alae ; \\ oh ae ea 4 whe bly jana i uy i} 2 tty * oe Oe hy Grete a RE oP has Bue ; ae nga ene if a ) in de i eihey NEN he tee + ata iif sh gar mien ng No gatiia, hal gees Ae Piatt ‘ bi eedy tay Sua, ‘ Me i be Suk ad + 0 47 Pa Ry ig! he Alice 14 ih ale by ica aie t nae hie ist Perl ms ts; ; : es ; } Bp tae Ue TAT ae ik, eR } Sees ' “ae a ae Pa Br . nelce’ : es ed H : male he a4 pee Bn dete re ong oN PTET TERY Fy, Pets eag Met ie hs i ka be phi Vibra Shar! it i a oF Phe hors =e Sea Pag oe aia eto we seats ery eg ete be gee og Sees se gta, cesees enaees tee chaise sap Pea hg A esas PEE PG cogs area asad ae HE Tee ages elas pS eee a pie age a W th # liege ath te 5 : peels : z. ae ee eee ee == oy, ete i tS ee a = hg an oe : 2s ey eee eS ae ey om. i A ey PY te eeee ees, cpa “ a ae rhe es oa be < es Lew ee 4 a » - ts lk ity i " ny caveet ie Oe M ae : . ae: fe bik it ane oat i oa pt Wy ae ay i ; i i i : Se re ee 1 eee ae ais Bo. f: teat 1st ; ade a oh ae i wi ; , ce meats a Rigi hte Bees 4 i Ply?) 4 vie f ci, A ae eat 2 ar ate - a ae, _ ; it + ; * ” re @°/ GENERAL ZOOLOGY © 5° - a Ser \ : | . SYSTEMATIC NATURAL HISTORY | Commentta by The Cate LDF. RS .&e. . WITH PLATES GEORGE . from the first Authorities and most select specimens ; “ a Coa ree VCO finite’ ty es MES GRIFFITH. WUE Yi), Wy, WEBEL VOu.X1. Fart LL AVES, by J.F.Stephens,K.L.S. Printed. for J.Walker; Longman & C°; J.& A. Arch, E. Jefferv; Baldwin & C°;R.S choley Sherwood & C°;Whittaker & C°; J.Black& Son;W.Lowe; J. Booth; S.Bagster; J.Mawman R.Fenner; Ogle& C°;Rodwell & C2; J. Robinson; & J. Harper. 1&9. ‘ VOLUME XI.——PART I. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. BIRDS. LONDON : PRINTED FOR J, WALKER; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN; J. AND A, ARCH; E, JEFFERY; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; R. SCHOLEY; SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES; G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER}; J, BLACK AND SON; W. LOWE; J. BOOTH; S$. BAGSTER; J. MAWMAN; R.FENNER; OGLE A CO.; RODWELL AND CO.3 J. ROBINSON; AND J, HARPER. ¥ 1819. LONDON: PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS. INDEX VOL. XL—PART I. Arcus ° p. 242 Cock negro . p. 242 giganteus 243 Paduan: Lath. . 197 ——_— gigantic 243 || ——— Persian . - 214 rough-footed, Lath. 204 Cock 195 rumpless . - 213 Bankiva . - 198 || —— silk : , ee Bantam. Lath. 204 Turkish. Lath. . 204 ——. crested. Will. 204 || —— wild. Lath. - 201 ——- crisped 210 Curassow. Alb. . 166 || CotuMBA : : 1 domestic 203 Linné UN 52, —— Dorking. Lath. 205 ~ Abyssinica.Lath.111 — Dwarf. Will. - 205 zenea : oe -—— fork-tailed 215 Afra sm OL — gigantic , 197 - alba - £0 Indian: Phil. Trans. 163 || ————— alba.Gmel. — 28 jungle 200 albicapilla.Gmel. 47 —— Macartnyan 218 || ———— armillaris . 15 1V CoLuMBA aromatica. Gmel. ie p- arquatrix Asiatica auricularis aurita, \ 6 : Australis. Linn. Bantamensis. Sparr. ; bitorquata brunnea 3 Calva. Temm. Cambaiensis INDEX. 106 19 53 A 151: 115 88 76 84. 117 79 Canadensis.Linn.QA4. Capensis. . Caribea ‘ Carolinensis carunculata. Temm. : ; cauda annulo cincta Jamaicensis. 102 37 96 123 Briss. cauda fascia MOLUEO. TAY. ye pes chalcoptera cincta cinerea cerulea : ceruleocephala,. Gmel. : Corensis _. coronata. Gmel. 120 cristata —_—_—— cristata. Lath. cruenta, Gmel, curvirostra. Gmel. 40 253 128 106 CoLumBa cyanocephala. Gmel. : : p: 47 cyanocephala. Lath. . 2 Meo domestica . 27 domestica Bar- barica. Ray. . rida cris~ tata. Gmel., : a <28 BOR AIA INS) cullata. Linn. « "26 . da- sypus. Linn. . e 5; 928) eques. Ray. 5 Paar aD ga- | leata. Linne . . 30 gut- turosa. Ray. . nllgenD | 0 : His- panica, Linn. of ee ————— ————___— hijs- pida. Linn, ; ue o. —_———- Ju- bata. Gmel, wy ol —_—— lati- cauda, Linn. ZO livia, | Gmel.. : se ee jor. Ray. : ‘28 3 ————. Nor- | wegicd. Bresé..:f.0 28 —— per- cursor. Ray. 1 ee —_——— la- bellaria. Ray. a SO INDEX. Cotumsa domestica tur- bita. Linn. : p. 29 ———_———_—_——_ Tur- cica. Briss. ‘ 30 Dominicensis 100 Dufresnii . 7 Egyptiaca . 8 —~—Eimensis. 39 elegans 43 erythroptera 57 erythrothorax. Temm, ry o7 Franciz : 2 Geoffroii 69 Guinea on” AO gymnopthalmos 6 a holosericea 60 _ Hottentotta. Temm. — : a Slot Jamaicensis. Linn. : 26 Jamboo - 49 Javanica . 47 Indica. Briss. 52 ——— Indica, Linn. 47 larvata = 0 ‘leucocephala 36 ———— leucoptera Linn. 52 livia ik DO Barba- rica. Temm. 28 cristata, Temm. 5 Pray” \s. -~cucullata. Temm, oe 20 dasypus. Temm. ; seiQG CoLuMBA livia duies- tica. Temm. ‘ p- eques, Temin. : : -frontalis, Lemms. : : g aleata. Temm. guituro- sa. Temm. : ; gyratria, Temm: °. ; : — Hispani- ca. Temm. 2 ; hispida. Temm. : : Jubata. Temm. ; ; laticau- da. Temm., livia. Temm. : = Norve- gica. Temm., percur= ‘sor. Temm. : : tabella- ria. Lemm. : : — Turbita. Temm . ; ; turcica. Temm::~ « , ° — littoralis maculata : —s, maculata. Gmel. maculosa . macroura 31 31 30 30 29 28 29 31 29 oe 28 31 30 29 30 23 46 31 24 Ol v1 INDEX. CoLumBa Madagascari- ensis ° ‘ p- 9 Malabarica 86 Malaccensis 88 marginata. — Linn. ‘ : et YOF -Martinica.Linn. 132 — Martinicana. Biase ruben) auinieds vee, BF Maugei - 98 melanocephala 55 melanoleuca. Lath. : : aiseh ual melanoptera 101 migratoria 93 —_———— militaris. Temm. 109 minuta alae? 138 montana. Linn. 130 mystacea . 506 minuta. Linn. Nicobarica. Briss. ‘ oi eh 22 ——_—— Nova Zelandi- ca. Gmel. : oi aS Ciinas ae? 5) ——— Pacifica. Lath. 40 Palumbus.) 4:12 passerina. Linn. 133 picator. Lath. 16 Picazuro it 45 picturata . 85 Picui. Temm. 135 Pompadoura. Gmel. e " Pan (0,6) ot Psitiacea.Temm.113 purpurata . 606 purpurea. Lath. 114 Co.LuMBa risoria p- 71 Romana. Briss. 28 rubricapilla 11 rufa Cayanen- sis. Briss. ; ne D ruffina . S54 —rupicola. Ray. 27 : — Sancta Thome. . Lath. 109 sanguinea. Gmel. ‘ ; : ———— sazatilis.Gmel. 27 saxatilis Ja- maicensis. Briss. eanntiiee 13) Senegalensis. TRE ie ‘ S.C — Sinica . % 68 spadicea, Ben. 08 speciosa - Al —squamosa . 90 striata. Linn. 88 superba . 64 Suratensis. Lath. ‘ ames Surinamensis 75 — Talpacoti. Temm. ‘ ota Tannensis. Linn. ‘ : sneha — tigrina ‘thei tremula. Briss. 29 ——— turtur sib cif ——_——-tympanistria 62 —_———— vernans. Gmel. 114 —————_ vinacea . 84 vinacea. Lath. 71 —————= Violacea «fy 59 INDEX. Vil Cotumsa violacea Mar- CrYPTONYX ok 4p..252 tinicana. Briss. «. p. 132 coronatus 253 viridis 65 || ——-———— crowned 253 viridis Am- —_—_— red . 256 boynensis. Briss. 106 || ——— rufus 256 viridis Philip- pensis. Briss. LAS Cu eacsont - 161 vulgaris seu -——_——— carunculated 17 domestica. Ray. 9 fae | aE ee Grestea 163 Zealandica 38 || ______-. crested. Lath. 163, COLUMBINI 1 Be ene —-~ Cumana, Lath, 180 Coxilitl. Ray. 168 || ——-—— Cushew. Edw. 173 oe galeated, Lath. 173 Crax ‘ : ee AGL |) tes globe-bearing 166 Briss =» +192 |) __._ globose. Lath. 166 Linn. gp whe - hen-crested. bes 103. otath. 2 bi 68 wim Alector. Lath. . 1606, -—— piping. Lath. 180 169,175. |) 2. red - 168 Brasiliensis. Briss. 165 carunculata 170 curassous. Briss. 156 ae ; og -fuscus Americanus. Wetes igs Diplectron. Vieil. 150 galeata. Lath. . 173 globicera - 166 || Dove, brown Indian, Edw. 52 ——globicera hybrida. Carolina. Penn. 07 Temm, ‘ - 166 ground. Cates. 134 Guianensis. Briss. 163 long-tailed, Edw. 07 Mexicanus. Briss. 173 Portugal. Alb. . 73 —— Mitu, Linn. » 175 || —— ring : . &4S pauxi. Linn, + 173 || —— rock, Mont. Sunes w= Peruvianus. Briss. 168 || ——— stock ‘ (3 gs —— rubra. . . 168 turtle, from Ja- —— rubra hybrida maica. Alb, «ded Temm., 169 Vill Gallina Frieslandica. Will. : “ GALLINACE/E Gallopavo. Briss. : Brasiliensis. Briss. sspsvenievery Lochs INDEX. GALLUS morio - p.21k p.210 Patavinus. Briss, 197 pentadactylus. 139 Briss. . 205 Persicus. Briss. 214 177 plumipes. Briss. 204 pumilio. Briss. 205 178 Sonneratii 7 "200 sylvestris. Briss. 156 GALLUS : «105 Bankiva - 198 we crista- tus. Temm. . 204. —— domes- ticus, Temm. - .203 penta- dactylus. Temm., - 205 pumi- lio. Temm. ‘ QOS pusil- lus. Temm. 204 Banticus. Briss. 204 crispus 210 ———. cristatus. Briss. 204 domesticus > 203 et Gallina Gut- neensis. Ray. - 250 ecaudatus 213 fureatus 215 giganteus oO 7 Japonicus. Briss. 212 Indicus. Leach. 201 —— Indicus albis. Briss. 166 lanatus 2) We _ ————— Macartnyi = 218 Turcicus. Briss. 204 GouRA A blue-headed .- 125 carunculata . 123 coronata - 20 crowned . 120 cruenta Vi PS cyanocephala . 125 erythrothorax , 127 ground *_ >... 983 Hottentot nh om Hottentotta . 131 Jamaicensis . 126 Martinica . “S32 Martinico y\8e —— minuta ES montana ey LSS mountain 2) too Nicobar . 522 Nicobarica ae) ——— Passerina ») “133 Passerine ee ey Picui . “135 red-bellied a te ley red-breasted . 128 Talpacoti LPG wattled es white-bellied . 126 ELT 5 gh ah pe INDEX. 1X Guan $ ; Pe l7 Fh | crested 178 Marail : 27185 —— supercilious 186 Yacou A Stoo Yacuhu 185 Hen, Curassow. Alb. . 166 red Peruvian. Alb. 168 Hoatzin. Ray. eee AOS Liponyx. Vieil. - 252 LopHoPHoRUS.. . 248 refulgens 249 Lophyrus. Vierl. EO MELEAGRIS : a oo —— Antiquorum 257 ———— Linn. Sa ely —_—_ cristata. Linn. 178 — gallopavo 156 cristatus. Briss. : 150 — Satyra. Linn. 239 Mituporanga. Ray. 163 Monavut 248 - Impeyan - 249 Monaulus. Vieil. 248 NumIpDa : 257 cristata 203 Meleagris 258 — pectorealbo. Briss. 259 —-— mitrata 261 Gnas Americana, Briss. 94 —— bicalcaratus, Linn, OpisTHOCOMUS p- 192 - Hoatzin 103 ORTALIDA 188 -— Parrakoua 189 Orthocorys. Vieil. 192 OuRAXx ¢ 172 galeata 173 Mitu ‘ 175 Palumbus Moluccensts. Briss. : ‘ (13 torquatus. Ray. 13 viridis Mada- gascariensis. Briss. . 116 PAaRRAKA : 188 noisy 189 Partridge, Cambaian. Lath. ; - 250 crowned. Lath. 253 green. Lath. 253 mountain. Edw. 130 violaceous. Shaw.253 PauxI 172 crested 175 galeata. Temm. 173 galeated 173 Mitu. Temm. 175 Pavo 141 Linn. : 150 151 Xx Pavo cristatus . albus. Briss. ‘ Wiis domesti- cus. Temm. 3 varius. Briss, . Japonicus, Briss. —— muticus - ; Sinensis. Briss. . —— Tibetanus. Linn. Peacock . : crested é Tris, Lath. Japan : Thibet. Lath. ——- variegated. Lath. Paria white. Lath. PENELOPE ¢ Temm. : cristata 2 Cumanensis. Lath. : leucolophos. Merrem. s A Marail : obscura $ Parrakoua. Temm. ‘ : pipile Satyra. Gmel. supercilia . Perdiz. Lath. . : INDEX. 143° 142 142 148 148 151 151 141 142 151 148 151 143 143 177 188 178 180 180 183 185 189 180 239 186 252. p. 124 || Perdiz Cambaiensis. Lath. p. 256 coronatus. Lath. 253 viridis. Lath. . 253 PHASIANUS A 221 Gmel. 192 Lath. . 248 — Linn 247, 188, 195. Sparr. 252 albus. Briss. 223 albus Sinensis. Briss. i234 Argus. Linn. 244 aureus Sinen- sis. Briss. : , 231 Colchicus 223 — Colchicus, var. B. Lath. . 229 cristatus. Gmel cristatus Indi- cus. Briss. i : gallus, Linn. a crispus. Linn. : crista- tus. Linn. ‘ domes- ticus. Lath. . 4 ecau- datus. Linn. , lana- tus. Temm a 4 —cornutus. Briss. 239 cristatus. Sparr. 253 . 193 120 203 Lath. 197.201 210 204 203 214 212 INDEX. X1 Puasianus gallus morio. Linn, : : p- 211 penta- dactylus. Gmel. 205 plu- mipes. Gmel, 204 ——— pumi- lio. Gmel. 205 pusil- lus. Linn. 204 Turci- cus. Gmel, ‘ 204 garrulus. Hum- boldt ? ‘ - 189 Guianensis. Briss. : - 189 tgnitus, Lath. 218 — Impeyanus.Lath.249 Motmot. Lath. 189 ———— Nycthemerus 234 parraqua. Briss. 189 pictus » 2351 —— Satyrus. Briss. 239 superbus 230 —_— torquatus 228 torquatus, primus. Temm. 229 varius. Shaw. 237 PHEASANT ‘ ook ee Argus. Lath. 244 black and white. Alb. 234 common 222 crested. Lath. 193 PueasantT fire-backed, oo). See i Ip Bis Impeyan. Lath, 249 Indian, Leach. 201 Motmot. Lath. painted as parraka, Lath. —_—- peacock. Edw. 151 — pencilled . 234 ee rin Ps 228 superb | 236 variegated. Lath. - 223 white. Lath, 223 PIGEON : : ° 1 African - St aromatic. Lath. 106 Barbary. Lath. 28 bald-pated. Brown. 36 biset. Lath. leh OM. black-capped . 55 black-ringed . 50 black-winged = 101 blue , eo blue-crowned. Lath. 47 broad-tailed shaker. Lath. ; 29 brown -- 85 bronze-winged 17 Cambaian eae GO Cape 102 Carolina - OO carrier. Lath. 30 Cayenne, viet 54 chesnut-shouldered 92 Xi INDEX. PIGEON cinereous ._p, 83 collared spain Us) —collared Senegal 71 crested. Lath. . 28 domestic 7 double-collared 76 Dufresne’s ane 7474 Egyptian : 8 ferruginous-vent- Cte. : - 40 garnet-winged 57 Geoffroy’s 7 OO great crowned. Lath. ~~ great-tailed . QI ———— green . » 5 ——— preen-winged. Pate er eee nT, prey: . . 5 grey-headed . 47 hackiled i 2 helmet. Lath. 30 hook-billed. Lath. 106 -horseman. Lath. 31 — Jamboo ie: £2) Javan. Lath. 47 Indian . Lee AT} Labrador . A laced. Lath,” ." 20 lesser crowned. Lath. 208 Malabar hit) OO Malacca - 88 —— Madagascar . 9 — Madagascar. Lath,116 Jacobine. Lath. 29 PIGEON marginated. Lath. p: 97 Martinico i,” OL Martinico. Lath. 132 masked mina 6: migratory . O4 naked-cheeked 6 narrow-tailed shaker. Lath. 2D New Zealand . 38 ——— Nicobar. Edw. Norway. Lath. 28 —— Maugeian - 98 nutmeg ee ae painted ae ea 2 parabolic eS ——— parrot. Lath. 114 partridge. Lath. 130 passenger - 93 ——— Persian. Lath. 30 Picazu . | eo pied. Lath. Sinan 1) , Pompadour. Lath, 106 powter. Lath. 31 purple. Lath. . purple-breasted 39 purple-crowned 66 —red-crowned . 11 ring : SR | ring-tailed ere rock, Lath. pean 7/ Roman, Lath. 28 ~ rose 4 oS rough-footed. Lath. 28 St. Domingo 100 St. Thomas, Lath, 109 INDEX. PicEoNn scaly p. 90 scollop-necked 41 sea ; eee) =. smiter., Lath. 31 spot. Lath. OL —— spotted - 24 ——-— spotted green . 46 ——- stock : atkweo ——— striated 08 superb . 64 Surat : 78 Surinam sso tambour Airy O2 triangular spotted 10 —— tumbler. Lath. 30 burbit. Lath, «.' 20 Turkish. Lath. 30 turner. Lath. 31 turtle Wn ihe Hee vinaceous . . 84 violet Mage bara) BO white-crowned 36 white-faced. Lath. 16 whitenutmeg. Lath. 23 white-rumped. Lath.27 white-whiskered 56 white-winged, Lath. 52 yellow-faced. Lath. 107 PINTADO . i 257 crested 263 Guinea 258 w= Mitred 261 vlouvlou . . 60 ‘Waallia. Lath. 111 wattled . : 4. white weer, § ZO X11 PINTADO, negro p. 258 white-breasted. Albin. 259 PoLYPLECTRON . 150 Argus 151 —— chinquis 151 Quan. Edw. ; - 178 Queest : : 13 Rumpkin. W. ill. DA SERPENT-EATER. 192 Hoatzin 193 Tetrao. Gmel. 252 viridis, Gmel., 253 Treron. Viel. 105 TURKEY : a2 155 American. Lath. 156 ——— common 156 ——- horned. Lath. 239 Marail. Lath. 183 Turtle, African, Lath. 81 . Bantamese. Lath. 88 . barreled. Edw. 8s blue-crowned. Lath. 47 blue-headed. Lath. 125 Cambuian. Lath. 80 Canada. Penn. 04 Chinese-grey. Lath. 78 ——— collared. Lath. = 71 X1V INDEX. Turtle, collared Senegal. Lath. : : p-. 71 common. Lath. 72 green. Lath, 65 Javan. Lath. 47 Indian, Lath. 71 Luzonian. Lath. 73 Malabar. Lath. 78 Malacca. Lath. 88 Passerine. Lath. 138 red-breasted. Lath.128 sanguine. Lath, 128 Senegal, Lath, 80 spotied-necked, Lath. : : of Te striated. Lath. 68 Surat. Lath. . 78 Surinam, Lath. 75 Turtur Americanus. Briss. 97 Canadensis. Briss. 94. gutture maculato Senegalensis. Briss. 80 Jamaicensis. Briss. 125 Indicus. Rait. 71 Indicus striatus. PISS. ho, : . 88 —— parvus Ameri- canus. Briss. . nN 133 | Lusitanicus. Briss. 73 Turtur parvus fuscus Americanus. Briss. ,p.1388 Senegalensis. Briss. 81 - Sinensis striatus, Briss. . - —08 torquatus. Briss, 71 torquatus Sene- galensis. Briss. RE 7 | viridis Amboi- nensis. Briss. . . 65 VinaGo . - 105 Abyssinica . 111 aromatic - 106 aromatica - 106 Australis oS Calva 3. ip PO ———- militaris - 109 naked-fronted 117 parrot - 112 ———- Psittacea ~ Ee purple A 113 St. Thomas’s 109 ——— southern . ALS vernans - 113 —— Waalia . - tril Yacou. Lath. ‘ . 180 Bei D IR DS: ORDER COLUMBINI. Rostrum mediocre, compressum, basi membrana molli et tumidé in- structum, ad apicem plus minusve arcuatum. Pedes simplices, tetrudactyli fisst, digitis tribus anticis, uno pos- tico: tarsi reticulati. Beak, middle sized, compressed, the base covered with a soft and tumid membrane, the tip more or less arcuated. Feet simple, consisting of four divided toes, three in front, and one behind: tarsi reticulated. COLUMBA. PIGEON. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, fere rec- || Beak middle sized, nearly tum, compressiusculum et || straight, compressed and arcuatum: mandibulaé su- bent; the upper mandible periore basi membrana with a soft and tumid mem- molli et tumida, in qua brane at its base, in which nares sitee sunt. the nostrils are situated. Pedes fissi, digitis tribus an- |] Feet divided, with three toes ticis, uno postico. before, and one behind. Ale aut breves aut mediocres. || Wings short or middling. Cauda xqualis aut cuneata. || T'atd equal or wedged. CoLumBa, ‘auctorum.—The Pigeons form a most elegant genus of birds, and are most ex- quisitely figured and described by Temminck in his admirable Histoire Naturelle générale des Pi- V. XI. P. fT. l | g HACKLED PIGEON. geons et des Gallinacés, and to which I am in- debted for much of the information contained in the subsequent account of these orders. They generally associate in pairs, both sexes: assisting in incubation and feeding their young. Their principal food consists of grain and seeds ; they drink much, and not at mtervals like other birds, but by a continued draught: their note is peculiarly soft and expressive, and is well distin- guished from that of any other bird by its plain- tive and mournful sound: they generally breed more than once in the year; the female lays two eggs at a time, one of which generally produces a male, the other a female. They are greatly dispersed over the old con- tinent, but only two or three species occur in America. A, Caudé equal. a. Oculis area nudé circumdatis, pennis colli elongatis, apicibus, aut emarginatis aut acuminatis. A. With an equal tail. a. Eyes surrounded by a naked space, and the feathers of the neck elongated, and notched, or acuminated, at their tips. HACKLED PIGEON. (Columba Franciz.) Co. ceruleas rostro basi orbitisque nudis coccineis, uropygio cau- ddque rubris, pennis colli angustis elongatis apice acuminatis. Blue Pigeon, with the base of the beak and the naked space HACKLED PIGEON. 3 round the eyes scarlet; the rump and tail red; the feathers of the neck narrow, elongated at their tips and acuminated. Columba Francie. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 779.—Lath, Ind, Orn. 2. 604. 42.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 463. Le Pigeon Hollandois. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 175. t. 101. Colombe hérissée. Z'emm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 228. Hackled Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 641. 36. Tuts magnificent Pigeon is distinguished from all the other birds of the Columbine order by its singular form of the feathers on the neck, head, and breast, which are long and narrow, terminating in a point; their extremity is hard, of a cartila- ginous appearance and shining, somewhat resem- bling the appendices to the wings of the Ampelis Garrulus, or the large polished feathers on the neck of the Gallus Indicus. The total length of this bird is between twelve and thirteen inches: the beak is reddish at the base and yellowish towards. the tip: on the cheeks, surrounding the eyes, is a red- dish flesh-coloured and almost naked space, which reaches below the orifice of the ears, and is covered with a soft down: the wings reach to the middle of the tail, and the tarsi are covered with feathers to the origin of the toes: the head, neck, and breast are of a whitish-grey; the rest of the body, the wings, and the upper part of the tail, are of a fine deep violet-blue: the greater quills are also _ of this colour on their outer webs, but on their inner they are dusky. The tail beneath is of a rich lively rufous crimson; the shafts of the fea- thers in the centre are of a deep blue; as are the lateral feathers on their webs: the eyes are reddish: 4, WATTLED PIGEON. the feet and claws are dusky blue. Inhabits Southern Africa and Madagascar. WATTLED PIGEON. (Columba auricularis. ) Co, alba naribus globosis, orbitis collogue nudis ceruleis, tribus carunculis gularibus sanguineis, remigibus igle e caudaque ad apicem nigris. White Pigeon, with the nostrils globose; the orbits and neck naked blue, with three blood-red caruncles on the throat ; the primary quills and tip of the tail black. Columba auricularis. Temm. Pig. Ind. 465. Colombe Oricou. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 236. In length about eleven inches and a half: the cheeks, as far as the aperture of the ears, are naked and blue; the skin hangs down in front of the neck, forming three caruncles, which are of a blood-red colour: the nostrils are surrounded with a kind of globose wattle: the plumage is of an uniform white: the tail alone is greyish at its base, and black towards its tip: the outer webs of the lateral feathers are white for about three quarters of their length: the greater and lesser quills are white © at their origin, and black towards their tips, the outer feather of each wing being entirely of the latter colour: the spurious wing is of a grey-black : the feet are red and the beak black. This appears GREY PIGEON. 5 to vary, having been found entirely white; and also with the plumage varied with grey and tlaetee the last most probably are only young birds: it is found in many of the islands of the Pacific ocean. GREY PIGEON. (Columba Corensis.) Co. corpore supra et subtus griseo fusco, capite, collo, gula, pec- toreque purpureo-vinaceis, pennis colli inferioribus variante luce, quast squamosis, remigibus rectricibusque griseo fuscis. Pigeon, with the body above and beneath grey-brown: the head, neck, throat and breast purplish-red: the inferior feathers of the neck varying with the light, and as if scaled ; quills and tail-feathers of a grey-brown. Columba Corensis. Jacq. Beyt. p.31. No. 35.—Gmel, Syst. Nat..1.783.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 605. 46.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 461. Colombe a nuque €caillée. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 211. Grey Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. 201. 60. A FourTEEN inches and a half in length: the under parts of the body, the back, and the greater and middle wing-coverts are of a grey-brown: the fore part of the neck and the breast are of a pur- plish-red tinge; which colour is expanded over the head: the nape is adorned with rich scale-like feathers, varying according to the position of the light to violet, purple and green, with a hue of chesnut ; there is also a stripe of this colour on 6 NAKED-CHEEKED PIGEON. the back of the neck, which has the appearance of velvet: the scapulars are of a grey-brown; the greater wing quills, and those of the tail, are of a ‘slate-colour: the feet are red, with black claws: the base of the beak reddish: irides orange, with a papillated naked reddish skin round the eyes: the tail is composed of twelve feathers. Inha- bits South America. Nothing is known of its manners. NAKED-CHEEKED PIGEON. (Columba Gymnopthalmus.) Co. capite collo pectore abdomineque dilute vinaceis pennis squa- mosis ad latera colli, dorso alisque fuscis, uropygio et pennis caude canis.. Pigeon, with the head, neck, breast and abdomen pale wine- coloured ; the feathers on the sides of the neck scale-like; the back and wings brown; the rump and feathers of the tail hoary. Columba Gymnopthalmus. Temm. Pig. Ind. 463. Colomba Jou-nud. TZemm. Pig. (8vo.) 225. Leneru thirteen inches: round the eyes a large patch of naked skin, covered with small fleshy papille of a beautiful deep blue: the head, the upper part of the neck, the throat, and the breast of a fine vinaceous tint, which colour descends — over the belly and thighs in a diluted state: the nape and the sides of the lower part of the neck ot ; NAKED-CHEEKED PIGEON. f are shaded with a bright blue and a feeble purple ; the feathers of this part are each ornamented with two semicircular marks, the upper one white, the under, which is at the tip, is bluish, with violet reflections: beneath the ears is a transverse dusky spot, composed of very short feathers, which make their appearance when the animal extends its neck: the upper part of the back, the scapu- Jars, the lesser and greater coverts of the wings, are of a grey-brown colour: the greater and lesser quills are dusky, with the outer webs bordered with grey: the back and the rump are of a greyish blue: the tail is grey above, and whitish beneath : the abdomen and the inferior tail-coverts are of a pure white: the beak is reddish, and is much bent at the tip: the eyes are reddish: the legs and claws are reddish-brown. The female is rather smaller than the male; the colour of her plumage is less lively, and the naked space surrounding the eyes is neither so large nor so brilliant in colour as in the male. Nothing is known of the manners of this species. It inhabits India. EGYPTIAN PIGEON. (Columba Aigyptiaca.) _ Co. testaceo-incarnata, gula plumis apice bilobis truncatis fer- ‘wrugineis nigro-maculatis. Testaceous flesh-coloured Pigeon, with the feathers on the throat spotted with black, at their tips bilobed and truncated, of a ferruginous hue. Columba Aigyptiaca. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 607. 49.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 461. Colombe Egyptienne. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) 370. Egyptian Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. p. 267. 3- Beak black: head flesh-colour, with a tinge of violet: orbits naked and bluish: the feathers on the throat wedge-shaped, divided at their tips, and truncated at the ends; they are black at their origin, and rusty flesh-colour at their tips: the back is grey: the breast violet: belly and thighs white: wings principally brown; the two outer tail-feathers: at their base cinereous; the middle black, and terminated by white; the two next on each side grey at their base, black in the middle, and white at the tip only; the fifth brown on each side, with the middle dusky ; the two middle ones entirely brown: legs flesh-colour, Inhabits Egypt, frequenting houses, ie MADAGASCAR PIGEON. (Columba Madagascariensis. ) Co. pedibus plumosis, caudd violacea, corpore ceruleo-nigro. — Pigeon, with the feet feathered, the tail violet, and the body of a blue-black. Columba Madagascariensis. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 283. 21.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 779.—Briss. Orn. 1. 140. 36. ¢t. 14. f0 1— | Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 604. 40.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 463. Colombe Fourningo. Buff. Ois. 2. 539.—Le Vuill. Ois, d’ Afrique. 6. pl. 266.—Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 221. Pigeon ramier bleu du Madagascar. Buff. Pl. Enl. 11. Madagascar Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 640. 35. Tuts beautiful species is ten inches and a half in length: the principal part of its plumage is of a blue-black, shaded with violet: the tail-feathers and its inferior coverts are of a clear purple-violet: the eyes are situated in a naked space of a dull red colour: the feet, which are covered with fea- thers from the origin of the toes, are red: the beak is of the same colour, with the point dusky : the claws are black. This species is s found in Madagascar and the southern parts of Africa, where it frequents deep forests. 10 TRIANGULAR-SPOTTED PIGEON. (Columba Guinea. ) Co. corpore purpurascente-fusco violaceo-nitente, alis maculis albis triqueiris, rectricibus apice nigris, pennis pectoralibus bifurcis. Pigeon, with the body of a purple brown, shining with violet ; the wings with triangular white spots; the tail-feathers black at their tips, and the feathers on the breast bifid. Columba Guinea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 232. 16.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.774.—Briss. Orn. 1. 132. 30.—Temm, Pig. Ind. 462. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 603. 35. Pigeon de Guinée. Buff. Ois. 2. 538. La Tourterelle du Cap de Bonne Espérance, Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2.179. Colombe roussard. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrique. 0. 6. pl. 265.— Temm, Pig. (8vo.) 214. | Triangular-spotted Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 639. 32. TweEtve inches and a half in length: the beak is dusky, and the membrane that covers the nos- trils grey: the eyes are surrounded with a naked red space: the irides bright yellow: the head, neck, and under parts of the body pale ash-colour: belly and vent white: the feathers of the neck are pointed, of an ash-colour, with vinaceous margins ; their tips are bifid : the upper part of the back, the scapulars, and the whole of the wing-coverts pur- plish brown, glossed with violet; the lesser quills the same; each feather is tipped with a triangular white spot, the point upwards: the greater and middle quills black, with grey edges: the tail-fea- thers grey at their origin, and black towards their RED-CROWNED PIGEON. a tips: the lower part of the back and the rump pale ash. The female differs from the male in having the colours less lively, the triangular white spots on the wings much smaller and more dingy : and the naked space round the eyes is not so large as in the male. Very common in all the southern parts of Africa: it builds upon the top of trees, or on rocks; the female lays two white eggs: its principal food is grain. | RED-CROWNED PIGEON. (Columba rubricapilla.) Co. atro-violacea, pileo orbitisque nudis rubris, collo dorso su- pertore pectoreque grisescentibus, pedibus plumosis. Dark violet Pigeon, with the pileus and naked orbits red; the neck, upper part of the back, and breast greyish; the feet feathered. Columba rubricapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 784.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 599. 19.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 464. La Pigeon violet a téte rouge d’Antigue. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 112. t. 67. Colombe rouge Cap. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 233. Red-crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 628.17. TEN inches in length: with the tail very short : the wings, when folded, reaching to its tip: the feathers of the belly, the back, the wings, and the tail, are of a fine black-blue, with violet shades ; 12 RING PIGEON. those of the two latter inclining to greyish on their webs: the top of the head is of a bright red: the neck, the upper part of the back, and the breast greyish, glossed with bluish: the legs, which, as well as the tarsi, are covered with feathers, are of a greyish ash, as are the toes and claws. ‘The red- crowned Pigeon is remarkable for the fleshy sub- stance on the upper mandible of the beak, which is varied with many small tubercles, and covered with very fine short downy feathers: the feathers of the neck are also very remarkable, being very much elongated, and terminating in a sharp point; — they are of a triangular shape at their tips. Native of Antigua in the Isle of Panay. 8. Oculis ared nuda non circumdatis. b. Eyes not surrounded by a naked space. RING PIGEON. (Columba Palumbus.) Co. cinerea, rectricibus portice atris, remigibus primoribus margine exteriore albidis, collo utrinque albo. Grey Pigeon, with the tips of the tail-feathers dark; the ex- terior margin of the primary quills whitish; the neck white on each side. Columba Palumbus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 282. 19.—Lin. Faun. Suec. No. 208.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 776.—Briss. Orn. 1. 89. 6.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 601. 32.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 444.— _ Temm. Man. d’Orni. p. 276.—Nills. Orn, Suec, p, 291. RING PIGEON. re SS Palumbus torquatus. Rati. Syn. p. 62. A. 9. Le Pigeon Ramier. Buff. Ois. 2. 531. p. 24.—Buff. Pl, Enl, 316. Colombe Ramier. Temm. Pig. (edit. 8vo.) p. 78. Ring Pigeon. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. No. 102.—Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.329. B.— Hayes. Brit. Birds. t. 15.— Albin. Brit. Birds, 2. t. 46.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 635. 29.—Lath. Sup. 198.—Lewin. Brit, Birds. 4. p. 129.—Don. Brit. Birds. —Mont. Orn. Dict. 1.—Bew. Brit. Birds, 1. 270.—Bing. Anim. Biog, 2. p. 222. A LarcE species: length seventeen inches and a half: the beak yellowish: the’ nostrils covered with a reddish mealy membrane: irides pale yel- low: the head, back, and wing-coverts, bluish- ash ; the first darkest: the upper part of the back inclines to brown; its lower part, the rump, and forepart of the neck, pale ash-colour; the rest of the neck and the breast vinaceous, varied with ash: the belly, the thighs, and vent, dirty white : the hind part and sides of the neck are of a green gold colour, inclining to blue, with a copper gloss according to the light: on each side of the neck is a white crescent: the greater quills are dusky ; all of them, the outermost excepted, have their exterior edges whitish; the secondaries are grey- ish brown: the bastard wing is adorned with a dash of white at its base: the tail is cimereous above, with the extremity dusky ; below, the base and ends are black, the middle hoary: the legs are covered with feathers nearly to the toes; they are of a red colour, and the claws are black: the female is rather smaller: the young birds have the greyish tint less strong; and the white on the neck is not visible the first year. 14 RING PIGEON. This bird is indigenous to this island: it is a migratory species, but never quits us entirely, only moving from one part to another in the autumn, and in some parts never changing its situation. In winter this species assembles in immense flocks, and constantly resorts to roost in the highest trees, especially the ash: early in the spring they begin to pair, at which time the male is observed to fly in a singular manner, alternately rising and falling in the air: the nest is composed of small twigs, so loosely put together, that the eggs, which are two in number (white and oval) may be distinctly seen from below: both sexes assist in its construction ; and the male frequently occupies the place of the female during the tedious process of incubation : the nest is generally placed in the fork of a tree, or, when the tree is surrounded with ivy, against its body; it is sometimes placed amongst brush- wood, in hedges, or large hawthorn-bushes: they have two broods in the year: their favourite food consists of wild fruits, herbs, and grain of all kinds; in the autumn they devour acorns and beech mast, swallowing them whole: they eat also the tops of turnips, young clover, green corn - and berries. The note of this species is louder and more plaintive than that of the common Pigeon; but it is only uttered in pairing time, or during fine weather: the flesh is excellent, especially when young. Many attempts have been made to do- mesticate it by hatching their eggs in dove-houses under the common Pigeon; but as soon as the COLLARED PIGEON. eS young ones were able to fly, they always escaped to their proper haunts. Montagu took considera- ble pains to endeavour to change their nature, and though he so far tamed them within doors as to become exceedingly troublesome, he could never induce them to breed. Two were bred up together with a male Pigeon, and were so tame as to eat out of the hand; but as they shewed no signs of breeding in the spring, they were suffered, in the month of June, to take their li- berty: it was supposed that the tame Pigeon might induce them to return to their usual place of abode, either for food or to roost; but from that time they assumed their natural habits, and no- thing more was seen of them. This bird delights in sitting on the dead branches of trees, and look- ing around as if apprehensive of danger, which renders it difficult to shoot. This species is called the Queest, Cushat, or Ring Dove. COLLARED PIGEON. (Columba armillaris,) Co. nigro-cerulea, facie armillaque alba, abdomine crissoque albo maculis ovatis nigris, caudd apice albé. Black-blue Pigeon, with the face and collar white; the ab- domen and vent white, with ovate black spots; the tail white at the tip. 16...) COLLARED PIGEON. Columba armillaris. Temm. Pig. Ind. 447. Columba Picator. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. liz, 2. Colombe grivellée. Temm, Pig. pl. enl. 6.—Id. edit. 800. p. 97. Pied Pigeon. Lath. Syn. Sup. IT. 268. 5. Var. 8. viridi-nigricans, subtus albd maculis nigris, vertice aaaree, pone oculos macula triquetra rubra. " Dusky green, beneath white, with black spots; the vertex cine- reous ; behind the eyes a triangular red spot. Columba armillaris. 8. Temm. Pig. Ind. 447. Columba melanoleuca. Lath. ieee Orn. Sup. liz. 1. Colombe Goad-gaug. Temm. Pig. edit. 8vo. p. 369. White-faced Pigeon. Lath. Syn. Sup. IT, 268. 4. Tue Collared Pigeon is a native of New Hol- land ; its length is about fifteen inches and a half: the membrane at the base of the beak is of a rose- colour: the principal colour of the upper parts of the plumage, and the back of the neck, is of a dark blue, and the same colour extends on both sides of the neck to the breast: the forehead and the throat are of a whitish grey: a kind of gorget ornaments the sides of the neck, from the ears to the breast: it is of a pure white below, except that the sides of the body and near the vent are spotted with black: the greater quills are of a dull blue; the whole of the outer webs margined with brownish red: the four lateral tail-feathers are terminated with white. The White-faced Pigeon of Latham appears to be only a variety of this species; it is of the same size, with the face and sides of the head white, with a triangular patch of black before each eye, and a spot of crimson behind: the crown of the head and occiput pale ash: the rest of the neck pny BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON. 17 dusky: upper part of the body and wings pale green: some of the inner quills ferruginous : under parts from the breast white: sides of the latter black, and of the body spotted with that colour : called Goad-gang by the natives of New Holland. BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON. (Columba chalcoptera.) Co. fusco-cinerea rufo-marginata, fronte gulaque albis, fascia ala- rum cupreo-aured, bifidd, rectricum ad apicem nigra. Grey-brown Pigeon, with rufous margins; the forehead and throat white; a bifid golden-copper fascia on the wing; and the tips of the tail-feathers black. . Columba chalcoptera. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 604.39.—Temm., Pig. Ind. 44S. Colombe Lumachelle. Temm. Pig. fam. seconde. pl. enl. 8.—Id. edit. 8vo. 103. Bronze-winged Pigeon. Phill. Bot. Bay, p. 162.—White’s Jour- nal, p. 146.—Lath, Syn. Sup. IT, 266. 1. Tue male of this species measures fifteen inches and a half in length: its forehead is of a pure white, with slight tinges of rose; this colour be- comes violaceous as it approaches the occiput, and forms a dark stripe through the eyes: the nostrils are covered with small white feathers: the pre- vailing colour of the plumage is of an ashy-brown, each feather bordered with a yellow line: the greater wing-coverts have a brilliant spot towards V. KI. Pie 2 18 BRONZE*WINGED PIGEON. their extremities, of a splendid bronzed copper, varying according to the position of the light to different tinges of red and green; this passes in the form of a double band across the wings: the smaller and middle coverts have also several ir- regular patches of the same colour, and they are terminated with greyish yellow: the secondary quills have some brilliant greenish purple spots: the primaries are tipped with a beautiful pearl- aceous white: the under parts of the body are greyish, with a reddish tinge on the breast: the inside of the wings is of a ferruginous red: the tail is composed of eighteen grey feathers, having a black band towards their tip; the two inter- mediate feathers are the colour of the body; the under part of the tail is greyish ash, with a trans- verse dusky bar across each feather: the beak is dusky, except the base, which is reddish: the feet are red. The female has a white spot on the fore- head, the rest of the head is of an ashy-grey, which is also the predominating colour of the bird, and all the colours are less brilliant than in the male; all the feathers are edged with whitish yellow: the spot on the wings is not of the bril- liant ruby hue of the male, but more inclining to a metallic green; all the other spots are like- wise of that tinge. The young are of a dusky grey, and the whole of the feathers are bordered with an earthy brown: the forehead and throat are whitish, and the wing spots are very dull, with a slight tinge of green. This is one of the most brilliant of the whole PARABOLIC PIGEON. 19 genus, and is abundant in New Holland and many of the surrounding islands, and those of the Pacific Ocean. ‘They are fond of sandy and desert tracts, appearing from September to February, and are chiefly found in pairs: their nest is found either upon some low tree or on the ground: they lay two white eggs, and the young are hatched about November: their principal food consists of a fruit somewhat resembling a cherry, the stones of which have been found in abundance in their stomachs. It is very easy to find their place of retreat, as they are continually making a loud cooing, which is said to resemble the lowing of a cow at a distance. They are known by the English in New Holland by the name of Ground Pigeon, being unable to take long flights, and being observed principally on low trees, or on the ground. PARABOLIC PIGEON. (Columba arquatrix.) Co. purpureo-cerulescens, pectore subtus nigro purpureo-vario, capite griseo-cerulescente, ubdomine alisque maculis albis, pedi- bus plumosis. Purple-blue Pigeon, with the breast beneath black, varied with + purple; the head grey-bluish ; the abdomen and wings with white spots ; the feet plumose, Columba arquatrix. Temm. Pig. Ind, 447. Colombe rameron. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrique. t. 6. pl. 264.— Lemm, Pig. fam. second. pl. enl. 5.—Id. Svo. p. 93. 90 PARABOLIC PIGEON. Tus species is one of the discoveries of the celebrated naturalist and traveller Le Vaillant, whose splendid work on the African birds is wor- thy the industry of such an assiduous: and enter- prising individual. It measures about fifteen inches in length from the tip of the beak to the extremity of the tail: its prevailing colours are a rich pur- plish blue, more or less dark, and a reddish vinaceous ; the latter colour predominating on the front, the top of the back, and the whole of the under parts, that on the upper part of the back and the breast being brightest: the feathers on the latter being blackish in the centre, gives it the appearance of being spotted: the top of the head and the occiput are of a grey-blue: the lesser and middle wing-coverts are adorned with a few whitish spots of a round shape; the other coverts are the same, with triangular spots: the tarsi are covered with feathers in part, the rest is naked and of a clear yellow: the feet and claws are also yellow: the beak is of a very deep yellow, and the membrane at the base of the beak is orange: the irides are brown orange. This Pigeon is found in the forests of the Au- teniquois: during the season of incubation, the male and female are always found in pairs; but at other times, they associate in flocks: they construct their nests like the Stock Dove, and | produce ten white eggs: this species has a very remarkable flight, not going in a straight line, but upon commencing its route, it describes a para- bola, and continues forming a series of arcs during NUTMEG PIGEON. 24 the time, uttering its cry: it is a great enemy to the White Eagle of Le Vaillant. NUTMEG PIGEON. (Columba znea.) Co. corpore eneo, rostro virescente, pectore abdomineque subtus griseo-ceruleis, remigibus cauddque ex cerulescente viridibus. Femina. Capite pectore abdomineque subtus griseo-rufis, re- migibus caudaque viridi-nigris. Pigeon, with a brassy body, the beak greenish, the breast and abdomen beneath of a greyish-blue; the quills and tail of a bluish-green. Female, with the head, breast, and abdomen beneath of a rufous-grey ; the quills and tail green-black. Columba enea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. 22.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 780.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 602. 33.—Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 446. Palumbus Moluccensis, : Briss. Orn. 1. 148. 41. ¢. 13. fi 2. Pigeon ramier des Moluques. Buff. Ois. 2. 538.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 164. Pigeon cuivré mangeur de muscade. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 168. 102. var. ) Colombe muscadivore. Temm. Pig. edit. 8vo. p. 80. Nutmeg Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 636. 30.—4. 637. 30. B. _ Tue adult male of this species has the whole of the head, the neck, and the under parts of the plumage of a beautiful grey-blue: the shoulders, the back, the great and little wing-coverts of a deep green, with metallic reflections ; the primary quills and secondaries are of a blue-green: the Og NUTMEG PIGEON. tail is composed of twelve feathers, and is of a fine blue, changing to green-gold; the underside is dusky; its inferior coverts are of a red-fer- ruginous: the feet are red: the beak and claws black: the irides are of a reddish orange. The female has her plumage more dull than the male, her neck and belly have a vinaceous hue, and on the nape is a deep reddish band: the young birds are reddish where the male is grey, and the wings and back are of a brownish tinge, with green re- flections; the greater quills and tail are of a grey- black. The Nutmeg Pigeon is a native of the Mo- luccas and New Guinea, and other islands of the Pacific Ocean: it receives its name from the cir- cumstance of its feeding upon nutmegs at certain seasons of the year: the mace of the larger fruit serves it entirely for nourishment: the small nuts are passed through the body of the bird without alteration, and by that means it helps to propagate this useful spice. This bird migrates in innu- merable hosts at particular seasons, and appears in the forests of Java, where it feeds upon the fruit of the ficus religiosus. It varies considerably in its plumage. 23 SEA PIGEON. (Columba littoralis.) Co. corpore albo, remigibus primoribus cauddque ad apicem nigris. Pigeon, with a white body, the primary quills and tail towards the apex black. Columba littoralis. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 448. Columba alba. Gmel, Syst. Nat.1. p. 780.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 602. p. 34. Le Pigeon blanc mangeur de muscade. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 169. pl. 103. Colombe marine. Temm, Pig. fam. second. pl. 7.—Id. edit. Svo. p- 99- White Nutmeg Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 638. 31. Var. B. remigibus cauddque toto albis. With the quills and tail entirely white. Columba littoralis var. Zemm, Pig. Ind, p. 448. LenetH thirteen inches: the whole of the plumage is of a pure white, with the exception of the greater wing quills, which are wholly black ; the smaller quills at their extremities are also black for three-fourths of their length, and the tips of the tail-feathers are likewise of that colour: the feet and beak are of a livid hue; as is a naked space round the eyes, which are yellow. It some- times occurs entirely white. It occurs in abundance in New Guinea and Java; by the natives of the latter, it is distin- o4 SPOTTED PIGEON. guished by the name of the Sea Pigeon, from its principal habitation in that island being upon the rocks on the coasts: it is migratory: like the preceding, it feeds upon Nutmegs, and voids the nuts uninjured, and is said, by that means, to convey the plant from island to island. SPOTTED PIGEON. (Columba maculosa.) Co. capite, parte corporis inferiori, dorso uropygiogue ce@ruleo- cineraceis, tectricibus alarum fuscis maculam albam versus ex- tremitatem habentibus, partibus colli lateralibus unicoloribus, Pigeon, with the head, the under parts of the body, the back, — and rump, blue-grey ; the wing-coverts brown, with a white spot towards their extremity; the sides of the neck of one colour. Columba maculosa. Temm. Pig. Ind. 450. Colombe tigrée. Temm. Pig. edit. 8vo. 113. Tuts species inhabits Paraguay; it is described by Temminck: its total length is twelve inches: the whole of the head, the neck, the under part and sides of the body, the inferior wing-coverts, the back, and the rump, are entirely of a greyish lead-~ colour: the upper wing-coverts have a small white spot towards their extremity, the rest is brown: the lesser coverts have a white margin on their STOCK PIGEON. om STOCK PIGEON. 25 outer edge: the feathers of the neck have no re- flection: the tarsi are of a deep reddish-violet : the irides are white: and the tip of the beak dusky. STOCK PIGEON. (Columba Cinas.) Co. c@rulescens, cervice viridi-nitente, jugulo pectoreque vini- cets, dorso postice cinerascente, macula alarum duplict caudaque apice nigricantibus. : Bluish Pigeon, with the cervix of a shining green, the jugulum and breast vinaceous, the hinder part of the back cinerascent, with a double spot on the wings, and the tip of the tail black. Columba CEnas. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 279. 1. B.—Linn. Faun, Suec. No. 207.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 769.— Briss. Orn. 1. 86. 5.—Kai. Syn. p. 62. a. 10. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 589. 1.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 457.—Temm. Man. d’Orn. 277.—Nills. Orn. Suec. 1. p. 293. Colombe Colombin. Temm. Pig. fam. seconde. pl. 11.—Id. edit. 8vo. p. 118. Stock Pigeon, or Stock Dove. Penn. Brit. Zool. II. App. 605. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 329. A.— Albin. Birds.2. 46.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 604. 1.—Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 197. 1.—Lewin. Brit, Birds. _ 4, 128.—Don. Brit. Birds. 5. pl. 107.—White’s Selburn. p. 98. — 100.— Mont. Orn. Dict. 1.—Bewick, Brit. Birds. 1. 267 —Low. Faun. Orcad. p, 52.—Bing. Anim, Biog. 2. p. 220. Turis bird measures fourteen inches in length : its beak is of a pale red: the head ash-coloured : 26 STOCK PIGEON. the hind part of the neck and sides green-gold, glossed with copper according to the light: the upper part of the back and wings dull ash-colour : the lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail- coverts, lighter ash: forepart of the neck ash-co- lour ; its lower part and the breast of a vinaceous hue: the four or five outer quills are black, with the exterior edges white; the rest ash-colour, | with the ends black: on each wing are two black spots: the belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts pale ash: the tail is ash-coloured, with one-third of the end black, and two of the outer feathers white from the base to the middle on the exterior edge: beneath, the tail has a bright grey band, passing transversely across each feather: the legs and claws are black. The Stock has been generally confounded with the Domestic Pigeon, but there cannot be much doubt of its being a distinct species: its habits are somewhat similar to those of that bird. It is found very abundantly on the coasts of England, and also amongst beech woods, which it frequents for the sake of the mast, upon which it feeds. Upon the approach of winter, great quan- tities migrate into England from the more northern parts, and return in the spring; but many remain all the summer, and build in old trees, laying two white eggs: many attempts have been made to domesticate this species, but they have always failed, the bird escaping as soon as it had an op- portunity, and returning to its haunts. Its food principally consists of seeds and berries. 27 DOMESTIC PIGEON. (Columba livia.) Co. cinereo-cerulescens, fascia alarum duplict mgrdé, dorso in- Jeriore albo, pectore dilute vinaceo, apice caude nigricunte. Grey-bluish Pigeon, with a double black band on the wings, the lower part of the back white, the breast pale vinaceous, the tip of the tail dusky. Columba livia. Zemm. Pig. Ind. p. 451 an emm. Man. d? Orn. p- 276. Columba domestica livia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 769. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 590. 2.—Raii. Syn. p. 62. 8.—Briss. Orn. 1. p. 82. 3.—Nills. Orn. Suec. p. 295. Colombe biset. Buff. Ois. 2. 498.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 510.—Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 125. Biset Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 605. 2. 4 Rock Dove. Mont, Orn. Dict. 1 Var. a. Minor versicolor, dorso inferiore albo. Less, varying in colour, with the lower part of the back white. Columba livia domestica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 452. Columba domestica. Linn. Faun. Suec, 207.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 769.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. p. 589. Columba vulgaris seu domestica. stot Syn. p. 59.— Briss. Orn. 1. p. 68. Columba saxatilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 769.—Briss. Orn. 1. p. 84. 4. Columba rupicola, az. Syn. 1. p. 63.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 590. Le Pigeon commun ou domestique. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 501.— Buff. Pl. Enl, 466.—Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 193. White-rumped Pigeon, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 605. 2. Rock Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. p. 608. Var. 8. Versicolor, cera albido-furfuraced. Of various colours, with the cere whitish. Columba livia hispanica, Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 452. 98 DOMESTIC PIGEON. Columba domestica hispanica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 179.— Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. p. 590. Columba Romana. Briss. Orn. 1, p. 71.-—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 779. Columba domestica major. Raii. Syn. p. 60. 1. Pigeon Romain. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 510.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 110.— Temm, Pig. (8vv.) p. 194. Roman Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 608. Var. y. Pedibus hirsuto-pennaceis. With hairy feathers on the feet. Columba livia dasypus. Temm, Pig. Ind. p. 453. Columba domestica dasypus. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 279.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.p. 770.—Briss. Orn. 1. p. 73.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. a Rough-footed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 608. Var. 0. Pedibus hirsuto-pennacets, capite cristato. With hairy feathers on the feet, the head crested. Columba livia cristata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 453. Columba domestica cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770.— Briss, Orn. 1. p. 73.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 590. Pigeon huppée. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 510. Crested Pigeon. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. p. 609. Var. e. Capite cristato, corpore niveo, pedibus plumosis. With the head crested, the body snowy white, and the feet fea- thered. | Columba livia Norvegica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 455. Columba domestica Norvegica. Briss. Orn. 1. p. 74.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 591. Norway Pigeon, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 609. Var. & Area oculorum nuda tuberculata furfurace, maculé, alarum dupliei nigricante. With a naked tuberculated space round the eyes, and a double dusky spot on the wings. Columba livia Barbarica. TYemm. Pig. Ind. p. 454. Columba domestica Barbarica. Raii. Syn. p. 60. 8.—Briss. Orn. 1. p. 74.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 591. Barbary Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. -p. 609. Var. y. Pennis occipitis reflexo erectis. DOMESTIC PIGEON. 29 e | fea thers of the occiput erected. Columba livia cucullata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p, 454. Columba domestica cucullata. Lia Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280.— Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. p.770.—Linn. Faun. Suec, 207.—Raii. Syn. p. 60. b.— Briss. Orn. 1. p. 79.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. p. 9}. Pigeon nonain, Buff. Ois. 2. p. 19.—Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 197. Jacobine Pigeon. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. p.610.—Albin. Birds. 3 pl. 43. Var. 9. Plumis minimis erectis, per dorsum alasque dispersts. With small erected feathers scattered over the back and wings. Columba livia hispida. Temm. Pig. Ind, p. 454. Columba domestica hispida. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 591. Pigeon frisé. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 519. Laced Pigeon. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. p. 610. Var. s. Pennis in pectore recurvis. With the feathers on the breast recurved. Columba livia turbita. Zemm. Pig. Ind. p. 455. Columba domestica turbita. Lznn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.1. p. 77.—Briss. Orn. 1. p, 75.—Rai, Syn. p. 60. 7.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592. Pigeon a cravate. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 513.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 23.— Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 197. Turbit Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 611. Var. x. Cauda erecta multipenne patuld. With an erect open tail of many feathers. Columba livia laticauda. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 455. Columba domestica laticauda. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770.—Rai. Syn. p. 60.— Briss. Ornig 1. p. 80.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592. Le Pigeon Paon. Buff, Ois.2. p. 51. pl. 22.—Temm. Pig. (ein p. 199. Columba tremula. Briss. Orn. 1. p. 81.—Hazt. Syn. p. 60. 4. Broad and narrow-tailed shaker Pigeons. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 611.2. Var. A. sub volatu se gyrans. During flight turning over. Columba livia Gyratrix. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280.—-Gmel, 30 DOMESTIC PIGEON. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.—Raii. Syn. p. 61. 10.—Briss. Orn, 1. p.79.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592. . Le Pigeon culbutant. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 517.—Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p- 201. Tumbler Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 612. Var. 4. Capite remigibus rectricibusque concoloribus, corpore diver- sicolore. With the head, quills, and tail-feathers of one colour, the body varied. Columba livia galeata. Temm. Pig. Ind.p. 456. Columba domestica galeata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.—Raii, Syn. p. 61. 11.—Briss. Orn, 1. p. 80.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592. ; Pigeon cuirassé. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 515. Helmet Pigeon. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. p. 612. Var. v. Cerd papilloséd rubra. With a papillated red cere. | Columba livia Turcica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 456. Columba domestica Turcica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 281.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.—Briss. Orn, 1. p. 76.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 593. Pigeon Bagadais. Zemm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 196. Persian, or Turkish Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 612. Var. & Cerd lata carunculata albidd, palpebris nudis. With a carunculated broad white cere, the palpebre naked. Columba livia Tabellaria. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 457. Columba domestica Tabellaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 281.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.—Raii. Syn. p. 60. 5.—Briss, Orn. 1. p. 77.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, p. 593. Carrier Pigeon. Hayes. Brit. Birds. pl. 16.—Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. -p. 613.—Albin. Birds. 2. pl. 45. Var. 0. Pectore inflato. With the breast inflated. Columba livia Gutturosa. TZemm. Pig. Ind. p. 457. Columba domestica Gutturosa. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280.— Gmel. Syst. 1. p.771.—Raz. Syn. p. 60. 2.—Briss. Orn, 1. p. 78.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 593. Le Pigeon grosse gorge. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 505.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 17. & 18.—ZLemm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 195. DOMESTIC PIGEON. 31 Powter Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 613. Var. r. Pectore inflato, cerd carunculata. With an inflated breast and carunculated cere. Columba livia Eques. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 458. Columba domestica Eques. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 771.—Briss. Orn. 1. p. 78.—Raii. Syn. p. 61, 2.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 593. Horseman Pigeon. Albin. Birds. 2. pl. 45.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 614. : Var. p. Sub volatu se gyrans, ac alas fortiter percussans. During flight turning over, and making a loud noise with its wings. Columba livia percursor. TJ'emm. Pig. Ind. p. 458. Columba domestica percursor. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.— Briss. Orn. 1. p. 79.—Rait. Syn. p. 60. 9.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 593. Smiter Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 614. Var, o. Cervice pennis jub@ instar reversis. With the feathers on the back of the neck reversed like the mane of a horse. Columba livia Jubata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 458. Columba domestica Jubata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 771.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 594. Turner Pigeon. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. p. 614. Var. r. Corpore albo, macula frontis cauddque concoloribus. With a white body, a spot on the forehead, and the tail of an uniform colour. Columba livia frontalis. Temm. Pig. Ind, p. 459. Columba maculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.772. Spot Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 615. Tuts is one of the most variable of the whole class of birds, the varieties, by domestication, being innumerable; and were each to be described, a volume would not contain them: they are all sup- posed to have originated from the species called C. livia by authors; and of which the following is the description: length thirteen inches: the 32 DOMESTIC PIGEON. head, the upper part of the back, the wing-coverts, the breast and the belly, are grey striped with bluish ; the wing-coverts being darkest: the lower part of the back is white: the neck is of a fine green, with rich reflections: the greater feathers of the wing are dusky: the secondaries and the greater coverts are grey, with blue markings ; they are terminated with black, and form on each side two transverse bands of that colour: the tail is similar to the body; the whole of its feathers are dusky, and the outer one on each side has its ex- terior web white: the beak is of a pale red: the feet are red, and the claws black. Native of Teneriff. The principal variety is the C. domestica of Linné; this appears to be the first variation from the wild state: it is of a less size, and its co- Joufs vary considerably, some being wholly white, others black or red, others have the plumage va- riegated ; but the greatest number are of a grey- blue; and the neck has frequently a green-gold reflection: but the generality of them are found to have the lower part of the back white: the beak is brown, its membrane at the base reddish, speckled with white: the feet red. The second variety, called the Roman Pigeon, is rather larger, measuring fifteen inches in length: it varies exceedingly in its colours and the shape _of its feathers: the beak is more or less red, in some more dusky: some varieties are found with the feet so completely covered with feathers, as to prevent the bird from walking : others have the DOMESTIC PIGEON. 33 head crested, and can erect or depress the fea- thers at pleasure: in all the base of the beak is of a scurfy white. The Rough-footed Pigeon is a variety of this, with feathers down to the toes: the Crested Pigeon has the head crested and the legs feathered: the Norway Pigeon has the head and feet as in the last, but the body is of a snowy white, and is as large as a fowl: the Barbary Pigeon has a broad: circle of mealy red flesh surrounding the eyes: its irides are white; the plumage bluish, the wings with two blackish spots: the Jacobine is the next; it has the feathers of the head and neck turning forwards, similarly to a comb: the Laced Pigeon has red legs, the rest of the body is white, and all the’ feathers are frizzled or curled: another variety occurs, called the Trill Back, with the tip of each feather bent upwards. The Turbit Pigeon has the crown of the head flat, and it differs from the rest in having the fea- thers of the breast reflected both ways: the next, called the Shaker, has a greater number of feathers in the tail, which it always carries erect ; it is fre- quently called the Fan-tail. The Tumbler is dis- tinguished from the others by its continually tum- bling round whilst flying, by throwing itself back- wards: this variety is greatly prized, so much as eighty guineas having been given for an Almond Tumbler, which is a slight variety. The Helmet Pigeon has the head, quills, and tail of one colour, which varies, and the rest of the body is always of a distinct colour. The Persian Pigeon is dusky: the beak yellow: the space round the eyes red: Ve Mle Pe Fe 3 34 DOMESTIC PIGEON. the nostrils armed with small tubercles, and the feet pale red. The Carrier is very‘like the last, but has the space about the eyes and the beak very much tuberculated ; this variety was formerly made use of for conveying letters, which was easily managed by letting fly one of these birds that has been confined some time, as it never failed to convey the letter to its destination, always flying home in a direct line from the place of starting; it is said to move at a greater rate than twenty-six miles in an hour. We must not omit to mention another extra- ordinary variety of this species, one which has the power of inflating its crop with wind in a very singular manner, till it is of an enormous size: it is subject to great variation, and great sums of money are frequently paid for scarce varieties ; it 1s known by the name of the Powter Pigeon. The Horseman Pigeon is a variety between the two last, and is frequently employed in conveying letters, as it never leaves the place of its birth voluntarily, and has always a propensity to return. The Smiter Pigeon is remarkable for making a great noise with its wings during its flight. The Turner Pigeon is distinguished by having a tuft of fea- thers hanging down from the top of the head like the mane of a horse. The Spot Pigeon, which is the last variety of any note, has a spot of the same colour as the tail on the forehead. The above are not half the varieties that are de- _ scribed in the works professedly treating on the subject, which forms the amusement of many for DOMESTIC PIGEON. a5 a long period of their lives; those that wish to be more acquainted with the subject, will do well to consult Willoughby’s Ornithology, Moore’s Co- lumbarium, and divers other pamphlets on the Domestic Pigeons; also Buffon’s Birds, Tem- minck Histoire Naturelle générale des Pigeons, &c. in which two last works they will find an ample account of the management of these birds at all periods. | In the wild state, these Pigeons have two broods in the year, and they lay their eggs in nests found in holes of rocks or ruined towers: but in a do- mestic one, they vary from three to twelve, ac- cording to the state of confinement; those that are most domesticated, and are never suffered to go abroad, having the latter number: they seldom lay more than two eggs at a time, and generally one proves a male, and the other a female bird: the eggs take from fourteen to seventeen days in being hatched. The Domestic Pigeons appear to be kept in most parts of the civilized world: they are not only esteemed a delicacy for the table, but they are valued on other accounts, and their dung serves as a good manure for some kinds of land ; it is also useful for tanning the upper leathers of shoes. 36 WHITE-CROWNED PIGEON. (Columba leucocephala.) Co. cerulescens, orbitis verticeque albis, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, cervice viridi nitente margine nigro. Blue Pigeon, with the orbits and top of the head white, the quills and tail brown, the cervix of a shining green, edged with black. Columba leucocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 596. 5.—Lin. Syst. Nat, 1.281.14.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1772. —Temm. Pig. Ind, 459. —Razn. Syn. p. 63.—Wils. Amer. Orn. Columba saxatilis Jamaicensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 137. 33. Le Pigeon de roche dela Jamaique. Buff: Ois. 2. p. 529. Colombe a calotte blanche. Temm. Pig. p. 204. Bald-pated Pigeon. Brown. Jam, p. 468. White-crowned Pigeon. Catesb. Carol. 1. 65.—Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. No. 189.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.616.—Wails. Amer. Orn. Leneru thirteen inches: the beak red, with a white tip: the eyes surrounded with a white skin: the irides yellow: the top of the head _white, forming a kind of cap; beneath which it is of a changeable purple: the neck is of a green and blue colour, varied with a copper gloss; the hinder part of the neck is covered with feathers of a scaly appearance, which reflect a metallic tinge, and are terminated by a blackish border : the upper and under parts of the body are of a | bluish-grey brown: the greater and lesser quills — brown: tail the same: the legs red, the claws grey. 3 This bird inhabits Jamaica, St. Domingo, and ®™ RING-TAILED PIGEON. 37 the Bahama islands; it resides among the rocks, and is found in great quantities: its principal nourishment consists of the berries of the sweet wood : it is very good food at certain times, when it has been feeding on particular plants, but at others it is very indifferent. RING-TAILED PIGEON. (Columba Caribza. ) Co. cerulescens, capite collo inferiore pectoreque purpurascentibus, cauda fascia transversd nigra, ubdomine albo; collum cupreo splendens. Blue Pigeon, with the head, neck, and lower part of the breast purplish ; the tail with a transverse black band ; the abdomen white; the neck of a splendid copper. Columba Caribea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 773.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 603. 36.—Vieill. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 4.—Temm. Pig, Ind. 450.-——Wils. Amer. Orn. Columba cauda annulo cincta Jamaicensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 138. 34. Columba cauda fascia notata. Radi. Syn. 63.17. p. 183. 22. Pigeon a queue annulée de la Jamaique. Buff. Ois. 2. 539. Colombe a queue annulée. Temm. Pig. fam. second. pl. 10,—Id. edit. 8vo. p. 114. Ring-tailed Pigeon. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 639. 33.—Lath. Syn. p- 199. Leneortu fifteen inches: the head, the under part of the neck, and the breast, of a deep purple; the superior part of the neck of a changeable green purple, varying in brilliancy according to 38 NEW ZEALAND PIGEON. the light: the back, the rump, and the upper tail- coverts of a bluish-ash: the wings, the scapulars, and the whole of the greater quills of a dark grey: the belly of a deep grey tinge, with purple reflections: the tail-feathers, from their insertion to the middle, of a deep grey, with a strong band of black, towards their extremities dusky: the beak is fleshy at the base, and of a reddish co- lour; its point yellow: the irides and the feet deep red. This species frequents the low grounds and the cultivated parts of Jamaica: its principal nou- rishment consists of various kinds of grain, and it is particularly fond of the coffee berries : it appears be spread over all the Antilles: greatly esteemed for food. NEW ZEALAND PIGEON. (Columba Zealandica.) Co. rubra, abdomine albo, uropygio ceruleo, cauda nigra. Red Pigeon, with a white abdomen, blue rump, and black tail. Columba Zealandica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 603. 37.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 464. Columba Nova Zelandie. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.773. Columba Haggarero. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 371. New Zealand Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 640. 34. Tuis species is a native of Dusky Bay, New Zealand, and is called by the inhabitants the PURPLE-BREASTED PIGEON. 39 Haggerero. It is of a very large size, measuring seventeen inches and upwards: the beak is about one inch in length, and is red, as are the eyes and feet: the upper parts of this bird are of a rufous-brown, changing on the front of the neck to green tints: the wing-quills are dusky: the rump is blue: the tail black, with its under sur- face and all the lower parts of the body white: the inferior coverts of the tail are bluish. PURPLE-BREASTED PIGEON: (Columba Eimensis.) Co. fusco-virescens, fronte colloque subtus vinaceis, pectore tectri- cibusque alarum fusco-rubris, fascia pectoral alba, Brown-green Pigeon, with the forehead and neck beneath vina- ceous, the breast and wing-coverts of a red-brown, a white fascia on the breast. Columba Eimensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 599. 21.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.784.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 465. Le Pigeon ramier a collier pourpre. Sonnini. edit. Buff. v. 7. 263. Colombe a collier pourpre. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 372. Purple-breasted Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 629. 19. Tue length of this species is about fourteen inches : the top of its head and its nape is brown ; the forehead, the throat, and the front of the neck are of a pale red, or vinaceous colour: the sides of the neck are of a red brown: these co- 40 FERRUGINOUS-VENTED PIGEON. lours change to a beautiful purple, according to the light: the breast is marked with a kind of girdle of purple, and one of white: the wing- coverts are of the same colour with the neck ; the quills are dusky: the belly is of a dusky grey: the legs are red and the feet black. Inhabits the island of Eimeo in the South Seas. , FERRUGINOUS-VENTED PIGEON. (Columba cristata.) Co. capite-subcristato, collo pectoreque cinereo-albis, humeris spa- dicets, crisso ferrugineo, caudd, mgricante. Pigeon with the head slightly crested, the neck and breast of an ashy white, the shoulders chesnut, the vent ferruginous, and the tail dusky. Columba cristata. Temm. Pig. Ind..4-\9. Columba pacifica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.600. 27.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 777- Colombe largup. Yemm. Pig. fam. seconde pl. Enl. 9.—Id. edit. 8v0. p. 108. Ferruginous-vented Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 633. 24. Tuts species is rendered very remarkable by being ornamented with a moveable tufted crest on the occiput: its length is nearly fourteen inches: the beak, which is one inch in length, is greatly curved towards the point: the head, the neck, the breast, and the belly, are of a grey shade, with clear purple tinges: with metallic re- SCOLLOP-NECKED PIGEON. 4] flections on the throat and the breast: beneath the eyes, and on the throat, is a large patch of earthy yellow colour: the shoulders, the scapu- lars, and the lesser wing-coverts, are of a viola- ceous purple, with rich reflections: the greater coverts and the secondary feathers are dusky, with a purplish reflection: the general colour of the back, and the whole of the tail-feathers, is dusky: the thighs, the abdomen, and also the under tail-coverts, are of a beautiful ferruginous : the greater quills are of a lively red: the feet are red: and the beak and claws brown. This fine species inhabits the Friendly Islands in the South Seas. SCOLLOP-NECKED PIGEON. (Columba speciosa.) Co. ferruginea, caudé nigricante, collo inferiore pectoreque rufo albo purpureoque undulatis. Ferruginous Pigeon, with a dusky tail, the neck beneath and the breast undulated with rufous, white, and purple. Columba speciosa. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 783.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. €05. 45.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 460. Le Ramiret. Buff. Ois. 2. 541. Pigeon ramier de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Eni. p. 213. Colombe ramiret. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 208. Scollop-necked Pigeon. Lath. Ind. Orn. 4. 643. 39. Near fourteen inches in length: beak red, co- vered with a white cere: the head ferruginous: 4.2 ROSE PIGEON. neck and breast varied with rufous, white, and purplish blue; each feather being rufous at the base, then white, with blue margins, giving that part the appearance of a coat of mail: the shoul- ders, the back, and the lesser wing-coverts are of a ferruginous purple: the greater quills are of an ashy brown; the lesser are the same, but not so dark: the tail is dusky: the belly, the abdomen, and the inferior tail-coverts are whitish, with violaceous tinges towards the sides: the feet are red, the claws brown: the female is less brilliant in colour; the back and the wings are greyish; the quills and tail-feathers are of a grey brown; and the under parts of the body are of a dull white, with a slight violet hue towards the sides. Inhabits Cayenne, where it is abundant. ROSE PIGEON. (Columba miniata. ) Co. capite cano, partibus inferioribus vinaceo-canis, collo dorsoque purpureo-violaceis, pennis mediis caude nigris, lateralibus albo terminatis, humeris spadiceis, pennis colli bifurcis. Pigeon with a hoary head ; the under parts of the body of a hoary red; the neck and back of a purple-violet; the middle of the tail-feathers black, the lateral ones terminated by white; the shoulders chesnut-coloured; the feathers of the neck bifurcated. Columba miniata. Temm. Pig. Ind. 460. Grande Tourterelle de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 178. Colomba Mordorée. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 369. LABRADOR PIGEON. 493 Native of China: size of the common Pigeon : the head is grey; the upper part of the neck, the belly, and the abdomen are of a clear greyish red: the posterior part of the neck and the back are of a deep violet purple: the feathers that cover the sides of the neck are scalloped in the centre, and terminated with a greyish red band: the small feathers on the shoulders are of a deep rosy or chesnut colour: the coverts are of an earthy brown: the rump is of a grey lilac: the middle tail-feathers are of a dusky black ; the lateral ones are black for half the length, and tipped with white: the under tail-coverts are white: the beak is yellowish: the irides red: the feet brown. LABRADOR PIGEON. (Columba elegans ) Co. fusca, occtpite albicante-cano, pectore ventre abdomineque canis, macula, rubescente-fusca im pectore, cauda cand fascia transversda nigra. Brown Pigeon, with the occiput of a hoary white ; the breast, belly, and abdomen hoary; a rufescent brown spot on the breast ; the tail hoary, with a transverse black band. Columba elegans. Temm. Pig. Ind. 466. Colombe Labrador. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 240. Tue Labrador Pigeon was discovered, during the voyage of Captain Baudin, to be a native of 4.4, LABRADOR PIGEON. Dieman’s Land: its total length is about eleven inches: the forehead is of a bright red; the occi- put is marked with a grey-white spot ; and a stripe of chocolate originating behind the eyes, forming a kind of diadem; there is another band of pure white, and much narrower, reaching down the side of the neck: the space between the beak and the eye is brown: the nape, the scapulars, and a large patch on the upper part of the breast, are of a chocolate colour; the sides of the neck, the breast, the belly, and abdomen are of a fine deep grey: the back, the rump, and the small coverts of the wings, are of an olive-brown colour: the middle coverts are ornamented with two broad transverse bands of colour, having the richness of precious stones, the superior one possessing the tints of the ruby and opal, and the lower those of the sapphire and emerald; the brilliant feathers are terminated with a beautiful silvery white: the greater and lesser quills are red on their interior webs for three-fourths of their length, their points and exterior webs are brown; the inner part of the wing is of a dusky red: the tail-feathers on their interior webs and part of the exterior are grey, with a black band passing across, which is terminated with brownish: the tail is somewhat rounded ; it is composed of fourteen feathers : the feet are red; and the beak black. ) >» PICAZU PIGEON. (Columba maculata. ) Co. capite et parte colli anteriori vinaceis, utroque latere colli ni- grescente albo terminuto, dorso uropygioque cceruleo-plumbeis, alis et caudé fuscis, pennis caud@ atro terminatis. Pigeon with the head and anterior part of the neck vinaceous ; both sides of the neck dusky, terminated by white; the back and rump blue-lead colour; the wings and tail brown, the feathers of the latter terminated with dusky. Columba Picazuro. Temm. Pig. Ind. 449. Colombe Picazuro. Temm, Pig. edit. 8vo. 111. Descrisep by Temminck: in length thirteen inches and a half: the tail is composed of twelve round feathers: the eyes are situated in a naked space, which reaches to the angles of the mouth : the whole of the head, the throat, and the fore part of the neck, of a vinaceous red: the feathers of the upper part of the sides of the neck are rounded and dusky, with white spots in shape of a horse-shoe: the back and rump are of a lively lead colour: the upper part of the back and the wings are brown; with the extremity of the tail dusky: the under parts of the body are bluish: | the inferior wing-coverts and those of the tail are of a bright blue-lead colour: the tarsi are of a reddish violet: the irides are fine red, and the rest of the eye of a blood red: the beak is blue, and is covered with a whitish powder. The female rather less than the male, and her colours are less brilliant. It inhabits Paraguay. A6 SPOTTED GREEN PIGEON. (Columba Picazuro.) Co, saturate viridis, corpore rufra albido-maculato abdomine nigri- cante, caudé nigra apice ferrugined. Dark-green Pigeon, with the body above spotted with whitish, the abdomen dusky, and the tail black, with a ferruginous tip. Columba maculata, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 43.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 780.—Temm., Pig. 465. (Ind.) Spotted Green Pigeon, Lath. Gen. Syn, 4, 642. 37. Tue Spotted Green Pigeon of Latham is in length twelve inches : its beak is black, tipped with pale yellow: the prevailing colour of the plumage is dark glossy green; the head and neck are darkest, and of a plain colour: the feathers of the latter are long and narrow, like a cock’s hackles : each feather of the wings and scapulars is tipped with a spot of pale cinereous white, with a point running upwards in a triangular position: the quills and tail are black; the feathers of the first tipped with greyish white, and those of the last with ferruginous white; the tail is even at the end: the belly, thighs, and vent, are dusky black: the legs are brown: the tarsi covered half way with downy feathers: claws black. 47 GREY-HEALDED PIGEON. (Columba Javanica.) Co. viridis capite caeruleo-albo, collo pectoreque vinaceo-rubris, abdomine obscuriore, remigibus rectricubusque ce@ruleo-nigri- cantibus. Green Pigeon, with the head of a blue white, the neck and breast of a vinaceous red, the abdomen obscure, the quills and tail-feathers of a dusky blue. Columba Javanica. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 610. 60.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.781. 55.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 468. Columba albicapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 755, 8.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 597. 11. Columba Indica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 785.—Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 284.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 598. 16. Columba ceruleocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 610. 61. Colombe aganocephala. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.781. 56. Columba Turvert. Buff. Ois. 2. 556.—Buf. Pl. Enl. 177.— Lemm. Pig. (8vo0.) p. 252. Le Pigeon vert a téte gris d’Antigue. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 112. pl. 66. Le Pigeon ramier d’Amboine. Briss. Orn. 1. 150. pl. 15. f. 1. Green-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 625. 14.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 198.—Edwards, pl. 14. Javan Turtle. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 654. 51. Blue-crowned Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 655, 52. Grey-headed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 623. 11. Tue Grey-headed Pigeon is about the size of the Turtle Dove: its length is ten inches: the fore part of the head is white, with a fillet of that colour passing through the eyes; the top of the head bluish; the sides, neck, and breast reddish : that of the hind part of the neck darkest: the 43 GREY-HEADED PIGEON. back and the whole of the wing-coverts green- gold, glossed with copper, according to the po- sition with respect to the light ; some of the lesser coverts have their feathers tipped with white, giving an agreeable change to the plumage: the lower part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts are ash-coloured : the belly, the thighs, and the feathers beneath the tail are brown, with a slight tinge of red: the under tail-coverts are reddish-brown: the wing-quills are of a deep brown; on their inner webs inclining to red: those of the tail are black, except the two outer ones on each side, which are ash-coloured, and tipped with black: the tail is rather short: the beak is reddish, the membrane at the base bluish: the feet are red, and the claws clear brown. This species is subject to slight variations in its plumage, being found with the whole of the head of a dusky colour, and the plumage generally of a dingy cast: the breast and the neck of a reddish- brown. Inhabits the whole of the islands in the Indian ocean, and many parts of the south of Asia, espe- cially Ceylon; it is also in great abundance in Java and Sumatra, frequenting the vast forests of those places. Sonnerat observed it in the islands of Panay and Antigua. The Chinese give it the name of Yaupaun: the Javanese that of Bouron Glimonhane. JAMBOO PIGEON. (Columba Jamboo.) Co. viridis, capite rubro, gula nigra pectore abdominegue albo, fascia pectorali rosaced. Femina, corpore collo pectoreque vi- ridibus, fronte guldque fuscis, abdomine albido. Green Pigeon, with the head red, the throat black, the breast and abdomen white, and a rosy band on the breast. Female, with the body, neck, and breast, greenish, the forehead and throat brown, and the abdomen white. Columba Jamboo. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 784.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 598. 18.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 469. Colombe Jamboo. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 257. Pooni Jamboo. Maund. Sumat. p. 84. Jamboo Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 627. 16. Tue Jamboo Pigeon received its name from the colour of the fore-part of the head and cheeks, which resembles that of the blossom of the Jam- boo: it isa very elegant bird, and measures about nine inches and a half in length: the whole of the head and cheeks are of a fine carnation hue: the throat is marked with a longitudinal stripe of black: on the breast is a kind of shield of an oval form, and rosy in colour: the whole of the under parts of the body are of a fine deep green tinge: the inferior parts are white: the upper part of the tail is black; the whole of the feathers terminated with white; the under coverts are of a brown colour: the feet are red, and the claws yellow. The female differs a little from the male in the Wek Be ft. 4 50 BLACK-RINGED PIGEON. arrangement of the colours: the whole of the upper parts of the body and the breast are of an uniform greenish tinge: the shield on the latter is of a brown-green: the throat is brown; the belly and the rump are of a whitish-grey: the flanks of the body are varied with spots more or less green: the tail beneath is dusky, and the whole of its feathers are tipped with greyish. This seems to be a scarce species, not ap- pearing to be much known to collectors of birds. It is found in Sumatra: its favourite food is the berries of the Rumpooni: but in a state of cap- tivity it will feed upon boiled rice. BLACK-RINGED PIGEON. (Columba cincta.) Co. capite collo pectoreque flavescente-ulbo, cingulo atro pectus cin- gente, dorso alisque nigricantibus, ventre, cruribus abdomineque flavis, caudé cano terminatd. Pigeon with the head, neck, and breast of a yellowish-white ; the breast encircled with a dark ring ; the back and wings dusky; the belly, thighs, and abdomen yellow; the tail tipped with hoary. Columba cincta. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 466. Colombe a cinturon noir. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 243. Leneru thirteen inches: a kind of white hood covers the whole of the head and the top of the MARTINICO PIGEON. 51 neck ; this colour reaches down towards the breast, which is yellowish ; on the lower part of which is a large black velvety belt passing upwards, close to the base of the wing, forming a kind of mantle of a greenish-black on the upper part of the back ; and reaching some deep green shades upon the greater feathers of the wing; the six outer ones being somewhat rounded at their tips: the rump is greenish: the tail is composed of fourteen fea- thers; its upper parts are of a black-green; the whole of the feathers are terminated with grey, and a stripe of greenish: below the tail is ash- | coloured, and the tips of the feathers are white: the belly, the thighs, and the abdomen are of a beautiful yellow: the tail-coverts are grey, fringed with yellow on the borders of the feathers: the tarsi are covered with feathers: the feet are yel- low: the beak yellowish-brown. Native of Southern Asia. MARTINICO PIGEON. (Columba aurita.) Co, fusco-rufescens torque violaceo-aured, alis nigro-maculatis, gutture albo, partibus inferioribus cineruscentibus, rectricibus in- termediis fuscis ceteris nigro terminatis, apice summo albo. Mas, Pennis ceruleis ex aureo nitente sub orificis auris. Brown-red Pigeon, with a violet golden collar, the wings spot- ted with black, the throat white, the inferior parts of the iS MARTINICO PIGEON. body ash-coloured ; the intermediate tail-feathers brown, t rest tipped with black, the tip itself white. Male, with blue shining golden feathers under the aperture of the ears. Columba aurita. Temm. Pig. Ind. 467. Columba leucoptera. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1.617.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 773.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 595. 6. Columba Martinicana. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.595. 7. «.—Briss. Orn. 1. 104. 14. Columba Indica. Briss. Orn, 1. 105. Turtur auritus. Rai. Syn. p. 184. Le Pigeon brun tachetée. D’ Azara, Voy. Amer. merid, 4. 132. 322. Colombe a Oreillon bleu. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 247. Brown Indian Dove. Edw. Birds, p. 76. White-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 617. 6. Martinico Pigeon. Lath, Gen, Syn, 4. 618. 7. Founp in Martinique, and other of the West Indian islands, also on the South American con- tinent. Length ten inches: the head, the throat, the neck, and the breast are chesnut varied with purple; the feathers surrounding the lower part of the neck have a gilded violet gloss, and form a sort of collar: the male has eight or ten blue golden glossed feathers on each side the head above the ears, which form a conspicuous cha- racter: the back, the rump, the wing-coverts, and the upper parts of the tail are of a brown, varied with red, with several black spots on the greater wing-coverts nearest the body: the belly, the thighs, and the under tail-coverts light fuivous, with a vinaceous tinge: the greater quills of the wings are dusky, with their outer margins whitish: the secondaries are of a brown-black, with grey- ish-white tips: the two intermediate tail-feathers INDIAN PIGEON. 53 are of the same colour as the middle of the back ; the others brown for two-thirds of their length, with the outer margins rufous, the inner deep ash, the rest of their length black, with grey tips: the exterior feather is grey on the outside the whole length: the beak and the claws are black: the feet red. It varies in having ceerulean spots on the wings of a golden hue, and in the secondary quills being terminated with white. INDIAN PIGEON. (Columba Asiatica.) Co. cinereo-viridis, capite cinereo, macula alarum corporeque subtus albis, remigibus nigris albo extus marginatis, Brown-green Pigeon, with the head ash-coloured, a spot on the wings and the body beneath white, the quills black, exter- nally bordered with white. Columba Asiatica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 597. 14.—Temm., Pig. Ind, 467. Indian Pigeon. Lath, Syn. Sup. 202. 60. y. ‘* Lenetu eleven inches: beak bluish at the base; towards the tip white: head ash colour: neck pale yellowish-green ; lower part of the neck all round, the middle of the wing near the shoulders, and all the under parts, white: the whole of the 54 - CAYENNE PIGEON. outer edge of the wings and the quills black, with whitish edges: body above and tail greenish-ash colour; end of the tail dusky: legs bluish: claws black. Inhabits India.”” Latham has described the above as a species; but Temminck seems to think that it is not distinct: further observation may furnish us with the true state of the subject. CAYENNE PIGEON. (Columba Ruffina.) Co. subviolacea, gula, remigibus, rectricibusque griscescentibus, dorso postice griseo-cerulescente. Mas. plumis occipitalibus viridi-nitentibus. Subviolet Pigeon, with the throat, quills, and tail-feathers greyish ; the back behind of a grey-blue. Male, with the feathers of the occiput of a shining green. : Columba ruffina. Temm. Pig. Ind. 467. Colombe roussette. Temm, Pig. (8vo.) 245. Pigeon ramier de Cayenne. Bonn. tab. Ency. Orn. p. 234. 8. A NEw species described by Temminck: it 1s eleven inches and a half in length: its wings are very short in proportion to its tail: the under part of its neck, the upper part of its back, and the lesser wing-coverts are of a deep red, shaded with a tint of violet; which latter colour pre- dominates over the belly, which is shaded with greyish-vinaceous towards the thighs: the ab- BLACK-CAPPED PIGEON. 55 domen and the inferior tail-coverts are grey ; the greater and lesser wing-quills, and those of the tail, are of a greyish-ash; the former having a bright grey margin on their outer webs. ‘The back, the rump, and the inferior wing-coverts are of a bluish-grey: the throat is white. ‘The males are distinguished by a patch of golden green on the occiput; the females have the plumage in general less vivid, and the patch on the occiput is of a reddish-violet colour: the beak, in both, is of a livid colour, the feet are red, and the claws brown. , This species is found in Guiana, and in the islands of Cuba, St. Domingo, and Jamaica. BLACK-CAPPED PIGEON. (Columba melanocephala.) Co. viridis, capite cinerascente, occipite nigro, guld, abdomineque flavis, crisso purpureo-coccineo, caudd equali. Green Pigeon, with the head dusky, the occiput black, the throat and abdomen yellow, the vent of a scarlet-purple, the tail equal. Columba melanocephala. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.781. 54.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 610. 59.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 470. Turvert. Buff. Ois, 2. 555. Tourterelle de Batavia. Buff. Pl. Enl. 214. Colombe Turgris. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 263. Black-capped Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 654. 50. 56 WHITE-WHISKERED PIGEON. NEARLY nine inches in length: the head of a pale bluish-ash colour; the back part of it black ; the chin and throat of a fine deep yellow: neck, and the prevailing colour of the body, fine deep green: vent orange-yellow: some of the feathers on the outside of the thighs tipped with the same: inside of them white: the tail equal; its six mid- dle feathers green; the rest whitish at their tips: the coverts, with the exterior feathers, deep crim- son: the tarsi covered with green feathers: the beak is of a horn colour: the feet are of a red- -dish-brown ; and the irides of a brownish-red. It is found in Java: inhabits the great woods. WHITE-WHISKERED PIGEON. (Columba Mystacea.) Co. gula maculague transversa infra oculos albis, collo antice cerviceque viridi et violaceo nitentibus, pectore ventreque vinaceis, dorso tectricibusque alarum fuscis, remigibus rufis. Pigeon with the throat and transverse spot beneath the eyes white ; the anterior part of the neck and the cervix green, shining with violet ; the breast and belly vinaceous ; the back and wing-coverts brown ; the quills rufous. Columba mystacea. Temm. Pig. Ind. 473. Colombe a moustaches blanches. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 275. EvLeven inches and a half in length: this is well distinguished by a broad band of white, which 7 Qn GARNET-WINGED PIGEON. arises at the base of the beak, and is continued beneath the eyes to the nape: the upper parts of the head, the greater and lesser wing-coverts, the back, the rump, and the two intermediate tail- feathers are of a deep brown, changing, according to the light, to a metallic tinge: the sides of the neck, the upper parts of the back and the breast are of a green gold, changing to an elegant rich violet-purple: the breast is vinaceous, with lively reflections: the belly is also vinaceous; which colour is gradually absorbed in the white of the abdomen and the under coverts of the tail: the primary and secondary quills, the rest of the wing, and the lateral tail-feathers are of a bright red: a naked space near the eyes, and the beak and feet are rufescent; the point of the former yellowish. Inhabits America. GARNET*WINGED PIGEON. (Columba erythroptera. ) Co. nigra, cervice humeris tectricibusque alarum ruberrimis, dorso remigibusque nigris, fronte superciliis gutture pectoreque albis, cauda a medio ad apicem cinerea, Black Pigeon, with the cervix, shoulders, aa wing-coverts reddish ; the back and quills black; the forehead, eyebrows, throat, and breast white ; the tail from the middle to the tip cinereous. 58 GARNET-WINGED PIGEON. Columba erythroptera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 775. 10.—Lath, Ind, Orn. 2. 597. 15.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 473. Le Pigeon a ailes rouges. Sonnini. Buff. 7. 223. Colombe erythroptére. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 273. Garnet-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 624. 13. Nine inches and a half in length: beak. dusky yellow, or black: the forehead white; from thence a streak of the same passes over each eye to the hind head, which is black, as is also the nape: the lower part of the neck behind, the shoulders, and the wing-coverts are of a fine deep garnet colour: the back between the wings, the quills, tail, lower part of the breast, belly, and vent are all black: the tail is greyish-ash colour at the base, and the end black: the under part plain dusky: the legs brown. This varies slightly, having the forehead, throat, fore part of the neck, and breast, white; hind part of the neck dusky: over the eye a ferruginous streak, passing a little downward on each side of the neck : back dusky black: belly dusky: quills and tail blackish: in other respects similar to the above: this variety most probably indicates only a different sex, or a younger bird. Native of the Society and other Islands of the vast Southern Pacific Ocean. 59 VIOLET PIGEON. (Columba violacea. ) Co. fronte collo ventre abdomineque albis, pectore ex candicante wiolaceo, partibus supertoribus ex violaceo rufo, cervice et parte dorst superiore violaceo ex aurev nitente. Pigeon with the forehead, neck, belly, and abdomen, white ; the breast of a hoary violet; the upper parts of the body violet-red ; the cervix and superior part of the back violet, with a gold gloss. Columba violacea. Temm. Pig. Ind. 470. Colombe a nuque violette. Temm, Pig. (Svo.) p. 260. * Native of South America: nine inches in length: the upper parts of its body, comprising the wings and the whole of the tail-feathers, are of a beautiful deep red-purple: the greater wing- quills are reddish: on the nape are some brilliant feathers, forming a kind of collar of a fine violet, with golden reflections: the forehead, the throat, the belly, the sides, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts are of a pure white: the breast is tinged of a violet-purple, with bronzed reflections: the eyes are placed in a reddish space: the beak and the feet are reddish. 60 VLOUVLOU PIGEON. — (Columba holosericea.) Co. viridis, gula alba, fascia alla in pectore, alterdque mgrda, alis Jasctis duobus canis, ventre tectricibusque caude infertoribus flavis, remigibus ad apicem bifurcis. Green Pigeon, with a white throat, the breast with a white fascia, and another of black; the wings with two hoary fascize ; the belly and under tail-coverts yellow; the quills bifurcated at their tips. Columba holosericea. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 471. Colombe vlouvlou. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 269. Tuts magnificent Pigeon has the whole of the upper parts of the plumage, the wings, the neck, the breast, and the sides of a delicate green, changing according to the light: on one part of the neck is a pure white longitudinal fascia, a girdle of black is next, and towards the lower part of the breast it is lost among the yellowish-green tinge of the belly: on the wings are two large bands of greyish-silver: the greater coverts are greyish, with green towards their tips: the se- condary quills are green on the outer edges: the primaries are varied with grey-silver, shaded with green: the interior webs at the extremity of the feathers are black: the tail is of the same green as the body, with a zone of a darker colour towards their extremity ; the under part of the tail is grey, and its coverts are yellow: the feathers on the tarsi are white: the feet are grey: the beak is MASKED PIGEON. - 61 black: the quill-feathers are of a very singular construction, being curved, for about three-fourths of their length, in the shape of a sabre, towards their extremities describing an inverted parabola ; they are likewise divided into two parts towards their extremities; the interior webs being pro- longed in the form of a rounded point, and the exterior ones being terminated in a sharp point. Found in the Sandwich islands. The whole of the plumage of these birds has a rich velvety appearance. MASKED PIGEON. (Columba larvata. ) Co. facie alba, collo, cervice pectoreque violaceis, viridi aureo variantibus, alis dorsoque_ fuscis, abdomine rufo, Pigeon with a white face; the neck, cervix, and breast viola- ceous, varied with green-gold; the wings and back brown: the abdomen rufous. Columba larvata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 471. Colombe a masque blane. Le Vaill. Ois. D’ Afrig. v. 6. pl. 260. —Temm., Pig. (8v0.) p. 266. Discoverep by Le Vaillant, and by him de- scribed in his splendid work on the African birds: it is well discriminated by a white mark that covers the forehead: the cheeks and the throat, as well as the whole of the neck, the breast, the shoulders, 62 TAMBGUR PIGEON. and the rump, are of a brownish-red, changing to purple or green, with a polished steel gloss, ac- cording to the position with respect to the light: the under parts of the body, as also the under tail-coverts, are of an uniform red: the wing-quills are dusky, externally bordered with grey-biue, as are those of the tail: the beak is bluish: the legs are of a vinaceous red, and the eyes are orange. The female differs from the male in being plainer in colour. This bird was observed to be very abundant in the woods of the Antiniquoi: it is very difficult to kill, as it seeks shelter in the most inaccessible places among the trees. TAMBOUR PIGEON. (Columba Tympanistria,) Co. fronte supercilus et partibus inferioribus albis, collo dorso alisque oltvaceo-fuscis, remigibus rufis, cauda fusca, fascia nigra in extremitate trium pennarum. Pigeon with the forehead, eyebrows, and under parts of the body white; the neck, back, and wings of an olive-brown ; the quills rufous, the tail brown, and a black fascia at the tip of three of its feathers. Columba Tympanistria. Temm. Pig. Ind. 475. — Tourterelle Tambourette. Le Vaill. Ois, d’ Afriq. 6. p. 272. Colombe Tambourette. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 287. TAMBOUR PIGEON. 63 Le VAILLANT was induced to give this the name it bears, from the circumstance of its cooing re- sembling the sound of a tambourine at a distance : it is an active species, and wild: its nest is built in the great African woods on the summit of trees: it is nine inches and a quarter in length: the forehead, superciliz, and the whole of the under parts of the body are pure white: the upper part of the head, the hinder part of the neck, and the shoulders are of an earthy-brown: the wing- coverts nearest the body are spotted with blue- black, with a green reflection: the quills are rufous on their interior webs, and brown on the outer; the outer feather is the shortest of all, and its extremity is injured on the outer web: the rump is of a grey-brown, with two darker bands: the tail is composed of twelve feathers ; the six middle ones are of a red-brown; the fol- lowing one on each side is of that colour on the outer web, its inner web is grey at the base, and tipped with black; the two lateral feathers on each side are grey at their bases, and black to- wards their extremities ; the tip is grey: the feet are yellow: the beak and iris are brown. The female is of a dirty white in those parts where the male is pure white; in other respects the sexes are similar. Inhabits Caffraria. 64 SUPERB PIGEON, (Columba superba.) Co. viridis, capite purpureo, cervice subrubicundd, collo cano, ale spurie cingulo cerulets, maculis ovatis ex cerulescente nigris in tectricibus alarum, abdomine tectricibusque subcauda albis. Green Pigeon, with the head purple, the top reddish, the neck hoary, the spurious wing with a blue stripe, the wing-co- verts with ovate blue-black spots, the abdomen and under tail-coverts white. Columba superba. Temm. Pig. Ind. 474. Colombe Poukiobou. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 277. Nive inches and a half in length: the head is adorned with a violet cap: the occiput and the cheeks are of a delicate green: the nape is of a reddish-brown: the shoulders, the back, the greater and middle wing-coverts are of a brilliant green, shaded with olivaceous tints: the wing- coverts are adorned with ovate blue-black spots towards their extremities: the bastard wing is of a violet-blue: the secondary quills are black on their interior webs, and of a deep green without ; the whole of the feathers, as well as the coverts, are slightly edged with yellowish: the quills are blackish, bordered with yellowish-white: the tail is composed of sixteen feathers, and is of an olive- green at its origin, a beautiful green in the centre, and tipped with white, shaded with greenish; the three lateral feathers on each side are black; the others are the same on their inner webs: the GREEN PIGEON. © 65 under part of the tail is grey, tipped with white: all the feathers of the neck are violet at their bases, and towards their extremity grey; which causes that part to assume various shades according to the light: the breast is adorned with a bluish crescent: the belly and abdomen are white: the sides are green, with white spots: the under tail- coverts.are white at their crigin, with oblong green spots on their inner webs: the eyes, which are si- tuated in a naked spot, ar ered: the beak is horn- coloured: the feet are reddish. Native of Ota- heite and other of the Society Islands. - GREEN PIGEON. (Columba viridis.) Co. cenea, collo subtus purpureo-violaceo, rectricibus lateralibus apice sulphureis. Brassy Pigeon, with the neck beneath of a purple violet, the lateral tail-feathers at the tip sulphureous. Columba viridis. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1.283. p.23. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 780. 23.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 609. 58.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 472. Turtur viridis amboinensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 152. 43. t. 15. fi 2. Le Turvert. Buff. Ois. 2. 55. La Tourterelle a gorge pourprée d’Amboine. Buff. Pl. End. 142. Colombe a gorge pourprée. Temm. Pig. (8vo0.) 374. Green Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 053. 49. . Wa aaliy PLT, 5 66 PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON. Neary eight inches in length: the beak is red : the fore-part of the head and the throat are ash- coloured : the hind-part of the head and neck, the back, rump, upper tail and wing-coverts, breast, belly, sides and thighs, green-gold, with a coppery gloss: the fore-part of the neck a brilliant violet purple: the greater wing-coverts above have the outer edges at the tip brimstone; the under wing- coverts ash-colour: the quills are blackish, with their outer edges and tips of the same colour as the body: the tail is blue-green, glossed with copper; the two middle feathers are plain, and incline to dusky on the inner webs; the others are all tipped with brimstone-colour : beneath they all appear blackish, with the tips of a dirty white ; and the under tail-coverts of a greenish white : the legs are red, and half covered with feathers; the claws grey-brown. Inhabits the island of Amboina. PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON. (Columba purpurata.) Co. viridis, fronte purpurascenté, capite colloque cinereo-allis, crisso flavo, apice caude virescente, remigibus nigris. Green Pigeon, with the forehead purple, the head and neck greyish white, the vent yellow, the tip of the tail greenish, and the quills black. : Columba purpurata. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 784. 64.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 598. 17.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 474. | PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON. 67 lombe Kurukuru. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 280. Purple-crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 626. 15. Lenetu nine inches: beak yellowish: irides pale yellow : forehead, to the middle of the crown, purple: the head, neck, and under parts of the body, are of a pale green, inclining to ash-colour : vent and under tail-coverts yellow: all the upper parts of the body of a beautiful deep green, and very glossy: quills black; the two outer ones wholly so, the others edged with green; the se- condaries edged with yellow on their outer mar- gins: the tail is three inches and a half long, the feathers even, all of them somewhat pointed at the end; the colour greenish black, the outer edges green: when the tail is expanded a greyish bar appears near the end, composed of spots of that colour on the inner webs of each feather : the legs are very rough, and dusky black: claws black. This species is subject to considerable variety ; one is mentioned which came from the isle of Timor, which had the forehead and occiput of a dark violet purple, surrounded with a yellow band: the green on the upper parts was of a dark blue cast: the coverts fringed with yellow: the belly and abdomen green: the feet of a reddish brown: and the beak entirely black. The young of this bird has the forehead of a greyish blue, surrounded by a yellow olive band: the occiput, the neck, and the breast, with tints of grey and dirty yellow: the wings, the back, and the tail, of a deep dull green; the whole of the feathers are fringed with ochra- 68 STRIATED PIGEON. ceous: the tip of the tail has a ‘ower deep gr band: the belly, the abdomen, and the under tail- coverts shaded with olive and grey-green: the beak grey : the legs brown. The natives of the islands where this splendid bird is found have given it a distinguishing name: those of Tongataboo calling it Kurukuru, by the Otaheiteans it is called Oopa or Oopow. It is said by Latham to be easily tamed, and that it lives on the banana. | STRIATED PIGEON. (Columba Sinica.) Co. fusca nigro-fasciata, abdomine subsanguineo, remigibus nigris, tectricibus alarum majoribus intermediis albis. Brown Pigeon, fasciated with black, the abdomen of a blood- red tinge, the quills black, and the intermediate greater wing- coverts white. Columba Sinica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 284. 28.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 783. 28.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 608. 52. Temm. Pig. Ind. 472. Turtur sinensis striatus. Briss. Orn. 1. 107. 16. Tourterelle rayée de la Chine. Buff. O1s. 2. 556. Colombe a ventre rouge. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 373. Striated Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 650. 43. -Founp in China: ten inches and a half in length: the beak bluish ash-colour: irides white: the top of the head ash-colour: cheeks and sides of the GEOFFROY’S PIGEON. 69 * neck yellow; the tips of the feathers of the latter red, which colour is separated from the upper part of the neck by a longitudinal band of blue: the hind part of the head, the upper part of the neck, the back, the rump, and upper tail-coverts, are brown, transversely striped with slender black arched bands: the breast, belly, sides, and thighs, are rose-coloured : the lesser wing-coverts are pale brown, varied with a black and white transverse mark near the tip of each feather: the other co- verts are black, with white tips: quills black, with white edges: the tail of a palish brown: the legs red, and the claws white. GEOFFROY’S PIGEON. (Columba Geoffroii.) Co. cano-alba, in carpo ale quingue aut sex maculis violaceis viridi-nitentibus, aliisque septem aut octo maculis fuscis in alarum extremo remigibus nigrescente-fuscis, Hoary white; in the bend of the wing five or six violaceous spots glossed with green, and seven or eight brown ones at the tip of the wing ; the quills of a dusky brown. Columba Geoffroii. Temm. Pig. Ind. 476. Colombe Geoffroy. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 297. E1cut inches in length: the whole of the head and under part of the neck is of a greyish white hue: the rest of the body is of a greyish hue: the: 70 WHITE PIGEON. tail is of a whitish blue, and more clear than the head: the upper parts of the shoulders are orna- mented with five or six violet-black spots, which change to green in various positions: the greater wing-coverts are marked with seven or eight simi- lar spots, of which three are of the colour of the rest of the wing, and the other five of a tobacco colour; each spot is bordered with a transverse black line: the quills are of a dusky brown, as is the beak: the feet are red. Inhabits Bengal. Named by Temminck after Geoffroy St. Hillaire. WHITE PIGEON. (Columba alba.) Co. corpore albo, caudé brevi. Pigeon with a white body and short tail. Columba alba. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 484. Colombe blanche. Temm. Pig. (8vo0.) p. 333. Tuts greatly resembles the white variety of C. risoria, but it is much less than that bird, and its tail is considerably shorter; the wings are also longer in proportion: the whole of the plumage is of a pure milk-white colour: the feet are red: irides the same; and the beak is of a dusky red: originally a native of China, but now domesticated in many parts of Europe. 71 COLLARED SENEGAL PIGEON. (Columba risoria. ) Co. supra lutescens subtus alba, lunuld cervicali nigra. Pigeon above yellowish, beneath white, with a black lunule on the back of the neck. Columba risoria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 787. 33.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.607.51.—Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 481. Columba vinacea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 611. 63.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 782. 57. | Turtur torquatus. Briss. Orn. 1. 95. Turtur torquatus Senegalensis. Briss. Orn,1. 124. t.2.f. 1. Turtur indicus. Raz, Syn. p. 61. 3. La Tourterelle a collier. Buff. Ois. 2. 550. pl. 26.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 244. La Tourterelle a collier du Sénégal. Buff. Otis. 2. 553.—Buff. Pl, Enl. 161. Tourterelle blonde. Le Vaill, Ois. d’ Afriq. 6. pl. 268. Colombe blonde. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 323. Indian Turtle. Hayes. Brit. Birds. pl. 13. Collared Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 64S. 42. Collared Senegal Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 056. 54. Leneoru six inches and a half: the whole of the plumage is of an agreeable pearly grey, with a slight purplish tint : the fore-part of the head, and the under parts of the body, are whitish: the back and wings are of a yellowish bay tint: the quills are dusky, bordered with yellow: the tail-feathers are ash-coloured above, and all, except the two middle ones, are tipped with white ; the most out- ward one on each side being entirely white on its exterior web: the upper part of the neck is sur- 72 _ TURTLE PIGEON. rounded with a black collar: the beak is dusky : the irides and feet are red. The female differs from the male in having the collar much narrower, and the colour on the breast brighter. ‘This spe- cies is sometimes entirely of a pure white, and is then very liable to be confounded with the C. alba, but may be readily distinguished from that species by its superior size, as also the difference in length of the tail and wings. The male of this species is remarkable for ie tenderness towards the female. TURTLE PIGEON. (Columba Turtur.) Co. rectricibus apice albis, dorso griseo, pectore vinaceo, macula laterait colli nigra lineolis albis, abdomine albo. Pigeon with the tail-feathers white at their tips, the back gri- seous, the breast vinaceous, a black spot on the sides of the. neck, with white stripes, the abdomen white. Columba Turtur. Lznn. Syst. Nat. 1. 284. 32. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 786, 32.—Briss. Orn. 1. p. 92. 7.—Raz. Syn. 61. 2. —Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 47.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 472.—Temm. Man. D’ornith. p. 280. La Tourterelle. Buff: Ois. 2. p. 545. pl. 25.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 394. Colombe Tourterelle. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 305. Common Turtle. Penn. Brit. Zool. 103. pl. 45.—Albin. 2. pl. 47. and 48.—Hayes. Brit. Birds. pl. 14.—Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 644. 40.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 199.—Wale. Syn. 2. p. 188.— Lewin. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 130.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. p. 272. —Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Spotted-necked Turtle. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 645. 40. ‘ay Ra \ NS \ \ \ \ NS Za XN ee s AWS: LE ES ay ye a EN NG %) ES \\ LG, é BES ay ESN ig? AL YS ) a 4 TURTLE PIGEON. AS N xe) TURTLE PIGEON. te Var. 8. fusca macula laterali colli albo nigroque varia, rectricibus cinereis; lateralibus latere exteriore omnibus apice albis. Brown, with the spot on the sides of the neck varied with black and white, the tail-feathers cinereous, and the outer ones entirely white on the external web at the tip. Columba Turtur. y. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 606.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 479. Turtur lusitanicus, Briss. Orn. 1. 98. 9. Tourterelle de Portugal. Buff. O1s. 2. 556. Portugal Dove. Albin. 2. pl. 48.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 646. war. B. Var. y. griseo cinerea subtus vinaceo grisea, maculi colli nigra, pennis apice albis, rectricibus intermediis duabus nigris, latera- libus albis. Grey ash-colour ; beneath of a vinaceous grey ; neck with a black spot, the feathers tipped ,with white ; the two middle tail-fea- thers black, the lateral ones white. Columba Turtur 6. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.606.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 479. Colombe Tourterelle, var. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 312. La Tourterelle de V’iles du Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 52. pl. 22: Luzonian Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 646. c. Turis elegant species is twelve inches in length : the beak is brown: the irides yellow; a naked space beneath and behind the eyes of a purplish red: the top of the head and upper part of the neck behind cinereous: on each side of the neck is a patch of black feathers, tipped with white: the back is brown, dashed with cinereous, the margin of each feather lightest: the scapulars and wing-coverts black, deeply margined with fer- ruginous brown: quills dusky brown, with light edges: the forehead and chin dull white: breast pale vinaceous: belly and under tail-coverts white : the sides above and thighs are ash-coloured : upper 74: | TURTLE PIGEON. tail-coverts dusky, edged with brown, and dashed with cinereous: the tail is black, tipped with white, except the two middle feathers, which are wholly of a dusky brown; the outer feather is shorter than the rest, and white on the exterior web : the legs are purplish red. ‘The female not so bright 1 in colour, and rather less than the male. This bird is subject to very great variation : one variety has been described to occur in this country: this differs from the common one in having almost — the whole side of the head black, and instead of each feather being tipped with white, there is a round spot of white on each near the end, giving a beautiful appearance to the sides of the neck. Several other varieties are mentioned by Latham, but as they may eventually prove to be separate species, it will be most prudent to pass them over in silence, merely giving the synonyms as they occur in Temminck. A variety worth recording is mentioned by Bewick ; it agreed in every respect with the common species, except that the mark on the neck (which forms so conspicuous a character) was entirely wanting: this 1s probably the young bird. | The Turtle visits the southern parts of England in the spring, and disappears in the beginning of September : it is principally found in thick woods, and builds on the highest trees; the nest is com- posed of sticks: the female lays two white eggs, and breeds but once in the year; but in warmer climates it is said to breed several times. Kent seems to be the county where these birds are most numerous, Dr. Latham mentioning that they may ¥ SURINAM PIGEON. ~ "5 be seen in the number of twenty or more at a time in the pea-fields as soon as the peas begin to ripen, and that they do much mischief in consequence :. their stay with us seldom exceeds four or five months: they occur as far west as Devonshire; they are not common in that part, but are rather more frequent in Somerset. They are often found far to the north. Their note is singularly tender and plaintive; and the male in addressing his mate makes use of a variety of pleasing attitudes, cooing at the same time in gentle and soothing tones: he assists the female in the process of incubation. Montague takes notice of some singular glands, situated beneath the craws of this bird, which se- crete a milky fluid. This bird appears to be generally disseminated over the old continent, occurring in Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. | SURINAM PIGEON. (Columba Surinamensis.) Co. cinerea subtus alba, guld viridi nigroque varia, remigibus exterioribus fuscis, medits cinerets. Grey Pigeon, beneath white, with the throat varied with green and black; the exterior quills brown, cinereous in the middle. Columba surinamensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 787. 67.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 607. 50.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 472. La Tourterelle de Surinam. Fermin, Surin. 2. p. 165. Colombe Fermin. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 375. Surinam Turtur. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 647. 41. 76 DOUBLE-COLLARED PIGEON. Tuts species, which is stated by Fermin to be a native of Surinam, is ten inches in length: the beak is of a blue cast: the head and back are ash- colour ; throat mixed green and black: the outer wing-feathers brown, and those of the middle ash- colour : the breast and belly whitish: legs red. It is said to build twice a year, in woods, at a distance from any habitation, on the highest trees : its flesh is accounted very fine. DOUBLE-COLLARED PIGEON. (Columba bitorquata.) Co. capite cano collo pectore ventreque vinaceis, dorso alisque fusco-canis, remigibus canis, abdomine albo, collum torquis duobus ; supertori atbo ; infertore -nigro, cauda longa. Pigeon with the head hoary; the neck, the breast, and the belly vinaceous ; the back and wings of a hoary brown; the quills hoary; the abdomen white; the neck with two collars, the upper one white, the lower black; the tail long. Columba bitorquatus. Temm, Pig. Ind. 477. Colombe a double collier. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 301. Heap grey-brown: the neck, the belly, and the breast of a vinaceous colour: the nape is orna- mented with two collars; the upper one is of a pure white, and the lower black: the back, the scapulars, and the middle wing-coverts are of an earthy grey: the lesser coverts are of a blue lead- * aren Ree & kay sy fy yt 4 iy Tips / Hy 4, Wy \ VQ / Ce i We Lio YA ine, y} qin Wi He) v8 i A DUFRE SNES PIGEON. DUFRESNE’S PIGEON. 74 colour: the great and middle quills are grey: the three lateral ones on each side of the tail are en- tirely black at their base, and for three-fourths of their length; their outer webs are greyish white, as are their tips; the intermediate feathers are of an earthy brown: the abdomen is white. Native of India. Length eleven inches: beak black : legs red. . DUFRESNE’S PIGEON. (Columba Dufresnii.) Co. brunneo-purpurascens mutabilis, capite cerulescenti-griseo, collo utringue superne nigro-maculato, remigibus brunneis ex- terne tenue pallido-marginatis, uropygio albido, rectricibus sub- tus nigris apice albidis ; quatuor exteriortbus utrinque supra nigris griseo-terminatis ; reliquis brunnets. Brown Pigeon, inclining to changeable purple; head bluish- grey; neck on each side mottled with black; wing-quills brown externally, with a narrow border of pale colour; vent whitish ; tail-quills underneath black, with white tips; the four exterior ones on each side above black, terminated with grey ; the rest brown. Columba Dufresnii. Leach MSS. Turis species visits the Isle of France in February in troops, and frequents running water: it is sup- posed by Colonel Mathieu, (who presented it to Monsieur Dufresne, in whose valuable museum Dr. Leach observed it, and drew up the above de- scription) to migrate from the Isles Sachelle. 78 SURAT PIGEON. (Columba tigrina.) Co. capite collo superior: pectoreque vinaceo-canis, lunuld nigré an cervice macults albis intermixta, dorso alisque canis fusco-cano- maculatis, pennis cervicis stnuatis. Pigeon with the head, upper part of the a and breast vina- ceous; a black lunule on the nape, varied with white spots; the bank and wings hoary, with brownish-grey spots; the fea- thers on the back of the neck sinuated. Columba tigrina. Temm. Pig. Ind, p. 481. Columba suratensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 609. 55.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 778. Columba risorie. 6. Lath. Ind. Orn..2. 608. 51. Colombe a nuque perlée. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 317. La Tourterelle grise de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 176. pl. 102. Chinese Grey Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. GAQ—A2. Surat Turtle. Lath. Gen, Syn, 4. 652, 40. Ten inches and a half long: the upper part of the head and the neck are of a vinaceous grey: the throat is whitish, with a tinge of vinaceous towards the lower part of the neck: the breast is of a bright vinaceous: on the neck is a collar about one inch wide; the feathers of which it is composed are of a triangular shape, and are black, with a few white spots: those of the upper part of the neck are marked with a quadrangular spot, and those towards the base have a similar spot, which is of an earthy colour: the feathers on the top of CAMBAIAN PIGEON. 79 the back are of a grey-brown, terminated by a band of a yellow ochre-colour: the great and middle coverts, and the lesser ones towards the ly, are grey-brown ; the latter have their extre- mities of a greyish-ash : the quills are dusky, varied with greyish ; the lesser quills, the rump, and the superior tail-coverts, and the four middle tail-fea- thers, are of a grey-brown; the others are grey at their base, with a dusky band in their middle ; the three outer feathers of each side are terminated with white: the under part of the tail is black, with white towards the tip: the belly, the thighs, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are white: the sides of the body are of a vinaceous grey tinge: the small feathers on the eyelid are white: the beak is black; the eyes are red; and the legs yellow. Not uncommon in China, India, Batavia, and other islands of the Indian Ocean: it is partial to the skirts of deep forests: it is easily tamed. - CAMBAIAN PIGEON. (Columba Cambayensis.) Co. grisea subtus alba, capite subvinaceo, collo subtus nigro rufo- vario, rectricibus lateralibus nigro griseoque dimidiatis, tectri- cibus alarum cinereo-griseis, abdominé albo. Grey Pigeon, beneath white ; with the head subvinaceous ; the neck beneath black, varied with rufous; the lateral tail-fea- = 80 ait CAMBAIAN PIGEON. thers half black, half grey ; the wing-coverts of an:ashy-grey, and the abdomen white. Columba Cambayensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 609. 56. —Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.779. 49.—Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 482. Columba Senegalensis. Linn. Syst. Nat: 1. 283.—Gmel. Sys fat. 1. 782. 26.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 610. 62. Turtur gutture maculato Senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. p. 125. 25. pl. B.f.ids Tourterelle a gorge tachetée du Sénégal. Buff. Ows. 2. 552. La Tourterelle grie du Surate. Sonner. Voy. Ind, 2. 180. Colombe Maillée. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. 6. p. 270. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 32g. Cambayan Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 652. 47. Senegal Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 655, 53. Axsout ten inches in length: the head and the upper part of the neck are of a beautiful vinaceous | colour: the whole of the feathers of the breast are very much spotted ; it is of a rosy tint, beautifully varied with black; producing a kind of loose scales! the upper part of the back is of a brownish red; each, feather being brown, terminated with bright rosy : the wing-coverts nearest the body are the same; the others are grey-blue: the middle feathers of the wing are ash-coloured ; the quills are dusky: the belly has a vinaceous tinge, which colour inclines to white on the abdomen and the inferior tail-coverts, which latter are pure white: the tail-feathers are black below, and for half their length; the rest is whitish; above the six middle feathers are of a brownish ash; and the three lateral ones on each side are deep ash at their base, and white towards their tips: the beak is blackish yellow: towards the point: the. eyes are AFRICAN PIGEON. 81 orange: and the feet are bright red. The female is rather less than the male, and the colours are not so vivid. Inhabits the south-west coast of Africa, from the Camis mountains to the Grand Namaquois, on the borders of Hausi, and is amazingly abundant on the Grand River, the Orange, and other rivers: its nest is constructed in trees: the female lays two white eggs. AFRICAN PIGEON. (Columba Afra. ) Co. griseo-fusca, subtus albida, maculis tectricum alarum violaceo- | agureis, rectricibus extimis bast extertore maculague apicis albis. | Grey-brown Pigeon, beneath whitish, with the wing-coverts with violaceous blue spots, the lateral tail-feathers at the base on the outside, and a spot at their tips, white. Columba Afra. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 214.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. t. 706. p. 31.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 611. 64.—Temm, Pig. Ind. 476. : Turtur senegalensis. Briss. Orn, 1, 122. t. 10. f. 1. Tourterelle du Sénégal. Buff. Ois. 2. 553.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 160. Tourterelle Emeraudine. Le Vaill, Ois. d’ Afvig. 6. pl. 271. Colombe Emeraudine.. Temm. Pig, (8vo.) p. 291, African Turtle. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 656. 55. Less than the Turtle Dove: length eight inches: the beak reddish: the top of the head ash-coloured: NS a ae 6 82 AFRICAN PIGEON. the hind-part of the neck, the back, wing-coverts, and rump, grey-brown: the throat whitish: the fore-part of the neck and breast pale vinaceous: belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, dirty- white: the upper tail-coverts grey-brown, with blackish tips: the quills brown, with their inner webs rufous: on each wing are some green-gold spots, glossed with violet: the tail is nearly three inches long; the two middle feathers blackish brown, the rest grey-brown, with dusky ends; the outer one with a white spot at the tip; be- neath all are black except the outer one, which has the exterior web for two-thirds of its length white, and a spot at its tip: the legs are red ; claws brown. The female is less than the male, and resembles him entirely, except in the green spots on the wings, which are smaller, and not so brilliant in colour. A variety of this species has the whole of the plumage clearer, and the spots on the wings reflecting a strong purple tinge; in other respects it is like the first. Very abundant towards the rivers Gamtoo, Louvi, and Van Staaden, in Southern Africa: it builds in the borders of the above rivers, and pro- duces two white eggs: its cry couw—cou—cou— cou— is uttered in a very moving and languid tone, and is repeated with loss of breath, and an insensible falling of the voice. 83 CINEREOUS PIGEON. (Columba cinerea.) Co, cana, alis dorso et binis pennis caud@ mediis exfusco canis, pennis lateralibus nigris ; maculis quadrangularibus et rotundis an tegminibus alarum ; cauda quadrata. Hoary Pigeon, with the wings, back, and the two middle tail- feathers, of a brown-grey; the lateral feathers black; the wing-coverts spotted with quadrangular and round shaped marks ; the tail quadrate. Columba cinerea. Temm. Pig. Ind. 477. Colombe Souris. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 290. SEVEN inches in length: the forehead, the throat, and the whole of the under parts of this bird, are white, with a slight tinge of grey-blue: the head, the sides of the neck, and the upper part of the back, are of a dark grey-blue: the shoulders, the wing-coverts, the rump, the two intermediate tail- feathers, and the lateral ones at the base, of a greyish mouse-colour: the wing-coverts are marked with several small round and quadrangular spots, of a blue-black colour: the quills are of a grey- brown: the third part of the length of the lateral feathers, and the same of the under part of the tail, are black: the beak is yellow, and the feet are red. Native of Brasil. 84 VINACEOUS PIGEON. (Columba vinacea.) Co. capite collo et partibus inferioribus vinaceo purpureis, alis dorso caudéque nigricante fuscis. Pigeon with the head, and under parts of the body, of a vinaceous purple ; the wings, back, and tail, of a dusky brown. Columba vinacea. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 477. Colombe vineuse. Temm, Pig. (8vo.) p. 303. Tue total length of this species is ten inches: its head, neck, and the whole of the under parts of the body, are of a beautiful vinaceous colour or purple: the wings, the back, and the tail, are of an uniform sooty-brown: the beak is black, the feet are reddish brown, and the claws are brown. Inhabits Guiana. BROWN PIGEON. (Columba brunnea.) Co, pileo collo supra dorso tectricibusque alarum brunneis, pecq tore collo subtus uropygioque viridi-splendidis. Pigeon with the top of the head, the neck above, the back, and the wing-coverts, brown; the breast, neck beneath, and rump, of a splendid green. PAINTED PIGEON. : 35 Columba brunnea, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 603. 38. Temm. Pig. Ind. 475. ? Colombe bruvert. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 375. Brown Pigeon, Lath, Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 267. 2. Innaxsits New Zealand. The beak and legs in this species are of a blood-red: the crown, upper part of the neck, back, and wing-coverts, red- brown: breast, fore-part of the neck, and rump, glossy green. PAINTED PIGEON. (Columba picturata.) Co. capite cano, pennis emarginatis in origine nigris, fusco albes- cente terminatis tn lateribus collo; dorso tectricibusque alarum purpuratis; pennis caude lateralibus nigrescente canis, medio nigris alboque terminatis. Pigeon with the head hoary, the feathers marginated, and black at their bases, on the sides of the neck ending in brownish- white; the back and wing-coverts purple; the lateral tail-fea- thers of a dusky grey, the middle black, tipped with white. Columba picturata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 480. Colombe peinte. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 315. ELrven inches and a quarter in length: the tail is elongated, and somewhat rounded: the head, the throat, and the upper parts of the neck, are of a greyish-ash: the under part of the neck, 86 _ MALABAR PIGEON. the breast, and the belly, are of a vinaceous hue: the sides of the neck are spotted in the middle, they are black at their origin, and terminate in clear vinaceous; they ae the appearance of a coat of mail: the upper part of the back, and the smaller wing-coverts, are of a much deeper vina- ceous than the breast : the scapulars, the seconda- ries, and the quills, are of a grey-brown, which colour predominates on the two middle tail-fea- thers; the other feathers are of a black-grey at their origin, and then black for three-fourths of their length, and terminated with a spot of grey- ish-ash: the under part of the tail is black, termi- nated with whitish-grey: the back, the rump, and the sides of the body, are grey: the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are of a vinaceous white: the beak red: the feet are bluish-grey. Found in the island of Madagascar. MALABAR PIGEON. (Columba Malabarica.)} Co. cinerea subtus alba alis medio maculis ovatis, rectricibus late: ralibus & basi ultra medium nigris, reliqua parte albis. Cinereous Pigeon, beneath white; with ovate spots in the middle of the wings; the lateral tail-feathers from the base to the middle black, the rest white. Columba Malabarica. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.779. 50. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.609. 57. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 483. BLUE PIGEON. 87 Tourterelle de la cote de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. p. 180. Colombe brame. Yemm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 376. Malabar Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 652. 48. Size of the Surat Turtle: beak and irides red: the head, back, and wings, of a pale cinereous grey: the neck and breast light vinaceous grey: the middle wing-coverts marked with oval spots : the two middle tail-feathers grey ; the others black for two-thirds of their length, and from thence to the end white: the belly white: the legs red. In- habits the Malabar coast. | BLUE PIGEON. (Columba czrulea.) Co. cerulea, gula, genis ventreque albis, pectore vinaceo-fusco, apice rostrz albescente. Blue Pigeon, with the throat, cheeks, and belly, white, the breast of a brownish vinaceous, and the tip of the beak whitish. Columba cerulea. Temm. Pig. Ind, 475. Colombe azurée. Temm. Pig. (8vo0.) p. 290. Tue whole of the upper parts of this beautiful little Pigeon are of a brilliant lively azure: the cheeks and the throat are pure white: the lower part of the neck and the breast are of a brownish 88 MALACCA PIGEON. yellow tinge, shaded with vinaceous: the belly and abdomen are whitish: the feet and the circle surrounding the eyes are red: the base of the beak is reddish; its tip whitish. The length of this bird is nine inches: its tail is slightly rounded: it is a native of Bengal. | MALACCA PIGEON. (Columba Malaccensis.) Co. corpore cinereo, dorso alisque maculis lunulatis fuscis, collo pectoreque lateribus undulatim lineata, ventre abdomineque albo winaceo. Pigeon with a cinereous body, the back and wings with fuscous lunulated spots, the neck and sides of the breast with waved lines, the belly and abdomen of a vinaceous white. Columba Malaccensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.788. 68. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 612. 69.—Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 484. — : Columba Bantamensis. Sparr. Mus. Carls. fas. 111. pl. 67-— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 615. 77. Columba striata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 282. 18. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 775. 18. Turtur Indicus striatus. Briss, Orn. 1. 109. 17. Tourterelle rayée des Indes. Buff. O1s. 2. 557. La petite Tourterelle de Quedra. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 177. Colombe a large queue. Zemm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 339. Barreled Turtle. Edw. pl. 16.— Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 650. 44. Lath. Syn. Sup. 200. 3 Bantamese Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 2. 271. 10, Malacca Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 661. 60. MALACCA PIGEON. 89 ForeveaD and throat of a bright grey-blue : the occiput is brown: the feathers on the nape and the sides of the neck, the lateral parts of the breast and of the body, are alternately streaked with white and dusky brown; those of the nape are reddish: the whole of the back, the wing- coverts, and the rump, are of an earthy grey; they are tipped with a slight black band: the greater and middle quills are of a dusky brown: the wing beneath is rosy: the centre of the breast is of a vinaceous hue, which colour passes down over the belly and abdomen, and the tail-coverts, gradually getting whiter, till at the last it becomes, of a pure white: the tail-feathers are of a dusky brown; the two intermediate ones are of an earthy brown; the three lateral ones for three-quarters of their length are blackish, the ends white; the fourth feather on each side has the tip only white: the beak is black, with a yellow point: the irides and the legs are of an orpiment yellow. The female differs from the male in the colours, being less vivid: the grey-blue on the forehead and the throat is more dull, and the transverse streaks on the neck and sides are less determined than in the male. This is a beautiful species: it inhabits the Isle of Java, Malacca, the Isles of Sunda, and others of the vast Indian Archipelago: in the former it is frequent at the borders of the great woods ; it constructs its nest on the trees, and is held in great estimation by the natives: it is very fine eating, and is easily tamed; its cry is very harmonious and affecting; the male and female are very loving, and their movements graceful. es 90 SCALY PIGEON. (Columba squamosa. ) Co. ex cano-fusca nigro-squamosa, alis maculis albis. Pigeon of a hoary-brown colour, with black scales, the wings with white spots. Columba squamosa. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 484. Colombe écaillé. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 336. Picuipinima. Marcg. Hist. Nat. Brasil. p. 204. ScaRCELY eight inches in length: the whole plumage has the appearance of being covered with black scales, each feather being terminated by a band more or less strong of that colour: the shades of colour on the head and the hinder part of the neck are of a greyish-vinaceous; which - colour becomes very bright in front of the neck and on the breast, and reaches the rest of the under parts, gradually passing to whitish: the feathers of the back and the rump, those of the middle of the tail, and the greater wing-coverts, are of an earthy grey-brown: one of the small, and the whole of the middle coverts, have the edges of the webs whitish: the quills are black ; as are also the lateral tail-feathers at their base; but the four outer ones on each side are termi- nated with white: the beak is black: and the feet red. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Bahia in Brasil ee 9] GREAT-TAILED PIGEON. (Columba macroura.) Co. caudd equali longitudine corporis, corpore cinnamomeo subtus albido, rectricibus apice albis. Pigeon with an equal tail the length of the body, which is cin- namon-coloured above, and whitish beneath ; the tail-feathers tipped with white. Columba macroura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.790.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 615. 76.—Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 485. La Tourterelle a large queue, ou Tourocco, Buff. Ois.2.553. | —Buff. Pl. Enl. 329. ) Colombe Tourocco. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) Great-tailed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 667. 66. Tus bird is remarkable for the great size of its tail, which occupies above half the length of the - body: the head, the neck, and the whole of the upper parts of the body, the wings and the tail, are of a reddish cinnamon-colour: the breast is of a vinaceous red; and the whole of the under parts of the body are reddish white : the throat is white, as are the lateral feathers of the tail: the beak and legs are red. Inhabits Senegal and other parts of Africa. CHESNUT-SHOULDERED PIGEON. (Columba spadicea.) Co. capite colloque viridi-aureis rubentibus, humeris spadiceis, dorso alisque cerulescentibus, abdomine albo. Pigeon with the head and neck of a reddish green golden colour, - the shoulders chesnut, the back and wings bluish, and the abdomen white. 3 Columba spadicea. Lath, Ind. Orn. Sup. [X. 7.—Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 444. Colombe geant. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 74. Chesnut-shouldered Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. If. Add. p- 375. Tuts fine species inhabits Norfolk Island, and other parts of the southern Archipelago: it is very remarkable for the size of its tail, which is slightly forked, the outer feathers being two lines longer than the intermediate. According to Temminck’s account of this splendid species, it measures from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail about nineteen inches, the latter being about seven and a half, and is composed of twelve feathers ; its upper part is of a deep brown, reflecting rich green and purple tints; its extremity is of an ochre colour; the under part of the tail is of a greyish-white, changing to a metallic green, and towards its extremity it is of a deep brown: the wings, which reach about half-way towards the extremity of the tail, have their greater quills of a deep reddish-white colour, reflecting a brilliant PASSENGER PIGEON. 93 green on their outer webs; the secondaries and the greater coverts are of a clear reddish-white, changing according to the reflection of the light to a greenish hue: the middle coverts are of a golden-green: the smaller coverts, the scapulars, and the upper part of the back, are of a chesnut- colour, with metallic reflections: the occiput, and the hinder part of the neck, are of a deep green: the head, the fore-parts of the neck, and the breast, are of a beautiful dark green, with brilliant reflections: the belly, and the whole of the under parts of the body, are of a pure white: the beak and the feet are red. B. Tail wedge-shaped. PASSENGER PIGEON. (Columba migratoria. ) Co. corpore cinereo, cervice viridi-aureo purpurascentibus, alis & medio maculis ovatis, pectore rufo, abdomine albo. Femina, corpore griseo-fusco, subtus albido, pectore albo-flavicante. Pigeon with a cinereous tail, the top of the neck of a green golden purple, the wings with ovate spots in the middle, the breast rufous, and the abdomen white. Female with the body of a grey-brown, beneath whitish, the breast whitish- yellow. Columba migratoria. Linn, Syst. Nat.1. 285. 16. male-—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 789. 36. male.x—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.612. 70. male. —Temm, Pig. Ind. 486.—Wils. Amer. Orn, O04 PASSENGER PIGEON. Columba canadensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 284. 30. female. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 785. female.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 613. 72. female. (Enas Americana. Briss. Orn. 1. 100. 12. male. Turtur Canadensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 118. 21. female. Pigeon de Passage. Buff. Ois. 2. 527. male. Tourterelle du Canada. Buff. Pl. Enl. 176. female. Buff. Ois. 2. 552. female. Canada Turtle. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.190. female. Lath, Gen. . Syn, 4. 658. 58. female. Passenger or Migratory Pigeon. Phil. Trans. v. 62. p- 398.— . Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 187.—Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 23.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 661. 61.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 225.—Wils. Amer, Orn. V. p. 102. pl. XLIV. f. 1. Tue Passenger Pigeon, and the Canada Turtle- Dove, appear to be the two sexes of this bird, the latter being the female: the male is about fourteen inches in length: its beak is black: bare space round the eyes crimson: irides orange: the head, throat, hind-part of the neck, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, cinereous: wing-coverts the same, varied with black spots: sides of the neck of a glossy variable purple: fore-part of the neck and breast vinaceous: belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the same, but paler: quills black- brown, with whitish edges: the two middie tail- feathers blackish; the rest of a grey-brown, greenish at the base of the interior webs; with a reddish spot; beneath which is a spot of black: the feet are red, and the claws black. ‘The female, which is scarcely so large as the male, differs somewhat in her plumage: she has the top of her head, the back of the neck, the shoulders, and the greater PASSENGER PIGEON. bi 95 wing-coverts, of a grey-brown; the latter sprinkled with spots of black: the feathers on the sides of the neck are violet, with a golden reflection: the - rump is of a grey-brown: the upper tail-coverts, and the two middle feathers, are of an earthy- brown; the rest of the tail-feathers are whitish- grey ; the inner webs, like those of the male, being marked with two spots, one of rufous, and another of dusky-brown: the lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are dirty-white, with brown and brownish-white shades: under tail-coverts pure white : thighs dirty-white: quills dirty-brown, the greater ones with yellowish edges: the legs red; the claws black. A variety mentioned by Brisson has the whole of the feathers on the head, the neck, the breast, and the upper part of the back, terminated with a band of whitish-grey. This Pigeon inhabits America, between the six- tieth and seventieth degrees of latitude, passing the summer season in the northern parts, and upon the approach of winter retiring to the south: it builds in the highest trees, laying two white eggs: its chief food consists of the mast of beech and acorns, but it will eat other seeds. ‘The numbers of these birds are without calculation during their passage from one part to another, as at that time they are stated to darken the air with their prodigious mul- titudes, being often seen in strings of two miles in length, and a quarter of a mile in breadth : they fre- quently perch upon trees, and often in such quan- tities as to break down tolerably large branches. The people of Philadelphia shoot them from their 96 | CAROLINA PIGEON. houses, and in New England they capture them i numbers of an evening, knocking them down with sticks from their roosts, which is easily accom- plished, as they are generally fatigued. In Loui. siana they catch them by taking a flat vessel, and placing some sulphur in it, set it alight under the trees upon which the birds roost ; the smoke from this so stupifies them that they fall down from their resting-place, and then the hunters have nothing to do but pack them up in bags brought for the purpose, as quickly as possible: they form a great portion of the food of the common people of the countries they inhabit. In some parts they are called Wood Pigeons. CAROLINA PIGEON. (Columba Carolinensis.) Co. corpore rufo-cinereo subtus cinereo-albo, rectricibus cinereis,: apice albis, media macula nigra, in utrdque ala maculis qui- busdam nigris. Mas. pectore violaceo-aureo splendente, macula aurea ad aures. Pigeon with a rufo-ash body, beneath whitish-ash; the tail- feathers cinereous, with the tip white, and spot in the middle black ; in both wings several black spots. Male, with the breast ,of a splendid golden-violet, and a golden-tinted spot near the ears. 3 Columba Carolinensis. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 286. 37.—Gmel. ° Syst. Nat, 1. 789. 37.—Briss. Orn. 1. 110. 18. ¢. 8. fe Le ae CAROLINA PIGEON. 97 Vieill. Ois. d? Amer. Sept. 4.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 487. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 613. 71. Columba marginata. Linn. Syst. Nat, 1.286. 10.—Gmel. Syst. ~ Nat. 1. 791. 40.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 614. 73. Turtur Americanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 101. 24. La Tourte ou Tourterelle de la Caroline. Buff. Ois. 2. 557.— Buff. Pl, Enl. 175. female. Tourterelle d’Amérique. Buff, Ois. 2. 552. Colombe Tourte. Temm. Pig. (8vo0.) p. 355. Long-tailed Dove. Edwards. pl. 15. male, Marginated Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 664. 63. Carolina Pigeon, Penn. Arct. Zool, 2.188. 14.—Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 24.—Lath, Gen. Syn. 4,663. 62.—Wils. Amer. Orn. V. p. Ql. pl. XLII. fF. 1. Tue male of this species measures eleven inches in length, the tail being about six: he is princi- pally distinguished by having a black spot with violet reflections on each side beneath the ears: the fore-part of the head and throat are rufous brown: the occiput is of a bluish ash-colour: the upper parts of the bird are of a deep grey-brown ; the scapulars, and the greater wing-coverts nearest the body, are marked towards their extremities with black spots of different sizes: the lower part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail- ‘coverts, are of a grey tinge: the lower part of the neck has a reflection of violet and green-gold: the breast and fore-part of the neck are of a rose- colour, growing paler as it approaches the sides: from the base of the beak to the eyes on each side is a white stripe: the quills are of a deep brown, rosaceous on the outer margin: the belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts, are brown, mixed with Mamet. P.t. 7 08 MAUGEIAN PIGEON. ash-colour: the tail-feathers are of very unequal lengths ; the two middle ones are longest, and the others gradually shorter, till the most outward ones do not exceed above half the length of the central ones, which are of a grey-brown, marked with black about their middle, and bright grey towards their tip: the three lateral ones are grey from their origin to theirmiddle; the rest are black: the eyes are situated in a naked space: the irides are brown: the beak is horn-coloured ; and the legs reddish. The female is smaller than the male, and does not possess the black violaceous spot beneath the ears: the feathers on the sides and the base of the neck do not reflect the golden hues: the fore-part of the neck and the breast are of a grey-brown, which colour also predominates over nearly the whole of the under parts of the bird. Found in Carolina, Brasil, Porto Rico, and St. Domingo; in the former place they occur at all seasons. MAUGEIAN PIGEON. (Columba Maugei.) Co. fronie guldque nigricantibus, collo pectore hypochondrisque. albo nigroque undulatis, rectricibus duabus intermediis fuscis reliquis nigris, versus apicem albis. -MAUGEIAN PIGEON. 99 Pigeon with the forehead and throat dusky; the neck, breast, and sides, undulated with black and white; the two middle tail-feathers brown, the rest black, with white towards their tips. Columba Maugei. Temm., Pig. Ind. p. 490. Colombe Maugé. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 363. Tue total length of this bird is ten inches: the body is not much larger than that of the Starling: the tail is very long, and is composed of twelve feathers, and is greatly cuneiform; the outer fea- thers are not much above half the length of the middle ones: the forehead, and the throat, are of a greyish lead-colour: the fore-part of the neck, the breast, the sides, and the belly, are striped with regular alternate bands of white and black: the back is of a grey-brown, with many irregular deeper spots: the two middle tail-feathers are of a grey-brown throughout their whole length; the lateral ones are black, terminated with white: the beak and legs are black. Native of the islands of Southern Asia, dis- covered there by Mons. Maugé, and named after that zealous but unfortunate naturalist, by Tem- minck : its manners are unknown. 100 SAINT DOMINGG PIGEON. - (Columba Dominicensis.) Co. corpore griseo, capite subtus albo, maculé verticis fascid sub oculis et torque colli nigris, pectore vinaceo, crisso albo, cauda grise&: rectricibus extimis albis. Pigeon with a grey body, the head beneath white; a spot on the crown, fascia beneath the eyes, and collar on the neck, black ; the breast of a vinaceous colour, the vent white, the tail grey, the outer feathers tipped with white. Columba Dominicensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 615. 79.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 489. Tourierelle de St. Domingue. Buff. Pl. Enl. 487. Colombe a moustaches noires. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 361. Saint Domingo Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 271. Tus elegant species, which is well figured in the Planches Enluminées of Buffon, is a native of St. Domingo, and most probably of other parts of the West Indies: its total length is eleven inches: its tail is longer in proportion to any of the rest of the genus: the forehead, and the region of the eyes, are white; the throat is the same: this colour passes down each side of the neck, and joins on the nape, forming a kind of collar: on the top of the head is a broad transverse band of black, which divides into two parts; from the base of the beak arises a streak of black, which passes beneath the eyes, as far as the ear: the neck has a narrow collar of the same colour, which is placed about its middle: the breast is of a vinaceous colour ; BLACK-WINGED PIGEON. 101 towards the sides it is purplish, and possesses a metallic reflection: the whole of the upper parts are of an earthy-brown: the scapulars and the greater coverts are spotted with black: the quills are dusky, the exterior margin edged with grey- ish-white: the belly is of a brownish-ash: the tail-feathers are grey, the whole, except the two middle ones, tipped with white: the beak is black, and the legs reddish. ‘BLACK-WINGED PIGEON. (Columba melanoptera.) Co. capite colloque rubro-violaceis, occipite rufo-violaceo aureo- nitente, dorso et partibus inferioribus ceruleo-rufescentibus, alis caudaque nigrescentibus, pennis caude albo-terminatis. Pigeon with the head and neck of a red violet ; the occiput the same, with golden reflections ; the back and under parts of the body of a reddish-blue; the wings and tail dusky, the feathers of the latter terminated with white. | Columba melanoptera. Molin. Chili. p. 308.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 790. 70.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 615. 78.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 488. Colombe mélanoptére. Temm, Pig. (8vo0.) p. 359. Black-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup, II. 271. T'wexve inches in length: the anterior half of the head is of a reddish violet-colour; the whole of the neck, the breast, and the upper wing- 102 CAPE PIGEON. coverts, are the same: the hinder part of the head is of a fine red, reflecting the most brilliant tints of pure gold, crimson and green; this colour ex- tends to the angles of the mouth: the wings and the tail are dusky, the feathers of the latter ter- minated with white: the rest of the plumage is of a reddish blue; the shades are more distinct on the belly: the beak is black: the eyes have a double iris, the inner one being greyish, and very large, the other of a pomegranate red. Found in Paraguay and Chili: it lives on the elevated trees on the margins of woods. CAPE PIGEON. (Columba Capensis.) Co, corpore griseo-fusco subtus albo, remigibus primoribus latere anteriore rufis, rectricibus longissimis subtus nigris: extrema utringque excepta, que extus apiceque alba est. Mas. fronte gulaque nigris, alis macula chalybeo-splendente. Pigeon with the body of a grey-brown, beneath white; the quills on the inner webs edged with rufous ; the tail-feathers very long, black beneath, the outer ones on each side excepted, which are white at the tip, and on their inner web. /JMale, with the forehead and throat black, the wings with a splendid steel-coloured spot. ' Columba Capensis. Lath. Syst. Nat. 1. 286. 39.—Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1. 790.—Briss. Orn, 1. 120. 22. pl. 9. f. 2.male, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 614. 75.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 490. CAPE PIGEON. 103 La Tourtelette. Buff. Ois. 2. 554.—Buff, Pl. Enl. 140. male.— Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrique. 6. pl. 273. 274.—male and female. pl. 275. young. Colombe Tourtelette. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 366. Cape Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 666. 65. Tuisis the smallest of the Pigeon Family, scarcely exceeding the size of the common Sparrow: its total length is nine inches and a half, of which the tail takes up five. The male has the forehead and throat black; on the latter the colour is pro- duced down the fore-part of the neck to the breast: the hind-head, the back of the neck, the shoulders, the back, and the whole of the upper coverts, the wings, and the tail, are of an earthy- grey ; the greater wing-coverts have a violaceous spot, with golden reflections ; the rump possesses three narrow transverse black stripes: the quills are reddish on their interior webs, and on the out- side and towards the tip dusky: the tail-feathers are of a grey-brown at their origin, the six middle ones are tipped with black ; the lateral ones have a black band towards their extremities, which are of a grey-colour; the most exterior feather on each side has its outer web white: the under part of the tail is entirely black: the belly and the ab- domen are of a pure white: the beak is yellow; and the legs are red. The female has the whole of the head, the neck, the breast, the greater wing- coverts, the back, and the base of the two middle tail-feathers, of a grey-brown: the whole of the lesser wing-coverts, and part of the middle ones, 104 CAPE PIGEON. of a greyish-ash : like the male, she has three small transverse stripes on the rump: the belly and the abdomen are white. : | This is found over the greater portion of the interior parts of Africa; it occurs also at Senegal, and on other parts of the coast. 105 VINAGO. VINAGO. Generic Character. Rostrum crassum, solidum, || Beak thick, solid, compressed lateratim compressum, ver- at the sides, towards the sus apicem aduncum et || tip bent down and inflated. inflatum. Tarsi breves, digiti antici || Tarsi short, the anterior toes basi membrana parva con- connected with a slight nexi. membrane at the base. Vinago. Cuvier. Reg. Anim. 1. 457. Treron. Vveill. Anal. Ornith, élém. p. 49. Columbar. Temm. Pig. &c. p. 39. Columba. Linné, Gmelin, Latham, &c. A r HE birds of this genus are distinguished from the Pigeons by their solid, thick, and compressed beak, which is somewhat quadrangular; their tarsi are very short, and the toes have a slight mem- brane connecting their bases. ‘They reside in the deep tropical forests of the old continent, and live on fruits. 106 AROMATIC VINAGO. (Vinago aromatica.) Vi. Viridi-olivacea, humeris tectricibusque alarum minoribus pur- purascentibus, remigibus nigris, secundartis ad apicem margine flavis, rectricibus intermediis viridibus, lateralibus cinereis. Olive-green Vinago, with the shoulders and lesser wing-coverts purple, the quills black, the secondaries margined with yel- low towards their tips; the middle tail-feathers green, the lateral ones cinereous, Columba Aromatica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7. 47.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 599. 23.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 441. Columba viridis Amboinensis. Briss, Orn. 1, 145. 39. pé. 10. fd. oe Pigeon vent d’Amboine. Buff. Ois. 2. 520.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 163. Colombar aromatique. Temm. Pig. (8v9.) p. 50 and 55. : Aromatic Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 631. 21. Var. B. Rectricibus lateralibus fascia nigra, rostrum flavum. With the lateral feathers with a black band, the beak yellow. - Columba curvirostra. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.777. 45.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 600. 25. : Pigeon a bec recourbé. Sonnin. Buff. 7. 227. Hook-billed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 632. pl. 59. Var. y. Genis gulaque fluvis. With the cheeks and throat yellow. Columba Pompadoura. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.775. 9.—Luth. Ind. Orn. 2. 597. 12. Pompadour Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 624. 12.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 1. 190.—Brown, Ill, Zool. pl. 9. Var. 3. Genis guldque flavis, dorso tectricibusque alarum viri- dibus, femina. | With the cheeks and throat yellow, the back and wing-coverts green. : Columba Tannensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 60. 26. WH WU KY Ha Afi ah gay it ti) VAR LY i \ RG AROMATIC VINAGO . Var. /8. yeaa) cee AROMATIC VINAGO. 107 Yellow-faced Pigeon. Brown. Ill. Zool. pl. 20.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 632. 23. Var. ¢. Capite, collo pectoreque tuteis, ventre cano, cauda vires- cente. With the head, neck and breast yellow, the belly hoary, and the tail greenish. ‘Columba aromatica. var.d. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 442. Tue Aromatic Vinago is about nine inches and a half in length: the top of the head, as far as the occiput, is of a greyish ash; which colour joins a greenish tint on the nape: the neck, the breast, the belly, the thighs and the abdomen are of a dull green; the feathers of the latter are slightly tipped with white: the small wing-coverts, the scapulars, and the top of the back, are of a brown-purple: the middle and greater wing-coverts are of a deep green, with a yellow border on the extremities of the feathers: the middle wing- feathers are edged with yellow, and the greater ones are entirely black: the rump, the two middle tail-feathers, and the inner webs of the two ad- joining ones on each side, are of an olive-green ; the rest of the feathers are grey their whole length: the under part of the tail is black from its base to three-fourths of its length; the whole of the feathers clear grey at their extremities: irides red: the horny part of the beak is greenish ; the base red; as are the tarsi and toes. The Hook-billed Pigeon of Latham appears to be only a variety of this bird, as supposed by Temminck : it only differs in the following parti- culars: in the first place, the lateral tail-feathers 108 AROMATIC VINAGO. have a black band across them; and in the second, this bird is said to measure only seven inches and a half in length: but in a notice of a supposed variety, mention is made of one being eleven inches long, so that it is probable Dr. Latham has committed some mistake in respect to one or other of the numbers; or else the bird varies exceedingly in size. Latham’s Pompadour Pigeon is also a variety of this species, differing only in having the cheeks and throat yellow: the yellow-faced is the female of the above; it has the back and wing-coverts greenish. Still further varieties are described by Tem- | minck: one has the whole of the back of a pur- plish brown, and the whole of the under parts grey: another has the head, the neck, and the breast of a reddish cinnamon-colour: the top of the back and the wing-coverts similar to the first : the belly and the rump are of a grey-blue: the thighs are yellow, as are the edges of the whole of the greater coverts of the wings: the middle tail- coverts, and the inner webs of the lateral ones, are green: the tail is black beneath, all the feathers tipped with white. This species is common in the isle of Java, in Tanna, Ceylon, and the adjacent islands; also on the Indian continent: it delights in the fruit of the ficus religiosus, and generally frequents the borders of great woods. 109 ST. THOMAS VINAGO, ’ (Vinago Militaris.) Vi. viridis, capite cano, collo pectoreque flavis, fascia ceruleo-cana in cervice, carpo ale violaceo, ventre virescente-cano. Green Vinago, with the head hoary, the neck and breast yellow, the top of the neck with a hoary-blue band, the bend of the wings violet, the belly of a hoary-green. Columba militaris. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 439. Columba Sancta Thome. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 600. 24.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.778. 46.—Briss. Orn. 1. 174. 40. Colombar Commandeur. Temm. Pig. et Gall. edit. 8v0. p. 39. St. Thomas Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 631. 22. Leneta twelve inches and a half: the whole of the head, as far as the orifice of the ears, is of a clear blue-grey: on the breast is a large yellow shield, the extremities of which reach upwards to the top of the back, surrounded with a grey-blue zone: the rest of the upper parts are of a dull apple-green, changing to grey towards the rump: the feathers at the bend of the wing are of a beautiful purple-brown, forming a kind of epau- lette: the middle and the greater feathers of the wing are black, the former edged with yeliowish white, and the latter with yellow-olive; with a smaller border of yellowish white: the belly and the whole of the under parts of the wings are of a greyish-white: the thighs are pale yellow: the inferior tail-coverts are red, each feather terminated with white: the upper part of the tail is half 110 ST. THOMAS VINAGO. green and half grey; which last colour extends to the extremity of the lateral feathers, whilst the two middle feathers are entirely green: the under part of the tail is black at its base, and of a greyish white towards its tip: the tarsi are naked, and, with the toes, are red: the toes are horny, and the beak is grey. The female differs considerably from the male: the size is the same: the colours of the head, the back, and the rump, as in the male: the shield on the breast is of a greenish yellow: on the nape the colour is of a deep olive, and the surrounding zone is of a bright grey: the marks at the bend of the wings are more delicate: the scapulars are of a greenish grey: the belly is greenish: the lateral tail-feathers are entirely grey; the two middle ones are green: the under parts of the tail are similar to that part in the male, and the feathers of the abdomen are tipped with yellow. The young have more of the greyish colour on the upper parts of the body: the under parts, and hinder part of the neck, are olive-coloured: the feet are red. Inhabits India: its principal nourishment con- sists*of fruit; and it will sometimes break the stones with its beak to obtain the kernel: further than the above, nothing is known of its manners. WAALIA VINAGO. (Vinago Abyssinica.) Vi. viridis, capite colloque cinereis, ventre flavo, tectricibus alarum minoribus violaceis, remigibus pennisque secundaris nigris mar- gine flavis, rectricibus cinereis. Femina, ventre non flavo ; pennis omnibus virescentibus. Green Vinago, with the head and neck grey, the belly yellow, the lesser wing-coverts violet, the quills and secondary fea- thers black, bordered with yellow, the tail-feathers cinereous, Female without the yellow belly, but all the feathers greenish. Columba Abyssinica, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. p. 40. 3. mas.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 443. Le Pigeon Colombar, Le Vaill. Ois.d Afrique. 6. p. 276 and 277. Colombar Waalia, Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 65. Waalia Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. LI, p. 269. Tuts bird measures eleven inches and a half in length: the beak is large and very strong: the male has the whole of his head, the neck, as far as the breast, of a grey colour, shaded with olive- green: the scapulars, the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts are of a fine violet: the greater coverts, the secondary feathers, and the quills are black, bordered with yellow: the belly is of a beautiful yellow : the abdomen is white : the under tail-coverts are of a chesnut-red, tipped with bright red: the tail-feathers, which are fourteen in number, are of a grey-blue above, and black tipped with bright grey beneath: the tarsi are covered with feathers for half their length, the 112 PARROT VINAGO. rest is of a red colour, as are the claws: the eyes are orange. ‘The female is rather less than the male: she is known by not having the belly of a bright yellow, but from that part being of an uniform olive-green colour: the rest of the plumage is also less vivid : the young male greatly resembles the female. This bird inhabits the low parts of Abyssinia, and other parts of Africa: perching on the highest trees, remaining quiet during the heat of the day : it flies high and in immense flocks: at the com- mencement of the rains it migrates in vast numbers towards the middle parts i Africa. Mr. Bruce observes that it is amazingly fat, and that the flesh is excellent, but that the Abyssinians will — not touch it: Le Vaillant asserts that it builds upon the highest trees in woods, and that the female lays four eggs of a whitish yellow and dun, and that it lives with its mate: it feeds upon fruits, and is partial to a kind of beech tree, upon the mast of which it principally subsists. PARROT VINAGO. (Vinago Psittacea. ) Vi. viridis, crisso fusco, rectricibus duabus.intermediis viridibus, retiguis cinereis apice albis, inter quos colores teniague transversa nigra, remigibus pennisque secundariis nigris ad apicem mar-~ gine flavis, PURPLE VINAGO. 113 Green Vinago, with the vent brown; the two middle tail- feathers green, the rest cinereous tipped with white ; between these colours is a transverse black stripe; the quills and secondary feathers black, towards their tips margined with yellow. Columba Psittacea. Temm. Pig. et Gall. Ind. p. 440. Columbar unicolor. Temm. Pig. §c. 8v0. p. 47. Native of Timor and Java: length ten inches: the head, the neck, and the whole of the under parts of the body, as well as the back and the wing-coverts, are of a clear green; the great and middle feathers of the wings are black, and the latter are fringed with deep yellow: the tail is of a deep grey at its base, black towards the middle, and the rest of its length white; the two middle feathers are entirely green, as are the inner webs of the one on each side the latter : the under-coverts are green, with the extremities of the feathers white : the beak is of a horn-colour ; the naked skin at its base reddish: the feet are of a dusky blue, and the claws brown PURPLE VINAGO. (Vinago vernans.) Vi, viridis, pectore lunulis duabus, superiore violacea, inferiore lutea, tectricibus alarum flavo-terminatis, caudé cano-albescente, cano-terminate. Femina, viridi-grisescens, subtus viridi fla- vicans. Wel. Pik. 8 114 PURPLE VINAGO. Green Vinago, with two lunules on the breast, the upper one violet, the lower yellow ; the wing-coverts tipped with yellow; the tail of a hoary white, tipped with hoary. Female greenish _ grey, beneath greenish yellow. Columba vernans. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 789. 69. —Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 599. 22.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 443. Columba purpurea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 599. 20.—Gmel. Rak Nat. 1. 784. 61. ‘Columba. viridis Philippensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 143, 38. pl. 11. Je 2: Pigeon vert des Philippines. Buff Ois. 2. 528.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 138. (male.) Le Pigeon vert de Visle de Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 110. p. 64 and 65. (male and female.) : Colombar Jojoo. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) p. 70. Purple Pigeon. Brown Illust. Zool. p.¥8. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 628. 18. Parrot Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. ¢. 629. 20. Tus greatly resembles the Pigeon in its beak, which is slenderer and more swoln at the tip than in the generality of the birds in this genus: the total length of the bird is ten inches: the beak is short, and the horny substance at its base is whitish ; the soft part is reddish: the head of the male, the throat, and the whole of the under part of the neck are of a grey-blue: on the breast are: two broad belts; the upper is of a beautiful lilac, and the lower of a yellow-orange: some indi- viduals have a lilac stripe on the sides of the neck and the nape: the back, the scapulars, and the whole of the wing-coverts are of a deep olive- green, the whole of the latter being terminated with a large yellow spot, forming a band of that colour across the wing: the quills and secondaries SOUTHERN VINAGO. G49} are black, the latter edged with yellowish: the belly is grey-brown: the abdomen and towards the thighs yellowish: the under tail-coverts red: the tail-feathers, fourteen in number, grey-brown at their base, then black, and tipped with bright grey; the two middle ones being entirely of the latter colour: the legs are fine red: the iris is composed of two circles, the outer red, the inner blue: the female is destitute of the lilac and yellow-orange on the breast, this part as well as the whole of the lower parts of the body being of a bright greenish-yellow: the head and the hinder part of the neck are of a grey-blue: in other respects similar to the male. | Inhabits the islands of Lucon and Antigua, and is said to be found at certain seasons in Java. SOUTHERN VINAGO. (Vinago australis.) Vi. veridis, crisso femoribusque maculatis, humeris violaceis, remi- gibus nigris, secundariis ad apicem flavo-marginatis, caudd grised ad apicem pallidiore. Green Vinago, with the vent and thighs spotted ; the shoulders violet; the quills black, the secondaries towards their tips edged with yellow ; the tail grey, with the tip pale. Columba Australis. Lznn. Maret. 1771. p. 526.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 779.—Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 604.41.—Temm. Hist, Nat. des. Pig. Ind. p. 440. 116 SOUTHERN VINAGO. Palumbus viridis Madagascariensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 142. 37. £14.62: Pigeon ramier verd de Madagascar. Buff. Ois. 2. 540.—Buf,. Pl, Enl, 111. | Colombar Maitson. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 43. Madagascar Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 641. 35. a. Like the rest of this genus, this species feeds upon fruits: it is in length twelve inches and a half: the head, the neck, the breast, and the belly are of a bright olive-green: the back and the under coverts of the tail are of a deep green: at the bend of the wing is an epaulette of pur- ple-brown: the greater coverts are tipped with yellow, forming a band of that colour on the wing: the greater quills are black, with a shght border of yellow: the upper part of the tail is of a deep grey, which colour reaches from its base to about three-fourths of its length; the extre- mities of the feathers are of a bright grey : the tail below is black at its base, and white at the tip: the feathers on the thighs and tarsi are green: the abdomen is of this latter colour, with oblong pure white spots: the under tail-coverts are red, tipped with white: the base of the beak is covered with a reddish membrane ; its point is of a horny grey: the feet are red, and the claws grey. Native of Madagascar. 117 NAKED-FRONTED VINAGO. (Vinago Calva.) Vi. viridis, fronte orbitisque nudis luteis, alis carpo violaceo, remigibus nigris, secundariis flavo-marginatis, rectricibus inter- mediis viridibus, lateralibus cinerets. Green Vinago, with the forehead and orbits naked and yellow; the bend of the wing violet ; the quills black, the secondaries edged with yellow ; the middle tail-feathers green, the lateral ones cinereous. Columba Calva. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 442. Colombar a front nud. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 63. Inuasits Africa, on the coasts of Loango and Angola. It is described by Temminck; and is distinguished from all others of the genus by having a large bare space on the forehead; this greatly resembles the same part on the head of the common Coot, and whilst the bird is alive it is of a lively orange-colour; but on its death it loses all its colour: the length of the bird is eleven inches: its beak is horn-coloured or greyish silver : the head, the neck, the breast, and the whole of the under parts of the plumage are of a fine clear green: the top of the back is of a grey-ash: the rest of the upper parts are deep green: the bend of the wing is of a deep violet: the bastard wing and the secondary quills are black; the seconda- ries and middle wing-coverts have a border of whitish yellow: the middle tail-feathers are green; the lateral ones have their base and three-fourths 118 NAKED-FRONTED VINAGO. of their length ofa bright grey; the rest are deep grey, terminated with brighter; beneath all the feathers are black, with bright grey tips: the under tail-coverts are of a fine cinnamon-colour, tipped with white: the upper half of the tarsi is covered with yellow feathers; the lower, and the claws, are orange. 119 GOURA. GOURA. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, gracilius- |; Beak middle sized, very culum, ad apicem paulo| slender, towards the tip inflatum; mandibula su-|| — slightly inflated; the supe- periore lateratim sulcata ; rior mandible sulcated on versus apicem descendens. the sides, its trp bent down. Nares superne phumis tectis, || Nostrils covered above with in rima site. feathers, and placed in a fissure. ° Alce breves, rotundate. Wings short and rounded. Tarsi longiores, digiti basi || Tarsi long, toes cleft at their fissl. base. - Columbi-Gallines, Le Vazllant. Lophyrus, Vieillot. Gowra. Temminck. ’ Columba. Linné, Gmelin, Cuvier, &c- Tue birds of this genus are known from those of the other genera of the order, by the great length of their tarsi, which approach to those of the Gallinacee; their beak is also of a dif- ferent form from that of the other Columbine birds, being very slender, and having a groove 120 CROWNED GOURA. in which the nostrils are situated; their toes are divided to their origin. They are gregarious; are principally natives of the tropical parts of America, and like the birds of the next order, they build their nests and lay their . eggs upon the ground, rarely perching upon trees : many of the species have received the name of Partridge, from their manners being so similar to the birds of that genus. A. Head furnished with a.crest. ‘CROWNED GOURA. (Goiira coronata.) Go. orbitis nigris, cristé erectd, corpore cerulescente, humeris Serrugineis, fascid alarum alba. Goura with black orbits, an erect crest, the body bluish, the shoulders ferruginous, and a white band on the wings. Columba coronata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.774. 17. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 596.9.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 491. ; Phasianus cristatus indicus. Briss. Orn. 1. 279. 6. pl. 26. f. 1. Le Pigeon couronné des Indes. Buff. Ois.2.354. Buff. Pl. Enl. 118. , Le Goura de la Nouvelle Guinée. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 169. pl. 104. | Colombi Kocco. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrigq. 6. pl. 280. Colombi-Galline Goura. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 377. Great crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 620. 2.—-Edwards, pl. 338.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 224. CROWNED GOURA. 121 Tus is the largest bird of this order known, exceeding a Turkey in size: its beak is black, and from its base arises a streak of that colour, which passes through the eyes as far as the hind head : . the head is ornamented with an erect superb cir- cular crest, the feathers of which it is composed being upwards of four inches and a half in length, of a loose texture, and of a fine pale bluish-ash colour: the rest of the head, the neck, breast, belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, grey- blue: the rump and upper tail-coverts deep ash: the back and scapulars the same, with a mixture of purplish chesnut; as are also the tips of the lesser wing-coverts ; the greater ones, nearest the body, ash-coloured within, and white on the out- side, and tipped with purplish chesnut : the quills deep dusky ash: tail the same, but paler at the tip: the legs are dusky: the irides red. These birds have many of the manners of the common Pigeons; billing, inflating their. breast, and cooing; its note is, however, so loud at times, as to resemble a kind of lowing; and its mournful notes alarmed the crew of Bougainville greatly, on hearing them, for the first time, in the wild and unfrequented spots of some of the islands on which they landed; they supposing the noise to be uttered by some of the savages of those parts. They are easily tamed, and in the East Indies are kept in court-yards as poultry. In a wild state they build and breed in the highest trees. They inhabit the Moluccas and New Guinea. 122 B. Head not crested. * With a caruncle at the base of the beak. NICOBAR GOURA. (Goiira Nicobarica.) Go. corpore eneo, pennis colli angustis elongatis, remigibus ex cerulescente viridibus, caudd alba, bast rostri caruncula com- pressa. (Femina, caret caruncula in fronte.) Goura with a brassy body, the feathers on the neck narrow and elongated, the quills of a green-blue, the tail white, the base of the beak with a compressed caruncle. (Female without the frontal caruncle.) Columba Nicobarica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 44.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 783. 27.—Temm. Pig. Ind, p. 445.—Briss, Orn. 1. 153. 44, Pigeon de Nicobar, Buff. Ois. 2. 541.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 401. Colombi-Galline a camail. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 385.—Le Vaill, Ors. d’ Afriq. 6. pl. 279. Nicobar Pigeon. Edwards, pl. 339.—Albin. 3. pl. 47 and 48. —Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 642. 38. Beak dusky: irides hazel: the head, neck, breast, belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts of a dark bluish purple: the feathers on the neck are very long and pointed, reflecting rich hues of blue, red, gold, and copper: at the base of the beak is a depressed caruncle: the back, and upper parts of the wings, rich green, changing to copper and gold; some of the outer quills, and the coverts above them, bright blue: the tail and upper coverts white: legs reddish: the female WATTLED GOURA. 2S differs in the colours being less brilliant, and in the pointed feathers of the neck being shorter ; she is also destitute of the caruncle at the base of the beak. Inhabits the Moluccas, and other of the Indian islands. nes This bird has a great affinity to those of the genus Columba, but may be readily distinguished from them by the form of the beak and other parts, as detailed in the generic character: its manners tov are totally different ; it lives on the ground, and subsists upon fruits. WATTLED GOURA. (Goura carunculata. ) Go. cana, fronte et carunculd gutturalt rubris, ventre abdomine uropygiogue albis, caudé fusca pennis exterioribus albo margin- atts, (Femina frontem non habet nudum nec carunculum gute turalem.) Hoary Goura, with the forehead and wattle on the throat red; the belly, abdomen, and rump white; the tail brown, its exterior feathers edged with white. (Female without the naked space on the forehead, or wattles on the throat.) Columba carunculata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 496. Colombi-Galline a barbillon. Zemm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 415. Le Colombi-Galline. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. 6. p. 278. Accoroine to Le Vaillant, this species, in com- mon with the others of the genus, builds its nest 124 WATTLED GOURA. on the ground in holes; it is composed of bits of twigs and dry herbs: the female deposits from six to eight reddish white eggs, and is assisted by the male during incubation: the young are covered with a reddish grey down, and run as soon as out of the egg, but do not quit their parents, who cover them with their wings to protect them from the too violent rays of the sun; the old birds feed them with the pupe of ants, dead insects, and worms: when they get stronger they feed upon various sorts of grain, berries, and insects; and their general habits are precisely similar to those of the gallinaceous birds. This bird is readily distinguished, by having a naked skin on the forehead and round the base of the beak, passing down the sides of the throat to the ears, similar to a wattle: the length of the bird is ten inches: its head, the cheeks, the neck, and the breast are of a deep grey: the scapulars and the upper wing-coverts are of a silvery grey, lightly tipped with white: the belly, the upper and under tail-coverts, the rump, the under part of the wings, the sides, and the outer edge of the exterior tail-feathers, are pure white: the tail is of a reddish brown above, and dusky beneath: the beak is red at its base and black at its point: the legs are of a rufous tinge: the irides are composed of two circles, one yellow, the other red. The female does not possess the naked red wattle; she is rather smaller, and not so brilliant in colour: the wing-coverts are slightly edged with white. Found in the interior of Africa. ay Al ** No caruncle at the base of the beak. BLUE-HEADED GOURA. (Goiira cyanocephala.) Go. vinaceo-fusca, capite guldque ceruleis, fascia subocularis alba. Vinaceous-brown Goura, with the head and throat blue, and a white stripe beneath the eve. Columba cyanocephala. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1. 282. 20.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.778. 20.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 608. 54.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 491. Turtur Jamaicensis. Briss. Orn, 1. 135.32. pl. 13. f. 1. Tourterelle de la Jamaique. Buff: Ois. 2. 558.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 174. Colombi-Galline a cravate noire. Le Vaill. Ois. d Afrique. v. 6. pl. 281.—Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 390. Turtle-Dove from Jamaica. Albin. 2. pl. 49. Blue-headed Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.651. 45.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 200. 45. Founp throughout the warmer parts of America: length eleven inches: beak red at its base, and grey at its tip: the crown of the head and the throat blue; the colour passing down the middle of the fore-part of the neck ; beneath this the fea- thers are black, with some of them having a trans- verse stripe of white towards their tips: from the lower jaw to the hind-part of the head, passing beneath the eye, is a white stripe: the hind-part of the neck, back, rump, wing and tail-coverts, vinaceous brown: the fore-part of the neck and 126 WHITE-BELLIED GOURA. the breast of a bright vinaceous: the belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, of a reddish vina- ceous: the quills brown, with their outer edges rufous: the tail dusky ash-colour above, and blackish beneath : the legs and claws red. | WHITE-BELLIED GOURA. (Goura Jamaicensis.) Go. fusco-purpurascens, cervice ceruleo purpureoque varia, fronte guldque albidis, corpore subtus vinaceo, rectricibus cerulescen- tibus lateralibus albo-terminatzis. Brown-purple Goura, with the top of the neck varied with pur- ple and blue; the forehead and throat whitish; the body be- neath vinaceous; the tail-feathers bluish, the lateral ones ter- minated with white. : Columba Jamaicensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. 25.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.782.—Briss. Orn. 1. 134.31.—Temm, Pig. Ind. 495.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 595. 8. | Colombi-Galline a front gris. Temm. Pig, (8vo.) p. 411. White-bellied Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 619. 8. Tue top of the head and all the under parts of the neck and body, of this species, are white: the hind-part of the neck varied with blue and purple: the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, purplish- brown, with a tinge of red: the tail blue, with the lateral feathers terminated with white: the body beneath is vinaceous: the irides are white: the RED-BELLIED GOURA. 127 nostrils are greatly elevated, and form two tuber- cles at the base of the beak: the total length is nine inches. Inhabits Jamaica and the adjacent islands: it feeds on berries: it has a very disagreeable and mournful voice, which is repeatedly uttered. RED-BELLIED GOURA. (Goura erythrothorax.) Go. fusca, facie albd, collo pectoreque purpureis, cervice vinculo violaceo viridi-aureo nitente, abdomine rufo, pennis caude lateralibus nigris cano-terminatis. Brown Goura, with the face white; the neck and breast purple; _the nape with a violet collar, with golden-green reflections ; the abdomen rufous; the lateral tail-feathers black, tipped with hoary. Columba erythrothorax. Temm. Pig. Ind. 494. Colombi-Galline a fache blanche. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 405. Ten inches and a half in length: the face is of a grey-white: the top of the head, the neck, and the breast, are of a fine vinaceous colour, the breast being deepest: the nape of the neck is fur- nished with a kind of collar, of violet, with golden reflections: the belly, the thighs, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are deep rust-colour : the back, the wings, the upper tail-coverts, and the two middle tail-feathers, are of a sooty hue; 128 RED-BREASTED GOURA. the upper surface of the lateral tail-feathers is’ black at the base, and grey towards the tip; the under surface is black, with a white tip; the greater quills are dusky, bordered with grey: the feet are red, as are the fleshy papille at the base of the beak: the beak is black; and the claws brown. Inhabits Surinam. RED-BREASTED GOURA. (Goira cruenta.) Go, grisea, collo subtus albo, cervice violaceo, fasciis alarum tribus griscescentibus, macula pectoris sanguined. Grey Goura, with the neck beneath white, the top of the neck violaceous, the wings with three greyish eis the breast » with a blood-red spot. Columba cruenta. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 785. 66. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 611. 65.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 494. La Tourterelle grise ensanglantée. Sonner. Voy. Ind, p. 52, pl. 21. : | Colombi-Galline Poignardé. Temm, Pig. (8vo.) p. 407. Red-breasted Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 657. 56. Var. 8. corpore toto albo, maculd pectoris sanguinea. With the body white, and a blood-red spot on the breast. Columba sanguinea. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.785. 05.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 611. 66.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 494. La Tourterelle blanche ensanglantée. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 51. pl, 20. Colombi-Galline Poignardé variété. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 407. Sanguine Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 657. 57. RED-BREASTED GOURA. 129 Native. of the Philippine Islands: length ten inches and a half: the forehead and the crown are of a grey-ash: the occiput and the hinder-part of the neck are of a deep violet, with green re- flections : the back, the scapulars, the lesser wing- coverts, and the lateral parts of the breast, are of a deep grey; the whole of the feathers of these parts being tipped with a brilliant metallic green band: the throat, the sides of the neck, and the middle of the breast, are of a pure white; the latter with a spot of a flesh-colour in the centre: the belly, the sides, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are of a reddish hue: the feathers of the middle wing-coverts are of a reddish-purple at their base, and bright ash at their tips, forming three bands of the latter colour across each wing: the quills are of a brownish-ash, with their edges fringed with reddish: the two middle tail-feathers are grey-brown ; the lateral ones are grey at their base, black towards their middle, and whitish- grey at their tips: the eyes and feet are red: the female is rather duller in colours. : A variety is commemorated by ‘Temminck, which has the whole of the body white, with a blood-red spot on the breast: it is described as a species by Sonnerat, but it has all the tracings of the markings of the first described, and is found at the same place as that. 130 MOUNTAIN GOURA., (Goira montana.) Go. corpore rufo, pectore vinaceo, remigibus rufis, maculé subs oculis, ad gulam et ad humeros tensé albé, orbitis nudis san- ' guineis. Goura with a rufous body; the breast vinaceous ; the quills ru- fous ; beneath the eyes a spot of white, spreading towardsthe throat and shoulders ; the orbits naked, and blood-coloured. Columba montana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 281. 13.—Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 772. 17.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 594. 3.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 492. Colombi-Galline Montagnard. Temm. Pig, (8vo.) p. 395. Mountain Partridge. Edwards. pl. 119. Partridge Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 615.3.—Lath. Syn, Sup. 197. 3. E1cut inches and a half in length: beak red, with the tip black : irides red; the eyes surrounded by a papillated skin of a reddish cast: the upper parts of the body rufous, with a purple gloss : face, part of the neck and breast vinaceous ; the rest of the under parts, sides, thighs, and vent, rufous: the back, wings and tail rufous, with a tinge of copper: beneath the eye is a spot of white, another on the side of the throat, and a third at the base of the wing: legsred; claws brown. Inhabits the warmer parts of America: builds in low bushes: the nests are lined with hair and cotton. i3l HOTTENTOT GOURA. (Goiira Hottentota.) Go. rufa, fronte gutiureque albis, collo pectoreque cano-vinaceis, albo nigroque lunatis, ventre abdomineque vinaceis, pennis caudalibus supra rufis infra canis. Rufous Goura, with the forehead and threat white; the neck and breast of a hoary vinaceous hue, with black and white lunules ; the belly and abdomen vinaceous ; the feathers of the tail above rufous, beneath hoary. Columba Hottentota. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 497. Le Colombi-Caille. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. v. 6. pl. 283. Colombi-Galline Hottentot. Zemm, Pig. (8vo.) p. 429. Tue male of this species has the occiput, the back of the neck, the shoulders, the wing-coverts, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, of a fine red cinnamon-colour; each feather slightly tipped with brown: the forehead and the throat are white: the fore-part, and sides of the neck, are of a clear vi- naceous grey: the feathers are slightly edged with white and black: the middle of the breast, the belly, the thighs, and the under tail-coverts, are bright red: the outer webs of the wing-feathers are red, the interior dusky : the tail, which is short and rounded, is of a cinnamon-colour above, and greyish-black beneath: the beak is. brownish-yel- low: the feet and eyes red. The female is smaller than the male, and the colours are less brilliant. Found by Le Vaillant in the neighbourhood of the ‘mountains in the country of the Grand Nama- 132 MARTINICO GOURA. quois: it has a very short flight, with frequent Starts: it obtains its nourishment on the ground during the daytime, and towards night seeks shelter in deep thickets, close to the ground. MARTINICO GOURA. (Gotra Martinica.) Go. subviolucea, pectore vinaceo, ventre abdomineque rufescentibus, remigibus fuscis interné rufescentsbus, macula sub ocults fusco- violacea. (Femina, violaceo-fusca, pectore abdomineque albo- Suscescentibus.) Subviolet Goura, with the breast vinaceous; the belly and ab- domen rufescent ; the quills brown, within reddish; beneath the eyes a brown violet spot. Female violet-brown, with the breast and abdomen of a whitish-brown. Columba Martinica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.283. 14.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 781. 24.—TLemm. Pig. Ind. 493.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 575. 7. a Columba violacea Martinicana. Briss, Orn. 1. 129. 27. t. 12. aide Columba rufa Cayanensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 131. 29. pl. 12. f. 2. Pigeon violet de la Martinique. Buff. Ois. 2. 525.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 162. Pigeon roux de Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 2. 526.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 141. Colombi-Galiine roux-violet. Le Vaill, O1s. d? Afrique. 6. pl. 282.—Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 400. Le Pigeon rouge et jaune. D’ dzara. Voy. 4. 131. 321. Martinico Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 618.7. A. — GROUND GOURA. 133 Near ten inches in length: the irides are red: the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, are deep violaceous-chesnut : the breast is vinaceous : the rest of the under parts of the body are rufous, varying in tint: quills fuscous on their outer webs, rufous on their inner: tail-feathers dusky, with rufous margins: beneath the eyes a spot of a brownish violet-colour: the legs red, beak the same: claws dusky: female with the breast and abdomen of a brownish-white: the rest of the body a violet-brown. Inhabits Martinique and the warmer parts of America. GROUND GOURA. (Goiura Passerina. ) _ Go. corpore cinereo-fusco, subtus violaceo, pectore nigricante- squamato, remigibus rufis margine exteriore apiceque nigricans tibus, alis punctis chalybets, rectricibus intermedtis cinereis, re- liquis nigricantibus, Goura with the body above of a cinereous brown, beneath violet; the breast with dusky scales; the quills rufous, their outer edges and tips dusky; the wings with steel-coloured spots; the middle tail-feathers ash-coloured, the rest dusky. Columba Passerina. Temm. Pig. Ind. 496.—Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285. 34.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 787.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 611. 67.— Wils. Amer. Orn. 6. p. 15. Turtur parvus Americanus. Briss. Orn. 1.113. 19. pl. 9. ft 1. Le Cocotzin. Buff. Ois, 2. 559. 134 GROUND GOURA. La petite Tourterelle de la Martinique. Buff. Pl. Enl. 243. f. 2. Colombi-Galline Cocotzin. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 425. Ground-Dove. Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. 26.—Arct. Zool. 2. 191.— Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 659. 59.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 100.—Wils. Amer, Orn. VI. p. 15. pl. 46. f. 2. male. fi 3, female. Lenetu six inches anda quarter: beak pale red, tipped with dusky: irides orange: the upper parts of the head and neck are ash-coloured: the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts the same, but darker : the forehead, throat, fore-part of the neck, breast, sides, belly, and under tail-coverts, vina- ceous ; the feathers of the neck and breast spotted with brown in their centres, giving those parts a mottled appearance: part of the wing-coverts deep ash; the rest vinaceous, with several glossy green spots: beneath the wing rufous: the. quills are rufous, with their outer margins and tips dusky : the two middle tail-feathers deep ash-colour, the others dusky: the legs red; the claws dusky. The female differs in being of a less vivid hue. This bird inhabits the warmer parts of America, but mostly within the tropics, though occasionally found in Carolina and the southern parts of Pen- sylvania. With the rest of the genus it feeds upon ~ the ground like Partridges, makes a short flight, and then alights on the ground again: it is gre- garious, and feeds upon grain and seeds. PICUI GOURA. (Goiira Picui.) Go. corpore subtus albescente-fusco, supra fusco, tectricibus ala- rum maculis ceruleis nigris albisque notatis, pennd caude ex- teriore alba, tribus sequentibus fuscis albo-terminatis ; alis intus nig7 1s. Goura with the upper parts of the body of a whitish brown, the under brown; the wing-coverts with blue spots, sprinkled with black and white; the outer tail-feather white, the three following ones brown, tipped with white; the wings beneath black. Columba Picui. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 498. Le Picui. D’Azara Voy. Amer. merid. 4. 136. no. 324. Colombi-Galline Picui. Temm, Pig. (8vo.) p. 435. SEVEN inches and one third in length: it has a naked space round the eyes, extending to the base of the beak: the under parts of the body are white, with a tint of brown on the front of the neck, and on the sides of the body, and one of vinaceous on the breast: the under part of the wings are of a fine velvety black: the forehead and the sides of the head are whitish: the upper part of the head, the neck, and the body, as well as the upper wing-coverts, are of a pure brown, sprinkled with small bluish enamelled spots, in- terspersed with black and white ones: the quills are dusky brown: the outer feather of the tail is white on its outer web; the second, third, and fourth, are of that colour to the end; the others 136 TALPACOTI GOURA. grey-brown: the tarsi are of an obscure violet: the beak is deep biuish, and the space round the eye blue. Very abundant in Paraguay, and the marshy countries on the borders of the river La Plata. TALPACOTI GOURA. (Goira 'Talpacoti.) Go. cinnamomea, capite ceruleo, lineis nigris in scapulis, remigibus Juscis, caudé nigré rufo-terminatd, parte tarsi exteriort plu- mata, alis intus nigris. Cinnamon-coloured Goura, with the head blue; the scapulars with black lines ; the quills brown ; the tail black, terminated with rufous ; the outer part of the tarsi feathered; the wing beneath black. . Columba Talpacoti. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 496. Colombi-Galline Talpacoti. Temm. Pig. (8v0.) 421. One of the smallest of the genus, being only six inches and a half in length: the top of the head is of a grey-blue, shaded on the forehead with whitish : the throat and the sides of the neck are grey, shaded with vinaceous: the whole of the back, the greater and lesser wing-coverts, those of the tail, the front of the neck, the breast, and the whole of the under parts of the body, are of a deep red, shaded with delicate vinaceous tints: the middle, and the greater wing-coverts, are PASSERINE GOURA. 137 spotted with black on their exterior webs; the in- terior ones are of an uniform red: the quills, and the secondary feathers of the wing, are of a dusky brown: the two middle tail-feathers are reddish- brown; the lateral ones are black, and shorter than the inner; the two exterior ones on each side are marked with a red spot: the under tail-coverts are black, as are the sides of the body: the beak is, of a reddish-brown, and the feet orange: the tarsi are furnished on their outer sides, through their whole length, with a narrow band of short and downy feathers. Inhabits the middle parts of America, and has the same manners as the rest of the genus. PASSERINE GOURA. (Goira minuta.) Go. corpore supra dilute-fusco, gulé pectoreque dilute violaceis, in carpo alarum tribus aut quatuor maculis violacets, sex aliis ma- culis in alarum apice remigibus fuscis, margine rufis, rectricibus cerulescentibus nigro-terminatis, duabus extimis albo-termi- natis. Goura with the body above pale fuscous ; the throat and breast pale violet; the bend of the wing with three or four violet spots, and six others towards the tip of the wings; the quills brown, edged with rufous; the tail-feathers bluish, tipped with black ; the two outer ones tipped with white. 138 PASSERINE GOURA. Columba minuta, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285. 35.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 788.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2.612. 68.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 408. Turtur parvus fuscus Americanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 116. 20. pl. 8. Ye. Petite Tourterelle de St. Domingue. Buff. Pl. Enl. 243. f. 1. Colombi-Galline Pigmé. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 432. Passerine Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 660. 59. A very small species, measuring only five inches and a half in length: its beak is brown, as are the whole of the upper parts of the body: the wing- coverts reddish-brown, with several spots of the colour of polished steel, of which three or four are upon the lesser, and five or six on the greater coverts: the quills are dusky, with their outer edges and tips rufous: the two middle tail-feathers are brown; the others are grey at their base, then black, and terminated with brown ; the two lateral ones, on each side, have their outer webs white towards their tips: the lower parts of the body of a reddish-white: the throat and breast pale vina- ceous: the legs are brown. Inhabits the warmer parts of America. ORDER GALLINACE. Rostrum breviusculum, convexum, fornicatum, mandibula supertore arcuaté margines inferiores tegens. Nares laterales, vel ceromatibus, vel squama fornicali, vel mem- brana, vel plumis tecte, aut semitecte. Pedes tetradactyli, rarius tridactyli, digitis tribus anticis basi mem- branuld conjunctis, et subtus scabris: tibits totis plumes tectis. Beak short, convex, arched, with the upper mandible covering the margins of the lower. 3 Nostrils lateral, nearly or entirely covered with wattles, with an arched scale, with a membrane, or with feathers. Feet four-toed, rarely three-toed ; the three anterior toes con- nected at the base by a slight membrane; their inferior sur- face rough; the tibize entirely covered with feathers. Tue birds of this order are most extensively useful to mankind, their flesh furnishing a sub- stantial and wholesome food, and their plumage serving for various domestic and ornamental pur- poses: their bodies, for the most part, are large, and very muscular; and their wings are very short: their toes are rough beneath, to enable them to scratch the ground in search of insects: they are fond of wallowing in the dust : many feed on grain and seeds, whilst others feed on berries and buds, but the greater portion subsist likewise on insects ; the food remains some time in the gizzard to be macerated. They are mostly polygamous, building their 140 ORDER GALLINACE. nests (which are very rude) in retired situations on the bare ground: the females of many species are extremely prolific, and continue to lay eggs nearly all the year; the young follow their oer as soon as hatched, and immediately learn to pick up their food, and the parent continues to lead and protect them till they are fully grown: they are readily tamed, and many species, especially Peacocks, ‘Turkeys, and Fowls, are nee ity. a domestic state. Pheasants, Partridges, and some few others, have not submitted to the dominion of man, but frequent cultivated situations within a short distance of human habitations. 141 PAVO. PEACOCK. ~ Generic Character. Rostrum basi nudum, supra || Beak naked at the base, above convexum, crassiusculum; | convex, thickened, towards versus apicem deflexum. the tip bent down. Nares patule. Nostrils open. Gene partim denudate. Cheeks partially denuded. Penne uropygit elongate, || Feathers of the rump elon- latee, expansiles, ocellatee. gated, broad, capable of being expanded, and ocel- lated. Cauda cuneata, rectricibus || T’ail wedge-shaped, consist- octodecim. ing of eighteen feathers. Pedes tetradactyli, tarso cal- || Feet four-toed; tarsi with a carato conico. conical spur. Caput cristatum. Head crested. P AVO, auctorum.—There are but two species of Peacocks, which are amongst the most splendid of birds, being of a beautiful form, and large size, and possessing the most magnificent and re- splendent hues on their plumage: they are proud and quarrelsome, and feed on insects, fruit, and grain: they are natives of Asia, and one of them is domesticated in Europe. CRESTED PEACOCK. (Pavo cristatus.) Pa. capite cristé compressa, corpore supra viridi-aureo, énec- nitente ; tectricibus alarum viridi-aureo ceruleo eneoque efful- gentibus ; subtus nigricante viridi-aureo-vario : capite fasciis duabus albis utringue ; tectricibus caude superioribus longissi- - mis, arcubus versicoloribus et auratis conspicuis. Mas. Peacock with a compressed crest on the head ; the body above _ of a golden-green, glossed with brassy; the wing-coverts ereen-gold, with blue and brassy reflections ; the under parts of the body dusky, varied with green-gold; the head with two white stripes on each side; the upper tail-coverts very long, adorned with various coloured auriferous arches. Pavo cristatus, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 650. Paon Sauvage. Temm. Hist. Nat. Gall. v. 2. p. 26. Var. 6. domesticus, tectricibus alarum transversim striatus. Wing-coverts transversely striated. Pavo cristatus, domesticus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 650. Pavo cristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 267.—Linn. Faun. Suec. 197.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 729. 1.—Will. Orn. p. 112. pl. 27. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 616. 1. Le Paon. Buff. Ois. 2. 288, pl. 10.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 433 and 434. — Briss. Orn. 1. 281. 7. pl. 27. Le Paon domestique. Temm, Gall. (8vo.) 2. p. 35 and 434, Crested or common Peacock. Lath. Gens Syn. 4. p. 668. 1.— Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. p. 289.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 234. Var. y.genis, gutture, supremo ventre, tectricibusque alarum albis. With the cheeks, throat, upper parts of the belly, and the wing- coverts, white. Pavo cristatus varius. Briss. Orn. 1. p. 288.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. p. 616.—Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1.729.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 652. Le Paon Pannaché. Buff. Ois. 2. 327.—Temm. Gall. (8vo.) p. 052. CRESTED PEACOCK. CRESTED PEACOCK. 143 Variegated Peacock. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4, 071. 1. Var. o. corpore toto albo. With the body entirely white, Pavo cristatus albus. Briss. Orn. 1. 288.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 730.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 617.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 652. Le Paon blanc. Buff. Ois. 2. 323.—Temm, Gall, (8v0.) 2. p. 46. White Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 672. 1. Tuis most splendid and magnificent bird is a native of India, and in its wild state has the fol- . lowing character: its length from the tip of the beak to the end of its tail is about four feet: its head is adorned with a crest, consisting of twenty- four feathers, which are only webbed at their tips, where they are of a fine rich golden-green colour; their shafts are whitish: above and beneath the eye is a streak of white: irides yellowish: the head, throat, neck, and breast, are green-gold, glossed with copper-coloured reflections: the back and rump the same, but more cupreous: the wing- coverts deep blue, glossed with green and gold: the belly and vent are dusky, tinged with greenish: the tail is of a grey-brown, edged with reddish- grey, and hidden beneath a train of the most ele- gant and enchanting colours, which arises upon the back; the two middle feathers of which it is composed are frequently upwards of four feet and a half in length, the others gradually diminishing on each side, and forming, when expanded, a su- perb fan of the most resplendent hues: the shafts are white, and are furnished from their origin, nearly to the end, with divided iridescent barbs ; 1 4:4. CRESTED PEACOCKs at the extremity of these feathers the barbs unite; and form a flat extended vane, decorated with what is called the eye, which has in its centre a heart-shaped velvety black spot, surrounded with a circle of green, with a blue and violet reflection; this is again encompassed with two other circles, glossed with different tints of gold and copper- colour, varying into other shades, according to their position with respect to the light: the ex- ternal row of feathers are not adorned with the eye-like spot, but are of an uniform dusky colour: the thighs are yellowish; the legs are grey-brown, those of the male furnished with a strong spur, nearly an inch in length. The female is rather less than the male, and her train is very short, and destitute of those re- splendent beauties that ornament that of the male, and the feathers of which it is composed are even shorter than the tail itself: her crest is shorter, and her whole plumage partakes of a cinereous hue: her throat and neck are green ; and the spots on the sides of the head are larger than those of the male. In a domestic state the Peacock varies greatly in its plumage, but all its varieties are readily distin- guished by having the wing-coverts transversely striated with biack : the wings are also striated, and variegated with rufous, blackish and green ; having a ground colour, reddish-brown: the variegated _ Peacock is only a mixed breed, between the com- mon and the white variety, and is found in every variety and proportion of colour between the CRESTED PEACOCK. 145 two: but the most usual appearance is for the cheeks, throat, upper parts of the belly, and the wing-coverts, to be white. Occasionally the Peacock has the whole of the plumage of a pure white colour, the eyes of the train not excepted, but they may be traced by a different undulation of shade upon that part: like many other gallinaceous birds, the female some- times assumes the plumage of the male, after having ceased to breed; it also obtains strong rudiments of spurs. | Without doubt the Peacock is the most elegant and beautiful of the feathered creation, the splen- dour of its plumage, and the elegance of its form, not being exceeded by any. Its matchless plumes seem to combine all that delights the eye in the soft and delicate tints of the finest flowers, all that dazzles it in the sparkling lustre of gems, and all that astonishes it in the grand display of the rainbow : all contend to give it a place high in our esteem. However, these superb plumes are shed every year: then, as if sensible of his loss, he seeks the most obscure retreats to conceal himself, till the returning spring restores him to his accus- tomed beauty..: This bird has been long naturalized in Europe, but it is of eastern origin, having been introduced about the time of Alexander into Greece: in the neighbourhood of the Ganges, and the extensive plains of India, it occurs in the greatest profusion, and grows to a great size: it is a very shy bird in its native state, and is difficult to catch, except by i000 0 ae 10 146 CRESTED PEACOCK. the following contrivance adopted by the fowlers in the East. A kind of banner is prepared, having some lighted candles fitted upon it, and paintings’ of Peacocks; this (during the darkness of the night) is held up in the trees upon which the birds roost; they, being dazzled by the light, or de- ceived by the figure, stretch out their necks re- peatedly, till they become entangled in a noose, fixed for the purpose, and the fowler draws the cord and secures’ his victims. Tavernier asserts that in some parts they are caught by means of a kind of birdlime. In these climates the females lay but four or five eggs at a time, but in their native state they are much more fertile: she always chooses some se- questered or secret spot to deposit them, as the male is apt to break them; they are like those of the Turkey, being white and speckled. The incubation occupies from twenty-seven to thirty days, according to the temperature of the climate, or the warmth of the season. ‘The young acquire the perfect briliancy of plumage in their third year, but in colder climates they require great care in rearing: they feed upon meal and insects, and when they are six or seven months old they will eat wheat and various sorts of grain, like other gallinaceous birds: they are said to be killed by eating the flowers of the elder. Aristotle aftirms that they live about twenty-five years, but by Willoughby and others they are supposed to live nearly a hundred: the former opinion appears to — be most agreeable to nature. CRESTED PEACOCK. 147 When pleased or delighted the male expands his gaudy train, and displays all the majesty of his beauty, stretching and turning slowly about, as if to catch every gleam of light to produce new and inconceivable hues of splendid colours. By a strong muscular vibration, he can make the shafts of his long feathers clatter in an extraordinary manner. In this country Peacocks are unable to fly much, but they are fond of climbing, and commonly pass the night upon the roofs of houses, where they do considerable mischief, or upon the highest trees, and from these situations it is that they utter their harsh and discordant cry, which is a perfect con- trast to their brilliant plumage. During the period of the Romans they were highly esteemed for the table, but at present only the young are considered of any importance, as the flesh is very hard and dry. Hortensius was the first person who ordered them to be served up at his table. 1438 JAPAN PEACOCK. (Pavo muticus.) Pa. corpore supra virescente-ceruleo, eneo effulgente; subtus ci nereo, maculis nigris albo-striatis vario ; pectore ceruleo viridi- aureo nitente ; tectricibus caude superioribus ocellatis ; capite cristd erecta, spicata. Peacock with the body above of a green-blue, with a brassy gloss; beneath ash-coloured, varied with black spots and white stripes ; breast rich blue, glossed with green-gold ; upper tail- coverts ocellated ;, head with an erect spicated crest. Pavo muticus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 208.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 731. 3.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 617. 2.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 052. Pavo Japonensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 289. 8. Le Spicifére. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 366.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. p. 50. pl. 1.f- 1. (head.) Japan Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 672.2. Tus is the size of the common Peacock, and is of the same form: its beak is longer and straighter than in that bird, its colour dusky grey : the irides are reddish-chesnut: beneath the eyes is a naked yellowish space; and another larger space of a deeper yellow occurs on each side of the head, under the coverts of the ear: the head is adorned with a perpendicular crest, composed of about ten straight sloped feathers, of a fine green colour, with blue reflections: the head, the neck, and the breast, are also green, highly glossed with blue: the belly, the abdomen, and the greater feathers of the wings, are brown, with elegant hues of. green: the feathers of the lower part of the back, JAPAN PEACOCK. 149 forming the train, are shorter and less brilliant than in the preceding species ; they are of a ches- nut-brown, with white shafts, and have at the end of each a large spot, gilded in the middle, then blue, and surrounded with green: the legs are of a brownish-colour, and in the male furnished with aspur. ‘The female appears to be unknown, that described as one by Buffon being (according to Temminck) a male at moult. The voice of this bird differs greatly from that of the common species. This species was originally deseribed by Al- drovandus, from a painting sent by the Emperor of Japan to the Pope: and for a long period its existence was doubted: but Le Vaillant had the good fortune to observe one, in a menagerie at the Cape of Good Hope, that was brought from Macao. Japan is stated to be its native place. 150 POLYPLECTRON. POLYPLECTRON. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, gracile, rectum, compressum; max- alla superiore versus api- cem deflexa. Nares in medio maxille site, laterales, semitectze, an- trorsum patule. Orbitee, gcnceque nude. Pedes tetradactyli, graciles ; tarso longo, calcaribus plu- ribus. Cauda lata, rotundata, elon- gata, rectricibus sedecim. PoLYPLECTRON. DIPLECTRON. Pavo. Temminck. Viewllot. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Cuv. Beak middle sized, slender, straight, compressed; the upper mandible bent down towards the tip. Nostrils situated in the mid- dle of the maxilla, lateral, nearly closed, and open in front. ifn Orbits and cheeks naked. Feet four-toed, slender; tarsi long, with many spurs. Tail broad, rounded, elon- gated, consisting of sixteen feathers. Ce z L HERE is but one species of this genus known, but of its manners we are still in the dark: it is a native of China and Thibet, and is easily discrimi- nated from the preceding genus, by the characters above given. I have adopted the name used by Temminck, as that is not only more applicable to the bird than the one proposed by Vieillot, but has also the right of priority. WAY aN 151 ARGUS POLYPLECTRON. (Polyplectron chinquis.) Po. corpore supra cinereo, nigricanti-striato et albo-punctato mae culato ; tectricibus alarum maculis orbiculatis splendide ceruleis adspersis ; subtus griseo, lineis nigricantibus undulato ; remigi- bus secundaris guttis'ex nitente ceruleis; tectricibus caude@ guttis duabus nitenti-viridibus. Polyplectron with the body above cinereous, striated with dusky and spotted with white; the wing-coverts sprinkled with splendid orbicular cerulean spots; under parts of the body grey, undulated with dusky lines; the secondary quills with shining blue spots; the tail-coverts with two shining green spots. Polyplectron chinquis. Temm. Gall, Ind. 2. p. 675. Pavo bicalcaratus. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2.617. 3.—Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 268. 2.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 730. Pavo tibetanus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 268. 2. B.—Gmel, Syst. Nat, 1. 731.—Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 617. 4.—Briss. Orn, 1. 294. 10. pl. 28. A. f. 2. Pavo sinensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 291. 9. Le Chinquis. Buff. Ois. 2. 365. L’Eperonnier. Buff. Ois. 2, 368.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 492. male, 403. female. Le petit Paon de Malacca. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 173. pl. 99¢ Eperonnier chinquis. Temm. Gall. (Svo.) 2. p. 363, Peacock Pheasant. Edw. Glean. pl. 67. and 68. * [ris Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 673. 3. Thibet Peaccck. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 675. 4. Tue most remarkable circumstance relating to this bird is that of the tarsi being armed with several spurs, which vary in number from two to 152 ARGUS POLYPLECTRON. six: and frequently the same bird has a different number on each leg, individuals mentioned by Temminck possessing three on one, and two on the other: these spurs are frequently joined to- gether at their base, but it is generally either the two upper or the two lower that undergo that change. Another curious fact relating to this species is, that the tail is composed of two distinct ranges or tiers of long feathers; the lowest being the true tail: these feathers are capable of being erected when the bird is agitated, but at other times they remain in a horizontal position. It is about the size of the Painted Pheasant : length twenty-three inches, of which the tail is upwards of ten: the head and the top of the neck are of a brown-grey, getting brighter on the throat: the feathers on the lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are of a dull brown, with transverse undulated bands of dusky brown: the greater wing-feathers are brown, va- ried with an earthy grey; the rest of them, as also those of the shoulders, are of a yellowish grey, va- ried with small dusky brown bands; each feather possessing towards its extremity a brilliant round _ spot, of a green-blue colour, changing to splendid gold and purple, according to the disposition of the light, in some aspects vying with the opal; these spots are surrounded by a circle of bloke. and another of yellowish white, with which latter colour the tip of each feather is adorned: the back, the rump, ‘and the upper tail-coverts, are clear brown, spotted and transversely undulated ARGUS POLYPLECTRON. 153 with yellowish-white: the tail-feathers are dull brown, varied with small spots of yellow ochre: at one inch and a quarter from the tips of the upper range, and one and three quarters from those of the lower, are two shining spots of an oval form, united one to the other, and separated by the shafts: the centres of these spots are green, reflecting brilliant hues of blue and purple, but not so splendid as on the wings and back; they are surrounded by a circle of black, which is again inclosed in another of dull grey of twice the breadth of the black: the upper mandible of the beak is red at its base, and black at its tip; the under is yellow, tipped with brown: the eyes are encircled with bright grey feathers ; the irides are brilliant yellow: the feet are black, as are the spurs ; the claws grey. The female has the plumage less brilliant, and the tail shorter: the feet are dull grey, and in place of the lower spur is situated a prominent callosity. The young have the plumage entirely of an earthy-grey, with large spots, and small lines of a brown colour: after the first moult the plumage becomes less irregular, and the position of the spots on the wings and tail becomes visible ; at the second they become more determined, and possess the fine golden-blue tint, with green reflections ; but it is not til after the third moult, which takes place at two years of age, that all the colours are produced in perfection. ~ In a natural state this species is not very wild ; it becomes readily accustomed to confinement, and 154 ARGUS POLYPLECTRON. propagates its species in a domestic state with as great facility as most other gallinaceous birds. It is a native of China, and the mountains that separate Indoostan and Thibet: according to Son- nerat, it occurs likewise in Malacca. MELEAGRIS. TURKEY. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, crassiuscu- lum; maxilla deflexa, con- vexa, fornicata, basi ceri- gerd, ceromate in carun- culam laxam pendu am, teretem elongato. Nares laterales, in ceromate. sitse. Gula pale carunculosa lon- gitudinali pendula. Cauda lata, expansiles, rec- tricibus octodecim. Pedes tetradactyli, mediocres, validi; tarso calcarato ob- tuso. Ale breves. Beak short, and thick; the — maxilla bent down, con- vex, arched, its base with a cere, which forms a loose _ pendulous caruncule, cy. lindrically elongated. Nostrils lateral, placed in the cere. Throat with a longitudinal pendulous wattle. carunculated Tail broad, expansile, con- sisting of eighteen feathers. Feet fouretoed, middle length, stout ; tarsi with an obtuse spur. Wings short. Me tracris, auctorum.—There being but one species known belonging to this genus, any general account of its manners in this place will be superfluous, as they will be fully described in their proper place. 156 COMMON TURKEY. (Meleagris Gallopavo.) ME. corpore supra et subtus nigro, purpureo violaceo et aureo nitente ; capite colloque superiore cutad subnuda, cerulescente, papillosd, pilosd; carunculd frontali et gulari. (Femina, a mare discrepat in eo quod calcare careat, et caruncula predita sit minorz multo et breviori, et caudam non gerat erectum.) Turkey with the body above and beneath black, shining with violet and gold; the head and upper part of the neck with a blue, papillated, and hairy skin; the forehead and throat with acaruncle. Female, differs in wanting a spur, and the wat- tles are much less and shorter; the tail cannot be erected. Meleagris Gallopavo, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 676. Gallopavo sylvestris. Briss. Orn. 1. 162. B. American Turkey. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 676, 1—Penn. Arct. Zool, 2.178.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 203. 1.—Wils. Amer. Orn. Index 5. p. xvii. Var. @. domestica. Colore mire varians, non raro toto corpore candido aut rufo. The colours varying greatly, oftentimes the whole body entirely white or red. | Meleagris Gallopavo domestica. Zemm. Gall. Ind. p. 677. Meleagris Gallopavo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 268.—Linn. Faun. Suec. 198.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 732. 1.—Briss, Orn. 1. 158, 16.—Raii. Syn. 51. a. 3.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 618. 1. Meleagris Gallopavo cristatus. Briss. Orn. 1. 162. 2.— Albin. Birds. 2, pl. 33. ; Dindon domestique. Buff. Ois. 2.132. 5.—Temm., Gall. v.2. p. 381. pl. 3. f. 5, 6, 7, 8, and g. (organs of voice.) Domestic or Common Turkey. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 97.— Albin. Birds. 3. pl. 35.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 679. 1.—Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 286.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2.229. LX AS a iS \ Ss COMMON TURKEY. 157 - Tur American, or original Turkey, is about three feet and a half in length; being somewhat larger than the domestic variety: it has a bare, red, carunculated head and neck: a dilatable fleshy appendage hangs over the beak: the pre- vailing colour of its plumage is a splendid black, inclining to brilliant gilded copper-colour, in some lights; in others, it inclines to purple: the greater wing-coverts are glossy brown: quills green-gold, black towards the ends, and white at the tips: the breast has a tuft of black hairs, about eight inches in length: the tail consists of eighteen feathers, which are brown varied with black, of which latter colour the tips are; its coverts are waved with black and white: the legs have a short blunt spur : the female is destitute of the tuft on the breast, at least none but old ones possess it, and then it is not above half the length of that of the male: the legs have not a spur. The young males do not put out the tuft on the breast till they are about three years old. In a domestic state Turkies vary sietinele but the most common appearance is dark grey, inclining to black, a barred dusky white, and black: it also occurs entirely of a fine deep copper-colour, with the greater quills pure white, and the tail of a dirty white, and is an elegant variety. White Turkies are not uncommon, often having their entire plumage of that colour: they also occur with their head crested. There can be no doubt the Turkey originally came from North America, where they still asso- 158 COMMON TURKEY. ciate in flocks, consisting of upwards of five hun- dred: they frequent the great swamps to roost; but at sunrise they leave, and retire to the woods in search of acorns and berries: they perch on trees, and attain the height they wish by rising from bough to bough; and generally contrive to reach the summits of the loftiest trees by that means. ‘hey run with rapidity, but fly very awk- wardly, and towards the spring they become so fat that they cannot fly above three or four hundred yards, and are then easily run down by a horse- man: the hunting’ of them forms a principal amusement in Canada: when a herd is discovered, a well-trained dog is sent into the midst of them : the birds no sooner perceive him than they run off at full speed, and with such swiftness, that they leave the dog far behind: he still follows, and as - they cannot go at this rate for any length of time, at last forces them to. take shelter in a tree; where they sit, completely fatigued, till the hunters come up, and with long poles knock them down one after another. In the inhabited parts of America the wild Turkies begin to disappear, and in fact are comparatively rare, being only found in the wildest and most unfrequented spots. _ The females lay their eggs in the spring, gene- rally in a retired and obscure place, as the male will often break them. ‘They are usually from fourteen to eighteen in number, white mixed with reddish or yellow freckles: the female sits with so much perseverance, that if fresh eggs be introduced into the nest immediately upon the young being COMMON TURKEY. 159 hatched, she will continue on the nest till they be perfected, and will remain upwards of two months on the nest if permitted. She is very careful of her young, but gives them very little protection against the attacks of any rapacious animals that come in her way, but rather gives them warning of their danger than attempts to prevent it; and as soon as they are sufficiently strong she abandons them entirely, and they are then able to endure the utmost rigour of the winter. “I have heard a Turkey hen, (says the Abbe de la Pluche), when at the head of her brood, send forth the most hideous scream, without my being able to perceive the cause; her young ones, however, immediately when the warning was given, skulked under the bushes, the grass, or whatever else seemed to offer shelter or protectior. They even stretched them- selves at full length on the ground, and continued lying motionless, as if dead. In the mean time the mother, with her eyes directed upwards, con- tinued her cries and screaming as before. On looking up in the direction in which she seemed to gaze, I discovered a black spot just under the clouds, but was unable at first to determine what it was; however, it soon appeared to be a bird of prey, though at first at too great a distance to be distinguished. I have seen one of these animals continue in this agitated state, and her whole brood pinned down as it were to the ground, for four hours together, whilst their formidable foe has taken his circuits, has mounted, and hovered directly over their heads: at last, upon his dis- 160 COMMON TURKEY. appearing, the parent changed her note, and sent forth another cry, which in an instant gave life to the whole trembling tribe, and they ail flocked round her with expressions of pleasure, as if con- scious of their happy escape from danger.” The motions of the Turkey, when agitated with desire or inflamed with rage, are very similar to those of the Peacock: it erects its tail, and spreads it like a fan, whilst its wings droop. and trail on the ground, uttering at the same time a dull hollow sound; it struts round and round with solemn pace, assumes all the dignity of the most majestic of birds, and thus expresses its attach- ment to its females, or its resentment to those objects which have excited its indignation. Turkies are bred in great numbers in Norfolk, Suffolk, and some other counties, from whence they are driven to the London markets in flocks of several hundreds. The drivers manage them with great facility, by means of a bit of red rag tied to the end of a long stick, which, from the antipathy these birds bear to that colour, effectually answers the purpose of a scourge These birds are kept in a domestic state in many parts of the old continent, and were intro- duced into this country during the reign of Henry the eighth, and about the year 1585 began to form one of the articles of our rural Christmas feasts. Ol CRAX. CURASSOW. Generic Character. Rostrum longiusculum, cras- || Beak long, thick, compressed. sum lateratim compressum, culmine carinato, versus apicem incurvum, basi cera simplice aut gibba obtec- tum. Nares laterales, in cera po- sitae, semitectze, antrorsum patule. Caput ; vertex pennis revo- lutis. Pedes tetradactyli, digiti tres anteriores basi membrana -connexi. | Cauda lata, declivis, rectri- cibus quatuordecim. Ale breves. at the sides, the ridge carinated, towards the tip incurved, the base covered with a simple cere or gib- bous. Nostrils lateral, placed in the cere, half covered, but open in front. Head; with its top orna- mented with revoluted fea- thers. Feet four-toed, the three an- terior ones connected by a membrane at the base. Tail broad, bent down, con- sisting of fourteen feathers. Wings short. Crax, auctorum.—Very little is known of the. manners of these birds, further than they are capable of being tamed, and will live with domestic poultry: they feed on fruits and seeds, and build on trees, upon which they perch. Vv. XI. Ps I. 1] 162 Many gallinaceous birds, and especially those of the family containing the genera Crar, Ourar, Penelope, Ortalida, and Opisthocomus, are furnished with a singularly contorted trachea; but as the description of that part relates more to compa- rative anatomy than to zoology, I shall omit it altogether, as the limits of this work will not allow of its being described in all the known species, and as the greater portion of exotic birds arrive in Europe without their carcases, it is ut- terly impossible to ascertain the position in such specimens. Dr. Latham has written a paper on the subject, which is published in the fourth volume of the Linnean Transactions, but the fact was known above sixty years ago, an account of the trachea of the Ourax galeata having been given in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences for the year 1760, page 376: but though the doctor was not the original discoverer, great merit is due to his observations, as they are often most exten- sively useful in ascertaining doubtful species. 163 CRESTED CURASSOW. (Crax Alector.) Cr. corpore supra et subtus nigro: abdomine albo, pennis in ver- tice crispis atris, cerdé flava, temporibus nudis flavis nigro- vartegatis. Curassow with the body above and beneath black, the abdomen white, the feathers on the crown curled and dark, the cere yellow, the temples naked, and variegated with black and yellow. Crax Alector. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 269.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 735.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 622.1.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 689. Crax Guianensis. Briss. Orn, 1. 298. 12. pl. 20. Mituporanga. Raz. Syn. 56. 6. Hocco de la Guiane. Buff: Ois. 2. 375. pl. 13. Hocco Mituporonga. Temm. Gall. v. 3. p.27. pl. 5. fo 1; 2» and 3. (beak, trachea, &c.) Indian Cock. Phil. Trans. lvi. p. 215. f. 3. Crested Curassow. Lath.Gen. Syn. 4. 690. 1. Lenertu near three feet: the irides dull black- brown: the eye is placed in a naked space, of a yellow colour, varied with black, and reaching to the base of the beak, which it covers to the middle, as a kind of cere or skin: the crest, which the bird can elevate or depress at pleasure, varies in height according to the age of the bird; in the adult it is composed of twisted black feathers, narrow at their base and broad at the tip: the whole of the upper part of the plumage, the neck, the breast, and the tail, are black, with green reflections; the last, however, is tipped with white ; though in some few individuals it is en- 164 CRESTED CURASSOW.- tirely black: the abdomen and the inferior tail- coverts are invariably white : the females resemble the male, but when young have a smaller crest, and their colours are more dull: their beak is grey, and the feathers on the breast are slightly tipped with a grey line; im which latter circum- stance they somewhat resemble young males. Before the first moult the young measure about two feet in length: the feathers of the crest are straight: the under mandible of the beak, and the tip of the upper, are of a whitish hora-colour: the sides of the head and base of the beak naked : the crest streaked alternately with black and white: the neck and the breast are dull black: the whole of the upper parts of the plumage, the secondary wing-feathers, the quills, and the feathers of the tail, varied with broad bands of reddish white; those on the top of the back being nar- rowest: the breast, the belly, and the thighs, are of a deep red, with distant black stripes: the abdomen and the under tail-coverts are bright red, and the feet are reddish grey: as the bird advances in age, the transverse white bands disappear, and by the completion of the second moult they are entirely obliterated, and the belly, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts become of a pure white, and the crest loses the whole of the white with which it was varied. Like many other gallinaceous birds, this will mix with other species, and produce singular hybrids, particularly with C. rubra, as there men- tioned. A curious variety, a hybrid, is described CRESTED CURASSOW. 165 by Temminck: it has the beak horn-coloured : the temples naked: the feathers of the crest of a pure white at their base, and black at their tips: the head, the neck, the breast, and the upper part of the back, are of a dull black : the shoulders, the wings, the quills, and the upper tail-coverts are alternately barred with black and reddish white : the tail-feathers are black, with distant yellowish white bands, the whole being tipped with this colour: the whole of the under parts, from the breast to the under tail-coverts, are of a reddish yellow, without spots. These beautiful birds inhabit Guiana, Mexico, Brasil, and Paraguay: they are easily tamed, and will readily associate with other fowls: they are tolerably plentiful, and make a considerable part of the food of the planters, their flesh being excellent, and the Indian hunters take them in great quantities, as they are so tame that they will scarcely fly away when several of the flock are shot, the noise of the gun not in the least alarming them: they associate in flocks of about a dozen, and roost on high trees during the night: their food consists entirely of maize, rice, bananas, and other sorts of fruits: the egg is about the size of that of the Turkey; it is of a pure white, like that of the common poultry. GLOBE-BEARING CURASSOW. (Crax globicera.) Cr. corpore nigro, abdomine subtus albo ; pennis in vertice crispts atris ; tuberculo ad basin rostri rotundato lato, magnitudine cerasi, cera luted; caudd apice alba. Curassow with a black body; the abdomen beneath white; the feathers of the crown contracted and dark coloured ; a broad rounded tubercle at the base of the beak, about the size of a cherry ; the cere yellow, and the tip of the tail white. Crax globicera. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 695.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. — 730.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2, 624. 3.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 686. Gallus indicus alius. Rati. Syn. 52. p. 7. Crax Curassons. Briss. Orn. 1.300. 13. Hocco, Faisan de la Guiane. Buff. Pl. Enl. 86. young. Hocco Teucholi. Temm. Pig. et Gail. 3.12. Curassow Cock. Albin. 2. pl. 31.—Edw. Glean., pl. ae ff 1. Globose Curassow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 695. 2. Var. B. obscure fusca ; ventre supremo albo ; caudé nigra ; fascits quatuor albis ; criste penne revolute, apice albe. Dull brown; the upper part of the belly white; the tail black, with four white fascia; the feathers of tee crest revoluted and tipped with white. Crax globicera hybrida. (1.) Temm.Gall. Ind. p. 687. Globose Curassow, female. Lath, Gen. Syn. A. 695. 2. Var. y. cerd flava; corpore nigro rufo fasciato; crista alba, apice nigra; collo albo nigroque_fasciato, With a yellow cere ; the body black, fasciated with rufous; the crest white, wilh’ a black tip; and the neck aE with white and black. Crax globicera hybrida. (2.) Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 687. -Crax Alector. var. 0. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 623. 1. Crested Curassow, var. c. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 692. 1. Curassow Hen. Albin. Birds. 2. pl. 32. GLOBE-BEARING CURASSOW. 167 Tuis bird is rendered conspicuous by possessing a globular tubercle, about the size of a hazle-nut or cherry, on the base of the beak, which is covered on that part with a lively yellow skin: the eyes are surrounded with a small black naked space, which is however separated from the cere by feathers: the nostrils are placed before and belowthe tubercle on the beak, in the yellow cere at its base: the head has a crest, the feathers of which are turned. and frizzled, and are larger at their top than towards their base: the whole of the plumage is of a fine black, with a tinge of green; but the abdomen, the under tail-coverts, and the tips of the tail-feathers, are white: the irides are chesnut- brown: the beak and feet are dusky horn-colour. The female scarcely differs from the male.. The young have a small protuberance in place of the globose tubercle: their plumage is of a dull black, transversely rayed with white, which rays dis- appear as the bird increases in age, and by the time it is two years old they are completely obliterated. Hybrids between this and C. rubra have been produced, which differ in the young state in having the plumage of a dull black-brown hue; with the crest varied with black and white: the abdomen reddish: the tail black, tipped with white; the rest of the plumage striped with slender transverse bars of white: the base of the beak without tubercles: when grown up they have the head and hind-part of the neck black: the crest black, with a white band: the upper part of the 168 RED CURASSOW.” , belly white; lower part, vent, and thighs, pale yellowish brown. One figured by Albin has the globose tubercle : the cere is yellow; the body is black, barred with rufous, as in the last, during its young state: its tail is black, barred alternately with white: the neck is barred with the same; and the crest 1s white, with a black tip: vent white. Native of Guiana, particularly about Curassow. RED CURASSOW. (Crax rubra.) Cr. spadicea, cervice colloque superne lineis alternis albis eé nigris, cera nigra, caudd fasciis novem albo-luteis, nigro- marginatis, temporibus plums, tectis. Chesnut-coloured Curassow ; the nape and upper parts of the neck with alternate lines of white and black ; the cere black ; the tail with nine whitish yellow fascie, edged with black; the temples covered with feathers. . Crax rubra. Temm. Gall, Ind, p.687—Linn, Syst. Nat. 1.270. 2.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 736. Crax peruvianus. Briss. Orn. 1. 305. 16. Hocco Coxilitli. Yemm. Pig. et Gall. v. 3. p. 21. Coxilitli. Razz. Syn. p. 57. Red Peruvian Hen. Albin. Birds. v. 3. pl. AO. Hen crested Curassow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 693. c. pl. 63. Var. B. differt & precedente, corpore spadiceo atro ; collo inferiore, pectore, rectricibusque intermediis atris, lf YY WA ll ds bs J Dy 1 Ue Wy Wh yjyy Wy Mii RED CURASSOW. RED CURASSOW. 169 This differs from the preceding in having the body dark ches- nut; the under part of the neck, the breast, and the two middle tail-feathers, dusky. Crax rubra hybrida. (1.) Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 688. Crax Alector, femina. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 623. 1. Hocco de Pérou. Buff: Ois. 2. 375. pl. 14.—Buff. Pl. Eni. 125. Hybride du Hocco Coxilitli et Mituporanga. Temm. Pig, et Gall. v. 3. p. 25. Crested Curassow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 6903.1. Var. y. capite collo cristaque nigris; corpore supra rectricibusque luteo nigroque fasciatis. With the head, neck, and crest, black; the body above and tail- feathers yellow, barred with black. Crax rubra hybrida. (2.) Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 689. Tue Red Curassow is the size of a Turkey, and measures about two feet six or eight inches in length: its beak is large and strong: the crest is composed of twisted and curled feathers, which are black at their base, then white, then tipped with black, with the upper part of the feathers broadest: the forehead, the sides of the head, and the top of the neck, are pure white, each feather being marked at their tips with a black fringe: the breast, and the upper parts of the tail, are of a rust-colour or reddish: the under parts are brighter red than the upper: the cere at the base of the beak is deep red: the base of the beak itself is horn-coloured, its tip whitish yellow: the feet are horn-colour: the irides deep brown: both sexes are similar. The young are beautifully varied: till the first year the crest is composed of straight feathers, which are reddish, varied with white and 170 CARUNCULATED CURASSOW. black: the sides of the head and top of the neck are barred with black and white: the whole of the upper part of the plumage, as well as the - tail-feathers,. are striated with broad transverse red and white bands ; which are slightly margined on each side with a line of black: the tail is tipped with white: as the bird increases in age these bands disappear; and at the first moult the feathers of the crest begin to twist and curl, and the transverse bands are greatly reduced in num- ber; and at the time of the second moult, they are entirely obliterated. This bird will breed with C. alector, and pro- duces an infinity of mules.: It is a native of South America. CARUNCULATED CURASSOW. (Crax carunculata.) Cr. corpore supra et subtus atro, abdomine casianeo, cera mem- brané laté ad rictum gemind et hea: oculorum nudis, pennis in vertice crispts atris. Curassow with the body above and beneath dark coloured ; the abdomen chesnut ; the cere with a broad membrane geminated towards the gape, and with the space round the eyes naked ; the feathers on the crown twisted and dark coloured. Crax carunculata. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 690. Hocco a barbillons. Temm. Pig. ct Gall. v. 3. p. 44. pl. 4. f. 3. beak only. CARUNCULATED CURASSOW. 171 A NEw species, described by Temminck: its beak is shorter and stronger than in C. alector: the upper mandible is more elevated : the cere at its base is red, and is prolonged on each side of the under mandibles, and forms a small rounded wattle: the space round the eyes is naked, and is separated from the cere by feathers: the head, the twisted feathers of the crest, the whole of the upper parts of the body, the neck, and the breast, are black, with green reflections: the abdomen is chesnut, and the legs are brown. Length about three feet. Native of Brasil. 172 OURAX. PAUXI. Generic Character. Rostrum breviusculum, cras- || Beak short, thickened, very siusculum, valdé compres- much compressed ; the base sum; basi caruncula ovali furnished with an _ oval instructum, plumis tectz. caruncle, which is covered with feathers. Nares laterales, fronti proxi- || Nostrils lateral, approaching mee, orbiculares, supra se- the forehead, orbicular, mitectae, infra patulee. above nearly covered, be- neath open. Pedes tetradactyli, digiti an- || Feet four-toed, the anterior teriores basi membrana ones connected at the base connex1. by a membrane. Cauda lata, rectricibus qua- || Tail broad, consisting of ' tuordecim. fourteen feathers. Ale breves. Wings short. Pauxi. Temminck. Crax. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Briss. Ourax. Cuvier. Tue manners of these birds are very similar to those of the preceding genus, except that they build on the ground, and not in trees. ‘They are distinguished from the Curassows by the beak GALEATED PAUXI. 17S being shorter and thicker, and by having the membrane at its base, as well as the greater por- tion of the head, covered by short and serrated, velvet-like feathers. GALEATED PAUXI. (Ourax Galeata.) Ou. corpore atro, viridi nitente, abdomine apicéque caude albis, tuberculo corneo ad basin rostri ceruleo pyriformt. Pauxi with the body dark coloured, glossed with green; the abdomen and tip of the tail white; the base of the beak with a horny, blue, pear-shaped tubercle. Pauxi galeata, Yemm. Gall. Ind. p. 683. Crax galeata. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 624. 4. Crax pauxi. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 270.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.737° —Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 624. 3.—Raii. Syn, 52. 5. Crax Mexicanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 302. 14. Le Hocco du Mexique. Buff. Ots. 2. 348. Le Pierre de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 78. Pauxiadcasque oule pierre. Temm. Pig. et Gall.3.p.1.pl.4.f. 1. (trachea. ) Cushew Curassow. Edw. Glean. pl. 295. f. 2.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 696. Galeated Curassow. Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 200. LenetH two feet and a half: beak with a horny tubercle at its base, with grooves on the outside, and the inside composed of cells: in the young this is round, but in the old birds it becomes pyri- form, and measures two inches and a half in 174 GALEATED PAUXI. height: its colour is livid blue: the beak is blood- red: the whole of the feathers of the head and neck are short and velvety: the rest of the plumage, with the exception of the abdomen, is black, with green reflections, each feather being terminated by a circle of dull black: the tail- feathers are black, tipped with white : the abdomen and the under tail-coverts are of a pure white: the feet are red; the claws yellow: the irides brown. The female resembles the male; but the young are brown and red, and they do not: possess the corneous tubercle on the beak till after their first moult. This inhabits Mexico, Curassaw, and other parts of the middle region of America: it is said by Fernandez to build on the ground, like the Phea- sant. ‘The young feed on insects, and asthey grow up they devour fruits, grains, and other substances, | like the rest of this group: the female lays several eggs, the size of those of the Turkey. 175 CRESTED PAUXI. (Ourax Mitu.) Ov. corpore utro, purpureo violaceoque nitente, abdomine case taneo, apice caude@ albo, maxilla culmine corneo, cultrato, rubro, cristé atra in fronte. Pauxi with a black body, glossed with purple and violet; the abdomen chesnut; the tip of the tail white; the ridge of the beak horny, sharp, and red; the forehead with a dark crest. Pauxi Mitu. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 685. Crax Mitu. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.270. 3.—Razt. Syn. 52, 4. Crax brasiliensis. Briss. Orn, 1. 296. 11. Crax Alector. B. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 623. Pauxi Mitu. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 8. pl. 4. f.2. beak. Crested Curassow. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 691. a. Tuts is much more rare than the preceding species, and considerably smaller : the ridge of the upper mandible of the beak is elevated above the top of the head, and is sharp on its fore-part, and enlarged at its base: on the forehead, at the com- mencement of the elevation on the beak, is a tuft of short feathers, which the bird has the power of elevating and depressing at pleasure, like a crest: the head, the region of the eyes, and the whole of the upper parts of the neck, are covered with short velvety feathers, of a dull black colour: the rest of the upper parts, the breast, the belly, the thighs, and the feathers of the crest are black, shining with violet and purple, each feather being edged with a circle of dull black : the tail is similar 176 CRESTED PAUXI. in colour to the upper parts of the body, and is tipped with white: the abdomen and the under tail-coverts are of a chesnut-red: the whole of the beak is of a brilliant red: the irides are dusky, and the feet are red-brown. ‘The young have the beak of a paler red, and the elevation upon it is much smaller. One in the Museum at Paris has the tip of the tail chesnut-red: it is evidently a young bird, as the beak wants the characteristic mark of the old one. Native of Brasil. 177 PENELOPE. GUAN. Generic Character. Rostrum basi glabrum, me- || Beak smooth at the base, of diocre, latius quam altum; middle size, broader than apice compressum, forni- || high; the tip a catum. _ and arched. Nares laterales, ovate, semi- || Nostrils lateral, ovate, half- tectze, antrorsum patule. covered, but open in front. Gene nude; guld palea lon- || Cheeks naked; the throat gitudinali media caruncu- with a longitudinal wattle, lata. carunculated in the mid- die. | Pedes tetradactyli, mutici, |} Feeé four-toed, smooth, the tarst reticulati. tarsi reticulated. Ale breves. Wings short. PENELOPE. Merrem. Gmel. Lath. Cuv. Vieillot. Temm. GALLOPAVO. Briss. Meveaaris. Linn. ‘Turse have the beak more slender than the Curassow, and the space round the eyes, as well as the throat, is naked, and can be expanded at the will of the bird. On account of the great variations of plumage these birds undergo at dif- ferent periods of their lives, it becomes very dif- V. XI. P. I. 12 178 CRESTED GUAN. ficult to separate the species with accuracy: they build on trees, and feed on fruits and seeds. All the species have a very similar cry, like the words jacu, yacou, yacuhu, or jacuhu: which names the Indians have applied to several of the species from that circumstance. A, Capite cristato, a. With the head crested. CRESTED GUAN. (Penelope cristata.) Pr. corpore nigro-virescente, dorso fusco, uropygio abdomineque castaneis; collo pectoreque albo-maculatis; temporibus mnudis violaceis; gutture membrandque longitudinalt rubris pilosis. (Femina vix cristata.) } Guan with a black-green body; the back brown; the rump and abdomen chesnut-coloured; the neck and breast spotted with white; the temples naked and violet; the throat and lon, gitudinal membrane red and hairy. (Female scarcely crested.) Penelope cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 733.—Lath. Ind. Orn.2. 619.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 691. Meleagris cristata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 269. Gallopavo Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 162. L’Yacou. Buff. Ors. 2. 387. Penelope Guan, TZemm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p.46. pl. 6. f. 1, 2, 5. Guan, or Quan. Edw. Glean. pl. 13.—Laih. Gen. Syn. 4. 680. Asout two feet seven inches in length: the ‘whole of the upper part of the plumage of the male 179 is of a green-black, changing, according to the position of the light, to shades of olive: the throat and the breast are the same with the feathers, surrounded with white, producing a spotted ap- pearance: the belly and the thighs are of a reddish hue, with the edges of the feathers white: the lower part of the back, the rump, and the under tail-coverts, are of a chesnut-red: at the base of the beak are some black hairs: from the middle of the under mandible of the beak to the coverts of the ears is a stripe of black: the feathers of the head and the occiput are elongated into a tufted crest, capable of being erected at the will of the bird: the naked space on the cheeks surrounds the eyes, and is joined to the base of the beak ; it is of a purple-black: the throat is naked, and from it depends a broad, loose, membranaceous skin, of a fine red colour, slightly eovered with a few hairs; when the bird is agitated this part is greatly contracted: the irides are of a red-brown : the feet are red. ‘The female differs in having a rufous reflection on the plumage, instead of the brilliant hues of the male: the crest 1s much Shorter, and its feathers, as well as those of the neck and the shoulders, are edged with white, The young have not the naked space on the temple or the throat: the head and the sides of the neck being covered with a reddish down: the occiput and the whole of the hinder part of the neck are of a chesnut-colour, and covered with down: the sides of the neck also possess a narrow stripe of down: the breast is deep red: the down 180 YACOU GUAN. on the back and the rising feathers of the wings and tail are deep chesnut, the whole tipped with red: the under parts of the body are reddish white. Often tamed in Brasil, (where it is found in a wild state, ) for the sake of its flesh, which is excel- lent, and greatly esteemed. YACOU GUAN. (Penelope pipile.) PE, capite cristé albidé, corpore nigricante-violaceo, collo pec- toreque albo-punctatis; tectricibus alarum maculis albis con- spersis ; temporibus nudis albidis ; membranula caerulea, pilosa ; remigibus apice truncatis. - Guan with a white crest on the head; the body dusky violet; the neck and breast spotted with white; the wing-coverts sprinkled with white spots; the temples naked and whitish; the membrane blue and downy ; the quills truncated at their tips. Penelope pipile. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 694.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.734. 4.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 620. 2. ; Penelope cumanensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 620. 3.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.734. 3. Penelope leucolophos. Merrem. Ic. p.45. pl. 12. Pénélope siffeur. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 76. pl. 7. f. 2. Piping Curassow. Lath. Syn. Sup. 205. Cumana Curassow. Lath. Syn. Sup. 205. Yacou. Buff. Ovs. 2. 387.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 681. pl. 61. Tue Yacou Turkey, with the Cumana, and Piping Curassows of Latham, without doubt constitute (fe Ga Mf zutt “” YACOU GUAN. LO SS YACOU GUAN. 181 the present species; which in its perfect state is thus distinguished from the others of this division of the genus: it is eight and twenty or thirty inches in length: the forehead of the male has a small black space: the long acuminated feathers on the head and the occiput are white, with their shafts black or brown: on each side of the head is a broad white stripe, which is prolonged to the top of the neck: the greater and middle wing- coverts are black, with white spots: the feathers of the breast have a narrow white band on the exterior part of each web: the rest of the plumage is of a fine black, with purple and violet reflections : the tail possesses a green hue: on each cheek is a small naked space, communicating with the cere at the base of the beak ; it is of a bluish white: the naked skin on the throat is red, and it has a kind of wattle of a fine blue: the irides are rufous: the legs and tarsi are red, changing to a dull black by age: the claws are brown: the beak dusky at the tip, and blue at the base. The female is known by being smaller: the feathers of the crest are dull white, and more varied with brown or dusky: the reflections on the plumage are less brilliant. The young before their first moult have their plumage black, with a tinge of brown and chesnut, which colour is most conspicuous on the rump, the thighs, and the abdomen: the irides are brown: the naked space on the cheeks is of a livid colour, and the feathers of the crest are varied with brown. | This is subject to considerable variety: one 1g2 YACOU GUAN. mentioned’ by Temminck has the general colour of the plumage black, shaded with reddish and slight hues of purple: round the eyes is a very small naked space, which does not communicate with the cere on the beak; it is also surrounded with a circle of small black feathers: the forehead has a deep black space: the feathers of the crest ~are white on their edges, and black towards the middle: the quills are singularly truncated, and their points subulated. Two of these birds were for a long time in a menagerie in Holland : they were very familiar and quiet, and lived with great harmony with poultry: their cry was a kind of whistle. The Yacou is found in Guiana and Brasil, on the borders of the rivers Amazon and Plata; but is not common: it makes its nest on the ground, and hatches its young there; though at other times it is generally seen on trees; when pleased or taken notice of, it erects its rest and expands its tail. i 183 MARAIL GUAN. (Penelope Marail.) Pr. corpore nigro-virescente eneo-nitente, collo infra pectoreque albo-maculatis, temporibus nudis pallide rubres ; gutture mem= brandque longitudinali rubris, pilosis. (Femina vix cristata.) Guan with the body green-black, glossed with brassy; the neck beneath, and the breast, spotted with white; the temples naked, and pale red; the throat with a longitudinal red membrane, and hairy. (Female scarcely crested.) Penelope Marail. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 734.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 620. 4.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 692. Le Marail. Buff. Ois.:2. 390. Faisan verdatre de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 338. Pénélope Marail. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 56. pl. 7.f. 1. Marail Turkey. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 682. LenetH twenty-three or twenty-four inches: the male with a tufted crest, the feathers of which it is composed being broadest at their tips; they are of a green-black, with a narrow border of white: from the base of the lower mandible of the beak arises a broad streak of small feathers, which are of a green colour, bordered with white, and passes to the coverts of the ear: the whole of the upper parts, the neck, and the breast, are of a _ brilliant deep green, with brassy reflections: the back and the rump are the same; but the nape, the top of the back, and the breast, have the whole of the feathers bordered with white: the lower part of the belly, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are brown: the naked space on the cheeks communicates with the cere of the 184 MARAIL GUAN. beak, which is of a fine red: the naked part of the neck, and the elongated membrane, are of a bril- liant red, sprinkled with a few hairs: the feet are red; the claws and beak are black: the female differs in having a smaller crest, and the plumage tinged with reddish. This bird generally has two broods in the year, one at the commencement of the rainy season, about December or January, the other about May or June; the female depositing from about three to six eggs: it constructs its nest in the middle of thick bushy trees, as near the trunk as possible. When the eggs are hatched, the mother feeds the young ones in the nest, till the feathers begin to make their appearance, which is in about ten or twelve days, when they descend with their mother, who, like other poultry, scratches the ground, and broods over the young, which quit hér as soon as ibey can shift for themselves: they feed upon the lesser grains, fruits, and insects. The best time for taking these birds is morning or evening, being then found on such trees whose fruit they feed on; they are discovered by some of it falling on the print The young are easily tamed, and seldom forsake the place where they have been reared: they prefer roosting on tall trees. Their cry is far from disagreeable, except when irritated, when it is harsh and loud; and at that crisis it erects all the feathers of the head, and changes the colour of the membrane on the throat. It is common in many parts of America, particularly the woods of Guiana. Its flesh is very fine. 185 b. Capite non cristato. b. Head without a crest. YACUHU GUAN. (Penelope obscura. ) Pr. vertice colloque supra nigris ; collo subtus, dorso alisque nigri- cantibus albo-maculatis, uropygio ventre abdomineque casta- neis, cauda remigibusque nigris. Guan with the crown and upper part of the neck black; the under part of the neck, the back, and wings, dusky, spotted with white ; the rump, belly, and abdomen, chesnut ; the tail and wing-quills black. Penelope obscura. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 693. Penelope Yacuhu. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 68. Tus bird, which may be only a variety of the young of some of the preceding species, is de- scribed by Temminck : its total length is twenty- nine inches and a half: the forehead, the upper part of the head, and the top of the neck, are black ; the rest of the neck, the upper part of the back, and the upper wing-coverts, are dusky, slightly edged with white on the margin of the feathers: from the middle of the beak to the co- verts of the ear is a slight band of black: the breast is dusky, the feathers tipped with white: the back, the belly, and the legs, are of a chesnut- colour; and the feathers of the wings and tail are dusky: the beak is black, and the irides red: the eye is surrounded witha naked black space, com- 186 SUPERCILIOUS GUAN. municating with the beak, which has a membrane about two inches long, descending from the base of its lower mandible, and disappearing when the bird is frightened : the base of the beak is furnished with very short, straight, black feathers. It is a native of Paraguay, occurring in the vicinity of rivers and lakes, but is more abundant among trees: it lays eight eggs about October: its cry consists in a repetition of the word yac, or occasionally yacu, from whence its name is derived. | SUPERCILIOUS GUAN. (Penelope superciliaris. ) PE. vertice cerviceque fusco-nigris, dorso cinereo-virescenti, pen- nis griseo marginatis, tectricibus pennisque alarum secundarits - wirescentibus fulvo-marginatis, abdomine uropygioque rufis. Guan with the crown and top of the neck brown-black; the back greyish-green, the feathers edged with grey ; the wing- coverts, and secondary quills, greenish, edged with fulvous ; the abdomen and rump rufous. : | Penelope superciliaris. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 693. Pénélope Péan. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 72. Tur feathers of the forehead and of the top of the head, in this species, are not at all elongated :. the occiput and the nape are of a brown-black : the forehead possesses a few scattered hairs: from SUPERCILIOUS GUAN. 187 the under mandible of the beak to the coverts of the ears extends a black stripe; and a stripe of white exists, reaching from the base of the beak to the ears, passing over the naked space on the temples: the feathers on the top of the back are ashy-green, with their margins grey; the wing- coverts, secondary feathers, and tail-coverts, are shaded with deep green; and the whole of the feathers are edged with a broad band of fine red: the tail is greenish, tinged with rosaceous: the lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are grey-brown, each feather being bordered with whitish: the thighs, the abdomen, and the rump, are of a chesnut-colour : the throat and the upper part of the neck are naked and red, and are fur- nished with a loose hairy membrane: the naked skin on the sides of the head, which joins the base of the beak, is of a deep purple: the irides are reddish-brown: the feet are horn-coloured; and the claws and beak are brown. Female similar. The young after attaining the length of fifteen inches do not differ from the above. The adult bird is two feet and upwards in length: it inhabits Brasil, and by the Indians of the district of Para is called Jacu-peea. 188 ORTALIDA. PARRAKA. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, basiglabrum, || Beak short, smooth at its maxilla superiore arcuata, base, the upper mandible versus apicém reflexd et |! curved, and towards its tip fornicata. || reflected and arched. Nares ovate, laterales. Nostrils lateral and ovate. Gena nude, verrucose, guld || Cheeks naked, warty; the linea nuda utrinque. throat with a naked stripe on each side. Cauda descendens. Tail bent down. Pedes tetradactyli, mutici. Feet four-toed, smooth. Ortatipa. Merrem. Puasianus. Briss. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Humb. PENELOPE. Temm. Tuis genus may be distinguished from the pre- ceding by the beak being much more elevated and curved, and towards its tip being considerably more reflected and arched: the throat does not possess the loose pendulous membrane, nor 1s it naked, but has on each side, descending from the base of the under mandible, a naked stripe, slightly sprinkled with hair: the tail is depending. One species only is known. . 189 NOISY PARRAKA. (Ortalida Parrakoua.) Or. cristd rufa, corpore supra fusco-olivaceo, subtus cinerascente- olivaceo, temporibus nudis purpureis, caudd pennis lateralibus rufo terminatis. Parraka with a red crest; the body above brown-olive, beneath greyish olive; the temples naked and purple; the lateral tail-feathers terminated by rufous. Penelope Parrakoua. Temm. Gall. Ind. p, 695. Phasianus Motmot. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 271. 2.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 740. 2.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 632. 9: Phasianus Guianensis. Briss. Orn, 1. 270. pl. 26. f. 2. Phasianus Parraqua. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1. 740. 8.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 632.12. Phasianus garrulus. Humb. observ. de Zool. et d’ Anat. 1. p. A. young. Faisan de la Guiane. Buff: Pl. Enl. 146. Le Katraca. Buff. O1s.2. 394. Le Parraqua. Buff. Ois. 2. 394. Pénélope Parrakoua. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.85. pl. 8. Motmot Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.721. 8. Parraka Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 722. 9. Tue total length of the Parraka, or Parrakoua, is twenty-one or twenty-two inches: the forehead, the top of the head, and the upper part of the neck, are of a deep red: the under part of the neck, the back, and the wings, are brown, or olive- grey: the under wing-coverts are red: the fore- part of the neck and the breast are of a grey colour, with shades of olive; without spots: the 190 NOISY PARRAKA. thighs and abdomen are yellow: the six middle tail-feathers are deep green; the three lateral ones on each side are of a rusty red: the naked skin round the eyes, which communicates with the cere, is of a livid purple ; and when the bird is agitated with rage or desire, it assumes a deep red hue; as do also the two naked stripes on the sides of the throat: the beak is grey-blue at its base, and white towards its tip: the irides are | reddish brown: the feet are livid red: both sexes agree in plumage; but the young differ consi- derably: the red on the feathers of the head and nape is less brilliant ; and they are fringed with an ochrey yellow margin: the hinder part of the neck, the back, and the wings, are of an olive- brown; but in the very young the feathers are margined with reddish: the fore-part of the neck and the breast are brown; each feather being bordered and tipped with grey-white: the under coverts of the wings and the rump are red: the tail is tipped with white; the extremity of the three lateral feathers on each side being rusty red 5 the rest of them, as well as the three in the middle, are black, with green reflections: the belly and the abdomen are white: the thighs, the under tail-coverts, and the sides, are reddish yellow: the feet are bluish. Found in Brasil, Paraguay, Guiana, and many other parts of South America: it associates in flocks of from sixteen to twenty, perching upon the dead branches of trees; utters its cry, which is said to be the loudest of all American birds, and ie NOISY PARRAKA. 191 resembles the word parrakoua, from whence its name is derived: it delights in the borders of open woods, or the neighbourhood of cultivated places ; but rarely in the interior of the country : the females deposit from four to six eggs, making the nest in low branches or stumps of trees, about six or eight feet from the top ; when the young are hatched, they descend, after a short time, on the ground, and the mother behaves to her chickens in the same manner as hens. ‘The principal food of this bird consists of grains and seeds, but it will also eat fruits and tender herbs: the young are fed with worms and small insects: during the day they keep among the thick woods, but come out into the open savannahs to feed, morning and evening, at which times they are killed by the inhabitants: their flesh is very fine, and greatly esteemed: they are easily tamed, and bear con- finement. OPISTHOCOMUS. Srpruaribeey” Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, crassum, validum, lateratim com- pressum, basi vibrissisdiver- gentibus obductum, mar- ginibus postice serratis, an- tice utrinque incisis ; man- dibula superiore culmine rotundato, versus apicem inflexa; inferiore apice re- curvata. Beak middle sized, thick, strong, laterally compress- ed, the base furnished with divergent bristles, the edges serrated behind, and cleft on each side; the ridge of the upper mandi- ble rounded, towards the tip bent down, the under one at the tip recurved. Tarsi reticulati, digito medio |i Tarst reticulated, shorter than the middle toe. . Claws long, compressed, pressi, curvati, acuti; por- curved, acute; the hinder ticus longior, valdé adun-|| one long, and very much cus. bent. Cauda rectricibus decem. Tail with ten feathers. breviores. Ungues longiusculi, com- OPISTHOCOMUsS. OrTHOCORYS. PHASIANUs. Crax. Briss. Hoffmansegg. Vieillot. Gmel. Lath. Tuis genus was separated from the Pheasants by that active and indefatigable zoologist Hoff- mansegg: it is distinguished by having a shorter oe O Sieh [tf i \\\\ \ \ \ CRESTED SERPENTEATER » HOATZIN SERPENT-EATER. 193 and stouter beak than those birds, and the head possesses a crest composed of slender feathers: this is discriminated from all other gallinaceous birds by not having a membrane connecting the toes at their base; and in having longer wings than any other of the order: the manners of the only species known are also somewhat different. HOATZIN SERPENT-EATER. (Opisthocomus Hoatzin.) Ov. fulvo-fuscus, capite cristato, fuscié, alarum duplict pallida, cauda apice luted. Fulvous brown Serpent-eater, with the head crested ; the wings with a double pale fascia ; the tip of the tail yellow. Phasianus cristatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.741.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 631. 7. Crax fuscis Americanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 304. 15. Hoatzin. Law Syn. 163.— Buff. Ois. 2.385. Faisan huppé de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 337. Sasa de Guiane. Sonnini. edit. Buff. v. 5. p.2G0 and 204. Crested Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 720. 7. pl. 64. Tuts singular bird is in length one foot eleven inches: its beak is black: the head furnished with a crest, the feathers of which it is composed vary- ing in length; in colour dirty brownish white ; beneath black: space round the eyes naked and rufous: the upper parts of the body are brown; V. XI. P. I. 13 194 HOATZIN SERPENT-EATER. the under, as far as the belly, reddish white: the belly and vent rufous: tips of the middle and larger wing-coverts white, forming two bars on the wings ; the edge of which is white half way from the bend: quills rufous: from the occiput to the top of the back, each feather has a white streak down the middle, or rather the shaft is of that colour: the tail is cuneiform, and of the same colour with the back ; the tip yellow: legs black, without spurs. It inhabits Guiana, and is found on frees near rivers: its food consists of grains and seeds; it will also eat insects and serpents: it has a howling disagreeable note: its flesh has a very disagreeable smell (probably caused by the quality of its food,) and is consequently not eaten, but is used by the fishermen to catch certain fishes. GALLUS. — SS C1 COCK. Generic Character. Rostrum crassiusculum, basi glabrum, supra convexum, submcurvum, ad apicem deflexum. Nares basales, laterales, squa- ma fornicali semitectze, pa- tule. Aures nude. Cauda compressa, rectricibus quatuordecim. Pedes tetradactyli, ambula- tori, digiti anteriores basi membrana connexi; farso calcarato magno incurvato. Ale breves. Gaius Antiquorum. PHASIANUS. Beak thickened, its convex, base smooth, above slightly curved, and bent down at the tip. Nostrils situated at the base, lateral, half covered with an arched scale, and open. Ears naked. Tail compressed, consisting of fourteen feathers. Feet four-toed, formed for walking, the anterior ones connected at the base.by a membrane; the ¢ars? with a strong incurved spur. Wings short. Ray, Brisson, Vieill., Temm., Leach. Linn, Gmel. Lath. AAGREEABLY to the excellent arrangement of the older ornithologists, I have adopted the present genus, the birds of which it is composed being considered by Linné and his followers as con- 196 COCK... stituting part of his artificial genus Phasianus. The earlier ornithologists, amongst whom were Gesner, Aldrovandus, and Ray, sufficiently dis- criminated between the Cocks and the Pheasants, and placed the former by themselves, calling them by the ancient name Gallus; in which they have been followed by Brisson, Vieillot, Temminck, and other modern systematists, who prefer following the plain system of nature to the shackled and artificial one of Linne. As all the birds of the genus have the same manners of life as the Domestic Cock, and a full aceount of them being given in the description of that species, the reader is referred to that place, as our limits will not allow of the unnecessary re- petition that must otherwise occur: suffice it to state that the native place of the whole of them appears to be within the Asiatic tropics, those | found without being in a domestic state. 197 A. Capur (in maris) carunculd compressd, sepius dentatd, ar- matum. A. Head, in the male, armed with a-compressed, generally dent- ated comb. a. MANDIBULA INFERIORE rostri, ceromatis geminis compressis : cauda ascendens, aut subhorizontali, aut nulld. a. The under mandible of the beak with compressed geminated wattles: tail ascending, or subhorizontal, or entirely wanting. GIGANTIC COCK. (Gallus giganteus. ) Ga. Gallo vulgari duplo major; carunculé et palearibus rubris. Cock, twice as large as the common one, with a red caruncle and wattles. Gallus giganteus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 633. Coq Jago. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 84. pl. 2. f: 1. foot. Var. B. carunculd denticulata, corpore pulchris coloribus va- riegato. The caruncle denticulated ; the body variegated with beautiful colours. Gallus giganteus, var.a. Temm. Gall. Ind, 653. Gallus Patavinus. Briss. Orn. 1. 170.—Will. 110. Phasianus Gallus. a. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2, 628. 1. Le Coq de Caux, ou de Padoue et les Poules de Sauserarre. Buff. Ois. 2. 125.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 86. Paduan Cock. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 707. 1. Tuis species occurs ina wild state in the forests of Sumatra, and the western parts of Java; but as yet specimens have not made their way to Europe ; the only account of them resting upon the autho- 198 BANKIVA COCK. rities of Dampier and Marsden: all that is known of the species in a wild state is, that it is twice the size of the Domestic, and greatly resembles the Bankiva, cock. In a domestic state it is frequent in many parts, particularly in Padua, where it grows to an immense size, often exceeding ten pounds in weight : it is distinguished by having a very large denticulated comb, which is frequently double, and the body is variegated with brilliant colours, as in the common species: its voice is remarkably rough and hoarse: it does not attain its brilliancy of plumage till a later period than poultry in general, at least not till above half grown: when tired it rests on the first joint of the leg, and is then much taller than the common fowls. | BANKIVA COCK. (Gallus Bankiva.) Ga. caruncula denticulatd, ore subtus barbato, caudd subfusti- giatd subhorizontah pennis, colli elongatis ; apicibus rotundatis, capite dorsoque fulvis, tectricibus alarum fuscis nigrisque, abdomine cauddque nigris. (Femina, fusco-cinerea et flavicans, crista et barba minores quam maris.) Cock with a denticulated comb; the throat wattled; the. tail somewhat pointed and horizontal; the feathers on the neck elongated, and rounded at the tip ; the head and back fulvous ; the wing-coverts brown and black; the abdomen and tail BANKIVA COCK. | 199 black. (Female grey-brown and yellowish, with the comb and wattles smaller than in the male.) Gallus Bankiva. Temm. Gall. Ind, 654. Coq et Poule Bankiva. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 8. 87. Temmincxk considers this species to be the origin of our domestic poultry; but I cannot assent to his arguments, as they do not appear to be sufficient to warrant his assertion, and itis much better (in all cases where proofs cannot be ob- tained) to consider differing individuals as distinct species, than run the hazard of connecting what nature has not joined together: however, this is thus described by that celebrated ornithologist. ‘In form and colour it greatly resembles that race of poultry called Bantams and Turkish Cocks ; the only character that separates it from these is, that it carries its tail somewhat horizontal and arched, whereas in those it is considerably elevated, and forms two vertical planes: the feathers which adorn the neck are long, with their webs disunited, and towards their tips somewhat extended and rounded: the head, the neck, and the whole of the elongated feathers of the back, which reach to the rump, are of a bright orange, or fiery colour: the top of the back, the lesser and middle wing- coverts, are of a beautiful purple-chesnut; the greater coverts are black, with green reflections : the quills and secondary feathers are of a rusty red on their outer edges, and black on their inner: the breast, the belly, the thighs, the abdomen, and the tail are black, with green-gold reflections : 200 JUNGLE COCK. the comb, the cheeks, the throat, and the wattles, are of a red hue, varying in colour: the feet are grey, armed with strong spurs: the irides are yellow. The female is much smaller than the male ; the comb and the wattles are much shorter; the space round the eyes and the throat are naked; the latter slightly covered with distant feathers: the breast, the belly, and the abdomen are of a yellowish colour, each feather varied with a clear ray down the shaft: the feathers of the lower part of the neck are elongated, and have disunited webs ; they are black in the middle, and yellow-ochre on their edges: the shoulders, the wings, the feathers of the rump and tail are of an earthy grey, varied with zigzag black marks; the greater quills are grey.” Laischenan discovered this bird in the interior parts of Java, where the inhabitants call it Ayam Bankiva: it inhabits the great forests and borders of woods: it is very wild. JUNGLE COCK. (Gallus Sonneratii.) Ga. carunculé denticulata; ore subtus barbato; pennis colli linearibus, elongatis, albo atro fulvoque maculatis, apice mem- branaceis ; guld, jugulo, pectore, abdomine, dorsoque griseis albo lineatis; tectricibus alarum rufo-castaneis, apicibus dila- JUNGLE COCK. I? JUNGLE COCK. 901 tatis, cartilaginers fulvis ; remigibus, rectricibusque atro-nigris, (Femina minor, absque carunculé et palearibus ; capite plumato ; corpore obscuriore, fusco rufoque vario.) : Cock with a toothed comb; the mouth wattled beneath; the feathers of the neck elongated, spotted with white, black, and fulvous ; their tips membranaceous ; the throat, jugulum, breast, abdomen, and back, grey striped with white; the wing-coverts reddish chesnut, the tips of the feathers di- lated, cartilaginous, and fulvous ; the quills and tail-feathers deep black. Female less, without the comb or wattles ; the head feathered ; the body more obscure, varied with brown and red. Gallus Sonneratii. Temm. Gall. Ind. 659. Gallus Indicus. Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. 6. Phasianus Gallus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 737.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 615. \ Le Coq sauvage. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 153. pl. 94. male; p. 160. pl. 95. female. Coq et Poule Sonnerat. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 246. pl. 3. of. Wd. Wild Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 698. 1. Indian Pheasant. Leach, Zool. Misc. 2.6. pl. 61. Tuis magnificent bird is a native of India, and has been thought to be the origin of our domestic poultry ; but as there are no facts that support the conjecture, it must be considered a distinct species, differmg materially from the cultivated one. It was first described as distinct by Temminck in his valuable work on the Gallinacea, and since by Dr. Leach in the second volume of the Zoological Miscellany. It has a dentated comb on the head, and the sides of the lower mandible of the beak are adorned with wattles resembling those of G. domesticus : the naked space round the eyes and on the throat 202 JUNGLE COCK. is larger than in that bird: the feathers on the top of the head and those of the neck are ee and are very remarkable, differing from those of any other of the genus: the quill is thick and flattened, forming a white ray the whole length of the feather, and ending in a dilated cartilaginous substance, similar to that on the wings of the Columba Francie or the Bombycilla Garrule and Carolinensis, which is rounded in shape, and thin and highly polished : the feathers of the back and | those of the tail-coverts are long and narrow ; they are of a dusky brown, varied with brighter spots; the whole of them have a white stripe down their shafts: the breast, the belly, the sides, the thighs, and the abdomen are dusky, tinged with green: the greater quills are dull black; the middle and secondaries are black, varied with green reflections: the lesser and middle wing- coverts have the shafts of their feathers flattened, and their tips ornamented with a thick cartilaginous Jamen, possessing the same appearance as that on the feathers of the neck, but are of a deep red colour: the tail-coverts are of a deep violet; they are elongated and arched over the two vertical planes of the tail, which is composed of fourteen feathers, of a black hue, with green reflections : the feet are grey: the irides yellow: the beak horn-coloured: the fleshy appendices of the head are of ared colour, more or lessdeep. ‘The female is less than the male, and has scarcely any comb or wattles: the throat is covered with feathers, which is not the case with the common hen, | “e DOMESTIC COCK. 203 which has that part nearly naked: the whole of the plumage of the under parts of the body re- sembles that of the male, except that the colours are less brilliant : the feathers of the neck are but slightly elongated, and do not possess the singular cartilaginous substance with which those of the male are ornamented, neither have the wing- coverts that appendage: the whole of the upper part of the body is grey, more or less dusky, with the shaft of each feather white: the space round the eyes is naked and reddish. Inhabits large forests in India, where it occurs in great profusion. DOMESTIC COCK. (Gallus domesticus.) Ga. caruncula denticulata; ore subtus barbato; pennis colli _linearibus elongatis; corpore pulchris coloribus variegato; caudd compressd adscendente. (Femina, crista barbdque minores quam maris.) ; Cock with a toothed comb; the throat wattled; the feathers on the neck linear and elongated ; the body variegated with beautiful colours ; the tail compressed and ascending, (Fe- male with the comb and wattle less than in the male.) Gallus domesticus et Gallina. Briss. Orn. 1. 166.—Raii. Syn. p- 5. A. Gallus Bankiva domesticus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 654. Phasianus Gallus domesticus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626.1, B.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.737. 1. B. 904 DOMESTIC COCK. Phasianus Gallus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 270. 1.—Linn. Faun. Suec. 190. Coq commun 4 créte, ou Coq villageois. Buff. Ois. 2. 116. 2.— Buff, Pl. Enl, 1.—Temm. Gall, et Pig. 2. 92. pl. 2. f.2, 3, 45 5. pl. 3. f. 3, 4. Domestic Cock. Albin. Birds, 3. 32.—Phil. Trans. 12. 923.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 700.—Bew. Brit. Birds, 1. 276.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 240. Var. 8. Cristatd in vertice plumosdé densissimd. With a strong crest on the crown. Gallus cristatus. Briss. Orn. 1. 169.—Raii. Syn. 51. a. 1. Gallus Bankiva cristatus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 656. Phasianus Gallus cristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 271.—Faunx. Suec. 199. 8.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.738.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.626. Le Coq huppé et de Nambourg. Buff. Ois. 2. 116.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 49.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 239. Crested Cock. Will. Orn. p. 158.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 703. Var. y. pulchris coloribus variegatis ; tibiis pennatis aut ad digitos plumosis, aut digitis plumosis, aut pennis posticis valde elon- gatis. Variegated with beautiful colours ; the tibiz feathered to the toes ; the toes feathered, or the feathers on the legs greatly elongated behind. Gallus plumipes. Briss. Orn. 1. 172. a.—Wiil. Orn. p. 110. Gallus Banticus. Briss. Orn. 1.172. b. Gallus Turcicus. Briss. Orn. 1. 170. d. Gallus Bankiva pusillus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 657. Phasianus Gallus pusillus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 271.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 627. 0. Phasianus Gallus plumipes. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 738.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 627. 1. Phasianus Gallus turcicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 739.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.627. x. Le Coq de Bantam. Buff. Ois.2. 119.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 242. Rough-footed Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 706. Turkish Cock. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4.707. Bantam Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 706.—Albin. 3. pl 33, 34.— Hayes. Brit. Birds, pl. 23. if t i i DOMESTIC COCK. 205 Var. 0. Pedibus brevissimis, magnitudo columbe. The feet very short, the size of a pigeon. Gallus Pumilio. Briss. Orn, 2.171. 2.—Raz. Syn. 51. a. 2. Gallus Bankiva pumilio. Temm. Gall. Ind. 638. Phasianus Gallus pumilio. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 627. 4. Le Coq nain. Buff. Ois. 2. 118.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2,244. Dwarf Cock, or Creeper. Wall. Orn. 110. pl. 26.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 705. | Var. <. quingue digitis in utroque pede ; tres antict, postict bint. With five toes on each foot, three anterior, and two behind. Gallus pentadactylus. Briss. Orn. 1. 169. Gallus Bankiva pentadactylus. Temm. Gall, Ind. 658. Phasianus Gallus pentadactylus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626. Le Coq a cing doigts. Buff. Ois. 2. 124. Dorking Cock, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 703. Tuis well known and useful bird, like all other domestic animals, is subject to innumerable va- rieties, scarcely any two individuals being found exactly similar; however several distinct races are easily discriminated, and shall be described below. The one first in order is the common or dunghill cock, which being the most abundant, may be considered the nearest approach to the original stock, which appears to be unknown: of the common cock so many changes of plumage occur, that a description of that part would be endless, some being found pure white, others black, with green reflections, others again varied with the most beautiful colours ; in fact, with the exception of the pure white ones, scarcely any two are found alike: the principal difference of this variety from the rest seems to be, that the comb 206 DOMESTIC COCK. is very large, with eight or nine serratures; the naked space round the eyes larger than in the other varieties, and the wattles hang much lower; the head, neck, back, and wing-coverts, mostly orange ; the greater wing-coverts, quills, and under parts, white; the long falcated tail-feathers blue-black. The next variety, or the Crested Cock of au- thors, has the head ornamented with a crest, in addition to the comb; although some few indi- viduals are found with the latter appendage nearly obliterated, and have in lieu thereof a very large crest, that nearly hinders them from seeing, as it falls down over the eyes; it also covers the ears and the hind head, and frequently the throat has feathers of a similar kind: in plumage this differs as greatly as the first described, and the crest often forms a perfect contrast to the remainder of the plumage ; some birds being white, with a black crest, others black, with a white crest; again, the crest is black and orange, and the body white, or varied with several colours: this variety is suf- ficiently common in England, and in Egypt it 1s greatly prized on account of its flesh, which is said to be remarkably fine. The Bantam and Turkish Cocks appear to belong to the same race of varieties ; they are very small, and have a much more showy plumage than the other varieties of this species, and appear to differ from each other but in very few particulars, the principal one consisting in the legs of the Bantam being greatly feathered; so much so in some individuals, as to hinder them greatly in walking. DOMESTIC COCK. 207 ‘This variety is much valued by some. on account of the great number of eggs the female lays with- out sitting: the male is very bold and pugna- cious. The Dwarf Cock, which is the next, greatly resembles the last described, but is much smaller in size, and the legs are very short; so much so, that the wings drag on the ground: in plumage it differs exceedingly, as in the rest: its body is scarcely larger than that of a Pigeon. The last variety, or more properly a kind of monstrosity, is the Darking Cock of Latham, which has two toes behind, and is of a larger size than usual, with nearly the same plumage as the rest: it is very common in England, particularly about Dorking in Surrey. Another slight variety may be enumerated, and that is the Game Cock, which is more distinguished for its courage than for any great peculiarity in its plumage: this is still extensively used in this country for the barbarous and disgraceful pastime of cock-fighting, which has even received royal sanction, as Henry VIII. actually caused a theatre to be built for the express purpose, he being so passionately fond of the sport, as was also James I. —Edward III. and Oliver Cromwell, however, were not such advocates for it, for they absolutely pro- hibited it. Great pains are taken by many.in rearing the animals of this breed, as frequently considerable sums are betted on favourite birds. From the time of the Grecians this diversion appears to have been practised, but nowhere 208 ca DOMESTIC COCK. with such vigour as in some parts of the East Indies, especially in Sumatra, where a man will not only stake his entire property on the issue of a battle, but likewise his wife and children, or a son his mother and sisters! In this latter place they arm the leg of the bird with a sharp-edged weapon resembling in form a scimitar. In this country they are generally armed with an artificial spur called a gaffle. Another inhuman practice was long followed in England, that of throwing stones at these poor unfortunate birds on Shrove-Tuesday ; a custom that took its rise from an intention of the Britons to massacre the Danes, which was frustrated by the crowing of the cocks; and as the event took place early in the morning of the above day, it was annually celebrated by the idle and dissolute in after times: it is scarcely abolished in some towns at this moment: but enough of this inhuman barbarity. It is needless to state much respecting the care and management of the young chicks, as it is a thing so well known; but if any one should wish to inform himself fully of all circumstances necessary to be attended to in order to attain a per- fect knowledge of their nurture, he may consult. Temminck’s Histoire Naturelle générale des Pi- -geons et des Gallinacés, tome ii. where he will find an ample notice of all particulars connected therewith. One thing, however, may be here stated ; that is, the artificial means used in Egypt, and introduced by the celebrated M. de Reaumur into France, of hatching chickens by thousands: DOMESTIC COCK. 209 this is accomplished by means of ovens purposely constructed, consisting of a low arched apartment of clay: two rows of shelves are formed, and the eggs are placed on these in such a manner as not to touch each other: they are slightly moved five or six times every twenty-four hours. All pos- sible care is taken to diffuse the heat equally throughout; and there is but one aperture, just large enough to admit a man stooping. During the first eight. days the heat is rendered great ; but during the last eight it is gradually diminished, till at length, when the young brood are ready to come forth, it is reduced almost to the state of the naturalatmosphere. It is supposed that nearly one hundred millions of these animals are annually reared by this process, the heat of which is gene- rated by layers of dung. In a domestic state the fecundity of the female is very great; she generally lays two eggs in three days, and continues to do so upwards of ten. months: after having laid from twenty-five to thirty eggs, she prepares for the tedious process of incubation ; during which time she is so assiduous in her employment, that she appears to forget the necessary supplies of food and drink. In about three weeks the young brood burst from their confinement, and the mother attends them with the greatest assiduity, and becomes very bold, and will attack nha animal that attempts to annoy her young. The Cock is very attentive to his females, hardly ever losing sight of them: he leads, defends, and. oe. 0..P.'I. 14 210 -CRISPED COCK. cherishes them ;. collects them together wher they stragele, and seems to eat unwillingly till he sees them feeding around him: he allows of no com- petitor, but on the approach of a rival he imme- diately attacks the intruder, and if possible drives him:from the field, or perishes in the attempt.. At present this bird is found in nearly all parts of the world, but in the more northern climates, as Siberia and Greenland, it is kept more as a curiosity than on account of its use, as they will not breed there. Asia is undoubtedly the place from whence it originally sprang. CRISPED COCK. (Gallus crispus.) Ga. pennis sursum reflexis, aut revolutis; pulchris coloribus variegatis. Cock with the feathers reflected upwards, or turned - over ; variegated with beautiful colours. Gallus crispus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 661.—Briss. Orn. 1. 173. pl. 17. f. 1.—Razz. Syn. 51. a. 1. Phasianus Gallus crispus.—Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 271. 4.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 626. 1. Gallina Frieslandica. Wall. Orn. 110. Le Coq a plumes frisées. Buff. Ois. 2. 121. pl. 13.—Temm, Pig. et Gall, 2.259. Crisped or Frizzled Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. “704: —Will. ( Ang.) 156. NEGRO COCK. 21t "Tus strange species has the whole of the feathers curled up, appearing at a distance like wool: it is rather smaller than. the common poultry, and is much more difficult to rear than them, as the chickens are very tenacious of cold and moisture. In a domestic state it is frequently kept out of curiosity. ‘The usual plumage of this bird is white, and its legs are smooth ; but it varies in having the legs covered with feathers, and very greatly in the colours of its plumage and in size, some being considerably smaller, and others larger than the ordinary poultry. Asia appears to be the native place of this species, which is domesticated in Java, Japan, Sumatra, and the whole of the Philippine islands. NEGRO COCK. (Gallus Morio.) Ga. caruncula et palearibus nigris ; pulchris coloribus variegatis. Cock with the caruncle and wattles black; the feathers va- riegated with beautiful colours. Gallus Morio. Temm. Gall. Ind. 660.—Briss. Orn, 1. 174, Phasianus Gallus Morio. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.271.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 739.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. 1. Le Coq négre, ou de Mosambique. Buff. Ois. 2. 122.—Temm. Pig. et Gall, 2. 253. Negro Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 708. 212 SILK COCK. _.. Tuts bird is remarkable for having the comb and wattles of a violet-black: the skin and perios- teum are also. of that colour: its flesh is white, and is most excellent food: the comb on the male is dentated, and, with the wattles, resembles that part in the domestic species: the plumage in a wild state is black, with bronzed reflections ; when domesticated it varies considerably in colour, asin other poultry: the beak is deep blue, and the feet are dusky blue. Domesticated in various parts of India in great abundance: it is of a restless disposition. SILK COCK. (Gallus lanatus.) Ga. cristé et palearibus rubro-ceruleis, corpore albo, pennis Sericets. Cock with the crest and wattles of a red-blue; the body white ; the feathers like hair. 3 Gallus lanatus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 660. Gallus Japonicus. Briss. Orn, 1. 175.6. pl. 17. f. 2. female. Phasianus Gallus Lanatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 271.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 739.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 628. 1. Le Cog et la Poule 4 duvet. Buff. O1s. 2. 121.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 28.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2.256. Silk Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 708, 1. ANOTHER singular species of this genus comes next : this is Higinptisned from all others in having _—— i i j I | RUMPLESS COCK. 913 the body covered with feathers, with their webs entirely disunited, and resembling hair or silk: it is entirely white, with the exception of the comb and wattles, which are of ared-blue: the legs are. reddish violet, and very strong: the beak is of a clear blue: the irides are red, surrounded by a slight circle of black: as in the last species, this has the whole of the skin and periosteum black, but its flesh is remarkably white, and most exqui- site in flavour, exceeding the common poultry in both respects. These birds inhabit different parts of Asia, particularly Japan and China; the inha- bitants of which latter place carry about cages full of them, and sell them to the Europeans. RUMPLESS COCK. (Gallus ecaudatus.) Ga. carunculd integré, mandibulé inferiore barbis duobus, cauda nulla, uropygio tectricibus majoribus tecto ; corpore utrinque Susco-aurantio. Cock with an entire comb; the lower mandible with two wat- tles; no tail; the rump clothed by the greater coverts ; the “body fuscous-orange. ‘ Gallus ecaudatus, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 662. Coq Wallikikili. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. p. 267. Var. 6. caudd seu uropygio carens; pulchris coloribus varie= gatis. With the rump or tail wanting; the colours greatly varying, and beautiful. Q1 4 RUMPLESS COCK. Gallus ecaudatus, var.a, Temm. Gall. Ind. 663. Gallus Persicus. Briss. Orn. 1. 174, 5. Phasianus Gallus ecaudatus. Linn. Syst. Nai. 1. 271. y— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 738.—Raii. Syn. 51. a, 1. 3.—Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 627.1. Le Coq sans croupion. Buff. Ois.2, 122.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 171. é Persian Fowl, or Rumpkin. W#l. Orn. 156. 6. pl. 26. Rumpless, or Persian Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.705. 1. Tuts most singular species is distinguished by not having even the rudiments of a tail or rump: its head is adorned with an entire comb: the cheeks, from behind the ears to the throat, are naked: from the base of the lower mandible depend two red fleshy wattles, as in the common Cock: the feathers on the nape are long and nar- row; their webs are disunited and silky; they are marked with a longitudinal black spot, and are bordered with yellow orange: immediately below the naked part of the neck the feathers are violet, with purple reflections: the rest of the under part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are of a fine orange, the centre of each feather having a deep brown longitudinal spot: the back, the middle and lesser wing-coverts are reddish orange: the great feathers placed above the rump are curved, and serve as a covering to that part; they are of a fine violet, with bronzed reflections, as are also the secondary quills : the primaries are dull brown: the tarsi are armed with strong and acute spurs, which, as well as the feet and the beak, are grey- brown: the female is unknown in a wild state. FORK-TAILED COCK. 915 Inhabits the island of Ceylon, among the im- mense forests of that country: its nest is placed upon the ground, and is coarsely made of slender plants, and similar to that of the Partridge: the bird is very wild: the cry of the cock is less sonorous than in the domestic species. The domesticated kind of this is very common in some parts, and varies exceedingly in its plum- age, but all are destitute of the tail and rump: in some the comb is dentated, and in a few double, but it does not Pitas that any have that part smooth. b. Guta paleé longitudinali plicata; Caupva furcatd, plana. b. Fhroat with a longitudinal folded wattle ; the ¢az/ forked and horizontal. FORK-TAILED COCK. (Gallus furcatus.) Ga. caruncula integra, gula medio barbata, pennis colli bre- vibus rotundatis, corpore supra viridi-aureo, subtus nigro, tectricibus alarum aurantiis fuscisque. (Femina crista bare baque nullis ; oculi ambitu nudi.) Cock with an entire comb; the throat with a wattle in the middle ; the feathers on the neck short and rounded ;_ the body above green-gold, beneath black ; the wing-coverts orange 216 FORK-TAILED COCK. and brown. (Female without comb or wattle; the region of the eyes naked, ) rs Gallus furcatus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 662. Coq et Poule ayamalas. Zemm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 261. Turs is distinguished from the rest of the Cocks by several peculiarities: its tail is horizontal and forked: its crest is entire: it does not possess the wattles on each side of the base of the under man- dible, but instead, it has arising from that part and descending to the lower part of the neck a single membranaceous appendage, which is folded, and somewhat similar to that of the Turkey :. neither are the feathers of the neck and top of the back elongated, but rounded, and have the appearance of velvety scales: the total length of the male 1s about two feet: the sides of the head, the throat, the lower part of the neck, the loose membrane of that part, and the comb, are of a fine red-violet : the occiput, the sides and hinder part of the neck, and top of the back, have the feathers of an oval form; they are bright brown at their base, at their centre biue, with violet reflections; between that and their tips green, with golden hues, and the very extremities are tipped with a velvety black crescent: the feathers on the lower part of the back and the rump are long and narrow, with their middle portions black, glossed with gold; and their edges, which are disunited, are of a yellow-ochre tinge: the feathers of the lesser and middle wing-coverts are similar in shape to those on the top of the back; they are black with red margins: the quills are dusky brown, and the FORK-TAILED COCK. Q17 secondaries are black, glossed with gold: the breast, the belly, and the abdomen, are black: the tail, which is composed of twelve feathers, is slightly forked and horizontal: the long feathers on the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, rest upon the tail, and form a series of parabolas, more or less curved ; they, as well as the tail-feathers, are green, glossed with gold: the tarsi are armed with very short spurs, and with the beak are yellow: the irides are bright yellow. The female has the space round the eyes and a spot beneath the ears naked, and of a livid colour: the feathers on the top of the head and hinder part of the neck are grey-brown: above the eyes is a kind of reddish yellow eyebrow: the throat is white: the breast, the belly, and the abdomen, are of a greyish yellow, without spots; the feathers of the former edged with dusky: the back and lesser wing- coverts are deep green, with golden hues, and yellowish in their centres: the greater coverts and the secondary quills are black, glossed with green- gold ; the whole of them undulated with yellowish, and their extremities entirely of that colour: the tail-feathers are brown, slightly tinged with green, and edged with reddish: the feet and beak are brown. | This beautiful species is very abundant in the great forests in the interior of Java, frequenting the borders of the woods during the day: it is very wild, and is rendered difficult to kill, as it is always on the look-out for danger : it will not bear confinement. 218 B. Capit cristato, gene nude, tarsi longtores. B. With the head crested ; the cheeks naked ; tarsi | lengthened. MACARTNIAN COCK. (Gallus Macartnyi.) Ga. niger, chalybeo-nitens, dorso igneo-ferrugineo ; plumis late- ribus corporis rufis cum ignito reflexu; rectricibus intermedits subfulvis, (Femina saturate rufa, supra lineis transversis atris, plumis albo-marginatis ; gula alba.) Black Cock, glossed with steel-colour; the upper part of the back of a fiery rust-colour; the feathers on the sides of the body rufous, with igneous reflections ; the middle tail-feathers slightly fulvous. (Female deep rufous, with transverse dark- coloured lines; the feathers prgicr with white; throat white. ) Gallus Macartnyi. Temm. Gall. Ind. 663. Phasianus ignitus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixi. bees 8 Nat. Misc. Q. Houppifére Macartney. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2.273. pl. 3. apy 10. Fire-backed Pheasant. Staunt. Emb. Chin, 1. 246. pl. 13.— Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 274.—Shaw,. Nat. Misc. 9. pl. 321. Var. B. caudé pennis albis. The tail with white feathers. Gallus Macartnyi 8. Temm. Gall. Ind. 664. Tuts highly splendid and magnificent bird is distinguished from the other Cocks by not pos- sessing the comb, but having a delicate plume of feathers on the crown of the head, somewhat similar to that of the Peacock: the cheeks are naked, and the fleshy wattles are of a different — construction to those of the Cock. The male is about two feet in length: his head is adorned | | | | | H \ i ; i i 7 I MACARTNIAN COCK. 219 with an elegant crest, composed of singularly con- structed feathers, which at their bases are destitute of webs, and towards their extremities clothed with a number of disunited barbs; the whole feather is similar to a fan with a long handle: the face and sides of the head, much beyond the eyes, covered with a rufous-violet skin, hanging down beneath the sides of the head and the throat, like a small wattle: the crest and top of the head, the neck, the top of the back, the breast, and the belly, are black, with green reflections: the feathers on the sides of the body are of a brilliant red towards their tips: the wing-coverts are black, tipped with a band of green-gold: the long feathers of the rump are of a fiery golden hue, reflecting rich tints of molten copper, purple and violet; the upper tail-coverts are similar: the four middle tail-feathers are red, the rest black: the beak yellow-ochre: the feet grey: the claws and spurs brown: it sometimes varies in having the whole of the plumage more violet, the feathers on the sides of the body tipped with white, and the four middle tail-feathers of the latter colour. | The female is less than the male: the naked skin round the eyes is not so much wrinkled as in him: the crest is also different, the feathers being webbed their whole length, but larger at their tips than at the base; this, and also the upper part of the head, the hinder part of the neck, and the top of the back, are of a chesnut-brown ; the rest of the back, the wings, the rump, and the tail, are of a deeper colour, varied with delicate black 920 MACARTNIAN COCK. hues: the throat is white: the feathers of the whole of the under parts are chesnut-brown in the centre, and edged with pure white. The head, the neck, the breast, and the belly of the young males are dull black, without any violaceous hue: the back, the wing-coverts, and secondary quills, are violet-black, varied with fine zigzag white rays: the feathers on the rump and those of the tail are red: the sides of the body are not tipped with red-gold as in the adult. Inhabits Sumatra: it is extremely wild, and will not submit to a state of domestication. 22) PHASIANUS. PHEASANT. Generic Character. ‘Rostrum breve, crassiuscu- || Beak short, thickened, its lum, basi nudum, versus base naked, towards the apicem deflexum. tip bent down. Nares basales, laterales. || Nostrils basal and lateral. Aures tecte. Ears covered. Pedes tetradactyli, ambula- || Feet four-toed, formed for tori, digitis tribus anticis, || walking, three toes before, uno postico: farsi calca-|| and one behind: tarsi with rati. spurs. Cauda elongata, cuneata; rec- || Tail elongated, wedge- tricibus octodecim. shaped, consisting of eigh- teen feathers. Ale breves. Wings short. Paasranus, auctorum.—This genus embraces some of the most beautiful birds in existence, which, as far as known, possess the same manners of life: they are all natives of Asia, frequenting woody places: the females produce many young ones at a brood, which they foster for some time like the domestic hen: their nests, which are rude, are formed on the ground: their food con- sists of seeds and insects: the young when first hatched are clothed with a soft down. 222 A. Guta plumis tecta ; gene orbiteque in masculis nude et ver- TUCOS@. : A. Throat clothed with feathers; the cheeks and orbits in the males naked and crested. : a. Caput non cristatum. a. Head not crested. COMMON PHEASANT. (Phasianus Colchicus. ) Pu. rufus, capite colloque ceruleis cum viridi et aureo-nitentsbus, corpore supra rufo-splendidis, nigro alboque variegato, caudd pland, cuneatéd. (Femina, fusco-grisea, rufescente et nigricante variegata.) Red Pheasant, with the head and neck blue, shining with green and gold; the body above splendid rufous, variegated with black and white ; the tail plain and wedge-shaped. (Female brown-grey, varied with reddish and dusky.) -Phasianus Colchicus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 270.—Linn. Faun. Suec.—Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 741. 3.—Briss. Orn. 1. 262.— ‘Rai. Syn. 56. a. 1.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 629. 4.—Temm. Gall, Ind. 666. Le Faisan. Buff. Ois.2. 328. pl. 11.—Buff. Pl. Enl.121. male. 122, female-—Temm. Pig. ct Gall. 2, 289.—Temm. Man. a’ Orni. 282. Common Pheasant. Albin. Birds. 1. pl. 25.—Hayes. Brit. Birds, pl. 20.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 712.—Lath. Syn, Sup. 207. 1.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 2.—Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup—Mont, Orn. Dict. Sup. App.—Bewick. Brit. Birds, 1. 282.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 237.—Don. Brit. Birds, 5. p. 101.—Lewin. Brit, Birds, 3. pl. 31.—Wall, Syn. 2. pl. 178.—Penn. Brit. Zool. y p. 280. a WS per SN RS SEN) rs BLA 0, COMMON PHEASANT. Gifllh L3 Miarats PHEASANT. 223 ily. Var. 6. 4 priore differt colore albo, maculis, phastanis vue coloribus imbutis, vario. This differs in being white, vanegated with the colours of the common sort. Phasianus Colchicus, var. A. varius. Temm. Gall. Ind, 667: Phasianus varius. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 630. y.—Briss. Orn. 1. 267. a. pl. 25. f. 3.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 742. Le Faisan pannaché. Buff. Ois, 2. 252.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 309. Variegated Pheasant. Hayes. Brit. Birds, pl. 21.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 267. Var. y. corpus totum album immaculatum. With the whole body of an immaculate white. Phasianus Colchicus, var. B. albus. Temm. Gall, Ind. 667. Phasianus albus. Briss. Orn. 1, 268.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 742. 3. d.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 630. var. Le Faisan blanc. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 312. White Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 716. Ir is almost needless to descant upon the plumage of this elegant and well known bird : but it is necessary that it should be described, as it serves to exemplify the species: its usual length, including its tail, is about three feet: its weight nearly three pounds: its beak is pale yellowish horn-colour : irides yellow : the cheeks are covered with a scarlet velvety down, minutely spotted with black: the head and neck are of a change- able golden hue, with blue and violet reflections : the sides of the head near the occiput are adorned (at least in the courting season) with a tuft of ear-like golden-green feathers: the lower part of the néck, the breast, the belly, and the sides, are of a most brilliant chesnut-purple, the whole of the feathers being bordered with black, with violet 224, PHEASANT. hues: the abdomen and the under tail-coverts are of a reddish brown colour: the wings are brown- purple, spotted with yellowish white: the quills are brown, with transverse stripes of reddish white : the two middle tail-feathers are very long and arched ; their centre is olive-grey, varied with transverse black bands, and their margins are of a chesnut-purple: the rest of the tail-feathers are similar in colour, but much shorter: the legs are dusky, furnished with a strong membrane between the toes, and a blunt spur on the tarsi. The female is less in size: the general colour brown, variegated with grey, rufous, and dusky : the region of the eyes is covered with feathers : tail much shorter than in the male, but barred as in him: old females often attain the plumage of the male, and possess a hard tubercle on the tarsi in the place of the spur of the male. Young birds have the plumage of an uniform grey, approaching greatly to that of the female. This bird is another instance of the elintiess animals undergo when they lose their native freedom, and are under the dominion of mankind. It is greatly subject to variation, and in addition to that, it will propagate with other species, and produce hybrids: the first variety worth noticing is the Variegated Pheasant, which has its plumage white, varied in an infinity of ways with that of the first described; in other respects similar to that bird. The next is entirely white, with a slight tracing of the characters proper to the species. A hybrid is described by Dr. Latham PHEASANT. 225 from Brisson, by the following terms: ‘ This is a mixed breed between the Pheasant and Cock ; a circumstance which frequently happens where farm-yards are adjoining to woods where Pheasants abound: the eyes are surrounded with a red skin, and a few spots of white on the crown of the head: upper part of the back rufous, varied with brown and white; from thence to the tail ash- colour, crossed with black: belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts, pale brown, ash-colour, and dusky, mixed : wing-coverts much like the back : greater quills pale brown; the lesser white, varied without with black, and within black edged with rufous: tail black in the middle: bill and legs grey.’ Another hybrid is described by ‘Tem- minck, between the male Painted Pheasant and the female of the common one: this possesses the brilliant plumage of the former bird, and is thus noticed: its length is about three feet: its head is crested, and this part is composed of feathers with disunited webs, of a rufous-red colour, slightly tipped with violet : the feathers which rise beneath the occiput, and those that reach in a fascia from that to the neck, are of a reddish yellow at their base, and purple-violet towards their tips: the whole of the feathers of the neck are purple-violet, with fine green-gold reflections: those of the top of the back are deep green at their origin, then of a fiery red, and tipped with a circle of beautiful -purple-violet: the whole of the under parts are of a bright fiery red; the back and the scapulars are the same, with the bases of all the feathers black, V. XI. P. I. 15 296 PHEASANT, with transverse ochraceous yellow stripes: the. rump and the upper tail-coverts are of ared-purple: the quills are grey, spotted on their outer webs with whitish yellow: the secondary quills and the coverts of the wings are of a chesnut-red on their outer webs, and black with brownish yellow spots on their inner: the middle tail-feathers are clear spotless red; the lateral ones are more deep in colour, spotted irregularly with black and brown. The Rev. Gilbert White also mentions a hybrid which was killed in Hampshire: this had the head, neck, breast and belly, glossy black: the back, wing-feathers, and tail, pale russet, streaked some- what like the upper parts of a Partridge: the tail even at the end, and short: legs destitute of a spur: space round the eye naked and scarlet. Pheasants breed on the ground like Partridges, the female laying from eight to a dozen eggs, in a sort of rough hole formed by scratching a few dried vegetables together: the young follow the mother like chickens, as soon as hatched: wood --and corn lands seem necessary to their existence. They bear confinement very well, and the female produces a great many eggs in that state, and will sometimes sit upon them if not disturbed by the male, which is often the case; on which account the eggs are generally put under a common hen to be hatched, and by this means a supply is kept up. If it were not for this and the exertions of gentlemen of property, it is probable the breed would become extinct in a few years: the demand for them at the tables of the luxurious, and the ‘PHEASANT. 907 easy mark they offer to the sportsman, would soon complete their destruction. . The Pheasant is in many respects a foolish bird. On being roused, it will often perch on a neighbouring tree, where its attention will be so fixed on the dogs as to suffer the sportsman to approach very near. At the time they perch they most frequently crow, or make a chuckling noise called cocketing. The hens on flying up utter one shrill whistle, and then are silent. Poachers avail themselves of these notes to discover the roosting places, where they shoot them with the greatest certainty; or, where the woods are well watched, they light a number of brimstone matches at the end of a pole, and the moment the sul- phurous fumes reach the birds, they drop off the perch. Other means are also adopted for catching them with nooses made of wire, horse-hair twisted, or even with briars set in the form of a noose, at the verge of a wood. -The birds entangle them- selves in these as they run, morning and evening, into the adjacent fields to feed. Foxes also destroy great numbers, particularly females when sitting on their nest. It has been asserted that Pheasants are so shy as not to be tamed without great difficulty; but where they are in the constant habit of being attended in their coverts by a keeper, they will come to feed the instant they hear his whistle; and will follow him in flocks, and scarcely allow the peas to run from his bag into the troughs placed for the purpose, before they begin to eat: those 998 RING PHEASANT. that cannot find sufficient room at one trough follow him with the same familiarity to others. They are fond of corn, but will often feed on the wild berries of the woods, and on acorns: the young are fed with the pupe of ants; they are also fond of other insects and worms. It is generally supposed that Pheasants had their origin in Asia, having been introduced into Europe from the banks of the Phasis, a river of Colchis, about the time of the Argonauts: however, they are now found in all the southern parts of that continent, ani over the greatest part of Asia, but not in Afri¢a or the New World. They are abundant in tke southern parts of England, but rare in the north and in Scotland. RING PHEASANT. (Phasianus torquatus.) Pu. capite, gula, abdomine colloque atro-purpureis: héc torque albo, vertice lined utrinque alba, jugulo pectore antice plurisque rubro-cupreis; pennis atro terminatis, tectricibus plumbeis, dorso atro antice luteo maculato, postice albo rubroque vario. Pheasant with the head, throat, belly, and neck black, the latter with a white ring; crown of the head with a white line on each side; collar, anterior part of the breast and sides, copper red, the feathers tipped with deep black; wing and: RING PHEASANT. 999 tail-coverts lead-coloured ; back deep black, spotted ante- riorly with yellowish, variegated posteriorly with white and red. Phasianus torquatus. Leach. Zool. Misc. 2. 14.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 742, Phasianus torquatus, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 670. Phasianus colchicus 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 629. 4. Le Faisan A collier blanc de la Chine. Temm. Pig. et Gall, 2. 326. Ring Pheasant. Leach. Zool. Misc. 2.14. pl. 66.—Lath. Syn. 4,715.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 208.—Mont. Orn, Dict. Sup. Tue Ring Pheasant occurs in great abundance in the northern forests of the vast empire of China: it is much less than the common Pheasant, rarely exceeding two feet six inches in length: the male has the upper part of the head fawn- coloured, shaded with bright green: over each eye is a white dash: the upper part of the neck, the throat, and the feathers, which form a ruff on each side of the occiput, are of a fine deep green, with violet reflections: a collar of a pure white encircles about one third of the length of the neck ; this is broadest on the sides: the feathers of the top of the back are black in the middle, and varied with a zigzag whitish band; they are edged with a deep border of ochrey yellow, and are marked with a sagittal black line at their tip: the scapulars are black at their base, with a whitish yellow spot in their centres, encircled with a ring of black; the rest chesnut glossed with purple: the lower part of the back and the rump are varied with different hues of green, shaded towards their sides with greyish: the upper tail-coverts are clear 230 RING PHEASANT. green, with disunited silky webs: the breast is of a red-purple, the whole of the feathers being edged with a slight band of brilliant violet: the feathers on the sides of the body are yellowish white, with a triangular violaceous spot at their tips: the belly, thighs, and abdomen, are black, with violet reflections: the lesser wing-coverts, and the tips of the greater ones, are grey, shaded with green: the tail-feathers are olive in ‘their centres, with the edges shaded with red-violet : they are transversely barred with black, and their webs are disunited: the feet are grey: the tarsi are armed with a spur also grey: the beak is yel- lowish, and the irides are yellow. The female differs considerably from that of the preceding species, although at first sight there is a great resemblance: this has a stripe of very short dusky feathers beneath each eye: the plumage in general is more dull than in the common Pheasant, and the breast is distinguished by being considerably spotted: the tail-feathers are also distinctly barred with transverse black rays: in other respects si- milar to the preceding. | A variety, or rather mongrel, is common in many aviaries ; this is the produce of the common Pheasant and the present species: it is distin- guished by possessing the characters of each, com- bined in various manners; and the white ring on the neck is always narrower than in the original species. The manners of these birds are somewhat dif- ferent from those of the common Pheasant, and PAINTED PHEASANT. 931 the young are much more difficult to rear: there is also a great disparity in the eggs of the two species, those of the present one being blue or bluish green, marked with small spots of a deeper tint ; whereas those of the common Pheasant are whitish olive, without spots. They are said to be common at St. Helena, having been introduced there by the governor, and a heavy penalty is attached to any person that shoots one. b. Caput crista instructum, Head furnished with a crest. PAINTED PHEASANT. (Phasianus pictus.) Pu. cristdé flavd, occipitis pennis fuscis liners nigris variis; cor- pore supra flavo-aureo, subtus coccineo; remigibus secundartis ceruleis, cauddé cuneatd. | Pheasant with a yellow crest ; the feathers of the occiput brown, varied with black lines; the body above golden-yellow, beneath scarlet ; the secondary quiils blue; the tail wedged. Phasianus pictus. Linn. Syst. Nat.1. 272. 5.—Gmel., Syst. Nat. 1. 743.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 630. 5.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 671. Phasianus aureus Sinensis. Briss. Orn, 1. 271. 4. Faisan doré, ou tricolorde laChine. Buff. O’s.2. 355.—Temm. Pig. et Gall, 2. 341.—Buff: Pl. Enl. 217. Painted Pheasant. Edw. Birds. pl. 68. 69.— Albin. Birds. 3. pl. _ 36.—Hayes. Brit, Birds, pl. 22.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 719. 5. 932 PAINTED PHEASANT. Tr Painted Pheasant is perhaps the most beau- tiful of the genus: its total length is about two feet nine inches: beak and irides yellow: the upper part of the head is adorned with a beautiful glossy yellow crest, composed of loose disunited feathers, resembling rich silk : cheeks nearly bare, and flesh-coloured: the sides of the head livid : the feathers of the occiput are bright orange- colour, square at the ends, and barred with black lines ; they are long, and can be erected at plea- sure, like those on the neck of a Cock: the feathers of the nape of the neck are of a beautiful golden green, with a black stripe at their tips: the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, are bright lively yellow, the latter tipped with crimson-red : the throat is reddish yellow: the under part of the neck, the breast, and the rest of the under parts of the body, are of a rich scarlet: the scapulars are deep blue, changing to brilliant violet: the secondary feathers and wing-coverts are varied with different tints of chesnut and brown : the quills are brown, marked with reddish; their outer edge is also of the latter colour: the tail is very long and cuneiform; the two middle feathers being nearly two feet in length, and the lateral ones very short; the former are varied and marbled with chesnut and black, and the latter are adorned with oblique stripes of those colours ; the rest of the upper parts rich scarlet: the feet are bright yellow: the tarsi are armed with a spur. Ry The female is less than the male, and wants the { i | y I SS SS ee ey — PAINTED PHEASANT. 933 gay colours of that sex: the feathers on the head are elongated, and can be elevated at will: the upper parts of the head and the neck, the back, the rump, the wing-coverts, and the upper coverts of the tail, are brownish red : the throat is whitish : the rest of the under part is clear brown, or yel- lowish varied with brown spots: the feathers of the wings and tail are of the same colour as the back, varied with transverse black stripes: the tail is-much shorter than in the male; its two middle feathers are barred with black, and the rest irregularly spotted with that colour: the beak and feet are yellow: the irides dusky yellow. The native place of this species is China, where it is called Kin-ki: it has been common in Europe for a long time, and appears to be very hardy: it bears confinement well, and will breed readily in that state: its eggs resemble those of the Guinea Pintado; they are redder than those of the Phea- sant. ‘The food consists of rice, hemp, wheat, or barley ; it will also eat red cabbages, herbs, leaves, fruits, especially plums, and insects; the latter form its favourite meal, and the difficulty of pro- curing a sufficiency of these is one cause of the many diseases it is subject to. Its flesh is re- markably good, and is said to exceed that of any other Pheasant. The female deposits her eggs _ about March, and the young are hatched in twenty- three days : the young differ in their plumage from the old birds: during the first year they are of a yellowish grey, varied with transverse brown lines ; the next year the sexes may be discriminated, the 934 - PENCILLED PHEASANT. males being more brilliant in colour ; and in the third year the plumage attains its utmost brilliancy. Old females sometimes put on the plumage of the males, like many other gallinaceous birds, but this is rare: they will also breed with the com-- mon Pheasant, as has been already noticed in the account of that bird. PENCILLED PHEASANT. (Phasianus Nycthemerus.) Pu. albus; crista, gula, pectore, abdomineque nigro-violaceo ; caudd cuneata, compressd. (Femina fuscescens, fusco undulata, rectricibus lateralibus albo nigroque maculatis. ) White Pheasant, with the crest, throat, breast, and abdomen, dark violet ; the tail wedge-shaped and compressed. (Female brownish, waved with brown; the lateral tail-feathers spot- ted with black and white. ) 7 Phasianus Nycthemerus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.272.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 743. 6.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 631. 6.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 665. Phasianus albus Sinensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 276. 5. Faisan noir et blanc, ou le bicolor. Buff. Ois. 2. 359.—Buff. Pi. Enl. 123. male, 124. female—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. p. 281. \pl.2. Joi Oo 7 Black and white Pheasant. Albin. Birds. 3. 37.—Edw. Birds. pl. 66. Pencilled Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 719. Tue male of this species is nearly three feet in length : the beak and irides yellow: sides of the PENCILLED PHEASANT. 235 head covered with a carunculated, crimson, bare skin, which is capable of distension ; it is prolonged above the eyes in form of a comb, and falls on . each side the under mandible of the jaw, like two wattles : the head is ornamented with a long crest of loose webs; it falls behind, and is of a deep purple: the upper parts of the body are white, each feather marked with black stripes parallel to the margin; this forms an agreeable contrast to the plumage of the under parts of the neck and body, which is of a purple-black : the tail is wedge- shaped; the feathers white, obliquely striated with black, except the two middle ones, which are plain white: the legs are red, furnished with a white spur. The female is smaller than the male: the beak and the irides are yellowish brown: the eyes surrounded by a red skin, which is narrower and less bright than in the male: the top of the head is somewhat crested and brown: the throat and cheeks are whitish: the neck, the breast, the back, the rump, the wing and upper tail-coverts, rufous brown: the lower part of the breast, the belly, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are dull white, irregularly varied with brown, and crossed with transverse black bands: the quills are dusky; the secondaries like the back ; those nearest the body dotted with white: the two middle tail-feathers, shorter than in the male, brown ; the others brown and white mixed, and striped obliquely with black: the feet are red. The female deposits her eggs, which vary in number, from eight to fourteen, about the month 936 SUPERB PHEASANT.’ of April; they are reddish yellow, varied with white, and sprinkled with a few small brown spots, and are hatched in twenty-six days: the young are reared with less difficulty, and they are more easily tamed than the common Pheasant. During the courting season, and also when in- flamed by rage, the naked skin on the head of the male is of a deep crimson. The native place of these birds is the northern parts of China, from whence they have been introduced into all parts of Europe: they are common in aviaries in this country, and bear con- finement well. B. Gula palea geminata subulaté: frons carunculé subrotundatd. B. Throat with a double subulated wattle: forehead with a rounded caruncle. SUPERB PHEASANT. (Phasianus superbus.) Pu. corpore rufo, viridi ceruleoque vario, crista plicatad in ver- tice ceruled, collo superiore viridi pennis longis vestito, caudd elongata, cuneata ; rectricibus duabus intermedius albescentibus nigro-fasciatis. Pheasant with a rufous body, varied with green and blue; the crown with a plicated, blue crest ; the upper part of the neck clothed with long green feathers; the tail elongated and SUPERB PHEASANT. 037 wedge-shaped, its two middle feathers whitish, barred with black. Phasianus superbus. Linn. Mant. 1771. p. 526.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 744.7.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. 2.—Temm. Gall, Ind. 671. Phasianus varius. Shaw. Nat. Misc. v. 10. Faisan superbe. Jemm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 336. Superb Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 709. 2.—Lath. Syn, Sup. IT, 273. 1.—Shaw. Nat. Misc. 10. pl. 353. Turis splendidly magnificent bird, if the accounts that are given of its plumage be faithful, is con- fessedly the most remarkable of the genus. It is described by Linneus from the various repre- sentations of it painted on paper hangings and China ware, and confirmed by a figure and descrip- tion in a Chinese book which came under his inspection. It issaid to have a red beak: on the forehead is a red caruncle, somewhat rounded in shape, and two wattles of a blood-red colour under the chin, as in the Cock: the crown of the head is green; at the hind part a folded crest, of a blue colour: the hind part of the neck is green ; on each side furnished with long variegated feathers, which stand out from the neck, and turn backwards: the shoulders are green, spotted with white: the wings red: primary quills blue: the body is red: the tail long, and wedge-shaped : the feathers are blue and red mixed; and the coverts are of several colours, and fall over the sides of it: the legs are yellow, and without spurs. ‘Temminck considers the long feathers that arrive from China as belonging to this species, and 258 SUPERB PHEASANT. thus describes them. “ This Pheasant is one of the number that have a tail resembling a bundle, with the two middle feathers considerably widen- ed, and hiding those beneath, as in the Painted Pheasant: the total length of the bird is about six feet, of which the two middle tail-feathers make upwards of four; they are about two inches wide, and terminate in a point; the shaft is deep cinna- mon-colour below: the webs are of a grey white, shaded with different tints of red gold on the outer edge: there are about forty-seven bars or crescents on each web; these spots are parallel from the origin to the extremity of the feathers, except from about one-fourth to three-quarters of their length, where they are alternate : these are black from the base of the feathers, and shaded more or less with chesnut towards their tip, which | is of this last colour.” 239 C, Gula membrand penduld; gene orbiteque pennis tecte caput maris cornibus geminis armatum, C. Throat with a pendulous membrane; the cheeks and orbits covered with feathers; the head of the malé armed with a double horn. HORNED PHEASANT. (Phasianus cornutus.) Pu. fusco rufescens, ocellis albis nigro circumdatis, capite cornu gemino ceruleo, gutture membrana penduld. Red-brown Pheasant, with white ocelli, ringed with black ; the head with a double blue horn; the throat with a pendulous membrane. Phasianus cornutus. Briss. Orn. App. 14. Phasianus Satyrus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 672. Meleagris Satyra. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 269. 3.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 019. Penelope Satyra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.733. 1. Ine Faisan cornu, ou Napal. Buff. Ois. 2. 362.—Temm. Pig. ¢ Gall. 2. 349. Horned Turkey. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 680.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 203. Horned Pheasant. Edw. Birds. pl. 116. Tuis rare and elegant bird is thus described by Latham: “ Size between a Fowl and a Turkey: beak brown: the nostrils, fore-part of the head, and round the eyes, covered with slender, black, hairy feathers: top of the head red: behind each eye springs a fleshy, callous, blue substance, like a horn, tending backwards: on the fore-part of the 940 HORNED PHEASANT. neck and throat is a loose flap, of an exceeding fine blue colour, marked with orange spots; the lower part of it beset with a few hairs: down the middle it is looser than down the sides, being wrinkled: the breast and upper parts of the back of a full red: the neck and breast incline to orange; the other parts of the plumage and tail rufous brown,* marked all over with white spots, encompassed with black: the legs are whitish, and furnished with a spur behind each. “ The female is without the horns, so con- spicuous in the male. The feathers of the head and part of the neck are silky black, with a blue gloss ; marked on the sides of the throat with an irregular patch of red: the feathers on the back part of the head and nape are crimson; and the whole top of the head furnished with long loose feathers, tending backwards: the markings on the body much like those of the male, but scarcely so bright: the back, and part of the wing-coverts, besides the spots of white, are.in both most beau- tifully intermixed with streaks of black and crim- son, upon a fillemot ground: the rump and tail- feathers somewhat similar, the crimson descending towards the tail, the ends of which are dusky black: the legs are furnished with a blunt spur behind.” This bird when alive had the faculty of dilating and lengthening the flap on the throat, * The male is said by Latham, but perhaps erroneously, to possess twenty feathers in its tail. | HORNED PHEASANT. 941 so as almost to hang over the breast, at which time the colours were greatly heightened, ap- pearing of a deep blue, barred across with crim- son. This species inhabits Bengal, and the moun- tains that separate Indoostan from Thibet and Napaul. | Perhaps this singular species may form a good natural genus, as it differs in many respects from the genuine Pheasants. Wc XI. Ps -Ti | 16 DAD ARGUS. ARGUS. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longius, com- || Beak longer than the head, pressum, rectum, basi nu- compressed, straight, the dum; maxilla fornicata, base naked, the maxula versus apicem deflexa. arched, towards thetip bent down. Nares laterales, in medio || Nostri(s lateral, placed in the maxille site, membrana middle of the maxilla, and semiclausee. half closed by a membrane. Caput lateraliter et collum || Head with its side and the deplumata. neck without feathers. Pedes tetradactyli, graciles; || Feet four-toed, slender ; tarsi tars? mutici. smooth. Cauda ascendens, compressa; || Tail ascending, compressed ; rectricibus duodecim, (ma- with twelve feathers; (the risduabusmediiselongatis.) two middle ones of the male elongated.) Arcus. Temminck, Vieillot. Puasianus. Linn. Gmel. Lath., &c. ‘Tuere is but one species belonging to this extraordinary genus, which differs considerably from any of the order, in having the secondary wing-feathers much larger than the primaries ; in fact, this character is peculiar to the present genus, which is still further distinguished by having tl *“SOOWyY ILNVSTS GIGANTIC ARGUS. 943 the beak as long or longer than the head, com- pressed, straight, naked at its base; the upper mandible arched, and curved towards its extremity: the nostrils are lateral, placed in the middle of the upper jaw, and half closed by a membrane: the cheeks and neck naked: the feet with the toes united at their base by a slight membrane: the tarsi spurless: the tail ascending, compressed into two planes, and composed of twelve feathers ; the two middle ones of the male very long: the first quill is extremely short. The general habits of the bird are noticed in the following pages. GIGANTIC ARGUS. (Argus giganteus. ) Ar. collo inferiore corporeque subtus fusco-rufis nigro-lineatis ; dorso tectricibusque caude flavescentibus, maculis rotundatis Suscis; pennarum secundarium ocellatis plurimis ; remigum rachis ceruleis; cauddé fusco-nigra, albo punctaté. (Femina, Jusco-nigra, flava fuscoque maculata, remigum rachis ceruleo- nigris ; maculis ocellatis in pennis secundarits nullis.) Argus with the lower part of the neck and the body beneath red-brown, striped with black ; the back and tail-coverts yel- lowish, spotted with rounded brown spots; the secondary feathers with many ocelli; the webs of the quills blue; the tail brown-black, spotted with white. (Female brown-black, spotted with yellow and brown; the webs of the quills blue- black, and the secondary feathers without spots. ) ' O44, GIGANTIC ARGUS. Argus giganteus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 678. Phasianus Argus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 272. 4.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 742.—Laith. Ind. Orn. 2. 629. 3. L’Argus, ou Luen. Buff. O1s.2.361.—Gent. Mag. 1768. pl. 1x p- 521. Argus Géant. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 410. male. 427. female. Argus Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 710. 3. Tue male of this rare but. beautiful species: measures five feet six or eight inches from the beak to the tip of the tail: its body is about the size of that. of the Gigantic Cock: the beak is pale yellow: the fore-part of the head and the beginning of the throat are covered with a gra- nulated skin of a fine scarlet colour: the irides are orange: round the eye the skin is dusky: the forehead, the top of the head, and the occiput, are adorned with small velvety plumes of a fine changeable blue colour, forming a slight crest on the hind head: the lower part of the neck, the breast, the belly, and the thighs, are of a reddish brown, each feather being irregularly spotted with deep yellow and black: the top of the back and the lesser wing-coverts with black. spots, edged with small stripes of ochrey yellow: part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are bright yellow-ochre, spotted with brown, re- sembling the skin of the leopard: the wings, which consist of very large feathers, are the most remarkable part of the bird; the primaries have their shafts bluish, and the secondaries pure white ; the ten first quills have their outer webs dull white, sprinkled with black spots, surrounded by GIGANTIC ARGUS. OAS a circle of yellow, shading into a second circle of greyish: the inner webs are twice the width of the outer ones; they are marked with short rays, which unite in a broad longitudinal band; they are rufous, with small white points, as big as tares ; the rest of the web is yellowish, with black spots, encircled with brown: the remainder of the quills have their inner webs greyish white, with black spots, edged with brown: the outer webs are adorned with a row of large eyes, arranged pa- rallel to the shaft; these are of different tints of olive-green, with a small spot of white on the lower part, and surrounded with a deep black circle; the feathers have a ground colour of dull white, varied with dusky undulated rays: the eyes are nineteen in number on the longest feathers, and fifteen on the shortest, gradually diminishing in number; the feathers themselves are nearly three feet long: the tail consists of twelve feathers, the two middle ones being about four feet in length; the next scarcely two, gradually shorten- ing to the outer’ ones, which are but twelve inches ; they are of a deep chesnut-brown, dot- ted with white; the two middle feathers have round white spots, encircled with black, on their outer webs, and irregular brown spots, surrounded with dusky, on theirinner; the extremity of them is spirally twisted, and tipped with dull white: the lower belly and vent dusky, irregularly varied with brown: legs greenish ash: tarsi without spurs. The young males are dull brown, spotted and irregularly varied with reddish yellow, brown, QA6 GIGANTIC ARGUS. and black: before the second moult there is no appearance of eyes on the secondaries, the whole of the quills being nearly black: the primaries with brown spots, and the secondaries with yel- low-brown and zigzag black spots on their outer web, and plain brown on their inner: the rump does not possess the beautiful spotted appearance, and the two middle tail-feathers are plain. After the second moult the whole of the colours begin to make their appearance with more regularity ; at the third, the back and the rump are covered with yellowish red feathers, spotted with chesnut : the two middle tail-feathers increase in length: the quills are regularly spotted, and the eyes on the secondaries make their appearance. It is not till after the fourth moult is completed that the bird attains its full plumage. The female, which is described by Temminck, is in general as large as the male in the body, but considerably shorter, owing to the great disparity in the length of the two middle tail-feathers, which scarcely exceed eight inches, whereas in the male they are nearly four feet in length: again, the secondaries in the female are not above four inches long, but in the male almost three feet: the sides of the head and the top of the neck are covered with a rugose skin: the top of the head and the occiput are covered by a very short cottony down: the feathers on the hind part of the neck are shaded with grey-brown and’ bright grey; they have disunited webs: the lower part of the neck, the breast, and the top of the GIGANTIC ARGUS. OAM back, are of a red-chesnut: the back, the rump, the lesser wing-coverts, and those of the tail, are yellowish brown, transversely striped with zigzag black bands of various widths: the quills and the feathers at the bend of the wing have the webs of a deep red, spotted with black: the se- condaries, which are so remarkable in the male, in this sex are dusky brown, irregularly marked with small yellow-ochre spots of various forms, resembling the characters made use of by the Chinese: the feathers of the tail are of a chesnut- brown, varied with black spots and stripes: the tail itself is composed of two parallel planes: the skin on the neck and the feet are of the same colour as in the male. According to Marsden, this bird is a native of the woods of Surinam; it is also found in the south of India, and particularly the kingdoms of Pegu, Siam, and Cambodia, and very abund- antly about Malacca: in the former place it is called coo-ow. It has a great antipathy to the light, being very dull during the day; but when in the dark is very lively, and sometimes makes its note or call, from which it takes its Sumatran name: its voice is rather plaintive, and not harsh as in the Peacock. It is extremely difficult to be kept alive for any considerable time after catching it in the woods; never for more than a month. 248 LOPHOPHORUS. MONAUL. Generic Character. Rostrum basi glabrum, cras- sum, supra convexum, ver- sus apicem valde aduncum. Nares basales, laterales, mem- brana plumosa superneé se- miclausee. Orbite carunculatee nude. Pedes tetradactyli, + validi ; tarsi supra plumati, (maris valdé calcarati.) Cauda rotundata, brevis, de- clivis, rectricibus quatuor- decim. Caput cristatum. LorHorHorus. Temminck. Monautus. Vieillot. PuHasianus. Lath. Beak smooth at. its ~~ base, thickened, above convex, towards the tip greatly bent down. Nostrils basal, lateral, above half closed with a plumose membrane. Orbits naked. carunculated and feet four-toed, strong; the tarst feathered above, ‘(of the male greatly spurred.) Tail rounded, short, bent down, consisting of four- teen feathers. Head crested, Tue splendid Impeyan Pheasant of Latham forms the only species known of the present genus, which possesses the following characters : the upper mandible of the beak is very stout \\, Ni \Y NX \\s ~ Eng e ae nn SE ee ee Sie ey SS ry IMPEYAN MONAULUS,. | IMPEYAN MONAUL. 949 and much arched, and it greatly exceeds the lower in length, and has a groove its whole length ; it is somewhat square towards the point, and the inner part is greatly excavated: the under man- dible is almost hidden by the edges of the upper: the legs are strong and nervous: the feathers of the thighs are prolonged over the joints of the knees, and reach nearly to the base of the spur, which is very strong: the claws are very long and arched. IMPEYAN MONAUL. (Lophophorus refulgens.) Lo. corpore’ supra pennis splendide purpureis, margine «neo vestitis; subtus nigro, nitore aneo; crista in wertice, scapes erectis, apice rhombeis ; caudd& cinnamomed pland rotundata. (Femina, corpore fusco-undulato ; caudd breviore ; sub oculis Sascia alba.) Monaul with the body above clothed with splendid purple feathers, edged with zneous; beneath black, glossed with brassy; the crown crested ; the shafts of the crest erect, and their tips rhomboid; the tail cinnamon-colour, plain, and rounded. (Female with the body undulated with brown ; the tail short ; beneath the eyes a white fascia.) Phasianus Impeyanus, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 632. 11. Lophophorus refulgens. Temm. Gall. Ind. 673. Lophophore resplendissant. Jemm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 355. Impeyan Pheasant. Lath. Syn. Sup. 208. pl, 114. 250 IMPEYAN MONAUL. TE magnificent species that is now about to be described is thus commemorated by Dr. La- tham: “ larger than a dunghill fowl: length two feet: beak brown, two inches long: round the eye bare, and of a greenish blue: on the head is an erect crest, consisting of seventeen or eighteen feathers * of different sizes, the longest three Inches and a half in length; they consist of little more than shafts, except at the end, where they are oval, with a spear-shaped point: the feathers of the neck are long and loose, not unlike those of a Cock; those of the head and throat are green- bronze ; of the middle of the neck purple, with a copper gloss, and the lower part of it a yellow copper bronze; all of them exceedingly brilliant, and changeable in different reflections of light: the back and wing-coverts are rich purple, tipped with green-bronze: prime quills black: the under parts of the body, from chin to vent, are dull black, with here and there a greenish gloss: thighs the same: the legs feathered below the knees: tail brownish cinnamon-colour, with the end dusky, and rounded in shape; the feathers fourteen in number: legs stout, rough, and scaly; the colour a dark brown: toes long; between them at the base a slight membrane: at the back part of the legs a thick short spur. “ The female is smaller than the male, and of a less elegant shape: the length twenty-one inches : * Temminck says thirteen, but most probably his specimen was injured. IMPEYAN MONAUL, B51 the beak and bare space round the eye as in the male: the general colour of the plumage brown ; the middle of each feather paler, or buff-coloured, mottled and barred with dark brown, appearing not greatly different from the back of the Great- eared Owl: beneath the eye is a broad dusky white band: the prime quills are black; the second quills barred black and ferruginous : the tail very short, hardly exceeding the quills in length; the colour of the feathers of it similar to the back : the legs as in the male, but furnished with a blunt knob in place of the spur.” These birds inhabit the northern parts of In- doostan, but in no great abundance, being brought from the hills of those parts to Calcutta, as cu- riosities. They are wild, but will readily submit to confinement. Lady Impey attempted to bring over with her some of them to England, but they perished on their passage: the food given them was rice in the husk: they bear cold, but are impatient of heat. ‘The cock was never observed to crow, but had a strong hoarse cackle, not unlike that of a Pheasant: it is called by some the Golden Fowl, by others Monaul. 252 CRYPTONYX. CRYPTONYX, Generic Character. _ Rostrum breviusculum, cras- {| Beak short, thickened, com- siusculum, compressum, pressed, its base smooth, basi glabrum, versus api- towards the apex incurved. cem incurvum. ? Nares laterales, longitudi- || Nostrids lateral, longitudinal, half closed, with a naked membrane. Orbits naked. Feet four-toed, smooth, the hinder toe without a claw. — Tail short, bent down, and | younded. nales, membrana nuda se- miclausee. Orbite nude. Pedes tetradactyli, mutici, di- gito postico ungue nullo. Cauda brevis, declivis, ro- tundata. Cryptonyx. JTemm. Livonyx. Vieillot. CotumBa.. Gmel. Lath. Prerpvix. Lath. Tetrao. Gmel. PHasianus. Sparrman. Tue great peculiarity with birds of this genus is, that the hinder toe is destitute of a claw: the space round the eyes is naked: the tail is short and even; and the tarsi are without spurs: the wings are very short: very little is known of their manners. SSS SS Ss Ss pS SSS Ses ; | Griffith a FF ° Ni 4. CROWNED CRYPTONY. CROWNED CRYPTONYX. (Cryptonyx coronatus.) CR. occipite crista erectd spadiced ; fronte setis sex longissimis ; vertice fascid alba; corpore supra et subtus nigro violaceo ; dorso plumisque uropygit saturatem viridibus ; temporibus nudis, guld plumis varis tectad ; alis fuscescentibus. (Femina absque crista occipitali ; corpore virido ; alis castanets ; fronte setis sex longissimis.) Cryptonyx with an erect chesnut crest on the occiput ; the fore- head with six long setz ; the crown with a white fascia; the body above and beneath dark violet ; the back and feathers of the rump dark green; the temples naked; the throat covered with variegated feathers; the wings fuscescent. (Female without the occipital crest; the body green; the wings ches- nut, and the forehead with six long setz.) Cryptonyx coronatus. Temm. Gall, Ind. 745. Columba cristata. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 596. 10. male.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.774. 7. male, Perdix coronata. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. 2. xii. 1. male. . Phasianus cristatus. Sparrm. Mus. Carls. f. 3. pl. 04, male. Perdix viridis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 650. 22. female. Tetrao viridis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.761. 4. female. Le Rouloul de Malacca, Sonner. Voy, Ind. 2. 174. pl. 180. male. Uncommon bird from Malacca. Phil. Trans, \xii. p. 1. pl. 1, male. ! Violaceous Partridge. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 3. pl. 84. male. Lesser crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 622. 10, pl. 58. male. | Green Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 777. pl. 67. female. Cryptonyx couronné. TJemm. Pig. et Gall. 3, 520. Crowned Partridge. Lath. Syn. Sup, I. 278. 3. 254 CROWNED CRYPTONYX. Turis is distinguished from the following species by its larger. size, by the extent of the naked space round its eyes, and by the form of the orbits, which have a prominent margin, deeply notched : both sexes possess six long bristles at the base of the beak, which the bird can elevate or depress at will: the length of the adult male is ten inches: he is distinguished by having a fine tuft of long feathers on the head, composed of rather hard shafts and disunited webs; this reaches to the hind head, and forms a kind. of diadem, which the bird can depress: the forehead is black: at the base of the beak (as already noticed) are six bristles, which measure about an inch and a quarter in length, and form a sort of small crest ; between which and the larger one the colour is pure white: the feathers of the greater crest are chesnut-red, and are disposed in a semicircle as far as the occiput: the space round the eyes, as well as a larger one behind, is naked, and deep red; which colour appears between the little feathers that adorn the sides of the head: the cheeks, the nape, the scapulars, and the whole of the under part of the plumage, are of a black hue, changing to fine violet: the back, the rump, and the tail-coverts, are deep green: the feathers of the tail are black: the whole of the wing-coverts and the secondary feathers are of a deep red- brown; the smaller coverts being shaded with violet: the quills are deep brown on their otiter webs, and on their inner red, with zigzag black marks : the upper mandible of the beak is generally Tod CROWNED CRYPTONYX. 2585 entirely black; the under one is so at its tip, but its base, as well as a small portion of that of the upper, is reddish: the feet are reddish yellow: the claws are brown: the irides lively red: the female is much smaller than the male, and differs considerably in her colours; insomuch, that La- tham has described her under the name of the Green Partridge: she has, in common with the male, six arched bristles at the base of the beak, but is destitute of ‘the crown: the naked space round the eyes is similar to that of the male: the whole of the top of the head, the cheeks, the nape, and the throat, are covered with short cottony feathers, of a grey-brown colour, shaded with violet: the neck, the breast, the sides, the whole of the back, and the upper tail- coverts, are of a fine green: the belly and the abdomen are of an ashy green: the tail-feathers are dusky green: the scapulars and the whole of the wing-coverts are of a fine chesnut-red: the secondary feathers are brown, and the quills are the same as in the male, but clearer. This bird is common in Malacca, and in the isle of Sumatra, on the coast which is separated from the mainland by the Straits of Malacca; it is also found in Java: it inhabits the deep forests; is a very cunning and wild species, and will not bear confinement: the voice of the male is a kind of chucking. RED CRYPTONYX. (Cryptonyx rufus.) Cr. corporis lateribus rufo-flavescentibus ; corpore fuscescente-rufe | transversim undulato, tectricibus alarum flavescentibus rufo-ter- minatis; subtus pallidiore; temporibus guldque plumis tectis. Cryptonyx with the sides of the body reddish yellow ; the body fuscous red, transversely undulated; the wing-coverts yel- lowish, terminated by rufous; beneath paler; the temples. and throat covered with feathers. -Cryptonyx rufus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 747. Perdix Cambaiensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 655. 44. Cryptonyx roux. Temm. Pig. et Gall, 3.534. Cambaian Partridge. Lath. Syn. Sup. 2.282. Tus species is a native of Guzurat in the East Indies: the male only is known: it is six inches in length: its beak is short, and higher than broad: the general colour of its plumage is of a reddish yellow: the whole of the upper parts are red, transversely striped with zigzag lines of red- dish brown: the tail-feathers and the quills are also varied with similar lines ; but the coverts are tipped with plain reddish yellow, producing two broad transverse stripes of that colour on the wings: the cheeks, the sides and fore-part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are of a clear red- dish yellow, each feather being edged with a paler tinge: the base of the beak is yellow, and the point brown: the feet are yellow. GUINEA PINTADO. Q57 NUMIDA. PINTADO. Generic Character. Rostrum crassiusculum, for- ~ nicatum, basi membrana verrucosa tectum; mandi- bula inferiore basi paleariis carunculatis, pendulis ob- ducta. Nares m ceromate site, la- terales, cartilagine semi- i divisee. Caput nudum, vertice aut € - cornu calloso, aut crista munitum. Pedes tetradactyli; mutici. Cauda brevis, deflexa; rec- tricibus quatuordecim aut sedecem. Numipa. Auctorum. MeELeacris. Antiquorum. Beak thickened, arched, its base covered with a warted membrane; the under man- dible at the base with a ca- runculated pendulous wat- tle. Nostrils situated in the cere, lateral, and half divided by cartilage. Head naked, the crown with a callous. horn, or strong crest. Feet four-toed, smooth. Tail short, bent down, con- sisting of fourteen or six- teen feathers. ALL the known species of this genus are natives society. We xl. P. I. of Africa and its adjoining islands: their manners are similar to those of the domestic poultry: they _ feed on worms, insects, and seeds, and live in Temminck mentions a bird of this genus allied u7 958 GUINEA PINTADO. to the Crested Pintado, which was communicated to him by Le Vaillant as a new species: it is briefly described in the second volume (page 452) of Temminck’s Monograph on the Pigeons and Gallinaceous Birds. It is called the Negro Pin- tado, and inhabits the country of the Caffrarians, and lives in flocks: it possesses a very large crest on the head: the whole of the neck is clothed with feathers, without any naked space or wattles: the crest, the whole of the neck, and the breast, are of a dull black: the under part of the body is grey-brown, spotted with white: the whole of the upper parts are grey-blue, with white spots en- circled with blue. Another obscure species is mentioned by La- tham in the second supplement to his Synopsis, page 272: this is, perhaps, specs but a variety of the Crested Pintado. A. Vertice gulea compressé instructd. A. The crown furnished with a compressed comb. GUINEA PINTADO. (Numida Meleagris.) Nu. corpore griseo-cerulescente, guttis albis consperso, capite colloque superiore nudis, griseo ceruleis, tubere conico apice reflexo in vertice, membrana lata ad rictum gemind. — ‘GUINEA PINTADO. Q59 Pintado with the body grey-blue, sprinkled with white spots; the head and upper part of the neck naked, and grey-blue ; a conical tubercle with its tip reflexed on the crown; and a ‘broad geminated membrane near the gape. ‘Numida Meleagris, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 273.—Gmel. Syst. eis 1. 744. 1.—Briss. Orn, 1. 176. pl. 18.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 621. 1.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 680. Gallus et Gallina Guineensis. Raii. Syn. 52.8. Le Peintade. Buff: Ois. 2. 162. pl. 4.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 108. Peintade Méléagride. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 431. pl. 1. fi 4 and 5. ‘Guinea Pintado. Will. Birds, 162.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 685, 1. Lath, Syn. Sup. 204.—Lath. Syn. Sup. If. 272.—Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 293.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 249.—Penn, Brit. Zool. 1. p. 280. Var, B. pectore albo. With the breast white. ‘Numida Meleagris. 8. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 621.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 681. | Numida Meleagris pectore albo, Briss. Orn. 1. 181. a. White-breasted Pintado, Albin. Birds. 2. pl. 35.—Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 687. Var. y. corpore toto albido, maculis rotundatis albis. ‘With the whole body whitish, with rounded white spots. Numida Meleagris. var. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. 681. Tue Guinea Pintado is bigger than a large Cock: length twenty-two inches: beak ofa reddish horn- colour: its head is bare of feathers, and covered with a naked skin of a bluish colour: on the crown is a callous conical protuberance, of a bluish red-colour, and compressed at the sides: on each side of the upper mandible, at the base, hangs a loose wattle, which in the female is red, and in the male of a bluish colour: the upper part of the neck is nearly naked, being furnished with a few 260 GUINEA PINTADO. straggling hairy feathers: the skin is of a bluish ash: the lower part of the neck is covered with feathers of a purple hue: the rest of the plumage is blue-black, marked with white spots of different sizes, on the whole of the feathers, the breast only excepted, which is of an uniform grey-blue : the greater quills are white; and the rest are similar to the upper parts of the plumage, spotted and longitudinally barred with white: tail the same. The White-breasted Guinea Hen of Brown is nothing more than a variety of this species: it differs merely in having a white breast, marked with large spots of black, in which are smaller ones of white: the four first quills, and the same . number of the outer greater coverts, are also white : this is said to inhabit Jamaica, but it is abundant in all countries where the first described is kept. Other variations also occur: in some the ground colour of the plumage is blue; in others so very pale as to render the white spots nearly invisible : again it not unfrequently appears of white, with the spots of a brighter colour. A hybrid has been produced between a male Pintado and a common Domestic Hen. Africa is the native place of this bird, from whence it has been diffused over every part of Europe, the West Indies, and America. It isnow sufficiently common in our poultry yards, but from the circumstance of the young ones being difficult to rear, they are not bred in numbers at all equal to those of the domestic poultry. ‘The female MITRED PINTADO. 961 lays many eggs in a season, which she frequently secretes till she has produced her young brood: the ege is smalier than that of a Hen, and of a rounder shape; in colour reddish white, obscurely freckled with a darker colour: it is very delicious eating. The Pintado is a restless and clamorous bird: its voice is harsh and unpleasant ; it consists chiefly of two notes, ca-mac, ca-mac, frequently repeated : it is compared by Latham to a door turning upon its rusty hinges, or to an ungreased axle-tree. During the night it perches on high places, and is often so easily disturbed as to hinder the rest of a family by its unceasing cry: it delights in rolling in the dust to free itself from insects. In a wild state these birds associate in numerous flocks of two or three hundred each: they delight chiefly in marshy and damp morassy places, where they subsist almost wholly on insects, worms, and seeds. Amongst the Romans they were in great request for their banquets: they are greatly prized in this country by’some persons, their flavour being considered to resemble that of the Pheasant. MITRED PINTADO. (Numida mitrata.) Nu. corpore nigro, maculis albis consperso, tubere verticis rubro rotundato apice reflexo, membrandé angusté ad rictum gemind, plica gulari longitudinal:. 262 MITRED PINTADO. Pintado with a black body sprinkled with white spots; the crown with a red, rounded tubercle, with its tip reflexed; a narrow geminated membrane near the gape; with a lon- gitudinal fold on the throat. Numida mitrata. Pall, Spic. 4. p. 18. t. 3. f.1. (head.)—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.745, 2.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 622.—Temm. Gall. ’ Ind. 682. Peintade Mitrée. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 444. Mitred Pintade. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 688. 2. Pauuas was the first that described this species, which inhabits Madagascar, Guinea, and other parts of Africa: its manners are similar to the last, and its cry is similar, and equally discordant : its size 1s equal to that of the common species ; its length is about twenty-two inches: the head crowned with a helmet, which in the adult is eleyated about one inch and three quarters in height: the whole crown and about the beak of a dirty red: on each side of the gape is a longish linear portion of flesh, pointed at the end, longest in the male, and of a red colour at the tip: under the throat is a longitudinal wattle, somewhat si- milar to that of the Turkey: the beak is reddish yellow: the space round the eyes blood-red: the rest of the upper part of the neck is of a bright blue, tinged with violet, and naked, with a few scattered black hairs: the general colour of the plumage is more deep than in the preceding spe- cies: the white spots are more regularly dis- tributed: those of the greater quills are more dingy than on the rest of the plumage: the lower part of the neck and the breast are of a dusky grey, with narrow undulated transverse white CRESTED PINTADO. 263 bars: the feet and the claws are dusky grey ; the former are stronger than in the preceding species : the irides are grey-brown. B. Caput cristatum. B. Head crested. CRESTED PINTADO. (Numida cristata. ) Nu. cristata ; corpore nigro albo maculato, crista in vertice pec- toreque atris, plica membranaced ad rictum oris, gutture san- guineo, collo superius nudo cerulescente. Crested Pintado, with the body black, spotted with white; the crest and beak dark-coloured ; a folded membrane near the gape; the throat sanguineous; the upper part of the neck naked, and bluish. Numida cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 746, 3.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.622.—Temm. Gall. Ind, 682. La Peintade cornal. Temm., Pig. et Gall. 2. 448. Crested Pintado. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 688. 3. pl. 62. Tuis species is smaller than the Guinea Pintado : its beak is of a horn-colour, surmounted by a bluish cere near the nostrils: on each side the lower mandible of the beak is a skin, with a lon- gitudinal fold, instead of a wattle: the throat, the top of the neck, and the occiput, are nearly de- stitute of feathers: the sides and hinder part of the neck are of a deep blue colour: the space round the ears is blue-grey ; and the anterior part 964 CRESTED PINTADO. of the neck is of a crimson-red: the head is sur- mounted by a fine crest; the feathers of which it is composed are black, with delicate webs, and droop over the hind head and the beak: the whole of the plumage is black ; the body, with the exception of the neck and top of the breast, being spotted with small points of a whitish blue, en- circled with a brilliant blue: the greater feathers of the wings are dusky brown, and spotless: the secondaries are the same, with four longitudinal stripes down the shafts; three or four of these have a large white spot extending the whole length of the outer webs: the rest, nearer the body, have the longitudinal bluish-white rays: the tail is black, with undulated bluish-white rays: the feet are dusky brown: the irides brown: -legs dusky: hind claw elevated from the ground, and blaint.: «2 . This species inhabits the hottest parts of Africa ; the country of the Grand Namaquois, and the in- terior of Guinea, producing the greatest number : they live in herds of many hundreds, composed of several united coveys: their cry, which is uttered at the rising of the sun, and towards the close of the day, is very discordant and unpleasant: their manners are similar to those of the rest of the genus, and they feed on different sorts of grain, worms, insects, and berries: they appear to be easily domesticated. END OF PART f. ‘s ZOOLOGY OF _ GENERAL SYSTEMATIC MATURAL HISTORY commenced by the Cate GEORGE SHAW, M.D.ER.S.&c. WITH PLATES | from the first Authorities and most select specimens Ong AVEC fe anced ny’ Ly ie, M*® GRIFFITH. | | Vi Y fo Yy Yi ~\. g ci ) SSS U2 hac . i ~ = z a 'Vou.XI Part 1. AVIES > by OR Stephens LS. i} ee ee ee ee ee ee | | Printed. for TWalker: Longman &CY; S& A. Arch; B.S effery; Baldwin & C? R. Scholey; Sherwood & C°; Whittaker & C% J. Black & Son; W.Lowe: J. Booth; S.Bagster; J.Mawman:; | R.Fenner; Ogle & C°; Rodwell & C°; J. Robinson; & J.Harper. 1619. Le GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME XI.——PART II. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. BIRDS. LONDON : PRINTED FOR J. WALKER3 LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN}; J. AND A. ARCH; E. JEFFERY; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; R. SCHOLEY; SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES; G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER3 J. BLACK AND SON; W. LOWE; J. BOOTH; S. BAGSTER; J. MAWMAN; R.FENNER 3. OGLE AND CO.; RODWELL AND CO.; J. ROBINSON; AND J, HARPER. 1819. ' ca t ° ; ‘ Ny * ‘ ‘ * . : Bs t . * . . ‘ . “ , ‘ + t . 7 ‘\ ‘ S ‘ * ‘ * / f > ~~ *- ! * . x, , ‘ - , 4 \ . i! ' . : * ee, | ’ ‘ ‘ ; LONDON: PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS, ‘ INDEX TO VOL. XI.—PART II. Anastomus . p. 631 Coro- mandel | —_——._ Coro- mandeliana : . pet Pondi- ceriana Pondi- cherry ANTHROPOIDES Pavonina Virgo ARAMUS scolopacea ARDEA 633 033 632 632 534 530 535 539 540 5Al ARDEA. Lath, ; p. 631 Linné 523. 534. 592. 616. Gmel. . 539. 631 Ray. E - 608 zequinoctialis 57i —— equin. var. Lath. 545 ——Agami . - 554 —- alba. Linné. . 543 ——-- albamajor.Ray. 543 alba tertia Al- drovandi. Ray. - §45 : Antigone. Linné. 531 Argala, Lath. 622 atra. R . 562 badia. Gmel. . 609 || ——ems HOtaurus. Gmel. 556 Brasiliensis. Linn, 602 1V ARDEA Brasiliensis can- dia. Briss. Woy, p. 570 ros- tro serrato. Ray. 580 cerulea. var. Lath, 583 582 cerulea ceerulescens i ceruleo-nigra. Ray. : ; «1979 Caledonica. Gmel. 613 cana : - 569 Canadensis. Linn, 528 candida, Briss. 543 — minor. Briss. : ; - 545 Carolinensis can- aida Briss. 7. on O71 carunculata. Gmel. 533 caspica. Lath. 550 castanea. Gmel, 574 Cayanensis.Gmel, 612 cris- tata. Briss. 564. chalybea 582 Ciconia. Ray. 617 cinerea 548 cinnamomea . 560 Cocoi_.. <1 O04. comata, Gmel. 574 — Lath. 577 Coromandelensis 577 Coromandeliana. Gmel. : é - 633 cracra se 507 cristata. Briss, 548 == purpu- rascens. Briss. 603 INDEX. ARDEA cyanopus . p Danubialis. Gmel. dubia. Gmel. . egretta. Gmel. erythropus. Gmel. exilis ferruginea flava. Gmel. Srett Hudsonis. Briss. fusca : gardent. Gmel. garzetta gigantea. Gmel. grisea, Linn. . grus. Linn. hematopus sivé Cirris. Ray. Herodias ° Hoactli Hohou Hudsonias Jamaicensis, Gel. lentiginosa. Mont. leucocephala . leucogaster . lineata. Gmel. Ludoviciana . maculata. Gmel, Maquari. Gmel. major. Linn. Malaccensis. Marsigli. Gmel. Mexicana cine- = rea. Briss. “ : Mexicana cine- rea. Briss.? : ; . 583 589 622 543 574 587 576 603 553 559 609 545 529 609 524 574 552 568 560 553 614 596 503 547 601 578 609 619 548 584 57 506 584 ArpgEA Mexicana cris- tata. Briss. : p. 508 purpu- rascens. Briss. 585 minuta . - 589 niora, Briss. °. 562 —— - Linné. 620 | ——— nivea. Gmel. 545 | —— Nove-Guinee 586 Nove-Hollandiz 561 Nycticorax. Linné. 609 Pavonina. Linné. 537 Philippensis 586 pileata . 570 Pondiceriana. Gmel, 632 pumila. Gmel. 574 purpurascens. Briss. nn 50 : purpurata. Gmel. 556 purpurea W250 ralloides 573 rubiginosa 558 — rufa. Scop. « §50 — rufescens.Gmel. 542 ——— sacra 572 Senegalensis 604 —— Soloniensis. Gmel. 589 spadicea - 585 squatotta. Gmel. 574 stellaris. Linné. 593 major, Ray. sean 556 —— tigrina.Gmel. 000 : variegata, Lath. 556 | violacea 579 005 pos YITESCENS. Linn. INDEX. Vv ARDEA virgata. p: 505 Virginiana cris- tata. Briss, . oi SSD — Virgo. Linn. 535 — undulata. Gmel. 599 Ardeola. Briss. - 589 Ray. : ey Say Brasiliensis. Ray. 581 Brasiliensis. var. Ray. 583 ARENARIA . , » A8Q Briss. 5109, 520 cinerea, Briss. 520 vulgaris 490 Attagen. Briss. . - 298 Americana, Briss, ® e 299 Pensylvania. Briss... - - 301 Auercalze . ; ar 27 | Auerhan ., : 2 27 1 Aw-kis-cow ; 485 BITTERN . 5 - 592 oe American, Wills. . 596 Brasilian . €02 common 593 crested. Catesby 579 . freckled 596 Vi BirrTern, greater. Lath. p.556 || Boraurus. Briss. p. 541. 608 green least. Wills. lineated little. Penn. minute. Lath. rayed. Lath. rufous. Lath. Senegal small, Catesby. Swabian. Lath. tiger . ° yellow ° Zigzag BoaTBILL ; brown. Lath. crested spotted. Lath. BoNASA ————. Briss. 286. 296. Canadensis. Briss. : ‘ Cupido Srett Hudso- nis. Briss. 3 5 major Cana- densis. Briss. Pyreniaca. Briss. : ‘ Scotica. Briss. umbellus Boo-onk. Eawim... ‘ Boraurus °. P 602 603 603 5906 601 556 574 609 589 604 593 589 600 605 599 442 446 443 451 455 452 448 448 450 449 © 454 455 489 INDEX. 605 Brasiliensis — 587 Briss. 601 flavus 590 lentiginosus 587 lineatus 590 || ————— major. Briss. 5890 — minor. Briss. 604 nevius. Briss. 605 rufus. Briss. 574 Senegalensis 600 stellaris 603 || —————- striatus. Briss. 599 tigrinus virescens . 638 -undulatus . 639 639 || BusTarD . ‘ : 639 Arabian great . 208 Indian 304 || ——_——— little. Penn. Passarage. 276 Lath. : : $ 209 Rhaad. Lath. ruffed 270 thick-kneed. Penn. . i ‘ 301 white-eared 311 || BusTARNELLE 5 203 field 300 Calidris, Briss. 589 arenaria. Leach 490 | grisea-minor 592 Briss. ; ‘ ° 490 INDEX. Cancrofagus. Briss. p. 541.574 — America- nus. Briss. : .- 608 —_———— Bahamen- sis. Briss. A - 579 — Brasilien- sis, Briss. Pears or var. Briss. - Go castaneus. Brissy iv Bot BOQ — luteus. Briss. 574 Philippen- sis. Briss. : 587 — rufus. Briss. 574 ——_———. viridis. Briss. 605 —-—————_ viridis n@- vius. Briss. : “605 ee CaNCROMA , - 630 cancrofaga. Linn, ‘ é . 639 cochlearia . 639 Capercalze . ~ 271 CassowarRy ‘ . 431 — galeated. 432 — New Hol- land. Lath. . . 4390 southern. Shaw... : - 439 CASUARIUS ; - 431 — Lath. . 438 ——_—_—— emeu. Lath. 432 galeatus - 432 Vii Casuarius Nove-Hol- landie. Lath. p- 439 Cata . A . 313 CHARADRIUS ; 463 — Gmel. - 4990 — Lath. 480 Linn. 458.489 —_—_—_——- Pallas. 504 apricarius 466 — Asiaticus. Gmel. : 468 ——_—-— bilobus 481 $$$ — Calidris. Linn.’ . A . 490 —Cantianus 474 ————--— Cayanus 484. ——_———. Coromande- licus. Gmel.« 502 — coronatus. Gmel. : ; 488 — cristatus . 483 —curonicus 473 ———$<—<— Gallicus. Gmel, Baie OD ee hiaticula . 470 — magniros- tris. Lath, : . 462 melanoce- phalus. Gmel. oS 7 Morinellus 468 Nove-See- landie. Gmel. 479 Nove-Ze- landiz . ; - 479 Gidicnemus. Linn. : : » 450 V1il INDEX. CuaraDRivs pileatus p.480 || Cox1n, crested co pe BSI Philippensis 478 Malouine - 386 — pluvialis . 464 || -—-— northern 377 rubidus. Sonini’s 383 Gmel. ‘ : . 490 —_—— Senegalensis 482 || CorurNix . 3860 - Sibiricus. Briss. 361. 376. Gmel. iene wetOs 387 _—~ — Tartaricus. Australis 373 Gmel.. : 468 dactylisonans 361 ~—— torquatus. excalfactoria 371 Leach. 471 - grisea por ZO torquatus. - Indica. Ray. 381 Linn. ‘ - - 476 Ludoviciana. -vociferus 476 BrisseS. Seehes—e B77 Churge 3 453 Digkemete ensis. Briss. . - 390 Comoe 618 major. Briss. 301 Briss. — . 645 MM eNBLAN- es 617 Brissay aie Mie: 377 Argala 622 Aarinesbics wi Ee. tata. Briss. : . SBl pace. : GAG Nove-Guinee 374 ——_ fusca. Briss. 620 ||~ pers Sat sae Maguari . 619 ree Philippensis. eyes ai or i 620 Briss... Yan : 371 textilis 20365; Cochlearius. Briss. . 638 | —— torquata . 307 ———__. fuscus. Briss. 639 . —— nevius. Briss.639 || COURLAN .- : 539 scolopaceous 540 Cock, black : - 280 || ry 200% - 204 || CourszR . ; - 409 —— ofthe wood. Albin. 267 Asiatic . 502 | —— cream-coloured 500 CoLin ° 376 e--—— Californian . 384 CRANE 523 Crane, Balearic. Wil- lan. ; . blue. Wills. brown A common crowned African. Edw. . 5 gigantic, Lath. , hooping . Indian é : Numidian. Edw. Siberian wattled . é Cryptura. Vieil. Crypturus. Illig. Curlew, Stone. Lath. CURSORES. CuRsoRIus —- Asiaticus, Lath. b -———_—- Europeus. Lath. A - isabellinus Curwillet DEMOISELLE crowned . Numidian Dodo, Bontius. Dotterel. Penn. INDEX. 1X p.537 581 526 524 537 622 528 531 535 529 532 401 | 401 459 A441 499 502 500 500 490 534 536 535 422 408 Dotterel, Sea. Edw. . p. 520 DrRomiceius , . 438 Nove-Hol- landie . : - 439 Duck, Field. Albin. . 455 Egret, demi. Lath. . 547 great, Penn. . 544 ——- little. Penn. . 545 reddish, Penn. 543 Egretita. Briss. . 541. 545 Emu » 438 : New Holland . 438 ERO.xIA : - 407 variegata - AQ7 variegated - 407 Fedoa, Ray. : . 458 Cdicnemus. Leach. : . 450 nostratertia.Ray. 459 FRANCOLIN , «! S16 African . 323 brown Afri- can : . - 329 Cape - 333 Ceylon . 331 common . 319 Cranch’s . 336 long-beaked 317 noisy - 327 eel \ aE) D4 FRANCOLIN, pearled — red-necked ————-— Senegal ——— thoracic FRANCOLINUS Ray. —— Africanus — Capensis Ceylon- ensis clamatus Cranchii longiros- tris é - perlatus Pondice- rianus rubricol- lis ; ‘ - Senegal- ensis : , 5 spadiceus thoracicus vulgaris Gallina Corylorum, Ray. Gallinula aquatica. Ray. Game, black red white Garzetta. Ray. INDEX. p- 325 Pondicherry 321 335 330 322 316 319 323 333 331 327 336 317 325 321 335 330 329 322 319 272 639 280 294 288 345 Gavia. Klein. ‘ p. Gorcock GRALLE. GrRous 5 birch. Lath. Penn, atl ow black . : Canada . hazel ‘ Helsingian. Lath. hybrid . Indian. Lath. long-tailed Namaqua. Lath. pinnated, Penn. pin-tailed. Edw, Rehusak. Penn. rock. Lath. ——. ruffed. Penn. ——— sand. Lath. Senegal. Lath. shoulder-knot. Penn. ; ‘ spotted. Lath. . ———~ spurious. Penn. white. Penn. wood e Grus Briss. Cuv. : Ray. ——. Americana sharp-tailed. Penn. 508 2904. 503 265 072 204 279 275 271 272 277 309 284 313 299 311 206 - 2.90 301 305 313 284 301 275 277 2.92 266 523 524 539 534 528 Grus, Antigone balearica. Ray. . Canadensis ‘ capensis. Petiv. carunculata cinerea ‘ 2 —— gigantea . Indicus. Ray. —. Mexicanus. Briss. Numidica. Briss. orientalis Indica. Briss. H @MatToprus ; —- Ostralegus Heratucock : : black and spotted. Edw. . : brown and spotted. Edw. . : pinnated ruffed. Edw. shoulder- knot ;. : 5 Hemipodius, Temm . — fasciatus. Temm. . : — Hottentot- tus. Temm, é lineatus. Temm. ., ; : maculosus. Temm. . : — nigricollis, Temm. , leucogeranos. Lath, p- 531 -fretti Hudsonis. Briss. 526 XI INDEX. Hemipodius, nigrifrons. 537 Temm. p. 388 536 pugnax. 537 Temm. : - 391 582 tachydro- 524 mus. Temm, 390 — thoracicus. 520 Temm. ° 392 526 529 || Heron ‘ . 541 526 African. Lath. 556 535 agaml 554 — ash-coloured . 569 531 || ——— ash-coloured. fe Edw. : 553 oe black 562 Bk black crested, 298 white Reis? wal -+—570 ———- blue « 880 275 blue.var. Lath. 582, 583 275 brown i os «659 299 cerulean 582 301 || ———-castaneous. Lath. 574 chesnut. Lath. 610 300 || ———— cinereous 583 387 || — cinnamon 560 ——— cocoi : - 504 393 || ———— common 548 ——— Coromandel 577 3908 || - Coromandel. Lath. 633 cracra. sm 507 397 || —-—— crested. Albin. 548 crested purple 556 304 crowned. Lath. 537 dry . 568 390 dwarf. Lath. . 574 Xi INDEX. Heron, ferruginous p.576 | Heron, variegated. Gardenian. Penn. 610 Lath. : p. 556 great 552 violet 563 - great egret 543 wattled. Lath. 533 great white. Penn. 544 || -———~ white-bellied 547 ——— green. Lath. 606 || - white-fronted . 561 - houhou 566 yellow-crowned 579 largest crested. Catesby. 552 || Hans, Lacepede . 631 little 589 ——— little egret 545 || Hoactl. Ray. 568 little white 571 -——— Louisiane 578 || JaBIRU : ° 645 Louisiane. Wills. 543 American 646 Malacca 584 || -—-——- New Holland . 647 Mexican 585 || -—— Senegal 648 minute 587 New Guinea 586 || Jabiru-guacu. Ray 646 —— night. Lath. 609 3 —— Philippine 587 || Killdeer. Catesby. 470 Pondicherry. Lath. 632 ——— purple. Lath. . 556 || Knorhaan 451 red-billed. Penn. 571 7 reddish egret 542, || Korhane A51 red-legged. Lath. 574 red-shouldered 553 || Lacorus 286 rufous. Lath. 556 albus 292 -——-— rusty-crowned 558 altera. Plini. ——— sacred 572 Ray. 293 | scolopaceous. Lath. 540 Lapponicus 296 snowy. Lath. 545 mutus 287 spotted. Lath. . 609 rupestris 290 squacco 5738 Scoticus 293 squacco.var. Lath, 577 ; ——— squaiotta. Lath. 574 || Larwine 508 —~— steel-blue . 582 Cayenne 512 streaked 565 crested 509 INDEX. | Larwine, Goa p. 514 Louisiane 517 New Holland 516 3 Senegal 515 Lark, sea. Albin. 471 Luglug 563 Monichjore 563 Morinellus. Ray. 519 marinus. Ray.520 Mycreria 045 Americana . 646 — Australis 047 Senegalensis 648 NIGHTHERON . 608 Caledonian 613 ——- Cayenne 612 shell eee European 609 meta Ns Jamaica 614 NycTIcoRax . 608 Caledonicus 613 —— Cayanensis 612 —-—-—~— Europeus 609 a Jamaicensis 014 Odontophorus Guitanen- sis. Vieil. 420 CH DICNEMUS 458 —crepitans . 459 we magnirostris 462 X1li nas, Vieil. : p. 304 Oorail 453 Ortygis. Illig. 387 Ortygodes. Vieil. 387 variegata. Vier. 3¢8 OrTYx 376 Borealis 377 Californica 384 Falklandica 386 Sonninii 383 Temminkii 381 OsTRICH A423 American. Willough. 436 ————— black 423 Ostralega. Briss. 493, 494 OTIs 442 Lath. 458 — Linné. : 454 — Atra 449 Arabs A446 aurita, Lath. My. 4'5 2 Bengalensis - 451 Houbara » s 448 —— minor. Briss. ~ 455 —— Cdicnemus, Lath. 459 —-~ rhaad. Gmel. A448 tarda 443 tetrax. Linn. A455 X1V INDEX. OvysTERCATCHER p. 493 || Parrriper, Kakerlic. common 494 Lath. : ' p. 349 — pied. Maryland. Penn. AVA Penn. dj : 378 —— mountain 344 Parra. Linn. : - 508 || —-— New Eng- Cayanensis. Gmel. 513 land. Albin. 378 Dominicana. Linn, 518 pearled. Goensis.Gmel. 514 Lath. 323. 326 Ludoviciana. Gmel. 516 pintado. Senegalla, Linn. 515 Lath. : . - 326 Pondicher- PARTRIDGE : 338 ry. Lath. 321 Aragonian. es red. Lath. 346 Lath. : 5 305 red-necked. —— Barbary 350 Lath. : 335 — bare-necked. — red-throated 356 Lathes 5%. } « 833 || —— rufous-breast- — brown Afri- ed. Lath. 350 can. Lath. - 820 pel Senegal. Cape. Lath. 333 Lath. ‘ é . 3830 Caspian. —— Virginian. Lath. : : 1 ZAG Lath. : ‘ . 378 — Ceylon. Lath. 332 white. Edw. 292 —— Chittygong. — wood. Lath. 275 Lath. Z 332 : common 339 || Peevit i 509 Damascus. Lath. , : . 341 || Perpix 338 eyed i 352 Briss.07s .. 401 — Francolin. Lath. 304.316. 300. Edw. ; : 319 376. 387 ENS Gingi 351 Adansoniu. Temm. 330 —————- Greek 346 Afra. Lath. 323 — Guernsey . 347 Americana. Briss. 377 —— hackled 358 Andalusica. Lath. 396 —= Javan » 855 ——— Aragonica. Lath. 305 INDEX. Pervix Australis. Lath. p.373 bicalcarata, Forst. 331 —_—_— Lath. 330 borealis. Temm. 3977 Californica. Lath. 377 Capensis. Lath. 333 Ceylonensis. Lath. 331 Chinensis. Lath. 371 cinerea. - 339 cinerea, VAre Temm . : . 844 cinerea alba. Briss. 339 Coromandelica. Lath. : : « \ S05 coturnix. Lath. 361 Coyolcos. Lath. 377 Cranchit. Leach. 336 cristata. Lath. 377 Damascena. Ray. 311 dentatus. Lath. 420 . Falklandica, Lath. 386 ferruginea - 358 ———~ Francolina. Lath. 319 Gibraltarica. Lath. 397 gingica . Waal greca as SAO grisea. Lath. . 370 gularis . . 356 Javanica 4355 Indica. Lath. . 309 longirostris. Temm. 317 Luzoniensis. Lath. 392 Madagascariensis. Lath. ; : i325 major Brasilien- sts. Briss. : - 406 Manillensis. Lath. 371 XV Perpix Marylanda. Lath. p. 377 Mexicana. Lath, 377 montana 344 Nove-Anglha. Briss. 377 Nove-Guinee. Lath. ‘ : US Yo A nigricollis. Lath. 388 nudicollis, Lath. 333 oculea 353 perlata. Lath. . 325 petrosa 350 Ponticeriana 321 rubra. Briss. 348 rubra, var. Temm, 348 —-— rubra Brasilien- sis. Briss. - 350 a rubricollis. Lath. 335 -———— rufa 347 —— rufa. Lath. 346 rufa. var. Lath. 350 ——— saxatilis, Temm. 346 Senegalensis. Briss.330 Stnensis. Briss. 325 Sonnint. Temm. 377 spadicea. Lath. 329 —— striata. Lath. . 368 thoracica. Temm. 322 Virginiana. Lath. 377 PLATALEA . 641 — Ajaja ~. 644 leucorodia 642 pygmea 645 Platea, Ray. : - 641 XVI Platea Brasiliensis Aja- . p. 644 044 642 ja dictus. Ray. coccinea. Briss. leucorodia. Leach. Mexicana, tlauh- quechul, Ray. 644 rosea. Briss. 644 sive pelicanus, Al- drovandi. Ray. — + +642 PLOVER 463 Alwarerim . 466 Asiatic. Lath. . 468 bastard. Penn. 509 _—__—- hlack-bellied. Wills. 466 . black-breasted. Indian. Edw. . 7) 483 black-headed. Lath. 487 — Cayenne 484 —_— chattering. Wills. 476 cream-coloured. Lath. 500 | - crested 483. || Curonian 473 || dottrel 468 great. Bew. 459 —_—— great-billed. Lath. 462 —— green, Low. 464 —_— grey. Alb. 505 —— golden 464 hooded 480 | ——— Kentish A474 Wew Zealand . 479 - noisy 470 Philippine 478 —— ringed 470 ringed. var. Mont. 474 | INDEX. Prover ruddy. Penn. .p. 490 482 spur-winged. Edw. 483 spur-winged. 482. 485 481 A88 Senegal = Lath. — wattled wreathed. Lath. Pluvialis. Ray. 458.463. 504 aurea-minor. Briss. 464 cinerea. Ray. 505 dominicensis torquata. Briss. 476 Persica cris- tata. Briss. $ 483 .« Senegalensts armata. Briss. 482 torquata minor. Briss ee 471 virginiana tor- quata. Briss. 476 viridis. Ray. 464 PLUVIAN : . 486 black-headed 487 wreathed . 488 | PLuviaNus 486 — Bengalen- sis major. Briss. 452 = coronatus 488 —_—__—_—_— melanoce- phaluss- 487 Psophia undulata. Gmel, 448 INDEX. XV1i PTARMIGAN p. 280 || Quail, grey-throated p. 370 common 287 — lesser Mexican, —-~ red . 208 Lath. » S7es Rehusak . 206 — Louisiane. Lath. 378 — rock 290 Madagascar 308 ——_—— white « 292 Malouine, Lath. 386 | Manilla. Lath. 371 PTEROCLES 304 New Guinea . 374 Alchata 311 New Holland 373 — arenarius . 305 white-throated 367 bicinctus . 307 double- || Raven, night. Wills. 610 girded 307 Indian 309 || RuEa : : 435 — Namaqua 313 American. - 436 quadracinc- —— Americana 4360 tus Ries, ke BOD sand 305 || SANDERLING 489 setarius. common . 490 femm. ~.. . - 311 ——tachypetes 313 || Sandpiper, armed. Penn, 517 Cayenne, Lath. 513 Pupushee 303 || ———— Goa. Lath. 514 grey. Lath. 505 Pushee 303 Hebridal, Penn. 520 Louisiane. Lath. 517 Qua-bird. Wills, . 610 Loutsiane. var. Lath. : ; - 518 QuaIL : Bei oi 86O Senegal. Lath. 515 Andalusian. Lath. 396 Swiss. Penns 505 black-necked. Lath. 390 wattled. Lath. 516 Californian. Lath. 384 Chinese 371 || Scolopax. Scop. 493 common 361 Coromandel 365 || Scopus : » 635 —— crested. Lath. 381 Umbretta 636 Gibraltar. Lath. 397 VOL. XI, un If. XVIil | INDEX. Sea-pie. Will. . p.494 || Srruruio, Casuarius. Tank. ite : p. 432 Soco. Ray. ° - 602 Rhea. Linn. 436 — SPOONBILL : - 641 || Struthio-Camelus. Ray. 435 dwarf . 645 || —--—— Ame- Brasilian ricanus, Ray. . . 436 roseate. W2il. . 644 ! —roseate . 644 || STRUTHIONES - 421 woes scarlet. Sloan. 644 — white . 642 || Syrrhaptes. Illig. - 420 Squacco. Ray. . +» 574 || Tachydromus, Illig. . 499 Squaiotta. Ray. - 574 || Tahecou ‘ - 327 S@QUATAROLA . . 504 || Terrax ; , . 454 Cuv. . 508 -campestris .. 455 = grisea . 505 TETRAO Hs 5 265 Gmel. 360. 387.401 Linn. 236.298. 304. — 316. 338 Ray. : ape SQUATORELLE. . 504 grey . 505 SToRK 4 : - 616 American - 619 albus. Gmel. . 292 black 2 it oo O20 Alchata. Linn, 311 gigantic . 622 || ——— Alpinus. Nills.287.290 Andalusicus. Gmel.396 arenarius. Gmel. 305 white. «617 STRIPSILAS . - 519 — lbetulinus. Lath. 272 — collaris. bicalcaratus. Linn.330 Temm. . : . 526 ~ Bonasia co DQFs rie interpres . 520 Californicus. Shaw 384 canace. Linn. . 275 Canadensis oe QPS canus. Sparr. . 272 Capensis. Gmel. 333 STRUTHIO A . 423 Linn. - 431.435 Camelus - 433 INDEX. Tetrao, Chilensis. Gmel.p.371 cinereus. Gmel, 412 Coromandelicus. Gmel. : - 365 Coturnix. Linn. 361 Coyolcos. Gmel. 377 cristatus. Lath. 381 Cupido. Linn. 2099 Falklandicus. Gmel. , , - 386 -ferrugineus. Gmel. 358 Francolinus. Linn. 319 Gibraltaricus. Gmel. : , - 307 gingicus. Gmel. 352 griseus.Gmel. 370 hybridus. Linn. 277 Javanicus. Gmel. 355 Indicus. Gmel. . 309 : Lagopus. Linn. 287 Lagopus. var. Linn. : - 203 Lagopus.Temm. 290 Lapponicus, Lath. 296 Madagascariensis. Gmel. 325 major. Gmel. 406 Manillensis. Gmel. 371 Marylanda. Lath. 377 medius 277 Mexicanus. Lath. 277 montanus. Gmel. 344 Namaqua. Gmel. 313 Nove-Guinee. Gmel. : . nudicollis. Gmel. 375 333 Luzoniensis. Gmel. 392 Tetrao, paradocxus. Lath. e : p. 420 Perdix. Linn. 339 perlatus. Gmel.' 325 petrosus. Gmel. 350 phasianellus . 284 Ponticeriana. Gmel. ‘ 321 rufus. Linn, 348 rupestris. Gmel. 290 ——— saliceti. Temm. 292 saliceti.var.Temm. 293 Scoticus. Lath. 2093 Senegalus. Linn. 313 sinensis. Gmel. 325 Sont. Gmel. 418 spadicea.Gmel. 329 striatus. Gmel, 368 —— subalpinus, Nills. - 292, 203. 206 ——- tetrix , - 279 tetrix. var. Lath. 277 Sparr,280 301 ——— variegatus. Gmel, 409 —— Virginianus. Lath.377 301 urogallus ~ 266 —— Zeylonensis. Gmel, 332 —— togatus. Linn. —— ymbellus. Linn. THICK-KNEE 4 ». 458 -_—————— common 459 TINAMON : - 401 ———— Apequia - 413 cinereous 412 dwarf Al7 XX INDEX. Tinamon, great . . p.406 little . . Al18 Macaco -. 411 Ooriana - Al4 rufescent . 403 spotted - 404 Tao nih au x08 Tataupa . 415 variegated . 409 TInaAmMUS . ; . 401 adspersus . 411 Brasiliensis . 406 cinereus sane B19) maculosus . 404 nanus . AZ obsoletus . 413 rufescens . 403 ———- Soni . . 418 strigulosus . 414 Tao . . 408 Tataupa - 415 variegatus . 409 Tocro : . - A20 Tridactylus. Lacep. . 387 Tringa. Linn. 504. 508.519 Ray. 7 - 489 arenaria. Linn. 490 Cayanensis. Lath. 513 . Helvetica. Linn. 505 interpres. Linn. 520 lobata. Lath. . 516 Goensis. Lath. 514, Ludoviciana, Lath.517 Tringa, Ludoviciana. var. Lath. : p- 518 — Morinella. Linn. 520 ——— Senegalla, Lath. 515 —— squatarolla. Linn, 505 Vanellus. Linn. 500 Carta. Lita» 6505 TURNIX: die 4 since Andalusian . 896 black-fronted 388 black-necked . 389 fasciatus . 893 fighting - - 301 Gibraltar neue ge Hottentot - 3098 Hottentottus . 398 lunatus . . 807 Luzonian ion maculosus . 304 . nigricollis . 389 nigrifrons - 388 pugnax . - 3Ql spotted . . 304 striped . . 393 tachydromus . 396 thoracicus - 392 TURNSTONE : . 519 —common . 520 VANELLUS ‘ . 508 Briss. Ah onstaee Cayanensis . 512 ————-cristaius. Merjer 509 dominicensis 518 dominicensis armatus. Briss. . §18 XX1 INDEX. VaNnELLUS, Gavia. . p.509 || Umere : p. 635 Goensis - 514 tufted . 636 griseus. Briss. 505 Helveticus. Urogallus major. Briss. 267 Briss... - 505 minor. Ray . 280 Ludovicianus 517 minor fuscus. Ludovicianus Catesby : « 209 armatus. Briss, 517 minor punctu- ——— Nove-Hol- latus. Ray. ; BO riy4 eae ie | yO. Senegalensis 515 || Uscathachish ; - 291 Senegalensis armatus. Briss. 515 || Wapatheu . : Ai {oy varius. Briss. 505 BIRDS. ORDER GALLINACE. TETRAO. GROUS. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, crassiuscu- lum, suprafornicatum, con- vexum, versus apicem in- curvum. Nares basales, squama for- nicali superne semiclausz, plumulis obtectz. Supercilia nuda, verrucosa, coccinca, Pedes tetradactyli, mutici, di- gitis tribus anticis, uno postico: tarsi hirsuti. Ale breves, rotundatee. Tetrrao. Auctorum. Beak short and thick, arched above, and convex; bent down towards the tip. Nostrils basal, half closed with an arched scale above, clothed with feathers. and small Eyebrows naked, warty, and of a scarlet colour. Feet four-toed, smooth, with three toes before and one behind: ¢a7si feathered. Wings short, rounded. Tue Grous form a peculiar genus, whose dis- tinguishing characters consist in having a naked V. XI. P. II. 18 2966 WOOD GROUS. carunculated skin over the eyes, forming a kind of eyebrow, which is more or less of a red colour: the tarsi are covered with feathers, and are de- stitute of a spur: the toes are naked. They build their nests upon the ground; they are constructed in a very artless manner, of a few small branches of pines, heath tops, &c. ‘The fe- males produce many eggs, and the young run about as soon as hatched, often with pieces of the shell adhering to them: their food consists of seeds, berries, a few insects, and the slender tops of various evergreens: they are all natives of the colder climates, those of southern provinces generally inhabiting the loftiest mountains, where the at- mosphere is bleak and cold. A. Caudé rotundaté. A. Tail rounded. WOOD GROUS. (Tetrao Urogallus.) Tx. collo corporeque supra nigricantibus cinereo transversim un- dulatis; subtus nigricante maculis albis vario, axillis albis, pectore viridi nitore eneo caudd nigra rotundata, rectricibus versus apicem duabus maculis albis. (Femina, minor, nigro cinereoque transversim variegatd; guld, ecin rectricibusque vufis, his nigros loa ) ANU a NNT o Ny vay a vd! ¢ ie 1 ) G yh) aR Wht \, \\ \\ \\\: / | } | | | ; WOOD GROUS. 267 Grous with the neck and body above dusky, transversely waved with cinereous ; beneath dusky, varied with white spots; the axille white; the breast green, glossed with brassy; the tail black and rounded, its feathers with two white spots towards the tip. (Female less, transversely variegated with black and ash-colour; the throat, breast, and tail-feathers rufous, the latter barred with black.) | Tetrao Urogallus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 273. 1.—Linn. Faun, Suec. 200.—Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1, 746.— Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 634. 1.—Temm. Gall, Ind. 696.—Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 297. Urogallus major. Briss. Orn. 1. 182.—Raii. Syn. 53. a. 1. Coq de Bruyére, ou Tétras. Buff. Ois. 2.191. pl. 5.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 73 and 74, Tetras Auerhan. Temm. Pig. et Gall, 3. 114. pl. 9. f. 1. 2. beak, &c.—Temm. Man. d’Ornith. _ Cock of the Wood, or Mountain, Albin. Birds. 2. pl. 29 . and 30. Wood Grous. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 92. pl. 40, 41.—Penn. Arct. Zool. 2, 312.—Supp. 62.—Lath, Gen. Syn. 4, 729. 1.—Lew. Brit. Birds. 4. 132,—Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 180.—Don. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 89.—Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 295.— Mont. Orn. Dict. 1.— Mont, Orn. Dict, Supp. Var.-B. Dorsum anticum album maculis ferrugineis, fusco tenuis- sume undulatis ; posticum nigrum pennis albis insertis ; abdomen et cauda maculis albis ; tibia sordide alba. Mas. With the anterior part of the back white, with ferruginous spots, slightly undulated with brown; the posterior portion black, varied with white ; abdomen and tail with white spots ; tibie dull white. Male, Tetrao Urogallus, var. a, Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 299. Var. y. cinereo-canus, capite colloque saturatioribus. Mas. Hoary-grey, with the head and neck darker. Male. | Tetrao Urogallus. var. 6. Ni/ss. Orn. Suec. 1.299. Var. 0. supra sordide testacea undulis rarioribus albis, subtus testaceo albidoque undulata. Above dull testaceous, with few white undulations; beneath undulated with testaceous and white. Tetrao Urogallus. var. y. Nélss. Orn, Suec. 1. 299. Var. ¢. Tota sordida allida, fuscescenti nebulosa. 268 WOOD GROUS. Entirely dull white, clouded with brownish. | Tetrao Urogallus, var. 0. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 299. Turis grand species was formerly taken in abund- ance in Scotland, but at this period it is nearly if not entirely extirpated; indeed there is no au- thentic record of a specimen having been shot in that country these forty years*. Itisas large asa Turkey, measuring two feet nine inches in length; its weight from seven to thirteen pounds: beak strong and yellowish: irides hazel : nostrils covered with dusky feathers: beneath the eye a small spot of white feathers: the head and neck of a dusky brown, sprinkled with small greyish white spots : the feathers of the hind head elongated, and, with those of the chin and throat, dusky black: the back and rump dusky ash, marked with innu- merable small zigzag white lines: the belly is black, with white spots towards its middle, and undulated greyish white stripes on its sides: the breast is of a fine dark glossy green: the wing-coverts are chesnut-brown, finely speckled with dusky, and striated with blackish limes; at their tips pure white: the primary quills dusky brown; the se- condaries the same, finely edged with whitish on their outer webs: the bend of the wing and under tail-coverts pure white : the tail consists of eighteen feathers, and is rounded in shape, and black, with a small white spot on the outer feather on each * The late G. Montagu, however, was present when one was killed near the upper end of Loch Lomond, about thirty-five years since. } wooD GROUS. 269 side, near the extremity: the tarsi are covered with brown silky feathers, with loose webs, slightly marked with white spots: the feet and claws horn- colour. The female is much smaller than the male, rarely measuring above twenty-six inches in length: the beak is dusky: the head, neck, back, scapulars, and coverts of the wings and tail, are dusky brown, varied with transverse stripes of red: the tail dark rufous, barred with black and tipped with white: the throat is reddish yellow: the breast deep reddish, varied with a few white spots: the belly the same, barred with black: the under tail-coverts tipped with white: the quills are dusky brown, mottled on their outer webs with pale brown. The young of both sexes of the first year greatly resemble the female: the males of the second moult have the upper parts of the body greyish black ; the green on the breast is very dull, and often the feathers of the body are varied with rufous, and the tail tipped with white. Several varieties of this species are briefly noticed by Nilsson in his Ornithologia Suecica, which may be readily discriminated from T. Tetrix, by the tail being rounded: they are all described in the synonyms as fully as in the above-mentioned work. This bird inhabits wooded and mountainous countries, particularly pine forests or plantations of juniper : it feeds upon the berries of the latter, and those of the vaccinium, and also upon the seeds and tops of the pine, which sometimes give the flesh a very disagreeable flavour. In the spring the male may be seen at sun-rise, and in the even- 970 WOOD GROUS. ing, extremely active, upon one of the largest branches of the pines: with his tail raised and expanded like a fan, and the wings drooping, he walks backward and forward, his neck stretched out, his head swollen, and eyebrows deep crim- son, he utters his singular cry; which commences by a kind of explosion, instantly followed by a noise resembling the whetting of a scythe, which ceases and commences alternately for about an hour, and is then terminated by a similar ex- plosive noise as at the beginning: during the whole of this singular cry he seems entirely deaf, and imsensible of every danger, from the great con- vulsive motion into which his head and eyes are. thrown: this enables the sportsman to approach by degrees to the bird, and take a fatal aim. The: female seldom lays more than a dozen eggs, which, are the size of those of a hen, but more obtuse; they are yellowish white, sprinkled with irregular yellow spots: they are generally placed: in a dry situation, in an artless nest upon the ground, com- posed of heath tops: the young as soon as hatched run with extreme agility after the mother, who leads them to procure the pupe of ants and wild mountain berries, which are their first food; as they grow older they feed upon the tops of the heath and the seeds of the fir. The whole brood follows the mother for about two months, at which time the young males entirely forsake her, and keep in great harmony with each other till the commencement of spring, when they separate and live in a solitary state, never approaching each other unless for the purpose of fighting, which Se “ HAZEL GROUS. 271 they do with great obstinacy, and are frequently so inattentive to their own safety, that it often happens that two or three of them are killed at a - shot. This bird inhabits the colder countries of Eu- rope and Asia, being abundant in the pine woods of Russia, Siberia, Norway, Sweden, &c.: the Alps and the mountains of Lorrain occasionally furnish a few individuals, particularly the former : it also occurs in various other mountainous parts, where the air is bleak: it was formerly abundant in Scotland (as before mentioned) and Ireland, but appears to be extirpated, at least in the latter place; in the former it went by the name of Caper- caile, Capercalze, and Auercalze: in Norway it is called Auerhan. Its flesh is greatly esteemed, and numbers of the birds are often sent from the continent during the winter to this country, where they arrive in great perfection. HAZEL GROUS. (Tetrao Bonasia.) Tx. corpore supra rufescente maculis fuscis nigris et cinereis vario, subtus cinerascente, tumulis nigris consperso, macula __utrinque albé pone aures; rectricibus cinereis punctis nigris fascia nigra, exceptis intermediis duabus, gula nigrd. (Femina guld albd.) 9472 HAZEL GROUS. Grous with the body above rufescent, varied with brown, black, and cinereous spots ; beneath cinerascent, sprinkled with black lunules ; a white spot on each side near the ears; the tail- Fe sdhers! cinereous with black spots, and a black fascia, the two middle feathers excepted; the throat black. (Female with a white throat.) Tetra Bonasia. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.275. 9—Linn. Faun. Suec. 204.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.753.—Briss. Orn. 1, 191. 3.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 640. 14.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 706.—Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1.305. Tetrao betulinus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 637. 5. young.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 749. Gallina Corylorum. Razi. Syn. p. 55. 6—Will. Orn. 126. pl. 31. ; La Gélinotte.. Buff. Otis. 2. 233. pl. 7.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 474. 475. Tétras Gelinotte. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.174.—Temm, Man, d@’ Orni. 291. Birch Grous.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.735. 5. young. Hazel Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 317. F.—Will. (Ang.) p- 175. pl. 31.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4, 744. Var. 8. corpore cano fusco undulato. With the body hoary, undulated with brown. Tetrao Bonasia.-s. Temm. Gall. Ind. 707. Tetrao canus. Sparr. Mus. Carls. fasc. 1. 16.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 753.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 640.13. Helsingian Grous. Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 217. Tuts species is fourteen inches in length: the beak is short and black: space round the eyes — naked, wrinkled, and deep crimson: the upper parts of the head, neck, and body, are transversely striated with rufous-brown and ash-colour; the ‘lower part of the back and rump inclining more to the latter colour: the wing-coverts are marbled with rufous, sprinkled with brown and black, and a few dashes of white: quills grey-brown; on HAZEL GROUS. 973 their inner webs, towards the tip, varied with red- dish: the feathers at the base of the upper man- dible black: on each side of the nostrils a small white spot; between the beak and eye another, and a third behind each eye: the chin and throat are black, surrounded by white: the feathers of the fore-part of the neck are rufous, striped trans- versely with dusky, and tipped with white: belly and thighs ash-coloured, varied with black cres- cents: the vent pale grey: the tail is composed of sixteen feathers; the two middle ones similar to the back ; all the others varied with brown and greyish white, and marked with a broad bar of black towards their tip, which is grey-white: the claws, the naked part of the tarsi, and the feet, are brown. The female differs in wanting the black chin and throat, and in having the naked carunculated space about the eyes smaller, and more dull in colour. The young of both sexes on the approach of winter exactly appear like the female ; previous to that period they have the body varied with rufous and black: the rump whitish, barred with black: the quills tipped with white: the breast pale cinereous: the tail black, with transverse rufous spots: the beak and legs black: the eye- brows very.pale red. ) Tetrao canus of Sparrman, the Helsingian Grous of Latham, appears to be only a variety of this species: it has the entire plumage of a hoary- white, obscurely undulated with brown: the wing- coverts brownish, marked with a whitish spot at V. XI. P. II. 19 Q74 HAZEL GROUS. the ends: the vent white: the tail clouded above © with hoary, white, and brown: the legs and beak black. ? This species is a native of the woods of Germany, particularly those at the foot of the Alps; and the high mountains of Silesia, Poland, Sweden, and Russia; in the latter place not very abundant: in the Gulf of Genoa it is found in the greatest pro- fusion. Although so common on the Continent, it does not appear ever to have been captured in England. Its food consists principally of the cat- kins of the hazel and birch, also the berries of juniper, firs, and other evergreens, but when con- fined it will eat grain. Its flesh is more esteemed than any other of the genus, and from its superior flavour it has received its specific name. Its man- ners are similar to those of the preceding species. The female generally deposits several eggs, which vary from ten to sixteen in number, and are of a whitish yellow, irregularly spotted with brown- yellow; they are hatched in about three weeks, and the young run about as soon as they obtain their liberty. The catching of these birds is ac- _ companied with difficulty, from the inaccessible places they inhabit; therefore the hunters have recourse to a kind of bird-call to allure them from their hiding-places. 275 CANADA GROUS. (Tetrao Canadensis. ) TE. corpore supra nigricante obscure fusco cinereoque vario ; subtus albo lunulis nigris consperso; collo infra pectoreque nigris ; pone oculos lunulis duabus albis; rectricibus nigris, apice fuscis. (Femina corpore fusco-aurantio cinereogue trans- versim striato; caudéd fuscd, nigro nebuloso fasciatd, apice Sulvo.) Grous with the body above dusky, obscurely varied with brown and cinereous, beneath white, sprinkled with black lunules ; the lower part of the neck and the breast. black ; behind the eyes two white lunules; the tail-feathers black, tipped with brown. (Female with the body fuscous-orange, transversely striated with cinereous ; the tail fuscous, clouded, and banded with black ; the tip fulvous.) Tetrao Canadensis. Linn. Syst. Nat, 1. 274, 3.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 749. 3.—Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 637. 6. male; 8. female. Temm. Gall. Ind, 702. Tetrao Cance. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 275. 7. female.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 749. 3. 6. female. Bonasa freti Hudsonis. Briss. Orn. 1.201.6.—Briss. Sup. p. 10. Bonasa Canadensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 203.7. pl. 20. f. 1, 2. male and female. , . La Gélinotte du Canada. Buff. Ovs. 2. 279.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 131 and 132. Tétras tacheté, ou Acaho. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 160. bis. Black and spotted Heathcock. Edw. Glean. pl. 118. male. Brown and spotted Heathcock. Edward. pl. 71. female. Spotted Grous, or Wood Partridge. Phil. Trans. 1xii. p. 389. —Penn, Arct. Zool. 2.182.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 735. 6.— Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 214. _ Tus species abounds in the neighbourhood of Hudson’s Bay and all the northern part of America. 276 CANADA GROUS. It is thirteen inches and a half in length: the upper parts of the head, neck, body, and rump, are transversely barred with dusky and grey- brown: over the eyelids is a bare carunculated red space: nostrils covered with black, with a small white spot on each side, and one of the same beneath, and somewhat behind the eye: throat, breast, and belly, black; the latter spotted with white, except the middle: sides of the body barred transversely with grey-brown and dusky; the feathers with a white stripe near the tip: under. tail-coverts black and white: tail black, tipped with rufous: feathers of the tarsi grey-brown: claws grey: beak black. The female is less: length eleven inches and a half: the upper parts of the body barred and varied. with rufous, dusky, and grey-brown: front and sides of the neck rufous, each feather with a dusky band near the tip: breast barred with rufous, and dusky, each feather tipped with dirty rufous white : the sides with brown bars: the tips of the feathers sullied white: belly and under tail-coverts crossed with blackish and rufous white: wings like those of the male: tail barred with reddish and black. A variety of this species is mentioned by La- tham ;—‘* General colour of its plumage ferru- ginous cream-colour, marbled and striated across with brown and yellow clay-colour: fore-part of the neck and breast more inclined to yellow: under parts of the body white, marked with broken bars of cinereous brown: quills plain brownish cream-colour: tail yellowish brown, prettily mot- HYBRID GROUS. TT _tled with darker: the tips of all the feathers fer- ~ Tuginous, but pale.” The inhabitants of the places where this species is found preserve them through the winter by freezing them, and when wanted they are thrown into cold water for a time. The female lays five eggs. B. Cauda bifurcd. B. Tail bifurcated. HYBRID GROUS. (Tetrao medius.) Te. collo pectore cerviceque nigricante-violaceis, purpureo-niten- tibus ; corpore nigricante, supra punctis rubescentis adsperso ; subtus maculis albis vario; caudd nigrd subbifurca. Grous with the neck, breast, and cervix, dusky violet, glossed with purple; the body dusky, its upper part freckled with reddish spots, and its under varied with white spots; tail black, slightly bifurcated. Tetrao medius. _ Temm, Gail. Ind. 698.—Meyer. Berl. Mag. Tetrao hybridus. Linn, Faun. Suec. 201.—Sparr. Mus. Carls 1. pl. 15. Tetrao Tetrix, var. 6. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 636. 3.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.748.—WNilss. Orn. Suec. 302. Urogallus minor punctatus, Briss. Orn, 1.191. 2. A. Tetras rakkelham. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 129. pl. 9. f- 3.— | Temm. Man. d’Ornith. 287. _ Hybrid, or Spurious Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 314. B.—Penn. | Arct. Zool. Sup. 62.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 734.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 214.—Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 268.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. 278 HYBRID GROUS. Tuts beautiful bird, about which much has been _ said by many ornithologists respecting its origin, — appears decidedly to be a distinct species, and not a hybrid between the Wood Grous and the following, as asserted by Latham and others. The male has the head, the neck, and the breast, of a beautiful full black, with reflections of bronzed purple: the feathers on the back of the neck sprinkled with very minute grey points: the space round the eyes is black, with a patch of white feathers beneath: the back and the rump are black, each feather being tipped with a purple hue, with almost imperceptible greyish spots: the belly . is black, its sides being sprinkled with white dots : the thighs and the abdomen are white, as are the tips of the under tail-coverts: the scapulars, the lesser and middle wing-coverts are deep brown, barred with fine zigzag yellow-brown stripes: the basal half of the lesser wing-quills is white, then dusky brown, and tipped with white; the rest of the quills are brown, slightly edged on their outer webs with white: the feathers at the bend of the wing and the under wing-coverts are white: the tail is similar to the upper coverts, which are black: the beak is black: the irides are hazel: the feet horn-coloured. The female has the tail less forked than the male, and is much smaller: her plumage is varied with small transverse black stripes, on a reddish ground. The young male greatly resembles the female: the back is reddish brown, varied with spots, and striped with transverse lines of brown: BLACK GROUS. ' BLACK GROUS. 279 *® the under parts of the body are black, varied with spots and stripes of yellow-brown, each feather being also tipped with white: the wings are dusky brown, with transverse bars of chesnut-brown : the secondaries are tipped with brown: the tail is black, tipped with white; the whole of its upper coverts are varied with brown and black, and tipped with white. This bird inhabits only the most northern parts of Europe, Russia, Lapland, Sweden, Norway, &c.; and it is also said to be found in the most northerly parts of Scotland, but I believe without any truth. Very little is known of its habits, which no doubt resemble those of the rest of the genus. BLACK GROUS. (Tetrao Tetrix.) Tx. corpore supra nigro-violaceo, subtus nigricante, remigibus secundartis versim basin albis, caudd bifurcd, rectricibus exte= rioribus recurvatis, (Femina minor, rufo, nigro et cinereo transversim variegata.) Grous with the body above violet-black, beneath dusky ; the secondary quills white at their base; the tail bifurcate, its outer feathers recurved, (Female less; transversely variegated with rufous, black, and cinereous. ) Tetrao Tetrix. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.274.—Linn. Faun. Suec. no. 202.—Gmel, Syst. Nat.1.748.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 635. 8. —TLemm. Gail. Ind. p.699.—Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1.300.—Leach. ‘Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 27. 280 BLACK GROUS. Urogallus minor. Rai. Syn. p. 53. a.2.—Will. Orn. p. 124, pl. 31.—Briss. Orn. 1. p. 186. 2. Le Coq de Bruyeres 4 queue fourchue. Buff. Ois. 2. 210. pl. 6. — Buff. Pl. Enl. 172, 173. Tetras Birckhan. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 140. pl. 9. fi 4- (beak.)—Temm. Man. d’Orni. p, 289. Black Grous, Black Cock, or Black Game. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 93. pl. 42.— Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.314. c.—Alb. Birds. 1. pl. 22. —Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 733.—Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 213.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 133.—Pult. Cat. Dors. p.7.—Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 181.—Don. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 97.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 1.— Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup.—Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 298.—Bing. _ Anim. Biog. 2. 253.—Low’s Faun. Orcad. p. 51. Var. 8. Corpore nigro alboque variegato, macula pectoral: maxima atro nitente. With the body variegated with black and white ; a dark shining spot on the breast. : Tetrao Tetrix. Mas. var. Sparr. Mus. Carls. fase. 3. pl. 65.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 636. 3. B.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 701. (A.) Var. y: sordide albo ac obsolete Jerrugineo undulata, rostro nigro, pedibus ferrugineis. Dull white, obsoletely undulated with ferruginous; the beak black, and feet ferruginous. Tetrao Tetrix. femina. var. Sparr. Mus. Carls, f. 3. pl. 66.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 636. 3. (y.)—Temm. Gall. Ind. 701. (B.) Tue male of this species is two feet in length: the prevailing colour of his plumage is black: the head, the neck, the back, and the rump, having rich reflections of blue: the rest of the body and the tail being dull black: the wing-coverts are dusky brown; the first four quills black, the rest white at the bottom; the lower half and ‘tips of the secondaries white : under wing-coverts white : bend of the wing the same: the feathers of the lower part of the belly and the vent are dusky, BLACK GROUS. 981 tipped with white: the tail is composed of sixteen feathers of a black colour, changing to deep violet ; the exterior ones bending outwards, and much longer than those in the middle: the under tail- coverts pure white: the feathers on the tarsi dark brown: the eyebrows with a very deep red naked space: the beak is black: the irides hazel, and the feet brown. _ The female is smaller than the male: the tail is less forked, and its lateral feathers are not curved outwards: the head, the neck, and the breast, are striped transversely with red and black: the belly and sides the same, but paler, and the feathers tipped with whitish grey: the under tail-coverts are striped with red and black, and tipped with pure white: the throat is reddish, striped. with small black lines: the back, wing-coverts, and rump, are deep red, varied with black lines, which are glossed with purplish: the tail-feathers are black, varied with oblique zigzag red stripes, and tipped: with white: the quills are brown, with white zigzag stripes on their outer webs: the secondary feathers are white at their base, and at their tips resemble the quills. The young males ~ of the first year are similar to the females, but at the next moult they attain some of the particu- darities of their proper plumage. Several varieties of this species are mentioned ; two of which are noticed in the synonyms: one a male, varied with black and white, with a deep shining spot on the breast : the other a female, of a dull white, obsoletely waved. with nut-colour. 282 - ‘BLACK GROUS. Temminck also mentions avariety with the plumage white, varied with brown and red, with black stripes ; and one with a black body, with the neck, _ the back, and the wings, white. Black Grous are found in most parts of Europe, particularly the most northern, where they are abundant: in this country they are getting very scarce, at least in the southern parts, from the introduction of the art of shooting flying, which has caused great havoc amongst these birds, and has utterly extirpated that fine species, the Wood Grous. The only spots where they appear to occur at present in the south are in the wild, uncultivated parts of the New Forest, Hampshire, Dartmoor and Sedgemoor in Devonshire, and the heathy hills in Somersetshire ; but north of Staf- fordshire and Yorkshire they are tolerably plen- tiful, but most so in Scotland: they are partial to sequestered spots, and mountainous and woody situations: their food consists principally of fruits and berries, and in winter of the tops of heath and birch. The males are polygamous, and fight desperately with each other for the females: about April the latter deposits her eggs, which are six or seven in number, of a dirty white, blotched with rust- colour; they are about the size of those of a Phea- sant, and are placed amongst the highest heath, without the least appearance of a nest: the young follow the female for some time, but quit her at the commencement of the winter, and keep to- gether in flocks of seven or eight, till the spring, BLACK GROUS. 983 when the males separate, and assume their pugna- cious dispositions. They will not bear confinement, many attempts to rear them having failed. During the winter the inhabitants of Siberia catch them in the following . singular manner. A number of poles are placed horizontally on forked sticks, in the places the birds frequent ; small bundles of corn are tied on these by way of allurement, and at a little distance some tall conical shaped baskets are placed, having their broad end uppermost; just within the mouth of each basket a small wheel is balanced in such a manner that the least touch, on either side, causes it to fall down and recover its situation. The birds are soon attracted by the corn on the hori- zontal poles; the first comers alight upon them, and after a short repast fly to the baskets, and attempt to settle on their tops, when the wheel drops sideways, and they fall headlong into the trap. These baskets are sometimes found half full of the birds thus caught. In Russia, Norway, and other extreme northern countries, the Black Grous are said to retire under the snow during the winter, but probably without foundation. . 284 C. Cauda cuneiforma. C, Tail wedge-shaped. LONG-TAILED GROUS. (Tetrao Phasianellus.) TE. corpore supra testaceo nigricante vario; pectore castaneo- fusco, maculis albis vario; latera colli tectricitbusque alarum maculis rotundatis albis, caudd cuneiformis ; rectrictbus duabus elongatis macults ocellaribus notatis. | Grous with the body above testaceous, varied with dusky; the breast chesnut-brown, varied with white spots; the sides of the neck and the wing-coverts with rounded white spots ; the tail wedge-shaped, the two middle feathers elongated, and marked with ocellated spots. Tetrao Phasianellus. Zinn. Syst. Nat. 1. 273. 1. @.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 747.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 635. 2.—Briss. Sup. p- 9.—Temm. Ind. Gall. 701. Coq de Bruyeres 4 longue queue. Buff. Ois. 2. 286. 3. Tetras Phasianelle. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 152. Sharp-tailed Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 181. Long-tailed Grous, Phil. Trans. \xii. ». 394.—Edw. Birds. p. 117.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 732. 2.—Lath. Syn. Sup, 212. - Tus curious bird is in length seventeen inches : its beak is black: irides hazel: head, neck, and ». upper parts of the body, testaceous, with transverse black fascize, which are broadest on the back: between the beak and eyes a spot of white: sides of the neck marked with roundish white spots: wing-coverts with spots and stripes of white: quills black, spotted with white on their outer LONG-TAILED GROUS. 285 webs ; secondaries brown, striped on the outer edge, and tipped with white: rump hoary: tail short, consisting of eighteen feathers; the two middle ones longer than the rest, and spotted with testaceous ; the rest of them pale brown, tipped with white: the breast and belly whitish, marked with testaceous cordiform spots, deepest on the belly. The sexes differ but little from each other, the principal distinction being in the male having the naked space over the eyes more determined and brighter. These birds inhabit the mountainous parts of the country about Hudson’s Bay: they feed upon juniper berries and buds: they associate in small flocks, and lay their eggs, which vary from ten to sixteen in number, upon the ground, in an artless nest composed of grass, and lined with a few fea- thers: the eggs are white, and are hatched about the middle of June: the young follow the mother as soon as hatched: their flesh is greatly prized, and is very plump and juicy. They are called by the natives of Hudson’s Bay Aw-kis-cow, accord- ing to Hearne. LAGOPUS. PTARMIGAN. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, basi plumo- || Beak short, feathered at the sum, supra convexum, la- base, above convex, the teratim compressiusculum, | sides somewhat compress- versus apicem aduncum ; | ed, towards its tip bent mandibula inferiore basi down ; the under mandible sub trigonum. slightly triangular at its base. Nares basales, semiclausze. Nostrils basal and half closed. Supercilia nuda. glabra. Eyebrows naked and smooth. Pedes tetradactyli, mutici; || Feet four-toed, spurless ; the tarsi digitique hirsuti. tarsi and toes hairy. Lacorus. Antiquorum, Raii., Vieil., Leach. | Terrao. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Temm., Cuv., Nilss. Bonasa. Brisson. Tur Ptarmigans form a genus that was well known to the ancient ornithologists : it possesses the singular character of having the tarsi and toes covered with hair-like feathers: the eyebrows are naked, smooth, and generally of a pale red hue: the tail is either rounded or somewhat square: the sides of the toes are serrated and rough: most of the species change their plumage in the winter, SSS Sc COMMON IPTARMIGAN . COMMON PTARMIGAN. 287 and become of a pure white, or whitish; and at that time the toes become slightly downy beneath, to defend them from the frost and snow: their claws, which are broad and crooked, are well adapted for removing the latter, which they are obliged to do to procure their food, which consists of herbage, fruits, berries, and the tender shoots of various trees. They are all natives of the frigid regions. COMMON PTARMIGAN. (Lagopus mutus.) La. cenereo alboque varius, remigibus albis rectricibus nigris, apice albis, duobus intermediis albis. (Maris maculd nigré inter _ . rostrum et oculos: corpore hyeme toto albo.) Ptarmigan varied with cinereous and white; the quills white ; the tail-feathers black with white tips, the two middle ones entirely white: between the beak and eyes of the male is a black spot ; in the winter the body is entirely white. Lagopus mutus. Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit. p. 27. Tetrao Lagopus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 274. 4.—Linn. Faun. Suec. no. 203.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 749.—O, Fabr. Faun. Groén. no. 80.—Briss. Orn, 1.216. 12. male.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.639. 9.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 707. Tetrao alpinus. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1.311. Le Lagopéde. Buff. Ois. 2. 264. pl. 9. La Gelinote blanche. Buff. Pl. Enl. 129. 494. Le Ptarmigan, ou Tétras Lagopéde. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 185. pl. 10. f. 1, 2, 3, (head, &c.)—Temm. Man. @’Orni. p: 293. 988 COMMON PTARMIGAN: White Game. Will. Orn. ( Ang.) p. 176. pl. 320 Ptarmigan. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 95. pl. 43,—Penn. Arct. Zool, ; 2. 315. D.—Gent. Mag. 1772. pl.in p. 74.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.741. 10.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 134.—Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 182.—Don. Brit. Birds, 1. pl. 12.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 2.— _ Mont. Orn, Dict. Supp.—Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 303.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 256. Tue Ptarmigan is fifteen inches in length: its beak is black: the plumage pale brown or ash- colour, elegantly crossed or mottled with small dusky spots and minute bars: the head and neck with broad bars of black, white, and rust-colour : wings white: greater quills with black shafts: in the male the head is more inclined to rufous: in the month of September it begins to change its plumage, and about the middle of October it is of a pure white all over: the shafts of the first seven quills black ; and the tail, which consists of sixteen feathers, has the two middle ones white, the rest black, with a little white on the tips of the second feathers from the middle: the male also possesses a black stripe from the nostrils to the eyes. Temminck considers the Rock Ptarmigan of Latham to be referrible to this species, but that is a much smaller bird, and is spotted with white and dull orange in its summer plumage; whereas this is destitute of such marks: therefore till there is more certainty respecting them, it will be better to consider them as distinct, since they inhabit dif- ferent countries; and as similar varieties do not occur in this kingdom, where the Ptarmigan is sufficiently common, it seems to give additional COMMON PTARMIGAN. 289 support to the conjecture of these being two de- cided species. The Ptarmigan inhabits most of the northern parts of Europe, even as far as Greenland: it is very common in Russia and Siberia: it also is abundant on the Alpine mountains of Savoy, and other temperate regions. In Britain these birds are chiefly met with on the summits of the highest hills of the Highlands of Scotland; they are also not uncommon in the Hebrides and Orkneys, and a few are still said to inhabit the lofty hills of Cumberland and Wales. In winter they assemble together in flocks, and are very stupid, suffering themselves to be knocked down with sticks, or driven into any snare that is set for them. They frequently stretch out their necks, apparently in curiosity, and remain other- wise unconcerned, while the fowler takes aim at them: when frightened they fly off, but imme- diately afterwards alight, and stand staring at their foe. It is said if the female be killed, the male will not forsake her, but may then also be killed with great ease. So little alarmed are they at the presence of mankind, as even to bear driving like poultry ; yet notwithstanding this apparent gentle- ness of disposition, it is impossible to domesticate them; for when caught they refuse to eat, and always die in consequence. Their food consists of the buds of trees, young shoots of pine and heath, and mountain berries and fruits: on the Continent they feed on the dwarf birch and black-berried heath, and some- V. XI. P. II. 20 290 ROCK PTARMIGAN. times on the varicus kinds of liverwort. The female lays her eggs on the ground; they are from six to ten in number, dusky with reddish brown spots; they are something larger than those of the Partridge. They are called White Game in this country, and their flesh is excellent food, being said to. taste so like the Black Grous as to be scarcely distinguishable from it. ROCK PTARMIGAN. (Lagopus rupestris.) La. ayrantius, fusciis abris liturisque albis varius; rectricibus atris apice albis, intermediis totis albis, loris nigris. Orange Ptarmigan, varied with dark fasciz and white stripes ; the tail-feathers dusky, with white tips; the two middle ones entirely white, the lores black. 7 Tetrao rupestris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 751.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2, 640. 11. Tetrao Lagopus. var. Temm. Gall. Ind. 708. Tetrao Alpinus, var, Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1.311. ? Rock Grous, Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 184.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 217. 17. 6. Latuam makes mention of this bird in the fol- lowing terms: ‘‘ At Hudson’s Bay a white Grous, seemingly of a different species, is observed. In size it is less by one third. It is exactly like the other in colour, excepting it has a black line from ROCK PTARMIGANs 291 the beak to the eye. The manners differ some- what, as it inhabits rocky places or juniper plains at all seasons. It frequently stretches the neck out, and makes a croaking kind of noise. They are very numerous at the two extremes of the Bay, but never visit the middle settlement except im very severe weather. This is called by the natives Uscathachish, by the English Rock-Par- tridge ; whereas the other is distinguished by the name of Wapatheu.”’ Temminck describes a specimen he received from America, as a variety of the common Ptar- migan; future observations will no doubt enable ornithologists to determine the fact, whether it be a distinct species, or only a variety of that bird. The black streak between the beak and eye, which appears to be a leading character in this species, is well marked, although the bird appears to be nearly in its summer plumage: the top of the head and the hinder part of the neck are varied with black feathers, striped with rufous, and white at their bases: the top of the back, the scapulars, -and the breast, black: the feathers of the lower part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail- coverts, grey-brown, with zigzag black stripes, each feather having a bar of black, anda white tip : the throat, the ee part of the neck, the under parts of the body, and the wings, pure white: the tarsi slightly covered with feathers: the last joint of the toes nearly naked. 292 WHITE PTARMIGAN. (Lagopus albus.) ~ La. corpore estate albo fulvoque vario; hyeme toto albo; rectri- cibus atris apice albis ; duabus intermediis totis albis. Ptarmigan with the body in summer varied with white and fulvous ; in the winter totally white; the tail-feathers dark- coloured, with white tips; the two middle feathers entirely white. Tetrao albus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 570. 23.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2+ 639. 10. | Tetrao saliceti. Temm. Gall. Ind. 709. (winter plumage.) Tetrao subalpinus. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 307 ? : Lagopéde de la baie d’Hudson.. Buff. Ois. 2. 276. Tétras des saules, ou muet.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 208. pl. 11. f. 1, 2,3. Zemm. Man. d’Orni. 295. (winter plumage.) White Partridge. Edwards. pl. 72. White Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 183.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 743. 11. Lixe the foregoing species, which is considered to be only a variety of the common Ptarmigan, Temminck describes this as the winter dress of the following species ; but as this species does not occur in Scotland, where the Red Ptarmigan is very abundant, I think his conjectures respecting it rather unfounded. This is rather larger than the common Ptar> migan, which it greatly resembles: the plumage in both sexes is a glossy white, as are the two middle tail-feathers ; the four outer ones on each side being black, with white tips: the legs and RED PTAIRMILGAN . RED PTARMIGAN. — 993 toes are well feathered : in the summer the plumage is varied with large spots and stripes of white and dull orange. It is stated to be abundant at Hudson's Bay, and lives in flocks in winter, feeding on the tops of the willows: are good eating, and so common that ten thousand have been taken at the several forts in one winter, by driving them under nets properly placed. ‘They have from nine to eleven young, and breed every where on the coasts. By some eee are called Snow Hens, from burrowing in the snow. RED PTARMIGAN, -(Lagopus Scoticus.) La. corpore rufo nigricanteque transversim striato; rectricibus sex utringue exterioribus nigricantibus. Ptarmigan with the body transversely striated with rufous and dusky ; the six exterior tail-feathers on each side dusky. Lagopus Scoticus. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p..27. Lagopus altera Plinii. Razz. Syn. 54. a. 3. Tetrao Scoticus, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. G41. 15. Bonasa Scotica. Briss. Orn, 1.199. 5. pi. 22. f. 1. Tetrao Lagopus, var. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 274.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.750. Tetrao Saliceti. (Summer plumage.) Temm. Gall. Ind. 710. Tetrao subalpinus. var. A. Nilss. Orn, Suec. 1. 308. is ta RED PTARMIGAN. La Gelinotte d’Ecosse. Buff. Ois. 2. 242. Tétras des Saules,ou muet. (Summer plumage.) Temmt. Pi Gall, 3. 221. pl. 9. f. 5. (head.)X—Temm. Man, d’Orn. p. ts. Red Game; Moor Cock, Gorcock. Raii. Syn. 54. a. 3.—Alb, Birds. 1. pl. 23. 24. Red Grous. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1.94. pl. 43.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 746. 13.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 216.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. pl. 135. —Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 183.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 1.—Mont. Orn. Dict. Supp.—Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 301.—Bing, Anim. Biog.2- 255.—Low, Faun. Orcad. p. 51. Tue Red Ptarmigan i is in length fifteen inches and a half: the beak is black: irides hazel: the nostrils covered with red and black feathers: at the base of the lower mandible is a spot of white : the naked space above the eyes is scarlet, and somewhat fringed: the head and neck are pale tawny red, each feather being marked with several bars of black: throat red: breast and belly dull purplish brown, crossed with numerous narrow dusky lines: quills dusky: the back and scapulars deep red, with a large black spot in the middle of each feather: tail even, consisting of sixteen fea- thers; the four middle ones barred with tawny red, the rest all black: the legs covered with soft whitish feathers down to the claws, which are of a light horn-colour, hollow, broad, and concave underneath. The female is smaller: the colours duller than in the male, and the naked space over the eye less conspicuous. These birds occur at all seasons on the heathy and mountainous parts of the northern counties of England; they are likewise said to be found RED PTARMIGAN. 295 in Wales, and are very common in the highlands of Scotland, and the mountains and bogs of Ireland: in winter they associate in flocks of forty or fifty in number, and become remarkably wild and shy: they never resort to woods, but confine themselves wholly to the open moors and the summits of the heathy hills; feeding on the mountain berries and the tender tops of the heath. They pair in spring, and the females lay from eight to fourteen eggs, much like those of the Black Grous, but smaller, in a rude nest upon the ground. The young brood follow the hen till the approach of winter, when they unite with several others into packs. They have often been known to breed in confinement, several instances being on record. Their flesh is excellent food, but very soon cor- rupts. The Red Ptarmigans are stated by ‘Temminck to be natives of various parts of the Continent, particularly the north; and I understand that Captain Carmicael killed them in the island Tristan da Cunha, which is situated between the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena. 296 REHUSAK PTARMIGANe (Lagopus Lapponicus.) La. corpore estate rufo et nigricante striato; ared supra oculos rubra; collo ferrugineo; caudé nigra; hyeme toto albo ; caudd nigra, apice et rectricibus duabus intermediis albis. Ptarmigan with the body in summer striated with rufous and dusky; the region of the eyes red; the neck ferruginous ; the tail black: in winter the whole body white; the tail black, with its tip and two middle feathers white. Tetrao Lapponicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. G40. 12.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 751. 25.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 711. Bonasa Scotica. Briss. Orn. 1. 199. pl. 22. f. 1. Tetrao subalpinus, var. Nélss. Orn. Suec. 1. 307. Tétras Rehusak. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p.225.—Temm. Man. d’Ornt. p. 297. 7 Rehusak Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool.2. 316. E.—Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 216. Tue Rehusak Ptarmigan is one of the species that undergoes a change with the seasons, be- coming, like the common species, nearly white in the winter, with the outer tail-feathers black, and the two middle ones and tips of the others white : the plumage in the summer greatly resembles that of the White Ptarmigan: the sides of the head and the throat are of a deep red: the top of the head black, with red spots: the neck reddish, transversely striped with black: the back, the rump, and the tail-coverts, striped with red and black: some of the quills white, and the rest REHUSAK PTARMIGAN. 997 striped with red and black: the breast with a dull brown space: the belly and abdomen white : _ the feathers of the tarsi dirty white: the outer -tail-feathers black at their base, and white at their tips: during the winter the toes are covered with feathers, but in the summer they are but slightly sprinkled with them. It inhabits the woods and forests of Lapland: lays thirteen or fourteen reddish eggs, marked with long brown spots: when disturbed it utters a loud noise, like a coarse laugh. 298 BONASA. HEATHCOCK, Generic Character. Rostrum breve, basi plumo- || Beak short, feathered at the sum, supra convexum, ver- || base, above convex; to- sus apicem incurvatum. wards the tip bent down. - Nares basales, plumulis ob- || Nostrils basal, covered with tecte. feathers. Collum utrinque pennis plu- || Neck furnished on each side rimis elongatis, alulam si- with many feathers, re- mulantibus, instructum. sembling a wing. » Pedes tetradactyli mutici; || Feetfour-toed, spurless; tarsi tarsi hirsuti. hairy. Cauda rotundata. Tail rounded. Ale breves, rotundateze. Wings short and rounded, ATTAGEN. Briss. Tetrao. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Tem., Vieil. Bonasa. Briss. 1 {i HE birds of this genus are distinguished from those of the preceding in having the feathers of the neck elevated on each side like a mantle: their legs are only feathered to the toes, the latter being naked and scaly. Two species only are known, both of which are natives of America, 299 PINNATED HEATHCOCK. (Bonasa Cupido.) Bo. subcristate, corpore fusco-rufescente nigro et albicante trans- versim striato, caudi fascia terminali nigra. Slightly crested Heathcock, with the body transversely striated with fuscous-red, black and white; the tail with a terminal black fascia. Attagen Americana. Briss. Orn. 1.212. 10. Tetrao Cupido. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 274. 5.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 751.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2, 648. 8.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 794.— Wils. Amer. Orn. III. p. 104. pl. XXVIIf. 1. Urogallus minor fuscus. Catesb. Carol. App. pl. 1. Tétras huppecol. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 161. Pinnated Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 180.—Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 740. 9. Tuts curious bird is about one-third larger than the common Partridge: the top of the head, and a space beneath the eyes, are of a red-brown ; finely striated with deeper : the space round the eyes, the throat, and the top of the neck, are reddish-white : the feathers of the hind head form a crest; and two tufts of long feathers spring from each side of the hinder-part of the neck; these, which resemble _dittle wings, are composed of five wedged feathers, about three inches in length, the lower ones being the shortest, and black, the rest spotted with red and white: these appendages are capable of motion at the will of the bird: the rest of the plumage is of a dirty red, striped transversely with red, black, $00 SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK. and white: the breast, and all the under parts, are striped alternately with white and brown: the quills are dusky, with reddish spots on their outer webs: the upper tail-coverts are similar to the back: the tail is dusky, tipped with black above, and brown, with white coverts, below: the beak is of a yellow-brown: the irides hazel. The female is rather less than the male, the colours are less brilliant, and she is entirely destitute of the wing- like feathers on the neck. This species is found in Carolina, New Jersey, and other parts of North America, but particularly on the brushy plains of Long Island, where they are very numerous: they lay a considerable num- ber of eggs: in the autumn they live in little families, and towards the commencement of winter they associate in flocks of two hundred or more, and as the snow falls, frequent the places where pines and other trees grow, that serve them for nourishment: their chief food is kuckle berries, and acorns of the dwarf oaks. The male crows for half an hour about daybreak, and at that time sets the wing-like feathers quite upright, which in general are depending on each side of the neck. SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK. (Bonasa Umbellus.) Bo. capite cristato, corpore supra fusco rufo nigroque variegato, - subtus fulvo-albo, pectore lunulis fuscis variegato ; pennis axtl SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK. 301 daribus majoribus, elongatis, nigris azureis; uropygio guttis albis consperso; caudd fasciaté, prope apicem fuscié latiore nigra, apice cinereo albd. Heathcock with the head crested; the body above variegated with fuscous, red and black, beneath fulvous white; the breast varied with brown lunules; the feathers of the axille larger, elongated, and of a deep azure ; the rump sprinkled with white spots; the tail fasciated, near the tip a broad black fascia, the tip greyish-white. Attagen Pensylvanica. Briss. Orn. 1, 214.11. Bonasa major Canadensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 207. 8. pl. 21. 1. female. Tetrao Umbellus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 275. 6.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 752.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 638. 7. male. 8. female.— Temm. Gall, Ind. 704.—Wills. Amer. Orn. VIL p. 45. pl, XLIX. Tetrao togatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 275. 8. female.-—Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 752.—female. Coq de Bruyére a fraise. Buff. Ois. 2.181. La grosse Gelinotte de Canada. Buff. Ois. 2. 281,.—female. Buff. Pl. Enl, 104. female. Tétras a fraise. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 165. Ruffed Grous. Pen, Arct. Zool. 2. 179.—Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 738. 8.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 215.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 251. » Shoulder-knot Grous. Phil. Trans. LXII. p. 393.—female.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 737. 7.—female. Ruffed Heathcock. Phil. Trans. XLVIII. p. 499. - 5 Edw. Glean. pl. 248. Tue male of this species when in full plumage has the top of the head, the cheeks, and the nape, of a beautiful red, with transverse brown stripes : the whole of the upper parts of the plumage, as well as the tail, have their prevailing colour red: the top of the back is varied with irregular black and grey spots; the middle of the back and the rump have an oval white spot in the middle of 302 SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK. each feather: the tail is composed of sixteen fea- thers, with four or five narrow transverse bands of yellowish-white, accompanied by a narrow black band; towards the extremity of the feathers is a broader band of black, and the tips of all are — greyish-white : the throat and the fore-part of the neck are of a reddish-white: the breast, the belly, and the sides, are regularly striped with brown, red-white, and white: the middle and greater wing- coverts are red-brown, with longitudinal reddish- yellow spots: the quills are brown, varied on their outer webs with red-white spots : the tufts on each side of the neck are placed on its lower part, near the insertion of the wings, and when expanded, appear of a large size; they are bright’black, with a fine steel gloss; and the shorter ones are slightly tipped with white or red. It varies a little, a specimen described by Tem- minck having more of a brown cast on its whole plumage : the top of its head and its cheeks varied with red and brown; the whole of the feathers on the sides of the neck bordered with the latter co- lour; the white spots on the back less pure, and sprinkled with small black points: the scapulars irregularly spotted with red, biack and white; and the tail grey-ash, with transverse dusky brown bands, and undulated lines, the whole of its fea- thers tipped with greyish-ash: the feet and the beak are brown: suspected to be an immature bird. | This species inhabits Pensylvania, New York, Nova Scotia, Long Island, and other parts of North SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK. 3803 America: its manners greatly resemble those of the Black Grous: the male placing himself upon some elevated stump, when he commences his peculiar noise called thumping, by flapping his wings against his sides: he begins the strokes gradually, at about two seconds of time from each other, and repeats them quicker and quicker, until they make a noise not unlike distant thunder. This continues from the beginning about a minute ; the bird ceases for six or eight minutes, and then be- gins again. During this ecstacy he is blind to the approach of the sportsman, who may take his aim at leisure, being directed by the bird to the noise, which may be heard at the distance of nearly half a mile. He commonly practises this thumping during the spring and fall of the year, and will do the same even if confined in a house: during the operation the crests on his head and sides of the neck are elevated, and the tail is expanded to its utmost. ‘The female lays from twelve to sixteen eggs, on the ground, in a nest placed near the stump of a tree, amongst dry leaves: the young follow the mother like chickens, and the whole brood keep together till the spring: they feed on all sorts of grain and fruit, and are said to be par- ticularly fond of ivy-berries: their flesh is very good. They are called Drumming Partridges in some parts of North America; and at Hudson’s Bay pushee or pupushee. 304 PTEROCLES. PTEROCLES. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, gracilius, || Beak middle sized, slender, rectum, compressum; max- straight, compressed ; the ula versus apicem deflexa. maxilla bent down towards its tip. Nares basales, longitudinales, |}, Nostrils basal, longitudinal ; membrana superne semi- half closed before byamem- clause, plumulis obtectz, branecovered with feathers, infra patulee. beneath open. : Pedes debiles, antice hirsuti, || Legs weak, plumose in front, tetradactyli; digiti breves, || four-toed; toes short, the pollice brevissimo. hinder one very. short. Cauda cuneata. Tail wedge-shaped. Ale elongate. Wings elongated. Prerocies. Temminck. CEnas. Vieillot. Tetrao. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Pall. Perpix. - Lath., Ray. Bonasa. Briss. ‘Vurs genus was divided from Tetrao by Tem- minck, the birds of which it is composed residing in the sandy plains and deserts of hot countries, two only being occasionally found in the south of Europe: they as their nest on the ground, and SAND PTEROCLES. 305 feed upon the tender tops of heath and other plants. Some of them are confounded with the Grous, and others with the Partridges, by Latham. Their hinder. toe is very short, and elevated from the ground. Perhaps this genus would bear division, the two last species having the two middle tail- feathers considerably elongated and pointed ; their manners are also slightly different. SAND PTEROCLES. (Pterocles arenarius.) Pr. corpore supra testaceo-albicante, maculis ovatis flavicantibus conspersis, guld luted, lunuld jugali nigrd, torquea abdomine crissoque atris, rectricibus nigro griseoque fasciatis, apice albis ; intermediis duabus fulvescentibus. Pterocles with the body above testaceous-white, sprinkled with ovate yellowish spots ; the throat yellow, with a black lunule on the jugulum; collar round the neck, the abdomen and vent dark-coloured ; the tail-feathers fasciated with black and grey, with white tips, the two middle ones fulvous, Pterocles arenarius. Zemm. Gall, Ind. 712. Tetrao arenarius, Pall. Travels.3. p. 699.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. }. 755.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 642. 18. Perdix Aragonica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. G45. 7. Ganga unibande. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 240.—Temm. Man. d’ Orni. 200. Aragonian Partridge. Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 223. Sand Grous. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 751. 16. Tis species varies in length from fourteen to sixteen inches: its throat is adorned with a trian- V. XI. P. II. 21 306 SAND PTEROCLES. gular patch of black, bordered on its upper part with a broad band of chesnut-colour, which reaches to the base of the under jaw, and passes beneath the eyes and ears to the nape: the head, the neck, and the breast, are of an ash-colour, tinged with rufous: a broad bar of black passes over the breast | from the insertion of the wings on either side: the belly, the sides, the thighs, and the abdomen, are _ of a deep black: the under tail-coverts are also black, with their tips white: the back and the whole of the wing-coverts are reddish-yellow ; the middle of the feathers being deepest, and their edges ochrey yellow: quills brownish, with an ob- lique dirty-white spot at their base; the secondaries ash-coloured, bordered and tipped with yellowish: the tail, which is greatly wedge-shaped, 1s deep ash above, with dusky bars, and the whole of the feathers, except the two middle ones, are tipped with white: the under part of the tail is black, tipped with white: the feathers on the tarsi are whitish yellow: the beak is bluish: the hinder part of the tarsi and the toes are deep yellow. The female is less, and her colours more dull ; the grey on the neck being flat, and the black, on the under parts of the body, brownish: the band on the breast is also very small. This species is found in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea, frequenting the sandy deserts: during the summer it is abundant near Astrakan, but it winters in Persia. Burlu-chuduk appears to | be the favourite resort of these birds, on account of its sandy fountains, as they drink a great deal, DOUBLE-GIRDED PTEROCLES. 307 and are so eager as to suffer the sportsman to cap- ture them with facility. ‘Their food consists of the seeds of various kinds of Astragalus: the female lays four or five eggs, which are white, spotted with brown; they are deposited in a nest placed amongst thick briars. DOUBLE-GIRDED PTEROCLES. (Pterocles bicinctus.) Pr. fronte nigra, maculd supra oculos albd, corpore supra cinereo- Jusco maculis albis triangularibus wvariegato ; collo pectoreque cinereo-flavis, cingulo pectoris duplict albo nigroque, corpore subtus albo et fusco striato, (Femina absque cingulis et frontis macula nigra, pennis fuscis, rufo et albescente-flavo striatis.) Pterocles with the forehead black, a spot above the eyes white ; the body above cinereous-brown, variegated with triangular white spots ; the throat and breast cinereous-yellow, the latter with a double belt of black and white; the body beneath stri- ated with white and fuscous. Female without the belt and the black spot on the forehead; the quills brown, striated with rufous and whitish-yellow. Pterocles bicinctus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 713. Ganga bibande. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 247. A NEw species described by Temminck : it is in length rather above ten inches: the male has a small spot of white at the base of the beak, and a broad band of black extending across the forehead from one eye to the other; this is accompanied above the eyes with two broad lateral spots of a . 308 DOUBLE-GIRDED PTEROCLES. pure white: the feathers on the top of the head and the occiput are of a reddish-yellow, with a dusky spot in their middle: the cheeks, the neck, the breast, the lesser coverts, and top of the wing, are of an ashy-yellow: the back, the greater and lesser coverts, and the secondary wing-feathers, are of an ashy-brown; each feather being striped and spotted with red, and all having a triangular white spot at their tips: the rump, the tail, and its coverts, are transversely striped with brown and reddish-yellow ; the tail-feathers being tipped with the latter colour: the quills are black, with brown shafts: the upper part of the breast is adorned with two belts, reaching upwards to the sides of the back ; the upper one is white, and the lower black: the belly, the sides,.the thighs, and the abdomen, are dirty-white, varied with slight brown. bars : the feathers on the fore-part of the tarsi are dirty-white ; the hinder part of the tarsi, the toes, the claws, and the beak, are yellow. The female has not the bands on the breast, nor the peculiar marks on the head of the male: the whole of the upper part of the head is red-yellow, with dusky longitudinal spots ; the cheeks and the throat with minute brown points: the neck and the breast marked with broad transverse bands of brown and yellowish: the belly, the thighs, and the ab- domen, as in the male: the feathers of the back, and the whole of those of the wings, barred with brown and red, and tipped with a stripe of white: the quills are dusky-brown, slightly fringed at their tip. with white : the beak and the claws are brown. The young males resemble the female. INDIAN PTEROCLES. 309 Le Vaillant discovered this species in the country of the Namaquois, on the borders of the great river: it appears to be partial to the sandy portion of the country, but in the vicinity of water: it lives in society, the old and young together, till the com- mencement of the season of courtship, when the young divide, and seek a proper situation to per- form the process of incubation. INDIAN PTEROCLES. (Pterocles quadricinctus. ) Pr. fronte trifasciatd, corpore supra cinereo-flavo, nigro striato, cingulis pectoris quatuor, castaneo, albo, nigro, alboque. (Fe- mina absque fascia frontis, cingulisque pectoris.) Pterocles with the forehead with three fasciz ; the body above cinereous-yellow, striated with black; the breast with four belts, chesnut, white, black, and white. Female without the fasciz on the forehead, or the belts on the breast. Pterocles quadricinctus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 713. Tetrao Indicus. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.755. Perdix Indica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 650. 23. Ganga quadrubande. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 252. Indian Grous. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 752. 17. Tuts beautiful bird is a native of India; but nothing is known of its manners: the male is adorned with three fasciz on the head, the mid- dle one black, and the two outer white: the hind- head is reddish; each feather with a longitudinal dusky band: the neck and the breast are of an 310 INDIAN PTEROCLES. ashy-red: the top of the back is striped trans- versely with dull brown, yellowish, and black : the lesser and greater wing-coverts are bright yellow, with a broad transverse stripe towards their tip, bordered on each side by a narrow one of white: the breast of the adult male possesses four semi- circular bands; the first uppermost is chesnut- brown, the following white, the third black, and the fourth white: the quills are dusky-brown: the belly, the thighs, and the abdomen, are striped alternately with delicate bars of whitish and black: the tail-feathers are yellow, striped with black : the feathers on the tarsi are greyish-yellow, slightly sprinkled with black: the beak is slender, red at its base, and black at its tip: the hinder part of the tarsi and the claws are brown. ‘The female does not possess the four fascize on the breast, or those on the forehead of the male; and the wing- coverts have not the bar of black with white edges: the head is red-yellow, with a longitudinal dusky stripe in the middle of each feather: the nape, the back, and the rump, are striped with brown, black, and yellowish: the scapulars the same, edged and tipped with yellowish-white: the wing-coverts are clear yellow, with transverse black stripes: the fea- thers of the under parts of the body are similar to those of the male, but less brilliant: the young males resemble the female. Jee" 311 ALCHATA PTEROCLES. (Pterocles Alchata.) Pr. gutture nigro, pectoris cingulo lato rufo-aurantio ; nigro mar- ginato, corpore supra olivaceo, flavicante nigro rufogue vario, tectricibus alarum castaneo maculatis, corpore subtus albo. (Fe- mina gutture albo, deorsum collart dimidiato nigro, tectricibus absque maculis castanes.) Pterocles with a black throat ; the breast with a broad rufous- orange belt, margined with black; the body above olive, varied with yellowish, black, and rufous; the wing-coverts spotted with chesnut ; the body beneath white. (Female with a white throat; the lower half of the neck black ; the wing-coverts with- out the chesnut spots. ) Pterocles setarius. Temm. Gall. Ind. 714. Tetrao Alchata. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1.276. 11.—Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1. 754.—Luath. Ind. Ori. 2. 641. 16. Bonasa Pyreniaca. Briss. Orn. 1. 195. 4. pl. 19. f0 1. 2. Perdix Damascena, Raz. Syn. p. 55. 7. Le Ganga. Buff. Ois. 2.244. 18.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 105. 106. Ganga cata. Temm. Pig.et Gall.3. 250.—Temm. Man. d@’ Ornt. p- 301. Pintailed Grous. Edw. Glean.p.249. Lath, Gen. Syn, 4, 748. 14. Tuts species is rather more than eleven inches in length: its throat is black: the sides of the head, and the fore-part of the neck, are of an ashy-yel- low : on the breast is a broad belt of rufous-orange, bordered on each side with a narrow band of black: the head, nape, rump, and upper tail-coverts, are striped alternately with black and yellow; back and scapulars the same, with a narrow band of $19 ALCHATA PTEROCLES. grey-blue towards the tips of each feather, and another of yellow: the lesser and middle wing- coverts are striped obliquely with red-chesnut, tipped. with a white crescent; the greater coverts are greyish-olive, tipped with black crescents: the belly, the sides, the abdomen, the thighs, and the tips of the under tail-coverts, are white; as are also the extremities of the tail-feathers, and the edges of the outer ones: the rest of the tail is varied with yellow and black, and the two middle feathers are considerably elongated and pointed : the feathers on the fore-part of the tarsi are white: the beak and the feet are grey, and the claws black. The female has the throat white, with a half collar beneath, of a black colour; with a belt of orange, as in the male: the upper parts of the plumage resemble that of the male: the wing-coverts are grey-blue, with an oblique reddish band, and tipped with black lunules: the two middle tail-feathers are not quite so long as in the male. The young have their plumage less variegated: the upper parts of the body are olivaceous, shaded with ash- colour: the white on the sides, the thighs, and the abdomen, is varied with zigzag yellow and brown lines. This bird inhabits most of the warmer parts of Europe, as the South of France, Spain, Italy, Sicily, and the Levant; it is very abundant in Persia, Arabia, and the northern parts of Africa: it de- lights in arid and sandy deserts, where it constructs its nest of moss, briars, and slender herbs: it feeds upon seeds and insects: it is caught in great num- NAMAQUA PTEROCLES. 313 bers near Aleppo, for its flesh, which is hard and dry, and not relished by Europeans: it is called Cata or Alcata in Arabia, and from thence its name is derived. NAMAQUA PTEROCLES. . (Pterocles tachypetes. ) Pr. corpore supra cinerascente-fusco, gutture flavescente, vertice colloque cinereis, tectricibus alarum apice cinereo-nitidis, pec- toris cingulis albo castaneis, ventre cinereo-purpureo. (Femina pallide rufescens, collo pectoreque striis fuscts longitudinalibus, corpore utringue fusco rufoque transversim striato.) Pterocles with the body above grey-brown; the throat yel- lowish ; the crown and neck cinereous ; the tips of the wing- coverts shining cinereous; the breast with a belt of white and chesnut ; the belly grey-purple, (emale pale rufescent ; the neck and breast with longitudinal brown strie; the body on both sides transversely striated with brown and rufous.) Pterocles tachypetes. Temm. Gall. Ind. p.715. Tetrao Namaqua, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 754.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 642. 19. Tetrao Senegalus. Lin. Mant. 1771. p. 526.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 642. 17. | La Gelinotte du Senegal. Buff. Pl. Enl. 130. (young male.) Ganga vélocifer. Temm. Pig. ct Gall. 3. 274. Senegal Grous. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 749. 14. A. Namaqua Grous.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 750. 15.—Lath, Syn. Sup, 215. 314: NAMAQUA PTEROCLES. Tuts is in length ten inches: the throat of the adult male is of a beautiful yellow: the head and. the neck are of an uniform grey: the upper part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are of a grey-brown; the feathers of the middle of the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts, are brown at their base, then yellow ochre, and tipped with a bright spot of grey: the lesser coverts have the grey spot more dull, and are slightly bordered with reddish chesnut: the greater quills are tipped with grey, and the lesser with pure white, and the shafts of the two outer ones are also white: the breast is tinged with a purple hue, and bears upon it two belts, the upper one pure white, and the lower a lively chesnut-red: the belly, as far as the thighs, is of a fine grey, tinged with purple: the thighs, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are bright red : the tail itself is brown- grey, tipped with yellow; the two middle feathers longest, and pointed: the feathers on the front of the tarsi are reddish: the beak, the feet, and the claws, are brown. The female is less than the male: the throat is red: the feathers on the head, the neck, and the breast, are reddish white, with their centres brown, forming a series of crescents: the back and the wing and tail-coverts are barred with dusky brown and red: the lesser wing-coverts are tipped with | white: the belly is striped transversely with white | and brown: the abdomen and the under tail- | coverts are bright red: the greater quills are not | tipped with grey as in the male: the lateral tail- | NAMAQUA PTEROCLES. 315 feathers are marked on their outer webs and part of their inner ones with stripes of yellow and brown: the rest of the tail resembles that of the male,-except that the two middle feathers are not - quite so long. This species inhabits the middle region of Africa, and in the daytime frequents the arid deserts. It flies with rapidity, and a great distance at a time. It feeds on the seeds of plants, corn, and also on insects: drinks much, and arrives in troops at the fountains, which are very scarce: its eggs are deposited in a nest composed of herbs and briars ; they are four or five in number, olive-green spotted with black, resembling those of the Plover. 316 FRANCOLINUS. FRANCOLIN. Generic Character. Rostrum validum, mediocre, supra convexum, versus apicem incurvum. Nares basales, laterales, mem- brand nuda fornicali semi- clausee. Orbite papillose. Cauda elongata, rectricibus duodecim. Pedestetradactyli, nudi; tarsé maris aut bicalcaratis aut uno-calcarato. Alc breves. FRANCOLINUsS. Briss. PeRpDIx, TETRAO. Linn., Gmel. Beak strong, middle sized, convex above, and incurved towards the tip. Nostrils basaly lateral, half closed by a naked arched membrane. : Orbits warty. Tail elongated, consisting of | twelve feathers. Feet four-toed, naked; the tarsi of the male with two spurs or only one. Wings short. Lath,, Temm., Briss., Cuv., Vieil, &c. Tue Francolins are distinguished from the Par- tridges by the beak being longer and stronger: the tail is also longer: in the first division of the genus the tarsi of the males are armed with a single strong spur, and in the second with two, except in the three last species, which possess one spur and a hard callous tubercle, and have the — throat and orbits naked. In the manners of the | LONG-BEAKED FRANCOLIN. 317 birds comprised in this genus there is a great dis- similarity to those of the following ; these residing in damp places and perching upon trees, whereas the latter always rest upon the ground. A. Tarsus maris calare uno. A. Tarsus of the male with one spur. hae LONG-BEAKED FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus longirostris.) Fr. corpore supra rufo-fusco atro maculato, pennis dorsi luteo marginatis, subtus ferrugineo-rufo immaculato, pectore ci- nereo-cerulescente. (Femina pectore haud cerulescente.) Francolin with the body beneath red-brown, spotted with dusky; the feathers of the back edged with yellow ; beneath rusty-red, immaculate ; the breast grey-blue. (Female with the breast scarcely blue.) Perdix longirostris. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 721. © Francolin Along bec, Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.323. Tuis remarkable species is distinguished from the other of the genus by its large beak, which is almost as long as that of the Peacock ; whereas the bird is only about fourteen inches in length: its throat, the sides of the head, the upper part of the neck, the belly, and the sides, are yellowish rust-colour, without spots: the top of the head, the occiput, the upper part of the back, and the 318 LONG-BEAKED FRANCOLIN. scapulars, are chesnut-brown, striped and spotted with velvety black; some of the feathers have a border of yellow ochre, and a stripe of the same down the shaft: the lower part of the neck and the breast are of a grey lead-colour: the feathers of the lower part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are rust-colour, shaded with very fine obscure zigzag lines, with each feather at its centre and towards its tip with’a pure yellow- ochre spot: the inner webs of the wing-coverts are chesnut, with black spots; the outer ones fer- — ruginous, with undulated brown lines; the centre of all with a yellow-ochre spot: the secondary quills and those of the tail are ferruginous, with bars and waves of brown: the quills with their outer webs only varied with those colours: the beak is black: the naked space surrounding the eyes is red: the feet, the claws, and the spur, which is short and thick, are of a pale horn-colour. The female resembles the male, but does not pos- sess the grey lead-colour on the lower part of the neck and breast, this part being rusty-red: the tarsi are quite smooth. It inhabits the isle of Sumatra. 319 COMMON FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus vulgaris.) Fr. corpore supra nigricante-fusco, subtus collogue atris; hoc hypochondriisque maculis albis subrotundis, torque aurantia, Jascia suboculart alba. (Femina ex nigricante et rufo-flavie cante toto varia.) Francolin with the body above dusky brown ; beneath and neck dusky ; the latter and sides of the body with rounded white spots; ring round the neck orange; a white fascia beneath the eye. (Female varied entirely with dusky and reddish yellow. ) Perdix Francolinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 644. 6.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 723. Tetrao Francolinus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.275. 10.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 756. 10.—Briss. Orn, 1. 245, 13. pl. 3. fo 2. Francolin. Rai. Syn. p. 54. 4.—Will. p.125. pl. 31. Le Francolin. Buff Ois. 2. 438.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 147. 148. Francolin a collier roux. YTemm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p.340.—Temm. Man. d’Orni. p. 303. Francolin Partridge. Edw. Glean. pl. 246.—Gent. Mag. xlii. pl. in p. 112,—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 759. 6. Tuis beautiful species is twelve inches and a quarter in length: the beak is dusky: irides hazel: the upper parts of the head, hind part of the neck, back, and wing-coverts, are varied with dusky and yellowish rust-colour: the sides of the head, chin, throat, neck, breast, and belly, are black: on each jaw a white streak: behind the eye a patch of the same colour passes forward in a streak to the nostrils: round the neck is a rusty 320 COMMON FRANCOLIN. orange collar: the sides of the neck, breast, and body, are black, varied with spots of white: the lower part of the belly and thighs striped with black: the under tail-coverts reddish: the lower _ part of the back and rump crossed with alternate lines of black and yellowish white: the’ quills dusky, marked with transverse rusty yellow spots: tail rounded, the four middle feathers alternately striped with black and rusty yellow; the others on each side, with black and white for two thirds of their length; the rest black to the tip: legs red- dish, and furnished with a spur. The female is less, and irregularly varied with blackish and rusty throughout, but in the back and tail greatly re- sembling the male: tarsi without a tubercle or spur. Although a native of the southern parts of Eu- rope, the manners of this elegant species are but little known: it feeds upon insects and seeds: it has a very loud whistle, and its flesh is greatly esteemed. It appears to be found throughout all the warmer parts of Europe, from Spain to the Levant; it is likewise found in Asia at Bengal, and is very ae in Barbary and other parts of Africa. Wj 321 PONDICHERRY FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus Pondicerianus.) Fr. rufus nigro-fasciatus, subtus albus lunulis nigris, rectricibus duabus intermediis fasctis quatuor albidis ; lateralibus, intus nigro-fasciatis. (Femina pedibus muticis.) Red Francolin fasciated with black ; beneath white, with black lunules ; the two middle tail-feathers with four white fascie ; the lateral ones internally fasciated with black. (Female with the legs smooth.) Perdix Poriticeriana, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 649. 18.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 722. Tetrao Ponticeriana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 760. 42. Le Perdrix de Pondicherry. Sonner. Voy. Ind, 2. 165. Francolin 4 rabat, ou A gorge rousse. Temm. Pig. et Gall, 3. 332. Pondicherry Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 774. 17.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 221, (female,) | Tuts beautiful species was discovered by Son- nerat on the coast of Coromandel, near Pondi- cherry: it isten inches in length: the beak is red at its base and yellow at its tip: the irides are red: the forehead and the region of the eyes are bright red; the colour passing over the latter like an eyebrow, and ending on the hind head: the top of the head is of a grey-brown: the breast is alternately striped with whitish yellow and bright brown: the back, the greater and lesser wing- coverts, and the rump, grey-brown; the edges of the feathers with black spots, and all of them with V. XI. P. Il. 22 332 0COt~” THORACIC FRANCOLIN. three reddish white stripes: the quills are grey: the secondaries the same, with their outer webs striped with yellowish white: the two middle tail-feathers are grey, spotted with grey-brown, and crossed with four yellow-white bands: the lateral feathers are red at their base, with a black fascia towards their tips, which are reddish white: the belly and the abdomen are white, striped with semicircular bands, and rufous at their edges: the legs are red, and armed with a strong spur. The female differs in being less brilliant im plumage, and in wanting the spur. an rm Se eR Pa 7 eee THORACIC FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus thoracicus.) FR. corpore supra griseo-fusco, maculis jusco-nigris adspersis, pectore ared& rotundatéd magné grised, margine guttureque rufis, ventre abdomineque luteo-rufis nigro-maculatis. Francolin with the body beneath grey-brown, sprinkled with brown-black spots; the breast with a rounded grey area, its margin and the throat rufous; the belly and abdomen yel- lowish red, spotted with black. Perdix thoracica. Zemm. Gall. Ind. 723. Francolin a Plastron. Temm. Pic. et Gall. 3. 335. Native cf India: only one specimen known, which is of the male sex: it is described by Tem- AFRICAN FRANCOLIN. 328 minck: its length is twelve inches: on the breast is a large rounded space of a greyish green hue, varied with delicate zigzag black lines: the throat is rufous, and that colour is distributed over the sides of the neck, and surrounds the spot on the breast: the under parts of the body are of a yel- lowish red, each feather having a black spot, more or less rounded: the back is grey-brown, with large spots of dusky brown: the feathers of the scapulars are beautifully varied with small white crescents: the naked skin surrounding the eyes 1s sprinkled with fleshy pimples, of a fine red: the beak, the feet, and the spurs, are fine shining silvery white: the female is unknown. AFRICAN FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus Africanus.) FR. corpore supra cinereo-fusco nigro maculato, maculis magnis lineis transversisque rujis, pennarum omnium rachis albis, coll lateribus rufo nigroque vartis, guiture nigro alboque yariegato, maculis hypochondriarum pectorisque magnis castaneis. Francolin with the body above spotted with cinereous, fuscous and black, with transverse rufous spots and lines; the shafts of all the feathers white; the sides of the neck red and black ; the throat variegated with black and white ; the sides and breast witn large chesnut spots. Perdix Afra, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 648. 16.—Temm. Gall, Ind. p. 723. Francolin Ourikinas. Yemm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 337. Pearled Partridge. Lath, Gen, Syn. 4. 773.15. A. 394: AFRICAN FRANCOLIN. Tus species has the upper part of its head and the occiput clothed with black feathers, with reddish edges: a narrow red band, sprinkled with black, extends down each side of the neck, and another of white, whose feathers are tipped with black, runs parallel with the first, and ter- minates at the lower part of the neck, where it joins a third, arising from beneath the eyes: the throat is white, spotted with black: the breast is yellow-red, varied with grey-blue: the feathers of the upper parts of the body are of a deep grey, each varied with a spot of black, and rufous zigzag lines: the wing-coverts are brighter ash, with transverse black bars: the shafts of all the feathers of the upper parts of the body, as well as of the wing-quills, are white: the quills are brown, with a zigzag stripe extending the whole length of the outer web: the feathers on the sides of the body and lateral parts of the breast are shaded with grey-blue, and have each a large spot of chesnut- red near their middle, and a few are sprinkled with oval white marks, which are most numerous on the belly, where they approach each other: the tail is black, striped with transverse undulated lines of a bright rufous: the tarsi of the male are armed with a very sharp spur, and are of a yellow- brown, as are also the toes: the beak is brown: the female has a hard tubercle in place of the spur, and in plumage exactly resembles the male : its length is about one foot. Common in the country of the Hottentots: its principal food consists of various species of bulbous ft Load PEARLED FRANCOLIN. 325 plants, which it digs up with the beak: the female deposits from ten to eighteen eggs of an one hue, spotted with brown. i PEARLED FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus perlatus.) Fr. nigro-spadiceus, collo tectricibus alarum et partibus infe- rioribus guttis maculisque albis conspersis, dorso remigibus secundarius tectricibusque caude nigro rufoque transversim striatis, fascid per oculos alteraque infra nigris, (Femina corpore subtus transversim striato.) Deep chesnut Francolin; with the neck, wing-coverts, and under parts of the body, sprinkled with spots and freckles of white; the back, secondary quills, and tail-coverts, transversely striated with black and rufous; a stripe through the eyes and one beneath black. (Female with the body transversely striped beneath.) Perdix perlata, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 648. 15.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p.72l. Perdix Madagascariensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 645. 8. Perdix Sinensis. Briss. Ois, 1. 234. Q. pl.28. a. f. 1. Tetrao Madagascariensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.7506. 31. Tetrao perlatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 758. 36. Tetrao Sinensis. Osb. Voy. China, 2. 326. Francolin perlé. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 326. Le Francolin de l’Isle de France. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 160. pl. 97. Perdrix perlée dela Chine. Buff. Ois. 2, 446. 326 PEARLED FRANCOLIN. Pintado Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 761. 7.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 219. Pearled Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 772. 15. Hy Tue male of this beautiful species varies from ten to a dozen inches in length: the feathers on the top of the head are black, edged with red: two longitudinal black stripes commence from the base of the beak, one of which passes over and surrounds the eyes, the other passes beneath, and joins the former ; the space between is pure white ; of which colour the throat is also: the feathers on the hinder part of the neck are black, with four longitudinal white spots ; those on the top of the back, the fore-part of the neck, the breast, and the Jesser wing-coverts, are black, each varied with six large rounded white spots: the scapulars are of a reddish chesnut, with whitish spots at their tips: the back, the rump, the upper wing-coverts, and those of the tail at their base, are black, with innumerable white bands: the tip of the tail-feathers is black: the quills and secondaries are the same ; the former varied with broad white bands, the latter with small white spots: the belly is whitish : the sides are reddish; both varied with black lines of various sizes: the under tail-coverts are red: the beak is black, and the feet are bright red : the tarsi are armed with a thick and blunt spur, which is wanting in the female: this sex differs in many respects: it is rather smaller: the head is similarly marked, but the two longitudinal bands do not extend so far behind the eye, and the space between NOISY FRANCOLIN. 327 them is rufescent white: the feathers of the top of the back are fringed with bright brown, and the six white spots on each are of an irregular form: the feathers on the under parts of the body are striped with six alternate transverse bands of white and black: the scapulars, the wing-coverts, the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are grey-brown, varied with white lines, and large black spots: the transverse stripes on the tail are tinged with reddish white: in other respects jue plumage resembles that of the male. This bird is common in China, where it is known by the name of Tahe-cou: it is likewise abundant at Bengal, the Isle of France, and Madagascar : it perches, in common with the rest of the Frencolins, upon trees : its note and appearance are somewhat like those of the Guinea Pintado; frcm thence it has been called the Pintado Partridge. B. Tarst bicalzarata. B. Tarst double spurred. a, Gua plumis tecte. a. Throat covered with feathers. NOISY FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus clamata.) Fr. corporé nigricante-fusco, pennis lineis angustis conspersis, gula albidd, capite pectoreque fusco-nigricantibus, remigibus ’ einerascenti-fuscis, (Femina pedibus muticis.) 328 NOISY FRANCOLIN. Francolin with the body dusky brown, sprinkled with slender lines ; the throat white; the head and breast dusky brown ; the quills grey-brown. (Female with the legs smooth.) Perdix clamata. TJemm. Gall. Ind. 717. Francolin criard. Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. 298. Tuts species, which is described by Temminck, received its name from its harsh and disagreeable cry, which is uttered night and morning, and somewhat resembles the syllablescrohd-crohd-crohd- hach: it is heard at a great distance. The male is about seventeen inches in length: the prevailing colour of the plumage is dull grey-brown or bister, varied with stripes and spots of grey: the top of the head and the occiput are plain brown: the feathers on the cheeks and the top of the neck are bordered with white: the throat is nearly white: on the breast is a broad gorget of dusky brown, each feather having a white longitudinal band fol- ‘lowing the direction of the shaft: the whole of the plumage of the other parts, upper as well as under, is barred with innumerable zigzag lines, following nearly the outline of the feathers: the secondary wing-quills and the feathers of the tail are marked with reddish zigzag stripes: the greater quills are clear grey-brown: the feet are yellow: the spurs, which are two in number, are horn-coloured, and the lower one is very sharp: the claws are brown. The female differs in wanting the spurs, and being smaller: she deposits her eggs, which are from twelve to eighteen in | number, carelessly upon the ground. pera BROWN AFRICAN FRANCOLIN. 329 Inhabits the extensive countries of the middle regions of Africa, near the large rivers in the deep forests of those parts. BROWN AFRICAN FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus spadiceus.) Fr. corpore supra subtus caudaque intense spadiceis, vertice col- logue supertore dilutioribus, temporibus nudis, caudé longa, rotundatd. (Femina pedibus muticis ?) Francolin with the body above and beneath, and the tail, deep chesnut; the top of the head and the upper part of the neck palest; the temples naked; the tail long and rounded. (Fe- male with the legs smooth ») Perdix spadicea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 644. 4. _7 emm, Gall, Ind. 719. Tetrao spadiceus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 759. 29. La Perdrix rouge de Madagascar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. p. 169. Francolin spadice. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p.315. Brown African Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 759. 4. Tue male of this species is only known, and was discovered by Sonnerat in his voyage to India, in the island of Madagascar: the space round the eyes is naked, and ofa reddish yellow colour: the top of the head and the throat are of a brown- bister: the rest of the plumage of the upper and under parts of the body of a red-brown, slightly edged with olive-grey: the great and middle fea- 330 SENEGAL FRANCOLIN. thers of the wings are of a brown-bister: the tail- feathers are the same, varied with narrow zigzag stripes of a dusky hue: the feet are fiery red, armed with two very slender and sharp spurs, which, as well as the claws, are brown. SENEGAL FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus Senegalensis.) FR. corpore rufo fusco albidoque vario, vertice rufo, supercilits nigriss gula alba. Francolin with the body varied with rufous, brown, and white ; the top of the head rufous; the eyebrows black; the throat white. Perdix Senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 231. 8. fol. 24. f. 1. Perdix bicalcarata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 643. 2. Perdix Adansonii. Yemm. Gall, Ind. 717. Tetrao bicalcaratus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.277. 15.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 759. 15. Le Bis-ergot. Buff. Ois. 2. 433.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 137. Francolin Adanson. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.305. Senegal Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 757. 2. Ratuer larger than the Red-legged Partridge: length thirteen inches: beak horn-coloured: the top of the head tawny: a black line extends from the nostrils to a short distance behind the eyes, over which it passes: above this is a rufous white band, with one of black above, which passes to the CEYLON FRANCOLIN. O51 occiput: the sides of the head are white, with streaks of black: the neck rufous, varied with brown and dirty white spots: the upper parts of the body and wings varied with brown, rufous, and sullied white: quills brown, with paler spots: the under parts of the body similar to the upper, but less rufous: tail banded with rufous and brown: legs brown, naked, and furnished with two spurs, both of which are blunt. Female without the spurs. . This inhabits the interior of Africa, and Senegal, on the umbrageous borders of the Niger: nothing is known of its manners: its flesh is said not to be very fine, but poor and meagre. CEYLON FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus Ceylonensis.) Fr. corpore supra nigricante, subtus nigricante-fusco, pennis medio albis, cervice tectricibusque alarum maculis albis sagit- tatis varus, cauda& elongata rotundaté nigrd, ared oculorum nudé rubra. (Femina absque guttis albis et calcaribus.) Francolin with the body above dusky, beneath dusky brown ; the feathers white in the middle; the top of the neck and wing-coverts varied with arrow-shaped white spots; the tail elongated, rounded, black; region of the eyes naked and red. (Female without the white spots or spurs. ) Perdix Ceylonensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 644. 3.—Temm. Gall, Ind, 718. Perdix bicalcaratus, Forst. Zool. Ind. 25. 14. f. 1, 2. 332 CEYLON FRANCOLIN. | Tetrao Zeylonensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 759. 38. Francolin Habankukella. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 311. Ceylon Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 758. 3. male. © Chitygong Partridge. Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 222. female. Tue male Ceylon Francolin measures about thirteen inches in length: the head and top of the neck have small black feathers with white shafts: the throat is white: the cheeks are naked, and fine red: the prevailing colour of the plumage on the upper parts is ferruginous: the top of the back and the wings with black spots, varied with white ; those on the wing-coverts arrow-shaped: the quills are deep brown: the secondary feathers are fer- ruginous, sprinkled with black spots: the feathers of the under parts are black, with the middle white; those of the sides the same, with a longi- tudinal stripe of white: the abdomen and the tail- feathers black: the feet and the beak are red: the tarsi are armed with two strong spurs, the upper of which is longest; they are brown-red: the claws are brown. ‘The female is not so large as the male: the naked space round the. eyes is smaller: the tarsi are destitute of spurs: the head is varied with black and grey: the feathers of the back and wings are ferruginous, without the white spots, but varied with a spot of black in the middle of each: the under parts of the body are rust- colour, with all the feathers edged with bright red: the quills and the tail-feathers are brown. This bird inhabits the isle of Ceylon, and the province of Chittygong in the East Indies, where it does not appear to be very scarce, although but few specimens have arrived in Europe. 333 b. GULA ORBITISQUE nudis; TARSUS tuberculo et calcare armatus. b. Throat and o: bits naked: tarsus, armed with a tubercle and a spur. CAPE FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus Capensis.) Fr. corpore supra cinereo-nigricante, subtus spadice, maculis lon- gitudinalibus albis, gula nudd rubra, pectore strigis albis, pe- dibus rubris. (Femina pedibus muticis.) Francolin with the body above dusky-grey, beneath chesnut, with longitudinal white spots; the throat naked and red; the breast with white striz ; the feet red. (JZ emale with the legs smooth. ) Perdix Capensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 643. 1. Perdix nudicollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 644. 5.2 Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 720. : Tetrao Capensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.759. 37. Tetrao nudicollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 759. 40. ? Le Gorge nue. Buff. Ois. 2. 444. Francolin a gorgenue. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 317. Bare-necked Partridge. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4.759. 5.? Cape Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 756. 1. Tue male Cape Francolin is fifteen inches and a half in length: the feathers of the upper part of the head are grey-brown, with a black spot in their centre; those of the hinder parts and sides of the neck are brown, with two small white longitudinal stripes on their sides: the top of the back and the wing-coverts are deep brown, with a longitudinal brown spot in the centre of each feather: the lower part of the back and the rump are grey-brown, 334 CAPE FRANCOLIN. with a narrow stripe of deep brown following the direction of the shaft: the breast, the belly, and the feathers of the sides, are chesnut-brown ; each feather with a black longitudinal stripe following the shaft, and one of white, slightly edged with black on either side in the same position: the quills and the tail-feathers are grey-brown: the beak, the sides of the head, the upper naked part of the neck, and the feet, are fine red: the tarsi are some- what double spurred, possessing a sharp ordinary spur, and a hard callous tubercle, about an inch above: these and the claws are brown. The female is smaller, wants the spurs, and the space on the throat, which is naked in the male, is slightly sprinkled with small white feathers: the naked space surrounding the eyes is very small: the plumage resembles that of the male, except in the following particulars: the feathers of the breast and the sides are not tinged with chesnut-brown, neither do they possess the three longitudinal black bands or the two white ones, as in the male: the whole of the upper parts of the body are deeper brown, and the black spots are more dusky and extended. The young have the whole of the upper parts of a deep grey-brown, with the back, the wings, and tail, sprinkled with black spots; which are largest in the middle of the feathers: the fea- thers of the breast, the sides, the belly, and the abdomen, are transversely striped with brown, yellow-ochre, and white. This bird inhabits the southern parts of Africa ; by the colonists of the Cape of Good Hope it is RED-NECKED FRANCOLIN. 335 called a Pheasant: it lives in woods, and at the rising and setting of the sun utters its cry : its food consists of the roots of bulbous plants, insects, and their larvee: the female deposits her eggs in a rough nest, amongst bushes: the young remain with the parents till the breeding season. v RED-NECKED FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus rubricollis.) Fr. corpore fusco-maculato, crisso albo, orbitis gulaque nudis ru- bris, strigd supra et infra oculos albd ; pedes rubris. Francolin with the body spotted with fuscous ; the vent white ; the orbits and throat naked and red; above and beneath the eyes a white stripe; feet red. Perdix rubricollis. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 648. 13.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.758. 34. La Perdrix rouge d’Afrique. Buff: Ois. 2. 444.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 180. Red-necked Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.771. 13. LatHam thus describes this bird. ‘‘ Size of a male Partridge: length thirteen inches: beak short, red: round the eye a bare space, pointed before and behind: chin and throat bare and red: the general colour of the plumage brown, spotted above with darker brown: over the eye a white streak ; beneath another, which bounds the upper part of the bare space on the throat, curving downwards ; 336 CRANCH’S FRANCOLIN. both streaks arising from the base of the beak: sides of the neck, and under parts of the body, white, dashed with brown; the brown marks largest as they are farthest from the upper parts: the mid- dle of the breast and belly brown for the most part: vent and thighs white: tail short, scarcely more than an inch long, and spread: legs red, furnished with a curved spur as long as the hind claw. In- habits Africa.” Temminck considers this to belong to his Fran- colin a gorge nue, but the great difference in size bespeaks it another species: this bird being full three inches less, and differing considerably in its markings from the young of the former species, which is the nearest in size; and is transversely barred beneath, whereas this is longitudinally striped : it differs also in other respects. CRANCH’S FRANCOLIN. (Francolinus Cranchii.) Fr. corpore supra cinerascente-brunneo subtus albido, maculis atro-fuscis variegato ; maculis ventralibus elongatis ferrugineis gula nuda. Francolin with the body beneath grey-brown, beneath whitish, varied with dark brown spots, those of the belly elongated and inclining to ferruginous ; the throat naked. Perdix Cranchii. Leach. App. IV.in Congo. Narr. p. 408. | | j | | CRANCH’S FRANCOLIN. 337 THE only specimen known of this species was discovered by that industrious naturalist Cranch, during the unfortunate expedition fitted out to explore the source of the Zaire. The place of its capture is unknown, but no doubt it is a native of Congo and the adjacent parts. meat, P. IT. 23. 338 PERDIX. PARTRIDGE. Generic Character. fostrumbreve, basi glabrum; || Beak short, smooth at the maxilla superiore incur- base; the upper mandible vato-fornicata. arched and bent down. Nares basales, margine pro- || Nostrils basal, with the mar- minulee. gin prominent. Orbite nude papillose. Orbits naked, warted. Cauda brevis, deflexa. Tail short, bent down. Pedes tetradactyli, nudi, aut || Feet four-toed, naked, with calcarati, aut mutici. spurs or smooth. | Alc breves. Wings short. Pervix. Ray. Briss. Lath. Cuv. Tem, Leach. Viel, Nilss. Tetrao. Linn. Gmel. Tur birds of this genus live entirely upon the ° ground in open fields, never frequenting the woods. or perching upon trees: they live upon seeds and insects, and the females deposit their eggs in a rude nest formed of grass and other herbs: the young remain with the parents till the breeding season, when they divide, and provide for their future progeny: they are monogamous. Their beak is shorter and weaker than in the preceding genus: the tarsi of the males are but slightly spurred, and in some of the species have only a simple tubercle: the females have their tarsi smooth: their tail is short, and has a tendency to descend. COMMON PARTRIDGE. ‘COMMON PARTRIDGE. {Perdix cinerea.) Pe. corpore supra cinerea, rufo nigroque vario, subtus albicante= flavido, pectore cerulescente, lineis nigris et maculis rufis varie gatis, rectricibus octodecim, septem extimt utringue, apice ci- nereis. (Mas. maculis duabus castaneis imo pectoris.) - Partridge with the body above grey, varied with red and black, beneath yellowish white; the breast cerulescent, variegated with black lines and rufous spots; the tail-feathers eighteen, the seven outer ones on each side tipped with cinereous. (Male with two chesnut spots on the lower part of the breast. ) Perdix cinerea. Raii. Syn. 57. A. 2.—Briss, Orn. 1. 219. 1.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 645. 9.—Temm. Gall, Ind. p. 728.—Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1,314. Tetrao’Perdix. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.276. 13.—Linn. Faun. Suec. No. 205.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.757. 13. Perdrix grise. Buff. Ois. 2.401.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 27. female-— Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.373.—Temm. Man. a’Orni. p. 309. Common Partridge. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1.96.—renn. Arct. Zool. 2.319.—Alb. Birds. 1. pl. 27.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 762. 8.— Lath. Syn. Sup. IT. 279. 5.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 136.— Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 184.—Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 7.—Bew. Brit. Birds. 1, 305.— Mont, Orn. Dict. 2.—Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup— Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 260. Var. B.corpore supra pectoreque castanets cinereo-albo fusco un- dulato. With the body above, and breast, chesnut-grey-white, undulated with brown. Perdix cinerea 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 646.—Temm. Gall, Ind. 730. (3.) Perdix cinereo-alba. Briss. Orn. 1. 223. A. Perdrix grise-blanche. Bug Ois, 2. 415.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 399. Common Partridge. (a.) Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 763. 340 COMMON PARTRIDGE. Var. y. corpore toto albo, aut variegato. With the body entirely white, or variegated. Perdix cinerea y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 646.—Temm. Gail. Tad. 731, (c.) Perdrix blanche. Temm. Pig. ect Gall. 3. 400. Tuis well known and elegant bird is generally about thirteen inches in length: beneath and be- hind the eyes is a naked pale red space, which is most conspicuous in old birds: the forehead, the sides of the head, and the throat, are rufous; the upper part of the head is reddish-brown, with longitudinal yellowish lines: the upper part of the neck is transversely varied with dusky-grey, and a tinge of red: the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are the same, each feather having a narrow transverse red band towards its tip: the wing-coverts and the scapulars are of a deeper hue than the back, and are varied with large reddish spots ; each feather having a reddish white stripe down the shaft: the under part of the neck and the breast are bluish grey, marked with transverse black lines, and sprinkled with small reddish spots: the lower part of the breast 1s adorned with a rich gorget of deep chesnut, similar in form to a horseshoe; the feathers of the sides are grey, varied with black waved lines, and to- wards their tip have a large spot of red: the mid- dle of the belly is whitish: the quills are brown, with reddish yellow zigzag stripes: the tail con- sists of eighteen feathers, the lateral ones are ru- fous, tipped with grey; and those of the middle similar to the back: the beak is generally greenish: COMMON PARTRIDGE. 341 the irides brown: the legs greyish flesh- ne _ armed with a blunt tuber?le. The female is less brilliant in colour: the wing- coverts and scapulars are spotted with brown in- stead of rufous: the spot on the breast, which in the male resembles a horseshoe, in this is composed of a series of distinct spots: in other respects she resembles the male. The young when first hatched have the feet yellow, getting darker by age: before the first moult the whole of the plumage has a tendency to grey-brown, the feathers gradually assuming the proper hues that decorate the adult. The Partridge varies greatly, several varieties being recor dedi by Latham, Temminck, and others: the first worth noticing is much variegated, and exceedingly beautiful: the crown and nape are brown, marked with rufous spots; between the eyes, the chin, and throat, are of this latter colour: the fore-part of the neck and breast cinereous, minutely speckled with black: on the breast a horseshoe mark of a rich chesnut: belly and vent yellowish white: the upper parts similar to the first described, but more elegantly variegated. Another has the head and half of the neck brown- ish ash-colour, marked with darker streaks : round the neck a white collar: the under parts also white. A third is wholly of a pale cream colour. The bird called the Damascus Partridge, which is said to be common at certain seasons in some parts of France, differs but slightly from the present species, of which it may only prove a variety. Partridges are found throughout nearly the whole of Europe, but in most abundance in the 342 COMMON PARTRIDGE. central parts in respect to latitude; Germany, England, Holland, and the north of France, are the most congenial spots ; the south of France and Italy producing but few ; and Turkey, the islands of the Grecian Archipelago, Norway, and Lapland, being utterly destitute of the species: they are very much affected by heat or cold, both being alike unfavourable to their increase: the severe winter of 1814 nearly extirpated the race in one of the provinces of Sweden. ‘They pair about the third week in February; and sometimes, after pairing, if the weather be very severe, they collect together and form again into coveys. The female lays her eggs, usually from fifteen to eighteen in number, in a rude nest of dry leaves and grass, formed upon the ground; these are of a greenish grey colour. The period of incubation is three weeks, and so closely do the females sit on their eggs when near hatching, that a Partridge, as re- lated to Montagu by a gentleman of veracity, has been taken with her eggs, and carried in a hat to some distance; and that she continued to sit in confinement, and brought out her young: near the middle of July the young are mostly excluded, and in about three weeks are enabled to fly: the young brood run about as soon as they are hatched; both parents are equally anxious for their pre- servation, and lead them immediately to ant-hills, on the pupze of which insects they principally feed at first. The young flock together in broods, called coveys, till the returning spring, when they separate and pair, as abovementioned : their prin- cipal food consists of seeds, insects, and berries. COMMON PARTRIDGE. 343 It is a common thing to place the eggs beneath the ' domestic hen, who hatches and rears them as her own: in this case the young birds require to be fed with the larve of ants, and well supplied with fresh water: it is also recommended to give them a mixture of woodlice and earwigs ; and occasion- ally fresh curds, mixed with lettuce, chickweed, or groundsel. The affection of Partridges for their offspring is peculiarly interesting. Both the parents lead them out to feed, they point out to them the proper places for their food, and assist them in finding it by scratching the ground with their feet ; they fre- quently sit close by each other, covering the young ones with their wings, like the hen; and from this situation they are not easily flushed; if, however, they are disturbed, most persons acquainted with rural affairs know the confusion that follows. ‘The male gives the first signal of alarm, by a peculiar cry of distress; throwing himself at the same mo- ment more immediately into the way of danger, in order to mislead the enemy, he flies, or rather runs along the ground, hanging his wings, and exhibiting every symptom of debility. By this stratagem he seldom fails of so far attracting the attention of the intruder, as to allow the female to conduct the helpless, unfledged brood into some place of security. The eggs of these birds are frequently destroyed by weasels, foxes, and other rapacious animals. When this has been the case, the female frequently forms another nest, and lays afresh: the produce 544 MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE. of such hatchings are always a puny race, seldom surviving the rigours of the winter. Many instances of the docility of these birds are related, and it is stated by Willoughby, that a cer- tain Sussex man had, by his industry, made a covey of them so tame that hé drove them before him, upon a wager, from the country to London, though they were quite free, and had their wings grown. Dr. Leach has lately communicated to me another instance of their docility: General Buckley of Cobham has a brood that were hatched beneath a hen, and are so tame as regularly to come and be fed, which they do even at this present time, Oc- tober 1818. MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE. (Perdix montana.) Pr. dilute castanea, cayite colloque supremo fulvis, rectricibus _ septem extimis pallide castaneis. Pale chesnut Partridge, with the head and upper part of the neck fulvous ; the seven outer tail-feathers pale chesnut. Perdix montana. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 646. 11.—Briss. Orn. 1. 222. 2. pl. 21. fo 2. Perdix cinerea var. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 730. Tetrao montanus. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 758. 33. La Perdrix de Montagne. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 419.— Buff, Pl. Enl. 136. MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE. 345 Varieté de la Perdrix grise. Yemm. Pig.et Gall.3.398.—Temm., Man. a@’Orni. p. 309. | Mountain Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 765. 10. Tuts bird is ten inches and three quarters in length: the beak is grey: the head, throat, and hind part of the neck, are reddish buff: the upper part of the body and wings are chesnut, the edges of the feathers brownish, and the back and sca- pulars are varied with grey: the fore-part of the neck, the breast, the upper part of the belly, the sides, and the under tail-coverts, are pale chesnut: the lower belly, the vent, and the thighs, are pale buff: the tail consists of twenty feathers, the six middle of which are chesnut-brown, with grey tips; the outer seven on each side pale chesnut: legs greyish brown. Much diversity of opinion prevails respecting this species. Brisson describes it as distinct ; but -Temminck asserts that it is only a variety of the common Partridge. I am inclined to Brisson’s opinion from the circumstance of its inhabiting mountainous situations, and from never having seen a specimen captured in this country (where the common Partridge is extremely abundant) that would agree with the above description: it dis- agrees with the last-mentioned bird in many re- spects, especially in its small size, and in having twenty feathers in the tail. Said to frequent the mountainous parts on the continent. 346 GREEK PARTRIDGE. (Perdix Greca.) PE. corpore supra pectoreque griseo-cinerascentibus, subtus dilute rufo, collo superiore BU? albis, fascié nigra cinctis, hy- pochondriis duplici vitta nigré notatts, rectricibus quatuorde- cim; extimis basi cinereis, apice rufis. Partridge with the body above and breast greyish-ash ; beneath diluted red; the neck and upper part of the throat white, bounded by a black fascia; the hypochondria marked with a double black vitta; the tail-feathers fourteen in number, the outer ones grey at their base, and red at their tips. Perdix Greca. Rati. Syn. 57. 5.—Briss. Orn, 1.241. 12. pl. 25. “Je 1. Perdix rufa, a. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 647. 12. Perdix saxatilis. Temm. Gall, Ind. p.725. Perdrix Bartarelle. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 420.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 231.— Lemm, Pig. et Gall. 3. p, 340.—Temm. Man. @’ Orni. 305. Greek, or Red Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 767. 12.—Alb. Birds. 1. p. 27. _ Tuts fine species is much larger than the com- mon Partridge, measuring thirteen inches in length: the beak, eyelids, and irides, red: the upper part of the head, the neck, the breast, and all the upper parts of the body, are ash-coloured ; the back and breast tinged with rufous: the checks throat, and fore-part of the neck, are white, surrounded by a collar of black, commencing at the nostrils, and passing through the eyes: from the belly to the vent yellowish, the sides beautifully variegated with orange and black crescents: the quills are _ GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE. 34.7 brown; some of the exterior ones spotted with rufous on the edge, near the tip; the lesser ones varied with grey : the tail consists of fourteen grey feathers ; the five lateral ones half rufous at ee tips: the legs are red; the tarsi furnished with a blunt knob. The female is less than the male ; the plumage is less brilliant in colour: the black band surrounding the white on the throat narrower, and the black lunules on the sides of the body very slender. It occasionally varies slightly in being rather mottled with white, with the usual colours paler. It is found in profusion throughout Turkey, the Grecian Archipelago, Sicily, Naples, Italy, and France; likewise on the Alps of Switzerland and Germany: it frequents the rocky and mountainous parts, descending in May to breed: its eggs are much esteemed; they are white, sprinkled with numerous red spots, and are sixteen or eighteen in number. GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE. (Perdix rufa.) Pg. corpore supra griseo-fusco, subtus rufo, pectore cinereo, gutture colloque superiore albis, fascia nigrd albo punctaté cinctis, hypochondrits vitta nigra, simplict notatis, rectricibus sedecim, extimis rufis. Partridge with the body above grey-brown; the breast grey ; beneath rufous; with the throat and upper part of the neck 348 GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE. white, bounded by a black fascia, spotted with white; the hypochondria marked with a simple black vitta; the tail-fea- thers sixteen, the outer ones rufous. Perdix rufa. Raz. Syn. p. 57. A. 5.—Will. Orn. p. 167.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 647. 12. B. Perdix rubra. Briss. Orn. 1.236. 10.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 726. Tetrao rufus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 276. 12.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 756. 12. Perdrix rouge. Buff. Ois. 2. 431. pl. 15.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 150.— Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3..361.—Temm. Man. d’Orni. p. 300. Guernsey Partridge. Albin. Birds, 1. pl. 29.—Will, Ang. 167. pl. 29.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 768.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 220.— Mont. Orn. Dict. 2.—Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 137.—Pult. Cat, Dors. p. 7. Var. 8. corpore toto albido. With the whole body whitish. Perdix rubra. (a.) Temm, Gall. Ind. p. 726. La Perdrix rouge blanche. Briss. Orn. 1. p.238.—Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 366. Ratruer smaller than the Greek Partridge: length thirteen inches: the forehead is grey- brown: the hind head rufous-brown: the chin and throat white, surrounded with black, as in the preceding: eyebrows white: the feathers of. the hind head with two oblique black spots on each: hind part of the neck rufous-brown: the back, the wings, and the rump, grey-brown: quills the same, with their exterior margins yellowish: the fore-part and sides of the neck grey, each fea- ther with two black spots: the breast pale ash: the belly, the sides, the thighs, and the vent, rufous ; the sides marked with lunulated stripes of white, black, and orange: the tail composed of sixteen feathers ; the four middle of which are cinereous- GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE. 8349 brown; the next on each side the same, but ru- fous on their outer webs; the rest are rufous on both sides: the beak, irides, orbits, and legs, red, the latter in the male with a small tubercle. It varies in having the whole plumage whitish; and also with parts Rete: and the rest of the body as usual, This species is found in France and Italy, but not in Switzerland, Germany, or to the north of France.