it etl ey tal, PM febapeinte Rk Fe er eeat wT Be feles nen. SERVE Me ete met Oo Se een oO lite ce Tete Pi merce” etc ee SS gh A en 8 Toa ge. etiemg a ios Ge ee poe NC fie sgt rom ‘4 - mtr pee AR Fee eg ty te PPR onde “Be Mest ya PPI reroe SERS Cpe in, Refvieetan gdersh. saan eee, eee et ae SH teen aes RT ae ay Otte ts 0 ” tee a retin 9 ome et eo BP Mes thew x Stree ti de Pear PE. te me : 292A Fi ol) Varn hare $8 AON Pathe hath Fe ntas" IS tos Thun pe oe POR A It ae, 24 ere ae POI OA I eee i Satie hong att gen oa oo AN Nh ett Taree Ne bhai aie, WUC Cg Sie eae, er iim as eee PR ethan PS RS oP oso agin Bw Bite te = ee teed Fer bone ae eee Te ites etag! afte im ae bettas: lip saris ae SRS gtgwer anne, SSS SO Senne ens Sol Rage gt ntigtpeny ee Se ie ee ee f ~ if —e =] al | GENERAL ZOOLOGY aa . SYSTEMATIC NATURAL HISTORY : commenced bv the late GEORGE SHAW, M.D.F RO. Xe. from thefirst Authorities andmost select specimens WITH BLATE S Cngared fi MILL WA 2 , fe ve oe 7 M&S GRIFFITH. 2 : ( ) : T F 7 ah L “\ tS ‘ “il ‘ q 7 7 = | VOL. Xm. Part 1. AVES. by I.E.Stephens,E.L.S.&e. =: ee eres ae A Ae Mae Priuted forl& a. Arch:Long woiHorst CPF. letter & Sou. L Mawiman, Baldwin,Cradock &Jov TBooth «Sh erwood XC ma 1.8. Whittalser: R.Scholey S. Bagster Rodwell &Martia. Saunders &Hode'sonAarmlton Adams C° Simpkin.& Marshall T.Duncan. TX LAThn an. WI & [Maynard andWightman® Cranrp ASAD, “ - GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME XIIL———PART I. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. &c. BIRDS. LONDON : PRINTED FOR J. AND A. ARCH ; LONGMAN, REES, AND CO.; E, JEFFERY AND SON; J.MAWMAN; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; J. BOOTH ; SHERWOOD AND CO.; G. B. WHITTAKER; R, SCHOLEY ; S. BAGSTER; RODWELL AND MARTIN; SAUN- DERS AND HODGSON ; HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; J. DUNCAN; T. AND J. ALLMAN 5 W. J. AND 1. MAYNARD; AND WIGHTMAN AND CRAMP, 1826. -. LONBON: © THOMAS PAN ISON, | 10 KILL 6? E<7F eARB By ded). ‘ ORDER NATATORES. FAM. COLYMBID. PODICEPS. GREBE. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longius aut longior, robustum, pauld compressum, aut feré cy- lyndricum, subulatum, rec- tum, integrum, acutum ; mandibula superiore recta — aut apice adunco. Nares laterales, concave, ob- longee, membrana semi- clausée. Tihie seminude. Pedes tetradactyli; digriti antici depressi lateribus lobo simplici instructi, basique connexi; pollex | tarso interné articulatus. Cauda nulla. Beak the length of the head or longer, robust, a little com- _ pressed, or nearly cylin- drical, subulated, straight, entire, pointed ; the upper mandible straight, or hooked at the tip. Nostrils lateral, concave, ob- long, half closed by a mem- brane. Shanks half-naked. Legs four-toed ; the anterior toes depressed, with their sides furnished with a simple lobe connected at _the base; the hinder toc internally articulated to the tarsus. Tail wanting. PODICEPS. Ray, Lath., Cuv., Vieill., Temm. COLYMBUS. Linn., Gmel., Briss., Ray, &c. vs XIII. Ps I. 2g GREBE. (GS REBES are discriminated from the Divers by their lobated feet, and from the Finfeet by the form of their beak, and the absence of the tail. ‘They were included by Linnzeus among the former birds, but have been detached by his followers, and formed into a new order, (including also the Coots, and Phala- ropes) by the appellation of PINNATIPEDES, a division which appears to be unnatural: I have therefore placed them ainong the Naratores, and consider them as belonging to the family Colymbidz, from which no- thing but their divided toes detaches them : they form an interesting link between the Divers and Auks, and their manners are highly indicative of their proper situation in nature, their delight being in swimming | and diving, in which they are assisted by their wings: they fly very badly, and walk most awkwardly and with difficulty; their attitude being nearly erect, and their legs being placed at the very extremity of the abdomen, beyond the equilibrium of the body. ‘They frequent the fresh waters in preference to those of the sea: their plumage is very soft, thick, and downy, with a fine silken lustre. They feed on small fishes, coleop- terous insects, reptiles, and vegetables. CRESTED GREBE,. (Podiceps cristatus. ) Po. supra fusco-niger, subtus argenteo-albus, alis fascia alba, collo aut fusco aut nigricante striato, torque supremo nigro, vel rufo nigro marginato. Grebe above brown-black, beneath silvery-white, with a white fascia on the wings, the neck either brown or striped with dusky, having a collar on its upper parts, sometimes black, or rufous with a black margin. Podiceps cristatus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 780. Colymbus cristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 222. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 589. Colymbus major ; cristatus et cornutus. azz Syn. 124. A. Colymbus cornutus. Briss. Orn. 6. 45. pl. 5. f. 1. Le Grébe cornu. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.235. Buff: Pl. Eul. 400. Le Grébe huppé. Temm. man. d’Orn. 462, Id. 2 Edit. 717. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 507. Greater crested and horned Ducker. 4/b. Birds, 1. pl. 81. Crested Grebe. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. No. 223. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.498. A. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.281. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 106. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 102. Don. Brit. Birds, 3. pl. 68. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.145. Graves Orn. v. iii, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 20. Youne.—Colymbus urinator. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 223. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 593. Colymbus. Briss. Orn. 6. 34. pl. 3.f- 1. Colymbus major Aldrovandi. Ray. Syn. 125. Colymbus cristatus. Briss. Orn. 6. 38. pl. 4. Colymbus cinereus major. Ray. Syn. 124. 4. Le Grébe. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.227. Buff: Pl. Enl. 941. Le Grébe huppé. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 233. Buff. Pl. Ent. 944. Greater Loon. Edwards, pl. 360. 4 CRESTED GREBE. Tippet Grebe. Lath, Gen. Syn. 5. 283. Penn, Brit. Zool. 2. 222. pl. 78. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.157. In the adult state this bird is upwards of eighteen inches in length; its beak is dull red, brown above and white at its tip: its irides are crimson: its face is white: the top of the head, and crest thereon, as well as the ruff on each side beneath its cheeks, are deep glossy black, shaded off into reddish on each side of its head: all the upper parts of the plumage are brown and dusky : the secondary quills are pure white : the under parts of the body are glossy silvery white, tinged with reddish at the sides of the breast and near the insertion of the wings: between the base of the beak and the eye is a naked red space: the legs are dusky externally and yellowish-white internally. ‘The female is rather smaller, and the feathers of the crest and ruff are shorter ; the colours of the plumage are less brilliant. The young at the age of two years, after moulting, have the occipital crest very short, edged with white feathers, the face is white without the red shades, and the ruff is very slight: a dusky irregular band runs from the beak beneath the eyes to the occiput : before moulting the crest and ruff are not indicated; the forehead and the face are white: these parts, as well as the top of the neck, are varied with dusky brown stripes, dis- posed on all sides in zigzag forms: the irides are bright yellow: the beak is livid red- ‘The young of one year before moulting have the head and the top of the neck of a deep brown. These birds inhabit the borders of the sea, lakes, ponds, or rivers, and are rarely seen on land: on the CAYENNE GREBE. 5 least appearance of danger they plunge under water, depending very little on their wings for safety. “They are common in the fens and lakes of various parts of England, where they breed : the female forms her nest, which is of a large size, of various aquatic plants, leaving it floatg amongst the reeds, to the mercy of the waves; she lays four white eggs, slightly mar- bled with deep brown. Their principal food consists of fishes, in pursuit of which they dive excellently. They change their situations according to the season, frequenting the mouths of large rivers, when the severity of the frost freezes the ponds. In their migrations they skim along the surface of the sea. ‘They inhabit most parts of Europe from the Mediterranean to the Northern Seas: they are also found in America. CAYENNE GREBE. (Podiceps Cayanus.) Po. fusco-nigricans, subtus albus, collo subtus rufo. Brown-black Grebe, beneath white, with the neck beneath red. Podiceps Cayanus. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 781. Colymbus Cayennensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 593. Le Grand Grébe. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 242. Grébe de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 404.f. 1. Cayenne Grebe. Lath. Gen. Syst. 5. 284. Lath. Gen. Mist. x. 34. Tuts bird inhabits Cayenne: it is nearly twenty inches in length: its beak is dusky; the under man- 6 BLACK-BREASTED GREBE. dible is yellow at the base: its head, and the upper parts of the neck and body, are dusky brown: the fore parts of the neck, as far as the breast and the sides, are rufous ; the sides being varied with brown: the breast and upper parts of the belly are white; the lower part and vent are brown: the legs are dusky. BLACK-BREASTED GREBE. (Podiceps Thomensis.) 4 Po. fuscus, subtus albus maculis gone remigibus pallide rufis, macula pectoris nigra. Brown Grebe, bengaen white with grey spots, the EE pale rufous, the breast with a black spot. Podiceps Thomensis. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2.784. Colymbus Thomensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 592. Colymbus Insule St. Thome. Briss. Orn. 6. 58. Le Grébe Duc-laart. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 240. . Black-breasted Grébe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 289. Lath. Gen. Fist, x. 34. Accorpine to Buffon this species inhabits the island of St. Thomas, where it is called Duc-laart. It is the size of a small fowl: its beak is one inch in length, black, with its tip pale: its irides are white : the | head and upper parts of the body are dull brown : between the beak and the eye is a spot of white: the under parts of the body are white, except a large spot of black on the breast ; and the belly, sides, and thighs being spotted with grey : the wing-coverts are pale rufous: the legs are dusky. WHITE-WINGED GREBE. (Podiceps Dominicus. ) Po. capite levi, corpore subtus confertim fusco maculato. | Grebe with the head smooth, the body beneath thickly spotted with brown. Podiceps Dominicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 785. Colymbus Dominicus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 223. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.593. Briss. Orn: 6. 64. pl. 5. fr 2. Le Castagneux de St. Dominique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.248. White-winged Grebe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 291. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 32. Tue white-winged Grebe is a small species, being scarcely eight inches in length : its beak is black : the upper parts of the plumage are dusky: the sides of the head, the chin, and the fore part of the neck, are dusky-grey : the quills are greyish-white, more or less marked with spots of greyish-brown on their outer webs and tips: the breast, belly, sides, and thighs are silvery grey marked with small brown spots: the legs are brown. Dr. Latham mentions several va- rieties; one of them (from Jamaica) was of a uniform dusky lead-colour, with a large patch of white on the middle of the belly ; and another differed merely in having that part wholly brown. They inhabit various parts of the West India Islands, and the northern coasts of South America. At Barbadoes they are called I'wopenny Chicks. They feed on fish. RED-NECKED GREBE. (Podiceps rubricollis,) Po. subcristatus fuscus, guld genis regioneque aurium cinerascen- tibus vel albidis nigro lineatis, collo subtus pectoreque ferru- gineo-rufis, abdomine remigibusque secundarius albis. Subcrested brown Grebe, with the throat, cheeks, and region of the ears greyish or white lineated with black, the neck beneath — and breast rusty-red, the abdomen and secondary quills white. Podiceps rubricollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 783. Sabine, Frank. Voy. App. 692. Colymbus rubricollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 592. Colymbus subcristatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 599. Le Grébe 4 joues grises, ou la Jougris. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 241. Buff. Pl. Enl.931. Temm. man. d’Orn. 465. Id. 2 Ed. 726. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 508. : Red-necked Grebe. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 499. C. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.288. Lath. Syn. Sup. 260. pl. 118. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 199. Walc, Syn. 1. pl. 103. Don. Brit. Birds, 1. pl. 6. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 152. Younc.—Colymbus parotis. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 592. Muse. Cart. fas. 1. pl. 9. AxoutT seventeen inchesin length: the base of the beak is bright yellow, the rest black: the irides are reddish-brown : the forehead, the top of the head and its occipital crest (which is short) are glossy black : the cheeks and throat are mouse-coloured: on the nape is a broad black band: the fore part of the neck, the sides, and top of the breast are bright red: the rest of the under parts are white, except the thighs, which are spotted with dusky brown: the secondary quills are white; the hind part of the neck, the back i i) Hh i Y} i] Hy My), ’ Yh yy Ye HORNED GREBE. HORNED GREBE. 8) and wings are dark brown: the legs are outwardly black and inwardly greenish-yellow. The young at the age of two years have the throat and the cheeks white: the top of the head of a whitish-yellow, with irregular zigzag brown and dusky bands: the top of the head and the occiput are black, with the feathers of the latter part somewhat elongated : the lower part of the neck and the top of the breast are dull red varied with brown, with some of the feathers on the latter part and of the belly tipped with ash-colour. This species inhabits various parts of Europe, affecting the borders of rivers, lakes, &c.; it is ex- tremely abundant in the eastern parts of the con- tinent, and becomes rarer as we proceed westward. In England but very few specimens have hitherto been found. It subsists on small fish, insects, and vegetable matter. ‘The female lays three or four ereenish-white eggs, sprinkled with brown. Found also in the arctic regions of America. HORNED GREBE. (Podiceps cornutus.) Po. fusco-nigricans, subtus albus, alis fascid alba, collo subtus rufo-fulvo vel castaneo, torque nigro. Dusky-brown Grebe, beneath white, the wings with a white fascia, the neck beneath reddish-brown or chesnut, with a black collar. Podiceps cornutus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 782. Sabine, Frank. Voy. App. 693. Colymbus cornutus. Geel. Syst. Nat. 1. 591. 10 HORNED GREBE. Colymbus cornutus minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 50. Le petit Grébe cornu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 237. Le Grébe d’Esclavonie. Buff. Pl. Eni. 404. f. 2. Temm. man. @ Orn. 466. Id. 2 Edit. 722. Le Grébe cornu. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 508. Horned Grébe, or Dobchick. Edw. Glean. pl, 145. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 417. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 287. pl. 91. Lath. Gen, Hist, x. 25. Sclavonian Grebe. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Younc.—Podiceps obscurus. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 782. Colymbus obscurus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 592. Colymbus minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 56. Colymbus Caspicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 593. Podiceps Caspicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 784. Le petit Grébe. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 232. Buff: Pl. Enl. 942, Black and White Dobchick. Edw. Glean. pl. 96.f. 1. Dusky Grebe. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 225. pl. 78. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.420. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.286. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5, pl. 198. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 106. Don. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. 44, Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 150. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 26. VanriETy.—Colymbus cristatus minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 42. pl.3. i Eared Grebe, var. A. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 286. Le petit Grébe huppé. Buff. Ois. 8. 235. Axout thirteen inches in length: the base of the beak and a naked space near the eyes are rose co- loured; the rest of the beak is black, with its tip red: the irides have a double ring of colour, the first of which is yellow and the other deep red: the top of the head, and also a very large and ample ruff which surrounds the top of the neck, is deep shining black: above and behind the eyes is a large tuft of red feathers, which forms as it were two horns: the space between the upper mandibles of the beak and HORNED GREBE. 11 | the eye, the neck and the breast, are clear brilliant red: the under parts of the plumage are pure white, except the sides, which are shaded with reddish: the nape and upper parts of the plumage are dusky: the secondary quills are white: the legs are black ex- ternally and grey internally. ‘The young, previous to the completion of their first year, are totally de- stitute of the crest or ruff: between the beak and the eye is white: the head, the nape, and all the upper parts are dusky-ash: the secondary quills are white: the throat is white, and that colour extends in a horizontal line beneath the eyes, and reaches entirely to the back of the head, or occiput: the middle of the fore part of the neck is ashy-white: the sides of the breast and the flanks are dusky-ash; the rest of the under parts are pure white: the beak is of an ashy-blue, but its base, as well as the naked space, are flesh colour; and the upper part of the beak is horn coloured, with a yellowish point : the inner circle of the irides is pure white, the outer bright red: the legs are externally brown, internally ashy-blue. Found most abundant in the eastern countries of Kurope, particularly those that are watered by. great rivers, lakes, or the sea: they are also frequently observed in England, particularly about the fens of Lincolnshire and the inlets on the coast of Devon- shire; they are also found in North America: they feed on the same materials as the rest of the genus, and build their nests in a similar manner : the female lays three or four white eggs, which are spotted with brown. Specimens of this bird were received from North America from Captain Franklin’s Expedition. EARED GREBE. (Podiceps auritus.) Po. fusco-nigricans, subtus albus, capite nigro, crista ferrugined, collo subtus maculis castaneis vario. Dusky-brown Grebe, beneath white, with the head black, vent rust-colour, neck beneath varied with chesnut spots. Podiceps auritus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 781. Colymbus auritus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.222. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1,590.a. Briss. Orn. 6. 50. Le Grébe oreillard. Temm. man. d’Orn. 469. Id. 2 Edit. 726. Eared Dobchick. Edw. Glean. pl. 96. f. 2. Eared Grebe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.185. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 224. pl. 79. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.499. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 107. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 104. Don. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. 29. Mont. Orn, Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 149. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 23. Turis is about a foot in length: its beak and the naked space adjoining are reddish : the irides are deep vermilion : its face, the top of its head, and its occi- pital crest and ruff (which are very short) are deep black : behind and beneath the eyes is a tuft of long slender feathers, the upper ones being of a bright yellow, and the lower ones deep orange-red, gra- dually shaded off: these feathers form an arch, and cover the orifice of the ears: the throat, all the neck, the sides of the breast, and all the upper parts of the plumage, are black slightly glossed : the flanks and thighs are very deep chesnut-red, shaded with dusky: the rest of the under parts are pure white: the legs are ashy-black externally and ate) ehh Raye! LITTLE GREBE. LITTLE GREBE. 15 ashy-green internally. The young greatly resemble those of the Horned Grebe, but are distinguished from the white on the cheek and sides of the head not extending so far as the occiput; by the irides having but one colour, and by the base of the beak being sensibly depressed. This is found most abundant in the rivers and fresh water lakes, but it nevertheless frequents the sea-coasts : itis very common in the north of Europe, in Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy; but rare in Holland and England. Its food principally consists of insects, but it devours small fish, &c.: the female lays three or four eggs, of a greenish-white, slightly sprinkled with brown: her nest is constructed in the same manner as that of the rest of the genus. LITTLE GREBE. (Podiceps minor.) Po. nigricans, guld nigra, jugulo ferrugineo, abdomine cinereo argenteo vario. , Dusky Grebe, with the throat black, the jugulum ferruginous, the abdomen ash-colourcd, varied with silvery. Podiceps Hebridicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 785. Colymbus Hebridicus. Gmel. Syst.-Nat. 1. 594. Black-chin Grebe. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 227. pl. 79. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 227. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 292. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 201. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 107. Mont. Orn. Dict. l.and Supp. Sowerby, Brit. Misc. pl.70. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.156. Lath, Gen. Hist, x. 31. 14: LITTLE GREBE. Le Grébe castagneux. Temm. man. d Orn, 471. Id. 2 Edit. 11.727. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.508. Younc.—Podiceps minor. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.784. Ray, Syn. 125. A, 3 Colymbus minor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 591. Colymbus fluviatilis. Briss. Orn. 6. 59. Le Grébe de la riviere, ou le Castagneux. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. E. 244. pl. 20. Buff. Pl. Eni. 905. Little Grebe. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.226. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.289. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 200. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.154. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 30. | Didapper. Walc. Syn. 2. pl.105. Don. Brit. Birds, 3. pl. 56. Tuis is the smallest of the European Grebes, scarcely exceeding ten inches in length: its beak is black, with the base of its under mandible and the naked space near the eyes whitish: the irides are reddish-brown: the throat, the top of the head, and the nape are deep black, the sides and fore part of the neck are bright chesnut-red: the breast and the flanks are dusky: the rest of the under parts are ashy-black, on which appear several white shades : the thighs and the rump are tinged with reddish: the upper parts of the plumage are dusky glossed with olivaceous: the quills are ashy-brown : the secondary quills are white at their base: the legs are outwardly of a greenish-brown, inwardly of a flesh-colour. “The young of the second year, after their first moult, have the top of the head, the nape, the upper parts and the sides of the neck white, varied or marked. with bands and spots of deep reddish-brown: behind the eyes are some oblique white streaks: the under part and fore part of the. neck, the breast, and flanks are bright red : the thighs are dusky red: the middle of LITTLE GREBE. 15 the belly is pure white. The young of the first year have the top of the head, the nape, and the upper parts of the plumage of an ashy-brown, slightly tinged with reddish: the throat is pure white: the sides of the neck are of a pale ashy-red: the fore part of the neck, the top of the breast, and the flank are of a reddish-white of various shades: the belly is pure white: the under mandible of the beak, and the margin of the upper are ashy-yellow; the rest of the beak is brown: the irides are brown. Frequent the lakes, rivers, ponds, and fresh waters of most parts of Europe, Asia, and America: in this country they are very common, and are found even in fish-ponds: they are frequently destroyed by pike and other voracious fish: they seldom take wing, but when alarmed, dive, and remain under water amongst the reeds and other plants, with only the beak above for respiration: they devour aquatic insects, coleoptera particularly, and small fishes. ‘Their nest is very large, composed of a quantity of flags or other aquatic plants, but is generally fastened to the reedsin order to prevent its being carried away by sudden floods or currents. The female lays five or six eggs, of an oblong shape and dirty white colour: they are generally covered with weeds, but notwithstanding this, they frequently become the prey of the water-rat. A pair of these birds were taken in a pond, on Chelsea Common, in June 1805, with the nest and eggs. 16 PHILIPPINE GREBE. (Podiceps Philippensis.) Po, supra purpureo-fuscus, subtus albo-argenteus, genis lateri- busque colli rufescentibus. Grebe above of a purple-brown, beneath silvery white, with the cheeks and sides of the neck reddish. Podiceps minor 6. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 784. Le Castagneux des Philippines. Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 246. Buff. Pl. Enl. 945. Little Grebe, var. A. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 290. Tus appears to be distinct from the preceding : it is rather larger, and has the upper parts of the plumage brown tinged with purple; and the cheeks and side of the neck incline to rufous: in other re- spects it resembles that bird. It inhabits the Philippine Islands, and aly Southern Africa. PIED-BILL GREBE. _ (Podiceps Carolinensis.) — Po. corpore fusco, rostro fascia sesquialtera, guld nigra. Grebe with the body brown, the beak with a fascia and the throat black. Podiceps Carolinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.785. Sabine, Frank. Voy. App. 692. Colymbus Podiceps. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 223. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 594. PIED-BILL GREBE. a7 Colymbus fluviatilis Carolinensis. Briss. Orn. 6. 63. Le Castagneux a bec cerclé. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 247. Pied-bill Grebe. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 418. pl. 22. Catesby, Carol. 1. pl. 91. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.292. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 30. Tue Pied-bill Grebe is thus described by Latham from a specimen in his own collection: ‘* Length fourteen inches: beak strong, a little bent, not unlike that of the common poultry; colour olive, with a dusky base, and crossed through the middle of both mandibles with a bar of black: nostrils very wide : irides white : chin and throat of a glossy black, bounded with white : upper part of the neck and back dusky : cheeks and under parts of the neck pale brown: breast and belly silvery, the first mottled with ash-colour : wings brown; end of the secondaries white: toes furnished with a broad membrane. ‘The female wants the black bar on the beak, and has the chin and throat of the same colour with the rest of the neck. Inhabits. -New York to South Carolina.” Also found by Cap- tam Franklin in the Expedition to the northern regions of America. we. MIN. P.. 1. 2 18 LOUISIANE GREBE. (Podiceps Ludovicianus.) Po. fuscus, lateribus colli corporisque ferrugineis, corpore subtus albo maculis transversis nigricantibus. Brown Grebe with the sides of the neck and of the body rust- colour, the body beneath white, with transverse dusky spots. Podiceps Ludovicianus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 785. Colymbus Ludovicianus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 592. Le Grébe de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.8. 240. Buff: _ Pl. Enl. 943. Louisiane Grebe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 289. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.419. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 36. Native of Louisiane: its beak is slightly bent at its point : the upper parts of the head and body are deep brown: the sides of the neck and body, quite to the rump, are ferruginous: the middle of the breast 1s dusky white: from the base of the neck to the thighs marked with large transverse black spots: legs dusky. NEW HOLLAND GREBE. (Podiceps Novee Hollandiz.) Po, supra nigricante cinereoque undulatd, subtus pallide cinerea, tectricibus alarum majortbus albis, colli lateribus siviga rufa. Grebe waved above with dusky and cinereous, beneath pale cine- reous, with the greater wing-coverts white, the sides of the neck with a rufous stripe. New Holland Grebe. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 33. NEW HOLLAND GREBE. 19 A SsPEcIEs introduced by the following descrip- tion in the new edition of Dr. Latham’s History of Birds. ‘‘ Length, from the beak to the end of the toes, eighteen inches: beak black: head and part of the neck dusky black: the rest of the parts above waved dusky and pale grey: beneath pale grey: the larger wing-coverts and base half of the quills white, _ taking up a large portion of the wing ; the outer ridge is also white: on each side of the neck a long streak of rufous, beginning just under the eye: legs black.” Inhabits New Holland, and there called M ayaga. 20 PODOA. FINFOOT. Generic | Character. Rostrum mediocre, crassius- || Beak mediocral, rather stout, culum, subdeflexum, acu- slightly deflexed, pointed : tum: mandibula superiore the upper mandible with a sulco laterali. lateral groove. Nares concavee in sulco sites, || Nostrils concave, placed in membrana tectze. the groove, and closed by a membrane. Pedes breves, validi, tetra- || Legs short, strong, four-toed, dactyli, digitis elongatis the toes elongated and lobatis. lobed. Cuuda cuneiforma. Tail wedge-shaped. PODOA. Illig. HELIORNIS. Vieil. PLOTUS. Gmel., Lath. ‘THIs singular genus of birds has the beak mo- derately curved, pointed, and elongated: the nostrils linear and concave, placed in a groove, and covered by a membrane, the aperture oblong: the body de- pressed : the tail somewhat wedge-shaped and rather elongated : the legs short, stout, with four toes, three of which are placed forwards and one backwards, and all furnished with a scolloped membrane: the claws AFRICAN FINFOOT. 91 are sharp and bent. ‘There are but two species known, both of which inhabit the torrid regions of the globe, one occurring in the old, and the other in the new world : they affect the banks of rivers and creeks, and feed upon small fish and insects. The situation of this genus is very difficult to de- termine : in some respects the individuals of which it _is composed resemble the Grebes, and in others the Coots or Rails: again, the long neck of one of the species appears to connect that bird with the Darters : unlike the rest of the Colymbide, they do not dive. AFRICAN FINFOOT. (Podoa Senegalensis. ) Po. corpore supra fusca, subtus albo, colli lateribus dorsoque nigro maculatis, caudd cuneiformi,. rigidd, angustd, rostro pedibusque rubris. Finfoot with the body brown above and white beneath, the sides of the neck and back spotted with black, the tail wedge- shaped, rigid, and narrow, the beak and legs red. Heliornis Senegalensis. Vieill. 2 Edit. du Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. tom. 14. p. 271. African Finfoot. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 10. Tuis species has the head, the upper part of the neck and of the body, the wings and the tail, brown; the colour being dullest on the head and upper part of the neck ; the sides of the last, as well as those of the back and the flanks, are spotted with black: a QQ SURINAM FINFOOT. white stripe reaches from the beak, passing over the eye, and down the sides of the throat and neck ; the fore part of which, and the under parts of the body, are white: the tail is wedge-shaped; its feathers rigid, straight, with the base orange. This species inhabits Senegal, and is said to be as large as the Darter; which genus it resembles in the structure of its head, neck, and tail; the Grebes by its beak, and the Coots by its feet ; which have their anterior toes bordered with distinct lobes; the ex- terior ones being united only at their base, and the outer ones divided: the posterior toe is not lobated. It appears to vary in the colour of its plumage. SURINAM FINFOOT. (Podoa Surinamensis.) Po. corpore supra fusco subtus albo, vertice colloque~ posteriore nigris, gulé jugulo et fascié oculari albis, lateribus collt albo nigrogue lineatis. Finfoot with the body above brown, beneath white, with the crown and neck behind black, the throat, jugulum, and fascia near the eye white, the sides of the neck striped with black and white. Plotus Surinamensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.581. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. &96. Le Grebe-foulque. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. p. 248. Buff: Pl. Enl. 893. | ‘ Surinam Darter. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 626. American Finfoot. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 11. ‘ SURINAM FINFOOT. 93 Turs species is the size of a Teal: length thirteen inches: the beak is one inch and an eighth long, and of a pale colour: irides red: the crown of the head is black, and the feathers behind elongated into a small crest: the head itself small; and the neck slender and long in proportion to the body: the cheeks are of a bright bay : from the corner of each eye is a line of white: the sides and hind part of the neck longitudinally marked with lines of black and white: wings, back, and tail dusky brown: the first pretty large, reaching to within one inch of the tail when closed: the tail is tipped with white, and is wedge-shaped: the upper tail-coverts remarkably long, giving the appearance of two tails, one above another: breast and belly white: legs short, and rather stout: all the four toes jomed together by a membrane *: the legs are of a pale dusky colour ; and the toes are barred with black. Inhabits Surinam ; and is chiefly seen on the sides of rivers and creeks, feeding on small fish, as well as insects, in the capture of which it is very dexterous, scarcely ever missing its aim: it is a very active bird, and is continually flitting its wings and tail. * This character_assimilates the present species with the Darters, if it be, as here stated, that all the toes are united. ALCADZE. 'T'HE Alcade are discriminated from the rest of the Natatores by the very backward position of their legs, which in some of the genera are placed at the extremity of the abdomen. ‘The beak is of various forms, but it is generally much compressed, and often- times transversely grooved on its sides; towards the tip it is bent downwards, and the upper mandible is sometimes furnished with a notch: the nostrils are either linear and parallel to the edge of the beak, or rounded and placed in a deep furrow; in some they are hidden in a bed of silken feathers, and in others they are exposed. The wings are very short, and in some genera the quill-feathers are entirely wanting. The legs are furnished either with three or four toes. From the above characters it is evident that the genera comprised in this family differ considerably from each other; in fact, there is so marked a dif- ference that they may readily be divided into two sections or sub-slirpes. DIVISION If. Rostrum plerumque valde compressum, sepe transversim sul- catum ; pedes tridactyli ; ale breves. Beak generally much compressed, and often transversely grooved ;. Jeet three-toed ; wings short. Tue birds which are included in this division are all natives of the northern regions: they fly well, ALCAD. Q5 with the exception of the last in the series (the great Auk), whose quills are too short to allow of such locomotion : they are all, however, admirable swim- mers and divers, and many of them while swimming are immersed up to the neck in the water. ‘They nidificate in the clefts and fissures of rocks, some species laying but one, and others two eggs: they all feed on small fishes, crustacea, vermes or mollusca, or marine vegetables. 26 UTAMANIA. RAZOR-BILL. Generic Character. Rostrum rectum, compres- || Beak straight, compressed, sum, ad apicem valdé cur- much curved towards the vatum; mandibulez basi tip; the base of the man- plumulis tectae, apice sul- dible clothed with feathers, cate. the tip grooved. Nares \aterales, marginales, || Nostrils lateral, marginal, lineares, in medio rostri linear, placed in the middle site, membrana semi- of the beak, and half closed clausze. by a membrane. Pedes breves, tridactyli, pal- || Legs short, three-toed, pal- mati; wngues paulo cur- || mated; the nails rather vati. curved. Ale mediocres. _ | Wings mediocral. UTAMANIA. Ray, Leach. ALCA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Temm., &c. RAzoR-BILLS frequent the northern regions, and appear to be extended over all the seas within the Arctic Circle ; they are, however, rarely observed at. a distance from land: their manners greatly re- semble those of the Guillemots, and, like those birds, the female lays but a single egg: they fly with great velocity, and swim and dive with much dexterity. 27 COMMON RAZOR-BILL. (Utamania Torda.) Ur. corpore nigro, subtus a medio jugulo albo, linea utrinque albd & rostro ad oculos. Razor-bill with the body black, beneath from the middle of the jugulum white, a white line on each side from the beak to the eyes. | Alcea Torda. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.210. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.551. Brun. Orn. Boreal. no. 100. Briss. Orn. 6. 892. pl. 8. f. 1. Lath, Ind. Orn, 2.793. | Alea Hoieri. Razz, Syn. 119. A. Utamania Torda. Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 42. Le Pingoin. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9.390. Buff: Pl. Enl. 1003. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 512. Le Pingoin macroptére. Temm. man. d’Orn. 616. Id. 2 Edit. il, 937. Razor-bill, Auk, or Murre. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 230. pl. 82. Edw. Glean. pl. 358. f. 2. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 319. Lath. Syn. Supp. 264. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 224. Don. Brit. Birds, 3. pl. 64. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 84. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. pl.164. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 63. Leneru about fifteen inches: the beak is black, with three or four grooves, and a pure white transverse band in the middle: the irides bright brown: the top of the head, the nape, the sides of the neck, and all the upper parts are deep black: the cheeks, the throat, and superior part of the front of the neck are black, shaded with reddish : a white longitudinal band runs from the middle of the beak to the eyes: the quills are dusky-brown ; the secondaries are slightly edged 28 COMMON RAZOR-BILL. ‘with white: the breast and all the under parts of the plumage are pure white: the legs are ashy-black. The female has not the white band which runs from the beak to the eye: the space behind the eyes, as well as all the fore part and sides of the neck, are pure white ; in other respects she resembles the male. The young (according to Temminch) are very similar to the female in colour, but the beak is not grooved with white, and is not so broad : the young males after their first moult are distinguished from the young . females by the band between the beak and eyes, which is very straight, and but slightly marked. The young of the first year, in both sexes, have the top of the head, the nape, and all the rest of the upper parts of . a black-grey ; and all the under parts are pure white ; the white equally predominating on the sides of the © head and towards the occiput, where it is produced in the form of an angle: beneath and behind the eyes is a large dusky brown spot, which reaches to the orifice of the ears :.the beak is small, but little elevated, and without grooves: the irides are dusky. Montagu, however, asserts that the young differ in no respect from the adults, excepting in wanting the furrows on the beak : he also asserts that the following species, which has been confused by naturalists with the present, is really distinct; but as his observa- tions on these points have been already quoted, when speaking of the Common Guillemot, in volume 12, page 244 of this work, and in the account of the fol- lowing bird, I shall refer the reader to them, in order to avoid repetition. The Common Razor-bill frequents rocky places, COMMON RAZOR-BILL. QQ and appears on our coasts early in the spring, and’ associates with the Guillemots. About the beginning of May the female deposits her single egg on the bare rock; it is of a dirty white, blotched and spotted with brown and dusky, and of a large size in proportion to that of the bird: it is singularly poised on the rock, and it has been asserted that, when one of them is removed by the hand, it is impossible, or at least extremely difficult, to replace it in its former steady situation: this has induced some people to suppose that a kind of glutinous substance on the egg-shell, when originally deposited, caused it to adhere; but Montagu says, that he has seen them by hundreds in .a row, and frequently taken them up and laid them down in the same spot, and that they are not cemented to the surface of the rock: they are frequently eaten by the natives of Scotland, who procure them by being let down from the top of the cliffs by a rope, or by climbing up and down by the help of a crook fastened to a pole ; in which dangerous employment many of them perish: they are also used in refining sugar. The principal food of these birds is small fish, par- ticularly sprats, with which they also feed their young : they are in great abundance in this country, and like- wise occur throughout the greater portion of Europe and the northern parts of Asia and America. 30 WHITE-THROATED RAZOR-BILL. (Utamania pica.) Ur. corpore supra nigro, subtus a gula ad cauda albo. Razor-bill with the body above black, beneath from the throat to the tail white. Alca pica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.210. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 551. Alca Torda, femina. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 794. Alca minor. Briss. Orn. 923. pl. 8. f. 2. Alca unisulcata. Brun. Orn. Boreal. no. 102. Mergus Bellonii, Utamania. aii, Syn. 119. Le Petit Pingoin. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 9.396. Buff. Pl. Enl. 1004. Utamania Pica. Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 42. Black-billed Auk. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.231. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.426. Lath. Gen. Syn.5.320. Walc. Syn.2.pl.85. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 167. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 65. ‘‘ Lenetu fifteen inches: the beak is black, of the shape and size of that of the preceding species ; smooth and void of furrows in some: others possess three distinct furrows: that nearest the base white : irides hazel: the top of the head, taking in the eyes, part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, are black : the lesser quill-feathers tipped with white: the side of the head, fore part of the neck, and whole under side of the body white: legs brown-black.” The above is Montagu’s definition of this species, which I have transcribed in order to prevent con- fusion, as it is his firm opinion that it is truly distinct WHITE-THROATED RAZOR-BILL. Sl from the preceding bird; and in support thereof he adds the following paragraph :—‘‘ Dr. Latham, in his Synopsis, mentions his suspicion that this 1s no other than the Razor-bill immatured ; and, in his Index Ornithologicus, gives it as the young of that bird. We cannot, however, but differ in opinion from that excellent ornithologist, by late observa- tions on the young of the Razor-bill before and after they could fly, which differ only from the parent bird in having no furrows in the beak, being desti- tute of the white line from the bill to the eye, and no white on the secondary quill-feathers; but the whole head and upper part of the neck are black, which is the essential difference between that bird and the Black-billed Auk. ‘This is only found on our coasts in winter. The Razor-bill breeds with us, and retires in the autumn, at which time none are to be found with the white cheeks and throat amongst the myriads that haunt our cliffs. It is hardly pos- sible, then, to conceive that the young, who are in their first feathers so like the old ones, should be- come more unlike them in winter, which is contrary to nature ; for observation has taught us that all birds become more like their parents at every moulting; so that to make these birds one and the same species, we must conclude both old and young change their plumage in winter: but this we have no reason at present to believe. And indeed it is probable that whatever change may take place, that singular line in the matured Razor-bill, running from the beak to the eye, never varies ; and which constitutes one of 82 WHITE-THROATED RAZOR-BILL. the greatest characteristic distinctions. The black part of the plumage of this bird is invariably deeper coloured than in the Razor-bill, particularly about the head.” Inhabits the same places as the preceding; and the account of its manners, &c. have been confused with those of that bird. 33 MERGULUS. SEA-DOVE. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, basi plu- || Beak medial, its base fur- - mis tomentosis instructum, nished with downy fea- crassiusculum, supra con- thers, somewhat thickened, vexum, versus apicem|| above convex, emarginate emarginatum, curvatum. towards the tip, curved. Nares rotundz plumis semi- || Nostrils rounded, half co- tectze. vered with feathers. Pedes breves, tridactyli, pal- || Legs short, three-toed, web- inati, bed. Ale breves. Wings short. MERGULUS. Ray, Vieil., Leach. ALCA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. URIA. Briss., Brunn., Temm., Sabine. ‘THERE is but one species known belonging to this genus, which is readily distinguished from the other Alcadze by its short, thick, and convex beak, which is feathered from the corners of the mouth half-way forwards towards the point. a MIT. P. I. 3 34 COMMON SEA-DOVE. (Mergulus melanoleucos.) ME. corpore atro subtus remigumque posticurun -apicibus albis. Sea-dove with a dark-coloured body, with the w nm i er r parts and tips of the posterior quills white. a ae i Alca Alle. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 211. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.554. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2.795. Linn. Trans, xi, wp 537. Uria minor. Briss, Orn. 6, 73. | Uria Alle. Sabine, Parry’s Voyage, App. p. ccx: Small Black and White Diver. Edw. Glean, pl. 91. Greenland Dove. Albin’s Birds, 1. pl. 85. Guillemot nain. Zemm. man. d’Orn. 611. “a. 2 Edit. ii, 929. Mergulus melanoleucos rostro acuto brevi. - “Ray, 125. A. Younc.—Alca Alle. Brun. Orn. Boreal. no. 106. Le petit Guillemot, Buff. Pl. Enl. 917. Little Auk. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.233, pl. 82. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. pl.429. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.327. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. 223: Walc, Syn. 1. pl. 88. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit, Birds, 2.172. Wils. Amer. Orn. ix. 94. pl. Ixxiv. f. 5. Lath. Gen. Hist x0 | VarieTy.—Alca candida. Brun, Orn. Boreal. no, 107. Leneru about nine inches : the beak black : irides dusky-brown: the top of the head, the cheeks, the throat, the upper part of the neck, the nape, and the rest of the upper parts of the plumage deep black : the quills are dusky-brown, and the secondaries tipped with white : the lower part of the front of the neck, the breast, and the rest of the. under parts of the body are pure white: the tarsi and toes are reddjsh- brown, and the webs dusky. The young have the top of the head, the space round the eyes, the nape, > }: V1 DO A Al a «| | LN a A COMMO COMMON SEA-DOVE. 35 sides of the breast, and all the upper parts of a deep black; except the termination of the secondary quills, and three or four longitudinal stripes on the greater wing-coverts nearest the body, which are white: the throat, the fore part and sides of the neck, and all the under parts are pure white: the sides of the head are also white, with dusky streaks: the tarsi and toes are yellowish-brown: the webs dirty green. This species varies according to its age ; in being more or less spotted on the throat and upper part of the neck; or being without the longitudinal bands on the greater wing-coverts. It has also occurred entirely of a white colour. This chiefly resides in the polar regions, and is more abundant in those of America than in Europe: it also occurs in lower latitudes, being occasionally, but rarely, found on the coasts of England, France, and Holland. Some authors assert that it lays two egos of a clear blue colour, on the ledges of the rocks ; others, that it lays but one, which is occasionally _ sprinkled with dusky spots. Its principal food con- sists of small-crabs, lobsters, and other crustacea and mollusca. 36 FRATERCULA. PUFFIN. Generic Character. Rostrum capite brevior, tam || Beak shorter than the head, altum quam longum, basi tam latum quam facies, utrinque valdé compres- sum, transversim sulca- tum : mandibul4 superiore apice adunca, inferiore subtus angulosa. — Ingher than long, the base broader than the face, on each side very much compressed, transversely grooved; the upper man- dible hooked at the tip, the lower angulated beneath. Nares lineares, basi et lateri- || Nostris linear, placed at the bus rostri sitze, membrana _ nuda feré toto tecte. Pedes breves, tridactyli; wn- base and sides of the beak, almost entirely clothed with a naked membrane. gues curvati. - || Legs short, three-toed ; claws curved. Ale mediocres. Wings medial. FRATERCULA. Briss., Leach. ALCA. Lainn., Brun., Lath., &c. MORMON. Iillig., Temm. ANAS. Ray. LARVA. Vieil. THE beak of these birds is of a very singular con- struction, being exceedingly compressed ; it is shorter than the head; the mandibles are much arched, trans- y/} i H}}) Hit] Hi | Uy Y YL) iy if Yf 1, ARCTIC PUFFIN. 2, NORTHERN PUFFDD. ARCTIC PUFFIN. oT versely grooved, and emarginate at the tip; at the base it is generally furnished with a curiously puckered skin, forming a kind of star: the nostrils are placed in a long narrow groove, near the edge of the beak, and are nearly covered with a naked membrane : their wings are short, but not so much so as to prevent their flying, which motion they perform, however, with less facility than the birds of the preceding genera of this family; but they dart along the surface of the sea with great address. ‘They generally frequent the coasts or shores of the sea, being rarely found mland, or on the fresh-water lakes, and feed on small fishes, insects, and marine vegetables: they lay two eggs, and nidificate in burrows. ARCTIC PUFFIN. (Fratercula arctica.) Fr. corpore nigricante, genis, pectore abdomineque albis, rostro rubro bast nigro. | Puffin with a dusky body, the cheeks, breast, and abdomen white, the beak red, with its base black. Alca arctica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.211. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.549. — Brun. Orn. Boreal. no. 103. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.792. Alca Labradora. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.550. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 793. : Fratercula. Briss. Orn. 6. 81. pl. 6.f. 2. Anas arctica. Rai, Syn. 120. A. Le Macareux. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 358. pl. 26. Buff. Pl. Enl. 275. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.511. 38 ARCTIC PUFFIN. Macareux moine. (Mormon fratercula.) Temm. man.d’ Orn. 614. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 934, Labrador Auk. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.318. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 428. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 62. Puffin. Aldbin’s Birds, 2. pl. 78,79. Edw. Glean. pl. 358.f. 1. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.232. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.427. Lath. ~ Gen. Syn. 5.314. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 225, Don. Brit. Birds, |. pl. 8. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 87.. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.168. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 98. Alca deleata. Brun. Orn. Boreal. no. 104. Leneru about one foot: the base of the beak bluish-ash, its middle yellow, and its point bright red ; the upper mandible is marked with three fur- rows, the under with two: its irides are whitish: the margins of the eyes red: the top of the head, all the upper parts of the body, and a collar surrounding the neck, are deep shining black: the quills are dusky- brown: the cheeks, a broad band above the eyes, and the throat, are very bright grey: the breast, the belly, and the rest of the under parts are pure white: the legs are orange-red. ‘The young have the beak much less than the old, smooth at its sides, and without furrows ; it is of a yellowish-brown colour: the space between the eye and the beak is of a dusky-ash colour: the cheeks and the throat are of a deeper ash than in the old: the collar on the neck is shaded with dusky- ash in front; and the legs are dull red. These singular birds inhabit the polar regions of Kurope, Asia, and America, retiring southward to breed: they are found in the greatest profusion on several of the coasts of England, especially those of Priestholm Island, near Anglesea: also about the Needles, in the Isle of Wight, and at Beechy Head : ARCTIC PUFFIN. 39 they appear on those coasts in the beginning of April; and they immediately commence the opera- tion of forming burrows in the earth for their young ones. ‘This task is usually allotted to the males, who are so intent on the business, as to suffer themselves, at that time, to be taken with the hand. ‘They some- times dislodge the Rabbits from their holes, and save _ themselves the trouble of forming one of their own. The females lay one whitish-coloured egg upon the bare ground in their burrows, and the males assist in the office of incubation. ‘The young ones are hatched in the beginning of July: the parents are very atten- tive to them, and will defend them to the last, by severely biting whatever enemy attempts to molest them, and will suffer themselves to be taken rather than desert them: and yet, notwithstanding this. uncommon attachment, when the day of migration arrives, the young which are not able to fly are left behind, and mostly perish by want, or are destroyed by birds of prey. The food of these birds is sprats, sea-weeds, small crabs, shrimps, &c., which makes them excessively rank: yet the young are pickled and preserved with spices, and by some people are much admired. Their bite is very severe. Bewick mentions that one sent to him in a box covered with netting caught hold of the finger of a man, and brought away the fleshy part, as if it had been cut out with a knife. They may be easily tamed, and soon become familiar : in this state they feed upon fish, and other animal substances. 40 NORTHERN. PUFFIN. (Fratercula glacialis.) Fr. corpore nigro, genis schistaceo-albidis, pectore abdomineque albis, rostro pallido basi nigro. Puffin with a black body, the cheeks slaty-white, breast and abdomen white, the beak pale, with its base black. Fratercula glacialis. Leach in Brit. Mus. Collection. Tuts species greatly resembles the preceding, but the colours are more intense, and the form of the beak is different : it was discovered during Captain Ross’s Expedition to the northern regions; and spe- cimens are now preserved in the collection at the British Museum. TUFTED PUFFIN. (Fratercula cirrhata.) Fr. corpore nigricante, frente, capitis lateribus, gulaque albis, supercilits albis, postice flavis elongatis cirrhatis. Puffin with a dusky body, the forehead, sides of the head, and throat white, the eyebrows white, with an elongate crest be- hind yellow. Alca cirrhata. Pall. Spic. 5. pl. 1. Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1. 553. Lath. Ind. Orn: 2.791. Le Macareux de Kamtschatka. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 368. Buff: Pl. Enl. 761. Tufted Auk. Penn. Arct, Zool. 2.432. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.313. pl. 95. f. 1. {head.) Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 57. pl. 170.f- 1. TUFTED PUFFIN. 4 Larcer than the Puffin: length nineteen inches: beak an inch and three quarters in length, the same in depth at the base, and crossed with three furrows : the colours nearly as in the Puffin: the forehead, sides of the head, and chin are white: irides yel- lowish-brown : over each eye arises a tuft of feathers four inches or more in length, which falls elegantly on each side of the neck, reaching almost to the back ; these are white as far as they are attached to the head, but afterwards of a fine buff-yellow: the rest of the plumage is black, palest on the under parts, and in- clming to ash-colour: the shafts of the quills are white: tail very short, consisting of sixteen feathers : legs of a brownish-orange: claws black. “ ‘The female scarcely differs, except in being less ; the beak crossed only with two furrows, instead of three ; and the tuft smaller.’’ Latham gives the above description of this curious bird, and adds, that it is found at Kamtschatka and the neighbouring islands: the natives of which places formerly used their beaks as amulets or charms; and at present make use of their skins for clothing. ‘They are stated to lay but one egg only: their food con- sists of crabs, shrimps, and testacea: they burrow under ground, and line their nest with feathers. ANCIENT PUFFIN. (Fratercula antiqua.) FR. corpore nigricante, abdomine albo, pennis cervicalibus linea- ribus elongatis albis. Puffin with a dusky body, white abdomen, and linear elongate white cervical feathers. Alca antiqua. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.554. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.795. Ancient Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 240. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 326. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 70. Lenertu near eleven inches: beak with its base white, and from the nostrils to the tip black; the feathers come very forward thereon; and the eyes, in consequence, appear to be placed far back in the head : this part, as also the sides and throat, are deep black: the upper part of the body and wings are dusky black : the under part of a pure white : on the ears, just behind the eyes, spring several long narrow white feathers, which fall down on each side of the neck and unite at the lower part, forming a kind of crescent ; they are somewhat curled at the base, where they are most numerous: the legs are placed very far back, and are dusky: the tail is short, rounded, and black. Inhabits various parts of the Northern Pacific Ocean, from North America to Kamtschatka and the Kurile Islands. PHALERIS. 43 STARIKI. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, conico- convexum, utrinque com- pressum, feré quadrangu- lare, ad apicem emargi- natum: mandibula supe- riore apice incurvo; infe- riore brevior, versus basin tumida. Nares oblongee ad medium rostri sitee. Ale mediocres. | Pedes breves, tridactyli; wn- gues curvati. PHALERIS. Temminck. Beak medial, conic-convex, compressed on each side, nearly quadrangular, emar- ginated towards the tip; the upper mandible bent down at the tip ; the lower shorter, and swollen to- wards the base. Nostrils oblong, placed. to- wards the middle of the beak. Wings medial. Legs short, three-toed ; claws curved. ALCA. Pallas, Gmel., Lath., Vieil. ‘TEMMINCK has judiciously separated this genus from the Puffins, in the second edition of his Ma- nuel: he appears, however, to have been anticipated by Vieillot, in his Analyse d’une Nouvelle Ornitho- logie Elémentaire, in which work M. Vieillot has applied the name Alca to the A. cristatella of Gmelin, and Larva to the Iratercula arctica and Alca im- AAs PERROQUET STARIKI. pennis. ‘The only species known reside between the continents of Asia and America, consequently their — habits are but little ascertained. Temminck differs with Latham respecting the number of species, and asserts that some of those described by the latter are the young of the others; but as he gives no reasons in support of his assertion, and as the birds appear to be widely different, I have judged it best to keep them distinct, till some more certain information is obtained respecting them. They usually nidificate in holes and fissures of rocks. PERROQUET STARIKI. (Phaleris Psittacula.) Pu. corpore nigricante, abdomine albo, facie producta, ad basim rostrt coarctala, rostro rubro. Stariki with the body dusky, the abdomen white, the face pro-~ duced and straightened towards the base of the beak, the beak red. Alca Psittacula. Pall. Spic. 5.13. pl. 2. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 553. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.794. . Stariki. Hist. Kamtschatka, 155. Perroquet Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 433. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 325. pl. 95.7.2. Bing. Anim. Biog. 2.345. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 69. Axout the size of a Blackbird: the beak is deep red, much compressed, and convex both above and beneath: the nostrils are placed in the middle of it, and pervious ; and above these there is a furrow that my, PERROQUET STARIKI. 4S reaches from the base to the middle : the head is much elongated, and the eyes are placed, apparently, far back: in the middle of the upper eyelid is a white spot; and from the hinder part of the eye springs a slender tuft of white feathers, which hangs loosely on the neck: the upper parts of the plumage, the head, and neck are black ; and the under parts, from the breast, white: the thighs dusky: the legs dirty yellow: webs brown. This species is found in flocks, in Kamtschatka, in the isles towards Japan, and on the western shores of America. Like the rest of the tribe, they are in- dolent and stupid birds, as the following ridiculous method of catching them sufficiently proves :—One of the natives places himself in the evening among the rocks, under a loose garment of fur, of a par- ticular shape, with large open sleeves, when the birds, returning to their lodging places at dusk, run under the skirts and up the arm-holes, in order to shelter themselves during the night: the man concealed be- neath kills them as fast as they enter, and by this means, as many are often taken in an evening as he can carry away. ‘Their stupidity occasions them like- wise very often to fly on board a ship of an evening, mistaking it for a roosting place. They lay an egg of a dirty white or yellowish- colour, spotted with brown, about the middle of June, upon the bare rock or sand, and it is said to be very excellent eating. 46 DUSKY STARIKI. (Phaleris tetracula.) Pu. corpore nigro subtus cinerascente, nucha& maculis rectrici- busque lateralibus apice ferrugineis, fronte subcristatd, rostro. luteo-fusco, carina albidé. Stariki with the body black, beneath ash-coloured, the nape with spots, and the lateral tail-feathers at the tip ferruginous, the forehead slightly crested, the beak of a yellowish-brown, the tip whitish. Alca tetracula. Pall. Spic. 5. 25. pl. 4. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 552. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 794. Dusky Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool.2.435. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.324. pl. 95.f. 3. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 68. : S1zE of the preceding: length eleven inches: the beak smaller mm proportion, but the upper mandible bent at the point; the colour yellow-brown; the ridge white: the irides are white, surrounded by a circle of black: the forehead is covered with downy feathers, which are pretty full, and reflexed half one way, half the other: behind the eyes a stripe of white : the head and neck are black, marked with a few obscure ferruginous spots on the nape: the upper parts of the body black ; beneath cinereous, growing whitish near the vent: the wings reach to the base of the tail, which is composed of fourteen feathers, all of which, except the two middle ones, are ferru- ginous at the ends: legs livid : webs black. Found in the seas between Japan and Kamtschatka: their nests are formed in fissures among the rocks: YY) YU Wy ly i CRESTED STARIKI: Se thes aces CRESTED STARIKI. 47 they are very active in the water, but exceedingly clumsy and stupid on shore. Their flesh is but little valued, but their eggs are much prized: they will sometimes fly on board vessels of an evening, and are then very easily captured. ‘Temminck supposes this to be the young of the preceding species. CRESTED STARIKI. (Phaleris cristatella.) Pu. corpore nigricante, dorso maculis ferrugineis, cristé frontal ~ antrorsum inclinante, rostro rubro. Stariki with the body dusky, the back with rusty spots, a frontal crest inelining forwards, and a red beak. Alca cristatella. Pall. Spic. 5. 18. pl. 3. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 552. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.794. Black Stariki. Hist. Kamtschatka, 156. Crested Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 434. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 323. pl. 95. f. 4. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 67. « LenGTuH twelve inches: the beak shaped some- what like that of the Common Puffin, but the upper mandible more hooked at the tip, and the feathers of the chin produced half way on the under one: at the angle of the mouth a callous flap: the colour of that and the beak crimson; tip of the last yellow: the head is rather small; and on the forehead is an up- right crest composed of long feathers, which curve forwards: eyes small; under them a line of white, and behind them a streak composed of four or five 48 FLAT-BILLED STARIKI ? slender white feathers : the head and neck black : the back the same, marked with ferruginous-brown spots, changing into hoary on the rump: the under parts of a dusky-brown: the wings reach to the base of the tail, which is black, and consists of fourteen feathers ; the outermost but one ferruginous at the tip; the outer one marked with indistinct white dots: legs livid: webs dusky. Inhabits the islands contiguous to Japan ; sleeping in burrows on shore and fissures of rocks.” — Latham. FLAT-BILLED STARIKI ? (Phaleris? pygmea.) PH? corpore atro, subtus cinerco, rostro nigro. Stariki? with the body dark-coloured, beneath cinereous, the beak black. Alca pygmea. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.555. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.796. Pygmy Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 431. Flat-billed Auk. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 328. Lath. Gen. Hist- Mesa. Less than the Common Sea-dove: length seven inches: beak black; ridged on the top, but on each side of the ridge much depressed: the nostrils are placed parallel to the edge of the upper mandible ; and the point of the beak is somewhat curved: the visage is rather elongated, as in the Perroquet; and the sides of the head, between the beak and the eye, are furnished with a few narrow pale feathers: the FLAT-BILLED STARIKI. 49 plumage on all the upper part of the body is sooty black: the chin and throat very pale: the fore part of the breast and belly paler than above, and greatly inclining to ash-colour: the belly dirty white in the middle: legs dusky. Inhabits the islands between Asia and North Ame- rica. ‘Temminck says that this is the young of the foregoing bird, but the form and colour of the beak appear to controvert that opinion. Dr. Latham has made a separate division for this species, in the new edition of his Synopsis, on account of the depressed beak with which it is furnished. v. X11; P. I. 4 ALC A. AUER. Generic Character. Rostrum capite zquale, rec- tum, longius quam al- tum, utrinque compres- sum, transversim sulca- tum : mandibula superiore apice adunca, inferiore subtus angulosa. Beak as long as the head, straight, longer than high, compressed on each side, transversely grooved ; the upper mandible hooked at the tip, the lower angu- lated beneath. Nostrils linear, lateral, placed towards the middle of the beak. Wings very short. Legs short, three-toed; the claws slightly curved. Nares l\ineares, laterales, ad medium rostri site. Ale brevissimz. Pedes breves, tridactyli; wn- gues subcurvati. ALCA. Linn., Gmel., Brun., Lath., Temm., &c. LARVA. Vieil. Tuis extraordinary genus, of which there is but one species known, approximates very closely to the true Penguins, or the birds of the second division of this family’; they also bear a great resemblance to the Razor-bills, except in the length of the wings, which in this bird are very short, so short as totally to in- capacitate it for flying: it lays but one egg. ?)) i\ iy) ) \ \ Ny | OW o \ GREAT AUK. OL GREAT AUK. 1 9 Pe kicibus secundaris ue ante oculos, albis. from the middle of the jugulum, , and an ovate spot before the AL, corpore nigro, subtus apice, maculaque ovata Auk with the body black, the tips of the secondary “eyes, white. fe, c Alca impennis. Linn. Syst. ; 1.210. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 5950. Brun. Orn. B 105. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2; 791. Alca major. Briss. Orn. | L. 7. Penguin. Raw, Syn. 11 w. Glean. pl. 147. Le grand Pingoin. Bi Nat. Ois. 9.393. pl. 29. Buff: Pl, Enl. 367. Cur nim. 1. 512. : Pingouin brachypte m. aman. d’Orn. 2 Edit. 1. 939. Great Auk. Penn. 2 2.424. Lath. Walc, Syn. 1. p Brit, Birds, 2 Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Fist. x. 55. ngth three feet: the beak is black ; a quarter long; both mandibles are with several ridges and furrows, vO. oval-shaped white spots ace between the beak and art of the neck, and all dy and wings are covered glossy black feathers: all the under sides of the body and the tips of the lesser quills are white: the wings are very short, the longest quill-fea- thers not exceeding four inches in length: the legs are black, short, and placed near the vent. Turis bird is ii _four inches and a - erossed obliquel 52 GREAT AUK. This species is not numerous any where : it inhabits Norway, Iceland, the Ferroe Islands, Greenland, and other northern regions; and but very rarely visits Bri- tain, and then only the most northern parts, among the Orkneys. The female lays but one egg, which is white, irregu- Jarly marked with purplish lines, and blotched with dark rusty spots at the larger end ; and it is said that if the egg be taken away she will not lay a second : this will account for its rarity. The young are hatched very late in the season: they feed upon plants, but the old upon fishes, in search of which they dive and swim under water with the greatest rapidity, for which their short wings are easily calculated, as they per- form the office of fins: they are very rarely seen on shore, and walk very badly : they are extremely shy. DIVISION II. Rostrum subcompressum, aut fere cylindricum ; pedes tetradac- tyli ; ale breves; remiges et rectrices nulle. Beak slightly compressed, or nearly cylindric; legs four-toed ; wings short ; no quills or tail-feathers. Tue extraordinary birds comprised in this section of the family are totally incapable of flying, their wings being completely destitute of quills, and ap- pearing at first sight as if covered with scales: the tail-feathers are also wanting: their legs are placed very backward, and the birds when at rest are sup- ported on the tarsi: their feet have four toes. ‘They are all natives of the antarctic regions; and while swimming they are almost immersed in the water, the head alone appearing above the surface, rowing themselves with their finny wings, as with oars : they seldom quit the sea except for the purpose of nidifica- tion : during the tedious process of incubation they are compelled, it is said, to trail their full length on their eggs, in consequence of their awkward struc- ture. 4 APTENODYTES. PENGUIN. Generic Character. Rostrum longum, _ leviga- tum, rectum, subulatum, tenuiusculum, —_cylindri- cum, acutum; mandibula superiore versus apicem Beak long, smooth, straight, subulated, slender, cylin- _ dric, pomted; the upper mandible bent down to- wards the tip, longer than declive, inferiorem lon- the lower. | giore. : Nares plumis tectz. Nostrils covered with fea- thers. : Remiges et rectrices nulls. || Quills and tail-feathers want- ing. Pedes breves, tetradactyli. Legs short, four-toed. APTENODYTES. Forst., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., &c. THE true Penguins have the beak slender, long, and pointed; the upper mandible is slightly arcuated on the top, and covered for a third of its length with feathers, in which the nostrils are placed; from the latter to the tip is a groove. Nl, Mi | "ij | Hy |\ mm SUIN. \N PENGUI \TAGONIAN PATA 53 te ER PENGUIN. Ap. rostro pedibusque nigris, s, maculé ad aures utrinque flavo- aured collum ambiente. big Penguin with the beak and legs ec and a golden yellow spot near the ears, on each side, en sompassing the neck. _Aptenodytes Patagonica. Gmel. § st. Nat. 1.556, Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 878. Pes. Manchot dela Nouvelle Guinée. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 179. pl. 113. Grand Manchot des isles Malouines. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 9. 399. pl. 30. Buf. Pl. Enl. 975. io Reg. Anim. 1.513. Toy. 2. 214. Lath. Gen. Syn. THE a Peiiguin] is Ge ommemorated by Latham :—“ This is the largest of the species known, being four feet three inches in length, and stands erect at least three ‘feet ; the weight forty pounds : the beak is four inches and : a half i in length, more slender in proportion than i in any ¢ of ate species, and bends towards the tip; the c olour of it black for two-thirds of the length, and from thence to the point yellowish ; the under mandible orange at the base and black at the tip: the tongue is half the length of the beak, and armed on each side with spikes turning backwards : the irides are ‘hazel : the head, throat, and hind part « of the neck are of a deep. brown: the back of a deep ash- colour, each feather bluish at the tip: the under parts are pure * white : on each side of the head, beginning under the eye, and behind it, is a broad stripe of fine yellow; this advances forward as it proceeds down the neck, where » 56 CHILOE PENGUIN ? it grows narrower and paler, and at last blends itself with the white on the breast ; this appearance, how- ever, is only when the neck is stretched, for the state in which the bird usually carries itself is with the head rather crouched in between the shoulders, where the yellow appears encircling the neck as a necklace : _ the wings are of the usual form, but larger in pro- portion : the legs scaly and black.’’ Natives of the Falkland Islands, New Guinea, New Georgia, and other parts adjoining the Antarctic seas. Their principal food consists of crabs, testacea, and mollusca : they frequent sequestered places, and occur in large flocks: their flesh, although black, is eatable. CHILOE PENGUIN ? (Aptenodytes ? Chiloensis.) Ap? corpore lanuginoso cinereo tecto. Penguin ? with the body clothed with an ash-coloured down. Aptenodytes Chiloensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 559. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 881. Diomedea Chilensis. Molin. Chil. p. 210. Chiloe Penguin. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 361. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 388. S1ze of a Duck: the body covered with a kind of ash-coloured down, of so fine a texture as to admit of being spun into thread, and made into garments, coverings of heads, and other purposes. Inhabits the Archipelago of Chiloe. May not this be a young bird ? o7 CHRYSOCOMA. GORFOU. Generic Character. Rostrum basi rectum, latera- || Beak straight at the base, tim compressum, obliqué laterally compressed, ob- sulcatum; mandibula su- liquely grooved ; the up- periore adunc4, inferiore || per mandible hooked, the _ apice rotundata. lower rounded at the tip. Nares plumis tectz. Nostrils clothed with fea- thers. Remiges et rectrices nullz. || Quills and tail-feathers want- ing. Pedes breves, tetradactyli. Legs short, four-toed. CHRYSOCOMA. Cuv.? APTENODYTES. Forst., Gmel., Lath. CATARRACTES. Briss. PHAETON. Linn. EUDYPTES. Vieill. "THESE birds are distinguished from those of the preceding genus by the beak being stronger, com- pressed, and pointed; it has the top rounded, and the tip but little arched; the groove in which the nostrils are placed terminates obliquely at the lower edge at one-third of the length from the tip. From the Sphenisques they may be distinguished by the 58 HOPPING GORFOU. form of the lower mandible, which is rounded at the tip, instead of being truncated. Cu. rostro rufo-fusco, pedibus flavescentibus, cristd frontali erecta, auriculart deflexa sulphured. — a Gorfou with a red-brown beak, th and deflexed auricular crest, o phur colour. Aptenodytes chrysocome. Gel. at. 1.555. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.87 B.s =] ANTARCTIC SPHENISQUE ? (Spheniscus ? antarcticus.) Sp? rostro atro, pedibus rubicundis, lined gulari nigra. Sphenisque? with the beak dark-coloured, the legs reddish, and a black line on the throat. ) Aptenodytes antarctica. (mel. Syst. Nat. 1.557. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 879. ? Antarctic Penguin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.565. Forst. Voy. 1. 98. Lath. Gen, Hist. x. 389. Tuts rather exceeds two feet in length: its beak nearly three inches long, and black; the under man- dible somewhat truncated: the irides are pale yellow: the prevailing colour of the upper parts of the body is black; of the under pure white: the wings are leaden-black, with their lower margins and inside white, and tips black: on the chin is a narrow blackish streak, which passes backwards to the oc- ciput, with an angulation near the ears: the tail is black : the legs are flesh-coloured: the soles of the feet black. Inhabits, like its congeners, various parts of the Antarctic Seas: it is frequently observed on the ice- bergs and islands in plenty. 6S NEW HOLLAND SPHENISQUE. (Spheniscus Nove Hollandiz.) Sp. rostro nigro, pedibus fusco-incarnatis, corpore supra Jusco pennis apice griseo, subtus guldque albo. Sphenisque with a black beak, brown flesh-coloured legs, the body brown above, with the tips of the feathers grey, beneath and throat white. | New Holland Penguin. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 388. ‘“‘ Lenetu two feet or more: beak black, the upper mandible hooked at the tip, the under truncated : plumage above brown, the feathers tipped with grey, giving a mixed appearance: chin, throat, and the rest of the parts beneath rufous-white : wings brown: legs pale flesh-coloured brown: webs macs Inhabits New Holland.”’— Latham. y I caunot quit this curious family without noticing the following extraordinary birds (which are de- scribed in the new edition of Dr. Latham’s Synopsis), whose location I am at a loss to fix : from his descrip- | tion I suspect they must either be the young of some other species, or form the types of a new genus, espe- cially if he be correct in saying that they possess but three toes. The first is the Hairy Penguin. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 392. “Length two feet six inches: beak three inches and a half; black; the upper mandible bent at the WOOLLY PENGUIN. 69 tip, with a furrow running the whole of its length, but no appearance of nostrils: tongue half the length of the beak, armed with numerous spikes, tending backwards: in the palate a long cleft, passing deep into the beak : eyelids prominent, but the parts round them covered with short downy hairs : the whole bird, otherwise, covered with a thick-set hair, having no resemblance either to down or feathers: for the most part two inches in length: wings hanging down, and covered in the same manner, but the hair short in proportion: tail not distinguishable from the rest of the plumage: colour of the whole uniform brown, not paler, as is usual in other birds, beneath: legs very stout and scaly, deep brown, webbed quite to the toes, which are three in number, all placed for- wards: claws stout and black, the middle one sharp at the inner edge. Inhabits South America.” The second is the Woolly Penguin. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 392. pl. 181. The total length of this smgular bird is two feet eight inches; in shape, as it stands upright, giving the idea of a bottle. The beak to the gape three inches and three quarters; bare space beneath it an inch and a half; pale brownish-yellow, with a blackish point ; from the base to about one-third, a finely gra- nulated skin or cere, and a seam continued to the point, but the nostrils are not clearly distinguishable ; from the point of the beak to the eye four inches and a quarter: whole length of the wing one foot; to the head six inches: body in general covered with a kind of downy brown fur, in some parts three inches in length: orbits somewhat downy, but not quite 70 APTERYX. bare: circuit of the body, just above the legs, two feet ten inches ; round the neck at the throat, eleven inches and a half; round the base of the beak four inches and a half: length of foot seven inches: toes three in number; all placed forwards; colour yellow: toes and webs nearest the claws brown-black; the rest yellew : the webs continue quite to the claws, which are nearly straight: claws black. Native place unknown.” The third and last of these singular animals is that most surprising bird the Apteryx of Shaw, which, as its name implies, is totally destitute of wings: the following are Shaw’s characters. APTERYX. “ Rostrum longum, gracile, rectiusculum, basi cera tec- || tum, sulco tubulato laterali utrinque exaratum, apice subtumido subincurvo. Nares? lineares, meonspi- ad finem. sulci tubulati. Ale rudimenta tantum, mo- nodactyla, subunciali, un- guiculo terminali. Pedes compedes, breves, va- lidi, gallinacei, tetradac- tyli; digito postico subin- teriore, brevissimo, Cauda nulla. APTERYX. ‘Beak long, slender, nearly straight, covered at the base by a cere, marked on each side by a tubular fur- row, slightly swelled and bent at the tip. ’ | Nostrils? linear, inconspi- cuz, prope apicem rostri, |. cuous, near the tip of the beak, at the end of the tu- bular furrow. Wings rudiments only, con- sisting of a single joint or finger, about an imch in length, and terminated by a small claw or spur. Feet comped, short, strong, gallinaceous, and tetradac- tyle; the hinder or sub=-— interior toé very short. Tail none.” SOUTHERN APTERYX. (Apteryx Australis.) AP. griseo-ferruginea, rostro pedibusque, fusco-flavescentibus. Ferruginous-grey Apteryx with yellowish-brown beak and legs. Apteryx Australis, or Southern Apteryx. Shaw, Nat. Misc. v. xxiv. pl. 1057, 1058. Apteryx, Zemm. man. d’Orn. Ed. 2. Anal. p. exiv. Apterous Penguin. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 394. ‘“‘ Size of a Goose: length two feet and a half: beak yellowish-brown, long and slender, somewhat in the form of (that of) the Patagonian Penguin; length from the gape to the tip six inches and three quar- ters; at the base rather stout, and covered with a kind of cere; it is also a trifle enlarged at the end, and somewhat curved; the under mandible shutting beneath the other : the nostrils linear near the tip of the beak, scarcely to be detected, placed at the end of a tubular furrow : plumage ferruginous-grey ; the feathers not greatly unlike those of the New Holland Cassowary (Emu), but only one from each shaft: the wings not perceivable, except on close examination, being only a small stump, with a claw or spur at the end, furnished with a few straggling feathers, and quite hid in the plumage; some of the feathers of which are weak, and four inches or more long, and the edges of them incline to dusky, giving a mottled or mixed appearance: there is no appearance of a tail: the legs are short and stout, the colour of the beak, but rather darker: the feet have three toes before, separate, and one behind, but the last is placed he SOUTHERN APTERYX. much within, and so high up as to be useless, with no apparent membrane between the toes: claws strong, sharp, very little bent; the inner one almost straight. Inhabits New Zealand : brought from the south coast by Captain Barclay, of the ship Froude: who vale sented it to Dr. Shaw.”’ ~ Latham, who examined this bird with Shaw, anes the following memoranda: ‘ No appearance of nos- trils was to be detected, but a furrow ran the whole length (of the beak), at the end of which were two minute holes, mto which a bristle being introduced, passed uae up to the base, and no doubt were the nostrils.”’—‘* The form of the foot is not greatly unlike that of the Dodo, and in the above specimen the toes were not connected by an intervening mem- brane; yet from certain inequalities on the sides it is possible that there may have been one, and that it had been eaten away by insects.” 2 , Oe ee as eg 73 PELECANID/. SWELE fect. of the birds comprised in this family exhibit their chief characteristic «distinction ; these parts being furnished invariably with four toes, all of which are united together by the same membrane : _ their beak is longer than the head: it is strong and robust, sometimes compressed, and armed on its edges with saw-like denticulations, and generally bent.down, or hooked, at the tip: their legs are very short, and the tibie are naked on the lower part in some of the genera, and totally clothed with feathers in the rest : their wings are usually long and powerful. In habit some of these birds approximate towards the Falcons, the genus Fregatta especially (as justly pointed out by my friend N. A. Vigors, Ksq. in his acutely written paper on the Natural Affinities, &. of Birds, read before the Zoological Club of the Lin- nean Society, and also before the Society- itself, and since published in their ‘Transactions); whose resem- blance is so complete as to have led Linneus to name the only species known by him, Pelecanus Aguilus : its form partakes amazingly of that of the Eagles, and there is much similarity in the method of catching and securing its prey to that adopted by the Sea Eagles: this remarkable similitude among the Na- tatores is a most satisfactory proof that the doctrine of the circular distribution of animated beings, laid down by the learned author of the Hore Entomo- logiz, is in accordance with the plan of Nature, in 7A PELECANIDS. spite of the prejudices which have arisen from the adoption of a quinary division of his groups, which, as far as my limited knowledge of zoology extends, appears to be perfectly natural : however, as the plan of this work is not intended for the discussion of any theoretical views, I shall merely endeavour to pro- mote the investigation of them by attempting to arrange its subsequent materials in conformity with the above doctrine, leaving the theorist to judge for himself how far the arrangement militates against the facts exhibited by Nature herself; observing, by the way, that other stances may be pointed out, showing the connexion between these birds and the Accipitres, or Rasores, Iilig.; such as their habit of perching on trees, feeding voraciously and often upon living animals, and also the long and powerful flights that they are enabled to take by means of their strong and expansive wings. 15 PHALACROCORAX. CORMORANT. Generic Character. Rostrum longum, rectum, compressum; mandibula superiore apice valde adun- co, unguiculato; inferiore compressa, apice truncato, subcurvato. Beak long, straight, com- pressed; the upper man- dible with its tip much hooked, and furnished with a nail; the lower compress- ed, its tip truncated, and slightly curved. Face and throat naked. Nostrils basal, linear, hidden. Facies gulaque nude. Nares basales, lineares, ab- sconditee. Pedes validi, brevi; tibie || Legs strong, short; tebe fea- plumose; wngwis medius thered ; the middle claw margine interna denticu- with its mner edge denti- lata. ‘t) eulated. PHALACROCORAX. Briss., Cuv. PELECANUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. CORVUS. Ray. CARBO. Meyer, Temm. HALIEUS. Illig. HYDROCORAX. Vieil. CORMORANTS are most excellent divers, and pursue their prey with astonishing facility beneath the surface of the water; but upon land they are 76 COMMON CORMORANT. extremely awkward in their movements, as their legs are placed so far backwards on their body as to cause them to maintain a nearly vertical position, some- what similar to that of the birds of the preceding family, with whick ‘they are also connected by their method of swimming; during which operation the head and part of the. neck seen remain out of the water. ‘They are excessively voracious, and subsist chiefly upon fresh-w ter fishes, particularly eels. In common with t! they aes on trees : their nests are gene | of rocks, and a interwoven. “ rather long and shafts are elastic, a walking. fuci, &e. fouehly [heir tail 18 COMMON CORMORANT. | Pu. fusco-niger, dorso nigro undulato albo variegato, rectricibus quatuc rd ecim. et. Brown-black Cormorant: with the pack waved with black, t a : fore part of the neck and tip. of the beak variegated wi ite, tail- feathers fourteen. ey 0 ae * Pelecanus Carbo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 216. Gel. Syst. Nat. ie 573. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 886. Corvus aquaticus. Razz, Syn, 122. A. Phalacrocorax. Briss. Orn. 6. 511. pl. 45. Le Cormoran. Buff Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 310. 0 pl. 26. Buff. Pl. Enl. 927. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1, 524. | rH PULLO. COMMON CORMORANT. COMMON CORMORANT. Th Grand Cormoran. YTemm. man. d’Orn. 1.587. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 894, | Cormorant, or Corvorant. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.291. Albin. Birds, 2. pl. 81. Lath, Gen. Syn. 6.593. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 263. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 92. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 381. Leach, Zool. Misc. 3. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 415. Crested Cormorant. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 388. Lenetu about thirty inches: during the winter the beak is a blackish-ash: the naked space round the eyes is greenish-yellow : the pouch yellowish : the irides green: under the throat is a broad white or whitish collar, the extremities of which reach just beneath the eyes: the top of the head, neck, breast, all the under parts, and the rump, are black glossed with green: on the neck are several small whitish stripes: the feathers on the top of the back and the wings are ashy-brown or bronze-colour in the middle, edged by a broad band of black, glossed with green : the quills and tail-feathers are black: the legs are black. In the summer the occiput and part of the nape become ornamented with long feathers, which form a kind of crest glossed with deep green: the colour on the throat becomes of a pure white: on the top of the head, and on great part of the neck, and on the thighs, are several shaded, long, silky feathers, of a pure white colour: the rest of the plu- mage resembles that of the winter. The young of the year have the top of the head, the nape, and the back of a deep brown, slightly glossed with green: the collar is of an ashy-white: the fore part of the . neck and all the under parts are grey-brown, varied 78 COMMON CORMORANT. with whitish, particularly on the breast and m the middle of the belly: the feathers on the top of the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts are ashy-grey in the middle, edged with deep brown : the beak is clear brown : the irides brown. This bird is common in the northern countries of the old and new worlds, especially on the coasts of Holland, and on those of England and France ; but rare in the interior, or towards the south. It builds, according to circumstances, either in the cliffs of the rocks, or trees, and among rushes: the female laying three or four eggs equally thick at each end, and of a greenish-white colour and irregular calcareous sur- face. Its food consists of fishes, but more particu- larly eels. In winter they disperse along the shores, and visit the fresh waters, where they commit great depredations among the fish: they are remarkably voracious, having a most rapid digestion: they are very cautious, except when they have gorged them- selves, when they become so.stupid that it is fre- quently an easy thing to take them im a net, or even by means of a noose thrown over their heads. ‘Their smell, when alive, is excessively rank and disagree- able, and their flesh so disgusting, that even the Greenlanders will rarely eat them. On the rocks of the sea-coast it is not an uncom- mon thing to see several of these birds with extended wings drying themselves in the wind : in this position they remain sometimes nearly an hour without once closing their wings; and as soon as these are suf- ficiently dry to enable the feathers to imbibe the oil, they press this substance from the receptacle on their } N. 7 i “ 7 4 ih = i P it ih $ * ib ¥ H COMMON CORMORANT. 79 rumps, and dress their feathers with it. It is only in one particular state that this oily matter can be spread on them, when they are somewhat damp, and the instinct of the birds teaches them the proper moment. Cormorants were formerly trained in this country for the purpose of catching fish. ‘They were kept with great care in the il : and when taken out for fishing they had a leather thong placed round their necks to prevent them from swallowing their prey: they were also hooded till brought to the water's edge. On this subject Willoughby says— ‘«* When they come to the rivers they take off their hoods, and having tied a leather thong round the lower part of their necks, that they may not swallow down the fish they catch, they throw them into the river. ‘They presently dive under water, and there for a time, with wonderful swiftness, they pursue the fish, and when they have caught them, they rise presently to the top of the water, and pressing the fish lightly with their bills, they swallow them, till each bird hath in this manner swallowed five or six fishes; then their keepers call them to the fist, to which they readily fly, and, little by little, one after another, vomit up all their fish, a little bruised with the nip they gave them in their bills. When they have done fishing, getting the birds on some high place, they loose the string from their neck, leaving the passage to the stomach free and open; and for their reward they throw them part of the prey they have caught, to each, perchance, one or two fishes, 80 COMMON CORMORANT: which they by the way, as they are falling in the air, will catch most dexterously in their mouths.” » Notwithstanding the stupidity of these birds, they speedily become remarkably tame. Montagu relates the following anecdotes of the identical bird which is now in the British Museum, and which he pro- cured alive, and kept for some years. ‘‘ As soon as he received it and it was liberated, it followed the servant who released it, and was offered every sort of food at hand, all of which was equally refused ; not even raw flesh was acceptable, and no fish could be procured to satisfy its hunger; in consequence we (he) crammed it with flesh, which was taken very reluc- tantly; but even with this rough handling, its for- midable beak was not made use of offensively. After — feeding it was placed on a stool in an adjoining room, where it sat perfectly contented, and adjusted its dis- concerted plumage. Observing it so perfectly recon- ciled to its new abode, and having retired to the library, leaving both doors open, with the intention of returning, we were astonished, in a few minutes, to see the stranger walk boldly into the room, while in conversation with a friend, and coming towards us with the greatest confidence and familiarity, jomed us at the fire-side, where it resumed the task-of ad- justing its feathers. I*rom hence we removed it to | an aquatic menagerie, to which it was carried without the least offensive resistance ; but the sight of water made it restless, and when liberated, it instantly plunged in and dived incessantly for a considerable time, in hopes of prey; and after searching every Se ee ge A COMMON CORMORANT. Si part of the pond without obtaining a single fish, it appeared to be convinced there were none, and never made any other attempt for three days, during the whole of which time it was crammed with flesh, not being able to procure any fish.’’—“ It lives in per- fect harmony with a Whistling Swan, a Bernicle Goose, various sorts of Ducks, and other birds; but if it perceive a Gull with a piece of fish, it immedi- ately gives chase ; if, however, the Gull has time to swallow it, no resentment is offered; the sight of it created the desire of possession, and that desire ceases with its disappearance. If it get out, it never attempts to ramble, but, walking direct to the house, enters the first open door without deference to any one, regardless even of a dog, and in fact 1s troublesomely tame.” ~The specimen of which the above is related was captured in the British Channel in the spring of 1808, and at that period its plumage was in the state de- scribed and figured by Bewick as the Crested Cor- morant ; but after its autumnal moulting it became that of the common species, thereby putting the identity of the two supposed species beyond a doubt. Me Ait, PF. I, 6 SHAG CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax Graculus.) Pu. corpore viridi-nigro, subtus fusco, rectricibus duodecim, pe- dibus nigris. Cormorant with the body green-black, beneath brown, tail-feathers twelve, the legs black. Pelecanus Graculus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.217. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.574. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 887. Phalacrocorax minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 516. Corvus aquaticus minor. Raii, Syn. 123. A. Petit Cormoran, ou Nigaud. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.319. Temm. man. d’Orn. 589. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 897. Cuv. Reg. Anim. |. 929. ; Shag, or Crane. Will. Orn. 330. pl. 63. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 508. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.598. Lew. Brit. Birds, 7. pl. 264. Wale. Syn.1. pl. 93. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.390. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 429. Youne.—Le petit Fou brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 374. Fou brun de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 974. | Axsout two feet in length: in the winter plumage the head, throat, neck, back, and all the under parts — are a dull greenish-black : on the neck are a few very small whitish streaks: the feathers on the top of the back and of the wings are deep ash in their middle, edged with a broad band of deep black: the naked space round the eyes and the guttural pouch are reddish-yellow: the beak is reddish-ash, but black above : the irides are reddish-brown: the legs black. In the summer the occiput and nape are adorned with long deep green glossed feathers, which form a kind of crest : the throat is black: on the top of the CRESTED CORMORANT. . 83 head, part of the neck, and on the thighs appear several pure white: feathers, which are very long, slender, and silky: the rest of the plumage resem- bles that of the winter. The young have the throat of a clear ash: the head, neck, and under parts of a deep brown, with the feathers on the breast and fore part of the neck edged with ashy-brown: the feathers on the top of the back and of the wings are ashy-brown; all edged by a deep band of grey- brown: the rump, vent, wing and tail-feathers are blackish brown: the irides are brown. This bird is said to inhabit the northern and southern countries of the two worlds, and to be very abundant in the regions of the arctic and antarctic circles: it is common on the coasts of Britain: the female builds her nest in the clefts of rocks, or on trees, and lays two or three whitish eggs. ‘Their food consists of fishes. CRESTED CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax cristatus. ) Pu. corpore viridinitente, subtus obscuro, vostro pedibusque ob- scuris, capite cristato. Cormorant with the body glossy green, beneath obscure, the beak and legs obscure, the head crested. Pelecanus cristatus. Fabr. Faun. Green. no. 58. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.575. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 888. Cormoran largup. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 900. Crested Shag. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.585. A. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 292. pl. 102. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.600. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 423. | 84 CRESTED CORMORANT. Tuts species, which Montagu considers the young of the preceding, is described in various stages of growth and age by Temminck, thereby apparently showing that it must be distinct from the former. The winter dress of the old birds is said to be as follows: the beak is brown: legs black : irides green: all the plumage is of a beautiful resplendent glossy green: the top ofthe back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and wing quills are prettily bronzed, each feather being enriched with a straight band of velvety black : the tip of the wings does not extend beyond the origin of the tail, which is short, rounded, and of a dull black : length of the bird about twenty-eight inches. The young of the first year are distinguished from all the other species by the long and slender beak, by their short tail, and by the broad glossy margins which adorn all the feathers of the back and shoul- ders: the several colours of the upper parts are brown slightly shaded with green, those of the under ash- coloured more or less pale. During the summer months the old birds possess a beautiful flowing crest, nearly two inches in length, of a dusky colour; and on the occiput are about ten or twelve long and slender feathers: in other respects they are similar in plumage to their winter dress. ‘This species inhabits the north of Europe, and is common about Holyhead, in the Hebrides, Orcades, Norway, and the coasts of Sweden. Its nourishment consists of small fishes: it lays its eggs, which are of a rough calcareous texture, and of a white colour, in a kind of nest on the ledges of rocks. AFRICAN CORMORANT. ( Phalacrocorax Africenus.) Pu. fusco-niger subtus albo nigricanteque varius, guld albd, tec- tricibus alarum ceruleo-grisels, margine apiceque nigris. Brown-black Cormorant beneath white varied with dusky, with the throat white, the wing-coverts blue-grey, the margins and tips black. Pelecanus Africanus. Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1.577. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 890. ae African Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 606. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. A292. LrenetH twenty aehee: beak dirty yellowish-white ; upper mandible brown-black: middle of the back a rump glossy black: scapulars and wing-coverts blue- grey, each feather margined and Hae with black ; the three first greater quills pale brown, inclining to cinereous, the rest brown black: secondaries as long as the quills, dusky-black, edged with brown: chin white: fore part of the neck mottled dusky-white and black: belly the same, with-a mixture of brown : tail, consisting of twelve feathers, wedge-shaped; the two middle Pithers seven inches long, the outermost three inches and a half; the four middle ones and outer on each side pale brown, the others black : legs black. Inhabits Africa. 86 VIOLET CORMORANT. (Phalacrecorax violaceus.) Pu. crista erecta, corpore toto nigro violaceo-nitente. Cormorant with an erect crest, the body entirely black, glossed with violet, dbp Pelecanus violaceus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.575. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 888. Pelecanus leucogaster. Vzei/.?—-YounNG. ? Violet Cormorant. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 584. B. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 600. Violet Shag. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 425. But little is known of this bird, save the account in the Arctic Zoology, where it is described as being wholly black, glossed with violet; and to inhabit Kamtschatka and the islands adjoming. RED-FACED CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax Urile.) Pu. viridi-nitens, gutture orbitisque albis, alis caudaque obscuris, pedibus nigris. Glossy-green Cormorant with the throat and orbits white, the wings and tail obscure, the legs black. t Pelecanus Urile. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.575. Lath. Ind. Orn.2. 888. ; Red-faced Cormorant. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 584. E. Red-faced ‘Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.601. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 426. RED-FACED CORMORANT. 87 Lenetu two feet ten inches: base of the beak green, tip black: naked space round the eyes red- dish: head and neck dark reddish-green: on the middle of the neck in front are a few slender white feathers, thinly interspersed amongst the others, and several of them nearly three inches in length: the quills are black: the back and wings are dusky glossy black ; the back also glossed with green and varied _ with a few slender white feathers : the belly is entirely black : on each side of the rump is a patch of white feathers: tail consisting of twelve feathers: legs black. Inhabits Kamtschatka, building its nest on the rocks and crags of the sea-coast: the female lays three or four ill-tasted greenish eggs. It flies well, and with rapidity, but rises with difficulty from the ground. It eats voraciously, feeding upon fish, which it swallows whole : after a meal it is very drowsy and not easily roused; and being also very stupid, it will allow itself to be netted without making the slightest resistance. 85 SPOTTED CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax punctatus.) Pu. cristatus niger, atis fusco-cinereis nigro punctatis, lateribus colli linea utringue alba. Crested black Cormorant with the wings ashy-brown spotted with black, the sides of the neck with a white line on each side, Pelecanus punctatus. Mus. Carls. fas. 1. pl. 10. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.575. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 889. Pelecanus nevius. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1. 575. | Spotted Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 602. pl. 104. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 427, pl. 182. A SINGULAR species, thus described by Latham (who also figures it). ‘‘ Size of the Shag (P/. Gra- culus): length two feet or more: beak lies inches long, of a pale bluish-lead colour; in some yellow ; the tip hooked : round the eyes bare, and of a dusky red: the chin, throat, and,fore part of the neck are nearly black ; as are the forehead, hind part of the neck, and beginning of the beak: just over the fore- head arise some long feathers, forming a pointed crest : and at the hind part of the head a second, not unlike the first, but rather longer, some of the fea- thers measuring an inch and a half: just over the eye begins a line of white, which passes down on each side of the neck quite to the wings, and growing broader as it proceeds’ downward: the middle of the back and the wings are of a brownish-ash colour, each feather tipped at the end with a round spot of black, largest on the wing-coverts, but nowhere SR ee a a Gee x . MAGELLANIC CORMORANT. ' 48 bigger than a small pea: quills not spotted: from the middle of the back to the end of the tail, and from between the legs to the vent, black, glossed with green: tail three inches in length, rounded at the end; that and the quills plain black: legs deep brown, or black.’’ He adds, “ In some specimens the beak is reddish, and the legs dull yellow: the chin white, covered with feathers, and destitute of crest: the feathers of the sides near the vent streaked with white: thighs black: the stripe on each side of the neck not so distinct ; and the black on the neck less pure. I have likewise observed one with the white on the sides of the neck not passing above half the length of it:” Inhabits New Zealand, and builds amongst the rocks. MAGELLANIC CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax Magellanicus.) 3 Pu. niger macula pone oculos abdomineque albis, hypochondriis albo striatis. Black Cormorant with a spot behind the eyes and the abdomen white, the flanks striped with white. Pelecanus Magellanicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.576. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 89. Magellanic Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.604. Lath. Gen. Hist. x, 430. Tue Magellanic Cormorant is thirty inches. in length: its beak is black: the sides of the head and GO JAVAN CORMORANT. the chin are naked and reddish: ‘the head and neck, as far as the breast, the back, wings, and tail are deep black ; the two former somewhat glossy: behind each eye is a white spot : the under parts of the body from the breast are also white: the sides are striped with white: the thighs are black: the quills and tail deep black: the last wedge-shaped, and four inches in length: the legs pale brown. Inhabits Terra del Fuego and other southern coun- tries, particularly Christmas Sound, where they breed by hundreds: they are very tame, from their haunts being seldom visited by mankind ; and are so little alarmed at the report of a gun, that on being fired at, though they were at first disturbed, they immedi- ately returned to the nest: they fly very heavily. JAVAN CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax Javanicus.) Pu. corpore nigro, capite levi. Cormorant with the body black, the head smooth. Carbo Javanicus. Horsfield, Linn. Trans. xiii, p. 197. Javan Cormorant. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 419. LENGTH sixteen inches: beak blackish ; under man- dible pale: body and wings black, with a hoary sil- very gloss, and the feathers margined with black : chin white: neck beneath variegated with black, brown, and fuliginous: thighs black: belly marked a ae ———_—- BROWN-NECKED CORMORANT. Oli with narrow cinereous bands. Inhabits Java: called Pechuck. Ra BROWN-NECKED CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis. ) Pu. capite cristato, corpore nigro nitente, lateribus colli rufo- Suscis. Cormorant with the head crested, the body of a glossy black, the sides of the neck red-brown. Brown-necked Shag. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 425. A species described by Dr. Latham in the new edition of his Synopsis, or General History of Birds; he says—* ‘This is in shape much like the Shag: length twenty-one inches and a half: beak nearly three inches, cinereous, the under mandible naked to the base: orbits naked, brown : irides very dark: front and lore black, marked with white irregular spots : the feathers of the front erect, and form a kind of short crest: crown and upper part. of the neck black, mixed with brown: sides of the neck rufous-brown: the rest of the plumage black, with a degree of gloss: scapu- lars and upper wing-coverts sharp-pointed : tail five inches and a half, rounded at the end, and consisting of twelve feathers, and the wings reach to the be- ginning of it: legs black. Inhabits Bengal, where it is not uncommon: is there called Pan Cowee: by the Mussulmen, Poukoul: is seen swimming all the day on the water, and roosts at night on the trees.” PIED CORMORANT. (Phalacrecorax varius.) Pu. fuscus subtus albus, superciliis pallidis, dorso postico wropygio JSemoribus remigibus caudaque nigris. Brown Cormorant beneath white, with the eyebrows pale, the back behind, rump, thighs, quills, and tail black. Pelecanus varius. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.576. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 890. : | Red Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 605. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 428. Tuirty inches in length: beak dusky at the tip; the rest of it, and the naked space about the eyes yellow: the top of the head, hind part of the neck, back, wings, and tail are brown; the middle of the back and wing-coverts palest, and the edges of the last very pale: the lower part of the back, rump, and thigh black-brown: the quills black ; some of these nearest the body with pale tips: over the eyes is a_ narrow pale stripe: all the under parts of the body are pure white: the tail is rounded, about six inches in length, and brown-black : the legs are flesh-colour: claws a Inhabits New Zealand: said to build in trees, a ice two or three pale bluish-white eggs. a = - = ao Ld 3 “<<. - *~ — : a oe G3 NEW HOLLAND CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax Nove Hollandiz. ) Pu. corpore nigro subtus variegato, pennis tectricibus alarum pal- lide marginatis, illis colli rufo marginatis, orbitis flavis. Cormorant with the body black, variegated beneath, the feathers of the wing-coverts with pale edges, and of the neck with rufous margins, orbits yellow. New Holland Shag. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 431. ‘« LencTH twenty inches: beak two inches and a half long, and pale: round the eye bare and pale yellow: plumage on the upper part in general black: the feathers on the wing-coverts have pale edges, and those of the neck fringed with rufous: under parts paler and mottled: tail six mches long, composed of twelve feathers, cuneiform : legs black. Inhabits New Holland.’ — Latham. ! BLACK AND WHITE CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos.) Pu. corpore supra nigro, subtus superciliisque albis, rostro carneo, pedibus nigris. | Cormorant with the body above black, beneath and eyebrows white, the beak flesh-colour, the legs black. Pelecanus melanoleucos. Vieil. Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. tom. 8. p. 88. O4 CARUNCULATED CORMORANT ? Tuis species also inhabits New Holland : it has the upper part of the head, the neck, the body, the wings, and the tail black: the eyebrows, the cheeks, the throat, and all the under parts of a beautiful white. It is rather less than a Wild Goose. CARUNCULATED CORMORANT ? (Phalacrocorax ? carunculatus.) Pu? niger subtus albus, facie nudd carunculata rubro, orbitis elevatis ceruleis, fascia alarum albd. ? Black Cormorant ? beneath white, with the face naked, caruncu- lated and red, the orbits elevated and blue, the wings with a white band. Pelecanus carunculatus. Gwmel, Syst. Nat. 1.576. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 889. -Carunculated Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 603. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 429. Axout two feet in length: beak dusky: sides of the head naked : between the beak and eye carunculated and red ; the rest of the space ash-colour : the orbits blue, and elevated: above the eye is a single large tubercle : irides dirty brown: the crown of the head, its sides, the hind part of the neck, and all the upper parts of the plumage are black, a patch of white on the wing-coverts excepted: the forehead, chin, and all the under parts are white: the legs are flesh- colour. 7 Inhabits various countries situated near. the an- tarctic circle; and is particularly abundant in Staaten TUFTED CORMORANT? O5 Land, where they breed in large flocks, on the edges of the cliffs. TUFTED CORMORANT? (Phalacrocorax? cirrhatus.) Pu? niger subtus albus, vertice cristato, liturd alarum alba, rostro orbitis pedibusque jlavis. Black Cormorant? beneath white, with the vertex crested, a white mark on the wings, the beak, orbits, and legs yellow. Pelecanus cirrhatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 576. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 890. Tufted Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.606. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 431. Innasits New Zealand : length nearly three feet : beak dusky yellow: naked space round the eye the same: the head, the hind part of the neck, and all the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail black : the feathers on the occiput very long, forming a kind of crest: on the wing-coverts is an oblong white patch, and all the under parts of the plumage are white: the tail is rounded and composed of fourteen feathers: the legs are pale yellowish-brown. This bird appears to have great affinity to (if not a variety by age of) the Carunculated Cormorant. 96 CHINESE CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax Sinensis.) Pu. fuscus, guld albd, corpore subtus albido maculis fuscis. Brown Cormorant with the throat white, the body beneath whitish with brown spots. Pelecanus Sinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixx. Chinese Cormorant. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 364. Leu-tze. Stawnt. Emb. Chin. ii. 388. 412. pl. 72. Chinese Shag. Lath. Gen® Hist. x. 423. Ficurep and described by Sir George Staunton in his account of the Embassy to China. It is less than the Cormorant: the beak is yellow: irides blue: the prevailing colour of the plumage brownish-black: the chin white: the body whitish beneath, spotted with brown : tail rounded, consisting of twelve feathers. Abundant in China, where it is trained by the in- habitants to catch fish for their use. Sir G. Staunton says, in the journey to Han-choo-foo, on the river Luen, he observed, on a large lake close to the canal, and to the eastward of it, thousands of small boats and rafts, built entirely for this kind of fishing: on each boat or raft were ten or twelve birds, which at a signal from the owner plunge into the water, and it was astonishing to see the enormous size of the fish with which they return grasped in their beaks. They ap- peared to be so well trained that it did not require either rig or cord about their throats to prevent them from swallowing any portion of their prey, except what the master was pleased to return to them for encouragement or food. 7) DWARF CORMORANT. (Phalacrocorax pygmeus.) o- Pu. ater, pectore virescente, orbitis atomis albis sparsis, tectri- cibus alarum medio fuscis, collo pectore lateribusque punctis - Sparsis niveis. Dark Cormorant with the breast greenish, the orbits sprinkled with white spots, the middle of the wing-coverts brown, the neck, breast, and sides sprinkled with snow-white spots. Pelecanus pygmeus. Pall. reise. 2. 712. pl. G. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.574. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 890. Le Cormoran pigm& Temm. man. d'Orn. 591. Id. 2 Edit. i. 901. Dwarf Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 607. Lath. Gen. Hist. x, 431. , Pelecanus pygmeus. 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 890. LenerTu eighteen inches : the beak is brown varied with yellowish : space round the eyes and small gut- tural sac yellowish: all the plumage is glossy black and green: the feathers on the top of the back and of the wings are edged with a very brilliant black border: the legs are blackish brown. ‘The young have the top of the head and all the nape of a blackish- brown: the throat white: the fore part of the neck ' clear brown, varied with whitish: the middle of the belly and the vent are whitish-yellow: the sides and thighs are brown: the feathers on the top of the back and of the wings are ashy-brown, all terminated by a large spot of brilliant glossy black : the quills and bv. INI, P. I. fi 98 DWARF CORMORANT. tail-feathers are blackish-brown, and all tipped with clear brown: legs brown. Native of the eastern countries of Europe, as far as Hungary: also of the vicinity of the Caspian Sea; and, according to Temminck, of America. e ay 99 SULA. | GANNET. Generic Character. Rostrum robustum, longum, || Beak robust, long, straight, rectum, basi validum, strong at the base, its tip apice compresso subcur- compressed, slightly cur- vato, acuto ; mandibulze ved, acute; the mandibles - marginibus serratis. | with their edges serrated. Facies gulaque nude. Face and throat naked. - Nares basales, lineares, abs- || Nostrils basal, linear, hidden, conditz, in sulco longi- || placed in a longitudinal tudinale posite. | groove. Pedes robusti, breves ; t2bie || Legs robust, short ; the tibie basi nudze; wngwismedius || naked at the base; the interné denticulatus. middle claw internally den- ) ticulated. SULA. Ray, Briss., Cuv., Temm. PELECANUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. _MORUS. Vieil. DYSPORDS. Illig. ANSER. Ray. ‘THE Gannets have the beak straight, slightly compressed and acute, the tip a little arched; the edges serrated, the teeth being directed backwards ; the nostrils are prolonged in a groove, which runs 100 SOLAND GANNET. nearly to the tip: the throat is naked, as well as the orbits: the claw of the middle toe is denticu- lated : their wings are long. ‘They swim with facility, though rarely, but do not dive; they are almost per- petually on the wing, and bathe themselves while flying, in the waves of the ocean ; their nourishment consists chiefly of such fish as swim near the surface of the water: they nidificate in large fiocks on the plane ledges of rocks, &c. laying generally two or three eggs. ‘These birds have been called Boobies by our sailors, and Fous by the French, on account of their alieged stupidity in allowing themselves to be knocked down without attempting to move; and also for allowing the Frigate and other birds to compel them to disgorge their prey. | SOLAND GANNET. (Sula bassana.) Su. corpore albo, facie ceruled, remigibus primoribus nigris. Gannet with the body white, the face blue, and the primary quills black. Pelecanus bassanus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.217. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.577. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 891. Anser bassanus. Rati Syn. 122. A. Sula Hoieri. Rai Syn. 123. Sula bassana. Briss. Orn. 6. 503. pl. 44. Fou debassan. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.376. Buff: Pl. Enl. 271. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.526. Temm. man. d’Orn.593. Id. 2 Edit. li. 905. 7 : Soland Goose, or Gannet. Alb. Birds, 1. pl. 86. Penn, Brit. Zool. 2,293. pl. 103. Penn. Arct, Zool. 2.510. Lath, Gen. aire: FLTLL. SOLAND GANNET. . : ¥ ‘ ri * ‘ t 5 ’ wie * ‘ ’ i . ‘ SOLAND GANNET. 101 Syn. 6.608. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 265. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 94. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 393. Mont. Wernerian Trans. i.176. Bingl. Anim. Biog. ii. 358. Wood's Zoograph. 1. p.561. Lath. Gen, Hist. x. 433. Youne.—Sula major. Briss. Orn. 6. 697. Grand Fou. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 372. Great. Booby. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 610. A. Pelecanus maculatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 579. Fou tacheté. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.375. Buff: Pl. Enl. 986. Spotted Booby. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 614. Lenertu about two feet nine inches: the beak is ashy-blue at its base, but white at its tip: the naked _ membrane which surrounds the eyes is bright bluish ; the membrane which forms the prolongation of the opening of the beak, and that which extends to the middle of the throat, are bluish-black : the irides are yellow: the top of the head and the occiput are of a bright yellow ochre: the rest of the plumage is milk white, except the quills and bastard wings, which are black : the upper part of the toes and fore part of the tarsi are clear green ; the membranes are dusky ; claws white: the tail conical in form. ‘The female is somewhat less in size, but resembles the male in co- lour. The young, immediately upon leaving the eggs, are clothed with a shining white down: during the first year all the plumage of the upper parts is of a uniform blackish-brown; of the under parts brown, varied with ash-colour: the beak, naked space of the head, and irides brown: the tail is rounded. After the second moult, or the age of one year, the head, the neck, and breast, are of an ashy-brown, thickly covered with small lance-shaped white spots; the feathers of 102 SOLAND GANNET. the back, the rump, and the wings, are also ashy-brown, with lance-shaped white spots, but larger and more distant than those of the neck and breast : the under parts of the plumage are whitish, varied with ashy- brown: the tail and quills are brown, the former conical, with white shafts: the beak is ashy-brown : the irides are yellow: the fore part of the tarsi and the upper part of the toes are brown-green: the membranes are ashy-brown: the claws brown. At the age of two years, and during the period of moulting, the plumage is either varied with large patches of white, on a brown ground, or of brown on a white ground: in the third year the aria is perfected. This species is abundant in the northern regions - of Europe, Asia, and America, and particularly so in the Hebrides, the north of Scotland, and in Norway: it also occurs in more temperate climates, specimens having frequently been captured on the banks of the Thames. A few years back a very fine one was shot on the Medway by S. Henslow, Esq. who com- municated it to me. Montagu says that it is fre- quently observed in the English Channel durmg the winter, and continues as late as the month of April. The food of these birds consists chiefly af marie fish, of which the herring and pilchards are their fa- vourites : they take their prey by darting down upon it with great velocity from a considerable height. The female lays one egg, which is nearly the size of that of a Goose, and equally pointed at each end ; it is of a pure white, and its surface is rugged. The WHITE GANNET. 103 inhabitants of the islands where these birds breed derive considerable emolument from the produce of their eggs, to obtain which they undergo the most fearful risks. Where it is possible, they climb up the rocks where they are laid, and in doing this, they pass along paths so narrow and difficult, as, in appearance, to allow them barely room to cling, and that too at a prodigious height over a raging sea. Where this cannot be done, they are lowered by a rope from the top, and unterrified, ransack all the nests within their reach, and then, by means of a pole and rope, move off to other places to do the same. An interesting account of the anatomical structure . of this bird is given by Montagu in the Wernerian Transactions, above quoted. WHITE GANNETT. (Sula candida.) Su. corpore albo, facie rubra, remigibus omnibus nigris. Gannet with the body white, the face red, and the quills black. Pelecanus piscator. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.217. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 578. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 892. Sula candida. Briss, Orn. 6. 501. Le Fou blanc. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 8. 371. Lesser Gannet. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 611. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 437. LENGTH two feet seven inches : beak serrated on its edges and reddish: naked space round the eyes 104 BOOBY GANNET. reddish, and on the throat dusky black; the prevailing colour of the plumage is white, except the greater quills and wing-coverts, which are black: the sca- pulars are also black at the tips: the tail is wedge- shaped, and consists of fourteen feathers; their base is white, and the rest of their length black: the legs are red: the central claw is broad and serrated. Inhabits China and New Holland. BOOBY GANNET. (Sula Australis. ) Su. corpore albido, fucie rubrd, remigibus primoribus apice nigri- cantibus. : Gannet with the body whitish, the face red, and the primary quills dusky at the tip. Pelecanus Sula. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.218. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1- 578. Briss. Orn. 6.495. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 892. Anser bassano congener. Faiz Syn. 191. Fou commun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 368. pl. 29. Booby. Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 87. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.612. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 439. LeneTuH two feet six inches: the beak nearly four inches and a half long, denticulated on its edges; it is grey, with a pale brown base: naked space round the eyes, and on the chin of a yellowish colour : irides pale grey: the head, neck, upper parts of the body, wings, and tail ashy-brown; the greater quills darkest: the tip of the tail brownish : the breast, belly, thighs, and vent white : the legs pale yellow: the claws grey. BROWN GANNET. 105 The young have the head and neck white, slightly tinged with brown. Common on the coasts of the warmer parts of America, particularly in the Bahama Islands, and off the Brasilian coast. ‘They are described as being very silly stupid birds, from thence their name: they build their nests on the ground occasionally, but prefer constructing them on trees: their flesh is very dark- coloured, rank, and disagreeable, though frequently eaten by mariners. BROWN GANNET. (Sula Fiber.) Su. corpore fuscescente, facie rubra, remigibus omnibus nigrican- tibus. Gannet with the body brownish, the face red, and all the quills dusky. Pelecanus Fiber. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.218. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1, 579. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.893. Sula fusca. Briss. Orn. 6. 499. pl. 43.f. 1. Anser bassano congener cinereo-albus. Raii Syn. 191. Brown Booby. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 613. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 441. Lenern rather more than two feet: beak three inches and three quarters long, reddish ; and slightly serrated on the edges: waked space round the eyes red: the prevailing colour of the plumage is pale ashy-brown, with the back and scapulars darkest, and the under parts palest: the greater quills are 106 BROWN AND WHITE BOOBY. dusky-ash colour: the rump and tail-coverts are pale grey: the tail is wedge-shaped, and consists of four- teen feathers, of which the two middle ones are ash- colour, and the rest brownish-ash, with grey tips: the legs are red. Inhabits Cayenne, the West India Islands, and the western coast of tropical Africa. BROWN AND WHITE BOOBY. (Sula leucophea.) Su. alba, vertice nuchdque fuscis, dorst medio alis rectricibusque duabus intermedits fusco-nigris. White Gannet with the vertex and nape brown, the middle of the back, the wings, and two middle tail-feathers brown-black. Brown and White Booby. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 441. SUPPOSED to inhabit Cayenne: its beak is brown : head, neck, and beginning of the back, the rump, breast, and all beneath, pure white: top of the head and nape pale brown: middle of the back, wings, and two middle tail-feathers dusky-brown, nearly black : some of the secondaries margined with white: tail long, cuneiform: the outer feathers white: legs pale yellow-brown. 107 LESSER GANNET ? (Sula? parva.) Su.? niger subtus albus, facie plumosd. Black Gannet? beneath white, the face plumose. _ Pelecanus parvus. Gel. Syst. Nat.1.575. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 893. Le petit Fou de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6.374. Buff. Pl. Enl. 973. Lesser Booby. Lath. Gen, Syn. 6.614. Lath. Gen. Mist.x.442. Tuts is a very small species, being only eighteen inches in length: its beak is nearly straight: the space round the eye is not bare: the throat, breast, and belly are white: all the remainder of the plu- mage dusky black. Probably a young bird. Inhabits Cayenne. 108 PELECANUS. PELICAN. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longius, lon-. gum, rectum, latus, valdé depressum; mandibula su- periore lata, canaliculata, apice adunco et ungul- culato, inferiore bifurca, burs&é membranacea, flac- || cida, valdé distensili or- Beak longer than the head, long, straight, broad, much depressed ; the upper man- dible broad, channelled, the tip bent down and un- guiculated ; the lower bi- fuscate, furnished with a flaccid, dilatable sac. nata, , Facies gulaque nude. Face and throat naked. Nares basales, in rimé longi- || Nostrils basal, placed in a tudinale site. longitudinal cleft. Pedes validi, breves; tibie || Legs strong, short; the tibia basi nude; unguis mar- naked at the base; the gine interna simplex. middle claw with its inner edge entire. PELECANUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. Temm., Vieil. ONOCROTALUS. Ray, Briss. THE birds of this genus are remarkable for the enormous pouch or bag with which the under man- dible of the beak is furnished: the beak 1s also re- markable for its great length, width, and breadth, ‘ia are Nites Sy 4! f ICAN. val agli ] COMMON ‘COMMON PELICAN. —109 from the hook at its extremity, and from the nasal grooves, which extend the entire length of the beak, and conceal the nostrils. The orbits and throat are naked : the tail rounded. | Pelicans are usually large birds, and like their con- geners subsist on fishes, and are excessively voracious : they are excellent swimmers, but are incapable of diving : they reside on the banks of rivers and lakes, and occasionally on the sea-coasts. COMMON PELICAN. (Pelecanus Onocrotalus.) Pe. incarnato-albus, alulis remigibusque primoribus nigris, gula sacco rufo. Reddish-white Pelican with the bastard wing and primary quills black, the throat with a red sac. Pelecanus Onocrotalus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.215. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 6.569. Rai Syn. 121, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 882. Onocrotalus Pelecanus. Briss. Orn. 6.519. 1. — Pelican. Buff. Ois. 8. 282. pl. 25. Buff. Pl. Enl. 87. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 523. : Pelican blanc. Yemm. man. d’Orn. 584. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 891. White Pelican. Edw. Glean. pl. 93. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 505. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.575. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 397. _ Variety ?—Pelecanus Philippensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 571. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 883. Pelecanus roseus.. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.570. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 883. Onocrotalus Philippensis. Briss. Orn. 6. 527. pl. 46. Pelican rose de l’Isle de Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 91. pl. 53. Buff. Pl. Enl. 965. % 110 COMMON PELICAN. . Philippine Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn, 6.583. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 402. , Rose-coloured Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 579. Lath. Gen. ENst. x. 401. Variety? 2.—Pelecanus Manillensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 571. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 883. Le Pelecan brun de I'Isle de Lucon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 71. pl. 53. Manilla Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.583. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 401. Tuts is a very large species, measuring nearly six feet in length, and expanding about fifteen feet: its beak is nearly sixteen inches long; its upper man- dible is flat and broad, furnished with a hook at the end; the skin between the sides of the upper man- dible is very flaccid and dilatable, reaching eight or nine inches down the neck, and naked: the gape is very wide; on the top of the under mandible runs a crimson rib; the rest of it is pale red at the base, and yellowish towards the pomt,; the under one is pale red, and the pouch is red or yellowish: the tongue is very small: the irides are hazel: the sides of the head are naked and flesh-coloured: the occiput is slightly crested: the entire plumage is white, slightly tinged with flesh-colour, the spurious wings and primary quills, which are black, excepted: the legs are flesh-colour: claws grey. ‘The young have the beak and naked parts round the eyes livid: the irides brown: the prevailing colour of the plumage ashy-white : the belly whitish: the wings and back of a very deep ash: all the feathers edged with brighter ash: the quills are blackish-ash. Found throughout the greater portion of the an- COMMON PELICAN. 111 cient world, especially between the tropics and the lower temperate climates: ‘it is common in the eastern countries of Europe, on the banks of the rivers and lakes of Hungary and Russia, and extremely so on the Danube ; but it seldom visits the sea-coasts, except the inland ones of the Caspian and Euxine Seas. Also found at the Cape of Good Hope. The female constructs a nest of reedy grass, among ‘moss or turfs; it is a foot and a half in diameter, much hollowed, and filled with soft grass: she lays two or more white eggs, similar to those of the Swan. It is said that if any person attempts to disturb them while the female is sitting, she will take the eggs out of the nest with her beak, and drop them into the water, returning them to their place as soon as quiet is restored. ‘The principal food of these birds consists of fish, which they prefer in a living state, and catch with great dexterity. The bag in the lower mandible of the beak of this bird is one of the most remarkable appendages that is found in the structure of any animal. ‘Though it wrinkles up nearly into the hollow of the chap, and the sides, to which it is attached, are not (in a quiescent state) above an inch asunder, it may be extended to an amazing capacity; and when the bird has fished with success, its size is almost incredible : it will contain a man’s head with the greatest ease. In fishing the Pelican fills this bag, and does not immediately swallow his prey ; but, when this is full, he returns to the shore to devour at leisure the fruits of his industry. He is not long in digesting his food ; for he has generally to fish more than once in the 112 BROWN PELICAN. course of aday. When incited to exertion by hunger the Pelicans fly from their resting-place, and raising themselves thirty or forty feet above the surface of the sea, turn their head with one eye downwards, and continue to fly in that position till they see a fish sufficiently near the surface. ‘They then dart down with astonishing swiftness, seize it with unerring cer- tainty, and store it up in their pouch. Having done this they rise again, and continue the same actions till they have procured a competent stock. BROWN PELICAN. (Pelecanus fuscus.) PE. cinereo-fuscus, capite subcristata colloque albidis, remigibus primoribus nigris. Ashy-brown Pelican with a slightly crested whitish head and neck, the primary quills black. pda Pelecanus fuscus (occidentalis). Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 215. B. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.570. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 883. Onocrotalus fuscus. Briss. Orn. 6.524. Raz Syn. 191. Pelican brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 306. Buff. Pl. Enl. 957. Brown Pelican. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.506. Lath. Gen, Syn. 6. 580. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 405. Neary four feet in length: beak fifteen inches and a quarter long: greenish at the base, and in- clining to a blue or bluish-red towards the tip: the pouch is of a bluish-ash colour, streaked with red- dish: the irides are deep bluish-ash colour : the naked NEW HOLLAND PELICAN. 113 skin round the eyes whitish: the head and neck are white : the former somewhat crested on the occiput : the back, scapulars, and rump are ashy-brown, the middle of each feather whitish: the breast and under parts are similar to the upper, but plam: the upper wing-coverts like the back, with some of the outer greater ones plain brown: the primaries are black ; the secondaries hoary-brown: tail the same: legs -lead-colour ; claws black. Common in most parts of America, especially in the West India Islands. NEW HOLLAND PELICAN. (Pelecanus Australis.) Px. albus dorso supremo, remigibus cauddéque nigris. White Pelican with the upper part of the back, the quills and tail lack, New Holland Pelican. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 402. Lenertu five feet: beak and round the eye yellow: general colour of the plumage white: the beginning of the back, the quills and tail black: inner half of the lesser wing-coverts white: legs pale blue; webs dusky: the quills reach to about the middle of the tail. Inhabits New Holland. wT, PF. 1. 8 114 - RED-BACKED PELICAN. (Pelecanus rufescens.) PE. cristatus wh get capite colloque Suscescente-albis, caudd saturate cinered. Crested reddish Pelican with the head and neck Inleinaela wile, the tail dark ash. Pelecanus rufescens. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.571. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 884. onc ro Red-backed Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.584, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 404. “Size of a large Swan: length five feet: beak thirteen inches long, and of a pale dirty yellow: space round the eyes and pouch the same; the last reaches eight inches down the neck : the hind head is crested ; some of the feathers four inches in length: the head and neck dirty brownish-white: the back of a fine pale reddish cinnamon-colour: the wing-coverts like the neck, but darker: scapulars pale greyish lead- colour: lesser quills not unlike the wing-coverts, but the ends dark grey, and the shafts black : prime quills black: tail of a deep grey ; the shafts white at the base, and black towards the ends: the belly, thighs, under wing-coverts, and vent, like the back, but much paler: the feathers of the breast, wmg-coverts, and — lower part of the neck, are long, narrow, and pointed, especially those of the breast: the legs are yellow.” Dr. Latham has given the above description of this bird from a specimen in his own collection: he adds, ‘that it was captured on the Gold Coast of Africa, CHARLESTOWN PELICAN. 115 , where it was kept tame for a long time: it was very voracious, and an experiment was made to ascertain what quantity of fish it would take into its beak: it first attempted to take up one (amongst several which were placed before it) of ten pounds, but the beak was not strong enough to raise it from the ground: it then picked up as far as ten of the others, each weigh- ing a pound, and stored them carefully in the bag, arranging them alongside each other, with the heads towards the throat: and after this trudged off very stately, with the bag hanging down to his feet.” CHARLESTOWN PELICAN. (Pelecanus Carolinensis.) Pe. supra obscurus, subtus albus. Pelican above obscure, beneath white. Pelecanus Carolinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.571. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 884. Charlestown Pelican. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 507. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.585. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 406. Size of a Canada Goose; colour of the plumage dusky above; white on the breast and belly; witha pouch capable of holding several gallons of liquids. They abound in the bay of Charlestown, in America. ‘Latham mentions the following varieties: “ One in length four feet: beak thirteen inches long, and differing from other Pelicans in having that part of the upper mandible which is next the base almost 116 - JAVAN PELICAN. cylindrical, and not flat, though spreading out con- siderably near the end : their plumage brown above; head, neck, and under parts brownish-white: the lower half of the back, in one specimen, striped black end dusky-white; the feathers narrow, and edged with the last colour: in the other, the back of a plain colour : the bags in both of an enormous size, taking up the greatest part of the neck before: at the hind part of it, the whole length, the feathers much larger than the rest: though the nape of the neck, or back part of the head, were not at all crested. ‘These two were brought from Cayenne.” It also inhabits: Georgia, in North America. JAVAN PELICAN.: (Pelecanus Javanicus.) Pr. albus, cristd obsoleta, remigibus primoribus nigris, secundariis et plumis dorsalibus nigro marginatis, rachidibus pennarum albis, rostro latiore. White Pelican with an obsolete crest, the primary quills black, ° the secondaries and dorsal feathers margined with black, the shafts white, the beak broad. Pelecanus Javanicus. Horsfield, Linn. Trans. xiii. 197. Javan Pelican. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 403. Four feet in length: plumage white, with an ob- solete crest ; and a broad beak: the prime quills black, the secondaries and feathers of the back mar- gined with black, with the shafts white. Inhabits Java: called Bakklu. | ce Ta? SAW-BILLED PELICAN. (Pelecanus Thagus.) Pe. cauda rotundatd, rostro serrato. Pelican with a rounded tail and serrated beak. Pelecanus Thagus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.577. Lath. Ind. Orn 2. 884. Onocrotalus rostro denticulato. Briss. Orn. 6. 527. A. Onocrotalus Mexicanus dentalus, Alcatraz. Raz Syn. 127. Saw-billed Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.579. Lath. Gen. Hist. , x. 409. Turis bird differs from the Common Pelican merely in having the edges of the beak toothed, and the beak itself of a saffron colour: the legs are also saffron colour, inclining to red. Inhabits Mexico. ROUGH-BILLED PELICAN ? (Pelecanus? trachyrhynchos.) Pe? cristatus albus, guld saccaté nigro striata, rostro rugoso. Crested white Pelican? the gular sac striped with black, the beak rugose. Pelecanus trachyrhynchos. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 884. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 571. Rough-billed Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 586. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 408. THis curious species is thus commemorated by Dr. Latham, in his History :—* Size between a Goose 118 ROUGH-BILLED PELICAN. and a Swan: length four feet six inches: beak thir- teen inches, shaped as in other Pelicans, with the addition of some smgular protuberances on the top of the upper mandible, from the base of which, for about seven inches, the surface is plain; at this part an elevated ridge begins, about one inch and a half in height, and one-third of an inch in thickness; this continues about an inch and a half on the beak, and then other smaller ones take rise, of different sizes, and continue decreasing in size in an abrupt manner to the end of the beak: the colour of both reddish- yellow, here and there inclining to red; the under mandible and pouch as in other species, but on each side about the middle of the first, is a black spot, the size of a silver penny; and the bag is streaked with fine lines of black, which are pretty numerous on the fore part of it, most so next the end of the beak : the plumage is wholly of a pure white, except the bastard wings and quills, which are black: the shafts of the larger ones white; at the hind-head the feathers are greatly elongated, forming a crest of four inches and a half in length: the legs are black.” Found in America. 119 FREGATTA. FRIGATE-BIRD. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longits, ro- || Beak longer than the head, bustum, integrum, supra robust, entire, sulcated sulcatum; mandibule ar- above; the mandibles ar- cuatze, apicibus acutis. cudted, their tips acute. Orbites nude. Orbits naked. Ale longissime. Wings very long. Cauda forficata. Tail forked. Pedes breves; tibie plumose; || Legs short ; tibiw plumose ; membranze parve, membranes small. FREGATTA. Ray, Briss., Temm. PELECANUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. TACHYPLETIS. Vieil. SEVERAL remarkable peculiarities are observable in the structure of the Frigate-birds: in the first place they differ from the rest of the Natatores in having the toes so slightly webbed as to incapacitate them from swimming, the membrane scarcely reach- ing to the second joint of each toe; again, the im- mense extent of wing in comparison with the size of the bird is unparalleled in the birds of this order : they differ from the rest of the family by their forked 120 , COMMON FRIGATE-BIRD. tail, very short legs, and by the peculiar form of the beak, both mandibles curving downwards. From the extraordinary length of wing with which they are endowed, they fly to a most surprising distance : instances are on record of individuals being observed at the distance of 1000 miles from land; they are always however observed within, or close to, the tropics: they feed chiefly upon the flyzng-jish: they attack the Boobies, and compel them to disgorge their prey, which they instantly devour. As before ob- served, there is an extraordinary affinity between these birds and the Falcons. I have followed Ray in the appellation given to this genus, although his name is less classical than that of Vieillot, as his name has the right of priority, which ought always to be our guide. COMMON FRIGATE-BIRD.. (Fregatta i Fr. corpore nigro, rostro rubro, orbitis nigris 5 femina _capite abdomineque albis. Frigate bird with the body black, the beak red, the orbits ae JSemale with the head and abdomen white. Pelecanus Aquilus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.216. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.572. Lath. Ind. Orn.2.885. Burton, Linn. Trans. xii. 1. Pelecanus minor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.572. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 885. Fregatta. Briss. Orn. 6. 506. pl. 43. Fregatta minor. Briss. Orn, 6. 509. * Qa «a LV OL NO WITOO COMMON FRIGATE-BIRD. 121 Fregatta avis. Raii Syn. 153. 192. La Fregate. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.381. Buff: Pl. Enl. 961. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 525. Petite Fregate. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 390. Man of War, or Frigate Bird. Sloan. Journ.1.30. Alb. Birds, 3. pl. 80. Edw. Glean. pl. 309. Lesser Frigate Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.590. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 412. Frigate Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 587. Wood's Zoogr. |. 557. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 410. ; Tue usual length of this bird is three feet, from. the tip of the beak to that of the tail: the prevailing colour of the plumage of the male is black, glossed with green on the back; of the female dusky, with the abdomen and nearly the whole of the head white : the eye and parts immediately surrounding it are black: the beak is of a dirty yellowish white: the feet of the male are black ; those of the female of a bluish-white : the male is also distinguished from the female by a large fleshy bag or sac placed under the throat, of a bright red colour, and in its flaccid state putting on a granulated appearance : when distended it is smooth, and enlarges to the size of a hen’s egg. A very interesting account of this singular bird is given by Mr. Burton in the thirteenth volume of the Linnean Transactions, to which, on account of its length and the limited space to which I find that my remarks are confined, I must refer my readers ; stating, however, that it resides in abundance in the _ Island of Ascension, and is also found on many of the coasts of the islands and continents of the south: its food consists chiefly of fish, and generally of the Exocetus volitans : the female lays one egg of a white 122 WHITE-HEADED FRIGATE-BIRD. colour, nearly resembling that of a hen, though some- what larger; the male assists in incubation, while the female is employed in procuring food. WHITE-HEADED FRIGATE-BIRD. (Fregata leucocephalus.) Fr. corpore fusco, capite collo pectore abdomineque albis, rostro obscuro. ; Frigate-bird with the body brown, the head, neck, breast, and abdomen white, the beak obscure. Pelecanus leucocephalus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.572. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 886. La Fregate. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. pl. 30. White-headed Frigate Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.591. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 413. : S03 |: : LeneTH about three feet: beak five inches long, dusky, tip nearly white: sides of the head covered with feathers: head and fore part of the neck white, finishing in a point on the last: breast and belly white: the rest of the plumage brown: tail forked : legs pale reddish-brown. , Latham describes a variety which had the ad and half the neck, all round, white, passing before down the breast, and ending between the legs: sides of the body, the vent, and rest of the plumage brown : legs reddish-brown. In the Hunterian Museum : whence unknown. 123 PALMERSTONE FRIGATE-BIRD. (Fregata Palmerstonis.) FR. corpore fusco viridi nitente subtus albo, jugulo albo nigroque vario, abdomine albo, crisso nigro. Frigate-bird with the body brown glossed with green, beneath white, the jugulum varied with black and ee the abdomen white, the vent black. Pelecanus Palmerstonis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.573. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 886. ) Palmerstone Frigate Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.592. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 414, Lenern three feet: beak black: space round the eyes feathered: the upper part of the head, neck, and body brown, glossed with greenish : wing-coverts nearest the body dark glossy green: fore part of the neck mottled with white and brown: the rest of the under parts white : vent black : tail forked, the shafts of the feathers white: the legs dusky black: the middle claw serrated in the inside. Inhabits Palmer- stone Island, in the South Sea. Probably a variety or sex of the preceding. 124 PHAETON. TROPIC-BIRD. Generic Character. Rostrum validum, capite lon- || Beak strong, longer than the gills, compressum, supra head, compressed, above convexum, rectum, mar- convex, straight, its edge gine denticulato, apice denticulated, the tip bent adunco, acuto. down and acute. Nares oblongee, pervize. Nostrils oblong, pervious. Facies plumis tecta. || Face clothed with feathers. Cauda cuneiformis, rectrici- || Tail wedge-shaped, the two bus duabus intermediis intermediate _ tail-feathers longissimis. very long. Pedes breves; tibie basi Legs short ; the base of the nude. tibie naked. PHAETON. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., Temm., Vieill., &c. LEPTURUS. Briss. TROPICOPHILUS. Leach. AS their name implies, these birds are usually found within the tropics: in fact, it is a rare occur- rence for them to be observed without that zone of the globe, and they are so constant that our mariners hail their appearance as a sure indication of their vicinity to the tropics; they seldom approach the Jand, except for the purpose of nidification, and, in & COMMON TROPIC-BIRD. 125 common with the rest of the Pelecanide, they perch upon trees: their food consists of fishes, upon which they pounce after the manner of the birds of the pre- ceding genus. ‘The structure of their beak is not much unlike that of some of the Gulls, and that forms a beautiful connecting link with those birds, as does also their thick and downy plumage: their feet are more webbed than those of the Frigate-birds; and the tail is adorned with two extremely long central feathers. COMMON TROPIC-BIRD. (Phaéton zthereus. ) Pu. ulbus, dorso uropygio tectricibusque alarum minoribus nigro striatis, rectricum scapis bast fascidque supra oculari nigris, rostro rubro. White Tropic-bird, with the back, rump, and lesser wing-coverts striped with black, the shafts at the base of the tail-feathers and fascia above the eyes black, the beak red. ; Phaéton zthereus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.219. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 581. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 893. -Leach, Zool. Misc. 2. 140. | Lepturus. Briss. Orn. 6. 480. pl. 42. f. 1. Avis Tropicorum. Raii Syn. 123. Grand Paille-en-queue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 348. pl. 28. Buff: Pl. Enl. 998. Tropic-bird. Willow. Orn. 331. pl.75. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.615. _ Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 443. Variety.—Lepturus candidus. Briss. Orn. 6. 485. pl. 42. f. 2. Paille-en-queue de l’isle de l’Ascension. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 355. Buff. Pi. Enl. 369. : Tropic-bird. Edw. Glean, pl. 149. f. 2. 126 COMMON TROPIC-BIRD. From the tip of the beak to that of the tail, this bird measures two feet ten inches: the beak is red: the head, neck, and under parts of the body are white: near the base of the upper mandible of the beak arises a streak of black, which curves round the upper part of the eye and ends a little way behind it: the back, rump, and scapulars are white, striped with black curved streaks: the lesser wing-coverts are white, some of them transversely marked with black : the greater quills are black with white edges : the sides of the body, over the thighs are black, or dusky, and white mixed: the tail is white, with the exception of the two middle feathers, which are black at the base; the last feathers are about twenty inches in length; the next two about five inches and a half, and the two outer feathers about half that length, pro- ducing a cuneiform shape : the legs are dae analy claws black. This species varies in having its eal cinereous at its base, the rest yellowish; the general colour of the plumage silvery white; with the crescent over the eye, and black markings on the scapulars: the legs yellowish: the base of the toes the same: the rest of their length, the webs, and claws black. Another variety is mentioned, differing in having the plumage of a yellowish white or cream colour, instead of being pure silvery white. Inhabits various maritime countries within the tropics, but nowhere so abundant as at Palmerstone Island: they are said to perch on trees, and to lay their eggs on the ground beneath them: they fly very high, and stray to a very considerable distance BLACK-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD. 127 from land; they attack and prey upon the flying- fish. The natives of Otaheite, and of other islands in the South Seas, search diligently after the long tail- feathers, which they use to ornament their dresses. BLACK-BILLED TROPIC-LIRD. (Phaéton melanorhynchos.) Pu. albo nigroque striatus subtus fronteque albus, tenia ante poneque oculos, rostro pedibusque nigris. Tropic-bird striped with white and black, beneath and the fore- head white, with a broad band before and behind the eyes, the beak and legs black. Phaéton melanorhynchus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.582. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 894. | Black-billed Tropic-bird. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.619. Lath. Gen. Fist. x. 446. _ Youne ?—New Holland Tropic-bird. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 448. Tuts 1s nineteen inches and a half in length : beak black: the plumage on the upper part of the body and wings irregularly streaked with black and white : before the eye a strip or crescent of black, and be- hind a streak of the same: the quills and tail are marked similarly to the upper parts of the plumage ; the former has the tips white, and the latter has them dusky black: the forehead and all the under parts of the body are pure white: the sides over the thighs 128 RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. are striated black and white: the legs are black. In- habits Turtle and Palmerstone Islands, in the South Seas. RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. (Phaeton phcenicurus.) Pu. roseo-incarnatus, rostro rectricibusque duabus intermedits rubris, tenia superciliari pedibusque nigris. , Rosy flesh-coloured Tropic-bird, with fe beak and two Middle _ tail-feathers red, with a superciliary band and the legs black. Phaéton pheenicurus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.583. Lath. Ind. Orn. 895. 3 Paille-en-queue a brins rouges. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 357. Paille-en-queue de l’isle de France. Buff: Pl. Enl. 979. ” Red-tailed Tropic-bird. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.619. pl. 105. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 447. Two feet ten inches in length, including the two middle tail-feathers, which alone measure twenty-one inches: the beak is deep red: the plumage cream- colour, delicately tinged with pale rose-colour: over the eyes a black crescent: scapulars tipped with black: the shafts and base of the two middle tail-feathers black ; the rest of the webs bright red: the sides over the thighs dusky : the legs black. Like its congeners this bird prefers the countries within the tropics : it occurs, however, in most plenty i Ni ct RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. 129 in the island of Mauritius, where they construct their nests in hollows in the ground beneath the trees, - laying two yellowish white eggs, spotted with rufous. It also occurs in plenty at Palmerstone and Turtle Islands, and among the Friendly and Society Islands in the South Seas. V. XIU. P. Ie 9 130 PLOTUS. DARTER. ~ Generic Character. Rostrum capite longior, rec- tum, validum, margine oblique denticulato, apice Beak \onger than the head, straight, strong, its edge obliquely denticulated, its. acuto. tip acute. Nares in rima ad basin rostri || Nostrids placed in a cleft at positee. the base of the beak. , Facies gulaque nude, Face and throat naked. Collum elongatum. Neck elongated. Pedes breves; tibie basi nude. Leg's short ; the tibia naked at the base. PLOTUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., Vieil., &c. THESE birds.have a body and legs in some degree resembling those of the Cormorants, but their neck is extremely long and slender, their head small, and their beak straight, slender, and pointed, with their edges denticulated ; in other respects they agree with — the rest of the birds of this family, as they do also ~ in habits. ; 19.0 ew: ae Se ae As = Aad = 7 SSE A Ze BLACK BELLIED DARTER. 131 BLACK-BELLIED DARTER. (Plotus melanogaster.) Pi. abdomine nigro. Darter with the abdomen black. Plotus melanogaster. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.580. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 895. ea 3 Anhinga de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 959. Anhinga noir du Senegal. Buff Pl. Enl. 960. Anhinga. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8 8. pl. oo. Anhinga roux du Senegal. ee Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. A532 Buff: PL Ent. 107 = Black-bellied Berke: baa Ge a 6. 624. pl. 106. Wils. . ae ). 79. pl. Meng 1.2.. Lath, Gen. Hist. bi seum, measured “ ree feet three inches afd a half in length: its beak four inches and a half; colour dusky yellow, covered at the base with a skin of the same colour, which occupies the space between _ the beak and eye, and surrounds the latter: nostrils a slit placed obliquely, not far from the base; the upper mandible finely serrated: the head is small, and the neck long and slender, both covered with short downy feathers, of a dusky white: or very pale brown, palest before, and darkest at the lower part behind: the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts are of the same colour, but deeper: the lower part of the neck, on the sides, and the wing-coverts, marked with oval spots of white, regular, and forming rows on 182 WHITE-BELLIED DARTER. the latter: the scapulars streaked longitudinally with white, giving the bird an elegant appearance : across the lower part of the breast a dull rufous bar; from thence all beneath is black, of which colour are also the quills and tail; the last is eleven inches in length, a little rounded in shape, and the ends of the feathers rusty pale brown; the two middle feathers undulated cross-ways in a singular manner: the legs are clumsy, stout, and only four inches and a half in length; the colour dirty yellowish-brown.” Native place un- known. A variety from Cayenne is figured by Buffon; of the length of the former : beak pale yellow: round the eye and throat pale dusky white : the wing-coverts yellowish-white: the rest of the plumage black, except the feathers on the upper part of the back, and some of the scapulars, which are streaked down the middle with white ; and the tip of the tail dirty rufous: legs | brownish-yellow. WHITE-BELLIED DARTER. (Plotus Anhinga.) Px. abdomine albo. Darter with the abdomen white. : Plotus Anhinga. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 218. Gmel. Syst. Nat. }. 580. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 895. a Anhinga. » Briss. Orn. 6. 476. Rai Syn. 124. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 448. ! 4 White-bellied Darter. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 622. Lath. Gen. Alist. x. 449. | WHITE-BELLIED DARTER. 133 Axsout the size of a Duck in the body, but its length, from the tip of the beak to that of the tail, 1s about two feet ten inches: the beak is greyish with its base yellowish: the irides are gold-coloured: the head is small, and the neck long and slender, and covered with soft downy feathers of a rufous grey- colour: the throat and fore part of the neck are grey, the upper part of the back and scapulars are dusky black: the middle of the feathers dashed with white : the lower part of the back, the rump, and upper tail-coverts, of a fine black: the lesser and middle wing-coverts are similar to the back ; the greater co- verts nearest the body are black, spotted with white, the outer ones plain black : the tail consists of twelve broad glossy black feathers: all the under parts of the body from the breast are pure silvery white: the legs and toes are yellowish-grey. Inhabits Brazil: it builds its nest on trees, on which it roosts at night, and when not on the water, being very rarely seen on the ground: it feeds upon fish, which it catches most dexterously, darting upon them with great rapidity. ‘These birds delight to sit in little communities, on the dry limbs of trees, - hanging over still waters, with their wings and tails expanded ; and when any one approaches, drop off the limb into the water as if dead, and for a minute or two are not seen; when on a sudden, at a vast distance, their long slender heads and necks only ap- pear, having much the resemblance of snakes, as no other part of them is visible, whilst swimming, except occasionally the tip of the tail. LARID&. "L HE birds comprised in this family are distinguished by the great length of their wings, by their beak being destitute of denticulation, but bent down at the tip in some of the genera, and simply pointed in the others. Again, their hinder toe is not included in the same membrane which invests the others, but i is either free or totally wanting. All the species affect the high seas, and by means of their long wings they fly to great distances from land, many of them having been observed by ma- riners at several hundred leagues therefrom. They subsist usually upon fishes and mollusca, and some of them upon small Alcadz, the refuse materials thrown from ships, and all kinds of fat greasy matter floating upon the surface of the water; they are mostly very voracious. DIVISION I Rostrum rectum, acutum. Beak straight, acute. ct ee ee. StS ee SR eect. Sen ee eae ae 135 RHYNCHOPS. SKIMMER. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longior, rec- || Beak longer than the head, tum, compressum, apice straight, compressed, its truncato; mandibula su- tip truncated; the upper periore multo breviore, in- mandible much shorter feriore apice truncato. than the under, which has : its apex also truncated. Nares lineares. Nostrils linear. , Cauda furcata. Tail forked. Pedes graciles, digito postico || Legs slender, the hinder toe minuto. minute. RHYNCHOPS. Linn., Gmel., Lath., &c. RYGCHOPSALIA. Briss. PLOTUS. Klein. ‘Tue Skimmers are distinguished from all other birds by the very extraordinary form of their beak, which has its upper mandible considerably shorter than their under, and grooved beneath, so as to re- ceive the edge of the lower, which is extremely thin ; the sides of both mandibles have several slight fur- rows: the nostrils are large and pervious, and placed in a hollow near the base and edge of the upper man- dible, where it projects greatly over the lower. The 136 - _ BLACK SKIMMER. tail is forked ; and the legs and feet are very similar to those of the Terns, to which genus these birds are also greatly allied, from their long wings and man- ners of life. “There are two species known. Re. nigricans subtus a Dusky Skimmer beneat Rhynchops ni 1. 6 a Lat e base of the beak red. 1.228. Gmel. Syst. Nai. ( aur. Misc. pl. com 26 ra. Linn. s yf. Fea: a os major nova ¥ Riad Syn. 194. Le bec en ciseaux. Buf. Ois Buff. Pl. Enl. 357. Coupeur d'eau. Cuv. Reg. Ann Cutwater. Catesby, Carol. 1. pl. 90. Black Skimmer. dw. Glean. pl. 28) 2.445. Lata. Gen. Syn. 6. 347. pl. int x. 96. Wils. Amer. Orn. vii. 853. pl. Tm: e 4. | Variety.—Rhynchops fulva. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 229. Rygchopsalia fulva. Brass. Orn. 6. 227. A. Tuts singular bird is twenty inches in length: its” beak is red at its base and black at its tip: the fore- head, chin, and under parts of its plumage, are white : | the rest of the head, and the upper parts of the boc y : and wings, are dusky black : the wings are crossed — by a white bar: the tail is considerably shorter than — the wings, and forked; the two middle feathers are. a SA TAS SO WP BLACK SKIMMER. TS7 black; the next on each side the same outwardly margined with white; the four outer ones white, dashed with dusky down the shafts, least on the outer feathers: legs slender and red; claws black. Both sexes are alike; but varieties of each sometimes occur; some being brown instead of black, and having the white less pure: others have those parts of a ful- vous colour that are usually of a black brown. This species inhabits various parts of the American continent, from New York to the Brazils. It is ge- nerally on the wing, and skims on the surface of the water, continually dipping in its beak to take up the - small fish, which are its principal food: in stormy weather it seeks the shore, and chiefly subsists upon shrimps, small crabs, &c. Its voice is harsh and screaming, resembling that of the Terns, but stronger. It flies slowly, dipping occasionally, with steady ex- panded wings and bended neck, its lower mandible into the sea, and with open mouth receiving its food as it ploughs along-the surface: it is rarely seen _ swimmuing’on the water ; but frequently rests in large parties on the sand bars at low water. On the coast of Virginia these birds may be observed in flocks of several hundreds together ; and upwards of twenty nests have been found within the space of a square rod: the nest is a mere hollow formed in the sand, without any other materials: the female lays there eggs, almost exactly oval, of a clear white, marked with large round spots of brownish-black, and inter- mixed with others of pale ink colour: they are fre- quently eaten, but have a fishy taste: the female sits on them only during the night, or in wet and stormy 138 YELLOW-BEAKED SKIMMER. weather. The young are at first so exactly of a co- lour with the sand on which they sit, as to be with difficulty discovered: they are several weeks before they fly, during which time they are assiduously at- tended by the parents: when the young are able to leave, they depart to other countries, but rarely Bre; ceed far out to sea. YELLOW-BEAKED SKIMMER. (Rhynchops flavirostris.) Ru. corpore supra cinereo-fusco, subtus albo ; rostro fiavo 5 pe- dibus fuscis. Skimmer with the body above ashy-brown, beneath white, the beak yellow, the legs brown. Rhynchops flavirostris, Vieil. 2 Edit. du Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. t. lil. p. 358. Tus bird has the forehead, the throat, all the under parts of the body, the tips of the upper wing- coverts and secondary quills white: the rest of the plumage is ashy-grey. Inhabits the rivers of Senegal and Gambia. Se en Oe te eee ee ee ee ee ee ee, See ES a 139 ANOUS. NODDY. \ Generic Character. Rostrum capite longum, sub- || Beak as long as the head, ulatum, subrectum, acu- subulated, nearly straight, tum, compressiusculum ; pointed, compressed ; the ~ mandibula superiore paulo upper mandible a little inclinata. inclined. Nares lineares, basales. Nostrils linear, basal. Ale mediocres. Wings medial. Cauda haud furcata. Tail not forked. Pedes tetradactyli, debiles; Legs four-toed, weak; the digito postico minuto, wn- hinder toe minute, the gues parve. : claws small. ANOUS. Leach. MS. 4 STERNA. Linn. Gmel., Lath. | GAVIA. Briss. PASSER. Ray. THE Noddies differ from the Terns and Viralves by having the tail nearly equal with the wings, and even at the end : their beak also differs from that of either of the above genera in its form, which approaches somewhat to that of the beak of the Gulls. They are said to be a very stupid race of birds, and to allow themselves to be knocked on the head without at- i BLACK NODDY. tempting to remove from the place: ‘ley are usually of very dark and sombre colours; and are found within the tropics. - AN. corpore nig brows, and blac Sterna stolida. 2 605. Lath. Ind. Sterna Philippina. Passer stultus. Gavia fusca. : La Mouette brune. "Buf. Pl. E nds Le Noddi noir, Oiseau fou, &c. Cur. Le petit Fouquet des Philippines. Son ie Philippine Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 267. Noddy. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 461. pl. 37. pl. 88. Lath. en. . Syn. . 6.354. 2 Lath. Tue length of this bird is fifteen stig : its 2 ea is slender ai black : its entire plumage is of a sooty brown, the top of the head excepted ; this is white, changing to ash colour towards the occiput: the quills and tail are blackish-brown: the legs are black. A common species within the tropical seas: it is said to breed in the rocky ledges of St. Helena, and in the Bermuda Islands, and various parts of Brazil and Cayenne. ‘They fly about in flocks during the — FOr ACK NODDY. = DUSKY NODDY. 141 period of incubation, and are very noisy. They are called Noddies from their apparent stupidity in flying into ships, and allowing themselves to be caught by the hand ; but they will frequently inflict very severe wounds with their beak, and scratch with their claws those persons who attempt to catch them. DUSKY NODDY. (Anous fuscatus. ) An. corpore nigricante immaculato, pedibus rubris, rostro fusco. Noddy with an immaculate dusky body, red legs, and brown beak. Sterna fuscata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 228. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 610. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 807. Sterna fusca. Briss. Orn. 6.220. pl. 21. f. 1.. Dusky Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.360. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 129. Tuer Dusky Noddy is in length eleven inches : its beak is greyish-brown with its tip black: the head, throat, and hind part of the neck are dusky brown : the back, rump, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts the’ same, with the edges of the feathers rufous : the lesser and middle wing coverts dusky brown above: the greater coverts dusky: the quills dusky, the shafts beneath white: the two next the body tipped with rufous : the fore part of the neck and all the under parts of the plumage are brown : tail dusky, the two middle feathers with rufous tips : legs dull red : claws black. Inhabits St. Dommgo. 142 SHORT-TAILED NODDY. (Anous plumbea.) | An. albus, vertex, auricule, maculé ante oculos, occipiteque nigris, dorso humerisque saturaté cinereis, pennis apice fuscis, alis caudaque plumbeis. White Noddy with the crown, auriculars, a spot before the eyes, and the occiput black, the back and shoulders dark ash, the tips of the feathers brown, the wings and tail lead-coloured. Sterna plumbea, or short-tailed Tern. Wils. Amer. Orn. ¥. vii. p. So. pl. TEx. Ff, 3: Short-tailed Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 130. LeneTu eight inches and a half: the beak, crown, auricles, spot before the eye and the occiput black : the forehead, eyelids, sides of the neck passing round to the nape, and all the under parts, pure white; back and shoulders dark cinereous, the feathers broadly tipped with brown : wings and tail pan lead colour: legs tawny. Inhabits America: discovered by Wilson after a vio- lent storm, which inundated the meadows of Schuyl- kill, and by causing the insects therein to float on the water, attracted several hundreds of this species; some of which were killed, and upon examination proved to be non-descript: their stomachs were found to contain grasshoppers, crickets, spiders, &c. but no fish. | 145 BROWN NODDY. ( Anous ? spadicea.) An. fusco-rubescens, crisso albo, dorsi pennis tectricibusque alarum margine albidis, scapularibus remigibusque secundariis apice albis. x Red-brown Noddy, with the vent white, the feathers of the back and wing-coverts edged with whitish, the scapulars and se- condary quills white at the tip. Sterna spadicea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.610. Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 807. Brown Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.359. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 129. Innasits Cayenne: length fifteen inches: beak black : the prevailing colour of the plumage is red- dish-brown ; the under parts palest : the head, neck, and under parts are uniform in colour, but the edges of the feathers of the back and wing-coverts are red- dish-white: the scapulars and secondaries are tipped — with white : the under wing-coverts and the ridges of the wings are white: the quills and tail are dusky, with the shafts of the feathers white beneath: the legs are pale reddish-brown; the claws are black. It varies in having some of the feathers on the neck and breast edged with dusky. 144 STERNA. TERN. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longior, gra- || Beak longer than the head, cile, subrectum, compres- slender, nearly straight, siusculum apice acuito ; rather compressed, the tip mandibulA superiore de- || pointed, the upper man- flexo. dible bent down, Nares oblonge, basales. Nostrils oblong, nasal. Ale \ongissime. Wings very long. Cauda valde forficata. Tail greatly forked. Pedes tetradactyli, debiles; || Legs four-toed, weak; the digito postico minuto, wn- |; hinder ¢oe minute, the gues parve. claws small. . STERNA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. HIRUNDO: Ray...” LARUS. Ray. "THESE birds are readily distinguished by the great length of their wings and their forked tail, as well as by the form of their beak. In manner they some- what resemble the Noddies, but are less stupid. They are more generally distributed over the globe, and are abundant in the temperate regions: their colours are & CASPIAN TERN. 145 of a gayer description than either those of the Vi- valres or Noddies; the predominating hue being a beautiful ashy-lead colour, often tinged with rosy. Terns are perpetually on the wing, and when they rest seldom alight upon the water, but prefer the land, as they are bad swimmers. ‘Their nourishment consists almost exclusively of small live fishes, which they seize upon while on the wing, descending like a shot to the water, and capturing their prey. “CASPIAN TERN. (Sterna Caspia.) — Sr. corpore supra plumbeo-cinereo, subtus colloque albo, rostro coccineo, capillitio pedibusque nigris. Tern with the body above leaden-ash, beneath and neck white, the beak crimson, the capillitium and legs black. Hirondelle de mer Tschegrava. Temm.man.d’Orn. |. 2 Edit. ii. 733. Sterna Caspica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 603. Lath. Ind. Orn. 5. ~ 804. Sparr. Mus. Carl. fas. pl. 62. Caspian Tern. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.526. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 350. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 99. Tue Caspian Tern is upwards of twenty inches in length: its beak is crimson: the irides are dull: the forehead, crown, hind head, and round the eyes, are deep black, with a few dots of white: on the lower eye-lid is a small whitish crescent: the hind part of the neck, and all the upper parts of the body, the V. XII. P. I. 10 - HO CRESTED TERN. rump, and tail, are pure snowy white: the first six quills are deep ash-colour, the margins and tips blackish ; the rest are coloured the same as the back: the legs are black. Common in the Caspian Sea and its vicinity: it lays two or three large ashy-green eggs, spotted with brown. Its manners somewhat resemble those of the Gulls ; and its voice is similar to the noise made by a person laughing. CRESTED TERN. (Sterna cristata.) Sr. cinereo-cana, corpore subtus colloque albis, vertice nigro, occipite subcristata, rectrice externa a medio ad apicem alba. Hoary ash-coloured Tern with the body beneath and neck white, the crown black, the occiput slightly crested, the outer tail- feathers from the middle to the tip white. Sterna Caspia y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 11. 804. Caspian Tern B. Lath. Gen. Syn. vi. 351. Crested Tern. Lath.°Gen. Hist. x. 101. Lenetu about twenty inches: beak three inches, ‘ stout, pale and yellow: nostrils pervious: the crown black, the feathers elongated and forming a pinnacle crest at the nape; the rest of the head, neck, and © under parts of the body white: back and wings pale — ashy-grey: quills grey, with the ends dusky: inner — webs, half way from the base, white: tail grey, the — end half of the feathers white : the shafts of the quills — and tail white: legs black. The female? has the — =: SANDWICH TERN. 14:7 crown somewhat mottled with grey, and the wings darker coloured. Inhabits China; and many of the south-eastern islands of Asia. SANDWICH TERN. (Sterna cantiaca. ) St. alba dorso alisque canis, pileo nigro, fronte maculis albis, remigibus nigricantibus scapis albis. White Tern with the back and wings hoary, the pileus black, the forehead with white spots, the quills dusky with white ‘shafts. Sterna cantiaca.—Hirondelle de mer cangek. Temm. man. d’Orn- 479. Id. 2 Edit. ii, 735. Winter Puumace.—Sterna cantiaca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 60@ Linn. Trans. 13. 329. Summer Prumace.—Sterna Boysii. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 806. Greater Sea Swallow. Alb. Birds, 2. pl. 88. Sandwich Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.356. Lath. Syn. Sup. 266. Boys’ Sandwich, p.851. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 203. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 120. Don. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 120. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. with fig. Bew. Brit, Birds, 2.204. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 106. IMMATURE SUMMER PLuMAGE.—Sterna Africana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 605. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 105. African Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 354. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 108. Youne.—Sterna striata. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.609? Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 807 ? Sterna nebulosa. Sparr. Mus. Carls. fas. pl. 63. Striated Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 358. pl. 98? Durine the winter season, this species has the beak of a deep black, with its tip yellow: its irides are 148 SANDWICH TERN. blackish : the forehead and the top of the head are pure white; the hinder part of the latter is slightly sprinkled with black spots, which are placed in the centre of the feathers: the feathers of the occiput are rather long, and are deep black with white edges : before the eyes is a black crescent: the nape, upper part of the back, all the under parts, and the tail are clear glossy white: the rest of the back, the scapulars and wing-coverts are bright bluish-ash : the quills are of a velvet-grey, and are all bordered on their inner webs by a broad white band: the legs are black ; with the under part of the foot yellow-ochre colour. — During the spring and summer, the forehead, top of — the head, and the occipital feathers are deep black : the rest of the plumage resembles that of the winter. — The young about the head resemble their parents in — the winter, and like them their under parts are pure — white. ‘The back and scapulars are whitish-ash, trans- — versely rayed with blackish-brown bars; the larger — scapulars are edged with brown: the wing-coverts ~ are tipped with semicircular bands: the secondaries — and quills are blackish-ash, edged and tipped with — white: the tail-feathers are ash-eoloured at their base, — then blackish, and tipped with white: the beak is black, with the tip yellowish. { This species inhabits the sea-coasts, and appears to be freely distributed over all those of Europe: on those of this country it is however not very frequent, ( except in the neighbourhood of Sandwich, where it was discovered by Mr. Boys, of that place, who com- municated his discovery to Dr. Latham. It also. occurs on the coasts of Northumberland, as Bewick’s: WHITE-BROWED TERN. 149 account tells us. Its nest and eggs have not hitherto been discovered in England, but, according to Tem- minck, it builds in large flocks on the strands of the sea, in salt marshes, or on the naked rocks; laying two or three whitish eggs, marked with black spots of various sizes. It feeds on fishes. WHITE-BROWED TERN. (Sterna superciliaris.) Sr. vertice nigro alboque vario, occipite nigro, corpore supra _ cerulescente-cinereo, subtus superciliisque albis, remigibus qua- iuor primaris nigris. - Tern with the crown varied with black and white, the occiput black, the body above bluish-ash, beneath and eyelids white, the four primary quills black. L’Hirondelle de mer a sourcils blancs.—Sterna superciliaris. Viedl. 2 Edit. du Nowv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. t. 32—176. White-browed Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 108. Youne?—Sterna maculata. Véieil. l. c.? Lenetu eight inches: over the eye a broad band of white, and a second of black and white beneath, surrounding the eye: the sides of the head, and all _the under parts of the plumage, white: the top of the head marbled with black and white: the occiput black : the body above and wings blue-grey ; the four outer quills blackish. Inhabits Paraguay; discovered PY d’ Azara. 150 COMMON TERN. (Sterna Hirundo.) — St. rostro pedibusque sanguineis, rectricibus dudbus eaternis albo nigroque dimidiatis. Tern with the beak and legs blood red, the two outer tail-feathers half black half white. Sterna Hirundo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.227. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 606. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 807. Hirundo marina. Rai Syn. 131. A. Sterna major.. Briss. Orn. 6. 203. pl. 19.f. 1. L’Hirondelle de mer pierre garin. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 331. pl. 27. Buff. Pl. Enl. 987. Temm. man. d’Orn. 481. Id. 2 Edit. i. 744. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 521. Greater Tern (or Common). Penn. Brit. Zool. 2 . 254. pl. 90. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.361. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 204, Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 119. Don. Brit. Birds, 1. pl. 23. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 129. Wils. “Amer. Orn. vii. 76. pl. Ixx. f.1. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 114. LenetH upwards of fourteen inches: its beak is crimson, with its tip dusky: the irides are reddish- brown: the forehead, top of the head, and the long occipital feathers are deep black: the hinder part of the neck, the back, and wings are bluish-ash: the under parts are pure white, the breast excepted, which is slightly shaded with cinereous; the quills are whitish-ash tipped with brown-ash: the tail is white ; with its two lateral feathers blackish-brown on their outer webs: the legs are red. ‘The young after the first autumnal moult have the forehead and part of the top of the head of a dirty white, marked | aaa a a PSs FLIS. Yj Zo A COMMON TERN. rae aay COMMON TERN. 151 with blackish spots towards the occiput ; the long fea- thers of which are brownish-black, finely edged and tipped with whitish: the upper parts of the body are of a dull ashy-blue, with all the feathers edged and tipped with whitish, and irregularly spotted with clear brown: the under parts are dull dirty white: the tail-feathers are ash-coloured, tipped with whitish : the base of the beak is dull orange; the irides are dusky brown; the legs orange. Inhabits the sea-coasts, and collections of water in their vicinity, and is a very common species in all parts of Europe, and also of North America: it is common on those of Britain. About June it lays two or three eggs of an ashy-brown colour, marked with numerous irregular spots of blackish and ash- colour: the young are hatched in July, and fly in about six weeks. It is a bold bird, and during the period of incubation will attack any person approach- img too near its nest. It is often called the Sea Swallow, as it is continually on the wing, and is, moreover, very active in pursuit of its prey. ARCTIC TERN. (Sterna arctica.) Sr. rostro rufo, apice nigro ; tarsis brevibus ; caudd valdé furcata. Tern with the beak red, its tip black, the tarsi short, the tail very much forked. | Sterna arctica. Sabine, Frank. Journ. App. 694. Parry's App. p. CCcil. Hirondelle de mer arctique. Zemm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 742. Arctic Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 116. LenerTH fourteen inches: beak bright red: irides brown: crown and nape deep black: beneath the eye a streak of white: the rest of the upper parts of the plumage similar in colour to those of the Common Tern, but of a deeper cinereous; the throat, and fore part of the neck of a deeper hue than the back : part of the belly and the tail-coverts white : tail much forked: legs red: the tarsi and toes very short. Resembles the Common Tern, but readily distin- guished by the brevity of its tarsi, and by the beak being entirely red, without a black tip. It was discovered during the expedition to the northern regions by Captain Sabine, and is said to be frequent in the arctic countries: it has lately been found also on the coasts of Scotland, the Orcades, and on the shores of the Baltic, and according to Dr. Latham, in his new edition, it has been found at Sandwich in Kent. Its manners are unknown, ex- cept that it feeds upon fishes. i bo * soe Jemcih bi (OO aes ROSEATE TERN. (Sterna Dougallii.) St. vertice nuchdque nigris, corpore supra cerulescente-cinereo, _ subtus rosaceo-albo, remige prima nigro marginato; rectricibus dudbus extertoribus poured angustis, tenuissimisque. Tern with the vertex and nape black, the body above bluish- ash, Ueneath rosy-white, the first quill edged with white, the two outer tail-feathers very long and narrow. Roseate Tern.—Sterna Dougallii. Mont. Orn. Dict. Supp. with fig. Lath. Gen, Hist. x. 113. Hirondelle de mer Dougallii. Temm. man. d’Orn, 2 Edit. ii. 738. - L’ Hirondelle de mer rosée. Viel, 2 Edit.de Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat, t. 32. p. 174. _Monracv has given the following description of this new and beautiful species. ‘‘ Length fifteen inches and a half: the beak one inch five-eighths long to the feathers on the forehead, slender, slightly curved, and of a jet black colour, except at the base, which is of a bright orange, extendmg about the eighth of an inch on the upper mandible from the corner of the mouth, round the front, and round the nostrils, and on the under mandible, extending from the angle of the mouth along the sides as far as the feathers on the chin, and rather beyond on the under part: the imside of the mouth and throat bright orange, becoming darker towards the end of the beak : irides black: the tongue one half the length of the beak, of a pale red colour, and bifurcated at the point : the forehead, crown, hind part, and sides ' of the head, taking in the eyes, except a small por- 154 ROSEATE TERN. tion of the lower part of the orbit, jet black: the black feathers on the hind head thinly diffused, and flowing over the white down on the back of the neck : the feathers on the sides of the head, extending in a narrow line along the upper mandible to the nostrils, and on the sides of the neck white : the whole under parts are white, but the fore part of the neck, breast, and belly, to beyond the vent, are tinged with a most delicate rosy-black: the back scapulars and coverts of the wings are pale cinereous-grey ; the quill-fea- thers are narrow, the first. has the exterior web black, with a hoary tinge; the others are hoary on that part; and part of the mner web next to the shafts of the first three or four is hoary black, becoming by degrees paler in the succeeding feathers, all deeply margined with white quite to the tip, and the shafts of all are white: length of the wing from the elbow to the ex- tremity of the first quill-feather nine inches and a quarter: the tail is greatly forked; the outer feather is seven inches long, extending two inches beyond the wings when closed, extremely slender, and the end for an inch or more slightly ciliated ; the middle feathers are scarcely three inches in length; they are all white, destitute of any markings: the legs and feet are bright orange ; the claws black.” __ This elegant species was first discovered by Dr. M‘Dougall of Glasgow, who shot several specimens in the West Highlands of Scotland, m July, 1812, and communicated them to Montagu : since that pe- riod it has been observed on the coasts of Picardy, in France, by M. Laillotte; and also in Norway, and other parts of Europe. It feeds upon fish. oe | ee 155 CAYENNE TERN. (Sterna Cayana.) ST. grisea pennis rufo marginatis, occipite nigro, corpore subtus albo. Grey Tern with the feathers edged with red, the occiput black, the body beneath white. Sterna Cayanensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 604. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 804. Le grand Hirondelle de mer de Cayenne. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.346. Buff. Pl. Enl. 988. Cayenne Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.352. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 127. Inwaxsits Cayenne: length sixteen inches: the hind part of the head black ; the upper parts of the plumage grey, with pale rufous edges to all the fea- thers: the under parts of the body are white. SURINAM TERN. (Sterna Surinamensis.) Sr. cinerea subtus alba, rostro capite collo pectoreque nigris, pe- dibus rubris. Ash-coloured Tern beneath white, with the beak, head, neck, and breast black, the legs red. Sterna Surinamensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.604. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 804. Surinam Tern. Lath, Gen. Syn. 6.352. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 124. 156 WREATHED TERN. Tuts bird is a native of Surimam: its beak, head, neck, and breast are described as being black: its back, wings, and tail, as being ash-coloured: the belly and thighs as being dirty white; the legs and feet red, and the claws black. It is often seen two hundred leagues from land: _ its principal food consists of fish. WREATHED TERN. | (Sterna vittata.) St. cinerascens, capite supertore nigro vitta alba circumdato, uro- pygio crisso cauddque albis. Greyish Tern with the upper part of the head black, surrounded by a white wreath, the rump, vent, and tail white. Sterna vittata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 609. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 807. Wreathed Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.359. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 117. DescrrBep by Latham from the collection of the late Sir Joseph Banks: ‘ Length fifteen inches: beak rather slender, near two inches in length, and of a deep blood red: the top of the head, just taking in the eye on each side, and to the nape behind, black : this is bounded by a line of white all round : the rest of the plumage a very pale ash-colour, in some parts nearly white : the chin palest : rump, vent, and tail pure white; the outer feathers of the last inclines to ash-colour: legs orange.’’ He adds, ‘a . } " ‘ 3 Si ~: Sees ge ah is | bie apie el aT da lon lS an yg ae ere as FRCS PO Ee ee I oe PANAYAN TERN. 157 second of these had a shorter beak: the tail ash- coloured, with white shafts; and the general colour of the plumage every where darker : probably a young bird. Inhabits Christmas Island.” PANAYAN TERN. (Sterna Panaya.) St. subtus alba, vertice nigro maculato, cervice griseo-nigricante, alis cauddque fuscis. Tern beneath white, the crown spotted with black, the cervix dusky-griseous, the wings and tail brown. Sterna Panayensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 607. Sterna Panaya. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 801. L’Hirondelle de mer del’Isle de Panay. Sonn. Voy. Ind. 125. pl. 84. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 344. Panayan Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 363. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 119. Tuts bird greatly resembles the Common species, but its plumage is considerably darker above: it is the same size as that bird: its beak is black: the top of the head is spotted with black: the hind part of the neck greyish-black: the wings and tail are of an umbre colour above and greyish beneath: the fore part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are white : the legs are black. Inhabits the Island of Panay. JAVAN TERN. (Sterna Javanica.) Sr. glauca, guld malts cervice postice alis cauddque infra albis, capite supra nigro, remigibus griseo-fuscescentibus interne plaga albida notatis, rostro pedibusque flavis. Glaucous Tern, with the throat, cheeks, cervix behind, wings, and tail beneath white, the head above black, the quills grey- brownish marked internally with a white dash, the beak and legs yellow. Sterna Javanica. Horsfield, Linn. Trans. xiii, 198. Javan Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 125, Lrenetu eleven inches: prevailing colour glau- cous, throat, cheeks, neck behind, wings and tail be- neath white : head above black : quills brownish-grey, marked within with a whitish patch: beak and legs yellow. Inhabits Java. BLACK-NAPED TERN. (Sterna media.) St. fronte cervice postice et partibus inferioribus albis, pileo albo nigroque vario, nucha atra, alis dorso uropygioque glaucis, remigibus supra fuscis cano pulverulentis, subtus dimidio ex- teriore intensé glaucis intertore albis. | Tern with the forehead, neck behind, and under parts of the body white, the pileus varied with white and black, the nape dark, the wings, back, and rump glaucous, the quills above brown sprinkled with hoary, beneath with the outer half intense glaucous, the interior white. HOARY TERN. 159 Sterna media. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xii. 199. Black-naped Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 126. Leneru fifteen inches: beak long: forehead, neck behind, and under parts of the body white: crown varied with black and white: nape black; wings, back, and rump glaucous: quills brown, powdered with grey: feet black: the interior border of the sixth, seventh, and eighth quills, is white, and very regularly defined. Inhabits Java. * ‘ HOARY TERN. (Sterna grisea. ) ST. suprd grisea, corpore subtus, collari fronieque albis, remige exteriore nigricante, rostro nigro. Tern above grey, with the body beneath, the collar and forehead white, the outer quills dusky, the beak black. Sterna grisea. Horsfield. Linn. Trans, xiii. 199. Hoary Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 126. LeneoTu nine inches: beak black: body above grey: forehead, a collar round the neck, and the under parts of the body white; the outer quill dusky. Inhabits Java. 160 WHITE TERN. (Sterna alba.) St. corpore toto albo, rostro pedibus nigris. Tern with the body entirely white, the beak and legs black. Sterna alba. Sparr. Mus. Carls. fas. 3 pl. 11. Gael. Syst. Nat. 1.607. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 808. Sterna candida. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 607. | . White Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 363. Lath. Syn. Sup. 266. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 109. IvuaBiTs various parts of the Kast Indies, the Cape of Good Hope, and other southern parts: its length is thirteen inches: its beak is slender and black : the eye-lids are also black : the general colour of the plumage is snowy white; with the shafts of the quills, scapulars, and tail (except its three outer feathers) black : the legs are brown ; the webs orange, and the claws black. eee od SLRS AN St 7 EGER MET GE TTS RM Le SE EGYPTIAN TERN. (Sterna Nilotica.) Sr. cinerea subtus alba, vertice collogue superiore maculis nigri- cantibus, orbitis nigris albo-maculatis. Ash-coloured Tern beneath white, with the crown and neck above with dusky spots, the orbits black spotted with white. NEW HOLLAND TERN. fOr... Sterna Nilotica.- Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 606. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 806. | Egyptian Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 976. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 110. _ Descrisep as being of the size of a Pigeon: its beak is black: the head and upper part of the neck cinereous, sprinkled with small blackish spots: orbits black, dotted with white: the back, wings, and tail cinereous: the outer quills deep cinereous: all: the under-parts of the plumage white: the legs red: claws black. Inhabits Egypt: appearing in flocks on the mud of the Nile, during the month of Ja- nuary: it feeds on insects, small fish, &c. NEW HOLLAND TERN. (Sterna Nove Hollandiz.) St. fusca, subtus fronteque alba, dorso variegato. ~ Brown Tern with the under parts and forehead white, the back variegated. - New Holland Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 103. ‘‘ LenctH fourteen or fifteen inches:, beak one ‘Ynch and a half; black, curved at the tip: irides blue: tongue longish and pointed: top of the head and behind the neck brown: back the same, but darker and mottled : forehead and all beneath white : quills brown ; reaching much beyond the tail: legs Po eit. FP. I. 11 162 SOUTHERN TERN. brown, bare greatly above the knee. Inhabits New Holland.”’— Latham. | SOUTHERN TERN: (Sterna Australis.) St. cinerea subtus grisea, fronte albo-flavescente, remigibus albis. Ash-coloured Tern beneath grey, with the forehead whitish- yellow, the quills white. Sterna Australis: Gmel: Syst. Nat. 1. 608. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 809. Southern Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn: 6.365. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 126. A very small species, measuring only seven inches and a half in length: its beak is black: the forehead dirty buff-colour: the back, wings, and tail are dirty pale cinereous : the quills are white: the under parts of the plumage are grey: the tail is forked: the legs dusky black, with the webs orange. Inhabits Christ- mas Island. . LITTLE TERN. (Sterna minuta.} Sx. corpore albo, dorso cano, fronte supercilisque albis Tern with the bedy white, the back heary, the forehead and eye- brows white. Sterna minuta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.228. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 608. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 809. Sterna minor, Briss. Orn. 6. 206. pl. 19. f. 2. Sterna metopoleucos. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 608. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 809. Larus piscator Aldrovandi. Rai Syn. 101. A. ) La petite Hirondelle de mer. Buff. Hist. Nat. Otis. 8. 337. Buff. Pl. Enl. 996. Temm. man. d’Orn. 487. Id. 2 Edit. i. 753. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 521. Hooded Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 365. Lesser Tern. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 255. pl. 90. Penn. Aret. Zool, 2.449. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.364. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 205. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 121. Don. Brit. Birds, 4, pl. 96. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 201. _ Wils. Amer. Orn, vii. 80. pl. lx. fi 2. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 120. BETWEEN eight and nine inches in length: the beak is of an orange-yellow, with its tip black : irides black: the forehead, and a streak above the eyes, pure white: between the beak and the eye is a lon- gitudinal stripe of black: the top of the head, the occiput, and the head are deep black: the back and wings are of a pure ashy-blue: all the under parts, the rump, and the tail are white: the shafts of the quills are brown: the legs are reddish-orange. ‘The young, before the first autumnal moult, have the forehead of 164 SOOTY TERN. a yellowish-white: the tip of the head, the occiput, : and the nape are brown, striped with blackish : before and behind the eyes is a black spot: the back and wings are yellowish-brown ; the shafts of the quills and margins of all the other feathers are blackish- ash: the tail and wing-feathers are tipped with yel- lowish-white. After moulting the head becomes clothed with black feathers ; the under parts become of a clear bluish-ash ; but the tail-feathers retam their dull tint. | Like the Common Tern this species is frequent on the sea-coasts of most countries of Europe, and. is very abundant on those of Britain, Holland, and France: its manners greatly resemble those of that bird: it lays its eggs on the strand of the seas or on the naked rocks; they are two or three in number, of a clear greenish hue, marked with large spots of brown and ash-colour. The young are hatched in June, and are able to fly the first or second week in July. The food of this species consists chiefly of small insects and marine vermes; also the fry of fish, and other floating objects. SOOTY TERN. (Sterna fuliginosa.) Sr. fuliginoso atra, fronte corporeque subtus albis, striga per oculos nigris. | Dark-sooty Tern with the forehead and body beneath white, and a black stripe passing through the eyes. | SE ed aS a a ee Ses a es a : SOOTY TERN. 165 Sterna fuliginosa. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 605. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 804. L’ Hirondelle de mer 4 grande envergure. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ovs. L 8. 345. Sooty Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.352. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 447- Wils. Amer. Orn. v. 8. p» 145. pl. Ixxii. f. 7. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 102. pl. clxxiv. Tue Sooty Tern is in length sixteen inches: its beak is black : the forehead is white, the colour passing on each side to the upper part of the eye, where it ends in a point: through the eyes, passing to the hind head, is a streak of black : the crown, nape, hind part of the neck, and all the upper parts of the body, the wings and tail are black: the inner ridge of the wing white ; the quills dark greyish-black : the under parts of the plumage, from the chin, white, passing a little backwards at the lower part of the neck: the outer web of the exterior tail-feathers white, except the tip: the shafts of the quills and tail are white beneath; the legs are black. : -Found in most parts of the southern temperate regions, being met with by navigators on the coasts of New Holland, the Island of Ascension, New Guinea, Christmas Island, and other parts. It is said to Jay a single egg on the bare ground, in December. 166 VIRALVA. VIRALVE. Generic Character. Rostrum capite brevior, su- || Beak shorter than the head, bulatum, subrectum, com- subulated, nearly straight, pressiusculum, apice sub- slightly compressed, the iclinato; mandibula su- tip a little inclined: the periore feré rectum. upper mandible nearly straight. Nares oblonge, basales. Nostrils oblong, basal. Ale \onge. Wings long. Cauda subfurcata. Tail slightly forked. Pedes tetradactyli, debiles; || Feet four-toed, slender; the digito postico minuto; wn- hinder toe minute; claws gues parvee. small. VIRALVA. Leach. STERNA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., &c. LARUS. Ray. ‘THE beak of the Viralves is shorter than that of — the ‘Terns, and the point is slightly bent down ; their wings are also shorter, and the tail is but slightly fur-_ cate. Unlike the Terns these birds seldom feed on fishes, but prefer insects, such as dragon-flies and moths, and aquatic vermes. ne WN OX SS SS \ BLACK VYIRALVE J eee 167 BLACK VIRALVE. (Viralva nigra.) Vi. corpore nigro vel cano, dorso cinereo. Viralve with the body black or hoary, the back ash-coloured. Sterna nigra. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 227. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 608. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.810. Briss. Orn. 6. 211. Sterna fidipes. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.228. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 610. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 810. ae Sterna atricapilla. Briss. Orn. 6. 214. Sterna cinerea. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 808? Larus niger Gesneri. Razz Syn. 131. A. ; Larus niger fidipes alis longioribus Aldrovandi. Razz Syn. 131. Larus minor fidipes nostras,- Raii Syn. 132. A. Viralva nigra. Leach in Brit. Mus. Collection. Hirondelle de mer noire, ou YEpouventail. Buff. Hist. Nat. —Ois. 8.341. Buff. Pl. Enl. 333. Temm. man. d’Orn. 484. Id.2 Edit. ii. 749. Cuv. Reg. Anim, 1.521. Hirondelle de mer a téte noire, ou le Gachet. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 342. . Lesser Sea Swallow. Alb. Birds, 2. pl. 89. Black Tern. Penn, Brit. Zool. 2. 256. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 450. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.366. Lath. Syn. Sup. 267. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 206. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 122. Don. Brit. Birds, 4. pl. 74. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.203. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 121. Younec.—Sterna nevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.609, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.228. Briss. Orn. 6. 216. pl. 20.f. 2. Sterna Boysii, 6. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 806. La Guiffette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 339. Buff: Pl. Ent. 924. Lesser Sea Swallow. Alb. Birds, 2. 90. Kamtschatkan Tern. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 525. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 123. Sandwich Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 358. A. Black-headed Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 123. 168 BLACK VIRALVE. NEARLY ten inches in length: beak black: irides brown: the head and hinder part of the neck are deep black: the throat, fore part of the neck, breast, belly, and abdomen are blackish-ash: all the apper parts, the rump, and the tail-feathers are ashy-blue, or lead-colour: the under tail-coverts are pure white : the two first wing-quills are edged with white at the extremity of the inner webs: the legs are brown, or a blackish-purple. The young have the beak brown at the base: the irides brown: the forehead, space between the beak and the eye, the sides, and fore part of the neck, as well as all the under parts are pure white: on the sides of the breast is a large spot of blackish-ash : before the eyes is a black lunule: the top of the head, the occiput and the nape are also black: the back and scapulars are brown edged and tipped with reddish-white: the wings, rump, and tail are ash-coloured: the coverts are tipped with red- dish-white: the legs are livid brown. In their pro- gress to maturity they vary in the disposition of the colour of the plumage, as the neck, belly, and vent ~ are sometimes all white, or varied with white fea- thers, or those of a blackish ash-colour, as im the adult. | This species, like its congeners, prefers the borders of fresh-water lakes, the banks of large rivers, and marshy places, rather than the coasts of the sea: it is very abundant in the North, towards the Arctic Circle, and in the extensive marshes of Holland. In Britain it occurs on the fenny parts of Lincolnshire - and Cambridgeshire, and about the sedgy pools on Romsey Marsh, in Kent; in which places it breeds, TEHARY VIRALVE. 169 laymg from two to four light olive-brown eggs, blotched and spotted with brown and black. It subsists on insects and aquatic vermes, and princi- pally upon those inhabiting fresh water. TEHARY VIRALVE. ( Viralva Indica.) Vi. corpore subtus capite colloque albis, pileo, occipite nuchaque _ nigris, alis dorso cuuddque griseo-ceruleis. Viralve with the body beneath the head and neck white, the pileus, occiput, and nape black, the wings, back, and tail _ bluish-grey. Tehary Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x, 103. Inuasits India. ‘“ Beak stout and black : irides dusky : head, neck, and under parts, white: from the middle of the crown to the nape black ; back, wings, and tail, pale ashy-blue, the last moderately forked, the wings exceed it by about two inches: legs deep dull red.’’—Zatham. A variety is mentioned in the following words: ‘‘ Beak black: forehead white, the rest of the crown (head?) tinged with blue; with dusky streaks before, and dusky black behind the eye, communicating with the nape and neck adjoining, which are of the same colour: under parts, from the chin, white ; wings and tail fine pale grey ; the second quills marked with brown at the ends and middle : back greyish-ash colour, marked with large spots of 170 WHITE-WINGED VIRALVE. dusky, pointed at the back part; tail moderately forked: legs dusky red. Called Peteysee Tehary.” WHITE-WINGED VIRALVE. (Viralva leucoptera.) Vi. capite, collo, pectore ventreque nigris; scapulariis cinereo atris ; uropygio caudaque albis; tectricibus majoribus, remt- gibusque secundartis cerulescente-cinereis, rostro pedibusque rubris. | Viralve with the head, neck, breast, and belly black, the scapulars dark-ash : the rump and tail white; the greater coverts and secondary quills bluish-ash ; the beak and legs red. Sterna leucoptera. Temm. man. d’Orn. 483. Id. 2 Edit. 11. 747. Hirondelle de mer leucoptére. Ibid. - White-winged Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 127. Leneru about ten inches: the beak and legs are of a fine coral red: the head, neck, top of the back, breast, belly, inner wing-coverts, and abdomen are of a deep black: the lower part of the back and sca-— pulars are ashy-black: the lesser and middle wing- coverts, the rump, the tail-feathers, and its coverts are pure white: the greater wing-coverts and se- condary quills are bluish-ash: on the imner webs of the two first quills is a broad longitudinal band of pure white: the irides are black. ‘The young of the year have the white on the wings less pure, and more shaded with ash-colour: the tail-feathers are ash- coloured : the point of the beak is blackish : the black oe Se eed ae ere . MUSTACHOE VIRALVE. 171 on the plumage is tinted with cinereous: the fore- head is clear ash: and all the feathers on the upper parts are more or less tipped with whitish-ash. This species inhabits the borders of the Mediter- ranean; the lakes, rivers, and marshy countries in the vicinity of the Alps: it is very common in the lakes of Lucerne, Lugano, and Como; and some- times appears on that of Geneva. It feeds on insects and aquatic vermes: its eggs are unknown. MUSTACHOE VIRALVE. (Viralva leucopareia.) Vi. cerulescente-cinerea ; fronte, vertice, occipite, nuchaque nigris ; capitis collique lateribus albis ; rostro pedibusque rubris. Bluish-ash Viralve with the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape black ; the sides of the head and neck white; the beak and legs red. Hirondelle de mer Moustache. (Sterna leucopareia.) Temm.man. @ Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 746. Sterna Delamotta. Vieil. Enc. Meth. p. 350. Mustachoe Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 110. Leneru eleven inches: beak and legs deep red : irides black : the forehead, top of the head, and nape, the neck, and all the under parts clear white: behind the eyes a black spot: the back, wings, quills, and tail ashy-grey: this is the winter plumage. In summer the head is, as it were, enveloped in a black hood, which encompasses the eyes, and passes down to the 172 SIMPLE VIRALVE. nape: below the eyes is a large patch of white, resembling a mustachoe, which reaches to the ears: — the throat is ashy-white, and this colour prevails over the under parts, becoming deeper on the belly and sides: the upper parts, the wings, and tail are deep ash. The young have a mixture of brown on the crown, and about the eyes and ears dusky-ash: the upper parts are mixed with brown and yellowish : the beak is brown with a reddish base: the legs flesh- colour. Common in the great marshes of the south-east of Kurope, and found also in Hungary, Germany, and France, the coasts of Istria and Dalmatia. It feeds on aquatic vermes and insects, but not on fish. SIMPLE VIRALVE. (Viralva simplex.) Vi. plumbescens subtus alba, vertice albido, tectricibus alarum medus majoribusque albis. Plumbeous Viralve beneath white, with the crown whitish, the middle and greater wing-coverts white. — 3 Sterna simplex. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 606. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 805. : ) | Simple Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.355. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 111. Innanits Cayenne. Length fifteen inches: beak stout and reddish: the crown of the head is whitish: the upper parts of the neck and back are pale lead- colour; the under parts are white: behind each eye CHINESE VIRALVE. 173 is-a black spot: the lesser wing-coverts, scapulars, and tail are pale plumbeous: the middle and greater coverts are white, with the edges of some of the latter brown: the quills are black, and the tail is but little forked: the legs are red. CHINESE VIRALVE. (Viralva Sinensis.) V1. alba dorso cinereo, alis caudaéque griseo-canis, fascid verticali nigrd. 5 White Viralve with the back ash-coloured, the wings and tail hoary-grey, and a, vertical black band. Sterna Sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 608. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 809. Chinese Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 365. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 125. ‘“‘ Lenetu eight inches: beak black ; one inch and a quarter in length, and moderately stout: nostrils pervious: head, neck, rump, and under parts white: across the top of the head dusky-black, taking in the eye on each side, and passing downwards in a point at the nape of the neck : back cinereous : some of the feathers edged with pale tawny: wing-coverts fine pale ash-colour, dashed down the middle of each shaft with dusky: quills fine cimereous-grey: tail short, very little forked, paler than the quills: legs slender, orange: claws crooked and black. Inhabits China.”’— Latham. 74 GULL-BILLED VIRALVE ? (Viralva? Anglica.) V1.? vertice colloque supra nigris; corpore supra c@rulescente- cinereo, subtus niveo; remigibus primariis apice cinereo-fuscis ; rostro pedibusque nigris. Viralve with the crown and neck above black; the body above bluish-ash, beneath snowy; the primary quills ashy-brown at the tip; the beak and legs black. Hirondelle de mer hansel. Temm. man. d'Orn. 2 Edit. ti. 744. Sterna aranea, or Marsh Tern. Wals. Amer. Orn. viii. 143. pl. Ixxi. f. 6? Marsh Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 111? Gull-billed Tern. (Sterna Anglica.) Mont. Orn. Dict. and Supp. with fig, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 112. Tuis bird greatly resembles Sterna Cantiaca : it is of the same size as that bird: its beak is about an inch and a half long, thick, strong, and angulated on the under mandible like that of a Gull; it is wholly black: the upper part of the head, taking in the eyes, is black, and extends far down the back of the head and part of the neck; sometimes there are a few white feathers on the crown: the general colour of the plumage of the upper parts of the body is cinereous ; the tail and its upper coverts are similar to the back, but the outer feather on each side is white: the quills are hoary, with the tips of the first five spotted black, for upwards of an inch: in other respects the wings are similar to those of Sterna Can- . tiaca, except that part of the inner webs which is white, does not quite reach the margin, the very edge JAVAN VIRALVE. 175 - being dusky for half the agi of the feathers: the legs are rufous-black. This species is found on the British coasts, and on those of Kent and Sussex only; in the vicinity of Sandwich and Rye: it also frequents Hungary and the confines of Turkey, and if it be the Marsh Tern of Wilson (which is highly probable) it also inhabits the United States of America and Brazil. . It affects those marshes that are well clothed with rushes, and are in the vicinity of great lakes, rarely appearing on the sea or its coasts: it feeds on large insects, such as dragon-flies and moths, which it seizes while flying. According to Wilson it lays three or four olive-green eggs, spotted with brown. As before mentioned, it resembles Sterna Cantiaca, but may be readily distinguished from that bird by its beak, wings, and tail. JAVAN VIRALVE ? (Viralva? affinis.) Vi? alba dorso tectricibusque plumbeo-griseis, remigibus canis in- terné subfuscescantibus. White Viralve ? with the back and coverts grey-lead colour, the quills hoary, internally brownish. Sterna affinis. Horsfield, Linn. Trans. v. xiii, p. 199. Inuasits Java: white: the back and wing-coverts greyish lead colour: quills hoary, within brownish. Much allied to the preceding. 176 DIVISION II. Rostrum rectum, apice adunco. Beak straight, its tip bent down. XEMA. XEME. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, subgracile, || Beak short, slender, straight, rectum, lateratim compres- |} laterally compressed, its sum, apice adunco: man- . tip bent down; the lower dibula inferiore subtus mandible somewhat angu- subangulata. : lated beneath. Nares gracillimi, lineares. Nostrils very slender, linear. Pedes graciles; tibie parte || Legs slender; tibia naked inferiore nudz. on the lower part. Cauda forficata. Tail forked. XEMA. Leach. LARUS. Sabine, Temm. ‘THE forked tail at once distinguishes this genus from the rest of the Gulls, from which it also differs in its more slender and Tern-like appearance ; its beak and legs are much weaker than those of the Gulls, and the former is much more feathered at its base than that of the Gulls; and the tibie have their lower parts, just above the knee, naked. pak Re) es - Nay Wz LES SABINES’ XEME. SABINE’S XEME. (Xema Sabini.) Xe. albidus capite nigricante, torque cervicali nigro, rostro bast nigro, apice luteo, pedibus nigris. Whitish Xeme with the head dusky, the neck with a black collar, the base of the beak black, the tip luteous, the legs black. - Xema Sabini. Leach. Ross's Voy. App. p. li. Larus Sabini. Sabine. Linn. Trans. xii. 520. pl. 29. Larus collaris. | , Fork-tailed Gull. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 142. Tuts interesting bird was discovered during the first expedition in search of a north-west passage, and is thus accurately described by Mr. Sabine, in the Linnean Transactions above cited: ‘The male and female are nearly the same size ; the latter is rather the smallest, but their plumage is exactly similar. The length of different specimens varies from twelve and a half to fourteen inches ; the extent of the wings is about thirty-three inches, and the weight from six and a half to seven and a half ounces. ‘The beak is one inch long, the base of both mandibles black as far as the angular projection of the lower mandible, the remainder yellow ; the inside of the mouth bright vermilion: the irides dark, surrounded by a naked circle of the same colour as the inside of the mouth ; a small white speck beneath the eye, scarcely per- ceptible: the whole of the head and upper part of the neck a very dark ash or lead-colour; the re- mainder of the neck behind and before, as well as V. XIIl. P. 1. 12 178 SABINE’S XEME. the breast and belly, pure white; a narrow black collar surrounds the neck at the meeting of the ash- colour and of the white: the back, scapulars, and wing- coverts are ash-coloured, very much lighter than the head, but darker than the corresponding parts of the Larus ridibundus : the lower ends of the scapulars are tipped with white : the first five primary quill-feathers with black shafts, the whole outer webs of them black, the edge of their upper webs white to within an inch and a half of the tips, the white sometimes continued to the tip; the tips of the third, fourth, and fifth white, giving the wing, when closed, a spotted ap- pearance; the sixth primary quill-feather with a white shaft, having the web more or less black, but prin- cipally white, with sometimes a black spot near the end ; the other pamarits, the secondaries, and the tertials white; the whole under parts of the wings hite. ‘Che wings extend an inch or more beyond the longest feathers of the tail. The legs, feet, and claws black; the thigh feathered to within three-eighths of an inch of the knee; the length of the tarse one inch and a half; thelength of the front toes about an inch, the inner one the shortest; the hinder toe small, and placed high. The tail, with its upper and under coverts, white ; the tail-feathers twelve, the outer narrower than the centre ones; the outer tail-feathers about five inches long, the others in succession gradually shortening, so that the whole tail becomes forked by a diminution of nearly an inch.” He adds, that it lays two olive-coloured egos, blotched with brown, on the bare ground, which it hatches the last week in July: the young, when SABINE’S XEME. 179 first produced, are mottled with brown and dull yel- low. Little is known of the manners of these birds, but they fly with impetuosity towards persons ap- proaching their nests and young; and when one bird of a pair was killed, its mate, though frequently fired at, continued on wing close to the spot where it lay. They procure their food on the sea-beach, standing near the water’s edge, and picking up the marine sects which are cast on shore. 180 RISSA. KITTIWAKE. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre rectum, || Beak moderate, straight, la- lateratim — compressum, terally compressed, its tip apice adunco; mandibula bent down; the lower man- inferiore subtus angulata. dible angulated beneath. Nares lineares, recte, in me- |} Nostrils linear, _ straight, dio rostri sitee. placed in the middle of the beak. Cauda subfurcata. Tail slightly forked. Pedes tetradactyli; pollex || Legs four-toed; the hinder ' feré obliteratus, exungui- toe nearly obliterated, and culatus. without a claw. RISSA. Leach. LARUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. GAVIA. Briss. "THE Kittiwake differs from the Xemes by reason of the absence of the hinder toe, and from the Gulls by the same character, added to the subfurcate tail. There is but one species known, which prefers the inland lakes to the sea-coasts. KIT TOW AKI . BRUNNICKS 181 BRUNNICH’S KITTIWAKE. (Rissa Brunnichii.) Rr. dorso canescente, rectricibus albis ; his, in junioribus, apicibus, excepto externo, nigris. Kittiwake with the back hoary, the quills white; in the young the latter, except the outer one, are tipped with black. Rissa Brunnichii. Leach, in Brit. Mus. Collection. Larus tridactylus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 817. Mouette tridactyle. Temm. man. d’Orn. 502. Id. 2 Edit. iv. eM ge, Summer Piumace.—Larus Rissa, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 224. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1, 594.. Kittiwake. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.393. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 213. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 108. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.229. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 157. Winter PLumMace.—La Mouette cendreé. Briss. Orn. 6. 175. pl. 16.f. 1. ghOEne- —Larus tridactylus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 224. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 595. | Gavia cinerea nevia. Briss. Orn. 6. 185. pl. 17.f. 2. La Mouette cendrée tachetée. Buf Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 424. Buff. Pl. Enl. 387. Tarrock Gull.. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.533. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2 251. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.392. Lath. Syn. Sup. 268. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 213. Wale. Syn. \. pl. 109. Mont. Orn. Dict.1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 231. ‘Kittiwake Gull. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 456. Tue length of this species is about fifteen inches ; and in its winter plumage it answers to the following description: its beak is of a yellowish-green; the mouth and circuit round the eyes are bright red: 182 -BRUNNICH’S KITTIWAKE. its irides are brown: the top of the head, the oc- ciput, nape, and a portion of the sides of the neck, are of an uniform bluish-ash colour, with very slender black lines before the eyes: the forehead, space round the eyes, all the under parts, the rump, and the tail are pure white: the back, wings, and quills are of a clear ashy-blue: the outer quill is bordered throughout its length with black ; the four outer are tipped with the same, the three inner of which have towards their tip a very small white spot, and the fifth quill has a black band towards its extremity, which is terminated with a white space: the legs are brown, or deep olivaceous. In the summer it has the whole of the head and the neck of a perfect white, without any tinge of ashy-blue on its nape, or the fine black rays before the eyes; in other respects it resembles the winter state. During its earliest existence it has the head, neck, and all the under parts whitish, marked before the eyes with a black cross, and on the region of the ears with a very deep ashy-blue spot ; towards the occiput is a black spot; and on the nape is a broad dusky or blackish mark: the feathers on the upper parts of the back and of the wings are of an ashy-blue strongly tipped with brown-black, and the bend of the upper part of the wings black: on the scapulars and secondary quills are several deep dusky spots: the quills are black: the tail-feathers are black towards the tip, and tipped with whitish ; their outer one is white: the beak, irides, and circuit round the eyes are black. After the first moult in the autumn ~ the back becomes of an ashy-blue colour, often varied with several feathers spotted with brown: the spots — BRUNNICH’S KITTIWAKE. 183 in front and behind the eyes, as well as the dark feathers near the ears and on the nape, become of a deep ashy-blue: the wings still retain the black and brown spot: the tail is black towards its tip: the beak is of a yellowish-green, and all the under parts are pure white. This species affects the stagnant lakes, or interior seas and gulfs, in preference to the borders of the ocean itself: it proceeds to the southward in the au- tumn and remains till the spring, when they retire to the regions of the Arctic Circle to breed, building in the rocky crags of the bays: in June it lays two or three eggs of a greenish-ash colour, spotted with brown. During the period of incubation the parents are very noisy. ‘They feed on fishes, their fry, and insects : swim well; and are often found at a distance from land on floating masses of ice. 184: LARS: “ene Generic Character. Rostrum rectum, compres-|| Beak straight, compressed, sum, mediocre, integrum, || moderate, entire, its tip apice adunco; mandibula }. hooked; the lower man- inferiore infra versus api- dible beneath gibbous and cem gibba et angulata. angulated near the tip. Nares \imeares, rectee, in|} Nostrils linear, _ straight, medio rostri site. placed in the middle of, 4 the beak. Pedes tetradactyli; pollex || Legs four-toed ; the hinder brevis a terra elevata. toe short, not touching the ground. Cauda haud furcata. it. Tail not forked. LARUS NN 5 Aap SY sy \ SDA PETREL. LEAC] 219 LEACH ’S PETREL. (Procellaria Leachii.) Pr. caudé subfurcatd. Petrel with the tail slightly forked. Petrel de Leach.—Procellaria Leachii. Zemm. man. d’Orn, 2 Edit. ii. 812. Leach’s Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. x (194, LENGTH seven ingles od a half: beak and legs black: head and body dull black: sides of the belly and upper tail-coverts white, with the shafts of the feathers brown 3 wing-coverts dusky brown : quills and tail bl : the e last somewhat forked. “The fst spcinen known of this bird was in the ction of Mr. Bullock, who killed it in = pada one of the Oa At the Stormy F Petrel dnd gs for the British Mu- seum, as an addition to the indigenous collection - of animals, &e. preserved there. ‘Temminck has, Bt In consequence, named it after him, as a mark of honour due to so keen a zoologist. A second spe- ~ cimen has been killed on the coast of Picardy in France. In November, 1823, a specimen was brought to the London market alive: and in the succeeding month one was killed m Devonshire, and another in Hertfordshire. | _ It is said not to be uncommon in the isle of St. Kilda; that it lays a single white egg, in a hole of a 220 ~ STORMY PETREL. rock, or other cavity ; and, like its congeners, that it rarely appears till dusk, when it is in quest of food, which consists of small insects. STORMY PETREL. (Procellaria pelagica.) Pr. caudad equale, tarsi mediocres. Petrel with an equal tail and moderate tarsi. Procellaria pelagica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 212, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.561. Briss. Orn. 6. 140. pl. 13.f.1. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 826. Oiseau de tempéte. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9.327. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 516. ; Pétrel pigmé. Temm. man. d’Orn. 519. Stormfinch. Will. Orn. 395. . rr Stormy Petrel. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 259. pl. 91. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 464. Edw. Glean. pl. 90. Alb. Birds, 3. pl. 92. Lath. Syn. Sup. 269. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 219. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 91. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. 249. Lath. Gen. Mist. x. 189. Tuts species is about the size of a Swallow, and in its general appearance and flight not unlike that bird: its length is about six inches : its beak is black : its irides brown: the head, back, wings, and tail are’ deep black ; its under parts are dusky soot-colour : its rump and neck are white: and its scapulars and secondary quills are tipped with white: the wings, when closed, are of an equal length with the tail, or reach but little beyond : the legs are black, and the tarsi are scarcely one inch in length. ‘The young are” more of a dusky hue. reat Se Ks STORMY PETREL. 921 This species inhabits the temperate northern re- gions of the old world, and prefers the open seas to the land ; which it only visits during the period of Behan, and during its migrations. ‘They fly in small flocks, even in the midst of the Atlantic. ‘They are called Mother Cary’s Chickens by mariners, and their appearance is much dreaded by them, as they are supposed to be the harbingers of an approaching storm. They are fond of sheltering themselves in the wake of a ship, probably for the sake of the various articles of food that are occasionally thrown overboard : but even in the most tempestuous weather they often amuse themselves by skimming along with the most mcredible velocity among the hollows of the waves, and sometimes over their summits. In the breeding season they betake themselves to the fissures of the rocks and rear their young, which _ they conduct to the watery element as soon as hatched : they lay one large egg, of a white colour, with an obscure band of purplish-brown, formed by minute specks at the larger end. | They are remarkably fat and oily, and the inha- bitants of the Feroe Islands are said to draw a wick through the body of the bird, which, being lighted at one end, serves for a candle, the fat and oil of the body feeding the flames! _Although these birds are generally seen at sea, Seccral, instances have occurred of their being found mland; specimens having at different times been killed at Oxford, Bath, near London, and in Derby- shire: and Montagu says that they are frequently picked up dead on the British coasts. During the 29Q STORMY PETREL. stormy weather in November and December last (1824) many specimens were killed in the inland counties of England ; one is in the possession of J. E, Bicheno, Esq., killed at Newbury, and another was shot between Blackfriars and Westminster Bridges. Temminck asserts that they are only known to breed within the Arctic Circle; but their eggs have been taken from under the parent bird m Cornwall, and in the Islets of Zetland, as noticed by Montagu ; thus proving them to be truly indigenous to Britain. Again, Mr. Scarth, as related in the Linnean Trans- actions, while on a small uninhabited island in Ork- ney, in passing over a tract of peat moss in the month of August, where he was induced to go, by hearing a whirring sound somewhat resembling that of a spinning-wheel, found a nest in a small hole in the sround, of very simple construction, being little more than a few fragments of shells laid on the bare turf; the eggs two in number, round and white, and large in proportion: on its first seizure the bird squirted out of her mouth an oily substance, of a very rancid smell. During four days’ confinement in a cage she would eat nothing; but having observed that she drew the feathers of the breast through the beak frequently, Mr. S. was mduced to smear the breast — with oil ; he afterwards placed a saucer of oil in the — cage, and he found that she regularly extracted the oil by dippimg her breast in the vessel, and then — sucking the feathers as before. In this way he ket the bird for three months. She sometimes made the — same purring noise which first attracted notice, and” sometimes whistled very shrilly. ise RENEE et mes eS bid LONG-LEGGED PETREL. 298 They chiefly live upon small fish; and, though silent by day, are very noisy and clamorous during the night. LONG-LEGGED PETREL. (Procellaria oceanica.) Pr. caudé equale, tarsi elongati. Petrel with an equal tail and elongated tarsi. Provellaria oceanica. Forster ?— Bonaparte, Philad. Journ, v. iii. 8. : | | Pétrel échasses. Temm. man. d’Orn. 520. note. _ L’Oiseau de tempéte. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. pl.23. Buff: Pl. Enl, 993. _ Stormy Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 411. 18. Long-legged Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 193. TrmmMincx was the first to discriminate this species _ from the Common Petrel ; and he refers to the syno- nyms as given above for correct figures and a descrip- tion. It chiefly differs in having the tarsi of greater length than that bird; and is thus commemorated by Latham (according to Temminck): ‘“ Size of a _ Swallow: length six inches: breadth thirteen inches : beak black: the general colour of the plumage is black, but paler on the under parts, where it inclines to soot-colour: the ends of the second quills, rump, and vent white; and the four outer tail-feathers are white on the inner webs at the base : the wings, when closed, are above an inch longer than the tail: the 224, WILSON’S PETREL. legs are long and black :”’—the tarsi one inch and a third long. alin Inhabits the Southern and Pacific : Oceans WILSON’S PETREL. (Procellaria Wilsoni.) Pr. caudd subequale, tarsi elongati, membrand macula flava. Petrel with a nearly equal tail, elongated tarsi, and a yellow spot — on the webs. i _ Procellaria Wilsoni. Bonaparte, Philad. Journ. v. ili. no. 8. Vigors, Zool. Jour. i. 425. Procellaria pelagica. Wails. Amer. Orn. ». vii. p. 90. pl. Ix. f 6. Stormy Petrel. Catesby Carol. App. 1. 14. nal Tue general colour of this bird is deep sooty black : vent, each side, and upper tail-coverts totally white : primaries and tail deep black: greater wing-coverts — and some of the secondaries tipped with whitish :. beak five-eighths of an inch long, black: feet black, with a tacts oblong yellow spot on the membranes : lenges f about seven inches. tau Sy _ This bird is confined to the western shores of the : Atlantic : it breeds, according to Wilson, in great numbers on the Bahamas and Bermuda Islands, and in some places on the coast of East Florida and Cuba: 4 their nests are usually placed in holes and | cavities of. the rocks. ee cava ¢ a 225 PUFFINUS. SHEARWATER. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longiis, gra- || Beak longer than the head, cile, ad apicem compres- || slender, compressed at the sum, integrum; mandi-— tip, intire; both mandi- bulze apice adunce. bles hooked at the tip. Nares tubula supra basin |) Nostriis placed in a double rostri decumbente, trun- jj truncated tube situated at cato-geminate. the base of the beak. Pedes mediocres; unguis || Legs moderate ; a claw alone posticus loco pollice. in place of the hinder zoe, _ PUFFINUS. Ray, Briss. | PROCELLARIA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. Temm. SHEARWATERS resemble the birds of the pre- _ ceding genus in their manners; and, like them, they feed of an evening, and lie close in their holes during the day. They are greatly distributed over the globe. ws. P. I. . 15 226 MANKS SHEARWATER. sonst Be (Pufinus Anglorum.) j i Pu. corpore supra nigro, subtus albo, pedibus rufis. | Shearwater with the body above black, beneath white, the legs red. . Pufinus Anglorum. Raz Syn. 134. A. Procellaria Pufhnus, Briss. Orn. 6. 131. Brun, Orn. Boreal. no. 119. A Le Puffin cendré. Cuv. eg. Anim. 1. 516. Manks’ Puffin. Edw. Glean. pl. 379. se Shearwater Petrel. Penn, Brit. Zool. 2.258. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.462. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 218. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 90. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1, and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 246. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 181. Leners fifteen inches: the beak is dusky-brown : _ the top of the head, the nape, and the upper parts of the body, the wings, tail, the thighs, and the margins of the under tail-coverts, glossy black ; the under parts, from chin to vent, white: the fie weak and com- pressed ; brown, with the webs yellowish. The Shearwater is found in greater and less pro- fusion in most of the northern regions of the globe : it is particularly abundant in the Calf of Man, a small _ islet near the south of the Isle of Man: and also in — the Hebrides. In the former place it appears in — February ; during the breeding season it takes pos- — session of the rabbit burrows, and lays one white egg, blunt at each end; the young are hatched early in the summer, and are fit to be taken about the begin- ning of August, when great numbers are killed for f e % 2 2 ‘a al Fem \ A\\ \ AWE SSS = SS AS ESSE a = OO S ASO SSS = SSeS SSS SASS ARS SSS Sass x : SS Saxe = MANK'S SHEARWATER. CINEREOUS SHEARWATER. 227 food: they are salted and barreled. They depart about September. During the day they keep in their holes, and to- wards evening go out fishing and return to their young, which they feed by ejecting the oily con- tents of their stomach into their mouths while in the nest. CINEREOUS SHEARWATER. (Pufiinus cinereus.) - Pu. supra cinereus subtus albus, caudd nigricante, rostro flavo, pedibus cinerascentibus. ; Shearwater above ash-colour, beneath white, with the tail dusky, the beak yellow, and the legs greyish. Pétrel Puffin. Temm. man d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 805. Procellaria cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.563. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 824. Cinereous Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 405. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 335. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 183. Younc.—Procellaria Puffinus. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1.213. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.566. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 824. Le Puffin. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9.321. Buff. Pl. Enl. 962. Tuis is rather a large bird, being upwards of twenty inches in length: its beak is yellowish, with black sutures: irides cinereous: the upper parts of the plumage are chiefly dusky ash-colour: the crown of the head and forehead palest: the under parts from the chin are white: the tail is rounded and black ; its under surface pale cinereous: legs bluish: toes 298 BRASILIAN SHEARWATER. and claws testaceous ; webs pale yellow. The young have all the upper part of the plumage much deeper, and where it is bright ash in the old, it is of a slate- - colour or deep ash in the young; the under parts of the plumage are varied with ashy waves in some places: the beak is ashy-black, rather slenderer than in the old birds, without an apparent groove, and the two tubes of the nostrils are not united in the same arch. This bird inhabits many parts cf the old world, being found on the shores of the Mediterranean ; also on the coasts of Senegal and the Cape of Good Hope, New Holland, and other southern regions. BRASILIAN SHEARWATER. - (Puffinus Brasilianus. ) Pu. fusco-nigricans, collo inferiore fiavo, rectricibus _fusco-nigri- cantibus. Brown-black Shearwater, with the lower part of the neck yellow, the tail-feathers dusky-brown. ) - Puffinus Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 6. 138. ; Procellaria Brasiliana. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 564. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 821. Le Puffin du Brasil. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 337. Maiaque. Raii Syn. 133. 172. As large as a Goose: the beak is hooked: the entire plumage is dusky and blackish, with the fore Brasilian Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.398. Lath. Gen, Hist. a ZEQUINOCTIAL SHEARWATER. QQ part of the neck varied with yellowish feathers. It is said to inhabit Brazil about the mouths of rivers : it is an active bird, swimming and diving well: its flesh is good. Rather a doubtful species. FEQUINOCTIAL SHEARWATER. (Puffinus zquinoctialis.) Pu. fuscus immaculatus, rosiro flavo, pedibus fuscis. Brown immaculate Shearwater, with the beak yellow, and legs - brown, Procellaria zequinoctialis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.213. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.564. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 821. Procellaria pacifica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.827? Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 560? . Puffinus Capitis Bone Spei. Briss. Orn. 6. 137. Le Petrel-Puffin brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 326. Pacific Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.416? Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 197? Great Black Petrel. Edw. Glean. pl. 89. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 398. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 333. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 173. Tue Black and Pacific Petrels of Latham appear both to be referable to this species: the former he describes as being the “size of a Raven: length twenty-three inches: the beak is three inches long, and the tubes of the nostrils half an inch; the whole beak is of a yellowish-colour, the sutures of it black : the whole body blackish-brown : legs, toes, and webs brown: claws black.” ‘“ This varies (he adds). in 230 DUSKY SHEARWATER. having the upper ridge of the beak black, and a large spot of white on the chin.’ Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and New Zealand. Of the Pacific Petrel he says; ‘length twenty-two inches: breadth forty inches: the beak is two inches in length, of a lead-colour, and much hooked at the tip: in the place of a tube the nostrils only appear ; they are situated obliquely, of an oval shape, a little elevated, and placed an inch and a quarter from the base ; the upper parts of the plumage are black, the under dusky: legs pale on the insteps, where they are marked with some black spots, and a few others on the toes and webs.”’? Inhabits Europoa and other islands of the Pacific Ocean. Said to fly m innu- merable flocks: disappear at once, dipping under water all together, and then rise as suddenly. DUSKY SHEARWATER. (Pufiinus obscurus.) Pu. nigricans subtus albus, collo lateribus fusco nebuloso, tectri- cibus alarum medio albido vartegatis. Dusky Shearwater beneath white, with the sides of the hedle clouded with brown, the wing-coverts variegated with white in — the middle. Procellaria obscura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.559. Lath. Ind. Orn. é 2. $28. Dusky Petrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. p. 73. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.416. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 197. Petrel obscur. Temm. man. ad’ Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 808. = . pea | ' BLACK-TOED SHEARWATER. 931 Lrenetu upwards of a foot: beak black, with its sides horn-colour ; its point hooked : the upper parts of the plumage are dusky black, the under white: on the sides of the neck varied with brown and white : the legs of the middle wing-coverts are whitish: the legs are externally black, internally pale: the two outward toes are yellowish: the webs are orange-co- lour ; claws black. ~ Inhabits the southern regions of the globe, but appearing occasionally to the north of the equinoctial, having occurred, according to ‘Tem- minck,; in the Mediterranean. BLACK-TOED SHEARWATER ? (Puffinus? melanopus.) Pu? cinereo-nigricans, capistro guldque griseis maculis minutis nigricantibus, rostro toto digitisque dimidiato nigris. Dusky-ash Shearwater? with the capistrum and throat grey, minutely spotted with dusky, the entire beak and half the toes black. Procellaria melanopus. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 562. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 825. Black-toed Petrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup.73. Lath.Gen. Syn. 6.408. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 185. Leneru thirteen inches: beak black, an inch and a half long: round its base, the chin and throat pale glossy grey, minutely speckled with dusky: the top of the head, and all the upper- parts of the plumage, 232 BLACK-TOED SHEARWATER. the wings, and tail, are dusky black; that of the back inclining to hoary: the under parts of the body are hoary cinereous: the legs are very pale; the webs the same for one-third, their tips black : joints of the toes also black. Said to inhabit North ? America. FULMARUS. FULMAR. Generic Character. Rostrum grossum, ad api-|| Beak thick, dilated at the cem_ dilatatum, — sulca- tip, sulcated; the upper tum ; mandibula superiore mandible hooked; the adunca; inferiore recta lower straight and slightly subtruncata. truncated. Nares tubulate. Nostrils tubular. Pedes mediocres; wnguis|| Legs moderate; a claw only posticus loco pollice. _ in place of the hinder toe. FULMARUS. Leach. WAGELLUS. Ray. ~PROCELLARIA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Briss. THE Fulmars differ from their congeners in having the beak stronger, much hooked, suddenly swollen towards the tip, with the lower mandible somewhat truncated at the tip; the nostrils are united in a single groove or furrow on the beak: they are more diurnal than the others, and their nourishment chiefly consists of the flesh of dead cetacea, of mollusca, and vermes. | | NORTHERN FULMAR. (Fulmarus glacialis.) Fu. albicans, dorso canescente, rostro pedibusque flavicantibus. Whitish Fulmar with the back hoary, the beak and legs yel- lowish. Procellaria glacialis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.213. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.562. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 823. Sabine, Linn. Trans. xii. 523. | Procellaria cinerea. Briss. Orn. 6. 143. pl. 12.f. 2. Fulmar, ou Petrel-Puffin gris-blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 325. pl. 22. Buff. Pl. Enl. 59. Temm. man. d’Orn. 518. Id. 2 Edit. i. 802. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 515. Wagellus Cornubiensium. Rai Syn. 130. A. . Fulmar Petrel. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.257. Penn. Anes Zool. 4 461. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.403. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. aM. Walc, Syn. 2. pl. 89. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. | Bew. . ) Brit. Birds, 2. pl, 243. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 179. ae LencTu seventeen inches: beak bright yellow, — tinged with orange on its nasal tube: irides yellow: — the head, neck, all the under parts of the body, the ‘ rump, and the tail, of a pure white: the back, sca- pulars, wing-coverts, and secondaries, are of a clear blue-ash: the quills are bright grey-brown : the tail is rounded: the legs are greyish-yellow. The young have all the parts of the body of bright grey shaded with brown; the feathers on the back and of the wings tipped with a deeper brown: the quills and tail-feathers are grey-brown: before the eye is an angulated black spot: the beak and legs are ashy- Die es Fi yy NORTHERN FULMAR. | NORTHERN FULMAR. 235 yellow. Captain Sabine suspects they are two years attaining maturity. The Northern Fulmar chiefly affects the ocean, seldom visiting the shores unless for the purpose of breeding, or when compelled to shelter itself from the fury of the wind : it is said to lay one large white ego, the latter end of May, and to breed only in the north polar regions. © It is seldom seen on the British coasts, except on those of the northern part of Scotland, where it is not uncommon during the summer months. It is very numerous in the Isle of St. Kilda, where it re- mains the whole year (except during the months of September and October), and supplies the inhabitants with a vast quantity of oil, which is used for culinary as well as medical purposes. Pennant says of those of this island, that—‘‘ no bird is of such use to the islanders as this; as it supplies them with oil for their lamps, down for their beds, a delicacy for their tables! a balm for their wounds, and a medicine for their distempers.”’ Its food consists principally of fish, but it will de- vour indiscriminately any floating putrid substances, such as the filth of ships, which it fearlessly follows. These birds also follow the tracks of the wounded whales, and, when they are exhausted, alight on the carcases by hundreds, and ravenously pluck off and devour lumps of the blubber until they are satiated. This gross food causes them to become excessively fat, and their stomachs are always charged with oil, which they have the power of ejecting with force 236 ANTARCTIC FULMAR. from the beak ; and when attacked squirt it into the face of their enemy. : ANTARCTIC FULMAR. (Fulmarus antarcticus.) Fu. albus, dorso medio canescente, alts nigricuntibus. White Fulmar with the back hoary in the middle, the wings dusky. Procellaria glacialis 6. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 823. Fulmar Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 405. A. Latuam says of this bird, ‘‘ Size of the last (the Northern Fulmar) : beak black, stout, and much curved at the end: head, neck, body, and tail white: be- tween the wings pale ash-colour: the whole of the wing dusky black: legs dusky. Inhabits the Ant- arctic Ocean, pretty far to the south.” : This appears to me to have sufficient character. of discrimination to constitute a distinct species, exclu- sive of its locality ; and its black beak and deep brown wings well distinguish it from the preceding species. 237 GIGANTIC FULMAR. (Fulmarus giganteus.) Fv. fusco-nebulosus subtus albidus, remigibus rectricibusque nigri- cantibus, rostro pedibusque flavis. Clouded-brown Fulmar beneath whitish, the quills and tail-fea- thers dusky, the beak and legs yellow. Procellaria gigantea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.563 Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 820. Quebrenta huessos, ou Brisier d’os. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 9.319. Petrel géant. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.515. Giant Petrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. 2.71. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.396. pl. 100. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 170. pl. clxxvi. Leneru about three feet and a half: the beak is dusky-yellow, and four inches and a half long, very stout, and its upper mandible much hooked at the tip; its tubular process is nearly two-thirds of its length : at the corner of the mouth is a naked yellow skin : the crown of the head is dusky: the hind part of the neck, and upper part of the body are pale fuscous, varied or mottled with dusky white: the scapulars, wing-coverts, quills, and tail are plain dusky brown, the feathers of the latter being darkest in the middle: the sides of the head, the fore part of the neck, the breast, and all the under parts of the plu- mage are dirty white: the legs are greyish-yellow ; the webs and claws dusky. , Frequent in the Southern Seas, where they are often seen by mariners sailing, with their wings ex- panded, close to the surface of the water, but without 238 GIGANTIC FULMAR. appearing to move them: they are most lively, and play about the surface of the water, or glide along with their extended wings with the greatest activity, previous to, or during, storms: they are stupid birds, and suffer themselves to be knocked on the head with a stick without attempting to stir: their food appears to consist principally of fish, but they will neverthe- less feed upon the dead carcases of seals, birds, &c. The sailors call them by the name of Mother Cary’s Geese. | 2 — ee Ry 239 DAPTION. PINTADO. Generic Gites tap ities Rostrum subgracile, capite || Beak slender, shorter than brevior, ad apicem haud the head, not dilated at dilatatum; mandibula su- the tip; the upper man- periore adunca, inferiore dible hooked, the lower recta, truncata. . straight, truncated. Nares tubulate. Nostrils tubulated. Pedes mediocres; ungwis || Legs moderate; a claw only posticus loco pollice. in place of the hinder toe. PROCELLARIA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. ‘THE Pintados appear to form a genus distinct from the rest of the Petrels, inasmuch as the beak is more slender and rather shorter than the head, than in the Fulmars, and the tip. of the under mandible is not bent down as in the true Petrels and in the Shear- waters ; again, from the Prions they are distinguished by the beak not being depressed and armed at its edges with slight denticulations, and from the Halo- dromes by possessing the rudiments of a hinder toe which is furnished with a claw, of which those birds are destitute. ‘They are all apparently natives of the — 24.0 PINTADO. southern regions, and but little is known of their manners. It may be observed that I have introduced several new genera into the arrangement of the Natatorial Birds, in spite of the prejudices that are so predomi- nant, both in this country and on the Continent, against the adoption of any that are not to be found in the works of Linné or his immediate followers: but experience having taught me, in a class of animals more immediately under my examination than birds, that the separation, or the promulgation of an un- noticed genus has been the means of bringing many species to light whose manners had been most indis- criminately confounded (as witnessed among the smaller Libellulide, or Dragonflies, where the Lin- nean character of one species, yea, and that even in some of the most recent publications on Entomology, is so comprehensive, that it positively embraces no less than ¢wo genera *, one containing three, and the other ten indigenous species, in its extensive grasp! and the consequence has been, that Latreille and other celebrated Entomologists assert, that the sexes unite pellmell together, and that the varieties resulting there- from are innumerable; whereas the fact is, that these — insects are as particular in their amours as any others, and the varieties are equally referable to their proper species, the male, usually, however, differmg from the female in colour); I have therefore ventured, from the slight notice of the Daption Capensis, in the * Lestes, Leach, and Agrion, Fabricius. aay ~~ | CAPE DAPTION. spa te ae CAPE PINTADO. 241 Régne Animal, to give it as the type of a new genus, and to attach the numerous southern Petrels described by Latham thereto, being unable to obtain any cor- rect information respecting them, from the deplorable state of ornithological collections, or rather the want of any public one of reference in this country. CAPE PINTADO. spe a ) ‘Da, albo fuscoque varium. a Pintado varied with brown and white. i Procellaria Capea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 213. Gmel. Syst- 5 a ‘Ind. Orn. 2. 822. Briss. Orn. 6. 146. Le Petrel fatiet, ou le Damier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 304. pl. 21. Buff. Pl. Enl. 964. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.515. "White and black spotted Petrel. Edw. Glean. pl. 90. _ Pintado Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.401. Lath. Gen, Hist. x. 178. Tuis, which forms the type of the genus, is four- teen inches in length: the beak is black, and an inch ‘and a half long: the head, hind part of the neck, the quills, and the tail, are black: the sides of the head are varied with black and white: the under parts of the plumage are whitish, irregularly spotted with black: the legs are black. The disposition of the colours of the plumage varies in some specimens : one is commemorated as having those parts that are V. XIII. F. I. tO 242 ANTARCTIC PINTADO. usually white of a fine cream-colour ; the tail white, with a black tip, and the base of the quills white. Common in the Antarctic Seas, and particularly so in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope, where. they fly in flocks; and appear occasionally in such prodigious numbers, that several hundreds have. been captured in one night: they fly very low, almost touching the surface of the ocean. ‘They feed on fish and the dead carcases of whales, and are very voracious : when caught they will squirt out a quan- tity of oil from the nostrils upon the person holding them. ANTARCTIC PINTADO. (Daption Antarcticum.) Da. Suscum sublus albo-ca@rulescente, remigious secundariis uUro= — pygio caudague albis, rectricibus apice nigris. Brown Pintado beneath bluish-white, the sobehdar quills, men and tail white, the tail-feathers black at the tips. Procellaria Antarctica. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1. 565. Lath. ree Orn. 2. 822. ‘i Le Petrel Antarctique, ou Damier brit Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. — 9.311. . Antarctic Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 400. Lath. cen Hist. » X. t 177. . Lencrtu sixteen inches: beak an inch and a half — long, brown, with a black tip: the irides brownish- — hazel: the prevailing colour of the plumage on the i upper parts of the Hedy is deep brown; and of the ¢ Ri * SNOWY PINTADO. 243 under parts bluish-white: the secondaries are white, — _ tipped with dark brown; the quills are dark brown, with some of the webs of those nearest the body white: the rump and tail are white, the latter rales with black: the legs are dirty lead-colour. Met with, in small flocks, throughout the greater portion of the navigable part of the southern regions. NN gn a a ent, - REIL TILT ET OE SNOWY PINTADO. (Daption niveum. ) _ Da. album rachibus pennarum nigris, rostro pedibusque ceruleis. _ White Pintado with the shafts of the feathers black, the beak and legs blue. | ! - Procellaria nivea. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.562. Lath. Ind. Orn. me 62. 823. _ Le Petrel blanc, ou Petrel de neige. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. eee 1 4. te _ Snowy Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 408. Lath. Gen. Hist. x, 186. | . pe so) one foot: beak black, inclining to blue at the base, and an inch and a quarter long: the entire plumage is of a pure snowy white, with the shafts of the feathers black: the wings are somewhat longer than the tail: the legs are dark blue, with pale webs: the claws long. | _ Found in great plenty among the ice of the southern regions, and also in the seas adjacent : also off the Isle _ of Georgia, and Terra del Fuego. 24.4 BROWN-BANDED PINTADO. (Daption desolatum.) Da. cinereo-cerulescente subtus album, rectricibus apice ieee _ alarum expansarum nigricautibus. Ashy-blue Petrel beneath white, with the tip of the tail-feathers and band on the expanded wings dusky. Procellaria desolata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.562. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. B25; Brown-banded Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 9. 409. Lath. Gen. Fist. x. 187. Founp in the Isle of Desolation: its length is — eleven inches: beak black, with a yellowish tip, its — length one inch: the plumage on the upper parts of 4 the body is greenish-ash colour; the crown of the head deepest: the sides of the head, including the region of the eyes, and all the under parts of the plumage, white: the ridge of the wing dirty black : the quills and tail dusky: the latter rounded at the end, and tipped with dark brown: the legs brown: webs yellow, and claws black : when the wings are ex- panded there appears a dark brown band from uP « tip, quite across the body. GLACIAL PINTADO. ( Daption gelidum.) Da. cinereo-cerulescente, dorso nigricante, guld jugulo pectoreque __albis, rostro flavo, pedibus ceruleis. Ashy-blue Pintado, with the back dusky, the throat, jugulum, and breast white, the beak yellow, the tips blue. Procellaria gelida. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.564. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 822. Glacial Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.399. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 174. _ Iywasirs the most southern regions, chiefly in the _ Antarctic Circle itself: it is in length nineteen inches: its beak is yellow, with its nasal tube, the top of the _ under mandible, the tip of the lower, and the edges of _ both, black: the top of the head, including the cheeks, _and the hind part of the neck to the shoulders, are pale bluish-ash colour: the rest of the upper parts of the plumage is dusky-black: the chin, fore part of the neck and breast, are white: the rest of the under parts pale cinereous, or ash colour: the legs and webs are blue; the under parts of the last white: the claws bbok. 7 24.6 DARK-GREY PINTADO. (Daption griseum.) Th Suliginoso-atrum, tectricibus alarum inferioribus alts, wostia Jusco, pedibus anticé cerulescentibus. _ Dark sooty Pintado, with the lower wing-coverts white, ey beak brown, the legs in front bluish. . Procellaria grisea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.564. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 821. | | | Dark-grey Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 399. 7 Grey Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 174. ; ExcErT in size, this bird greatly resembles the Equinoctial Shearwater : it is scarcely fifteen. inches — in length: its beak is two inches long, and brown: — its entire plumage is sooty-black : with the webs of ; the under wing-coverts white: the fore part of the legs are greenish-blue. In some specimens the chin i and throat are whitish. er ‘ FE Inhabits the Southern Ocean. | WHITE PINTADO. (Daption album.) ) Da. fusco-nigricante pectore abdomine crissoque albis. : Dusky-brown Pintado with the breast, abdomen, and vent white. — Procellaria alba. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.565. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 822. . } iy WHITE PINTADO. «QA White-breasted Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 400. Norfolk Island Petrel. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 334. Fuliginous Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 174. Descrisep by Latham from a specimen formerly in the collection of the late Sir Joseph Banks: “‘ Length sixteen inches : beak an-inch and a half long, hooked at the tip, and black : the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, dusky-brown, nearly black: on the throat a whitish patch : breast, belly, and vent white: under tail coverts cinereous and white mixed : tail rounded at the end: legs black-brown: the fore part of the toes half-way black; the outside of the exterior toe the same forthe whole length : webs black : spurs be- hind blunt. Inhabits Turtle and Christmas Islands.” He adds, in his second Supplement, the following account: ‘* Inhabits Norfolk Island, where it is in great plenty, and burrows in the sand like a rabbit. On Mount Pitt, the highest land in the island, the ground was as full of holes as a rabbit warren, and - an immense number of aquatic birds burrowed and built their nests in them. These, during the day, were at sea, but as night approaches, they return in vast flocks. ‘The settlers lighted small fires every night on this mount, about which the birds dropped as fast as the people could pick them up and kill them.’ 248 SOOTY PINTADO 2 (Daption? fuliginosum.) Da? Suliginoso- -fuscum, capite collo shi: bas ante ni gris, caudd emarginaté. Sooty-brown Pintado? with the head, neck, quills, and tail-fea- thers black, the tail emarginated. Procellaria fuliginosa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.562. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 825. Sooty Petrel. Lath. Gen, Syn.6.409. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 187. Tuis bird is eleven inches in length: its beak is black: irides pale cinereous: the head and neck are deep sooty-black ; and the rest of the body brown-. black, with the under parts palest: the rump is brown: the ridge of the wing is mixed with cinereous: the quills and tail are deep black; the latter is slightly forked, and scarcely so long as the wings when closed : the legs are slender, an inch long, and black. In- habits the neighbourhood of Otaheite. 249 PACHYPTILA. PRION. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, latum, || Beak moderate, _ broad, _ rectum, depressum, apice straight, depressed, its tip uncinato; mandibulz apice uncinated; both mandi- truncatze, marginibus sub- bles truncated at the tip, denticulatis. their margins slightly den- | ticulated. — Nares ad basin rostri positee, || Nostrils distinct, tubulous, tubulosze, distincte. placed at the base of the beak. Pedes breves, tridactyli; wn-|| Legs short, three-toed; a £uis posticus loco pollice. || claw alone in place of the hinder toe. PACHYPTILA. Illig. PROCELLARIA. Gmel., Lath. TL BE: Prions ‘were judiciously separated from the rest of the Petrels by Iliger, in his Prodromus Ma- nualiorum et Avium, &c.; and the most fastidious genus haters are disposed to allow them a name of distinction, notwithstanding the additional burthen to _the memory (according to their ideas) in consequence of having a new name added to the catalogue. Now, as some notion may be formed of the length to which 250 5 PRION. the decided Linnean followers of Ornithology are disposed to proceed in their favourite scheme of genus sinking, on the plea of the new names being not only unnecessary, but burthensome to the memory, I shall transcribe the remarks of that celebrated ornitholo- gist, Dr. Latham, in the tenth vol. (p. 395) of his Ge- neral History of Birds, published in 1824, appended to his Apterous Penguin, and then ask who has con- tinued a new name? and I think the Doctor will prove to have invented one which, according to his views, must cause an additional burthen to the me- mory; as Dr. Shaw has not called his bird the Apterous Penguin, but the Southern Apteryx, or Apteryx Australis—Speaking of this bird with re- ference to Shaw’s account, Dr. L. says, ‘‘’The Doctor (3), it is true, has made this bird the basis of a new genus, and it certainly differs from the general tribe of Penguins; yet it coincides with them in so many, as to render this separation less needful: and the reader cannot fail to observe, that, not only in the present instance, but in several others in the course of this work, the great desire of the author to accom- modate many new species to some genus already fixed, so as to give the least violence possible to the general system; being of opinion, that creating a — single new genus, when it can possibly be avoided, will serve only unnecessarily to burthen the meinary, as well as to disturb the mind.’ FORSTER’S PRION. (Pachyptila Forsteri.) Pa. c@rulescens subtus alba, 'remigibus rectricibus apice fascidque alarum expansarum fusco-nigris. _ Blue Prion beneath white, with the quills, tail-feathers, at the tip, and band on the expanded wings, brown-black. | Procellaria vittata. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.560. Lath. Ind. Orn. Pusey. | Le Petrel Bleu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 316. Vittated Petrel. Forst. Voyage, 1. 153. Blue Petrel. Coohk’s Voyage, 1. p. 29. - Broad-billed Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.414. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 195. - In length twelve inches: its beak is blue-grey, an inch and a quarter in length, and nearly an inch broad at the base; both mandibles are bent at the point, and have their edges slightly notched: the nostrils are placed in a very short tube: the pre- vailing colours of the plumage are bluish-ash on the upper parts of the body, with some of the feathers brown in the middle, and white on the sides of the head and under parts: beneath the eye is a dusky- black streak : the quills and the tips of the six middle tail-feathers are deep dusky black : the legs are black. The female has the beak somewhat more slender. Both sexes possess, when the wings are expanded, a dark band from the tip of one wing to that of the other, which crosses the back. And also (according to Forster) an amazing thick plumage, having two Q52 BLUE PRION. feathers instead of one, proceeding out of every root, and lying within one another, forming a very com- pact and warm covering. — These birds abound in the southern hemisphere, and, like the rest of the group to which they belong, burrow in the ground and under the roots of trees, or take refuge in the clefts of the rocks: they make a noise like the croaking of frogs. They do not appear on shore in the day-time, but towards the morning they are very active, and commence diving in search of food at an early hour, and remain out at sea nearly the whole day. : BLUE PRION.» (Pachyptila cerulea.) Pa. cano-cerulescens corpore subtus rectricibusque apice albis, fascia pectoris alarumque expansarum obscuris. Hoary-bluish Prion, with the body beneath and tip of the tail- feathers white, a band on the breast and on the wings, when expanded, white. | ie Procellaria cerulea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.560. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 827. Blue Petrel. Forst. Voy. 1. p. 91. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 415. Lath, Gen. Hist. x. 196. One foot in length: beak blue, with its tip black, and a yellow stripe in the middle, and about an inch and a quarter long: the upper parts of the plumage are pale blue-grey: the under. parts white: under FRIGATE PRION. 253 the eye is a dusky patch; and on the breast a band of the same colour: the greater quills are darker than _the others, and have the inner webs of some of them nearly white: the wings have a similar mark, ex- tending across from the tip of one to the tip of the other, as inthe last species; and they are, when closed, somewhat longer than the tail, which is nearly _ the colour of the back, with its outer feathers white, the next white on its inner web, and the next tipped with white: the legs are blue; the webs pale. Fly in flocks in the Southern Ocean, from 47 to 58 degrees of latitude. | FRIGATE PRION. (Pachyptila marina. ) Pa. dorso tectricibus alarum fuscis, vertice cerviceque cerulescente- - cinerels, uropygio cerulescente, genis corporeque toto subtus albis. Prion with the back and wing-coverts brown, the crown and cervix bluish-ash, the rump bluish, the cheeks and entire body beneath white. | . Procellaria marina. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 826. Frigate Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.410. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 189. LenetH eight inches and a half: beak slender, and but little hooked: the tip of the head and hind part of the neck, as far as the shoulders, bluish-ash colour : the back and wing-coverts brown: the rump B54 AMERICAN PRION. hoary blue: the sides of the head, above the eye, and all the under parts, white: beneath the -eye a trace of bluish-ash colour: the tail very slightly forked : the legs black, with a yellowish mark in the middle of each web. | Found in the Southern Ocean, in latitude 27 de- orees. | : AMERICAN PRION. (Pachyptila Fregatta.) Pa. nigra subtus alba, pedibus nigris. Black Prion beneath white, with the legs black. Procellaria Fregatta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 252. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.561. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 826. Hirundo Americana, Rochef. Antill. pl. 152. American Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 189. Tuts species is said to be rather less than the Common Petrel, and to be black above and white beneath, with black legs. It inhabits the ocean. FORK-TAIL PRION ? (Pachyptila? furcata.) Pa.? argenteo-grisea, guld pallida, crisso albo, remigibus caudaque forficatd nigricantibus, rectrice extima extus albd. Silvery-grey Prion? with the throat pale, the vent white, the quills and forked tail dusky, the exterior tail-feather white on the outside. Procellaria furcata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.561. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 825. y | Fork-tail Petrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.463. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.410. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 188. Tuis is a northern species, and was first met with on the ice between Asia and America. It is in length ten inches: its beak is black and much hooked: the prevailing colour of the plumage is a dark silvery grey, with the under parts palest: the forehead and crown are varied with brown: the quills are dusky- grey; the secondaries are paler grey on their edges: the inner ridge of the wing is dusky black: the chin is pale grey; the vent white: the tail is forked and coloured similarly to the quills, with its outer fea- thers, on each side, white on its exterior web: the legs are black. 256 HALODROMA. HALODROME. °- Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, compres- || Beak moderate, compressed, sum, rectum, apice adunco; straight, its tip hooked; mandibula superiore utrin- the upper mandible with que sulco obsoleto, infe- an obsolete groove on each riore compressa, trun- side, the lower compressed, cata. | truncated. Nares geminate. Nostrils geminated. Ale elongate. || Wings elongated. Pedes breves, tridactyli; wn- || Legs short, three-toed; no ~ gue pollicis nullo. hinder claw. HALODROMA. Illi. PROCELLARIA. Gmel., Lath. Tuts genus was also detached by Tlliger from the Procellariz, from which it not only differs as above stated, but also in possessing a dilatable pouch, as in the Cormorants, and in wanting the hinder claw en- tirely, as in the Albatrosses. Unlike the rest of the birds of this family, the one comprised in this genus is said to dive admirably. 257 DIVING HALODROME. (Halodroma urinatrix.) Ha. fusco-nigricans subtus alba, gula plicataé nigra. Dusky-brown Halodrome beneath white, with a dilatable black throat. Procellaria urinatrix. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 560. Lath. Ind. a Orn. 2. 827. ) Diving Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.413. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 194, Turis singular bird is the size of the Common Sea- Dove: its length is.eight inches and a quarter: its beak is stout and black, with the middle of its lower _ mandible white on the sides; its irides are dusky- ~ blue: the upper parts of the plumage are dark-brown : the chin is black, and the rest of the under parts are white: the wings are rather shorter than the tail : _ the legs are bluish-green : the webs black. _ Inhabits New Zealand in large flocks, sporting and _ diving on the surface of the water, and frequently to a considerable distance, with great activity. They are said to croak like frogs, or to make a noise like the cackling of a hen. MaoRtI, P. I. LN 258 DIOMEDEA. ALBATROSS. Generic Character. Rostrum longissimum, vali- || Beak very long, strong, thick, dum, crassum, rectum, la- straight, laterally com- teratim compressum ; man- pressed; the upper man- dibul& superiore sulcata, dible with a groove, its apice aduncé; inferiore tip hooked ; the lower with apice truncata. its tip truncated, Nares tubulatee. Nostriis tubulated. Pedes tridactyli; ungue pos- || Legs three-toed; no hinder © tico nullo. claw. | DIOMEDEA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. ALBATRUS. Briss. ‘THE Albatrosses are the largest of the aquatic — birds, and all inhabit the southern regions, living on the smaller fishes, vermes, and mollusca. In the Linnean Transactions, vol. xii. p. 489, Captain Car- michael observes that at least four species breed on the Island of Tristan de Cunha; that all of them nourish their young by disgorging the contents of the stomach: during the time of incubation no alarm is experienced on the approach of any man, as the birds suffer themselves to be kicked or pulled off their WANDERING ALBATROSS. WANDERING ALBATROSS. Q59 nests without the smallest resistance, and soon return again to their post: when irritated the feathers of the cheeks are separated, so as to display a beau- tiful stripe of naked orange skin, running from the corners of the mouth towards the back of the head. WANDERING ALBATROSS. (Diomedea exulane bes : aay. supra Susco-rufesc sa ie wher et maculata subtus alba, collo supra ‘bus fusco transversim striatis, remi- . ers dusky-lead colour. - Diomedea exulans. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.214. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.566. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 789. 5 Paibitrus, Briss. Orn. 6. 126. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 339. < pl. 24. Buff. Pl. Enl.237. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.517. War Bird. Albin. Birds, 8. pl. 81. I ering Albatross. Ldw. Glean. pl. 88. Penn. Arct. Zoct. 2. 423. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.304. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 48. Tue Geetidibe Albatross is as large as a Swan: aie near four feet: extent about ten feet, or up- wards; its beak is dirty yellow: the crown of the head is pale ashy-brown : the prevailing colour of the rest of the body is white, crossed with blackish lines on the back and wings, and with spots towards the rump: the greater quills are black : the tail is dusky- 26HO WANDERING ALBATROSS. plumbeous, and rounded: the legs are flesh-colour. The young are described as bee brown ; and. as they advance in age, become more or " Tess mottled with white. These birds are principally found in the seas a jacent to the Cape of Good Hope, and in those that divide Kamtschatka from the continent of America. They are exceedingly voracious, and feed on various species of fish and mollusca: they are great enemies to the flying-fish, and destroy them when they make their temporary appearance in the air: they likewise devour the salmon, and pursue the shoals of that fish into the mouths of large rivers; and so gorge — themselves as to be prevented by their repletion from — rising ; and are said when they cannot take the whole — of a large fish into their stomach at once, to swallow — the thick end only, leaving the tail sticking out of — their mouths; and in this situation they are taken — by the natives, many of whom set a high value upon ~ their feathers, which they use for their arrows. The natives of the South Sea Islands watch the arrival of these birds at the rainy season; and, when they ob- serve them, they launch from their canoes a light float of wood into the water, baited with a small fish. - When one of the birds approaches it a man stands ready with a pole, and on its pouncing upon the bait he strikes at it, and seldom fails of bringing it down. If, however, he miss his aim, he must wait for some other birds, for that will no more be tempted to approach. e The inhabitants of Kamtschatka make bouys to their nets of the intestines‘of these birds, which they CHOCOLATE ALBATROSS. 261 blow up into bladders: they also use the bones of the wings for tobacco-pipes and needle-cases. ‘Their flesh is very hard and dry. Their cry is harsh and disagreeable, not unlike the braying of an Ass. They are said to breed in the southern regions about September; their nests are formed of earth on the ground, and are from one to three feet in height, and indented at the apex: the egg is larger than that of a Goose, white, marked with dull spots at the larger end, and is thought to be very good food, and possesses the singular property of the white not becoming hard by boiling. When the female is sitting the male supplies her abundantly with food, and during this _ time she is so tame as to allow herself to be pushed off the nest, while her eggs are taken from her ; though when attempted to be seized at other times, _ both sexes make a vigorous resistance with their beaks, _ when not suffering from the effects of repletion. CHOCOLATE ALBATROSS. (Diomedea spadicea. ) Dt rostro albido, corpore saturate castaneo-fusco, abdomine pal- lido, facie alisque subtus albis. Alhatsos with a whitish beak, the body dark chesnut-brown, the abdomen pale, the face and wings beneath white. Diomedea spadicea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.568. Lath. Ind. Orn. my, 2. 790. ) : ‘Albatross dela Chine. Buff: Pl. Enl. 963. Chocolate Albatross. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 308. Lath. Gen. Misi. Ox. 2, 262 YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS. Leneru about three feet : the beak of a yellowish- white colour: the irides brown: the fore part of the head, round the eyes, the chin, and the throat, white: the general colour of the plumage is a fine deep cho- — colate colour; the neck and under parts palest: the — inner ridge of the wing and under wing-coverts white: _ the belly is whitish: the tail is short and rounded: — the legs bluish-white: their claws white. It varies — in having more or less white about the head. Found — in the Pacific Ocean. YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS. M a =x! SE Ay Ri pes ee < Se ee eee (Diomedea chlororhynchos.) Di. rostro nigro supra basique flavo, corpore supra atro- caeruleo, subtus uropygioque albis. Albatross with the beak black, above and its be yellow, the body above dark bluish, beneath and rump white. Diomedea chlororhynchos. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.568. Lath. Indl Orn. 2. 790. a Yellow-nosed Albatross. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.309. pl. 94. Lath, Gen. Hist. x. 52. pl. clxix. SESE SBR as 57 ssi Descrizep and figured by Latham from a Spee | cimen said to be in the British Museum, and which was taken off the Cape of Good Hope. “ Length three feet : breadth seven: the beak four inches long, hooked at the end, but not very stout ; the colour of it is black, except the upper ridge, re 1S yellow the whole length quite to the tip, where it is hooked; ee are > SOOTY ALBATROSS. 263 the base of the under mandible is also yellow : irides brown : the head is grey ; between the beak and eyes is an obscure black spot ; just over the eye a dusky one: the hind part of the neck dusky, the lower part white ; back, scapulars, and wings, dusky blue-black : rump and under part of the body white: the tail dusky: the legs are pale yellowish-white ; the fore part of them, and the webs dusky. ‘This species is met with in the scuthern hemisphere, from thirty to sixty degrees all round the pole. Fly about five or six feet above the water.’’ ‘This bird, according to Captain Carmichael, builds its solitary nest, in the Island of Tristan de Cunha, in some sheltered corner ; selecting in particular the small drains that draw the water off the land into the ravines: the nest is of the height of ten or twelve inches, of a cylindrical form, with a small ditch round the base; and there is only one egg, which is white, and very large. SOOTY ALBATROSS. (Diomedea fuliginosa.) Di. rostro nigro, corpore fuliginoso-fusco, pone oculos lunuld alba. 3 Albatross with the beak black, the body sooty-brown, and a white __lunule behind the eyes. , Diomedea fuliginosa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.568. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.791. Sooty Albatross. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 309. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 34, 264: SOOTY ALBATROSS. ‘“‘ Lenetu three feet : beak black : irides pale yel- low : at each angle of the eye a nictitating membrane : the prevailing colour of the plumage is brown ; the head and tail inclining to black or soot-colour: fora small space, above, behind and beneath the eye, the feathers are white; but not on the fore part of it: quills and tail dark-brown, nearly black: the shafts of both white; and the last pointed im shape: the legs pale brownish lead-colour: ciaws black. This species is found throughout the Southern Ocean, within the Antarctic Circle.”—Latham. Also breeds | in the Island of Tristan de Cunha: is gregarious, many of them building their nests close to each other *: the nest is of mud, raised five or six inches, and slightly depressed at the top: when the young birds are more than half grown, they are covered with a whitish down: they stand on their respective hillocks like statues till approached close, when they make a strange clattermg with their beaks, and if touched, squirt a deluge of fcetid oily fluid from their stomachs. * As many as one hundred have been counted within the — compass of half an acre. Sg ae gg ne a Fw » ae RS PN DE Xx TO VOL. XIII.—PART LI. Area TROSS page 258 —— chocolate 261 sooty . : » 263 wandering 259 : yellow-nosed 262 Albatrus, Briss. 258, 259 ALcA . : » Lal —— Linn. . 26, 33, 36, 43 — alle, Linn, 34 — antiqua, Gmel. 42 arctica, Linn. 37 candida, Brun. 34 cirrhata, Pail. 40 — cristatella 47 _— deleata, Brun. 38 — Hoieri, Ray . 2 —— impennis ano Labradora, Gmel. 37 -—— major, Briss. 51 minor, Briss. Bil —— pica, Linn. 30 —— Psittacula, Pall, . 44 Aca pygmea, Gmel. tetracula, Pall. Torda, Linn. Sf: Linn. unisulcata, Brun. ALCAD/E Alcatraz Anhinga Anas, Ray arctica, Ray . Anous ‘ fuscatus — niger -—— plumbeus spadiceus Anser, Ray . bassano congener, Ray . albus, Ray p- 48 cinereo- 266 Anser, bassanus, Ray p. 100 APTENODYTES . 04} Forst. 57, 63 antarctica, Gmel. . 67 catarractes, Gmel.. 61 —— Chiloensis . 56 chrysocoma, Gmel. 58 demersa, Gmel. 64 —— Magellanica, Gmel. 65 minor, Gmel. 61 papua, Gmel. 59 Patagonica 55 torquata, Gmel. 60 APTERYX , 70 australis 71 southern ‘ fd Ki. : 30 | Penn. . 27 | ancient, Penn. 42 | black-billed, Penn. 30 — crested, Penn. 47 | dusky, Penn. 46 flat-billed, Lath. 48 great. . . Labrador, Lath. . + little, Penn. . — Perroquet, Penn. . — pygmy, Penn. tufted, Penn. Avis Maderaspatanos ma- jor novacule facies, Ray 136 125 tropicorum, Ray INDEX. Chichen, Mother Cary’s 221 | CHRYSOCOMA ery Catarractes . sehutinc| i | —— minor . 3 rirnens of BS papua . DQ saltator 58 || ——- torquata 60 | Coddy-Moddy, Penn. 198 |COLYMBIDE."!°"". ~~ 1@ Colymbus, Briss. . wo 3m Ls ee peal Rr Va Bird, Arctic, Edw. p- 211 Boosy : Ae AU brown and white, Lath. : 106 great, Lath. . 101 lesser, Lath. . 107 —— spotted, Lath. 101 Burgomeister, Ray - 189 Carbo, Meyer Q sy 2 Javanicus 90 Cararractes . .. 214 Briss. 57, 61 pomarina ..° .. 216 Skua o -215 Cataractus, Ray by ep | Catharacta, Ray . 210, 214 Cepphus, Ray 212 parasitica, Brun. . ZiV — Skua, Brunn.: °. “215 Colymbus, auritus, Linn, p. 12 Caspicus, Gmel. — Cayennensis, Gmel. —— cinereus major, Ray cornutus, Briss. — Gmel. eee — cristatus, Briss. — dominicus, Linn. — fluviatilis, Briss. [omnpamaeamed Carolinen- sis, Briss. . ; Hebridicus, Giel. Insule St. Thome, Briss. —— Ludovicianus, Gmel. —— major, Aldrovandi, Lo ee cristatus et cor- nutus, Ray minor, Briss. Gmel. — obscurus, Gmel. —— parotis, Gmel. —— Podiceps, Linn. —— rubricollis,; Gmel. subcristatus, Gmel. urinator, Linn. —— Thomensis, Gmel. Cormorant —— African —— black and white —— brown-necked carunculated —— Chinese minor, Briss. INDEX. Linn. 207 CORMORANT, common . p.76 10 crested . “83 5 || — -, Bew. 77 3 Javan . 90 3 Magellanic 89 90 New Holland 93 10 || —— pied | 92 3 red-faced 86 6 || —— Shag BD 14 || —— spotted. 88 || —— tufted . | 95 17 | violet : 86 13 Cormorant, Penn, 77 Corvus, Ray 75 OH aquaticus, Ray 76 13 minor, Ray 82 4 Crane : 82 Cutwater, Catesby . 136 3 || DAPTION 239 10 album , 246 14 | antarcticum . 242 10 || —— Capense (241 -§ | —— desolatum 244 16. fuliginosum . 248 8 || —— gelidum 245 8 || —— griseum 246 3 || —— niveum 243 6 DaRTER y 130 75 black-bellied 131 anal white-bellied 132 93 — Surinam, Lath. 22 91 || Didapper, Wale. . 14 94 || DiomEDEA 258 268 INDEX. DiomepeaA Chilensis, Mo- lin. —-— demersa, Linn. exulans ‘ ——. fuliginosa spadicea chlororhynchos . p. 56 262 @ 64 259 263 261 Diver, small black and white, Shaw Dobchick, Edw. Edw. ‘ eared, Edw. . Dove, Greenland, Edw. black and white, . 34 a Ducker, greater crested and horned, Alb. Dysporus, Illig. Eudyptes, Illig. FINFOOT African —— Surinam FRATERCULA antiqua arctica _—— cirrhata glacialis FREGATTA . aquilus —— leucocephalus —— minor, Briss. Palmerstoni . 57, 63 119 120 122 120 123 FRIGATE-BIRD common Palmerstone . ——. white-headed FuLMAR emia) | antarctic —— gigantic northern FuLMARUS . antarcticus —— giganteus glacialis GANNET i ;, booby brown . lesser Lath. —- Soland . white Gavia, Briss. eel Susca, Briss. . grisea, Briss. minor, Driss. —— hyberna, Briss. ridibunda, Briss. . phenico- pos, Briss. and white . 139, 180, cinerea, Briss. major, Briss. minor, Briss. nevia, Briss. subt9 120 123 122 233 234 236 237 234 233 236 237 234 oo 104 105 106 107 103 100 103 198 198 201 181 140 194. 201 198 205 201 eee oes x a eee Sees a “E52 aoe ae INDEX. 269 Goose, Soland. Alb. p- 100 |) Guy, brown-headed, ; Penn. p. 201 Gorrou 57 common y* -198 collared 60 crimson-billed 196 —-— hopping a} 08 Sork-tailed, Lath. . 177 1 little . , : H glaucous loo ——— papuan. 59 great . : MRS Ire) red-footed 61 black and white, — | Alb. . ; ‘ . 186 GREBE . ; ] backed . 186 black-breasted 6 greater white, Penn. 201 —— chinned, Penn. . 13 herring, Penn. 191 Cayenne : . 3 Iceland, Lath. 191 crested . Midepbaks oe 3 ivory . : oe OF dusky, Penn. 10 || ___ Kittiwake, Penn. . 181 eared : ae laughing . 205 var. Lath.. 10 lesser black-backed 194 s uormed , D) . Hittle 206 > little 13 masked 204 var. Lath. 16 pacific . ‘ - 208 Louisiane 18 Pomarine, Lath. . 216 New Holland 18 || __. Pulo-Condor . 209 — Philippine LO red-legged 201 — pied-bill 16 silvery . 191 -~—— red-necked . a Jioéi| mauaen Skua, Penn. 215 —— Sclavonian, Mont. 10 Tarrock, Penn. 181 ——— tippet, Penn. Brae Wagel, Penn. = 87. Be emer 2 graieus, Tie. 75 GuLL 184 || Hatoproma . . 256 — Adriatic 197 urinatrix 257 arctic, Penn. 214 black-toed, Penn. . 212 || Hatoprome . 256 backed, Penn. 186 diving . ¥ aad — headed, Penn. 201 || Heliornis, Vieil. 20 brown, Lath. 201 Senegalensis, Vieil. 21 270 INDEX. Hirundo Americana, Ray | Larus glaucus p- 189 p-. 254 || Temm, . 191 —— marina, Ray . 150 || —— griseus, Briss. 191 —— hybernus, Gmel. 198 Hydrocorax, Vieil. i AP) JAGER:. 210 arctic 21] KIrrIwakE . 180 Brunnich’s 181 LARIDZ 134 Larus. A (eon Linn. 176, 180, 210 Ray . 144, 166 albus major, Ray . 201 argentatus 191 atricilla 205 — atricillordes, Gmel. 206 candidus, Fabr. 195 canus . 198 capistratus 204 Catarractes, Linn. 215 cinerarius, Gmel. . 201 — cinereus, Ray 201 -minor, Ray 198 —— collaris 177 crepidatus, Gmel. . 212 eburneus _ 195 -~— erythropus, Gmel. . 201 ——— fuscus . ; 194 ——— Briss. 215 —_—_——. Ginel, 199 SFuscus, seu hybernus, Ray . —— ichthyetus . . 185 | marinus 186 —— B, Lath. 191 maximus ex albo et nigro vurtus, Ray 186 melanocephalus 197 —— minutus 206 nevius, Gmel. 186 niger, Briss. 186 —_——— fidipes alis longi- oribus Aldrovandi, Ray 167 nostras, Ray . i 167 Seine TOSCTE. FEE a, LOK Nove Hollandie . 196 pacificus 208 / parasiticus, Linn. . 211 piscator Aldrovandt, Ray .« : : - 163 Pulo-Condor . 209 ridibundus . i 2on — Rissa, Linn. 181 Sabini, Sabine 177 tridactylus, Linn. 181 varius, Briss. ite - Brun. 191 Jiarod; Viel gan ae Lepturus, Briss. . » 124 — candidus, Briss. . 125 | Leu-tze : : 3 | Lestris, Illig. 198 | 210, 214 catarractes, Temm. 215 Sop =a oP Te ee ga et ae Reece Fe Fe eg i ee a ee ee — SS ES a SRS ES INDEX. Lestris pomarinus, Temm. p. 216 Loon, greater, Edw. 3 Maiague, Ray 228 Man of War Bird 121 ——__— . Alp.» 259 MerGuuts . 33 melanoleucos . 34 rostro acuto , 34 30 .brevi, Ray Mergus Bellonii, Ray Mew, Winter 198 Misamichus Pallasii, ‘Leach 185 Mormon, Illig. 36 — fratercula, Temm.. 38 Morus, Vieil. 99 M urre, Penn. 27 NATATORES:...: 1 Noppy 139 — black 140 —— brown . 143 — dusky . 141 -— short-tailed . 142 Onocrotalus, Ray « 108 — fuscus, Briss. 112 —— Mexicanus dentatus, 4 Ray ‘ 109 —— Philippensis, Briss, 109 —— Pelecanus, Briss. 117 |} Onocrotalus rostro dentt- p> culato, Briss. PACHYPTILA . ceerulea —— Fregatta Fosteri furcata marina Pan Cowee Passer stultus, Ray Pechuck PELECANIDE . PrELECANUS . 79, 99, — Africanus, Gmel. . Linn. aguilus, Linn. australis bassanus, Linn. , —— Carbo, Linn. Carolinensis . carunculatus, Gmel. cirrhatus, Gmel. : cristatus, Febr. — erythrorhynchos,Gm. ——-~ Fiber, Linn. fuscus . occidentalis, Linn. - — graculus, Linn. — Javanicus leucocephalus, Gmel. leucogaster, Vievl. . — maculatus, Gmel. . Q71 117 249 252 254 251 QzTe2 Pevecanus Magellanicus, Gmel. : : p- Manillensis, Gmel. , melanoleucos, Vieil. —— minor, Gmel. nevius, Gmel. Onocrotalus . Palmerstoni, Gmel. parvus, Gmel. —— Philippensis, Gmel. piscator, Linn. punctatus, Gmel. . — pygma@us, Lath. — rvoseus, Gmel. rufescens Sinensis, Lath. . Sula, Linn. . — Thagus trachyrhynchos Urile,.Gmel. varius, Gmel. violaceus, Gmel. PELICAN brown . —— Charlestown . common diving, Lath. Frigate, Lath. lesser, Lath. Javan . —— Manilla, Lath. New Holland Lath. : ‘ Philippine, Lath. . Palmerstone frigate, INDEX. 89 110 93 120 88 109 123 Pexican, red-backed _p. 114 rose-coloured, Lath. 110 — rough-billed . V7 saw-billed . 117 — white, Edw. . - 109 headed frigate, Lath. ‘ é Bove 4, Peneuin . : Steel Raysws\2 eB F antarctic, Lath . 67 apterous, Lath. . 71 black-footed, Edw. 64 Cape, Lath. . . 64 — Chiloe . . Tig 3 collared, Lath. . 60 crested, Lath. ses hairy, Lath. 2°68 ——.. [ittle: Taihe miata: 5 | —— Magellanic, Lath. 65 New Holland, Lath. 68 papuan, Lath. ie Patagonian . e299 red-footed, Edw. . 61 woolly, Lath. - 69 PETREL : : American, Lath. . -254 antarctic, Lath. . 242 black-toed, Penn. . 231 blue, Cook 251 blue, Forster 252 Brasilian, Lath. . 228 broad-billed, Lath. 251 — brown-banded, Lath. 244 —— cinereous, Lath. 297 be bi el TE ee a ee — c —_— - Nae os gs Ee ee a ae ee eee ee AED teres We-Alli, P. I. INDEX. PEeTREL, dark-grey, Lath. PHALACROCORAX p. 246 || ————- Briss. diving, Lath. 257 Africanus —— dusky, Penn. 230 Carbo . —- fork-tailed, Penn. 255 carunculatus Frigate, Lath. 253 cirrhatus Suliginous, Lath. 247 cristatus Fulmar, Penn. 234 || —— fuscicollis —_——— A. Lath. 236 graculus giant, Lath. . 237 javanicus glacial, Lath. 245 Magellanicus great black, Edw. . 229 melanoleucus grey, Lath. . 246 || —— minor, Briss. Leach’s 219 Nove Hollandiz long-legged . 223 || —— punctatus Norfolk Island, Lath. 247 || —— pygmeus | pacific, Lath. 229 Sinensis pintado, Lath. 241 varius . — Shearwater, Penn. 226 violaceus : snowy, Lath. 243 Urile — sooty, Lath. . 248 tM - stormy 220 || PHALERIS . ———— Catesby 224 cristatella ———— Lath. 223 Psittacula vittated, Forst. 251 || —— pygmea white and black spot- tetracula ted, Edw. . e244] —— white-breasted, Lath. 247 || PLorus _ —— Wilson’s 224 Gmel. é Klien. ‘Puarton 124 || ____ anhinga 1A, Linn. 57 melanogaster —— xthereus 125 Surinamensis, Gmel. 22 —— demersus, Linn. 61 , —— melanorhynchos 127 || Popicers —— pheenicurus . 128 auritus 18 130 20 135 132 131 & ] 12 274 Popiceprs Carolinensis Caspicus, Lath. cayanus -—— cornutus cristatus dominicus ——- Hebridicus, Lath. . —— Ludovicianus minor . 6, Lath. obscurus, Lath. —— Philippensis . —— rubricollis ‘m_. Thomensis Popoa Senegalensis . Surinamensis Poukoul Predatriz, Vireil. . PRION . American blue fork-tail Forster's —— frigate . PROCELLARIA Nove Hollandie . ° Gmel, 249, 256 Linn, 225, 233 ~——- equinoctialis, Linn. 229 alba, Gmel, . antarctica, Gmel. —— Brasiliana, Gmel, INDEX. i 4 16 || ProcELLARIA Capensis, : 10] Linn. p.241 | d || -—- cerulea, Gmel. . 252 9 cinerea, Briss. . 234 3 || ————— Gmel. . 227 7 || —— desolata, Gmel. . . 244 13. Fregatia, Linn. . 254 18 fuliginosa, Gmel. 248 13 furcata, Gmel. 255 16 gelida, Gmel. =. 245 18 || —— gigantea, Gmel. . 237 10 glacialis, B, Lath. . 236 16 Linn. «. 234 8 || —— grisea, Gmel. 246 6 Leachii 219 —— marina, Linn. 243 20 melanopa, Gmel. 231 2) nevia, Briss. © . 241 a9 nivea, Gmel. . 243 94 obscura, Gimel. 230 210 — oceanica 223 pacifica, Lath. . 229 —— pelagica 220 — 254 || _— Wilson 224 252 || —— puffinus, Briss. 226 255 || ———_—_—— _ Linn. : 25) urinatrix, Lath. 253 || —— vittata, Gmel. —— Wilsoni 218 PuFFIN i ancient arctic . 246 || —— Manks’, Edw. 242 northern —— tufted . 228 PuFFINUS ——. zquinoctialis A Anglorum Brasilianus . Brasiliensis, Briss. ro 195 82 85 INDEX. p. 225 Sea-Pintapvo, white p. 246 229 || Senator, Ray ° 226)! Shag . eae nih —— African, Lath. — Capitis Bone Spei, Briss. cinereus melanopus obscurus RAZOR-BILL common —-— white-throated RHYNCHOPS . flavirostris — fulva, Linn. . —— nigra Rissa . —— Brunnichii Rygchopsalia, Briss. Suloa, Briss. SEA-Dove common ‘Sea-Pintapo —— antarctic -—— brown-headed - —— Cape — dark-grey = glacial . —— snowy . —— sooty 135 138 136 180 181] 135 136 33 34 239 | 242 244 | 24] 246 245 243 248 carunculated, Lath. =— Chinese, Lath... crested, Penn. —— dwarf, Lath. —— Magellanic, Lath. red, Lath. —_——— faced, Lath. . —— spotied, Lath. th, — iufted, Lath. violet, Lath. SHEARWATER equinoctial . black-toed Brasilian cinereous lane dusky . Manks’ SKIMMER black yellow-beaked SKUA common pomarine SPHENISCUS . antarcticus demersus brown-necked, Lath. New Holland, Lath. 9] 94 96 83 4 276 INDEX. SPHENISCUS Magellanicus p. 65 nevius, Briss. SPHENISQUE —— antarctic Cape Magellanic New Holland STARIKI black crested . dusky . flat-billed Perroquet STERCORARIUS Briss. Cephus striatus, Briss. STERNA Linn. 139, 166 affinis, Horsf. — Africana, Gmel. alba Anglica, Mont. aranea, Wils. arctica. 2 australis —— Boysii, Lath. 147; candida, Gmel. cantiaca Nove Hollandize . atricapilla, Bross. . 68 210 longicaudus, Briss. 211 216 144 175 147 160 174 174 152 167 2) 162 B, 167 160 147 STERNA,Caspia . — p. 145 —— Caspia y, Lath. 146 Cayenensis 155 cinerea, Lath. bod OZ. —— cristata - 146 Delamotta, Vieil, . 171 Dougallii 153 — fidipes, Linn. 167_ —— fuliginosa 164 Jusca, Briss. 141 fuscata, Linn. 141 grisea . 159 —— Hirundo 150 Javanica 158 leucopareia, Temm. 17/1 leucoptera, Temm. 170 maculata? Vieil. 149 major, Briss. » 50" media . E 158 metopoleucos, Gmel. 163 —— minor, Briss. 163 —— minuta. 163 —— nevia, Gmel. 167 —— nebulosa, Spar. 147 —— nigra, Linn. . 167 —— Nilotica - 160 Nove Hollandiz 161 obscura, Lath. 201 Panaya wit Ld Panayensis, Gmel. 157 —— Philippina, Lath. 140 plumbea, Wils. 142 —— simplex, Gmel. 172 Sinensis, Gmel. spadicea, Gmel. 143 stolida, Linn. 173. 140 INDEX. QT STERNA, striata, Gmel. p. 147 || Tern, dusky, Lath, p- 141 superciliaris. . 149 Egyptian. . 160 Surinamensis ~ 155 || —— greater, Penn. a Ty 8 vittata . | ow lb6 gull-billed, Mont. . 174 Stormfinch . . . 221 hoary . «= - (159 hooded, Lath. #4163. Javan . j 158 Strundt-Jager, Ray. 211 | Kamtskatchan, Penn. 167 SuLa . ; : Ri OD . , lesser, Penn. il G5 australis , - 104 ; 4 Ss lea little . : - 163 ee OGY ys i0.0% marsh, Wils. sili candida ; an S03. Fib ae mustachoe, Lath, . 171 ; canny r ; New Holland oreleuk Jusca, Briss. sak Oo dean P Site ek Hoieri,Ray . 100 sit aii —— Philippine, Lath. . 140 125 we ‘ pouus roseate . ‘ (ot,53 aes ; \ a3 —— Sandwich . hf parva . ; shoe edt Oe Swallow, Sea, | eta short-tailed, Lath. 142 greater, Alb. » 147 simple, Lath. - 172 : lesser, Alb. . LOL sooty. AV64 yp Pachypetes, Viel... 119 ||——~ southern . ,- 162 striated, Lath. . 147 TERN : . 144 || —— Surinam Shieh African, Lath. . 147 Lehary, Lath.’ . 160 arctic . hae = white, ° , . 160 black, Penn. . - 167 || —— browed : ih 140 headed, Lath. 167 || ———— winged, Lath. 170 black-naped . - 158 || ———wreathed . . 156 brown, Lath. 143, 201 _—— Caspian : . 145 | Tropic-Birp - . 124 — 2, Lath, . > 146 black-billed . oy 12% ——Cayenne. 2 156 common : - 125 — Chinese, Lath. . 173 New Holland, Lath. 127 — common : . 150 || —— red-tailed . “iy L28 —— crested F 20 eG Q78 INDEX. Tropicophilus, Leach : p. 124] VirALvE . , p. 166 Uria, Briss. . ge a ae : - Chinese. : \ alle, Sabine... 84 — 173 § aay —— gull-billed . .. 174 —— minor, Briss. Ls | ieee : 175 26 || —— Mustachoe . aes simple . : - 172 —— Tehary : . -169 white-winged ~/ A70 Wagel, Penn. , . 191 Wagellus Cornubtenseum, Ray . : oR EG UTAMANIA . ; : ———— Ray . -\ ee —pica . : yo oO —— Torda . ni? VIRALVA . : - 166 ——affinis . : $ ch75 , Anglica 4 . 174 —— Indica . : s /T69 171 XEMA . . . é 176 leucopareia ——leucoptera . . 170 — Sabini . ; mY —— nigra . i - 167 —— simplex : 372 Xen | ; a7 6 ——— Sinensis : Phe eke) Sabine’s yea Wy “END: OF PARE LONDON: PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS. FENERAL ZOOLO O;* ATEE NATURAL HISTORY GY commenced by The litte SLAW, ML] WITH PLATES from the first Authorities andmost select specimens ‘a, : 4 Ong Lat dL fe unepally Ve Y MS GRIFFITH. VOL. XML Part.IL AVE S. by J.F. Stephens, EL.S.ke. Trmted for 1t-A.Arch:Longinan Hurst & C? E. Jeffery Son: LMawman:Baldwin,Cradock & Joy: 1. Booth: Sherwood &C° G.B.Whittaker:R.Scholey: S. Bagster: odwell Martin: Saunders Hodgson Hamilton, Adams & C°Smpkin.& Marshall: LDuncan:T & Alban: WI &1 Maynard. and Wightman & Cramp. wut? Ms 1825. GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME XIII.—{PART II. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. &c. BIRDS. LONDON : _ PRINTED FOR J. AND A. ARCH ; LONGMAN, REES, AND Co.; _ #, JEFFERY AND SON; J. MAWMAN; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND _ JOY; J. BOOTH ; SHERWOOD AND CO.; G. B. WHITTAKER; R. SCHOLEY ; S. BAGSTER ; RODWELL AND MARTIN; SAUN-~ DERS AND HODGSON ; HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND C0.; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL ; J, DUNCAN; T. AND J. ALLMAN ; W. J, AND 1sMAYNARD; AND WIGHTMAN AND CRAMP, * oy Af . Ba : Ke: a, ea iy werk “Nl cosas : Aine bee RR ae * ‘SEPA AL F rs scan ean seeet Kanna qetete Mien arose a de (ama eerie OE ete Nee ge AE OREN UE ET be De hey ps ee ys ey! a pend ft ah oP a ait) S. SUPPLEMENT. I nave endeavoured, in the subsequent pages, to arrange all the published genera of birds (with the exception of the Natatores) in conformity with the excellent views developed by the learned author of Hore Entomologice, and so admirably illustrated by my friend Mr. Vigors, in his valuable paper recently published in the fourteenth volume of the Linnean Transactions ; as they appear to be more strictly in accordance with nature than any that have hitherto been promulgated ; and I trust they will contribute towards the removal of the opprobrium under which _ the ornithologists of this country, for the most part, unfortunately labour, from their observations being chiefly confined to the description of the plumage alone of birds, without any reference to their anato- mical structure, or physiological economy, combined with the fact, that their arrangements (with few recent exceptions) are forced into unnatural groups by a too rigid adherence to the nomenclature of the celebrated fe eat, P. I. 1 Q GENERAL REMARKS. Swede, in defiance of the new lights which have been exhibited to our view by the brilliant continental dis- coveries since the period in which he flourished. 1 have also attempted to distribute, under their proper genera, such species as are described in the preceding volumes of this work with reference to the Linnean groups, whose stations I have been enabled to ascer- tain, and to add as many of the newly described species thereto as the limited space to which I am necessarily confined, and the nature of my usual avocations will permit; and in order to show the geographical position of the respective species, their habitats are introduced. As usual in all insulated classes of animals, birds appear to be naturally divisible into two great groups, one of which is typical of the class, and is susceptible of two, and the other, which is aberrant, of three subdivisions, or orders, as exhibited below, and so happily illustrated by the author of the above-named essay ; but I regret that want of space prevents me from entering into any of the arguments and facts that he has adduced in support of his views: I must therefore refer those individuals who are anxious to become acquainted with them to the paper itself m the Linnean Transactions, vol. xiv. p. 395, &c.: and — I have farther to observe, that for a similar reason — the characters of the subdivisions and of the genera, — throughout the following arrangement, are as con-— cisely given as is consistent with the intention in Toon : of illustrating the natural affinities. According to Mr. Vigors, birds are divided into the Gall aici five orders : %. ‘ ws) RAPTORES. Feet formed va i or Birds of Prey. grasping . Insessores, or Perching Birds. Feet not formed for grasping Grauuatorss, or Wading Birds. Rasores, or Gallinaceous Birds. Narartores *, or Swimming Birds. Orver I—RAPTORES, Vigors. RaptaTores, Illiger. AccCIPITRES, Linné. Rostrum robustum, basi cerigerum, apice aduncum; pedes ro- bustz, breves aut mediocres ; tibie plumis tecte ; tarsi nudi vel plus minusve plumosi, verrucosi ; ungues validi, mobiles, retrac- tiles, arcuati, acuti aut subobtusi. The Raptorial Birds, or Birds of Prey, have the beak stout, co- vered with a cere at its base, its tip bent down ; the /egs strong, short, or of moderate length ; the tzbie clothed with feathers; the tarst naked, or more or less covered with feathers or down ; the toes four in number, three anterior, one posterior, and rough beneath ; the claws strong, moveable, retractile, arcuated, acute, or somewhat blunt. Tuese birds chiefly subsist upon flesh ; those of the second family preferring it in a tainted, or putrid, state: while, on the other hand, those of the other families, for the most part, refuse to partake thereof unless, perfectly fresh; and to obtain it thus they pursue other birds and small mammalia: a few of _ the species also attack serpents and fishes, and some of the Strigide devour insects. They are all en- dowed with considerable powers of flight, the species * Mr. Vigors places the most perfect, or typical, group in the centre, which method will be adopted in the subsequent pages : as this order is consequently the first that presents itself to our view, and has been already treated of with reference to the quinary and circular distribution of natural objects, it is unnecessary to notice it again, 4, GYPOGERANIDS. of the last-mentioned family, with few exceptions, flying (and ea by night, and those of the others by day. Four families only are known belonging to this Order, which may be thus divided : VuLTURID&. Vigors. rapine ; prey upon superior santa pie Me P FALCONID&. Leach. animals: Structure well calculated sui Structure less calculated for ? ( StRicIDz. Leach. rapine ; prey upon inferior ¢ ? ? ANUMAGIS: 2 tin. (see _GYPOGERANID&? Vigors. Accorp1N¢ to the plan before alluded to, the group that our arrangement commences with will be FAMILY I.—GYPOGERANIDE? Rostrum capite brevior, compressum ; lora glabra ; pedes longis- simi ; tarsi scutellati ; oculi laterales. Beak shorter than the head, compressed ; Jores naked ; legs very long ; tars? scutellated ; eyes lateral. GENUS I—GYPOGERANUS, Illiger. SNAKE-EATER. SERPENTARIuUS, Shaw.—Fatco, Linné.—Vuttur, Lath Sar GITTARIUS, Vosmaer. Tuis is the only genus belonging to this family; it is therefore unnecessary to repeat the characters: the single species known subsists on snakes, lizards, tortoises, beetles, and other insects, and inhabits the sandy deserts of Africa. i Or VULTURIDE. Sp. 1. Gy. Africanus *. Serpentarius Africanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 46. pl. 14. FAMILY II.—VULTURIDE. Caput e¢ collum plus minusve nude; cera glabrum aut pilorum, simplex aut carunculatum ; pedes nude ; tarsi reticulati ; oculi laterales. The Vulturid# have the head and neck more or less divested of _ feathers ; the cere bald or hairy, simple or carunculated ; the Jeet naked-; the tarsi reticulated ; the eyes lateral. They chiefly subsist upon carrion, and a foetid humour exudes from their nostrils ; they reside in the hotter regions of the globe. GENUS II—VULTUR Auctorum. VULTURE. Rostrum basi rectum, cras- || Beak straight at the base, sum, validum, supra con- thick, strong, above con- vexum, vex. Nares transversales, basales. || Nostrils transverse, basal. Caput et collum nude; || Head and neck naked; the torque plumoso. last with a plumose collar. Vouttourss inhabit the old continent only. _ Sp. 1. Vu. fulvus. Briss —Shaw, v. vii. p. 27. pl.1 1. Vu. castaneus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 29. pl. 12.—Vu. indicus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 26.—Temm, Pl. Col. 26. _ Sp. 2. Vu. auriculatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 24. Vu. Ponticerianus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 25. pi. 10.—Temm. Pl. Col. 2. Sp. 3. Vu. Monachus. Linn.—Shavw, v. vii. p. 19. pl. 7, 8, 9.— Temm. Pl. Col. 13. Sp. 4.? Vu. Bengalensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 30. Sp. 5.? Vu. niger. Briss.—Shaw, v. vii. p. 31. _ * It is necessary to observe that my limits preclude the pos- sibility of correcting, or adding to, the synonyma of the birds described in the early volumes of this work, beyond the references to a few of the best figures, recently published. 6 VULTURID&. GENUS ITI.—SARCORAMPHUS, Dumeril. CONDOR. | Rostrum basi rectum, vali- | Beak straight at the base, dum, supra. convexum ; | stout, convex above; the mandibula superior mar-'| wpper mandible with its ginibus dilatatis. | edges dilated. Nares ovales, longitudinales. Caput caruncula armatum, Nostrils oval, longitudinal. Head furnished with a ca- nudum; collum nudum. | runcle, naked; neck naked. Gypacus, Vieillot—-CATHARTES, Temm. Conpors are all natives of America. Sp. 1. Sa. papa. Vultur papa. Shaw, v. vii. p. 39. pl. 13. Sp. 2. Sa. Gryphus. Vultur Condor. Shaw, v. vii. p. 2. pl. 2, 3? 4—Cathartes Gryphus. © Temm. Pl. Col. 133. Sp. 3. Sa? Californianus. Vultur Californianus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 10.—Cathartes Vultu- — rinus, Temm. Pl. Col. 31. GENUS IV.—PERCNOPTERUS Antiquorum. Rostrum elongatum, gracile, || Beak elongated, slender, ~ basi tumidum, supra con- swollen at the base, con-— vexum; mandibula supe- vex above ; the wpper rior marginibus haud di- mandible without dilated latatis. edges. | a Nares ovales, longitudinales, || Nostrils oval, longitudinal, — antrorsum spectantes. directed forwards. Caput nudum. Head naked. Collum plumosum. || Neck feathered. Gyearros, Beckstein.—NrorHron, Savigny.—CATHARTES, — Illiger, Temm.—CaTHaristA, Vieillot. | AS a DN Cae ] J PERCNOPTERUS ATRATUS:, VULTURID&. . if Tuese are smaller and fiercer birds, and are more filthy in their habits than those of the two preceding genera; they prey upon the foulest carrion, not dis- daining even excrementitious matter, thereby being of infinite service in clearing the surface of the ground from those noxious substances. Sp. de, Pe. AEgyptiacus. v ultur Percnopterus. Shaw, v. vil. p.33.—Vultur ginginianus- Shi: v, vil. p. 32.—Inhabits the warmer and temperate regions _. of the old continent. Sp. 2. Pe. Aura. Vultur Aura, | ‘Shaw, v. vil. p. 36.—Inhabits the new conti- nent, in similiar to the last. Sp. 3. Pe. Uruba. PE. obscure niger, mlecald alarum alba. Dull-black Percnopte1us with a white spot on the wings. Vultur Uruba. Vieil. Ois. @ Amer. Sept. pl. 2.—Vultur atratus. —Turkey Buzzard. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 104. pl. Ixxv. ais RaTueER less than the immediately preceding : beak and legs white: irides reddish-hazel: head and neck covered with a pale ash-coloured down, mixed with a few hairs, but not carunculated: the general colour of the plumage is plain bluish-grey: in the old birds nearly black and slightly glossy ; wings yellowish- white beneath: the tail even at the end. The eggs of this species are two in number, and are of a sooty-white. Inhabits nearly the same regions of America as the last described, and not much unlike it in manners. Sp. 4. Pe. Monachus. Pr. fusco-spadiceus, remigibus nigris. 8 VULTURIDE. Chocolate-brown Percnopterus with black quills. Cathartes monachus. Temm. Pl. Col. 222. Inuasits the western coast of Africa: length two feet three inches: the prevailing colour of the plu- mage is dull brown or chocolate: the wings and tail are also of this colour: the quills are black: the top of the head, the region of the eyes and ears, and the fore part of the neck, are naked and reddish; the occiput, hind part of the neck, and the crop, are clothed with a firm and short ashy down: the tarsi are feathered a little below the knee ; the rest of the legs and feet are yellow. GENUS V.—GYPAETOS, Storr. ‘Rostrum rectum, basi plu || Beak straight, its base co- mis setacels antrorsum di- vered with setaceous fea- rectis tectum, supra rotun- thers tending forward, datum; mandibula imfe- rounded above; the under rior basi fasciculo plumis mandible furnished at the rigidis, elongatisque or- base with a fasciculus of nata. stiff and elongated fea- - thers. Cera plumis tecta. Cere clothed with feahets Tarst brevi, plumosi. ~ Tarsi short, feathered. Fatco, Gmel., Lath., &c,—PHENE, Savigny, Vieillot. Tue only known species of this genus is the largest bird of prey which inhabits the old continent: it 1s extremely fierce, and not only feeds upon carrion, but is said to attack living animals. Sp. 1. Gy. alpinus. | Vultur barbatus, Linn.—Shaw, v. vil. p. 12. pl. 5, 6. FALCONID&. Q FAMILY III.—FALCONIDE. Caput plumosum ; rostrum forte, aduncum, basi cerigerum ; nares laterales, in ceromate posite, plus minusve rotundate, aperte ; digiti externt precipué mediis connext ; ungues validi, acutis- - simi, Maxime incurvi, retractiles. The Falconidz have the head clothed with feathers * ; the beak strong, bent down, and furnished with a cere; the nostrils lateral, placed in the cere, more or less rounded, and open ; the _ outer toes chiefly connected with the middle one; the claws stout, very acute, much incurved, and retractile. I wave followed the arrangement of this family proposed by Mr. Vigors, in the Zoological Journal, vol. i. p. 336, &c., as being a good exemplification of the natural system of the affinities of birds, according to the beautiful theory which I have endeavoured to illustrate. Unlike the Vulturide, these birds delight in killing their own prey, which they devour fresh; those of the second and third stirps seizing it while in the air (thence called noble) ; and those of the first, fourth, and fifth stirps pouncing upon it on the ground, and called zgnoble by the falconers. ‘They inhabit almost every climate. STIRPS L—AQUILINA (EAGLES). Rostrum longum ad apicem solum aduncum } remex quarta pre- cipue longissima. Beak long, hooked at the tip only; the fourth guzd usually longest. A. Ale longe. A, Wings long. * Excepting the adult birds of the three first genera, in which it is partly naked. 4% 10 - -FALCONIDZ. GENUS VI.—IBYCTER, Vieillot. oe Rostrum supra convexum ; || Beak above convex ; the un- mandibula inferior ad api- der mandi cem emarginata, subacuta ; wards th ceroma nudum. ceroma Male, gula, jugulumque || Cheeks, ; nude. Ungues acuti. CARACARA. Cuv. Or this genus -vered, which is said and to subsist o: mosus. Shaw, ¥. vii. ‘ E 9 : She w, Misc. pl. 485.— South Am CLES e convex; the wn- ndible angulated be- nein and notched towards the tip, obtuse; ceroma with scattered hairs. | | Orbits, throat, apd. jugulum | naked. as Claws acute. Sp. 1. D ptri ater. Vicil. Anal. d’une Nouv. Sir: élé. p. 6B. Falco ater ot. Temm. Pl. Col. 37. Da. niger ceruleo nitente, caudd rotundata, basi alba; rostro . unguibusque albis ; pedibus flavis cerd cinereo-nigra. { Black Caracara glossed with blue, with a rounded tail white at — its base ; the beak and claws white; the legs yellow ; the cere _ ashy-black. i e we ri SAN Hycahty ACUMEN anne Ny WIS ON we ON SY \ HH \ A ined veed 4 Wis fui Uf oft of} Wy fh LL leash ; hey \ i. Wit ul DAPTRIUS ATER ° FALCONID. Ll An inhabitant of Brazil, and described by M. Vieil- lot in the above quoted work. It is black, glossed with blue: its tail is white at the base and rounded : the beak and claws are white: the legs are yellow: the cere ashy-black : its length is about fifteen inches. GENUS VIII.—POLYBORUS, Vieillot. Rostrum supra compressum ; || Beak above compressed; the P P j P mandibula inferior integra, under mandible entire, ob- obtusa; ceroma hispidum, tuse; ceroma hisped, large. magnum. Genis gulaque implumes. Cheeks and throat naked. Jugulum lanosum. Jugulum downy. Ungues obtusi. _ Claws obtuse. CARAGARA. Cuvier. Sp. 1. Po. Brasiliensis. Falco Brasiliensis. Shaw, v. vil. p. 106. Vieil. Gal. des Ois. pl. 17.—Vultur Cheriway. Shaw, v. vii. p. 43.—Brazil. Sp. 2. Po. Nove Zelandie. Falco Nove Zelandie. Lath. Syn. i. pl. 4.—Shaw, v. vii. p. 159.—Temm. Pl. Col. 192, 224.—Australasia and adjacent islands. | Sp. 3. Po. degener. Falco degener. Iliger.—Falco Caracca. Shaw, v. vii. 64?— South America. GENUS IX.—PANDION, Savigny. OSPREY. Rostrum supra rotundatum ; || Beak rounded above; ceroma ceroma hispidum; nares | hisped; nostrils lunulated, lunulatee ad marginem su- membranaceous on_ the periorem membranacee. | upper edge. Yarst nudi; acrotarsia ri- | Tarst naked; acrotarsia gidé squamosa, reticulata. | strongly scaled, reticu- lated. 12 FALCONID. Digiti liberi, externus versa- || Toes free, the outer one ver- tilis ; wngrwes eequales, sub- satile ; claws equal, round- tus rotundati. ed beneath. Remex secunda longissima. Wings with the second quill longest. Ospreys frequent the borders of rivers and lakes, and feed chiefly on fish. Sp. 1. Pa. Halizétus Auctorum. Falco Halieétus. Shaw, v.vii. p. 82.—Inhabits Britain and other parts of Europe: also found in North America. Sp. 2. Pa, Americanus. Falco Americanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 88.—Wils. Amer. eek pl. 37. f. 1.—North America. Sp. 3. Pa. Ichthyeetus. Pa. fuscescens, ventre postice crisso caudd cruribusque albis, cauda apice nigrescente. ; Brownish Osprey with the belly behind, the rump, tail, and thighs white, the tail dusky at the tip. — Falco Ichthyzetus. Linn. Trans.—Horsfield, xiii. p. 136.— Temm. Pl, Col.311.—Marine Eagle. Lath, Gen. Hist. i. 160. Inuabits Java: called Jokowuru. Length two feet four inches: beak long: nostrils large : cere with a few hairs on the sides: plumage in general brownish : quills deep brown: head grey: chin whitish: neck brownish-grey: breast and belly pale ferruginous- brown : lower part of the latter, the vent, and thighs, white: tail dusky at the tip. ‘GENUS X.—HALIZETUS, Savigny. SEA-EAGLE. Rostrum supra convexum ; || Beak convex above ; nostrils nares l\unulate, transverse; ||. . lunulated, transverse ; ce- ceroma subhispidum. roma subhisped. — as FALCONID. | '3 Tarst semiplumati; acro- || Tarsi half-feathered ; acro- tarsia scutellata. tarsia scaled. Digiti liberi, externus ver-|| Toes free, the outer one satilis ; wngwes mneequales, versatile; clawsun equal, acuti. acute. TueseE birds chiefly frequent the sea-coast, and, like the Ospreys, usually subsist on fishes. Sp. 1. Ha. leucocephalus. Falco leucocephalus, Shaw, v. vii. p. 78.—Falco ossifragus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 81. pl. 18 —Falco albicilla. Shaw, v. vil. p.79.— Inhabits Britain, the north of Europe and of America. Sp. 2. Ha. Ponticerianus. Falco Ponticerianus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 91.—India. Sp. 3. Ha. Blagrus. Falco Blagrus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 96.—Southern Africa, Sp. 4. Ha. vocifer. | Falco vocifer. Shaw, v. vii. p. 94.—Southern Africa. Sp. 5. Ha. vulturinus. Falco vulturinus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 58.—Southern Africa. Sp. 6. Ha. leucogaster. Ha. atro-fuscus, capite, collo, corpore subtus, femoribus et apice caude albis. Dark-brown Sea-Eagle with the head, neck, body beneath, the thighs, and tip of the tail, white. Falco leucogaster. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 242.—Temm. Pl. Col, 49. Inuasits the islands in the North Pacific. Length two feet nine inches: beak brownish-yellow and large: head, neck, breast, belly, thighs, and vent, white: back, wings, and tail, dark-brown, except the end of the latter, which is white for three inches: legs yellow, very stout: claws black. 14 FALCONIDA. Sp. 7. Ha. Macei. , Ha. capite, nuché, dorsoque superioré rufis; supercilits, malis, guld colloque antice albidis ; dorso posticé, alis, abdomine rectri- cibusque apice fuscis ; caudé fascia alba. Sea-Eagle with the head, nape, and upper part of the back red ; the eyebrows, cheeks, throat, and neck in front whitish; the hinder part of the back, the wings, abdomen, and tip of the tail- feathers brown; the tail with a white fascia. Falco Macei. Cuvier. Temm. Pl. Co!. 8. old; 223. jun. Inuasits India. Head, nape, and upper part of the back clear rufous, shaded on the sides of the neck with whitish : eyebrows, cheeks, throat, and fore part of theneck white: the breast and belly bright red, the colour becoming duller towards the thighs, and the last shade covering the abdomen : the wings, back, the base, and tip of all the tail-feathers, deep brown: the tail with a broad unspotted band in the middle: the tarsi and toes yellow: length two feet two inches. ‘This is the adult. The young differ m being more spotted than the old. GENUS XI.—CIRCEETUS, Vieil. Rostrum supra convexum ; || Beak above convex; nostrils nares lunulate; ceroma -lunulated ; ceroma sub- subhispidum. hisped. Tarsi elongati, nudi; acro-|| Tarsi elongated, naked ; tarsia reticulata. acrotarsia reticulated. Digiti breves ; externus cum || Toes short; the outer con- medio ad basin connexus ; nected at the base to the ungues breves suba-quales. middle one; claws stout, nearly equal. Sp. 1. Ci. brachydactylus. Falco Gallicus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 89. pl. 19.—Falco brachy- daetylus. TZemm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. v, i.—France and other parts of Europe. FALCONIDA. 15 Sp. 2. Ci. cinereus. Falco cinereus. Veil. Gal. des Ois. pl. 11. GENUS XII.—AQUILA —The temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Sp. 2. Ag. chrysaéta. Falco chrysaétos, Shaw, v. vii. p. 75. pl. 17.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 3. Aq. nzevia. Falco neevius. Shaw, v. vii. p. 84.—Europe. Sp. 4. Aq. bellicosa. Daudin. Falco armiger. Shaw, v. vil. p. 57.—Africa. Sp. 5. Aq. pennata. Falco pennatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 146.—Temm. Pl. Col. 33.— Africa. — Sp. 6. Aq. Malayensis. Aa. fusco-nigra, rectricibus lunulis albidis. Brown-black Eagle with whitish lunules on the tail-feathers. Falco Malaiensis. Reznw.—Temm. Pl. Col. 117. Ixnasrrs the Indian Archipelago. All the plu- mage of the adult bird is sooty-brown, more or less dusky, according to the age of the individual, and 16 FALCONIDS. deepest when aged: on the broader webs of the tail- feathers are eight or nine whitish lunules, which are marbled and edged with brown, and the feathers are also rayed with distinct grey-brown bands on a dusky ground: at the base of the wing-quills are also several irregular whitish bands : the rest of the plumage, as well as the tarsal feathers, is dusky. Sp. 7. Aq. Sinensis. Falco Sinensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 88.—China. Sp. Aq. 8. fucosa. AQ. fusco nigricans, rufo variegata, caudd elongata, cuneiforma. Dusky-brown Eagle variegated with rufous, with an elongated wedge-formed tail. Falco fucosus. Cuvier —Temm. Pl. Col. 32. : Innasits New Holland. Length two feet and a half: the prevailing colour of the plumage brownish- black varied with yellowish-red: the throat and fore part of the neck are dusky-brown: head and neck beautiful golden-red : wings more or less varied with the same on a brown ground: the rest of the body, the secondaries, and the tail above are dusky-brown : the tail is yellowish beneath with indistinct bands; — and the tips of its feathers are reddish : beak and legs yellow. B. Ale breves. B. Wings short. GENUS XIII.—HARPYIA, Cuvier. HARPY. Rostrum supra convexum; {| Beak above convex; the mandibula superior sub- upper mandible somewhat dentata ; nares semilu- dentate ; . nostrils semilu- _ nares, transverse. nar, transverse. Ms pees FALCONID. 17 Tarsi elongati, fortissimi, ad || Tarsi elongated, very strong, basin plumati; acrotarsia feathered to the base; acro- scutellata. tarsia scutellated. Ungues longi, fortissimi, || Claws long, very strong, acutl. acute. Sp. 1. Ha. imperialis. Falco imperialis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 52. pl. 15.—Falco Harpyia. Shaw, v. vil. p. 54,—South America. GENUS XIV.—MORPHNUS, Cuvier. Rostrum supra convexum; || Beak convex above ; nostrils nares elliptic. elliptic. Tarsi elevati, subgraciles; || Tarsi elevated, rather slen- acrotarsia scutellata. der; acrotarsia scutel- lated. 3 Digiti subbreves; ungues || Toes rather short; claws acuti. acute. Spizakrus, Vieillot. A. Tarsis nudis. A. Tarsi naked. Sp. 1. Mo. Guianensis. Falco Guianensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 68.—Guiana. Sp. 2. Mo. Urubitinga. Falco urubitinga. Shaw, v. vii. p. 63. Temm. Pl. Col. 55.— Falco zonurus. Shaw, v. vii. ». 62 ?—Brazil. B. Tarsis plumatis. B. Tarsi plumed. Sp. 3. Mo. occipitalis. Falco occipitalis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 59.—Africa. Sp. 4. Mo. ornatus. Daudin. Falco superbus. Shaw, v. vii. p.64.—Falco coronatus. Shaw, v. Vii. p. 61. pl. 16.—Southern Africa. : Sp. 5. Mo. albescens. Falco albescens. Shaw, v. vii. p. 93.—Southern Africa. mw. X41. P. I. 4 18 FALCONIDA. Sp. 6. Mo. maculosus. Mo. niger gula pectoreque albis, nigro maculatis ; abdomine nigro maculis albis ; crisso femoribusque ferrugineis. Black Morphnus with the throat and breast white, spotted with black; the abdomen black spotted with white ; the vent and thighs rust-coloured. , Aquila maculosa. Vieil. Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 3* bis. Innasits Guiana and Mexico: feeds on fish: length two feet: beak blue: irides yellow: cere and lore blue: head, neck, and back black : chin, throat, and breast white: each feather streaked with black : belly black, marked with round spots of white: vent — and thighs rust-colour, the middle of the feathers darkest : rump and upper tail-feathers white, striped — across with black: quills and tail lead-colour above, | and light bluish-grey beneath, with three broad dark — black bands on both surfaces of the latter, one of them near the tip; the quills have also seven or eight black bands, and black ends: legs orange. q Sp. 7. Mo? Manduyti. Falco abet Shaw, v. vil. p. 66. —Cayenne. Sp. 8. Mo? Sonnini. Falco Sonnini. Shaw, v. vii. p. 67. —Guiana. Sp. 9. Mo? Linneétus. Mo? fuscus, caudé subtus preter apicem albido-cinered, tarsis usque ad extremitatem dense plumosis. Brown Morphnus? with the tail beneath, except the tip, whitish ash. Falco Linneétus. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 138, ae Pl, Col. 134. f & Innazits Java. Length two feet: the entire plu- mage of the body, with the wings and the tail, is of a hister brown, slightly tinged with purple : the tora of FALCONID. 19 the head is somewhat shaded with reddish, and the edges of the feathers (which are white at the base) are also the same: the tip of the tail-feather is rather of a paler hue than the rest of the plumage: the cere is yellowish, the beak black, and the feet bluish. Found by my friend, Dr. Horsfield, on one of the extensive lakes formed during the rainy season, in the southern parts of Java: said by him to subsist on fishes. Sp. 10. Mo? niveus. Mo? albus corpora supra, alis caudaque fuscis, rectricibus fasctis apiceque brunnets. White Morphnus with the body above, wings and tail fuscous, the latter with its tip and fascie brown. Falco niveus. Temm. Pl. Col. 127. Inuasits Java. Length two feet one inch: the top of the head, the neck, tarsi, and all the under _ parts of the plumage, white: back and wings clothed with feathers, which are white at their origin, brown Ce > ied ae towards the tip, and white at the tip; the secondaries are outwardly deep brown, and whitish, with brown bars on their inner webs; the base of the quills is white, the rest dusky: the tail feathers, with the ex- ception of the two middle, are whitish on the edges of their inner webs, and bright brown on the other parts; of which last colour the two middle feathers are composed; all of them are transversely banded with deeper brown ; most distinctly so on the under _ part ; and towards their tips is a much broader band ; their tips are white; feet yellow. The old birds be- _ come much whiter in plumage. _ Very similar to the preceding species, and, like it, _ feeds on fishes, living at the borders of lakes. 20 FALCONIDE. Sp. 11. Mo ? atricapillus. Mo? albus macula utringue inter rostro et ocults ; occipite ata alisque nigris. White Morphnus with a spot on each side between the beak and eyes; the occiput, back, and wings black. Falco atricapillus. Cuv, Temm. Pl. Col. 79. InuaBits Cayenne. Length sixteen inches: the lores are adorned with a spot composed of small black feathers and bristles, passing over the eye in a streak : the occiput, shoulders, back, and wings are plain black, or brownish in younger birds: the forehead, the top of the head, the neck, nearly all the under parts, the lower surface of the wings, and the base of © their feathers, are pure unspotted white: the tail is rayed above with broad brown and narrow black lines, beneath with ashy and dusky black: the legs, the base of the beak, and the cere are yellowish; the rest of the beak black. Sp. 12. Mo? tyrannus. Mo. cristatus capite collogue postice dorsoque superiore plumis albis, apicibus fuscis, tectis, corpore fusco. Crested Morphnus with the head and neck behind and upper part of the back clothed with white, brown-tipped, feathers; the body brown. | Falco tyrannus. Maxim, Trav. i. 317.—Tyrant Eagle. Lath. Gen. Hist. 1. 234. | InHasits Brazil. Length about twenty-six inches : By Set feathers at the back of she head lengthened into a crest, and erect; hind parts of the head and neck, sides of the neck, and upper parts of the back covered with white feathers, tipped with dark brown, but lied j over each other, so that the white is covered: the — FALCONIDE. 21 rest of the -bird dark brown: greater wing-coverts marked slightly with white: quills with some. grey- brown, dark, marbled transverse stripes: tail broad, with four whitish transverse stripes, marbled with greyish-brown: feathers of the thighs, legs, lower parts of the back, rump, and vent. dark brown, with narrow transverse lines. GENUS XV.—PHYSETA, Vieillot. Rostrum breve; mandibula || Beak short; the under man- imfertor ad apicem cordi- dible with a heart-shaped forme-emarginata; nares emargination towards the tuberculatee.~ tip; nostrils tuberculated. Tarsi. digitique breves; di-|| Tarsi and toes short; the gitt externi basi membrana outer toe connected at the © connexi ; ungues sub-|| base by a membrane; the eequali, acuti. | claws nearly equal, acute. Sp. 1. Ph. sufflator. Falco sufflator. Shaw, v. vii. p. 155. __ Inuasits South America. The natural situation _ of this extraordinary bird is doubtful, but it appears to belong to the present stirps, and to be allied to the Morphni. GENUS XVI.—CYMINDIS, Cuvier. _ Kostrum supra convexum ; || Beak convex above ; nostrils mares subclausi, rimeefor- |}. nearly closed, and resem- _. Mes. bling a cleft. Tarst breves; digiti semi- || Z’arsi short; toes half-web- ~ palmati. 3 bed. A. Acrotarsiis scutellatis, A. Acrotarsia scutellated. 92 FALCONIDE. Sp. |. Cy. hamatus. Cy. plumbeus aut fuscus rufo maculatus, remigibus nigris, bast tectricibusque inferioribus caude albis. Lead-coloured Cymindis (or brown spotted with red) with the quills black, and the base of the tail and its lower coverts white. Falco hamatus. idhg. Temm. Pl. Col. 61, 231, jun. Inuasirs Brazil. Length sixteen inches: the adult bird has all the body, wings, and tail of a deep lead- colour; the tip of the secondaries slate-colour ; the quills black: the base of the tail and the under co- verts whitish: the irides bright red: the cere and base of the beak bright orange: the legs reddish- orange. ‘The young have all the upper parts dull brown, edged and spotted with reddish ; the top of the head and the cheeks are marked ays small yel- lowish dashes: above the eyes is a yellowish stripe : throat, and fore part of the neck whitish, marked with yellow and brown spots and stripes: the lower parts of the body are covered with large brown dashes, edged with red and whitish: the under tail-coverts are pure unspotted white or yellowish: tail-feathers brown, ashy at their base and tips: irides reddish- brown ; cere and base of the beak olive-green > legs pale orange. B. Aerctarsiis reticulatis. B. Acrotarsia reticulated. Sp. 2 . Cy. uncinnatus. Cy. plumbeus subtus pallidiore ; 3 remigibus _fusco-plumbeo ae: | basi caude@ albo, apice griseo 3 rostro adunco. Lead-coloured Cymindis, beneath paler; the quills hasidled with 9 e brown-ash, the base of the tail white, its tip griseous; the beak — i hooked. Falco uncinnatus. Zemm. Fi. Col. 103, 104, 115, jun. ® FALCONID&. 28 InuHasits Brazil. Length fifteen to seventeen inches: the adult male bird greatly resembles the preceding, the entire plumage being of a lead-colour, palest beneath, and sometimes marked with indistinct transverse lines: the feathers on the under part of the tail are slightly tinged with brown and reddish ; _ those of the wings and of the secondaries are some- what rayed with deep lead: the tail is dusky, with a broad white band near its base, and its tip griseous : the iegs are orange-yellow: irides white : cere orange: lores and eyes green brown. ‘The female has the upper parts of a much paler hue, and the under trans- versely striped with whitish. The young have the head, cheeks, and upper part of the body dusky, with a red brown waved collar on the nape, and reddish margin to all the feathers: the lower parts of the plumage are whitish, with transverse brown-red stripes which disappear by age, and are euros by ashy feathers. Sp. 3. Cy. Cayennensis. Falco Cayennensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 160. Temm. Pl. Col. 270.—Cayenne. ‘ Sp. 4. Cy. coronatus. Cy. cristatus capite rufo- -griseo; rostro parte Ae et colli pec- toreque nigris ; abdomine albo; femoribus albis nigro maculatis. Crested Cymindis with the head reddish-grey ; the beak, part of the wings and of the neck and the breast black ; the abdomen white; the thighs white spotted with black. Falco coronatus. D’Azara. Temm. Pl. Col. 235.—Crowned _ Eagle. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. 233. _ Inuasits Grenada. Length about two feet six inches: the crest is six inches long. i % QA, FALCONIDE. Sp. 5. Cy? Baccha, Falco Bacha. Shaw, v. vii. p. 157. pl. 22. me interior of Africa and Java. Sp. 6. Cy? albidus. Cy. cinerascens, subtus capiteque albis ; macula oculari tectrici= busque alarum minoribus nigris ; caudd subfurcatd. Cinerascent Cymindis with the under parts and head white; a spot round the eyes and the lesser wing-coverts black ; the tail _ slightly forked. Falco albidus. Cie. ?—Azara’s Eagle. Lath. ben. Hist. 1. 251. Inuasits South America. Length thirteen inches: beak black : cere yellow: head and under parts of the ~ body white: round the eye a black patch: body and wings bluish, but the lesser wing-coverts, near the body, are black: tail hollowed out at the end, the two middle feathers being five lines shorter than the rest, yet the exterior is seven lines shorter than that adjoining, making the shape somewhat forked, or rather doubly rounded ; the two middle-feathers are bluish, the other wie but the shafts and tips incline _ to blue: legs yellow. GENUS XVII—ASTURINA, Vieillot. i] Rostrum supra convexum; || Beak convex above; nostrils nares lunulate. lunulated. Tarst breves, subgraciles. Tarst short, rather slender. Ungues longi, acutissimi. Claws long, very acute. Sp. 1. As. cinerea. Vieit, Analysé, p. 68. (B.) Gal. des Ois. pl. 20. As. cinereo-cerulescens corpore subtus fasciis albidis; caudé fas- cts duabus nigris, apice alba. Ashy-blue Asturina with the body beneath striped with whitish ; the tail with two black bands, its tip white. 3 i: A Tl oa a a i ae a ay Fe ee a Ae 4 ai ow @ aS: ag RC See ie iY : 4 4 a + ; im q ial i . yy Var FALCONID&. Q5 -Innaprts Guiana. Length fifteen inches: its beak is bright blue beneath: cere blue: legs yellow: the _ general colour of the plumage ashy-bluish : the under parts of the body are banded with whitish: the tail has two black bands, and its tip is white. STIRPS I.—ACCIPiTRINA. (HAWKS.) Rostrum breve & basi aduncum; ale breves ; remex quarta ple- rumque longissima. Beak short, hooked from the base ; wings short ; the meu quill generally largest. - GENUS XVIII.—DADALION, Vigors. Rostrum breve. Beak short. Tarst mediocres ; acrotarsia || Tarst moderate; acrotarsia _ reticulata. reticulated. Sp. 1. Dee cachinans. Falco cachinans. Shaw, v. vii. p.156. Vietl. Gal. des Ois. _ pl, 19.—South America. _ Tarsi mediocres ; acrotarsia ett, -* Sp. 2. Dee. melanops. Falco melanops. Shaw, v. vii. p. 175 ?—Cayenne, GENUS XIX.—ASTUR Auctorum. GOSHAWK. Rostrum breve; nares sub- | Beak short; nostrils nearly ovales. ; oval. Tarst moderate ; acrotarsia scutellated. scutellata. Sparvius pars. Vieillot. Sp. 1. As. palumbarius. Falco palumbarius. Shaw, v. vii. p. 118. pl. 20.—Falco gen- tilis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 122.—Britain; the northern parts of Europe and Asia. 26 FALCONIDE. Sp. 2. As. Nove Hollandiz. Falco Nove Hollandiz. Lath. Ind. Orn. i—Falco fabine Hol- landiz albus. Shaw, »v, vii. p. 92.—New Holland. Sp. 3. As, hemidactylus. As. cinereo-plumbeus figes Lig caudd be asakiens Jascits dudbus nigris. Ashy-lead coloured Goshawk paler beneath, wie the tail reddish, with two black bands. Falco hemidactylus. Temm. Pl. Col. 3. Inuasits Brazil. Plumage above ashy-lead co- lour, rather paler beneath: the quills black, with a broad white band: the tail with two very broad black bands, and a third much narrower, and very indistinct at its base; also with two clear reddish bands: the lower coverts bright reddish. Length about fifteen inches. i ? Sp. 4. As. gracilis. As. cinereo-plumbeus, subtus cinereo albidoque transverse striatus. Ashy-lead coloured Goshawk, transversely striated with cinereous ~ and whitish. Falco gracilis. Temm. Pl. Col. 91. Inuazits Brazil. Greatly allied to the preceding: length eighteen or nineteen inches: the colour of the plumage on the upper parts of the body rather of a deeper ash, than in that bird: the lores, the cheek and the throat are whitish: all the under parts are — transversely striped with bands of white, and ashy: the under tail-coverts are slightly tinged with an — isabella colour with very slight indications of trans- verse stripes. | t * » & ! ae wa a, * i ¢ os i = —s = 2 “i Bet siete ee SS rte ws y FALCONID. Q7 Sp. 5. As. nitidus. As. plumbeus supra albus, transversé cinereo undulatus; caudd nigra fascits duabus angustis albis. Lead-coloured Goshawk beneath white, transversely waved with. -ash-colour; the tail black, with two narrow white bars. Falco nitidus. Lath, Ind. Orn. i. 41. Temm. Pl. Col. 87:— 294, jun. InHapits Cayenne and Guiana. Length thirteen inches and a half: irides bright red: plumage above lead-colour: round the eye rather bare: chin pale ashy-white : under parts white, crossed with narrow ash-coloured bars: between the legs plain white: wings and tail darker than the rest of the upper _ parts; the last six inches long, nearly black, and - crossed with two narrow lines of white, one near the base, the other about the middle, but, except on the two middle feathers, ashy on their inner webs: legs long and yellow. Sp. 6. As. xanthothorax. As. supra fusco-rufescens subtus albus rufo transversa striatus ; _capite, guld colloque anticé rufo-cinnamomea. Goshawk above reddish-brown, beneath white transversely striped with rufous ; with the head, throat, and neck cinnamon-red. Falco xanthothorax. Temm. Pl. Col. 92. ~ Inuasits Guiana and Brazil. Length twelve or thirteen inches: the head, throat, and fore part of the neck, are of a cinnamon-red, more or less bright and varied, according to the age of the bird: the nape, the back, the wings, and upper part of the tail are reddish-brown ; the two middle feathers of the latter and the outer webs of the lateral feathers are of one colour, but on the edge of the imner webs are a few 28 FALCONIDE. whitish lanceolated spots, more or less distinct, ac- cording to the age: all the under parts of the plu- mage, from the superior point of the breast, are white transversely striped with reddish-brown bands: the young male has the throat and fore part of the neck reddish-white : the chin fawn-colour with several red- dish stripes, and the breast reddish and whitish. Sp. 7. As. brachypterus. As. fusco-nigricans subtus ettorque nuchali albus nigro transverse — striatus, cauda cunetforma fasciis tribus albis 3 superciliis albis. Dusky-brown Goshawk, beneath and nuchal collar white trans- — versely striped with black, with the tail wedge-shaped with — three white bands ; the eyelids white. Falco brachypterus, Temm. Pl. Col. 141, 116.; young. Inuasirs Brazil. Length eighteen or twenty — inches: the old male has the top of the head, occiput, ; back, scapulars, and wings dull black, slightly tmged — with brown: the tail black, wedged and marked above with three narrow white bands, and the appearance — of a fourth at the base: those bands are broader and — more regularly formed on the under side, and all the — ' feathers are tipped with white: supercilia, cheeks, — and all the under parts of the body, as well as a_ broad collar on the nape, white with very delicate black stripes : beak bluish-black, cere and under man dible yellow. ‘The young and the females differ con-_ siderably from the males: in the former the nuchal collar is whitish, and the under parts of the body are — distantly rayed brown on a white or reddish ground; the upper parts of the body, the wing-coverts, and those of the tail are also rayed with broad brown and red bands: the feathers on the top of the head and FALCONIDE. QQ on the cheeks are brown with reddish edges: the females have the nuchal collar, and all the under parts reddish, the last transversely striped at great distances with broad bands: the head, cheeks, back, wings, and upper surface of the tail chocolate-brown, the tail with the indications of the three transverse white bands that are so conspicuous in the male. Sp. 8. As. magnirostris. Falco magnirostris. Shaw, v. vii. p. 190.—Ceylon. Sp. 9. As. radiatus. _ Falco radiatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 177. Temm. Pl. Col. 123.— New Holland. | Sp. 10. As. poliogaster. As. nigro-schistaceus, subtus cinereo-albus, guld alba, caudé nigra supra fasciis tribus grisets infra quatuor ; mas.: aut rufescens, alis dorsoque nigris pennis rufo marginatis, capite colloque postice hypochondrusque fusco maculatis ; female. _ Slaty-black Goshawk beneath ashy-white, with the throat white, the tail black, with three grey bands above and four beneath; male: or, reddish, with the wings and back dusky, the feathers edged with rufous, with the head and neck behind and sides of __ the body spotted with brown ; female. _ Falco poliogaster. Natterer. Temm. Pl. Col. 264—295. jun. _ Iywasirs Brazil. Length sixteen or seventeen inches: the upper parts of the head and nape are black: the cheeks, feathers on the ears, the wings, and back, are of an uniform dusky slate-colour: the tail is black, with three very narrow grey bands above and four broader ones beneath ; it is slightly tipped with whitish : the chin and the throat are white; the rest of the under parts uniform ashy-white. The young female has the occiput and the head black : | the nape reddish, spotted with black: the back and | wings are dusky-brown, with two or three white spots 30 FALCONIDA. in the middle of each feather, more or less covered : the tail has three ashy bands above and four beneath, and is tipped with white : all the under parts and the sides of the neck are reddish; the former are unspotted, — and the latter, as well as the — are hence ‘ Rostrum bret short; nostrils some- { ovales. ee pir ; Tarsi elongati, glabri; tarsia scutellata, vix decernenda. _ ngated, Sicha a sia scutellated, the Sp. I. Ac. fringillarius. Ray. Me Falco nisus. Shaw, ». vii. p. 187— Europe. Sp. 2. Ac. torquatus. Ac. cinereus subtus albus rufo Se onsecraet st. rufos 3 remigibus rectricibusque fusco fasci Ash-coloured Sparrowhawk with the unde versely striped with rufous ; ared collar on and tail-feathers banded with brown. : Falco torquatus. Cuvier. Temm. Pl. Col. 43- Inuasits the north of New Holland, Length about fifteen inches : top of the back, wings, and tail deep ash: on the low the nape is a broad half collar of red, more or bright, and varied with ashy according to age ; tail and the quills are rayed with numerous dee bands, most distinct in young subjects: all the unde y,) My y hs mig jem) 1) | | aa fs 7 Wi a 2 YY, Hay, Vi, Wij ff WA WH) ) | —er MY CER PERN Ss ———SSS= —=z — SS ACCIPITER TOR QUATUS. FALCONIDA. 3l on the abdomen : the under parts of the female have those bands broader and disposed in blotches; and her throat and fore part of her neck are tinged with bright reddish: the beak and claws are black; the cere and legs yellow. ‘The young are brown, varied and spotted with red: the nuchal collar is indicated by spots of brown and whitish; the throat is longi- tudinally striped, and the other parts transversely, with brown. Sp. 3. Ac. velox.—Sharp-shinned Hawk. Lath. Hist. i. 279. Ac. Susco-ferrugineus, subtus albidus fusco lineatis, rectricibus _ cinereis fasciis quatuor nigris. Rusty-brown Sparrowhawk beneath whitish dashed with brown, _ with the tail-feathers ash, with four black bands. Falco velox. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. pl. 45. f- 1. Innazits North America. Length of the male ten inches: the beak dusky: cere and irides yel- low: head dusky, streaked with rust-colour: back and wing-coverts brown, edged with rust: primaries dusky-ash, barred with black; and within with oval, transverse, ferruginous spots: breast and belly dirty white, with oblong brown streaks: tail long, deep ash, crossed with four bars of black: legs long and slender; claws black. ‘The female is said to be thir- _ teen inches in length, with the colours less bright, but not essentially different, except that the vent and under tail-coverts and the tips of the tail-feathers are white. _ According to Wilson this species is remarkable for the sharpness of the insides of the shins below the knee: it feeds on small birds and lizards. 32 FALCONIDE. Sp. 4. Ac. Pennsylvanicus.—Slate- coloured Falcon. Lath, Hist. i, 280. Ac. supra schistaceus nigro maculatus, subtus rufo alboque varius 3 superciliis guldque albis ; caudd subfurcata fasciis quatuor nigris, apice albo. Sparrowhawk above Anpasessteirs spotted with black, beneath va- ried with rust-colour and white ; with the eyebrows and throat _ white, the tail somewhat forked ; with four black bands and a white tip. Falco Pennsylvanica. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iii. pl. 46. f. 1. Temm. Pl. Col. 67. Inuazits North America. Allied to the last. Length (of the male) thirteen inches: beak blue- black ; cere and sides of the mouth dull green: eye- lids yellow ; irides fiery orange : plumage above slate- colour: primary quills brown-black, and, with the secondaries, barred with dusky; scapulars spotted white and brown: shafts of all the feathers on the upper parts black: over the eye a dull white streak : chin white, with very fine black markings : breast and belly varied with rust-colour, and transverse spots of white : thigh the same : vent pure white : tail slightly forked, brownish ash-colour, crossed with four broad black bands tipped with white, and is three inches longer than the wings: legs long, very slender, fine orange-yellow ; claws ilacks large and sharp. Sp. 5. Ac. virgatus. Ax. supra ceruleo cinereus, collo antic®, pectoris medio, abdoniints tectrictbusque inferioribus caudd albis; cauda equalis fasciis iribus nigris. : Sparrowhawk above ashy-blue, with the fore part of the neck, ae the middle of the breast, the abdomen, and lower tail-coverts Ki white ; the tail even, with three black bands. é Falco pirating Reinw. Temm. Pil. Col. 109. FALCONID. 33 Inwaxsits Java. Length near ten inches: the plu- mage of the upper parts of the body and wings is deep bluish-ash, and on elevating the dorsal feathers there appears a white spot in the centre of each, and on those of the wings a series of large white spots on their inner webs, which are not visible when the plu- mage is depressed ; the upper surface of the tail is * similar in colour to that of the back, and is marked _ with three broad black bands: the fore part of the neck and the middle of the breast are white, with a longitudinal brown band down the middle, composed of spots: the sides of the neck, those of the breast, and part of the flanks are bright red: the lower belly and the coverts are striped with broad transverse red and white spots: the abdomen and the under tail- coverts are pure white: the inner part of the wing 1s rayed with white, but the lesser coverts are red, spotted with brown : the tail is even at the end. Sp. 6. Ac. pileatus. Ac. cinereo-schistaceus, subtus albido-cinereus, vertice alisque ni- E gricantibus ; femoribus rufis. __ Ashy-slate coloured Sparrowhawk beneath whitish-ash, with the __ crown and wings dusky-lead ; the thighs red. Falco pileatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 205. _Inuasirs Brazil. The male has the top of the head and the wings of a slaty-ash: the cheeks, the nape, _ the back, and the scapulars ash: the throat, the fore part of the neck, the breast, and the belly are whitish- ash; with a brown stripe down each feather in the econ of the shaft: the thighs are bright red: the under wing-coverts are oie with reddish: the 2 VV. XI. P. II. v 34 FALCONIDE. quills are indistinctly banded, and the tail with black on an ashy ground: the legs and irides are orange- yellow: the cere yellowish : it is near fourteen inches in length: the female is upwards of sixteen inches long, and differs in a few particulars from the male: the plumage is generally of a deeper colour, and more variegated: the dusky colour on the top of the head and on the wings is less distinct: the under parts are of a duller ash ; but dashed in the middle of each feather as in the male: the tarsi and legs are more robust than in the male, but less brilliant in colour. Sp. 7. Ac. Soloénsis. Ac. supra plumbeo-cinereus, infra sordide ferrugineus ; remigibus nigris; tectricibus basi albis; rectricibus < eaternis aces ) nigro-fasciatis, subtus albidis. Sparrowhawk above ashy-blue, beneath dull ferruginous, with the quills black; the wing-coverts white at the base; the tail-fea- thers (the exterior excepted) fasciated with black, Beneath whitish. Falco Soloénsis. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf-) xiii. p. 137. Temm. Pl. Col. 129.110; young.—Inhabits Java. Pe sith eleven inches. Sp. 8. Ac. musicus. Vigors. Falco musicus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 143 Southern Africa. Sp. 9. Ac. gabar. Vigors. : Falco gabar. Shaw, ». vii. p. 202. Temm. Pl. Coli. 122— 140; young.—The interior of Africa. | vie Sp. 10. Ac. minullus. | Falco minullus. Shaw, v. vii. . p. 205.—The ae os of Africa. ' GENUS XXI—HARPAGUS, Vigors. Rostrum breve; mandibula || Beak short; the upper man= superior fortiter bidentata, dible_ strongly bidentate, inferior bis emarginata. the lower doubly biel: nate. i 7 g , ae ‘ vi] ‘a - ‘ ‘ : , ‘ a 3 fl i “lll il i i Lf if! yi ey I i) ‘ ii ml Me if! if il il o Wy fry ) Wey ‘i a iif ij} i j iff! i PLT LMT fy My Wi HARPAGUS DIODON. {lh Uy Yy, YY ff Bes Wl / Ree ee Mee Dpnfi LE FALCONIDE. aD Tarsi mediocres; acrotarsia || T'arsi mediocral ; acrotarsia scutellata. scutellated. Remiges: -tertia et quarta|| Wings with the third and longissime, aequales. fourth quills longest, equal. Sp. 1. Ha. bidentatus. Falco bidentatus. Shaw, v. vii. 175. Temm. Pi. Col. 38, 228; jun.—Cayenne. Sp. 2. Ha. diodon. Vigors. Ha. schistaceo-niger, nuché genis lateribusque colli saturaté cine- reis, subtus cinereus ; femoribus rufis. . Slaty-black Harpagus beneath ash, with the nape, cheeks, and sides of the neck deep ash ; the thighs red. Falco diodon. Temm. Pl, Col. 198. Inwasirts Brazil: length about eleven inches : the adult male has the head, the back, and the wings of a slaty black: the nape, the cheeks, and the sides of the neck deep ash : all the under parts bright ash : the throat and the under tail-coverts white: the smaller under wing-coverts and the feathers of the thighs are bright red: the tail and the wings are striped above _ with black and ash-colour ; and beneath with whitish and black : the quills are indistinctly barred with brown and black : when the scapulary feathers are elevated, two large white spots become visible, which are hidden _by the dusky tips of the feathers when they are de- _ pressed : the beak is horn-colour: the irides yellow: the legs azure. The young male has all the upper part of the plumage of a deep brown, with the edges _ of the feathers paler : the cheeks longitudinally spotted with brown and bright red: all the under parts are whitish, dashed with dusky-brown: the thighs are reddish. ‘The female differs but little from the male : 36 FALCONIDA. the head and wings are brownish-black : the throat is yellowish-white, without spots ; the sides of the belly are slightly tinged with ashy-red: im other respects the plumage resembles that of the male. GENUS XXII.—GAMPSONYX, Vigors, Rostrum breve; mandibule || Beak short; mandibles en- integree ; nares rotundate. || tire; nostrils rounded. Ale breves; remex secunda || Wings short; the second longissima, tertia secunde || gwéll longest; the third feré eequali; prime et se- nearly even with the se- cundz pogonio interno for- cond ; the inner web of the titér prope apicem emar-|| first and second strongly ginato. ~ emarginated towards the tip. Cauda mediocris, sequalis. Tail short, equal. Pedes mediocres ; tarsi reti- Legs moderate; tarsi reti- culati; acrotarsia. infra culated; . acrotarsia fea- — genu usque ad medium || thered to the middle. plumata. Sp. 1. Ga. Swainsonii. Zool. Jour. (Vigors.) v. ii. 69. | Ga. superné cinereo-niger, subtus albus ; fronte, genis, abdominis — lateribus, gees Semoralibus aurantiacis, macula eben’ « utringue nigra. Gampsonyx above ashy-black, beneath white; with the forehead, cheeks, sides of the abdomen and femoral feathers or range, and a black spot on each side of the breast. : Inuasirs Brazil: discovered by Mr. Swainson. Length barely nine inches and a half: beak black :_ the feathers of the back and scapulars ashy-black, spotted with rust-colour: the lower part of the sides and nuchal collar white, slightly variegated with i a FALCONID/. 37 orange: the quills dusky, internally margined with white at the tips; the secondaries slightly sprinkled with rust-colour, beneath white: the tail-feathers ashy-black, all but the two middle ones internally edged with white, beneath white: legs yellow : claws black : irides hazel. STIRPS If].—FALCONINA. (FALCONS.) Rostrum breve, & basi aduncum; ale longe; remex secunda longissima. Beak short, hooked from the base ; wings long; the second qui] largest. GENUS XXIII.—IERAX, Vigors. _ Rostrum breve; mandibula || Beak short; the upper man- superior fortiter bidentata, dible strongly bidentate, imferior simpliciter emar- the wnder simply emar- ginata. ginated. _ Tarsi mediocres; acrotarsia || Tarst mediocral ; acrotarsia scutellata, scutellated. Ale breves; remex secunda || Wings short, the second quill longissima, leviter interné || longest, slightly emargi- _ propé apicem emarginata. nated internally near the tip. Sp. 1. Ie. ceerulescens. _ Falco cerulescens. Shaw, v. vii. p. 208. pl. 27.—India. GENUS XXIV.—FALCO Auctorum. FALCON. Rostrum breve; mandibula |} Beak short, the wpper man- "superior fortiter dentata, || dzble strongly dentate, the _ inferiore emarginata. under emarginate. Acrotarsia reticulata. Acrotarsia reticulated. 38 FALCONIDE. Remex secwnda longissima, || Wings with the second quill prima et secunda propé|| longest, the first and second apicem interne fortiter strongly emarginate inter- emarginata. | nally near the tip. Sp. 1. Fa. frontalis. - : Falco galericulatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 149. pl. 21.—Africa. Sp. 2. Fa. chiquera. Shaw, v. vii. p. 176.—India. Sp. 3. Fa. tibialis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 174.—Africa. Sp. 4. Fa. Sparverius. Shaw, v. vii. p. 199. Biel 26 Shak ine ie: ite Rie Sp. 5. Fa. tinnunculus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 179.—Britain and Eu- rope. | Sp. 6. Fa. rupicolus. Daud. Falco Capensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 192.—Africa. Sp. 7. Fa. punctatus. Fa. supra rufus, capite colloque nigro longitudinaliter lineatis, dorso alisque nigro maculatts autid fasciis sepiem METIS cor= pore subtus albo nigro maculato. Falcon above rufous, with the head and neck longitudinally striped with black, and the back and wings spotted with black ; the tail with seven black bands; the body beneath white, spotted with black. Fa. punctatus. Cuv.—Temm. Pl. Col. 45. Inuasits the Isle of France. Length ten inches: Ae ee the upper parts of the plumage are very bright red : ‘ the head and neck are marked with small black lon-_ gitudinal stripes, the back and the wings with large | black spots: the tail is transversely adorned with seven nearly equal black bands: the lower parts of ‘ the plumage are pure white : with longitudinal stripes 4 of brown on the sides of the neck, and very regular triangular black spots on the breast, the belly, and the thighs: the beak is bluish : the cere and the legs are yellowish. _ | FALCONID. 39 Sp. 8. Fa. femoralis. Temm. Pl. Col. 121. Fa. ig he cinereo-fuscus, subtus rufus, infra poneque ocults Lia nigra, femoribus rufis. Falcon above ashy-brown, beneath red, with a black band Bitove and behind the eye, and red thighs. Inuasits Brazil. Length rather more than a foot : the upper parts of the body, the wing-coverts, the tail, and the top of the head, are deep ashy-brown : the tail-feathers, those of the middle excepted, are transversely banded with reddish, and their tips are also of that colour: the greater wing-coverts are tipped with white; the quills are outwardly black, but are barred with white on their inner webs: be- neath and behind the eye is a dash of black: on the breast are several spots, which, with the middle of the belly and the flanks, are deep purplish-black : round the beak, the ears, the throat, the thighs, and abdomen, the under tail-coverts, and the edges of the wing are bright red: the beak is blue: the cere yellow: the ies ash-colour. Sp. 9. Fa. Islandicus. Gmel.—Falco gyrfalco. Shaw, v. vii. p- 120.—Inhabits Britain and the northern parts of Europe. Sp- 10. Fa. subbuteo. Shaw, v. vii. p. 193. pl. 25.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 11. Fa. zsalon. Shaw, v. vii. D. 196.—Falco lithofalco. Shaw, v. Vil. p. 182. pl. 24.—Britain and other parts of Europe. _ Sp. 12. Fa.rufipes. Becks,—Falco vespertinus. Shaw, v. vii- ~ p. 190.—Inhabits | Sp. 13. Fa. peregrinus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 128.—Falco communis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 124.—Falco stellatus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 154.— Britain and Europe. Sp. 14. Fa, severus, Linn. Trans. ( Horsfield.) xiii. p. 135. 40 : FALCONIDE. Fa. supra fusco-nigricans, remigibus nigris; subtus castancus gula pallidiore. | Falcon above dusky-brown, with the quills black; beneath ches- nut, with the throat paler. Falco Aldrovandi. Temm. Pl. Col. 128? Inuasitrs Java. Length ten inches and a half. © Sp. 15. Fa. tinnunculoides. Naterer—Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Ed. iyo, Fa. rufo-ruber, vertice lateribus capitis nuchaque pallide cinereis ; guld palhidd 3 remigibus, crisso, cauddque bast ceruleo-cinereo ; hec versus apicem fascia nigrd, apice alba. Rufous-red Falcon with the crown, sides of the head, and the nape, pale ash; the throat pale; the quills, vent, and base of the tail bluish-ash ; towards the tip of the latter a black band, its tip white. Inuasits Europe. Length eleven inches: beak bluish : cere, and round the eyelids, yellow: crown, sides of the neck, and nape pale ash-colour: back, scapulars, and greater part of the wing-coverts deep rufous, inclining to red; some of the larger, the — second quills, ramp, and nearly the whole of the tail bluish-ash, near the end of the last a broad black band, and the end white: throat pale: the rest of the under parts pale reddish-rufous, marked with longitudinal black streaks: legs yellow: claws pure white. The female is rather larger. Said to feed on beetles and large insects, rarely on small birds. Sp. 16. Fa? aurantius. Shaw, v. vu. 194.—South America. STIRPS IV.—BUTEONINA. (BUZZARDS.) Rostrum mediocre, @ bast aduncum ; cauda equalis. Beak mediocral, hooked from the base ; tai/ equal. Fe ee See FALCONID. 4 GENUS XXV.—ICTINIA, Vieillot. Rostrum breve; mandibula superior subdentata, infe- | rwor emarginata. — Tarsi breves, debiles; acro- tarsia scutellata. Ale longee; remex tertia - longissima. Sp. 1. Ic. plumbea. Beak short; the upper man- dible somewhat dentate, the under emarginate. Tarsi short, weak ; acrotarsia scutellated. Wings long; the third quill longest. Falco plumbeus. Shaw, v. vii. p- 196. Temm. Pl. Col. 189. Lath, Gen. Hist. v. xiii—Cayenne. GENUS XXVI.—CIRCUS Auctorum. HARRIER. Rostrum mediocre; nares subovales. Tarsit elongati; acrotarsia scutellata. Digiti plerumque breves. Remez tertia longissima. _ Capitis latera plumarum cir-: culo instructa, disco capi- tali Strigiwm persimili. a Sp. 1. Ci. eruginosus. Falco exruginosus. Beak wmediocral; nostrils somewhat oval. 7 Tarsi elongated ; acrotarsia scutellated. Toes generally short. Third quill longest. Sides of -the head furnished with a circle of feathers resembling that of the Owls. Shaw, v. vii. p. 116.—Falco rufus. Shaw, ¥. vii. p. 113 and 150.—Britain and Europe. : Sp. 2. Ci. pygargus. _ Falco Cyaneus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 163,—Falco montanus. Shaw, _ %. Vil. p. 183.—Britain and Europe. _ Sp. 3. C. cinerascens. C1. fusco-cinereus subtus albidus, rachidibus pennarum spadiceis, remigibus secundariis fascits tribus nigricantibus. 4,2 FALCONIDA. Brown-ash Harrier, beneath whitish, with the shafts of each fea- ther bay, the secondary quills with three dusky bars. Falco cinerascens. Linn. Trans. (Mont.) ix. 188. Vieil. Gal. des Ois. pl. 13. | ‘ _ Innasrts England. A new bird to Britain, dis- covered by Montagu, and described by him in the Linnean Transactions. Length eighteen inches: beak black: cere greenish : eyelids a irides. bright yel- low: crown, cheeks, throat, under part of the neck, — and upper part of the breast dark ash-colour: neck above, back, and scapulars ashy-brown : lesser wing- _ coverts nearly the same, greater dusky-black; quills nearly black : secondary quills ashy-brown, with three dusky bars across them, half an inch broad, two of which are hid by the coverts: body beneath white, — with a broad bright bay streak down the shaft of each feather: tail somewhat cuneiform, the two middle feathers dark brown, the others dark ash-colour, palest — on the two or three outer feathers, the inner webs — approaching to white, and all, except the two middle ones, with four equidistant bars on the mner webs, @ | in the two outer bay, in the rest more or less dusky: legs orange-colour, long and slender: claws small, — black. ‘The female much resembles that sex of the — C. Pygargus, but the ferruginous parts are much — brighter, and instead of the under being streaked with @ dusky, they are purely bright cl : Sp. 4. Ci. acoli. Falco acoli. Shaw, v. vii. p. 172. pl. 23 Contr Africa. » Sp. 5. Ci. melanoleucos. | Falco melanoleucos.— Shaw, v. vii. p. 154,—Southern Africa. Sp. 6. Ci. palustris. sip => = = , ‘aS J ee ee Oe ee a Ri FALCONIDZ. AS Ci. pallide fuscus subtus pallide flavo-ruber, longitudinaliter fusco striatus ; guld saturate fusca ; remigibus cauddque cinereo-gri- seis fusco transverse fasciatis ; superciliis albis. Pale-brown Harrier beneath pale yellow-red longitudinally striped with brown; with the throat deep brown; the quills and tail ashy-grey transversely striped with brown; the eyebrows white. Falco palustris. Pr. Maz. Temm. Pl. Col. 22.—Salvador Faleon. Lath. Hist. i. 276. Inuapits Brazil. Length twenty inches: head yellowish-white and dark brown mixed : over the eye a whitish stripe: all the upper parts of the plumage dark brown: lower parts pale yellowish-red, with dark brown longitudinal stripes: throat dark brown: thighs and rump rusty-red : quills and tail ashy-grey, with dark-brown transverse stripes. Sp. 7. Ci. rutilans. C1. rufo-aureus, capite longitudinaliter striato ; dorso alisque ci- nereo- -fusco maculatis ; eee subtus transverse nigricante striato. Golden-red Harrier with the head longitudinally striped ; the back and wings spotted with ashy-brown ; the bedy beneath transversely striped with dusky. Falco rutilans. Lichtenst. Temm. Pl. Col. 25. -Inuasits South America. Length eighteen or twenty inches : the old birds have the plumage bright - golden-red, varied on the head with small longitu- dina! striz : the back and wings are marked with large -ashy-brown spots: the neck, breast, and belly are transversely striped with very narrow blackish bands : thighs and inner parts of the wings red : quills and se- _condaries striped with black for three-fourths of their length, the rest black : the tail is dusky, with a single 44, FALCONIDA. white or ashy band, and all its feathers tipped with ash- colour: cere, base of the beak, and legs yellow. ‘The young have the head, neck, and under parts reddish- white, blotched and spotted with brown: the back and wing-coverts ashy-brown, with the edges of the feathers reddish: the greater coverts have several large red spots, which are striped with black zigzag lines: the secondaries and quills are red at the base, and marked on that part with distant black zigzag lines; their tips are deep brown: the thighs are red, with numerous black zigzags: the tail is marbled at the base with red, white, and brown, irregularly — rayed with red and brown in the middle, and tipped with deep brown. Said by D’Azara to be very abundant in Para- guay: it lays two eggs, of a an spotted with blood-colour. GENUS XXVII.—PERNIS, Cuvier. HONEY-BUZZARD. Rostrum mediocre. Beak mediocral. . Lorum plumis serratis tec- || Lores covered with serrated tum. feathers. ! Tarst mediocres, semiplu- || Tarst mediocral, half-fea- mati; acrotarsia reticu- thered ; acrotarsia reticu- lata. lated. Remex tertia longissima. Third quill longest. Sp. 1. Pe. apivorus. Falco apivorus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 114.—Britam and Europe. Sp. 2. Pe. ptilorynchus. 7 ° ° . ° °A Pe. cristatus, fitscus, supra transversim undulatus ; alis fascia ° « A . on ° ° “7A cinereo-grised ornatis ; cauda nigra; bast fascia albida. , ee LJ \ \ ’ | he \ NS \\ NINN \ AQ QO \S IWS \ PERNIS PTILONORYNCHUS. ag!) Le FALCONIDA. AS Crested -brown Honey-Buzzard above transversely waved; the wings with an ashy-grey bar; the tail black, with a UiGch fascia at the base. Falco ptilorynchus. Temm. Pl. Col. 44. Iywasirs Java and Sumatra. Length two feet ; the females rather more: the occiput furnished with a crest composed of six broad dependant feathers, as in many of the Falconidz: the tail is long and rounded: all the plumage of the upper parts 1s bright brown, each feather being edged with paler brown, and varied with transverse undulated spots: at the junction of the secondary feathers the wing is ornamented with a broad transverse band, of a beau- tiful ashy-grey;: marked with deeper zigzags, and edged with black : the quills are rayed with bands of brown and cinereous: the tail is black, with a broad whitish band, marbled with brown, passing through all the feathers at the base, and at the tip: the under parts of the plumage are dull brown: the beak is black, and the legs yellow. ‘The young want the ashy band on the wing ; 5 all the feathers are rayed ; the tail has three marb ed whitish bands and three ashy-brown bands : the head is pure ashy : the upper part of the plumage i is varied with dull brown and ashy-brown : the long occipital feathers are black: the throat is varied with black and brown, and the under parts are ashy-brown spotted with white. GENUS XXVIII.—BUTEO Auctorum. BUZZARD. Rostrum mediocre, subde- || Beak mediocral, rather weak ; ‘ bile; nares subrotundate. nostrilssomewhat rounded. Tarst breves; acrotarsia scu- || Tarsi short; acrotarsia scu- - tellata. — tellated. Remex quarta longissima. Fourth quill longest. 46 FALCONID&. A. Tarsis nudis. A. Tarsi naked, Sp. 1. Bu. tachardus. , | Falco tachardus. ue v. Vil. p. 201. —Southern. Africa, ; Sp. 2. Bu. Jackal. OT ca ~ Falco Jackal. Shaw, v. vii. p. 173. —Southen Af ae Sp. 3. Bu. busarellus. a Falco bazarellus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 203. ayenne a : Sp. 4. Bu. buson. | ane Or ae = i Falco buzon. Shaw, v. vii. P. 202—Cayenne, Sp. 5. Bu. tachiro. ra he au Falco tachiro. Shaw, v. vii. p. 201 —s thera 3 Africa. Sp. 6. Bu. vulgaris. : ihe Falco Buteo. Shaw, v. vii. p- 109. ey Uf Hides, Shaw, v. vil. p. 112.—Britain and Europe. , Sp. 7. Bu. pterocles. Bu. schistaceus subtus albus, hypochondriis lateribusque elie minis rufo transversim undulatis ; caudd alba versus ee teeie fascia nigra. Slate-coloured Ns beneath hie with the flanks and sides of the abdomen transversely waved with rufous ; es tail white, _ with a black bar towards the tip. i Falco pterocles. Temm. Pl, Col, 56.139,jum. Ivuazits Brazil. Length sixteen or seventeen inches: the adult bird has the throat, head, cheeks, neck, and top of the back and wings slate-colour : the scapulars clear red, with brown spots: the fore part of the neck and all the under parts of the body pure white; with the flanks, the sides of the abdo- men, and the under wing-covers, transversely striped with reddish zigzag lines: the tail, which is rather short, is of a pearly white, with a broad black band near its tip: the white is marked with six or seven transverse lines above, and beneath with a few blotches. The young have the lores and forehead white: the cheeks and sides of the neck reddish-yellow, with LU. Fl . WS XQ SN CMe MAX NAR VAN AAI SAY \ \\\ SAAN \\ BUTEO PTEROCLES. FALCONID&. 47 dusky dashes: the head, throat, fore part of the neck and back, black, more or less spotted with paler : the under parts are dull white, tinged with red, and varied with brown and reddish spots, which disappear with age: the tail is white, irregularly barred with brown lines at unequal distances. The wings in this species reach to the tip of the tail. inti! Sp. 8. Bu. pecilonotus. Bu. albus alis nigris maculis albis; cauda fascia nigrd, basi apiceque albis. White Buzzard with the wings black spotted with white; the tail with a black band; its base and tip white. Falco pecilonotus. hee! Temm. Pl. Col. 9. Inuasits Guiana. 231.—Strix pulchella. Shaw, v. vii. p. 239.—ngland and Europe. ris aca i f Sp. 2. Sc. albifrons. Strix albifrons. Shaw, v. vii. p. 238.—North America. Sp. 3. Se. - atricapilla. oros corpore supra, alis caudaque subftavis fusco nigroque variis; subtus albo, fusco longitudinaliter maculato et striato; torque nuchali rufescente. Scops with the crown black; with the body above the wings and the tail yellowish, varied with black and brown ; beneath white, Jongitudinally spotted and striped with brown ; a reddish collar _ on the nape. Strix atricapilla. Natterer. Temm, Pl. Col. 145. Inuasits Brazil. Length about ten inches: the top of the head is black: a broad whitish band with delicate dots and zigzags of black surrounds the oc- ciput : the eyebrows and the inner webs of the aurt- 52 STRIGIDZ. form feathers are white, pencilled with black; the outer webs of the latter, as well as a band se towards the eyes, are plain black: on the nape is an indistinct reddish collar marked with brown zigzags : the feathers of the cheeks are edged with black: the irides are bright yellow ; and the eyes are surrounded by small black feathers : the upper parts of the body, the wings, and the tail, are yellowish, varied with brown and black: the under parts are white, with longitudinal stripes, spots, and zigzags of brown: the toes are yellow: the tail is even at the end. Sp. 4. Sc. noctula. Sc. supra nigra, aut fuscescens, rufescente marmorata ; subtus rufo-alba transverse undulata et maculata ; torque duplicit nu- chali superné albo fusco maculato, infra nigro rufo-albo macu- lato. Scops above black, or brownish, marbled with reddish; beneath reddish-white transversely waved and spotted; with a double collar on the nape, white above with brown spots, black below with reddish-white spots. Strix noctula. Reinwardt. Temm. Pl. Col. 99. Inuasirs Java and other eastern islands: length eight or nine inches: the male has the forehead, eye- brows, and throat whitish, finely marked with brown: the beak is yellow, and furnished with white bristles : the lower part of the neck is adorned with a white collar, spotted with brown: beneath this, on the nape, 1s another collar of black, spotted with reddish- white: all the upper parts of the body are black, each feather being marbled with reddish, and having four or six spots of the same thereon; and on the ~ outer webs of the quills are several merry spots: the _ a RO en os a ee eee ee ae nr ae STRIGIDA. Do -scapulars and edges of the wings are spotted with white: the tail is black, with four reddish zigzag bars: the lower parts of the body are white, slightly ‘tinged with reddish, and marked with fine transverse zigzag stripes, with a broad black stripe and three irregular spots on each feather, in the direction of the shaft. The female is larger: the upper parts are reddish-brown, marked with brighter red bands ; and all the feathers of the back fee a black stripe in the direction of the shaft: those parts which are white in the male are yellowish in the female: the feathers of the wings and tail are rayed with angular red and dusky-brown bands. This species may probably be the Strix Lempyi of Dr. Horsfield: see Linnean Transactions, vol. xt. p- 140. Sp. 5. Sc.? Leschenaulti. Sc? fusco-rufescens nigro striata, subtus rufescens fusco trans- verse undulata; tarsis nudis cerulets. Brown-red Scops? striped with red, beneath reddish transversely waved with brown; with naked blue tarsi. Strix Leschenaulti.. Temm. Pl. Col. 20. Inuasirs India. Length nineteen inches and a half: the egrets are very small and placed behind, and at a distance from the eyes: the head, the nape, the back, and the scapulars are of an earthy-red, with a black stripe down the middle of each feather : the lesser wing-coverts are varied with large black and white spots; the latter colour predominating near the bend of the wing: the greater coverts are white in the centre, and those placed nearest to the body _ are of the same colour on the back: the wing and 5A STRIGID ©. tail-feathers are transversely barred with brown and reddish-white: the throat is white, slightly dashed with black; the rest of the under parts is bright reddish, palest on the coverts and under surface of the tail, with each feather delicately marked with zigzags of a deeper hue, and a broad black dash in the direction of the shaft: the tarsi and toes are naked, and covered with a rough, shagreened, blue skin: the last joints of the toes are sealed: the beak is yellow. Sp. 6. Sc? Ceylonensis. Strix Ceylonenis. Shaw, v. vii. 218. Temm. Pl. Col. 74.—Strix Ketupa. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. v. xiii. 141.—Hutum Horned Owl. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. 337. pl. xiti?—India. Sp. 7. Sc? strepitans. Sc. nigricans rufescente transversé undulata; subtus albida fusco striata, caudé apice alba; tarsis albis fusco fasciatis. Dusky Scops transversely waved with reddish ; beneath whitish striped with brown, with the tip of the tail white; the tarsi white barred with brown. Strix strepitans. Zemm. Pl. Col. 174. Inuapits India. Length nineteen inches: the egrets are composed of long black feathers, of which the shortest are striped with black and whitish: all the upper parts of the plumage and wings are dusky, distantly striped with reddish zigzags; those on the wings being broadest and inclining to whitish: the quills are striped with broad bands: the tail is striped with several bands on the inner webs of the feathers, and with distant zigzag lines on the outer; the tip of — the feathers is white: the under parts are whitish — transversely rayed with brown ; the cheeks, belly, and ik — = ‘sy Saas aig Say nat ee tak ects Oo ; SES SSeS Se Sa ay meee & Se Se i Bee STRIGIDA. ae vent being distantly rayed, and the belly more closely with brown and reddish-white : the down on the tarsi is white, barred with brown: the toes are yellow: the beak yellowish-white: the claws whitish, with brown tips. GENUS XXXII.—BUBO, Cuvier. HORN-OWL. _ Rostrum breve, arcuatum. Beak short, arched. Caput parvum, fasciculis pen- || Head small, furnished with narum auricularum semu- earlike feathers. lis, instructum. Discus faciei parvus. Facial disc small. Pedes robusti, usque ad un-|| Legs robust, clothed with gues plumosi. feathers to the claws. Sp. 1. Bu. microcephalus. Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit. Strix Bubo. Shaw, ». vii. p. 211. pl. 28.—England and Europe. Sp. 2. Bu. Africanus. Strix Bubo var. (African Horned Owl.) Shaw, v. vil. p. 215. —Southern Africa. Sp. 3. Bu? lactea. Bu? albus supra fusco varia et griseo albidoque lineata, subtus Jusco undulata, remigibus rectricibusque flavo fasciatis ; tarsis albis, digitis cerulets. White Horn-Owl above varied with brown and striped with gri- seous and white; beneath waved with brown, with the quills and tail-feathers banded with yellow ; the tarsi white, and the toes blue. Strix lactea. Zemm. Pl. Col. 4. Innapits Senegal. Length about two feet: the beak is large and clear bluish; furnished with strong black bristles: the cheeks are white surrounded by a eircle of dusky brown: the throat is pure white: the 50 STRIGID EH. lower parts of the body are dull white, varied with delicate irregularly disposed brown zigzag lines: the top of the head and the nape somewhat similar : the back and wings are of a deeper tinge, the former being varied with clear brown, and finely striped grey and white: the quills, the secondaries, and the tail-feathers are marked with broad yellow bands and fine zigzag lines: several of the middle wing-coverts have part of their outer webs white, forming four or five large spots on the wings: the tarsal feathers are white: the toes blue: the tail is slightly rounded, and is about half covered by the wings, when the latter are closed. | GENUS XXXIII.—OTUS, Cuvier. EAR-OWL. Rostrum breve, arcuatum. || Beak short, arcuated. Caput fasciculis pennarum, || Head furnished with ear-like auricularum eemulis, in- feathers. — | Hat structum. WE Lite Discus capitis magnus. Facial dise large. Aures magne. Ears large. Pedes graciles, usque ad un-|| Legs slender, clothed with gues plumosi, ! feathers to the claws. Sp. 1. Ot. Ascalaphus. Cuvier. Or. rufo-ferrugineus fusco maculatus, alis dorsoque fusco vermt- culatis, ventreque transverse lineatc ; auricule breves. Rusty-red Ear-Owl spotted with brown, with the wings and back vermiculated, and the belly transversely lineated with brown ; the earlike feathers short. Strix Ascalaphus. Savigny Egypt. Temm. Pl. Col. 57. Inuasits Africa. Length about eighteen inches: beak black: the body, wings, and. tail are whitish- | ’ STRIGIDA. 57 red, varied with different shades ;.the whole body being spotted and striped with brown-black; the spots being lanceolate on the head and nape, and confluent on the ears: the quills and tail-feathers are adorned with broad bands and narrow zigzag stripes of brown, and the breast dashed with the same, and the rest of the under parts is finely striped transversely: the under surface of the tail is white, transversely barred with five or six very narrow dusky-brown lines: the throat and the middle of the breast are white: the tarsi are very long, clothed as well as the toes with whitish feathers. Sp. 2. Ot. Europzeus. Strix Otus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 221.—England and Europe. Sp. 3. Ot. brachyotos. Strix brachyotos. Shaw, v. vii, p. 223.—England and Europe. Sp. 4. Ot. Americanus. Strix Americanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 228.—Strix Mexicana. Shaw, v. vii. p. 228.—America. Sp. 5. Ot. Virginianus. Strix Virginianus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 215. pl.30.—North America, Sp. 6. Ot. Asio. Strix Asio. Shaw, v. vii. p. 229. Temm. Pl, Col, 80.—Strix - nevia. Shaw, v. vii, p. 230.—North America. Sp. 7. Ot. leucotis. Or. albus rufescente nigroque undulatus et maculatus, fascid auri~ culart nigra; remigibus rectricibusque cinereis fusco undulatis. White-Ear Owl undulated and spotted with reddish and black, with a black band on the ear ; the quills and tail ash-coloured, waved with brown. Strix leucotis, Temm. Pl. Col. 16. -Inuasits Senegal. Length above six inches: the face and cheeks are entirely white ; which colour is 58 STRIGIDA. surrounded on the external ear by a broad black band extending to the origin of the egrets, which, with the feathers of the head and nape, are dull white, varied with reddish zigzags, and having a longitudinal black stripe in the direction of the shafts: the tip of each feather is black: the upper and under parts of the body are the same, but the former are of a browner cast, and the latter yellowish: the quills and tail- feathers are ashy, delicately marked with brownish zigzags, and broadish transverse stripes: the vent is white, with brown stripes: the tarsal feathers are white, with yellowish spots: the beak is whitish horn- colour, with pure white bristles, which nearly hide it from observation. Sp. 8. Ot? Coromandus. Strix Coromanda. Shaw, v. vii. p. 220.—Coromandel. Sp. 9. Ot? Sinensis. Strix Sinensis. Shaw, v. vii. p, 219.—China. Sp. 10. Ot? Africanus. Or? facie collogue supremo fusco cinereo albidoque transverse fasciatis; capite dorsoque nigris, albo maculatis ; remigibus fusco alboque fusciatis; caudd subtus fusca, fasciis quinque albis. Kar-Owl with the face and upper part of the neck transversely barred with brown, ash-colour, and whitish; with the head and back black spotted with white; the quills banded with brown and white; the tail brown beneath, with five white bands. | Strix Africanus. Temm. Pl. Col. 50. Inuasits Southern Africa. Length between six- teen and eighteen inches: the face and part of the neck are clothed with feathers which are rayed trans- versely with brown, ash-colour, and whitish: the chin aN STRIGID®. 5G and lower part of the neck are pure white: the head, the egrets, the back, and the wing-coverts, are sooty black, spotted on the edges of the webs with white: the quills are alternately barred with brown and whitish, and tipped with brown and dusky: the tail has five white bars beneath, on a brown ground, and varied with spots, disposed in bars and zigzags above: the under parts of the body are whitish, rayed trans- _ versely and spotted with black: the vent and lower tail-coverts are whitish, with five brown lines: the tarsi are also whitish, with brown zigzag lines: the tail is long and slightly rounded: the beak is black, and much hidden by the feathers of the face: the egrets arise at some distance from the hinder angle of the eyes. Sp. 11. Ot? macrorhynchus. Or? corpore supra fusco, rufo albidoque vario; subtus albido Jusco transversé undulato; pectore albo fusco lineato; rostro magno. __ Ear-Owl with the body above varied with brown, red, and whitish ; beneath whitish transversely waved with brown ; the breast _ white, dashed with brown ; the beak large. _ Strix macrorhyncha. Temm. Pl. Col. 62. -Innasits North America. Size of Otus Virgini- anus: length nineteen inches: the beak is large, black, or brown, tinged with red : all the upper parts of the plumage are varied with brown, red, and whitish, disposed in spots and waves, which are most regular on the quills: the tail-feathers have broad bands, marked with zigzags: the breast and under parts are whitish, the former being strongly dashed 60 STRIGIDA. . | with brown, and the latter tr ansversely, but remotely, ' rayed with the same; the tarsi are short. GENUS XXXIV.—ULULA, Cuvier. ee. um et aures ut in Oft. | Beak and ears similar to those of the preceding genus. ee ee Caput fasciculis auriformis || Head not furnished with a | haud instructum ; discus | fasciculus of earlike fea- 4 magnus. | thers; the facial disclarge. — Pedes usque ad ungues plu Legs pavers to the claws. 4 ‘mosi. | ’ Two species only are known of this genus; they ; inhabit the northern regions of the globe. Sp. 1. Ul. nebulosa. | ‘ Strix nebulosa. Shaw, v. vil. p. 245.—Canada. , Sp. 2. UL. litturata. Retzius. yi ; Strix Ulula var.? Shaw, v. vil. p.272.—Sweden. ‘ GENUS XXXV.—STRIX Auctorum. OWL. ‘ Rostrum paulo elongatum, || Beak somewhat elongated, ° basi rectum, versus apicem straight at the base, hooked — aduncum. towards the tip. 4 Caput fasciculis auriformis Head not furnished with — haud instructum. egrets. .0 i Discus capitis maximus. Facial disc very large. ‘ Tarst plumosi; digit hir- || T'arsi feathered ; toes hairy ; x suti; wnguis medius in- |} middle claw internally ser- — terné serratus. rated. : Sp. 1. St. flammea. Shaw, v. vii. p. 258. - pl. 38 —Britain and other parts of Europe. ae fe tht STRIGIDA. 61 Sp. 2. St? Nove Hollandiz. Sr? supra saturate-cinereo griseo alboque varia, apicibus pen- narum albo nigricanteque maculatis; subtus subfulva nigricante maculata, caudé fasciis nigris. Owl above dark cinereous varied with grey and white, with the tips of the feathers spotted with dusky and white; beneath subfulvous spotted with dusky, the tail with black bands. Mouse Owl. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. 358. Lenertu about seventeen inches : beak white : face -reddish-buff: from the chin a chocolate mark, sur- rounding the margin of both the face circles, and finishing at the hind head; before the eye dusky black : plumage above dark an colour, speckled with _ grey, dashed with white; this appearance arising from each feather having a darker spot at the end, and _ within this a triangular white mark: the inner webs of the feathers rusty-yellow (as in the preceding bird): quills and tail clouded, the latter crossed with _ five or six bands of black, margined above and below with white: under parts of the body and under wing- coverts pale buff, with a dull dusky spot at the end of each feather: outer quill greatly serrated, the second less so, the edges of the others smooth: legs feathered to the toes, the latter hairy: claws black. - Inhabits New Holland. GENUS XXXVI.—SYRNIUM, Savigny. HOWLET. Rostrum breve, curvatum. Beak short, curved. Caput fasciculis auriformis || Head not furnished with haud ornatum. egrets. Discus facie: maximus. Facial disc very large. Pedes usque ad ungues plu- |} Legs clothed with feathers mosi. to the claws. 62 STRIGID A. - Sp. 1. Sy. stridulum. Strix stridula. Linn. i. p. 180.—Strix sylvatica. Shaw, v. vil- pe 253. —VaRIEtTiEs? ‘Strix Aluco. Shaw, v. vii. p. 255.— Strix noctua. Shaw, p. Vii. p. 252 ?—Strix rufa. Shaw, ». vii. p- 252?—Strix Austriaca. Shaw, v. vii. p. 247?—Strix alba. Shaw, v. vii. p. 247 Strix Soloniensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 262.— Strix sais Shaw, D vn. ng 279. — Britain and Europe. GENUS XXXVIT, =SURNTA, ‘Dumeril, HAWK-OWL. Be short, arched. « Rostrum breve, arcuatum. Discus capitis parvus, naPes, | Disc of the head small and — fectus. Boalt incomplete. Aures parve, ovales. Lee Ears small, oval. | Auricule nulle, sd Egrets none. | Pedes valdé plumosi. | ae very plumose. Tail elongated, re Cauda elongata, cuneiformis. Tue birds of this genus prey by day. Sp. 1. Su. Uralensis.» © Se. Sa cake AA if Strix Uralensis. Shaw, v. vii. De O77. Bic Pl. Col. 21. 9 Strix Caspia. Shaw, v. vii. 1. p. tie Siberia. . Sp. 2. Su. Africana. © >. “~ i . Strix Africanus. Shaw, U. Vil. p 278. ~~ Ai ae Sp. 3. Su? Nisuella. ~ : +>: eye Strix Nisuella. Shaw, v Vil. p. 279-— A | Sp. 4. Su? Canadensis. . a ) ae ‘ Strix Canadensis. Shaw, v. vil. p. 278. Stes) Huudsonicus, Shaw, v. vii. p. 274 ?—North America. i a i GENUS XXXVIIL—NYCTEA. bys >t 4 a Onan Rostrum @ basi curvatum, Beak curved from the base. Discus facies grandis. || Facial disc large. Auricule nulle. Egrets none. Pedes plumosi; ung wes valdé || Legs plumose; claws mudi curvati, acuti. curved, acute. | Cauda brevis. 1) Tail short. ] | | f, Hy) yi by) yf / | Wy //, WY i) / Ay Uf , Y | ) YF Pri) / Yj C4 ; YJ Yy iy Y py ! l hy ‘47 YYy Hy 4 WY fy Y Hy vy) ligt y \ NY) A AN | }k WAN oy Wh \\ x \ \C YY ) \ XY a iM \ SAY A j As \\ \\ \ \ \\ IA NY \\ Me ie ee So seth ily DOAN SURNIA URALENSIS. al lb. 70. STRIGIDA. 63 Sp. 1. Ny. Erminea. Strix Nyctea. Shaw, v. vii. p. 240. pl. 31.—Strix Erminea, Shaw, v. vii. p. 251.—England and the north of Europe. Sp. 2. Ny? Wapacuthu. Strix Wapacuthu. Shaw, v. vii, p. 243.—_North America. GENUS XXXIX.—NOCTUA, Savigny. NIGHT-OWL. Rostrum breve, arcuatum. Beak short, arched. Discus faciei parvus, im-|| Facial disc small, imperfect. perfectus. ee, Auricule nulle. Egrets none. Aures parve, ovales. Ears small, oval. Pedes plus minusve nudi. Legs more or less naked. Cauda brevis. Tail short. A. Tarsis digitisque plumosis. A. Tarsi and toes feathered. Sp. 1. No. pygmexa. Becks. Strix passerina. Shaw, », vii. p. 264.—Strix Tengmalmi. Shaw, ». vii. p. 267.—Strix pusilla. Shaw, v. vii. p. 267.— England and Europe. Sp. 2. No. passerina. Meyer. Strix acadiensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 266.—Strix Transatlantica. Shaw, v. vii. 264?—The north of Europe and of America. Sp. 3. No. occipitalis. | No. supra fusco flavoque variata, albo maculata; subtus albida rufo lineata; fronte et capite supremo rufis albo punctatis, remigibus fusco rufoque fasciatis. Night-Owl above varied with brown and yellow, and spotted with white ; beneath whitish striped with rufous ; with the forehead and upper part of the head rufous dotted with white ; the quills banded with red and brown. Strix occipitalis. Zemm. Pl. Col. 34. Innazits Africa. Length seven inches: the fore- head and the upper part of the head are reddish, dotted with white: the upper parts of the body are brown or yellow, with white spots encircled with 64, STRIGIDA. black: the male has a whitish band on the occiput, and the female a reddish one: on each side of this a band composed of a tuft of feathers spotted with black and white: all the lower parts of the body are whitish, dashed with clear red : the quills are regularly banded with brown and reddish alternately: the tail-feathers are brown or yellow, with five white spots on both webs, those on the outer one being smallest : the legs and toes are clothed with a very short down: the beak is yellowish, with some white hairs on its sides, and near the eyes. Sp. 4. No. Sonnerati. No fusco-rufescens, subtus alba, fusco transverse fasciata ; capite tectricibusque alarum albo maculatis ; regio ocularts, asarees gu- laque rufo-albis. Red-brown Night-Owl beneath hud transversely barred with brown; with the head and wing-coverts spotted with white ; space round the eyes, the face, and the throat, reddish-white. Strix Sonnerati. Temm. Pl. Col. 21. Inuaxits India. Length eleven inches: all the upper parts of the body are reddish-brown, the head being adorned with small white spots, and the wing- coverts with large spots of the same: the quills and tail-feathers are like the back: the space round the eyes is reddish-white, as well as the face and throat : all the under parts are white, transversely but di- stantly barred with brown: the down on the tarsi and toes is red: the beak and the claws are yellow. Sp. 5. No. brama. No. nigricante- -fusca albo variegata; subtus albida fusco trans- wersim maculata ; supercilits collarique albo lunulis cinereo- fuscis ; remigibus caudaque albo fasciatis. : DE i eh Be SA Sy cae STRIGIDA. 65 Dusky-brown Night-Hawk varied with white ; beneath whitish _ transversely spotted with brown; the eyebrows and collar white with ashy-grey lunules ; the quills and tail barred with white. Strix brama. Temm. Pi. Col. 68. Inuazits India. This bird greatly resembles the first species, but it is somewhat less: has more white on the upper parts, and is dusky brown in the places _ that are ashy-brown in that bird: again, the eyebrows and collar on the neck serve also to show the distinc- tion; these parts are white, with ashy-brown lunules: the under parts of the plumage are covered with large transverse spots, instead of longitudinal dashes: the quills and tail are banded with white. Sp. 6. No. Pagodarum. No. supra badio-ferruginosa fusciis transversis obsoletioribus s subtus alba fasciis ferruginoso-badiis saturatioribus ; guld al- bida. Night-Owl above rusty-chesnut, with obsolete transverse fasciz ; beneath white, with deep rusty-chesnut fascie; with a white throat. _ Strix Pagodarum. Temm. Pl. Col. 230.—Strix seloputo. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) xiii. p. 140. Innasits India. Length from seventeen to nine- teen inches: the adult has the top of the head and the sides of the neck bright red; with two spots of pure white on each feather: the back, lesser wing- coverts, and scapulars are similar to the neck, the white spots are larger and less regular, and sur- ‘rounded with black: the secondaries and the base of the quills are red-brown, barred with yellow-red : the tail is irregularly barred with brown, and tipped with white: the face and eyebrows are clear yellow-red : [sir u. 9) O06 STRIGIDE. the breast is transversely barred with reddish, and the under parts are white distantly barred with brown : the irides are yellow. Sp. 7. No. hirsuta. No. fusca subtus albida maculis fuscis ; fronte lorisque albis, wertice nuchdque cinereo-fuscis ; guld rufescente cauda, fuscd fasciis quatuor cinerets, apice albo. Brown Night-Owl beneath whitish spotted with brown ; with the forehead and lores white ; the top ofthe head and nape ashy- brown ; the throat reddish; the tail brown, with four ashy bands, and a white tip. Strix hirsuta. Temm. Pl. Col. 289. Innasits Ceylon. Length of the male about ten, and of the female above eleven inches: the forehead ~ and the lores are white, with a few black hairs at the — base of the beak: the top of the head and the nape are ashy-brown : the back, the wing-coverts, and the quills are uniform brown: the scapulars and the se- condaries nearest the body are spotted on their inner ~ webs with white; but those spots are hidden when the wing is closed: the throat is reddish : the breast and the belly are whitish covered with large reddish-— brown spots: the under tail-coverts are white, with a few brown spots: the tail-feathers are banded with four bars of brown and four of ash-colour : their tips are white: the toes are marbled with red and brown, and are remarkable for having their edges naked and furnished with rough excrescences of a yellowish co- lour ; the hafrs upon them are red: the beak is black, with its keel white. | B. Tarsis plumosis ; digitis pilosis. B. Tarsi feathered ; toes hairy. STRIGID A. 67 Sp. 8. No. Cayanensis. Strix Cayana. Shaw, v. vii. p. 261. pl. 34,—Cayenne. Sp. 9. No. lineata. | Strix lineata. Shaw, v. vii. p- 280. pl. 36.—Cayenne. Sp. 10. No. torquata. Daudin. Strix superciliosa. Shaw, v. vii. p. 250.—Strix perspicillata: Shaw, v. vii. p. 248. pt. 32.—South America. Sp- 11. No. Maugei. No. rufo-cinerea subtus rufa albo maculata ; scapularibus tectrici- busque alarum albo maculatis ; remigibus rectricibusque fusco nigricanteque fasciatis ; guld cinered. Ashy-red Night-Owl beneath rufous spotted with white; with the scapulars and wing-coverts spotted with white ; the quills and -tail-feathers barred with dusky and brown; the throat cinereous. Strix Maugei. Temm. Pl. Col. 46. Inuasits the Antilles. Length above ten inches and a half: ali the upper parts of the plimage are ash-coloured, more or less tinged with reddish: the scapulars and wing-coverts are marked with a few white spots: the quills and tail-feathers are rayed with brown and dusky: the under part of the tail is ash-colour, with six or seven brighter narrow bands: the space round the beak, and the throat, are ash- colour: the rest of the under parts are reddish, spotted with white. Sp. 12. No. grallaria. No. supra rufa alto maculata; subtus alba maculis rufo-albzs ornata ; rectricibus rufis fasciis quatuor rufo-albis, apicibus Suscis ; fronte, superciliis, genisque rufo-albis. Night-Owl above rufous spotted with white ; beneath white, with. reddish-white spots ; the tail-feathers rufous, with four red- dish-white bands, their tips brown ; the forehead, eyebrows, and cheeks reddish-white. Strix grallaria. Temm. Pl. Col. 146. 68 STRIGIDE. Ivuasrrs South America. Length nine inches : all the upper parts of the plumage are red: the top of the head is spotted with white : the back and wings are ashy-red with round white spots: the quills are of abrowner tinge, and the spots are oval and reddish- white: the tail-feathers are red, brownish towards the tip; with four transverse bands of reddish-white, placed at equal distances on all the intermediate fea- thers ; while the outer feather on each side is whitish- red, with two small brown bands towards the tip: the forehead, the eyebrows, and the face are reddish- white, deepest on the cheeks: the breast is white, with large transverse reddish-white spots : the rest of the under parts is white, irregularly shaded with bright _ reddish. Sp. 13. No, pumila. No. rufo-fusca albo nigroque maculata ; subtus rufo alboque va- riegata ; caudd nigricante-fusca fascits tribus macularum com- positis albis. Red-brown Night-Owl spotted with white and black ; beneath variegated with red and white; with the tail dusky, with three white fascia: composed of spots. Strix pumila. Illiger. Temm. Pl. Col. 39. [nuapits South America. Length near six inches: the top of the head, forehead, and nape, are brown, spotted with white: the nape is spotted with black and white: the back and the wings are reddish-brown ; — the edge of the latter is white, and their lesser coverts are spotted with the same colour: the inner webs of the quills are indistinctly banded with brown and red; and the outer ones are marked with small square STRIGIDE. 69 spots of bright red: the tail is dusky-brown, with three ranges of large white spots, which form, by their union, transverse bands beneath the tail: the ‘under parts are varied with white and deep red; the region of the thighs being dashed with the latter colour: the tarsi and toes are whitish : the irides and cere yellow. Sp. 14. No. castanoptera. No. griseo et nigricante transversim lineolata; scapulis dorsoque castanets 3 ventre albo castaneoque vario. Night-Owl transversely lineated with griseous and dusky, with the scapulars and back chesnut; the belly varied with white and chesnut. Strix castanoptera. Linn. Trans. (Horsfield,) v. xii. p. 140. Temm. Pl. Col. 98. Inuasits Java. Length eight inches: above trans- versely marked with dusky and grey: scapulars and back chesnut : belly varied with chesnut and white : quills and tail brownish-chesnut, fasciated with testa- ceous grey: margins of the scapulars, and a longitu- dinal band on the middle of the wings white. Sp. 15. No. ferruginea. No. rufa subtus albida rufo striata; scapularibus albido-flavo maculatis; cauda, in feminam, fusco fasciata. Red Night-Ow] beneath whitish striped with rufous, with the sca- pulars spotted with whitish yellow; the tail (in the female) barred with brown. Strix ferruginea. Temm. Pl. Col. 199; female. Inuasits Brazil. Length six inches and a half: the adult male has all the upper parts of a fine red : 7O STRIGIDE. from the base of the beak passing over the eyes is a whitish-yellow band: the scapulars have two rows of whitish-yellow spots: the quills are striped trans- versely with indistinct brown bars, with whitish-yel- low spots on their inner webs: the tail (in old birds) is clear unspotted red: the under parts of the plu- mage are more or less white tinged with red, with several reddish-brown, or light red, dashes: part of the cheeks, and the throat and breast, are white: the feathers on the thighs are reddish: the hairs on the toes white: the irides yellow, and the beak and cere yellowish-green. The female has the throat and the fore part of the neck pure white: the breast white, dashed with reddish; the under parts the same, but the dashes become confluent on the sides and on the abdomen, and are spotted with yellowish: the top of the head is striped with brown or yellowish, but these stripes disappear by age; the quills and tail-feathers are red, transversely barred with brown. The young have the head striped with brown: the quills and the tail-feathers are adorned with fewer brown bars, and are of a duller hue: the wings are more spotted, and their coverts more deeply edged, with yellowish : the throat and breast are shaded with reddish-brown and yellowish : the belly is white, and the sides reddish- brown with spots. C. Tarsis digitisque nudis. C. Tarsi and toes naked. Sp. 16. No? nudipes. : Strix nudipes. Shaw, v. vii. p. 269.—Cayenne. INSESSORES. TI Orpver I1.—INSESSORES, Vigors. PAssERES et Pica, Linné.—Sytvicota#, Vieillot —O.1sEAux. PASSEREUX, Cuvier. Rostrum diversum ; pedes breves aut mediocres ; tibie plerumque plumigere ; digiti subtus plani ; ce graciles, mobiles, sub- retractiles, curvati, acuti. The Insessorial, or perching birds, vary Yoeetiie ably in the form of the beak; they have short or moderate legs; the t2bie usually clothed with feathers ; the toes flat beneath ; the claws slender, moveable, somewhat retractile, curved, and acute. From the vast extent of this Order and the very great diversity of forms contained therein, it becomes necessary to descend to a more minute subdivision previously to treating of the families of which it is composed. I shall therefore continue to tread in Mr. Vigors’s steps, and briefly exhibit the five types of form which are apparent, and which nearly corre- spond with the divisions proposed by Cuvier in his Régne Animal: these intermediate groups have not unaptly been termed trzdes. Beak and legs A «Atalanta Cuvier. stout make Conirostres, Cuvier. ’Scansores Auctorum. “TENUIROSTRES, Cuvier. Uris SIROSTRES, Cuvier. Beak and legs of res slender form . Fottowine the usual method, I proceed to no- tice— TRIBE I.—FISSIROSTRES. Rostrum basz datum; rictus amplissimus ; pedes breves. Beak broad at the base ; gape very wide ; legs short. The MEROPIDZ. Tuese birds feed on the wing, on animal food ; they build their nests on the ground, or construct them of mud or similar materials, when placed m elevated situations: they are thus subdivided into families : n : Hirunpinipa, Leach. culated for catching their Beak short, weak ; ill cal- prey CapriMuLoip2, Vigors. adapted for catching their < Haucyronipa, Vigors. Beak long, strong; well (eae Vigors. prey Meropip#, Leach. FAMILY I.—MEROPIDZ. Rostrum capite longits, basi crassum subtrigonale, integrum, sub- arcuatum, subulatum, acuminatum; alee attenuate; pedes bre- vissimt, tetradactylt. Beak longer than the head, thick, and somewhat triangular at the base, entire, slightly arcuated, subulated, and pointed ; wings slender and acute ; /egs very short, four-toed. GENUS XL.—MEROPS, Linné. BEE-EATER. Tuene is but this one genus yet discovered belong- ing to the present family: the species all subsist upon insects, chiefly bees and wasps: they build their nests like the Kingsfishers. None of them have hitherto been observed in America. Some latitude must be allowed to the division of this genus hereafter proposed, the imtermediate tail- feathers of the males being usually somewhat longer than in the females. A. Rectricibus intermediis elongatis. A. With the middle tail-feathers elongated. MEROPID&. FSF Sp. 1. Me. apiarius. Shaw, »v, viii. p. 152. pl. 19.—Britain and other parts of the old world. Sp. 2. Me. viridis. Shaw, v. viii. p. 156.—India. Sp. 3. Me. ornatus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 158.—Variegated Bee- eater. Lath. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 130. pl. xix.—New Holland. Sp. 4. Me. superbus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 161. ? Sp. 5. Me. Senegalensis. Shaw, v. viii. p. 163.—Senegal. Sp. 6. Me. Sumatranus. Linn. Trans. ( Raffles) xiii. 294. ME. capite colloque supremis interscapulioque castaneis ; dorso posticé alis ventreque smaragdinis ; gula crissoque thalassino- azureis ; caudd superné ceruled viridi nitente. Bee-eater with the upper part of the head and neck and between the scapulars chesnut ; the lower part of the back, the wings, and belly emerald-green ; the throat and vent of an azure sea- green ; the tail above blue glossed with green. Innasits Sumatra. The upper parts of the head and neck, and the back between the shoulders, are of a beautiful chesnut colour: the lower part of the back, the wings above, and the belly, are pure emerald- green: the feathers of the throat, as well as of the rump and vent, have a pale azure tint with a reflec- tion of sea-green: the tips of the quill-feathers and the tail beneath are blackish-brown: the tail above is blue, with a diluted tint of sea-green; the two middle feathers towards the tip have the bluish tint also diluted ; the vent-feathers are the same: the eens are seen Gne beneath. Sp. 7. Me. superciliosus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 164.—Madagascar. Sp. 8. Me. Javanicus. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) xiii. 171—294. ME. olivaceo-viridis splendore eneo ; lined frontalt per oculos ad aures producta atrd; crisso uropygtoque thalassinis ; guld sul- phureis jugulo castaneo; abdomine medio sordide thalassino ; lateribus axillisque fulvis. 74 MEROPIDZ. Olive-green Bee-eater glossed with brassy, witha dark line passing from the forehead through the eyes to the ears; the vent and rump sea-green; the throat sulphur-coloured; the jugulum chesnut ; the middle of the abdomen fine green; the sides and shoulders fulvous. Inuasits Javaand Sumatra. Length eleven inches: the primary and secondary quills with a terminal black band: an obsolete marginal sea-green band on each side of the frontal line: the sides of the vent whitish. Sp. 9. Me. Savignii. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 76. Mr. viridis subtus albescens, uropygio cauddque ceruleis ; verlice, striga oculari, fascidque lata collari nigris 3 mento superciliisque albis. | Green Bee-eater beneath whitish, with the rump and tail blue ; crown of the head, eye-stripe, and broad band across the neck, black ; chin and eyebrows white. Inuasits Sierra Leone and other parts of Africa. Length eight inches and a half: the crown in young birds is greenish, in some a dull brown, and in others deep black, margined in the front and sides of the head with a line of white: the ears black, uniting m a broad band across the neck of the same colour, which is margined on the lower part with beautiful — sea-blue: the nape, inner coverts, and quill-feathers greenish fawn colour: the lesser quills tipped with black: the rump, tail, and outside of the quills next the body changeable greenish-blue: the back and upper tail-coverts green: the chin is white: the body tinged with greenish, and the under tail-coverts with blue: the tail three inches longs beak and feet black. HIRUNDINID&. 75 B. Cauda equale, aut subfurcatéd. B. With the tail even, or slightly forked. Sp. 10. Me. Philippensis. Shaw, v. viii. p. 165.—The Philip- pine Isles. Sp. 11. Me. Urica. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) xiii. 172. Swainson Zool. Illust. pl. 8.—Pirik Bee-eater. Lath. Gen. Hist. iv. 142, Mx. olivaceo-viridis nitens abdomine, crisso, uropygioque, dilu- tioribus candore thalassino; pileo collo supra interscapulioque castaneis ; gula.juguloque sulphureis ; lined temporalt fascidque _ pectoral semilunari atris ; caudaé subtus fuliginosd. | Shining olive-green Bee-eater with the abdomen, vent, and rump paler tinged with sea-green ; the pileus, neck above, and be- tween the shoulders chesnut; the throat and jugulum sul- phureous ; a line on the temples and semilunar pectoral band dark; the tail beneath sooty. Innapits Java. Length eight inches: the tail above is obscurely tinged with green: the tips of the primaries, and of the secondaries, are black. Sp. 12. Men. ubicus. Cuv. Merops ceruleocephalus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 168. pl. 21.—Nubia. Sp. 13. Me. erythropterus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 175.—Senegal. Sp. 14. Me. Malimbicus. Shaw, v. vill. p. 174.—Malimba in Africa. | Sp. 15. Me. gularis. Shaw, v. viii. p. 177. pl. 23.— Africa. Sp. 16. Me. Cayennensis. Shaw, v. vill. p. 160.—Cayenne. FAMILY IIl.—HIRUNDINIDA. Rostrum capite brevior, bast glabrum, subtriangulare, versus api- ~ cem plus minusve compressum ; ale longissime ; pedes tetra- : dactyli, brevissimt. Beak shorter than the head, glabrous at the base, somewhat tri- angular; more or less compressed towards the tip ; wzngs very long; /egs four-toed, very short. Tue Hirundinidee are endowed with surprising powers of flight: they fly by day, and feed upon in- 76 HIRUNDINIDZ&. sects, and for the most part construct their nests of mud or other firm materials. GENUS XLI.—CH/ETURA mihi. Rostrum mandibuld inferiore || Beak with the lower man- apice recta, dible straight at the tip. Ale \ongissime. Wings very long. | Cauda brevissima; rectrices || Tail very short ; its feathers — apice, subulate, acute. subulated and acute at the tip. Hirunpo Auctorum.—CypseELus, pars. Temm. Sp. 1. Ch. pelasgia. Hirundo pelasgia. Steph. v. x. 128.—North America. Sp. 2. Ch. Martinicana. Hirunda acuta. Steph. v. x. 131. pl. 15.—West Indies. Sp. 3. Ch. pacifica. Hirundo pacifica, Steph. v. x. 132.—New Holland. Sp. 4. Ch. australis. Hirundo caudacuta. Steph. v. x. 133.—New South Wales. Sp. 5. Ch. fusca. Hirundo fusca. Steph. v. x. 133.———— ? Sp. 6. Ch. collaris. Cu. obscure-nigro, torque albo. Dull-black Chetura with a white collar. Cypselus collaris. Pr. Max. Trav. i. 63.—Temm. Pl. Col. 195. Inuasits Brazil. Length six inches and a half from the tip of the beak to that of the tail, but to the end of the wings nine inches: the prevailing colour of the plumage is a sooty black, with the wings and head rather lightest: on the back part of the neck is a white collar, narrow on the sides, but broader on the nape and on the upper part of the breast : the — HIRUNDINIDE. Th beak is black, and the legs dusky-brown: the tarsi are rather long: the tail is short, composed of ten strong elastic feathers, and is very slightly forked : the wings exceed it about two inches and a half. GENUS XLII.—HIRUNDO Auctorum. SWALLOW. Rostrum mandibuld inferiore || Beak with the lower mandible apice recta. straight at the tip. Cauda plerisque furcata. Tail generally forked. Pedes simplices; digitis tri- || Legs simple; three toes be- bus anticis, uno postico. fore, one behind. A. Caudé subfurcata. A. Tail slightly forked. Sp. 1. Hi. torquata. Steph. v. x. 124.—Southern Africa. Sp. 2. Hi. Javanica. Steph. v.x.101. Temm. Pl. Col. 33. f. 2.— Java. Sp. 3. Hi. Borbonica. Steph. v. x. 116.—Isle of France. Sp. 4. Hi. Francica. Steph. v. x. 115.—Isle of France. Sp. 5. Hi. Dominicensis. Steph. v. x. 123.—West Indies. Sp. 6. Hi. Americana. Gmel.—Hi.platensis. Séeph.v. x. 126.— America. Sp. 7. Hi. leucoptera. Steph. v. x. 120. pl. 13.—South America. Sp. 8. Hi. jugularis. Pr. Max. Temm. Pl. Col. 161.f. 2. Hi. rufo-fuscus, guld rufa; pectore lateribusque cinereo-flavis ; abdominis medio flavescente; remigibus rectricibusque nigri« cantibus. 3 Red-brown Swallow with the throat rufous; the breast and sides ashy- yellow ; the middle of the abdomen yellowish ; the quills and tail-feathers dusky. Innasits Brazil. Length four inches and a half: both sexes have the throat red: the breast and the sides ashy-yellow: the middle of the belly whitish- 78 HIRUNDINIDSE. yellow : all the upper parts reddish-brown : the wings and tail dusky-brown : the inner web of the first quill is ciliated, and very irregular throughout its entire length. Sp. 9. Hi, fuscata. Temm. Pl. Col. 161. f. 1. Hi. fuscus subtus albus, capite collo pectoreque sie Brown Swallow beneath white, with the head, neck, and fieat rufous, Innasits Brazil. Length four inches: the upper parts of the body, the tail, and the wing-coverts are brown ; the last and lateral tail-feathers with lighter edges: the head, neck, and breast are rufous, deepest on the cheeks, occiput, and forehead : on the sinciput are several brown feathers : the belly and all the under parts are white. Sp. 10. Hi. minuta. Temm. Pl. Col. 209./f. 1. Ht. sericeo-cerulea subtus alba, alis caudaque nigris. Silken-blue Swallow beneath white, with the wings and tail black. Innasits Brazil. Length four inches and a half: all the upper parts of the body, the cheeks, the sides of the neck, and the under tail-coverts, are of a fine silken blue: the wings and the tail are dull black : the under parts are glossy white. Sp. 11. Hi? filifera. Hi. vertice nuché colloque superné rufiss corpore supra ceru- lescente, subtus alba, alis caudaque nigris ; rectricibus, duabus mediis exceptis, macula alba, externts cenit longissimis fili- Sformibus. HIRUNDINID&. 79 Swallow with the top of the head, nape, and upper part of the neck rufous ; the body above bluish, beneath white, with the - wings and eal black ; the feathers of the latter (the two middle excepted) with a whine spot, the outer on each side very long and filiform. Wire-tailed Swallow. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. 309. pl. cxlii. “InHABITS India. Size of H. Rustica: beak black, base of the under mandible pale: top of the head to the nape, and beginning of the neck behind rufous: from the gape a bluish-black streak passes beneath the eye, and growing broader, unites with the lower part of the neck behind, which, as also the back and rump, are of the same colour; all the under parts are white: wings and tail black: the feathers of the latter nearly even at the end, but the shaft of the exterior one on each side is continued for three times the length of the others, and perfectly filiform; on all but iy two middle feathers a white Spb legs black.” — Latham. B. Caudé valde furcaté. _B. Tail greatly forked. a. Pedibus nudis. a. Legs naked. Sp. 12. Hi. melanoleuca. Pr. Max. Temm. Pl. Col. 299. f. 2. H1. supra fasciaque pectorale ceruleo-nigra, gula ventre crissoque albis ; alis cauddque obscure nigris. Swallow with the upper parts of the plumage and band on the breast blue-black, with the throat, belly, and vent white ; the wings and tail dull black. Inuasits Brazil. Length five inches: all the upper parts of the body, the cheeks, a broad band on the upper part of the breast, and the upper tail-coverts are glossy blue-black : the wings and the tail-feathers SO HIRUNDINID&. are dull black: the throat, belly, and vent are pure white: the wings are rather shorter than the outer tail-feathers : beak very slender. Sp. 13. Hi. nigra. Steph. v. x. 98.—Cayenne. Sp. 14. Hi. tapera. Steph. v. x. 122.—Brazil, &c. Sp. 15. Hi. chalybea. Steph. x. 96.—Cayenne. Sp. 16. Hi. fasciata. Steph. v. x. 121.—Cayenne. Sp. 17. Hi. violacea. Gmel. i. 1026.—Hirundo purpurea. Steph. v. x» 108.—America. Sp. 18. Hi. rufa. Steph. v. x. 88.—-America. Sp. 19. Hi. rustica. Steph, v. x. 84. pl. 9.—Britain and other parts of the old world. Sp. 20. Hi. daurica. Steph. v. x. 95.—Siberia. Sp. 21. Hi. riparia. Steph. v. x. 104. pl. 11.—Britain,—and North America ? Sp. 22. Hi. Indica. Steph. v. x. 127, pl. 14—East Indies. Sp. 23. Hi. Panayana. Steph. v. x. 95.—Isle of Panay. Sp. 24. Hi. ambrosiaca. Steph. v. x. 100.—Africa ? Sp. 25. Hi. Senegalensis. Steph. v. x. 93.—Senegal. Sp. 26. Hi. Capensis. Steph. v. x. 92. pl. 10.—Southern Africa. Sp. 27. Hi. rufifrons. Steph. v. x. 91.—Southern Africa. Sp. 28. Hi. gularis. Steph. v. x. 59.—Southern Africa. Sp. 29. Hi. palustris. Steph. v. x. 101.—Southern Africa. Sp. 30. Hi. cristata. Steph. v. x. 94.—Africa. Sp. 31. Hi. fuciphaga. Steph. v. x. 111.—East Indies. Sp. 32. Hi.esculenta. Osdbeck. Linn. Trans. ( Horsfield.) x. xiii. p. 142. ‘ N1. nigricans subtus albida, rectricibus apice albis. pity Black Swallow beneath whitish, with the tips of the tail-feathers white. —_ Innasits Java. Length six inches. Dr. Hors- field says that the specimens which he brought from Java differ from Latham’s description in being uni- formly of a blackish colour, without a white extremity to the rectrices. a HIRUNDINID&. Sl Sp. 33. Hi. leucogaster. Steph. v. x. 106.—Hi. bicolor. Steph. v. x. 105 >—North America. Sp. 34. Hi. Tahitica. Steph. v. x. 125.—Otaheite. b. Pedibus usque ad ungues plumosis. 6. Legs feathered to the claws. Sp. 35. Hi. urbica. Steph. v. x. 118.—Britain and other parts of the old world. Sp. 36. Hi. montana. Steph. v. x. 102.—Hi. rupestris. Steph. v. x. 103.—Europe. : Sp. 37. Hi. Ludoviciana. Cuvier.—Hi. purpurea (Purple Martin of Catesby, i. pl. 51.) Steph. v. x. 108.—North America. Sp. 38. Hi. Cayennensis. Cypselus Cayennensis. Steph. v. x. 75,—Cayenne. GENUS XLIII.—CYPSELUS, Illiger. SWIFT. Rostrum mandibula inferiore || Beak with the lower mandible apice recurvata. recurved at the tip. Cauda forficata. Tail forked. Pedes simplices, “plumosi ; Legs simple, feathered ; all digitis omnibus anticis. the toes placed forward. Apus. Cuvier. Sp. 1. Cy. vulgaris. Steph. v. x. 72. pl. 8.—Britain and other parts of the old world. Sp. 2. Cy. melba. Steph. v. x. 74.—Mountainous districts of _ Europe. Sp. 6. Cy. Sinensis. Steph. v. x. 74.—China. Sp. 4. Cy? leucorrhous. _ Hirundo leucorrhoa. Steph. v. x. 98.—Cape of Good Hope. Sp. 5. Cy? velox. Hirundo velox.—Steph. v. x. 97.—Southern Africa. Sp. 6. Cy. Klecho, Cy. viridi-niger remigibus cauddque obscurioribus ; dorso postice griseo ; subtus cinereus, 7. XItl, P. i. 6 82 HIRUNDINID&. Green-black Swift with the quills and tail obscure; the back. griseous on the lower part ; the body beneath ash-coloured. Hirundo Klecho. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf-) xiii. p. 143. via ah soc longipennis. Temm. Pl. Col. 83.f. 1. Inuaszits Java. Length eight inches and a half. The bird described by Temminen has the top of the head, the nape, the sides of the neck, the top of the back, the scapulars, and the lesser wing-coverts very brilliant deep-green: the wings and tail are glossed with bluish-green, the former tint predominating as the bird advances in age: the middle wing-feathers nearest the body are white or whitish: all the undef — parts of the body are ash, with the exception of the middle of the belly and the lower tail-coverts, which — are white: the lower part of the back and the rump are ashy-green. The male has a chesnut spot on the ear-feathers. Dr. Horsfield observes that in young ~ birds the abdomen is whitish, and the wing-coverts are banded with white at their extremities: the fea- thers covering the back and the quill feathers are tipped with brownish-grey. Sp. 7. Cy. comatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 268. Cy? cristatus cupreo-viridis ; tectricibus alarum, remigibus rec- tricibusque saturaié viridibus ; lined supré infr aque oculos, tec~ tricibusque alarum majoribus apice, albis. Crested Swift ? of a copper-green ; with the wing-coverts, quills, — and tail-feathers dark-green ; a lme above and beneath thea eyes, and tip of the greater wing-coverts, white. feathers on the head being elongated and decom- beautiful colours, and is farther distinguished by the > CAPRIMULGID®. | 85 posed, forming a sort of crest: the longest of these feathers are white, and arise from the sides of the head, forming a band, which passes from the beak, over the eyes, to the hind head : those on the chin are shorter, but jagged, and are continued as a transverse white band beneath the eyes, towards the nape, the feathers gradually increasing in length and resem- bling whiskers: the feathers on the top of the head are also elongated and bronzed, as are those on the back of the neck : on the region of the ears is a ches- nut spot : the back, the scapulars, the neck, the breast, and the belly are green tinged with cupreous: the wing-coverts, the quills, and those of the tail are green-blue with a metallic gloss: the tip of the greater wing-coverts, part of the vent and the under tail- coverts are pure white: the tail is composed of ten feathers, and is greatly forked. FAMILY III.—CAPRIMULGID:, Rostrum breve, basi latissimum, setis validis instructum, versus apicem. utringue compressum; nares tubulares ; pedes tetra- dactyli ; digitus externus guadriarticulatus. Beak short, very broad at the base, and furnished with strong bristles, compressed towards the tip; nostrd/s tubular; legs four-toed ; the outer toe with four joints. Tur birds of this family usually fly by night, and prey upon insects: their flight is particularly silent, owing to the peculiar softness of their plumage: they are closely allied to the Strigide, although apparently detached therefrom in the foregoing arrangement by the intervention of the Meropide and Hirundinide, the cause of which will be subsequently explained, as 8A CAPRIMULGIDE. it is impossible to place them immediately after the birds of the former family without doing violence to the general arrangement. ‘They usually lay their eggs upon the bare ground without any vestige of a nest, beyond a mere depression on the surface. ; GENUS XLIV.—CAPRIMULGUS Auctorum.GOATSUCKER. Rostrum valdé depressum, || Beak greatly depressed, the apice adunco ; mandibula tip hooked; the lower _ inferior apice recurvata. mandible with its tip re- curved. Digiti antici: basi membra-|| Anterior toes connected at nula coaliti, daterales the base by a membrane, zquales; pollex gracilis, the Jateral ones equal; the versatilis. hinder toe slender, versa- tile. A. Cauda furcatd. A. Tail forked. Sp. 1. Cu. psalurus. Azara. Temm. Pl. Col. 157. male; 158. female. : Ca. capite, collo corporeque supra nigricantibus nigro maculatis ; — infra rufescente ; occipite rufo; alis nigricantibus rufo-albo — varus; cauda valdé furcata. i Goatsucker with the head, neck, and body above dusky, spotted £ with black; beneath reddish ; the occiput red; the wings dusky, — varied with reddish-white ; the tail very much forked. wk Scissors-tailed Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. 348. Innapits Paraguay. Distinguished from its con-_ geners by the very extraordinary conformation of its — tail: this part is composed of twelve feathers, the — two middle and the two lateral feathers being con- siderably elongated, the outer ones especially, which, — in the adult male, are several inches longer than the NGS j es ac CAPRIMULGID&. 85 others: the male has the upper part of the head and of the body dusky-ash sprinkled with brown and dashed with black: a clear red band covers the occiput, and extends from one eye to the other: the scapulars and wing-coverts are spotted with golden- red: the anterior border of the first quill is red; the others are striped at their base with red and dusky, and are tinged with cinereous the rest of their length: the sides of the head and of the neck are marbled with white, red, and dusky: the breast is transversely striped with the same colour; and the rest of the under parts are reddish-white, with delicate and di- stant undulated lines: the two elongated middle tail- feathers are ash-colour, marked with black zigzag and diagonal bars of the same colour; the four next, on each side, are striped with red and black at their base, then follows a broad space of plain black, and the tips are greyish-white, marbled with darker grey ; the two outer feathers are grey, with an irregular black dash, for some distance, in the direction of the - shait; the rest of the feathers are whitish, marbled with ash. ‘The female and young have the tail-fea- thers shorter than in the male, but the tail is con- structed similarly: the two middle feathers resemble those of the male, the others are transversely striped towards the tip, and the lateral one on each side is dusky, striped with red at its base, spotted with greyish-white on the inner web, and rayed with black _ and grey towards the tip. Both sexes have the bris- tles of the gape considerably elongated, and reaching as far as the tip of the beak; they are black: the 86 - CAPRIMULGID&. tarsi half clothed with feathers, and the inner claw considerably pectinated. “According to M. D’ Azara, this species delights i in flying over the waters and the banks of rivers, and when it changes its direction, during flight, it opens and shuts its tail-feathers like a pair of scissors. Sp. 2. Ca. furcatus. Cu. Ca. forficatus. Steph. v. x. p. 167.—Africa. Sp. 3. Ca. pectoralis. Cuwv. - Ca, Africanus. Steph. v. x."p. 157.—Africa. Sp. 4. Ca. popetue. Steph. v. x. p. 164.—North America. Sp. 5. Ca, vittatus. Steph. v. x. p. 152. pl. 17.—New Holland, Sp. 6. Ca. strigoides. Steph. v. x. p. 143.—New Holland. B. Caudé equale aut cunetforme. B. Tail equal, or wedge-shaped, Sp. 7. Ca. Europeus. Steph. v. x. p. 146. pl. 18.—Britain and other parts of Europe. ; Sp. 8. Ca. Asiaticus. Steph. v. x. p. 156.—India. ¢ Sp. 9. Ca. affinis. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) v. xili. p. 142. Ca. nigro fusco ferrugineoque variegatus, remigibus fuscis; tribus — externis fascia albd, reliquis ferrugineo griseoque variegatis ; H rectricibus duabus externis interné albis. i Goatsucker variegated with black, brown, and rust-colour, with = the quills brown; the three exterior with a white band, the — rest variegated with ferruginous and griseous ; the two outer 7 tail-feathers white within. : : Inuasits Java. Length nine ines : the first : quill is fasciated internally, and the second and third on each side : the throat has a white band. Sp. 10. Ca, Virginianus. Steph. v. x. p. 153. —Coprimolgus Guianensis. Steph. v. x. 148 ?-- America. CAPRIMULGID&. 87 Sp. 11. Ca. Carolinensis. Steph. v. x. p. 149.—North America. Sp. 12. Ca. brachypterus. Steph. v. x. p.150.—North America. Sp. 13. Ca. rufus. Steph. v. x. p. 163.— Cayenne. Sp. 14. Ca. torquatus. Steph. v. x. p. 162.—Brazil. Sp. 15. Ca. semitorquatus. Steph. v. x. p. 160.—Cayenne. Sp. 16. Ca. Cayennensis. Steph. v. x. p. 159.—Cayenne. Sp. 17. Ca. acutus. Steph. v. x. p. 168:—Cayenne. Sp. 18. Ca, albicollis. Steph. v. x. 155.—Cayenne. Sp. 19. Ca. Nattereri. Zemm. Pl. Col. 107; male. Ca. corpore supra, alis, caudd, pectoreque, nigris rufo maculatis ; gula nigricante semitorque albo ; abdomine, crisso, tectricibusque inferioribus caudeé rufis, nigro fasciatis. Goatsucker with the body above, the wings, tail, and breast, black spotted with red ; the throat dusky, with a white half- collar ; the belly, vent, and under tail-coverts rufous, barred with black. Innasits Brazil. Length eight inches and a half: the ground colour of the upper parts of the plumage, the wings, tail, and breast are black ; all the feathers of those parts being prettily spotted with bright red : the tail is distantly banded with very fine red zigzag stripes: the outer webs of the quills are spotted with red, and a row of ashy-reddish oblong spots is placed at regular intervals on their inner webs: there are several spots on the region of the ears, and on some of the wing-coverts: the secondaries are tipped with white and marbled with black: the throat is dusky, and on its lower part is a large white half-collar: the belly, vent, and lower tail-coverts are deep rufous, barred with black: the fore part of the tarsi is fea- thered, the rest naked: the beak is black: the tail is very short, and the wings reach about an inch and a half beyond its tips. 88 CAPRIMULGID&. Sp. 20. Ca. diurnus. Pr. Max. Temm. Pl. Col. 182. Ca. corpore supra cinereo nigro rufoque maculato et variegato ; infra albo; gula rufa ; lateribus colli fascia alba ; cauda nigro Sasciata. Goatsucker with the ee above spotted and variegated with cinereous, black, and rufous ; beneath white; the throat rufous ; the sides of the neck with a white band ; the tail barred with black. Inuasirs Brazil. Length ten inches: all the upper parts of the body, the head, and the fore part of the neck, are varied with spots and zigzag stripes of ashy- brown, black, and reddish; and the wing-coverts are marked with several round black spots : the quills are dusky with a large band of pure white at their base; they are also edged with clear brown: the throat is of a clear red; and a little below, on the sides of the neck, is a white band: the tail-feathers are marbled with dusky-brown and reddish-ash, and striped with nine or ten very narrow black bars; the lateral fea- thers are tipped with white : all the under parts of the body are white in the adult, but in the young the feathers are edged with dusky. This species is usually found in pairs, and pursues its prey by daylight, flying to greater altitudes than its congeners. Sp. 21. Ca. macrourus. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) xi. 142. Ca. ferrugineo nigricanteque nebulosus, striga verticals tentsque tectriclum aterrimis; cauda corpore longiore cuneata. Goatsucker clouded with ferruginous and dusky, with a vertical — striga and bars on the coverts very dark; the tail longer than i the bedy, and wedge-shaped. * Javan Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. 336. CAPRIMULGID2. 89 Ivuasirs Java. Length ten inches, of which the tail is five and a quarter: from the gape spring several rigid bristles, pointing forwards; these are white at the base and black at the extremities: plumage in general clouded with ferruginous and blackish: on the crown a streak of black ; and some bands of the same colour on the wing-coverts: on the throat a whitish band: tail longer than the rest of the bird, and very much wedged: the four internal feathers terminated by a broad, whitish, ferruginous band; across the middle of the wing a similar band formed by irregular marks on the wing-feathers. Sp. 22. Ca. longicaudis. Ca. fusco ferrugineo nigroque variegatus 3 vertice cinereo ferru- gineo maculato; guld macula albds caudd corpore longiore cuneata fasciis nigricantibus. Gooatsucker variegated with brown ferruginous, and black, with the crown ash-coloured spotted with rust-colour ; the throat with a white spot; the tail longer than the body, w edge-shape and barred with dusky. Long-tailed Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. 335. ps CXIV. “InHaBits Sierra Leone. Length, from the point of the beak to the end of the two middle tail-feathers, thirteen inches and a half: beak broad, short, de- pressed, horn-coloured, with a black point; at the gape several long bristles, some longer than the beak : crown of the head mottled ash, down the middle some larger blotchings of chocolate: the hind part of the neck brownish-grey, minutely spotted with black, with scarcely any chocolate marks: sides of the neck, 90 CAPRIMULGID&. breast, and belly, rusty-dun colour, barred with nar- row, transverse, dusky black lines: vent pale dun: on the throat a large patch of white : the lesser wing- © coverts rufous mottled with black’; below them a trans- verse, irregular, white band: greater coverts dusky- brown, waved with paler rufous: scapulars chocolate- brown, with clay-colour on the inner webs, forming stripes: the quills deep black-brown ; the first and second marked with an oval white spot on the inner web, about the middle; the next three with a broad transverse stripe about the same place ; the rest deep brown, barred with rufous: second quills barred ru- fous on the inner web, and the first six white at the tips: the tail is singularly cuneiform, the outer fea- thers four inches long, the next five inches and a quarter, increasing to the two middle, which are greatly disproportioned to the other, being nine inches long, and exceed the adjoining by four inches and a half; these are mottled, and a little blotched; the others much the same, but crossed with eight or ten blackish marks, resembling bars: the outer one wholly white on the outer web, and the end equally so for three quarters of an inch; the next ashy-white at the end: the legs short, yellowish-dun colour, covered half way by the feathers of the thighs: claws horn- colour, the middle toe very long, and its claw greatly pectinated.’’— Latham. Sp. 23. Ca? longipennis. Cuvier. Ca. macrodipterus. Steph. v. x. p. 169.—Africa. ne ee ee SSeS ae ae SSS eS sae aS = a ge ioe CAPRIMULGID&. OI GENUS XLV.—NYCTIBIUS, Vieillot. Rostrum valdé dilatatum, apice adunco; mandibila superior versus basin dente obtuso instructa; inferior latior, marginibus externé recurvatis. Digiti antici basi membra- nula connexi ; laéerales in- zequales ; pollex crassus. Sp. 1. Ny. grandis. Caprimulgus grandis. Beak greatly dilated, with the tip hooked ; the upper mandible furnished with an obtuse tooth towards the base; the lower broader, with its sides externally recurved. Anterior toes connected at the base by a small mem- brane; the Jateral toes unequal; the hinder one short. Steph. v. x. 142.—South America, Sp. 2. Ny. Jamaicensis.—Caprimulgus Jamaicensis. Steph. 2 x. p. 144.—Jamaica. Sp. 3. Ny? Steatornis.—Caprimulgus Steatornis. Humboldt. GENUS XLVI.—PODARGUS, Ilig. Rostrum capite latius, ad || Beak broader than the head, apicem abrupte acumi- ~natum, deflexum; mandi- bula superior spatuleefor- mis, culmine carinato. Nares lineares, supra squama tectz. Ale cauda breviores. Digitt fissi; wngues sub- zequales, simplices. Sp. 1. Po. megacephalus. abruptly acuminate at the tip, deflexed; the wpper mandible spatuliform, the culmen carinated. Nostriis linear, covered by a scale above. Wings shorter than the tail. Toes cleft; claws nearly equal, simple. Caprimulgus megacephalus. Steph. v. x. p. 141.—New Holland. Q2 CAPRIMULGID&. Sp. Z. Po. Javensis. Linn. Trans. (Horsfield,) ». xiii. p. 141. —Horsf. Zool. Res.—Podargus cornutus.—Temm, Pl. Col. 159. Po. rufescente isabellinus, fusco pulverulentus ; cauddé undulato Sfasciata. Reddish-yellow Podargus sprinkled with brown; the tail with undulated fasciz. Inuapits Java. Length nine inches: the head is adorned with a tuft of long decomposed plumes on either side, a little above and behind the eyes: these feathers, and the bristles which surround the beak, form a kind of horn, which nearly hides the eyes, and gives a disproportionate size to the head; they, and also the sides of the neck, the back, and wings, are bright red sprinkled with black: the nape has a whitish collar: the scapulars are spotted with white: the white feathers on these parts being tipped with black : the tail is wedged and clear red, with seven or eight bands of deep red, edged with black, and marked with dusky zigzags on each feather : the forehead and behind the eyes is whitish: the middle of the throat and the fore part of the neck are white: the breast and the belly are varied with large white spots, edged with black, and disposed on the middle of the fea- thers, which are margined with reddish: the abdo- men is whitish: the legs are reddish, and the beak is yellow. | Sp. 3. Po. australis. | Po.aterrimus variegatus plumis nigro longitudinaliter lineatis apt- cibus nigris; remigibus pogoniis eaternis maculis quingue albis ; cauda pallida subfasciata. 7 Yi, y g rip) Y PODARGUS CORNUTUS. TODIDA.: pe Very dark variegated Podargus with the feathers longitudinally striped with black; the tips black; the exterior webs of the quills with five white spots; the tail pale, slightly fasciated. Cold-river Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. 369. Innazits New Holland. Length nineteen inches : beak three inches long, very stout, and hooked : plu- mage dark, varied, streaked with black down the shafts of the feathers, each of which is tipped with black: quills marked on the outer web with five white spots: tail seven inches and a half long, pale, mottled, and somewhat banded, each feather ending in a point, but no white spots on any of them: legs short, black, the segments whitish. Sp. 4. Po? gracilis. . Caprimulgus gracilis. Steph. v. x. p. 145.—New Holland. Sp. 5. Po? Nove Hollandiz. Caprimulgus Nove Hollandiz. Steph. v. x. 170.—New Hol- land. FAMILY IV.—TODID. Rostrum elongatum depressum, basi latissimum, apice obtusum plus minusvé aduncum ; rictus amplissimus ; pedes gressortis Beak elongated, depressed, very broad at the base, the tip obtuse, and more or less hooked ; the gape very wide ; the feet gres- sorial, 3 Tue Todide hold a middle station between the _ preceding and the following families: the genus Ku- rylaimus being closely allied to the former, and Todus to the latter. The three genera comprised in this group inhabit respectively the continents of Asia, Africa, and America. O4 TODIDE. GENUS XLVII.—EURYLAIMUS, Horsfield. Beak shorter than the head, stout, behind much en- larged, the margins nar- row; the wpper mandible obsoletely carinated, its tip oabrapily hooked, emargi- fk nate; nostrils basal, open, naked. Rostrum capite brevius, va- lidum, postice dilatato- ampliatum, margine an- gusto intacto; mandibula superior obsoleté carmato, apice abrupté adunco, emarginato; nares basales, || _ apertee, nude. © Sp. 1. Eu. Horsfieldii. The Pl, Col. 130. male ; 131. female | Ev. capite toto corporeque infra vinaceis; -dorso ges 7 flavo variis; caudé atré. fascid apicali albd. é Eurylaimus with the entire head and the Beas: benea the back and wings brown varied with yellows ¢ he coloured, with a white band at the tip. . Eurylaimus Javanicus. Linn. Trans. in one ) v. Xi. p. “ii “Innantrs Java. Long ah inches: the ma has the feathers on the top of the head rather long, and of a black or dusky purple hue; of which colour the cheeks and occiput partake: the under parts are of a vinaceous purple more or less pure, changing to - a yellow tinge on the flanks: the lower tail-coverts are bright yellow: the top of the back i is brown : the rest black, as well as the wings and tail: on the sca- pulars are several longitudinal citron-yellow coloured spots, and also on the back and upper tail-coverts, and a sort of speculum on the quills: the two middle feathers of the tail are totally black, but the others have a large white spot towards the tip: the beak is red-brown, more or less marbled with yellowish. The female (which resembles the young) has the head and TE ILIDI1. ir S fi s R a] 4 HO EURYLAIMUS SS NT ae TODID&. Q5 nape shaded with ashy-brown in the several yellow spots: the wings are paler than those of the male, and are greatly spotted with yellow: the throat and the breast are varied with ash-colour and yellow, slightly tinged with purple, and the feathers of the belly and the flanks partake of the same colour. This beautiful bird was first described by my friend Dr. Horsfield, who says that it inhabits the wild and inaccessible parts of the isle of Java, and also the vast lakes and marshes that are found by the rivers and seas: it feeds on insects and worms. According to Temminck it is found in Sumatra. Sp. 2. Eu. nasutus. Temm. Pl. Col. 154, Platyrhynchus ornatus. Desmarest—Todus nasutus. Shww, v. vill, p. 122,—Inhabits the Isles of Sunda. Sp. 3. Eu. cucullatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 261. Ev. subcristatus capite femoribusque nigris, corpore supra nigro Jlavoque varios subtus vinaceus ; torque cervicalt albo; rectri- cium apice macula rotunda alba. Slightly crested Eurylaimus with the head and thighs black ; the body above varied with black and yellow, beneath vinaceous ; _a white collar on the cervix ; the tip of the tail-feathers with a round white spot. InHaABits Sumatra. Length about six inches: the feathers of the head, neck, and cheeks are black ; those on the top of the head being elongated, and forming a crest: a white collar adorns the nape and fore part of the neck: the breast and belly are of a fine purple hue: the sides, the abdomen, the middle of the back, the scapulars, the outer edge of the secondaries, and the rump are yellow: the tail is black, short, and rounded, with a round white spot 06 TODIDA. at the tip of each feather: the thighs, the wings, the nape, and the rest of the back are black: the beak is purple-black, varied with yellow: the lee are brownish yellow. Sp. 4. Eu. Corydon. Temm. Pl. Col. 297. Eu ? cristatus niger, gula juguloque rufo-albis; fascid alarum caudaque alba; medio dorsi rufo. Crested black Eurylaimus? with the throat and jugulum red- white ; a white band on the wings and tail; the middle of the back black. InuaBits Sumatra. Length ten inches: remark- able for its large and strong beak, with dilated sides ; and for having the orbits and lores naked, and red : all the upper parts of the plumage, the wings, and tail, the cheeks, the belly, and vent are dull black: the chin and all the fore part of the neck are reddish- white: upon separating the feathers on the middle of the back a large red spot becomes apparent, but as these feathers have their outer edges black, when they are in the natural situation this spot is mvisible: a broad white bar passes through all the quills; the tail- feathers have also a white band towards their tips : the beak is black. GENUS XLVIII.—EURYSTOMUS, Vieillot. Rostrum basi valdé depres- || Beak greatly depressed at sum, glabrum, crassum, the base, glabrous, thick, supra convexum, lateribus convex above, the sides dilatatis, apice curvato. dilated, the tip curved. Nares lineares, oblique. Nostrils linear, oblique. CoLARis, Cuvier. Temm. BN a er eta Be i eS ae = SSeS | Be ee i ee t Seg Re eee ee ELS Te ae ee ee eee es Rg He PRE Peed» FESS HALCYONIDA. 7 Sp. I. Eu. orientalis. Coracias orientalis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 403.—The East. Sp. 2. Eu. Madagascariensis. _ Coracias Madagascariensis. Shaw, v. vii. p.404.—Madagascar Sp. 3. Eu. Afra. . | . Coracias Afra. Shaw, v. vii. p. 405.—Africa. GENUS XLIX.—TODUS, Linné, &c. TODY. Rostrum longiusculum, basi || Beak elongated, glabrous at glabrum, rectum, supra|| the base, straight, de- _infrdque depressum, ob-|| pressed above and_be- tusum. 3 neath, obtuse. Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. Pedes longiuscule+ digitus || Legs rather long; outer toe -extertor medio basi con- connected at the base to - nexus. Petty ery eotp. othe middle one. | Sp. 1. To. viridis. Shaw, v. viii. p./129. pl. 16.—Inhabits North America, The only species known. FAMILY V.—HALCYONIDA:, _ Rostrum mediocre aut longissimum, rectum, tetragonale, bast de- pressum ; rictus amplus ; pedes mediocres. Beak moderate or very long, straight, quadrangular, depressed at the base; gape wide; legs moderate. TueseE birds delight, for the most part, in damp situations, and feed upon fish, crustacea, or insects, which they capture, in common with the other fissi- rostral birds, while flying : they occur in all climates, but are most numerous within the tropics. They lay their eggs on the bare ground. wer: Pp. I. re 98 GENUS L.—HALCYON, Rostrum longissimum, rec- tum, validum; mandibula supertor rectissima, in- tegra, ad basin rotundata; wmferior carinata, recur- vata, margine superioris inferiorum obtegente. Swainson, HALCYONIDZ. a CRAB-EATER. Beak very long, straight, stout; the wpper man- dible very strong, entire, rounded at the base; the lower carinated, recurved, its margins covered by those of the upper. membran4 || Nostrils basal, covered by a membrane, the aperture naked, linear-oblique. Interior fore toe small. Nares basales, tecta, apertura nuda, li- neari-obliqua. Digitus anticus interior mi- nimus. Tue species of this genus are chiefly confined to the southern hemisphere of the old world. I have followed Mr. Swainson in giving the English name Crab-eater to them, as the typical species is known to subsist on those animals. Sp. 1. Ha. Sacer.—Alcedo sacra. Shaw, v. vill. p. 78.—New Hol- land and the islands in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sp. 2. Ha. collaris. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 27. amas collaris. Shaw, v. vill. p. 80.—Philippine Islands. Sp. 3. Ha. cinnamominus. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 67. Ha. ceruleo-viridis, pileo, collo, plumibusque totis subtus pallide — cinnamominis ; auribus viridibus ; nuché torque nigro gracile ornatda. Blue-green Crab-eater with the upper part of the head, Tee and all beneath pale cinnamon-colour ; ears green ; round the nape a slender black collar. Innapits New Zealand. re Se Oe Cn eee a guess « Length ten inches: — HALCYONID. Q9 the tip of the upper mandible of the beak with a slight inclination downwards, with the appearance of a notch: the whole head, neck, and under plumage of a delicate fawn-colour: under wing-coverts the same: the remaining upper plumage, with the wings and tail, changeable blue-green: ears sea-green and dusky, united to a narrow nuchal collar: wings four inches long, and the tail, which is even, three and one quarter: the hind head is slightly crested, and the feet are pale brown.’’— Swainson. Sp. 4. Ha. diops, - Ha. ce@ruleo-nitens subtus maculdque loris albé. Shining blue Crab-eater with the under parts and a spot on the lores white. Alcedo diops. Temm. Pl. Col, 272. * Iywasrrs Amboyna, Timor, &c. Length seven inches and a half: on each side of the nostrils near the lores is a white spot: the top of the head, the hinder part, and sides of the neck, a broad belt on the breast, the thighs, the wings, and the tail, are of a fine deep glossy blue, more or less brilliant accord- ing to the light: the scapulars and the back are fine aquamarine colour: the chin, the throat, the belly, and the vent are white: the beak and legs are black. Sp. 5. Ha. Capensis.—Alcedo Capensis. Shaw, v. vill. p, 65.— Southern Africa. : Sp. 6. Ha. caleielad —Alcedo atricapilla. Shaw, v. viil. p. 70.— ‘India. Sp. 7. Ha. Smyrnensis.—Alcedo Smyrnensis. Shaw, ». vili. p. 68.—The warmer regions of Asia and Africa. 100 HALCYONID&. “Sp. 8. Ha. chlorocephalus.—Alcedo chlorocephala. asia . Vill. p.-77.—Africa and Asia. Sp. 9. Ha. Coromandus. —Alcedo Cosintage Se, " tei. _p.73.—Coromandel : Java. Sp. 10. Ha. leucocephalus. —Alcedo Javanica. Shaw, U- viii. De 67 —Java. Sp. li. Ha. Senegalensis. —Alcedo Senegalensis. Shaw, ‘, vil. p. 72. pl. 9.—Africa. Sp. 12. Ha. Cancrophagus.—Alcedo Canerophaga. Shaw, v. vii. p. 71. pl. 8.—Senegal. Sp. 13. Ha. melanopterus. Ha. dorso, uropygio, ventreque cyaneis 3 capite, scapulisque nigris ; remigibus thalassinis ; apice et subi Suscis itoisioe siete albo fasciatis. Crab-eater with the back, rump, and betty wy danioaay 5 elie ial and scapulars black; the quills sea-green, with: the 3 and under part broadly banal with white within. Alcedo melanoptera. Linn. Trans. (Horsf-) v. xiii. P 174.— Alcedo omnicolor. oe emm, Pl, Col. 135. Inyasits Java. Length ten ae the throat and collar on the neck smoky-chesnut : the tail sea- green, beneath brownish. Called Tenghe- -urang by, | the Javanese. GENUS LI. —DACELO, ‘Leach. Rostrum mediocre, crassum, tetragono-conicum, fauce ad oculos hiante; mandi- bula superior longior, api- cem versus utringue laté emarginata, ° Nares oblonge. ie: eae Shirok: four- — sided-conic; the mouth ~ gaping to the eyes; the © upper mandible longest, towards its point on each side broadly notched. Nostrils oblong. iy Rats: iy Z BZ : We, Yi {] DACELO GIGANTEA. HALCYONIDE. 1O1 Cauda mediocris; rectricibus || Tail moderately long, com- _ duodecim — subzequalibus, pesed of twelve nearly exteriore utrinque sub- equal feathers, the exterior breviore. . one on each side rather | ae shorter than the rest. Les tetradactyli ; wngues || Feet four-toed; claws curved. rie | Sp. 1. Da. gigantea. | _ Alcedo gigantea, Shaw, v. viii. p. 53.—Inhabits New Holland. Sp. 2. Da. pulchella. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) v. xii. p. 175.— Lemm, Pl, Col. :27 qaueiiia | Da. supra thalassino atro alboque fasciata ; capite fusco-badio ; vertice azureo $ gal juguloque albidis ; abdomine sjabvuiienes.- diluto. Dacelo, above sea-green fasciated with dusky and white ; with the head of a chesnut-br own; the vertex azure; the thragt and jugulum whitish ; the abdomen dilute-ferruginous. ‘Innaprts Java. Length eight inches: called ‘Tenuke. watu. A most Pematifal bird: it has the forehead, the cheeks, the sides of the neck, and a collar surrounding the nape, of a beautiful maroon colour: the top of the head and the occiput are adorned with long feathers, having decomposed webs; these feathers are brown at the base, a small white spot is placed near the tip, and the tip itself is of a brilliant azure-blue : the feathers of the back and the scapulars are striped from their base nearly to their tips with black and white, and the tips of all are of a very fine ultramarine: the wings are black, finely banded with white, and tipped with azure: the tail is wedged, and transversely striped ; the outer webs of the fea- thers are marked with fine blue and black, and the inner webs are black and white: the tail is black beneath, with white bands: the fore part of the neck 102 HALCYONIDE. and the middle of the belly are pure white: the breast, the sides, and the vent are yellowish-red : the beak is fine lake: and the legs are brown. Sp. 3. Da. cyanotis. Temm. Pl. Col. 262. Da. supra sericeo-cyanea; infrd albida ; vertice rufo; guléalbd; collo anticé lateribusque rosaceo-rufo; nuchaé, dorso, scapulari- busque fuscis 3 cauda rufa. Dacelo, above silken blue; beneath whitish; with the crown eek: the throat white ; the neck in front and its sides rosy-red ; the nape, back, on scapulars brown ; the tail red. Inuazirs Sumatra. The plumage is of a fine silky texture; and the feathers consist of long and decom- posed webs: the top of the head is fine red: behind the eyes a bunch of long feathers arises; this, and the feathers of the wing-coverts, are of a fine royal q blue: the sides of the neck are rosy-red : the fore part of the neck is bright rose-colour : the throat is white : the rest of the under parts is dirty-white, slightly shaded with dusky: the nape is earthy-brown, the back and scapulars the same, the feathers of the latter being externally white: the tail is red, rather elon- 7 gated and much wedged : the beak is coral-red, and the legs are brown. GENUS LII.—ALCEDO Auctorum. KINGSFISHER. Rostrum crassum, tetrago- || Beak thick, tetragonal, acute, num, acutum, longum, la- long, laterally compressed, — teratim compressum, rec- straight, its margins some- y tum, marginibus subden- || what denticulated. ticulatis. | Cauda mediocris, aut brevis. || Jail moderate, or short. Pedes tetradactyli. Feet four-toed. i Bes: wk HALCYONID. 105 A. Cauda elongata. A. Tail elongated. Sp. 1. Al. rudis. Shaw, v. viii, p. 63. pl. 7.—The warmer regions of Asia and Africa. Sp. 2. Al. maxima.—Alcedo afra. Shaw, v. viii. p. 55.—Africa. Sp. 3. Al. torquata. Shaw, v. viii. p. 56.—Mexico. Sp. 4. Al. Alcyon.. Shaw, v. viii. p. 58.—North America. Sp. 5. Al. bicolor.—Alcedo Inda. Shaw, v. viii. p. 83.—Cayenne, Sp. 6. Al. Americana. Shaw, v. viii. p. 85.—Cayenne. Sp. 7. Al. superciliosa, Shaw, v. viii. p. 86.—Inhabits # B. Cauda breve. 8B. Tail short. Sp. 8. Al. ispida. Shaw, v. viii. p. 88. pl. 10.—Britain and other parts of the old world. . Sp. 9. Al. biru. Zinn. Trans. (Horsf) v. xiii. p. 172.—Temm. Pl. Col. 239. f. 1. AL. subazurea, remigibus interné fuscis; gula, jugulo, abdomine, __ ventre, alisque subtus albis. Azure Kingsfisher with the wings internally brown ; the throat, jugulum, abdomen, vent, and wings beneath, white. Inwazits Java and Sumatra. Length five inches and a half: the upper parts of the plumage are of a rich azure tint, changing in certain lights to an aqua- marine: on the lower part of the throat and covering the breast is a broad belt of the same colour: the belly, the inner wing-coverts, the lores, and a tuft of feathers on the sides of the neck are very clear white: the tip of the wing-feathers, and the tail beneath, are dusky: the beak and legs are black. Sp. 10. Al. Bengalensis, Shaw, v. viii. p. 102. Sp. 11. Al. meningtin. Linn. Trans. (Horsf-) v. xiii. p. 172.— Temm. Pl. Col. 239. f. 2.—Alcedo Asiatica, Swain. Zool lust. pl. 50.—India. 104 HALCYONID. AL. capite nigro, fasctis transversis cyaneis, postice cristato auribus cyaneis; mento, guld, strigdque laterali colle albescen- tibus ; dorso nitidé céruleo ; ‘corpore subtus rufo. Kingsfisher with a black head, transversely banded with maza- rine-blue, the hinder part crested ; ears bluish ; chin, throat, and lateral stripe on each side the neck whitish ; back shining light blue; body beneath rufous, Mucu allied to the. preceding bird, but. rather larger: length six inches; of which the beak occu- pies one and three quarters, and is black: the ears and upper parts of the head and neck are bluish- black, transversely banded with rich deep blue lu- nules, which are broken into spots on the crest and ears : from the base of the under mandible is a black stripe richly glossed with blue, and: carried down on each side the neck, between which and the upper part is a whitish stripe just behind the ears: the wing-coverts, scapulars, and lesser quills are blackish glossed with blue, the two former having a bright . spot at the end of each feather: upper and greater — quills entirely dusky: down the middle of the back, - rump, and tail-coverts, light greenish-blue : chin and throat cream-colour: line between the nostrils and eyes, margin of the shoulders, under wing- coverts, and all the lower parts of the body rufous: tail ae | obscure blue: legs red. Inhabits Java. Sp. 12. Al. uavareasabnatelid —Alcedo cyanocephala. Shaw, v. viii. p- 100. pl. 9.—Madagascar. Sp. 13. Al. purpurea. Shaw, v. viii. p. 96. pl. 11.—Madagascar, Sp. 14. Al. Madagascariensis. Shaw, v. vili, p. 97.—Mada- — gascar. _ ; | dante: ee Sp. 15. Al, ‘cristata’ Shaw, v. viii. p..98. pl, 12.—The African Islands. Ce ae 4 i , oF ty ed HALCYONID&. 105 Sp. 16. Alcedo semitorquata. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 151. Au. ceruleo-viridis, infra ochracea, capite cyaneo, lineis nigris transversis ornato; dorso nitidé ceruleo; pectore, torque ceru- leo-viridi interrupto insigni. Bluish-green Kingsfisher, beneath fale colour’ with the head blue, with transverse black lines; back shining: light blue; breast with an interrupted blue-green collar. | Innazits Southern Africa. ‘Length eight inches and a half: head blue, the crown crossed by dusky black lines: occiput slightly crested: the sides of the head deep and rich mazarine-blue: ears and sides of the neck greenish-blue, the latter having a stripe of white: the blue on the sides of the neck advances on the breast in the shape of a half collar: wings and scapulars bluish-green, with lighter spots on the tip of each of the wing-coverts : ia the back is a stripe of vivid light blue: tail dark blue, edged with greenish, the base black: the plumage beneath, from the chin to the end of the throat, white; changing on the breast to pale fawn-colour, which decree to ferruginous on the body, under tail-coverts, and thighs: legs red: between the beak and eye a dusky white line. ‘ GENUS LIII _—TANYSYPTERA, eee ict sub-breve, suberas- || Beak rather short, somewhat sum, rectum, acutum. thick, straight, acute. NVares ovales. : Nostrils oval. Cauda gradata, rectricibus || Tail quadrated, with two _ duabus longissimis. _ very long feathers. Pedes zygodactyli? Feet with the toes disposed i in Sey 3 sgh pairs ? Sp. 1. Ta. Dea. Linn, Trans. (Vigors.) v. xiv 433. aa ~ Dea. Shaw, v. viii. p. 73.—Inhabits the Moluccas. 106 HALCYONID. GENUS LIV.—CEYX, Lacépede. ' Rostrum longum, crassum, || Beak long, thick, tetrago- tetragonale, lateratim com- nal, laterally compressed, pressum, acutum. acute, Cauda brevis. Tail short. . Digitus anticus interior nul- || Inner fore toe wanting. lus. : Tue characters which distinguish this genus from the Crab-eaters and Kingsfishers are very trivial ; the necessity of separating it is therefore questionable: the first species is closely allied to Alcedo, and the second to Halcyon. Sp. 1. Ce. Luzoniensis. Al. tridactyla. Shaw, v. vill. p. 104 pag Sp. 2. Ce. Azurea. y Alcedo azurea. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xxxii. Swains. Zool. Tllust. pl. 26.—Al. tribrachys. Shaw, v. viii. p. 105.—New Hol- land, GENUS LV.—GALBULA, Brisson. JACAMAR. Rostrum longissimum, rec- || Beak very long, straight, tum, quadrangulare, acu- quadrangular, acute, en- tum, integrum. tire. Pedes breves, nudi; digit || Legs short, naked; the an- anticl usque ad she con- terior toes united at the nexi. base. -_— Tur Jacamars all inhabit the warmer regions of America: the propriety of removing them from the great scansorial group of Authors and associating them with the Kingsfishers cannot be disputed, as they have HALCYONID. 107 not only a decided affinity to these birds, but also with the Meropidz: thereby admirably uniting the two conterminous fissirostral groups. Sp: 1. Ga. paradisea. Steph. v. ix. p. 225. Sp. 2. Ga. viridis. Steph. v. ix. p. 223. pl. 39. Sp. 3. Ga. rubricollis. Steph. v. ix. p. 224. Sp. 4. Ga. albirostris. Steph. v. ix. p. 226. Sp. 5. Ga. ceycoides. Zool. Journ. (Such.) ii. 112. Ga? supra viridi-atra, subtus alba; capite, gulaque nigro-brunneis ochraceo-lineatis; abdominis lateribus crissoque nigro-fuscis ; pedibus tridactylis. Jacamar? above dark-green, beneath white; with the head and throat black-brown striped with ochraceous; the sides of the abdomen and the vent black-brown ; the feet three-toed. Leneru, from the forehead to the tip of the tail five inches and a half: head black-brown; with the frontal feathers ochraceous; those of the crown and cheeks black-brown dashed with ochraceous in the middle: those of the throat ochraceous striped with brown : the quills are greenish-brown, paler beneath, with the inner webs whitish at the base: the tail- feathers are dark green, brown beneath, margined at the tip with a very narrow rufous band: beak and legs black. ‘This anomalous but interesting species was discovered by Dr. Such in Brazil, and described by him as above quoted. It beautifully unites the Jacamars with the Kingsfishers, and may probably at some future period be elevated to the rank of a distinct genus, with as much propriety as the pre- ceding genus has been detached from the Kingsfishers. 108 HALCYONIDZ. GENUS LVI. —JACAMEROPS, 72 Vaillant. Rostrum longiusculum, qua- || Beak elongated, oe drangulare, validum, sub- || lar, stout, a little arcu- arcuatum, integrum, acu- ated, entire, acute.. tum. Pedes breves, externé usque Legs short, externally fea- ad digitos plumosi; ZY g0- | thered to the toes, zygo- dactyli ; digit a antici basi dactyle ; the anterior toes coaliti. | Il united at the base. - Sp. 1. Ja, grandis. . haat /Galbula grandis.. Steph. v. ix. p. 227. pl. 40.—Inhabits the Indian Archipelago. | | TRIBE IIT —DENTIROSTRES. Rostrum diversum, versus apicem utringue plus minusve emargi- natum, aut dentatum; pedes mediocres aut robusti. — Beak-various, with a notch or tooth on each side towards Os tip: legs moderate or robust. THE major portion of the birds. comprised in this tribe are insectiverous, but a few of them feed on the smaller birds, and many also devour berries and other tender fruits. They may be rere divided into the five following groups: ; | . LAnrap2#, Vigors. Beak strong, ©. Merutip, Vigors, | . SyLviAD#, Leach. | Beak weak, . {Pein Vigors, MuscicaPip#, Vigors. MUSCICAPIDE. 109 FAMILY I.—MUSCICAPIDE. ele basi depressum, angulatum, debile, hase setis ornatum, apice plus minusve aduncum, et emarginatum ; ale et pedes me- diocres. 3 His Beak depressed at the base, angulated, weak, its base furnished with bristles, towards the tip more or less hooked and notched ; wings and legs moderate. _ Tue Muscicapide are closely allied to the birds of the last tribe, and like them many of the species dart upon their prey while on the wing : they usually subsist upon insects, the larger species (or those allied: to the Laniadz) sometimes attacking weak or sickly: birds, while the smaller, or Swallow-like species, ex- clusively devour insects. ‘The affinities of the groups, as well as the genera throughout this family, are very. ill defined ; I have therefore introduced the newly- described species of 'Temminck, Swainson, and others, under the old genus Muscicapa, accompanying those species with a mark of uncertainty whose characters appear to be at variance with those of the genus. » GENUS LVII—ONYRHYNCHUS, Fischer. Rostrum longum, acumina- || Beak long, acuminated, _ tum, unguiculatum ;_ basi hooked; its base furnished setis rigidis, longis, in- with long stiff bristles. structum. Nares oblongee, coarctate. || Nostrils oblong, coarctate. Pedes debiles ; digitt exte-|| Legs weak; the outer toes riores ad tertiam phalan- united to the third joint ; gem usque concreti, medio the middle one longest. longissimo. Topus, Cuvier. Muscreeta, Temm. 110 MUSCICAPIDE. Sp. 1. On. regius. | _Todus regius. Shaw, v. viii. p. 124. pl. 14.—Cayenne. Sp. 2. On? plumbeus. Todus plumbeus. Shaw, v. vill. p. 128. Surinam. Sp. 3. On? griseus. 3 — On? cinereus subcristatus subtus albus ; caudd subcuneatd 2 Cinereous slightly crested Hookbeak ? beneath white ; with the tail somewhat wedged. Todus griseus. Desmarest. Hist. Nat. Man. et Tod. pl. 69. | INHABITS ———? Length near four mches: the upper part of the head, the back of the neck, and the back are ashy-grey: the throat, the breast, and the belly are pure white: the quills are dusky; the primaries are slightly edged with white on their outer edges, and the secondaries deeply edged with the same: the tail is wedge-shaped and dusky, the four intermediate feathers being longest and spotless; those which follow have the tip white and the two outer ones on each side have a triangular marginal white spot: the head is slightly crested. GENUS LVIII.—MUSCIPETA, Cuvier. Rostrum elongatum, valdé || Beak elongated, greatly de- depressum, basi duplo la- pressed, its base twice as tits quam altum, setis|| broad as high, and fur- elongatis ornatum; cul- men obtusum, forte; mar- | gines subcurvati; apice de- bile, subemarginata. | Nares basales. nished with elongated bris- tles; the culmen obtuse, - but strong; the margins somewhat curved; the tip weak and slightly notched. Nostrils basal. MUSCICAPIDE. 111 Tue birds of this genus feed on insects alone ; they are all exotic, and are frequently adorned with beautiful plumage. Sp. 1. Mu. Indica. : Promerops paradiseus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 147.—India. Sp. 2. Mu. Ceylonensis. Mu. olivaceus, subtus flavus ; capite mentoque cinereis. Olivaceus Muscipeta, beneath yellow; with the head and chin cinereous. Platyrhynchus Ceylonensis, Swain. Zool. Illust. p. 13. IyHasits Ceylon. Mr. Swainson observes that the stiff bristles at the corner of the mouth are nearly the length of the beak, which is quite flattened: the tail is even, and the whole bird in every respect but colour closely resembles Mu. barbata: he has given no farther description of the bird. Sp. 3. Mu. paradisi. % Muscicapa paradisi. Steph. v. x. p. 416.—Africa. Sp. 4. Mu. mutata. Muscicapa mutata. Steph. v. x. p. 418.—Madagascar. Sp. 5, Mu. cristata, Muscicapa cristata, Steph. v. x. p.325.—Le tchitrec. Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afric. v. ili. p. 142. f. 1. Sp. 6. Mu. leucocephala, Todus leucocephalus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 127.—South America. Sp. 7. Mu. melanoptera.— Cuvier. Muscicapa collaris. Steph. v. x. p. 374.—Senegal. Sp. 8. Mu? barbata. | Muscicapa barbata, Steph. v. x. p. 352. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 116.—Cayenne. Sp. 9. Mu? coronata. | | Muscicapa coronata. Steph. v. x. p. 412.—South America, 112 MUSCICAPIDE. Sp. 10. Mu? ruticilla, : Muscicapa ruticilla. Steph. v. x. p. 362. —Motacilla cristata. Steph. v. x. p. 688. pl. 53.-—America. Sp. 1]. Mu. Borbonica. Muscicapa Borbonica. Steph. v.x. p.326.—The Isle of Bourbon., Sp. 12. Mu. cerulea. : Muscicapa cerulea. Steph.v. x. p.383.—T he Philippine Islands. Sp. 13. Mu. flabellifera. Steph. v. x. p. 340. pl. 31.—New ‘Zea- land. ita Sp. 14. Mu. flavigastra. He SR Muscicapa flavigastra. Steph. v. x. p. 38: New, Hollen : Sp. 15. Mu. scapularis. | hi Mu. subcristata, supra guld, pectoreque, griseo- ~ceerulen subtus tectricibus alarum fascia obliqua, alba. Slightly-crested Muscipeta with the upper parts, throat, ed breast ‘grey-blue ; the une and oblique bar on ene wing- coverts white. Life | Le Mantelé. Le Vail. Ois. @’ Afric. iv. 1) Ae Aa: —Mantled Fly- catcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 204. Inuasits Southern Africa. Beak moderate, bluish- black : irides cinamon-colour : feathers on the head elongated, black, with a blue gloss: upper parts of the body, rump, and upper tail-coverts, bluish-grey : on the wing-coverts an oblique band of white: under’ parts from the breast white: quills black, edged with bluish-grey : tail the same, a little wedge- shaped : legs bluish-black. The female is less, and the crest is less conspicuous: wings and tail light brown ; in, other respects similar to the male: but. the beak, irides, and legs are Bales | BigP Sp. 16. Mu. let bac he Mv. supra rufo-fusca; subtus alba; strigd oculari nigra; guld. Sasciaque pectorali 7n mare nigris, in foemina rufis. & a 6 MUSCICAPIDE. 113 Muscipeta above red-brown ; beneath white; with a black stripe through the eye; the throat and band on the breast black in the male, rufous in the female. Le Molenar. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. iv. 160. f. 1. 2.—Clicking Flycatcher. Lath, Gen. Hist. vi. p. 164. Innapits Southern Africa. Beak and legs black- brown : irides light orange: prevailing colour of the plumage above rufous-brown, with a tinge of olive: beneath white : eye placed in a black streak, which passes behind: throat black, lengthening to the nape half way on each side : across the breast a black streak, taking 1 im the bend of the wing; on the middle of the wing-coverts a rufous patch: sides under the wings rufous : quills and tail black, outwardly fringed with white. The female is smaller, like the male, but the throat and across the breast rufous, instead of black: wings the same: lower belly and thighs rufous: the wings reach one-third, at least, on the tail. Le Vaillant observes, that this bird is usually seen m: pairs among the bushes, but rarely in the woods, and that it lays six white eggs. Its note is some- thing like that. of the Stonechat. : Sp. 17. Mu. perspicillata. Muv.:corpore supra femoribusque nigricante-fusco; subtus albo ; supercilits albis ; lunuld jugulari fusco-nigra ; caudd elongata, cunetformd, rectricibus tribus extimis apicibus albis. Muscipeta with the body above and thighs dusky-brown ; beneath ~ white; with the eyebrows white ; a brown-black raul on the _. jugulum ; the tail elongated, wedge-shaped, the tips of the three _ outer feathers white. Le Gobe-mouche 4 lunettes. Le Vaill. Ois. Abia. iv. 451. oni : _ —Spectacle Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 204. @. RIP. 11. 8 114 MUSCICAPIDZ. Inuasits the great forests near the river Gamtoo in Southern Africa. Length six inches and a quarter : beak and legs brown: irides hazel: plumage above and thighs dusky pale brown, beneath white: round the eye, on the upper part, a kind of white eyebrow : 4 across the middle of the neck before a brownish-black crescent : tail long, cuneiform, the three outer a= thers tipped with white. ‘The female 1 is ‘smaller, at | 4 | the colours paler; but is destitute of the blackish crescent on the throat, and ihe under parts are dusky white. ue a a ae GENUS LIX. —PLATYRHYNCHUS, , Desmaret, Rostrum basi latum, valde |) Beit brasil at the base, depressum, supra carina- greatly depressed, cari- tum, apice curvatum. nated above, curved at the tip. Nares vibrissis tecte. Nostrils furnished with bris- tles. Sp. 1. Pl. fuscus. Desmarest. Hist. Nat. Man. et Tod. pl. 725 Todus rostratus. Shaw, vitt. 122.—South America. Sp. 2. Pl. olivaceus. Temm. Pl, Col. 12.f. 1. Pu. olivaceo-viridis, guld, collo anticé pectoreque virescentibus ; abdomine cinereo-flavo; alis caudaque fuscis virtdi nitentibus. Olive-green Platyrhynchus with the throat, neck in front, and breast greenish ; the abdomen ashy-yellow; the wings and tail brown, glossed with greenish. Inuasits Brazil. Length five inches: the upper parts of the head, the neck, and the body, are deep green slightly shaded with olive: the throat, the fore part of the neck, and the breast, are tinged with We bape. Sw“ SSss SG SRR VW _q SWS qo SWALAW®9 : S SESS SS PLATYRAYNCHUS OLIVACEUS. MUSCICAPID#. 115 greenish: the abdomen is ashy-yellow: the wings are dusky-brown, glossed with greenish, with their coverts deeply edged with ochraceous-green : the tail is bright brown, glossed with greenish: the upper mandible of the beak is black, the lower white. Sp. 3. Pl. Cancromus. Temm. Pl. Col. 12. f. 2. Swain. Zool. Iltust. pl. 115. PL. vertice crista flava; fronte superciliisque olivaceo-fuscis ; ma- culd loris alba; guld alba; corpore supra, pectore, abdomi- neque medio fuscis. Platyrhynchus with a yellow crest; the forehead and eyebrows olive-brown ; a white spot on the lores; the throat white; the body above, breast, and middle of the abdomen brown. Inuasits Brazil. Length three inches and a half a pretty species, rendered remarkable by a beautiful yellow coronal crest, composed of long decomposed feathers, surrounded by small olive-brown feathers, which arise at the base of the beak, adorn the fore- head, and form broad eyebrows: on the lores is a _ small white spot: all the upper parts of the plumage are brown tinged with olive: the throat is white, the breast is brown, and the middle of the belly brown. GENUS LX.—MUSCICAPA Auctorum. FLYCATCHER. Rostrum subtrigonum, gra-|| Beak somewhat trigonal, cile, subulatum, versus|| slender, subulated, curved apicem curvatum; man- towards the tip ; the under dibula inferior infra sub- mandible rather flat be- plana, apice recta. _neath, its tip straight. A. Caudé haud Jurcata. ~ A. With the tail not forked. 116 MUSCICAPID&. a. Rectricibus intermedits vix elongatis. a. The middle tail-feathers scarcely elongated. Sp. 1. Mu. parva. Becks. Temm. Man, d’Orn. 103. Id. 2 Ed. T1159, , +P ok Mu. rufescens tectricibus alarum rufo maculatis ; orbitis ish aie Jlavescente-albis ; cauda nigricante-fusca. Reddish Flycatcher with the wing-coverts spotted with red ; the, orbits and throat yellowish-white ; the tail dusky-brown. Small Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 158. Inuasits Germany in the spring. Length four inches and a half: at. the base of the beak some very: long hairs: the plumage above reddish, inclining to rufous towards the rump: quills edged within and without with rufous: the greater and middle wing- coverts marked with a small rufous spot at the ends: round the eyes and the throat yellowish-white: the: tail dusky-brown: the side feathers white from the base, towards the end brown, shaded with rufous on. . the outer webs: the female does not differ from the male: the young are more rufous. | Sp. 2. Mu. azurea. Mv. azurea, infra rufo-aurantia aut alba; 5 femoribus alis cau=- ddque subtus albis. Azure Flycatcher beneath rufous-orange or white; with the thighs, wings, and tail beneath, white. | Le Gobe-mouche Azuroux. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. Iv. . pl. 158. Celestial Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 201. Innasits the Cape of Gowids Hagen Sizevof M. atricapilla: beak and legs brownish: irides bright orange: general colour azure-blue above, bright ru- fous-orange beneath: the thighs, and beneath the wings and tail, white. ‘The female is smaller, the MUSCICAPID2. 117 blue paler and white beneath. The young males have only the orange colour under the throat. Like the rest of the genus the sexes fly in pairs: the nest is constructed on the Mimosas ; and the eggs are five or six in number, of an olive-green colour, dotted with rufous, forming a circle round the larger lenge jr...) - : | Sp. 3. Mu. Senegalensis. Steph. v. x. p. 333.—Le privit. Le Faill. pl. 161.—Senegal. Sp. 4. Mu. bicolor. Steph. v. x. 323.—South America. Sp. 5. Mu. fusca. Steph. v. x. p. 3884.—North America. Sp. 6. Mu. obscura. - Todus obscurus, Shaw, v. vii. p. 129.—North America. Sp. 7. Mu. Indigo. Mu. obscuré cerulea remigibus rectricibusque nigris ; his basi axillis ventre crissoque albidis. Dull-bluish Flycatcher with the quills and tail-feathers black ; the base of the latter, the axille, belly, and vent whitish. Muscicapa Indigo. Linn. Trans. (Horsf-) xiii. 146. Horsf. a Zool.. Research. Inuasits Java. Length nearly four inches: the general colour dull czrulean-blue, with the quills and tail black: the base of the latter, the axillary feathers, the belly, and the vent whitish : the tail- feathers, the exterior ones excepted, are externally margined with cerulean: the two middle feathers are plain black at the base. This species lives solitarily on the most elevated mountain peaks of Java. * Sp. 8. Mu. hirundinacea. Reinw. Temm. Pl. Col. 119. Mv. viridi-chalybeo nigra, subtus uropygioque albis. 118 MUSCICAPID. Steel-black Flycatcher glossed with green, with the under parts and rump white. Muscicapa obscura. Linn. Trans. (Horsf) v. xiii. p. 146. Inuasits Java. The upper parts of the body, tail, and wings of a fine blue, with a polished steel lustre : the rump, under parts of the body, and outer edge of the lateral tail-feathers pure white: beak and legs dusky. ‘The female is dusky above and dirty white beneath: the young are dull black or greyish on all the upper parts. Sp. 9. Mu. hyacinthina. Mu. fusco-cerulea aut viridi-cinerea supra, infra rufa; mas. capistro lorisque nigris; fronte, guld, pectoreque azurets. Flycatcher above brown-blue or ashy-green, beneath rufous ; male with the capistrum and lores black ; the forehead, throat, and breast azure. Muscicapa hyacinthina. Temm. Pl. Col. 30. Inuasits the Indian Archipelago. Length six inches: the male has the space round the beak and the lores beautiful black : the forehead, the bend of the wings, the throat, and the breast of a very bril- liant azure-blue : the top of the head, the nape, and all the rest of the upper parts of a fine blue, tinged with cinereous: the feathers of the wings and tail are brown, edged with bluish: the belly and the rest of the under parts of the body are bright red. ‘The female has the upper parts of the body and the wings of a fine green-ash colour ; and also the tail-feathers, but the last one edged with bluish: all the under parts are red, without the fine azure hue which is $0 evident on the throat of the male. MUSCICAPID. 119 Sp. 10. Mu. grisola. Steph. v. x. p.332.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 11. Mu. atricapilla. Steph. v. x. p.320. pl. 30.—Muscicapa luctuosa. Temm, Man. d’Orn. 157.—Britain and other parts of Europe. : Sp. 12. Mu. albicollis. Zemm. Man. d’Orn. 100. Id. 2 Edit. 1. LGD. Mv. supra nigra, alis uropygioque albo variata; subtus et torque albo ; foemina fronte albo. Flycatcher above black, with the wings and rump varied with white; beneath and collar white; female with the forehead white. Gobe-mouche noir 4 Collier. Buff: Pl. Enl. 565. f. 23.—White- necked Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 162. Inuasits the south of Europe. Allied to the last: length five inches: plumage in general black above, with a slight mixture of white on the rump: on the quills a large patch of white: all the under parts white, passing round the neck as a collar: the fore- head is also white: the female differs from the male by having a small patch-of white on the forehead ; the general colour of her plumage is brown or ash- colour : the two outer tail-feathers edged with white ; and the white surrounding the neck less apparent, but the under parts in general are white. In the winter the difference between the sexes is less ap- parent, and the male is fully black only in the breed- ing season. Sp. 15. Mu. czsia. Mv. cesia remigibus cinereo-fuscis; rectricibus nigricanté cine- rlis; mas: aut capite; collo dorsoque luteo-fuscis, gula albida ; ventre crissoque rufis ; alis cauddque fuscis ;' foemina. Bluish Flycatcher with the quills ashy-brown ; the tail-feathers dusky-ash ; male: or, with the head, neck, and back yellowish« 120 MUSCICAPID&. brown ; the throat whitish; the belly and vent red ; the wings and tail brown ; female. Muscicapa cesia. Temm. Pl. Col. 17. Innasits Brazil and Guiana. Length near six inches: the prevailing colour of the male is ashy- blue or lead-colour: the wings are ashy-brown, and the tail-feathers are dusky ash: all the feathers of the tail and wings are edged with bluish: the beak. is black, and the legs ash-colour. ‘The female has the head, the neck, and the back of a yellowish-brown ; the Man whitish: the belly and vent deep red, and the wings and tail deep brown. Sp. 14. Mu. diops. Temm. Pl. Col. 144. f. 1. Mv. supra olivaceo-viridis, guld pectoreque supremo cinereo-c@sits, pectore imo, abdomineque albis ; loris maculd flavescente alba. Flycatcher above of an olive-green, with the throat and upper part of the breast ashy-grey ; the lower breast and abdomen white ; the lores with a yellowish-white spot. Inwaszits Brazil. Length four inches: the upper parts of the body, and the edges of the wings and tail-feathers, are bright lee ae -green: the throat and the breast are ashy-grey: the lower breast and abdomen are white: the lores have a yellowish-white spot: the upper mandible of the beak is panies the - lower white. Sp. 15. Mu. eximia. Temm. Pl. Col. 144. f. 2. Mu. viridis, vertice ceruleo-cinerea; superciliis albis; loris gu- laque albido viridoque variis; collo anticé oneanenedsG flavis ; pectore wiridi-flavo. Green Fly-catcher with the crown aalivblete ; the eyebrows white ; the lores and throat varied with white and green ; the neck in front and abdomen yellow ; the breast greenish-yellow. MUSCICAPID®. : 121 - Inwanirts Brazil. Length four inches: the pre- vailing colour of the upper parts of the body, the wings, and tail, is clear green: the top of the head is bluish-ash: over the eyes is a broad white dash, extending towards the occiput: the lores and the throat are varied with whitish and greenish : the fore part of the neck and the abdomen are yellow; and _ the breast is greenish-yellow : the beak is short, brown above and white beneath. ‘The female is less bril- _liant in colour ; and has the top of the head varied with green. Sp. 16. Mu. flammiceps. Temm. Pl. Col. 144. f. 3. Mou. subcristata, cristd in marem igneo-rufa, in foeminam rufes- _cente ; fronte, nuchd, dorso, uropygioque flavescente-rufis; loris et corpore infra albido-flavis; collo anticé pectoreque nigro striatis. | Slightly-crested Flycatcher, the crest fiery-red in the male, red- dish in the female; with the forehead, nape, back, and rump brownish-red ; the lores and body beneath whitish-yellow ; the _ neck in front and breast striped with black, » Inuasits Brazil. Length four inches: the top of the head is clothed with rather long feathers, of which the central ones in the male are fiery-red, and in the female reddish: the forehead, the nape, the back, and the rump are brownish-red: the tail is brown: the wings dusky-brown, with two reddish bands on their coverts: the lores, and all the under parts of the plumage, are whitish-yellow; the fore part of the neck and the breast being dashed with brownish-red streaks. Sp. 17. Mu, gularis, Temm. Pl. Col. 167. f. 1. 1292 MUSCICAPID. Mv? vertice nuchaque Susco-cinereis 3 dorso virescente guld et corpore subtus cinereis; malis, superciliis, lateribusque colli, rufescentibus. Flycatcher? with the crown and nape brown-ash ; the back greenish ; the throat and body beneath cinereous ; ‘the cheeks, eyebrows, and sides of the neck reddish. | Inuasits Brazil. Length near four inches: beak elongated, and somewhat resembling that of the To- dies: the top of the head and the nape are dusky- ash: the cheeks, and a band passing over the eyes, and down the sides of the neck, are reddish; the fea- thers on the ears are of the same colour, but deeper : the throat is ash-coloured, tinged with reddish: the under parts are ash-coloured: the back, as well as the edges of the wing and tail-feathers, is greenish, but the wing-coverts are rather yellowish. | Sp. 18. Mu, straminea. Natterer. Temm., Pl. Col. 167.f. 2. Mv? subcristata, vertice Jusca medio albo; loris strigaque oculart albis; corpore supra cinereo, subtus stramineo ; guld pectoreque albidis. Slightly-crested Flycatcher? with the crown brown, with its middle white ; the lores and eyestripe white ; the body above ash-coloured; beneath straw-coloured ; with the throat and breast whitish. . Inuasits Brazil. Length three inchés and three quarters. In many respects this species is allied to the Tyranni, in others to the Pari: the middle of the head is adorned with a short depressed crest, of which the feathers in the middle are whitish, and those on either side dusky: on the lores, passing through the eyes, is a white line: the sides of the head are lead- colour: the nape is ashy : the back olive: the wings MUSCICAPIDA. 123 are dusky, edged with white: the tail dusky: the throat and the breast are whitish slightly tinged with ash, and the rest of the under parts are straw colour : the beak and legs are black. Sp. 19. Mu. Banyumas. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) xiii. p. 146.— Muscicapa cantatrix. Temm. Pl. Col. 226. f. |. male; 2. fe- male, Mu? supra saturato cyaneo nigricans ; subtus badia, ventre pal- lidiore ; remigibus rectricibusque infra nigris. Flycatcher ? above deep dusky blue ; beneath chesnut, with the belly paler ; the quills and tail-feathers black beneath. Innasits Java. Length six inches: the male has a broad band of deep azure on the forehead, the extremities of which terminate over the eyes: the regions of the lores, and round the beak, are velvety black: the cheeks and the feathers on the ears are bluish-black : the top of the head, the nape, the back, the wings, and the tail are blue; the colour being the clearest on the bend of the wing: the quills and tail beneath are black: the throat, the fore part of the neck and the breast are clear bright red: the belly, vent, and under tail-coverts are whitish-red. The female has the band on the forehead, the region of the lores, and round the eyes, whitish: the top of the head, and the nape, ash-colour: the back olive: the tail and wings brown, edged with reddish: the under parts resemble those of the male, but the co- lours are more clear : the beak is black, and the legs ra he | It affects woods, and is said to sing very melo- diously. 124 MUSCICAPIDA. Sp. 20. Mu. miniata. Temm. Pl. Col. 156. Mu? chalybeo-nigra, infra, dorso postico, remigibus mediis rectri= cibusque lateralibus externé cinnabarinis ; mare guld nigra. Steel-black Flycatcher? with the under bn lower part of the back, middle of the quills, and lateral tail-feathers externally of a cinnabar colour ; the male with a black throat. Innapits Java. Length above seven inches: the male has the top of the head and the throat of a fine polished steel-black: the nape, the back, the scapu- lars, and the upper lesser wing-coverts, golden-red, shaded with dusky: the lower part of the back, the rump, the breast, belly, and under the wings, are very bright vermilion: all but the three anterior of the wing quills are red-vermilion from the base to the middle, the rest plain black : the tail is long, the four middle feathers are black, the rest are black at the base, and from the middle to the tip red-vermilion : the beak and legs (which resemble those of M. albi- collis?) are black. The female is less brilliant in colour; the feathers on the throat are bright red ; and the cheeks are oftentimes marbled with red and dusky. Sp. 21. Mu? flammea. Steph. v. x. p. 372. Temm. Pl. Col. 263. f. 1. male; f- 2. female.—India, | Sp- 22. Mu? Malabaricus.. Parus Malabaricus. Steph. v.x.49.—Parus peregrinus. Steph. v. X. p. 46.—Le Gobe-mouche oranor. Le Vaill. v. iv. pl. 155.— Malabar. Sp. 23. Mu? multicolor. Gmel. | ; Mu. erythrogastra. Steph. v. x. p. 400. pl. 32.—New Hol- — land. ! Sp. 24. Mu? cucullata. Steph. v. x. p. 379.—New Holland. MUSCICAPIDE. 125 Sp. 25. Mu? stellaris. Mu? olivaceo-viridis infra flava; capite cesio; macula alba ante oculos; gula fascia albé; pectore lateribusque olivaceo nebu- losis. Olive-green Flycatcher? beneath yellow; with the head blue- grey ; a white spot before the eyes; a white band on the throat ; _ the breast and sides clouded with olive. Le Gobe-mouche Etoilé. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 157. J: 2.—Starry Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 200. Inuasirs Southern Africa. Size of M. atrica- _pilla; but with longer legs: head black: irides red- brown: head blue-grey: before the eyes a spot of white: across the throat, beneath the grey, a white band: general colour of the body above olive-green, inclining to yellow: beneath the body jonquil yel- low, ciouded with pale olive on the breast and sides : quills slate-coloured, with pale borders: tail as the back, and even at the end: legs black brown. The female has the head and all the upper parts: olive- green, paler than the male : throat and cheeks paler : the body beneath pale yellow, with an olive tinge on the belly, and beneath the tail; but she is destitute of the blue-grey band and the white across the throat. According to La Vaillant this species builds in the forks of trees, constructing its nest of dry grass, covered with lichen and dry fibres within: the eggs are four in number, dotted with rufous; and are hatched in sixteen days. Sp. 26. Mu? speciosa. _ Turdus speciosus. Steph. v. x. p. 273.—India *. * The eight last-mentioned species approach, by the form of their beak and length of legs, to the genus Saxicola; the 19th 126 . MUSCICAPID&. b. Rectricibus intermediis valdé elongatis. — 6, With the intermediate tail-feathers much elongated. Sp. 27. Mu? Colon. Mu. nigra, capite cerulescente-albido; fronte luteo; uropygio rectricibusque lateralibus pogoniis externis albis. Black Flycatcher ? with the head of a bluish-white ; the forehead Juteous ; the rump and outer webs of the exterior tail-feathers white. | LeColon. Voy. d’ Azara, iii. 180,—Peruvian Flycatcher. Lath. Gen, Hist. vi. 257, pl. cil. ; InHapbits Paraguay during the winter. Length, from the beak to the end of the usual tail-feathers, five inches, but to that of the lengthened feathers eight inches and three quarters : beak broad and flat, straight, and a trifle bent at the tip: furnished with hairs at its base, and black: eyes large: head bluish- white, mixed, as far as the eye, with buff: front buff colour: rump and outer webs of the exterior tail- feathers white: the rest of the plumage full black: tail-feathers little more than one inch and a half long, thetwo middle ones excepted, which exceed the others by about three inches; these last are webbed as usual at the base and tips, but the middle. part consists of a mere shaft: legs black. | This very singular species was discovered by D’ Azara, in Paraguay: it will probably be removed to a new genus. and 20th, from their structure and the length of their tail, to _ Malurus; and the 18th to Parus, by its short beak and general habit. ANAS ANY MUSCICAPA $ PSALURA. f fi Hef's /, ‘ Hy Gy) TTA Wy fil y Ho IN My na Wy Mi {\ Val Hal 7, hin VA /) H \\ 4, ii Mi) \ f, i \ | Hh Mitt f, Hi A i He "| | \\ HM MH); i\\ iN I) MUSCICAPIDA. 127 ~B. Cauda maximé furcata. B. With the tail greatly forked. | Sp. 28. ‘Mu? psalura. Mu? rectrice exteriore aeainana pogonio verticali ; corpore vario ; Jascid pectorali nigra in marem, rufa in feeminam, — Flycatcher ? with a vertical web to the outer tail-feathers on each side ; the body varied ; the male with a black and the female with ; a rufous band on bie breast. Le Guira Yetapa. D’ Azara, iii. No. 226.—Paraguan Flycatcher. _ Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 254,—Muscicapa psalura. Temm. Pl. Col, 286. male ; 296. female. Innazirs Brazil. Distinguished from the rest of the Flycatchers by the singular construction of its tail and wings: the former is composed of twelve fea- thers, of which the outer one on either side takes its origin, beneath the others: these two feathers are above eight inches long in the male, and four in the female ; they are webless at their base, and, in the former sex, they become furnished with long webs on their upper side, while the under remains smooth : in the female both sides of the shaft are adorned with webs towards the tip, and form a kind of racket. The wings are remarkable from having the first quill de- tached and falling down from the following; it is short, curved, broad at its base, and then gradually narrower to its point, which is furnished with a trun- cated web. The adult male has the top of the head, the fea- thers on the ears, the nape, the top of the back, the sides of the neck, and a band on the breast, deep black ; but during the period of moulting the fea- thers of these parts are edged with reddish: the throat, the belly, and the vent, white: the rest. of 128 MUSCICAPID. the back, and the wing-coverts grey-white : the quills and tail-feathers black in the middle, with broad white edges : the long lateral feathers of the last are totally black : the legs are black: the beak yellowish-brown : the irides are brown: length about thirteen inches. The female is only eight inches in length : the top of the head and the middle of the back are clothed with brown feathers edged with yellowish-white: the nape, the scapulars, the rump, the belt on the breast, the sides, and the vent, are reddish-isabella colour: the throat, tbe region of the eyes, and the middle of the belly white: the wing and tail-feathers are edged with clear red: and the racket at the end of the outer tail-feather is perfect. black. — There can be little question that. this remarkable bird should be detached from the Flycatchers, and ranked as a distinct genus; but as my object is merely an endeavour to introduce such genera as have already been established by others (arranged in conformity to the beautiful theory which I have repeatedly alluded to), I have placed it conditionally among the Musci- cape, with a mark of doubt as to its location in that genus; a method which I have adopted in all cases throughout this arrangement, where there is apparently a deviation from the typical species of any genus. | GENUS _LXI.—ALECTRURUS, Vieillot. Rostrum basi glabrum et de- || Beak glabrous and prea pressum, conico-convexum, at the base, conic-convex, apice aduncum; mandi- with its tip hooked; the bula inferior recta. lower mandible straight. y : A i . ce pny WO aay PUES 3 ll ah Sak Ma NS aH ik ih ‘ See) BY Uy Vi) tL, YY, Ys thei Yo 4” WZ ply yyy Y ALECTRURUS TRICOLOR. MUSCICAPID&. 129 Tail compressed on each side, ascending; its fea- thers pointed at the tip. Cauda utrinque compressa, ascendens; rectricibus apice | | - acutis. Sp. 1. A eeicolor- Vieil, Analyse, p. 68. (F.) Au. vertic eaudd pedibusque nigris ; corpore subtus genisque albis; dorso uropygiogue cinereis s rostro olivaceo. Ce Alecturus With the crown, tail, and legs black; the body iain -and cheeks white 5 the ee and rump cinereous ; the hes olivaceous. : & " | Muscicapa lector. Spat fe i male. ae ge oa ns Pi lee Shae Ser en 2 of Ixuapire Brazil. ‘Length SIX nena ang a half: the male has the forehead and the cheeks marbled with black and white: the top of the head, the nape, the back, the scapulars, and a half belt. on the sides of the breast, deep black, and unspotted i in those birds which have completed their moulting, but varied with brown in those of imperfect plumage : the throat and all the under parts are white : the bend of the wings, as well as the base and part of the outer web of the quills, is white: the tail-feathers (which this bird has the power of elevating) are black, and their inner webs are twice as broad as the outer, those of the two middle feathers being widest, and having their ex- tremities very long and decomposed, with each radius separated into a distinct fringe, easily distinguishable ; the inner webs are shorter, and the radii are united as usual; but the tip of the shaft is elongated into a delicate point, and extends nearly half an inch be- yond the-webs: the upper mandible of the beak is brown, and the lower white: the legs are black. The female differs considerably from the male: she V. XIII. P. I. o) 130 MUSCICAPIDE. is less, and she has not the power of elevating the tail, which is arched; the two middle feathers are not lengthened, and do not possess the broad webs as in the male, but the other feathers resemble those of that sex, except the two outer ones, which are prolonged. into a point by the elongation of the shaft: all the upper parts of the plumage are dull brown, and each feather is edged with reddish-brown: the throat 1s white: the half belt on the neck is indicated by a red mark: the rest of the under parts is reddish- white and isabella-colour. These curious birds fly with great celerity : they affect the open places in the neighbourhood of waters, perching upon the rushes and aquatic plants, and do not penetrate the woods, or rest upon trees or bushes. The males are solitary, but the females are rather gregarious: the former frequently mount vertically into the air, flapping their wings and elevating and depressing their tail, and usually dart down from the height of twenty or thirty feet to their resting-place. GENUS LXIL—VIREO, Vieillot. Rostrum breve, pauld ro- || Beak short, a little robust bustum et lateratim com- and laterally compressed, pressum, apice aduncum : its tip bent down: the mandibula inferior mar-|| lower mandible with its — ginibus constrictis, apice edges straitened, its tip — recurvata. recurved. Les TancaRAs-Lonriots. Cuvier. Sp. 1. Vi. cristatus. Tanagra cristata. Steph. v. x. p. 478.—Guiana. MUSCICAPIDA. 151 Sp. 2. Vi. nigerrimus. Vi. nigerrimus tectricibus nie, pil alarum albissimis (mas.) ; _ aut, toto rufo-brunneus (foemina.) ' Black Vireo with the lesser wing-coverts pure Cae male; oY, entirely red-brown, female. Tanagra nigerrima. Desmar. Tanag. et Pip. pl. 45. 46. ° Innasirs Guiana and Cayenne. ‘Length about six inches: the male has the feathers of the head and body of a very brilliant black, with the greater quills, the wings, and tail, dull black; and the lesser and under wing-coverts pure white: the beak and the legs are black. The female is rather less than the male: the plumage is of a chesnut-red, palest be- neath: the inner part of the wing-quills is black- brown. Said to subsist on fruits as well as insects. _ Sp. 3. Vi. olivaceus. 3 Tanagra olivacea. Steph. v. x. p. 457.—Muscicapa olivacea ? Steph. v. x. p. 379.—America. Sp. 4. Vi. musicus. Veil. Ois. d' Amer. Sept. i. p. 83. pl. 52. Muscicapa Noveborascensis. Steph. v. x. p.366.—North Ame- rica. Sp. 5. Vi. flavifrons. Vieil. Ois. d’ Amer. Sept. 1. pl. 54. Vi. corpore supra et capite flavo-viridibus; fronte, orbitis, guld, ' pectore, ventroque flavis; crisso tectricibus alarum apice, rec- tricibusque externis pogoniis exterioribus albis. Vireo with the body above and the head yellow-green ; the fore- head, orbits, throat, breast, and belly yellow ; the vent, tips of the wing-coverts, and outer web of the exterior tail-feathers white. | Yellow-fronted Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 208. Inuazits North America. Length four inches eight lines: beak red: legs black: general colour of 132 LANIID&. the plumage yellow-green on the head and upper” parts of the body : the forehead and sides round the © eye, throat, breast, and belly, yellow: tips of the wing-coverts and lower belly white: outer tail-fea- thers white on the outer web. ‘ FAMILY IJ.—LANIIDZ. Rostrum conicum, aut convexum, lateratim compressum, dente utrinque versus apicem, apice plus minusve adunca ; pedes tetra- dactyli, tribus anticis, uno postico gracilo. Beak conic, or convex, laterally compressed, with a strong tooth or notch on each side near the tip, the tip itself more or less hooked ; feet fourtoed, with three toes before and one behind, the last slender. Tue Laniide are bold and courageous birds, but many of them, on the other hand, are cruel and rapa- cious: they attack all small birds, and defend them- selves with great address against the larger, not fear- ing Eagles and other birds of prey: especially when they are tending their young, of which they are remarkably tenacious: they lay five or six eggs,: and fly in small groups, inelegantly and with pecipita-— tion, uttering their piercing cry: the typical groups feed upon birds, the rest upon insects. Many of the species are celebrated for the dexterity with which they impale insects or small birds upon thorns, or force them into the clefts and chinks of trees and rocks ; thence called Butcher, or murdering birds. ~ LANIID. 138 GENUS LXIII—TYRANNUS, Cuvier. TYRANT-SHRIKE. Rostrum robustum, basi vi- || Beak robust, its base clothed brissis tectum, depressum, with bristles, depressed, supra convexum, versus convex above, towards the -apicem subito aduncum; tip suddenly hooked; the _mandibula inferior subtus || lower mandible rather flat paulo planata, apice acuta, beneath, its tip acute, re- recurvata. curved. PLATYRHINCHUS pars. Temm. TueEse inhabit the American continent: they are bold birds: are said to defend their young against the attacks of Eagles, and their nest from other birds of prey: the larger species devour small birds. Sp. 1. Ty. pitangua. Lanius pitangua. Shaw, v. vii. p. 300.—Brazil. Sp. 2. Ty. sulfuraceus. Lanius sulfuraceus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 309.—South America. Sp. 3. Ty. leucogaster. - Lanius Tyrannus. Shaw, v. vii. p.304. pl. 41.—North America. Sp. 4. Ty. audax. Muscicapa audax. Steph. v. x. p. 364.—Cayenne. Sp. 5. Ty. ferox. ; | Muscicapa flaviventris. Steph. v. x. p. 343.—Cayenne. Sp. 6. Ty. Nunciola. Ty. caudé longissimd; corpore nigro, subtus albo. Tyrant-Shrike with a very long tail; the body black above and white beneath. Muscicapa tyrannus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.325.—Fork-tailed Fly- catcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 237. Inuapits America. Length fourteen inches : beak black : upper part and sides of the head black: on the middle of the crown the feathers are yellow at 134 LANIIDE. the base: neck behind, back, rump, and. scapulars,., cinereous; upper tail-coverts black : all the under parts white: lesser wing- -coverts cinereous, greater brown: quills brown, with the inner margins white : tail greatly forked, the outer feathers being nine inches in length, and the middle ones not two; all of them black, but the outmost has the exterior web white for half its length : legs black. In some spe- cies the yellow on the crown is wanting; in others the outer margins of the quills are whitey as well as the inner. Sp. 7. Ty? Mexicanus. Muscicapa forficata. Sp. 8. Ty? Neugeta. Lanius Neugeta. Steph. v. x. p. 413. pl. 33 .—Mexico. Shaw, v. Vil. p. 287.—Brazil. GENUS LXIV.—GUBERNETES, Such. Rostrum crassum, subdepres- sum, basi sublatum, cul- mine rotundato; mandi- bula superior apice leviter emarginata. Nares rotunde. Rictus vibrissis rigidis. Cauda longissima, forficata. Ale mediocres; remiges prima ad quintam feré gequales, prima brevissima, | secunda longissima, pogo- nil externi, prima pogonio excepto, in medio emargi- . Nati, interni integres. confertus, | Beak thick, rather depressed, somewhat broad at the base, the culmen rounded ; the upper mandible shight- ly notched at the tip. Nostrils rounded. Gape with several stiff bris- tles. | Tail very long, ithedi Wings moderate ; the name to the fifth nearly equal, the first. shortest, the second longest; the outer webs, except the first, notched _ in the middle; the inner -— entire.. LANIIDA. 195 Sp. 1. Gu. Cunninghami. Zool. Journ. (Such.) v. ii. 114. pl. 14, Gu. cinerascens longitudinalitér fusco lineatus ; gula crissoque —albis, fascia lunulari pectorale purpurascentt brunned ; alis cau- daque brunnescenti nigris ; remigibus longitudinalitér ferru- gineo fasciatis. Cinerascent Gubernetes longitudinally striped with brown ; with the throat and vent white ; with a lunulated pectoral purplish- brown band ; the wings and tail brownish-black ; the quills lon- gitudinally barred with ferruginous. _ Iyuasits Brazil. Length fifteen and two-third inches: the feathers of the head, back, and abdomen with brown shafts: the under coverts white: the quills brownish-black ; the outer web of the first white ; those from the third to the seventh ferru- ginous in the middle, the inner whitish at the base : the shafts of the tail-feathers above black, beneath white ; the outer web of the lateral? one white at the base: the beak brown: the legs black. GENUS LXV.—TITYRA, Vieillot. Rostrum basi glabrum, ro-|| Beak glabrous at the base, bustum, crassum, rectum, pauld depressum, supra infrdque convexum, apice subcompressum ; mandi- robust, thick, straight, a little depressed, convex above and beneath, with its tip slightly compressed 5 the lower mandible \acini- ated, with its tip acute, bula inferior laciniata, apice acuta, recurvata. recurved. Rictus amplius, ciliatus. Gape wide, ciliated. Psaris, Cuvier, Temm. Sp. 1. Ti. Cayana. Lanius Cayanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 297.—Cayenne. 136 LANIIDE. Sp 2. Ti? Cuvierii. Tr. olivacea, subtus albida, capite supra nigro ; occiptte temporibus et colli lateribus cinereis ; ‘5 pectore latertbus tegminibusque n- Sernis flavis. : Olive Tityra beneath whitish, with the crown black ; nape, sides of the head, and neck pale cinereous ; _ breast, sides, saa under wing-coverts yellow. Psaris Cuvierii. Swains. Zool. Illust. pl. 32. Inuasits Brazil. Length five ce and a half: beak bluish : nostrils ovately round, rather large and simple, being entirely devoid of an external mem- brane, but the base is partially covered with small thickset, short, setaceous feathers: between the eye and base of the beak are a few weak and short hairs: the upper part of the head, as far as the nape, is capped by deep black, having a bluish-gloss : between the nostrils and the eye, as well as on the chin and throat, the colour is white; which changes to a pale cinereous-grey on the sides of the head and round the neck, the ears at their base and margin of the eye tinged with yellow; the rest of the upper plu- mage yellowish-olive: the under plumage on the lower part of the neck and breast, the sides, and the inner wing-coverts are clear yellow, and from that to the vent white: wings two inches long, the quills brown, margined externally with olive, and inter- nally with yellow: the first and second quill pro- gressively shorter than the third and fourth, which are of equal length: tail short, slightly divaricated, olive, with whitish marginal tips: legs bluish-black ; the three fore-toes are scualls cleft, but a membrane connects them equally at the base nearly to the end of the first joint. LANIIDA. 137 GENUS LXVI.—ARTAMUS, Vieillot. Rostrum basi glabrum, le- vissimum, conicum, subro- bustum, supra convexum, propé apicem paulo late- ratim compressum: man- dibula superior. subarcu- ata; inferior acuta, apice Beak glabrous at the base, very smooth, .conic, rather robust, convex above, and a little pressed laterally towards the tip ; the upper mandible slightly arcu- ated ; the ower acute, with recurvata. Rictus vibrissis armatus. its tip acute, recurved. — Gape furnished with bristles. Ale valdé elongate; remex || Wings very long; the first prima longissima. quill longest. OcypTerus, Cuvier, Temm.—Lerrorreryx, Horsfield. THE species of this genus are very numerous on the shores of the islands in the Indian Seas, and are perpetually on the wing in pursuit of insects. Sp. 1. Ar. leucorhynchos. -Lanius leucorhynchos. Shaw, v. vii. p. 323.—The Philippine Islands. Sp. 2. Ar. viridis. Lanius viridis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 321.—Madagascar. N. B. There are several other species of this genus described in the Memoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, for the year 1824, but I have hitherto been unable to obtain the use of that work. GENUS LXVII.— DICRURUS, Vieillot. Rostrum basi vibrissis or- |} Beak furnished at the base natum, robustum ; mandi- bula superior supra sub- carinata, apice adunca ; imferior acuta, apice re- curvata. Cauda furcata; rectrices de- -cem. with bristles, robust; the upper mandible subcari- nated above, its tip hook- ed; the dower acute, with its tip recurved. Tail forked, with ten fea- thers. ; 138 LANIIDA. Epottius, Cuvier, Temm, A. Rectricibus externis simplicibus. A. With the outer tail-feathers simple. Sp: e) Di. forficatus. Lanius Drongo. Shaw, »v. vii. +p 289 Clg astieaed “ih 2. Di. Balicassius. Corvus Balicassius: Shaw, v. vii. p, 352.—A frica. Sp. 3.. Di. cerulescens, Lanius Fingah. Shaw, ». vii. p. 291. India, Sp. 4. Di cinerascens. D1. cineraceus saturatus concolor, remigibus supra ad apicem rectricibusque lateralibus margine exteriore, nigris. : Dicrurus of uniform deep cinereous, with the quills above to- wards the tip, and the lateral tail-feathers on their outer margin, black. j : Edolius cinerascens. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 145. Inuasits Java. Length eleven inches: “although very similar to E. (Di.) forficatus, it must be considered a distinct species: the bill is more robust, and the exterior rectrices form a greater curve than in that bird: it is much less common.’’—Horsfeld. Sp. 5. Di. eratus. Di. supra nigro-eneus viridt ee tuleoaue nitents 3 subtus griseo- niger ; infra oculos macula nigra. Dicrurus above brassy-black glossed with he and green ; beneath grey-black ; with a black spot under the eyes. Drongo bronze. Levail. Afr. iv. 75. pl. 176.—Bronzed Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. 63. Iniapirs Bengal. Beak and legs black : general colour of the plumage above black, with a brilliant changeable blue gloss, like bronze, in some lights ap- pearing green: belly, sides, and under tail-coverts, dull black-grey : under parts of the wings and tail LANIIDA. 139 . black : the last forked: the hairs about the nostrils point forward; and there is a cen oval patch of black beneath the eye. Sp. 6. Di. Indicus. Di. niger ceruleo nitents ; cauda elongaté corpore longiore. Black Dicrurus glossed with blue; with the tail elongated and longer than the body. Drongolon. Le Vaill, Ois. d' Afrig. iv. 72. pl. 174. Long-tailed Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 62. Inuasits India. More slender than the second species, particularly im the tail, which is as long as the body, and greatly forked, the two middle fea- thers being two inches and a quarter shorter than the outer : the beak and legs are lead-colour : the general colour of the plumage § 18 black, with a bright blue gloss. Sp. 7. Di. Hottentottus. Corvus Hottentottus. Shaw, v. vii. 351.—Inhabits Africa. ? Sp. 8. Di. mystaceus. Di. niger viridi nitents ; tectricibus alarum, remigibus, cauddque, fusco-nigris ; rostri baso vibrissis elongatis ornato. Black Dicrurus glossed with green; with the wing-coverts, quills, and tail, brown-black ; the base of the beak furnished with elon- __ gated bristles. Le Drongo moustache. Le Vaill. Ots. d’ Afriq. Iv. . pl. 169.— ; Whiskered. Shrike. Lath, Gen. Hist. ii. 64. Inuasits Africa. Size of a fT aocites beak black, at its base above and beneath long bristles, some standing erect, others. pointing downwards, and are double at the ends: eyes bright chesnut: plumage black, glossed with greenish : wing-coverts, quills, and 140 LANIID&. tail, amber-colour, tinged with black: tail slightly forked. The female divs the lower ee and vent spotted with white. Sp. 9. Di? Ceylonensis. Di? argenteo-griseus, rostro pedibusque plumbeis ; ieee a duodecim? pogontis internis saturatioribus. : Silvery-grey Dicrurus, with the beak and legs lead-colour ;_tail- feathers twelve? with their inner webs darkest. Le Drongri. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 17 0.—Drongri Shrike. Lath. Gen, Hist. ii. 65. Inuapirs Ceylon. The size of the last: beak and legs lead-colour; plumage wholly of a silvery grey: tail greatly forked, consisting of twelve ? feathers, the inner webs darker than the outer. Sp. 10. Di? albiventris. Di? supra argenteo-griseus ; subtus albus. Dicrurus? above silvery-grey ; beneath white. Le Drongri 4 ventre blanc. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 171. InuabBits Batavia. Much allied to the last, if not a variety of it: it chiefly differs in having all the under parts, from chin to vent, white. B. Rectricibus externis longissimis, rachidiarum basis nudis apt- cibus plumosis. B. With the outer tail-feathers very long, their shafts naked at the base, feathered at the tips. la al Sp. 11. Di. Hil vleseh atece eaae Malabaricus. Shaw, v. Vil. p. 293.—India. ‘ Sp. 12. Di. remifer. Di. niger nitore metallico ; rectricibus externis pog gonits apicalibus utringue equalibus. — WY, Wy YZ 4, fp, e Ay Y uz YH fi pj sa ‘dd W Gj yey > re yy } iy ) VA VA VA Vj y, Vf] / a SUES Y wn IN) If Y IN my \ / ASV V yy f ( 1) IVY es Liz3y & Zz o a ( Gee a SF // ALY DICRURUS MALABARICUS. rs ve ¥ ’ FT Las SN SRI TOS aye) es Axe LANIID. 141 Black Dicrurus with a metallic gloss; with the terminal webs of the outer tail-feathers equal on either side. Edolius remifer. Temm, Pt. Col. 178. InHABITS Java and Sumatra. Allied to the last : length nine inches: the tail-feathers (excepting the outer one on each side) are of equal length, the outer one being prolonged, and having its shaft very long, delicate, and naked for two-thirds of its length, from the base: the webs arise about three inches from the tip, and are in shape like an Indian paddle; but, unlike those of the preceding species, the tip is flat and even, and the web is of an equal length on either side of the shaft: the general colour of the plumage is black, with fine metallic hues: on the head, at the base of the beak, are several fine velvety feathers pointing forwards. ‘The female differs in wanting the naked shafts to the outer tail-feathers, and these feathers are but a trifle longer than the rest : in other respects she agrees with the male. GENUS LXVIIL—IRENA, Horsfield. Rostrum mediocre, cultra- || Beak moderate, cultrated, tum; maxilla apice adun- ca; culmen arcuatum, ele- vatum, inter nares carina- tum, utrinque a basi ultra medium usque sulco ob- soleto exaratum, lateribus subconvexis. Rictus ciliatus. the mazilla hooked at the tip ; culmen arcuated, ele- vated, carinated between the nostrils, furnished on each side from the base beyond the middle with an obsolete groove, with its sides slightly convex. Gape ciliated. 142 LANIIDZ.. Nares_ basales subrotunde, || Nostrils basal, nearly round, vibrissis rigidis plumisqué |} covered with velvety fea- velutinis obtectze. thers, and rigid bristles. Sp. 1. Ir, puella. Linn. Trans. (Horsf) v. xii p cias puella. Shaw, v. vii. p. 398.—Edolius Pl. Col. 70. male; 225. female.—Ind Sp. 2. Ir? coringin, hGH albentibus ; rostri | ee Caria Plumbeous Irena? with the we beneath fe carinated. .. | fi ee Muscipeta carinata. ak Sua nS. . a LenctH Ge hes at 2 margin, of the shoulders Mee black ; the whole upper plumage is of a delicate Niid-cotouk: which is paler on the breast, and nearly white on the sides of the head and neck ; body and inner wing-coverts rufous ; _ the first quill is half the length of the second, which _ is rather shorter than the three next: feet slender, ‘weak, and short: the outer toe united, the inner cleft: the beak at the base is triangular, but not elevated: the sides compressed, the culmen or top is sharp, elevated, and curved; the tip of both mandi- bles notched : nostrils simple, small, round, without a membrane, and partly hid by the thick-set frontal feathers and lengthened setaceous bristles round the beak.”? The above is Mr. Swainson’s description of this species; and he very properly remarks that the foregoing peculiarities in the structure of the beak may form the basis of a new generic distinction. u nous, the front. 1, top of the beak alf: front, ehitdat” nae a Bis PU. Fo. IRENA PUELLA. TRICOPHORUS BARBATUS. a LANIIDZ. 145 GENUS LXIX.—TRICOPHORUS, Temminck. Rostrum breve, forte, conico- longum, basi latum, apice BORUpT EHS :s ; mandibula su- eC T10r apc P' wy fi and ale a 5 basi Beak short, strong, elongate- conic, broad at the base, compressed at the tip; the upper mandible hooked 3. its base furnished with stout bristles. Nares subbasales, , ovate, Nostrils nearly basal, ovate, _apertee. | Pedes breves. ||. open. ee 2 | Legs short. Ale mediocres sf _remiges ; Wings moderate ; the pee Ime, 2dz et Sia cunei- |} second and third quills formes, 4tze, 5te et 6ta wedge-shaped, the fourth, longissimee. fifth and se pees CRINIGER, Temm. Man. d’Orn. he, _ Ax the birds of this genus (of which five are already known) inhabit the western coasts of Africa: their manners. have not been observed. Sp. |. Tr. barbatus. Ten Pl. Col. 88. Tr. barbd gulari flava ; corpore supra griseo-viridis ; infra cine- reo-viridis ; rectricibus rufescentibus. Tricophorus with a yellow beard on the throat: the body above grey-green; beneath ashy-green ; the tail-feathers reddish. LeneTH eight inches: this species, which is given as the type of the genus by Temminck, is distinguished from its congeners by several broad, long, and some- what crisped feathers on the throat, and part of the neck : the edges of the upper mandible of the beak are adorned with very long and strong bristles or hairs, and the occiput and upper part of the neck 144: LANIIDA. with eight or ten similar appendages, which surpass the length of the feathers by about an inch, and form a kind of cravat, which the bird can elevate at pleasure ; both sexes are thus provided: the upper parts of the plumage in the male are green, glossed with ash on the back, and the tail is tinged with reddish; the tip of the feathers of the latter bearing a very narrow yellowish crescent: the feathers of the throat form- ing the beard are of a beautiful clear yellow, with the shafts yellowish: the rest of the plumage of the under parts is ashy-green, with the edges of the feathers palest. The female has the colours more ashy than the male, and the gular feathers are less brilliant : in other respects she resembles the male. GENUS LXX.—SPARACTES, Illiger. Rostrum mediocre, robus- || Beak moderate, robust, fur- tum, basi setis instructum, nished with bristles at the supra convexum; mandt- || base, convex above; the bula superior versus apl- upper mandible dentato- cem utrinque dentato- emarginate on both sides emarginata, apice adunca ; towards the tip, the tip inferior integra depressa. hooked ; the lower entire, ' | depressed. Sp. 1. Sp. superbus. ER Lanius superbus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 290. pl. 39-—The South Sea Islands. stg Tuyo F _ GENUS LXXI—LANIUS Auctorum, SHRIKE, Rostrum robustum, basi nu- || Beak robust, base naked, sub- dum, subtriangulare,supra ||» triangular, convex above, convexum, lateratim com- laterally compressed ; the upper mandible hooked pressum; mandibula su- Se ee ee ee oie cca = aa i a LANIID&. 145 pertor versus apicem adun- | towards the tip; the dower ca, inferior acuta, apice re- |} acute, its tip recurved. curvata. Rictus ciliatus. | Gape ciliated. Ale penna spurid; remiges | Wings with a spurious fea- secundee et tertiz longis- ther; the second and third sime. | quills longest. A. Rostro valido, apice forté adunco. A, With the beak stout, the tip strongly hooked. Sp- 1. La. exeubitor. Shaw, v. vii. p. 282. pl. 37.—Britain and other parts of Europe. , Sp. 2. La. Italicus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 286.—South of Europe. Sp. 3. La. meridionalis. Temm. Man. d’Orn. II. Edit.i. 143. La. supra cinerea ; fascid latd infra oculos nigrd; guld rufo-albd ; corpore subtus cinerascente; rectricibus guatuor intermediis Nigres. Shrike above ash-coloured ; with a broad black band beneath the eyes; the throat white; the body beneath cinerascent ; the _ four middle tail-feathers black. Innasrts the south of Europe. Length nine inches: the head, nape, and back, deep ash-colour : beneath the eyes a broad band of black, ending on the ears: throat reddish-white : the rest of the under parts inclining to ash, deeper over the thighs: base and tip of the quills white: the four middle tail- feathers black: the rest as in L. cinerea. ‘The female is ash-colour above but paler, beneath more inclined to ash, barred with darker ; the band under the eyes less distinct than in the male. Sp. 4. La. ruficollis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 316.—Britain, Europe, and Africa. Toe, -P. i. : 10 146 LANIIDA. Sp. 5. La. Collurio. Shaw, v. vil. p. 315.—Britain, Europe, and Africa. : Sp. 6. La. collaris. Shaw, v. vii. p. 295.—Southern Africa. Sp. 7. La, 2thiopicus. Turdus Aithiopicus. Steph. v. x. p. 232.—Africa. Sp. 8. La. Cubla. Shaw, v. vii. p. 328.—Africa. Sp. 9. La. Capensis. . Shaw, v. vii. p. 327.~—Africa. Sp. 10. La. Madagascariensis. Shaw, v. vii. p.332.—Madagascar. Sp. 11. La. bicolor. Shaw, v. vii. p. 322.—Africa. Sp. 12. La. personatus.—Temm. Pl. Col, 256. f. 2: La? fronte supercilisque albis; corpore supra nigro aut fusco ; guld, lateribus colli, scapulis, ventre, crissoque, albis ; lateribus pectoris hypochondriisque rufescentibus. | Shrike with the forehead and eyebrows white; the body above black or brown; the throat, sides of the neck, scapulars, belly, and vent, white; the sides of the breast and flanks reddish. InuaBits Arabia and Egypt. Length about seven inches: the adult male has the forehead adorned with a broad white band, of which the angles pass over and behind each eye, and form a kind of brow : the throat, the sides of the neck, the scapulars, the middle of the belly, and the vent, are pure white : the sides of the breast and the flanks are tmged with red: the occiput, the region of the ears, the nape, and the back, are black: the wing is black, but some of the secondaries are white at their base: the six middle tail-feathers are black ; but the outer of these on each side is tipped with white: the two outer feathers are white with black shafts. ‘The female has the plumage of a duller hue than the male, the occiput, the nape, and the back, are of a deep ashy tinge. The young have the plumage covered with irregular lunulated bands. LANIIDE. 147 Sp. 13. La. Ludovicianus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 294.—North America. Sp. 14, La. Americanus. Shaw, v. vii. ». 301.—North America. Sp. 15. La. Carolinensis, or Loggerhead Shrike. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 22. f. 5. La. nigricans fronte fascidque oculari nigris ; rectricibus quatuor intermediis nigris ; reliquis plus minusve albis. Dusky Shrike with the forehead and stripe through the eyes black ; the four intermediate tail-feathers black ; the rest more or less tipped with white. -Inuasits North America. Length nine inches: allied to the preceding bird: the colour more dusky, and the frontlet and streak through the eye black ; the last running down half way on each side of the neck : irides dark hazel: the four middle tail-feathers black, four exterior more or less white at the ends, the outer nearly all white: beak and legs black. Said to destroy mice, to have a rough note, not unlike the creaking of a rusty sign-board in the wind, and to construct its nest in a detached bush. B. Rostro subgracile, apice vix adunco. B. Beak rather slender, its tip scarcely hooked. Sp. 16. La? Ceylonus. Lanius Bacbakiri. Shaw, v. vii. p. 319.—Turdus Ceylonus. Steph. v. x. p. 253.—Ceylon. Sp. 17. La. gutturalis. Ann. Mus. (Daudin.) iii. 144. pl. 15. La? supré viridis, fronte superciliisque flavis ; lined & naves per oculos lunuldque pectoralt conjunctdé nigris; guld corporeque subtus rufis. Shrike above green, with the forehead and eyebrows yellow; a line from the nostrils passing through the eyes, and united to a lunule on the breast, black ; the throat and body beneath red, Pie-griesche Perrin. La Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. vi. 124. pl. 286.— Malimbic Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 20. ~ 148 LANIIDE. Inuasits Malimba in Africa. Not much unlike the former bird, in size and the distribution of its colours: the beak and legs are black: the former with a very slight notch: the forehead yellow, pass- ing a little way over each eye, and ending m a point : the plumage on the .upper parts of the body and wings, sides and thighs, deep green: from the nostrils a black streak commences, which passes through and down on each side of the neck, and growing broad, forms a deep crescent on the breast : within this and the middle of the belly to the vent deep red: tail moderate, rounded at the end, green above; dark coloured beneath. Sp. 18. La? antiguanus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 333.—The Philippine Islands. Sp. 19. La? crassirostris. Turdus crassirostris. Steph. v. x. p. 222.—New Zealand. Sp. 20. La ? orientalis. Turdus orientalis. Steph. v.x. 264.—Terat boulan. Le Vaill. Ois, d’ Afrig. i11.—India. f GENUS LXXIf.—FALCUNCULUS, Vieillot. Rostrum breve, robustum, || Beak short, robust, much valdé compressum, sub- compressed, slightly arcu- arcuatum; mandibula su- ated ; the wpper mandible — perior versus apicem adun-| hooked towards the tip, the — ca, ¢nferior acuta, apice re- lower acute, with its tip curvata, recurved. | Remex prima longissima. First quill longest. Cauda sequalis. Tail even. LAnius, Temm. Peat PL.bOm HY) yy eT 4 J / ih A Za Gy Y Le yl My YYyf y / Y , Yj Za : Yh ar) SES Y hy {i M, “ath Ke WS iy | YY OW: Mf iH] ; ( 228 SD = PEW wy ‘®) B= By FALCUNCULUS FRONTATUS. LANIID. 149 Sp. 1. Fa. frontatus. Lanius frontatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 312. Temm. Pl. Co!. 77.— New Holland. GENUS LX i HG YCLARHIS, Swainson. Rostrum versus apicem VIX | Beak scarcely .notched to- eon ys di wards the tip. || Nostrils round, naked. Wings as in Lanius. Tail even. Ale penn4 spud Cauda aequalis. THAMNOPHILUS. Temm. Sp. 1. Cy. Guianensis. Tanagra Guianensis. Steph. v. x. p.470 —Le Sourciroux. Le Vaill, Ois. d’ Afrig. ii. pl. 76.f- 2?—Guiana. Sp. 2. Cy? melanocephalus. Lanius melanocephalus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 321?—Turdus atri- ceps. Temm. Pl. Col. 147.—New Holland. Sp. 3. Cy? virgatus. : Cy? supra cinereo-ceruleus ; subtus albidus ; lined Srontalt, loris obitisque nigris 3 alis cauddgque nigris ; rectrice exteriore in- terné saturate cinerea. hee Cychlaris? above ashy-blue ; beneath whitish; with a stripe on the forehead ; the lores and the orbits black; the wings and tail black; the outer feather of the last, with its inner web, deep ash. | Lanius virgatus. Yemm. Pl. Col. 256.f. 1. Inuasits Java. Length six inches: a black band arises over the nostrils, passes over the lores, round the orbits, and terminates on the ears: a slight white band girds the forehead: all the upper parts of the plumage are ashy-blue: the quills and the tail are black ; but the outer feather of the last is bordered 150 LANIIDA. externally with deep ash-colour: all the under parts are white or whitish: the beak and legs are black. GENUS LXXIV,—LANIO, Vieillot. Rostrum robustum, latera- || Beak robust, laterally com- tim compressum, supra pressed, carinated above, carinatum, apice angusta- narrow at the tip;. the tum; mandibula superior upper mandible dentate versus medium dentata, towards the middle; the apice curvata; inferior lower emarginate, acute, emarginata, acuta, apice|} with its tip recurved. recurvata. Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. Sp. 1. La. atricapillus. Tanagra atricapilla. Steph. v. x. p. 443.—Guiana. re GENUS LXXV.—VANGA, Vieillot. Rostrum capite longior, late- || Beak longer than the head, ratim compressum, rec-||. laterally. compressed, tum; mandibula superior straight; the wpper man- versus apicem adunca ; in- || dzble hooked towards the Jerior acuta, apice recur- tip; the dower acute, with vata. its tip recurved. Ale penna spurid; remex || Wings with a spurious fea- secunda longissima. ther; the second quill - longest. Sp. 1. Va. curvitostris. Lantus curvirostris, Shaw, v. vii. p. 299.—Madagascar. Sp. 2. Va. australis. Lanius curvirostris, var. Shaw, v. vii. p. 299.—Vanga de- structor. Temminck ?—New Holland. LANIIDE. 151 GENUS LXXVI.—PRIONOPS, Vieillot. Rostrum basi plumosum, | Beak plumose at the base, porrectum, gracile, late- porrect, slender, much ratim valdé compressum ; compressed laterally ; the mandibula superior versus | wpper mandible hooked to- apicem adunca; inferior wards the tip; the lower acuta, apice recurvata. acute, with its tip. re- curved. Palpebre laciniatee. Eyelids jagged. Sp. 1. Pr. cristatus. Vell. - Lanius plumatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 292.—Senegal. Sp. 2. Pr? albifrons. Pipra albifrons. Steph.v. x. p. 12. Le Plumet blanc, ou Ma- nikup. Desm. Hist. Nat. des Tangaras, &c. pl. 66.—Guiana. GENUS LXXVIJ.—LANIARIUS, Vieillot. Rostrum basi nudum, sub- || Beak naked at the base, gracile, supra convexum, somewhat slender, convex rectum, compressum; man- above, straight, com- dibula superior prope|| pressed; the wpper man- apicem adunca; inferior dible hooked near the tip ; acuta, apice recurvata. the lower acute with its tip recurved. Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. Ale penni spurid; remex || Wings with a spurious fea- secunda longissima. ther; the second qual longest. LANIvus, Temm. Sp. 1. Li. barbarus. Lanius barbarus. Shaw, v, vii. p. 297.—Africa. 152 LANIIDE. GENUS LXXVIIL—THAMNOPHILUS, Vieillot. BUSH-SHRIKE. Rostrum basi rectum, robus- || Beak straight at the base, tum, supriconvexum,com- || robust, convex above, com- pressum; mandibula su- pressed; the upper man- perior apice adunca, in- |; dible with its tip hooked, Jerior laciniata, — acuta, the dower jagged, acute, its apice recurvata. tip recurved. Rictus glaber. Gape bald. Ale breves, rotundate. Wings short, rounded. Cauda elongata, gradata, vel || Tail elongated, gradated, or rotundata. rounded. Axx the Thamnophili inhabit America, ranging to the north as far as Canada, and to the south as far as Paraguay: they are found only among thick bushes, feeding upon caterpillars and insects; and occasionally on young or sickly birds. A. Caudd elongata. A. With the tail elongated. Sp. 1. Th. doliatus. Lanius doliatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 325. Leach, Zool. Misc. i. 39. pl. 16. th 3 Sp. 2. Th. Canadensis.—Lanius Canadensis. Shaw, v. vil. p. 314. Sp. 3. Th. Swainsonii. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. p. 556. Tu. niger fulvo fasciatus 3 capite ferrugineo cristata. Black Bush-Shrike, fasciated with fulvous; with a ferruginous crest. Lenetu eight inches and three quarters: the upper mandible of the beak black, the lower white :. the throat, cheeks, and shafts of the feathers white : the feathers of the back, abdomen, and scapulars, tri- = os ss Paes LANIIDE. 155 fasciated : the primary quills externally fasciated with fulvous: the tail-feathers black, fasciated on the outer webs with fulvous: the legs black, the claws pale. Sp. 4. Th. maculatus. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. 557.. Tu. ater albo maculatus ; subtus albidus ;.abdomine infimo cris- soque fulvo ; rectricibus albo fasciatis. Black Bush-Shrike spotted with white; beneath whitish; the lower part of the abdomen and the vent fulvous; the tail-fea- thers barred with white. ; Lenertu eight inches: the upper mandible of the beak black, the edges white; the lower white, with its middle black: the forehead and quills with sub- fulvous spots. It varies in having the breast and abdomen of a plumbeous hue, and the spots on the head nearly white: the mandibles totally black. Sp. 5. Th. Vigorsii. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. 557. Tu. dorso, alis, rectricibusque, atris fulvo late fasciatis ; corpore subtus albtdo brunnescente ; capite rufo cristato 3 cristd apice nigro; mas: aut, capite cristato ; dorso, alis, rectricibusque atris, albido fasciatis ; torque nuchali corporeque subtus cinera- ceis ; foemina. Bush-Shrike with the back, wings, and tail-feathers dark coloured, broadly fasciated with fulvous; the body beneath brownish- white ; the head with a rufous crest, which is black at the tip ; male: or, with the head crested ; the back, wings, and tail- feathers dark, fasciated with white; a collar on the nape, and the body beneath ash-coloured ; female. Leneru thirteen inches: the beak greatly com- pressed, black, the edges of the upper mandible and tip of the lower white: the throat whitish: the sides of the cheeks, the breast, and abdomen, brownish- white: the rump fulvous. ‘The female has the nape 154 LANIIDE. obscurely fasciated with black; in other respects she resembles the male. Sp. 6. Th. Leachii. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. p. 558. Tu. ater captte dorsoque albo-maculatis ; remigibus fulvo sub- fasciatis; guld, pectore, abdominis medio, rectricibusque nigris ; abdominis lateribus uropygioque albo fasciatus. Dark Bush-Shrike with the head and back spotted with white ; the quills slightly fasciated with fulvous; the throat, breast, middle of the abdomen and tail-feathers black; the sides of the abdomen and rump banded with white. Lenetx about ten inches and a half: the beak and legs are black. A variety is mentioned by Dr. Such, which has the entire abdomen and vent fasci- ated with white, and the tail-feathers slightly fasci- ated. A second is noticed as being considerably smaller. wee Sp. 7. Th. lineatus. Se ‘ Tu. ater transversim albo lineatis ; rostro pelts nigris. Deep-black Bush-Shrike with transverse white Tines ; “the epee and feet black. ty tame Lanius lineatus. Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 20. pl. 6. Co My friend, Dr. Leach, has given the show short — description only of elas apavines in the first vol. a b came from Berbice. og This is probably the Lineated Shrike of Cas s _ Gen. Hist. v. ii. p. 79. Sp. 8. Th. ruficeps. Zool. Journ. (Such.) 1. 559. Tu. niger fulvo maculatus 5 capite fulvo lineato. Black Bush-Shrike spotted with fulvous, with the head lineated with fulvous. LO OL; ey, Wingy: as : , Ue Pe , ae, en 1 Dah My | CE MAL YE] i Wy), A i“) sinif Wars THAMNOPHILUS LINEATUS ° LANIIDA. 155 LenerTu nine inches and a quarter: the beak and legs black, with part of the lower mandible white : the secondary quills, rump, tail-feathers, and abdo- men, fasciated with fulvous. f Sp. 9. Th. niger. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. 559. Tu. niger, capite cristata ; remigibus sub-brunnescentibu sobscuré subfasciatis. Black Bush-Shrike with the head crested ; the quills obscurely fasciated with brownish. _Lenertu eight inches and a half: the crest is of a very deep hue: the legs and beak black. Sp. 10. Th. mystaceus. Lanius mystaceus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 298, pl. 40. Sp. 11. Th. atricapillus, Lanius atricapillus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 336. B. Cauda rotundatd. B. Tail rounded. Sp. 12. Th. bicolor. Zool. Journ. (Swainson.) 2. ii. p. 86. Tu. cristatus supra niger ; albus infra; tectricium apicibus, remi- gium marginibus, cauddque fasciis interruptis albis. Crested Bush-Shrike above black; beneath white; with the tips of the wing-coverts, margins of the quills, and interrupted bands on the tail white. Black and white Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 22. Lenetu eight inches: irides crimson : beak strong, ashy-black, considerably compressed, but narrowed towards its extremity: the head is much crested: the ground-colour of all the upper parts, including the ear, sides of the head, and neck, is deep black, and of the under parts pure white: the wings are black, with two bands of white across the tips of the coverts : the quills are also margined externally with white: the spurious coverts black : tail deep black, with 156 LANIIDE. four or five interrupted and sometimes obsolete white bands; the tips of all the feathers are obtuse and white: upper tail-coverts bounded with black and white : tarsi rather short and robust, and in the living bird cinereous. Discovered by Mr. Swainson in Brazil. Sp. 13. Th. cinnamomeus. Zool. Jour. (Swainson.) ii. 87. Tu. cristatus supra cinnamomeo-fuscus, albus infra ; tectricibus strus duabus angustis, fuscis, fasciatis. | Crested Bush-Shrike above cinnamon-brown, beneath wiitte ; : _Wwing-coverts with two narrow dusky bands. Mucu allied to the former : length eight inches and a half: the head is conspicuously crested ; the whole of the upper plumage, including the wings and tail, — is of a clear and uniform ferruginous or cimnamon colour: the wing-coverts above are marked by a narrow dusky Ime, close to their extremities, which are somewhat brighter, and the same may be observed on the lateral tail-feathers, the ends of which are somewhat pointed: all the under parts are white, slightly tinged with ferruginous on the sides: inner web of the quills brown: tarsi long, robust, and pale. | Sp. 14. Th. fasciatus. Zool. Journ. (Swainson.) i. 88. TH. supra rufus 3 infia nigro alboque fasciatus 5 vertice maris nigro; foemine rifo. Bush-Shrike above rufous; beneath banded by black and white ; crown, of the male, black ; of the female, rufous. - Barred Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 57. A SMALL species: length six inches and a half, beak strong and thick, black with pale margins: in % Ry ey Xi Prt i q # “A Mi LANIIDA. 157 the females the crown of the head, which is slightly crested, together with all the upper plumage, is of a deep and light rufous: the wings and tail are the same, and unspotted: the sides of the head are black, freckled with minute white dots ; all the under plumage, from the chin to the vent, is crossed by numerous narrow bands of deep black and white, _ arranged alternately. In the male these bands are carried quite round the upper part of the neck, but in the female they are, in this part, almost obsolete : the male is farther distinguished by the crown being glossy, black, and unspotted: the tail is moderate, but the ends of the feathers are not very obtuse : tarsi moderate, ash-coloured. Sp. 15. Th. torquatus. Zool. Journ. (Swainson.) ii. 89. Tu. griseus infra albescens ; jugulo pectoreque lineis nigris fas- ciatis ; alis rufis, immaculatis ; caudd nigra, albo maculatd. Greyish Bush-Shrike beneath whitish ; throat and breast banded by black lines; wings rufous, immaculate ; tail black, spotted . with white. Au.izp to the former, but less: length five inches and three-quarters : beak less, and more compressed : the crown, which is not crested, is covered by a deep black patch, paler in front, and extending to the hind-head: the general tint of the upper plumage, and also the sides of the head, neck, and flanks, is ashy-grey : the wings are rufous above, and unspotted : the tail is rounded, the feathers narrow, slender, and obtuse at their extremities: the middle pair wholly black, the vent more or less crossed by interrupted bars of white, and tipped with the same colour: the 158 LANIIDE. throat, sides of the head, and middle of the body, are whitish, and unspotted ; but round the breast are ten or twelve transverse bands of black lines: tarsi rather long and cinereous: irides crimson. Sp. 16. Th. nzvius. Zool. Journ. (Swaznson.) i. 90. | Lanius nevius. Shaw, v. vii. p. 325. Leach, Zool. Misc. pl. 17.—Lanius punctatus. Shaw, viii. 327. Sp. 17. Th. ambiguus. Zool. Journ. (Swainson) ii. 91. Tu. supra cinereus infra pallidior; vertice nigro; remigium ni- grorum margine albo; rectricium obtusarum ; apicibus _fas- cidque interruptd ibis Bush-Shrike above cinereous, beneath paler ; tr the crown black ; the quills black margined with white; tail-feathers obtuse ; the tips and a central interrupted band white. Ratuer longer than the last: length five inches and three-quarters : the quills are deep black, margined externally, except at their base, with white: the tail is black, rounded, tipped with white, and obtuse ; each feather in the middle having a pair of large snowy oblong spots adjoining their margins: the tarsi are one-tenth of an inch longer than in Th. nevius: and the inner wing-coverts yellowish-white : the spurious quills black. Sp. 18. Th. pileatus. Zool. Jour. ( Swain.) ii. 91. Tu. supra cinereus, infra pallidior ; uropygio pectorisque lateri- bus fulvis ; vertice nigro ; remigum fuscorum margine testaceo ; rectricium acutarum, apicibus linedque marginals albis. Bush-Shrike above cinereous, beneath paler; rump and sides of \the breast fulvous ; crown black ; quills brown, margined with fulvous ; tail-feathers pointed, tips and marginal line white. Mucu allied to the last; the beak, however, is a little shorter, and the feathers across the beak, and LANIIDA. 159 those on the rump, are tinged with obscure fulvous : the wings are brown, the greater quills are slightly margined with whitish, the latter with dull ferru- ginous, and the scapulars with a broad base of white : the tail is black, tipped with white ; all the feathers are pointed at their extremities; the margin of each has a central line of white, longer, narrower, and less conspicuous than in ‘Th. ambiguus; the tarsi are longer than those of that bird, and nearly a quarter of an inch longer than in ‘T. nevius. Mr. Swainson is in doubt whether the two last birds are distinct from T. nevius, as he had only observed single specimens: however the length of the tarsi, mdependent of other characters, appears sufficient to warrant their separation. Sp. 19. Th. ferrugineus. Zool. Jour. ( Swain.) ii. 92. Tu. ferrugineo-fuscus, infra pallidé fulvus ; vertice rufo; alas fuscis ; maculis dorsum tectriceque ornantibus albis ; rectri- cium ruforum apicibus obtusis. Ferruginous-brown Bush-Shrike, beneath pale fulvous ; with the crown rufous; wings brown; spots on the back and wing- coverts white ; tail-feathers rufous, the tips obtuse. ALLIED to Th. torquatus: length six inches: the ground-colour of the upper plumage is ferrugimous- brown, the top of the head bright rufous, its sides greyish: the feathers in the middle of the back are snowy-white towards their tips: the wing-coverts are blackish-brown, tipped with white, which colour forms two bands: the scapular quills are blackish, with broad-white margins, the rest of the quills are brown, margined with ferrugimous, and whitish: all the under 160 LANIID. plumage is ferruginous or fulvous white, lighter on the chin and in the middle of the body: the tail is short, slightly rounded, and dark rufous black: the lateral feathers tipped with white, the outer pair only- having an additional white spot on their external margins ; the tips of all are abruptly rounded: the feathers on the lower part of the back are remarkably long: tarsi moderate, ash-coloured : irides hazel. Sp. 20. Th? strictothorax. Tx? corpore supra lateribus colli hyppochondriisque virescente- cinereis ; guld pectoreque flavescentibus nigro maculatis 3 ventre crissoque flavescentibus ; mas. vertice occipite schistaceo-niger ; foemina capite castaneo-rufo. ! : : Bush-Shrike with the body above, the sides of the neck, and flank greenish-ash ; the throat and breast yellowish spotted with black ; the belly and vent yellowish ; male with the crown and occiput slaty-black ; female with the head chesnut-red. Myothera strictothorax. TZemm. Pl. Col. 179. f. 1. male; f. 2. female. SMALLER than the last: length five inches : the male has all the upper part of the head and the | occiput of a slaty-black ; the cheeks are also of this hue, but are varied with small white spots: the throat and breast are yellowish, with a triangular black spot, placed at the tip of each feather: the middle of the belly, and the vent, are also yellowish, but unspotted : all the upper parts, the sides of the breast, and the flanks are ashy, slightly tinged with greenish: the wings and the tail are deeper, the feathers being edged with white, and the coverts being spotted with. whitish : the female has all the top of the head of a chesnut-red, and the whole plumage slightly tinged a Ee a LANIIDZ. 161 with reddish: in other respects she does not differ from the male. Both sexes have the upper mandible dusky, and the lower bluish-white. GENUS LXXIX.—MALACONOTUS. Swainson. Rostrum feré ut in Thamno- || Beak resembling that of the _ phili. te former genus. Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. Ale breves, rotundatee, de- || Wings short, rounded, weak. biles. _ THAMNOPHILUS, pars. Vieillot. - Tur Malaconoti are all natives of Africa. Sp. 1. Ma. Blanchoti. Ma. fronte albo; vertice colloque posticé ardosiaco-griseis ; cor- pore supra griseo-olivaceo, infra ochraceo-flavo; remigium tec- trictumque alarum marginibus flavis. Malaconotus with the forehead white ; the crown and neck behind slaty-grey ; the body above olive-grey ; beneath ochre-yellow ; the quills and wing-coverts edged with yellow. La pie-griesche Blanchot. Le Vaill. Ois. d Afrig. vi. 122. pl: 285.—Blanchot Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist, i. 20. _ Size of a Throstle: beak and legs lead-colour : top of the head and neck behind slaty-grey: the forehead white: the rest of the upper parts greyish- olive colour: wing-coverts, for the most part, edged with fine yellow: quills dusky, with light yellow margins: all the under parts of the bird ochre- yellow: the tail long and rounded: the wings reach about a quarter of an inch from the base. ol, V. XIIX. P. Il. Il 162 : LANIID&. Sp. 2. Ma. olivaceus. Lanius olivaceus., Shaw, v. vii. p. 330. Sp. 3. Ma. erythropterus. Lanius erythropterus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 301 —Lanius Senegalus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 314. Sp. 4. Ma. atro-coccineus. Zool. Jour. (Burchell) 1. 461. a XVill. Ma. supra niger subtus cocctneus ; alis nigrts, lined albd longi- tudinalitér notatis. Malaconotus above black, beneath scarlet ; with the wings black, longitudinally marked with a white line. Leneru nine inches: head and upper parts of the plumage above black: tail black, with its two outer feathers often tipped with reddish-yellow: the rump indistinctly striped with white: all the under parts of the plumage, from chin to vent, are fine searlet : the wings are black with a white line, formed by the outer webs of the fifth and sixth quills bemg of that colour, and by those of part of the scapulars and wing-coverts ; this line reaches from the shoulders: the femoral feathers are black : the legs, beak, claws, and irides, black: the nostrils are clothed with short bristles. Sgten Sp. 5. Ma. dorsalis. Ma. niger infra albus ; remigibus tectricibusgue alarum internis albo nigroque dimidiatis; in medio dorsi fasciculo eleoato pen= narum lanuginosarum. Black Malena beneath white; with the quills and inner wing-coverts half black half white, with an elevated tuft. of downy feathers in the middle of the back. seit Puff-backed Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 32. Lenetu six inches and a half: beak black: plumage - above black, beneath white: mner wing-coverts half LANIIDA. 168 black, half white: the others white on the outer margins: the quills the same: tail two inches and a half long, even, fringed at the tip with white: at the middle of the back a very large tuft of downy white feathers, standing up like a puff: legs black. The supposed opposite sex has the black of a dusky hue ; the puff-like tuft ash-coloured, the under parts dirty white. GENUS LXXX.—GRAUCALUS. Cuvier. Rostrum crassum, subeom- || Beak thick, somewhat com- pressum, basi plumigerum, pressed, its base clothed apice deflexum; mandi-|| with feathers, its tip de- bula superior carinata, flected ; the upper man- arcuata; inferior subtus dible carinated, bent; the plana. | lower plane. Coracina pars. Vieillot—CezBLeryRis pars. Temm. Tue Graucali appear to be confined to the Indian Archipelago, and to the extensive continent of Aus- tralasia. . Sp. 1. Gr. papuensis. Corvus papuensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 354.—New Guinea. Sp. 2. Gr, Nove Guinez. Corvus Nove Guinee. Shaw, v. vii. p. 354,—New Guinea. Sp. 3. Gr. melanops. Gr. cinereus facie juguloque nigris ; rectricibus lateralibus apice nigris. Cinereous Graucalus with the face and jugulum black ; the lateral tail-feathers black at the tip. Corvus melanops. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xxiv.—Rollier 4 masque noir. Le Vaill. Hist. Nat. Ois. de Paradis, &c. pl. 30.— Black-faced Crow.— Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 116. 164 LANIIDA. Inuasits New Holland. Size of a Jay: beak stout and black: tongue rounded at the end: face and throat black: the plumage on the upper parts is bluish ash-colour, for the most part ; beneath paler: quills blackish, with pale edges : aa SIX inches and a half long, and dusky-brown, all but the feathers Gavel with white: legs dus! Kai-a-lora. ‘The female is said by 7 the black patch on the fi . lieu thereof, a broad bl 1 little behind the eyes. fgets Sp. 4. Gr. iil 2: GR. ardosiaco-niger capi colloqu é nigris aut cinereiss alis cand bad @neo- -nigris 3 rectrice exterio ciner elles Gp tl venee Slaty- black te res as head fad neck in front black and ashy ; the wings and tail brassy-black ; the outer feather of the latter on each side with an ash- -coloured spot at its tip. | Ceblepyris fimbriatus. Temm, Pl. Se — _Inuasits Java, Banda, ae Sumatra, Length seven inches and a half: the adult male has the head and the fore-part of the neck nearly black: the rest of the neck, the back, scapulars, and under parts, of a slaty-black : the wings and tail bronzed-black ; the outer feather on each side of the last with an ashy spot at its tip: the beak and legs black. The adult female has the top of the head, the nape, the back, and the wings, deep ash: the feathers of the wings inclining to dusky, and edged with cinereous: the cheeks and the chief of the under parts are striped with white, dusky, and ash-coloured zigzags: the tail, with the exception of the two middle feathers, Oe a ee ae Se era gee ee Se at ee pec ere i) i Ni i GRAUCALUS FIMBRIATUS. PY. BE. LANIIDA. 165 is black ; and is tipped with white; the two eentral : feithers: are similar in colour to the back. ‘The young female has the feathers on the upper parts varied with whitish, and those of the wings edged with whitish-ash: the tip of the tail is varied with a few zigzags, and the under parts of the plumage are of a clearer ash-colour than in the old. Sp. 5. Gr. bicolor. Gr. niger uropygio basi caude, corpore infra, pogontisque in- ternis remigium albis. Black Graucalus with the rump, base of the tail, body beneath, and inner webs of the quills white. Ceblepyris bicolor. Temm. Pl, Col. 278. Innasits Sumatra. Length eleven inches and a half: the plumage is of two colours only: the head, cheeks, sides of the neck and upper parts of the plumage, with the exception of the rump and the base of the tail-feathers, is black ; these parts and all the under parts of the body, with the inner webs of the quill-feathers, are pure white: the beak is blue, and the legs are black. Sp. 6. Gr? lineatus. Gr? cinereus pectore corporeque infra albis lineis frequentibus transversis nigris vartis ; rectricibus nigris. Cinereous Graucalus? with the breast and body beneath white, _ bounded by narrow black lines; the tail-feathers black. Ceblepyris lineatus. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) v. i. p. 466. Inuasits New Holland. Length about ten inches: beak moderate, the culmen carmated: the general colour of all the upper plumage, and of the chin and throat, is light cimereous: the breast and all the 166 LANIIDA. under parts of the body, as well as the imner wing- coverts, are white, closely bounded by narrow trans- verse lines of a deep black colour: the space between the beak and eye is also black: the wings are mo- derately long and pointed: the quills are black, with the exterior half of the outer webs cinereous, and margined by a narrow line of whitish: the first quill is half as long as the second, which is again shorter than the third, and this last is very nearly as long as the fourth: the tail is black and obsoletely rounded, the two middle feathers cinereous at their base. Sp. 7. Gr? tricolor. : Gr ? nitidé niger, albus infra; crisso tegminibusque superioribus cinereis ; tectricibus rectriciumgue apicibus albis. Glossy black Graucalus? beneath white; with the rump and upper tail-coverts cinereous; the wing-coverts and tips of the tail-feathers white. Ceblepyris tricolor. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) v. i. p. 467. Innasits New Holland. Size rather larger than a Lark: the upper plumage, from the head to the middle of the back, is deep black, glossed with a metallic lustre of dull greenish-blue: the lower parts of the back, as well as the rump, and upper tail- coverts, are pale cinereous: the spiny-shafts of the feathers in these parts are very weak: the under plumage, with the sides of the neck and ear-feathers, is pure white: all the lesser and part of the greater wing-coverts are also white; as well as the margins of the scapulars, and part of the greater quills : wings long and pointed; the first quill very short, the second scarcely shorter than the third, but longer than the fourth : the tail black and rather lengthened, LANIIDA. 167 the two outer feathers graduated ; the rest nearly of equal length ; and all of them tipped with white. GENUS LXXXI—CEBLEPYRIS, Cuvier. Rostrum breve, subarcua- || Beak short, subarcuated, its tum, basi dilatatum, plu- base dilated, plumose, _ mMosum, versus apicem cur-|| curved towards the tip. vatum. Rictus amplius. | | Gape ample. Penne ccrisst rachidibus || Feathers of the rump. with elongatis, rigidis, acutis. — their shafts elongated, stiff and sharp. CAMPEPHAGA, Vieillot. Tue Ceblepyri feed upon larve, and inhabit the highest trees: they are confined to Africa and its eastern islands. Sp. 1. Ce. cana. Muscicapa cana. Steph. v. x. p. 398.—Inhabits Madagascar. Sp. 2. Ce. Le Vaillantii. Temm. Cr. ardosiaco-griseus infra pallidior ; ante et pone oculos pecs toregue nigricantibus ; remigibus fuscescentibus margine ex- teriore albo ; caudd bicuneata. Slaty-grey Ceblepyris, beneath paler ; before and behind the eyes and the breast dusky ; the quills brownish, margined externally with white ; the tail doubly wedged. Echenilleur gris. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. pl. 162, 163.—Grey Caterpillar-Thrush, Lath. Gen. Hist. v. 85. Size of a Lark: beak black: plumage slaty-grey, deeper on the head, and paler beneath: before and behind the eye dusky: breast the same; from thence to the vent still paler: quills brownish ; edged out- 168 LANIID&. wardly with white: tail the colour of the back, of a singular shape, rather long, and, as it wére, doubly wedged, the two middle feathers being shorter than the three next ; the following shorter to the one on each side, which is the shortest of all: legs dusky. The female is smaller, is without the dusky spot between the beak and eye, and the outer tail-feathers are edged with white. The feathers on the rump are very full and downy. : Sp. 3. Ce. niger. Temm. if Cr. supra niger ceruleo aut viridi nitens; infra remigibusyue anterné olivaceo-viridis. Ceblepyris above black glossed with blue or green; beneath, and with the quills within, olive-green. Echenilleur noir. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. pl. 165. Black Cater- pillar Thrush. Lath, Gen. Hist. v. 86. Less than the following : beak black : irides dusky brown: plumage above glossy blue-black, or greenish : inner parts of the quills olive-green, so as to appear beneath all of that colour: legs black. Sp. 4. Ce. flavus. Temm. Cr. olivaceo-fuscus pennis nigro undulatis apicibus flavis 3 tnter rostrum et oculos fusco-albo undulis nigris; tectricibus ma- joribus alarum remigibus rectricibusque nigris flavo marginatis. Olive-brown Ceblepyris with the feathers waved with. black and tipped with yellow ; between the beak and eyes brown-white with black waves; with the greater wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers black, margined with yellow. Kchenilleur jaune. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. 164.— Yellow Cater- pillar Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. 86. | Less than C. Le Vaillantii :. beak smaller, brown : upper parts pale olive-brown: the feathers tinged » LANIIDZ&. 169 and tipped with yellow, and each feather waved with black: beneath and between the beak and eye yel- lowish-white, tinged with brown, and waved with black: greater wing-coverts, quills, and tail, black, margined with yellow: tail as in C. Le Vaillanti: legs brown. | Sp. 5. Ce. labrosus. Cr. nitideé niger, rictu labroso, rubro; cruribus infra genua plu- matis. ! Glossy-black Ceblepyris with the gape margined by a red skin ; the legs feathered beyond the knees. Muscipeta labrosa, Swain. Zool. lust. pl. 179. “Tue whole plumage deep black, glossed with bluish-green in every part except the quill and tail- feathers: the quills inside are grey, margined with olive ; the first of these is very short, the second and third shorter than the fourth, and the two next are nearly of equal length: the tail has ten feathers, and is even, except the two outer pair, which are progressively shorter: the beak rather thick and strong, the culmen not very apparent, the upper mandible strongly notched, the under but slightly: the nostrils are lined by thick-set incumbent feathers, mixed with hairs; these cover the aperture, which is rather large, round, and encircled by a narrow mem- brane: the legs are very short, the three fore-toes united as far as the first joint, the hind-toe short ; the claws of all are small, and the sole of the foot perfectly flat. Inhabits near the Great Fish River of Southern Africa.” I have given the full description of this species, from the work above quoted, as it appears 170 LANIIDA. 4 beautifully to unite these birds with the Dicruri and Muscicapide, as shown by Mr. Swainson in his in- teresting paper on the Laniide in the first volume of the Zoological Journal. Sp. 6. Ce. lobatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 279. Cx? capite, nuchd, collique anticé viridi-nitentibus ; pectore, ventre, uropygiogue castaneo-rufis ; crisso tectricibusque infe- rioribus cawde flavis ; dorso, alis, rectricibusque duabus inter~ mediis viridi- -flavis ; rectrice ulringue extertore apice flavo ; mas. : capite colloque supremo nigris ; corpore infra A favo, supra viridi-nigro ; foemina. Ceblepyris with the head, nape, and neck in front glossy-green ; the breast, belly, and rump chesnut-red ; the vent and lower tail-coverts yellow ; the back, wings, and two middle tail-fea- thers greenish-yellow ; the outer tail-feather on each side with a yellow tip; male: or, head and upper part of the neck. black ; the body beneath yellow, above blackish-green ; ; “Geen : Innasits the western coast of ‘Afro. Length seven inches and a half: the maleis furnished with a naked skin at the base of the beak ; and has the head, the nape, the sides and fore-part of thew eck fa beau- tiful deep green, with a metallic gloss : the oreast, the belly, and rump, are fine chesnut-red: the vent ar under tail-coverts are yellow: the back, wings, an two middle tail-feathers are greenish-yellow: the wing-feathers are black edged with white : the lateral tail-feathers are black, tipped with bright yellow: the legs and beak are black. The female has only the rudiment of the naked membrane at the base of the beak: the head and a portion of the fore part of the neck are dull black: all the under parts are yellow: the nape, the back, the rump, the sides, and the lesser wing-coverts are dull green: the wings \ Y y Wy WY Wy CEBLEPYRIS Uy ANY Y) f, WW LOBATUS.) MERULID&. 171 black edged with green: the tail as in the male, but the tips of a less brilliant hue. Independently of its brilliant plumage, this species differs from its congeners in possessing the lobated appendage at the base of the beak, and from its re- sidence being on the western coast of Africa. May it not rather belong to the following family of birds, the Merulidee ? FAMILY I1—MERULID. Rostrum a@rcuatum, compressum, apice haud aduncum; mandibula superior versus apicem subemarginatum ; pedes mediocres; di- gitis tribus anticis, uno postico. Beak arcuated, compressed, not hooked at the tip; the upper mandible with a notch towards the tip ; the /egs moderate, with three toes before and one behind. Tue Merulidz usually live upon insects and fruits, and many upon berries: they construct their nests of various materials, the typical groups, or true Thrushes, frequently covering them externally with mud : others suspend them from the branches of trees: some of the groups are solitary, others gregarious. Amidst the indescribable confusion that reigns throughout most of the Insessorial birds, and _ parti- cularly so among those comprised in this and the fol- lowing families, the attempt to arrive at any satisfac- tory classification is utterly impossible; but as some farther information may be desirable respecting them than is contained in the former volumes, I have en- deavoured to arrange those genera which have been proposed according to their natural affinities, and to 172 MERULIDE. Incorporate, as usual, such species as have been already described. I have also added, under the modern genera, the descriptions of some newly described species. | The genus Tanypus of Oppel is omitted in the following account of this family, as I have been unable to obtain its characters. In the present confused state of the Insessorial birds, the omission is probably of little consequence; especially as the name itself cannot be retained, it having long been pre-occupied in En- tomology. GENUS LXXXII.—FORMICIVORA, Swainson. ANT-WREN. Rostrum mediocre subcylin- || Beak moderate, subcylindric, draceum, gonyde recta; the gonix straight; no vibrissee nullee, bristles. : 3 Ale breves rotundate, re- || Wings short, rounded, the mex quarta vel quintalon- |} fourth or fifth quill long- gissima. | est. Cauda seepé gradata. Tail often graduated. Tarst mediocres, graciles ; || Zarst moderate, slender, with squamis lateralibus fre-|| numerous lateral scales. quentibus, : MyorTHerA pars. Temminck. Tur birds of this genus are all South American, and, as their name implies, usually subsist upon ants, thereby being of infinite service in ridding that part of the world of those noxious pests. Sp. 1. Fo. maculata. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) ii. 147. Fo. supra atra maculis albis frequentibus interstincta ; infra cinerea nigro vario; secundartis apice fulvo ; caudd gradata. MERULIDS. 173 Ant-Wren ahove black, with numerous white spots, beneath ashy- white varied with black ; lesser quills tipped with black ; tail graduated. | Leneru five inches: upper mandible of the beak black, lower horn-colour: the wing-coverts and all the upper parts of the plumage are deep black, varie- gated by numerous tear-shaped spots of pure white : on the head these spots are so disposed as to form macular bands over the eyes, leaving the middle of the crown, and a stripe above the ears, entirely black : the under parts of the plumage are ashy-white, with the middle of the feathers black, particularly on the breast and body, where their colour forms spots: the quills are brownish, margined by light grey: and each of the lesser quills is tipped with a round spot of fulvous white: tail rather lengthened, much gra- duated, the feathers moderately pointed, their colour black tipped with white, and crossed by three inter- rupted white bands: tarsi rather short, weak, and pale. Sp. 2. Fo. nigricollis. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) ii. 147. Fo. supra griseo fusca; jugulo, pectore, abdomineque nigris ; late- ribus strigaque oculari niveis; caudd elongata, gradaté, nigra, apice albd; mas.: aut, supra ferrugineo fusco; lateribus tes- taceis ; rectricibus intermediis Suscis ; foemina. Ant-Wren above greyish-brown; with the throat, breast, and middle of the body black; the sides and eye-stripe snowy ; tail graduated, black, tipped with white; male: or, rusty-brown above, with the sides testaceous; the middle tail-feathers brown; Semale. ‘Leneru four inches and three quarters: beak black: the general tint of the upper plumage of the 174 MERULID&. male is grey; but in the female it is ferruginous, more particularly on the lower part of the back ; the margins of the quill-feathers are the same, the quills themselves being brown: the sides of the head, ears, and fore parts of the neck, the breast and body, are covered by a large patch of black, which extends to the vent; and is margined on each side by a white line, which passes over the eyes and ears, be- comes wider on the sides of the breast and body, leaving the flanks and belly in the male pure white, but tinged with ferruginous in the female : the wings are very short, the coverts are all black, marked by snow-white spots; spurious quills the same: tail length- ened and cuneated ; the middle pair of feathers being more than an inch longer than the outer pair; those which intervene are progressively graduated : they are all black, with obtuse white tips, except the middle pairs, which are greyish towards their base: tarsi moderate slate-coloured. Sp. 3. Fo. brevicauda. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) ui. 148. Fo. cinerea, jugulo pectoreque nigris ; scapulis maculis tectrices ornantibus albis ; caudaé brevissimda. Cinereous Ant- Wren, with the middle of the throat and the breast black ; shoulders and spots on the wing-coverts white ; tail very short. Leneru three inches and a half: remarkable for its short tail: the ground colour both of the upper and under plumage is pure cinereous or slate-grey : from the chin to the middle of the body runs a narrow stripe of black, which widens on the breast : the shoul- der-coverts are pure white, and the greater and lesser FORMICIVORA MENTALIS. MERULID&. L175 wing-coverts deep black, tipped by white: the tail is rounded, fasciculated, and only extends half an inch beyond its coverts; the feathers are black, tipped with white, particularly the outer pair: the tarsi are short, only half an inch long, and naturally bluish- black. Sp. 4. Fo. mentalis. Fo. supra cinereo-viridis, infra virescente flava ; ma wilbis nu- chaque nigricante-cinereis; maculd auriumnigrad. == Ant-Wren above ashy-green, beneath grecnish-yellow ; with the head, cheek, and nape dusky-ash ; and a black spot on the ears. Myothera mentalis. Temm. Pl. Col. 179. f. 3. Lenertu four inches: the head, cheeks, and nape are dusky-ash : on the ear-feathers is a large black spot: the throat is of a silvery-grey: all the under parts are clear unspotted yellow, with a very slight tinge of ashy-green : the upper parts are ashy-green : the wings and tail are deeper, with a brown hue: the lesser coverts are dusky, with white lunules: the inner edge of the wing is white: the beak is black-blue, and the legs are ashy. Sp. 5. Fo? cirrhata. Turdus cirrhatus. Steph. x. 311. Sp. 6. Fo? rufimarginata. Fo? supra cinereo-viridis, infra cinereo-flavd; ‘vertice linedque postice nigris aut rufescentibus 3 pogontis externis remigium rufis, internis nigris, Ant-Wren? above ashy-green, beneath ashy-yellow ; with the crown and occipital dash black or reddish; the outer webs of the quills red, the inner black. Myothera rufimarginata. Temm. Pl. Col. 132. f. 1. male; f. 2. female. 7b. MERULID. Inuasits Brazil. Length near five inches: the male has the top of the head deep black ; and a slight dash of the same colour extending from the eye to the occiput: the lores, eyebrows, cheeks, and throat, are greyish-white: the back and.the scapulars are ashy-green ; the lesser wing-coverts are deep black, crossed with two white bands: the secondaries are edged with whitish: the quills are bright-red on their outer webs, but black on their inner: the under parts of the body are irregularly tinged with ashy-yellow : the tail is long and wedged, the two middle-feathers being entirely grey, the rest black, with their tips white, the white being most extended on the outer feathers. ‘The female is less brilliant: the top of the head and the stripe behind the eyes are reddish : the back is rufous, and the under parts are more shaded with ashy; of which colour the flanks are tinged. Sp. 7. Fo? ferruginea. Fo? nigra albo varia, subtus ferrugineus; gula rufo albo nigroque variegata; superciliis apicibusque tectriciwm et rectrictum albis. Black Ant-Wren varied with white, ferruginous beneath ; with the throat variegated with red, white, and black; the eyebrows and tip of the wing-coverts and tail-feathers white. — | Myothera ferruginea. Temm. Pl. Col. 132./. 3. | Inuasits Brazil. Length five ches: the male has the head, occiput, cheeks, wings, the middle of the back, and the tail, deep black, varied with white, which colour passes over the eyes, from the beak to the occiput in form of a streak : the auricular feathers are varied with black and white: the wing-coverts are marked at the tip of each feather with spots of i - : — pes] bc — auih) MERULID. 177 white of a round or triangular form; and the caudal feathers are terminated with the same : the upper part of the back is brownish : the throat is somewhat varied with red, black and white: all the under parts and the rump are beautifu! chesnut-red: the abdomen is brownish: the legs and beak are dusky. GENUS LXXXIII.—DRYMOPHILA, Swainson. ANT-THRUSH. Rostrum mediocre, subcylin- || Beak moderate, subcylindric, dricum, gonyde recta ; vi- with its gonix straight ; brissze nulle. _ without bristles. Ale mediocres, rotundate, || Wings moderate, rounded, remex quarta longissima- the fourth quill longest. Cauda rotundata. Tail rounded. Tarsi elongati, subgraciles, || T'arst elongated, rather slen- squamis lateralibus in- der, with the lateral scales tegris. | entire. MyoTHeERA pars. Sp. 1. Dr. leucopus. Zool. Jour. (Swain.y ii. 150. Dt. rufo-fusca, corpore infra albente; crisso, strigé oculari ma- culisque tectrices nigras ornantibus fulvis ; torque pectoralé obtecto nigro ; tarsis: albentibus. Mas. mento nigro; jugulo maculisque scapulares ornantibus niveo: foemina mento jugu- logue fulvis. ? Rufous-brown Ant-Thrush with the body beneath whitish; the _ vent, eye stripe, and spots on the black wing-coverts, fulvous; breast with a concealed black collar ; tarsi whitish. Male with | the chin black; the throat and spots on the shoulder-coverts. snowy ; female with the chin and throat fulvous. Lenoru five inches and a half: male rather less than the Robin: the beak is black, and but little Vo Il. P. IT. 42 175 MERULID&. compressed : the ground-coiour of the upper plumage, including the wings and tail, is ferruginous brown, darkest on the head: the feathers on the back, when raised, are seen to be pure white for about half their length; they are then obliquely banded by black, whi ae remaining or external portion is of the same colour as the parts adjacent: the white colour of course is entirely concealed, so also, in part, are the black bands; the feathers on the rump are re- markably long: from the nostrils commences a broad band (which at first is white, but gradually becomes fulvous), passing over the eyes and half way down the neck; leaving the ears and the sides of the head and neck deep black; the chin, in this sex, is also black, and the throat pure white: across the upper part of the breast is a half-concealed collar of black, the margin of the feathers being white, but those on each side the breast tinged with cinereous: the middle of the body is white; the flanks hght ferruginous, and the under tail-coverts fulvous or deep buff-colour: the wing-coverts are deep black, those on the shoulders and the lesser series are each tipped with a snow- white spot ; while the greater coverts and the spurious quills are spotted with buff: tail moderate and gra- duated, the outer feathers being only half the length of those in the middle: tarsi rather lengthened ; claws moderate. The female has the under mandible of the beak pale: the concealed white spot on the back is less; the line above the eye, as well as all the round spots on the wimg-coverts, are entirely buff: and the whole of the chin and throat is buff- coloured yellow: the sides of the breast are dusky- Ta Sve SSeS a a : BRE Fe gi ee nay MERULID&. 179 brown, without any mixture of cinereous: and the black collar round the throat is nearly obsolete. Sp. 2. Dr. longipes. Zool. Journ. (Swain.) ii. 152. Dr. supra rufa; genis cinereis; jugulo pectoreque nigris ; cor- pore albo ; tarsis longis, pallidis. : Ant-Thrush above rufous ; with the sides of the crown cinereous ; the throat and breast black ; body white ; tarsi elongated, pale. Leneru six inches and a quarter: beak black: all the upper plumage, including the wings and tail, is bright rufous; but the crown is more dusky, and is margined above the eyes and ears by a broad and clear cinereous stripe; the front is of an obscure cinereous, with the shaft of the feathers black, rigid, and shining: the throat and breast are deep black, and this colour spreads over the sides of the head and the ear-feathers ; the rest of the under plumage is white, but the flanks and under tail-coverts are fer- -ruginous: the wings are short, feeble, and much rounded: the tail also is rounded, rather short, and the feathers narrow; the colour of both is rufous. Sp. 3. Dr. trifasciata. Zool. Journ. (Swain.) ii. 152. Dr. atra, pennis scapularibus, interscapularibus, tectriclumque Jascits duabus niveis. Black Ant-Thrush, with shoulder-coverts, interscapulars, and two bands on the wing-coverts, snowy. Leneru seven inches: larger than the last, but the beak is rather shorter than in that bird: the general colour of the entire plumage, both above and beneath, is deep and uniform black: a broad band of snowy-white passes over the shoulder-coverts, 180 MERULID&. and two other bands, much narrower, are formed by the white tips of the greater and lesser wmg-coverts = the feathers in the middle of the back are also pure white, bordered with black across their extremities ; so that when undisturbed, the white portion is almost hid: the wings, although rounded, are larger and more robust than those of the two preceding species: as is also the tail, the feathers of which are broad _ and obtuse: tarsi rather strong and black. Sp- 4. Dr. atra. Zool. Journ. ( Swain.) it. 153- Dr. atrum interscapularium basi marginegue nivels. Black Ant-Thrush with the base and margins of the inter scapute lary feathers snowy. Leneru seven inches: greatly allied. to the last, but differs in wanting the white bands on the wings : the beak is somewhat larger: the entire plumage is deep and uniform black: it has a concealed spot of white on the back, but instead of the feathers being” bordered with black at their tips, they have a tear- shaped spot of that colour, so that the white margin appears externally when the feathers are smooth : the wings are shorter than in Dr. trifasciata, and the tail, although similar in form, is more graduated ; - the irides are large and bright crimson. Sp. 5. Dr. variegata. Zool. Journ. (Such.) v. 1. p. 559. Dr. dorso olivaceo-brunneo ; capite, alis, rectrictbusque nigris albo variegatis ; pectore, abdomine, uropygtoque rufis. Ant-Thrush with the back olive-brown; the head, wing, and tail-feathers black, varied with white; the breast, abdomen, and rump red. -Leneru near five inches: beak dark coloured ; = Oe ee ae ee ee MERULIDE. 181 under mandible pale: head black, above somewhat striped with white, the eyebrows and region of the ears also white: primary quills dark fuscous, ex- ternally margined with fulvous: the two middle tail- feathers with a small white spot, the rest with a large spot of the same colour at the tip: tarsi and claws rather pale. GENUS LXXXIV.—MYIOTHERA, Illiger. Rostrum basi altitis quam | Beak higher than broad at latior, feré cylindricum, | the base, nearly cylindri- -subrobustum, supra con- | cal, rather robust, convex vexum; mandibula su-|| above; the upper man- perior versus apicem cur- dible curved towards the vata; inferior laciniata, tip; the lower jagged, with apice acuta, recurvata. its tip acute, recurved. Cauda brevis. | Tail short. eur Myrmoruera, Vieillot. A. Rostro valido, subrecte. A. With the beak stout, nearly straight. Sp. 1. My. Colma, Lit a Turdus Colma. Steph. v. x. p. 291.—South America. Sp. 2. My. formicivora. Turdus formicivorus. Steph, v. x. p. 308.—South America. Sp. 3. My. lineatus. Turdus lineatus. Steph. v. x. p. 307.—Cayenne. Sp. 4. My. cantans. 3 Turdus Arada. Steph. v. x. p. 282.—Cayenne. Sp. 5. My. Coraya. Turdus Coraya, Steph, v. x. p. 299.—Cavenne. - 182 MERULIDA. B. Rostro gracile, subcurvato acuminato. B. With the beak slender, a little curved and acuminated. Sp. 6. My? bambla. Turdus bambla. Steph. v. x. p. 308.—Cayenne. 4 GENUS LXXXV.—GRALLARIA, Vieillot. Rostrum rectum, subrobus- tum, crassum, supra con- |} vexum, carinatum, latera- tim compressum ; mandi- bula superior apice cur- Beak straight, somewhat ro- bust, thick, convex above, carinated, laterally com- pressed; the upper man- dible curved at the tip. vata. Tibi seminuds. Cauda brevis. Tibie half-naked. - Tail short. Myroruera pars. Cuvier. Sp. 1. Gr, rex. Corvus grallarius. Shaw, v. viii. p. 386. pl. 49.—South America, Sp. 2? Gr. tinniens. Turdus tinniens. Shaw, v. x. p. 306.—Cayenne. GENUS LXXXVI.—CONOPOPHAGA, Vieillot. Rostrum basi nudum, rec-||-Beak naked at the base, straight, weak, depressed, a little carmated above, curved towards the tip; the under mandible flat beneath. Tail short. tum, debile, depressum, supra paulo carinatum, versus apicem curvatum ; mandibula inferior subtus plana. Cauda brevis. My1oruera pars. Temm, MERULIDE. 183 Sp. 1. Co. aurita. | Turdus auritus, Séeph. v. x. p. 310.—Cayenne. Sp. 2. Co. nevia. Pipra nevia. Steph. v. x. p. 32.—Cayenne. GENUS LXXXVII.—PITTA, Vieillot. Rostrum robustum, basisub- || Beak robust, rather thick crassum, rectum, supra] at the base, straight, con- convexum, compressum, vex above; the wzpper acutum; mandibula su- || mandible emarginate to- perior versus apicem emar- || wards the tip, the lower ginata, inferior imtegra, || entire, equal. | _gequalis. Ale longe. | Wings long. Cauda brevis. | Ladd short. MYI0THERA pars. Cuvier. Sp. 1. Pi. Bengalensis. Corvus brachyurus. Shaw, v. vi. p. 385. pl. 48.—The East Indies. m Sp. 2. Pi. cyanurus. Corvus cyanurus. Shaw, v, vii. p. 384. pl. 47.—The Kast. Sp. 3. Pi. versicolor. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) v. i. p. 468. Pi. viridis infra fulva; uropygio tectricibusque ceruleis, ano rubro ; vertice rufo; nuchd, mento, maculdgue abdeminali ni- gris. Green Pitta beneath fulvous; with the rump and tail-feathers blue; the vent red; the crown rufous; the nape, chin, and abdominal spot black. Inuasits New Holland. Length nine inches and a quarter: rather larger than the Song Thrush: the ground colour ef the upper parts is pure olive-green 5 the greater wing-coverts, and the external half of TR4 MERULID®. the lesser quill-feathers, are the same: on the chin is a large pointed patch of black, which unites a broad band on each side of the head, encircles the crown, and again forms a pointed patch on the-upper part of the neck: the crown is deep ferruginous, with a narrow black stripe down the middle: the shoulders and. lesser wing-coverts are bright cerulean-blue, having a silvery metallic lustre not unlike the gloss on-silk ; and across the rump is a band of the same colour : the upper tail-coverts are black, the tail itself very short, the two middle feathers rather the shortest, and. all of them black tipped with olive-green: the greater quills hardly exceed the others in length ; they are black, -with pale tips, and at the base of the fourth, fifth, and sixth, is a small white spot : the sides -of the neck, the throat, and all the under parts are buff-colour, except the vent, middle of the belly, and under tail-coverts, which are of a beautiful red: in the middle of the abdomen is a patch of black: the beak is black, and the tarsi pale yellowish. Sp.°4. Pi. cyanoptera. Temm. Pl. Col. 218. Pi. dorso scapulisque viridibus; uropygio tectricibusque alarum _cyaneis ; malis, occipite, collo postice, strigdque verticali nigris; gula albd maculd nigra 3 ventre crissoque rufis. | Pitta with the back and scapulars green; the rump and wing- « eoverts blue ; the cheeks, occiput, neck behind, and stripe on the crown, black; the throat white, with a black spot; ‘the belly and vent rufous, : | Iyuasits Java. Length seven -inches: allied to the last: the cheeks are black, which colour extends to the oeciput and to the hinder part of the neck ; ‘on’ the middle of the crown is also a broad stripe .of MERULIDA. 185 the same; the forehead and a broad line over the eyes are ochraceous-brown ; and a lighter and yel- lowish tint of the same colour surrounds <" > black on the nape: the back and scapulars are bril..ani green : the rump and wing-coverts are beautiful rich blue: the secondary quills farthest from the body are black, edged and tipped with ashy-blue : the quills are black, marked towards the middle with a white patch, and tipped with ashy-black: the tail is deep black, tipped with blue: the throat is white, with a black spot: the middle of the belly, the vent, and under tail- coverts are light red: all the rest of the under parts — are fine olivaceous : the legs are yellow, and the beak black. Sp. 5. Pi. erythrogastra. Temm. Pl. Col. 212. P1. vertice occipite et malis rufescente fuscis ; guld colloque anticé Juscis maculd rosea ; dorso scapulis Sascidgque pectorali cy, yaneo- viridibus 3 tectricibus alarum, ae 220 5 cauddque cyanets ; abdomine crissoque rubris. Pitta with the crown, occiput, and cheeks reddish-brown ; the throat and neck in front brown, with a rosy spot; the back, scapulars, and pectoral fascia blue-green; the wing-coverts, rump, and tail blue; the abdomen and vent red. Inuazits the Philippine Islands and Manilla. Length six inches and a half: the top of the head, the occiput, and the cheeks reddish-brown: a half collar on the nape: the fore part of the neck and the throat are dusky, with a rose-coloured spot in the middle: a broad belt covers the breast ; this and the feathers of the back and scapulars are of a fine deep green slightly tinged with blue: the wing-coverts, the rump, and the tail-feathers are of a rich azure- 186 MERULID&. blue: the quills and secondaries are black, tipped with ash, and very slightly tinged with azure: the second quills and the two following have a white spot at the base: the flanks are tinged with greenish, changing to red, which colour is spread of a brilliant hue over the middle of the belly, the vent, and under tail-coverts: the beak is black, with its tip brown: the tarsi are brown. Sp. 6. Pi. gigas. Zemm. Pl. Col. 217. Pi? dorso, scapulis, uropygio, cauddgque azureis; alis cyaneis ; remigibus nigris apice azureis ; verticé nuchd semitorque collart nigris 3 guld albidé ; corpore infra cinereo-fusco. Pitta? with the back, scapulars, rump, and tail azure ; the wings blue: the quills black, with azure tips; the crown, nape, and half-collar on the neck black; the throat whitish ; the body beneath ashy-brown. | Inuasits Sumatra. Length nine inches: the back, the scapulars, the rump, and the tail, are bril- liant azure-blue: the wings are the same, but less brilliant: the quills are black, tipped with azure : the top of the head, the nape, and a half-collar at the base of the neck, are black: the forehead and supercilia are ashy-brown: the throat is whitish: the © rest of the under parts is ashy-brown: the legs are very long, and of an ashy-grey, or horn-colour. GENUS LXXXVHI—MYOPHONUS, Temminck. Rostrum longum, rectum, || Beak long, straight, stout, validum, robustum, forte ; robust, strong; the cul- culmine lato; mandibula |} men broad; the upper superior apice subitd cur- mandible abruptly curved Wat. |) at its tip. " PU, 5G. ¥ MYOPHONUS METALLICUS. MERULID&. 187 Rictus setis rigidis ornatus. | Gape furnished with stiff bristles. Nares membrana plumosa || Nostrils covered with a plu- obtecti. 7 mose membrane. Tarsi elongati..... Tarsi elongated. Cauda ch, saree. Tail moderate, equal. Sp. i My. ies am. Pl. Col. 170. My. obscure cyaneus capite abdomineque saturatioribus ; remi- gium apicibus epeomlney hed collo pectoreque chalybeo maculatis, = Dull blue Myophonus with ike: ‘bend oul abdomen darkest ; the tips of the quills dusky ; the he neck, and breast with steel-coloured Bie eae Java. ‘Length twelve inches: the general colour of the entire plumage is dull blue, changing according to the light to brighter shades; the head and abdomen being the darkest, and the tips of the quills nearly dusky: the feathers of the breast, neck, and cheeks, are adorned with shining steel spots: and the edges of those of the back and the wing-coverts are of the same colour: the beak is yellow, with a black keel : the legs are black. Sp. 2. My? cyaneus. My? cyaneus saturatissimus, capite remigibus rectricibus externeé et subtus ventreque nigris. Deep-blue Myophonus? with the head, quills, the tail-feathers without and beneath, and the belly black. Turdus cyaneus. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) xiii. 149.—Pitta glau- cina. Temm. Pl. Col. 194. Innasits Java. Length nine inches and a half: beak and legs black: the general colour of this bird is deep blue violet, changing according to the light 188 MERULIDA» to shades of blue and azure: the bend and edges of — the wings are of a brighter colour and more brilliant than the rest of the plumage: when the feathers on the sides of the body are separated, their bases appear white: the tarsi are very long, and the tail is short. GENUS LXXXIX.—GRALLINA, Vieillot. © Rostrum gracile, rectum, |} Beak slender, straight, ra- subrotundatum, longius- ther rounded, elongated, ; culum, supra convexum; || Gonvex above; the wpper mandibula superior ad api- mandible emarginated on cem incurva. each side at the tip, in- curved. i Ale penna spuria, longee, ro- || Wings with a spurious fea- ~ tundatee. || . ther, long, rounded. - Ungues anteriores minime, || Claws, the antertor. ones — graciles, posticus validissi- small, slender, the hinder mus, valdé aduncus. very strong, and much hooked. f Cauda mediocris. | Tail moderate. ; Sp. 1. melanoleuca. Viedll. Analyse, p. 68. (T.) Gr. superciliis, collo supra, pectore, abdomine, fascia alarunt, wro- pygio, rectricibusgue lateralibus albis ; capite, guld, remigabus, rectricibus intermedtis dimidiatim nigris; rostro albido, culmine i _ @ medio ad apicem atros: femina, guld albd. . ‘] Grallina with the eyebrows, neck above, breast, abdomen, band on the wings, rump, and lateral tail-feathers white; the head, throat, quills,and intermediate tail-feathers black; beak whitish ; the culmen dark from the middle to the tip: female, with a white throat. | INHABITS New Holland. — MERULID. 189 GENUS XC.—BRACHYPUS, Swainson. Rostrum breve, gracile, de- || Beak short, slender, weak ; bile; sete nuchales obso- nuchal bristles obsolete. letee. 3 Rictus vix ciliatus. Gape scarcely ciliated. Pedes graciles; tarsi brevi. || Legs slender; tarsi short. Les TurDoipEs, Temm. _ Tue species of this genus, named as above by Mr. Swainson in the Zoological Journal, v. i. p. 305, are all natives of Africa or India: they are closely allied to the Dicruri. Sp. 1. Br. Cafer. Turdus Cafer. Steph. v. x. p. 298.—Le Curouge. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. iii. pl. 107. f- 1. Sp. 2. Br. chrysorrhoéus. Br. griseo-fuscus infra albidus ; vertice genis guldque nigris ; _tectricibus inferioribus caud@e aureo-flavis, Grey-brown Brachypus beneath whitish ; with the crown, cheeks, and throat black ; the under tail-coverts golden-yellow. Le Cudor. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. iii. pl. 46. f. 2.—Turdus ehrysorrhoéus. Temm.—Gold-vented Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v, 82. Inuapits Southern Africa. The crown, cheeks, and throat are black: the upper parts of the body grey-brown: wings deeper: under parts, from the chin and upper tail-coverts dusky-white: under tail- coverts golden-yellow: beak black: irides and legs brown. Sp. 3. Br. Le Vaillantii. Le Brunnoir. Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afrigq. iii. pl. 106... 1. —Turdus Le Vaillantii. Z'emm.—Brunet Thrush, var.a. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. Vv. 79.—Turdus Capensis. Steph. v. x. 216. 190 MERULIDA. Sp. 4. Br. Capensis. Turdus Capensis. Steph. x. 216.—Le Brunet. ‘Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iii. pl. 105. 4 Sp. 5. Br. dispar. Br. remigibus rectricibusque fuscis ; externe dorsoque croceo-oli- vaceis ; capite maris atro, guld coccinea; famine? concolore. Brachypus with the quills and tail-feathers brown; the outer edges and back yellowish-olive; the head of the male dark coloured ; with a scarlet throat ; of the female? concolorous. Turdus dispar. Linn, pie (Horsf) », xiii. p. 150. ie: Pl. Col. 137. Inuasits Java. Length six inches and a half: remarkable for the singular feathers which cover the throat in the male; these feathers are of a texture resembling those at the tips of the secondary quills of the Wax-wings (Bombycilla Bohemica), and of a bright ver Sail: the head and neck are deep black : the back, the wings, and the outer edges of the fea- thers of the latter are olive-yellow : the tail is dusky- brown : the breast is reddish-yellow: the rest of the under parts pure yellow: the beak is black, and the legs ashy. The females? are destitute of the black on the head, that part being dusky in them: they also want the beautiful gular feathers, and the general colour of their plumage is less brilliant : the throat and the breast are of a whitish hue. | Sp. 6. Pr. azureus. Br. cyaneus dorso olivaceo-fusco ceruleo fasciato; guld pectore ventreque anticé olivaceo-fuscis ; pone infrdque oculos nudus. Blue Brachypus with the back olive-brown, barred with blue ; the throat, breast, and anterior part of the breast olive-brown ; _ the space behind and beneath the eyes naked. Turdus azureus. Temm. Pl. Col. 274. Ww Ea RS SN BS eg oe RETA SR SS. BER ge sepia MERULID. 191 Innasirs Java, and other Indian islands. Length eight inches and a half: behind and beneath the eyes is a small naked space: the eyes are bounded by a small circle of serrated feathers: the top of the head, and the edges of the wing and tail-feathers are of a beautiful azure: the occiput and nape, the sides of the neck and the rump are deep blue: the middle of the wing and tail-feathers is dusky-blue: the feathers of the back are olive-brown, with blue belts, more or less brilliant according to the light : from the base of the beak to the middle of the belly is olive-brown ; the rest_of the under parts is dusky-blue: the back and legs are black. The female has all the lower part of the body dusky blue, and the colours in ge- neral less brilliant than the male. Sp. 7. Br? jocosus. | Lanius jocosus. Shaw, v. vii.—Lanius emeria. Shaw, v. vil. Sp. 8. Br? perspicillatus. Turdus perspicillatus. Steph. x. 239. pl. 23. Sp. 9. Br? phoenicopterus. . Bs? @neo-niger ceruleo violaceoque nitens ; alis cauddque obscure nigris, pennis margine eneo-viridis ; tectricibus alarum rubris. Brassy- -black Brachypus? glossed with blue and violet ; with the wings and tail dull black; the feathers margined with br one green; the wing-coverts red. Turdus pheenicopterus. Zemm. Pl. Col. 71. Inuazits Senegal. ‘The entire plumage is of a fine bronzed black, glossed with bluish and violet : the wings and tail are dull black, with all the fea- thers Bed with metallic green: the wing-coverts are bright red: the beak ase legs are black. 192 MERULID&. Sp. 10. Br? hemorrhousa. . Muscicapa hemorrhousa. Steph. v. x. p. 334. Sp. 11. Br? Psidii. Muscicapa Psidii. Steph. v. x. p. 335.—Inhabits the Manille Islands. _ Sp. 12. Br? Cochinsinensis. Turdus Cochinsinensis, Steph. v. x. p. 286. pl. 27.—Turdus- Malabaricus. - Steph. v.x. p. 252.—Certhia Cosinsinica. Shaw; v. Vill. p. 239. Inhabits India. GENUS XCI.—CINCLUS: WATER-OUZEL. Rostrum basi plumosum, ro- ||, Beak. plumose at the base,. tundatum, gracile, _rec- rounded, slender, straight, tum, versus apicem pauld ||. alittle compressed towards. compressum, incurvatum ; the tip; with its edges marginibus — subdenticu- slightly denticulated. latis. | Cauda brevis. Tail short. Hyprosata, Vieillot. Sp. 1. Ci. Europzus. Steph. v. x. p. 313. pl. 30.—Britain, and. other parts of Europe. ~ GENUS XCIT.—DULUS, Vieillot. - Rostrum basi nudum, paul6 || Beak naked at the base; a robustum, supra con- little robust, convex above, vexum, lateratim com- laterally compressed ; the pressum: mandibula su-|| upper mandible shghtly ar- perior subarcuata ; inferior cuated; the lower straight. recta. \ Sp. 1. Du. Dominicus. Tanagra Dominica, Steph, ve x. p, 542.—St. Dominge. 4 4 a } * 4 hy ; MERULIDA. 193 _ GENUS XCIII—SPHECOTHERES, Vieillot. Rostrum basi crassum, gla-|| Beak thick at the. base, _brum, validum,; supra con- |}. smooth, strong, convex vexum, versus apicem de- above, bent down towards clive. : the tip. ; Orbite nude. Orbits naked. Nares orbiculares. Nostrils orbicular. Sp. L. Sp. viridis. Steph. v. x. p. 481—-New Holland. a ae Auctorum. ORIOLE. Rostrum best paulo depres- || Beak rather depressed at chia sum, mediocre, conico-con- base, moderate, conico-con- vexum, lateratim compres- vex, laterally compressed, sum, apice inclinatum; | the tip inclined; the lower mandibula imferior recur- mandible recurved, acute, vale ee oe laciniated. Sp. 1. Or. galbula Shaw, v. vii. p. 408. pl. 53.—Britain, and the temperate regions of Europe and Asia, and North Africa. Sp. 2. Or. Chinensis. Chinese Oriole. Shaw, v Vil. 7. ee er ala Sp. 3. Or. melanocephalus. aria Black-headed Oriole. Shaw, v. vii. p. All —Loriot © rieur. Le Vaill: Ois, ad’ Afrig. vi. pl. 263.—Africa. , Sp! 4. Or. flavus. e100 EP ea Turdus flavus. Steph. v. x. pl. 252.—Loriot dor. Le Vaill. Ois. d@’ Afrig. vi. pl. 260.—Africa and India. Sp. 5. Or. monacha. Turdus monacha. Steph. v. x. p. 293.—Loriot Cordougnan. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. vi. pl. 261, 262.—Africa. | Sp. 6. Or. xanthonotus. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) xiii. 152.— Temm: Pip Col. 214 f. t..2. © : dienes SE @ 13 194 - MERULIDE. Or. ater ventre albido nigro striato ; scapulis, azillis, wropygio, crisso, rectricibusque interné flavis ; rostrum rubrum ; pedes nigrt. 4 avant? Dark-coloured Oriole with the belly white, striped with black ; the scapulars, shoulders, rump, vent, and tail-feathers deep yellow ; the beak red ; the legs black. Innasits Java. Length six inches and a half: beak red: prevailing colour of the plumage black : the belly white, streaked with black: the scapulars, axilla, rump, vent, and inner part of the tail-feathers yellow: legs black. ! | Sp. 7. Or. radiatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 443.—India. Sp. 8. Or. aureus. Linn, i. 163. Paradisea aurantia. Shaw, v. vii. p. 499. pl. 68,—India. Sp. 9. Or? viridis. A ave Gracula viridis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 473.—New Holland. GENUS XCV.—PYRRHOCORAX, Cuvier. Rostrum basi plumulis an- || Beak furnished at the base trorsim directis ornatum, |} with small feathers point- rectum, mediocre, subula- ing forwards, straight, mo- tum, compressum, supra|| derate, subulated, com- convexum, subgracile, pressed, convex above, ra-. : apice curvato. ther slender, the tip curved. _ Nares plumis tectz. Nostrils clothed with fea- thers. Sp. 1. Py. alpinus. ? Corvus Pyrrhocorax. Shaw, v. vii. p. 380.—Alpine countries of Europe. Sp. 2. Py? sexsetaceus. | Corvus sexsetaceus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 380.—India. gh =e Wh: oy MERULID&. 195 Sp: 3. Py. leucopterus. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 121. Py. niger remigibus interne albis. Black Pyrrhocorax wath the quills white within. Innasits New Holland. Length five inches arti a half: entirely black, except the inner part of the ereater wing-feathers, which are white: the tail “is much longer than the wings, and greatly rounded : the beak and legs are also black. GENUS XCVI.—TURDUS Auctorum. THRUSH. Rostrum latius quam altum, Beak broader than high, the basi glabrum, subrobus- tum, supra convexum, apice compressum, subde- flexum ; mandibula supe- rior paulo arcuata, inferior recta. base bald, rather robust, the tip compressed, slightly de- convex above, flexed; the upper mandible a little arcuated, the lower straight. Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. Tuts genus requires considerable investigation, as it at present embraces several very dissimilar birds, whose habits and economy are much unlike ; but, as before observed, my object being merely the arrange- ment of the published genera according to the natural affinities, I have included under the generic term Turdus, such birds as are so placed by Cuvier and other modern ornithologists, leaving it to those per- sons who have more leisure and better opportunities of studying collections than myself, to dispose of the species agreeably to their natural relationship. It may, however, be observed, that the first nine species are true ‘Thrushes, are more or less spotted in their plu- 196 MERULIDA. mage fly in large flocks, and feed upon berries and in- sects: from the 31st to the 38th are solitary, and feed less upon insects, and may probably be divided by the old name Merula, or Blackbird: while the 28th and 29th, whose mocking propensities exist in an extraordinary degree, may, after Brisson, be termed Mimus, or Mockbird. Again, the four last species greatly resemble the birds comprised in the genus Saxicola, both in structure and manners; the beak and legs being considerably more slender than in the Re dele of Thrushes: they form, consequently, a most interesting link between this and the following family. Sp. 1. Tu. viscivorus. Steph. v. x. p. 172.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 2. Tu. pilaris. Steph. v. x. p. 186. pl. 19.—Britain and Sp. 3. Tu. musicus. Steph. v. x. py. 174.—Britain and Europe. 4. Tu. iliacus. Steph. v. x. p. 183.—Britain and Europe. (5. Tu. rufus. Steph. v. x. p. 191.—North America. | Sp. 6. Tu. migratorius. Steph. v. x. p.276.—North America. 7. Tu. Guyanensis. Steph. v. x. p. 178.—Guiana. | ~ 8..Tu. minor. Steph. v, x. p. 177-—North America. Sp. 9. Tu. olivaceus. Steph. v. x. p. 189=—Le Griveron. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iii. pl. 98, 99.—The Cape of Good Hope. Sp. 10. Tu. vociferans. Swain. Zool. Tilust. iti. pl. 180. Tu. cinereus infra ferrugineus ; temporibus auribusque nigris eaudd rotundatd, pennis mediis nigris ; lateribus ferruginets. Cinereous Thrush beneath ferruginous; with the ears and sides of _ the head black ; the tail rounded, its middle-feathers black, and lateral feathers ‘A prannaeue Le Reclameur. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. iii. ae 104, —Caffrarian Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 99. -Innapits Sula Africa. athe: seven tha and a half: the upper plumage is pie cinereous : on ae : fs a eae Se Sr PS a MERULIDE. 197 each side of the head: is a stripe of black, which en- circles the eye, and forms a patch on the ears: the whole of the under plumage is clear ferruginous yel- low, or light buff colour: the rump and lateral tail- feathers the same, the middle pair being entirely black ; the next pair has likewise a narrow margin of the same colour: quills.and wing-coverts dusky- brown, with pale cinereous margins: tail rounded : legs pale: irides hazel: beak rather small and black, compressed its whole length, and having weak br istles at its base. : The male sings: melodiously morning and evening, while the female is sitting: they both biden in damp places where worms abound. Sp. 11. Tu. clamosus. | Tu. obscure olivaceo-viridis subtus pallidiore, remigibus flavo mar- ginatis. Dull olive-green Thrush, paler beneath, with the quills edged with yellow. L'Importune. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. iii. pl. 106. f. 2.—Impor- tunate Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. 104. INHABITS the eastern coast of Africa. Length seven inches: beak and legs horn-colour: plumage dull olive-green, paler beneath : quills edged with yel- lowish : eyes deep brown : the wings reach one-fourth on the tail. ‘The female differs in being rather less. _ Frequents the tops of trees, antinially repeating its cry of Pit-pit: lays four or five eggs spotted with pale olive. eae Sp. 12. Tu. erythropterus. Steph. v. x. p. 280,— Senegal. Sp. 13. Tu. leucogaster. Steph. v. x. p. 258.—Africa. . Sp. 14. Tu. chrysogaster. Steph. v. x. p. 254.—Senegal. 198 MERULID&. Sp. 15. Tu. Ourovang. Steph. v. x. p- 236.—Madagascar. — Sp. 16. Tu. Senegalensis. Steph. v. x. p. 221.—Le Jaboteur. Le Vaill. Ois. d@’ Afrig. iii. pl. 112. f. 1.— African. Sp. 17. Tu. Madagascariensis. Steph. v. x. p.260.—Madagascar. Sp. 18. Tu. atricapillus. Steph. v. x. p. 268.—The Cape of Good Hope. ' . | } o Sp. 19. Tu. Indicus. Steph. v. x. p. 238.—The East Indies. Sp. 20. Tu. plumbeus. Steph. v. x. p. 283.—North America. Sp. 21. Tu. tintinnabulatus.—Turdus Campanella. | ‘Steph. v. x. p. 270.—Cayenne. i hig Sp. 22. Tu. Hispaniolensis. Steph. v. x. p. 220.—St. Domingo. Sp. 23. Tu. palmarum. Steph. v. x. p. 244.—Cayenne. Sp. 24. Tu. pectoralis. Steph. v. x. p. 237. —Cayenne. Sp. 25. Tu. cinnamomeus. Steph. v. x. p. 285.—Cayenne. Sp. 26. Tu. rufifrons. Steph. v. x. p. 219.—Cayenne. Sp. 27. Tu. atthis. i Gracula atthis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 475.—Egypt. Sp. 28. Tu? macrourus. Turdus macrourus. Steph. v. x. p. 267. pl. 25.—Africa. Sp. 29. Tu. Orpheus. Steph. v. x. p. 212. pl. 20.—North Ame- rica and the West Indies. Sp. 30. Tu. Thenca. Steph. v. x. p. 215.—South America. Sp. 31. Tu. merula. Steph. v. x. p. 225.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 32. Tu. torquatus. Steph. v. x. p. 227. pl. 21.—Britain and - Europe. bes ! Sp. 33. Tu. saxatilis. Steph, v. x. p. 266.—Lanius infaustus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 302 ?—Tu. infaustus, Steph. v. x. p. 265.— Southern Africa. bale aS Sp. 34. Tu. perspicax. Tv. capite, collo, dorsoque superne ceruleo-griseis 3 alis, tectri- cibus, remigibusque nigris, pallidé marginatis ; dorso postice -corporeque subtus rufis ; rectricibus duabus intermedits ee cantibus ; reliquts rufis. Thrush with the head, neck, and upper part of the ta ay grey; the wings, their coverts, and quills black, with pale edges ; the lower part of the back and body beneath rufous ; the two middle tail-feathers dusky, the rest rufous. —s eae en ee ONE Pe eee =— a as Oe : Oe Se en ee tee = ‘S Se So ae FS Re ee ne ate ee : La rae oe = =e eS es PS PR an MERULID&. 199 Turdus perspicax. Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 961.—L’Espionneur. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iii. pl. 103.—Rocar Thrush 4, Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. p, 33. Iyuasits Southern Africa, and very similar to the next, but differs in having the head, the whole of the neck, and upper half of the back blue-grey: the wing, and its coverts and quills, black, with pale mar- gins : the lower half of the back and all beneath from the breast rufous: the tail rather rounded and rufous, except the two middle feathers, which are blackish, with pale edges: the beak and legs are black, and the irides chesnut. ‘The female is paler, and the blue does not extend so far down the breast. Sp. 35. Tu. Rocar. | Tu. capite collogue posticé plumbeo-griseis ; dorso alisque fuscis maculis saturatioribus ; corpore subtus rectricibusque quinque extertoribus rufis. Thrush with the head and neck behind leaden-grey ; the back and wings brown, with deeper spots; the body beneath and five outer tail-feathers rufous. Le Rocar. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iti. 101, 102.—Rocar Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v, v. 33. Inuasits Southern Africa. Size of a Blackbird : beak and legs black : head and hind part of the neck blue-grey : back and wings brown: the feathers darker in the middle: beneath from the breast rufous: five of the outer tail-feathers on each side the same; the exterior one marked with a brown line down the shaft, the two middle feathers brown : tail even at the end. Female with the head and neck brown: and the other colours less brilliant. 200 MERULID. Sp. 36. Tu.cyanus. Steph. v. x. p. 224.—Tu. solitarius. eet 0.x. p. 303.—The south of Europe. Sp. 37. Tu. Manillensis. Steph. v. x. p. 280. —Tu. violaceus. Steph. v. x. p. 251. var?—The Manilla Islands, Sp. 38. Tu. eremita. Steph. v. x. ee 281.—The Philippine Islands. Sp. 39. Tu? pectoralis. Tu? corpore supra fascidque pectorali nigris ; de a rectricisqe ‘duabus mediis exceptis, apicibus albis. Thrush with the body above and pectoral fascia. black ; betieath a the tail-feathers (except the two middle) at ‘ie tips white. Hausse-col noir. Le Vaill. Ovs. d’ Afriq. iii. pl. 110.—Gor get ‘Thrush. | Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. 39. INHABITS Saabbeerel Africa. Size. of the Ring Ouzel: beak black: irides reddish-brown: general colour of the plumage above black, beneath white ; the black passing across the breast as a collar: tips of all but the two middle tail-feathers white: tail rounded at the end: legs black. Sp. 40. Tu. lunularis. Tv. capite, strigé laterali colli, lunuldque pectorali nigris ; torque nuchali corporeque infra flavis; guld collogue antice is dorso, alis, uropygioque flavescentibus. Thrush with the head, a lateral stripe on the neck, and lunule on the breast black; collar on the nape and body beneath yel- ~ low; the throat ei neck in front white ; the back, wings, ee rump yellowish. . Le cravate noire. Le Vall. Ois. d’ Afrig. lil. pl. 115,—Cravat Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. 100. ; Inuasits the East. Size of a noe Lark: beak black : head black; passing on each side of the neck, and finishing in a crescent on the breast : at the nape, under the black, is a collar of yellow, which passes beneath the crescent on the breast, and continues to Si a ne at et oe Bee ee i ae as Pera. Tiss Bt aes MERULIDA, 201 the vent: the chin and throat within: the black are white : the upper parts of the back, wings, and rump, are yellowish, or olive-green: the quills are dusky- brown, edged with grey: the tail the same, rounded at the ser the edges greenish: the wings reach very little beyond the rump: legs dusky brown. Sp. Al. Tu. Ate Balbivis: , ste olivaceo-cinereus facie, malis, collo anticé, pectoreque supremo | nigris 3 pectore infimo ventroque rufescente-albidis ; lateribus . fusco maculatis. Olive- ash Thrush with the face, cheeks, neck in front, and upper breast black ; lower breast and belly reddish-white ; the sides spotted sieht brown. Turdus atrogularis. Temm. Man. d’Orn.2 Edit. ii. 169.—Black- breasted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. 37. Inuapits South-eastern Europe.. Length of the male ten inches and a half: beak dusky-brown, the lower mandible yellow at the base: irides deep brown: face, cheeks, fore part of the neck and breast, deep black, with a cinereous tinge at the end of the fea- thers of the last : lower part of the breast and middle of the belly whitish, inclining to rufous on the sides, which are speckled with deep brown; under tail- coverts pale rufous, with white tips: the rest of the parts above ash-colour, with an olive tinge, deepest on the head: wing-coverts fringed with yellowish: legs brown. Sp. 42. Tu? Naumanni. Tu? rufo-cinereus pennis margine pallidioribus; medio ventris — femoribusque albis; vertice auribusque fuscis. Rufous-ash Thrush with the feathers edged with paler; the middle of the belly and thighs white ; the crown and ears brown. | 202 MERULIDA. Turdus Naumanni, Zemm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 170. —~Nau- man’s Thrush. ‘Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. 37. InuHaBits South-eastern Europe. ‘ii nine inches: beak and legs brown: crown and ears deep brown: the rest of the upper parts rufous-ash, some- what deeper on the sides of the neck, the rump, and under tail-feathers: scapulars edged with the same, and the middle of the feathers of the breast, belly, and sides, with similar markings, forming spots: middle of the belly and thighs pure white: quills and two middle tail-feathers deep brown: the tail rufous be- neath. Both sexes are alike. Sp. 43. Tu? pheenicurus. Turdus pheenicurus. Steph. v. x. 300.—Le Janfredric. Le Vaill. Ows. d’ Afriq. iii. pl. 11. f. 1, 2.—Mbotacilla pectoralis. Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 265.—Southern Africa. Sp. 44. Tu? pipiens. Tu ? cinereo-fuscus infra fuscescente-albus 3 guld maculata ; su- perciliis undulisque scapularibus albis ; remigibus fuscis ; caudd cuneatd, pennis margine apiceque albis. Ashy-brown Thrush beneath brownish-white; with the throat. spotted; the eyebrows and scapulary waves white ; the quills brown; the tail wedged, its feathers and tip edged with white. Le Grivetin. Le Vaill. Ois. d Afrigq. iii. pl. 118. f- 1, 2.—Piping Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 57. Inuasits Southern Africa. Rather less than the Nightingale : beak, legs, and irides light brown : base of the under jaw, the mouth, and the tongue yel- low: head, hind neck, back, and wings grey-brown, inclining to rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts : under parts of the body dirty brownish-white : on the throat a few white markings of the same, on a whiter NO eae ae eee MERULIDA. 203 ground: from the forehead, over the eye, passes a line of white curving downwards: on the scapulars and greater wing-coverts some undulations of white : quills brown: tail cuneiform, grey-brown; all but the two middle feathers deeply margined on the outer webs and ends with white: legs bright brown. ‘The female is smaller, the colours duller, and the rump not rufous. GENUS XCVII.—TIMALIA, Horsfield. Rostrum mediocre, cultra- || Beak moderate, cultrated, tum, valdé compressum ; much compressed: the mandibula superior i basi|| upper mandible equally arched from the base to the apex, scarcely notched ; ad apicem equalitér ar- cuata, vix emarginata; culmine rotundato inter nares alté carinato. with the culmen rounded and much carinated_be- tween the nostrils. Nares in fovea ovata laterali || Nostrils placed in an oval site. Ale breves. Cauda elongata, rotundata. lateral groove. Wings short. Tail elongated, rounded. Sp. 1. Ti. pileata. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 11. Tr. subolivacea fusca, pileo castaneo; guld juguloque albis nigro lineatis; abdomine sordide testaceo. Subolive-brown Timalia with the crown chesnut ; the throat and jugulum white, striped with black; the abdomen dull testa- _ ceous. | | Pileated Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist... v. p. 171. Inuasirs Java. Length six inches and a half: plumage brown, inclining to olive: crown chesnut : 204: SYLVIADA. chin and throat white lineated with black, the shafts of the feathers of the latter black : belly dull testa- ceous: quills brown, tinged with chesnut on the edges : wings short : tail elongated, brown, obsoletely fasciated with deeper brown: legs short ; hind claws large. . | Sp. 2. Ti. gularis. o? Ti. supra fusca, remigibus rectricibusque saturatioribus ; subbus flavescens lateribus eae guld pectoreque luteis, event sa- gittatis notatis. Timalia above brown, with the quills and tail- rauthars darker ; beneath yellowish, with the sides olive: the throat. and Lsist luteous marked with arrow-shaped lines. Motacilla gularis. Lenn. T'rans. (Raffles) v. xiii. p. 312. Ivnastrs Java and Sumatra. Length five inches : brown above, yellowish beneath: head, wings, and tail ferruginous : throat and breast marked with lon. gitudinal black spots. Sp. 3. Ti? thoracica. - Pitta thoracica. Temm. Pl. Col. 76.—Java. FAMILY IV.—SYLVIAD#. Rostrum rectum, gracile, subulatum, basi plerumque depressum, vel compressum, apice paulo recurvatum + corpus gracile: pedes debiles, tetradactyli : digitis tribus anticis, uno postico. The Sylviadze usually have the beak straight, slender, subulated, the base generally depressed, sometimes compressed, with the tip a little recurved: the body is slender: the legs weak, fur- nished with four toes, placed three before and one behind. Lixe the Merulide, these birds have hitherto been so sadly neglected, that it.is utterly impossible to place et sae es Bae] a SYLVIADE. 205 the numerous described species under their respec- tive natural genera; I have therefore introduced such only as appear to belong to the various groups pointed out by Cuvier, Vieillot, and others, but have omitted many of those described in the beautiful work of Le Vaillant, as Ihave not the opportunity of consulting it at the present time. __ Among these birds occur the most delightful song- ‘sters of the grove; the Nightingale being the most celebrated for its beautiful and melodious notes. They usually subsist on insects, and construct thei nests in trees and bushes: some of them are gregarious, and migrate on the approach of the cold weather to warmer climates. | ‘GENUS XCVIII.—ACCENTOR. | Brisson. Rostrum subconicum,: basi || Beak subconic, broader than latiis quam altior, rectum, acutum, marginibus in- trorsum deflexis; muandi- bula superior ad apicem | ~ subcurvata. Ale mediocres, penna spu- ria: remex’ prima quinta longior, secunda tertiaque longissimee. Sp. 1. Ac, Alpinus. Sturnus Collaris. Sp. 2. Ac. montanellus. high at the base, straight, acute, the margin inter- nally deflexed: the upper mandible rather curved to- wards the tip. Wings moderate, with a spu- ‘ylous feather: the first quill longer than the fifth, the second and third longest. Steph. v. x. p. 487.—Britain and the Alps. Temm. Man. d’ Orn. 2, du. Tee. Ac. rufo-cinereus miniato longitudinaliter lineatus ; infra isabel- - linus ; pectore fusco variato ; superciliis flavis ; vertice eae auribusque nigris, mas. ; aut fuscis, foemina, 206 SYLVIADE: Red-brown Accentor Jongitudinally striped with red ; beneath isabella colour ; the breast varied with brown; the eyebrows yellow ; the crown, occiput, and ears black in the male; or brown in the female. | : Dalmatian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. 15. Innasirs the south of Europe. Length five inches and a half: beak yellow at the base, with a brown point :.top of the head and the occiput black; be- neath the eye a broad band of the same, endmg: on the ear: over the eye from the beak, a yellow super- ciliary line passing to the nape: body above and sca- pulars reddish-ash, marked with longitudinal streaks of brick red : wings edged with reddish-ash : and two series of yellowish points across the wing, forming a double band: tail brown, the shafts reddish-brown : the under parts of the body are isabella-colour, varied on the breast with brown spots, and on the sides with reddish-ash. The female has the head, occiput, and ears brown ; in other respects she resembles the male. Sp. 3. Ac. matnlarie Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 249. Sylvia modularius. Steph. x. 661.—Britain and other parts of Europe. : Sp..4. Ac. Calliope. se a my Turdus Calliope. Steph. x. 644.—Northern Asia. GENUS XCIX.—PRUNELLA, Vieillot. Rostrum gracile, rectum, subulatum, acutum, mar- Beak slender, straight, subu- lated, acute, the margins internally curved: the mandibles equal; the upper a little .mclined towards the tip, and laciniated. © ginibus introrsum curva- |j tis: mandibule equales ; ? supertor ad apicem paulo | inclinata, laciniata. ‘ gaps ae * SYLVIADE. 207 Ale breves, penna spuria ; || Wings short, with a spurious remex prima quinta bre- feather; the first quill vior, tertia longissima. shorter than the fifth, the third longest. Sp. 1. Pr. Schoenobanus. Sylvia Schcenobanus. Steph. v. x. p. 533.—Europe. Sp. 2. Pr? palustris. PR? viridescente-olivaceo-fusca, gu fuscis cinereo marginatis ; lined flavo-albé supra oculos. Greenish-olive-brown Prunella, with the wings brown, mar eine with cinereous ; a yellowish-white stripe above the eye. Sylvia palustris. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 192. Marsh Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 19. Inuasirs Switzerland and Germany. Length five inches : beak broad at the base, and rather flattened ; under mandible yellowish: plumage above oreenish- olive-brown: wings brown, edged with ash-colour: from the base of the beak over the eye, a narrow yel- lowish white stripe: the under parts as in the fore- going bird. ‘This species lays four or five light ash- coloured eggs, with deeper and paler spots of bluish- ash. GENUS C.—CURRUCA, Beckstein. WHITETHROAT. Rostrum rectum, gracile, ver- || Beak straight, slender, com- sus apicem compressum: pressed towards the tip; mandibula swperior apice || the upper mandible with curvata. the tip curved. Tus genus contains several plain coloured but elegantly formed birds, many of which are endowed with the most surprising powers of voice: they are 208 SYLVIADA. continually in pursuit of insects: they build their nests among eae or in finakes! Lites on snd cca of rivers. Sp. 1. Cu. luscinia. Sylvia luscinia, pen v. x. p. 576. pl. 51.—Britain and Eu- rope. , : , Sp. 2. Cu. philomela. Becks. Temm. Man. d’Orn\& Edit, i: 196. Cu. rufo-fusca, infra albido-cinerea; pectore griscescente vario. Red-brown Whitethroat, beneath whitish-ash ; the breast varied with greyish. ; | pwoudetgl A? Greater Nightingale. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 9. Innazirs the south-east of Europe. Larger than the foregoing: length seven inches: beak flesh-co- lour: the plumage in general rufous-brown : beneath whitish-ash: the breast slightly varied ipa greyish tints. Sp. 3. Cu. sericea. Cu. obscure griseo-fusca, lateribus colli: pectoreque cinerascente Suscis ; hypochondrits tectricibusque inferioribus caude@ griseo- Juscis; lined supra infrdagque oculos; guld ventrisque medio albis. | | | rey Obscure grey-brown Whitethroat, with the sides of the neck and the breast ashy-brown ; the sides and under tail-coverts grey- brown ; a line above and beneath the eyes; the throat and ahaeliles of the belly white. Sylvia sericea. Natterer. Temm: Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. Le 197. = Silky Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. 9. INHABIns Souther: Tukope, jpn a at and a quarter: the plumage above dull orey-brown : ; sides of the neck and breast cinereous, inclinig on the sides to grey-brown : sides of the belly and under tail-coverts grey-brown : a stripe above the eyes and pee “ SYLVIAD. QOD round them ; the throat and middle of the belly pure white : the tail a little wedged. Sp. 4. Cu. Turdoides. Temm.—Turdus arundinaceus. Steph. v. X. p. 209.—Europe. ; , Sp. 5. Cu. arundinacea. Sylviaarundinacea. Steph. v. x. p.588.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 6. Cu. galactotes. Sylvia galactotes. Temm. Pl. Col. 251. f. 1.—Turdus arun- dinaceus: variety.—Steph. v. x. p. 209.—Europe. Sp. 7. Cu. Salicaria. | Sylvia salicaria. Steph. v.x. p. 586.—Sylvia phragmitis, Temm. Man. ad’Orn, 2 Edit. i. 190.—Europe. Sp. 8. Cu, nevia. - Sylvia nevia. Steph. v. x. p. 591.—Europe. Sp. 9. Cu. Cetti. — . Cu. rufo-fusca, infra pallidior ; inter rostro et oculos striga cinerea ; _ guld, collo anticé, ventrisque medio albis ; tectricibus caude _ supertoribus rufis apicibus albidis. Red-brown Whitethroat, paler beneath ; between the beak and eyes - an ash-coloured stripe; the throat, neck in front, and middle of the cca white; the upper tail-coverts rufous, with whitish . tips. Sylvia Cetti. Temm. Man. Or. 2 Edit. i. 194.—Cetti War- bler. Lath. Gen. Fitst. v. vii. 19, Inuazits Southern Europe. Length five Hichée beak narrow, slender, compressed at the tip, pale brown: the plumage above rufous brown: sides of the neck, body, thighs, and belly the same, but paler : between the beak and eye a cinereous streak : throat, neck before, and middle of the belly white: upper tail-coverts rufous, with whitish tips: tail broad, the ends of the feathers rounded : legs pale brown. V. XIII. P. Il. 14 210 SYLVIADA. Sp. 10. Cu. atricapilla. Sylvia atricapilla. Steph. v. x. p. 648. --Iuhabie Bite vag other parts of Europe. Sp. 1}. Cu. melanocephala. Cu. grisea, guld, collo anticé ventrisque medio albis ; alis cauddque Suscts 3 rectrice eatertore utringue externé albo, secundd apice maculé alba; capite nigro aut fusco. Griseous Whitethroat, with the throat, neck before, and middle of the belly white ; the wings and tail brown; the outer feather on each side externally white, the second with a white sisi at the tip; the head black or brown. Sylvia melanocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 509.—Temm. Man. d’ Orn. 2 Edit. i. 204? — Inuasits Spain. Allied to the last: length five inches : beak black ; base of the under mandible white: round the eyes a little naked and reddish: the male has the crown, hind head, cheeks, and feathers on the - ears black: throat, neck before, and middle of the belly white: nape, back, sides of the belly, and wing- coverts deep grey: wings and tail dusky, the outer — feather white on the outer web and tip; on the se- cond a white spot : legs brown. The female, the head dusky ash; and the rest of the aes paler than the male. : Sp. 12. Cu. orphea. Temminch ? Sylvia hortensis, Steph. v. x. p. 581.—Britain and | Barmpe, Sp. 13. Cu. sylvia. _ Sylvia cinerea. Steph. v. x. p. 597,—Britain and Europe. Sp. 14, Cu. conspicillata, cu. cinerea, infra rufo-alba ; regio oculari alba nigro citaptits dorso. rufo; gula albd; rostri basi flavo apice nigro. SYLVIADA. I11 Ash-coloured Whitethroat, beneath rufous-white; the region of _ the eyes white, surrounded by black; the back rufous; the throat white; the base of the beak yellow, its tip black. Sylvia conspicillata. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit.i.210. Temi. _ Pl. Col. 6.7. 1.—Spectacle Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. ». vii. p. 110. Inuazits Southern Europe. Length four inches and a half: beak yellow at the base, and black at the point : irides brown : crown and cheeks ash-coloured : between the beak and eye black, surrounding the space round the latter, which is white: beak rufous : wings dusky; their coverts edged with rufous: throat clear white: the rest of the under parts reddish- white, inclining to rufous on the sides: tail rounded at the end, dusky, the outer feather wholly white ; the third white at the tip: legs pale yellow. The female nearly agrees with the male in colour. _Sp. 15. Cu. garrula. Brisson. Sylvia Curruca. Steph. v. x. p. 580.—Europe. Sp. 16. Cu. passerina. Sylvia passerina. Steph. v. x. p. 745. Temm. Pl. Col. 24. J: 1.—Europe. | Sp. 17. Cu. sylviella. Sylvia sylviella. Steph. v. x. p. 599.—England. Sp. 18. Cu. nisoria. Bechstein. Cu. griseo-fusca, infra albida; hypochondris griseo undulatis, bast caudeé maculis grisets. Grey-brown Whitethroat, whitish beneath ; the sides waved with griseous, and the base of the tail spotted with the same. ) Sylvia nisoria. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 200.—Barred Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hisi. v. vii. p. 12. Inuasits Northern Europe. Length six inches and a half: beak brown : irides yellow : head, cheeks, ep SYLVIADE. nape, and back deep cinereous: scapulars and rump tipped with brown and white stripes : wings pale ash : tail the same: the outer feathers tipped with a white spot, which also occupies part of the inner web; on the next the same, but the spot smaller ; the third and fourth ashy, edged and tipped with thar : throat, neck, breast, and sides white, striped across with cine- reous-grey bands: middle of the belly white: the under tail-coverts cinereous, deeply edged with white. The female has the upper parts plainer, and the tail very little marked with white: the young is striped across both above and beneath. This bird lays four or five ashy-white eggs, spotted with reddish-ash. Sp. 19. Cu. Certhiola. Cu ? olivaceo-fusca fusco maculata ; guld, collo anticé, ventrisque medio albiss hypochondriis, crisso tectricibusque inferioribus caude rufescentibus; caudd elongatd, cuneatd, apice cinered. Olive-brown Whitethroat spotted with brown ; with the throat, neck before, and middle of the belly white ; the sides, vent, and .. under tail-coverts reddish ; the tail elongated, iii i its mre ash-coloured. Sylvia Certhiola. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 186-—Russian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vil. p. 31. Innasits the south of Russia. Length five inches : beak black : plumage above olive-brown, with oblong dusky brown spots: chin, fore part of the neck, and middle of the belly white: beneath the chin a zone of oval brown specks: sides, | belly, and under tail- coverts light rufous, the last with white ends: tail long, greatly cuneiform, the feathers on the upper part tipped with ash-colour; beneath dusky, at the SYLVIADE. 218 end for some way whitish : hind claws very long and crooked. Female paler. Sp. 20. Cu. Cisticola. Cu? rufo-fusca nigricante maculata ; dorso infimo uropygiogue immaculatis; infra ee caudd breve, pennis lateralibus _ versus apicem maculd nigra, apice ipso cinereo. Red-brown Whitethroat spotted with dusky ; the lower Last of the back and the rump immaculate; beneath red-white, the tail short ; its lateral feathers with a black spot towards the tip; the tip itself ash-coloured. Sylvia Cisticola. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit, i. 228.—_Temm. Pl. Col. 6.7.3. Inuaszits Southern Europe. Length above four inches: the male has the top of the head, the nape, the back, and wing-coverts of a reddish-brown, with the middle of each feather dusky, giving a spotted appearance : the lower part of the back and the rump are unspotted reddish-brown : all the under parts are uniform reddish-white; the sides being rather the deepest: the tail is short, even; its feathers are dusky-brown, edged with reddish : all the lateral fea- thers have a large black spot toward the tip, which is pure ash: the beak and legs are clear brown. ‘The female differs in having the colours less brilliant. Sp. 21. Cu. Locustella. Sylvia Locustella. Steph. v. x.p. 595.—Britain. Sp. 22. Cu. fluviatilis. } Cu. supra olivacea fusca umbrata; guld albd maculis longitudi- nalibus olivaceis sparsd ; ventris medio albu; caudd cuneatd; ungue postico elongato, adunco. Whitethroat above olive shaded with brown; with the throat white longitudinally sprinkled with olive; the middle of the belly white ; the tail wedged; the hind claw elongated and hooked. Q14 SYLVIADE, Sylvia flaviatilis. Z'emm, Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 183.—Danu- bian Warbler. Lath. Gen, Hist. v. vii. p. 33. Inuasirs Austria and Hungary. Length five inches four lines: plumage above olive, shaded with brown: throat white, with numerous longitudinal olive spots: breast and sides of the neck olive-white, with lance-shaped deeper coloured spots: middle of the belly white: under tail-coverts olive-brown, with white tips: tail much wedged: hind claw very long and hooked. Greatly allied to the immediately preceding species, Sp. 23. Cu? venusta. Cu? ceruleo-grisea, infra aurea; dorso olivaceo ; tectricium api~ — cibus albis. Blue-grey Whitethroat ? beneath golden ; the back olive ; the tips of the coverts white. Sylvia venusta. Temm. Pl. Col. 293. f. 1—Sylvia plumbea. Swain. Zool. Illust. iii. pl. 139, Inwasits Brazil. Length nearly four inches: the upper part of the head, the nape, cheeks, scapulars, rump, and borders of the wings and tail-feathers are bright ashy-blue: the middle of the back is oliva- ceous: on the wings are two white stripes ; ; and at the base of the two lateral tail-feathers is a white spot: the throat and fore part of the neck are bright yellow: the belly and sides are of a jonquil yellow : the vent and thighs are white: the upper mandible of the beak is dusky, the lower white, pip, whe gy ae 4 titdihte se) ae Wi a te De ik } in sultan Pena! iinet iy: aera YP = iy Wj . uh oe ei) hess A) t: ‘ me Tiree ety Ptr we ar Ae fhe ee ~ SS ~ x " QA XC IQ Wi XX xxv SS \ WS YY SX Qc“ Y WS A 5 YW iy L Yl Z YU Zz ZY4 \ HYLOPHILUS THORACICUS. Ais SYLVIADA. Q15 - GENUS CI.—HYLOPHILUS, Temminck. Rostrum feré ut in Jora. Beak nearly as in the follow- ing genus. Nares ovate, mediocres, ba- || Nostrils oval, moderate, sales. basal. Ale mediocres: remiges; 1 || Wings moderate: first quill spuria; 2—5_ longiores, spurious; 2—85 longest, subzequales, 6 et sequentes || _ nearly equal, sixth and fol- eradatim breviores. lowing gradually shorter. Cauda gracilis, subelongata. Tail slender, rather elon- ee | gated. Tuis is an American genus, named as above by Temminck, who, however, has not published its cha- racters. : | Sp. 1. Hy, thoracicus. Temm. Pl. Col. 173.f. 1. Hy. supra viridis, infra albido-isabellinus ; regio thoracica flavo- —— wtridi ; gula et semitorque nuchala cinereis. Hyloghilus above green, beneath whitish-isabella colour ; with the thoracic region yellow-green ; the throat and half-collar on the nape ash. : Lenertu four inches and three quarters: the male is remarkable from possessing a large gorget of yel- low-green, which covers all the throracic region : the irides are of the same colour: the throat is clear ash: the belly and abdomen are whitish tinged with isabella colour: the nape is furnished with a half collar of pure ash: the top of the head, the back, the wings, and the tail are beautiful green: the inner surface of the wings is bright yellow: the beak and legs are ash. Both sexes are nearly alike, but the thoracic region is of a paler hue in the female. Sp. 2. Hy. poicilotis. Temm. Pl. Col. 173. f. 2. 216 SYLVIADA. Hy. supra viridis, infra cinereus ; capite rufo; — auribusque albo nigroque striatis. Hylophilus above green, beneath ash-coloured ; ‘with the head. rufous, the cheeks and ears striped with black and white. Lrenetu rather above four inches and a half: the top of the head and the occiput are bright red: fore- head pale red: the cheeks and feathers on the ears are marked with black and white striae : the throat is clear ash: the rest of the under parts is ash, passing by different shades to greenish and yellowish : 5) fhe back and scapulars are light green: the wings are ashy-green, margined with deeper green: the tail- feathers are the same: the beak and legs are ash- coloured. The s sexes are similar. — | GENUS CIl.—JORA, Horsfield. Rostrum mediocre, rectum, validiusculum, basi latius, apicem versus _ pressum, attenuatum; cul- mine rotundato, leviter ar- cuato, post nares producto, apice vix inflexo, emargi- nato; tomia subdiaphana, acuta. Nares ovate, parvee, in fovea elongata anticé attenuata site. Ale breves : ee) 1 spu- \ rla; 3—8 longiores, sub- zquales, 2 abrupte, 9 et sequentes gradatim bre- v10res. subcom- || Beak moderate, straight, ra- ther stout, broad at the base, towards the tip some- what compressed, attenu- ated; culmen rounded, slightly arcuated, pro- duced behind the nostrils, . its tip scarcely inflected, emarginate ; cutting edges subdiaphanous, acute. © Nostrils oval, small, placed in an elongated groove, attenuated in front. Wings short: first quill spu- rious; 3—8 longest, nearly equal, second abruptly, the ninth and following gra- dually, shorter. — un ate x feet SE Se Fr ee ee wis Lp meats = >: SYLVIADA. Oly Sp- 1. Jo. scapularis. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 152. Jo. olivaceo-viridi flava ; remigibus nigricantibus, eaterné flavido, interné albo marginatis ; abdomine pectoreque flavis. Jora of an olive-yellow-green ; with the quills dusky, edged ex- ternally with yellow, internally with white ; the belly and breast yellow. Scapulaé Wagtail. Lath. eae Hist. vi. 336. Inuasits Java. Length five inches: plumage in general greenish-yellow: breast and body yellow: wings short: quills dusky, edged on the outer mar- gins with yellowish, and on the inner with white ; tail even at the end, exterior feathers esas on the edges. GENUS CIII.—BRACHYPTERYX, Horsfield. Rostrum mediocre, subcul- || Beak moderate, slightly cul- tratum, basi latius, ultra trated, broad at the base, medium subconicum, at- beyond the middle sub- tenuatum; culmen inter conic, attenuated ; culmen nares carinatum, deinde carinated between the nos- rotundatum, apicem ver-|| _ trils, then rounded, arched sus arcuatum; mandibula || towards the tip; the man- lateribus marginatis, apice || dible marginated on the inclinata. edges, inclined at the tip. Nares maxime, supra et|| Nostrils very large, above postice membran& clause. || and behind closed by a : membrane. Ale brevissime. Wings very short. Pedes elongati. Legs elongated. Sp. 1. Br. montana. Linn. Trans. (Horsf) v. xiii. p. 157. Br. cerulescente-grisea, subtus pallidior, abdomine albido; remigi- bus rectricibusque fuscis, externe cerulescente-grisco marginalis. 218 SYLVIADZ. Blue-grey Brachypteryx, beneath paler; with the abdomen _ whitish; the quills. and tail-feathers brown, externally edged with blue-grey. : | Mountaineer Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. 124. Ivnazits Java. Length six inches: beak rather | stout : nostrils large : plumage in general bluish-grey, paler beneath : belly whitish : quills brown, margined outwardly with blue-grey ; tail the same, rounded and longish. | Sp. 2. Br. sepiaria. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 158. _ Br. olivaceo subfulvescens, subtus dilutior; guld abdominisque medio albidis. Fulvous-olive Brachypteryx, paler beneath ; with the throat and middle of the abdomen whitish. Batavian Warbler. Lath, Gen. Hist. vii. 125. InuaBits Java. Length five inches: plumage in general fulvous-olive, paler beneath : chm and middle of the belly whitish: vent testaceous bay-colour: quills and tail brownish-bay, externally more imclined to bay, the two middle feathers of an uniform hue.» GENUS CIV.—SYLVIA, Wolf. WARBLER. Rostrum gracile, subdepres- |) Beak slender, subdepressed, sum, basi subrectum, ver- nearly straight at the base, sus apicem lus minusve more or less inclined to- inclinatum ; mandzbula in- wards the tip;. the lower Jerior recta, integra. mandible straight, entire. ’ FicepuLa, Beckstein. TueseE are solitary birds; they build usually in holes, and subsist on insects, worms, and berries. PR rE er nae 8 eS ae La f y SYLVIADA. 219 Sp. 1. Sy. Rubecula. Steph. v. x. p. 711.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 2. Sy. Suecica. Steph. v. x. p. 660.—Europe. Sp. 3. Sy. pheenicura. Steph. v. x. p. 670.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 4. Sy. erithracus. Steph. v. x. p. 674.—Sy. Tithys. Steph. v. x. p. 671.—Sy. Gibraltarensis. Steph. v. x. p. 673.—Sy. atrata. Steph. v.x. p. 677.—The south of Europe. Sp. 5. Sylvia Ruppeli. Temm. Pl. Col. 245. f. 1. Sy? vertice guld colloque anticé nigris, albo marginatis ; corpore supra grisco, infra albo; lateribus cinereis ; rectrice exteriore utringue alba, basi maculdé nigra. ' Warbler with the crown, throat, and neck in front black, mar- gined with white; the body above grey, beneath white; the irides ash-colour; the outer quill on each side white, with a black spot at the base. , Inuazits Candia. Length five ches: the male has the top of the head, the throat, and fore part of the neck, fine black; sprinkled, during the moulting season, with some white edged feathers: the silks are ashy-black : a white line commences at the gape, passes down the sides of the neck, and surrounds the black on the throat: the nape, the mantle, and the _back are deep grey: the wings are dusky-brown, but the greater coverts, impending the secondaries, are edged on both webs with whitish-grey: the eight middle tail-feathers are black ; the outer on each side is white, with a small black spot at the base; and the second is black, with a large longitudinal white dash at its tip: the under parts of the plumage are white : the sides are of an ashy tinge: the beak is black, with a white dash at the base of the under mandible: the legs are brownish. _ . 220. SYLVIADA. Sp. 6. Sy. melanopogon. Temm. Pl. Col. 245. f.2. Sy ? saturate-fusca, vertice _— want dorst cine ; caudd valdé cuneatd. - Deep-brown: Warbler with the. crown ‘and longitudinal dorsal stripes black ; the tail greatly wedged. Inuasirs Italy. Length five inches: beak much compressed, slender, and subulated: wings short : tail moderate : the forehead, top of the head, and occi- put sooty black, the lores with a black dash: the eye- brows white : the nape, the back, the rump, and the wings are reddish-brown ; each feather on the middle of the back having a Hiaad black stripe’ down the shaft: the wing-coverts are also dusky-black in the middle: the tail is reddish-brown above and -ashy beneath : the throat, a portion of the fore part of the neck, and the middle of the belly are white; the rest of the under parts are brownish: the beak is brown at its base, and black at its tip: the legs are brown. . Sp. 7. Sy? Cayana. Steph. v. x. p. 655.—Dauuria. Sp. 8. Sy? Africana. Steph. v. x. p. 615.—Southern Africa. Sp- 9. Sy? cyanocephala. Steph. v. x. p. 684.—Cayenne. — Sp. 10. Sylvia speciosa. Temm. Pl. Col. 293./f. 2. Sy ? saturate-cyanea, infrd cinereo-cerulea, crisso albido ; tectri~ cibus infertoribus caud@ castaneo-rufis 3 alis macula albd. Deep-blue Warbler, beneath ashy-blue, with the vent whitish ; the lower tail-coverts chesnut-red ; a white spot on the ie mei Innasrrs Brazil. The prevailing colour of the upper parts of the plumage of this species is deep blue; which also forms a broad edging to the fea- thers of the wings and tail; the inner webs of the last being black: the fifth at sixth quills have a pete SYLVIADE. QQ] white spot at their base: all the under parts of the plumage are ashy-blue, tinged with whitish towards the vent: the lower tail-coverts are chesnut red, and form a distinguishing character: the beak and legs are black. | Sp. 11. Sy? Blackburnia. Steph. v. x. p. 627. —Sylvia lateralis. "Steph. v. x. p. 659.—North America. | Sp. 12. Sy? coronata, Steph. v. x. p. 636.—North America. Sp. 13. Sy? Sialis. Mahe 0. Xp: 663.—North ose _ GENUS CV.—MELIZOPHILUS, Leach. SONG- BIRD. Bechiamn debile, gracillimum. || Beak weak, very slender. Orbite nude. Orbits naked. Ale breves. Wings short. Cauda subelongata cunei- || Tai elongated, wedged. formis. oes ‘Tue species of this genus inhabit damp, marshy, and barren places; and flirt their tails after the manner of the Wagtails. Sp. 1. Me. Dartfordiensis. ; _ Sylvia Dartfordiensis. Steph. v. x. p. 717. pl. 56.—Sylvia Provincialis. TZemm. Man. d’Orn, 2 Edit. i. 211.—Britain and Europe. : Sp. 2. Me? subalpinus.—Sylvia subalpina.: Zemm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 214.—Temm. Pl. Col. 6. f. 2.; 251. f. 2, 3.—Sub- alpine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist, v. vil. p. 87. ME? cinereo-plumbeus, mento, guld, pectore hypochondriisque vi- naceo-rufis ; ventris medio albido; rostri baso fascidque gulari albis. Ashy-lead coloured Song-bird with the chin, throat, Brass and _ irides vinaceous-red ; the middle of the belly whitish ; the base of the beak and fascia on the throat white. 299 SYLVIADE. Inuasirs Southern Europe. Length six inches: the beak is feeble and straight: the orbits are naked and red: the adult male in the spring has the top of the head, the cheeks, the nape, and the back of an ashy-leaden blue, more or less tinged with ashy-brown, according to the season: the base of the beak, anda band on the sides of the throat, white: the chin, throat, and breast, vinaceous-red, varied in some pe- ' riods with whitish: the middle of the belly whitish : the sides more or less vinaceous : the wings are of a dusky-ash edged with reddish-ash : the tail is black, or dusky-brown; the lateral feather white on its outer web towards the tip; the rest, except the two middle ones, with the tip white : the base of the lower mandible of the beak is yellowish, the rest deep brown. The female has the upper parts less pure in colour : the white band on the side of the throat is less di- stinct : the throat is whitish: the breast slightly tinged with vinaceous-red : the sides less distinctly vinaceous, and the under parts whitish. Sp. 3. Me? sardus. ME? cinereus, capite suturatiore ; femoribus rufescentibus ; ventris medio vinaceo-albido ; alis caudaque nie rales rectrice €xt~ tertore utringue albo marginatd. Cinereous Songbird, with the head deeper ; the thighs reddish ; the middle of the belly. vinaceous-white ; the wings and tail dusky; the outer feather of the last on each side edged with white. Sylvia sarda. Marmora. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 204. Temm, Pl. Col. 24. f. 2.—Marmora Warbler. Lath Gen. Hist. vii. 39. Lynazits Sardinia. Length five inchess orbits of a vermilion colour : crown, cheeks, and fore part of SYLVIADE. 223, the neck, dusky-ash colour, deepest on the forehead, and about the eyes: back and rump dusky-ash : nape, sides of the neck, breast, and flanks paler in colour, inclining to rufous on the thighs: middle of the belly white, tinged with vinaceous: wings and tail dusky ; the outer feathers of the latter edged with white : legs yellowish. The female has the plumage of a lighter colour, and is dusky-ash between the beak and eye. _ GENUS CVI.—MALURUS, Vieillot. Rostrum gracillimum, rec- tum, integrum, brevissi- mum; mandibula superior vi1x arcuata. Nares basales, laterales. Rictus ciliatus. — Larsi gracillimi. Nigitt exteriores ad articu- lam secundam connexi. Ale brevissime, rotundatz. Cauda \ongissima, gracilis. SOFT-TAIL. Beak very slender, straight, entire, short ; mandible scarcely arched. the wpper Nostrils basal, lateral. Gape ciliated. Tarsi very slender. Outer toes united to the se- cond joint. Wings very short, rounded. Tail very long, slender. Tuese birds inhabit the old world and Australasia: they construct their nest with great ingenuity, of cotton and other filamentous materials. Sp. 1. Ma. cyaneus. Sylvia cyanea. Land. Sp. 2. Ma. galactotes. Steph. v. x. p. 754. pl. 58.—Van Dieman’s Temm. Pl. Col. 65.f. 1. Ma. rufo-cinereus, strigis latis longitudinalibus nigris notalis ; infra albido-isabellinus ; guld albds rectricibus, duabus heidi exceptis, maculd nigra versus apicem. QQ4, SYLVIAD A. Ashy-red Soft-tail, longitudinally dashed: with. black; beneath whitish isabella colour ; with the throat white; the tail-fea- thers (the two middle excepted) with a black spot towards the tip. Inuazits New Holland. The middle of all the feathers of the upper parts of the plumage is adorned with a large black longitudinal dash; and the edges are ash, tinged more or less with reddish : the same colour, but more brilliant, forms a broad edging to the quills, and is expanded over the middle tail- feathers : the remainder of the latter are ashy-brown, with a large black spot placed at some distance from their tip, which is black: the throat is white: the rest of the under parts is of a whitish-isabella colour : : the beak and the legs are yellow. Sp. 3. Ma. gularis. Muscicapa malachura. Steph. v. x. p. 407. La Queue gazée. Le Vaill. Ois.d’ Afrig. iii. 130. f- 2o—-New Holland. Sp. 4. Ma. pectoralis. ‘Turdus brachypterus. Steph. v. x. P 221.—New Holland. Sp. 5. Ma. magnificus. Temm. Sp. 6. Ma. marginalis, Temm. Pl. Col. 65.f. 2... Ma. supra fuscus, pennarum marginibus pallidioribus aut rufes- centibus, infra, guld, superciliisque albis ; pectore abdomineque fusco maculato. Soft-tail, above brown, with the edges of the feathers cles or reddish ; the under parts, throat, and eyebrows white ; the breast and abdomen spotted with brown. , Inuasits Java. Tail very long and much wedged ; the outer feathers on each side being one inch and nine lines (French) long, and three of the middle four inches and a half: the feathers of the back and wings 4 Segal ra cea SYLVIADE. 995 ~ are edged with whitish-brown or reddish, with their centres dusky-brown: the rest of the upper parts is brownish, with small brown stripes: the tail and the — quills are ashy-brown ; the throat, the eyebrows, and the under parts are white, with a belt of dusky points on the breast: the thighs as well as the abdomen are of an isabella tint, marked with a brown stripe in the middle of each feather: the legs andthe upper mandible of the beak are brown, the under mandible white. Sp. 7. Ma. longicaudus. Sylvia longicauda. Steph. v. x. p. 756.—India. Sp. 8. Ma. Capensis. Sylvia macroura. Steph. v. x. p.724.— Le Capolier. Le Vaill. O1s. d’ Afrigq. ii p. 129, 130. f. L1.—Southern Africa. Sp. 9. Ma. subflava. Sylvia subflava. Steph. v. x. 611.—Le Citrin. Le Vail. O:s. ad’ Afrig. iui. pl. 127.—Africa. Sp. 10. Ma. Africanus. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 170,—Sylvia Africana, Steph. v. x. 615.—Le Fluteur. Le Vaill. Ors, d’ Afrig. iii. pl. 112.—Africa. . Sp. 11. Ma. diophrys. Ma. ferr Berane sets subtus albidus, vertice rufo 3 supra ti eta oculos strigd nigra; caudé valdé cuneata. aan iawe Soft-tail, beneath whitish ; with the crown rufous ; a black stripe above and beneath the eyes; the tail greatly wedged. , Le double Sourcil. Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afriq. vii. pl. 128, f. 1, 2.— Motacilla diophrys. Shaw, Nat. Misc. xxiii. pl. 973.—Double streaked Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 44. Inuasits Africa. Length six inches and a half: beak rather stout, dusky black; crown of. the head deep rufous: plumage above pale ferruginous brown, beneath dirty-white, with a tinge of rufous on the V. XIII, P. II, 15 296 SYLVIADE. flanks and under the tail: on each side of the head two streaks of black, the one above the eyes, the second beneath it, in the direction of the jaw: tail much wedged: the two middle feathers three inches long, the outer not more than three quarters of an inch; all of them pgnted at the edges: legs dusky black. GENUS CVII.—SYNALLAXIS, Vieillot. acutum, Beak slender, acute, much valdé compressum, basi Rostrum gracile, compressed, its base gla- glabrum; mandibula su-|| brous; the upper man- perior Sia inferior recta. Rictus glaber. Nares basales, oblongz, basi plumosi. Pedes mediocres, validi, di- giti exteriores eequales, ad medi basin connexi. Ale brevissime, rotundatze, remex secunda brevissima. Cauda longissima, cuneata, rectricibus latis acumi- natis. dible rather arcuated, the lower at Gape smooth. - Nostrils basal ‘oblong, plu- mose at the base. sey Legs moderate, stout, the outer toes equal, connected at the base to the middle. Wings very short, rounded, the second quill shortest. Tail very long, wedged, ‘its " i ie ee: feathers broad and pointed. Tue birds of this genus are all natives of America : like those of the last genus, they usually construct their nests with ereat art. Sp. 1. Sy. rutilans. cr Temm, Pl. Col. 227. ful. SY. supra ventre inferiore crissoque rufo-olivacets ; capite, lateri- bus collz, pectore, tectricibusque alarum castaneo-rufis ; guld macula nigra. We Yj YY Uy LL YY ZZ SYNALLAXIS RUTILANS. SYLVIADA. 227 Synallaxis with the upper parts, lower belly, and vent rufous- olive; the head, sides of the neck, breast, and wing-coverts chesnut-red ; the throat with a black spot. Beak stout, silvery at its base and black at the tip; the forehead, eyebrows, cheeks, sides of the neck, the breast, and wing-coverts bright chesnut- red: throat with a longitudinal black spot: wings dusky, edged with chesnut: tail plain dusky: the upper parts of the body, the lower belly and vent, are olive, shaded with deep red. Sp. 2. Sy. albescens. Temm. Pl. Col. 227. /f. 2. Sy. cinereo-olivaceus, subtus albus 3 vertice occipiteque rufis; gula albida ; ventre lateribusque rufescentibus. Ashy-olive Synallaxis, beneath white; with the crown and occiput red; the throat whitish ; the belly and sides reddish. Uprrr mandible of the beak black, lower whitish : throat white, shaded with black : the chin, middle of the abdomen, and the vent white: the rest of the belly and the sides of the body reddish-ash: the top of the head and occiput bright-red: lesser wing-co- -verts tinged with the same hue: the forehead, eye- brows, and cheeks are deep grey: the nape, the back, the wings, and tail-feathers are ashy-olive : tail broad and long. Sp. 3. Sy. garrula. Sy. fuscus, infra albescentibus ; plumis frontalibus rigidis, acumt- natis, rufis; strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus ; cauda medtiocri, rotundatd. Brown Synallaxis, whitish beneath ; with the frontal feathers stiff, pointed and rufous; a stripe before and behind the eyes whitish; the tail moderate, rounded. Malurus garrulus. Swain. Zool. Ilust, pl. 138. 228 SYLVIADA. Mr. SwaInson says the colours of this bird are altogether plain: but it is remarkable for its very singular nest, which is built in low trees, formed — externally of dried sticks, without any neatness, and is usually three er four feet long, resembling at a distance a thick twist of bean-stalks thrown in the — branches by accident: sometimes two of these nests. appear as if jomed together, and there is an opening on the side, besides one at the top. Sp. 4, Sy.cinerascens. Temm. Pl. Col. 227. f 3 Sy. cinereo-olivaceus, infra griseo-cinereus ; mento albo nigroque _ maculato ; collo anticé nigro; alis canddique rufescentibus. Ashy-olive Synallaxis, beneath greyish-ash ; with the chin spotted with black and white ; the neck black in front; the wings and tail reddish. | Beak small and black: all the upper parts of the plumage are ashy-olive: the wings and the tail are reddish: the chin is spotted with black and white: the fore part of the neck is black: all the under parts of the plumage are greyish-ash: the tail is greatly wedged, and the shafts of the feathers elongated. Sp. 5. Sy. tecellata. Temm. Pl. Col. 311.f. 1. Sy. fuscus ochraceo varius et nigricante striafus ; 3 wentre albo; verticé pectoreque rufis; lateribus crissogue rufo-—flavis ; collo antice flavo nigro alboque tessellato. Brown Sy nallaxis varied with ochraceous, and str iped w ith dusky; ' the crown and belly white ; the sides and yent rufous-yellow; the neck in front tessellated with yellow, black, and white. LencTH seven inches: remarkable for its various colours: the fore part of the neck has four nearly square spots, of which the one on the throat is fine A “ Bn ya aa SYLVIADA. 22°) yeliow: beneath this is a large black space, with a white space on each side: the top of the head and the bend of the wing are chesnut-red : the rest of the upper parts and the athe of the wings and tail are brown, varied with deep ochraceous, eh) dashed with dusky: the tail is very long, conical, with brown snafts: the middle of the ellen is white; the breast is clear red; and the sides as well as the vent are reddish-yellow. Sp. 6. Sy. setaria. Temm. Pl. Col. 311./: 2. Sy ? capite subcristato, pennis frontalibus nigris medio alba; pone oculos strigd albaé; dorso, atis, cauddgque rufis s ccllo anticé pectoreque albis, pennis fusco marginatis. Synallaxis with the head slightly crested, its feathers and those of the forehead black, with the middle white ; behind the eyes a white stripe ; the back, wings, and tail red ; the neck in front and breast white, the feathers edged with brown. Leneru seven inches: the head is adorned witha slight crest ; the feathers of which it is composed, as well as those of the forehead, are black, with a white stripe in the direction of the shaft: behind the eyes is a small white streak : the fore part of the neck and the breast is white, the feathers finely edged with brown: the belly is dull reddish-white: the vent tinged with red: the nape and sides of the neck are ashy striated with whitish: the back, wings, and tail are lively red: the greater quills are dusky, and the tail-feathers are dusky on their inner webs, except the three lateral ones, which are entirely rufous: the under mandible of the beak is white at the base. Sp. 7. Sy? stenura. Sy? ferrugineo-rufus supra nigro delat: Sronte, loris, fuscidque oculari albis; capite et nucha pennis nigris albo marginatis, 230 SYLVIALA. Rusty-red Synallaxis streaked with black above; with the fore- head, lores, and stripe through the eyes white ; the head and nape with black feathers edged with white. Muscicapa stenura. Temm. Pl. Col. 167.7. 3. Lenotu four inches: the forehead, lores, and a band, in which the eyes are placed, are pure white: the head and nape are clothed with black feathers, which are banded with white: the prevailing colour of the rest of the plumage is rusty-red, the upper parts being dashed with black: the throat and the middle of the belly are whitish-yellow: the tail is dusky edged with white: the beak and the legs are black. GENUS CVIII.—TROGLODYTES, Cuvier. WREN. Rostrum gracile, mtegrum, } Beak slender, entire, straight, rectum, aut pauld curva-|} oralittle curved; the man- tum: mandibuleé sequales. || dibles equal. Ale breves, rotundate. Wings short, rounded. Cauda ascendens. Tail ascending. Pollex brevis. Hind-toe. short. Sp. 1. Tr. Europeeus. Steph. v. x. p. 763. pl. 60.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 2. Tr. furvus. Steph. v. x. p. 764.—North America. GENUS CIX.—REGULUS, Cuvier, GOLD-CREST. Rostrum gracillime, breve, || Beak very slender, short, rectum, lateratim subcom- |. straight, slightly com- pressum: mandibula su- pressed laterally: the perior versus apicem te-|| upper mandible slightly nuitéer laciniata. | laciniated towards the tip, Nares pennis duabus recum- | Nostrils covered with two bentibus tectze. recumbent feathers. SYLVIADZ. 931 A. Capite cristate. A, Head crested. Sp. 1. Re. vulgaris. Steph. v. x. p. 758. pl. 59.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 2. Re. Calendulus. Steph. v. x. p. 760.—Nerth America. B. Capite haud cristato. B. Head not crested. Sp. 3. Re? Trochylus. Cuvier. Sylvia Trochilus. Steph. v. x. p. 742.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 4. Re? hypolais. Sylvia hypolais. Steph. v. x. p. 746.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 5. Re? Sylvicolus. Sylvia Sylvicola. Steph.v. x. p. 748. pl. 57.—Sylvia Sibilatrix. Temm. Pl. Col. 245. f. 3.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 6. Re? Nattererii. RE? cinereo-fuscus, subtus albus 3 dorso olivaceo; alis caudéque ni- gricante-cinereis 3; pennarum marginibus viridescentibus 3 supra oculos strigé lata alba. Ashy-brown Gold-crest? beneath white; with the back oliva- ceous ; the wings and tail dusky-ash ; the edges of the feathers greenish ; above the eyes a broad white stripe. Sylvia Nattererii. Zemm. Man. d’Orn, 2 Edit. i. 227.—Temm. Pl. Col. 24. f. 3—Natterer’s Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vil. p. 40. Inuasits Southern Europe. Length four inches and a quarter : beak brown, the lower mandible white: crown and nape ashy-brown: back and lesser wing- coverts the same, with an olive tinge: over the eyes a broad white streak : all the under parts clear white : quills and tail dusky-ash, with the edges of the fea- thers greenish: legs deep ash. The female differs in being of a paler cast. : as a | SYLVIADA. Sp. 7. Re? rufus. Sylvia rufa. Steph. x. p. 668. tetone Sp. 8. Re? exstivus. Sylvia estiva. Steph. v. x. p. 750.—North America. Sp. 9. Re? pensilis. Sylvia pensilis. Steph. v.x. p. 628.—St. Domingo. Sp. 10. Re? mystaceus. Sylvia Trichas. Steph. v. x. p. 682.—North America. Sp. 11. Re? Canadensis. Sylvia cerulescens. Steph. v. x.p. 651. —North America. Sp. 12. Re? Mauritianus. Sylvia Mauritiana. Steph. v. x. p. 665.—The Isle of France. Sp. 13. Re? thoracicus. Motacilla thoracica. Steph. v. x. p. 562. pl. 50.—Africa. Sp. 14. Re? Guira. Sylvia Guira. Steph. v. x. p. 691.—Brazil. Sp. 15. Re? annulosus. Sylvia annulosa. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 164, 165 >—Sylvia palpebrosa. Zemm. Pl. Col. 293. f. 3 ?—Sylvia Madagascariensis. | Steph. v. %. p. 720.—Southern parts of the old world. GENUS CX.—GITHINA. Vieillot. Rostrum longiusculum, va- || Beak elongated, rather stout, lidiusculum, magis mi- more or less arched and nusve arcuatim deflexum, | deflexed, cylindric, emar- cylindricum, versus api- | gimate towards the tip. cem emarginatum. | Ale breves; remex prima | Wings short; the first quill secunda brevior. | shorter than the second. Sp. 1. Aig. leucoptera? Vievllot. /EG. supra olivaceo-virens, sublus flava ; vertice atro ; rectricibus — extertoribus apice albis ; rostro nigricante ; pedibus Suscis. Ne: hy Os phy ba ¥, ‘3 3) hy) my) sy PS RE GS ae SIS ae Siig eS ee SYLVIADA. | 233 Agithina above olive-green ; beneath yellow; with the crown dark-coloured ; the outer tail-feathers white at the tip, the beak dusky, the legs brown. Sylvia leucoptera. Steph. Gen. Zool. v. x. p. 753? Inuasitrs North America. GENUS CXI.—BUDYTES, Cuvier. Rostrum gracile, cylindri-|| Beak slender, cylindric, cum, rectum; mandibula straight; the wpper man- superior inter nares angu- dible angulated between lata, apice laciniata. the nostrils, its tip lacini- ated. Penne scapularie longiores. || Scapulary feathers long. Cauda elongata. Tail elongated. Tarsi elevati. Tarsit elevated. | Unguis posticus pollicem lon- || Hinder claw longer than the gius, arcuatus. toe, arcuated. Sp. 1. Bu. flava. Motacilla flava. Steph. v. x. p. 560.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 2. Bu. boarula. _ | | : Motacilla boarula. Steph. v. x. p. 554. pl. 49.—Britain and other parts of Europe. TuEne are several other species of this genus, but I have not been able to identify them. GENUS CXII.—MOTACILLA Auctorum. WAGTAIL. Rostrum gracile, cylindri- |] Beak _ slender, eylindric, cum, rectum; mandibula straight; the upper man- superior iter nares angu- dible angulated between lata, apice laciniata. the nostrils, its tip lacini- ated. 254 SYLVIADZ. Penne scapularie \ongiores. || Scapulary feathers long. Unguis posticus pollicem || Hinder claw shorter than the brevior, feré rectus. toe, nearly straight. Tarsi elevati. Tarsi elevated. Cauda elongata. Tail elongated, Sp. 1. Mo. alba. Steph. v. x. p, 545.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 2. Mo. cinerea. Steph. v. x. p. 550.—Europe. Sp. 3. Mo. variegata. Mo. niger, corpore subtus, superciliis, fascid longitudinalt alarum rectricibusque extertoribus albis. Black Wagtail, with the body beneath, eyebrows, a longitudinal fascia on the wings, and the outer tail-feathers white. Pied Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vi. p. 320. pl. civ. Innapits India. In size and shape allied to M. alba: general colour black : from the forehead a broad streak of white passes over the eye to the nape on each side: beneath from the breast white: a broad band of white passes longitudinally through the middle of the wings: the two middle tail-feathers black, the others white: tail rounded at the end: beak and legs dusky. Sp. 4. Mo. australis. Mo. ardosiaco-niger, infra flavo-alba 3 fronte utrinque gula ma- culdque pone oculos albidis; rectricibus exterioribus albis ; caudd cuneatd. Slaty-black Wagtail, beneath yellowish-white; with the forehead on each side, the throat, and spot behind the eyes whitish’; the outer tail-feathers white ; tail wedged. Southern Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Hist.-v. vi. p. 322. pl. civ*. Inuasirs New Holland. Length nearly seven inches: beak black: irides hazel: head, neck, and SYLVIADZ. O35 back, for the most part slaty-black: on each side of the forehead, from the nostrils, a patch of white, com- municating with the chin, which is also white : behind the eye another white patch: under parts from the breast yellowish-white: wing-coverts white, marked with longish dusky spots: quills brown: tail long, cuneiform, the two middle feathers two inches and a half long, the exterior one inch and a half; colour dusky, with the ends more or less pale, or whitish, the two outer wholly white: legs long, blue-black. GENUS CXIII.—ENICURUS, Temminck. Rostrum elongatum, basi la- || Beak elongated, broad at the ‘tits, versus medium su-|| base, suddenly compressed bitd compressum, attenua- towards the tip, attenu- tum, apice abrupté cur- ated, the tip abruptly ~ vato. curved. Nares in sulco site, mem- || Nostrils placed in a groove, brana elevata. with an elevated mem- brane. , Unguis posticus robustus, || Hinder claw robust, short, brevis, curvatus; tars? gra- curved ; ¢arsz slender, ele- ciles, elevati. | vated. Cauda furcata. | Tail forked. Two species have been discovered of this genus ; both of them inhabit Java: their manners greatly resemble those of the Wagtails: they live solitary on the borders of rivers or mountain torrents, pursuing with rapidity insects and worms, upon which they sub- sist: they flirt their tail like the above-mentioned birds. 236 SYLVIADE:. Sp. 1. En. coronatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 113. i En. atra, pileo cristato, ventre, urop Y SiO, fascit, avarum rectri- cibus extimis totts, ceteris aptcibus niveis ; cauda longissimd. Dark-coloured Enicurus, with the pileus crested, and “with belly, rump, bar on the wings, outer tail-feathers entir tips of the rest snow-white ; the tail very long. Motacilla speciosa. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 1. Leneru of the body four inches. the tail six inches :—“ the extremity thers has a slight cast of Seb hig th swan and the intesie tail-fe tensely black, exhibiting, when e: ir light, a lustre of blue: at the Poems of sherds iar or ri of the secondary wing-feathers is a very narrow band of white: the feathers of the hypochondriz are elongated and delicately villous: the beak is black ; the feet are oad — a ae Sp. 2. En. ane Temm. Pl, Col. 160. Ey. supra ardosiaco-niger; subius albus; mento colloque mee nigris; fronte fascia alba; alis nigris basi albo; caudé nigra 5 rectricibus externis totis reliquis bast, inlermediisque apice, albis. . Enicurus above slaty-black ; beneath white; with the chin and neck in front black; a white frontal tate the wings black, white at the base; the tail black; its outer feathers entirely, the rest at the base, and the tips of the middle ones, white. ConsIDERABLY less than the former species : fore- head with a white band, which extends from eye to eye: all the upper parts of the head, the cheeks, the nape, the upper half of the back and the scapulars are slaty-black : the chin, and a portion of the fore SEY. IC. muy ant} We Ne } ES WY \ NX 4 LAS MAN RAS SQ SOO XS ENICURUS CORONATUS, SYLVIADA. 937 part of the neck, are plain black, extending on the sides of the latter to the nape: the rest of the front of the neck, the breast, all the under parts, and the rump are pure white: the sides are of a slaty hue: the wings are black, with the base of the feathers white: the two lateral tail-feathers on each side, as well as the base of all the others, are white ; the rest of the feathers are black, except the tips of the two in- termediate ones, which are white: the beak is black, with short velvety black feathers at its base: and the legs are flesh-colour. The female differs in having the top of the head of an ashy-brown: the throat whitish, and the dusky hue on the back more ashy than in the male. ENUS CXIV.—MEGALURUS, Horsfield. Rostrum mediocre, rectum, || Beak moderate, straight, ra- validiusculum, © subcom- ther stout, slightly com- pressum, valdé gradatim pressed, very gradually at- attenuatum; culmen ro- tenuated; culdmen round- tundatum, inter nares ca- ed, carinated between the yinatum. nostrils. Ale cauda breviores. Wings shorter than the tail. Pedes validi; tarsi elongati; Legs stout; tarsi elongated ; digiti laterales aequales, the lateral toes equal, the medius longus. middle long. Sp. 1. Me. palustris. Zinn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 159. Mz. fuscus, dorso griseo-testaceo vario; capite griseo et fusces- cente vario; subtus albidus, pectore tenuiter fusco strigato. Brown Megalurus with the back varied with testaceous-grey ; the. head variegated with grey and brownish ; beneath whitish, with the breast lightly striped with brown. Fenny Warbler, Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. 125, 238 SYLVIADA. Inuasirs Java. Length nine inches: beak rather stout: plumage brown, mixed on the back with tes-. taceous-grey: head varied with brownish-grey ; be- neath whitish : breast slightly streaked with brown : tail elongated and wedged : legs rather stout. GENUS CXV.—ANTHUS, Beckstein. PIPIT. Rostrum basi glabrum, gra- || Beak glabrous at the base, cile, rectum, subcylindri- cum, marginibus versus mediis introrsum deflexis ; mandibula superior ad apicem emarginata, infe- riorem longius. slender, straight, rather cylindric, the edges to- wards the middle inter- nally deflexed; the upper mandible emarginate at the tip and longer than the lower. Unguis posticus arcuatus, || Winder claw arcuated, or aut rectus. straight. Remeax secunda elongata, in- || Second quill long, entire. tegra. Tuts genus is divisible into two sections ; the first having the hind claw much arcuated, and. the birds contained therein frequently perching, while those of the second have the claw of a true Lark, and usually reside upon the ground. Sp. 1. An. trivialis. : Alauda sepiaria. Steph. v. x. p. 542.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 2. An. agrestis. Alauda agrestis. Steph, v. x. p.$27.—Britain and other parts of Europe. ¥ CX gE fi SSELE ts LoD BE ANTHUS RICHARDI. SYLVIADA. 239, Sp. 3. An. pratensis. Alauda pratensis. Steph. v.x. p.540.—Britain and other parts of Europe. Sp. 4. An. campestris. Alauda Mosellana. Steph. v. x. p. 523.—The south of Europe. Sp. 5. An. Capensis. Alauda Capensis. Steph. v. x. p. 510.—The Cape of Good Hope. er Sp. 6. An. rufus, — Alauda rufa. Steph. v. x. p. 519.—South America. Sp.7. An. fulvus. Alauda fulva. Steph. v. x. p. 516.—South America. Sp. 8. An. ruber. | | Alauda rubra, Steph. v. x. p.517.—North America. Sp. 9. An. Richardi. Vieill. Temm. Man. d’Orn, 2 Edit. ii. 263. Temm. Pl. Col. 101. jun. Vigors, Zool. Journ. », 1. p- Ail. pl. 14, An. olivaceo-fuscus, albido nigrogue varius ; subtus albidus 3 pec- tore rufescente maculis nigris; rectricibus duabus externis albo- marginatis; pedibus hallucisque ungue longissimis. Olive-brown Pipit varied with whitish and black ; beneath whitish ; with the breast reddish spotted with black ; the two outer tail- feathers margined with white ; the legs and hinder claw very long. ‘ Alauda rubra, var. Steph.v. x. p. 518 ?—Richard’s Lark. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vi. p. 294. Innasits Britain and Southern Europe. Length six inches and a half: upper mandible of the beak brown, the lower yellowish : irides brown : top of the head, back, and scapulars brown, the feathers deeper in the middle, with the edges and tips paler: a pale streak over the eyes: the throat and belly white : breast light rufous, with a band of broad lance-shaped spots: sides pale rufous: wings and tail blackish, 940 SYLVIADZ. edged with yellowish-white: outer tail-feathers en- tirely white; on the adjoining one a large conical white spot: legs long, yellowish: length of the hind toes and claws one inch. ) Sp. 10. An. petrosus. i Alauda obscura. Sieph. v. x. p. 536.—England. GENUS CXVI—SAXICOLA, Beekstein. WHEATEAR. Rostrum basi altits quam la- || Beak higher than broad at tum, rectum, inter nares the base, straight, angu- angulosum, ad apicem in- lated between the nostrils, curvatum; mandibula in-|| incurved at the tip: the Jerior superiorem brevior, lower mandible shorter recta, obtusa. than the upper, straight, obtuse. Ale penna spuria. Wings with a spurious quill. Remex secunda longissima, || Second qutll longest. OrenanTue, Vieillot—VitTiFLorA, Stephens. TueEseE are lively birds, and stand high on their legs: they build on the ground, and are insectivo- rous. Sp. 1. Sa, cachinans. Jemm. Man. d'Orn, 2. Edit. i 236.— Turdus leucurus, Stepd. v, x. p. 230. pl. 22.—Spain. Sp. 2. Sa. cenanthe. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 237,—V1. cenanthe, Steph. v. x. p. 565.—England and Europe. Sp. 3. Sa. stapazina. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 239.—Vi. rufa. Steph. v. x. p. 569.—Europe. , Sp. 4. Sa. aurita. Temm. Man,d'Orn. 2 Edit, i. 241.—Temm. PL CO 23707 | | : . B 2 ‘ : SYLVIADE. IAL Sa. supra pallide rufa, infra alba; fascid oculari nigra; alis rectricibusque duabus intermediis nigris, ceteris albis apicibus nigris. Wheatear above pale rufous, beneath white ; with a black stripe through the eyes; the wings and two middle tail-feathers black ; the rest white, with black tips. Black-eared Wheatear. Lath.-Gen. Hist. v. vii. p- 56. Ixuasits Southern Europe. Length six inches and a quarter: the general colour of the plumage above pale rufous, beneath white: through the eye, from the beak, a broad black patch, which extends over the ears: tail for three-fourths of the length white, the rest black; but the wings and middle tail-feathers are black, and the outermost chiefly so: beak and legs black. ‘The female has the patch on the ears dusky, marked with rufous: nape and back rufous- brown : throat dirty white: breast pale rufous: the rest of the plumage nearly as in the male. Sp. 5. Sa. leucomela. Zemm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit.i. 243. Temm. Pl. Col. 257. f. 3.—Muscicapa leucomela. Steph. v. x. 328.— Muscicapa melanoleuca. Steph. v. x. 328.—Eastern Europe. Sp. 6. Sa. leucothoa. Cuvier. ; Vi. leucorrhoa. Steph. v. x. 574. pl. 52.— Africa. Sp. 7. Sa. Hottentotta. Vi. Hottentotta. Steph. v.x-p.573.—Limitateur. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 181. male; 182. young.—Africa. Sp. 8. Sa. familiaris. Sa. griseo-fusca, infra pallidiore ; pectore, hypochondris, auribus uropysziogue rufis ; rectricibus duabus intermediis totis fuscis, religuis fuscis rufo marginatis. Grey-brown Wheatear, paler beneath; with the breast, flanks, ears, and rump rufous; the two middle tail-feathers entirely brown, the rest brown edged with rufous. exit. P. II. 16 24,2 SYLVIADA. Traquet familier. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 183. —tHapailiar Warbler. Lath. Gen. Mist. v. vii. p. 100. Inuasits Southern Africa. Plumage in general grey-brown, slightly tinged with rufous; deeper on the upper parts: the breast and flanks, ears and rump, rufous : the two middle tail-feathers brown, the others the same, with the outer edges rufous: legs black : beak and eye brown. Female rather less. Sp. 9. Sa. montana. Sa. nigra, ventre, humeris, tectricibus caud@ margineque exterior rectricium exteriorum basi albis. Black Wheatear with the belly, shoulders, tail-coverts, and outer margins of the exterior tail-feathers at the base, white. Traquet montagnard. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. v. iv. pl. 184. f- 2. Namaqua Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vil. p. 102. : Inuasits Southern Africa. Beak and legs black : eye reddish-brown : plumage in general black, except the belly, shoulders, upper and under tail-coverts, and the outer margins of the exterior tail-feathers from the base, which are white. ‘The young are wholly of a fine grey, inclined to blue above: quills grey on the edges: the two middle tail-feathers black, the others partly white : rump and shoulders whitish- grey: beak and legs brown. After the second moult the crown and nape become grey: back, wing-coverts, chin, throat, and breast black ; shoulders mixed with white: the rest as above. Sp. 10. Sa. pileata. Vi. pileata. Steph. v. x. 568.—Africa. Sp. 1]. Sa. formicivora. SYLVIAD. IAS Sa. fusca infra pallidiore, pennarum margine rufo, mento albido, macula, humerali alba. Brown Wheatear, beneath paler; with the feathers edged with rufous ; the chin whitish ; the shoulder with a white spot. Traquet Fourmillier. Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afrig. ». iv. pl. 186, 187. Inwasits Southern Africa. Length six inches and a half: beak stout, black: general colour of the plu- mage brown, beneath paler; the feathers edged with pale rufous: chin nearly white: on the shoulders a white patch. Female smaller, brown; without the white on the shoulders. Sp. 12. Sc. caprata. Sylvia caprata. Steph. v. x. 630.—Luzonia. Sp. 13. Sa. fulicata. Sylvia fulicata. Steph. v. x. p. 616.—The Philippine Islands. Sp. 14. Se. Philippensis. Sylvia Philippensis. Steph. v. x. p. 616.—Le Traquet patre. Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afrig. iv. pl. 180.—The Philippine Islands. Sp. 15. Sa. Rubicola. Temm. Man. @Orn. 2 Edit. i. 246.— Sylvia Rubicola. Steph. v. x. p. 709. pl. 58.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 16. Sa. Rubetra. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i, 249.—Sylvia Rubetra. Steph. v. x. p. 706.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 17. Sa. sperata. Sylvia sperata. Steph. v. x. 708.—Southern Africa. Sp. 18, Sa. melanura. Temm. Pl. Col. 257. f. 2. Sa. obscure-cinerea, subtus albido-cinerea; alts fuscescentibus ; cauda rotundata nigra. Dull ash-coloured Wheatear, beneath whitish-ash ; with the wings _ brownish; the tail rounded, black. Iyuapirs Arabia. Length five inches and a halt: all the upper parts of the plumage are dull-ash ; and Q44 PIPRIDA. the under parts whitish-ash: the wings are slightly : tinged with brown: the tail is a little rounded, and entirely black: the beak and legs are black. | FAMILY V.—PIPRIDZ. Rostrum breve aut elongatum, dilatatum, gracile vel robustum, bast magis minusve trigonum: rictus ciliatus, plerumque am-: plissimus : pedes simplices, digitis tribus anticis, uno postico. — The Pipride have the Jeak short or elongated, dilated, slender or robust, base more or less trigonal: the gape ciliated, fre- quently very wide: the /egs simple, with three toes before and’ one behind. De ey Tue birds contained in this family differ very con- siderably from each other in habit ; those of the six first genera more immediately approximating to the Sylviadz, and the rest gradually receding from that group, and resembling the Merulide or Todide.: Those of the former group usually devour insects and grains, are very lively, fly and creep incessantly among the branches of trees, frequently attack other birds, lay a great number of eggs, and mostly reside in the temperate regions of the old world. The others live: more exclusively upon fruits and berries, and lay but few eggs, in some instances only two; and generally reside in the warmer regions of the new world. GENUS CXVII.—EGITHALUS, Vigors. Rostrum subelongatum, te- || Beak rather elongated, slen- nue, rectum, acutum, coni- der, straight, acute, conic, cum, basi subtrigonum ; subtrigonal at the base; culmine inter plumas ca- the beak extended among pitis retrorsum extendente. the feathers of the head. © PIPRIDE. . 245 || Nostridsclothed with bristles. Wings moderate, rounded, with the first quill very short, the second and se- venth equal, the third, fourth, and fifth nearly equal and longest, the sixth rather shorter. | Nares setis opertis. Ale mediocres, rotundate ; { A remige prima brevissima, secunda et septima sequali- ~ bus, tertia, quarta, et quinta | - feré zequalibus longissimis, | sexta paulo breviore. Pedes mediocres. Legs moderate. ‘Cauda mediocris, subfurcata. Tail moderate, a trifle forked. Tus genus, characterized by my friend Mr. Vigors in the second volume of the Zoological Journal, has the beak more slender and pointed than the Titmice; -and in the construction of its nest it exhibits more ingenuity than those birds. | | Sp. 1. eg. pendulinus. | : | Parus pendulinus. Steph. v. x. p. 66.—Parus Narboniensis. Steph. v. x. p. 68.—Europe. te Sp. 2. Aig. Capensis. Parus Capensis. Steph. v. x. p. 48.—Southern Africa. . GENUS CXVIII.—PARUS, Linnée. TITMOUSE. Beak furnished at its base with small feathers point- Rostrum basi plumulis an- trorsum directis imstruc- tum, subrobustum, utrin- ing forwards, somewhat que subcompressum vel subovale, perszepe gracilli- mum, acutissimum: man- dibula superior recta, m- clinata; anferior apice ro- tundato aut acuto. robust, a little compressed on each side, or somewhat oval, often very slender, and acute; the wpper man- dable straight, inclined ; the lower rounded or acute at the tip. 246 PIPRIDZ&. A. Caudé breve. A, With the tail short. Sp. 1. Pa. major. Steph. v. x. p. 37.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 2. Pa. ater. Steph. v. x. p.57. pl. 6.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 3. Pa. palustris. Steph. v. x. p. 56.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 4. Pa. ceruleus. Steph. v. x. p. 40.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 5. Pa. cristatus. Steph. v. x. p. 64.—Britain and Europe. Sp. 6. Pa. cyanus. Steph. v. x. p. 39.—Pa. knjaescik. Steph. v. xX. p- 45.—Northern Europe. Sp. 7. Pa. Sibiricus. Steph. v. x. p. 44.—Pa. Lathami. Steph. v. X. p. 45 P—Siberia. Sp. 8. Pa. atriceps. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. 160. Temm. Pl. Col, 287. f. 2. Pa. cerulescente-griseus, subtus albidus; capite ceruleo-atro, malis albis. Blue-grey Titmouse, beneath whitish ; with the head dark-blue ; the cheeks white. Javan Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 251. Inuasits Java. Length five inches and a half. plumage above bluish-grey, beneath whitish: head blue-black : cheeks white : tail consists of twelve fea- thers, the exterior of which are white: the next tipped with white ; ; and the interior uniform in colour with the rest of the plumage. Sp. 9. Pa. atricapillus. Steph. v. x. p.52.—Pa. Hudsonicus. Steph. v. x. p. 53.—North America. Sp- 10. Pa. bicolor. Steph. v. x. p. 65.—North America. Sp. ll. Pa. furcatus. Zemm. Pl. Col. 287.f. 1. Pa ? cinereo-olivaceus, infra flavus ; caudd furcatd. Olivaceous ash-coloured Titmouse, beneath yellow ; with the ae forked. Tanagra Sinensis. Steph. v. x. p. 470? Inuapits China. Length five inches and a quar- ter: the throat is of a fine citron-yellow, the colour = . PIPRIDE. QT changing to a golden hue on the breast : the middle of the belly, the under tail-coverts, the lores, and round the eyes, are isabella-yellow: the top of the head and the nape are olivaceous, passing to ash- colour on the top of the back; the rest of the upper parts of the body, the scapulars, two broad dashes resembling whiskers, and the sides are leaden ash- colour: the tail is slightly forked, and is of a deep- ash, with the tip of each feather black : the two greater wing-coverts have a white lunule at the tip: the inner webs of the wing-feathers are dusky, the outer golden- red, with their edges deep yellow: the beak and legs are brown: several crisped feathers clothe the lores and orbits of the eyes, and point forwards : the upper tail-coverts are very long. B. Caudé corpore longiore. B. With the tail longer than the body. Sp. 12. Pa. caudatus. Steph. v. x. p. 59.—Britain and Europe. GENUS CXIX.—CALAMOPHILUS, Leach. REED-BIRD. Rostrum feré ut in Pari, sed || Beak nearly as in the J%- mandibuld swperiore apice mice, but the wpper man- paulo recurvato. dible, at its tip, 1s some- what recurved. Cauda elongata, cuneata. Tail elongated, wedge-shap- ved. Pedes gracillimi. Legs very slender. Tuis genus differs in several minor characters from the ‘Titmice, and the habits of the only species known 248 PIPRID&. are totally distinct : it affects marshy places, and con- structs its nest among rushes. Sp. 1. Ca. biarmicus. Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 17.—Parus biar- micus. Steph. v. x. p. 62. pl. 7.—Britain, and throughout AS old continent. GENUS CXX.—MEGISTINA, Vieillot. Rostrum subrobustum, basi || Beak somewhat robust, gla- glabrum, paulo lateratim brous at the base, a little compressum, supra con- compressed laterally, con- vexum, integrum, apice vex above, entire, hooked aduncum. at the tip. Nares patule. Nostrils open. Unguts posticus longissimus. || Hind-claw longest. Sp. 1. Me. Stromei. Parus Strémei. Steph. v. x. p. 70 a Sp. 2. Me. lugubris. ME. vertice guld collo anticé lateribusque nigris ; nucha, dorso rs cinereo-fuscis, alis caudaque fuscis, pennarum mar- gine albido cinereis ; temporibus et corpore subtus griseo-albis. Megistina with the crown, throat, neck in front, and on the sides, black ; the nape, back, and scapulars ashy-brown ; the wings. and tail brown, the feathers edged with ashy-white ; the tem- ples and body beneath greyish-white. . Parus lugubris. ZTemm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit.i, 293 —Lugubrous Titmouse. Lath, Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 255. IwHasits South-eastern Europe. Length six inches: beak and legs deep grey: top of the head black : throat, part of the front, and the sides of the neck, black : nape, back, and scapulars ashy-brown : wings and tail cinereous, the feathers fringed with whitish-ash : tem- 4 PIPRIDE. 249 ples and all the under parts of the body greyish-white: irides brown. Greatly allied to the last. GENUS CXXI.—TYRANNULUS, Vieillot. Rostrum brevissimum, sub- || Beak very short, rather slen- gracile, supra convexum, der, convex above, entire, - integrum, apice inclina- Inclined at the tip. . tum. Remiges prima ad quartam || First to the fourth quills longissimee. | longest. Sp. 1. Ty. elatus. _ Ty. cristatus virescens, subtus cinereo-albidus ; occipite crissoque pallide flavis ; tectricibus alarum margine. rectricibusque late- ralibus apice albis. Crested greenish Tyrannulus, beneath ashy-white; with the occiput and vent pale yellow; the edges of the wing-coverts and lateral tail-feathers white at the tip. Sylvia elata. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 529.—Le Roitelet-mesange. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 375.—Gold-naped Wren. Lath. Gen. Fist. v. vii. 205. Inuapits Cayenne. Less than the common Gold- crest, the beak very short: upper parts of the body brownish-green, inclined to brown on the head: across the back part of the head a bar of jonquil yellow, and rather full of feathers, as is the whole head, and ca- pable of being erected as a crest : wings and tail dusky- green: across the first two pale bars: the second quills have pale edges; and the tail, except the two middle feathers, is tipped with dusky-white : the fore part of the neck pale ash-colour: breast and belly greenish: towards the vent and sides pale yellow: legs dusky. 250 PIPRIDZ. Sp. 2. Ty. obsoletus. Ty. olivaceo-viridis, subtus albidus ; ae occipite nuchdque griseis, alis fuscis fasciis duabus Siacuayae rufarum com= posits. Olive-green Tyrannulus, beneath whitish ; with the head, occiput, and nape grey; the wings brown, with two rows of red spots. Muscicapa obsoleta. Temm. Pl. Col. 275./f. 1. Innasits Brazil. Length about four inches: the top of the head, the occiput, and the nape pure grey : the shoulders, the back, and the edges of the tail- feathers are slightly tinged with greenish: the wings brown, marked with two ranges of reddish spots, and the edges of the quills of a reddish-grey : all the under parts are whitish, with the fore part of the neck tinged with greyish, the side of the breast with deep grey, and the rest with yellowish: the upper mandible of the beak is brown, the lower yellowish. Sp. 3. Ty? ventralis. Ty? wiridescens, infra fiavescente viridis; fronte regione rostri et oculart albo viridique variis; alis Jascits duabus macularum flavarum compositis. Greenish Tyrannulus, beneath yellowish-green; with the fore- head, the space round the beak and eyes varied with white and green; the wings with two rows of yellow spots. Muscicapa ventralis. Temm. Pl. Col. 275.f. 2. Inuasits Brazil. Length four inches and a half: the forehead is shaded with small recurved bristles : the beak is long, pointed, and depressed at the base : the upper parts of the body and edges of the wing and tail-feathers are green: the forehead and the space round the beak and eyes are clothed with small feathers, varied with white and greenish: on the wing-coverts are two ranges of small yellowish spots ; PIPRID#. ey | the three secondary feathers nearest the body are tipped with similar spots: the chin is tinged with whitish; the rest of the under parts are dull yellow- green. Sp. 4. Ty? virescens. | Ty ? viridescens, infra flavescente-viridis; guld albidd. Greenish Tyrannulus, beneath yellowish-green ; with the throat whitish. Temm. Pl. Col. 275. f. 3. Muscicapa virescens. Inwasits Brazil. Length near five inches: greatly allied to the last, the colours being disposed in the same way: the chief distinction consists in this spe- cies wanting the spots on the three secondary quills nearest the body: this has also the tail proportionally longer : the beak stouter, shorter, less depressed, and with fewer bristles. ‘The female is less brilliant in colour. GENUS CXXII —PARDALOTUS, Vieillot. Rostrum brevissimum, sub- || Beak very short, somewhat robustum, basi lateratim dilatatum, integrum, coni- cum, apice crassum ; man- dibula superior subar- cuata; inferior subtus convexa. robust, the base laterally compressed, entire, conic, its tip thick: the wpper mandible a little arcuated ; the dower convex beneath. THESE birds are all natives of Australasia and the adjacent islands. Sp. 1. Pa. punctatus. Pipra punctata. Steph. v. x. p. 30.—New Holland. 952 PIPRIDE. Sp. 2. Pa. striatus. Pipra striata. Steph, v. x. p. 29. pl. 4.—Van Diemen’s Land. Sp. 3. Pa. gularis. Pipra gularis. Steph. v. x. p. 17.—Sylvia hirundinacea. _ Steph. v. x. p. 613.—The Society Islands. | ape Sp. 4. Pa. superciliosus. Pipra superciliosa. Steph. v. x. p. 34.—New Holland. Sp. 5. Pa. Australis. Pa. oltvaceo-viridis, dorso fulvo maculato; guld ee tectrict- busque caude inferioribus flavis ; ventre pallide fuscescente ; vertice nigro albo maculato; lined alba a nares ad oculos. Olive-green Pardalotus, with the back spotted with fulvous; the throat, breast, and under tail-coverts yellow; the belly pale brownish ; the crown black, spotted with white; a white line from the siosthills to the eyes. New Holland Manakin. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. f. 238. ‘* Leneru four inches and a half: beak black : the crown black, marked with round white spots: from ‘the nostrils to the eyes a white streak : sides under the eyes, and of the neck to the wing, grey and dusky mixed: the back glossy olive-brown: on the middle of each feather a glossy butl-coloured spot: rump pale tawny, or ferruginous: chin and middle of the neck before, as far as the breast, fine yellow, growing wider as it approaches the latter: belly dirty pale brown, or buff-colour: under tail-coverts fine yellow: wings and tail black; on the ends of the wing-coverts and second quills are white spots: the greater quills fringed with a paler colour at the tips: tail remarkably short, all but the two middle feathers marked at the tips with white: legs dusky. The female with the throat scarcely tinged with yellow.” PIPRKIDA. Q53 GENUS CXXIIL—PIPRA Auctorum. .MANAKIN. Rostrum conicum, basi trigo- | Beak conic, trigonal at the num, versus apicem utrin- base, compressed on each side towards the tip, the tip. que compressum, apice —aduncum; mandibula in- bent down: the lower man- Jerior apice recurvata. dible recurved at the point. Digitt exteriores ad basin || Outer toes united at the base, coalitiy Aut the Manakins inhabit America: they are remarkable for their brilliant colours: they flock in little troops in damp woods. | Sp. 1. Pi. Pareola. Steph. v. x. p. 14.—Pi. superba. Steph. v. x. p- 14. var?—Manakin tijé. Desmar. Man. et Tang. pl. 50, 51, 52, 53. Sp. 2. Pi. aureola. Steph. v. x. p.22.—Manakin rouge. Desmar. Man. et Tang. pl. 54,55, 56, 57. 2 Sp. 3. Pi. leucocapilla. Cuvier.—Pi.leucocilla. Steph. v. x. p. 24. —Pi. leucocephala. Steph. v. x. p. 25.—Manakin a téte blanche. Desmar, Man. &c. pl. 59. Sp. 4. Pi. erythrocephala. Steph. v. x. p. 93,—Manakin a téte dor. Desmar. Man. &c. pl. 60, 61. | Sp. 5. Pi. rubracapilla. Temm. Pl. Col. 54. f. 3.—Pi. erythro- cephala G. Steph. v. x. p. 23. * Sp. 6. Pi. serena. Steph. v. x. p. 26.—Manakin varie. Desmar. Man. Sc. pl. 62, 64. : Sp. 7. Pi. gutturalis. Steph. v. x. p. 26.—Manakin a gorge blanche. Desmar. Man. &c. pl. 63, 65. ) Sp. 8. Pi. chloris. Temm. Pl. Col. 172. f. 2. rs Pr. viridis, infra Navescente-viridis 3 alis tectricibusque albo ma- culatis ; guld ventrisque medio flavis. Green Manakin, beneath yellowish-green ; with the wings and coverts spotted with white ; the throat and middle of the belly vellow. — Q54 PIPRIDA. Lencru five inches: on the forehead is a brown band: the rest of the head, the region of the eyes, the nape, and all the rest of the upper parts of the body, are fine grass-green: the wing is black, witha double range of whitish spots, forming two transverse bars on the coverts: the greater coverts nearest the body are also spotted with white : the rest of the wing is black, with green edges to all the feathers: the tail-feathers are dusky edged with green and tipped with whitish: on the ear is a patch of ashy-feathers : the throat and the middle of the belly are yellow, and the rest of the under parts are yellowish-green : the back and legs are bluish: the tail is rather long, and a little wedged in shape. Sp. 9. Pi. pileata. Natterer. Temm. Pl. Col. 172. f.1. Pr. castaneo-rufus, infra rufescente-flavus ; pileo occipite nuchaque nigris; fronte nigro fuscoque variegato. Chesnut-red Manakin, beneath reddish-yellow ; with the pileus, occiput, and nape black ; the forehead varied with black and brown. Leneru four inches and a half: the male has the top of the head, the occiput, and the nape, plain black : the forehead marbled with black and brown: the cheeks and the eyebrows lively red: the back, sca- pulars, and the wing and tail-coverts are bright ches- nut-red : the wing is black, its middle coverts being tipped with ashy-chesnut, and the quills edged with greenish: the lateral tail-feathers are chesnut-yellow at. the base, and pure chesnut at the tip: the six middle feathers are black with brown tips: all the under parts are reddish-yellow: the beak and legs are yellow: the tail is a trifle wedged, and is rather — PIPRIDA. Q55 long. . The female has the black on the head tinged with green, and olive-green in lieu of the light ches- nut of the male: the wing-coverts are ashy spotted with brighter ash; the edges of the feathers being slightly edged with greenish: the under parts and the tail-feathers are coloured as in the male, but ofa paler hue: the upper mandible of the beak is brown, the lower yellow. Sp. 10. Pi. strigillata. Temm. Pl. Col. 54. f. 1, 2. | Pi. dorso alisque viridis; remigibus fuscis pogoniis internis albo marginatis ; guld viridi-cinered; corpore sublus flavescente- albo, fusco striato: mas. capite crista rufa. Manakin with the back and wings green ; the quills brown edged with white on their inner webs; the throat ashy-green ; the body beneath yellowish-white, striated with brown ; male with a red crest. Tue male has the top of the head and the occiput ornamented with a beautiful shining red crest: the back and the wings are green: the tail is very short and ashy-green: the quills and the secondaries are brown, with their inner webs edged with white: the throat is ashy-green: and the rest of the under parts are clothed with long, subulated, yellowish-white fea- thers, with small brown striz on the edges: the beak is brown: the legs yellowish. The female is desti- tute of the crest on the head; this part, as well as the back, is green: the under parts of the plumage are tinged with-brown and yellow, and the. flanks with green. Sp. 11. Pi. chlorocapilla. Pi. supra ceruleus subius flavus; capite collo pectoreque viridibus, remigibus fuscis viridt marginatis. 256 PIPRIDA. Manakin above blue, beneath yellow ; with the head, neck, and breast green; the quills brown edged with green. : Sees Manakin. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 228. pl. eviii. ‘* Lenetu four inches: beak stout, dusky-black : head, neck, and breast fine pale grass-green: neck behind, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts fine blue: beneath, from the breast, vent, and under tail-coverts, fine golden-yellow: quills dusky edged with green: wing-coverts green, changing in some lights to blue = tail short, a trifle hollowed out at the end; colour dusky, edged with green; the coverts reaching half way on it, and the quills to the same distance: legs pale brown: the under tail-coverts nearly as long as the tail.’’ Sp. 12. Pi. Manacus. Steph. v. x. p. 27. __ Mages goitreux. Desmar, Man. &c. pl. 58. Sp. 13. Pi. caudata. Steph. v. x. p. 15. Sp. 14. Pi? militaris. Steph. v. x. p. 16. pl. 3. GENUS CXXIV.—RUPICOLA, Brisson. Rostrum robustum, supra |) Beak robust, convex above, convexum, ad apicem com- compressed at the tip: the pressum; mandibula su- upper mandible emargi- pertor emarginata, versus nate, hooked towards the apicem adunca; inferior tip; the dower straight, recta, acuta. acute. Digiti exteriores ad medium || Outer toes connected to the usque coaliti; pollex lon- middle ; hind-toe lengthen- a eglusculus, latus; wng wis ed, broad ; its claw strong, posticus fortis, valdé adun- much hooked. cus. i ay ; ial Ba R a aes } AY PL 60 yy ] Y) Yy Y My My CALYPTOMENA YIRIDIS. PIPRIDA. D7 . Born the Rupicole inhabit America: they feed on frnits ; are said to scratch the ground like poultry: form their nests in deep cavernous recesses, and the females deposit two eggs. Sp. 1..dtu. elegans. Pipra rupicola. Steph. v. x. p. 9. Sp. 2. Ru. Peruviana. ©. Pipra Peruviana. Steph. v. x. p. 10. GENUS CXXV—CALYPTOMENA, Rafiles, Rostrum depressum, basi la- || Beak depressed, broad at the tum, apice adunco ; pennis base, hooked at the tip; capitis subtectum. partly covered by the fea- thers of the head. Nares rotundee. Nostrils rounded. Lingua brevis. . Tongue short. Pedes gressorii. » Legs gressorial. RuricoLa, Temm. Sp. 1. Ca. viridis. Lenn. Trans. (faffles,) xiii. 295. Ca. viridis nitens, macula utringue ad latus nuche; fascits alarum tribus obliquis, remigibusque preter marginem exteriorem atris. Shining-green Calyptomena, with a spot on each side of the nape ; three oblique stripes on the wings, and the quills, except the outer margins, dark-coloured. Rupicola viridis. Temm. Pl. Col. 216. Inwasits Sumatra. ‘‘ Length six inches and a half: the colour is a beautiful green: the head is rather large, and its feathers are directed forwards from each side m such a manner as nearly to conceal the beak, giving the face a very peculiar appearance : Weill. Ps. Il. : Lyi 258 PIPRIDA. a little above and before the eyes the feathers are of a deep velvet black at their base, and ashy tipped with green; and there is a similar spot of black imme- diately over the ears: the wings are scarcely longer than the body, green, but crossed on the coverts by three velvet black bands: the primary feathers, as well as the whole under side of the wings, are dusky, approaching to black, with the exception of the outer margins of some, which are edged with green: the tail is short, rounded, composed of ten feathers, which are green above, and bluish-black below: the whole of the under parts are green: this colour 1s lightest on the sides of the neck and round the eyes: the beak is short, wide, much depressed at the base, deeply cleft, and hooked at the point: nostrils oval, at the base of the beak, and concealed by the filiform fea- thers that project over them: the eyes are rather large: the irides bluish : legs bluish-black : a few fea- thers come down over the upper part of the tarsi: feet gressorial ; outer toe not much shorter than the middle one, with which it is united as far as the last joint. The stomach contained nothing but vegetable substances, chiefly grains.” GENUS CXXVI.—PHIBALURA, Vieillot. Rostrum brevissinum, cras- || Beak very short, thick, ro- sum, robustum, conico- bust, conic-convex, the convexum ; mandibula su- || wpper mandible shghtly pervtor subarcuata. arcuated. Cauda gracile, longissima. || Taé/ slender, very long, fork- furcata. ed. Se ee = ee 2 . pe ee ' : 4 ; F 4 ‘ K MI : ‘f = a Sui I! hs aa . \ whi Miu as, mh) HM, "Ng loi yy 4 yy hee CA, Ly Fy, j ie PHIBALURA FLAVIROSTRIS. PIPRID®. BGO ~ 1. Ph. flavirostris. Vieil. Analyse, §c. p. 68. (8.) Temm. ; lls. —Phibalura cristata. Swain. Zool, Ilust. pl. 31. ero rufogue varia, vertice, remigious rectricibusque ite peice r fis s collo ES ae & eque nigro Phibalura above varied with black and rafbae with the crown, quills, and ‘tail-feathers black ; the occiput and throat rufous ; Bre oe behind apt breast ; blac! k and white; the upper belly diverging from te dance, and. falling over the sides and towards the occiput ; they are of a fine chesnut- red at their base, and tipped with deep polished steel- black ; which colour also adorns the forehead, lores, cheeks, and ears: the throat is pure white : the breast, nape, fore part, and sides of the neck, are whitish, transversely banded with yellowish: the feathers of the back and rump are black tipped with yellow: scapulars the same : wings and tail glossy black, with the edges of the inner eral of all the feathers spotted with white, and the scapulars nearest the body with ashy: all the under parts and under wing-coverts are yellowish-white with a spot of bright yellow at the tip of each feather : beak and legs yellow. The young have the top of the head and the nape ashy, with slight indications of red at the base of the el thers, which are short and not divergent as in the adult: the upper parts of the-body are tinged with greenish, with black spots, and the tips of Pibies feathers yellowish : the throat is yellow, marked with black spots at the tip of the feathers: the neck and breast are marked with white, black, and ash-coleur: the 260 PIPRIDE. belly and vent are yellowish, marked with transverse black bands: the wings and tail are dull greenish : the beak and legs are rtontilt GENUS CXXVIT—BOMBYCILLA, Brisson. WAXWING. Rostrum breve, basi paulo || Beak short, its base a little. Sp. 1. Bo. Bohemica. depressum et trigonum, supra convexum, versus apicem deflexum: mandi- bula inferior compressa, laciniata, apice recurvata. Nares ovales, plumis mini- mis recuryis obtectze. BomByclivora, Temm. other parts of Europe. Sp. 2, Bo. Carolinensis. depressed and _ trigonal, convex above, deflexed to- wards the tip; the lower mandible compressed, jag- ged, its tip recurved. Nostrils oval, concealed be- neath small recurved fea- thers. Steph. v. x. p. 421. pl. 34.—Britain and Steph. v. x. p. 422.—North America. GENUS CXXVIIL—TERSA, Vieillot. Rostrum brevissimum, basi valdé depressum, supra paulé carinatum, triangu- lare, marginibus introrsum deflexis, angustum, versus | apicem wweclinatum; man- dibula inferior subtus pla- na, apice acuta, recurvata. Remex prima longissima. Sp. 1. Te. Cayana. Ampelis Cayana. v. x. p- 437.—South America. Beak very short, its base much depressed, a little carinated above, triangu- lar, the edges internally deflexed, narrow, inclined towards the tip; the lower mandible flat beneath, its tip acute, recurved. First quill longest. Steph.v. x. p. 428. eee tersa. sical / PIPRIDA. QO] _ GENUS CXXIX.—AMPELIS, Linné. CHATTERER. Rostrum nudum, aut basi plumis tectum, et trigo- num, mediocre, supra sub- carinatum, angustum, ver- sus apicem curvatum ; — mandibula inferior subtus paulo plana, apice acuta, recurvata. Beak naked, or clothed with feathers, and trigonal at the base, moderate, slightly carinated above, narrow, curved towards the tip; the lower mandible some- what flat, its tip acute, re- curved. Os amplissimum. Digiti exteriores basi coaliti. Mouth very large. Outer toes jomed at the base. REMARKABLE for the beautiful purple and azure tints with which the plumage is adorned during the breeding season: they inhabit damp situations in America, and feed upon insects, berries, and tender fruits. Sp. 1. Am. carnifex. v. x. p. 426. Steph. 0. x.p. 425,—Am. cuprea. Steph. Sp. 2. Am. pompadora. Steph. v. x. p. 430. pl. 36.—Am. cinerea. Steph. v. x. p. 427. Sp. 3. Am. cotinga. Steph. v. x. p. 429. Steph. v. x. p. 436. pl. 38. Steph. v. x. p. 433. Viewllot. Sp. 4. Am. superba. Sp. 5. Am. Maynana. Sp. 6. Am. Hypopyra. GENUS CXXX.—CASMARHYNCHUS, Temminck. ARAPONGA. Rostrum \atum, valde de- || Beak broad, much depress- ed, its base soft, flexible, its tip compressed, horny ; the pressum, basi molle, flexile, apice compressum, cor- neum; mandibula supe- upper mandible notched ; * 202 PiPRIDE: rior emarginata; tnfe-\| the lower with its mar- rior mar regi ie enua- gins attenuated and flexi- ble, the tip horny. | mm || Nostriis large, placed to- rostri poe ovale 8 i wards the tip of the beak, * oval, clothed with a pilore a membrane. Ale cade tertia et || Wings with the third and quartee longissimis. _ fourth feathers longest. Pedes mediocres ; ; tarsi digito Legs moderate ; tarsi longer medio longiores 3 digit than the middle toe; the basi connexi, _ laterales || foes united at the base, the lateral ones equal. mpelis variegata. brown stripes; the head entirely black. Procnias melanocephalus. Pr. Maz.i.143. & pl. 25.—Black-headed > ier y ais Gen. INHABITS Brite miele ibove cig a half: head black: irides cinnabar red: the parts of the body green: the lower yellowas 1 with darker transverse stripes. M Sp. 3. Ca. nudicollis. Yemm. Tue characters of this species do not appear to have been published. he || Hii! His!) Hh UUUp i) yyy I ), yi Wi ‘ yy SWS \ CASMARHYNCHOS VARIEGATUS., FOO, N hy hy Vy Ly iy, WY Vig Wi SSS Qos ° ¥ \Y \ SS \ ee & : SSS Ih, y “if Z/) PROCNIAS VENTRALIS MAS PIPRIDA. 203 GENUS CXXXI.—PROCNIAS, Hoffmansegg. BERRY-EATER. ig Rostrum breve, debile, de- || Beak short, weak, depressed, pressum, arcuatum, acu- arcuated, acute, its base tum, basi aut caruncula- either carunculated or tum aut glabrum. smooth. Rictus oculis tenus conti- || Gape contimued as far as the “nuus. eyes. Inuasit America. Teed upon insects. Sp. 1. Pr? carunculatus. Ampelis carunculata. Steph. v. x. p. 435. pl. 37.—South America. Sp. 2. Pr. ventralis. Temi. Pl. Col. 5.f.1. male; f. 2. female. Pr. cerulea, fronté jugulo temporibusque nigris; corpore subtus in medio albo ; lateribus striis transversis nigriscentibus ; mas. : aut viridis, mento temporibusque griseis ; corpore infra flaves- cente, strits obscure viridibus transversim; foemina. Blue Berry-eater, with the forehead, jugulum, and temples black ; the body beneath white in the middle; the sides with dusky transverse stripes; male: or green, with the chin and temples grey ; the body beneath yellowish, with obscure green trans- _ verse stripes ; female. Procnias hirundinacea. Swain. Zool. Iilust. pl. 28.—Lindo Chat- terer. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. p. 192. pl. Ixxxv. Inuasits Brazil. Length six inches: the male of this beautiful bird has the top of the head, the neck, the back, the breast, the flanks, and the wings, of a splendid azure-blue, which colour borders all the fea- thers of the tail and of the secondaries, the rest of which is fine black : the middle of the belly is white, finely banded transversely with blue: round the beak and the eyes, and all the throat, pure deep black : 24 PIPRIDA. the beak and legs black. ‘The female is green where the male is blue; but she has no black round the base of the beak, on the eyes, or on the throat, the last part being griseous, with greyish-green spots. The young me resemble the females. Sp. 3. P. cyanotropus. Pr. Maz. 1. 160. Pa! supra splendidé azureus aut viridis, infra albus ; alis auleoud nigris. Berry-eater above splendid azure or green, beneath white; with the wings and throat black. Azure Chatterer. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. p. 181. Innasits Brazil. An extremely beautiful species ; if held against the light, the whole bird appears of a splendid azure ; and turned from the light, it shows a shining bright green: wings and throat black; the under part of the body white. Sp. 4. Procnias cucullatus. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 37. Pr? corpore, collo, pectore nigro cucullata; tergo fusco; alis cauddque nigris; tegminum apice, pectoris lateribus et corpore subtus flavis ; capite subcristato. Berry-eater? with the head, neck, and fore-part of the bytes hooded with black ; back brown ; wings and tail black ; tip of the wing-coverts, sides of the breast and body beneath yellow ; head rather crested. Leneru eight inches and three quarters: beak near an inch, dark cinereous: base furnished with bristles: the opening of the nostrils large, round, terminal, and nearly naked: the feathers on the crown lengthened: the whole head, neck, and fore part of the breast black, bordered above by a narrow collar of yellow: back and scapulars brown: rump olive : ‘ s se oie = = re S88 SSA ERS ee ee ern a3 ee ot < PIPRIDA, 265 - sides of the breast, inner coverts, and under parts uniform yellow : wing-coverts black, margined with olive: those on the shoulders tipped with brown, the rest with yellow: quills and tail black, margined with olive : wings four inches and three quarters long; the first quill very short, the third longer than the second : tail four inches long. _GENUS CXXXII.—CEPHALOPTERUS, Geoffrey. Rostrum magnum, basi plu- || Beak large, covered at the mulis elevatis tectum, cras- base with elevated feathers, sum, versus apicem curva- thick, curved towards the tum; mandibula inferior tip, the lower mandible flat subtus plana. beneath. Frons crista verticali, et pec- || Forehead furnished with a tore pennis dependentibus vertical crest, and the ornatis. breast with dependent fea- thers. CorAcInA, pars. Vieillot. Sp. 1. Co. ornatus. Geoff: Amer. du Mus. xiii. pl. xv.—Ampelis umbellata. Steph. v, x. p. 437. pl. 39.—Coracina cephaloptera. Temm. Pl, Col. 255.—Brazil. GENUS CXXXIII—GYMNOCEPHALUS, Geoffrey. 3 Rostrum basi glabrum, cras- || Beak glabrous at the base, sum, arcuatum, apice de- thick, arcuated, its tip clive; mandibula inferior bent down; the lower man- ~ subtus plana. dible flat beneath. Facies ultra oculos nuda. Face naked beyond the eyes. CoRACINA, pars. Vieillot. Sp. 1. Gy. Cayensis. : Corvus calvus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 352,—Cayenne. — 206 | PIPRIDA. GENUS CXXXIV.—GYMNODERES, Geoffroy. Rostrum breve, validum, || Beak short, stout, very broad basi latissimum; mandi-|| at the base; the upper bula superior subincur- || mandible rather incurved. vata. Caput plumis velutinis tec- || Head clothed with velvety tum. feathers. Collum partim nudum. Neck partly naked. yr Native of America, and feeds chiefly upon fruits. Sp. 1. Gy. foetidus. Gracula nudicollis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 463. in foetida. Shaw, v. vil. p.466.—South America. GENUS CXXXV.—QUERULA, Vieillot. Rostrum basi vibrissis et || Beak furnished at the base pennis antrorsim directis with bristles and feathers ornatum, valdé depressum, pointing forwards, much trigonum, supra infraque depressed, trigonal, con- convexum, versus apicem vex above and beneath, curvatum; mandibula in- curved towards the tip; Jerior apice recurvata,gra- || the lower mandible with cillima, acutissima. its tip recurved, very slen- der and acute. CoTINGA, pars. Cuvier. Tue birds of this genus are all natives of America; they fly in flocks, and subsist almost exclusively on insects. Sp. 1. Qu. rubricollis, ‘ Muscicapa rubricollis. Steph. v. x. p. 293. PIPRIDA. 267 ‘Sp. 2. Qu. militaris. Coracias militaris. Shaw, v. vii. p. 395. pl. 52-—Ampelis cristata, Steph. v. x. p. 425. Sp. 3. Qu ? cinerea. Qu? cinerec-grisea alis cauddque saturatioribus ; corpore infra pallide griseo. Ashy-grey Querula, with the wings and tail darkest ; the body beneath pale grey. } Le Cotinga cendré. Le Vaill. Amer. et Ind. i. pl. 44,—Cinereous Chatterer. Lath Gen. Hist. v. v. p. 187. Sp. 4. Qu. scutata. Coracias scutata. Shaw, v. vil. p. 401.—Coracina scutata. Temm. Pl. Col. 40. LenersH eight inches : beak and legs dusky brown : upper parts of the plumage deep cmereous grey ; with the wings and tail darkest: all the under parts, from the chin to the vent, light grey: under the wings to the tail, with its coverts, pale grey. GENUS CXXXVI.—PACHYCEPHALUS, Swainson. Rostrum breve, parvum, basi || Beak short, small, furnished setulis debilibus ornatum. with weak bristles. Caput magnum. Head large. Cauda rotundata. Tail rounded. Sp. 1. Pa. pectoralis. Muscicapa pectoralis. Steph. v. x. p. 360.—New Holland. Sp. 2. Pa? australis. Parus macrocephalus. Steph. v. x. p. 51. pl, 5.—New Holland. * bare eh Ft Mh! s hy Aa ’ Bh, Aral apap ee PON dg X TO VOL. XITI.—PART II. Accenror alpinus Calliope modularis montanellus . ACCIPITER fringillarius . gabar minullus —— musicus Pennsylvanicus . pileatus soloénsis torquatus velox —— virgatus FJEGITHALUS Capensis — pendulinus AUGITHINA . -- leucoptera page 205 205 206 206 205 30 30 34 34 34 32 33 34 30 31 || 32 244 245 245 » 232. )) 222. _ALECTRURUS ALCEDO p. 102 Aleyon 103 —— Americana 103 —— Asiatica, Swain. 103. azurea, Lath. 106 Bengalensis . 103 —— bicolor . 103 —— biru 103 ceruleocephala 104 cristata 104 diops, Temm. - 99 —— ispida . 103 —— Madagascariensis . 104 —— maxima 103) —— melanoptera, Horsf. 100 meningtin . 103 —— purpurea 104 — rudis 103 —— semitorquata . 105 —— superciliosa . 103 —— torquata 103 128 270 ALECTRURUS tricolor AMPELIS carnifex cotinga —— Hypopyra Manayana pompadora —— superba ANTHUS agrestis campestris Capensis fulvus . petronus pratensis —— Richardi rubra rufa : trivialis ANT-THRUSH ANT-WREN . AQUILA ——— bellicosa chrysaétos fucosa . heliaca . maculosa, Viel. —— Malaiensis . nevia . pennata ——— Sinensis ARTAMUS INDEX. p- 129 |) Anramus, leucorhyn- chos . _ p. 137 261 viridis . b3/ 261 261 oASTUR . oe 25 261 brachypterus 28° 261 gracilis 26 261 || _— hemidactylus 26 261 || ___ magnirostris . 29 —— nitidus . 27 208 Nove Hollandize 26 238 palumbarius . 25 ie 7 poliogaster 29 239 radiatus 29 239 xanthothorax : 27 240 239 || AsTURINA 24 239 || -—— cinerea . 24 a oat . 239 || Bee-narer . ; i2 - 938 Pirik, Lath. rh) ‘ variegated, Lath. . 795 177 BERRY-EATER 263 172 | BomBYCILLA . 260 15 Bohemica 260 15 || ___ Carolinensis . 260 15 16 || BracuyprerRyx ary 15 montana 217 18 sepiaria : 218 15 2 15 || BRAcHyrus . 189 15 azureus 190 16 Cafer ] 89 —— Capensis 190 137 || —— chrysorrhetis — 189 : - eee el ee Bracuyrvs, Cochin- sinensis dispar . —— hzemorrhousa jocosus . Le Vaillantii . perspicillatus —— pheenicopterus Psidii Brunet, Le Vaill. . Brunnoir, Le Fail. Buso Africanus lacteus . microcephalus BupytTes boarula ——— flava Busu-Surike Buzzarp Turkey, Wilson Bureo . borealis busarellus —— buson Jackall . lagopus Leverianus —— niger -—— peecillonotus . —— pterocles INDEX. p- 192 190 192 191 189 191 191 192 190 182 47 Bureo, tachardus tachiro . vulgaris CALAMOPHILUS biarmicus CALYPTOMENA ————= VITIGIS. . Campephaga, Viel. Capolier, Le Vaill. CAPRIMULGIDA CaPRIMULGUS acutus . affinis . albicollis — Asiaticus brachypterus Carolinensis . Cayanensis ‘ ——. diurnus Europzus —— fuscatus longicaudus . longipennis macrourus Nattereri pectoralis popetue psalurus rufus semitorquatus —— Steatornis, Humb. —— strigoides —— torquatus 87 © 88 91 Whe INDEX. CAPRIMULGUS Virgini- anus . : ‘ p- 86 vittatus : Sak MO Caracara, Cuvier —'10, 11 CASMARHYNGHUS . . 261 melanocephalus . 262 nudicollis . ar 2G variegatus . . 262 CATHARTES . 6 Iiliger 6 Temm. 6 gryphus, Temm. 6 : monachus, Temm. . 6 wulturinus, Temm., 8 Catharista, Vieil. . 6 Caterpillar- Thrush, black, Lath. is 2 pai ec) grey, Lath. . yesk7 yellow, Lath. » dy LOD CEBLEPYRIS . y apn SW Temm. . 163 bicolor, Temm. . 165 —— fimbriatus, Temm. 164 labrosus re (pega oo) Le Vaillantii asia W597) . lineatus, Swain. . 165 ——niger . . . 168 tricolor, Swaim. . 166 CEPHALOPTERUS . , BS canus . 4 Si Get lobatus hivttciw 1 kal ornatus “ eon Certhia Cosinsinica, Shaw, -— Cryx azurea . Luzoniensis . CHATTERER . azure, Lath. . — cinereous, Lath. —— Lindo, Lath, . CHETURA australis collaris . fusca Martinicana . pacifica pelagica CIncLUS ’ ; —— Europzus CIRCHETUS . brachydactylus cinereus CIRCUS. acoli eeruginosus cinerascens melanoleucos palustris —— pygargus rutilans f Citrin, Le Vaill, .. p. 192 106 | OG 106 261 B64 black-headed, Lath. 262 267 = BS 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 192 192 a rad iit Colaris, Cuvier Colon, D’ Azara Conpor Coracias, Shaw CoRACcINA . i Vieil. —— cephaloptera, Temm. Corvus melanops, Lath. Cotinga sae ae cendré, Le Va CRAB-EATER Cravate noire, Le Vaill. Criniger, Temm. Crow, black-faced, Lath. Cudor, Le Vaiil. . Curouge, Le Vaill. CUuRRUCA ; arundinacea . atricapilla —~— Certhiola —— Cetti Cisticola conspicillata . ——- fluviatilis galactotes garrula Locustella —— luscinia —— melanocephala eo MAL. P. Il, scutata, Temm., 18 INDEX. 2738 . 96 || Curruca nevia p- 209 126 nisoria . 211 orphea . 210 6 || ——— passerina 211 aa philomela 208 Salicaria 209 —— sericea . 208 sins sylvia . 210 walle Roe al 211 sibs Turdoides 209 - venusta 214 163 267 CYcLARHIS . 149 267 Guianensis 149 melanocephalus 149 virgatus 149 200 143 | Cymiprs 24 163 albidus . 24 189 Baccha. 24 189 Cayanensis =p as —— coronatus 23 907 || —— hamatus 22 209 uncinnatus ae 210 212 || Cypsexus 4 Bel eccs 209 Cayanensis, Steph. 81 23 collaris, Pr. Max. 76 210 comatus 82 213 || ——= Klecho . 81 209 || ——— leucorrhous . 81 211 longipennis, Temm. 82 213 melba. . 81 208 Sinensis — 81 210 vulgaris 8]. » QA DaceLo ‘ 4 p: cyanotis —— gigantea pulchella DzpDALION cachinans —— melanops DapTrRius. i ater Dicrurvus eeratus . albiventris Balicassius . “ —— cerulescens . —— Ceylonensis . cinerascens forficatus —— Hottentottus Indicus Malabaricus . mystaceus remifer “Double sourcil, Le Vaill. Drongo bronze, Le Vaill. moustache, Le Vaill. Drongolon, Le Vaill. Drongri, Le Vaill. a ventre blanc, Le Vaill. DRYMOPHILA atra INDEX. 100 102 101 101 25 25 25 10 10 137 138 140 138 138 140 138 138 139 139 140 139 140 225 138 139 139 140 140 177 180 Drymopuita leucopus p. 177 longipes . - — trifasciata variegata DuLus Dominicensis EAGLE - : : Azara’s, Lath. —— crowned, Lath. —— marine, Lath. —— Tyrant, Lath. Ear-Ow. 179 ro 180 56 Echenilleur, gris, Le Vaill. 167 jaune, Le Vaill, .-° 168 noir, Le Vaill. 168 Edolius, Cuvier -— 138 cinerascens, Horsf. 138 puellus, Temm. 142 —— remifer, Temm. 141 ELANus 48 furcatus 49 —— melanopterus 49 Riocouril 49 ENICURUS 233 coronatus . 236 velatus . - 236 Espionneur, Le Vaill. . 199 EuRYLAIMUS .» 99 Corydon 96 cucullatus 95 MeCN oS ARREST ple CapP Un: Da, Evrywaimus, Horsfieldii p. Javanicus, Horsf. nasutus EurystTomvus afra Madagascariensis . orientalis Fauco . zesalon . albidus, Cuvier —— Aldrovandi, Temm. aquilinus, Gmel. aterrimus, Temm. . atricapillus aurantius —— brachydactylus, Ten emm. brachypterus . chiquera : ° cinerascens, Mont. — cinereus, Vieil. —— coronatus, D’ Azara —— degener, Illiger diodon, Temm. femoralis 3 frontalis Suscus, Cuvier —— gracilis hamatus, Illiger —— Ichthyaétus, Horsf, Islandicus leucogaster, Lath. —— Limneétos, Horsf. Macei, Cuv. . hemidactylus, Temm. INDEX. 94 95 95 96 96 96 96 37 39 24 40 10 10 20 40 14 28 38 42 15 Farco Malaiensis, Reinw. niger, Wils. . —— niveus . —— nitidus, Lath. Nove Hollandie, Lath. Nove Zelandie, Lath. 4 —- palustris, Pr. Mak Pennsylvanicus, Wils. peregrinus —— pileatus —— pecilonotus, Cuv. . poliogaster, Natt. . pterocles, Femm. — ptilorhynchus, Temm. punctatus — Riocourit, Vieil. —— rufipes . rupicolus rutilans, Temm. severus . Soloénsis, Hone Sparverius subbuteo —— tibialis —— tinnunculoides tinnunculus . torquatus, Cuvier uncinnatus, T'emm. —— velox, Wilson virgatus . tyrannus, Pr. Max. p- 15 48 19 27 26 32 xanthothorax, el 27 376 INDEX. Faicon ; p. 37 || Formrcrvora nigricollis p. 173 —— Salvador, Lath. . 43 rufimarginata =. —:175 ——_— slate-coloured, Lath. 32 GALBULA .- ‘s - 106 » FALCONIDZE 9 albirostris. . 107 ceycoides . » FOF EI po. ee ate 25 grandis, Steph. . 108 —— AQuiLINA . : 9 paradisea We Fé Bomeonins ~ ae rubricollis . aver Fauconna . + 37 viridis: :tNicmigiinelaaaente —— MILvINA : . + 48 : i GAMPSONYX . : Si ae FALCUNCULUS . . 148 Ge ee frontatus . . 149 Ficedula, Beckst. . . 218 || Goat-suckeR .... 84 Fleuteur, Le Vaill. _ 925 || —— cold-river, Lath. . 93 Javan, Lath. 1 Oe Bye as Ls long-tailed, Lath. . 89 celestial, Lath. . 116 scissors-tailed, Lath. 84 ——- clicking, Lath, . 113 ‘fork-tailed, Lath; : 133 | CO°8S "+ | eee ae mantled, Lath. . 112 Paraguan, Lath, . 127 GRALLARIA vila eee ——— Peruvian, Lath. . 126 rex : ; «Re small, Lath. . aol tinniens : . hes —— spectacle, Lath. . 113 | starry, Lath, . 125 || GRALLINA . ° . 188 —— white-necked, Lath. 119 || 7 melanoleuca . - 188 FoRMICIVORA : . 172 || GRAUCALUS. ; . 168 brevicauda . . 174 || —— bicolor . ; . 165, ae Citrhata ° . 175 || ——fimbriatus . . 164 ferruginea . . 176 || —— lineatus : - 165 ——maculata . . 172 \|——melanops . - 163 mentalis , . 175 | —— Nove Guinee , 163 dM aR f FE A ind Rata nar) ne esc! i ba ae Cer Lo aap - INDEX. OTe GnaucaLus Papuensis p. 163 || Harcyon Senegalensis p. 100 tricolor . i, . 166 — Smyrnensis . . 99 Griveron, Le Faill. cee 6!) Griveiin, Le Vaill. Pe IO2 oe Nr a HALIZETUS . : eer GUBERNETES : . 134 Blagrus ise eee Clee leucocephalus . 13 Guira-Yetapa, D’Azara 127 leucogaster ys GYMNOCEPHALUS. . 265 "ae eas: ees, fee hiensis:-- 965 Ponticerianus Be hii Bs: vocifer . ; mr We GyMNODERES oo 266 vulturinus » 18 —— foetidus : . 266 Harpacus . : Oe GYPAETOS 8 bidentatus . ©. 35 Beckstein 6 || —— diodon . i OS is : Harpy . : ; acts ay Gypagus, Vieil. 6 7 Harpyia F : 2 ES GYPOGERANIDZA . 4 imperialis. a Adana GYPOGERANUS . : 4 || Harrier 4 i - 4] Africanus. 3 5 Hawk . : : oe Yo) Haucyon . - 98 black, Wilson . 48 atricapillus - 99 sharp-shinned, Lath. 31 Eancrophagus “peel Elanese-col noir, Le Vaill. 200 Capensis. 5 8 GOT chlorocephalus . 100 HIRUNDINIDE AO cinnamominus «ia OS collaris . : . 98 || Hrrundo . . MAF Coromandus . OO ambrosiaca. 1 80 diops . : . 99 || —— Americana . finaly -~——. leucocephalus . LOO Borbonica . ei ad, melanopterus . 100 Capensis a OU sacer . BEA oh Cayenensis . On 278 HiruNnpbo chalybea cristata Daurica Dominicensis esculenta fasciata ——s filifera’ Francica | fuciphaga fuscata . —— gularis . Indica . Javanica jugularis —— Klecho, Horsf. —— leucogaster . ——— leucoptera ——— Ludoviciana . —— melanoleuca . montana ——nigra . palustris y Panayana —— riparia . rufa rufifrons rustica . 4 Senegalensis —— Tahitica tapera . — torquata : urbica . —— violacea ~ Honey-BuzzarpD . Horn-Ow._ . ARS INDEX. . 80 80 80 Hower : Hydrobata, Vieil. . HyLopHILus poicillotis —— thoracicus . IBYCTER aquilinus IcTENIA ; d plumbea [erax Leach . cerulescens . Imitateur, Le Vaill. Importune, Le Vaill. IRENA . carinata —— puella . : Jaboteur, Le Vaill. JACAMAR JACAMEROPS . : grandis Janfredric, Le Vaill. Jokowura . s JORA scapularis Kai-a-lora . : _KINGSFISHER 241 1S7 141 142 142 158 106 . 108 108 202 12 216 217 164 102 KITE LaNnIARIUS barbarus LANIIDZ . Lanio . atricapilla Lanius : fEthiopicus . —— Americanus . -— Antiguanus . Bacbakiri —— bicolor . ——- Capensis | Carolinensis . Ceylonus collaris . Collurio ¢ crassirostris ° —— Cubla . excubitor —— gutturalis Italicus Ludovicianus —— Madagascariensis . —— meridionalis . ——- orientalis personatus ruficollis lineatus, Leach virgatus, Temm. Lark, Richara’s, Lath. . Leptopteryx, Horsf. . Desm. 253 279 p. 193 i, 193 193 193 16] 162 161 162 green-headed, Lath. 256 New Holland, Lath. 252 INDEX. 50 || Loriot, Le Vail. . coudougnan . 15] d'or 151 rieud 132 EE atrococcineus 150 Blanchoti 150 || ——— dorsalis erythropterus 144 olivaceus 146 147 || Maturus 148 Africanus 147 Capensis 146 || —— cyaneus 146 diophrys i 147 || —— galactotes 147 garrulus, Swains. . 146 || —— gularis . 146 longicaudus . 148 || —— magnificus 146 || —— marginalis 145 || —— pectoralis 147 || —— subflavus 145 a 154 ANAKIN : 147 a gorge blanche, Desm. : ; 142 _ || —— @ téte blanche, 145 OS a 4g eee a téte d’or, Desm.. 253 146 goitreux, Desm. 145 149 rouge, Desm. 239 tiie. D ye, Desm. 137 varie, Desm. 1 2380 INDEX. Manitkup, Desm. . p. 151 |] MERULIDZ .. p17! Le Mantele, Le Vaill. . 112 Martin, purple, Catesby 81 || Mitvus : i Sy ater. Z oo: MEGALURUS ; . 237 Forskahlii_. ssn palustris. - ol ft ictinus. =. Pe BO Molenar, Le Vaill. rae Me MEGISTINA . : . 248 | EA eupEe ; le Morpunvs . : ee —— Striemei : -) 240 alhacteae ny , —atricapillus . . 20 MELIZOPHILUS . - , 224 Cuianeneein igen: Dartfordiensis . 221 PHS pe aioe sardus - ; - 222 maculosa. eee —— subalpinus . » 221 | Manduyti . . 18 niveus . : Pang FE ROP TDS satis alate occipitalis . . 17 MeEnrops : ; Saou ornatus d eh, apiarius : ee — Sonnini : - 418 Cayennensis . . 75 || 7——tyrannus - 20 —— ceruleocephalus, urubitinga . anes 4 Shaw s : eno ——- erythropterus . 75 \| MoraciLya. : 4833 - gularis : a alba‘; ae - 234 ornatus ; Bg australis : . 234 —— Philippensis . ass cinerea ig. o 254 —— Sarign Or a diophrys, Shaw =. ‘225 ——Senegalensis. . 73 || —— gularis, Raffles . 204 ——— Sumatranus . - 73 || ——=— pectoralis, Shaw . 202 | superbus . . 73 || —— speciosa, Horsf. . 236 ~— © superciliosus . . 73 ||——variegata . - 234 — ——wubicus. , ee ee Ue + > 75 Mascrcapa viridis me tg Vege “a8 ——- Alector, Temm. . 129 _Merula, Briss. , -, 196°] ——albicollis . « 119 Muscicapa atricapilla _ p. azurea . Banyumas bicolor . ceesia cantatrix, Temm, . Colon cucullata diops eximia . —— flammea flammiceps ——. fusca grisola : — gularis ——. hirundinacea hyacinthina . : Indigo . : é — luctuosa, Temm. Malabaricus . —— miniata i i multicolor obscura Horsf. obsoleta, Temm. . parva . ' , psalura Senegalensis speciosa stellaris stenura, Temm. straminea tyrannus, Linn. ventralis, Temm. verescens, Temm. INDEX. | O8t 119 116 123 117 119 123 126 124 120 120 124 121 117 119 121 119 118 117 119 124 124 124 117 118 250 116 127 117 125 125 230 122 133 250 25) MUSCICAPIDE pp. 109 Mouscipeta . a5 i kO Team. ; . 109 —— barbata : rete) 1 0 | Borbonica . WELD cerulea : ta Uh carinata, Swains.. 142 Ceylonensis . ig ve? corenata : sh Me cristata : ag i flabellifera~ . Sisal p84 flavigastra . ES go We Indica . ‘ Peet labrosa, Swans. . 169 leucocephala . SEED melanocephala . 111 — mutata : By 1 | paradisi ; int ded —— perspicillata . ein Bis —— pulsator : iI ruticilla : ei ell scapularis. orgie MYIOTHERA . : Mamie Ro Temm. . Sy 172 bambla . : ht es 4 cantans 4 Cad hoy Colma . : . 181 Coraya . : a Fhe | Jerruginea, Temm. 176 formicivora .. AO eo lineata . : Dabo mentalis, Temm. . 175 rufimarginata, Temm. 175 —— sirictothorax, Temm. 160 282 INDEX. - Myornonus . i p- 187 || Nycrisius_ . d p- 91 cyaneus a tea ie grandis “yen bom ——metallicus . . 187 Jamaicensis . | Myothera, Cuvier . . 182 || —— Steatornis . - 91 L'emm. . : Bae] ) M i ro ca Ocypterus, Cuvier . ft hB7 m 3 ; a ot tae Ginanthe, View. . . 240 NESP ETE Sat ay 6 || oOISEAUX-PASSEREUX, Nightingale . : . 208 Cicier , Bes a greater . . - 208 m ONYCHORYNCHUS . . 109 Nicut-Ow. . ‘ . 63 | —— griseus. : OD Nisus, Cuvier : . 30 || —— plumbeus ut . 110 —— regius . ; . 110 Nocrua ¥ : Oe Pe : Lene ORIOLE : 2 - 193 ‘oon eo . ete ORIOLUS . a Nn Cayanensis . 2 kr Os f ; 69 aureus . ‘ . 194 ene : i —— Chinensis . . 1938 ip ae i ; flavus . ; SOS —— hirsuta. : : Ibul p Bag 9) lineata . : ay gente melanocephalus . 193 Maugei : Oy . monachus . - 193 Oe cra ae ype radiatus ! . 194 occipitalis . eGo aig ed Pagodarum ". se xanthonotus . eho Ae passerina 7) Op pusilla. =. - 68] Osprey Rance Ned I —— pygmea SNe SS Oe Sonnerati . . 64) Orus . Bai ie ee torquata . smn OF, Africanus. sy —— Americanus . . ae NYCTEA : : . 62 || —— Ascalaphus . Wes te Erminea. 2s 63 1 Asio” 2° ey —— Wapacuthu . 5 oS brachyotus - . 95/7 INDEX. 283 Orvs Coromandus p- 58 || Parus cyaneus p. 246 Europzus 57 furcatus 246 leucotis . 57 lugubris, Temm. 248 macrorhynchus 59 major . : >. 246 - Sinensis 58 palustris 246 —— Virginianus . 57 || —— Sibiricus 246 Ow. . 5 60 || PERCNoPTERUS 6 —— horned, African, ‘Egyptiacus . 7 Shaw : pig URS aura 7 Hutum, Lath. 54 Monachus 7 Mouse, Lath. 61 Uruba . 7 PacnycEPHALus . 267 || PERNIS es 44 australis 267 apivorus 44 —— pectoralis 267 ptilorhynchus 44 Phéne, Savigny § PANDION 11 —— Americanus . 12 || PHIBATURA . 258 halizétus 12 cristata, Swains. . 259 —— Ichthyzétus . 12 flavirostris 259 PARDALOTUS 251 || Puyseta 21 australis 251 Sufflator epic, 2 | —— gularis . 251 || —— Pie griesche Blanchot, —— punctatus 251 Le Vaill. . 161 striatus 251 Perrin, superciliosus . 251 Le Vaill. 147 Parus . 245 || Pipir . 238 ater. 246 ——atricapillus . . 246 || PrPR4 . 253 atriceps 246 aureola . 253 bicolor’. 246 caudata . - 256 ceruleus 246 || —— chloris . - 203 caudatus 246 || —— chlorocapilla . Poo —— cristatus 246 erythrocephala 200 284 Prpra gutturalis | leucocapilla . Manacus — militaris pareola . — pileata . rubricapilla —— serena . —— strigillata Piprip& Pirra : ; Bengalensis . cyanoptera cyanurus erythrogastra —— gigas versicolor PLATYRHYNCHUS . Temm. Cancromus fuscus olivaceus ornatus, Desm. Plumet-blanc, Le Vaill, Poparcus australis cornutus, Temm. gracilis . Javensis glaucina, Temm. . thoracica, Temm. . Ceylonensis, Swains. a INDEX. ‘ p: 253 || Poparcus Nove Hol- 953 landize 256 ORG PoLYBORUS 253 Brasiliensis degener ae —— Nove Zelandie * 253 253 || Prronoprs 259 albifrons - cristatus 244 | PRrocnias ; 183 carunculatus : 183 cucullatus 184 cyanotropus . : 183 hirundinacea, Swain. 185 || —— melanocephalus, Pr. 186 Maw. 187 ventralis 187 Psaris, Cuvier 183 Cuvieri, Swains. 114 || Pyrruocorax 133 || —— alpinus . 115 leucopterus 111 sexsetaceus . ase on gues 5 1s tilae ee rubricollis halt scutata . 92 || Queue-gazée, Le Vaill. 92 Reclameur, Le Vail. 93 92 || Reep-BiRpD . 93 1] 11 11 11 151 15] 151 263 263 264. 264 263 262 263 135 136 194 194 195 194 266 267 267 266 267 224 196 247 REGuius eestivus annulosus Calendulus Canadensis —— guira — hypolais . Mauritianus . _—— mystaceus Nattererii pensilis rufus -—— Sylvicolus thoracius — Trochilus vulgaris 3 Rocar, Le Vaill. Roitelet-mesange, Buff. p- Roller & masque noir, Le Vaill. RuPicoLa elegans Peruviana viridis, Temm. Sagittarius, Vesm. SARCORAMPHUS , Californianus —— Gryphus —— Papa SAXICOLA auritas?%) —— cachinans INDEX. 230 || Saxrcona caprata . 232 familiaris 232 formicivora 231 fulicata 232 Hottentota 232 - leucomela 231 leucothoa 232 melanura 232 montana 931 cenanthe 232 || —— Philippensis . 2am pileata . 231 Rubetra 232 - Rubicola 231 sperata 231 stapazina a Scors % albifrons —— Asio 163 atricapilla Ceylonensis . 256 Leschenaulti . 257 noctula 297 || __ strepitans 257 4 || SEA-EaGLe . Serpentarius . 6 Africanus, Shaw 6 6 || SHRIKE ; 6 barred, Lath. black and white, 240 Lath, é 240 Blanchot, Lath. Z40 bronzed, Lath. 286 SHRIKE Drongri, Lath. p. 140 lineated ? Lath. 154 Loggerhead, Wils. 147 long-tailed, Lath. . 139 — Malimbic, Lath. 147 puff-backed, Lath. 162 —— Whiskered, Lath. . 139 SNAKE-EATER A SoNnG-BIRD see 2 Sourciroux, Le Vaill. 149 SPARACTES 144 superbus _ 144 SPARROWHAWK 30 Sparvius 30 SPECOTHERES 193 viridis . 193 Spizaetos, Viel. 17 STRIGIDA 50 STRIX . : 60 Africanus, Temm. 58 —— Ascalaphus, Savigny 56 atricapilla, Natterer 51 brama, Temm. 65 castanoptera, Horsf. 69 ferruginea, Temm. 69 flammea 60 grallaria, Temm. . 67 hirsuta, Temm. 66 —— lactea, Temm. 55 INDEX. \ Srrix Lempyi, Horsf. leucotis, Temm. Maugei, Temm. noctula, Reinw. Nove Hollandie . occipitalis, Temm. pumila, Illig. seloputo, Horsf. . Sonnerati, Temm. . —— strepitans, Temm. stridula, Linn. Sturnus collaris SwALLow 3 wire-tailed, Lath. . SwIFT . SyLvi1a Africana annulosa, Swain. Blackburnia . Cayana Certhiola, Temm. . Cetti, Temm. . Cisticola, Temm. . coronata 4 —— cyanocephala. elata, Late = erythracus fluviatilis . ' macrorhyncha, Temm. Pagodarum, Temm. conspicillata, Temm. p- Leschenaulti, Temm. RTT te ieey ty mee EY 8 Rr ar Smee Sth oy CE ae a ' Neg) Aha 3 Syzvia melanocephala, Lath. ‘ ‘ p- melanopogon. -—— Nattereri, Temm. . nisoria, Temm. palpebresa, Temm. palustris, Temm. . —— pheenicurus . — phragmitis, Temm. —— plumbea, Swain. we provincialis, Temm. —— Rubecula —— Ruppeli - sarda, Temm. sericea, Natter. . Sialis —— sibilatrix, Temm. . speciosa subalpina, Temm, Suecica venusta, Temm. SYLVIADZ SYNALLAXIS. albescens . ‘ cinerascens —— garrula ; —— rutilans setaria . stenura ° — tecellata . SYRNIA Africana ———- Canadensis . INDEX. Syrpnra Nisuella Uralensis SyRNIUM —— stridulum e 61 62 Tangara nigerrima, Desm. 131 Tangaras-Loriots, Cuvier 130 Tanypus, Oppel TANYSYPTERA Dea Tchitrec, Le Vaill. Tengke-watu . Terat-boulan, Le Vaill. TERSA . Cayana THAMNOPHILUS Temm. . ambiguus —— atricapillus bicolor . Canadensis cinnamomeus doliatus fasciatus ferrugineus —— Leachii —— lineatus —— maculatus . —— mystaceus —— nevius . —— niger —— pileatus ruficeps 172 105 105 111 101 148 260 260 152 149 158 155 155 152 155 152 156 159 154 154 153 155 158 155 158 154 288 INDEX. | THAMNOPHILUS stricto= | eDODY eas aera EE thorax ; 1h EGO ‘raquet familier, Le | Swainsonli . oe Vail 0 : . 242 torquatus ¢. aay ~ fourmillier, Le Vaill. 243 —— Vigorsii - 153 montagnard, Le Faill. : i -. 242 patre, Le Vaill. . 248 THRUSH : ~ 2 19S black-breasted, Lath. 200 brunet, var. Lath. 189 || TricopHorus ‘ . 143 Caffrarian, Lath. 196 barbatus.) 90. lily olga cravat, Lath. . 200 gold-vented, Lath.. 189 || TroguopytEs ; at 20 gorget, Lath. . 200 Europeus . . 230 Importunate, Lath. 197 furvus . 5 iy ities) Nauman’s, Lath. .. 202 —— pileated, Lath. . 203 || Turpus Pee | atu Ze Rocar, Lath. - 199 |) ——atricapillus . - 198 atriceps, Temm, . 149 TimaLia lt : - 203 || ——atrogularis . - 201° gularis . : . 204 atthis "ne. LS —— pileata . : 203 azureus, Temm. . 190 thoracica Aint oa8 (204 chrysogaster OR chrysorrheis, Temm. 189 cinnamomeus . 198 clamosus : - 197 cyaneus, Horsf. . 187 — cyanus . R - 200 TITYRA : 2 . 135 || — dispar, Horsf, . 190 —— Cayana j . 135 || —— eremita : . 200 —— Cuvieri : - 136 erythropterus - 197 ||. Guianensis . . 196 Rees ; ; 73 —— Hispaniolensis . 198 iliacus . é . 196 Cuvier . : - 109 Indicus RR eis OR Puan griseus, Desm. . 110 || ~—— Le Vaillanti, Temm. 189 ae Jaridis ‘ . 97 ||) leucogaster_ . . 197 TITMOUSE . : . 245 Javan, Lath. e246 — Lugubrious, Lath. 248 Topus . q ‘ Sane 7. V. XIII. P. Ii. INDEX. Turpus lunularis . p. 200 —— macreurus at AOS —— Madagascariensis . 198 Manillensis 200 —— merula . 198 | —— migratorius . 196 —— minor 196 —— musicus 196 ———. Naumann 201 olivaceus 196 — Orpheus 198 —— Ourovang 198 —— palmarum . . | £98 pectoralis 198, 200 ———— perspicax 198 phenicopterus, Temm. : 191 pheenicurus . 202 pilaris . 196 —— pipiens. 202 plumbeus 198 —— Rocar . 199 | —— rufifrons 198 rufus 196 saxatilis 198 iy Senegalensis . 196 —— Thenca , 198 tintinnabulatus 198 torquatus 198 viscivorus 196 vociferans 196 TYRANNULUS 249 elatus 249 obsoletus 250 289 TYRANNULUS ventralis p. 250 virescens 7 # | TYRANNUS .” audax . ferax leucogaster Mexicanus Neugeta —— Nunciola —— pitangua sulfuraceus TYRANT-SHRIKE ULULA —— litturata —— nebulosa VANGA. —— australis curvirostris . VIREO. cristatus flavifrons —— musicus nigerrimus ——- olivaceus Vitiflora, Steph. VULTUR atratus, Wilson auriculatus —— Bengalensis . 19 . “$50 destructor, Zemm. 251. 133 133 133 133 134 134 133 123 133 133 60 60 60 150 150 150 130 130 131 131 131. 13] 240 o on Oo 2900 INDEX. Vuutur fulvuas . . p. 5 || WaRBLER, fenny, Lath. p. 237 monachus 5 marmora, Lath. . 222 ——niger . 5 5 marsh, Lath. - 207 es mountaineer, Lath. 215. — Uruba, Viel. —— Namaqua, Lath. . 242 VULTURE 5 Natterer’s, Lath. . 231 —— piping, Lath. . 202. VULTURIDE 5 Russian, Lath. .. 212 3 silky, Lath. . . 208 WaAGTAIL . _ 933 || —— spectacle, Lath. . 211 ——— pied, Lath... _ 934 subalpine, Lath. . 221. scapular, Lath. . 216 Yeliow-fronted, ob southern, Lath. . 234 Lath. . , - I3L. WARBLER . p _ 218||WaxwiIne . : - 260 barred, Lath. OP ve . Batavian, Lath. . 218 || WHEATEAR . sgt . 240 Cetti, Lath. . . 209 black-eared, Lath. 241 Dalmatian, Lath. 206 || Danubian, Lath. . 214|| WHITETHROAT . . 207 double-streaked, ~ 3 Lath. ; . 225 || WREN ; s 230 Familiar, Lait. . 242 || —— gold-naped, Ril 249 END OF THE THIRTEENTH VOLUME. — LONDON : PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS. Directions for placing the Plates io Vol. XIII. _ gart I fe The vignette represents the Common Razor-bill, described Plate 1 to face page Plate 16 to face page 136 at page 27. 9 13 17 34 18 37 19 47 20 51 21 35 22 58 23 64 24 76 25 100 26 109 27 120 28 128 30 140 150 167 Nm Ww mM bl — O ee ee ee eee ee ERRATA.—PART I. Page 74, line 15, for Rasores, read Raptatores. — 106, — 9, for Boosy read GANNET. | — 117, — 8, for dentalus read dentatus. — 119, — 14, for Tacuye.Letis read TACHYPETES. — 208, — 9, for pacifica read pacificus. ne — 239) ae t— |, for Prntapo read SEA-PINTADO. 245 J a 8 Directions for placing the Plates to Vol. XITTI. Part FT. The Vignette represents a diminished view of Falco peregrinus. See page 39. Plate 31 to face page 7 Plate 48 to face page 142 32 —— 10 49 —— 143 33° ———_—_- 30 50 149 34) 35 51 es = «154 35 a 52 ———e 14 36 ———_—s-_ 46 53 —— +170 37 ———_ 49 54 ————_ 175 38 —— 50 55 ee «187 oe OT Fee goa 40 ———_— yi 57 ————— 226 41 ——— 92 58 ———— 236 42 ——— 94 59 ————— +9239 48 ———— J0l | 60 —— — — 257 44 ———_ 114 61 —————__ 259 45 ———_ 127 62 ———— 262 46 —————_ 129 §3 ———— 263 . 47 ———- 140 Page 12, fee led al of oe Ee eI 18, 62, 67, 69, 89, 101, 102, 108, 109, 120, 167, 182, 189, 215, ERRATA.—PART II. line 21, dele Temm. Pl. Col. 311. — 25,30, for Linneétus read Limneetus. — 22, for Africanus read Africana. — 10, for scapularibus read scapulis. — 24, for ditto read ditto. — 14, for longicaudis read longicaudus. — 9, add Leach, Zool. Misc. v. 2. pl. 106. — 7,8, for scapularibus read scapulis. — 20, for insectiverous read insectivorous. — 22, for ONyRHYNCHUS read ONYCHORHYNCHUS. — 16,. for amo read infimo. — 16, for eastern read adjacent. — 20, for Shaw read Steph. — last, dele Turdus Capensis. Steph, v.x. 216. — 17, for regio read regione. oo . \ 7" pee ny : ae d's e) | e oa. a, - i i ( ; i p an ‘ae o i Ll \ \ . 1 j ‘; 7 i ree) fil a sa i L ey yay my wa | nr, Seat oft. cD 7 Woe ; : av i s i" ; } it in Tes 4 - Thal Nas WY - ih — - ae 7 Ly vA ¥ , : - 'y ’ —— ee = : + i? : ) J Her td = a : a a oe = ee a : 7 ° aa 7 te all i . a0 2. oo : 7 A yrs, » ° vA ie - Ie ‘Ma - 2) — ca ' 6 ’ J ra oe 7 » = —— 7 , Oka ' - oe ~ , Tae a y } binds iy i my A oon ; oe 7 a ' a , i ; 7 or : ma 7 is BAN If 7 ; 7 f ra ty cy J - iy a md n 7 ; ii) , a yy Om pee aL sy us si aa AD ; : : f . ; in : 1 nN U v : ' ea yeen} x iat : ‘ ' : : J ene y Ne in - ; oy ! > 7 ' " ' 1 ft ae ; : oats i ie 1 = _ : - bows a 7 : — eS 7 i 1 1 ‘ 7 D> a _ ‘ 4 a : ' ~ 1 - + 2 © aoa Ae aaa oe than a ce teri ee a 2 = See a ce eRe aye le ay PF rate ee PAS. 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