabits North America ; differs from P. melanuri chiefly in not

having the tail black.
Gill-covers fubferrate ; fecond ray of the anal fin very ftrong.
Dorfl^: pect.i^: vefit.s' an, ,?: caud. 17 rays,

Lineata, Dorfal fin filamentous ; body with 5 alternate white and
brown lines.
Dorf,'^^ : pect. 15: vent, J: an, ,\: caud, 17 rays,

*Cernua, Dorfal fin 27 -rayed, fpines 15. Ruffe.

Inhabits clear ftreams of Europe ,* 6 — 8 inches long ; body
round, mucous, fides yellowifh dirty-green, fpotted with
black, breaft white, nape and back blackifh ; feeds on leffer
fifhes, and is the prey of larger and various aquatic birds ;
is exceedingly fertile, and fpawns in March or April ; flefh
good.

Head thick, comprefled ; eyes large, pupil blue, iris brown
with a yellow mark ; jazvs equal ; teeth very minute and
fharp ; Jins yellowifh ; feEtoral^ dorfal aud caudal fpotted
with black.
,, Dorf, ^^ : pect, 14: vtnt, I : an, ) i caud, 17 rays.

*Nigrat

FISHES. THORACiC. 32. Perca. 819

Nigra. Body narrow, with fmall thin fcales. Black Fijh.

Inhabits Cornwall: a very indiftintl Ipecies.
Length X 5 inches ; teeth fmall ; nojirtls large, double.

Acerina. Dorfal fin with 31 rays, fpines 17.

Inhabits the Euxine lea, and the rivers running into it ; refem-

bles in its figure, colour and habils P. cernua •, head longer,
Dorf.f.y pect.25, vent, I, an. ,\, caud. 17 rays.

Schrat/cr. Body with longitudinal black lines each fide.
Inhabits fouthcrn Europe ; head aculeate.
Dor/. 3^: pect. 16 : vent. I: an. I: caud. 18 rays.

Argentea. Noftrils tubular ; a black fpot on th.e fpinous part of the
dorfal fin.
Inhabits America.
Dor/. II : pect. 12 : vent. I : an. ,\'. caud. 17 rays.

Cabrilla. Body with 4 longitudinal blood-red ftripes.
2. Varied with yellow and violet blotches.
Inhabits the Mediterranean.
Dor/. ;° : pect. 16: vent. \, : an. ,% : caud. 17 rays.

Radula, Body with white dots difpofed in lines.
Inhabits India : fcales crenulate.
Dor/, '^ : pect, 12 : vent. 6 : an. ,; : caud. 17 rays,

Formofa,. Tail lunate ; head marked with blue lines and blotches.

Squirrel FiJh.
Inhabits Carolina; gill-covers toothed; anterior part of the

dorfal fin abbreviate towards the hind-part.
Dor/.ll, pect. 16, vetit.'e, an. ,1, caud. ig rays.

Sacer, Body rofe-coloured ; fecond ray of the dorfal fin very long.
Inhabits the Mediterranean ; a foot long. Nat. Mi/cel. 371.
Pofterior gill-cover ending in a fpine ; tail lunate.

Lunulata» Reddifh ; tail with a black lunule at the bafe.

Inhabits Sumatra. Linn. Tran/. iii. 35.

Crown convex, naked ; jaws equal ; teetk conic, a little curved,
the canine ones in the upper jaw ftronger ; ventral fins gol-
den, the reft reddifh. ^

JOor/lli pect. i6, ve?it, 7, iw. .?, caud. 17 rays,

5M 3 Aurata,

820 FISHES. THORACIC. 33. Trachichthys.

Aurata. Whitifh, with a longitudinal yellow ftripe.

Inhabits Samatra. Linn. Tranf. iii. 35.

Eyes large, iris yellow ; under the eye a fingle reflefted fpine ;
anterior gill-covers toothed beliind, the pollerior nearly en-
tire ; lateral line nearer the back, a little curved on the
hind-part •, pectoral fins pale yellow ; tail yellow, the reft
whitilh-brown.

DqtJ. I^: pcct. 18: vent. 6: an, ,^ ; caud. i8 rays.

Sumatren- Body dark filvery ; fins longitudinally ftriate.
fis. Inhabits in fhoals the coafts of Sumatra ; 3 inches long ; fcales

fmall, denticulate, dotted with brown* Linn. Tranf. ^.^S,
Head fmall, wedged, the nofe and front brown ; iris brown-
filvery ; viouth (rrnll ; lower jua> a little longer ; lateral line
parallel with the back, a little bent down at the end of the
dorfal fin ; pectoral and ventral fins yellpwj the reft brown,
ftreaked with yellow.
D. i]: p. 14 : i;. 6 : a. ,3 : c. 18 rays.

Trijurca, Tail trifid ; body with 7 blue bands.

Inhabits Carolina ; very finely variegated.

Gullet yellow ; gill-covers very finely toothed ; the third and

fourth fpinous rays of the dorfal fin with a filament as long

as the fpine itfclf.
Dorf. 'Xi pcct, 16, vent, I , an. ,]^ caud^. 20 rays.

33. TRACHICHTHYS. /f^^^ rounded in
front ; eyes large ; mouth wide, tooth-
lefs, delcending: gill-membrane with
8 rays, the 4 lowermofl of which are
rough on the edges : fcales rough :
abdomen cataphrafted with large cari-.
nate fcales.

AuJiraUs, Tr. Naturalift's Mijcell. No. io6, plate 378.

Inhabits New Holland ; about 5 inches long, and 2 deep ; body
coated with fcales fo ftrongly and clofely inferted that it is
not poftible to detach one from the reft without bringing
with it a portion of the fiun.

Ey£s

FISHES. THORACIC. 33. Gaftcroftcus. Szt

Eyes extremely large, iris filvery \ gill-covers armed on the up-
per part with a ftrong rough fpine, and a Inrall one on the
lower ; ft ales fringed and covered with fmall fpiiies, thofe on
the abdomen projecting into a fhortifli fpine, pointing back-
wards and forming a fharp keel ; tail ftrongly forked ; edge?
cf all t\\c fms paler: 3 firft rays of all the fins, except the
pectoral, llrong, rough, and finely ferrate outwards.

Dorf. 14, pcct^ ij, vtnt. -J, an, 12, caud. 24 rays.

34. GASTEROSTEUS. Head oblong,
fmooth : jaws armed with minute
teeth : tongue fhort, obtuie : pataU
fmooth: eyes moderate, hardly pro-
minent, lateral : gill-membrane with 3,
6 or 7 rays : gill-cover of 2 pieces,
rounded, flriate : body carinate each
fide, and covered with bony plates :
dorfal fin fingle, with diftin6t fpines
between it and the head : lateral line
ftraight : ventral fins behind the petlo^
ral, put ^bove the flernum.

Stickle-back.

fAcukatus Dorfal fpines 3, Three-fpined St.

Inhabiti frcfh waters of Europe s about 3 inches long ; is very
fhort lived, "hardly ever reaching to the third year ; fpawns
in April and June ; is infefted with inteftinal worms ; feeds
on the fry and fpawn of fifh, worms and infefts ; appears
fometimes in vaft {hoals, and is chiefly ufed for manure or to
fatten ducks and pigs.

Body filvery at the fides ; head comprcfled, floping on the
fore-part •; eyes prominent, iris filvery ; body near the tail
fquare ; gill-covers large, filvery ; chin and breafi fometimes
fine red ; lateral line rough, nearer the back ; fins yellowifti ;
ventral confifts of one fpine or rather plate, of unequal
lengths, one being large, the other fmall, with a flat bony
plate between both ; beneath the vent a fhort fpine,

/)pr/". 12: pe£l, jo; v:nt,lx an, I', caud.iznys.

822 FISHE;S. thoracic. 34. Gafterofteus.

DiiElor, Dorfal fpines4; gill-membrane y-rayed. Pilot Fijh.

Inhabits the Ocean ; is the conftant attendant on the (hark, and

always precedes it.
Dorf. z'j : p. iS : v. 6: a. 16; c. 19 rays.

japonicus Dorfal fpines 4 ; gill-membrane 5-rayed.

Inhabits Jajiayi ; body yellow, 5 inches long ; fcales large,
rhombic, ending in fpines turned back, the fore-part ciliatc
with fpines, the edge brown.
' Htad. obtufe;jawj rough, v/ithout teeth ; gill-covers not fcaled,
toothed behind ; dorfal fpines moveable, thick, ftrong, une-
qual, placed in a cavity ; ventral fins connefted by a thick
rigid fpine an inch and a half long.
Dcrj. to: pcd. 12 : vent. — -: an. 9 : caud. 22 rays.

P'.udentc^'
lis.

Lyfan,

Ovatus't

Dorfal fpines 7, and 2 before the anal fin.

Inhabits America : filvery, tail longitudinally ftriate.
Dorf, 11, pect. 11, vent, 6, an^\^ caud. 16 rays.

Dorfal fpines y, anal 2 ; gill-membrape 8-rayed.

Inhabits Arabia ; body blueifh-brown, beneath white, oblong

lanceolate ; fcales minute lanceolate.
Lateral line undulate on the fore-part,
Dorf. ^\ : peEl. 1 -j : vent. I : an. .^ ; caud. — rays.

Dorfal fpines 7, the firft recumbent ; anal 2.

Inhabits Afia : body compreffed. In fbape it refembles a Chae-

todon, in wanting the plate on the thorax a Labrus, and in its

recumbent dorfal fpine a Scomber.
Jaws and lips rough ; dorfal fpines direfted alternately to the

fides, the firft very fmall, the next a little longer.
Dorf. 20 : ptB,. 16 : vent. 6 : <?n. .^ : caud, 20 rays.

Carolinus. Dorfal fpines 8, anal 3.

Inhabits Carolina ; body oblong oval.
Lateral line fubcarinate at the the tail
falcate ; tail neajrlv 2-lobed.

dorfal and anal fins

Canadus, Dorfal fpines 8, anal o ; gill-mpmbrane 7-rayed.
Inhabits Carolina : body oblong.

Spines refembling a firft dorfal fin 7 — 8, the pofterlor and anal
falcate ; tail nearly 2-lobed.

Saltatrix,

FISHES. THORACIC. 34. Gafterofteus. 823

Saltatrix. Dorfal fpines 8, connected By a membrane; gill-mem-
brane with 7 rays. Skip-jack,

Inhabits Carolina ; is lefs fpinous than others of its tribe, and
rel'embles a perch.

Lower jaio with a fingle row of teeth, the upper with 2 ;
dorfal fpines weaic, placed in a cavity, with a very fine memJ.
brane between them ; tail Jorked.

Dor/. 26: pect. 16: vait. l' <?«• 27 : cajid. 21 rays.

*Pungitlus Dorfal fpines 10. Ten-f pined Sf.

Inhabits Europe in fhoals, enters the mouths of rivers in fpring ;
1 y inch long ; body olive, beneath filvery ; fides not plated
like the others; fpines not inclining the lame way.
Dorf. IX : pe£l, 10: vent, 1 i an. ii ; caud. 13 rays.

*Spinachia Dorfal fpines 15. Fifteen-fpined St,

Inhabits European teas, and is never found in rivers ; 6 — 7
inches long ; body long, above brown or olive, beneath
filvery ; is faid to follow a light ; feeds on worms, infefts and
the young fry and fpawn of Hfhes ; is feldom eaten, but uled
chiefly for manure or lamp oil.
Head tubular ; iris filvery ; lower jaw longer ; teeth fharp ;
gill-covers radiate : trunk 5-fided ; lateral line elevated,
fharp, confifting of brown plates; tail deprelfed, with an
elevated line above and beneath ; dorfal fpines bent back,
placed in a cavity ; perioral oblong ; tail rounded.
Dorf. 7 : peB. 10 : vent, 2 : an, 6 — 7 : caud. 12 rays,

Spinarella, Spines on the hind-part of the head 4, fomewhat ferrate,
the lateral ones as long as the belly.
Inhabits India.
Dorf, 16, pect. 20) vejit.^, am. 8, caud. — rays.

Acanthias, Four fmall fpines before the dorfal fin ; gill-membrane
3-rayed.
Inhabits the feas of Denmark.-

35. SCOMBER.

024 FISHES. TPIORACIC. 35. Scomber.

35. SCOMBER. Head comprelTed, fmootli :
gill -membrane with 7 rays : body
imooth : lateral line carinate behind :
between the dorfal fin and tail are
frequently {^v^Vdl fpurious fms.

Mackerel,

A. Spurious fins dijiln^.

*Sci?mbir. Spurious fins 5. Common M.

Inhabits the European, American, Atlantic and Mediterranean
feas ; i — 2 feet long ; body above the lateral line dark green
varied with blue and crofted with black lines, beneath fil-
very ; when juft taken out of the water emits a phofphoric
light, and loon dies ; is gregarious and vifits the fliores annu-
ally in vail flioals ; the celebrated garuvi of the Romans was
' prepared from this fifh.

Head long ; eyes large, covered with a white film in the autumn,
during whidh time they are half blind, which is caft off in
the lummer ; mouth hrge ; tongue loofe, pointed, fraooth ;
teeth in both jaws and round the edge of the palate"; lower
jazo longer ; nape broad, black ; aperture of the gills large,
the cover filvery, of 3 pieces j body comprefled, laarrow,
and nearly quadrangular towards the tail ; lateral line nearer
and parallel with the back, with oblong fpots. beneath ; vent
nearer the tail ; Jins fmall, cinereous ; tail forked.

Dorf. 12, 12, pect. 20, vent.S, an. 13, caud. 20 rays.

Cabas. J3ody varied with fine green and blue.

Inhabits Sardiniu : is probably the younger fifh of the lafl,
which it very much refembles.

faponicus Blueifli ; fpurious fins 5.

Inhabits Japan : ftiaped like a herring ; 8 inches long ; fcales

very fmall ; each jaw ciliate with teeth ; head filvery ; is

perhaps a mere variety of S. fcomber.
Dorf. 8, 8, pcct. i8, ver.t. 6, an, 11, caud., 20 rays.

Aiiratus,

FISHES. THORACIC. 35, Scomber. 825

Auratus. Fine gold-colour \ fpuwous fins 5.

Inhabits Japan; very nearly allied to S, fcomber.
-Dt>r/". () : p(El, 18 : vent, 6 : an. 6 : caud. — rays.

Alatunga. Pe(5loral fins very fmall ; fpurioilS firis 7.

Inliabits the Mediterranean j is periodical and migrator^.

Pdamii. Spurious fins 7 ; body with 4 black lines each fide.
Inhabits between the Tropics and the Atlantic.
DorJ, 15, 10: peEi, 27 : vent. 6 : an. 14: caud» 26 rays.

*Thynnus. Spurious fins 8 — 11. Thunny,

Inhabits moft feas, and is from 2 to lO feet long; body fpindle-
fhaped, filvery, above fteel-blue and a little convex ; is ex-
tremely voracious, and Iwims with great iwiftnefs ; fpawns in
May or June, and peviodically frequents the lliores of the
I Mediterranean fea in vaft Ihoals, Iwimming in a regular pa-

rallelogram, and making a prodigious hiiTu.g r.oife ; the flefh
is g(X)d, though fometimes accounted poifono us, which may
be occafioned by its feeding on noxious moliufcae.
Head fmall, obtufe on the fore-part ; eyes large, iris filvery, on
the outfi.de golden; teeth Irnall, fharp ; lower jazw longer;
tongue fhort, fmooth : gill-cover of i pieces : fcdles fmall,
thin, deciduous ; firft dorfal fin fpinoas, and when deprefTed
concealed in a cavity on the back, the lecond falcate ; pccto-
tal long, and with the /purious, anal and fecond dorfal fill*
yellowilh ; ventral fhort, and with the firft. dorfal and lunate
caudal cinereous.
Dor/, 14, 12^ pefl, 32 i vent. 6: iin. 13: caud. 30 rays.

Cordyla, Spurious fins 16 ; lateral line itiailed with bony plates.
Inhabits America: body comprelted, broad.
Dorf. 7, g, feet. 15, verit. 6, an. z, 14, caud. 20 rays.

Fulvbgut- A fingle 2-Taycd fpurious fin before the anal.
iaius. Inhabits /ira^ia; body Ibining pale blue with golden fpots at

the fides.
Crown hollow before the eyes ; iris golden ; from the head to'
the dorfal fin is a polifhed, naked, glaucous membrane ; la-
teral line arched at the beginning ; £rfl dorfal fin when
i'olded hid in a cavity ; ventral approximate ; tail very wide-
ly arched in an obtule angle.
i>orf.]^ I, ,J, pcLt.^\^ Vint ij (in,\. ,], caudi^ ig ^^Y^

Vol, i. — 5 N B» SpnrhtfS

gi6 FISHES. THORACIC. 35. Scomber.

B. Spurious fins o.

Clauctis. Dorfal fpines recumbeht.
Inhabits Afcenfion IJland.
Dorf. 7, 25, pcct. 20, vent, 5, an, 25, cawcf. 20 rays.

Specivfus. Pale golden ; bands on the crown oblique j on the body
7 black alternate bands.

Inhabits Arabia : body oval lanceolate, without teeth, above
brown, beneath pale ; fcales fmall, entire, deciduous.

Crozcn convex, naked, finooth ; iris filvery, golden on the fore-
part ; lips equal, obtufe, the upper protraftile ; gill-covers
of 3 pieces, the anferior fcaled, pofteiior naked ; lateral line
nearer the back, arched at the beginning and ftraight from the
fifth band ; Jins yellow ; dorfal glaucous ; p^Eloral falcate,
3 times as long as the ventral; tail bitid.

■D''^. 6j Mj pect.il, vent ^ — 6, are. ',1-7, caud, — « rays,

Fitdau, Oblong-oval, filvery, with golden dots on the fides ; body
with 5 obfolete tranfverfe brown bands.
2. Perioral fins hyaline.

Inhabits Arabia : body above blueifh ; fcales fmall, deciduous.

Crocvn naked, fmooth, with a bony line in the middle ; iris
white ; before the nojtrils a fmall conic cirrus ; upper lip
protractile ; teeth numerous, fetaceous ; lateral line nearly
ftraight ; gill-covers entire, fcaly ; between the dorfal fins a
fingle fhort fpine, arid 2 others before the anal, the former
and poftcrior dorfal fin furrounded with an trttk. membrane ;
ventral fliort, pointed ; pectoral whitifh, falcate ; tail cut
off in a right angle, glaucous, the lobes lanceolate.

^orf,l, ;, ^'j pcct. 21, mnt. 8, an.\, .*' <^0'^d. 16? rays,

Ignohilis, Silvery, back blueidi ; pcdoral and ventral fins reddifii.

Inhabits Arabia : fcales Imall, deciduous ; before the anal fin are
2 fpines, connefted into a fpurious fin, the pofterior fpine
twice as large as the firft.

Each jazt) with a row of fhort, fubulate teeth ; lateral line
undiulate, but ftraight, and mailed from the anal fin ; dorfal
fms glaucous, the firft triangular ; ana J hyaline, the deeper
part yellow beneath ; upper lobe of the tail glaucous, lower
yellow,

-^oxf- ? > I J il : pict, ,1 : Vint, I: <ln,\i .; : caud^ 18 rays.

Sanfuin%

FISHES. THORACICoS- Scomber. 827

S-anfum. Shining filvery, ^YIthout fpots \ tail with an elevated equal
ridge.

Inhabits Arabia ; rcfembles S. fuK'o guttatus.

Crozon with branched veins ; each jaw with a raw o£ teeth, the
vipper with numerous fetaceous ones behind thein ; veni'y'al
znd pectoral fins white, the rell brown ; dorfal black oji'thV
upper edge ; anal and caudal ytWow on the lower edge.

^^'/' 7S I> .!> P^^t- ■-!» '^<'"^' 6 J ""' r» ■*» caud. 18? rays.

yff'^r/^. White ; fides and tail yellow.

Inhabits the Red Sea : body lanceolate, covered Vith fi\ed

fcales ; before the anal fin a^e 2. fpincs conneftcd into a fmall

fin, the hinder fpine twice as long.
Each jan) with a row of fmall fubulate ittXh. ; lateral line

arched at the beginning, ftraight, and mailed from the pof-

terior dorfal fin ; tail not jcarinate ; firft dorjal fin triangular,

aequilatej-al.
-^^'/•2» 4. P^^^' -2, veni. 5, (m.X, ,J, caud. 17 nys.

Fakatus, Body rhomboidal ; fecond rforfal and anal fins "falcate.

Inhabits the Red Sea; body half as long again as it is broad,
fmooth, filvery, above browner ; fcales thin, fixed, elevated
at the tip ; under the fkin in the middle of the back are a
few fpines reaching to the dorfal fin, and before them a flron^
horizontal fpine turned forwards and fometimes liid under the
{kin, and before the anal fin axe 2 fpines.

Front perpendicular, yellowifh ; lips obtufe, equal, the upper
protraftile ; jazos without teeth, the upper fmooth, the lower
rough; gill-covers n^iktd, entire; lateral line a littfc'undu-
late ; pectoral fins pval, obtufe, brown ; t;e7?rrfl/ longer, ob- »
iiquely truncate behind, tavmy on the outfidc, whitifh
within; tail bifid, glaucpus, brp\yn on the fore-part, the
pofterior edge yellow.

FilamentO' Breaft naked ; fecond dorfal and anal fins filamentous.
fu f. Inhabits Sumatra : body filveiy, above blueifh ; fcales finall,

fixed. Linn. Tranf. iii. 36,.
Head obtufe on the fore-part ; eyes large, iris yellow ; jaws
armed with fmall crowded teeth ; gill-cover of 3 pieces, entire,
naked ; before the anal fin are 2 fpines, the pofterior larger ;
jini yellowifh ; the firft dorfal hid in a cavity ; pectoral fal-
cate ; fai^bifid.
Dorf.l, 22, pect. ig, vent. 5, an, ;, 18, caud, 22 rays,

5 N 2 C- Spurious

Bit FISHES. THORACIC, 35. Scomber.

C. Spurious f US conne^fd-.

^Tracf^U' Dorfal fpine recumbent ; lateral line prickly.
ruS4 Scad. Horfe M,

Inhabits European, American and Pacifc feas; from a Ipan to
2 feet long ; body Tilvery ; front and back mixed green and
blue ; long, comprelled, covered with thin, round, foft icales ;
flefh eatable but tough.

Head large. Hoping ; tcttk ftiarp ; lower jaw longer ; a lit-
tle curved ba"ck -, patate rough ; tvngue fmooth, broad,
thin ; eyes large, iris reddifli-filvery ; gill-cover of 2 pieces,
the upper with a black fpot ; back ftightly arched and cari-
nate ; Idteral line bending dowTi at the end of the pe6loral
fins and afterwards ftraight, and covered with about 68 im-
bricate plates, ferrate with recurved prickles ; Jins white ;
the firft rays of the firft dorfal black ; taii lunate.

Dorf. 8, 34 : feet, zo : vent- 6 : an. ^ : caud. 20 rays.

Hippos, Gill-covers with a black fpot on the hind-part ; pofleriop
dorfal fin red j ventral and anal yellow. "

Inhabits Carolina and Otaheite.

Teeth in one row, the 2 fore -ones larger; lateral line verymucll
floping down in the middle, the hind-part carinate and fub-
fpinous ; fpines before the anal fin remote.

Vorf. 7, 22 : ped, 22 : vent, 6 ; an. ^" : caud. go rays.

Qhryfurus. Spurious fins pale yello>y ; mouth without teeth.

Tellow-tail.
Inhabits Carolina ; fpines before the anal fin remote.
DorJ. 9, 26^; peEl. 1^: vent. 6 c an, 3, : caud. 22 rays.

Amt(t, . j^j{^ j-gy of ^jjg pofterlor dorfal fin longer.

GorJ. 5, 34: pttil. 20: vent. 6: an. 24: camc?. — • rays,

fela^izus. Spurious fins and dorfal connefted into one.

J)orf. 40 : peel, 19 : vent. 5 : an. 2? :caud, go rays.

36, GENTROGAST^R.

FISHES. THORACIC. 36. Centrogade?. 829

36. CENTROGASTER. Head comprefTed,
fmooth : gill-membrane moilly y-ray-
ed : body deprefled, fmooth : fms
fplnous ; ventral connected by a mem-
bnme, with 4 (harp fpines and 6 foft
rays.

Fufctfanu Brown, beneath whitifli ; tail flightly forked.
Inhabits Japdn : about 5 inches long.

Upper jaw with iliarp teeth ; dorfal fin running down the
whole back.
, ^'^^/' 9> n ' P'^'^^' i^ • '-'-"^ .t : an. X : caiid, 20 rays.

Jrgentatus Silvery j nape witK a -large brown fpot, and a blackif^r
one on the dorfal fin.
Inhabits ^ya/'an,- 3 i inches long ; tail forked.
Dorf. I : peel. — : vent. 4 : an. ' : cattd. — . rays.

Equula. Spurious fins and dorfal fin connefted.
2. Fins glaucous, tdged with yellow.

Jnliabits the Red oca; 5 inches long; body oval, comprefTed,
filvery, fmooth, coated wish very minute icales.

Front with 2 bony ridges, converging forwards, and above the
angle of the eye 2 retroverted ipines ; iris filvery ; teeth fe-
taceous ; upper lip retraftile, lower curved ; anterior gill-co-
vers ferrate beneath ; lateral line nearer the back, firfl
flraight, then rifing, and defcending towards the tail ; ventral
fins with a lanceolate membrane on the upper fide, with a
hollow, linear, bony callus before them, and before this cal-
lus a fharp bony protuberance ; dorfal and anal reaching to
the tail ; tail 2-lobed.

Dorf. .\ : pe£l» 18 : vent. « : an. ,% : caud, 1 7 rays.

Rhombeus^ Ventral fins each of one fpinous ray.

Inhabits the Rtd Sea: body filvery; fcales finall,

Itis

$3* FISHES. THORACIC. 37. Mullus.

Jri.i filvery, above and beneath brown ; teeth numerous, exceed-
ingly fmall ; toagui: obtufe, with a whitilh rough excrefcence
above near the tip ; before the dorfal fin are 5 fmall fpirifcs,
fcarcely conne6led ; dorfal fin Icaly, white tipt with black ;
Anal fcalv, triangular on the fore-part ; pectoral flightly
rounded ; near the v^entral fins are 2 Imall fpines, and behind
ea,ch 5 foft rays, hardly vifible ; tail fhort, compreffed, not
carinate, glaucous, nearly rounded ; lateral line nearer and
parallel with the back.

37. MULLUS. Head comprefTed, floping,
fcaly ; eyes oblong, approximate, ver-
tical, furnifhed with a niftitant meni-
brane : nojlrils double, minute ; jaws
and palaU armed with fmall teeth :
tongue fliort, narrow, fmooth,, fixed :
gill-memhra7ie 3-rayed ; the covers of 3
pieces, very finely ftriate : body round,
lon§^, red, coated with large fcales,
eafily dropping off. - Surmullet,

"Barhaius Lower jaw with % cirri ; body red. Red S.

Inhabits European, Mediterranean and Par.xjtc feas ; body when
deprived of its icales red. Nothing can be more beautiful
than the colours of this fifh when it is dying, and nothing
more delicious than its flelli ; the Romans held it in fuch
vaft repute that prodigious fiuns were given for them ; they
were often bought at their weight in pure filver.
i5- 7, Cjy p: 15, V. 6,- a. 7, c. i6 rays.

*Surmulc- Cirri 1 ; body with 4 longitudinal yellow lines.

tus. Striped S.

Inhabits European, American and Mediterranean feas ; from a

fpan to a foot long ; fcales filvery ftreaked with tawny ;

feeds on other fin*s, teflaceous animals, crabs and carcaffes ;

is gregarious, and approapli^ the fliore in the fpring, for the

pur.pofe of fpawning ; its flefh is equally delicipus with -the

lil\.

• ' Head

FISHES. THORACIC. 37. Muilus. ^31

Head large ; (yes rounJ, pupil blue, furrounded with a red
ring< iris filvery ; upper jaw longer ; ^ill-membrane rurrow,
the lower piece of the cover narrow and long, the upper end-
ing in a foft blunt elongation ; lateral line parallel with the
back, bending down towards the tail ; Jins yellow, the rays
chiefly red.

DorJ^, <y, 5 : pe£i-i 15 : vent. 6 : an, 7 : caud. 22 rays.

Japonicus Yellow without ftripes ; tail forked; cirri 2.

Inhabits Japan : about 6 inches long ; is hardly to be diHin-

guifhed from M. barbatus.
Jaws without teeth. Dorf. 7, g.

Aurijiaw- Cirri 2, white ; each fide a tawny ftripe ; tail yellow.

Wfl, Inhabits the Red Sea ; Icales membranaceous at the edge.

Head fpotted with yellow at the fides ; teeth fmall, numerous;
Jiripe each fide the body longitudinal, broad, with 2 obfolete
yellow ones beneath the tail ; lateral line a little branched,
nearer the back ; dorjal and caudal fins yellow, the reft
whitifh ; tail with a fmall black fpot.

^orf. 5 , .0 : pict. 17 : vent. 6 : an. I : caud. 15 rays.

Vittatus, Cirri 2 ; body with 2 brown and 3 yellow ftripes each

fide ; tail obliquely brown.
Inhabits the Red Sea ; body lanceolate, white ; fcales finely

toothed, with obfolete elevated rivulets.
Jams crowded with teeth at the edges ; cirri as long as the

gill-covers ; lateral line nearly fhraight, nearer the back and

{lightly branched ; dorfal and caudal fins white, with black

lines, the reft whitifh.
Dor/. I, .^rays.

Ivtherbist Lower jaw without cirri.
Inhabits Malta.
Dor/.6; .1: put, 12: vent, 6: an,,\: cawi. no rays."

38. TRIGLA.

tz2 FISHES. THORACIC. 3^. Trigla.

38. TRIGLA. Head large, mailed, with
rough lines J eyes large, round, verti-
cal : mouth large : palate and jaws
armed with fhatp teeth : nojlrils dou-
ble : giil'Cover of a fingle, radiate,
Ipinous piece ; the membrane 7 -rayed :
. body wedged, coated with fmall fcaies:

back flraight, with a longitudinal fpi-
nous groove each fide : lateral line
flraight, nearer the back: belly ihick:
ventral and peroral fins large, the lat-
ter with articulate appendages fituated
before them. Gurnard*

Cataphac- Appendages 2 ; fnout long, forked ; hodj mailed. .
tus. inhabits the Meditsrranean fea; budy octangular, pale whitifh^

brown ; 6 inches long.
Mouth without teeth *, lower lip with numerous cirri ; fnout
widely forked, the divifions obtuie ; i<entral and pcHoral fins
connefted ; tail (lightly 2-lobed.
Do7f. 27: peel. 11 : vent. 6: an, 20: caud 10 rays.

*Lyra, Appendages 3 ; noftrils tubular. Piper,

Inhabits the Britijh coafts ; near 2 feet long.
Snout divided into 2 broad plates, each terminated with 3 fpines ;
on the inner corner of each eje a (Irong fpine, the bony plates
of the head, terminating each fide with another ; gill-covers
armed with a fharp ftrong fplne ; over the pectoral fin a
large {harp fpine ; lower jaw much fhorter than the upper ;
hack ferrate, with {harp ilrong fpines, pointing towards the
tail ; tail lunate,
i Dorf. 10, 18 : ptct. 12 : tent. I : an, ,i: caud, — rays.

*Curnat' Appendages 3 ; back with black and red fpots. Grey G.

aus, Iniiabits European leas; 1^ — 3 feet long; body above grey,

beneath reddifli, covered with fmall white leaks ; feeds on
crabs ar.d teft?.cGou3 animals : fleih very scod.

FISriES; THORACIC. 38. Trigla. Sjj

Head large ; iris filvery ; cheeks with filvery rays ; gilUoveri
ending in a point ; lateral line rough, with large, thick,
prickly, black fcales, edged with white ; vent nearer thq
head ; rays of the fins longer than the membrane ; pectoral
and caudal black ifh; icwfrd^white ; anal and dorfal red-
difn-afh ; the firfl dorfal Ipott^d with white.

Dorf. >j, ig: pecC. lor vent. 6: an. I'j: caud, 9 rays.

*Cuc'jlii^, Appendages 3 ; lateral lirte unarmed. Red G.

Inhabits European feas ; a foot long ; body (lender, red^ dotted

with black, beneath fiK-cty ; is very voracious.
Nofc armed on each fide with 2 Iharp fpines ; lateral line with
ftrong, broad, filvery fcales, edged with black ; pectoral and
caudal fins reddifii, th« former edged with purple ; ventral
and anal white ; dorfal white fpotted with orange ; tail
flightly forked.
liorf. g, 16 : pect. lo: vent. 6: an. 16: caud. 13 rays.

Lucerna. Appendages 3 ; fnout a little cleft ; lateral line bifid at the
tail.

Inhabits the Northern ocean.

Dorf, 10, 17: pcct. 10: vent. 6: an. 15: cdud. — rays.

*Hijrundo^ Appendages 3 ;. later^ line prickly ; pcdoral fins pale
gieen, edged and fpotted with rich blue.

Tuh-Jijh. Sapphin^G.
Inhabits the Northern feas ; about 2 or 3 pounds weight ; body
above grecnifli-brown, the fides tinged with red, beneath fil-
very ; feeds on fmall fifh and crabs, and fwims fwiftly.
Pupil green, iris reddifli-filvery ; on the inner comer of each
eye are 2 fpines ; rays of the peftoral and ventral fins branch-
ed ; tail brownilh, nearly even, the rays branched ; the reft
•white, the rays umpki
■Dorf. 7, 19 ; pect. 9 : vent. 6 : an, 18 : caud. ii rays.

*lin£ata. Body red, flreaked, beneath White. Streaked G^

Inhabits the coafl of Cornwall.

Utad largt, with ftellate marks ; gill-covtrs thorny ; vioutji
fmall, without teeth ; iyes large ; pectoral ftns fpotted.

Vol. I, —. 5 O Aftati-a,

Si+ FISHES. THORAGiC. 38. Trigl^.--

yijaina. Appendages 4.

Inhabits the Ocean : fmooth, rovmdifh, filvery.

Snout prominent, fmooth.; mouth rough within •, antei-ior ^ui»

cover ferrate ; pecloral fins falcate.
Dorf, !, i6; pecK 18; vent 6: an, 17 : caud. 18 rays.

Ei,olans. Appendages 3 ; between tli€ dorfal fins 3 fertate fpinee.

Inhabits Carolina.

Snout notched; pectoral fins black, half as long as the bo3y ;
the firft. and fecond fpines of the firft dorfal fin, and the firll
of the fecond rough on the anterior fide ; tail bifid.

Dorf. 8, 1 1 : peel. 13 : vent. 6 : an. 11 : caud. 13 rays,

Volttans. Appendages 20i webbed by an intervening membrane.

Inhabits the Meditei-raneaii and Afiatic leas, and between the
Tropici ; when driven by other fi.fhes flies in every direftion
out of the water.
Dorf. 5j 8 ; petl. 28 : vent. 5 : an. 6 : caud. 18 rays.

Aliita, Appendages 11, conneiled by a membrane.
Inhabits Japan; 4 inches long.
Head angular ; lower jam and hinder-edge of the gill-covers

with 2 long fharp fpines,
D. ■ , — -: ps — : V. 6 : a. 14 : c. 14 rays.

Adriatica. Body vcrticillate with fcales ; lateral liae prickly; pe«So-
ral fins beneath black ; appendages 3.
Inhabits the Adriatic ; a fpan long ; body red, with black

* fpots and bands, beneath whitifli.

Head radiate, with iinall fpines above the eyes ; fnout retufe,
flightly 2-lobed and not fpinous ; jaws toothed, the Iov\'er a
little (horter ; dorfal fins waved with pale red ; pectoral
elongated beyond the vent, fomewhat truncate, Bbove fub-
fafciate with brown, beneath edged and fpotted with blue ;
ventral and anal white, fometimes tipt with black.

Dorf. ;°, 16: pect. 10, 3 : vent, I : an, 16 : caud. 12 rays.

Minuta. Appendages 3 ; back bicarinate.

* Inhabits India : about a finger's length.

Head hard, notched and toothed on the fore-part, with 2 fpines
behind the eyes, 2 at the hind-head, and 2 ftronger ones be-
hind the laft at the top of the head; gill-covers with a large
I'pine on the hind-part ; pectoral and ventral fins very much
pointed ; 7ai7 rounded.

^orf. I, 24: pect, 3, 8; vtnt, 6 ; on, 14 ; caud, 10 rays.

Carclinx.,

FISHES. THORACIC. 38. Trigja. ^55

Carolmce. Appendages 3 ; firft ray of the firft dorfal fin flightly prick-
led longitudinally.

Inh^ibjts Carolina: longer than the Jail ; fcales minute.
Head ftellate ; lateral line nearly fmooth ; tad bifid.
Dorf. j^, 13 : pcct. 15 : vent, 6: an. 12: caud. 10 ray5.

39. LONCHIURUS. Peaoral fins feparate :
jJ<2z7 lanceolate.

Barbqtus, Brown, with 2 cirri under the chin.

Inhabits rivers of Surinam; about 10 inches long'; body ot^
a deeper or lighter brown.

5O2 ORDEI^.

8^^^ FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 40. Cobitis.

ORDER IV. ABDOMINAL.

Gills bony ; ventral Jins placed on the belly be-
hind the thorasc,

40. COBITIS. Head fmall, oblong, naked :
eyes in the upper part of the head:
nape flat : gill-meinbrane 4—6 rayed ;
the covers of one piece, (hutting be-
neath : body covered with mucus, and
fmall, thin, eafily deciduous fcales;
nearly of an equal thicknefs from
head to tail : back ftraight, with a
(ingle fin : lateral line hardly confpi-
cuous : vent nearer the tail : tail
rounded. ' Lo^ke,

Aiiahleps. Cirrj 2 ; head deprefled ; eyes prominent.
Inhabits the fea fliores of Surinam.
A cirrus at each angle of the mouth.
■Dorf. y, pect. 22, vent, y, an, 9, caud, — rays.

'"Barbatii. Cirri 6 ; head unarmed, comprefled- Bearded L.

^^« inhabits fiefh waters of Europe and Afia ; 3 — 4 inches long ;

keeps at the bottom of the water on the gravel ; feeds on
worms and infects ; is very fertile, and fpawns in March and
April ; borly finely varied with white, cinereous and blackifh ;
flefh exquilite.

Head floping on the fore-part, pbtufe ; upper Up with 4 cirri
in the middle and one at each angle of the mouth ; mouth and
eyes minute ; jaws without teeth, the upper a little longer ;
lateral line ftraight ; Jins cinereous ; lines on the dorj'aiind
caudal fpotted with brown.'

J^^^Xf' 2f Z''^'^^' ip • vent. 9: an. 8 : caud. 17 rays,

^T(^nia,

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 40. Gobitis. , 837

"TtZ'iid. Cirri 6 ; a forked fpinc under each eye. Groundling.

Inhabits Europe j keeps under ftones in fmall brooks; whea
iiandled makes a hilFing noile ; feeds on worms; and aquatic
infeft-s, nnd the fpawn of other fifli ; body 5 inches long,
yellowjfii, with 4 rows of brown fpots.
Ikad comprefled, Hoping; mouth narrow, without teeth ; up-
- pn jazo a little louger ; upper Up with 2 cirri, lower with .\
ihorter ones ; eyes very minute, iris whitiib-yellow ; pectoral,
anal aiid caudal fins cinereous, the reft yellow ; dorfal with
5 rous of broad fpots ; iail rounded, broad, with 4 rows of
brown fpot.s.
Dorf. :o: pcct.. 11 : vent. 7 : an. g: cau.d. i-j rays.

J^itis^ pirri 8 ; a forked fpine over each eye.

Inhabits boggy places and muddy ftreams of Europe ; is ex-
tremely fertile, and preys on worms, infefts, lelfer fifb and
fat earth ; hides itlelf under the mud in winter, and is very
reltlefs befoie a ftorm, difturbing the water and getting as
near as pofTible to the furface ; body black, longitudinally
ftreaked with yellow and brown, with a few fpots, beneatli
orange dotted with black, and covered with a thick fkin ;
about 12 inches long ; fielb good.

//efli obtuf? ; irii golden; mouth oblong; each jaw with 12
fn; ilHbarp teeth; upper lip longer; tongue imall, fliarp;
cheeks and gill-cover f yellow fpotted with black ; Jins yellow;
pectoral, dorfal and caudal fpotted with black,

Porf. J ; pcct, 11 : vent. 6 ; an. 8 : caud. 14 rays.

Ifeteroclita Head without cirri ; dorfal and anal fins fpotted with
white ; tail barred with black. Mud-fip.

Inhabits Carolina ; about a palm long ; body roundifli, covered
with large fmooth fcales, beneath yellowilli.

Head flattifh, fcaly ; lips denticulate ; dorfal and anal fins op-
pofite, placed behind the equilibrium of the body, blackifti,
powdered with hyaline fpecks ; tail rounded, fpotted with
white and barred with black, the edge diaphanous.

Dorf, J 2 : pect, 16 : vent. 6 ; an. lo : caud. 25 rays.

jfapcnicf. Head without cirri, deprefled; jaws toothed.
Inhabits Japan ; 5 inches long ; body roundinr.
Dorf, \2,y pcct* II f veni. d, <J?i»9) caud, 20 nys.

At, AMIA)

83« FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 41. Amia. 42. Sllurus.

41. AMIA. Head flattened, bony, rough,
naked, appearing as if exoriate : teeth
in the jaws and palate, numerous,
(harp, ere^t : cirri 2, near the noftrils ;
gill-membrane 12-rayed: body ic<i\y.

■Calva. Tail with a black fpot.

Inhabits Carolina, m fiedi waters; body roundifh ; it is fd-

dom eaten.
Gill-covers obtufe, bony ; gullet with 2 bony plates, flriate from

the centre ; lateral line ftraight •, pectoral fins not larger tlun

the ventnl ; ventral placed behind the ecjuilibrium ; ^tir/«u.

long, Hoping ; tail rounded.

42. SILURUS. Head naked, large, broad,
comprefled : mouth furnifhed with
cirri refembling the feelers of in-
fers : gape very large, extending al-
mofl the whole length of the head :
lips thick : jazcs furnifhed with teeth :
tongue thick, fmooth, yery fhort : eye^
fmall : gill-membrane with 4—17 rays :
body elongated, comprefled, without
fcales, mucous : lateral line near the
back : hrft ray of the dorfal or perio-
ral fins ferrate with reverfed fpines.

' A. Cirri 2.

Militins, Second dorfal fin flefliy ; cirri bony, toothed.

Inhabits rivers of Afia : feeds on fmaller filTies, and grows to a^

large liz-.

Eye

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 42. Silurus. ^ S39

Eyts at the fides of tjie head ; fufl dorjal fin falcate ; hack
rifmg at the firfl dorlal fin ; lateral line flexuous, branched,
tail flightly 2-!obed.

Dor/.], o, pect. ,1, vent. 7, an. 20, caud. 18 rays.

fnffmh. Second dorfal fin flefhy ; fins unarmed.

Inhabits Hvers of Surinam.

Head deprefled, broad, lubricous; jazjt rough", cirri fiiort,
placed before the noftrils ; firfl dorfal fin nfing near the
head, the firft ray larger, hardly Ipinous and fniooth ; tho
4 fitft rays of the anal ihorler ; tail i'ubtruncate, very flightly
2 -lobed.

Dorf. 1, o, peel, fj^ vent. 7, tin. 38, caud. — rays.

B. CirrU-

Afotus. Baclc with only one fin.

Inhabits Afia.

Cirri 2 above the mouth and 2 beneath ; tectk numerous ; dor-

Jal fin without f'pinous rays ; firft ray of the pectoral ferrate ;

anal fin long, conncfted willi the caudul.
Dorf. _5 : p. ,', : v. 13 : a. 82; c. 16 rays.

Chilenfis. Second dorfal fin flefliy ; tail lanceolate.

Inhabits frefh waters of Chili j 10 inches long; body brown,

beneath white ; flefh very excellent.
DorJ~, 1,0'. petl. 8: vent, 8: an, 11 ; caud. 13 rays.

Ba^re. Second dorfal fin flefliy ; firfl ray of the dorfal and perioral
fins fetaceous.
Inhabits South America.
X)(?j/, 5,0, pect. ,!, vent. 8, an, 32, caud. 15 rays.

Callichthis Second dorfal fin one-rayed ; a double row of fcales on
the fides.
Inhabits fmall running flreams of Europe, and when thefe are
dried up crawls acrofs meadows in fearch of water ; is faid to
perfoi-ate the fides of jrefervoirs for the purpofe of making its
efcape.
Dorf. I J v: pect. .1 : vent, 7 : an. 7 : caud, 14 rays.

Ct Cirri

^ ,

340 . tiSHES. ABriOMI>lAL. 42. Siluras,

t. a

irrt

Gcanis. Dorfal fin finglej unarmed.

Inhabits deep ficfh waters of Europe and the Lajl ; grows to a
vafl: fizf, lonietimes weighing 300 pounds ; grow'S (lowly, and
before ftorras comes to the lurface of the water i body thick,
mucous, grecnilh-black, towards the belly greenifii beneath,
yellowiih-white, varied with blackifli and white Ipots ;
fle'h good.

Head lubipatulatc, dufkv-grecn ; iris white ; jaws arched, the
lower longer ; gullet with 4 prominent denticulate bones ;
peclordl fins yellow, the bafe and tip blueifli ; dorjal and
ventral yQ\\owi{h at the bafe, blueifh at the tip; anal long,
and with the rounded tail afliy-yeiUow at the bafe and edged
with violet.

Dorf. 5 : peel. 18 : vent. 13 : an. go : caud, 17 rays.

Flctricus.. Dorfal fin Tingle, flefliy.

Inhabits tivers of Africa: above 20 inches long ; body long,
very broad on the fore-part, deprfeffed, pale alh-colour, with
a few blackifli fpots towards the tail ; when touched commu-
nicates a fliock attended with trembling and pain of the
limbs, but leis violent than the torpedo or ele£lric eel ; flefn
eatable.

Head depreffed ; eyes moderate, covered with the common
fkin ; teeth crowded, fmall, fliarp, in each jaw ; voJtrHs
very minute, each fide 2 approximate ; upper lip bearded
with 2 cirri, lower with 4, of which the 2 exterior ones arc-
longer,

Dorf. o, pect,g, vent. 6, an. 12, caud. 18 rays,

Felis. Second dorfal fin flefhy ; anal rays 23 ; tail bifid.

Inhabits Carolina; body above blueifli.
Cirri 4 under the lower jaw, and i above the angle of the

mouth each fide ; ventral and anal fins reddifh.
Dorf. 1,0: peEl. ,; ; vctit. 6: an. 23 : caud. 31 rays.

Caleatus, Second dorfial fin fiefliy ; anal rays 24; tail entire.

Inhabits South America.

Head covered wiiii a hard coriaceous fhield ; fpinous ray of the

■peclordl and dorfal fins rigid,
Dorf. ; , o : pcet, = : vent. 6 : an. 24 r caud, 19 raVs.

Carina,

FISkES. ABDOMINAL. 42. Silurus. 841

Carinatus. Second dorfal fin flefhy ; lateral line fpinous ; cirri undet

the lower lip conne6led.
Inhabits Surinam: body cornpreded.
A fingle cirrxis each fide the mouth and 4 under the lower Iip»

papiilous beneath ; lateral line iubferrate and carinate with

fpines ; firft ray of the firft dorfal fin ferrate the contrary

way with the peftoral ; tail forked.
Horf, 6 : pect, 8 : vent. 8 : an. iz: cciud. 24 rays,

Jffiloticus. Second dorfal fin flefhy ; anal rays 10.

■^"^ — - Inhabits the Nile: 14! inches long; body brownifh-grey,

fides of the head blueifti ; end of the nofe, under part of the
head, peroral fins and cirri tinged with red, a femicircle of
reddifh at the commencement of the tail.

Head large, the hind-part covered with a bone reaching to the
firft back-fin, and ending each fide in a blunt point ; upper
jaw a little longer ; teeth in the upper jaw hooked, in the
lower ftraight ; cirri upper 2, net much longer than the
head, lower 4 fl^.orter, {lender, unequal • anterior ray of the
firft dorfal fin broad at the bafe and lerrate within, a third of
its length ; firft ray of the pectoral fin ferrate ; lateral line
ftraight, marked with little points its whole length; tail
forked, the ^dys tranfveriely grooved. Sonini.

£>orf, 7, o: peci. — : vent. 7 : an, 10: caud. — rays*

Clarias. Second dorfal fin flefhy ; anal rays 11.

Inhabits rivers of South America and Africa: 12 — 15 inches
long ; body biackifh-aib, beneath hoary ; it is faid to inflift
venomous wounds with the ferrated petloral fin.

Head broader on the fore-part ; eyes oblong, iris golden ; upper
jaw !ong.n- ; palate with fmall fharp teeth ; gill-cover of one
piece; back flightly arched, covered with a bony plate,
carinate b-^fcre the fin ai.d convex behind it; lateral line
beginning at the nape, a little bent down in the middle ; fns
blackifh afti, the rays bifid ; above the federal a triangular
bone; flefhy fin and ajza/lunate, the Mtter very long; fc-
^ cond ray of the firft dorfal ferrate each lide ; tail bicufpidat^-

Dorf. ], o : pect. ,;: vent. -J : <z?i. ii : caud. 17 rays.

Fafdatus: Second dorfal fin fiefhy ; anal rays i ^

Inhabits Surtnain and Brafil ; body bir.ck with white band*

each fide, beneath white ; fieih in great eP-:- n.
Head deprefled, rounded on theforcipart, a third part as longaa

the whole body ; fm all fpotted with black.
Dorf. 7, o : pect. 1 1 : vent, 6; an, I3 : caud, 17 rays.

Vol, I. — 5 P Afdta,

84X FISHES. ABDOMINAL, 42. Silurus.

AJcUa. Second dorfal fin flefhy; anal rays i8.

Inhabits India ; appears to be of a mixed kind between ovipa-
rous and viviparous.

Head (in:\ll, fubconvex, obtufe ; nojlrils double; cirri 2 on the
iipper lip and 4 under the chin ; ventral fins left than the anal ;
tail forked; firft ray of i\\Q'pc6toral fharp, of the dorfal be-
neath hard, above foft.

DorJ. 5.0: pect, ,J : vent. 6 : an, 18 : caud, t8 rays,

Cojiatus. Second dorfal fin flefliy ; a fingk row of fcales on the fides j
tail bifid.
Inhabits South America and India.
Dorf. J, o:' pect. \'. vent. 7: an. 12: caud, fj rays.

Cittaphrac- Second dorfal fin of one ray ; a fingle row of fcales on the
tus. (ifles ; tail entire.

Inhabits South Ayntrica.

Dorf. ^, I : peEl, — ; vent. 6 : ant 9: cdud. 19 rays.

D. C/VA-/8.

Afprcdo, Dorfal fin fingle, 5-rayed.
Inhabits rivers of America,
J3afe of the lateral cirri broad ; back carinate ; anal fin reacliing

to the tail ; tail forked.
JDorf. ^, p€ct.'^, vent. 6, an, ^^, CAud. 1 1 rays^

Myjius. Dorfal fin fingle, 6-rayed.

Inhabits the Nik ; tail forked,
Dorf. I'. pe£l. ,1 : vent, 6 : an, 62

caud, 20' ravs.

Anguilla-
Hs.

Dorfal fin fingle, 70-raycd.

Inhabits the Nile j upper part of the head greenifh ; body above
the lateral line marbled with blackifh and grey ; belly and
lower jaw reddifh-grey ; peftoral fins tranfverfely divided by
a broad red band.

Nojirili double^ tubular ; cirri 2 on the upper lip, 4 on the
lower, and 2 at the angles of the mouth ; between the anal
fin and vent an appendage, broad at the bafe and ending in a
|)oint ; lateral line accompanied with a line of white dots.

Dorf, 70 : peSi, ,i ; vent, 6 : an, 59 : caud* 21 rays.

JBatra'

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 42. Silurus, W^

Batrachus, Dorfal fin fingle, 60-rayed.

\r\\\2}a\X.s Afia znd. Africa : tail entire.

Dorf. 60 : pect. I', vent. 6 : an. 48 : caud. 14 ray^.

Undecima- Dorfal fin fingle, 11 -rayed.
lis,^ Inhabits 6'MriHflw .' tail forked.

Dorf. ,;, pect. ,', , vent. 6, an. ii, caud. 17 raj^s.

Catus. Second dorfal fin flefhy, anal 20- rayed.

Inhabits Afia and America.

Dorf. 1,0, pect. ,\, veiit.G — 8, an.^o, caud, 17 rays,

Caus, Second dorfal fin flefliy, anal 8-rayed ; tail forked.

Inhabits S)iria .* cirri Ihorter than the liead.
. Dorf. ], o : pect. 9 : vent, 6 : fln..8 : caud. — ray?.

Docmat, Second dorfal fin flefhy, anal lo-rayed.

Inhabits the Nile : about a yard long ; body cinereous, beneatb
whitifh, above convex.

Head depreffed; cirri each fide 4, the outer ones longer, the.
outmoft on the upper lip half as long as the body ; lateral line
ftraight, nearer the back ; firft ray of the pectoral and dorfal
fins bony and ferrate behind, the tips foft. ' ^

Dorf. ip, ptct, 11, vent. 6, an. lo, cfl?<i. 18 rays.

Bajad^ Second dorfal fin flefhy, anal 1 2-rayed.

Inhabits the M/e; about afoot long; body glaucous.

Head obtufe, depreffed, with a hollQw <;;aeh fide before the eyes ;
upper ji'fliy longer, with a douljle tranfverfe arch of fmall teeth ;
outer cirri of the upper lip very long, lateral line defcend-
ing at the beginning and afterwards quite ftraight ; above the
pectoral fins a ftrong retroverted fpine under the fkin ; fins
reddifh, the flefljy one glaucous and long , tail ftraight, ex-
tended, dilated towards the tip and bifid.

^orf. ,5, 'pect. .1, vent. 6, an. 12, cawi/. 20 rays.

^, Cirri Q.

Coniutus, Firft ray of the firft dorfal fin ferrate ; perioral unarmed.

Inhabits Arabia : body oval about a fpan long, carinate te-
neath before the ventral fin : probably not of this genus,
g P 2 Sn^t

^0 FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 43. Teu^his.

Snout compreffed, ftiaight, a little recurved at the end, obtufe
and half as long as the body 5 ferrate dorfal ray reaching as
far as the middle of the tail, toothed more than half way up
with a double row of fpines.

Porf. 2,6: piH. — : v.oit. r—: an. — : caud. 9 rays.

ImbirbU* Gill-covers with 2 fpines on the hind-part.

Inhabits Japan: atout 6 inches long; body funnel- fhaped,

reddifh, coated with fcales.
Head deprefled ; eyes large, approximate ; jaws without teeth j

Jins varied with black and white; tail rounded.
Dorf, \y 11 : pe^. 20 : vent. 6 : aiu 10 : caud. 13 rays.

43. TEUTHIS. Head truncate on the fore-
part: gill-membrane 5 -rayed: teeth
equal, rigid, approximate, in a (ingle
row.

ffepati^s. Each fide the tail a recumbent moveable fpine.

Inhabits Carolina and Amboina ; body blueifh, Lack, black ;

tail varied with whitifh and black.
Head very much floping ; fpines near the tail, flrong, fubulate,

and hid in a groove when recumbent ; tail even.
Dorf. 4 : petl. 16 : vent. ^: an. J : caud* — rays.

Java, Tail unarmed.

Inhabits Java : body with longitudinal blackifh fpots.
Firft and laft rays of the ventral fins fpinous ; tail lunate,
i^^'''/* «' • p^'^t' 13 ' vent, I : an. ,J: caud. -r- rays.

44. tORICARIA.

^'ISHES. ABDOMINAL. 44.LoriG3rU. 45.Sa!m(|. 845

44,XORICARIA. Head Smooth, deprefTed:
mouth without teeth, retraftile : gilU
membrane 6-rayed ; body mailed.

Cdtaphrcic. Dorfal fin fingle ; cirri 2.
ta, li\\id]r)\is South /hntrica ; tail forked, the upper lobe ending i«

a long letiform ray.
. Dorf.'g, pcct.'^, vent.ly an. I, caud. 12 nys,

Plscojio- Dorfal fins 2 ; cirri j>.
7nu;, ln\):iih\ts Soiith Atncrica ; tail forked.

45. SALMO. Head fmooth, comprefTed :
mouth large : lips fmall : tongue white,
cartilaginous, moveable: eyes mode-
rate, lateral : teeth in the jaws and on
the tongue; giU-membrane 4 — 12-ray-
cd ; the cover of 3 laminae : body
long, covered with rounded and very
finely ftriate fcales : back convex : la-
teral kne flraight, nearer the bacjc:
hind-mofl dorfal fin flefhy, without
rays : ventral fins of many rays.

Salmon,

Mod of the fiflies of this family are found in rapid flony rivers,
and are impatient of foul water ; a few of them inhabit the
fea, but get into rivers once a year for the purpofe of depo-
fiting their fpawn in beds of gravel ; for tliis purpofe they
will furmount any difficulties, afcend many hundred miles
up, force themfelves againfl; the rtioft rapid ftreams, and
fpring with amazing agility over any thing that happens to
impede them to the height of 7 or 8 feet ; after fpawning
they return to the iga poor and lean ; tbey feed on other
fifiies ; vary much in their colours, and the flefh of all is ex-
cellent ; the vent is near the tail,

A. B9dy

846 FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salmo.

A,. Body variegated.

^Salar. Upper jaw extending beyond the lower. Salmon.

Inhabits chiefly Nonhern Seas, and aicends rivers annually in

■ large fhoals for the purpole of 1 pawning ; fwims near the

furface, but during florms (inks to die bottom ; is faid to be

fearful of any thing red, but allured by a whice colour ;

grows rapidly, and Ibmetimes reaches to 6 feet long ; feeds

on fifhes, worms and infefts ; body above blackifn, ihe fides

blueifli, beneath fdvery, fometimes with cinereous or blackiih

Ipots ; fcales deciduous ; flefli red.

, Head wedged, fmall ; front and cheeks black; eyesimaW, iris

filvery, yellow at the corners ; teetli in both jaws fharp, and

' between them other moveable and lefler ones ; the end of the

lower jaw in the full-grown male turns up into an obtufe

hook ; palate with 2 rows of' fliarp teeth ; tongue with 6 — -8

recurved teeth ; gill-mcmbrani yello^v or white ; pectoral fins

yellow at the bafe, above blueilh ; ventral and anal yellow,

the former with each of them an appendage at the bafe ; tail

femilunar, blue ; firft derjal cinereous, , fpotted \ the flefhy

one and lateral line black.

Z). 14 : /^. 14 : f. 10 ; a. 13 : c. 21 rays.

iSchiefer- Lovrer jaw longer; body with black fpots.
riulkri. Inhabits the ieas of Northern Europe and lakes of Aujiria ;

body filvcry, above brown ; fcales ealily deciduous.
Head pointed ; iris filvejy-ycUow *, palate and tongue toothed ;
lateral line black, in the middle of the body ; Jins brown
mixed with blue, the ventral with an appendage ; tail
forked.
iPorf. 15 : pect. 18 : vent. 10: an. 13: caud. 19 rays.

*Kricx. Body with cinereous fpots ; tail even, Setven. Grey S.
Inhabits European leas ; is much lefs than the falmon and the

fleft paler, but afcends rivers like it.
Head more Hoping and fliorter than the falmon ; body above

the lateral line deep grey with purplifh fpots ; belly

fdvery.
Dorf, 14: pe5l. 14 : vent, io : an. 12: caud. — rays.

•Body with black fpots encircled with brown ;. pectoral fin

with 6 dots, Salmon Troict. Bull Trout.

-^ Inhabits

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salmo. £47

Inhabits European leas, and like the ialmon albends rivers pe-
riodically ;{eldom exceeds 2 feet long; above dulky, with a
g.ols oF blue and green, the fides violet, beneath white;
teeds on Imall fl(h, ir.fedb and worms; Ilefh pale red and
excellent.
Hfad fmall, wedged; nofe znd fr,m black ; cheeks violet-yel-
low ; eyes fmall, iris yellowilli-filvery ; jaws equal ; teetk
iliarp, a little ciirved ; palate with 3 rows of teeth; ton^ut
with 10—12 teeth, in 2 rows; Jins with branched ravs,°ci-
nereous, the caudal and fleniy dorfal ones black ; the latt.T
IT' n^^ ^^^ ^^^^ '^'^''■^'^^ fpotted ; tail broad, flightly bifid.
2. i^irft dorfal fin fpotted ; tail black, much forked.

... r , o ^^'^^ Trsiif,

Migrates out of the Sea into the Eft in Cumberland- feldom

exceeds a foot long ; body above mixed black, dulky and

filvery, beneath the lateral line of an exquifite filvery white-

nefs ; firfl dorlal fm fpotted with black.
Upper Jar*; a little longer,, with 2 rows of teeth, low^er wilh

one ; tongue with 6 teeth ; lateral line ftraight.
Dorf, 14, pect. 14, vent q, an. 10, caud. 20 rays.
2) Dorf, 1 1 : pea. 13 : vent. 9 : an.^: caud. — rays.

'*Fario. Body with purple-red fpots ; lower jaw a little longer.

^ Au t . . . , ^ Trout,

2. Above brown with violet fpots ; the fides whitifh-yellow,
with red fpots, furrounded with white and a brown
area, beneath white.
Inhabits rivers of Europe and Siberia leading into the fea, but
chiefly mountainous and rocky torrents ; about a foot long ■
Iwiras with great velocity, and leaps high out of the water ;
IS very fertile and voracious ; feeds on leiTer fifti, even of its
ow-n tribe, woncs, teftaceous animals and marine inleds •
body narrow, with blackifli fpots above, above the lateral
hne greenilh-black, beneatli it goldfen, with red Ipots fur-
rounded with blueifh, belly white.
HeadlzTgc; nofe ind. front blackiih-green ; c/^ef^tj varied with
yellow and green ; teeth curved inwards ; palate with 3 row;
of teeth each lide, the middle largeft ; tongue with 6—^
teeth ; ins white, with a (emilunar blackifr. edge ; peEioral
finsbrownifh; ventral yellow, with a pointed appendage;
firft rays of the anal purple, the others varied with cine-
reous and yelbw ; dorfal cinereous, with numerous fmall
purple fpots ; tail truncate, flightly bifid, ftreaked with yel-
lowifh-black.
Dorf 14, p^t^ 10, vent, lo, an, 10, caud, 18 rays.

Erithrl'

848 FISHES. ABDOMMAL. 45.Saimo.

ETiihrimts Bbciy with fcarlct ocellate fpots ; jaws equal.

Inhabits lakes and rivers of Siberia: 2 feet long; is fat, and
tlie fle{h red and tender ; body roundifh, compreffed, above
brown, beneath fcarlet, the fore- part reddilTi. white.

H'^ad flightly compreffcd ; front and gilt-covers grey ; iris
greenifli ; fyiout conic, obtule ; teeth in the palate and jaws in
a double arch ; toiigve broad, toothed ; dorjal fin grey, with
dirty-red ocellate fpots, the flefliy one brown, long ; pectoral
paler ; ventraJ, and anat deep fcarlet ; tail forked, reddifh-
brown.

Dorf. 10 — 12: peel. 13 : vent. 9: an. \i : caud. 19 rays*

Qadenii. Head fmall ; body fpotted with red.

Inhabits feas of Northern Europe ; body long, (lender, li feet
long, filvery, above brownifh, the ipots furrounded with a
white ring.

Eyes large, iris fdvery •, mouth large ; teeth fliarp, in the palate
and jaws ; lateral- line a little nearer the back 5 flefhy back-
jin and forked tail brownifh, the reft yellowifli ; ventral with
an appendage ; dorjal fpotted with brown.

DorJ. 12 : peel, 15 : vent. 10 ; an. 11 : caud. i8 rays.

xhicho. Oblong ; palate with 2 lines of teeth ; trunk and fins, ex-
cept the pe6loral, fpotted with black.

Inhabits Northern lakes and rivei's ; 2- feet long ; back brown,
fides and belly white.

Head pointed, above brown, and filvery at the fides ; jazus with
a lingle row of fliarp teeth ; palate and tongue with a dou-
ble row ; lateral line narrow ; Jins yellowish ; ventral with
an appendage ; tall forked.

Dorf. 13 : peel. 17 : vent. 10; an. 12 : caud. 16 rays.

*Lacvfris Tail forked ; body with minute black fpots ; belly with a
longitudinal groove. Lake Trout,

Inliabits Northern lakes, and grows to a vaft fize.

*Carpio, Palate with 5 rows of teeth. Gilt Charr,

Inhabits rivers of England and Switzerland j very linall.
Irids white ; fides and belly filvery ; back with black fpots ;
each fide ths lower jflw 8 piinftures ; fleshy ^ti not edged
with red.

*Alpinus. Back black ^ fides pale blue ; belly orange. Red Charr.

Inhabits

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salmo. 849

Inhabits northern mountainous lakes ; feeds on the larvae of the
gnat kind ; in fpring and autumn frequents the borders
shaded with trees, where it depofits its I'pawn ; body above
greenish, beneath white ; flesh red.

Head obtufe ; iris filvery with a golden edge ; dorfal fin yel-
lowish, fpotted with black ; the reft reddish ; the fleshy one
edged with red ; ventral with a narrow appendage.

^o^f' *3 • P^^^* ^4 • vent, 10: an, 12: caud. ig rays,

^alvelinus. Firft ray of the ventral and anal fins white.-

Inhabits the colder lakes of Germany : grows to lo pounds
weight ; body with orange fpots furrounded with a whitish
ring, above brown, white at the fides, beneath orange.
Head comprefled ; upper j'aty longer ; iris, cheeks and gill- covers
filvery ; mouth large ; tongue cartilaginous, loofe, and like
the palate with 2 rows of sharp teeth ; nofirils double ;
pectoral, ventral and anal fins red, the ventral with an api
pendage ; dorfal and forked tail brown.
, DorJ, 13 : pe^. 14: vent, g: an, 12 : caud 24 rays,

Salvtari- Back tawny with yellow fpots ; tail forked.
'nus. Inhabits cold ftony rivers of Italy : refembles the laft.

Umbla. Lateral lines turned up ; tail forked.

Inhabits lakes of Switzerland and Italy ; .2ho]it i^ pound
weight ; body above greenish, beneath whitish ; fcales very
fmall and thin ; flesh tender, and turns red when boiled.

Itis reddish ; cheeks and gill-covers whitish ; upper jaw with i
double, lower with a fingle row of teeth ; \fins short, yel-
lowish-green ; tail forked.

^orf. 10: peB. 15: vent. 9 : an, — : caud. 18 rays.

Argentinui Body with a longitudinal filvery ftripe j anal fin very long.
Inhabits Brafil,

Taipun, Brownifh, with numerous darker fpots ; tail forked.

Inhabits rivers emptying themfelves into the Frozen Sea j body
fat, round, compteffcd towards the tail, a little filvery at the
fides, beneath white j half a yard long -, flesh white.

Head long, fat, the fno'ut a little deprefled ; teeth hooked 5
lower jaw a little longer ; dorfal fins brown ; ventral
whitish, with an appendage ; anal very red ; tail duflcy-red.

Dorf. 12 — 13: pect. 15 — 18; .vent, iq; an, 10: caud,—^
rays.
VxA, I, — 5 Q Nelm^s

850

Ndnia,

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salmo.

; lower jaw much longer.
Siberia ; 2 yards long ; fcales

Silvery-white ; head very lone
Inhabits the larger rivers or

large.

PupiL OL)long, iris filvery, fnout a little deprefled ; tail
forked.

Lenok. Pale gold, with a few brown fpots ; above reddifh, beneath
yellowilh.

Inhabits rapid and llony rivers of the mountains of Siberia^
and is chiefly found near water-falls j about a yard long ; body
broad, ihick ; flesh white.

Eyes fmall, angular on the fore-part, iris filvery; dorfal fins
Ipotted ; pectoral pale yellow ; ventral reddish, w^ith an ap-
pendage ; anal deep red ; tail reddish-brown, bifid.

Dorf. 12 — 13 : pect. 16 : vent, 16 : an. 12 : caiid. — rays,

Kundfcha. Silvery with white dots ; tail forked.

Inhabits bays of the ArElic feas, and does not afcend rivers ;
2 feet long ; refembles S. eriox, except that the tail is fork-
ed ; body above and beneath the lateral line blueish.

Iris yellow-filvery } fleshy Jin fmall, ferrate ; ventral with an
appendage,

Dorf.M — 12, pect, 14, vent.g, an, 10, caud. — rays.

Arcticus. Silvery, with 4 rows of brown dots and fine lines each

fide; tail forked.
Inhabits ftony rivulets running into the ArElic fea ; about a

finger's length ; refembles a young Thymallus.
Head hardly compreffed ; front flat, with 3 lorgitudinal

ridges ; fnout rounded, th&jawi nearly equal ; iris filvery.
Dorf, xZi pect, i6f vent — , an, lo, caud, — rays.

$tagnalis. Above brownifh, beneath white ; body roundifh ; upper

jaw longer.

Inhabits the remoter mountainous rivers of Greenland; above

1 7 inches long ; body long, growing flender towards the tail,

~ and not fpotted ; flesh white.

Head large, oblong-oval, compreffed ; fnout rather pointed ;

tongue long, nearly obtufe, and like tht jaws toothed at the

edge ; palate with 3 rows of crowded teeth ; teeth ftrong,

curved, very sharp ; gill-covers large, fmooth, double ; lower

^ns hoary, white at the bafe ; pectoral a little longer than

the

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salmo. 851

the back ; tail flightly forked, large ; fleshy fn falcate,
rxjunded at the tip; rays of the doilkl 2 inches long, and
nearly equal.
Dorf. 14, pcct. 14, vent. 10, an, xo, cay.d. 21 rays.

Rivatis, Elongated, brown, belly rcddifli ; head obtufe.

Inhabits muddy rivers and ftagnant waters of Greenla\%d :
hardly 6 inches long -, body fmooth, mucous, fpotted with
black, beneath dirty-red ; refembles S. carpio, but is longer
and more flender, and. the head is more obtuie ; feeds on
infefts.

/ris flame-CQlouf.

Strxmii. Dprfal and ventral fins edged with white.-
Inhabits muddy waters of Denmark,

Lepechni. Upper jaw a little prominent ; back brown ; fides with
fmall black oceliate fpots furroundcd with reddifh ;
belly flame-colour.

Inhabits ftony rivers of Rujjia and Siberia ; refembles S. alpi-
nus ; 8 inches long ; fcales fmall ; flefh reddifli and firm.

Head large, comprefled, above greenifli ; eyes large, iris yellow ;
cheeks filvery ; jaws with firm fliarp teeth, curved inwards,
the lower with 60 ; dorfai fin dufky with large fquare fpots,
the others flame-colour.

Dorf,g : pect. 14 : vent, g : an* 12: caud, 20 rays.

B. Dorfai and anal Jins oppojite.

•Eperia- Head diaphanous ; rays of the anal fin 17. Smelf.

nus. Inhabits the fliores of Europe, and afcends rivers in vaft. fhoals

in the fpawning feafon ; is very fertile, and feeds on worms
and teftaceous animals ; has a peculiar fmell, is fubdiaphanous,
Ihining covered with filvery deciduous fcales ; body above
cinereous, the fides filvery, green and blue, beneath reddifli-
white; varies in fize, fome being 3 — 5, others 8 — 13 inches,
and thefe laft have a much fainter fmell.

Head imall, cinereous, obtufe at the tip; eyes large, pupil
black, iris filvery ; under jazo longer, and a little curved ;
in the front of the upper ^aty are 4 larger teeth ; palate with
8 rows of teeth ; tongue with 2 rows of larger,

Dorf. 7 : />. II : V, 8; a. 17 : c, 19 rays,

5 Q a SauruTi

852

Taurus,

Migrato-
riust

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salmo.

Rays of the anal fin i o.

Inhabits Europe.
DorJ. 12 : j&. 13 : v.Z

fl. 10 : c, — rays.

C. Teeth hardly vijtble or o.

Jaws nearly equal ; dorfal fin 1 2-raytd.

Inhabits the lake Baikal in Siberia, from which it defcends the
rivers that empty themfelves into it for the purpofe of
fpawning ; from 14 inches to a feet long ; body a little com-
prelfed, filvery, above grey,

/fe/2(i compreffed ; iris faffron; mouth without teeth; fnout
' fubconic ; upper ^wj grey> lower reddifti- white.

DorJ, 12: ptdi, 17; v&nt. 13; an. 13: caxid. 20 rays.

mavcLTt' Upper jaw longer ; dorfal fin 14-rayed. Gwiniad.

tus. '

2, Snout nafrform ; body broader. Lavaret,

Inhabits Northern Europe^ and in fpawning time approaches
the mouths of rivers in immenfe fhoals, fwims near the fur-
face m an acutangled column, with a leader at the head ; af-
ter fpawning it returns to the fea and becomes the prey of
feals and other predatory fiih ; body above glaucous, blueifh
at the fides, mixed with purple, towards the lateral line fil-
•vtry, tinged with gold, beneath filvery ; beneath the lateral
line are 45 yellowilh dots ; flefh excellent.

Head fmall, wedged, nearly diaphanous as far as the eyes ; front
broad, floping, ytUowifh ; nofe blunt, flefhy, black ; mouth
fmall, without teeth ; tongue white, cartilaginous, fhort, a
little rough ; eyes moderate, pupil deep blue, iris filver)' ;
cheeks and gill-covers varied with blue and yellow ; peBoral
fins yellovvilh, the reft with whitish rays, the connefting
membrane blueish ; fleshy j£n rhombic ; tail forked.

DorJ. 14 : "pect. 15 : vtnt, 12 : an. 14 : caui., 20 ray;.

tiijdiian. Upper jaw longer; back gibbous; dorfal rays 13.
2. Body broader ; anal rays 14.

Inhabits the Ohy ; 2 fpans long ; refembles the laft.
Iris filvery- yellow ; ventral fins with long, triangular ap-
pendages.
DorJ. i^ : pect. 14: vent. 11 : an. x6 : caud. — rays,

§chokur: Upper jaw longer ; head fmall; dorfal fin angular on the
Jiind-part and i2-rayed.

■^habits

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salma 853

Jnliabits the C'^y ; 2. feet long ; very much refembW S. lava-
retus, but is larger and a little broader, head lefs compreffed,
ihout more obtufe, rounded, with 2 oblolete tubercles ;
ventral fins with fliort obtufe appendages.

■Do-iJ'. 12: pe£i. 17: vent. 11 : an. 14: caud. —-rays.

i^afus. Upper jaw longer ; head thick ; dorfal rays 12.

laliabits the Oly ; i~- foot long ; is fhaped like the Gwiniad,

but is broader and thicker ; leaks large.
Head very little compreffed ; upper jaw gibbous as far ai the

eyes and obtufe ; appendages of the ventral fins very fhort

and triangular ; tail forked.
Dorf. 12, pCLi, 185 vent. 11 — 13, an, 13, caud. — rays,

lulkri. Jaws without teeth, the lower longer ; belly punctate".

lutumna- J^o we r jaw longer ; dorfal fin ii-rayed.

lis. Inhabits the Frozen Sea, and afcends periodically, invaft fhoals,

the rivers which empty themfelves into it ; i\ foot long ;
body fat, compreffed, coated with large filvery fcales ; it dies
immediately after it is taken out of the water.
Iris pale gold ; mouth without teeth ; gills gaping veiy wide ;
appendages nearly half as long as the ventral fins ; tail
forked.
Dor/. 12: pe6l. 16: vent. 12: an. 13: cawc?. — rays.

'Uulor, Jaws without teeth, the lower longer ; fecond lamina of

the gill-covers fcymetar-fhaped.
Inhabits Europe ; 6 inches long ; body greenifh-brown, filvery

at the fides ; fcales imbricate, entire, roundifh, fpotted with

black.
Eyes large, iris filvery ; aperture of the gills very large ; ^ack

carinate before the fin ; lateral line a little bending near the

beginning, nearer the back, and compofed of 70—80 dots ;

Jins pale with blackifh fpots.
Dorf. 12 : pect. 17: vent, 11 : an. 15 ; caud. 33 rays.

Without teeth ; says of the dorfal fin 10.

Inhabits northern Ruffia ; li foot long; body fat; ba(^
blueifh, fides and belly white ; head dotted with brown ; is
very nearly allied to S. albula.
Head conic ; fnout obtufe ; iris whitilh-yellow ; lower jaw a

little longer.
jporf >o; pect, i6: vtnt* 13: an, 14: c««</. 22 rays.

*TMymai-

g54 FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salmo.

'*Thymal- Upper jaw longer ; dorfal rays 23. Grayling,

lus. Inhabits Europe and Siberia, in clear and rapid mountainous

' ftreams ; 2 feet long ; fwims fwiftly and grows very faft ;

feeds on teflaceous animals, lefl'er fifh, infers and the fpawn

of fifties ; is the prey of aquatic birds ; body elongated, above

filvery-grey, varied with blue, beneath white.; fcales large

and hardifh ; flefti excellent.

Jlead obtufe, fpotted with black, above brown, the fides Llue-

ifta-black ; iris golden, dotted with black; jaws with fmall,

wedged teeth, thofe in the upper a little larger ; tongue

fmooth ; back arched ; Jides compreffed ; lateral line dotted

with black ; dorjal fin large, violet, greenifti at the bafe, and

fpotted with pale red ; perioral cinereous, fhort ; ventral red-

difh, with an appendage at the bafe ; anal chefnut ; tail red-

difh, forked.

Dory. 23 : pcct. 16 : vent. 12 : an. 14 ; caud. ig rays.

Marxna UpP^^ jaw truncate,

Inhabits lakes of northern* £wro^e .• above 2 feet long ; is very
fertile and lives in deep waters, except in fpawning time, and
in the fpring, when it rifes to the furface in fearch of tefla-
ceous animals ; is the prey of rapacious fiihes and water-
fowl ; body above ' blackifh, the fides blueifti, inclining to
yellow beneath ; belly white ; flefh white and excellent, .

Head obtuie ; eyes large, pupil acutangular on the fore-part,
iris filvery ; mouth linall, without teeth ; upper jaw longer,
with 2 fmall pun£lurcs at the edge ; lateral line with 44
white dots, and bent near the head ; fins pointed on the fore-
part, blueifli, the bafe violet and edged with black, the rays
branched ; tail forked ; ventral with an appendage.

Dorf. 14: pcct. 14: vent. 11: an. 15: caud. 20 id^ys.

Mamnula Lower jaw longer ; rays of the anal fin 14.

Inhabits lakes of northern Europe ; 6 — 10 inches long ; is gre-
garious, end covered with filvery, deciduous fcales ; body
lilvery, back blueifti ; is very fertile ; flefh white and well-
tailed.

Head pointed, fubdiaphanous, greenifh-brown ; iris and clueks
filvery ; mouth without teeth ; lower jau curved, narrower
than the upper ; tongue ftiort, cartilaginous ; lateral line with
58 dots ; Jins hoary ; tail forked, edged with blue.

Dorf, 10 : pect. 15 : vent, xx : an, 14: caud, 20 rays.

Wartman- Bluc ; Upper jaw truncate.

«J. Inhabit".

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salmo. 855

Inhabits alpine lakes of Stuitzerland : 1 7 inches long ; is very
fertile and feeds on worms, infefts, herbs and a fort of
fponge ; body whitifh towards the belly ; fcalcs very large ;
fieni very fine.

Greater part of the head and iris filvery ; jaws equal ; lateral
lint black; fins with a broad blue border : pectoral, ventral
and ayial yellowifh at the bafe ; dorfal and lunate tail whit-
ifh ; an appendage near the ventral fins.

Dorf. 15: peEl, 17: vent. 12: an. 14: caud. 23 rays.

Upper jaw longer, conic.
Inhabits the Atlantic Ocean.
Dorf. 14, pect. 13, vent. 10, an. 15, caud.

rays.

Flefliy fin flightly ferrate.
Inhabits rivers of Sweden.
Dorf. 12, pcct. 16, vent. 10, an, 14, caud. — rays.

Upper jaw very broad, entire and ihorter ; lower afcend-
ing, tuberculate at the end.

Inhabits the Cafpian Sea ; 3 feet long ; body oblong, a little
comprened, fpotted with black, above blackifh-hoary -, fcales
roundifli, fmooth, filvery.

Crown zrchtd, naked, very fmooth, fubdiaphanous, greenifh-
brown ; eyes lateral, large, iris filvery, dotted with black ;
fnout very obtule ; mouth witliout teeth, very large, fquare ;
tongue triangular, a little rough ; palate flat, broad, rough
to the touch ; gill covers comprefled, of 4 pieces ;- dorfal fin
pale brown ; pectoral pointed, white ; ventral rounded,
white, fpotted with brown on the fore-part, the appendage
triangular ; anal reddilli, fpotted with brown ; tail perpen-
dicular, femilunar.

Dorf. 15: pect, 14 : vent. 11 : an. 14 ; caud. 27 rays,

D. Gill-memhrane ivith not rnore than 4 rays*

Silvery with brown and whitifh lines above ; fins whitifli ;
lower half of the tail red.
Inhabits the Nile and Siberia.
Teeth large, fubulate. extendirig mit of the mouth.
Dorf. 10, pict, 14, vent, g, an. 26, caud, 19 rays.

Gajleropi-

856 FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salnid*

Gajlyrofe- Ventral and flefliy fins very fmall.

kciLS,

2. Fins yellow.

Inhabits Carolina, Amboina, Surinam and India ; body cora^
preffed, very fmall, filvery, with a fteel glofs.

Head a little deprelfed, with 2 unequal grooves, feparated by a
partition ; eyes large, round, iris lilvery ; mouth placed
above, and large ; jazo.'! toothed, the upper al'cending, longer,
and is the only moveable one ; tongue white, fmooth, thick;
aperture of the gills large, the cover fmooth ; from the gul-
let to the vent is an arched, thin, fcaly, carinate bone ; ve7it
in the middle of the hcAy, Jins cinereous; pectoral long,
falcate ; tail forked.

Dorf. 13: peEl, g : vent. 2 : an. 34 : caud, 22 rays.

Gihbnfusi Back gibbous, comprefTed; anal fin with 50 rays.

Inhabits Surinam.

Dorf, 10, pect, 11, vent. 8, an, 55, caud. 19 rays»

Notalus. A black fpot each fide near the gill-covers.

Inhabits Surinam; body oblong, with a black fpot above the \'^

teral line ; refembles the next.
Head a little pointed ; flefhyj^re fmall ; tail forked.
Dorf. 11 : peB. 16: vent. 7: an. 23 : caud. 24 rays.

Bimacuk' Body comprefFed, with 2 fpots ; anal fin 33-rayed.

*'*-f« Inhabits South America.

Dorf. 10 : //. 13 : f . 8 ; a. 32: c. 19 rays.

Immacula- Body without fpots ; anal fin 12-rayed.
tus. Inhabits America.

Dorf. 11, p££l. 14, vent, ti, an, 12, caud. arrays,

Fcetertf. Rays of the dorfal and anal fins 12.

Inhabits Caro/ina; body oval, a little pointed, blackilh-aini.
Teeth numerous, extending out of the mouth, mucronate ; anal

fin oppoGte the fiefhy one ; tail lunate.
D»rf„ 12 : pect. 14 : vent. 8 : an. 12: caud. 24 rays.

Cyprimi*!

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 45. Salmo. 857

Cyprinoi' jFkft rays of the dorfal fin long, fetaceous.

f^^^» Inhabits Surinam j body fnow-white.

^ Head flat above ; eyes prominent ; tail forked,

Iforf. lo: peB, 10: vent.^: an, 10: caud.-^nys,

Niloticus. Body white ; all the fins yellowifh.
Inhabits the Nile,
Dorf. 9: peP.. 13: vent. 9 : an. 26: caud. 19 rays.

-^gyptius. Back greenlfh ; teeth in the lower jaw larger. •
Inhabits Egypt: tail fcaly at the bafe. Dorf. 23,

Pulveru. Fins flightfy duffed ; lateral line defcending.
lentus. Inhabits America.

Dorf. XX : pect. 16: vent. 8 : an. 26 : caud. 18 rays.

Rhomheus. Belly ferrate; anal and caudal fins black at the bafe and
edge.

Inhabits Surinam; body compreffed, oval-lanceolate, fuban-
gular on the back, and a little gibbous from the nape to the
dorfal fin ; grey or yellowifli-filvery, towards the back
brownifh ; is faid to bite off the le_gs of ducks.

Head naked, thicker than the body ; eyes red, funk, in the or-
bits, iris golden ; wioMfA obtufe, large; lips thin, the lower
longer ; teeth in the edge of the jaws ftrong, triangular,
Iharp both at the edge and point, thofe in the longer lower
jaw contiguous, the fore-ones larger, except the 2 middle
ones, thofe in the upper a little reclined, alternately lefs ;
palate deeply carinate, each edge, rough with teeth; tongue,
fofl, a little pointed and _ flat ; gill-covers flriale ; abdominal
ridge reaching from the chin nearly to the vent, ferrate, with
fharp, conic, bony teeth ; vent in the middle of the body ;
fins blackilh at the edge ; Before the dorfal fin a decumbent
Ipine, 2-pointed on the hind-part ; ventral fma'll, the appen-
dage very minute and linear ; anal large, flefhy at the bale ^
tail large, 2-lobedi

Dorf. x'j : pe£i, x'j: vent. 6: an. 32: caud. 16 rays,

Anojlomus, Mouth fimous.

Inhabits Sauf A America and India,

Dorf, n: pect, 13: ifcnt, 7: an, to: caud. 25 rays.

Vol.!. — 5R 46. FISTU-

858 FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 46. Fiaulam.

46. FISTULARIA. Snout cylindrical:
jaws diilant from the eyes: giU'mem'
brane with 7 rays : body round, gently
tapering from tm jaws to the tail.

Tobacco-pipe Fijh,

Tabacaria Tail bifid, endiHg in a {lender taper whip.

Inhabits America and japan ; about a foot long, brown.

Tail forked, witii a flender appendage, of the confiflence of

whale-bone and about 4 inches long from the middk of iU
Dorf. 8: pcH. 14 : vent. G: an. 4: caud. 13 rays,

Chinenjis, Tail rounded, without the long appendage.
Inhabits India.
■Dorf. 26: pict. 16 : vetit. 6 : an. 24 : caud. 11 rays.

Paradoxa. Body reticulate with prominent lines ; tail lanceolate.

Inhabits Amboina : 2 inches long ; has iome refemblance to a
Syngnathus ; body whitifli-alb, with obfolete brown rivulets,
the firfh dorfal fin and tall blacklfh ; ccnnprefled, and fpi-
nous at the interfeclions of the lines ; back perfectly triangu-
lar •, belly, towards the ventral fins, nearly triangular, and
behind them naiTow, and equally 6- Tided ; tail flenderer,
comprefled, and ^-fided.

Head rather fmall ; eyes large, at the bafe of the fnouf, with a
triangular Ipine each fide before the oibits ; fnout very long,
defcending, ftraight, horny, flattifh comprefled, flender, be-
neath with 2 longitudinal ribs, and a finall conic fpine each
fide towards the back ; jazos afcending at the end, pointed,
flattened at the fides, dilatable, the lower a little fhorter ;
mouth fmall ; nape 3-fpined ; gill-covers very thin, fmall, ra-
diate with a few prominent lines ; firft: dorfal fin long, re-
clined, with fmall black bands, the rays fimple ; pectoral very
br-oad ; ventral very large, the rays deeply many-cleft, and
connected by a lax membrane, forming a longitudiual pouch,

^^^'f' 5> 18: peH, 25: vent, -y : an, 12: c<iud, 14 rays.

47. ESOX.

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 47. Efox. 859

47. ESOX. Head flattifii above : mouth and
throat large : jaws toothed, unequal,
the upper flat, the lower punctate :
tongue broad, loofe : palate fmooth :
eyes rouad, moderate, lateral ; nojlrils
double, near the eyes : gill-covers
large; the aperture ample ; the mem-
brane 7 — ii^-rayed: body elongated,
coated with hard fcale§, above con-
vex, and comprefTcd at the fides :
lateral line flraight, nearer the back,
hardly vifible : dorfal and anal ftns
very fhort, and (moftly) oppolite.

Fike.

Sphyrxna, Dorfal fins 2, the firft fpinous.
Inhabits the Mediterranean,
Dorf. 5, 10 : pect. j2 : vent. 6 : tf?:, io C:;ui. 17 rays.

*OJcus, Upper jaw longer ; fcales bony ; tail quadrangular.

Great Gaf'fjh.
Inhabits North America, Afta and is rarely found on the Sujfex
coaft ; fcales imbricate, rhombic, thofe on the back rounded
and retufe ; body long and (mall ; 2 feet long.
Lower jaw ending befoi-e the eyes ; the antepor ray of each
fin with a double row of teeth ; mr yellow ; dorfal fin be-
hind the anal.
Dorf. 6'. pect, 11 : veni. .6 : an. 5: caiid. 12 rays,

P'iridis. Green ; lower jaw longer ; fcales thin.

Inhabits rivers of Carolina.

Dorfal and anal fins exaftly oppofite ; fcales diftinft.

Dorf. n: pe£t, 11 : vent, 6: an.i'j: caud* 16 rays.

5 R 2 Vulpej,

g6o FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 47. Efox.

Vulpes, Dorfal fin in the middle of the back ; gill-membrane 3-

rayed. ■ ■ '
Inhabits North America,
Vorf, X4: pe6i. 14 : vent, 8 : an. 10: caud. 17 riys.

Synedus* Dorfal fin in the middle of the b^ck ; gilUipembrane 5-
rayed.
Inhabits North America: refembles the laft.
Dorf. 11 : pect. 12 : vent. 8: an. 6; caud. 8 rays.

f Lucius, Snout deprefled ; jaws nearly equal. Common P«

2. Upper jaw a little fhorter.

Inhabits moft lakes of Europe, Lapland and northern Perfia^
2) North Avierica, and is found even in the C(7/^ia7i 5ea ••
fwims and grows very rapidly, i — 8 feet long; is extremely
voracious and long-lived ; feeds on alraoft any thing which
comes in its way, even its own tribe ; fpawns from February
to April ; body above black, the fides cinereous fpotted with
yellow^ beneath white dotted with black ; rarely orange fpot-
ted with black or green ; fcales fmall, oblong, hard.

Head broad, fiat ; upper jaw broad, fhorter, under jaw turns

' up a little and is punftured at the end ; pupii, blueifh, iris
golden; f«e/A in the jaws alternately fixed and moveable; pa-
late Vvith 3 rows of parallel longitudinal teeth, the middle ones
fmall, the others larger and bent inwards ; jins with branched
rays ; pectoral and ventral reddifh, the refl fpotted with
black ; dorfal and anal brownifli ; tail brown.

jO. 21 : /'. 15 : V, II : a, 18 : c. ig rays.

■*Belone. Each jaw long, fubulate. Sea P. Gar P,.

Inhabits the deeps of the Ocean, and migrates annually towards

the coafts, always preceding the mackarel ; is feldom eaten,

and is 1^-— 4 f^^t long ; body narrow, long, flender, above

' black, the fides greenifh-blue coated with oblong thin fcales,

beneath filvery.

Head fmall ; checks and gill-covers filvery blueifh- greenifh ;
eyes large, round, iris filvery ; jaws rounded, the teeth. mu-
tually receiving each other ; lateral line commencing above
the gill-cover, nearer and parallel with the belly, and ending
at the caudal fin ; Jins fhort ; peEloral and ventral cinereous,
the rays branched ; dorfal and anal blueifh, the rays fimple ;^
taili little forked, edged with blue, the rays fplit at the ends ;
the bones have a fhining green fplendor by night.

JOorf. 16, pict. 13, vent, 7, a^i. 21, caad^ 23 rays,

liefpituSt

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 47. Efox. 86j

Hefpttus. Lateral line filvery.

Inhabits America ; dorfal and anal fins oppoftte.
I)c^f. 14, pe5l. 12, vent. 6, an. 15, caud. 14 rays.

Ckiknf.s, Jaws equal ; lateral line blue.

Inhabits Chilefe feas ; 2 — 3 feet long ; body round, covered with
bony angular deciduous fcales, above golden beneath filvery ;
flefh white, Ibmething pellucid, flaky and excellent.

//ea^i moderate, comprefled-, eyes large, round, lateral ; mouth
tranfyerfe, terminal, moderate ; teeth fixed, crowded, very
fmall ; tongue entire, and ^vyth the pat ate fmootb ; aperture
of the ^tV/j falcate, the covers fcaly, of 2 pieces ; lateral line
above, indented ; Jins radiate, (hort.

Dor/. 14, pcct. 11, vent. 6, an., 8, (f?iud, 22 rays.

4rgenteus. Brown with yellowilh irregular lines.

Inhabits New Zealand, and iflands of the Pacific Octan, in frclh
waters ; body fmall, (haped like a trout.

Margina- porfal and anal fins oppofite ; lateral line filvery; lower
fy'« jaw 6 times as long as the upper.

Inhabits the Red Sea : about a fpan and half long ; body linear,
tapering each fide, covered with broad, lax, entire fcales,-
above brown, beneath whitifh.

Head narrower than the body, above horizontal •, eyes vertical,
a little remote ; teeth numerous, ereft, rigid, fmall ; tail
tapering, ftraight ; pectoral fins lanceolate ; anal finall, trian-
gular, glaucous, yellowifli without ; dorfal yellow without ;
tail 2-lobcd, the upper lobe pale yellow, the pofterior edge
brown.

p. 13, p; 11, V, 6, a. ,;, c. 14 rays.

<BraJilienfts Lower jaW very long ; body ferpentine.
Inhabits South A-inerica : tail forked.
Dor/, li: peel, 10: vettt, 6 : an, 17 : caud, 16 rays.

Gymnoce- Jaws equal ; gill-covers very obtufe ; head naked.
pkalus. Inhabits India.

Dor/, 13: pe£i. 10 : vent. 7 : an, 26 : caud. 19 rays,

Stomias^ Four of the teeth much longer than the reft, and projeding
from the mouth when ftiut. Viper-mouthed P .

Inhabits

862 FKHES. ABDOMINAL. 48. Elops.

Inhzh'its tht Mediterranean : 18 inches long; body greenidi-
brown.

Lower jazo longtY ; 2_/<Jrc-f«fA In the upper jaw, and fecond
pair in the lower longer, the latter hooked at the tip ; firft
ray of the dorjal fin, which is near the head, very long and
fetaceous ; body gradually tapering downwards ; tail a little
forked.

fSaurus. Above and beneath 6 fpurious fins near the tail. Saury P,

Inhabits Northern Seas; ii inches long; body eel-lhaped,

growing fuddenly flender near the tail ; back duflty, belly

bright filvery.

Jawi long, fubulate, the upper one a little curved, nearly equal ;

eyes large ; all the fins very fmall ; tail deeply forked.

48. ELOPS. Head fmooth : edges of the
jaics and palate rough with, teeth: gill-
membrane 30-rayed, and armed on the
outfide in the middle with 5 teeth.

Saurus. Tail armed above and beneath.

Inhabits Carolina ; body long, and differs from the faliijon, in

wantipg the flefhy back-fin.
llead large, fmooth, fhining, compreffed and flattened ; eyes half

covered with the Ikin of the head ; body flender, covered with

large angular fcales ; tail deeply ckft, with a bony fcale or

rather fpine above and beneath before it.

^^^f- A' P^^'iT- ti(f«^ 14; an. ,1: cauJ. 30 rays.

49. ARGENTINA.

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 49. Argentina. 863

49. ARGENTINA. Teeth in the jaws and
tongue : gill-membrane with 8 rays :
vent near the tail : ventral fms of many-
rays. Argentine,

* SphyrtZ' Anal fin with 9 rays. European A*

"^» Inhabits the Mediterranean^ and fometimes wanders to the

Britifi coafts ; 2 — 4 inches long ; body round, tapering ;
back and fides, as far as the lateral line, pale alh mixed with
green, below the line and belly fine filvery ; the air-bladder
is conic both fides, appearing as if covered with filver-leaf,
and is ufed in the manufafture of artificial pearls.

Snout (harp, prominent ; mouth fmall, with afperities rather
than teeth ; eyes large, iris filvery ; dorfal fin placed near
the equilibrium of the body ; tail forked.

Dorf, 10; pect. 14: vent xt'. an.^: caud. — rays.

Gbjfodon' Anal fin 8-rayed.
ta. Inhabits the Red Sea; body linear, lanceolate, fiiining, filvery,

above brown ; fcales broad, rounded, entire, ftriate at the bafe,
and imbricate in longitudinal rows.
Head as broad as the body, compreffed, attenuate, naked;
crorun glaucous, a little Hoping, flat, with fmall tubercles
between the eyes ; iris filvery ; upper /an; conic at the end,
with a black ring, not protraftile ; teeth fetaceous, crowded,
fmall, reddifli, in many rows ; palate and tongue rough, with
teeth ; lateral line very ftraight, nearer the back ; Jins glau-
cous; ^at/ bifid, the inter fticies fcaly.
Dorf. 16—18: pect. 19: vent. 10—11: an. 8: caud, 20
rays.

Carolina* Anal fin with 15 rays.

Inhabits frefh waters of Carolina:

Gill'COvers with a longitudinal future ; Literal line ftraight ;

tail forked.
Dorf, 25: peEi, 16: vent, 12 : an, 15: caud, 31 rays.

^-IcchnMa,

§64

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 50. Athetina;

Machnata, Anal fin with 17 fays. > ^

Inhabits the Red Sea: 2 1 fpans long; filvery^ Lack dullw-

blueifh ; fcales entire, striate.
Head as broad as the body ; crown flat, with a very broad fulcus,

behind broader, oval ; eyes large, near the crown, irisfilvery ;

teeth numerous and very fine ; upper iij!> {horter, ftraight ;

/riU-covers naked, very entire ; later alline fmall, in the middle

of the body ; dorfal, anal and tail fins glaucous, the 2 hinder

ones beneath yellowifh ; pectoral and ventral yelldwifh.

whitifh behind.
Dorf. 4 : pcEl. i-j: vent. 15 : dn, J, : caud. 18 rays.

50. ATHERINA. IJpper^w a little flat:
gill-membrane 6- rayed: fides with a
iilvery ftripe. Atherine,

*HeJpdus. Anall fin whh about 12 rays,
' Inhabits the Mediterranean, Europsdn and Red Seas : 3— 4I

inches long ; back thick, belly a little prominent ; body
varied with a few black fpots, and nearly pellucid.
Crown broad, flat, floping at the frpnt ; eyes near the fnout,
iris with a brown fpot above ; jaws with numerous fcadll
t^eth; lateral line double, impreffed.
D. 8', 12: /». 13: v.'^i fl. 16: f. 17 rays.

Menidid, Anal fin with 24 rays. $tWer-fiJh,

Inhabits frefh waters of Carolina : body fmail, pellucid ; Icales

fpotted with black. \

Teeth numerous on the ^ips, but none in the jaws 6r tongue ;

lateral line filvery ; tail forked.
Dor/. 5 — 10: pect. 13 : vent. 6: an.\\: rand, si rays.

Sihdma. Anal fin with 23 rays.

Inhabits the Red Sea ; a fpan and half long; body fubpellucid ;
fcales rounded, flightby toothed.

Head tapering, depreffed, beneath flattened;, trotjon flat between
the eyes and fcaly ; iris white, above brown ; lips obtufe, the
upper protraftile ; teeth like thoie of A. hefperus ; lateral line
nearer the back ; vent va. the niiddb of the body; fins ^^yx-
QO\x%\ pect oral X-i.ViCttoitX.t.

Dorf, II, 11 : pect. 16: vent, 6 : an. 23 ; caud. 17 rays,

Jfaponica,

15-ISHES. ABDOMINAL. 51. Mugil. 865

Japonka, Dorfal fin fingle, 5-rayed.

ln\\?kAis Japan: 3 — 4 inches long; fmooth, reddifh -brown*
/ffa^ naked; teeth in the jawso; h.ttV3\ jiripe veiv broad^

reaching from the head to the tail.
Dorf, 5, pe3.. 14, vcjit. 8, an, — , caud, — ray.

Broionii. Body fubpellucid ; lateral ftripe broad.
Inhabits American and Pacijic leas.
This is a very vague arid indiflinft fpecies.

^1. MUGIL. Lips membranaceous, the
lower one carinate inwards : teeth o :
above the angle of the mouth a hard
callus : gill-membrane with 7 curved
rays ; the covers fmooth, rounded ;
body whitifli. Mullet,

*Cephalus, Firfl dorfal fin 5-rayed.

Inhabits European leas, and enters rivers; back dulky varied
with blue and green ; fides filvery with broad dufky parallel
lines, reaching from the head to the tail ; belly filvery ; fcales
arranged in parallel rows. The Botarge of the Italians is
made of the milts and roes of this lifh.

Head almoft fquare, flat on the top ; nofe blunt ; lips thick ;
in the upper jaw a fmall roughnefs ; fwpil black, encircled
with a fmall filvery line, iris above hazel, below filvery ;
firft dorfal fin near the middle of the back ; tail deeply
forked.

Dorf 5, J, pcct, 16, vent, I, an ,«, caud, 12 rays.

Albula, Firft dorfal fin 4-rayed.

Inhabits America ; very much refembles the laffc.
Dorf 4, 9, pect, 17, vent, g, un. ,?, caud, 20 rays,

Cftnilahis, Firft dorfal fin with 4 flexible rays ; rays of the fecond un-
armed ; lips crenate, the lower bicarinate.

2. Lefs ; lips not crenate.

3. Both lips ciliate, the lower fingly carinate.

4. Upper lip very finely ciliate, the lower fingly carinate.

Vol.1. — 5S

Inhabits

866 FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 52^ Exocoetuo.

Inhabits the Red Sea; a foot long ; fcales broad, with a longi-
tudinal brown keel in the middle.

Head above covered with lax Icales ; lateral line a little raifed ;
all the Jiju whitifh-glaucous ; pedoral with a black fpot at
the bafe ; lobes of the tail pointed.

Dorf.*, —, pect. 17, vent. I, a?;. ;* , caud^ iGfays.

Chilenftsj Dorfal fin fingle :, tail fimple.

Inhabits the iea rouiid Chili, and the rivers which empty them-
lelves into it ; about a foot long ; in ftiape and Tcales refem-
bles M, cephalus.
Dorf, J, pect. 12, vent. I, an. ,1, caud, 16 rays.

Chanos, Dorfal fin fingle ; tail with 2 wings each fide.

Inhabits the Red Sea ; a yard long ; body oblong, filvery, with
foft cirri, but without teeth •, fcales broad, rounded, finely
flriate ; a variety is found more than as large again.

Head na!rrower than the body ; crozon flat, glaucous, naked ;
upper lip longer, notched in the middle ; lateral line recurved
near the head and afterwards ftraight, nearer the back ; tail
much forked, and furnifhed towards the middle with 2 mem-
branaceous wmg-like appendages each lide.

DorJ. 14: pect. 16: vent, ii : nn. 9 : caiid. 2o rays.

*Folitans»

52. EXOCGETUS. Head fcaly : mouth with-
out teeth; the jaws conneded at each
fide : gill'7nembrane y-rayed ; body
whitifli : belly angular : pedoral fins
very large and long, the rays carinate
on the lore -part. Flymg-fijh.

Belly carinate each fide.

Inhabits Eurofean^ American and Redkzi, but is chiefly found
between the Tropics : by means of its long peftoral fms it is
able to raife itfelf out of the water, and fufpend itfelf in the
air for a fhort .fpace, till they become dry, which it does for
the purpofe of efcaping from the jaws of predatory £{h, and
in its flight is expoled to the talons of aquatic bird?, hovering
over the waters to catch them ; a variety is found which does
not fly.

Back

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 53. Polynemus. 867

Back flat; fcales large, filvery ; dorfal fin fmall and placed near

the tail ; tail forked.
Dorf. 14: pect. 15 : v!nt. 6 : an. 13: caud, 15 rays.

I^volans, Belly not carinate.

Inhabits the Spanijli fea^, and is very little different from th^
kft.

Exiliens. Ventral fins reaching to tlie tai].

Inhabits Carolina : longer than E. volitans.
Fins pale, with a blackilh band or two ; ventral, which in the
firft ipecies hardly reach as far as the vent, nearly touching
the tail, the firft ray Hiort ; firft and fecond'ray of the pectoral
fhort ; lower lobe of the tail longer.
Dorf, 10, ppct.. 15, vait.G^ an. ii, caud. 20 rays.

53. POLYNEMUS. Head comprefTed, co-
vered with fcales : fnout very obtufe
and prominent : gill-membrane 5 — 7-ray-
ed:^^<^(??W fins with diftincl appendages.

Thefe are chiefly difliinguifhed fiom the genus Trigla, in having
the ventral fins placed on the abdomen, and in the appendages
not being articulate,

duinqua- Appendages 5, longer than the body.
rius. Inhabits America.

Dorf. Y, 16, pect. 16, vent. I, an, *, caud. 17 nys.

Firginicus. Appendages 7, tail entire.
inhabits America.
Gill-rovers ferrate; firft ray of the firft dorfal fin very fhort;

tail broad, fharp,
Dorf. 7, ,^ : peEl. 15 : vent. I: an. ,J : caud, 15 rays.

Paradifeus Appendages 7, tail forked.
Inhabits India,

riebius. Appendages 5, the firft extending beyond the tail, the others
gradually fhortening.
Inhabits the Pacific Ocean : body filvery, back afhy, compreC-
5 S 2 fed.

£68 FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 54. Ciupea.

fed, oblong, lanceolate ; fcales fquarifh oblong, truncate and
notched at the bafe, the tip rounded, fmooth, imbricate, dif-
pofed in 20 longitudinal rows.
Head flattifh, the leaks on the top and fides obliquely, beneath
clofely imbricate ; eyes round, large, covered with a diapha-
nous {kin ; iris filvery ; moiith nearly orbicular and large ;
tipper jaty longer, both filled with fetaceous, fubequal teeth,
turned inwards ; tongue fmooth, loofe only at the tip ; ^m/-
/e< dilatable at the fides; palate flattifh, ob!bletely . wrinkled
in the middle, the fore-part rough with fmall bones ; aper-
ture of the gills large ; the anterior and pofterior covers
; diphyllous, the upper lamina of the former flightly ferrate,

the laminae of the latter obfoletely ciliate ; lateral lim paral-
lel with the back; vent nearly in the middle of the body;
Jins afhy, fpotted with brown -. firft dorfal nearly triangular,
the fecond fubfaicate ; pcEioral oblong ; ventral trapeziform ;
tail 2-lobed.
Dor/. 8, 4: pect. i5 : vent, J: an, ,*: caud. ,* rays.

^4. CLUPEA. Head comprefTed : viouth
comprefled, rough within : jaws une-
qual, the upper with ferrate myftaces :
tongue Ihoft, rough, with inverted
teeth: eyes moderate, round, margi-
nal : gills fetaceous ; the covers 3 or
4 leaved ; the membrane 8-rayed :
body compreiled, elongated, covered
with moderate fcales : lateral line
ftraight, near and parallel with the
back ; belly carinate and generally
ferrate : ventral fins often 9-rayed :
toY forked. Herring*

'^ IIaren^u>Body without fpots ; lower jaw longer. Britijh H.

Inhabits Northern feas and migrates fbutlierly in immenfe fhoals
towards the coafts for the purpofe of fpawning, and during
its journey is followed by numerous predatory fifhes ; is ex-
ceedingly fertile and well-tafled. In the north great quanti-
ties of oil are extrafted from it. Body green varied with
blue, belly filvery ; it dies as foon as taken out of the
water, ilead

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 54. Clupea. 869

Head fmall ; iris filvfiry ; ^drejs-ar pointed ; gill rover with 3 vio-
let or red fpot, which difappears when it is dead : 6ack
convex ; ^ns cinereous, and except the tail Irnall ; kl!_y not
ferrate.

Dor/". 18, pea. 1%, vent, g, an. if, caud. iSrzys.

*Piicardus Nofe turned up ; dorfal, fin in the centre of gravity ;
fcales firm. ^ Pilchard.

Appears periodically in vaft flioals on the Comifli coaft, about
July ; body thicker and rounder than the herring, Icfs, the
back more elevated and the belly not fo {harp ; is more full
of oil ; belly not ferrate.

*S]>rattus. Dorfal fin 17-rayed ; belly ftrongly ferrate. Sprat.

Inhabits Northcryi leas and migrates like the herring in large

fl'.oals ; 4 — 5 inches long ; body filvery, back blueifh ;

fcales large and ealily deciduous ; fiefh very good, but oily.
Head pointed, blackifh on the front ; eyes large, iris yel-

lowiih-white ; io'werjaw longer, curved ; gill-covers fivery,

radiate ; keel of the belly curved ; fins fho t, thin, cinereous.
P,orf. i-j, pcct. 16, vent 6, an. 19, caud. 18 rays.

'^Alofa. Sides with round black fpots placed longitudinally ; fnout
'' bifid. Shad.

Inhabits the Mediterranean, Northern Eiiroye, America and
Afia : 2 — 3 feet long; afcends rivers in May and June to
fpawn, and returns in the autumn ; feeds on worms and in-
iefts, and is the prey of larger fifh ; back dufky-blue, or
greenilh -yellow ; fcales large, deciduo>* ; fleili fometimes
eaten, though not very good.

Head a little Hoping -, iris filvery ; upper jaw a little fltorter,
toothed at the edge ; tongue blackilh, loofe, fmooth ; gill'
covers ftriate, blueifli in the middle, filvery at the edge ; la-
teral line hzr6\.y confpicuous, nearer the hic^\ Jins fmall,
cinereous, blueifli at the edge ; ventral with an appendage ;
tail large, with 2 brown fpots.

Dorf. 19, pect, 15, vent. 9, an, 21, caud. 19 rays.

*£,ncrafi. Upper jaw longer. "■ Anchovy,

coins, inhabits European, Mediterranean and Atlantic feas ; 6^ inches

long ; approaches the fhores from December to March, for
the purpofe of fpawning ; back green, lemipellucid ; fides
of the belly filvery and opake ; belly not ferrate ; is gutted,
beheaded and potted for a relifli.

Head

?7G FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 54. Clupea.

Ihad long, above broad ; eyes round, iris f;lvery ; mouth very
y large, fmooth within ; lower jaw and narrow tongue pointed •,

aperture of the ^i7/i very large; back ccmvex, fens fho?t,

pellucid.
Dor/. 14: pect, 15: vent. 'J : ayi, 18: caud, 18 rays.

Atherino- Lateral line filvery ; lower jaw fhorter.

^ * Inhabits Surinam. In its broad filvery lateral line it appears to

be an Atherine, but on account of its comprefTcd body and
iiiiiU \'.entral fins is with more propriety placed here.
Dorf. 12: peel. 14 : vent, 8 : an. 32: caud. 18 rays.

Thrija. Anal fin with 28 rays; lafl ray of the dorfal long, fe-
taceous.

Inhzbits Avierica^ India and China ; in fpawning time fre-
quent-5 the (hoi-es ; about a foot long ; feeds on teft-aceous
animals and the Ipawn of other fifh ; body above blueifii
with a green fhade, Iprinlkled with brownifli fpots placed m
rows ; fides fhining filvery ; fides of the head and fore-part
of the belly fea-gi;een ; flefli very favory, but is often poi-
fonous.

Head naked, beneath curved and carinate ; mouth oval ; eye.<;
with a doubled niftitant membrane, lateral, round, mode,-
rate ; iris filvery ; lowtr jaio a little fhorter ; gullet a little
dilatable; lips fkinny, brownifh ; teeth not perceivable;
tongue oblong-lanceolate, obtufe, loofe at the tip, the bafe
cartilaginous; palate flattifli, ftriate with wrinkles ; aperture
of the giJls large, flexuous, the covers fhining filvery ; late-
ral line hardly vifible ; vent behind the middle of the body ;
,^77^ hoary ; dorfal and caudal a little brownifh at the tip,

TJorf. 14, pect. 13, vctit.^, an, 28, caud. 21 rays.

Cyprino- Belly oBtufe.

^' "• Inhabits between the Tropics: body oblong, hardly a foot

long, filvery, above greenidi-blue ; fcales fmooth, a little
Ariate and convex, difpofed in jo longitudinal rows, and
edged with a filvery membrane.
Head broadifh, convex on the fore-part and hardly Hoping ;
'eyes large, lateral, round, the niftitant membrane doubled,
iris filvery ; viouth large, nearly fquare ; lower jaw a little
longer ; chiri dilatable ; teeth crowded, linear ; tongue broad,
rough in the centre and fmooth at the fides, the tip loofe ;

jaws

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 54. Clupea. 872

J a zy J rough within ; aperture of the gills large, the covers
flexile, very fmooth, filvery-brown ; Jins brovvn-afh ; laft
ray of the dorfat long ; anal long, lubfalcate ; tail large.
Dorf. ly: ped. 15: vsnt. 10: an, 25 : caud. 30 ravs.

Setirojlris. Lateral bones of the upper jav/ fetaceous ; anal fin with
32 rays.

Inhabits the Pacific and Red feas -, body lanceolate, filveiv,
Ihlning, above bluelfh ; fcales obliquely imbricate, Imooth,
deciduous, obloletely rhombic.

Htad fhort, llightly curved beneath •, iris filvery, above clouded
with red ; month large, nearly quadrangular ; lower jaw
fhorter ; gulltt dilatable ; teeth very fhoit, and unequal in
both jaws ; palate a little rough ; aperture of the gills large,
I'ubflexuous, the covers flexile, filvery ; lateral line parallel
with the back, linooth, ftraight, obiolete ; vent a little be-
hind the middle of the body ; fins hoary ; dorfal nearly tri-
angular ; pectoral oval-lanceolate ; ventral lanceolate ; anal
long ; tail 2-lobed.

Dorf. 13 ; pe£l, 14 : vent. 7 : an. 32 : caud. 70 rays.

Myjius, Body enfiform ; anal fin joined to the tail.

Inhabits the Indian iea.

Dorf. 13 : pcct, 17 : Vint. 6 : an. 86 ; caud. 13 rays.

Tropica. Tail w^edged.

Inhabits Afcenfion IJland ; body white, compreflcd, broad,
ferrate.

Head floping ; eyes large, near the gape of the mouth ; lower
jato longer ; teeth in one row -, gill-covers fcaly ; lateral line
fl:right, nearer the back. ; dorfal fin extending from ihe middle
of the back to the tail ; ana,L the fame as the dorfal.

Derf. 26 : pect. 6 : vent. 6 : an. 26 : caud, 20 rays,

Sinenfis. Outmoft ray of the gill-membrane truncate behind.
Inhabits China ; relembles the herring, but is broader.
Mouth without teeth ; lower gill-covers or rather the outmoft:

ray of the gill-membrane very much truncate.
Dorf, 16 : pcct. 16 : vent. 8 : an. 16 : caud. — rays.

Hawmcla, Body lanceolate, naked; ventral, anal and caudal finso;
dorfal reaching the whole length of the back ; tail
linear.

Inhabits

872 FISHES. AB0OMINAL. 55. Cyprinus.

Inhabits the Red Sea j about a yard long; body fil very and
finely poUnied ; of an uncertain genus.

Crown flat, rhomboidal ; lower jaw longer; teeth fubulate,
coinprelTed, ftrong, remote, perpendicular ; gill-covers co-
vered with the common ikin, without fcales, hyaline at the
tip ; lateral line nearer and parallel with the belly, and
{Iraight from the bread to the tip of the tail ; dorfal fin
glaucous, edged with brown, i;nd marked with a longitudinal
oblong filvery fpot ; inftead of the anal fin are 82 Ipines hid
under the f^;in.

Djrf. 133: peiit. 12: vent, o: an.o: cdud. orvcys.

Dridh. Ventral fins minute ; upper lip 2-horned with extended
teeth, lower longer ; teeth ftrong, ereft.

Inhabits the Red Sea ; body linear, filvery, above brown or
blue ; fcales entire, deciduous.

Crozan horizontal, flat ; nape blue ; iris filvery ; upper lip
!iot proti'aftile with protruded, remote unequal teeth, the
K middle ones larger and very fharp ; lower jaw with 6 eretl
teeth each fide, the middle ones growing fenfibly larger and
fubulate ; lateral line llraight, obfolete, nearer the back ;
belly flraight ; dorfal fin as near again to the tail as the head ;
tail bifid to the very bafe.

Dorf. 1-7 : peH. 14 : vent. 7 : an. 34 : caud. — * rays.

Vilbfa. Lateral line prominent, rongh.

Inhabits Northern feas.

^^, CYPRINUS. Mouth fmall, witliout
teeth : gilLmembrane with 3 rays :
body fmooth, generally whitilh : ven-
tral fins often 9-rayed. Carp,

The fifhes of this tribe are chiefly inhabitants of frefh waters ;
afford a palatable and nourifhing food : feed on worms, in-
fers, lelfer fifh, leguminous feeds and fat earth ; fome of
thein migrate, and moft of them (pawn about April or May ;
head corapreffed ; fcales fhining, horny, and generally white;
front blackifh, broad; back arched ; aperture of the gills
Urge, the cover 3-leaved } voflrils double; nwuth round;

lip^

IRISHES. ABDOMINAL. 55; Cyprlnus. 873

lips cartilaginous, and furnilhed wijh a thick (kin ; tonf;ut
very minute, cartilaginous ; jams toothed beneath the gills }
bones of the throat rough ; intcftinal canal continued from
the teeth to the vent ; liver 2-lobed ; air-bladder white*
fhining, round, 2-parted ; ovitry and feminal vefTel double ;
the males, and when in full roe ihc ffmaleSf have hard, whitc^
fliarp tubercles on the fcales.

A. Bearded.

^Barhui. Anal fin 7-rayed; cirri or beards 4; fecond ray of the

dorfal firi ferrate each fide. Barbel.

Inhabits rapid ftony rivers 6f Europe and Perfia, and lies in

)ioles near the banks ; lives in fcfcieties, and feeds on tefta-

ceous animals, worms, lefTcf fifh arid tare a'ffes ; is fo tame as

to be often taken with the hand ; gfows faft and is very

long-lived ; 2 — 15 feet long ; body above olive, the fides

above the line blueifh, beneath it pale grccnifti, belly white;

fcales pale gold-colour, edged with black and ftriate ; flefh

coarfe, and the roe is a little poifonous.

Head oblong, pointed, pile olive ; iris pale brown ; nofiriU

placed near ^hc eyes; mouth yAictd beneath; cirri at each

corner of the mouth and each fide the nofe ; upper lip thick,

red, protraftile ; lateral line flraight, dotted witli black ;

Jins reddifh ; ve.ntral with an appendage ; tail forked, ed^ed

with black ; dorfal entirely blueiih.

Dorf.^\: pect. 16: vent, g : an. 7 : caud. x 6 rays.

*^Carpio. Anal fin g-rayed; cirri 4 j fecond ray of the dorfal fin fer-
rate behind. Carp.
% Half the body covered with fcales 4-times as large as com-
mon, the other half naked.
3. Body without fcaleSi

Inhabits the flow and ftagnant waters of Eurcpe and Perfiay
and was introduced in England in the year 1514 ", about
4 feet long ; grows fafl and is very long-lived ; foeds on
herbs, fat earth, worms and aquatic infefts and any foft fub-
flance ; is extremely fertile, and the prey of larger fifh,
aquatic birds and frogs ; body above blue-green, the uppef
part of the fides greenifh-yellow and blackilh, beneath
whitifh ; tail yellow ; fcales large* longitudinally ftriate ; o€
the gall is made a green paint, and of the founds or air-blad-
der a fifti-gluc.

Vol, I, — 5 T Heo^

874 FlSME'S. ABDOMINAL. 55. Cyprmus,.

Head h-Tgc ; front broad, livid; cheeks hlut-, eyw black, with
a yellow border ; jatas equal ; lips thick, yellow, with a
longer cirrus in each angle -, back a little arched, carinate
above the fin, and found beneath it ; lateral line dotted with
black, (lightly inflefted •, doifal fin cinereous ; anal chefnut ;
peroral, ventral and forked tail violet, the latter blackifh
at the edge.

Dorf.^,pect. 16, veni.^, an. ^ caud, igtxys.

*Gohio. Anal fin r I -rayed; cirri' J. Gudgeon,

Inhabits gentle Ilreams and lakes of Northern Europe; is tena-
cious of life and very fertile ; about 8 inches long ; feeds
on herbs, worms, infefts, the fry of other fifli and parts of
carcaffes \ body narrow, fpotted, above livid, the fides above
the line blue, beneath whitifia-yellow, but it varies its colours
by age, the different waters it inhabits and its food ; fiefti
white and very grateful.
Head large, greenifli -brown ; eyes fmall, pupil livid, iris gol-
den ; upper jaw a little longer when the mouth is fhut ;
fns reddifh or yellowifh ; dorfal' and ventral direftly oppo-
fite, and with the anal fpotted with black ; tail forked,
Dorf. 10, pect. 16, vent ^, an. ii, caud, 19 rays.

*Tinca. Anal fin with 25 rays ; tail entire ; body mucous ; cirri 2.

Tench*

2. Body golden ; fins tranfparcnt.

Inhabits almoft every where in ftagnant waters ; grows quickly
and reaches from 4 to 8 pounds weight ; is very fertile and
tenacious of lift-, and will live all the winter under the ice v
feeds on worms and water-plants ; is very foolifh and may be
eafily caught ; body covered with a thick mucus, and fmall
fcales which adhere firmly to the fkin, above dark-green, the
fides above the line green, beneath yellow, belly white;
varies in its colours by age, fex, or the waters it inhabits ;
flefh white, foft and well-tafted.

Head hrge; front broad, dark-green; eyes fmall, iris golden-;
cheeks greenifii-yellow ; chin white ',jarvs eqv;al ; back fiightly
arched and round ; fns thick, violet ; tail truncate at the
angles and ftraight in the middle ; the fcapula and OJ innomi-
natum are longt-r than in other fifties ; lateral line a little
curved.

Dor/; 10, pect.iG, vent, gs <^'-"5i caud. z^r^ys.

v.fDorf, 12, pect. 16, tent, lo, an.Q, c:xud, 19 rays.

Bynni,

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 55. Cyprinus. 875^

Bynni. Dorfal fin with 1 3 rays, the third thick and hof ny ; tail
linear, bifid, cirri 4.

Inhabits the Nile ; a cubit long ; body entirely filvcry, oval-
oblong ; flelh good.

IL'ad a little comprefled ; back and belly floping ; lateral line
bent upwards, nearer the belly ; anal and caudal fins i-ed,
white at the bafe, the left whitilh, reddifh at the thioj^er
edge.

^^'d' .oj .?j ff^i- 179 '"^^^- 9 J ^^' ^j caud. 19 rays.

Bulatmai. Anal fin 8-rayed ; fecond ray of the dorfal very large, n^t
ferrate ; cirri 4.

Inhabits the Cafpian fea ; fize of a carp; body ileel-blue,
with a golden iplendor, beneath filvery-golden ; fcales mo-
derate, femicircular, dillant ; flefh fnowy and exquifite.

Head oblong, above brown, beneath white ; eyes mocierate, late-
ral, iris varied with golden and Ijlvery ; lateral tine fli-aight,
nearer the belly ; dsrfal fin blackifli-brown, the firft ray very
fmallj and with the next fimple, the reft branched ; pectoral
grey at the bafe, reddifh at the tip ; anal red, whitilh at the
bafe ; tail forked, reddifti-brown.

J^orf. 10 : pect. 19 : veiit. 9 : an. 8 : caud, 21 rays.

C&pceta. Anal fin 9-rayed ; third ray of the dorfal and anal very
long, the former ferrate dovi^nwards ; cirri 2.

Inhabits the Cafpian fea, and afcends rivers in the winter ;
about a foot long ; body comprefled, oblong ; fcales rounded^
moderate, fmooth, ftriate, filvexy, dotted with brown, thofc
on the belly lefler and white.

Head (hort, very broad, fmpoth ; crown convfex, brown ;
mouth beneath, tranfverfe, faiall, quadrangular ; eyes lateral,
iris filvery, above golden-brown ; gill-covers fmooth, brown,
pun£late ; lateral line between the peftoral and ventral fins,
a little bent down and nearer the billy -, fns brown, with
darker fpots ; dorfal in the middle of the back, trapezoid, the
firft ray very ftiort, the fecond twice as long ; pectoral ob-
long, pointed ; ventral oppofite the dorfal, with an appen-
dage above, obtufely trapezoid ; anal like the ventral ; tail
forked.

X>orf. 12 — 13, pect, 17 — ig, vent, g — 10, an. 9, caud. jg
rays.

5 T 2 J^f"'/^'

f^« ' FISHES. Abdominal. 55. Cyprinus.

idurfa. Anal fin 7-rayed, the firft very long ; third ray of the dor-
fal very long and thick, ferrate backwards beyond
the middle ; cirri 4.

Inhabits the Cafpian fea, and in the fpring afcends rivers ; about
a foot long ; body oblong, fquare, covered with mucus and
fquarifh-rounded golden Icales, which are above fliaded with
brown and beneath whiti{h.

Head, long, conic, a little compreffed, fmooth ; crown con-
vex •». eyes lateral, convex, iris yellowifh, fpot'ed above
xvith brown ; ^ill covers fmooth, brown ; lateral line in the
middle, ftraight ; anal and ventral fins finiilar, white, the
. * latter fpottod above u:ith brown, the reft entirely bjrqwn ;

dorfal placed. in the middle of the back ; perioral oblong ;
tail vertical^ forked.

Dorf. 11—12: ^<r(S. 16—17: tent,B: an. 7: caud. igrays.

Capi^o, Cirri 4 ; third ray of the dorfal fin ferrate behind ; fjdes
and lower fins whitifh.
Inhabits rivers running into the Cafpian fea ; very much re-
fembles the barbel, but is a little more compretfed ; head
longer, broader, and lefs deprefTed; fnout more obtufe ; cirri
longer ; eyes larger ; dorfal fin farther back ; colour of the
fides and lower fins yellow, and has 47 vertebrae, whereas the
barbel has only 44.

B. Tail nearly even at the end,

fCaraJJiuu Anal fin lo-rayed; lateral line ftraight. Crucian*

' Inhabits Europe znd Siberia, chiefly in deep, ftagnant waters,
and is found even in the Cafpian fea ; is generally kept in
fifli-ponds ; feeds on mud, herbs and worms ; grows ftpwiy,
and Icldom exceeds a pound weight ; infelted with the lemaca
cypvinacea ; body above dufky-grecn, the fides greenifh, be-
neath varied with white and red ; flefh good.

i/cjcf finall, obtufe, above olive, the fides varied with yellow
and green ; eyes fmall, iris filvery, furrounded with a golden
ring ; each jaw with 5 broad teeth ; back carinatc before the
fin, round behind it ; perioral fins violet, the reft yellowifh,
edged with cinereous.

Dorf. 20 : peci, 12: vent, g : an. 10 : caud. 22 rays.

fCepkalus. Ana! fin .11 -rayed ; body nparly cylindrical. Chub*

Inhabits

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. ss.Cyprlnus. 877*

Inhabits frefh waters of Europe : about 5 pounds weiglit ;
frequents deep lioles of rivers, and is very (liy ; feeds on;
•worms and infcds ; body oblong, roundUb, above dufky-
green, the fides filvery, but in fummer yellow, belly white ;
kales large ; fledi coarfo and bony.

Head and cheeks deep green ; pectoral fins pale yellow ; ven-
tral and anal red ; tail a little forked, brownifb, tinged wilii
blue at the end.

J^orf. 11 : pect. i6 : vent, 0 : an. 11 : caud. 17 rays.

Gibelic. Dorfal fin with 20 rays ; tail lunulatc.

Inliabits ftagnant waters of Germany, and feldom exceeds half t
pound weight ; is very fertile, and tenacious of life, and an
eafy pvey to ducks and water-fowl ; body broad, elongated,
above blucifh, the fides obfcurer, beneath golden ; fcalcs
large.

Head large, above brown ; tyts large, iris golden ; jaws equal,
with 8 fniall, jharp teeth in each, difpofed in 2 rows; back
arched ; lateral line dotted with brown, bending down ;
Jins yellow, the rays branched ; tail cinereous.

Dorf.i^: peB.i^: tcnf. 9 : an. 8: ca«c/. 20 rays.

Sericcus, Dorfal fin with 10 rays, anal 11 ; tail reddifh -brown.

Inhabits in great plenty the flow add ftagnant waters of
Dauuria ; i \ inch long ; body fhaped like the crucian,
beautifully fhining with filvciy-blueifh or pale violet, to-
wards the belly pale rofy, with a broad greeni{h-blue ftripe
each fide.

Jris ftlvury, with a carmine patch above the pupil ; ventral
and anal fins cinnabar, tipt with black.

C. Tail '^-parted.

Auratus, Anal fin double, placed like the ventral. GoJd-fiJb,

This moft beautiful filh is an inhabitant of the rivers of China
and Japan, and is naturalized almoft every where, on ac-
count of its elegance and vivacity ; the colours vary greatly,
but are naturally and moftly of a moft fplcndid golden ; fcalcs
large.
Nojtrils tubuljir ; iris golden ; gill-covers Srleavcd ; iaek con-
vex, ; lateral line llraight, nearer the back i Jtns fine red ;
tail 2, 3 or 4 -parted,
Porf, 20 : p. lb : v, ii ; a. 9 : c, 27 rays, ^

Baphthal.

$;« riSHES. ABDOMINAL. 55. Cyprinus,

JBaphthai' Scarlet ^ all the fins white ; eyes protuberant,
fljw^. Tele/cope Carp.

Inhabits China, and is equal in fize and beauty to the laft ;
back lauch ^rnicd ; tail trifid. • Nat. Mifcd. tab, 262.

D. railhijid.

Rtpus. Anal fin 11 -rayed ; iotipX reaching the whole length of the

back.
Inhabits the fea ronnd Chill; nearly the fize of a herring; body

cylindrical, the icales abgve golden, on the fides filvery.
Eyes ycUowifh, pupil blue^ iris purple ; mouth fhcrt, obtufc,

viilhout teeth ; Jins foft yellow ; fiefh delicious.
I^orf, 28: peel. 15 : vent, xo : an. ai : caud. 2a rayc.

Ca«^yj. Anal fin 13-rayed ; body tuberofe, a little fih-ery.
Ii^habits frefli waters of Chili .' i-y foot lonjj.
Dorf. () : pect. 16 : vent. 9: an. 13: caud. 29 rays.

Maichus. Anal fin 8-rayed ; body conic, blueifti.

Inhabits frefti waters of Chili : a foot long,
D, 12.: ^. 14 : u, 8-: a. 8 : c. 18 rays.

Julus. Anal fin lo-rayed ; tail lobed.

Inhabits frefh waters of Chili ; a fpan long.

DorJ. 15, ptct. 17, vent. 9, an. 10, caud. 19 rays.

F.ivularis. Anal and dorfal fins 8-rayed ; body fpotted with brown.

Inhabits fmall ftreams running down the Altaic mountains; 2

inches long ; body a little comprelfed, fubfilvery ; fcales

hardly vifible.
Head obtufe, nearly fquarc ; the crotvn with a few hollow

pores ; iris filvery ; lateral line flraight, a little afcending

at the head: ^n.f pale ; ^£c^<?ra^ rounded.
Dcrf. 8, pcii. 8, vent. 8, an. 8, caud. — rays.

Laheo.

Anal fin 7-rayed, dorfal 8, peroral 19. .

Inhabits in numbers the rapid and ftony rivers round Dauuria
which empty thenifelves into the Eaftcrn fea ; fwims very
rapidly, and never readies a yard long ; body roundilh, fub-
compreffed, coated with large fcales ; flelh vcr>- fine.

Head

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 55. Cyprinus. 879

Head thick. ; fnout conic, obtufe, a little flefhy ; mouth placed
under the fnout, foinething like that of the fturgeon j (yes
rather large, iris filvery-yellow, pectoral, ventral znd anai
fins red ; tail brown •, firft ray of the dorfal ftrong, bony.

Dorf, 8, pect\ ig, vent. 9, an, y, caud. — rays.

\

Leptoce. Anal fin 9-rayed, dorfal 8.

phalus. Inhabits with the laft and is about the fame fize ; fcalcs middle-

fized.
Iris yellowifh-filvery ; fnout much lengthened, depreflfed,

rounded ; lower jaw longer ; Jins^ except the dorfal, red.
DorJ.%', pect, ^Q\ vtnt,\0'. an,(^'. caud. — rays.

Chakoides. Anal fin 19-rayed, dorfal 12.

^ Inhabits the Cafpian lea, and in pairing time alcends rivers ;
hardly a foot long ; body compreHed, oblong- ; fcalcs rounded,
ftriate, above greyifn and greenilh-filvery, fpottcd with
brown- the fides ftiining fdvery, beneath milk-white.

Head comprefled, pointed ; front and crown greenifh -brown ;
eyes lateral, very moveable, iris filvory, above golden and
fpotted with black, beneath with a blood-rad mark ; jazvs
without teeth, the lower longer ; tongue oblong, faxed, white,
fmooth, cartilaginous; palate fmooth ; gill covers flat,
fmooth, fhining filvery ; back a little convex ; lateral line
curved downwards, nearer the belly, with about 70 whitifh
elevated points; dorfal fin in the middle of the back,
brownifli, the fecond ray very long; perioral white, oblong,
pointed, the firft ray very large and brown ; ventral rounded,
white, with a lanceolate appendage ; firfl ray of the ana^
very Ihort, third very long ; tail perpendicular, brown.

Dorf, tz: peel. 16 : vent. 9 : an. 19: caud. ig rays.

Galian. Anal fin with 7, dorfal 8, peroral 14 rays.

Inhabits ftony rivers in Siberia ; 3 inches long ; body olive
fpotted with brown, beneath bright red ; fcales fmall, round*
ed, adhering firmly to the fkin ; is very good when fried.

Head (hort, nearly conic ; crown btackifh ; eyes lateral, iris
filvery ; jaws blood-red at the edge, the lower a little longer ;
Lateral line curved, nearer the belly than in others of its
tribe; fns with branched rays, red at the bafe, whitifh in the
middle, and tipt with brown ; tail aad quadrangular dorfal
fin black at the bafe, in other parts whitilh dotted with
black.

J)orf. 8: pc^. 14'. vent. 8 : an. 7 : caud. 19 rays,

Niloticusi

S8o FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 55. Cvprinus.

Nilotus. Anal fin with 7, dorfal 18 rays.
Inhabits the Nile ; body reddilh.
Dor/. 18: peel. 17 : vent. 9 : an. '; : caud. 19 rays.

Gonoryn- Anal fin 8-raycd ; bodjr cylindrical.
chus. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.

Dorf. 12 : pea. 10 : venti 9' : an. 8 : caud. 18 rays.

*Phoxinus Anal fin with 8 rays ; tail with z dulky fpot near tht
bafc ; body pellucid. Mi note.

Inhabits frnall gravelly ftreanfs of Europe and Siberia, and
keeps in shoals, near the furface ; hardly 3 inches lo:,g ;
feeds on herbs and worms ; grows flowly, is very fertile, artd
a favourite food of pikes ; body roundish, mucous, above
black or dark bhie. the fides with alternate blue, yellow and
black flreaks, but varies much in its colours ; fcales fmall,
thin ; flesh excellent.

Head wedged, above dulky-grecn ; eyes fmall, iris golden ;
jazt's equal, red at the «lge ; gill-covers yellow ; back and
lateral line ftraight ; Jins cinereous, with a red fpot at the
bate.

Dorf. 8 ; pci!. 15: v;nt. 8: an. 8: caud. 19 rays.

Aphya, Anal fin 9-rayed ; iris red; body pellucid.

Inhabits in shoals the shores of the Northern European feas, and
the rivers flowing into them; x^ — 4^ inches long; body
long, thick, round, above brownish, the fides whitish be-
neath the line, belly white or red ; fcales moderate, de-
ciduous.

Upper jazi: a little longer when the mouth is shut ; iris yel-
low, encircled with red ; lateral line in the middle, ftraight;
Jins cinereous, greenish at the bafe.

Dorf. 10: pect» 12 : vent. 7 : an. 9 : caud. 19 rays.

*Leucifcus Anal fin lo, dorfal o-rayed. Dace.

Inhabits deep llill rivers of England, Francey fouthern Ger-
many, Italy and Siberia: from 6 inches to i|- foot long;
feeds on worms and infecb ; is very fertile, and the prey of
the more npacious fish ; by dufliy yellowish-grcen, fides and
belly filvery ; fcales moderate ; flesh white and good.

Head Imall ; iris yellowish ; rr.outh large ; gill-cozirs 2-leaved ;
lateral liv.t curved, nearer th° bel'V ; back convex ; fm
whitish.

•;2. Bodv

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 55. Cyprinus. 88t

*2. Body flecderer ; back ftraighter. Graimrlfr.

Found in the Merfey near Warrington : has a great refemblance
to the dace, back filvery, with a blueifti call ; eyes, ventral
and anal fins red, but paler than thofe of the dace ; peftoral
redder ; 'j\ inches long.

Dorf. 9: pell. 15 : vent. 9: an. 10: caud. 18 rays.

^obula, Dorfal and anal fins lo-rayed.

Inhabits frefh water lakes of Denmark, Germdny and France 2
JO inches long, and in the fpring afcends rivers ; feeds oa
leeches, other worms and herbs ; body narrow, oblong, above
greenifh, beneath blueifh-filvery ; the younger viaU in milt-
ing-time is fpotted with black ; fcales moderate, doited with
black at the edge.

Mead obtufe, broad above, black-afh ; iris yellow, with a
green fpot above ; jaws with 2 rows of hooked teeth ; bazk
round ; lateral line bent down, dotted with yelloV ; Jins
in the younger fish white, when full grown ventral and anal
red ; pectoral yellow ; dorfal greenish ; tail blueish,

Dorf. 10 : pe6l. 15 : vent, g : an. lo: caud. 19 rays.

'■jiagine. Anal fin ii-rayed; fins whitifh.

Inhabits European lakes ; oblong, iris filvery ; is probably a

variety of the lad or the fame fish.
Dcrf. 1 1 : peii. 1 1 : vent. 9 : an. 1 1 : caud. — rays.

dharu^. Anal fin 12-rayed ; ventral fins deep red.
Inhabits lakes of Sweden ; refembles C. idus.
Dorf., lo: pect, — : vent — : an. 12: caud. 19 rays,

Rutilus, Anal fin 12-rayed, reddifli. Roach.

Inhabits deep ftill rivers with a fandy bottom, and is fome-
times found in the Cafpian fea ; keeps in shoals ; feldom
weighs more than \ \ pound ; fpawns in May and is very
fertile ; the eggs are greenish and become red b^/ boiling ;
feeds on worms and herbs ; body greenish-black, beneath
paler ; fcales large and eafily deciduous ; flesh white and
good.

jfaws equal, each with a row of 5 teeth compreffed at the fides
and bent in at the tip ; lips red ; lateral line bent down,
with 36 dots ; ventral and anal fins blood-red, the reft chef-
nut ; dorfal oppofite the ventral,

D, 13, : />, 15 : v.<j: a, xz: c, 17 rays.

Vol, I. — 5 U JdutM

582 FISliES. ABD0MI>JAL. 55. dyprinus.

Idas. Ana] fin 13-rayed, red.

Inhabits frefh clear •waters of Northern Europe, chiefly the
larger lakes, from whence it migrates up rivers in the Ipring,
and is fometimes found in the Ca/pian Sea: i\ — 2 feet
long ; is fertile and will live long out of the water ; feeds
on worms and herbs ; body thick, coated with large fcales,
above black, beneath white, the fides above the lineblueifh,
beneath yellowifli- white ; flejfh tender and white.

Jicad thick, truncate ; front and nape black ; cheeks blueifh-
yellow ; eyes moderate, Iris whitifh-yellow ; mouth fmall,
without teeth ; upper jazo longer ; buck convex, a little
arched ; lateral line bent beneath the head ; Jins with mofl.
of the rays branched ; dorfal oppofite the ventral, and with
the broad lunate tail cinereous; pectoral y?:\\oWi{h', ventral
with an appendage, pointed, red in the middle, the fides and
bafe white; aiial red, white at the bafe.

Dorf. 10: pect, 18 : vent, to: an. 13; caud. j^ rays*

*OrfHs. Anal fin f 3-rayed ; gill-eovers fpotted with red.

FinfcaU. Riid.
Inhabits clear ftreams of England, Ruffia and Germany ; feeds

on ; worms, infefts, fat earth and the fpawn of other fifh;

body above lafFron, fides and belly gold, with red marks ;

fcales large.
Head fmall ; cheeks filvery ; iris goldeti ; upper jaw longer ;

back much arched ; lateral line much curved ; fins red ;

tail forked.
Dorf. 10: peSt. 11 : vent. 9: an. 13: caud. 22. rays.

Buggenha- Anal fin with 19 rays.

gia. Inhabits lakes of Gerinany and Sweden : 12 — 14 inches long;

body above blackifh, coinpreffed at the fides ; fcales large,
filvery ; flefli white.
Head znd mouth fmall; nape with a tranfverfe hollow ; upper
jazo longer ; bdck arched, carinate ; lateral line bent towards
the belly and afterwards ftraight ; fins at the bafe and edge
blue ; ventral with an appendage ; anal lunate ; tail forked*

>*Ery. Anal fm 15-rayed ; fins red. Red Eye.

throph' Inhabits frefh waters of Northern Europe and the G/t/pian fea ;

ihaiinus. about 12 inches long; back greenifh-black, fides greenifh

above the line, filvery beneath ; is very fertile and feeds on
worms, infefts and aquatic herbs ; fcales large, thin, filvery ;
flefh good in fummer.

Head

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 55. Cyprinus. 883

UfAil fmall, obtiife on the fore-part ; iris red ; jauis edual, the
lower curved ; teeth ferrate, incurved, in 2 rows ; nojiril^
large ; back carinate before the fin, convex behind it ; lati:-
ral line inclining down from the nape, with 30 elevated
ipots each Tide 5 doffal fin greenifli, farther from the head
than the ventral, edged with red.

Dorf. 12 : pe&. 16 : vtnt. 10 : an. 15 : caud. 20 rays.

Anal fin with 14 rays ; fnout rounded.

Irtliabits the mod rapid pans of rivers in France, Germany,
Hungary and Rujia ; iwims with great fwiftnefs and is ex-
ceedingly fertile ; grows but flowly ; body above blue, palev
at the iides ; fcalcs large, blue at the lower edge.

Head thick, truncate ; front broad, blackifh ; eyes large, pupil
glaucous, iris yellow ; gii^-covers blue •, lateral line nearly
ftraight, with 5S yellow-brown dots ; ventral, pectoral and
anal fins pale violet, the former with an appendage ; dovjal
blueilh, farther back than the ventral ; tail br6ad, a little
forked, cinereous, edged with blue.

Di ji, p: i6, V. g, a, 14, f. 20 rays.

Anal fin wjth 14 rays ; fnout prominicnt.

Inhabits the larger lakes of Prujfia, Germany and Italy ^ and the
Cafpian Sea : afcends rivers in Ihoals in the fpring ; from
1 to 2 pounds weignt -, feeds on worms and herbs ; body
oblong, above blackilh, beneath filvery, belly black within ;
fcales large ; flelh fdft and palatable.

I^^ape broad, black ; eyes large, iris filvery-goldcn ; mouth be-
neath, tranfverfe, fmall, quadnngular ; upper jaa* longer, ob-
tufe at the end, 6 teeth in each ; rays of ihtjins divided at
the tip into 8 ramifications, the upper* ones blackifli, lo\^r
reddifh ; tail forked.

Dorf, 12 : peel. 16 : vent. 13 : ^n, 14 : caud> 2« rays.

Anal fin i6-rayed ; lower jaw longer, incurved.

Inhabits frefli and gentle rtreams of Northern Europe and in thr:
Cafpian Sea 2 grows to 12 pounds weight ; body above
blackiftj, the fides blueilh-white ; grows fad, and feeds on
herbs, worms, and leffer fifh ; fcales blue at the lower edge;
flelh white, foft, fat and well-tafted.

Head wedged, (mall ; nape broad, blueifli-black ; iris yellow^
flreaked with greenifli on the upper-part ; mouth large ; each
jaw with 8 teeth, in 2 rows ; back convex ; lateral line as in
C.jefes; dorfal znA. caudal ^nshlwc^ the reft blueifh tinged
■with red.

Dorf. 11 ; pect, 20 : vent, 9 : an, 16 : caud, 20 rays.

^U « Bipun:-

884 FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 55. Cyprinus.

^ipunc- Anal fin with 1 6 rays ; lateral line red, with black fpots
tatus* ' in a double row.

Inhabits fandy or ftony rivers of Germany ; is very fmall, and
Iwims near the furface, except when in full roe ; feeds on
herbs and worms ; body above dufky-green, the fides green-
ish-white ; fcales fmall, dotted with black ; flesh white and
well-tafted.
-£)'£j large, iris yelloWj with a greenish fpot above ; cheeks (\\-
veiy-blueish ; upper Jazi^ a little prominent ; back arched ;
lateral line bent downwards ; upper Jtns greenish, lower
reddish.
Dorf. 10: pect. 13: vent. 8 : an. 16 : caud, 20 rays,

Amarus. Peroral and ventral fins vyith 7 bony rays.

Inhabits clear ftreams of Germany ; about 2 inches long-; body
pellucidj filvery, above greenish-yellow, the fides above the
line yellow ; Icales moderate, clotted with black ; flesh
fitter.

Head fmall, wedged ; eyes fniall ; iris above red, beneath yel-
low ; ^aios equal ; gill-covers yellowish ; hack carinate before
the fin, convex behind it ; lateral line bent dpwn neaf the
nape, blackish, fteel-blue near the tail ; upper jins reddish,
lower greenish.

Z)or/^ 10, pect. 7, Vint. 7, an, 11, cand. 20 rays,

America' Anal fin with 18 rays.

iiu^. Inhabits Carolina : body blue, filvery.

Lateral line arched towards the belly ; tail bind,
jD<'>/. 9> pcct, 16, vent, 9, an iQ, c^ud, 27 rays,

'■^Albumus Anal fin with 20 rays. BleaL

Inhabits, in shoals, fresh rivers of Europe and the Cafpian Sea j
^^ — 10 inches long *, is infefted by a ipecies of gordius or
hair-worm, that at certain feafons it (eems to be in great
agonies, tumbling about near tlie furface of the water, inca-
pable of fwimming far from the place ; body above olive,
fides and belly filvery ; fcales thin, shining, deciduous, and
are ufed in the manufaftory of artificial pearls ; flesh white
and good.
H^ad pointed ; front fiat, olive, fpotted with black ; cheeks
blue •, eyes large, pupil blue. Iris filveiy ; lower jflzu longer ;
back nearly flraight ; fore-part of the belly broad ;. lateral
Zt«e crooked; pcEtoral fins white, powdered with reddish ;
anal cinereous ; caudal and dorfal greenish, the latter far-
tu'^r back than the ventral.

*2. Lateral

FISHES. ABDOMINAL. 55. Cyprinus. 885*

*2. Lateral line ftraight. /^7;,V^ yif^

Inhabits, m valt Hioals, during the month of June, the river

Thames ; about 2 inches long.
Pupil hUck, iris filvery; lower ja a; longer ; head, fides ix A

belly filvery ; back tinged with green ; dorfal fin nearer the

head than the tail, and with about 14 rays ; tail foiked, t\\z

tips black.
Dorf. 10, pea. 14, I•cR^ 9, an. 20, caud. 18 nys.

Vimba. Anal fin with 24 rilys ; fnout truncate, prominent.

Inhabits the Baltic 6ea, and migrates in fummer into the rivers
of northern Europe ; feeds on herbs and worms ; body fil-
very, above blueilh ; fcales fmall ; flefh excellent.

Head fmall, wedged; eyes large, pupil blueiOi, ivis abov^
ftraw- colour, beneath greenifh ; jnouth a little rounded;
back convex, carinate before the fin ; lateral line bent down!
dotted with yellowifh.

Dorf. 11, pect» i6, vent. 11, an. 24, caud^ 19 rays.

*BraiJia, Anal fin 27-rayed ; fins brown. Bream.

Inhabits lakes and ftill rivers of Europe, and in the Cafpian
Sea ; 2 — 2I feet long; feeds on herbs, worms and fat earth ;
in the fpring approaches the fhores, or makes its way up
nvers in great ftioals, and with a rufliing kind of noife ;
grows very faft ; body above blackifh, the fides varied with
yellow, white and black ; fcales large ; flelh infipid.

Jlead truncate i/rent livid ; cheeks blueifh-yellow ; chin red-
difli ; jnoutk hnall ; upper jaw a little prominent ; iris pale
yellow, fpotted with black, and with a ferailunar black fpot
above; ^<zc A carinate, arched; lateral line bent down, with
about 50 black dots ; dorfal fin and lunate tail livid ; pero-
ral above violet, beneath yellow, blackifh at the edge ; ven-
tral with an appendage, violet at the bafe ; anal cinereous
at the bafe, blackifh at the edge.

Dorf. 12: pect. 17: vent. 9: an. 27: caud. 19 rays.

CuUratus, Anal fin 30-rayed ; lateral line floping; belly very fharp.

Inhabits near the banks of frefh water rivers in Sweden, Prufia
and Germany ; i\ foot long; above grey, beneath filvery ,
Icales large, thin, 5-rayed, and eafily falling off; fleni white.

Head compreffed, fmall, with a tubercle above the mouth ;
cheeks yellowifh-white ; nape broad, fleel-blue ; eyes large,
ms filvery; mouth without teeth, but in other refpefts re^
frmbhng the herring; lower jaw longer, arched; back
ftraight, roundilh; belly fharply carinate ; lateral line begin-
ning

836 FISHES, ABDOMINAL. 55. Cyprinus.

iiing behind the gill-cover, curved down in an obtufc angle
at about an inch diftance, and proceeding to the tail in a ter-
pentine curve ; upper j?«j cinereou^ lower reddifh beneath,
above cinereous ; pectoral very long ; tail forked.
Dorf, 8 : pc6i» i6 : vent. 8 : aiu 30 : caud, 19 rays.

Sjorkna,

Farenus.

An^l fin with 35 rays.

Inhabits the lakes of Sweden ; 5 inches long.

Dorf. It : pc£l. 15 : vent, g : an. 35 : caud* jg ray;

Anal fin with 37 rays ; iris yellow.
Dorf. n : pect. 18: vent. 10 : an. 37

caud.

Ballerus. Ana! fin with 40 rays.

Inhabits the lakes of Europe, and the Cafpiam Sea ; about a

pound weght ; grows (lowly •, body thin, above dufkv-blue,

the fides yellowish, beneath ftlvery, belly reddish ; fcales

fmall, lax ", flesh infipld.
Jfead linall, obtufe ; front brown ; cheeks and gill-covers alter-
' nately blue, yellow or red ; eyes large, iris yellow with

2 black fpots *, jaws ecjual, the lower curved ; hack carinate ;

lateral line ftraight, with brown dots ; J.7U edged with blue;

dorfal farther back than the ventral ^ anal very broad ; tail

lunate.
Dorf. jo: pect. 17: vent. 9: an. 40: caud, 19 rays.

Latus, Very broad ; anaLfin with 25 rays.

Inhabits, in great shoals, the lakes and dill rivers of northern
Europe : is very fertile, and feeds on worms and herbs ; about
a pound weight ; body thin, white, above blueish ; fcalcs
thin ; flesh infipid.

Head fnjalj, lengthened ; iris yellow, dotted with black ; mouth
very narrow ; back arched, carinate before the fin, and round
behind it ; lateral line curved, dotted with yellow ; pectoral
and ventral fins red ; dorfal farther back than the ventral,
and with the anal brown, edged with blue ; tail blue, forked.

Dorf. 12 : pect, 15 : vent. 10 : an. 25: caud, 22 rays.

ORDER

FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOllS. 56. Mormyrus.

ORDER V. JBRANCHIOSTEGOUS,

Gills without bony rays^

56. MORMYRUS. Head fmooth : teeth
numerous, notched : aperure of the
gills linear, without a cover : gill'mem*
brane with one ray : body fcaly.

CyprinO" Tail bifida appendaged.
tats* Inhabits the Nik.

Dorf, 27 : petl. 9: vent, 6: an, 32 : cand, ig rays.

Anguit' Tail bifid, obtufc; dorfal fin with 26 rays.
ioides. Inhabits the Nile.

Dorf, 26 r pcEl. 10 : vent, 6 : an, 41 : caud. 10 rayS,

Kannume. Tail bifid, obtufe ; dorfal fin with 63 rays.

Inhabits the Nile ; body whitish and very much compreffed.
Apffture of the gills perpendicular ; fnout conic, deflefted j

lower \lip longer ; belly ftraight, but rifmg from the vent ;

lateral line ftraight, in the middle of the body ; tail and

dorfal fin linear.
DcrfG^i pe£l, 15, t'tfnf. 6, an, x-j, caurf. 20 rays.

57. OSTRACION.

888 FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 57. Oftracion.

^j, OSTRACION. Teeth round, pointing
forwards, blunt : aperture of the gills
linear; body mailed bv a complete
bony covering ; ventral ^ns o.

Triqueter, Body triangular, unarmed.

Inhabits India ; back appearing as if covered with rhombic

marks cut tranfverlely.
Do^f, 10: pefi. 12: an, 10: cand. 10 rays.

Trigoniis. 'Triangular; fubcaudal fpines 2; dorfal fin I4.rayed.

Inhabits India.

Dorf. 14 : pcd. JO : an. g : cavA. 7 rays.

Sicaiidalis Triangular ; fubcaudal fpincs 2 ; dorfal fin lo-rayed.
2 » Body covered with fpots and tubercles.

Inhabits India j is probably only a variety of O. trigonuSi
Dorf. 10, pect, i2j 2) ii, en, i©, cand. ic rays,

Tricornis, Triangular; frontal fpincs 2 ; dorfal r.
Inhabits India.

Qjiadricor- Triangular; frantal and fubcaudal fpinesl,
nis. Inhabits India and Guinea.

Dorf. 10: peEl. li: an. i.o : cdud. 10 rays.

Turritus„ Nearly quadrangular; eyebrows and back with a fingle
fpine, belly with 4 each fide.

Inhabits the Red Sea; 4 inches long ; body tuberculate, yeU
lowish-ash, brown on the naked parts.

Bony coat divided into hexagonal pieces, rough, with nume-
rous elevated dots, the futures pellucid ; shell of the belly
"very broad, flat, oval, tapering on the fore-part, and obtufe
behind ; back convex, marginate at tlie fides, the middle gib-
bous, comprefled, triangular, with an ereft short fpine turned
back; front perpendicular, rounded, convex, depreffed be-
tween the eyes ; iris golden.

Dorf, 9 t pea. »o : an. 9 ; ccud, 19 rays,

Cornutust

FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 58. Tetrodon. 889

Coriiutus, Quadrangular, frontal and fubcaudal fpincs 2.
Inhabits India.
Dorf. 9: pid:. 10: an. 9: caui. 10 rays.

Auritus. Brown ; fpines i over each eye, 2 each fide the back and
2 each fide the belly.
' Inhabits the iflands of the Pacific Ocean,

Nat. Mrfcel. tab. 338.

Tubercula. Quadrangular, unarmed ; dorfal tubercles 4,
'"••■• Inhabits India.

GiBbofus, Qiiadrangular, unarmed, gibbous.

Inhabits Africa j is probably a variety of O. ttiqueter,

Cubicus. Quadrangular, unarmed ; fides fla,ttifh
Inhabits India j body fpotted.
Dorf. 9 : pect. 10: an. 10: caud. 10 rays.

Mdeagris. Somev^hat fquare ; blackifh, fpeckled v^ith virhite.

Inhabits the Southern Ocean j 6 — 8 inches long ; beautifully

marked with innumerable white fpots,
Nat. Mifcel. tab. 253.

58. TETRODON. Jaws bony, extending,
divided at the end : aperture of the
gills linear : body muricate beneath ;
ventral fins o.

Sukratus. Quadrangular ; head very large.

Inhabits the American and Pacific oceanS ; 2— -2f feet long j
the flesh is poifonous.

Tefludincus Belly flat, fmoother; back with white, curved futures.

Inhabits India ; body above a little rough, beneath with CnalJ

pun£hires, within which are fecreied short prickles,
Dorf, 6: peEi. 14 : ati, 6; caud. 9 rays,

Voli I, t— 5 X Lagocti

890 FISHES. BRANCHtlOStEGOUS. 58. Tetrodon.

Lagoce- Belly inflated prickly j body fmooth ; Ihoulders pro-
phalus. minent.

Dorf. 10, pect. x8, an. 8, cand. lo rays,

I.ineatus. Body with longitudinal brown and pale ftripes.

Inhabits the Nile, and grows to a vaft fize ; if handled when
juft taken out of the water, its prickles fting the (kin, and
produce fmali puftules like the nettle ; body fquare, without
icales, but pfickly ton the back, punftured beneath and
ficnODth on the iid^ • abaVe blueifli-green, beneath reddifh-
yellow, the fides blueifh-brown, with 4 ftripes each fide, the
2 upper ones curved, the third divided like the letter V, and
tbe ioweft white.

Front ftraitened, fmoothj with 2 contiguous tubercles before
the eyes, terminating in 2 fhort cirri ; iris golden ; lips
thick, lax, papillous within ; Jore-feetk broad, 2 in each
jaw, the lower ones notched ; tail entire.

Dorf. 1 1 : peB, 18: an. 9 : cctud. 1 1 rays,

EleElricusi Spotted vv;ith red, green and white ; above brown, beneath
fea-green, the fides yellow ; fins green. '
Inhabits St. John's IJland, in holes of coral rocks ; 7 inches

long ; gives a fort of eleftric fhock w^hen handled.
Eyes large, iris red, tinged with yellow at the outer edge

Ccdlatus, Before the dorfal fin a black ocellate band.

Inhabits frefh waters of China and Japan and the neighbour-
ing feas ; body thick, fpherical, above dufky-green, beneath
white, prickly on the breaft and belly ; is io exceedingly
poifonous, if eaten, as to den:roy life in a few hours.

Head fmall, above broad, a little compreffed at the fides ; eyes
fmall, iris golden ',jaws equal ; lips moveable ; tongue ftiort,
roundifh ; aperture of the gills femilunar ; lateral line ori-
ginating before the eyes, bent round them, and afterwards pa-
rallel with the back ; back round, fmooth, with a femilunar
black band, edged with yellow, and a fimilar fpot adjoining
the fin ; vent near the tail; Jins fliort, yellowifh, with branch-
ed rays ; tail fmooth, rounded,

Dorf, 14: pe£l, 18 : an. 12 : caud, 7 rays.

Spengleri, Head bearded with numerous oirri.
Honckenii, Lower jaw longer.

Obtongus,

FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 58. Tctrodon. 891

Ohlongiis. Oblong ; jaws equal.

2. Back with 6 brown bands.

Inhabits India; feeds on teftaceous animals ; body nearly co-
vered with minute prickles, above varied with brown lines,
the fides filvery is probably a Ipecies of Diodon.

Head long, above broad ; eyes vertical, iris yellow ; between
the eyes and lips a white, round Ipot ; nojlrils double ; aper-
ture of the gills large, the cover pointed downwards ; back
convex ; lateral line double, the upper beginning behind the
■ive, bent down, near the back, a^nd reaching to the tail ;
the lower beginning from the chin, near the belly, and bent
up at the pectofal fins ; Jins yellow-afli, the rays branched^

Dorf. 12 : peci. \6 : an. ii ; caud. ig rays.

2) D, 11 : p. iS : a. ij: c. 7 rays.

'Roflratus, Jaws elongated into a fnout.

Inhabits India : body white, cinereous towards the back, com-
prefTed at the fides, and prickly on the back and fore-part of
the belly.

Front floping, broad ; eyes large, vertical, iris reddifh, fur-
rounded with brown rays *, jaws equal, marked with brown
rays ; Jins yellowilb, with branched rays ; tail brown at each
end; pectoral fhort, broad.

Dorf. 5, pect, 16, an, 8, caud. lo rays.

Belly dilatable and prickly before the anal fin. Glohe T.

Inhabits Europe and Carolina: i — 2 feet long; body above
blue, the fides and belly white ; it has the po .ver of inflating
its belly to a large and globular fize when alarmed, and cre6i-
ing its prickles.

Iris white, tinged with red ; hack ftraight ; dorfal fit* placed
low down on the back, the anal oppofite ; tail almoft. even,
divided in the middlq by an gngular projeftipn ; jin^
brown.

Dorf. 15, ped. x8, an. 12, caud, 11 rays.

Hifpidus, Body entirely covered with pale fetaceous, prickles.
2. Body fpotted.

Inhabits India: belly dilatable.

Dorf. g : pect. 17 : an. 10 : caud. 10 rays.

*Mola, Unarmed, rough, comprefTed, rounded ; tail very fhort and

rounded ; dorfal and anal fins conneded ; fphericles

oval. Short Siin-fifh.

5X3 *2. Unarmed,

§93 FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 59. Diodon.

^2. Unarmed, fmooth, comprelTed, oblong.; tail very fhort ;
anal and dorfal fins connected ; fpiracles crefcent-
fliaped. Oblong Sun-jijh.

Inhabits European and Mediterranean feas; grows to a vaft
bulk, fometimes to 4 — 500 pounds weight, yet feldom ex-
ceeds i| foot ill length; has the refemblance of a filb cut off
in the middle ; body carinate each fide ; back black, fides
filvery, beneath white ; Ikin thick, mucous, rough.

Eyes orbicular, furnifhed with a ni6Htant membrane ; nojtrils
fmall ; teeth in the lower jaw 18, unequal, obtufe, com-
prefled ; tail furrounded witl^ a circular band before the fin ;
• ^ Jins black.

Dorf, i-y : pat. 14 : an. 17 : caud. — rays.

59. DIODON. Jaws bony, extended, un^
divided : aperture of the gills linear :
body covered on all fides with long,
llrong, moveable fpines, varied with
white and black, hollow within, and
covered with the common fkin: ven^
iral fins o.

^yjlrix. Nearly fpherical ; fpines triangular.

2. Somewhat round; fpines lliorter, triangular.
3' Roundilh ; fpines triangular at the bafe.
4* Conic oblong, fpines long, a little rounded.

Inhabits the Indian and American feas ; grows to 2 feet long ;

body oblong, pale brown ; has the power of erefting and

depreffmg its fpines, and of inflating or contracting its body ;

flefii hard and rank.

Head fmall ; eyes large, iris yellow ; f.ns fhort, fpotted witb

black, the rays branched ; dorfal and ajial oppofite,
Dorf. 14 : petl. 22: an. 12 : caud 10 rays.

Atin^a, Oblong; fpines round.

2.~ Spines of the head and neck longer.

Inhabits the American icds and lound the Cape of Good Hope:
12 — 1 5 inches long ; body- com pieffed at the fides, blueifh,
back broad, round, blackilh ; belly bread, long, white, evexy

wlierc

FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 60. Syngnathus. 893

where fpotted with black ; has, like the laft, a power of dilat,

ing its body and eretling its fpines.
Head fmall, above broad, a little comprelTed at the fides ; eyes

large, iris yellow; noflrils finiple, tubular; mouth narrow ;

upper /art; a little longer, angular in the middle; Jins yellow,

fpotted with black, brownifli at the edge, the rays branched.
Dorf. 14 : pe6l. 22 : an, 14 : caud. 9 i-ays.

Vertically femioval, nearly truncate beliind ; belly carinate j
dorfaj>, anal and caudal fins united.
Inhabits the Atlantic and Ethiopian feas ; body comprelTed,
thicker at the head, truncate behind, and terminating in j.
longitudinal thin fin, filvcry white, growing gradually darker
towards the back.
£yes deep in the orbits with 2 fpines above each of there, iris
filvery.; mouth prominent; fnout with moveable hooked
bones ; chin with 2 large fpines, and between thele and the
tail 4 others, all come and very fharp ; back a little arched,
with 2 large fpines and 3 varicole tubercles ; ridge of the i?elly
with 2 large (pines on the fore-part, and i on the hind-part ;
fides with 2 fharp, diflant papillic. •

60. SYNGNATHUS. Head fmali : fnout
nearly cylindrical, long, turned up at
the end -. 7nout/i terminal, without
teeth or tongue, and furnifhed with a
lid ; the lower jaw moveable : gill^
cowrj large, ftriate, clofed : fpiracleon
the nape, tubular : body jointed, mail-
ed with many-fided fcales; ventral
fins o. Pipe-fJJu

Thefe inhabit the Ocean, near fhores ; feed on leffer worms and
infefts, and the fpawn of other fifh ; under the tail, com-
mencing at the vent, is a longitudinal groove, concealing
the young and the eggs ; eyes fmall, covered at the fides with
a membrane ; nojirils near the eyes, and hardly confpicuous ;
palate fmooth ; gill-membrane thin, placed on the nape ; fins
&iall, thin, the rays undivided; lateral line o;

TdraKO-

894 FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 60. Syngnathus.

Tetragonus Caudal fin o ; body quadrangular ; tail 6-fided on the fore-
part, triangular behind, the tip round.

Inhabits the Indian fea ; body brown at the fides, beneath va-
ried with brown and yellow.

Jris yellow; above the eyes each fide a recurved fpine, and a
flat hollow between them •, fnout compreffed each fide; trunk
with 1 7 plates, paler in the middle, triangular at the begin-
ning, above narrow, beneath broad and fometlmes with dc-
cuflate bands ; Jins yellowish ; tail with 45 plates.

iJor/". 34 : pcct.^i.^ an. 6»

'Typkle. Caudal, anal and pe<Sloral fins radiate ; body 6-fidcd.

Shorter P,

Inhabits northern European feas : about a foot long ; body

yellow varied with brown ; is perhaps only a variety of the

next.

Snout {lender, fubcompreiTcd ; iris yellow; trunk with 18

plates, taii with 36 ; vent nearer the head ; ftiis cinereous.
DorJ. 38: put. 12 : an. 5 : caud. 10 rays.

*Acus. Caudal, anal jind pedtoral fins radiate, body y-fided.

l^eedh-fiP).

Inhabits the northern European ocean ; 2 — 3 feet long ; body
varied with alternate brown and whitifh -yellow bands.

Trunk with 20 finely llriate plates; tail quadrangular, with 43 ;
vent nearer the mouth, and placed pppofite the beginning of
the dorjal fin which is fpotted,

Jyorj. 38 : ptd. 14 : an» 6 : caud. 10 rays.

Felapcvs, Caudal and pe(ftoral fins radiate;, anal o ; body 7-fided.

2. Plates of the trunk 25, of the tail 32 i dorfal fin with 33
rays.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope and Cajpian Sea : body yel-
low-brown, with tranlverfe brown lines ; is geneally found
fwimming among fea- weed.
Jris white ; lower -^'aw longer ; plates on the trunk 18, on the
tail ^2 ; pectoral fins lead-colour ; dorfal and caudal yellow.
Dorf. 26, pect.'i^, an. 4, caud. 7 rays.

^£(7uoreuj. Caudal fin radiate ; peroral and anal o ; body angular.

Inhabits

FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 60. Syngnathus. 895

Inhabits the Ocean,

Dorf. 30, pect. o, an. o, caud. 5 rays,

* Ophidian. Caudal, anal and pedtoral fins o ; body round. Little P.

Inhabits the northern i'ziropfrt?! ocean: 1-2 feet long; body
greenifli, imooth with a few protuberances, and marked with
4 interrupted blue lines and rings.

Iris reddifh ; fnoat fhort ; vtnt nearer the head,

Dorf. 34 : pect. o : an. o : caud. o rays.

*Barbarus Caudal and anal fins o ; body 6-fided. Longer P.

Inhabits European feas : about 2 feet long ; body olive-brown
with numerous blueifti lines pointing from the back to the
belly ; tail quadrangular.

Dorf. 40: peB, 12 : an. o: caud. o rays.

Hippocam- Caudal fin o ; body 7-fided, tuberculate ; tail fquare.
^"•^* Inhabits the fhores of the Mediterranean, Indian and Northern

feas; 8-12 inches long ; bends the body indifferent curva-
tures like the eel; brown, above marked with black and white
circular incifions, behind fpolted, comprelTed each fide, with
bearded fibrous tubercles ; when the head is bent down is has
fome refemblance to that of a horfe ; it has 3 fpines each fide,
2 on the anterior part of the tail, and 1 on the pofterior.

Head large ; above the eyes are 4 bony, fibrous tubercles, and 1
above the nofe; iris filvery ; trunk with 7 rows of tubercles,
and 13 plates ; ridge of the belly denticulate ; tail with 35 —
38 plates ; fns thin, reddifh ; dorfal with a black border
edged with white ; anal fin by its pofition refembling a ventral
one, being placed before the vent,

Dorf, 20, pect. 20, an, 4 rays.

6r. PEGASUS.

89^ FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 6i.P-gafus;

Si. Pegasus. Mouth henedLth -. fnoutrcr
tractilfe ; upper jaw elongated, denti-
culate, enfiform, linear: aperture of
the gills fmgle, before the pedoral
fins : body conipreffed downwards,
articulate with bony incifures, and
mailed : ventral fins behind the pec-
toral.

Draconis. Snout conic.

Inhabits /w^m .' 3—4 inches long; feeds on woiTns, the fpawn
of other fifh and fat eajth : body above blueifh, with brown,
radiate tubercles, beneath broad, with a longitudinal eminence
in the middle, on which are feated the ventral fins.

Head clofe to the trunk ; cyts prominent, lateral, moveable in
every direclion, iris yellow ; jaws with minute teeth ; aper-
turs of the gills narrow, lunate, the cover radiate ; vent near
the tail, which has ^ gibbous' laminae at th'e fides ; rays of th*^
fins fimple.

Dorf. 4 : pcct. 10 : vent. 1 : an, 5 : caui^ o rays,

P'olans, Snout enfiform, denticulate.
Inhabits India.

Kntanu Snout enfiform, unarmed.

Inhabits India : fize of P. draconis ; body bread on the fore-pait
and narrowed behind, above yellow-brown, beneath broady
fmooth, white.

Head flat, fmooth, broad, narrowed on the fore-part ; eyes large,
round, lateral, iris yellow ; fnout dilated at the tip ; gill-cover
radiate ; tail with 1 1 Isminse, which grow gradually narrower
towards the tip, the laft with 2 fpines ; vent in the middle of
the body ; rays of the fins fimple ; pectoral violet ; the reft
brownifh ; ^cr/a/ and ana/ oppofite, fmall ; caudai mnov/,

Dorf. 5, pect.g, vent. 1, an. 5, caud. 8 rays.

62. CEN-

FISHES. BRAf^C^iO'StEGDUS. 62. Centrifcus. ^97

62. CENTRISCUS. Head lengthened intd
a very narrow fnoat : mouth, without
teeth ; lower jaw longer : aperture of
the gills broad, flat : body comprefTed :
belly carinate : ventral fins united.

Scutatui, Back covered with a fmooth bony (hell.

Inhabits India ; 6 — 8 inches long ; feeds on mud, and leffer
aquatic animals ; body thin, pellucid near the back, above
brownifh, the fides yellov/ mixed with filvery, beneath red-
dilh, and marked with tranfverle white lines.

Head ob\on^; fnout tubukr, bent up; mouth narrow; iris
yellowifh-white ; eyes with a niftitant membrane, and near
x\iz nof.rils, which are double ; gill-ccver ^xtiooxh, pellucid,
horny, the aperture lateral and large ; back covered with very
fmooth, golden, clofely united plates, the hind-part armed
with a long, fpear-like point; belly with 10—12 plates, en-
compaffed at the lower edge with a thir?, loole membrane ;
peEloral fins diftant from the gills, yellcwifh; ventral and
<for/a/ yellowilh, the reft brown.

Dorf. 3, 11, pect. 11, vent 5, an. 13, caud. 12 rays.

Scolopax. Body fcaly, rough ; tail ftraight, extended.

Inhabits the Mediterranean lea ; a Ipan long ; body pale re<J,
broad, rough, with hard, pointed, clol'ely imbricaie fcales ;
flefb eatable.

Head broadifb above; fnout turned up ; mouth very narrow ;
lower jaw with a cover ; eyes lateral, large, iris pale red ;
nojirils double, near each other; gill cover of one piece, the
apertvire very large ; Jins cinetebus; tirft ray of x.\\Q.pectora,l
very long ; ventral Imall, hid in a bonv hollow ; dorfal and
artal oppofite, the former with rigid rays, the firil of which
is moveable, very ftrong, toothed each fide and placed in a
little hollow ; tail rounded,

Dorf./^^ 17, pect. i6y vent, 5, an. 18, cawrf. grays,

Valitarius. Body oblong lanceolate, rough with fmall xecumbcnt brif*
ties at the noftrils.

Vol, I, — 5 Y Inhabltf

-^

898 FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 6^. Baliftes.

Inhabits Amboina : 2 inches long ; body filvery, above yellow-
ifh-grey, triangularly carinate before the ventral fins.

Head flattifh at the fides and between the eyes ; from th<ifnout
to the eye a prominent line ; iris filvery ; fnout tubular,
coTOprefled, without jaws ; giV^coffr* flat, very fentire ; back
hardifli on the fore-part, appearing as if mailed with a rhom-
bic plate, with about 4 oblique lines, in the middle is a re-
cumbent, flightly moveable, Tubulate, very fharp fpine, a little
ferrate at the edge, and channelled beneath, and beneath it
another fiaaller Ipine, placed in a hollow of the back ; vent
behind the middle of the body, with a very minute recum-
bent fpine before it ; anal fin broad; tail rounds, flightly
forked ; the red fmall.

Dorf. 12: pect. 13 : an. 25: caud. X2 rays*

63. BALISTES, Head comprefTed, clofe to
the body, with fometimes a fpine be-
tween the eyes : mouth narrow : teeth
in each jaw 8, of which the 2 anterior
are longer, and 3 interior ones each
fide : aperture of the gills narrow,
above the pe6loral fins ; cover o ;
membrane 2-rayed : body comprefTed,
carinate each fide, rough with very
minute prickles ; the fcales joined
together by the fkin.

None of the fifhes of this genus inhabit the feas of Europe :
they are able to inflate the belly, which at that time is rough
with very minute prickles ; they feed on other fifh, and many
of them are of a vaft fize ; mod of them are fufpcfted to be
poifonous.

Monoceros. Head-fin i -rayed ; tail-rays carinate.

2. Body marked with black, red, and blue characSlers.

Inhabits the feas of Afia and South America : about a foot long,
2) 3 feet; feeds on young crabs and polypi; body thin,
varied with cinereous and brown; flefh tough, 2) poifofious.

Head

- FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. "63. Baliftes. 899

ILad large, floping ; eyes vertical, with 2 oblong hollows be-
fore them, iris yellow ; lower jaio longer ; lips moveable ;
Vi7it nearer the mouth than the tail; fpine lUpplying tiic.
place of ventral fins, covered by the outer fkin ; that winch
iupplies the place of the firft dorfal fin bene bic'-.vv^-irds, (brrat^e
each fide, and affixed to the bock by its proper membrane ;
Jim yellow ; caudal with 3 brown bands, and like the
pe£loral wijh fplit rays, dorjal and crzaZ with fimple rays.

Borf. 1, 46, pect, 14, an. 50, caud. j.2 rays.

Hifpidus, Head-fin i -rayed; fnout fubulate ; tail with a black oceU
late fpot.
Inhabits Carolina; body rough, and briftly towards the tail.
Spine between the eyes nearly decumbent ; membrane of the
Jim hollow at the bafe between the rays ; Jpine in the place of
the ventral fins fsrrate and pointed.
J^orf. i, 30 : peB. 14: vent, t : an. 29: caud. 12 rays.

Tomentofus Head-fin a-rayejJ ; body a little hairy on the hind-part.

Inhabits the Indian iea : body thin ; fides on the upper part
yellow, lower cinereous ; beneath yellow; varied with ob-
long black fpots.

Eyes rounded, near the nojlrils, which are double, iris golden ;
jaws equal, the upper with 10 teeth; Jpine of the head
fhorter, flronger and broader than that of B. monoceros,
and denticulate backwards each fide ; belly dilatable ; tail
rough with fmall prickles curved back ; f^ns yellow ; firft
rays of the dorjal and anal bifid, the reft fimple ; thofe of
the tail-fin many-cleft.

Dorf. 1, 31 : /;. 9 : a. 27 : eg rays.

Papillofus. Firft dorfal fin 2-rayed ; body papillous.

£>or/. i, 29 : pect. 13 : an. 21 : caud. 12 rays,

Vtrrucofus Firft dorfal fin 3-r3ys; tail with a triple row of warts.
Inhabits India : is probably a variety of B. aculeatus.
Ray in the place of the ventral fins thick and warty ; prickles
at the fide of the tail about 25, fmall, reverfed, and placed
in 4 rows,
Dorf, 3, 24 : pect, 13 : an, ji : caud. 12 rays.

Biacuka- Ventral fpines a ; tail forked.
^"^' Inhabits India; body elongated, white, above cinereous.

5 Y 2 ' ^«^<*

gop FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 63.Baliftcs.

Head ending in a fort of probofcis ; eyts nearly vertical, large,
oblong, iris pale green ; jaws equal, the upper with 1 2,
lower with 10 ftiarp teeth; lateral line commencing above
the eye, nearer and parallel with the back, and a little in-
flefted before the tail ; ventral fpines long, denticulate each
fide, and each placed in its feparate hollow, before which is
».black fpot ; vent nearer the tail ; firft dorfal En black, \h.i firft
ray thick, flrong, bent back, and toothed each fide ; the reft
yellowifti ; /Jccicra/ and cau^ai with branched rays, the reft
fimple.

Dorf, 4, 23 ; />. 13 : v. t: a, if : c. 12 rays.

Atuleatus. jrjj-f^ dorfal fin 3-rayedi ; tail with recumbent fpines at the
fides. ■ '

Inhabits the Indian and Red Seas ; feeds on young crabs ;
body broader and thicker than B. biaculeatus, and covered
with papillae on the furfece, difpofed in an irregular fquare.

Eyes round, placed direftly behind the nojtrils, which are narrow
and rounded, iris golden ; jawx equal, the upper with 12,
t ■ the lower with 10 fliarp teeth; ventral ipinc ftrong, toothed,

behind which are numerous dagger- like points ; the number
of rows of reverled fpines on the tail, and the number oj
fpines in thofe rows is different in different fubjefts, and is
perhaps occafioned by age ; jf «j fhort ; firft dorfal blac k
with firaple fpinous rays, the firft very broad and ferrate for-
wards at the bafe ; the reft chefnut, cinereous at each end,
the rays foft and branched.

jDorf. 3, 25: pe£t. 15: vent. 13: an. 23: caud. 13 rays.

Vetula. Firft dorfal fin 3-rayed, ventrallongitudinal ; tail forked.

Inhabits the deeps of the Amtrican and Indian feas ; feeds on
teftaceous animals ; body above yellow-brown with grey-
ifti lines, the fides yellow, beneath' cinereous ; the fkin is
divided into fmall roundifli partitions, and it makes a grunt- *
ing kind of noile when taken.

Head middle-fized, varied with blue lines, of which about 8 ap-
pear to be radiate from the eye ; iris red ; lips thick edged
with blue ; jaws fumifhed with cutting teeth, in the upper
: 14, lower 12 ; aperture of the gills comparatively large;

vent in the middle of the belly., which is fumifhed with 3
rows of prickles before the fin ; tail with blueifti bands near
the anal fin, which are greyer nearer the tail ; pectoral fins
yellow edged with blue ; dorfal blueifti, the firft ray of the
»nteiior v^ry ftrong and toothejl forwards, the pofterior fal-
cate.

FISHES. B-RANCHIOSTEGOUS. 63. Bulifles. 9.^1

cate, and like the flwat cinereous, with blue lines ; all tlicfe
have forked rays ; tail edged with blue, tlie ravs y*-llow and
branched, the outmoll each fide very long.
Dor/. 3,30: pect. 16 : vent. 16 : an. 28; caud. 12 ravcj.

Macidatus Anal fin broad ; firft dorfal fin 2-fpined.

Inhabits the Amcriiian fea •, body thicker than the laft, violet,
beneath whitiih-yellow ; the flvin is divided into fmall un-
equally fquarc picce-s, and covered with papillae.

IJtad fmall, a little floping -^ before the eyes is a Imall hollow,
in which are placed the double nofiriLs ; iris fea-green ; jarvs
equal, each with 12 teeth; between the ftrong bone of the
belly and vent a few fpines iadead of ventral fins ; rays oi
the fins brai^ched ; pectoral fm^U, yellow; the reft large;
firil dorfal affixed to the back by a long membrane, the firft
ray thick, ftrong, toothed forwards, the other thin and ftiort,

i^orf, 2, 24 : pect. 14 : an. iw caud. 12 rays.

Vir.^en.. Firft dorfal fin 3-rayed j each fide the head 3 folds ; tail
forked.

Inhabits China : is very large and entirely black, broad on the
forepart and narrowed behind, the belly armed with a long
rough ftrong fpine, the Ikin divided into rhombic partitions.

Head Ihort, very much floping; iris white; mouth large;
upper jary a little longer ; tail with 3 grooves, tenninated
by a lunate fin ; firft ray of the firft dorfal fin bent back,
jagged on the fore-part, the other fin very fmall ; rays of the
others branciied ; anal and lecond dorfal with a blue ftreak.

Dor/. 3, 29 : pe&. 15 : an. 26 : caud. 12 rays.

iinenfts. Head with a fingle ray; ventral fin fingle.

Inhabits the feas round Brafd and China; body broad, rough,
fprinkled with fmall orange fpots, cinereous at the fides, be-
neath whitifli ; flefti hardly eatable.

Head fmall, Hoping, with a fpine between the eyes, which is
rough each fide with inverted teeth, and placed in a hollow
on the back ; eyes large, round, placed behind the noftrils and
ears, iris white; jatuj equal, each with 10 teeth; latercl
line beginning immediately behind the eyes, bent downward
hardly vifible, and armed with a double row of 4 prickles
bent forwards; ventral fin fingle, rough, the rays toothed and
the tips except of the firft covered by a thick fltin ; tail
rounded, the rays fplit at the end ; the other rays fimple ;
firft dorfal and anal cinereous dotted with yellow.

porf, J, 90 : pect. 13 : vent, 13 : an, 30 : caud, 12 rays.

AJafi,

902 FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 63. Baliftes.

Body muricate with brown warts ; tail wiih a triple row
of black ones.

Inhabits the Red Sea j a fpan long ; brown, belly white ; vent
black, I'urrounded by a tawny ring ; fieQi eatable, but
inlipid.

Crown \vith 4 blue and 3 alternate black tranfverfe bands before
the eyes ; iris golden ; lips yellow ; from the mouth to the
bafe of the pectoral fin is a rufty-brown line, from this to
the eye another lanceolate black one, and before this a lan-
ceolate yellow one, edged with blueifh-white ; tail with an
oblong white fpot •, firft dorfal fin black, placed in a hollow,
the ftrfl rays warty and fpinous ; the other fins pale reddifh.

«

€g,prijcus. Dorfal ray ferrate forwards, ventral Tingle, low; tail
rounded ; fnout a little obtufe.
Inhabits the American, Indian and Mediterranean feas ; body
variegated with niany colours.

Forcipatus Tail forked; dorfal fin fpotted.

Dorfal fpine refembling a horn, and every wher? rough with tu-
bercles or fmall teeth. ^"

Pun&atus. Body punctate.

Inhabits the Indian Sea;

Kldnii, Body fomewhat oblong .; jaws extended ; firft dorfal fpine
rough each fide, ventral o.

Inhabits the Indian Sea : body compi-effed, whitifh, beneath
carinate.

Head hardly thicker than the body, with the mouth placed at
the extremity ; teeth ftrong and numerous ; vent in the mid-
dle of the belly ; pectoral fins and tail rounded.

Dorf, 2j 46, pect. — , an. 47, caud. 10 rays.

Curajfa. Firft dorfal ray rough, ventral low, blunt ; tail truncate ;
vicui. fnout obtufe.

Inhabits about the Caribbee IJlands : 3 inches long ; body long,
a little flat, comprefl'ed, above brown, the fides pale tawny,
thining, above arched, beneath convex, and covered with
hard rough leaks, thofe on the fides blackilh in the centre.

Eyes

FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 63/Banftes. go%

Eyes fpherlca!, n^ar the noflrils, and furnifhed -mih a peculiar
tunic ; firft dorfnl fin fmall, brown, affixed to the back bv
a triangular membrane, and placed in a hollow, the othtr
dorfal and anal linear ; pectoral fmall ; tail even.

Dorf, 2, 27, pect. 13, an. ?6, caud. 8, 9.

America- Dorfal and ventral ray very low ; fecond dorfal fin and tri-
nus, angular anal larger.

Inhabits the American Ocean ; refembles B. tomentofus ; body
brownifn, beneath fpotted with white.

Teeth in each jaw, numerous, triangular ; firfl ray of the an-
terior dorfal fin very thick, ftrong, and rough on the fore-
part, the others diftant and fubulate ; the fecond j?r? unarmed;
inllcad of ventral fins a fhort truncate bone, extending ob-
liquely downwards towards the tail ; tail rounded.

Dorf, ^, 22, pict. — , an, icj, caud.~-xzys.

GJilaris, Throat with a deep conic pouch..

Inhabits New South Wales, Phillips Bot. Bay, p. 281.
Body blue ; dorfal fin 3-fpined, the firft ferrate behind ; pouch
large, refembling a jelly-bag ; caudal fin deeply cleft into
6 — 7 parts.

,Niger. Firfl: dorfal fin 3-rpined ; body black, papillous ; tail near-
ly entire, tipt with white.

Inhabits the coalt of Sumatra, I.i»n. Tranf. iii.,37.

Eyes nearly vertical, oblong, iris brown ; prickles of the tail
fmall, reverfed, difpofed in 7 rows ; firfl; dorfal fin black ;
caudal yellowiib, the refb yellow.

Dorf, 3, 27, pect. 14, an, 24, caud, 10 rays.

(Jndulatus Firft dorfal fin 3-rayed ; fides of tlic tail with very flrong
recumbent fpines ; body black, waved with red lines.

Inhabits Sumatra, Linn. Tranf. iii. 37.

Head large, obtufe ; iris brown ; from the lips running down
to the bafe of the pcEloral fins are 3 red bands ; body oblique-
ly undulate with 1 2 red lines ; caudal ipines ftrong, the an-
terior ones fmooth and homy ; firft dorfal fin black, the reft
yellow ; tail nearly even.

Dorf, 3, 26, pect, 13, an. 24, caud. 13 rays.

64. CYCLOP-

904 FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 64. Cyclopteriis;

64. CYCLOPTERUS. Head obtufc : mouth
on the fore-part : tongue fhort, thick :
teeth fmall, fharp, numerous : gill-
rfiembrane 4-rayed ; the cover of one
piece : body ftiort, thick, without
icales : ventral fins united into an oval
concavity, forming an inltrument c •'
adhefion. Sucker

Thefe inhabit the fea ; feed on wofms, infe£ls and the fry of
other fifh ; have no lateral line ; and are furnifhed bencith
the ventral fins with an oval aperture of a fleffiy mulcular
fubftance, and edged with fmall threaded appendages, by
means of which they have the power of adhering fo finely tt>
rocks, as to be moved by fcarcely a lefs force than would de-
ftroy them.

■*Luwpus. Body angulate by rows of fharp bony tubercles. Lump S.

2. Body roundiih ; tubercles flat ; belly fmooth.

3. Dorfal fin very long.

*4. Silvery fea-green ; fides pale rofy ; back blue.

Inhabits Northern kis., 2, 5) the Indian and American oceans ;
about 2 feet long, and is exceedingly fertile ; body thick,
broad, variable in colours, but generally black above, cine-
reous at the fides, beneath orange, and rough with 7 rows
of hard, radiate tnbercles, of which one row is on the back,
and 3 each fide on the fides.

Head fhort ; front broad ; eyes with the optic nerves decuffate,
iris white ; nojirils fingle, tubular, near the mouth ; lips
thick ; tongue moveable ; back carinate ; fides and belly
broad ; perioral fins large, the rays orange, and as in the other
fins, fplit at the ends and extending beyond the membrane ;
rays of the anal and dorfal orange, the fins cinereous, with
blackifh fpots ; befidcs the dcrfal fin is an anterior fleftiy one ;
• bones cartilaginous, green ; fcfi fat and oily, but infipid.

The 4th variety was taken on the coaft. of North Wales in 1797,
and is beautifully figured and accurately defcribcd in the Na-
turalifl's MifcelLiny, tat: 310.

Derf. 21, p';t. 10, tjr.t. 6, or., jo, cand. 9 ray"?,

Minutus,

FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS; 64. Cycloptbrus. 96^

Minutus, Body naked ; fnout above the mouth with 3 tubercles.

Inhabits the Atlantic ; body whirifh, compreired, tapering to-
wards the tail, fides with 2 bonv tubercles in the middle.

Head thicker than the body, nearly fcjuarc, and obtiife on the
fore-part ; itis hrownifli ; l^fs doubled ; edge of the jazci
and palate rough with very minute teeth ; vent nearly in the
middle ot the body ; in the place of the fird dorfat fin is a
tapering, reclined long fpine ; pectoral yellow ; tail entire,
equal ; abdominal concavity oval, undivided, the border
with about 7 lotfes each fide.

Dorf. 1,8: peEl. 16 ; vent. 7 : an. 7 — -S : caud. 10 rays.

Nu ills. Body naked \ head with a fpine each fide on the hind-
part.
Inhabits India.
D. 6, p. 21, V. ,;„, a. — , c. icJ rays.

'cnttx. Body naked ; head uniarmed, very fmooth ; fin's fepa,fate.

Inhabits South America : body reddifh, about 3 times as large
as the Cottu^ grunniens ', fkin hardifh, fmooth.

Head very large and much broader than the body, depreffed,
flat above ; eyts oval, iris filver)*-\vhite ; liiouth as large as
the head ; lips thick, wrinkled, doubled, with 2 very foft,
flefhy caruncles within ; tongue fhort,-of an eliptical rounded
figure ; jazbs rounded; teeth conic, unequal : gill-covers large,
bony ; belly inflated ; vent clofe to the tail, n'nd behind it the
genital peduncle ; fins loft, whitifh, the rays ttm i<.. Ictaceous
and cartilaginous •, dorfal a little before the anal ; pectoral
femlcircular ; tail compreffed, flattifh, rounded, fore-part of
the inftrument of adheiion flelliy and lunate, hind-patt nearly
circular.

DorJ. 8 : peSl. 23 : veT\t. 4 : an. 6 : caud. \o rays.

Vcntrico/us Body naked ; urinary velFel double, very large, and diftend-
ing the belly.

Inhabits the lea between Kamtfchatka and America ; about a
a foot long; body olive, covered with a thick, flimy, livid
mucus ; loft, back flattifh, tail fuddenly tapering behind the
vent.

Head thick, narrower than the body, retufe ; crozi'U flattifh ;
eyes lateral, on the top of the head, iris filvcry, waved with
brown ; tongue thick, cartilaginous, the prominent part pa»
rabolic ; lips thin, fkinny ; jazvs edged with minute ^lnequ^^I
teeth, a Uttle curved; nojirils double; gill-ccvcrs entirely ad-
Vol. i, — 5 Z ' henng j

9o6 FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 64. dydoptcrus,

herlng; dorfal fin nearer the tail, yellowifti-white, the rays
black ; pectoral broad ; anal oppofite the dor&l, the fifth ray
longer; caudal fubequal, the rays branched, except the outer
ones ; oval of adhefion flefhy on the difk, pale yellow, a
little wrinkled and papillous, the border foft and contraftile.

Dorf. 10: ptct. 18 — 20 ; vent. 6 : an. 8 — 9; caud. 10 rays.

Cclatino/us Body naked^ fubdiajjhanous, gelatinous ; perioral fins very
broad.

Inhabits the eaflem part of Kamt/chatka, and the oppofite
fhores of America ; about a foot and a half long ; body very
(lender, oblong, compreffed, thicker towards the head, and
gradually tapering to the tail, whitifh, with a rofy tinge;
Jkin fmooth, very foft ; when juft caught trembles like a
piece of jelly, and is fo rank as to be abhorred even by
dogs.

Head thick, nearly fquare, a little depreffed ; iris livid-green,

furrounded by a blueifh ring ; nojlrils tubular, prominent,
placed between the eyes and mouth ; between thefe and the
mouth each fide are 2 pores, and from the angle of the mouth
to the valve of the gills lo others ; tongue hardly difcern-
able ; lips doubled, thick, flefhy, the inner ones retraftilc ;
gill- cover fkinny, foft, conn«£led whc^ly by a purplifh -black
membrane, the aperture oval ; inner border of the jazu$
rough ; vent in the middle of the body ; dorfal and anal fins
dark violet, the rays ioft, beginning a little behind the mid-
dle of the body and running down to the tail ; ventral flac-
cid, placed near the head, rounded, with foft rays ; orb of
adhefion fmall, foft, nipple-fhapcd,

Dorf. 51 : peci. 30 : vent. — : an, 45 : caud, 6 rays.

*Liparist Body naked ; dorfal, anal, and caudal fins united.

UnBucus S,

Inhabits the Northern feas as far as Kamtfchatka, and fometimes
gets up into rivers ; 5 — 18 inches long ; body elongated,
thick, compreffed, foft, unftuous, raucous like a fnail, nearly
tranfparent and foon melts away ; above brown, with darker
flripes, beneath white, fides and head yellow ; flefh mucous
and oily.

Head large, thick, round ; eyM faiall, vertical, iris yellow ;
upper lip with 2 Ihort cirri ; upper jaw a little longer ;

^ill- ccvcrt

FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 64. Cyclopterus. -9©?

gilt-covers ftiort, round, the aperture narrow ; Jins brown ;
tail fiiort, rounded, the others long ; orb of adhefion
round, blueifli, with 12 radiate fpots.
Dor/, 41 : pcd. 34 : vent: 6 : an. 33 : caud, 10 rays.

lineatus. Body naked; dorfal and anal fins -fljnnlpg gradually into
the tail.

Inhabits the White Sea ; body chefnut, with ftraight and v^'ave^
whitifli longitudinal bands, very thick at the bread and ta-
pering behind; this fifti is not fufficiently diftinft from
the laft.

Head depreffed, Hoping, obtufe, a little broader than the body ;
eyes in the middle of the head, pupil white, iris blueifh ;
lips covered with a thick fkin, papillous within ; tongue
fniall,loofe ; jazos with a double row of crowded, fiaarp teeth,
the upper a little longer j back gibbous ; dorfal and anal fins
with fmall pale green bands ; pectoral large, lunate ; caudal
very fmall ; orb of adhefion thick, flefhy, hollow in tKc
middle, protuberant at the edge, and befet with reddifh
papilljc.

*Lepido' Bqdy naked, flippery, tapering both ways ; fnout trun»
gajier, cate ; before each eye a fmall filament. 'J^f'i S.

Inhabits the coall of Cornwall ; 4 inches long.

Body dufky ; teeth fmall ; behind the eyes 2 fcmilunar itjarks ;
in the middle of the back an oval mark, formed by fmali
dots, of a whitifli colour ; dorfal fin near the tail and op-
pofite to the anal : tail rounded.

i)orf, n : pect, — : vent, 4 ; an. 9 : caud. t^ rays.

*Bimacu' Head flat, tumid each fide, tapering to a point ; pe£loral

Uti^s. fins placed near the nape. Bimaculated S.

Found near Weymouth : fmaller than the laft ; body fine pink ;

fins whitifh ; each fide the inftrument t>f adhefion a rcjund

black fppt ; tail even at the end.

5Z2 56. LOPHlfe

gg8 FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 6s- LopMus.

65. LOPHIUS. Head comprefled down-
wards : teeth (harp, numerous : tongue
broad, armed with teeth : eyes verti-
cal : nojtrils fmall : gills 3, the aper-
ture lateral, fimple : peEioral fins
broad, thick, and more prlefs refem-
bling feet: dorfal and anal oppofite
and near the tail : body naked, cover-
ed with a thin loofe fkin : vent in the
middle of the body : lateral line o.

fPifcatO' Body depreffed \ head rounded.
rius. '* Fijhing-frog. Angler. Frog-fijh.

Inhabits moft European feas ; grows to 7 feet long ; lujks bt:-
hind fand-hills or heaps of flones, arid throwing oyer the
{lender appendages on its head refenibling worms, entices the
little fifh to play round them till they come within its reach
to devour them ; is very Iluggifh, and fwiras with great dif-
ficulty ; above brownilb, beneath white, above with a few
fpines, and along the edges of the head and body a multitude
of flrort fringed {kins.

Head much larger than the body ; iris radiate with white and
brown ; before the eyes a horny bridle -, teeth long, rounded,
bent inwards, thofe in tha ijpper j^jy in 3 rows, thofe in the
lower ;flzy which is longer, rounded, in 3 double row, the
hind-ones very large and moveable inwards ; tongue broad,
thick, fhort ; palate and bones of the throat toothed ; ventral
lins Ihort, rigid, palmate, white j tail black ; the other fins
brown ; pecloral white beneath, edged with black.

Porf. 10 : pect. 24: vent. 5 : an. 9 : caud. 8 rays.

Sarbatui. Body depreiTed ; lower jaw bearded.

Inhabits the feas of Nartherii Europe ; 3I feet long ; a very
voracious fifh,

Vefpertilio. Body deprefTed ; head roflrate.

Inhabits

TISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 65. Lophius. 909

Inhabits the American ocean ; body reddifh, broad before,
narrowed behind and. covered with radiate Iharp, patellifonn
tubercles, beneath with iinall prickles alio; in its mode of
catching its prey relenibles L. pilcaforius.

Eyes large, iris radiate with white and yellowifh ; mouth nar-
row, beneath ; jaws with a row of fmall, incurved teeth ;
above the nojlrib a horny fibre, tuberculate at the end ; vent
nearer the tail ; aperture of the gills fmall, femilunar ; ven-
tral fins palmate, approximate, and with the dorjal brown ;
pectoral and caudal yellowifli.

P-orJ'. _5 : pect. lo : vent, 6 : an. o : caud, 15 rays«

Ilijhic. Body comprcflcd, tumid, yellowifh variegate4 with irregu-
lar blackilh fpots. '

Inhabits South American leas; 9 — 10 inches long; preys on
other fifli like th.e Fifhing-frog.

Head fmall ; eyes round, iris yellow, radiate with brown ;
lower ^"aty longer ; lips bearded with cirri ; behind the up-
per lip a cartilaginous, elaflic fibre, with 2 oblong, elallic,
flefliy fiibftances at the end ; behind this a high, llout,
flefliy ray, and between this and the dorjal fin another
flronger and thicker, and all befet with fibres ; back broad
on the fore-part and carlnate behind ; belly thick, prominent;
ventral and peSlsral fins refcmbling feet.

Dorf. 12, pe(.(. 11, vent, 5, an. 7, caud, 10 rays;

Striaivt. Body comprefTed, brown, marked all over with numerous
black llreaks.
Inhabits the coails of New Holland,
Nat. M if eel. pi, 11 =,.

PiElus. Body comprefTed, brown, with yellowifh blotches edged
with red.

Inhabits the Southern ocean. Nat, Mifcel.pl, 176.
Tendril on the nofe forked at the end.

Marmora- Body fubcomprelTed, livid, varied with whitifh and ferru-
tus, ginous ; dorfal fin fingle.

Inhabits the Southern ocean. Nat. Mifcel.pi, 176.
Tindril on tjie nofe 3-cleft at the end.

^m FISHES. BRANCHIOSTEGOUS. 6$. Lophius.

Monpp' Body (leprefled, blackjfh, beneath whitifh ; fin above the
iprigius. tail fubered, ramofe.

Inhabits the feas of Aujlralajia. Nat. Mifcd. pi. 202, 203.
This very fingubr fifli, Dr. Shaw is doubtful where to place ;
it has no fin except the lobate one juft above the tail ; the
eyes are vertical, approximate, and far behind the fnout ;
the body roundifh, a little tapering to both ends, and the tail
(3x Jobe at the end of the body rounded.

ORDER

FISHES. CHONDROl^TERIGIOUS. 66. Acipenfer. 91*

ORDER VI. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS.

Gills cartilagi?ious,

66. ACIPENSER. Head obtuse: mouthhc^
neath the head, retradile, without
teeth : cirri between the end of the
fnout and the mouth 4 : aperture of
the gills on each fide ; l?ody elon-
gated, angulate with numerous rows
of large bony plates. Sturgeon,

Tbefe may be ranked among the larger fifh ; are inhabitants of
the fea, but afcend rivers annually ; the flefh of all of them
IS moft delicious ; from the roe is made Caviare, and from
the fouruls and muicular parts is made Ifinglafs ; they foed on
worms and other fifties; the females are larger than the
males.

*Sturic, Snout obtufe, tranfverfe diameter of the mouth equal to its
length ; cirri nearer the tip of the fnout ; lips bifid.

Common Sl
Inhabits European, Mediterranean, Red, Black and Cafpian
ieas, and annually afcends rivers in the fpring ; 6 — 1 8 feet
long ', body 5-fided and armed with 5 rows of bony tuber-
cles, which are radiate and end in a recurved point at the
top, one of which row is on the back, 2 on the fides, and 2
on the margin of the belly ; back and {ides with brovvTiifh
fpots ; is flow, very fertile, and i)reys on other fifti ; dorfal
fm with 38 rays.

Schypa. Snout obtufe, a third part longer than the diameter of the
mouth ; cirri nearer the end of the fnout ; lips bifid.
Inhabits the Cafpiayi fea and large lakes of Siberia; hardly
5 feet long ; may poflibly be Oialy the younger fifti of
the laft.

Ruthcnus,

gi2 FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 66. Adpenfer.

Ruthemis,^ Snout fubulate, (Iraight, 4 times as long as the diameter
of the mouth ; cirri not mucli nearer the mouth ; lips
entire.

Inhabits the Cafpian fea and fonietimes the Baltic : very fel-
dom exceeds g feet long ; body elongated, covered with
fmall prickles ; head varied with cinereous and ytilow ; back
dark afh ; belly white ; fpots on the body rofy ; bony plater
on the back and fides a little prominent and pointed, thofe on
the belly flat. .

Head long, flat above and beneath ; eyes round, iris golden ;
gill-cover of one radiate piece ; upper fini cinereous,
lower red.

Dorf, 39, pect, 26, vent. 23, an. 22, caud. 76 rays.

Stdlaiusi Snout fpatulate, fubfecufved, 6 times as long as the tranf-
verfe diameter of the mouth; cirri nearer the .v.:. ••
lips entire.

Inljabits xht Cafpian di.; 4 — 5 feet long; flenderer tlian Li,.
laft, with the rudiments of fmall fcales irrfegularly difpofed ;
back covered with numerous whitifli, rough, ftellate callofi-
ties ; body angulate with 5 rowS of bony plates, 1 3 in the
back row, 35 lefler ones in each of the hde rows, and 3 be-
hind the A-ent ; above blackifli, gradually growing browner,
beneath white, and fpeckled with white and variegated be-
neath the lateral plates.

Head nearly fquare, and covered with pointed tubercles and
dentate flars; fnont a fpan long, ver)' x-ough with ferrate
fb-eaks, fmooth and mucous beneath at the bafe ; mouth longer
than in others, emlifde ; auditory pores large, lunate ; tail
very obfcurtly 6-fided-, Jins long; tail falcate, the upper di-
vifion very long.

Hi'fo. Snout very obtufe, fhorter than the diameter of the mouth;
cirri nearer the mouth ; lips entire.
Inhabits the Danube^ Volga and other RuJ/ian rivers, and the
Cafpian fea ; 9 — 24 feet long ; body above black, beneath
yellow, covered with bony tubercles which difappear as the
fifh grow»' older; the fkin is hard and tough, and ufcd for
carriage-traces.

67. CHIM/ERA,

FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGICUS. 67. Chimin. 913

67. CHIMERA. Head pointed: fpirack
fingle, quadripartite, under the neck ;
mouth beneath, upper hp 5 -parted :
cutting-teeth 2, above and below : bod^
lengthened ; dorfal fpine fingle : tail
ending in a (lender thread, and longer
thati the body.

*MonJlrofa Snout with porous folds beneath. Sea Monjler,

Inhabits the deeps of the Atlantic and Northern leas ; feeds on
crabs, moilufcae and teftaceous animals ; body long, com-
prefled each fide, fmooth, filvery, fpotted with brown.
Head oblong, terminated by the fnout ; nojlrils with a fibre
ending in a tuft of hairs ; mouth narrow ; each jazo with a
triangular grinder each fide, in the lower 2 bony plates ;
eyes large, lurrounded with a curved line above and beneath,
pupil lea-green, iris white ; lateral line white, edged each
fide with a confluent brown one ; vent between the ventral
fins ; genitals double ; before the ventral fins are 2 fhort
clawed pedicels; tail lanceolate, pinnate beneath, nearly
twice as long as the body ;^«j brown; dorfal 3, the firil
triangular, with a ftrong fpine before it toothed backwards,
the next very long, and like the third, which is oppofite the
anal, narrower ; pectoral large ; ventral linall,

Cotlorin- Snout beneath v^ith a fmooth, inflected lip.
chusi Inhabits the Ethiopian, Chile/e and New Holland feas**

Vol. I. — 6A 62, SQUALUS,

gi4 FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 68. Squalus.

68. SQUALUS. Head obtufe : /piracies
^—-y, femilunar, at the fides of the
neck : eyes oblong, vertical, half co-
vered, placed before the temporal
orifices : mouth beneath, in the fore-
part of the head: teeth numerous,
ferrate, unequal, fharp, partly move-
able, partly fixed : body oblong, round-
ifh, rough with very tender prickles ;
ventral fins generally lefs than the
perioral, approximate, and fituated
round the vent. Shark.

This dreadful and rapacious tribe are inhabitants of the fea only,
and are rarely found in the Baltic : they fhine by night, ^nd
have a tapering fubcomprefTed body, which in fome fpecies
grows to an enormous bulk, weighing from looo to 4000
pounds ; their flefh is hard, tough and rank ; from the liver
is extrafted a large quantity of oil ; the fkin is uled for car-
riage.traces, and for polifhing wood, ivory, &c. ; a few of
them are gregarious and feed on moUufcas and other marine
worms, but moft are folitary, wandering, devouring whatever
comes in their way, and following Ihips to feize any thing
which may happen to be thrown overboard: they bring
forth the young alive, more than one at a time, each of them
enclofed in a fquafe, pellucid, horny cafe, terminated at the
4 corners by very long flender filaments, which are generally
twilled round corallines, fea- weed, or other fixed fubftances,

A. fFith tempsral orifice and anal fin,

JJahdla* Firft dorfal fin oppofite the abdominal.

Inhabits New Zealand ; cf feet long ; body fpotted with black,
beneath whitifh, a little depreffed, refembles S. caniculatus,
except in the pofition of the dorfal fin, and having the head
tnore deprelTed.

Head.

FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 68. Squalus. 915

Head {hort, ^road, obtufc; eyes deep , pupil obloog, iris bra fs-
colour ; teeth coiiipreired, fhort, triungular, fharp, w;th a
U'dcr one at the bafe of each, and difpofed in 6 rows ; ton/ue
thick, fhort, very obtufe ; {emporal orifice round, largeifli ;
dorfal fins nearly Iquure, the lecond oppofite the anal ; pec-
toral very large, originating at the third ipirack ; ventral dif-
tinft, pointed behind ; lateral line parallel with and near the
back»

*Canicula, Noftrils furroundcd with a lobe and vermiform appen-
dage ; ventral fins diftindt. Spotty Dog-fifk.

Inhabits moft feas ; 4 feet long ; is very voraciouj and feeds
chiefly on filh ; body reddifh-browr, with large diflinft
black fpots, beneath white, a li^lo coiijpreffed at each end ;
the fltin when dried i? ufed for various piirpofes.

Head {mdX\; fnout fhort; eyts oblong; pupil fea-green, iria
white ; mouth wide, oblong, with 3 rows of teeth ; tonguf
cartilaginous, and with the palate rough ; vent before the
middle of the body ; firft dor/al fin behind the ventral, fe-
cond lefs, and nearly oppofite the anal ; tail narrovse, ending

> below in a (harp angle,

^Catulus. Noftrils covered with a lobe jLnd yermiforra appendage;
ventral fins conne^ed. Lejferfpottedlhg-fijh^

Inhabits the Northern, Mtditerranean and Indian leas ; 2 3

feet long ; very much in fhape and fpots rcfembling the laft.

Head large ; pupil black, iris white ; ftiout femipellucid ;
mouth between the noftrils ; teeth ferrate, tncufpidate, curved
inwards, the middle ones longer, in 4 rows ; tongue broad,
fmooth, loole ; back round, the fides a little comprelfed ; tail
longer than the body, the fin narrow ; firft dorfal fin oppo-
fite to the ventral, and fmall, the fecond oppofite the anal :
the fat procured from its liver is fufpefted of being
poifonous.

Stellaris. Lobes of the noftrils double.

Inhabits the European ocean ; 2 — 6 feet long ; feeds on cruf-
taceous animals, moUufcae and leffer fifh ; body reddifh, with
unequal blackifti fpots, beneath dirty-afli ; refembles S. cani-
cula, but the fpots are larger and fewer, the fnout a little
longer, the tail a little ftiorter, and the noftrils nearly clofed ;
brings 19-20 young at a time.

Dorfal fins equal, the firft a little behind the middle of the
body, the fecond a httlc behind the anal.

6A 2 • *Galeus

9i6 FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 68. Squ4lus.

fGakus, Teeth nearly triangular, ferrate on the inner edge. Tope,
Inhabits the European ocean ; above 3 feet long ; body dark
cinereous, beneath paler, elongated, round ; is exceedingly
voracious and will follow its prey to the very edge of the
fhore.
^yes placed midway between the tip of the fnout and firft; fpi-
racle ; fnout elongated, depreffed ; tongue large, rounded ;
nojlrils near the gape of the mouth, and partly clofed by a
ihort flap ; temporal orifice very fmall ; vent before the mid-
dle of the body; fecond dor/at fin lefs, equal to and behind
the anal which is pointed behind ; tail large, the fin locate ;
lateral line obfolefe.

^Mufttly,St Teeth very frrj?!], obtufe. Smooth Hound,

. Inhabits European and Pacific feas ; 2 feet long.
Snout conic, covered with mucous pores ; nojirils partly co-
vered with a fl^p ; firft dorfal fin nearly triangular, before
the ventral, fecond twice as large as the anal which is fquare ;
ventral in the middle of the body, as fmall again as the pec-
toral ; caudal forked, the npper lobe longer.

Cirratm. Noftrils with a worm-fliaped appendage.

Inhabits the American and Pacifit feas ; 1 — 5 feet long ; body
coated with large, flat, (hining fcales ; when young is fpot-
ted with black.
Head depreffed ; fnout fliort, obtufe ; eyes and temporal orifice
fmall; /j/>j thick at the fides; teeth numerous, fharp, long,
dilated at the bafe ; 2 hindmoft Jpiracles approximate ; vent
in the middle ; firft dorfal fin oppofite the ventral ; anal
fmall ; tail | the length of the whole body.

Barhatus, Gape of the mouth bearded with vermiform appendages.

Inhabits New Holland ; ^\ feet long ; body covered with
fmall, hard, fmooth, fliining fcales, and marked with black
fpots, round and angular, furrounded with a white circle.

fiead large, depreffed, fhort ; teeth lanceolate, in many rows ;
cirri unequal, about \ gn inch long, here and there branched,
1 before the noftrils ; temporal orifice large ; vent m the mid-
dle ; firft dorfal fin oppofite the vent ; tail fubdiyided,

figrinus. Tail elongated ; 2 hindmofl fpiracles confluent.

Inhabits the Indian ocean; 15 feet long; body thick, ob-
long, black, with irregular white fpots and bands ; feeds on
teftacepus anijnals and crabs,

• H&ad

riSHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 68. Squalus. 91^

Ikad broad, flat and floping on tlie fore-part : mouth tranf-
verfe, with 2 cirri ; upper lip thick, prominent ; tetth mi-
nute, thofe in the upper jaw moveable, and rough like i
rafp ; tongue thick, {hort; eyef fmall, oblong, pupil blue,
iris black ; belly broad ; pe&oral fins fhort, broad ; firft dor-
fal oppofite the ventral, frcond tlie anal ; tail comprefTed
each fide, thin like a leaf at the eijd, the fin long and notched
at the tijJ.

AJricanus. Body with 7 parallel, longitudinal, blackifli bands above.

Inhabits the African ocean ; 2-^ feet long ; body covered with
minute fubquadrate fcales, above glaucous, beneath whitilh.

tfead a little broader than the body, deprelTed ; eyes oblong,
iris greenifh ; temporal orijtce thrice as {mall as the eyes ;
mouth femiclrcular ; teeth compreffed, long, acute, the upper
in tranfverfe, lower in oblique rows ; palate and tongue
with a few loft tubercles -, at the no/lrils are 2 lobes, one of
which is larger and nearly clofes them ; peHoral fins hori-
zontal ; ventral nearly triangular, oblique at the tip ; ajial
oblong, rounded on the fore-part, pointed behind ; firft dor-
Jal behind the middle of the back, fecond oppolite the hind-
part of the anal ; tail rounded, or rather cut obliquely.

Ocdlatus. Each fide the neck ^ large round black blotch, furrounded
with white.

Inhabits the Pacific ocean and New Holland: 2- feet long;
body long, cinereous, dotted, beneath greenifh-afh.

Head fhort, without fpots ; eyes fmall, oblong, ; temporal oru
jiu oblong ; teeth numerous, fmall, cpmprefied, Iharp, di-
lated at the bafe ; nojlrils near the end of the Inout, nearly
clofed by a fmall flap ; 2 hinder /piracies approximate ; peC'
toral and ventral fins rounded, blackifti, cinereous at the
edge, the latter placed before the middle of the body ; firft
dorfal fin behind the anal, notched behind, and marked on
the anterior edge with 2 black fpots, the other a little lefs ;
anal near the notched tail,

Zygctna, Head very broad, hammer-fhaped.

Inhabits the Mediterranean, American and Indian feas ; grows
to 6 feet long, and to the weight of 500 pounds ; is
the moft rapacious of all its tribe; brings 10 — 13 young at
one birth,

Hcai

9i8 FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 68. Squabs,

Head lengthened out on each fide like a hammer, convex above
and below ; eyes placed at the extremities of the wiiidened head,
prominent and direfled downwards ; near the edge of the head
beneath are placed the oblong noftrils, covered with a mem-
brane ; mouth arched, near the commencement of the trunk. ;
teeth broad, pointed, ferrate each fide, in 3 — 4 rows in both
jaws ; tongue thick broad, refembling that in the human head ;
-Cody elongated, round, tapering ; jins lunate at the edge,
cinereous, black at the bafe ; ventral ddlinft ; anal and
hinder dorfal finall ; anterior dorfal large, near the head ;
tail long.

TihitriOf Head very broad, heart-fhaped.

inhabits the South American feas ; very much refembles the laft,
except that the head, inftead of being widened each fide mto
a long procefs, is rather fubtriangular and rounded off in
front ; fins glaucous.

Grifcus, Spiracles 6 each fide.

inhabits the Mediterranean : 2\ feet long; body moufe-colour,
a little rough ; in the dried ikin there is the appearance of
fmall fcales, with an elevated line in the middle.

Head deprefled, obtule ; niauth large, arched ; lower jaw with
many rows of large, comprefled, fubquadrate, ferrate teeth,
upper jaw at the fides with a fingle row, on the fore-part the
lecth are long, fliarp, not ferrate, narrower, longer and fhaiper
than thofe on the fides; nojlrils near the end of the fnout,
and nearly covered with a flap ; /piracies large, approximate ;
lateral line defaced; dorfal fin fingle, before the anal, and a
little larger; pectoral horizontal; ventral lemioval ; anal
finall, cbtufc on the fore -part, pointed behind.

*l''ulpes. Upper lobe of the tail as long as the body.

Sea-fox. Long-tailed S.

Inhabits the Mediterranean fea, and often wanders on the
Brilifi coafts: 7 feet long ; body above blueifh-alh, beneath
paler; fcales very minute ; is exceedingly voracious.

Head conic, (hort ; eyes large ; jxivis with 3 rows of triangular,
comprelTed, fiiarp teeth, not ferrate ; tongue obtufe ; lateral
line llraight ; firft dorfal fin in the middle of the back, at the
end of which is a triangular hollow; the other oppofite the
?nal, and fomcwhat 2-lobed ; ventral very near each other ;
anal pointed; lower lobe of the fazY hardly a foot long, the
upper falcate and 6 times as long.

Longi'

FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 68- Squalus. 919

Langtcau. Upper jaw >yith' 2 cirri ; tail long.
dus. Head obtufe ; noJlriU near the mouth ; Jpiracks 4.

Appcndi. Upper jaw with 2 jagged, cartilaginous appendages, and 4
culutus, othefs each fide between the firil and the fpiraeles.

_ , , . B'itany-Bay S,

Inhabits htxo South lyaies ; 19 inches long; body brown,
with 3 rows of large pale fpots, dark within ; rounded and
nearly equal for half its length, and then growing luddenly
fmall } is very tierce. PiiiLUPs Botany Bay,
Head broad, angular ; mouth near the end of the head ; teeth
9 in front, Iharp, crooked, in 3 rows, with a great num-
ber of fmall ones each fide; eyes projetling ; dorfai fins
placed far back ; /ffZora/ near the Ipiracles ; ventral near the
middle of the body ; anal more than half way between the
laft and the tail, with a fin-like projeclion behind it to th6
end of the tail.

B. fFifh the anal fin j hut no temporal orifice,

*Glaucus, Sides of the tail fmooth ; lower part of the back with a
triangular dent. Blue S.

Inhabits almoft every fea: 3—14 feet long; body above fine
blue,^ beneath filvery-white ; is very fierce and rapacious;
efpecially in warm climates.

Head a. little deprefled ; eyes fmall, roundifh, iris yellowifh-
wliite ; teeth nearly triangular, long, fliarp, not ferrate, in-
clining downwards and backwards ; vent near the tail ; dor-
fai fins glaucous, the firft behind the ventral and nearly
triangular, the other lefs, behind and equal to the anal which
is white ; peroral large, long, emarginate, and with the
ventral above glaucous, beneath white; tail glaucous, 2-
lobed, the upper lobe 3 times as long as the lower.

*CQrnuhi. Snout projeaing, (harp ; body round, deprefled and angu-
^«^' late near the tail. Probeaglc S.

Inhabits the Britijh coafts : i\ — 4 feet long ; body above deep
blue, beneath white or filvery, round, except near the tail,
where it is deprefled.
Each fide from the nofe to the eyes numerous minute pores ; eyes
large, pupil black, iris white ; fpirades 5, pbced in a regu-
lar feries ; nofrils lunar ; mouth femicircular ; upper jazu
with 2 rows of teeth, the 2 middle ones in front Handing fin-
gle, lower jaw with 2 rows, the middle ones in front with a

triple

920 FISHES. CKONDROPTERIGIOUS. 68. Squalus.

triple row, the inner row bent inwards, the others turned out-
wards; teeth white, fharp, fmooth, 2-edged, with an acute
procefs at the bale on either fide ; tongue white, fhort, carti-
laginous ; Jins blueifh before, whitifh behind ; firft dorfal fin
oppofite the peftoial, about 15 inches from the point of the
nole, lecond equal to and nearly oppofite the anal, 1 2 inches
behind the firft; ^ec^orai and fcnfra/ lemilunar behind ; be-
tween the ventral fins a longitudinal aperture ; tail lunar,
vertical, the upper lobe nearly a third longer than the lower,
with a lunar fofl'ule near it, the points towards the tail.

*Camhi' Snout fhort, blunt j body cylindrical, angtilate near the
<^«>« tail. Beaumauris S.

Inhabits the Britijk coafts: 7 feet long ; very much refembles
the laft, except that it does not taper fo much towards each ,
etid ; body lead-colour, fmoothifh.

Nojirils finall ; jaws with 3 rows of flender, fharp teeth, flattened
each fide, fumi{hed at the bafe with 2 ftiarp procefles, and
may be railed or depreffed at pkafure ; firft dorfal fin nearer
the head than the tail, triangular, fecond very fmall, placed
near the tail ; pectoral ftrong, large; ventral and anal finall ;
tail nightly lunar, the horns unequal ; fpace between the
fecond dorial fin and tail much deprelfed, the fides forming an
acute angle, with a tranfverfe foflule above and below.

CzTiereus, Spiracles 7 each fide.

Inhabits the Mediterranean : 3 feet long f body glaucousj a

little rough.
Eyes large, placed at equal diftances between the tip of the fnout
and firft fpiracle ; teeth comprelfed, fharp, feparate, a little
recumbent at the fide, turned downwards and backwards ;
/piracies laege ; lateral line diftinft ; vent a little before the
middle of the body; dorfal fin fingle, in the middle of the
body, larger than the anal ; pectoral placed behind the laft
fpiracle ; tail 2-lobed.

♦i^fffxmwj Teeth conic, not ferrate. Bafktng S,

Inhabits the ArBic and European feas, and grows to a prodi-
gious fize ; feeds on the fmaller cetaceous animals, which it
Iwallows whole ; migrates and appears at certain times in great
fhoals ; is fond of lying near the furface of the water for the
fake of warming itfelf by the fun ; the liver is very large, and
producc-s a large quantity of pure oil ; is not very fierce.

Uppe-

FISHES. (JHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 68. Squalus. 921

Upper jaw much longer than the other and blunt at the end ;
near the throat a Hiort fort of whale-bone ; firft dorfal fin
very large, nearer the head ; ventral oppofite the fecond dor-
fal and very fmall; tail large, upper part much longer thaii
thfc lower ; cotour above deep lealdfen, belly white.

^Carcha- Teeth triangular, ferrate. fFhtte Si

nas. Inhabits the deeps of almoft every fea ; is the mod dreadful and

voracious of all animals ; preys on every thing which comes
in its way, even its own tribe, and has been known to fwaU
low a man whole ; grows fometime to 30 feet long ; body
h'ght cinereous.
Head dcprefled, broad and thin oh the fore- part, and ending in
a fiiort point ; eyes lateral, fniall, roundifh, and furnilhed
with a white cartilaginous niftitant membrane ; iris pale ci-
nereous ; nojlrils double^ half covered Wilt^ a membrane ;
mouth very large, and fumifhed with about 6 rows of teeth ;
tongue thick, fhoft, broad, calrtilaginous ; Jins brownifh, in
the young fifh with a blackilh fpot at the angle ; peclorat
vaftly large ; firft dorfal before the middle of the body,
rounded on the upper part, the fecond before the anal, and
placed midway between the ventral and tail j ventral fmall ;
tail long, a-lobed,

C. ^ith temporal orijicet hut no anal Jin.

Spiriofuit Body covered over vrith large mtfcronate tabercles.

Inhabits the Ocean; 4 feet long ; tubercles unequal, broad and
rounded at the bafe, mucronate or bimucronate at the tip and
a little recurved.

Eyes large ; fnout prominent, conic ; nojlrils placed before the
eyes ; teeth nearly fquare, comprefled, angulate at the edge,
in many rows ; /piracies 5 ; dorjal fins near the tail, the firft
a little larger ; peroral large ; tail anguiar.

*Acanthias Dorfal fins fpinous ; body roundiih. Picked Dog-Jijh*

ii Body ocellate.

Inhabits moft feas ; about 3I feet long ; body above blickifh,
dotted fparingly with white, the lides white, inclining to
violet, with a few angulate traniverfe furrows, beneath
white ; the flefh is often ialted and eaten.

Vol. I. — 6 B Head

92* FiSIiES. CrfONDFlOPrERlGlOUS. 68. Squalus.

Head comprefled, wedged, thin on the fore-part, obtufe pellu-
cid ; eyes lateral, oblong, iris blueifh-white ; near the tempo-
ral orifice are 4 rows of moill pores ; nojirils double, mid-
way between the end of the fnout and mouth which is
tranfverfe ; teeth fmall, in 2 or 3 rows ; belly broad, long ;
lateral line ftraight ; fins blackifli ; firfl ray of each dorjal
fin fpinous, white, triangular, and faid to be poifonous, re-
curved at the tip, af inches long ; tail finned for a confider-
able length up, the upper lobe longer.

Jackfonii. Eyes with a prominence over them each fide ; before eacli

of the dorfal fins a Itrong fpine.
Inhabits Port Jackfon : 2 feet long ; body tapering ; Ikin

rough, above brown, beneath paler.
PnitLiPs Bott Bay, page 283.
Head fomewhat convex ; teeth numerous, in many rows, larger

.15 they are placed backwards, forming a bony pbte ; upper

part of the tcul lower.

Spinax. Body beneath blackifh.

Inhabits the Ocean, and in its fpinous back-fins very much re-
fembles the laft.

Squamojus. Body coated with fmall oblong fcalcs,

£ody 3 feet long, thick, round, refembling the next, except in
having a longitudinal elevated line of fcales down the
middle.
Eyes oblpng, placed above the mouth and before the temporal
orifice ; fnout oblong, depreffed ; nojirils large, partly co-
vered with a membranaceous lobe ; mouth arched ; teetk
nearly fquare, angular at the edge, the lower ones larger;
dorfal fins oblong, covering nearly the whole of the back}
the middle ray fpinous, the anterior one larger, narrowed be-
hind, the next behind the ventral ; pectoral narrowed to-
wards the bale ; ventral femioval, near the tail, which is
rounded on the fore-part and dilated towards the end.

Cttitrina. Body nearly triangular.

Inhabits the Mediterranean : 3 — 4 feet long ; body above
brown, carinate, beneath whitifh, broad ; fiun covered with
<-.^. hard, ere6l tubercles j fielh very hard.

H(ai

FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. '68. S^ulus. 913

Head fmall, flat, obtufc at the end ; eyzs oblong, half coverej,
iris ytUowifh ; viouth beneath narrow ; upper jaw with 3
rows of (harp teeth, \ lower with one ; tail fliort, comprcITeti
each fide ; dorjal firis; large, the middle ray fpinous, the fe-
cond oppofue the ventral ; ptEloral and ventral double.

Indicus. Back variegated, unarmed ; teeth acut«.

Inhabits the Indian Ocean,

America- Dorfal fins unarmed, the hinder one larger ; ventral large j,
^^^' near the tail.

Inhabits South America ; 3 feet long ; body round ; fcalc^
fmall, angular.

Head large ; fnout fliort, obtufe ; teeth oblong, acute, comprcf-
fed, in many rows, the largeft ferrate at the edge ; noJiriLs
Jarge, placed in front ; eyei large ; temporal orijiee dillant
from the ayes ; /piracies 5, fmall, the 2 hinder ones approxi-
mate ; firft dorfal fin nearer the head, the fecond a little be-
hind the anal ; ptEloral fuboval ; ^flzV lanceolate.

^Sfuatina. Pe£loral fin* ycry large, notclied on the fore-part.

AfJgel Fijb.
Inhabits the Northern feas ; 6 — 8 feet long ; feeds on leiFer
lifli, an4 brings as far as 13 young at a time ; body above ci-
nereous, rough, with fmall recurved prickles, benfath fmooih,
white; in its fhape approaches ver)' near to the Ray tribe.
Head fiat, circular, broader than the trunk ; mouth broad ;
jaws protrufile, armed with numerous rovfs of fliarp
teeth ; tongue broad, thin, finooth, pointed ; nojlrils placed
at the anterior edge of . the jaws, covered with a mem-
brane, and terminated on the fore-part with 2 cirri ; eyes
fmall, pupil fea-green, iris yellow ; temporal orijiee femilu-
nar ; ffiraelts 5, femilunar ; belly long and broad ; vent oh-
long ; dorfal fins 2, near the tail ; ventral oblong, white ;
pectoral above white, beneath edged with brown ; tfiil per-
pendicular, a little forked.

p. JVithout teeth.

Maffafa. Peroral fins long.

Inhabits the Red Sea.

Ku-maU pe£loral fins fiiort ; mouth with 4 cirri.
Inhabits the Red Sea,

6B2 69. PRISTIS.

024 FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOU'S. 69. Priftls,

6g. PRISTIS. Snout long, flat, fpinous
down the edges : /piracies 4-5, lateral •
body oblong, roundifh, covered with
a rough, coriaceous flcin : mouth be-
neath : nojlrils before the mouth, half
covered with a membranaceous flap :
behind the eyes 2 oval orifices : ven-
tral fins approxianaate : anal o.

Saw-Jijh,

AntiquO' Snout with 18—24 flrong fpi'nes each fide.
. ruvu Inhabits the (?cean; 15 feet long; body above blackifli, be-

neath whitifh. Linn. Tranf. ii. 276.
Head flat on the fore-part; fnout 5 feet long ; teeth granulate ;
eyes large, iris golden ; /piracies 5 ; firfl dorjal fin oppofite
the ventral, fecond midway between the firft and the tail ;
pedoral broad, long ; caudal fhort.

TcRinatus Snout with 25 — 34 narrower fpines each fide.

Inhabits the Ocean ; refembles the laft, but the fnout is flen-

derer and narrower at the bafe ; fpines longer, flenderer,
Linn. TranJ. ii. 278.

Cufpidatus Sjiout with 2% broad cufpidate fpines each fide.

Habitation uncertain ; a Ipecimen of the hiout is preferved in
the Leverean Mufeum : fpines fharp at the point like a lur-
geon's lancet,

J^icrodon. Spines on the fnout fmall, hardly perforating the ikin.

Habitation unknown ; a complete ipecimen is in the J^everiifn
Mufeum ; 28 inches long ; fnout 1 q iriches long ; dorfal fins
much hollowed out at the back-part.

Cirratus. Snout cirrate in the middle ; fpines long, with intermediate
iliorter o|ies.

Inhabits

nSHES. CHONDROPTERrGIOUS. 70. Raia. 935

Inhabits New Holland: about 40 inches long; body pale
brown. Linn, Tranf. ii. 281. tab. 27.

Snout with about 20 longer fharp and fomewhat incurveij
Ijsines, the fl^orter ones between each 3—6 ; about the mid-
dle of the fnout, each fide, near the etlge, a llcxible appen-
dage, 34- inches long, refeinbling the beards of the cod-fifh ;
/piracies 4 ; mouth with 5 rows of minute, Ilaarp teeth ; taiL
Imcolate.

70. RAIA. Spiracles 5 each fide, oblique^
placed beneath near the neck : head
fmall, pointed, not diflin6i: from the
body : mouth beneath, tranfverfe,
toothed: body brpad, thin, flat.

Ray,

1 hefe are inhabitants of the fea only ; keep at the bottom, and
in winter cover themfelves with fand or mud ; they feed on
tellaceous animals, fifb, or any animal fubftances they meet
with ; grow to a large ftze, fomctimes exceeding 200 pounds
weight ; the females are the larger, and produce their young
alive, only one at a time, which like the (bark tribe are in-
clofed in a quadrangular, black, horny fliell, the corners of
which end in flender incurved points, but not extending
into long filaments like thofe of the fhark ; eyes half cover-
ed with a thin membrane, oblong, placed on the upper part
of the head ; above thefe in the place of nofirils is a broad
fulcus or groove, divided by a reticulate membrane, confifl-
ing of crefted folds, and clofed with a valve ; behind this
fulcus are 2 femilunar orifices ; tongue very broad, fliort
fmooth ; ventral fins covered with a thick fkin, and fur-
rounding the body ; ventral ak the bafe connefted with the
anal ; Jlejk generally eatable -, liver large arid producing a
great quantity of pure oil.

A. Teeth Jharf.

f Torpedo^ '^oiy entirely fmooth, flat. Elc^ric R.

Inhabits

9^ (FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 70. Raia.

Inhabits the northern European feas and the Mediterranean ;
about 20 pounds weight ; body above varying in colour,
fometimes with 5 round, black fpots each fide, beneath
white, with moift pores at the edge of the back ; is endowed
with a ftrong eleftrio -power, and able to give a very fmart
fmart benumbing fliOck, which is communicated even through
a ftick ; flefli foft.

fyes very {mall ; teeth fmall ; hody orbicular ; dorfal fins 2,
near the tail ; tail fmall, long, carinate each fide, the fin cut
off obliquely.

fB<xtis, Varied ; middle of the back fmooth ; tail with a fmgle
row of fpines. Skate.

Inhabits the European ocean, and is the largeft of its tribe;
body above cinereous, fometimes with a few black lines, be-
neath white, with waved lines of black dots ; round the eyes
are numerous fmall, hooked fpines ; in the males the fins are
full of fpines.
Head pointed ; iri.t femilunar, yellow, edged with white ;
jaws crowded with teeth ; ventral and anal fins each 6-ray-
cd ; tail pointed, with 2 fins.

*Oxyrtn' Varied ; middle of the back with 10 fpinous tubercles.
chus, Sharp-nofed R.

Inhabits the European and Mediterranean feas ; 7 feet long ;
body very thin, above cinereous, with a few white or darker
fpots, beneath white ; round each eye are 3 fpines, aud nume-
rous other foft pnes over the whole body •, back, befides the
row of fpines, often with 2 larger ones ; tail and fins black-
ifh-red.

Head pointed ; jaws crowded with teeth ; tail fiinged with 2
iinali membranaceous fins, and in the male of^en armed with
a row of fpines each fide.

^iraletus. Back and belly fmooth ; fpines near the eyes, and a triple
row of them on the tail.

Inhabits the Mediterranean ; body above and each wing with
an ocellate fpot.

*FuUonica Back covered! VJ'ith fpirtes ; eyes with a finglc row, pero-
ral fins and tail with a triple row/' Fuller R.

Inhabits

FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 70. Raia. 927

Inhabits the European feas ; grows to a large fize ; body above
cinereous, with numerous black fpots, beneath white.

OMOuf fhort, pointed; niciitaiU mimbrajic itmgitd.\ f«^t fmall,
{harp ; tait flender.

*Riibus. Back with a Tingle, tail with a triple row of fpJncs.

Rough R.
Inhabits Europe: befides the row of fpines on the back are 4
others, 6 round the eyes and 2 larger at the noflrils with
lefrer ones round them ; at the dorfal fins are numerous lefler
Ipines, beneath 10 larger, and the whole lurfacc befet with
innumerable tubercles ; body above yellowifh, ipotted with
brown, beneath white.
i,>ej placed far back, pupil blueifh, iris black: mouth wide j
teeth numerous^ wedged; ventral fim 3, a«a/ 6-rayed, and-
iiear thefe, in the male, arc 2 long appendages hanging down
and referabling fins.

B. Teeth cbtufe.

Sephen. Body nearly roui^d ; tail twice as long as the body, winged

beneath, and with 2 long fpines above, ferrate each

ffde.

Inhabits the Red Sea j is fo large as fometimes to reach 3 yards

acrofs ; body above brown, with 3 rows of largo hemif".

pherical tubercles down the middle of the back, beneatJi

quite flat and fnioolh, reddilh-white.

, Eyes prominent ; nojirils nearly loncjitudinal, nearly covered

with a fubcordate coriaceous flap ; teeth granulate, quite

flat ; pedoraL fins very broad, the hinder end rounded and

covering the ventral ; thefe are much Icfs that furround

the vent and are affixed to the origin of the tail, with conic

coriaceous appendages (in the male); tail tuberculate above,

gradually tapering behind the three Ipines, and rough with

a longitudinal line of fmall prickles ; membranaceous _/f.»j

black, pendulous, oblong-lanceolate.

Ijuila, Body fmooth ; pinnate tail with a long ferrate fpinc.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and rarely European feas ; grows to
300 pounds weight, and moves flowly ; body livid, brownifh
towards the back, beneath white, at the fides inclining to
olive, fmooth, covered with a thick coriaceous fkin and
mucus ; the liver is eatable, and gives a large quantity
of oil.

Head

9sS FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 70. l^aid.

Head ending in a {hort, ottufe point, with an oblong cavity'
above and beneath ; eyes prominent, iris yellow; nojflrils ob-
long, tranfverfe, divided by a cartilaginous membrane ; lips
moveable ; mouth full of teeth ;. ventral fins o ; tail longer
than the body, ending in a briftle, the fin fmall, and armed
vrfth a pungent ferrate fpine, fometimes abrupt or double;

*PaJtinaca. Body fmooth , tail with a long fharp fpine, ferrate on the
fore-part, and another on the back. Stitig R,

2. Body fmooth ; back with 2 fpines, ferrate on the fore-

part.

3. Body covered with fpotS.

Inhabits the European, Indian alnd Rid feas ; hardly 3 feet
long ; body mucous, above brown, olive between the fins,
beneath white.

Head fhort, fharp ; iris white ; teeth granulate ; ventral fins 9 ;
tail armed with a barbed fpine whofe wound caufes confider-
able pain and inflammation, which is fhed every year and re-
newed againi thfe new one appearing frequently before the old
one is dropped off.

'^Clavata. Body fpinous ; teeth tuberculate ; acrofs the belly a ftrorig,
femilunar cartilage. Thornback.

Inhabits moft European feas, and grows to 1 2 feet long ; above
brownifh with a few white fpots, Ibmetiines whitifh with
black fpots ; befides the club-lhaped row of fpines down the
back and tail, there are larger and lelfer ones fprinkled over
the body, which when they fall off leave a white fpot ; be-
neath white with a few fpmes.
Head longifh, pointed ; iris femilunar, brown ; teeth fmall,
round ; tongue fhort, broad, fmooth ; tail longer than the body,
above convex, beneath flat, fringed with fmall fins near the
end ; ventral fin 3-rayed, anal 6.

Rinohatcs Body long, tapering ; fnout lengthened.

Inhabits the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Red feas ; body paic
earthy brown ; fkin not rough. Nat, Mifctl.tab. 173,

Snout much elongated, obtufe ; extended proceffes or fins near
the head broad and thin ; eyes large ; down the middle of the
back a pale line, and a tranfverfe one, forming a croii, near
the head,

Djidden-

»■*».

FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. yo.Raia. 929

Djiddcnfis. Tail-fin 2-Iobed j fpines in a triple row at the beginning
of the back, and afterwards in a fingle one i firft dor-
fal iui above the ventral.

Inhabits the Rid Sea ; 2 yards long; body a little rough, pale
afh, above varied With whitifh aval fpots, beneath whitifli,
behind the vent arc a few brown and white ftripcs.

i/ifa^ triangular, very much deprelTed, obtule, flat above ; eyes
vertical, iris white, edged with black, Snd lurrounded with
a row of fpines ; nojlriis fitUate a little before the mouth, ob-
liqne, fomething curved, arched on the fore-part with aa
oval pendulous flap ; teeth hemilperic-oval, contiguous ;
back elevated, more convex before the firft fin, and after-
wards gradually deprelfed, between each of the fins a fingle
row of fpines,' ending behind the fecond ; belly flat, long,
convex behind the vent which is linear ; anal fins 6; dorfal
blueifh, nearly triangular, rounded at the upper end, the firft
about the middle of the back, the lecond nearer the tail ; pec-
toral obtulely triangular, fpotted with white at the tip, and
twice as laige as the ventral which are of a fimilair (hape, and
indole the vent at the bafe j caudal like the dorfal.

tymma. Body oval, fnioothj teftaccous with blue fpots ; pinnate tail
with a fingle fpine.

Inhabits the Red Sea ; hardly a foot long ; fpots oval, unequal,
beneath whitilh.

Eyes partly prominent ; teeth granulate ; pectoral fins pointed
behind ; ventral oval ; tail a little longer than the body, a
little deprelfed on the fore-part, without fin, beneath White,
above brown-teftaceous, with 2 longitudial blue ftripes ; in.
the middle is a long broad fpine which is fometimes double,
furrounded with a blueifti-brown ikin, this fpine is faid to
inflift a poifonous wound ; behind the fpine a little compref-
fed, blueilh, fringed on each fide with a membrane, broader
on the lower part, the tip white and pointed.

Arnak, Body orbicular, filvery ; tail round, without fin, and fur-
nifhed with 2 fpines. . ^ .

Inhabits the Red 5«a»
Teeth granulate.

Vol. I. — 6C C. Uncfr^-

930

FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 70. Raia.

C. Uncertain.

Ommef^ Tail round, fpotted.

jc en . Inhabits the Red Sea ; refembles R. paftinaca.

Tajara. Tail round ; body beneath fnpwy.

Inhabits the Red Sea: when juft taken beats violently with
its fins.

Schoukie, Body with a few remote fpln^s.

Inhabits the Red Sea ; of its fkin the Arabians make fcabbards
for fwords.

Mula. Beneath fnowy ; tail round, variegated*

Inhabits the Red Sea, and approaches the Ibores by night ;
the fpine on its tail inflifts a dangerous wound.

Rapcnjis.

Back with a fingle fin ; tail ihort, pinnate at the end ;
body fmooth, unarmed ^ fnout a little obtufe.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope ; is fhaped fomething like the

Torpedo, except that it Jias a fin on the back ; body fmall,

orbicular, above convex, beneath flat.
Ventral fins large, horizontal, nearly fquare, the laft ray flrong

rigid, obtufe ; anal fin o ", caudal perj^endicular, oval, Ihort,

furrounding the end of the tail.

71. PETROMYZON.

FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 71. Pctromyzon, 931

71. PETROMYZON. Head (lenderer than
the body: mouth longer above than
beneath : teeth orange, hollow within
and furrounded with a flelhy margin,
above a little curved, beneath broad :
/piracies 7, each fide the neck : on the
nape a fiftulous opening : peEioraL and
ventral fins o. Lamprey.

Thefe adhere firmly to rocks and other bodies by the mputh, tlie
edges of which ajie jagged ; the body is eel-fhaped, flippery
and raucous ; they live a long time out of the water, and
feed on worms, infefts, leffer fifh and dead bodies; belly
long, narrow •, i/fnf 'near the pinnate tail ; dorfal fins 2 ;
round the ?>'ei are numerous perforations; tongue femilunar,
hard ; Ucih lerrate.

*Marinus. Mouth papilloi^s within ; fecon^ dorfal fin diftinft from the
tail. True L.

Inhabits moft European feas, and South America : grows to
3 feet long ; afcends rivers in tha fpring, and after a few
months returns *again to the fea ; is very fertile and grows
llowlv ; body dufky, irregularly marked with yellow or
blueifh ; varies in colour ; tlefh good.
Head greenifti-brown, oblong, a!» thick as the body, with
fometimes a round white Ipot cai the nape ; eyes round,
fmall, iris yellow, fpotted with black ; mouth oblong ; teeth
cartilaginous, conic, in 12 — 20 horizontal longitudinal
arched'' rows ; firft and laft {piracies lels than the others;
dorfal fins reddilh-yellow, or orange-brown, the fecond
larger than the firft ; tail blueifh.

*Fluviati- Second dorfal fin angulate. LeJjerL,

lis. Inhabits Europe, Japan and the lakes of South Americas

1 2—15 inches long ; afcends like the laft ; body varied with
tranfverfe waved lines, above blackifti, yellowilh at the fides,
and whitifh beneath.
Head greenilh ; behind the row of leffer teelh are larger ones,
above 7 conneaed, beneath 2 diftant ; eyes fmall, ins gol-
den ; towards the head is the appearance of a lateral line :
fins violet.

6C2 * Brands

932 FISHES. CHONDROPTERIGIOUS. 72.Gaftrobranchus,

*Branci. Second dorfal fin linear; mouth lobate.
alis. Lampern. Pride,

Inhabits firefii-water rivers of Europe, particularly the Jfis
near Oxford ; .6 — 7 inclie? long ; conceals itfelf under
rtones or in the mud, and does not adhere to ftones like the
others -, body round, tapering to each end, annulate, above
greenidi, yellowifli at the fides, beneath white.

Mouth without teeth ; Jins hardly a line broad j tail lanceolate,
fharp at the end.

l^ldneri. Body annulate ; mouth papillous.

Inhabits frefh-water rivers ; body olive, thicker and longer than
P. branchialis.

Behind the border of the mouth are numerous fharp papillae ;
teeth in a fingle row, with others clofe behind them ; iris
yellow ; breajl thicker than in others ; Jins tolerably Jaroad ;
near the vent is a conic peduncle.

*Cxcus,

72. GASTROBRANCHUS. Mouth termi-
nal, fumifhed with cirri : teeth in a
double peftinate row each fide ; up-
per tooth fingle, iharp, in the roof
of the mouth : body eel-fhaped, cari-
nate beneath by a foft fin : Jpiracles 2,
yentral.

Eyes o. Hag-jifl). Glutinous Hag.

Inhabits the Ocean i about 8 inches long ; is faid to enter the
mouths of fifhes when taken by the hook, and to devour the
whole except the fkin and bone ; \s'^hen placed in a vefTel of
fea- water, it foon renders it gelatinous, being of an uncom-
monly glutinous nature. This animal has been by later Na-
turaliftsjudicioi^fly removed from the clafs of Worms, where
by LiNNE it^was ranked among the inteftinal, and called
Myxine Glutinofa,

INDEX.

I N D E X.

Pace.

-TlBDOMINAL

701. 836

ACCIPITRES

132. 138

Acipenfer

705. 911

Acrochordus

639. 700

Alaiuia

137. 481

Albatrojs

Alca

Alcedo

Alligator

Amaduvade

345

135- 336

135- 275
656

555

Amia
Ammodytes

704. 838
703- 7H

Ampelis

.137- 511

Amphibia - -

4.638

Amphifbasna - -
Anarhichas

639. 699
703. 712

Anas

135- 312

Anchovy
Angel-fijh -

Angler - t

§69

923
908

Anguts

Ani (

Akseres

Ant-cater

Antelope

Antilope

Ape

Apodal

Aptenodytes

Ardlomys

Ardea

Argentina

Argentine

Armadillo

Afp

Afs _ -

Atherina

Atherine

Auk

Avocef

Page.

639. 696

216

132. 312

29

in

38. Ill

10

701. 706

135- 339
8. 88

135- 371

704. 863

863

,33

680

112

704. 864
864

336
418

B, Baas

934

INDEX.

B.

Baas

Gaboon

BabyruJJ'a

Badger

Bal;£na

Balides

Balkoi

Bantam Cock

Barbel

Barhet

Bafiliji

Bajje

Bajlard Plover

Bat

Bear

Beaver

Beaver-rat .

Bee-eater

Bellu.i: , ^ -

Bernach

Bib

Bird of Paradije

Birds

Bijon

Bittern

Black-bird

Black-cap

Black-fijh

Black-game

Bleak - ■ -

Blennius' .

Blenny

Blind-worm

Boa

Boat- bill

Bonafus

Booby

Bos

Bradypus

Brambling

Pacb.

121

II

126

- o ^3

8. 127

705, 898'

797
445

873

42. 246

659

810

402

24

62

78

79

- 284

6. 122

- • 318

726

242
■ 4- ^3^

381- 387

508

- 596
819

452

884

703- 732

732

697

639- 673

370
119

- 8. 119

7. 28
552

Branchio«tigous

Bream - -

Bruta

Bucco

Buceros

Buffalo

Bull -dog

Bull-finch

Bull-head

Bull-trout

Bunting

Buphaga

Burbot

Buftard

Butcher-bird

Buzzard

Buzzardet

Cachalot

Caecilia

Callionymus

Camel

Camcleopar'd.

Camelopardalis

Camelus

Canary bird

Cancroma

Canis

Capra

Capricorn

Caprimulgus

Carp

Caffowary

Carter •

Cat

Cavia

Cavy

Centrifcus

Centrogafter-

Cepola

Pace.
701. 887
885

5.28
134. 246

135-

134.

U9'

213

120

41
516

752
846

530
216

730
436
175
151
152

128
639. 699

703. 720
IP5
iifo
no

8. 105

- 559
136. 370

7. 41

8. 116

116

136. 633

872

439

7.78

49
7. 76
76. 7(> '
705. 897

704. 829

703- 739 .;
Certhia '

r K D EX.

935

Certhia

Cervus

Cet£

Chzetodon

Chaffinch

Chamahon

Chamois

Charadrius

Charr

Chatterer

Chimaera

Chondropte

Chub

Civet

Cliipca

Coal-fijh

Cobitis

Cock

Cockatoo

Cod-fijh

Cole-tnoufe

Colius

Coluber

Columba

Coly

Colymbus

Comber

Condur

Conger

Cook

Coot

Coracias

Corrira

Corvorant

Corvus.

Coryne

Coryphaena

Cottus

Courier

Crake

Crane

Page .

134. 291

8. 108

6. 127

704. 768

552

663

- Ill

136. 411
848

511

705.913

RIGIOUS 701. 911
876

54

704. 868

729

704. 836

445
195

725

- • 623

136.514
639. 674

137. 466
5H

- ^5- 353

803
138

707

803

424

134. 226

135- 392
348. 351
134. 217

"3

703. 741

703. 752

392
429. 488

348. 372

Page.

Crax

136. 444

C rceper

291

Crocodile

655

CroJhiU

515

Crotalus

639. 672

Crotophaga

134. 216

Crotij

217

Crucian

876

Cuculus

134. 250

Cuckoiu

250

Curafjj-iv

443- 444

Curlexv

392

CuriviUet

415

Cycloptcrus

705. 904

Cyprinus

704. 872

D.

Dab

763

Dace

880

Darling Cock

445

Darter

351

Dafvpus

7- 33-

Deer

io3

Delphinus

8. 129

Didclphis

7.65

Didus

136 440

Diodon

705. 892

Diomedea

135- 345

Dipus

8. 98.

Diver

316. 355

Dodo

440

Dog

41

Dog-fiflj

915

Dolphin

129

Doree

760

Dormoufc

97

Dottrel

404. 413

Dove - ''

466

Draco

639 • 655

Dragon

655

Dragonet

93^

IN D E X.

Drae^anct

Duck

Dun-diver

Eagle

Echineis

Eel

Eft

Egret

Electrical eel

Eliphant

Elephas

Elk

EIops

Emberiza

Emeu

Equus

Erinaceus

Ermine

Efox

Exocoetus

Falco

Falcon

Father lajher

Fclis

Fer.5

Ferret

Fieldfare

Fig-eater

Finch

Tin-fijb

Finjcale

Fishes

Fijhing-frcg

Fiftularia

Fitchet

Flamingo

I-

Page.
720

335

142

703' 743
706

664

15. 376

709

35

7-35

108

704. 862

8. 122

7. 72

61

704. 859

704. 866

134. 142

753
7. 46

5.48

60

490

588

551
128

882

5. 701

908

704. 858

3^7

Flounder i .

763

Fly-catcher

570

Flying-dragon

665

Flying-fijh *

866

Fox

45

Fringilla ^

136- 551

Frog

652

Froc-fifj

908

Fuiica

136. 421

G.

Gadus

7<^3- 725

Gadvcall

322

Galbula
Galling

134. 283
f 32. 430

Gallinule

421. 430

Gamhet

403

Gamut

350

Garganey

328

Gar-fijh ■

859

Gaftcrofteus

704. 821

Gaftrobranchus

705. 932

Gattorugine

733

Gazelle

114

Gennct

54

Gilt-head

783

Glareola

136.419

Glaucopis.

134. 217

Glires

5- 75

Glutton

^4

Gnu

114

Goat

116

Goat-fucker

633

Gobius

703- 745

Goby

745

Godwit

400

Golden eye

325

Gold-finch

553

Gold-finny

802

Goofander

334

Goofe

INDEX;

937

Goofe

Gojhmvh

Gracula

Grainias:

Gfdkle

Grall^.

Grampus

Grehe

Green finch

Grcenjhank

rey
Greyhound
Grojheak
Groundling
Grous
Quau
Guana
Gudgeon
Guillemot
Guinea-hen
Guinea pig
Gull
Gurnard
Gwiniad
Gymnothorax
Gymnotus
Gyrfalcon

Page.

- 313

154

13 4« 239

881

239
132.367

130
356

322
42

837
451

- 443
- 659

874

354

449

77

- 359
Si32

852
703. 711
703. 708

148

H.

Haddock

Hasmatopus.

Hag.fiJ},

Hake

Hamjier

Hare

Hawfinch

'Hawk

Hedgehog

Hedge-fparroixi »

Hedge-warbler •

Hen-harrier

Vol.1. — 6D

725
^36. 419

933

729. 735

86

100

516

73
586

586
'59

Heron

Herring
Hinny

Hippopotamus
Hirundo

Hobby

Hog

Halibut

Homo

Hoop or Hoopoe

Horn-bill

Horfc

Horfe Mackarel

Hound fijh

Huanaco

Humming-bird

Hyana

Hyrax

Hvftrix

Jabiru

'Jacamar

'Jacana

'Jackall

Jackdaiu

Jack-fnipe

ibex
Jbis
"Jerboa
Imber
Insects
ohn Diret

I

UGULAR

Kangurdo

Kejlril

King-fijh

K.

Page.

373
868
123
8. 124
137. 627
163
125
762

7-9

289

213
122
828
916

106

307
- 44
8. 10:5

7-75

3^9
283

426

44-
219

39S

220

117

■ 38H

- 35^

5
760

701. 72®

67
169

76.0

Kingsfijhtf

93S

INDEX.

Kingsfijher

Kite

Kittiwake

Knot

Kurtus

Labrus

Lacerta

Lama

Lampern

Lamprey

Lanius

Lapwing

Lark

Larus

Lavaret

Launce-fijii

Le turning

Lemur

Leopard

Leptocephalus

.Lepus

Ling

Linnet

Lizard

Loche

Lonchiurus

Loricaria

Loris

Lory

Lophius

Lowando

Loxia

Lurcher

Lynx

M.

Maccaw
Machar^l

Magot
Magpie

Page.
275
148

409
703- 737

704
639. 655
106
932
931

134- 173
402
481

135- 359
852

714

86

7. 21

47
703. 718

8. 100

730
561

656

836

704. 835
704-845

21
197

705. 908

136. 515

42
50

102

824

II

224

Malbrotik
Mammalia
Man —

Manakiri

Manis —

Man of War bird
Mansfenny
Marmofe

Marmot ~

Martin —

Majiiff
MaucaucQ
Meleagris
Alerganfer
Mergus
Merlin
Merop*

Miller s Thumb
Miuoiv
Minx-
Mocking-bird
Mole
Mole-rat
Momotus
Aiongooz
Monkey
Monodon
Moor-cock
Moor-hen
Mooje
Morillon ■
Mormyrus
Morris
Morfe
Morvant
Mofchus
Motacilla
Motmot
Moufe ■
Moujiache
Mud-fijh
Mugil
Mule
Mullet

Page,

13
4.9

1.9

616

7-32

- 345
149

60
.88

59- <^

41

21

136. 442

334

135- 334
164

135. 284

754
880

58

493
69

87
135. 212

«i

8. 127

454
421
108

325

705. 887
718

36

118

8. 106

137- 584

212
80

Iv

704. 865

122
865

Mullus

i N D E X.

Paok.

Mull lis t
Murisna ' -

704.. 830

Ouzel

703. 706

Oivl

Mus

8.79.

Ox

Mufcicapa

137. 570

Oyf^cr-eatcher

Mujk

106

Mujk-cavy

79

Mu/h-rat

7?

Muftela
Mydcria

7.50
135 369

Palemcdca
Panther
Parudifca
Parr a

Myoxus
Myrmecophaga

8.97

7. 29

Parrakeet

N.

Parrot
Partridge

Narval

127

Parus

Natter Jack

649

Passeres

Ncedle-fijh

894

Pavo

Newt

661

Peacock .

Nightingale

584

Pearl

Noddy

, 363

Pecora

Numidia

136. 449

Pegafus

Nutcracker

222

Pelecan

Nuthatch

270

Pelecanus
Pekan

o.

Penelope
Penguin

Old man of the woods

- 18

Perca

Old wife

796

Perch

Opah

760

Petrel

Ophidium

703.714

Petromyzon

Opofj'um

65

Pettychaps

Orang outang

10

Petvit

Oriole

231

Phaeton

Oriolus

134- 231

Phalanger

Ortolan

532

Phalarop€

Ojprey^

144

Phafianus

Oltracion

705 888

Pheafant

Oflrich

438

Phoca

Otis

136.436

Phoenicopterus

Otter

' . 57

Phyfeter

Ovis - '

8. 117

Phytotoma

Ounce

47

Pic^

6D3

959

Pace.
429
165
119
419

135- 369
47

134- 242
136. 426

188

182

456

136. 621

132. 466

136. 441

441

766

6. 105

705. 896

346

135- 346

59
136. 443

33^
704. 809
809
341
705- 931
5B7
402

135- 352

67

406

136. 445

445

7-38-

i35-'367

8. 128.

136. 569

132. 182

Picus

940

INDEX.

"Picus

Pigeon

Pigmy

Tike

Pilchard

Pilot-fijh

Pintado

Pintail

Piper

Pipe-fijh

Pipra

Plaije

Platalea

Platypus

Pleuroneftes

Plotus

Plover

Pochard

Pogge

Pointer

Polecat

Pollack

Polynemus

Pongo

Poor

Porcupine

Porpolfe

Pratincole

Pride

PriiCiates

Priftis

Procellaria

Plittacus

Pfophia

Ptarmigan

Puffin

Pur re

^uagga
^uair

Q.

Page.

134. 260
466

ri
859
869
822
449

327
832

893
136. 6i6

763

135. 36$

7- 30

703. 761

135' 351
411

327

752
42
60

729

704. 867

10
727

75
129

420
932

5-9

705. 924

135-341
134. 182

136-435

452

337
410

132
459

Page.

Raiiit

lOI

Raccoon

64

Raja

705. 925

Rail

■ 329

Rallus

136. 329

Ramphaftos

134. 209

Rana

639- 647

Rat

83i?S

Rattle-Jnake

-•©72

Raven

218

Ray

925

Razor-bill

337

Recurviroflra

135.418

Redbreafl

612

Red Eye

882

Redpole

561, 562

Reipmnk

- • 398

Redjlart

609

Redwing

491

Reptiles

639

Rhinoceros

7- 34

Ring- ouzel

508

Ring-tail

159

Roach

88i

Robin Red-breaji

612

Roikling

'^'^l

Rock-ouzel

508

Roe

no

Roller

226

Rud

882

Ruffe

818

Riiff and Reeve

402

Rynchops

135. 36^

S.

Sahle

59

Sago in

'9

Salamander *

662

Salmo

704' 845

Salmon

INDEX.

1945

S aim on

SaJmon-troui

Sanderliiig

Sandpiper

Sapajoii

Saurv

Saivfljh

Scad

Scarus

Scicena

Sciurus

Scniopax

Scomber

Scopus

Scorpa^na

Screnvicr

Scythrops

Sea-fox

Seal

Sea monjler

Sea-pie

Sea-Jerpcnt

Serpents

Sewen

Shad

Shag

Shark

Sheath-bill

Sheep

Sheldrake

Shoveller

Shrew

Shrike

Silurus

Simla

Siren

Sijkin

Sitta

Skate

Skimmer

Skip-jack

Skunk

Pack.

S46
410. 415
402
18
862
924
828

7=4

704. 803

8.90

135- 392
704. 824

136- 371

703- 755
369

134. 212
918

38

913

419
706
672
846
869
348
914

425
117

315
322

70

173

704. 838

7. 10

639. 671

560

134. 270

926

366

823

53

Sloth

Smear-dah

Smelt

Smew

Snake

Sii ipe

ooie

Soi'ee

Sorex

Spaniel

Sparronf

Sparus

Spoon-bill

Sprat

Squalus

Squirrel

Squirrel fjlj

Stag

Stare

Starling

Sterna

Sternoplyx

Stickle-back

Sting- bull

Sting- ray

Stint

Stoat

Stomateus

Stone-chat

Stork

Strix

Struthio

Sturgeon

Sturnus

Stylephorus

Sucker

Sucking-fijh

Sukotyro

Sun-fipj

Surmullet

Sus

Swalloiv

Page.

28

764

851

335
696

394- 397
764

43 f

7.70

41

567

704. 783
368
869

705. 914

9
8. 19

108
487

487

135. 362
703. 717

821
724
928
410
61
703. 715
596

373
134. 165

136. 438
911

136. 487

703. 718

904

740

7-35

891. 892

830

8. 125

627

Swan

942

INDEX.

Swan
Swift
Sword-fijh
Syngnathus

Talpa

Tanager

Tanagra

Tantalus

Tapir

Tarroc

Teal I

Tench

Tern

Teftudo

Tetiao

Tetrodon

Teuthis

ThiJIk-fincb

Thoracic

Thornbach

Thro/lle

Thrujh

Thunny

Tiger

Tinamou,

Titlark

Titling

Titmouje

Toad

Tobaccopipe-fiP

Todus

Tody

Tope

Torpedo

Torjk

Tortoife

Toucan

Trachinus

Trachichthys

Page.

312

632

716

705. 893

769

544

137- 544

135- 388

8. 124

350
323- 32B

874
362
639, '640
136. 450
705. 886
704. 844

553
701. 739
928
492
490
825

464
481

596
621
648
858

135- 273

273
916

925

725. 732
640
209

703. 724

704. 820

Pag

Trichechus

Trichiurus,

Trigla

Tringa

Trochilus

Trogon

Tropic-hird

Trout

Xrumpeter

Tub-fijh

Turbot

Turdus

Turkey

Turnjpit

Turnjione

Turtle

Turtle-dove

Twits

Vaginalis

Vampire

Vefpertilio

Viper

Viverra

Umbre

Upupa

Uranofcopus

Urfus

Vultur

Vulture

JVag-tall

fValrus

JVanderu

Warbler

Water ouzel

Wattle-bird

Wee/el

E.

y.

w.

7. 36

703. 712

704. 832
136. 402
134. 302
134. 244

352
847
435

y66

137/490

442
42
404
640
470. 477
562

136. 425

24

4. 23

674

7-51

371

134. 289

703. 723

7. 62

134. 138

138. 142

584
36

o7
584

488

217

52.58

Wi.ever

Weci'cr

JVhale

IVheat-car

miff

JVhimbrel

JFhin-chat

ff'hitc-bait

JVhite nun

White-throat

JVhiting

JVhiting-pout

JFigcon

Wolf

Wolf-fifli

Wolverene

Woodcock

Wood-pecker

Wood-ivren

W.ORMS

Wraffe

INDEX.

Page.

724 Wren

1 27 Wryneck

594
767

392' 394

594 Xyphias
885

335
588

?26 ^"^^"

' Tellow-hamnier

7 Tellow-fhank

J3 Yunx . ,

712

64
396 Z.'

260
587. 61 4 lahu
4 Zebra
796 Zeus , •

X.

Y.

943

Pace:
613

703. 716

443

395
134' 259

119

I2:j

703. 75^

END OF THE FIRST VOLUWE,

PRINTED BY VOSS AND MORRIS, CASTLE-STREET, SWANSEA. l8oO»

ERRATA,

Paj^c xy .. 1, for mijleries xcMimyJlerie.'!.

Page 135, 1. x6, for Aptenodyta read Apiowd/tes.

Page 138, 1. 47, for back zvhite read back WacA ; fee Lev

rian Mufeum, No. vi, page 6.
Pap-e 641, 1. '1, {or Imbrieat a read Imhricata.
Page 643, 1. 5, for inches read lines,
I^aVe 703, 1. 12) for Stromateus read Stowateus.
Pa°e 703, 1. 15, for Callyonimiis read Calliovymus.
Pa^e 704, 1. 7, for Traohychthys read Tradiichthys.
Page 705, 1. 11, for 66 read 65.
Page 836, 1. 145 fot /.(JcAe-read Lochc.

Lately Puhlijlied,

In one large quarto volume, price il. is. in boaras,

A MEDICAL GLOSSARY, in which the words in the variou-
branches of Medicine, Surgery, Botany, Chcmiftry, &c. are
deduced from their original Languages, properly accented and
explained.

By fVILLIAM TURTOxM, M. D.

LoNDOjJ : Printed for J. John/on, St. Paul's Church-Yard, and fold
by Lackington, A^en and Cf. Temple of the Mufcs, Finfbury-Square.

-^

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