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BP sy , ' ’ la Wie sf r toa , ; : Oe rp tacit ‘ AN ice Sorat, ‘ ; anal bya ’ 1 herarstHoens 4 ny ‘ Nilibae Geek 1 ved ro 4 Y fiers 4 ie a ie, ' : Mat My Wan Ey ‘ fe 7 ates ip uy Het zy , Uh ah th ' i > f ‘4 a liciey cule H Fi es ae y Lit 4 eo are patie ue i ae carat a i AMaie voebti dia ere anita re aah iM i fel out} itt Lt bebe ‘ say aia tatyc tte ‘ ' ie Be sk HAPAAN EX Be oF Fay AIL4 HAR AREY APG IE Peteea 4 : " , ‘ aj ' ry Sud ih oe ciety 4 ty Abe Why ie Ee ee aH Cl a ple i 5 sey ray F me fiteleg nip vagy Mt bsbtry Poppe ORAS fea'scetedtepae Pee iol iterates Var ay ty a i. 194 De ih palit aa) Jisatittter ’ Ith gy apie “ vo ¥Y RTL Neer Ara ys hile My Pes Pyle ee 4) Fit halos Wi lh has Os e DOEaNy ate hn SA lua Ht Ul 8D pede ae eG cme We Ait fey hak A] eth Merete ie hal CRM i f igre Mey gee Vey t feviy ty oh be Fe a as - edistgt “) biAGe ’ rat ' a ee Oe ae * ina die ha he ue fio by Ad Ay tae Py rey 3) OEP ara iH | ha / tie POOP nn Ta i aa Pee) Pi gale eat eas oi hie it wid at Ph As Di ‘ 4s so taarh ts Ay MEL MS ars A dete age ad yk ee Aue here ate A ihaaal sasiateira leila pant } i HO a Ve Pree te, ‘ a eae Mn yy \ ' ' 15 ae Tea ' i \ x coma j a SALES Fy GENERAL ZOOLOGY Ss SYSTEMATIC .\_ATURAL HISTORY : by GEORGE SHAW, M.D. F.RS. &ce. WITH PLATES from the first Authorities and most select specimens Reagrered f? ee alle ty iy) eo *% Me HEATH. oF D°Shaw del Sa Ripa ar Se =F th sell VOL.Y. Part 1. fe oo eS Lendon Printed for G. Kearflev Fleet Street. 1SO4. GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME V.——PART I. ¢ PISCES. LONDON. PRINTED FOR GEORGE KEARSLEY, FILEET-STREET ; BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITE-FRIARS. eee. 1804. By Wi C OF ONTENTS VOL. V.—PART I. Amra GENUS : 9 Amia, Carolinian Sie) ACANTHONOTUS GENUS 93 , snouted 93 ANABLEPS GENUS . °7 , four-eyed 7 ARGENTINA GENUS 127 Argentine, tooth-tongued 127 pearl-bladdered 128 Ee Machnata 129 Carolina 129 ATHERINA GENUS . 131 Atherine, Mediterranean 131 Mel V I 1, Atherine, Jamaica . -- Sihama -- Japanese -- transparent CLUPEA GENUS CoBITIS GENUS CyPRINUS GENUS Carp, common large-scaled ; Rondeletian . —— Crusian . Bream ——Gibel .. Rudg ce Rosch Bordeliere . i Carp, Sope — fringe-lipped —— cirrhated —— falcated . —— American Biorka Faren — Grislagine Bynni +——— Bulatmai Capoeta =—— tuberous conical w=—— lobe-tailed golden -——— telescope — four-lobed ee Orf.. . —— Tench —— golden tench —— ferruginous | ‘—— golden-black —— punctated —— Bitterling —— silken —— Barbel . ——Cyral . ——— YAZOr '——— round-tailed . —— Raphe eem—AIde. . — Nase — Serte — Dobule . a—— Dace. Pomeranian . CONTENTS. 201 || Carp, Grayning . , 234 202 || Caspian. . . 235 203 |! ——— fin-back Bi ao, ae 203 || ——~ thick-snouted . 236 204. thin-headed . . 237 204 | sucking... # =. 237 205 Bledle.’ nh ee eee 205 || ——-Galian . . . 239 206 Herring. . . 240 206 Gudgeon 241 207 Gronovian . . 242 207 || ——— Minow . 243 208 || ——- Aphya .. 244 208 | —rivulet . . . 245 208 || ——— white-bait . 246 209 2114 || Esox GENUS 100 212 213 || ELopsGEnus . . 125 217 ~ SaUry ye B47 | : , 218 | ExocoETUus GENUS . IA} 219 oo 220 || FisrULARIA GENUS . 95 220 - slender «aes 201 sense es ee 222) - paradoxical 98 224 255 || Flying-Fish, Mediterranean 907 I | . It 228 -oceanic ~~. 144 229 || ————--.American . 140 230 - Commersonian _ OBL Ni» a 16 932 , res 233 || Herring, common. . 159 034 || mnie Pilehard; . « A CONTENTS. Herring, Shad. . = - «105 ———- Sprat she OF ————- Anchovy. . 168. pee Malabar. 3 170 Bee. African’. 2 +470 LORICARIA GENUS -- ribbed. -- armed ———_—-= Soldier —_—_——-- speckled _ - Chinese -. - = 171 —-- sturgeon Boe Thrissa 240s 72 -- toothed pee Gant. +s 73 -- yellow —- silver-striped . 174 ———-- bristle-jawed . 174 ee ora eo. AS ———- tuberculated . 175 - - yellow-finned. 176 Gr pane: oy 2-476 omasal eae —--long-headed . 177 -tropical . . 1/8 MULLUS GENUS Mullet common ———-- crenated | int American: ——--- Indian . ——-- Tang . asim Phumier's: - ——-- blue-spotted jong Chili ————-- Forskal’s Loche, common . ———- great _—-heteroclite . . Pike, common 1 3 ——-spiny . - ; 4 5 ———=- Japanese 6 sea . - Barracuda Fok ues ~ Malabar. West-Indian ——— silver-stripe MorMYRUS GENUS . 247 -Kannuma 248 | see sharp-snouted ey oe: 248 —_—-———- anguilliform 248 — silver naked-headed ——<—— Brasilian . ——_—_———- Salaya . 249 ~ Bebé - 249 —————- Hersé . 249 spur-finned —— Chinese : Frc nena eee ne eee en ee eee - cyprinoid ‘250 -Bané . 250 | = Hasselquist’s | Rane . 250 gold-green_. | Becuna . { | amt (FAL ; 140 Mi 32 32 33 34 _ 35 36 37 38 134 134 136 137 137 138 139 139 140 100 104 105 106 107 108 108 109 109 109 110 dik 111 112 412 CONTENTS. iv Fike, Saury 114 —— bony-scaled 115 Cepedian 117 Leverian 118 ——— Chili . 119 green 120 viper-mouthed 120 PLATYSTACUS GENUS 28 - acetabulated 28 -plain 29 — - warted 30 - eel-shaped 3 30 PoLYNEMUS GENUS 147 Polyneme, Paradise 147 Seban . 149 plebeian 150 Nilotic . ven ten-fingered 154 Indian Y bes KE four-fingered 155 ———— Virginian 156 — Commerson’s 156 Plumier’s 15Z POLYPTERUS GENUS . 122 - Nilotic 122 SALMO GENUS 39 Salmon, common . 390 Salmon-Trout . 46 grey 47 Salmon, Lenok - Nelma Kundscha Taimen Hucho : red-bellied ; Samlet lake — Umbla ~ silvery arctic . pool rivulet stroemian . Saury_. Tumbil Smelt Greenland great-toothed gibbose marked —_—— wnspotted . cyprinoid Nilotic Egyptian flat-nosed rhombic sharp-bellied falcated fasciated Friderician fulvous migratory. autumnal Wartmann’s single-spotted . black-tailed . Salmon, Grayling . — Gwiniad broad Gwiniad . snouted Marena Mareenula 4 Peled . Pidschan —— Mudschan Schon’ °° Miller's . Vimba sharp-snouted . ‘bright : toothless . SILURUS GENUS Silture, common" .°"° -smilitary)’ °°." ——-- Bagre . ——-- Herzbergian ——-- unarmed ——-- galeated ——--knobbed ..., ——-- bimaculated -~ fasciated -- electric ——-- Clarias CONTENTS, 83 i) Silure, ascitic 85 || ———-- four-spotted 86 | -- red-finned 87 || ——-- frog. . 87 || ——-- fossil 88 -- yvittated 89 -- atherinoid . SO -- asote . 89 || ——-- mystic : 9O -- eel Lidl lls 90 -- undecimal . gl || ——-- horned Ql -- feline Ql -- cat 92 || ——-- Coan -- carinated 10 |} ——-- Docmac —-- Chilian 10 || ——-- Bajad ., 12 12 |} Trout, common . 13 - Whiting. 14 - Schieffermiiller’s 14 |} ——- Goedenian. . 15 - Salvelin 16 ——- Salmarin 16 || -—— Alpine ’ 17 }| ——- Carp 18 || ———- Lepechin’s . ° ° Directions Jor placing the Plates in vol. V. part I. The Vignette represents a diminished view of ‘the Four- Lobed Carp. See p. 212. The plate following the Vignette represents the gradual progress of the generality of fishes from the egg or spawn. Fig. 1. 2. part of a water-plant with some ova adhering to the leaves. Fig. 3. an egg magnified. Fig. 4. the appearance of the eggs on the seventh day, the eyes of the included embryo being visible in the form of two black specks. Fig, 5. 6. magnified views of the egg on the point of hatching. Fig. 7. natural size of the young, the smallest. figure shewing it newly hatched, the next eight hours after, and the third of three weeks’ growth. Fig. 8.a young Bream of one day’s growth, viewed from above by a microscope. Fig. 9. profile view of the same. Fig. 10. microscopic view of a young Bream‘ of four days’ growth, shewing the heart, with the aorta, cava, &c. &c. &c. Fig. 11. magnified view of the incipient scales. Fig. 12. the heart and commencement of the aorta by the microscope. Plate 93 to face page 1 Plate 103 to face page 59 04 7 104A ————_ 76 95 ———-_ 110 105 ————_—s-_- 83 06 ——_——— 12 106 ————-_ 93 07 ———.__—i18 107 ————._ ‘95 98 28 1ogk a, 09 ——_ 30 :~« 109 ———-_ 110 100 —————-_ 33 110 — 117 -101 ————-__ 38 11] ———— 120 122. 107 ——___-_ 30 112 — Heath sculp. Directions for placing the Plates. Plate 113 to face page 130 Plate 123 to face page 194 114 ————_134 124 —————_ 106 115 ————. 136 | 125 ————._ 206 116 —————._ 141 126 ————-__ 209 117 ————-_ 144 127 ————— 210 118 ————._ 147 128 ————-_ 211 1l9g ————._ 158 129 —————-._.213 120 ————_ 165 130 ————__217 121 ————- 179 | 131 218 223 122 —————_ 103 132 ERRATA.—VOL. V. PART I. P. 89, in the description of the Mudschan Salmon, 1. 4, dele of the above fishes. P. 141, in the generic character of Exocoetus, after Head scaly, read Saws connected on each side. P, 206, in the description of the Bynni Carp, |. 9, dele and. *,.* The sixth and succeeding Volumes of this Work will be published with all reasonable expedition. i 1 \ i : pie. A { gees » 4 af ids » 4 isi > { Ps Nibeae ah 7 # ¢ M ie ‘ ‘ a ee y ‘ { ‘ : , 2 fl = i Z Aint “ \ B cm 4 ‘} auf $u 2 sy “ ve Ve ~ | 4 ra r ) 5 } i eae ~ rs a 4 2 i ° s . 1 Ui +2 3 Ge GREAT LOCHE. n i if | dea i oy s\n NN i y aN wi at rf a aX uh y Mn A Hath salle. SPIny LOCHE., ComMMON LOCHE. FISHES. ORDER ABDOMINALES. ‘a = COBITIS. LOCHE. Generic Character. Os (plerisque) cirrosum, Mouth, in most species, bearded. Oculi in suprema capitis | Hyes situated in the upper Dare... - part of the head. Corpus fere equale. Body nearly of equal thick- | ness from head to tail. Squame parve. Scales small, easily decidu- ous. } Vesica natatoria ossea.* \| dir-Bladder hard cr osseous. COMMON LOCHE. Cobitis Barbatula. C. flaco~cinerea fusco variata, capite levi. compresso, CITTIS Sex. Beis Yellow-grey Loche, with dusky variegations, smooth com- pressed head, and six beards. Cobitis cirris sex, capite inermi compresso. Lin. Syst. Nat, p. 499. Bloch. t.31.f.3. Bearded Leche. Penn. Brit. Zool. 3. Tue common Loche is found in many parts of Europe, as France, Germany, Italy, &c. &c. It is * Bloch. v, Vv. PP I, 1 BY COMMON LOCHE. an inhabitant of clear rivulets, where it commonly resides at the bottom among gravel, &c. and is on that account called in some parts of England by the name of Groundling. It is well described by Mr. Pennant, who informs us that it sometimes, though rarely, arrives at the length of four mches and three quarters, though it is generally found much smaller, viz. about three inches in length: the mouth is small, placed beneath, and destitute of teeth: on the upper mandible are six small beards, viz. one at each corner of the mouth, and four at the end of the nose: the body is smooth, slippery, and almost of an uniform thickness throughout : the colour of the head, back, and sides is in some white, in others of a dirty yellow, very elegantly marked with large spots consisting of numberless minute black specks: the pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins are also spotted: the belly and ventral fins are of a pure white: the tail broad, and a little rounded. Dr. Bloch informs us that this fish is covered with small scales; a particular which seems to have escaped the attention of the generality of describers: he also informs us that the Loche dies yery soon after being taken out of the water, and even when it is placed for any length of time in still water; and as it is a fish which is supposed very soon to lose its fine flavour, it is usual to agitate from time to time the vessel of water in which it is carried to any distance in order to be dressed for the table. In point of delicacy it is said to be equal, if not superior, to most other fishes, and is cultivated with much care in some parts of Europe as an article of diet. It is sup- posed to live principally on aquatic insects, -worms, &c. In Germany it is observed to spawn ‘am the month of March, and is a very prolific animal *, GREAT LOCHE. Cobitis Fossilis. C. fusco-flavescens, striis longitudinalibus nigri- cantibus, cirris octo, spina utrinque supraoculari. Yellow-brown Loche, with longitudinal blackish stripes, eiglit beards, and a spine above each eye. Cobitis fossilis cirris octo, spina supraoculari. Lin, Syst, Naé. p. 500. Bloch.c. 31. f. 1. Tus species is the largest of the genus, and is a native of Germany and other midland parts of Europe; inhabitiig large lakes and marshes. It. arrives at the length of eight, ten, or even some- times fifteen inches, and is of a dull yellowish-brown colour, marked above by several longitudinal, deep- brown or blackish stripes from head to tail: the body is covered with very small and tender scales. This species conceals itself during the winter, and even at other times when the marshes it mhabits begin to grow dry, at some distance beneath the surface of the mud, out of which it 1s occasionally dug, and has in consequence been erroneously represented by some authors as capable of living im the ground in the manner of the slow-worm. On * This did not escape the observation of Shakespeare. A SPINY LOCHE. the approach of stormy weather it is observed to be unusually restless ; quittmmg the muddy bottom in which it generally resides, and swimming about near the surface of the water. It has therefore’ been sometimes kept by way of a living barometer, since when placed in a vessel of water with some - earth at the bottom, it never fails to predict the approach of a storm by rising from the bottom of the vessel, and swimming about in an unquiet manner near the surface. When kept for this purpose it should be provided with fresh water and earth two or three times a week in summer, and once a week, or once in ten days, in the winter: it must also be kept during frosty weather in a warm room. It is a prolific fish, and is remarkably tena- cious of life. | ere SPINY LOCHE. Cobitis Tenia. C. griseo-flaveseens, fusco maculata, cirris sex brevibus, spina utrinque suboculart, Yellow-grey Loche, with dusky spots, six short beards, and 2 spine beneath each eye. : ; Cobitis Tenia. C. cirris ser, spina subocilari. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 499. Bloch. t. 31. f. 2. Tuts is distinguished by a double spine situated on each side the head, at a small distance before the eyes.. In colour and size it much resembles- the commen loche, and is a native of Germany,, &c. inhabiting similar situations with the common species. Dr. Bloch informs us that on placmg a HETEROCLITE LOCHE. | 5 pair of these animals in a glass of river water with a quantity of mud, they shewed an opposite dis- position to that of the great loche with respect to the changes of the weather; since they moved briskly during calm weather instead of remaining still like that species. HETEROCLITE LOCHE. Cobitis Heteroclita. C. fusca, subtus flavescens, squamis magnis, " ore imberbi, : Brown Loche, yellowish beneath, with large scales, and beard- less mouth. Cobitis heteroclita. C. capite imberbi, pinna dorsalt analique albo-punctata, caudah mgro-fasciata. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 500. - Lenetn about four inches: dusky above, and yellowish beneath: body covered with large smooth scales: head flattish; lips denticulated: dorsal and anal fins opposite, and seated at a great distance from the head, or beyond the balance of the fish : they are blackish, and powdered with pale trans- parent specks: tail rounded, spotted with white, and barred with black; the edge being transparent. Native of Carolina, where it is called by the name of mud-fish. Described by Dr. Garden; but doubtful whether, strictly speaking, of this genus. JAPANESE LOCHE. Cobitis Japonica. C. imberbis, capite depresso, mandibulis dentis culatis. Beardless Loche, with depressed head and denticulated man- dibles. Cobitis Japonica. C. capite imberbi depresso, mandibulis dentatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 1352. Houttuyn. Act. Haarl. 20. p. 337. Lenern about five inches: native of Japan: first described by Houttuyn in the 20th vol. of the Haarlem Transactions. In the dorsal fin are twelve rays; in the pectoral eleven; im the‘ventral eight; in the anal nine; and in the caudal twenty. i mY er ) CLS ak % 7 EEN Via i ' S = : * * = oa e ‘iy ; 4 ’ . , re . 4 - ew 8 Sy a x ¥i ’ , : 7 i 7 ¥ aa vos c * 5, af ) I4 Wf i i 1 a hi if | — SSS = Ht TT i t ! i iN | = StS Sse AES =SSSs \\ nn v\ f lk I aN WAN \ \ Sn ars Sai Ly i} \ NY ‘) Ki FOURELYED ANABLEPS. Ana Gnas Traatas Pihlsched tar te Rearslons Aiea Street: ANABLEPS. ANABLEPS. Generic Character. Caput subdepressum. Os || Head subdepressed. Mouth terminale. Dentes parvi|| terminal. Teeth small, in maxillis, on the jaws. Ocul protuberantes pupillis || Zves protuberant, with geminatis. double pupils. Membr. branch. radiis sex. || Gill-membrane six-rayed. FOUR-EYED ANABLEPS. Anableps Tetropthalmus. 4. cinereo-flavescens, linets utrinque longitudinalibus nigris. Yellowish grey Anableps, with longitudinal black lines on each side. Cobitis Anableps. C. cirris duobus, capite depresso, oculis | prominulis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 499. Anableps tetropthalmus, Bloch, t. 361. "Tus extraordinary fish in its general form bears a near affinity to the genus Cobitis, with which it was indeed united by Linnzus; but the marked particularity of its eyes, &c. amply justify its separ- ation from the rest of the Loches. It seems to have been first described by Artedi, who examined some specimens which occurred in the collection of Seba. The usual length of the animal is from six to eight or ten inches, and its general habit, when viewed laterally, is similar to that of the Loche ; 8 FOUR-EYED ANABLEPS, but when viewed from above, it appears of a much more compressed form. It is.every where covered with moderately large, rounded scales, propor- tionally smaller on the head than on other parts. Its colour is a pale yellowish brown, marked on each side by four or five longitudinal blackish stripes; thus resembling ‘in the disposition of its pattern the Cobitis fossilis or great Loche. The most striking particularity in the animal is the extraordinary structure of its eyes, which differ from those of every other known fish: they are ex- tremely protuberant, situated on the upper part of the head, and seem each divided into two distinct” eyes united in a common case or tubular recep- tacle: it appears however, on dissection, that though the anterior half of each eye may be said to. be double, or furnished with two pupils, yet the. crystalline is in reality single; the appearance of a double eye on each. side resulting merely from the deep division of the anterior region. Another par- ticularity in this animal is that the anal fin, accord- ing to Gronovius, varies in its structure in different. individuals; being in some of a.simple or regular form, and, furnished with nine soft rays, while in others it is formed into a tube*, which is either. solitary, or accompanied by a-small additional fin. ‘This curious fish is a native of South America, and is, said principally to inhabit the rivers of Surinam, near the sea-coasts. It appears, on dissection, to be viviparous, *'This.is probably peculiar to the female fish : its structure is described by Gronovius as internally cartilaginous. AMIA, AMTA. Generic Character. Caput osseum, nudum, sca- ||ZTead bony, naked, rough, brum,suturisconspicuum. || with visible sutures. Dentes in mandibulis pala- || Teeth bothinjawsand palate, toque, acuti, conferti. close-set, sharp, numer- ous. | Cirrt nasales duo. Cirrt or beards two, near the nostrils. Membr : branch: radiis duo- || Gill-membranetwelve-ray’d. decim. Corpus squamosum. Body scaly. CAROLINIAN AMIA. Amia Calva. 4. cauda macula nigra. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 500. Amia-with a black spot at the base of the tail. . ‘Vuis is a small fresh-water fish inhabiting some parts of Carolina. ‘The body is slender: the late- ral line strait: on the throat are two shield-like bones, striated from the centre: the gill-covers are obstuse and bony: the head bare, as if excoriated : the pectoral and ventral fins are of equal size: the dorsal fin long and sloping: the tail rounded, and marked with a black spot at the upper part of the base. Described by Linnzeus from a omen, sent from Carolina by Dr. Garden. o SILURUS. SILURE. Generic Character. Caput magnum, depressum. || Head large, depressed. Os amplum, cirrislongis ten-|| Mouth wide, bearded by taculatum. long tentacula. Corpus elongatum, nudum :|| Body lengthened, naked: pinnarum pectoralium aut|} first ray of the pectoral dorsalis prioris radius pri-|| fins, or of the first dorsal mus retro dentatus. jim, toothed backwards. EUROPEAN SILURE. Silurus Glanis. S. olivaceus, pinna dorsali minima, anali ad caudam continuata. Olivaceous Silure, with very small dorsal fin, and anal fin con« tinued to the tail. beh Silurus Glanis. S. pinna dorsali unica mutica, cirris sex. Line Syst. Nat. p. 501. Silurus Glanis. Bloch. t. 34. Meiding Austr. ¢. Q. Tue great or common Silure may perhaps be considered as the largest of all European river fishes ; growing to the length of eight, ten, or even fifteen feet, and to the weight of three hundred pounds. Its more general length however is from two to three or four feet. The head is broad and depressed ; the body thick and of a lengthened form, with the abdomen very thick and short. It is a fish of a remarkably inert or sluggish disposition, Le Lg ) \N NY yi 3 EUROPEAN SILURE : F | AN a Mealy hart) GR ; ents] fy, « * é ‘ i ; j em As i " * } » ‘7 » Su Mth at { : > | . | i 2 op Nie ie aah ate! ey 4) ik - Way . ) ‘ Cy ' ' EUROPEAN SILURE. li being rarely observed in motion, and commonly lying half imbedded in the soft bottom of the rivers it frequents, under the projecting roots of trees, rocks, logs, or other substances, In this situation it remains, with its wide mouth half open, gently moving about the long cirri or tentacula situated on each side the jaws, which the smaller fishes mistaking for worms, and attempting to seize, be- come a ready prey to the sluggish Silure. The usual colour of this species is dark olive, varied with irregular spots of black; the abdomen and lips being of a pale flesh-colour, and the fins tinged with violet. It is an inhabitant of the larger rivers of Europe, as well as some parts of Asia and Africa; but appears to be most plentiful in the north of Europe. It isin no very high estimation as a food, the flesh being of a somewhat glutinous nature, but, from its cheapness, is in much request among the inferior ranks, and is eaten either fresh or salted:'the skin also, which is smooth, and desti- tute of apparent scales, is dried and stretched, and after rubbing with oil, becomes of a horny trans- parency and strength, and is used in some of the northern regions instead of glass for windows. The Silure is not a very prolific fish; depositing but a small quantity of spawn, consisting of large globules or ova: these, as well as the newly hatched young, are frequently the prey of other fishes, frogs, &c. and thus the great increase of the species is prevented. The ova, according to Dr. Bloch,:- usually hatch in the space of seven or nine days from their exclusion. 12 MILITARY SILURE. Silurus Militaris. S. olioaceus, ossiculis duobus frontalibus sub« erectis, radio pinne dorsalis validissimo, linea lateral flexuosa, Olivaceous Silure, with two suberect frontal bony spines, first ray of dorsal fin very strong, and flexuous lateral line. Silurus militaris. 8. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, cirris duobus rigidis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 503. Silurus militaris. Bloch, ¢. 362. oe Levers from twelve to eighteen inches: head and fore-parts broad and depressed: mouth very wide: teeth small and numerous: eyes large: on each side the head, near the nostrils, a very strong, suberect serrated spine or bony process: first. ray of the first dorsal fin, (which is lanceolate, and situated near the head,) excessively large, strong, and sharply serrated both on the middie-part and towards the tip: tail slightly bilobate, with rounded lobes. Native of the Indian rivers. 3 BAGRE SILURE, Silurus Bagre. 8. virescens, abdomine subargenteo, pinnis pecto~ ' ralibus dorsalique elongatis, cauda furcata. Greenish Silure, with silvery abdomen, elongated dorsal and pectoral fins, and forked tail. : Silurus Bagre. S. pinna dorsals postica adiposa, radio primo dorsalis pectoraliumque setaceo, cirris quatuor. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.505. Bloch, t. 365. Levert from twelve to eighteen inches: mouth furnished with four beards, those on the upper. lip SS SSS CS Ss — San SSS \\ ——— SSS A LAL, HERZBERGIAN SILURE, 1S. long, on the lower short: dorsal fin narrow, with the first ray serrated at the base, and continued into a long filament extending to the tail: at some distance beyond the dorsal fin a single insulated filament, rising from the middle of the back: pecto- ral fins similar to the dorsal, but the first ray not so long: adipose fin small, and situated near the tail, which, as well as the rest of the fins, is of a pale red, and deeply forked: anal fin bilobate : ventral longish, and rather small. Native of the Indian rivers: seems to vary as to the number of beards on the mouth, which are either four or six. HERZBERGIAN SILURE. Silurus Herzbergii. S. olivaceus, abdomine argenteo, pinnis pectoralibus dorsalique radio primo serrato, cauda furcata. | Olivaceous Silure, with silvery abdomen, first ray of dorsal and pectoral fins serrated, and forked tail. Silurus Herzbergii. S. corpore argenteo, radiis tredecim in ~ pina ani. Bloch, t. 367. Leneru from twelve to eighteen inches; and probably much more in the full-grown fish: habit resembling that of Silurus Bagre and inermis : mouth furnished with six beards, the upper pair being of considerable length: first dorsal fin rather smal], with the first ray very strong, and serrated : pectoral fins of similar appearance: adipose and ventral fin placed opposite: tail deeply forked. Native of the South-American rivers. 14 UNARMED SILURE. Silurus Inermis. S. subolivaceus; fusco transversim maculato~ fasciatus, pinnis inermibus, linea laterali flexuosa. Subolivaceous Silure, transversely banded with brown spots, with unarmed fins, and flexuous lateral litte. Silurus inermis, §S. pinna dorsali adiposa, pinnis inermibus, cirris duobus. Lin. Syst. Nat: p, 503. Silurus inermis. Bloch. t. 363. Lenetu about a foot: habit more slender than in the preceding: head bony, but smooth, and destitute of spiny processes: mouth without cirri*? first dorsal fin small and lanceolate ; second adipose — and situated near the tail, which is forked, and of a pale or whitish colour, as is likewise the anal fin. ‘Native of the Indian and South-American rivers. GALEATED SILURE. Silurus Galeatus. SS. subfuscus, capite supra in areas sub- quadratas osseas diviso, linea laterali flexuosa. Brownish Silure, with the head divided above into bony squares, and flexuous lateral line. Silurus galeatus. 8S. pinna dorsalt postica adiposa, ani radiis wigiutt quatuor, cirris sex, caduda integra. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 503. S. galeatus. Bloch, t. 369. Leneru eight or ten inches: habit very thick, broad, and short: head large, and covered at the * Cirri two, according to Linneus, but very short, resembling tentacula above the nostrils. KNOBBED SILURE. 15 top by roughish bony plates, marked into separate divisions, and terminating in a point behind: first ray of the dorsal and of the pectoral fins extremely strong and serrated: beards six: lateral line flexuous: adipose fin small, and placed near the tail, which is short and rounded. Native of South America. KNOBBED SILURE. Silurus Nodosus. SS. olivaceus, subtus argenteus, pinne dorsalis basi gibbosa. Olivaceous Silure, silvery beneath, with the Base of the dorsal fin gibbous, Silurus nodosus. SS. radio primo dorsali nodoso, Bloch. t. 368, Leneru about a foot: habit lengthened: head and foreparts rather large: eyes moderately large: mouth wide, and furnished with six cirri, of which the two upper ones are of considerable length: lateral line flexuose: first ray of the dorsal and pectoral fins very strong and serrated: tail deeply forked. Native of the Indian rivers. 16 BIMACULATED SILURE. Silurus Bimaculatus. 8. olivaceus, subtus argenteus, pinna dorsali minima, cauda furcata apicibus ngris. Olivaceous Silure, silvery beneath, with very small ——- fin, and forked tail with black tips. Silurus bimaculatus. §. mawilla inferiore longiore. Bloch. t. 304, Lenetu twelve inches: body compressed : habit lengthened: head small: upper lip furnished on each side with a long cirrus: lateral line strait : dorsal fin single, most uncommonly small, and situated at the beginning of the back: .pectoral fins slightly rounded: ventral very small: vent situated almost immediately beyond the ventral fins: anal fin shallow,-extending from the vent to within a small distance of the tail, which is pretty deeply lunated, and of a dull yellowish colour with _ black tips. Native of the Indian rivers. FASCIATED SILURE. Silurus Fasciatus. SS. capite producto, lentes corpore fasciis numerosis transversis subfuscis. Silure with lengthened depressed head, and body marked by numerous transverse brownish bands, Silurus fasciatus. S. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, ani radiis tredecim, cirris sex. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 505. Silurus fasciatus. S. capite longo spatuleformique. Bloch. t. 366. Lenetu twelve or fifteen inches: habit long: head long, much depressed, produced and rounded ELECTRIC SILURE. i SF iain in front: mouth furnished with six long beards, two on the upper, and four on the lower lip: body elegantly banded with numerous transverse dusky stripes placed in a ternate manner: fins pale, with the rays barred with black: dorsal unarmed and situated near the middle of the back: tail sharply forked. Native of the Indian and South-American rivers. ELECTRIC SILURE. Silurus Electricus. S. cinerascens, versus caudam maculis nigri- cantibus varius, pinna dorsali unica adiposa, cirris sex, Subcinereous Silure, variegated towards the tail with blackish spots, with single, adipose dorsal fin, and six beards, Silurus electricus. S. pinna dorsalt unica adiposa, cirris sex, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 1354. Brouss. act. Paris. ann. 1782. Lenertu about twenty inches: head and fore-parts very broad and depressed: on the upper lip two cirri; on the lower four: teeth small and numerous. Native of the African rivers: observed by Forskal in the Nile: possesses a degree of electric or gal- vanic power, but in a much slighter degree than the Torpedo. Forskal in his Fauna Arabica im- properly names it Raja Torpedo. bo hea 18 CLARIAS SILURE. Silurus Clarias. S. fuscus subtus canus, cirris corpore longi= oribus, cauda furcata. Brown Silure, grey beneath, with beards longer than the body, | and forked tail. Silurus Clarias. Bloch. t. 35. Silurus Clarias. S$. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, ani radis undecim, cirris sex. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 504. Leneru twelve or fifteen inches: first ray of the pectoral fins very strong, and serrated: mouth furnished with six beards, two of which, viz. those on the upper lip, are longer than the whole body: back covered by a strong bony shield: upper lobe of the tail longer than the lower, and both sharply terminated. Native of the Indian and South- American rivers. ASCITIC SILURE. Silurus Ascita. S. fuscus, subtus cinereus, cirris corpore longi= oribus, cauda furcata, pinna ani radiis sex. Brown Silure, ash-coloured beneath, with beards longer than the body, forked tail, and eleven rays in the anal fin. Silurus Ascita. Bloch. t. 35. Silurus Ascita? Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 505. © Haszir greatly similar to that of S. Clarias: beards six; those of the upper lip longer than the body. This species may be almost said to be vivi- parous, the young being excluded in the form of very large ova in which the animal is fully formed D7. CLARIAS SILURE. Jackson sculp, « FOUR-SPOTTED SILURE. 19 and clearly seen through the surrounding integu- ments, which it soon breaks; still adhering to the parent for some time, till the yolk of the ovum is consumed. Native of India. FOUR-SPOTTED SILURE. | Suurus Quadrimaculatus. 5S. subfuscus; abdomine argenteo, cirris corpore longiorihbus, thorace utrinque maculis quatuor nigris. Brownish Silure, with silvery abdomen, beards longer than body, and thorax marked on each side by four black spots. Silurus quadrimaculatus. S. pinna adiposa longa, radiis novem pinne ant. Bloch. t. 368. Lenetu about six inches: head and fore-parts rather large: beards six in number, and of con- siderable length, the upper pair extending nearly to the tip of the tail, which is strongly forked : fins pale yellow: first dorsal rather broad and without any very strong first ray: second or adi- pose fin broad and shallow: first ray of the pecto- ral fins strong and serrated: sides of the body marked by the muscles into numerous transverse streaks. Native of the South-American rivers. Piya ‘sl 20 RED-FINNED SILURE. Silurus Erythropterus. S. rufus, subtus argenteus, pinnis rubres. Rufous Silure, with silvery abdomen, and red fins. Silurus erythropterus. S. pinna adiposa caudeque longa. Bloch. sie y) BOGa fs 2, : Hasir similar to that of S. quadrimaculatus, but of a longer shape: length seven or eight inches: beards eight in number, viz. two pair above and two below ; the lowest pair of those on the upper lip extending nearly to the middle of the tail, which — is long, very deeply and sharply forked, and, like the rest of the fins, of a red colour: first ray of the dorsal and pectoral fins very strong and serrated : second or adipose dorsal fin broad and shallow : body marked by transverse streaks as in the S.. quadrimaculatus. Native of South America. % FROG SILURE. Silurus Batrachus. S. elongatus fuscus, pinna dorsali molli @ mucha fere ad caudam continuatas Elongated, brown Silure, with soft dorsal fin continued from the neck almost to the tail. Silurus Batrachus. S. pinna dorsali unica, radiis sexaginta, cirris octo. » Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 502. Silurus Batrachus. S. panna ani dorsique longa. Bloch. t. 370. ray Lenetu eight or ten inches: habit long, as in some of the Blennies; and the divisions of the muscles visible on the sides in the form of so many FOSSILE SILURE. 1 transverse lines: head mailed by bony plates, and terminating in a point behind: dorsal fin mode- _ rately broad, extending from the beginning of the back to the tail, and without any strong or serrated ray: adipose fin wanting: first ray of the pectoral fins strong and serrated : ventral fins placed at the middle of the abdomen: anal fin commencing at a small distance beyond them, and, like the dorsal, extending nearly to the tail, which is short and rounded: beards eight in number: the lowest pair of those on the upper lip reaching almost as far as the pectoral fins. Native of America. ee FOSSILE SILURE. | Silurus Fossilis. S. fusco-nigricans, sublus canus, capite scutato, pinna anali ad caudam continuata. : Blackish-brown Silure, grey beneath, with shielded head, and anal fin continued to the tail. . Silurus fossilis. S. pinna dorsi brevi, ani longa, caude rotunda. Bloch. t. 370. f. 2. , Lenetu eight inches: body marked by trans- verse linear streaks as in the preceding species: head covered by bony shields, and pointed behind : beards eight in number, and of moderate length: dorsal fin small, and situated towards the beginning of the back: adipose fin wanting: pectoral fins small, with the first ray moderately strong: anal broad and continued from the vent to the beginning of the tail, which is small and rounded. Native ot the East Indies, inhabiting lakes, where it is some- times dug out of the mud at the bottom, in the man- ner of the Cobctis fossilis. 22 VITTATED SILURE. Silurus Vittatus, S. fuscus, subtus argenteus, vitta laterali flava supra infraque ceruleo marginata. Brown Silure, with subargenteous abdomen , and yellow lateral stripe with blue edges. Silurus vittatus. SS. wittis longitudinalibus. Bloch. t. 371. f. 2. Hazir resembling that of the S. guadrimaculatus and erythrepterus: shape of the fins and tail nearly the same: length about seven inches: beards eight, of moderate length: sides of the body slightly marked by linear streaks, as in some of the preced- ing species. Native of India. | ATHERINOID SILURE. Silurus Atherinoides. S. subflavescens, dorso subfusco, "itta laterali argentea. Subflavescent Silure, with brownish back; and silvery lateral stripe. Silurus atherinoides. S. stria longitudinali argentea, Bloch. t. 371s) 1s Lenetuy about six inches: head small: beards eight, slender, and of moderate length: sides of the body slightly marked by the muscles into linear transverse streaks: first ray of the dorsal, and of the pectoral fins, strong and serrated: adipose fin small and placed near the tail ; anal fin slightly coated by very small scales at the base, and reaching from the vent to within a small distance of the tail, which is deeply forked: colour of all the fins pale yellowish brown. Native of the rivers of Malabar. 23 ASOTE SILURE. Silurus Asotus. S$. pinna dorsali unica, cirris quatuor, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 501. Silure with single dorsal fin and four beards. Movru furnished with four beards, two above and ‘two below: teeth numerous: first ray of the pectoral fins strong and serrated: that of the dorsal fin smooth: anal fin long, and joined to the tail, Native of Asia. MYSTIC SILURE. Silurus Mystus. S. pinna dorsali unica, radiis sex, cirris octo. Lin. Gmel. Mus. Ad. Frid. | Silure with single eight-rayed dorsal fin, and eight beards. Silurus Schilde Niloticus. Hasselq, it. p. 376. Native of the Nile: tail forked, EEL SILURE, Silurus Anguillaris. S. pinna dorsali unica, radiis septuaginta, cirris octo. Ian. Gmel. Mus. Ad. Frid, | Silure with single dorsal fin of seventy rays, and eight beards. Black-Fish. Russel. Alepp. p. 73. t.12. f. 1. Upper cirri two: lateral two; lower four, Na- tive of the Nile. UNDECIMAL SILURE. Silurus Undecimalis. S.. pinna dorsi unica, radus undecim F cirris octo, Lin. Gmel. Mus. Ad. Frid, ! - Silure with single dorsal fin of eleven rays, and eight beards. Native of Surinam: tail forked. HORNED SILURE. Silurus Cornutus. 8S. pinnis pectoralibus inermibus, radio primo pinne dorsalis prime dentato. Lin. Gmel. Forsk. Arab. Silure with unarmed pectoral fins, and first ray of the dorsal fin toothed. Lenera about a span; shape oval: body cari- nated beneath: snout strait, compressed, a little recurved at the tip, and about half the length of the body: first ray of the first dorsal fin extending as far as the middle of the-tail, and serrated beneath for about half its length. Native of the Mediter- ranean. FELINE SILURE. Silurus Felis. S$. pinna dorsal postica adiposa, ant radiis vigintt tribus, cirris sex, cauda bifida. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 503. Silure with the hinder dorsal fin adipose, sighed ee rays in the anal fin, six beards, i pe bifid tail. Four beards on the lower lip ; and one on each side the upper: back blueish: ventral and anal fins red: tail bifid. Native of the American seas, and observed about Carolina by Dr. Garden. Ss 25 CAT SILURE. Silurus Catus. 8S. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, unt radiis viginti, cirris octo, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 504. Silure with the hinder dorsal fin adipose, twenty rays in the anal fin, and eight beards, Lenetu about two feet: form rounded and thick: colour dusky above, pale flesh-colour be- neath: head round: mouth very large: on the upper jaw, beneath each eye, a very long beard : on the lower jaw four short beards: first dorsal fin ‘small and conic: second or adipose fin without rays: rest of the fins small and red: tail forked. Inhabits the sea and rivers of North America, preying on all kinds of smaller fishes; and not sparing even those of its own kind: in taste re- sembles an eel, and is much esteemed by the Americans: is a fish of slow motion, like the European Silure. COAN SILURE. Silurus Cous. 4S. pinna dorsak postica adiposa, ani radius octe, cirris octo, cauda bifurca. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 504. Silure with the hinder dorsal fin adipose, eight rays in the anal fin, eight beards, and forked tail. Native of Syria. 26 CARINATED SILURE. Silurus Carinatus. S. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, linea laterali- spinosa, cirrts sex pinnatis, Lan. Syst. Nat. p. 504. Silure with the hinder dorsal fin adipose, spiny lateral line, and six pinnated beards. : SHAPE compressed: beard on each side the mouth slightly pinnated beneath: the other four or lower ones shorter, and papillated beneath : lateral line subserrated and carinated with spines, asin some of the Scombri: first ray of the first dorsal fin strong, and serrated both above and beneath: that of the pectoral fins toothed in a reversed direction: tail forked. Native of Surinam. DOCMAC SILURE. Silurus Docmac. S. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, ani radiis decem, cirris octo, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 1357. Forsk. Arab. p. 65. Silure with the hinder dorsal fin adipose, ten rays in the anal — fin, and eight beards. Lenetu near three feet: colour grey, whitish beneath: head depressed: body convex above: mouth furnished with eight beards; the exterior ones of the upper lip extending half the length of the body: lateral line strait, and situated nearer the back than the abdomen: first ray of dorsal and anal fins long and serrated, with soft tip, Na- tive of the lower Nile, towards the Delta. 27 CHILIAN SILURE. ‘Silurus Chilensis. S. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, cirris quatuor, cauda lanceolata. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p.1359. Molin. Chil. p. 199. Silure with the hinder dorsal fin adipose, four beards, and lanceolate tail. Lenetu about ten inches: colour brown, whitish beneath: head large, snout obtuse. Native of the fresh waters of Chili, and much esteemed as a food. BAJAD SILURE. Silurus Bajad, S. pinna dorsali postica adiposa, ani radiis duo- decim, cirris octo.. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel., 1359. Forsk, Arab. p. 66.) Silure with the hinder dorsal fin adipose, twelve rays in the anal fin, and eight beards, Lenetu about a foot: colour glaucous: head obtuse, depressed, and marked on each side, before the eyes, by an unequal pit or depression :. uppe jaw longer than the lower: exterior beards of the upper lip very long: lateral line at first descend- ing, then strait: above the pectoral fins on each side a very strong spine serrated in a reversed direction: fins rufous: second-dorsal or adipose fin long: tail long, dilated towards the tip, and forked. _ Native of the Nile. PLATYSTACUS. PLATYSTACUS. Generic Character. Habitus Siluri. Halit of Silurus. Os subtus, cirris barbatum. || Mouth beneath, bearded : with cirri. . Corpus alepidotum, depress-|| Body scaleless, depressed ; um; cauda longa, com-||. tail long, compressed. “pressa. : ACETABULATED PLATYSTACUS. Platystacus Cotylephorus, P. cirris sex, cotyledonibus wvent- ralibus. | : Platystacus with six beards, and ventral acetabula. Platystacus cotylephorus. PP. cirris sex, cotyledonibus in ventre. Bloch. t. 372. Silurus Aspredo. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 502. - Batrachus fuscus, &c. Klem. misc. pisc. 5. p. 85. Mystus cirris sex, &c. Seb. mus. 3. p. 36. t. 29. f. 9. ‘Tue genus Platystacus, first instituted by Dr. | Bloch, is extremely nearly allied to that of Silurus. The species are but few im number: the present is remarkable for the numerous small acetabular pro- cesses or suckers with which the under surface of the body is beset, and which in young specimens are but obscurely visible. It grows to the length of a foot or more, and is a fish of a very uncouth “SQOVALSALW Td Qa VL avi gov G & * PLAIN PLATYSTACUS, 29 and forbidding appearance, of a dusky brown colour on the upper parts, and pale cinereous beneath: the upper lip is furnished with a strong or callous edge, which is continued on each side into a moderately long cirrus ; and on each side the lower lip are two smaller ones: the first ray of the pectoral fins is excessively strong, and edged by a double, serrated border: the dorsal fin is of moderate size, and fur- nished with six rays: the anal shallow, and con- tinued nearly to the tail, which is small and forked. This fish is a native of the Indian seas and rivers. PLAIN PLATYSTACUS, Platystacus Laevus. Platystacus cirris octo, ventre levi. Platystacus with eight beards, and smooth abdomen. Platystacus cirris, octo, pinna anilonga., Bloch. © Silurus Aspredo. Lin. Syst, Nat. | Mystus, kc, Seb. mus. 3. p. 86. t. 29. f. 10. Tuts species in its general appearance so per- fectly represents the preceding that it is not to be distinguished from it without particular examin- ation: the colour, number of rays in the fins, and shape, are the same in both; but the abdominal acetabula or suckers are wanting: the mouth is furnished with eight beards: the teeth are stronger than in the preceding fish, and the skin on the “upper parts smoother. By Linnzeus it was con- sidered as the same species with the former; but Dr. Bloch appears to be of a different opinion. May it not differ in sex only? 30 WARTED PLATYSTACUS. Platystacus Verrucosus. P. fuscus, supra lineis longitudinalibus werrucosis, pinna ant breve. Brown Platystacus, marked above by longitudinal warted lines, with short anal fin. Platystacus verrucosus. P. pinna ani brevi. Bloch. t. 373. f. 3. Aspredo cauda subrotunda, &c. Gronov. mus. 2. p. 5. t. 5. f. 3. Mvcu allied in general appearance . to. the two preceding species, but smaller and of a less elongated form: mouth furnished with six beards: first ray of the pectoral fins of similar appearance with those of the former species: dorsal fin slightly rounded: anal fin rather short: tail short and rounded: body marked above by three or four lon- gitudinal rows of smaller warts on each side from breast to tail: colour brown above, paler beneath. Native of the Indian seas. EEL-SHAPED PLATYSTACUS. Platystacus Anguillaris. P. fuscus, striis longitudinalibus albis, pinna ani, caude, dorsique secundo connatis. Brown Platystacus, with longitudinal white stripes, and the second dorsal, anal, and caudal fin united. Platystacus anguillaris. P. pinna ani caude dorsique secundo connatis. Bloch. t. 373.f. 1. Lenerts twelve or fifteen inches: form less broad in front than in the preceding species ; mouth fur- nished with eight beards of moderate length; two Gd EEL- SHAPED PLATYSTACUS. gS + ”~ * Cd E 4 . Rt ati we, 2 EEL-SHAPED PLATYSTACUS. 31 on each side the upper, and the same number on each side the lower lip: first dorsal fin rather small, with the first ray strong and serrated: pec- toral fins of similar size and structure: second dorsal shallow, and continued along the lower part of the back into the tail, which is shaped like that of an eel, and meets the anal fin in a similar manner, which is about the same length with the second dorsal: colour deep brown above, marked on each side the back, by two longitudinal white lines : abdomen pale: teeth placed in several rows, and less sharp than in the former kinds. Native of the Indian seas. LORICARIA. LORICARIA. Generic Character. Habit of a Silurus. Body mailed. Habitus Siluri. Corpus cataphractum, RIBBED LORICARIA. Loricaria Costata. L. fusco-flavescens, ordine utrinque scutorunt sumplict, cauda furcata. Yellowish-brown Loricaria, mailed by a single row of oo on each side, with forked tail. Silurus cestatus. S. pinna dorsalt postica adiposa, squamis serie sumplict, cirris sex, cauda byida, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 500. Cataphractus costatus. C. ordine scutorum simplici, pinna caude ~ lunata. Bloch. t. 376. Iw its general habit this fish resembles a species of Silurus, the mouth being furnished with long cirri, and the first rays of the dorsal and pectoral fin serrated: the head ts large, depressed, covered by a rough bony shield, projecting on each side the thorax into an excessively strong and obtusely pointed spine or process of considerable length: the first ray of the dorsal and pectoral fins is very thick, strong, sharp, and serrated on both edges: the whole body, from the thorax, is strongly mailed along each side by a continued series of very broad bony plates or scales, each of which projects in the Ht > = —— \\ \) A Tomlewns sculy. RIBBED LORICARIA. ARMED LORICARIA. 3 middle into a short hooked spine or curved process: the upper and under parts of the body, from the small or adipose dorsal fin to the tail, are mailed in the same manner, but with smaller plates than on the sides: the tail is moderately large and sharply forked : the beards in this species are six, viz. two on the upper, and four on the lower lip: the colour of the whole fish is yellowish-brown, deepest on the head and back. It is a native of the Indian and American seas, It is a fish of ereat strength and boldness, and is said to be much dreaded by fisher- men; the strength and sharpness of its spines enabling it to inflict very painful and dangerous wounds, \ ARMED LORICARIA. Loricaria Cataphracta. JL. seat ordine utringue scutorums simplici, cauda rotundata. Brown Loricaria, mailed by a ‘single row of shields on each side, with rounded tail. Silurus cataphractus. S. pinna dorsali postica uniradiata, squamis ordine simplici, cirris sex, cauda integra.. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 506. | Cataphractus Americanus, Catesb. Carol. Append, t. 19. GreATLy allied to the preceding, but differs in having a rounded tail and in some other par- ticulars: length about ten inches: head covered by smooth, angular, bony plates: the sides of the body with a continued series of strong perpen- dicular, bony scales or plates, each notched in the | middle, and furnished, as in the former kind, with a, w..%. P. I, 3 34 SOLDIER LORICARIA. sharp hook, each plate lapping over the other a little : pectoral fins said to consist of only a strong _ bone, serrated on each side: dorsal fin formed in a similar manner, but serrated only on the upper side; placed in a socket, and capable of being erected or depressed at pleasure: colour of the whole animal dull brown. Native of the American seas. SOLDIER LORICARIA, Loricaria Callichthys. L. fusca, capite rotundato depresso, squamis utringue ordine duplict, cauda rotundata. Brown Loricaria, with depressed, rounded head, double row of scales on each side, and rounded tail. Silurus Callichthys. S. pinna dorsali postica uniradiata, squamis ordine duplici, cirris quatuor. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 506. Cataphractus Callichthys. C. capite depresso, ordine scutorum duplict, Bloch. t. 377.f. 1. Turis remarkable species grows to the length of ten or twelve inches, and is of a dusky brown colour throughout, with a tinge of reddish or yellowish brown on the fins and under parts: the head is short, flat, rounded and of a bony hardness ; and on each side is a very strong and thick conical process or blunt spine: the sides of the body are, mailed by large strong scales or plates in a double series, to the number of about thirty on each side: they are serrated on the edges, and by their dis- position form a furrow along the middle of each side, resembling a lateral line: the back is marked by a similar furrow: the abdomen is flat: the fins SPECKLED LORICARIA. 35 are rather small, and slightly rounded, and the first spine of all the fins is strong and rough: the tail is rather small, rounded, and marked with several small black spots: the eyes are small: the mouth of moderate width and furnished with four long cirri or beards. It is pretended by Marcgrave that this fish, when distressed by a want of water, or the streams it inhabits becoming too shallow, contrives to make its way over land in order to discover some deeper stream; and occasionally perforates the ground for the same purpose ; which latter method should seem to be the most probable of the two. It is said to be in considerable esteem among the inhabitants of Surmam and other parts as a food, and is, according to Piso, fried and eaten with salt and pepper. | SPECKLED LORICARIA. Loricaria Punctata. L. flava, dorso subfusco, squamis utrinque ordine duplict, pinnis nigro-punctatis, cauda furcata. ~ Yellow Loricaria, with brownish back, double row of scales*on. each side, fins speckled with black, and forked tail. Cataphractus punctatus. C. capite compresso. Bloch. t. 377. f. 2. Q A sMALL, but elegant species: length five or six inches: shape like that of the generality of fishes : head compressed and pretty much rounded in front: mouth furnished with four beards: sides, from the thorax, mailed by a double series of scales 360 STURGEON LORICARIA. or shields, finely serrated at the edges, and marked along the middle of the body by small black specks: head and back marked by numerous specks of a rather larger size: colour of the whole fish pale yellow, with a strong cast of reddish brown on the top of the head and back: fins pale-yellow, speckled with black: dorsal fin marked by a large black spot at the tip: tail forked, and barred by rows of black specks. Native of the rivers of Surinam. STURGEON LORICARIA. 7 Loricaria Accipenser. L. elongata fusco-flavescens, ore edentulo, fronte rotundata, pinnis maculatis. : Lengthened yellowish-brown Loricaria, with toothless mouth, rounded front, and spotted fins. : Loricaria maculata. LL. dentibus carens. Bloch. t. 375. f. 1. Plecostomus, &c. Gronov. zooph. p. 127. n. 391. Loricaria cataphracta. L. pinna dorsi unica, cirris duobus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 508. ilanir long and slender ; not ill resembling that ofa Sturgeon: head large, and marked into several aneular divisions: mouth small, and placed beneath: body mailed on each side the fore-part by a triple row of scaly plates, each marked on the middle by a spiny point; hinder part compressed, and mailed by a single row on each side, the spiny points run- ning down the back and forming a carina on that part: pectoral, ventral, and dorsal fin pale yellow spotted with brown: tail lunated, spotted ina simular manner, with the addition of a large brown patch on the lower lobe: anal fin situated beneath TOOTHED LORICARIA. az the middle of the body, and plain or unspotted : colour of the whole fish dull yellowish brown, with a few distant bands of deep-brown spots: surface roughened with small points. Native of the Indian seas, growing to the length of twelve or fifteen inches or more. TOOTHED LORICARIA. _ Loricaria Dentata. LL. elongata fusco-flavescens, ore dentato, cirroso, naso subacuminato. Lengthened yellowish-brown Loricaria, with toothed, cirrated mouth, and slightly pointed snout. Plecostomus dorso monopterygio, &c. Gronov. zooph. p. 127. Loricaria Cataphracta, L. dentata, pinna dorsi unica. Bloch. (2375. f. 3. A. Loricaria cataphracta. LL. pinna dorsi unica, cirris duobus, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 508. Tuts is so very nearly allied to the preceding, that it might readily pass for the same species, but differs in having the mouth furnished with teeth, and in having a slightly pointed snout: the region surrounding the mouth is aiso roughened by numerous small filaments or processes: the abdo- men is covered rather with middle sized scales than with the broad processes of the former fish; and lastly, the first ray of the tail is much longer in proportion, equalling in some specimens, the length of the whole body. It is a native of the Indian seas, 38 VELLOW LORICARIA. Loricaria Flava. L. flava fusco maculata, cauda strus trans- versis juscis, dorso dipterygio. Yellow Loricaria, spotted with brown, with two dorsal ey | and tail marked by transverse bands. Loricaria Plecostomus, LL. pinnis dorst duabus. Bloch. t. 37 Ae Accipenser Indicus. Lin. Mus. Ad. Frid. p. 55. t. 28. f. 4. Loricaria Plecostomus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 508. Aw elegant species: length about ten inches: habit much less slender than in the two preceding : head large, and roughened by minute points: mouth placed beneath: body mailed by four rows of scales or plates on each side, each scale terminated by a short spine: dorsal fin large: second dorsal or spurious fin very small, and blackish: tail lunated, with pointed lobes, the lower somewhat longer than the upper: colour of the whole animal orange-yellow, thickly spotted, except on the head,. by small round, deep-brown spots: tail barred by severai stripes of the same colour. Native of the Indian seas. | ‘VIUMVOTYOT MOTTAR Uj Y 4 4 ys i NUT ss Pant cabo canal eri ei fi A 4 i le SES = EZ SF = as se == Vig iii FH Wii) a LY YUL f /) J oe Ef) Vy y * = “yj Y7 Y ty NAS . ~\ S \ N \ SS AY SSE _- WZWAQQ —= =< = SSSFNS\[COAQDA = == Fr — > —SSae SY he SS SS = Ei =i == —— = = Y ee = = =< =— SS EWN SS = - = N SSS = SS SSSR SS WN SGQ@ SS = ——— Sw a —— [Idd] i} I) w/e My: ly Vp — = ZS ! ail ii van | Hin au eed iy Ha al) 10f 0? SSX Ss SSS A & / Wi <<) _ %s SSs RAO WRAY ESSN ry A VV Lig Wiles fi Wi Aas BULLEN lax COMMON SALMON. 7722 /. ( \ View PA Stig, ORS Yi l Hl ML ) SALMO. SALMON. _ Generic Character. Caput leve, compressum: || Head smooth, compressed : Lingua cartilaginea : Tongue cartilaginous. Dentes in maxillis, lingua. Teeth both in the jaws. and on the tongue. Membr : branch: radiis qua- || Gill-membrane from four to tuor ad decem. ten-rayed. Corpus elongatum, postice || Body compressed, furnished pinna adiposa. at the hind part with an adipose fin. COMMON SALMON. ‘Salmo Salar. S. griseo-argenteus, corpore maculato, mauzillis maris apice incurvatis. Silvery-grey, spotted Salmon, with the jaws (in the male) in- curvated. Salmo Salar. S. rostro ultra inferiorem maxillam prominente, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 509. : Salmo. Will. ichth. p. 189. t. 11. f. 2. Ts E Salmon, so highly esteemed for the delicacy of its flavour, and so important an article in a com- mercial view, is chiefly an inhabitant of the northern regions, where it occurs at different periods both in salt and fresh waters; quitting the sea at certain seasons to deposit its spawn in the gravelly, beds of rivers, at a great distance from their mouths. In AO COMMON SALMON. order to arrive at the spots proper for this purpose there are scarce any obstacles which ‘the fish will not surmount. They will ascend rivers* for hundreds of miles; force themselves against the most rapid streams, and spring with amazing agility over cataracts of several feet in height. They are taken, according to Mr. Pennant, in the Rhine as high as Basil: they gain the sources of the Lapland rivers, in spite of their torrent-like currents: they surpass the perpendicular falls of Leixlip +, Kennerth+, and Pont-Aberglastyn||. At the latter of these places Mr. Pennant assures us that he has himself witnessed the efforts of the Salmon, and seen scores of fish, some of which succeeded, while others miscarried in the attempt during the time of his observation. It may be added, that the Salmon, like the Swallow, is said to. return each season to the self-same spot to deposit its spawn. ‘This has been ascertained by the ex- periments of Monsr. De la Lande, who fastening a small ring of copper to the tails of some individuals, and then setting them at hberty, found that some of them made their appearance in the same place for three succeeding seasons§. ‘The experiment of fastening gold or silver rings to Salmon is said by Dr. Bloch to have been occasionally practised by some of the Eastern princes, and it is added. that by this method a communication has been * Brit. Zoology. + Near Dublin. { On the Tivy in S. Wales. ' {|| Amid Snowdon hills. § So Monsr, De la Lande was assured by the fishermen. COMMON SALMON. Al proved between the Caspian and Northern seas and the Persian Gulf. 2 » The general history of the Salmon fishery on the river Tweed is amply detailed by Mr. Pennant in the third volame of the British Zoology, chiefly from the communications of Mr. Potts, an inhabit- ant of the town of Berwick. The principal parti- - culars are as follows. « At the latter end of the year, or in the month of November, the Salmon begin to press up the river as far as they can reach, in order to spawn. When that time approaches they seek for a place fit for the purpose: the male and female unite in forming a proper receptacle for it in the sand or gravel, about the depth of eighteen inches : ‘in this the female deposits the spawn, which they after- wards cover carefully up by means of their tails, which are observed to have no skin on them for some time after this period. ‘The spawn lies buried till spring, if not disturbed by violent floods, but the Salmon hasten to the sea as soon as they are able, in order to recover their strength: for | after spawning they are observed to become very lean, and are then called by the name of Kippers. When the Salmon first enter the rivers they are observed to have a great many small animals ad- hering to them, especially about the gills: these are the Lernee Salmonee of Linnzeus, and are signs that the fish is in high season: soon after the Salmon have lett the sea, the Lerneeze die, and drop off. About the latter end of March the spawn begins to exclude the young, which gra- AQ COMMON SALMON. dually increase to the length of four or five inches, and are then called Smelis or Smouts, About the beginning of May the river is full of them; it seems to be all alive; and there is no having an idea of their numbers without seeing them ; but a seasonable flood then hurries them all to sea, scarce any or very few of them being left in the river. About the middle of June the earliest of the. fry begin to drop as it were into the river again from the sea, at that time about twelve, fourteen, or sixteen inches in length, and by a gradual progress, in- crease in number and size, till about the end of July, which is at Berwick termed the Gilse time {the name given to the fish at that age). At the end of July, or the beginning of August, they lessen in number, but increase in size, some being six, seven, eight, or nine pounds weight. This appears to be a surprising growth; yet we have_ received from a gentleman at Warrington an in- stance still more so. A Salmon weighing seven pounds three quarters, taken on the seventh of February, being marked with scissars on the back fin and tail, and turned into the river, was again taken on the seventeenth of the following March, and then found to weigh seventeen pounds and a half*. js 908 | *« All fishermen agree that they never find any food in the stomach of this fish. Perhaps during * According to Dr. Bloch the growth of the Salmon appears to be much slower than here stated. He informs us that a Salmon of five or six years old weighs from ten to twelve pounds, COMMON SALMON. AS ‘the spawning time they may entirely neglect their food, as the Phocz called sea-lions and sea-bears are known to do for months together during the breeding season, and it may be that, lke those animals, the Salmon return to sea lank and lean, and come from it in good condition. It is evident that at times their food is both fish and worms, for the angler uses both with good success, as well as a large gaudy artificial fly, which the fish pro- bably mistakes for a gay Libellula or dragon-tfly. The capture about the Tweed is prodigious: in a_ good fishery, often a boat load, and sometimes near two, are taken in a tide. Some few years ago there were above seven hundred fish taken at one hawl, but from fifty to an hundred is very frequent : the coopers in Berwick then begin to salt both Salmon and Gilses in pipes and other large vessels, and afterwards barrel * them to send abroad, having then more than the London markets can take off their hands. Most of the Salmon taken before April, or to the setting in of warm weather, is sent fresh to London in baskets, unless now and then the vessel is disappointed by contrary winds of sail- ing immediately, in which case the fish is brought ashore again to the cooper’s offices and boiled, pickled, and kitted, and sent to the London markets by the same ship, and fresh Salmon put into the baskets in lieu of the stale ones. At the beginning of the season, when a ship is on the point of sailing, * The Salmon barrel holds above forty-two gallons wine measure, AA COMMON SALMON, a clean fresh Salmon shall sell from a shilling to eighteenpence a pound, and most of the time that this part of the trade is carried on, the prices are from five to nine shillings per stone*, the value rising and falling according to the plenty of fish, or the prospect of a fair or foul wind +. Some fish are sent in this manner to London the latter end of September, when the weather proves cool, but the fish are then full of large roes, grow very thin- bellied, and are not esteemed either palatable or wholesome. The price of fresh fish in the month of July, when they are most plentiful, has been known to be as low as 8d. per stone. ‘ The season for fishing in the Tweed begins Novr. the 30th, but the fishermen-work very little till after Christmas. It ends on Michaelmas-day ; yet the corporation of Berwick (who are the con- servators of the river) indulge the fishermen with a fortnight past that time, on account of the change of the style. «¢ ‘There are on the river forty-one cohsideiatls fisheries extending upwards, about fourteen miles from the mouth (the others being of no great value), which are rented for near £'5400 per annum. The expence attending the servants’ wages, nets, boats, &c. amounts to £5000 more, which together makes * A stone of Salmon weighs 18lb. 20 ounces and a half, or in other terms, four stones, or forty-six pounds avoirdupoise, is only | ‘3 stones or 42]b. fish-weight at Berwick. 4+ The Salmon sent from Berwick to London are at present generally packed in ice, which is preserved in ice-houses through- ‘out the winter for that purpose. COMMON SALMON. Ad up the sum £10400. Now in consequence the produce must defray all, and no less than twenty times the sum of fish will effect it, so that 208000 Salmon must be caught there one year with an- other.” : “The general length of the Salmon is from two and a half to three feet, but sometimes much more *: the male is principally distinguished by the curvature of the jaws; both the upper and lower mandible bending towards each other more or less in different individuals, and at different sea- sons. The general colour of both sexes is a silvery grey, of a much darker cast on the back: the-sides of the male are marked with numerous, small, irre- gular, dusky and copper-coloured spots, while those of the female exhibit only several rather large, di- stant, roundish, or somewhat lunated spots of a dark colour. Exclusive of these differences, the male is of a somewhat longer or more slender shape than the female: the scales in the Salmon are middle-sized, and not very strongly adherent. In the intestinal canal of the Salmon is often found a species of ‘Tenia or tape-worm of about three feet in length. Dr. Bloch informs us that in a Salmon which had been three weeks dead, he found one of these worms still living. * It is said to be sometimes found of the length of six feet. Mr. Pennant mentions ene of seventy-four pounds weight as the largest he ever heard of. 46 SALMON-TROUT. Salmo Trutta. S. griseo-purpurascens, capite, corpore, pinnaque: dorsali nigro guttatis, Purplish-grey Salmon, with the head, body, and dorsal fin bedropped with black spots. Salmo Trutta. 8S. ocellis nigris iridibus brunneis, pinna pectoralé punctata. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 509. Sea Trout. Penn. Brit. Zool. Trutta Salmonata. Will, ichth. p. 193. Greatty allied in point of general appearance to the Salmon, but rarely of equal size: colour -purplish or violet, with the head and whole body . pretty thickly marked with rather small round dark or blackish spots, surrounded by a paler circle: scales rather small. Native of the European seas, passing, like the Salmon, into rivers to deposit its spawn: is of equal delicacy with the Salmon, and the flesh of similar colour: varies occasionally both in colour and spots, which are sometimes rather. angular than round: possesses a considerable de- gree of phosphoric quality, which seems to reside in the viscid mucus covering the skin. Dr. Bloch observes that the Linnean specific character of this fish, as given in the Systema Nature, cannot be depended upon; since he could not observe on his specimen the points or specks on the pectoral fins. Like the Salmon, this fish is prepared im different methods for sale, being sold both fresh and salted, as well as smoked, pickled, &c. &c. A7 GREY SALMON. Salmo Eriox. S. cinereus, purpureo maculatus, abdomine sub- argenteo, Grey Salmon, with purple spots and subargenteous abdomen. Salmo Eriox. S. maculis cinereis, caude extremo equali. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 509. Salmo cinereus seu griseus. Wall. ichth. p. 193. Grey Salmon. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tue inhabitants of the North of England and of South-Wales seem, according to Mr. Pennant, ex- | tremely well assured that this is a distinct species from the common Salmon. Mr. Ray also con- sidered it aS distinct. The head is larger in pro- portion than in the Salmon; in the jaws are four rows of teeth, and in the tongue are eight teeth: the back, and sides, above the lateral line, are of a deep grey, spotted with a number of purplish spots: the belly silvery: the tail even at the end. The lower jaw grows hooked when the fish is out of season. It is a strong fish, and does not ascend the fresh water till August, when it rushes up the rivers with great violence, and is rarely taken. It appears in the Esk in Cumberland from July to September, and is then in spawn. Mr. Pennant supposes this to be the fish called by the name of, Sewin or Shewin in South- Wales. LENCK SALMON. Salmo Lenok. 8S. subaureolus, punctis sparsis fuscis, supra fuscescens, subtus flavescens. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p.:1373. Pall. tts 2.9.7 10. Slightly -¢ gilded Salmon, with scattered es spots, with eee back, and yellowish abdomen. Lenetu three feet; of a broadish and thick form : pupils of the eyes angulated in front: dorsal fin spotted: pectoral fins yellowish: ventral reddish : anal deepish red: tail dusky-red and bifid. In- habits the rocky torrents of the most rapid rivers in Siberia. | NELMA SALMON. Salmo Nelma, S. ex albo argenteus, capite maxime elongato, mandibula inferiore multo longiore. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p.1372. Pail. it. 2. p. 716. Silvery white Salmon, with greatly elongated head, and lower jaw much longer than the upper. Leyern from three to six feet: snout depressed : mouth rather large, and furnished with large lateral lamin: scales large: tail forked. Inhabits the larger rivers of Siberia. | 4g KUNDSCHA SALMON. ~~ Salmo Kundscha._ 8. argenteus, guttis albis, cauda bifurca, Lan, Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 1373. Pall. it. 2. p. 710. Silvery Salmon, with white spots, and forked tail. Lenetu about two feet: allied to S. Eriox, but with a forked tail: body blueish below the lateral line: irides silvery-yellow : adipose fin small and serrated. This species is said to be common in summer in the bays of the Northern sea, scarcely ever entering rivers. TAIMEN SALMON. Salmo Taimen. S. fuscescens, guttis crebris fuscis adspersus, cauda bifurca. Lin. Syst. Nat, Gmel. p. 1372. Pall. it. 2. p. 7106. Brownish Salmon, with numerous brown spots, and forked tail. Leneru three feet and a half: colour brownish, with numerous dusky spots: sides slightly silvery : abdomen white: head long; snout a little depressed: teeth hooked: lower jaw rather longer than the upper: dorsal fin brown; ventral whitish; anal deep red; tail dusky-red: flesh white. Inhabits the rivers running into the frozen sea. ee LaF PP, 1; A. 50 - HUCHO SALMON. - Salmo Hucho. 8S. subelongatus subfuscus; corpore pinnisque Susco-guttatis, cauda bifurca. Brownish subelongated Salmon, with body and fins Hedvepibed with brown spots, and forked tail. Salmo Hucho. S. oblongus, dentium lineis duabus palati, maculis tantummodo nigris. Lan. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 1369. Salmo Hucho. S. maculis rotundis in trunco pinnisque. Bloch. t. 100. SuapPe like that of a Salmon but considerably longer in proportion: Jength from two to four or five feet: colour silvery-grey, with numerous round, deep-brown spots: back dusky: fins (except the ~ ventral which are yellowish) pale purple, thickly spotted with brown, not excepting even the adipose or ‘simall fin: tail forked: abdomen plain or un- spotted: scales rather small: lateral line nearly strait. Inhabits the Danube, the Bavarian and Austrian lakes, and the rivers of Russia and Siberia: not much esteemed as a food, the flesh wanting ) hrintiess. 51 RED-BELLIED SALMON. Salmo Erythrinus, S. supra fuscus ocellis coccineis, abdomine postice coccineo. Brown Salmon with red ocellate spots, with the hind part of the abdomen bright-red. Salmo Erythrinus. SS. ocellis coccineis, mandibulis cequalibus. Lin, Syst. Nat, Gmel. p. 13608. Georg. it. p. 156. ¢t. 1. f. 1. Lrenetu about two feet: habit that of S. Eriox: body plump: head slightly compressed: snout conic, obtuse: teeth in the palate and jaws in a double arch: tongue broad, toothed : back brown; abdomen red: dorsal fin grey, marked with dirty- red ocellate spots: spurious or small dorsal fin brown and lengthened: pectoral fins paler: ventral and anal deep scarlet: tail reddish-brown and fork- ed, Inhabits the lakes and rivers of Siberia, - COMMON TROUT. Salmo Fario. S. griseo-flavescens, maculis rubris, maxilla in- feriore sublongiore. Yellowish-grey Salmon, with red spots, and lower jaw rather — longer than the upper. Salmo Fario. S. maculis rubris, maxilla inferiore sublongiore. Lin, Syst. Nat, p. 509. Salmo Fario. S. ocellis rubris, iridibus lucidioribus, pinna anali radiis undecim. Bloch. t. 22. 23. Trutta fluviatilis. ill, ichth. Trout. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tue Trout is an inhabitant of clear and cold streams and lakes in most parts of Europe, and 52, : COMMON TROUT. admits of considerable variety as to the tinge both of its ground-colour and spots. Its general length is from twelve to fifteen or sixteen inches, and its colour yellowish-grey, darker or browner on the back, and marked, on the sides by several rather distant, round, bright-red ‘spots, each surrounded by a tinge of pale blue-grey. Sometimes the sround-colour of the body is a purplish grey ; the red spots much larger, more or less mixed with black, and the belly of a white or silvery cast: the fins are of a pale purplish brown; the dorsal fin marked with several darker spots: the head is rather large, the scales small, and the lateral lime strait. The female fish is of a brighter and more beautiful appearance than the male. | Mr. Pennant informs us that in the Lake Llyn- divi in South-Wales are Trouts marked with red and black spots as large as sixpences; and others unspotted and of a reddish hue, sometimes weigh- ing near ten pounds; but these latter are said to be bad tasted. In general the Trout prefers clear, cold, and briskly-running waters, with a stony or gravelly bottom: it swims with rapidity, and, like the Salmon, springs occasionally to a very consider- able height in order to surmount any obstacle in its course. It lives on worms, small fishes, shell-fish, and aquatic insects, and is particularly delighted with may-flies (Ephemerz), as well as with Phry- ganeze, Gnats, and their larve. It generally spawns in September, or in the colder. parts of Europe, in October, and at those times gets among COMMON TROUT. 53 the roots of trees, stones, &c. in order to deposit its eges, which are observed to be far less numerous than those of other river-fish*. Yet the Trout, as Bloch observes, is a fish that admits of very con- siderable increase ; owing; no doubt, to the cir- cumstance of most of the voracious kind of fishes avoiding waters of so cold a nature as those which Trouts delight to inhabit ; and their increase would be still greater, were they not themselves of a vora- cious disposition, frequently preying even on each other. The merit of the Trout as an article of food is too well known to require particular notice: In this respect however, as in other fishes, those are most esteemed which are natives of the clearest waters. : The stomach of this fish is uncommonly strong and thick; but this circumstance is observed to be no where so remarkable as in those found in some of the Irish lakes, and particularly in those of the county of Galway. These are called Gillaroo -Trouts: on the most accurate examination however, it does not appear that they are specifically differ- ent from the common Trout, but by living much on shell-fish, and swallowing small stones at the same time, their stomachs acquire a much greater degree of thickness, and a kind of muscular appear- ance, so as to resemble a sort of gizzard. Mr. Pennant observes; that it is matter of sur- * They are about the size of peas, and of a bright orange colour, 5A - WHITING SALMON. prise that the Trout, though so common a fish, should appear to be unnoticed by the ancients, except Ausonius, who is supposed to have intended it by the name of Salar. He mentions it however merely on account of its beauty, and without any thing relative to its merit as a food. ** Purpureisque Salar stellatus tergora guttis.”” And Salar stain’d with purple drops above. WHITING SALMON. ‘Salmo Phinoc. S. griseo-argenteus, abdomine nitidissimo, pinna dorsali nigro-maculata, cauda nigra furcata. Silvery-grey Salmon, with very bright abdomen, dorsal fin — spotted with black, and black forked tail. White Salmon. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tuts species, says Mr. Pennant, migrates out of ‘sea into the river Esk in Cumberland from July to September, and is called from its colour the Whit- ing. When dressed the flesh is red, and most de- dicious eatmg: these fishes have, on their first ap- pearance from the salt-water, the Lernaea Salmonea or Salmon-louse adhering to them: both sexes are ‘observed in the river, some having the milt or soft roe, and some the hard or ovarium; but their fry thas not yet been observed. This fish is by the Scots called by the name of Phinoc. It never exceeds a foot in length: the upper jaw is a little longer than the lower: ‘in the first are two rows of teeth; in the latter one: on the tongue are six teeth: the back is strait: the body of an elegant form: the = SAMLET SALMON, 5S lateral line strait: the colour between that and the top of the back is dusky and silvery intermixed ; beneath the line of an exquisite silvery whiteness : the first dorsal fin spotted with black: the tail black, and much forked: the first dorsal fin has eleven rays; the pectoral thirteen; the ventral and anal nine, SAMLET SALMON. Salmo Salmulus. _ S. griseo-cerulescens, maculis distantibus sub- rubris, cauda furcata. Blueish-grey Salmon, with distant reddish spots, and forked tail. Samlet: Penn. Brit: Zool. Salmulus, Samlet. Will. ichth. p. 192. Tue Samlet is, according to Pennant, the least of the British species of this genus, and is frequently seen in the river Wye, in the upper part of the Severn, and in the rivers that run into it, in the North of England, and in Wales. It is by several ’ imagined to be the fry of the Salmon; but Mr. Pennant dissents from this opinion for the following reasons: first, it is well known that the Salmon fry neyer continue in fresh water the whole year, but, . as numerous as they appear on their first escape from the spawn, all vanish on the first vernal flood that happens, which sweeps them into the sea, and leaves scarcely one behind: secondly, the growth of Salmon fry is so quick and so considerable as suddenly to exceed the bulk of the largest Samlet ; for example, the fry that have quitted the fresh 56 SAMLET SALMON. water in spring, not larger than gudgeons, feturn into it again a foot or more in length: thirdly, the Salmon obtains a considerable bulk before it begins to breed; the Samlets, on the contrary, are found both male and female of their common size, and are readily distinguished by being furnished with either the hard or soft roe: fourthly, they are found in the fresh waters all times of the year, and even at seasons when the Salmon fry have gained_a con- siderable size. It is well known that at Shrewsbury (where they are called Samsons), they are found in such quantities in the month of September, that a skilful angler, in a coracle, will take with a fly from twelve to sixteen dozen inaday. They spawn in November and December, at which time’ those of the Severn push up towards the head of that river, quitting the smaller brooks, and return into them again when they have done spawning. They have a general resemblance to the Trout, and must there- fore be described comparatively. The head is proportionally narrower, and the mouth smaller: the body deeper: the length — seldom more than six or seven inches; or at most about eight and a half: the pectoral fins have generally but one large black spot, though some- times a single small one attends it; whereas the pectoral fins of the Trout are more numerously marked: the spurious or fat fin on the back is never tipped with red, nor is the edge of the anal. fin white: the spots on the body are fewer, and not so bright : the body is also marked from back to sides with six or seven large blueish bars; but SCHIEFFERMULLER’S TROUT. 54 this Mr. Pennant allows to be not a certain cha- racter, as the same is sometimes observed in young Trouts: lastly, the tail of the Samlet is much more forked than that of the Trout. The Samlet is very frequent in the rivers of Scotland, where it is called the Parr. It is also common in the Wye, and is there known by the title of Skirling or Laspring. SCHIEFFERMULLER’S TROUT. Salmo Schieffermilleri: S. griseo-purpurascens, maculis paroulis lunatis fuscis, abdomine argenteo. Pwrplish-grey Salmon, with small lunated dusky spots, and silvery abdomen. : Salmo Schieffermilleri. S. mazilla inferiore longiore, maculis ngris. Lin. Gmel. Bloch. t. 103. Suape like that of a Salmon, but somewhat longer in proportion: head sharpish: lower jaw rather longer than the upper: general length about eigh- teen inches: colour silvery, with a slight cast of purple on the upper parts, deepening into brown on the back: sides obscurely marked by pretty numerous, small, crescent-shaped spots: lateral line strait, and blackish: scales middle-sized, and so slightly fixed as to be easily rubbed off: fins blueish ; ventral and anal of a yellowish tinge: tail forked. Inhabits the Baltic sea, and some of the Austrian lakes: as an article of food is in equal esteem with the Salmon, and is sometimes called by the name of the Silver Salmon. | GOEDENIAN TROUT. Salmo Goedenii. S. griseo-argenteus, runarepreetin capite parvo, pinna dorsali maculata. Silvery-grey Trout, with red spots, small head, and potted dorsal fin. Salmo Goedenii. SS. capite parvo, maculis rubris ad truncum. Lin. Gmel. Bloch. t. 102. Lenetu about eighteen inches: habit that of a | trout, but with a longer and thinner body, and a shorter and smaller head: colour silvery, with a dusky or blueish tinge on the back, and the whele body marked with pretty numerous and rather small, round, red spots with pale or whitish edges : scales sniall: fins blueish or dusky, except the vent- ral and anal, which are tinged with yellow; dorsal fin marked with small blackish spots: tail forked: Native of the European seas: known in general by the title of Silver Trout. So ee + eer es 3: — a ye ea — TOG, ARIS UISYIOL H) Hy ue ) H} Nhe, , ape i) A Mf ‘ LMOW], NI All wl N y i) SS ‘ Yas ANN y SNS bt SALVELIN TROUT. Salmo Salvelinus. §. griséo-purpurascens, rubro maculatus, abdomine pinnisque inferioribus coccineis. Purplish-grey Trout, with red spots, and lower fins and abdo- men scarlet. Salmo Salvelinus. S. pedalis, maxilla superiore ae Lan. Syst, Nat. p. 511. Salmo radio primo in pinna ventrali analique albo. Bloch. t. 99. Red Charr? Penn. Brit. Zool. | Leneru about twelve inches: shape resembling that of the Salmon, but rather more slender: colour of the back dark brownish blue ; ; of the sides silvery, marked with pretty numerous, moderately distant, small, round, red spots, which are sometimes sur- rounded with a pale margin: belly red or orange- colour: pectoral, ventral, and anal fins the same, but with the two first rays white: dorsal and caudal fin blueish brown: adipose fin small, pale, and tipped with brown: scales rather small than large: lateral line strait: tail moderately bifur- cated: both jaws of equal length: irides silvery. Native of mountainous lakes in several parts of Germany, and of several of the rivers in Siberia, and (if this ‘species be the Red Charr of the Ene- lish) in some of the lakes of our own country, as those of Westmoreland, &c. As in others of this genus, those which inhabit the clearest and: coldest _ waters are observed to be of the richest colours. It is a fish of great delicacy of flavour, and much esteemed as a food. > 60 SALMARIN TROUT. Salmo Salmarinus. S. dorso fulvo maculis luteis, cauda bifurcata. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 511, Art. syn. 24, Trout with fulvous back spotted with yellow, and forked tail. Salmarinus. Salv. aquat.p.101. Jonst. pisc. p. 155. So nearly allied to the S. Salvelinus that it seems doubtful whether it ought to be considered as a distinct species : found in cold rivers with a stony ‘channel or bottom in some parts of Italy. ALPINE TROUT. Salmo Alpinus. S. griseo-argenteus, rubro nigroque irroratus, operculis subauratis, dorso olivaceo, pinna dorsali maculata. Silvery-grey Trout, with red and black freckles, slightly gilded gill-covers, olivaceous back, and spotted dorsal fin. Salmo Alpinus. §S. maculis non ocellatis varius, pinna caudal truncata. Bloch. t. 104. Gilt Charr? Penn. Brit. Zool. — Lenetu about a foot: shape rather broader in proportion than in the two preceding species : colour silvery, with the back strongly tinged with olive-green, and the sides pretty thickly freckled with very minute bright red and blackish specks : scales very small: head rather large: jaws of equal length: gill-covers slightly tinged with gold-colour: fins reddish, except the dorsal, which is pale olive- brown, and marked between the rays with black specks: adipose fin small, and tipped with red: tail nearly even, or but very obscurely subfurcated. sinc ae pare: CARP TROUT. 61 Native of the Alpine lakes and rivers, as well as those of Germany, Sweden, Lapland, &c. It is also found in the English lakes, and particularly in that called Winandermere in Westmoreland. It appears likewise to inhabit the lakes of Ireland, though not particularized by the writers on the natural history of that country. - As an article of food it is in equal esteem with the two preceding species, with which it appears to have been con- founded by several authors. CARP TROUT. Salmo Carpio. S. argentcus, albo-maculatus, iridibus albis, — pinnis inferioribus ngricantibus. - Silvery Trout, with white spots, white irides, and dusky lower fins. Salmo Carpio. S. pede minor, dentium ordinibus quinque palati. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 510. Art. gen, 13. syn. 24, Resemsuts the S. Alpinus, but is of considerably smaller size; scarcely ever arriving at the length of twelve inches: colour silvery, speckled with white on the sides: back marked with black spots: scales very small: pectoral, ventral, and caudal fins dusky, with a slight reddish cast: palate furnished with five rows of teeth: on each side the lower jaw eight specks or points. | This species seems rather obscure: in the Gme- linian edition of the Systema Nature no figure is quoted. In some points it seems to agree with the Carpio Lacus Benaci of Rondeletius and Wil- lughby. G2 LEPECHIN’S TROUT, - Salmo Lepechini. S.dorso fusco, lateribus ocellis parvis nigris rubro cinctis, ventre luteo. Trout with brown back, sides marked by small black spots with red margins, and yellow abdomen. Salmo Lepechini. 8S. maxilla superiore parum prominula, dorso fusco, lateribus exiguis ocellis nigris rubedine circumdatis, ventre flammeo. Lin. Gmel. Lepechin it. 3. p. 229. t. 14.f. 2. Autiep to the Charr, but larger: head large, above greenish and compressed: eyes large, with yellow irides: cheeks silvery: mandibles furnished with strong, sharp teeth; the lower with sixty: dorsal fin dusky, varied with square black spots : the others flame-colour. Native of the Russian and Siberian rivers: flesh red, firm, and agreeable : described by Lepechin. ' LAKE SALMON. - Salmo Lacustris. SS. cauda sub-bifurca, maxillis equalibus, late- ribus et capite maculis minutis nigris rubris. Gron. zooph. p. 362. Salmon with subbifurcate tail, equal jaws, and sides and head marked by small black and red spots. Salmo lacustris. S. cauda bifurca, maculis solum nigris, sulco longitudinal ventris. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 510. Native of the lakes and other fresh waters of Switzerland, Norway, and Siberia: said to grow to a very great size. wey ea ee 63 UMBLA SALMON. * Salmo Umbla. S. subolivaceus, ventre argenteo, squamis minutis, cauda furcata.. Subolivaceous Salmon, with silvery abdomen, very small scales, and forked tail. Salmo Umbla. 8. lineis lateralibus sursum recurtis, cauda bifurca. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 511. : S. immaculatus pinna ani radiis undecim. Bloch. t. 101. GENERAL weight about a pound and a half, but sometimes the fish grows to so large a size as to weigh ten, or, according to Dr. Bloch, even fifteen pounds: habit that of a Trout: colour silvery, with the back tinged with olive-brown: scales very small: eyes reddish: lateral line furnished with small pro- cesses turning upwards: fins pale olive: tail forked: inhabits the lakes of Switzerland and Italy: flesh tender, turning red when boiled, and esteemed more delicate even than that of the Trout. SILVERY SALMON. ‘Salmo Argentinus. 8S. subvirescens, vilta utringue longitudinal argentea, cauda furcata, lobo inferiore longiore. Greenish Salmon, with a longitudinal silvery stripe on each side the ‘body, and forked tail, with the lower lobe longer than the upper. ! Salmo tzenia longitudinali argentea, pinna ani longissima. Lin, Gmel. Bloch. t. 382. f. 1. Lenetu about nine or ten inches: shape some- what lengthened towards the tail: head small: 04 ARCTIC SALMON. mouth small: colour greenish, with silvery abdo- men, and a bright silvery band running from head to tail at some distarice above the lateral line: fins pale or white: tail forked, with the upper lobe ~ considerably shorter than the lower: at the base of - the tail a black, oval, longitudinal spot. Inhabits the South-American rivers, and is esteemed a deli- cate fish. ARCTIC SALMON. ~~ §almo Arcticus. S. argenteus, punctis lineolisque fuscis per quatuor utringue series digestis, cauda bifurca. Lin. Gmel. Pall. it. 3. p. 706. _Silvery Salmon, with four rows of black points and streaks on each side the body, and forked tail. SHaPE not unlike that of a Smelt: length three or four inches: head but very slightly compressed ; front flat, with three longitudinal ridges: snout rounded, rather obtuse: jaws of equal length: eyes silvery: inhabits, in great plenty, the stony rivulets running into the Arctic sea. 65 POOL SALMON. Salmo Stagnalis. S. supra fuscescens, infra albus, corpore sub- tereti, maxilla superiore longiore. Lin. Gmel. p. 1374. O. Fabr. Faun. Groenl. p. 175. ti Brownish Salmon, white beneath, with ee ee body, and upper jaw longer than the lower. Lenera about eighteen inches: shape lengthened, tapering towards the tail: unspotted: head largeand oblong-ovate, with a sharpish snout: tongue long, and rather obtuse: mandibles denticulated on the edges: teeth large, curved, and very sharp: palate armed with a triple series of close-set teeth: lower fins greenish, with white base: pectoral rather _ longer than the dorsal: tail subfurcate, large ; adi- pose fin falcated, and rounded at the tip: rays of the dorsal fin about two inches long: flesh white. Inhabits the waters of the mountains of Greenland. RIVULET SALMON, Salmo Rivalis. S. elongatus fuscus, ventre rubente, capite obtuso. ‘ Lin. Gmel. O. Fabr. Faun. Groenl. p. 176. Elongated brown Salmon, with reddish abdomen, and obtuse head. A. sMALL species ; allied to the S. Carpio, but smaller, hardly growing to the length of six inches : body smooth, mucous, covered with very small scales, and speckled with black: beneath reddish : irides flame-coloured : feeds on insects. Inhabits the smaller rivers and pools of Greenland, in which it is very common. ¥. Vv. P. 1. 9 66 ‘ \ STROEMIAN SALMON. Salmo Stroemii. S, pinnis dorsalibus et ventralibus margine albis. Tin. Gmel. Strom. Sondmor. 1. p. 292. Salmon with the dorsal and ventral fins edged with white. Native of Denmark, inhabiting waters with a muddy bottom. SAURY SALMON. Salmo Saurus. 8. argenteo-carulescens, supra fusco transversim undulatus, rictu amplo, cauda bifurca. Silvery-blueish Salmon transversely undulated on the upper parts with brown, with wide mouth, and forked tail. Salmo Saurus. S. radiis pinne ani decem. Lin. Syst. Nat.p. 511. Salmo radiis duodecim pinnze dorsi, undecimque pinne ani. Bloch, t. 384. f. 1. SHAPE much elongated: length about twelve inches: colour on the upper parts an elegant green- ish blue, varied with pretty numerous, slightly un- dulated, narrow, brown, transverse bands, reaching as far as the lateral line, which is itself bounded beneath by a continued stripe of brown: abdomen silvery, with a cast of flesh-colour: scales middle. sized: mouth very wide, with large, sharp teeth: eyes rather large, and between them a remarkable depression on the top of the head: fins pale; the dorsal and pectoral crossed by a few brown bars: tail forked. Native of the Mediterranean, Ameri- can, and Red seas, but considered as a rare species in the Mediterranean. : | 67 TUMBIL SALMON. Salmo Tumbil. S. flavescens, fasciis transversis semidecurrentibus rubris, rictu amplo, cauda furcata. Yellowish Salmon, with semidecurrent transverse red bands, wide mouth, and forked tail. Salmo Tumbil. SS. ordinibus pluribus dentiwm tenuium. Bloch. t. 430. Or a rather lengthened shape: head taper : mouth very wide, and armed with numerous sharp teeth: lower jaw somewhat longer than the upper: eyes orange-coloured, and seated near the tip of the upper jaw: scales large: fins pale, tinged with dusky blue at their tips: tail forked. Native of the Indian seas, and called by the inhabitants of the Malabar coast by the name of Tumbil: general Jength about twelve inches. a LAO AC EET FETID SALMON. Salmo Foeteus. S. argenteo-carulescens, capite truncato, maxilla inferiore longiore, pinnis rubris, cauda furcata. Silvery-blueish Salmon, with truncated head, lower jaws longer than the upper, red fins, and forked tail. Salmo foeteus. S. radiis dorsalibus analibusque duodecim. Lan. Syst. Nat. p. 513. | Salmo capite squamato truncatoque. Bloch. t. 384. fi 2. SuaPeE lengthened: head rather large, somewhat truncated in front, and scaly: mouth wide, with the lower jaw longest: both furnished with sharp teeth: eyes large, and near the tip of the upper 68 SMELT SALMON. jaw: colour silvery, with a blueish tinge on the back: fins reddish; the dorsal crossed by two or three dusky bars. Native of the American seas, and found about the coasts of Carolina: in no great esteem as a food: length about ten or twelve inches: said to have a strong, unpleasant smell. The gill-membrane in this species has only four rays. SMELT SALMON. Salmo Eperlanus. SS. argenteus, subceruleo-virescens, capite diaphano, radiis pinne ant septendecim. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 511. Blueish-virescent silvery Salmon, with diaphanous head, and seventeen rays in the anal fin. Salmo maxilla inferiore longiore, pinna ani nls septendecim. Bloch. t. 28. f. 1. 2. Smelt, Will, ichth.202. Penn. Brit. Zool, Or this species there appears to be two varieties: one not exceeding the length of three or four inches ; the other arriving at the general length of | six, eight, or nine inches, and sometimes even to twelve or thirteen. The larger variety seems to be that so frequently seen about the British coasts, and which is distinguished by Dr. Bloch under the name of Eperlano-marinus, or Sea-Smelt. ‘These fishes are found about our coasts throughout the whole year, and rarely go to any great distance from the shores, except when they ascend rivers either at or some time before the spawning-season. It is observed by Mr. Pennant that in the river ‘Thames and in the Dee they are taken in great | 69 . abundance in November, December, and January ; but in other rivers not till February, spawning in the months of March and April.. The Smelt is a very elegant fish: its form beautifully taper: the skin thin, and the whole body, but particularly the head, semitransparent: the colour of the back is whitish, with a cast of green ; beneath which it is varied with blue; and then succeeds the beautiful silvery gloss of the abdomen: the scales are small, and easily rubbed off: the eyes are silvery: the under jaw longer than the upper: in front of the upper are four large teeth; those in the sides of the jaws being small: the tail is forked. This fish, which, as before observed, is the largest kind, is an inhabitant of the European seas: it has generally a peculiar odour, which in those of British growth is commonly compared to that of a cucumber, but by some to that of a violet. FR ROE a VAR. Salmo Eperlanus (minor. ) | Eperlanus. Rondel. Gesn. Aldr. Jonst. Sc. Eperlan. Duhamel. tr. des peches. 2. p. 280. Tuts, which in every thing except size and odour appears to resemble the former, is said principally to inhabit lakes and rivers, and is rarely taken, except during the spawning-time; generally resid- ing in the muddy bottom; but at that season it enters rivers, and is taken in large shoals: it is a very prolific fish, and is sold in vast quantities in 70 GREENLAND SALMON, the northern regions. According to Linnzus, the streets of Upsal, during the sale of this species, are filled with an extremely unpleasant fetid smell. GREENLAND SALMON. ~ Salmo Groenlandicus. S. olitaceo-argenteus linea laterali (maris J villosa, cauda furcata. Olivaceous-silvery Salmon, with the lateral line (in the male) villous, and forked tail. Salmo Groenlandicus. S. cauda latiore ventre. Bloch. t. 381. fit. Clupea villosa. C. linea laterali prominula, hirta, Lin. Gmel. p. 1409. Mull. prodr. zool. dan. p. 50. Lenetu about seven inches, which it very rarely exceeds: shape lengthened, contracting somewhat suddenly towards the tail: dorsal fin placed in the middle of the back: fins rather large for the size of the fish: scales small: tail forked: colour pale green, with a tinge of brown above: abdomen and sides silvery: in the male fish, just above the lateral line, is a rough fascia, beset with minute pyramidal scales standing upright like the pile of a | shag: the use of this villous line is highly singular, since it is affirmed that while the fish is swimming, and even when thrown on shore, two, three, or even as many as ten will adhere, as if glued to- gether, by means of this pile, insomuch that if one is taken, the rest are also taken up at the same time*. This species swarms off the coasts of Green- * Penn : Arct : Zool; intr. p. 127. GREAT-TOOTHED SALMON. | 71 land, Iceland, and Newfoundland, and is said to be one of the chief supports of the Greenlanders, and a sort of desert at their most delicate repasts. The iwhabitants of Iceland are said to dry great quanti- ties of it, in order to serve as a winter food for their cattle, whose flesh is apt to acquire an oily flavour in consequence. ‘This fish lives at sea the greatest part of the year, but in April, May, June, and July, comes in incredible shoals into the bays, where im- mense multitudes are taken in nets, and afterwards dried on the rocks. When fresh they are by some said to have the smell of a cucumber, though others affirm that the scent is highly unpleasant. They feed on small crabs and other marine insects, as well as on the smaller fuci and confervze, on which they are also observed to deposit their ova. GREAT-TOOTHED SALMON. Salmo Dentex. S. argenteus, supra fusco albidoque lineatus; pinnis albidis, caude dimidio inferiore rubro.. Lin. Gmel. p. 1384. Forsk, Arab. p. 66. Silvery Salmon, lineated above with brown and whitish, with — white fins, and lower half of the tail red. ‘Cyprinus Dentex. C. pinna ani radiis viginti sex, ore dentibus undique molaribus, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 531. Mentionep by Forskal in his Fauna Arabica: chiefly distinguished by its very large, subulate ex- serted teeth, in which it differs from the rest of the Salmon tribe: gillanembrane furnished with only four rays. Inhabits the Nile, and is also found in Siberia. — | 72 GIBBOUS SALMON. _ Salmo Gibbosus. S. dorso compresso gibboso, pinna ani radiis quinquaginta. Lin. Gmel. p. 1385. Salmon with gibbous compressed back, and fifty rays in the anal fin. Charax dorso admodum prominulo, pinna ani radiis aia ginta-quinque. Gronov. mus. 1. n. 53. Tyuasits Surinam: gill-membrane four-rayed. MARKED SALMON. Salmo Notatus. S. macula utrinque nigra versus opercula. Lin. Gmel. p. 1385. Salmon with a black spot on each side towards the gill-covers. Suare oblong; marked with a black spot above the lateral line: gill-membrane four-rayed : allied. to the S. bimaculatus. | BIMACULATED SALMON. Salmo Bimaculatus. S. griseo-argenteus, dorso subfusco, macula ~ utrinque nigra versus opercula et ad basin caude furcate. Silvery-grey Salmon, with a black spot on each side towards the gill-covers and at the base ef the forked tail. Salmo bimaculatus. .S. corpore compresso bimaculato, pinna ant radiis triginta-duobus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p.513. Salmo maculis duabus rotundis nigris. Bloch. t. 382. J: 2. o Leneru six inches: shape broad-ovate; tapering towards the tail: head and mouth small: gill- CYPRINOID SALMON. 73 membrane four-rayed: scales middle-sized: colour yellowish, tinged with brown on the back: abdo- men silvery: dorsal, pectoral, and ventral fins pale yellow: adipose fin, anal, and caudal brown: on each side the body, a little beyond the gills, an oval black spot, and a second at the base of the tail. Inhabits the rivers of Amboina, and those of South-America, and is in considerable esteem as a food. UNSPOTTED SALMON. Salmo Immaculatus. S. corpore ummaculato, pinna ani radiis duodecim. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 513. Salmon with unspotted body, and twelve rays in the anal fin. Native of the American seas: gill-membrane four-rayed. CYPRINOID SALMON, Salmo Cyprinoides. S. niveus, pinne dorsalis radiis anticis _ elongato-setaceis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 514. Snow-white Salmon, with the first rays of the dorsal fin setace- ous and elongated. Hasir of the Cyprinus rutilus, but of a snow- white colour: head flattened above: eyes pro- tuberant: tail forked: gill-membrane four-rayed. 74. NILOTIC SALMON. Salmo Niloticus. S. pinnis omnibus flavescentibus, corpore toto albo. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 514. White Salmon, with all the fins yellowish. Inuazirs the Nile: tail forked: gill-membrane four-rayed. EGYPTIAN SALMON. Salmo AXgyptius. S$. dorso vwirescente, dentibus maxille in- ferioris majoribus. Lin. Gmel. Forsk. Arab. a Salmon with greenish back, and the teeth of the lower jaw larger than the rest. Native of Egypt, where it is called Nefosch : it is mentioned by Hasselquist under the name of S. Niloticus: the tail is scaly at the base: gill-mem- brane four-rayed. DUSTY SALMON. Salmo Pulverulentus. S. pinnis subpulverulentis, linea laterals descendente. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 514. | ° Salmon with the fins of a dusty aspect, and descending lateral line. | Native of America: gill-membrane four-rayed. 79 FLAT-NOSED SALMON. Salmo Anastomus. S. ore simo. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 814. Salmon with flattened nose. Anastomus. Gronov. mus. 2. n. 165. t. 7. Native of the South-American and Indian seas: gill-membrane four-rayed. RHOMBIC SALMON. Salmo Rhombeus. S. rufescens, abdomine argenteo serrato, cauda nigro marginata., Rufescent Salmon, with silvery serrated eben, and. tail edged with black. Salmo rhombeus. S. abdomine serrato, pinna anali caudalique basi margineque nigris. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 514. Salmo abdomine serrato. Bloch. t. 383. Hagsir broad, not unlike that of the Chzetodons : colour dusky red above, and marked with a tew small, scattered dusky spots: sides and abdomen silvery: mouth moderate: teeth strong, especially those in the lower jaw: gill-membrane four-rayed: abdomen strongly carinated, and serrated by a series of aculeated processes: scales small: fins yellowish at the base, and dusky at their tips: tail lunated, and terminated by a black border: im- mediately before the dorsal fin stands a small but strong trifid spine, one point directed forwards, and the other two backwards; and before the anal fin, which is scaly at the base, is a smaller spine of nearly similar structure: native of the rivers of : ee SHARP-BELLIED SALMON. Surinam, where it is said to arrive at a very con- siderable size, and to be of a very voracious nature, sometimes attacking ducks, which happen to be swimming on the river: it is much esteemed as a food, the flesh bemg white, firm, and delicate. SHARP-BELLIED SALMON, Salmo Gasteropelecus. S. argenteus, compressus, minimus, abdo- mine prominente. te Silvery, compressed, very small Salmon, with projecting abdo-= men. Salmo Gasteropelecus. S. pinnis ventralibus § adiposa minimis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 1384. | Clupea Sterniclus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 524. Gasteropelecus Sternicla. Bloch. t. 97. Aw extremely small species; of a very broad, compressed form, with the abdomen sharply cari- nated beneath: colour silvery: back tinged with pale blue: fins grey: pectoral ones very long, and falcated : tail forked: inhabits the waters of India, Amboina, and South-America: found also in Caro- lina: said to swim very swiftly. ‘This little fish is made a distinct genus by Gronovius, under the title of Gasteropelecus, In the gill-membrane are- only four rays. 104. LAKE SMELT SHARP-BELLIED.SALMON LL ti 7 Lis Mh = : i SS aT Hf TMH hi co | f He NSS 77 FALCATED SALMON. Salmo Falcatus. S. argenteo-cerulescens, dorso pinnisque sub- Juscis, macula utrinque nigra ad opercula 5; basin caude. Silvery-blueish Salmon, with brownish back and fins, and a black spot on each side near the gill-covers and at the base of the tail. Salmo falcatus. S. bimaculatus, radiis viginti-sex in pinna ant falcata, Bloch, t. 385. Lenetu twelve or fourteen inches: shape like that of a common Salmon, but with a distant re- semblance to'a Pike: mouth wide: lamine of the upper jaw serrated on the edge: colour of the whole fish silvery, with a blueish tinge on the sides, deepening into brown on the back: scales middle- sized: beyond the gill-covers, immediately above the lateral line, a round black spot, and a similar one at the base of the tail, which is forked: pectoral fins lanceolate: first dorsal situated low on the back: anal falcated, and rather wide: ventral rather small. Native of Surinam. FASCIATED SALMON. Salmo Fasciatus. S. flavus, fusco transversim fasciatus, cauda Surcata. Yellowish Salmon, with transverse brown bands, and forked tail. | Salmo fasciatus. SS. corpore fasciato. Bloch. t. 379. Leneru about a foot: colour pale yellow, deepen- ing on the back into a dull brownish orange-colour: 78 FRIDERICIAN SALMON. whole body crossed by several transverse dusky or blackish bands, some of which are divided at the back and abdomen: scales large: dorsal, anal, and caudal fins dusky: pectoral and ventral pale : dorsal fin and tail each obscurely crossed by a blackish band: tail forked: native of Surinam, Oe ERTL FRIDERICIAN SALMON, _ Salmo Friderici. S. flavus, dorso rubro, corpore utrinque maculis _tribus nigris, cauda furcata. | Yellow Salmon, with red back, and body marked on each side with three black spots. Salmo Friderici. S. trimaculatus, bast pinne ant squamata, Bloch, t. 378. An elegant.species: length twelve inches: colour silvery yellow, deepening into dull crimson on the top of the head and back: snout obtuse: scales Jarge: on each side the body three rather large © black spots, the first of which is situated near the middle, the second at some distance beyond, and the third at the base of the tail, which is forked : fins pale. Native of Surmam. ‘This species takes its specific name from Mr. Friderici, governor of Surinam, by whom it was communicated to Dr. * Bloch: it is much esteemed for the table. 79 SINGLE-SPOTTED SALMON. Salmo Unimaculatus. S. argenteo-cwrulescens, macula utrinque mgra, cauda elongata furcata. Silvery-blueish Salmon, with a black spot on each side the body, and lengthened forked tail. Salmo unimaculatus. 9S. maxilla superiore sublongiore, macula nigra ad lineam lateralem. Bloch. t. 381. f. 3. Curimata Brasiliensibus. Marcgr. Pisc. Will. &c. Lenetu about eighteen inches: colour silvery, with an olive or dusky tinge on the back: fins pale: tail rather long, and very deeply forked: scales rather large than small: on each side the middle of the body a moderately large round black spot: snout obtuse: upper jaw rather longer than the lower. Native of the lakes and other fresh waters of South-America: considered as a very delicate fish by the inhabitants of Brasil, Surinam, &c. BLACK-TAILED SALMON. Salmo Melanurus. 8S. argenteo-carulescens, squamis magnis, pinnis flavis, cauda furcata medio nigra. Silvery-blueish Salmon, with large scales, yellow fins, and forked tail black in the middle. Salmo melanurus. S. radiis triginta in pinna annali, maculaque migra in caudali, Bloch. t. 381. f. 2. Leneru of the specimen described by Bloch about four inches: colour silvery, with a blueish cast; the back brown: snout obtuse, with the lower jaw rather longer than the upper: scales 80 MIGRATORY SALMON. large: fins white: tail forked, and marked by a longitudinal black patch in the middle: native of the South-American seas. FULVOUS SALMON, Salmo Fulvus. S _ fulous, dorso pinnisque fuscis, cauda furcata. Fulvous Salmon, with brown back and fins, and forked tail. Salmo Ode. S. pinnis nigro-fuscis. Bloch. t. 386. Hasir like that of a Pike: length from two to three feet: colour orange or fulyous, deepening into brown on the back and fins: dorsal fin spotted with black: lower fins darker than the upper: tail forked: scales large: lateral line nearer the belly than the back: inhabits the African seas, and is a very predacious fish: the flesh is of a reddish colour, and much esteemed by the inhabitants of Guinea. | With inconspicuous teeth. MIGRATORY SALMON. Salmo Migratorius. SS. griseo-argenteus, maxillis subequalibus, pinna dorst radius duodecim. Silvery-grey Salmon, with nearly equal jaws, and twelve rays — in the dorsal fin. Salmo migratorius. S. mavillis subequalibus, pinna dorsi radiis duodecum. Lin. Gmel. Georg. it. p. 182. Leneru from one to two feet: body rather com- pressed, silvery, grey above: head compressed : irides orange: mouth toothless: snout subconic: AUTUMNAL SALMON. 81 upper lip grey: lower reddish-white: inhabits Lake Baikal in Siberia, out of which it migrates at the spawning season up the rivers: flesh white: eggs. yellow : i considerable esteem as a food. AUTUMNAL SALMON, Salmo Autumnalis. S. argenteus, mavilla inferiore longiore, radius pinne dorsi undecim. : Silvery Salmon, with the lower jaw longer than the upper, and. eleven rays in the dorsal fin. Salmo autumnalis. S. mavilla inferiore there, radits pinne. dorsi undecim. Lin. Gmel. Pail, it. 3. p. 705. Leneru near a foot and a half: body plump, but: — compressed, with the back very slightly angulated : scales large and silvery: irides pale gold-colour: mouth toothless: tail forked: inhabits the frozen sea, out of which it ascends the rivers of Patzora and Jenesei, and, by the Angara, into the Lake Baikal; returning in autumn in immense multi- tudes: dies ey soon after being taken out of the Water. a. Yt. : 6 $2 WARTMANN’S SALMON. Salmo Wartmanni. 4S. cwruleus, abdomine carneo, pinnis fusco- flaventibus, maxilla superiore truncata. | Blue Salmon, with flesh-coloured abdomen, yellowish-brown fins, and truncated upper jaw. Salmo Wartmanni. S. ceruleus, maxilla superiore truncata. Lin. Gmel. Bloch, t. 105. Albula nobilis, Albula czerulea, &c. Gesn. Aldr. Will. &c. Guiniad? Penn. Brit. Zool, — oe Genezrat length from twelve to eighteen inches : shape like that of a Salmon, but with smaller and sharper head: colour blue, with a dusky tinge on the back: abdomen silvery: fins pale olive: scales large: lateral line nearly strait, and pretty strongly marked: tail forked, or rather lunated. Inhabits the Alpine lakes of Switzerland, more especially lake Constance, where it is extremely plentiful, and constitutes a very’ considerable article of commerce among the cantons of Switzerland, as well as other parts of Europe, where it is sent prepared in differ- ent ways, and is in considerable esteem as an article of food. Dr. Bloch informs us that this species grows to the length of about two inches in the first year; from three to four m the second; from five to seven in the third; from eight to nine in the fourth, to thirteen in the sixth; and from fourteen to seventeen in the seventh. It generally spawns in the month of December, at which time it seeks eS out shallows, and afterwards returns into deep — water. eee ACCecee WErze ~ SEF, OT tL BATS SE eee SESSA cat WP Nvaaniediinian, NAA SX WH Qn S ‘NOWGVS SONTLWa 83 GRAYLING SALMON. Salmo Thymallus. 8S. griseus, lineis longitudinalibus fusco- ceruleis, pinna dorsali violacea fusco-fasciata. Grey Salmon, with longitudinal dusky blue lines, and violet- coloured dorsal fin barred with brown. Salmo Thymallus. S$. mavilla superiore longiore, pinna dorsi radiis viginti-tribus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 512. Salmo pinne dorsi radiis viginti-tribus. Bloch. t. 24. Grayling. Penn. Brit. Zool. Will. icth. Ray. &c. Tus elegant species grows to the length of ; cint eighteen inches, and is an inhabitant of the clearer and colder kind of rivers in many parts of Europe and Asia; particularly such as flow through mountainous countries. In England it is found in the rivers of Derbyshire; in some of those of the North; in the Tame near Ludlow; in the Lug and other streams near Leominster, and in the river near Christchurch in Hampshire*. -In Lapland it is said to be very common, where the natives make use of its intestines instead of rennet, in preparing the cheese which they make from the milk of the ~ Rein-Deer. The shape of the Grayling resembles that of the _ Trout, but is rather more slender: its colour is a beautiful silvery grey, with numerous longitudinal deeper stripes, disposed according to the rows of scales, which are of a moderately large size: the head, lower fins, and tail, are of a brownish or rufous * Brit, Zool, 84 GRAYLING SALMON. cast: the dorsal fin, which is deeper and broader than in the rest of the genus, is of a pale violet- colour, crossed by several dusky bars: the adipose fin is very small, and the tail forked. The largest English Grayling recorded by Mr. Pennant was taken at Ludlow, and measured above half a yard in length; its weight being four pounds eight ounces: the general size of the British specimens being far short of this measure. The Grayling, says. Mr. Pennant, is a voracious fish, rising freely to the fly, and will very eagerly take a bait: it is a very swift swimmer, disappear- ing like the transient passage of a shadow, from whence perhaps is derived its ancient name. of Umbra. It is said to be a fish of very quick growth, feeding on water insects, the smaller kind of testacea, and the roe of other fishes, as well as on the smaller fishes themselves: its stomach is so strong as to feel almost cartilaginous. It spawns in April and-May, the full-grown ova being nearly of the size of peas. The Grayling is much esteemed for the delicacy of its flesh, which is white, firm, and of a fine flavour, and is considered as in the highest season in the depth of winter. GWINIAD SALMON. - Salmo Lavaretus. S. caerulescens, squamis latis, rostro nasiformi. Blueish Salmon, with broad scales, and nose-like snout. Salmo Lavaretus. S. mavilla superiore longiore, radius pine dorsi quatuordecim. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 512. Salmo Lavaretus. The Gwiniad. Bloch. t. 25. I Tuis species is an inhabitant of the lakes of the Alpine parts of Europe. It is found in those of Switzerland, Savoy, and Italy ; in Norway, Sweden, and Lapland. In our own island it occurs in Cum- berland, and in some parts of Wales. It is also found in the lakes of Ireland. According to Mr. Pennant it is a gregarious fish, approaching the shores in vast multitudes, in spring and summer. A fisherman at Hulse-Water is said to have taken between seven and eight thousand at one draught. In'the shape of its body it resembles a Trout, but is thicker in proportion: the head is small, and very taper in front, the upper lip being produced very considerably beyond the lower, in form of a blackish fleshy snout, so that the mouth, which is small, appears placed beneath: the general colour of the fish is a silvery grey, with a dusky tinge on the upper parts, and the base of each scale marked by a dusky speck, particularly along the lateral line: the fins are pale brown, the adipose fin small and sharp, the tail forked, the scales large and of a somewhat dilated form, and the lateral line strait. This fish, according to Dr. Bloch, is not only found in rivers, but in the northern sea and the Baltic 5 80 BROAD GWINIAD. entering the rivers at the time of spawning, and forc- ing its way up the most violent streams, generally advancing in two ranges, and forming in front an acute angle, the whole being conducted by a single fish. The largest specimen mentioned by Mr. Pennant weighed between three and four pounds, its general weight being much less, and its length . from ten to twelve inches. I must not omit to ob- serve that it may be doubted whether the Gwiniad of Mr. Pennant be not rather the $. Wartmanni_ of Bloch than the present species. i BROAD GWINIAD. Salmo Rostratus. S. fusco-cerulescens, lineis longitudinalibus subfuscis, syuamis rotundatis, rostro nasiformt. Dusky-blueish Salmon, with longitudinal dusky streaks, ae scales, and nose-like snout. - Salmo Thymallus latus. Bloch. t. 26, Salmo Lavaretus 6. Lin. Gmel. Great y allied to the preceding in general ap- pearance, so as readily to pass for a variety at most, but. is of a larger size, and a somewhat broader shape: the scales are perfectly rounded, without the slight sinking in which takes place on the middle of those of the former species: the mouth is larger and more transverse; and the sides of the body are marked by grey or blueish stripes, which are not visible on the preceding species. . The weight of the Broad Gwiniad is from four pounds to four and a half. It is found in the Baltic, and in the rivers of some parts of Germany, Sweden, &c. | Se ee Z =e a ae epee Sh ns ae BR a eee i 87 SNOUTED SALMON. Saimo Nasus, SS. Jatiusculus, capite crasso, maxilla superiore -longiore, squamis magnis, pinna dorsali radiis duodecim, Broadish Salmon, with thick head, upper jaw longer than the ~ lower, large scales, and twelve-rayed dorsal fin. Salmo Nasus. 8S. mavilla superiore longiore, radiis pinne dorsi duodecim, capite crasso. Lin. Gmel. Pall. it. 3. p. 705. Lever about a foot and a half: habit similar to that of S. Lavaretus, the upper mandible ex- tending beyond the lower, and being gibbous or convex as far as the eyes: scales large: tail forked. -Inhabits the channel of the river Oby: observed by Dr. Pallas. MARANA SALMON, Salmo Marzena. S..argenteo-cawrulescens, squamis magnis, pinnis fuscis, maxilla superiore truncata. : Silvery-blueish Salmon, with large scales, brown fins, and truncated upper jaw. ‘Salmo Marena. S. mavilla superiore truncata. Lin. Gmel. » Bloch. t. 27. - Leneru two feet or more: habit that of a Trout: head obtuse, eyes rather large: pupil acutangular on the fore-part : irides silvery: mouth small and without apparent teeth: upper jaw longer than the lower, with two small punctures at the edge: upper lip thick, and as if doubled: colour of the fish bright silvery-grey, with a dusky or blueish tinge on the back; fins blueish: tail forked: scales large and 83 MARANULA SALMON. but slightly fixed: lateral line marked with white specks, and somewhat bent towards the head: na- tive of the Austrian and Helvetian lakes, especially such as have a sandy bottom: a prolific species, and in. considerable esteem as a food. MARANULA SALMON. - Salmo Marznula. S. argenteo-cerulescens, subelongatus, maxilla wnferiore longiore, pinna dorsi radius quatuordecim. Silvery-blueish Salmon, with subelongated body, lower jaw . longer than the upper, and fourteen rays in the dorsal fin. Salmo Albula. Lin. Syst. Nat. Salmo Marenula. Lin. Gmel. Bloch. t. 28. f. 3. Generat length about six inches: shape like that of a Trout, but more slender in proportion: colour silvery white, with a tinge of blue on the back: head somewhat taper: lower jaw longer than the upper: scales large: fins pale yellow: tail forked, and blueish towards the tip: lateral lme nearly strait: the whole fish has a delicate appear- _ ance,.and the head, like that of the Smelt, exhibits a degree of transparency. Native of several of the European lakes, viz. those of Germany, Sweden, Denmark, &e. much esteemed for the table, being a very delicate fish, and a very prolific species. _ ie siat ats 89 PELED SALMON. Salmo Peled. 8. edentulus, radiis pinne dorsalis decem. Lan. - Gmel. Lepechin, it. 3. p. 226. Toothless Salmon, with ten-rayed dorsal fin. Lenetu eighteen inches: body thick: head conic, spotted with black: snout obtuse; lower jaw rather longer than the upper: back blueish: sides and abdomen white: very nearly allied to the S. Albula of Linnzeus, and perhaps only a variety. Inhabits rivers in the north of Russia: described by Lepechin. P __ PIDSCHAN SALMON. Salmo Pidschan. S. maxilla supertore longiore, radiis pinne dorsi gibbi tredecim. Lin. Gmel. Fall. it. 3. p. 705. ‘Salmon with the upper jaw longer than the lower, and thirteen- rayed gibbous dorsal fin. MUDSCHAN SALMON. Salmo corpore latiore, pinne ani radiis quatuordecim. Lin. Ginel. Pall. it. 3. p. 705. Salmon with broadish body, and fourteen rays in the anal fin. Boru the above are so much allied to the S. Lava- retus as to leave it doubtful whether they may not. be varieties of that species: the length-of each of the above fishes is about, two spans: their general 00. MULLER’S SALMON. appearance that of the Lavaretus, but rather broader in proportion: mentioned by Dr. Pallas as inhabit- ‘ing the river ou uf 234 SCHOKUR SALMON. Salmo Schokur. S. maxilla superiore longiore, capite parvo, radus pinne dorst anterius angulati duodecem. Lin. Gmel. p- 1378. Salmon with small head, upper jaw Lomi and twelve-rayed dorsal fin angular in front. ‘Tus is about two feet in length, and so much allied to the Lavaretus as scarce to differ materially, except in being rather larger and broader, with a more obtuse snout, which is obscurely bitubercu- lated: observed by Dr. Pallas in the river Oby. MULLER’S SALMON. Salmo Milleri. S. masillis edentulis, nferiore longiore, ventre punctato. Lin. Gmel. Mill. prodr. zool. Dan, p. 49. Toothless Salmon, with lower jaw longest, and punctated abdo- men. _ NaTIvE regions unknown. = q 4 , Pe * Qi VIMBA SALMON. Salmo Vimba. S. pinna adiposa subserrata. Lin, Gmel. Lin. Faun. Suec. p. 351. Salmon with subserrated dorsal fin. _Iynasirs the rivers of Sweden: dorsal fin fur- nished with twelve, pectoral with sixteen, ventral with ten, anal with fourteen rays: mentioned by Linnzus in the Fauna Suecica. SHARP-SNOUTED SALMON, Salmo Oxyrhinchus. S. mawilla superiore longiore conica. Lin: Gmel. p. 1383. Salmon with the upper jaw longest and conical. _ Founp in the Atlantic ocean: in the dorsal fin are thirteen or fourteen rays ; in the pectoral from thirteen to seventeen; in the ventral from ten to twelve, and in the anal fourteen or fifteen. BRIGHT SALMON. ‘Salmo Leucicthys. S$. mazilla superiore latissima integra recta breviore, inferiore ascendente, apice tuberculosa. - Lin. Gmel. Guldenstadt. nov. comm. Petrop. 16, p. 351. Salmon with very broad strait upper jaw, shorter than the lower, which is ascendent, and tuberculated at the tip. A RATHER large species; growing to the length of three feet or more: shape oblong ; body rather g2 TOOTHLESS SALMON. compressed, and of a bright silvery grey, spotted with black; of a dusky hue above, and covered with middle-sized scales: eyes large: snout extremely obtuse: mouth toothless, very wide, and square: tongue flat and triangular: dorsal fi pale brown : pectoral acuminated and white: ventral rounded, white, spotted with brown on the fore-part: anal reddish, spotted with brown: tail semilunar. In- habits the Caspian sea : described by beans eaten TOOTHLESS SALMON. Salmo Edentulus. S. argenteo-olivaceus, capite compresso flavo, pinis lanceolatis rubris, cauda furcata. Silvery-olive Salmon, with compressed yellow head, eit red fins, and forked tail. Salmo edentulus. S. oculis magnis, ore edentulo. Bloch. t. 380. Lenetu twelve inches: shape like that of a Carp: scales large: colour silvery, with a slight greenish tinge: back olive-brown: head yellowish, sinking in above the eyes, which are very large: snout obtuse: mouth small, and toothless : lateral- line strait : fins of a sharp, subfalcated form, and of. an orange-colour: tail large and forked. Native of Surinam, where it is said to be highly. esteemed fo- the table. Be 3 ne : ei , a a i ib hl BS Bee ae iu 106 YY \ SAW \ AUN . Ay Wi \) Nas “ iN il J a a a LS Y —} boy \\ ie : aw Me SNOUTED ACANTHONOTUS. Sin _ACANTHONOTUS. ACANTHONOTUS. Generic Character. Body elongated, without dorsal fin. Corpus elongatum, sine pinna dorsali. Aculei plures dorsales & ab- || Spines several, on the back dominales. and abdomen. | SNOUTED ACANTHONOTUS. Acanthonotus Nasus. 4. griseus, dorso transversim fusco- fasciato. Grey Acanthonotus, with the back transversely barred with brown. ,Acanthonotus Nasus. 4. rostro nasiformi. Bloch. 12. p. 113. t. 431. "Tuts fish grows to a considerable size, the dJength of the specimen described by Dr. Bloch being two feet and a half: the head is large, the upper part of the snout extending forwards in such a manner as to make the mouth appear as if situat- ed beneath: the teeth are small, forming a row along each jaw: the eyes large, and the nostrils conspicuous: the body, which is of moderate width for about a third of its length, gradually decreases or tapers towards the extremity: both head and body are covered with small scales, and are of a blueish tinge, with a silvery cast on the abdomen, 04 SNOUTED ACANTHONOTUS. ' the back being barred throughout the greatest part of its length by several broad, semidecurrent, brown fascize : the pectoral fins are brown, and of mode- rate size: the ventral rather small, and of similar colour: the lateral line is strait, and situated nearer to the back than to the abdomen: along the lower _ part of the back are disposed ten strong but short — spines, and beneath the abdomen are about twelve or thirteen others, commencing almost inmediately beyond the vent: these are followed by the anal fin, which is shallow, and continued into the tail, which is very small. ‘This fish is a native of the East Indies. ae * 107 _ FISTULARIA. FISTULARIA. Generic Character. Rostrum cylindricum, apice || Snout cylindric: mouth ter- maxillosum. minal, Corpus elongatum. | Body \engthened. Membr: branch: radiis Gill-membrane seven-rayed, septem. SLENDER FISTULARIA. Vistularia Tabacaria. JF. cauda bifida setifera. Lin. Syst, Nat, p. 515. Fistularia with bifid tail, furnished with a long bristle-shaped process. . Petimbuaba. Marcgr. Bras. p. 148. Piso. Raj. &c. ‘ The Tobacco-Pipe Fish. Will. ichth. p. 233. Fistularia Tabacaria. Bloch. t. 387. Turs highly singular fish seems to have been first described by Marcerave in his Natural History of Brasil, under the name of Petimbuaba. He in- forms us that it grows to the length of three or four feet, and is of a shape resembling that of an Eel, with the mouth toothless and pointed, and the upper lip longer than the lower; the head about nine inches long, from the eyes to the tip of the mouth; the eyes are large and ovate, with a bright- blue pupil and silvery iris, marked on the fore and — hind part by a red spot; the skin smooth, like that 96 _ SLENDER FISTULARIA. of an eel, and of a liver-colour, marked both above and on each side by a row of blue spots, with greenish ones intermixed. Marcgrave adds that it is an edible fish, though of no particular delicacy. Dr. Bloch observes that both the jaws are in reality beset with minute teeth; that the tongue is smooth ' and loose; the body flattened in front but rounded on the back, the lateral line strait, the abdomen silvery, and the fins of a pale red. The appearance of the tail is highly singular, being pretty deeply forked, as in the generality of fishes, while from the middle of the furcature springs a very long and thickish bristle or process, of a substance resembling that of whalebone, and gradually tapering to a fine point. A variety has been observed by Dr. Bloch, in which this part was double, and the snout ser- rated on each side. This variety, or perhaps sexual — difference, appears from the observations of Com- merson, detailed by Cepede, to be of a brown colour above, and silvery beneath, but without the blue spots so remarkable on the smooth-snouted kind. The Count de Cepede informs us also that the spine of this fish is of a very peculiar structure; the first vertebra being of immoderate length, the three next much shorter, and the rest gradually decreas- ing as they approach the tail: he adds that yotioa are no visible ribs. Dr. Bloch’s highly accurate and beaitifil figure of this curious fish is repeated in the present work, — together with a representation of the remarkable variety above-mentioned, in which the re is double and the snout serrated. CHINESE FISTULARIA. O7 This species is said to live chiefly on the smaller fishes, sea-insects, and worms, whiich the structure of its snout enables it readily to obtain, by intro- ducing that part into the cavities of rocks, under stones, &c. where those animals are usually found. CHINESE FISTULARIA. Fistularia Chinensis. F. squamosa rufescens, nigro maculata, cauda rotundata mutica. Scaly rufescent Fistularia, with black spots and simple rounded tail. Fistularia Chinensis. J". cauda rotundata mutica. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 515. Fistularia Chinensis. J’. edentata, cauda rotundata. Bloch. ¢. 388. _ The Chinese Trumpet-Fish. Lenetu from three to four feet: general shape. dike that of an eel, but the body thicker in propor- _ tion than in the preceding species: head lengthen- ed into a strong cartilaginous, or rather bony and laterally-compressed, tubular snout, much broader than in the former species: mouth small: eyes rather large: scales of moderate size, strong, and much resembling in their structure those of the genera of Perca and Chetodon: from the middle of the back to the dorsal fim run several strong, short, and rather distant spines: dorsal and anal fin of similar shape, and placed opposite each other, pretty near the tail, which is short, rounded, and marked. by a pair of black stripes: pectoral fins rounded : “= ace 2. I, f 08 PARADOXICAL FISTULARIA. ventral small, and placed considerably beyond the middle of the body: general colour pale reddish- brown, with several deep or blackish spots on vari- ous parts of the body, and three or four pale or whitish longitudinal stripes on each side, from the gills to the tail: fins pale yellow. Native of the Indian seas, preying on worms, sea-msects, &c. Though observed only in the tropical seas, yet its fossil impressions have been found under the vol- canic strata of mount Bolca in the neighbourhood of Verona*. 7 : | PARADOXICAL FISTULARIA. Fistularia Paradoxa. ’. cinereo-flavescens, fusco variata, pinnis pectoralibus tentralibusque magnis, cauda lanceolata. Yellowish ash-coloured Fistularia, with brown variegations, large pectoral and ventral fins, and lanceolate tail. Fistularia paradoxa. J’. linets argute prominulis reticulata, cauda lanceolata. Lin, Gmel. 1388. Pall. spic. zool. 8. p. 32. ft. Alf. G. | as A SMALL species, described by Seba, and, more accurately, by Dr. Pallas. Length from two to four inches: body angular, and beset at the inter-, stices of the lines with small spines: head small : eyes large, and situated at the base of the snout, which much resembles that of a Syngnathus, and is long, slightly descending, strait, horny, compressed, » sharp above, and bicarinated beneath: it is armed on each side, near the base, by a small, conic spine: _ * Gazola’s Ichthiologie des environs de Verone, pl. 5. f, 1. Se ee PARADOXICAL FISTULARIA. QQ mouth small: nape trimuricated: gill-openings very shallow and small, and radiated’ by a few promi- nent lines: first dorsal fin long, and reclining: pectoral fins very broad: ventral very large, with © deeply divided rays, and connected longitudinally by a lax saccular membrane: general colour cinere- ous, or yellowish-white, with obscure brown undula- tions, which are darker or blackish on the first dorsal fin and tail. Native of the Indian seas, and ap- pears in some degree allied to the Syngnathi or Sea- Needles, among the Cartilaginous Fishes. ESOX. PIKE, Generic Character. Caput sapra planiusculum : || Head somewhat flattened: os amplum. | above: mouth wide. Denies acuti, in mazxillis, || Teeth sharp, in the jaws, pa- palato, lingua. — late, and tongue. Corpus elongatum: pinne || Body lengthened: dorsal and’ dorsalis analisque (pleris- anal fin (in most species) que) prope caudam, op-|| placed near the tail, and posite. opposite each other. . COMMON PIKE. Esox Lucius. E. griseo-olivaceus subflavo maculatus, rostro depresso subequal. Greyish-olive Pike, with yellowish spots, and depressed sub- ‘ equal jaws. : Fsox Lucius. . rostro depresso subequali. Lin, Syst. Nat. p.. 516. Ae Oa ‘Lucius. Rondel. Gesn. &c. &c. Esox Lucius. E, capite compresso, rictu amplo. Bloch. t.32. Pike. Penn. Brit. Zool. Pike or Pickerel. Will. ichth. p. 236. To the general history of this fish perhaps little can be added to what Mr. Pennant has already detailed in the third volume of the British Zoology. It is, says that agreeable writer, a native of most of the lakes and smaller rivers in Europe, but the largest are those of Lapland, which, according to GAR PIKE. SSSNSS MMR ( 100 ZZ g- FFF FFE EAE “er SSS STE CAKE « rey HI HOPING: 4 £ Pika eat i ¥ ihe Ene Bik Ay { ie ‘ F; oe 5 ste wae Wiae eG) OAR. Odd #161 a Viele aah wed woul ‘bie on be 109 SILVER PIKE. e Esox Argenteus. LE. fuscus, litteris flavicantibus pictus, Lin, Gmel. G. Forst. it. circa orb. 1..p. 15Q¢ Dusky Pike, variegated with yellowish characters. Native of New Zealand and other islands in the Southern Ocean, inhabiting fresh waters. NAKED-HEADED PIKE. Esox Gymnocephalus. E. mavillis equalibus, operculis ob- tusissimis, capite denudato. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 517. ° Pike with naked jaws, very obtuse gill-covers, and naked head. < Native of India: said by Linneeus to be of the size of a Launce. ‘“BRASILIAN PIKE, ~ Esox Brasiliensis. E. mazilla inferiore longissma, corpore ser- ~ pentino. Lan. Syst. Nat. p. 517. _-Pike with snake-shaped body, and very long under jaw. Esox Brasiliensis. . Bloch, t. 391. Lenetu about twelve or fitteen inches: body long and subcylindric: scales rather large: colour pale green, with five or six broad, semidecurrent, brown bands across the back: abdomen silvery : head' formed in such a manner as to resemble that of a Swordfish inverted ; the lower jaw being semi- cylindric, and vastly longer than the upper: both 110 SPUR-FINNED PIKE. are edged with small sharp teeth: eyes large: fins pale: tail sharply forked, with the lower lobe rather longer than the upper. Native of the Indian and American seas: considered as an ex- cellent fish for the table, according to some. , SPUR-FINNED PIKE. Esox Chirocentrus. . mazilla inferiore longiore, spina are thoracica super pinnas pectorales. Pike with the lower jaw longer than the upper, and the breast armed:on each side by a spine over the pectoral fin. Esox Chirocentrus. Cepede. 5. p. 317. SLIGHTLY described, and figured by Cepede from the manuscripts of Commerson: habit like that of the common Pike: lower jaw longer than the upper | but rounded at the tip: teeth sharp and rather large in both jaws: scales middle-sized: dorsal fin single, and placed opposite the anal: on each side the thorax, immediately over the pectoral fin, a very strong and slightly curved spine about two thirds the length of the fin, and of which it appears to be in reality no other than a kind of first ray standing separate from the fin itself: tail forked. Native of the Indian seas. ans uos-yro ZAMS iN WAN na ‘wy i hte Ih ba pee Hh Mh \ i 100. I oe \i a ANN with i ik HU a = L CHINESE PIKE. Esox Chinensis. , capite gracili, maxilla inferiore longiore, oculis magnis prominulis. - Pike with slender head, lower jaw longer than the upper, and large protuberant eyes. Sphyreena Chinensis. Cepede. 5. p. 327. Sticutiy described by Cepede from the MSS. of Commerson ; scales middle sized: native of the Indian seas: general colour green with a cast of ‘silver. GOLD-GREEN PIKE. Esox Aureoviridis. E. aureo-viridis, pinnis dorsalibus duabus, ore acuto, maxilla inferiore longiore. Gold--green Pike, with two dorsal fins, and sharp-pointed mouth with the lower jaw longer than the upper. Sphyrzena aureo-viridis. Cepede. 5. p. 320. Aw elegant species, according to Cepede, who describes and figures it from the drawings of Plu- mier. Habit resembling some of the Spari: head pointed: colour as expressed in the specific cha- racter: scales middle-sized: at the base of the first dorsal fin a somewhat strong spine: tail forked or lunated. Native of the American seas. BECUNA PIKE. Esox Becuna. E. elongatus, argenteo-cerulescens, corpore utrin- que ceruleo maculato pinnis dorsalibus duabus, cauda furcata. Silvery-blueish Pike, marked on each side by a row of deep- blue spots, with two dorsal fins, and forked tail. Sphyreena Becuna. Cepede. 5. p. 329. | Descripep by Cepede from the drawing of Plu- . mier: shape considerably elongated: head slender, with lower jaw longer than the upper: scales middle- sized: general colour silver-blue, with a series of pretty large, round, dark-blue spots along each side the body, tail spotted with blue. Native of the American seas.- GAR PIKE. Peery. AG pits teed ; Mee eS Esox Belone. EE. anguilliformis viridi-ceruleus, abdomine argenteo, maxillis subulatis. Eel-shaped Pike, blue-green above, with silvery abdomen, and very long , taper jaws. Esox Beles. E. rostro utraque maxilla subulato, Ian. Syst. Wot -p, 507. Esox Belone. E. rostro subulato. Bloch. t. 33. ' Gar Pike. Penn. Brit. Zool. To the history of this fish little can be added to what has already been detailed by Mr. Pennant in | the third volume of the British Zoology. It is a native of the European seas, and arrives in shoals on the British coasts towards the begianing of summer, preceding the Mackrel. Its general * + a Nn GAR PIKE. 113 Jeneth is from two to three feet ; sometimes more: the jaws are very long, slender; and sharp-pointed ; the lower extending much farther than the upper, and the edges of both armed with numerous, short, slender teeth: the insidé of the mouth is purple: the tongue small: the eyes large, with silvery irides: the body is slender; and the belly flat, bounded on both sides by a rough line: the colours of the living fish are extremely beautifiil ; the back being of a very fine green, beneath which is a rich _ changeable blue and purple cast, while the sides and belly are of a bright silver-colour : the pectoral fins consist of fourteen rays, the ventral, which is small, and very remote from the head, of seven, the first of which is spiny: the dorsal and anal fins are situated near the tail, and grow gradually shallower as they approach that part, which is pretty deeply forked. This fish is m corisiderable esteem as a food, but is rately admitted to superior tables, on account of a prejudice entertained against the ap- pearance of the spmé, aiid bones, which acquire a green colour by boiling. Poe es. 1, . os 114 SAURY PIKE. Esox Saurus. E. anguilliformis subfuscus, abdomine argenteo, maxillis subulatis equalibus, pinna dorsali analique in pinnulas versus caudam continuatis. Brownish Ee}-shaped Pike, with silvery andes slender tapering jaws of equal length, and the dorsal and anal fin continued into pinnules towards the tail. Saurus. » Rondel. pisc. p. 232. Saury Pike. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tue Saury Pike may be considered as a acti. paratively rare species, and seems to have been first described by Rondeletius, who mentions it. among the Mediterranean fishes, under the title of Saurus. Its general length is about a foot: the bedy eel-shaped, growing suddenly taper as it approaches the tail: the snout is about an inch long, slender; and with the jaws produced, like those of the Gar, but both of equal length, and. the upper mandible is a little incurvated: the pectoral fins are small; the ventral still smaller : the dorsal and anal shallow, situated near the tail, and are each continued into the appearance of six or seven finlets above and below, like those in the genus Scomber, as far as the base of the tail, which | is deeply forked. The colour ‘of the whole animal is dusky above, and silvery beneath; or with equal propriety, it might be said to be silvery, with dusky or blueish-brown back. According to Rondeletius it resembles the Mackrel in taste, being in that respect much allied to the Gar, Mr. Pennant in- BONY-SCALED PIKE. 115 forms us that in the month of November 1768, great numbers of this species were thrown by a storm on the shores of Leith near Edinburgh. In an elegant drawing of this fish, communicated by the Rev*. Mr. Rackett, F.L.S. I observe that the skin appears reticulated by fine lines, decussating ‘each other at equal distances; and that the tail is obliquely streaked by several transverse dusky lines. In a specimen figured in the work of Cepede the jaws are represented curving upwards, contrary to what has hitherto been observed; the specimen figured in the work of Mr. Pennant, as well as that in Rondeletius, and the last mentioned drawing by Mr. Rackett having the jaws strait. BONY-SCALED PIKE. _ Esox Osseus. £. virescens, abdymine subroseo, squamis quadratis osseis, rostro pralongo. | Greenish Pike, with slightly rose-coloured abdomen, square bony scales, and very long snout. Esox osseus. . maxilla superiore longiore, squamis osseis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 510. | sox radiis primis serratis. Bloch. t. 390. Tuis is a fish of very considerable size, and of a highly remarkable appearance, being covered every where, except on the head and gill-covers, with very large, square, bony or very strong scales dis- posed in oblique rows along the sides: each indi- vidual scale is itself marked into four triangular spaces: the head is large, without scales, and slightly marked into subhexagonal divisions; the 116 BONY-SCALED PIKE. gill-covers radiated; the snout very long; the upper jaw longer than the lower, and both beset along the edges with very numerous sharp teeth of wn- equal sizes; three small ones succeeding each of the longer throughout the whole length of the jaws: _ the eyes are rather small than large, and the nostrils are double on each side, and placed near the tip of the snout: the pectoral and ventral fins are small, and of an ovate shape: the dorsal and anal of similar form, and placed opposite each other at a small distance from the tail, which is rather short, and rounded or ovate: the first ray of all the fins, as well as that on each side the tail, is extremely strong, being edged with a double row of very strong scaly processes: a similar row, but still stronger, runs along the ridge of the back, consist- ing of pretty large, heart-shaped scales: the body is nearly cylindrical, or but very slightly com- pressed. The general colour of this fish is green, with a tinge of red about the gills, abdomen, and fins, of which the dorsal and anal, with the tail, are spotted with black. It is a native of the Ame- rican lakes and rivers, growing to the length of three or four feet, and is said to be of a very vora- cious nature, swimming briskly, and preyine on almost all the smaller fishes. It is considered as an excellent fish for the table, the flesh beme inci firm, and well-flavoured. : ; Pa NNN eek} Tale OF " Mi . e : ‘ —? “ ' * Bu NT é » * * , ' ¥ ILO. Pay Y CEPEDIAN PIKE . - Lu? CEPEDIAN PIKE, - Esox Cepedianus. E. squamis quadratis osseis, vostro longo, maxillis spatuleformibus. ? Pike with square bony scales, long snout, and spatule-shaped — jaws. Lepisosteus Spatula. Cepede. 5. p. 331. pl. 6. f. 2. SIMILAR to the preceding species in general ap- _ pearance, bony scales, &c. but with the head more compressed, flattened, and radiated with large bony divisions: the sides of the upper jaw, which is a trifle longer than the lower, are divided into four or five radiated bony plates, and about the eyes are several smaller divisions: the gill-covers are com- - posed, as in the former species, of three plat~ hut the principal difference consists inthe forr “ e snout, which is not so long in proportion, is. . ved towards the tip into the form of a spatula, and is beset on each side with short, unequal, and crooked teeth, besides which the upper jaw is furnished with another row of longer and sharper ones, at unequal distances: the palate is also beset with several small teeth: the fins, in their form and situation, perfectly resemble those of the preceding species, but differ in the number of their rays; the dorsal having eleven, and the anal nine, whereas in the former species both the dorsal and anal have nine only. Native of the American seas and rivers Described by Cepede. 118 LEVERIAN PIKE. Esox Leverianus. LE. squamis quadratis osseis, mauillis latis, subequaiibus, rotundatis. Pike with square bony scales, and broad, foe equal, rounded ~ jaws. | Manjuari. Descripcion de differentes piezas de Historia N atural las mas del ramo maritimo, representadas en sententia y cinco laminas. su autor Don Antonio Parra. t. 40. f. 2. ? Simi.ar to the first species in all particulars ex- cept that of the head, which is much flatter, and wider in proportion, with a broad and flat snout of very moderate length: the jaws are very nearly equal, the tip of the upper just curving slightly over that of the lower: teeth rather small for the size of the animal, and set in a single row in each jaw; those in front being larger and longer than the rest, as in both the preceding kinds: outline of the | upper jaw somewhat undulated, and when viewed in direct profile slightly resembling the shape of that of the Nilotic Crocodile: length of the speci- men about five feet: colour an uniform pale whitish or yellowish brown. Whether this and the immediately preceding be truly distinct, or whether they may not constitute a variety of the same species, may, perhaps, be doubted. ee pee 4 119 ‘CHILI PIKE. -Esox Chilensis. E. supra aureus, subtus argenteus, squamis quadratis osseis, maxillis equalibus, linea lateral cerulea. - Gold-coloured Pike, silvery beneath, with square bony scales, equal jaws, and blue lateral line. Esox Chilensis. E. mazillis equalibus, linea laterah ccerulea, Lin. Gmel. p. 1392. Molina Chili p. 196. Auuiep to the preceding kinds, but of a different colour, being described by Molina, who seems to have been its first scientific observer, as of a golden cast above, and silvery beneath: the body is cylin- dric, covered with square and bony, but easily de- ciduous scales: the head large and flattened: the eyes large, orbicular, and lateral: the gape mode- rate :- the teeth small, fixed, and close-set: the tongue entire, and the palate smooth: the branchial aperture lunated: the gill-covers composed of two plates: the lateral line blue, and the fins short and radiated. Native of the seas about Chili, where it is much esteemed for the table, having a white, flaky, semi-transparent, and delicious flesh: length from two to three feet. 120 GREEN PIKE. Esox Viridis. E, viridis, mawilla inferiore longiore, squamis tenuibus, Lin. Ginel. p. 1389. Green Pike, with large square thin scales, and lowet jaw longer than the upper. Simmitar to the above kinds as ta habit, but of a smaller size, and covered with large, thin, soft, square scales: lower jaw longer than the upper: dorsal and anal fin exactly opposite: colour green. Native of the seas about Carolina, where it was observed by Dy. Garden. It appears to have been confounded by some with the deus mavima sguamosa viridis of Cateshy, which, though not accurately figured by that author, is undoubtedly intended tor the sox osseus or Bony-scaled Pike. In the present species, according to Garden, the dorsal fin is fur- nished with eleven rays, and the anal with seven- teen. : aoe ienenere eerie eee eee al VIPER-MOUTHED. PIKE. Esox Stomias. LE, dentibus quatuor ceteris multo ie es one ore clauso prominentibus. Pike with four of the teeth ich longer than the rest, and _ projecting from the mouth when shut, Nat, Misc. 9 pl. 344, Vipera marina, ‘The Viper-Mouth. Catesb. Carol. 2. pl. 19. Append. ae ~ Tus curious fish, which might perhaps more properly constitute a distinct genus than be ranked "EME CAL OW WAI 111 VIPER-MOUTHED PIKE. 12) under that of Esox, is a native of the Mediterranean sea, and seems to have been first described by Catesby from a specimen presented to Sir Hans Sloane. The specimen above-mentioned is preserv- ed in the British Museum, but does not exhibit on its surface any of that reticulated or hexagonally marked appearance expressed in the figure of Catesby: this perhaps may have been obliterated by length of time. ‘The representation here given is considerably smaller than the natural size; the fish being eighteen inches in length: its colour, when living, is said to be an obscure greenish brown, A specimen occurs also in the Leverian Museum. | POLYPTERUS. POLYPTERUS. — Generic Character. Membr: branch: wniradi- ata. 3 ed. 3 Dorsal fins numerous. Pinne dorsales numerose. NILOTIC POLYPTERUS. Polypterus Niloticus. P. viridis, abdomine mgro maculato. Green Polypterus, with the abdomen spotted with black, Polyptere Bichir. Geoffroy. Annales du Museum d Histoire Naturelle. 1. p. 57. pl. 5. | "Tue fish which constitutes this new and highly remarkable genus appears to have been first scien- tifically described by Mons". E, Geoffroy, who con- siders it as forming in some degree a connecting link between the osseous and the cartilaginous fishes. Mons*. Geoffroy’s observations relative to its form and nature may be found in the work mentioned at the close of the specific character. In point of general affinity it seems most nearly allied to the genus Esox, and especially to those species which are furnished with large, strong and bony scales. - Its shape is long and serpentiform, the body being nearly cylindrical: the head is de- fended by large bony pieces or plates, and the body covered with large and strong scales, very Gill-membrane_ single-ray- SOUULARTIOdT OLLOTIN [Ps bs ) ise oy" ff Mn th “SS; 23 ifs ae a ony Nia \\l: buf es Hy Ty} iW WY rt uF HH fine Ni cet i Wie ina We neil iain eS 1 oe ae A aa ek ie ‘la pas i Dat ike “i Bese 5 aN | al fn a ot UDHIN a a { i ; i pes ae anan es h ni) I siti TM att Th ASN z a8 SY on min Ss way j = ! = Sa th AO SS iu a X =e a ry ye ss | HT Hs \ WN \ 2 \ Yin Yi Yt is | Hh y _= yy NILOTIC POLYPTERUS. 123 _ closely affixed to the skin, so that it may be con- sidered as in some degree a mailed fish: the pecto- ral and ventral fins, but particularly the former, are attached by a sort of strong and scaly base or _ cubit, allowing the same kind of motion as in those of the genus Lopius among the cartilaginous fishes: the pectoral fins are placed immediately beyond the head ; the ventral at a vast distance beyond it, the abdomen in this fish being of a very unusual length: the anal fin is seated at some distance beyond the ventral, very near the tail, and is of an ovate, but slightly pointed shape: the tail, which is rather small and short for the size of the animal, is of a rounded or ovate form, and consists only of soft, strait, articulated rays, so disposed in the mem- brane as to allow but little freedom of motion in this part: at a small distance beyond the head, along the whole length of the back, runs a con- tinued series of small dorsal fins, to the number of sixteen, seventeen, or eighteen, the number vary- ing slightly in different individuals: each of these fins is of an ovate shape, upright, or but very slightly inclining backwards, and is furnished with | a very strong spine at its base or origin, while the remaining part consists of four or five soft and branched rays, connected by their uniting mem- brane: the first or spiny ray, at about two thirds of its height from the base, sends off a small second- ary point or spine: the lateral line commences at a small distance from the gill-covers, from which it slightly descends for a small space, and then runs strait to the tail: the eyes are small and round: “‘F2QA NILOTIC POLYPTERUS. the mouth of moderate width; the jaws furnished: with a row of rather smali and sharp teeth, and the upper lip with a pair of small and short tentacula at its tip: the vent is placed very near the tail, at the commencement of the anal fin: the branchial aperture is large, and in place of a membrane there | is only a single bony plate or semicircular arch. The usual length of this fish is about eighteen inches, and its colour sea-green, paler or whitish on the abdomen, which is marked by some irregular black spots, more numerous towards the tail than towards the head: in the pectoral fins are usually about thirty-two rays; in the ventral twelve; in the anal fifteen; and in the tail nineteen. The stomach is long and large, measuring about four inches and a half; the liver long, and composed of two unequal lobes: the swimming-bladder double, and loose: the ovaries long, and the eggs about the size of millet-seeds. This fish is known to the Egyptians ie the name of Bichir, and is considered as a very rare animal : it is supposed in general to inhabit the depths of the Nile, remaining among the soft mud, which it lial ee, is thought to quit only at some particular seasons, _ and is sometimes taken in the fishermen’s nets at the time of the decrease of the river. It is said to be one of the best of the Nilotic fishes, having a _ white and savoury flesh; and as it is hardly possible to open the skin with a knife, the fish is first boiled, and the skin afterwards drawn off whole. * ELOPS. ELOPS. Generic Character. Caput leeve. Pentium sca- | Head smooth: edges of the. brities in maxillarum . jaws and palate rough margine, palato. — with teeth. Membr : branch: radiis tri- || Gall-membrane with thirty - ginta ; preterea exterius || rays, and armed on the - in medio.armata dentibus |} outside in the middle _ quinque. _ |}. with five teeth. SAURY ELOPS. Elops Saurus. BE. cauda supra infraque armata, Lin. Syst, yp iaNet. Dp 518. - Elops with the tail armed above and below with a spine. Saurus maximus. Sloane Jam. 2. p. 284. t. 251. ' Elops scuto. mentali, pinna dorsali anali opposita. Bloch. ¢.. ae ey ovals : Tue Saury Elops, according to Sir Haris Sloane, is known in Jamaica by the name of the Sein-Fish; _ or Sea’Gally-Wasp. He describes it in the follow- ing manner. | This fish was about fourteen inches long, in the middle five inches round, and tapering to both ends: the mouth in both jaws had one row of small sharp teeth, and on the upper*two more within, parallel to them, and a row of the same on the upper part of the cartilaginous tongue: three 1260 SAURY ELOPS. quarters of an inch from the end of the snout were the eyes, round and grey: there were two pinne post branchias, two under the belly, one on the middle of the back, post anum another, and a forked tail: it was all over scaly, the back of a dark brown, and the belly of a white colour.” In general habit the Saury Elops bears some resemblance to a Pike, or rather to a Salmon: the scales are of moderate size; the head smooth and without scales; the tail much forked, and armed | both above and below by a strong spine, forming © a first or spiny ray on each side the tail: from the base of the tail, in the specimen figured by Dr. Bloch, runs a black stripe to the end of the middle division: the general colour of the fish is a silvery grey, dusky on the back, silvery on the abdomen, the head being slightly tmged with yellow: the fins are of a blueish brown. In the specimen above mentioned Dr. Bloch was not able to perceive the spine or strong ray on each side the tail. In a fine specimen in the British Museum it is very con- spicuous. Dr. Bloch observes, as a distinguishing character of this fish, that the chin or under part of the mouth is armed by a kind of small, oblong, bony. shield, interposed between the sides of sini Sa sags yt a Re wig sof be oy, , ARGENT INA. ARGENTINE. Generic Character. Dentes in maxillis, lingua. {| Teeth in the jaws and | ‘tongue. Membr: branch: radiis || Gill-membrane with eight octo. rays. Corpus ano caude vicino. Vent near the tail. Pinne ventrales multi- Ventral fins many-rayed. radiate. TOOTH-TONGUED ARGENTINE. Argentina Glossodonta. 4. fusco-argentea, lingua palatoque uno osseo-tuberculatis, pinna ani octo-radiata. ‘Silvery-brown Argentine, with the back of the palate and tongue beset with bony tubercles, and eight-rayed anal fin. Argentina glossodonta. 4. pinna ani radiis octo. Lan. Gmel. p- 1394... Forsk. Arab. p. 68. A HIGHLY elegant species : edneeal size and > \ proportion that of the Mugil Cephalus or grey mullet: colour dusky brown, accompanied by a most resplendent silvery gloss: scales rather large, rounded, and well defined, and disposed into a kind of stripes, as in the Grayling : irides silvery: upper jaw longer than the lower, and forming a kind of obtuse snout: teeth in front of the upper jaw, very numerous, small, setaceous, and disposed in two 128 PEARL-BLADDERED ARGENTINE. parallel ranges: those in front of the lower jaw disposed in a smmgle range: base of the upper jaw, towards the throat, beset or paved with numerous, . small, orbicular grinders or bony tubercles: tongue like that of some small quadruped, but on its back- part, or towards the throat paved with similar tubercles to those of the upper jaw: lateral line strait: tail bifid, and scaly eG the lobes, Native of the Red Sea. PEARL-BLADDERED ARGENTINE, © Argentina Sphyrena. 4. argentca nitidissima, pinna@ ant radies NOVEM. | Bright-Silvery Argentine, with nine rays in the anal fin. — Argentina Sphyréna. 4, pinnd ani radiis notem. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 13904. | Pisciculas Roma Argentina dictus, Wall, whth. p. 229. Tus is asmall fish mhabiting the Mediterranean sea, and is remarkable for the brillianey of its ap- pearance, bemeg of a bright silver-colour, with a cast of green on the upper parts, and a purplish tinge on the head: the air-bladder is of as bright a colour as the body, resembling polished silver, and, together with the scales, affords some of the best kind of silvery matter used in the preparation of arti- ficial pearls, being washed off, collected, and intro- duced into the small globes of elass blown for that purpose. . The scales of many other fishes however are used in the same manufactory, which is said to be principally carried on in the city of Paris. 5 nb} Deer 129 MACHNATA ARGENTINE. Argentina Machnata. . lineari-lanceoluta argentea, pinna ani radius septendecin. Linear-lanceolate Argentine, with seventeen rays in the anal fin. 3 Argentina Machnata. 4. pinna ani radiis septendecim. Lin. P Gmel, Forsk. Arab. i Lenetu about two spans, or more: colour silvery, with the back of a dusky blueish tinge: shape slender, not unlike that of an Anchovy: scales - middle-sized: dorsal, anal, and caudal fins blueish- green; pectoral and ventral yellowish: lower jaw somewhat longer than the upper: eyes large: teeth small and numerous. Native of the Red Sea. CAROLINA ARGENTINE. Argentina Carolina, 4. argentata, dorso subfusco, ; pinna analr radius quindecm. Lin, Gmel. p. 1306. Silvery-Argentine, with dusky back, and fifteen rays in the anal fin. ae Te . Harengus minor Bahamensis. Catesb. Car. 2. t. 24. Size of a small Herring: colour silvery: lateral line strait: tail forked. Native of Carolina, in- habiting fresh waters. WV. P. I. 9 ATHERINA. | ATHERINE. 4 Generic Chamen Caput maxilla superiore Head somewhat flattened planiuscula. over the upper jaw. Membr: branch: radiis sex. || Gall-membrane six-rayed. Corpus fascia laterali argen- || Body marked by a. silver fede. lateral stripe. MEDITERRANEAN ATHERINE. Atherina Hepsetus. A. subflavescens, dorso subaenety pinne . ani radiis duodecim. > % Subflavescent Atherine, with subolivaceous back, and about q twelve rays in the anal fin. " Atherina Hepsetus. 4. pinna ani radtis fere duodecim. hee Syst. Nat. p. 519. ; Atherina squamis rhombeis, radiis tredecim in pinna ani. Bloch. t. 393. f. 3. , An elegant species: shape not unlike that of a Smelt : length six or seven inches: colour yellow- ish or pale, with some degree of transparency, and subolivaceous or dusky on the back: along the © sides, from gills to tail, a bright, well-defined silvery — band or stripe, through the middle of which passes — the lateral line: eyes rather large: lower jaw some- : what longer than the upper: scaleslarge: finsand tail white: dorsal fins two in number; the first. situated — : on the middle of the back ; the second opposite the ‘ S73. i COMMERSONIAN ATHE RINE y BANDED ATHERINE. Orny ATHERINE. 2004 Mayzo London Publishd by G.Kearsley Fleet Sircet. x \ if . * ) . = ’ ' . > + « Fa o fe » 5 at i, JAMAICA ATHERINE. 13t anal fin: tail forked. Native of the Mediterra- nean and Northern seas. We are told by Mons’. Sonnini, in his Grecian travels, that this species, which is named Athernos by the modern Greeks, is seen in vast shoals about the coasts of the Grecian islands, and is easily taken in great quantities by | the simple device of trailing in the water a horse’s tail or a piece of black cloth fastened to the end of a pole; the fishes following all its motions and suffering themselves to be drawn into some deep cavity formed by the rocks, where they are readily secured by means of a net, and may be taken at pleasure. Mr. Pennant informs us that they are taken at almost all times of the year, except in very cold weather, about the coast of Southampton, where they are often called by the name of Smelts.. JAMAICA ATHERINE. Atherina Menidia. A. subflavescens, subpellucida, fascia laterali argentea, pinna ant radiis viginti-quatuor. Subflavescent, subpellucid Atherine, with silvery lateral stripe, and twenty-four rays in the anal fin. _ Atherina Menidia. A. pina ani radiis viginti-quatuor. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 519. Menidia corpore subpellucido. Brown Jam. p. 141. A SMALL species, usually measuring about three inches in length: the head is pretty large in pro- portion to the body: the silvery lateral band is broad in proportion to the fish, and of a brilliant silver-colour. It is said to be an extremely delicate fish, and is in much esteem with the inhabitants of 132 JAPANESE ATHERINE. Jamaica, in the harbours of which island it is very common, and is called by the name of the Silver- Fish, or Small Anchovy. SIHAMA ATHERINE. Atherina Sihama. A. viridi-cerulescens subpellucida, pinna ani radiis viginti-tribus. Blueish-green subpellucid Atherine, with twenty-three rays in the dorsal fin. Atherina Sihama. A. pinnis ventralibus subthoracicis, radis dorsalis pinnae undecim. Forsk. Arab. p. 70. SuaPE lanceolate: length about a span and half: silvery band opake and rather obscure: ventral fins situated almost beneath the thoracic ones, so that the fish might be referred to the tribe of Thoracic . Fishes: scales middle-sized: native of the Red Sea. JAPANESE ATHERINE. Atherina Japonica. A. fusco-rubescens, fascia laterah latissima. Reddish-brown Atherine, with very broad lateral band. - A. Japonica. A. pinna dorsi unica quinqueradiata, Lin. Gmel. Houttuyn Act. Haarl. 20. p. 340. 3 Leneru three or four inches: head without scales: no visible teeth in the jaws. Native of the — Japanese sea. | TRANSPARENT ATHERINE. Atherina Pinguis. 4. hyalina, dorso obscuriore, pinnis pecto- ralibus fascia transversa argentea, Hyaline Atherine, with the pectoral fins marked by a transverse silver band, Atherina pinguis. Cepede. 5. p. 371. Native of the Indian seas: mentioned by Cepede from the MSS. of Commerson: dorsal fin and tail brown ; lower fins white: inside of the mouth of a bright silver-colour: esteemed a very delicate fish for the table. MUGIL. MULLET. Geiieric Character. Labia membranacea: infe- || Zips membranaceous ; the rius introrsum carinatum, inferior carinated within : Denies nulli: Callus in- Teeth none: at the cor- flexus supra sinus oris. {| ners of the mouth an in- flected Callus. Membr: branch: radiis Gill-emembrane with six septem curvis, _ curved rays, _ Corpus carnosum: squame || Body fleshy: scales large : magne: pinne dorsales dorsal fins two. : duc. : | COMMON MULLET. Mugil Cephalus. Mf. grisco-argenteus, dorso subfusco, striis lateralibus longitudinalibus subnigris. Silvery-grey Mullet, with dusky back, and sides striped with longitudinal blackish lines. Mugil Cephalus. MM. pinna dorsak anteriore quinqueradiata. Lin. Syst, Nat. p. 520. Mugil. Plin, lib. 9. c. 15. 17. ) Mugil & Mugilis. Salv. 75. Gesn. Aldr. &c. Mugil Cephalus. Wail. achth, p. 274. Mugil corpore nigro lineato. Bloch. t. 394. Mullet, Penn. Brit, Zool. | Tus fish, the Mugil and Augilis of the ancient Romans, is a very common inhabitant of the Medi- LATTOW NOWHO) 114. aes SS +S SS SSN SS Wi , AWA NIN We LT Us it asd HH AY ZA SS 0, SS NAA eA MOMMY \ Narr fh w atl Anh ea BH aed) ih f | atl fils tHI AA Td ee yr i qe ( Mas (Ur ule LM ral ar ly alliage ine ese es play Ti es Mp Dm Tl f at | HM Ditececi ee Tad e | RUN eT “aff tl baal Bll At at pT Nira salo ae Lac eS i ala | ee RR aea Bena | i (hi RO a \ | rr ul efit Waser Hi) AHN Dre iil RTOS ca te iN aren eT a | (ln taeeear git Pi rTM ee Te Aceh ' Alli, vil) i a sti hr f MN t} || Hts eel h Senet —{ | illive vm Wa i ae canny Ta | Si AHP ! Pi ] ir i dl Da at tala NN a ce AHH mT a il Tie ii rect ih : D i sl Sih \ ted (VAN nih i a i A\ \\ si i ssa : , \\ \ mf Ms ay] t TAT il Hire aesihy\ RS COMMON MULLET. 135 terranean and Northern seas, frequenting chiefly the shallow parts near the shores, and feeding on the smaller kind of worms, sea-insects, and veget- ables: its general length is from twelve to fifteen or sixteen inches, and its colour blueish grey, darker on the back and silvery on the abdomen: the sides are marked, like those of the Grayling, with several dusky stripes, according to the rows of scales, which -are large and rounded: the fins are blueish: the head is rather large, pointed in front, and somewhat flattened at the top: the mouth small; the tongue rough, and the throat armed at its entrance with two roughened bones: the first dorsal fin, which is situated on the middle of the back, consists of four very strong tays*: the second dorsal fin is placed opposite the anal, and has only soft rays: the base of the dorsal and anal fin, as well as that of the tail, is scaly, and the tail is forked or lunated. The Mullet is found not only in the European seas, but in the Indian and Atlantic oceans: it is observed to assemble frequently in small shoals near the shore, in quest of food, burrowing into the soft mud and leaving’ the trace of its head in the form of a round hole. In the spring and early summer months this fish, like the Salmon, ascends rivers to a considerable . distance, and when preparing for these expeditions is observed in shoals near the surface of the water, at which time the fishermen endeavour to avail themselves of the opportunity of surrounding them * Of five, according to Linnzus. 136 CRENATED MULLET. with their nets, which the fish are said to shew great address in escaping from. | The Mullet is considered as an excellent fish for the table, though not a fashionable one in our own country. Dr. Bloch informs us that it is generally eaten with the addition of oil and lemon-juice. The spawn is often prepared into an inferior kind of Caviar called Botargo, by drying and salting it; in which manner also the fish itself, in plentiful sea- sons, 1s occasionally preserved. CRENATED MULLET. Mugil Crenilabis. MM. albidus, subfusco lineatus, labris crenatis. Whitish Mullet, with brownish stripes, and crenated lips. Mugil crenilabis. IM]. pinna dorsali anteriore radiis quatuor Jlexilibus, posteriore mermibus, labiis crenatis, inferiore bicari- nato. Lin. Gmel. Forsk. Arab. Size of the common Mullet: length about twelve inches: colour whitish; scales rather large, and marked by a dusky streak: upper lip gaping; lower bicarinated within, and both lips crenulated on the edges: fins glaucous white; the pectoral marked at the base by a round black spot: tail forked. Native of the Red sea: observed by Forskal, who mentions what he considers as three varieties, in one of which, called Seheli, the lips are not crenated; in the second, called Our, both the lips are ciliated, and the lower furnished with a single carina; and in the third, called Zade, the upper lip is finely ciliated, and the pectoral fins are without — the black spot. ee). * Lf WM Hf i AT LA HU ———— M My Wii ii Ht AINA i} PAU) Up: : LN lil 6 Ly numioscnnd. zE==PVA i CRENATED MULLET. Bee AMERICAN MULLET. Mugil Albula. M. albido-argenteus, pinna dorsali anteriore radius quatuor. Silvery-white Mullet, with four rays in the first dorsal fin. vAlbula Bahamensis. Catcsb. 2. t. 6. Mugil argenteus minor, &c. Brown. Jam. p. 450. Great ty allied to the common Mullet, but of a more slender form: mouth small and toothless : tail large and forked: inhabits the American seas, and is very frequent about the Bahama islands. It is considered as an excellent fish for the table. INDIAN MULLET. Mullus Malabaricus. M. griseus, squamis magnis ciliatis, pinna dorsal: secunda analique falcatis. Grey Mullet, with large ciliated scales, and the first dorsal and anal fin falcated. Peddaraki Sovero. Russ. pisc. ind, t. 182. Lenetu about two feet: head small; nape sink- ing in a little before the rise of the back: scales large and ciliated, both on the body and gill-covers: those on the head somewhat smaller: colour similar to that of the common Mullet, but with less con- spicuous longitudinal streaks: first dorsal fin four- rayed: second dorsal fin falcated at the back-part : anal fin of nearly similar shape: tail large, and widely lunated. Native of the Indian seas. 136 TANG MULLET. Mugil Tang. M. griseo-argenteus, lineis longitudinalibus sub- flavis, operculis desquamatis. Silver-grey Mullet, with yellowish \angihatiast streaks, and scaleless gill-covers. Mugil Tang. M. ore angustato, operculis desquamatis. Block. t. 395. Lenetu about a foot: shape rather shorter and thicker than that of the common Mullet: head large; mouth small: eyes rather large: gill-covers without scales: those on the body large: colour silvery white, with longitudinal yellowish streaks : back brown: fins reddish: first dorsal four-rayed : tail slightly lunated. Native of Guinea, inhabiting fresh waters: called by the natives Tang, and con- sidered as an excellent food. Of this species a supposed variety is described by Dr. Bloch, in which the gill-covers were scaled, the colour of the fish brighter, the eyes more vertical, and the head smaller. 139 PLUMIER’S MULLET. Mugil Plumieri. MM. luteus, ore amplo, pinnis dorsalibus duabus spinosis. Yellow Mullet, with wide mouth, and both dorsal fins spiny. Mugil ore amplo. Bloch. t. 396. Lenetu about twelve inches: shape like that of the Tang, but with a very large head, wide mouth, and fleshy lips, which appear beset with a row of very small teeth round the edges: colour yellow, deeper or brownish-orange above: fins pale yellow: ‘the first dorsal with four very strong rays: second dorsal with six strong rays also: scales large, rounded, striated, and each marked at the base by a dusky spot: tail slightly lunated. Native of the American seas: observed by Plumier, from whose drawing Dr. Bloch’s figure of this species was engraved. BLUE-SPOTTED MULLET. Mullus Czruleomaculatus. MM. fusco-cerulescens, abdomine argenteo, pinna dorsali radius novem, pectoralibus macula cerulea. Blueish-brown Mullet, with silvery abdomen, nine rays in Pg - dorsal fin, and a blue spot in the pectoral fins. Mugil czruleo-maculatus. Cepede. 5. p. 389. SizE of common Mullet: colour blueish brown, with silvery abdomen: dorsal and caudal fins brown: lower fins pale: at the base of the pectoral 140 FORSKAL’S MULLET. fins a blue spot: the dorsal fin has nine rays, the pectoral sixteen, and the anal ten. Native of the Indian seas: observed by Commerson. CHILI MULLET. Mugil Chilensis. M. pinna dorsali unica, cauda simplici, Lin. Gmel. Molin. Chil. p. 198. 3 Mullet with single dorsal fin, and simple or even tail. Lenetu about twelve inches: general appear- ance extremely similar to that of the Common Mullet, but distinguished by having only one dorsal fin. Native of the American seas, and in much esteem as a food. 3 FORSKAL’S MULLET. Mugil Chanos. M. pinna dorsi unica, caude utringque bialata, Lin. Gmel., , a aan i a i tea Mullet with single dorsal fin, and tail furnished with two — : wings or processes on each side. -Mugil magnus. forsk. Arab. p. 74. A mucu larger fish than the common Mullet : colour silvery: scales large, rounded, and finely striated: head ‘slightly flattened: tail widely forked, and furnished on each side, towards the middle, with two membranaceous wings or pro- cesses. Native of the Red sea: observed by Forskal. | | % Bh ’ : ts i ae ; ie fee WO. ste RIE erase) ie i MK \ \ | iy i i . EXOCOETUS. FLYING-FISH. Generic Character. Caput squamosum: mazxillis || Head scaly: connected on utrogue latere connexis. each side. Membr: branch: radiis de- || Gill-membrane ten-rayed. cem. ! Pinne peticiaies maximee, || Pectoral fins very large, volatiles. giving the power of flight. MEDITERRANEAN FLYING-FISH. -Exocoetus Exiliens. . argenteus, dorso ea pinnis vent- ralibus pone medium abdominis. ‘Silvery Flying-Fish, with brownish back, and ventral fins situated beyond the middle of the abdomen. Exocoetts exiliens. L£. pinnis ventralibus caudam attingentibus. Lin. Gel. p. 1400.. _ Exocoetus pinnis ventralibus elongatis prope anum, Bloch. t 8 B07. | -Hirundo Plinii. Aldrov. p. 144. Rondine, Salv. p,185. Mugil alatus. Rondel. Will. &c. Tue fishes of this genus, which are very few in number, are remarkable for the extreme length and size of their pectoral fins, by which they are. _ enabled to spring occasionally from the water, and ~ to support a kind of temporary flight or continued motion through the air, to the distance of two or three hundred feet, when, the fins becoming dry, }42 MEDITERRANEAN FLYING-FISH. they are again obliged to commit themselves to their own element. The species at present to be described is chiefly observed in the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas, where, according to an ingenious ~ naturalist, “it leads a most miserable life: in its own element it is perpetually harassed by the — Dorado and other fish of prey ; and if it endeavours to avoid them by having recourse to the air, it either meets its fate from the Gull and the Alba- tross, or is forced down again into the mouth of the inhabitants of the water, which keep pace with its aerial excursion.” This however ought to be considered as an exaggerated representation of the creature’s state of existence, since, by the admir- able balance ordained by Nature, the weaker ani- mals have powers of escape in exact proportion to their danger *. It should be observed that this power of Aight er temporary skimming through the air to a con- * To this purpose I may quote the observation of an ingenious gentleman (Capt. G. Tobin) who has had frequent opportunities of observing the habits of the Flying-Fish, and who thus ex- presses himself in a note annexed to a drawing of this species observed about the coasts of Otaheitee. ‘“‘ The lower half of the tail, in the Flying-Fish, is full twice the length of the upper: the use of it has always appeared evident to me. JI have by the hour watched the Dolphins and Bonitos in pursuit of them, when, without wholly immersing themselves, which would have proved fatal to them, they have disposed in their progressive motion the lower part of the tail in such a manner. as to supply their wings with moisture, so as to support them above the surface. I never saw one exceed the distafice of an hundred yards in its flight, without being obliged to dip for a fresh supply.” MEDITERRANEAN FLYING-FISH. 143 siderable distance, is not entirely confined to this genus, but takes place in some species of the genus Scorpeena, as well as in that of Trigla, &c. as the reader may perceive in recurring to the descrip- tions of those genera in the former part of the present work. The general length of the Mediterranean Flying- Fish is from twelve to fifteen or sixteen inches ; and its general shape is not unlike that of a Herring: the body is subcylindrical but with a slight ap- proach to square, if a transverse section be sup- posed: the head is rather large, and sloping pretty suddenly in front: the mouth small, and edged on both jaws with minute, pointed teeth: the eyes large,-and of a silver-colour with a cast of gold: the scales are large, thin, and rounded: the whole animal is of a bright silvery cast, with a blue or dusky tinge on the upper part: the fins are also of a dusky colour: of these the pectoral extend as far as the beginning of the tail, and are of a sharply lanceolate form: the dorsal and anal fins are shallow, and placed opposite each other near the tail, which is deeply forked with sharp-pointed lobes, of which the lower is nearly twice the length of the upper: the ventral fins are rather large, of a lengthened and pointed shape, and situated a little - beyond the middle of the abdomen towards the anal fin: on each side the lower part of the abdo- men runs a kind of carina or lateral line formed by a series of small, inclining points, or spicules. =: This species is frequently observed in the Medi- terranean, sometimes singly, and sometimes ap- 1AA OCEANIC FLYING-FISH. pearing in small shoals. Instances are not infre- quent of its fallmg into ships during the declitie of its flight. It is considered as an agreeable fish for the table, and by some is even preferred to the Herring. The general height at which it is ob- served to exercise its flight is about three feet above the surface of the water. OCEANIC FLYING-FISH. Exocoetus Evolans, E. argenteus, dorso subfusco, pinnis vent: ralibus ante medium abdominis. es Silvery-Flying-Fish, with brownish back, and ventral fins situated before the middle of the abdomen. Exocoetus evolans. E. abdomine tereti. Lin, Syst, Nat. p. 521. ; Exocoetus volitans. E. abdomine utrinque carinato. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 520. | Exocoetus pinnis ventralibus parvis prope pectus. Bloch, t. 398; Tus species has so great a general resemblance with the preceding as to be easily mistaken by a common. cbserver for the same fish. An accurate view however will inform the spectator that the body is somewhat longer or more slender in pro- portion, and the head less sloping; but the princi- pal difference consists in the position and size of the ventral fins, which instead of being placed, as in the preceding species, near the anal fin, are, on the contrary, seated at no great distance from the pectoral ones: they are also much smaller and of a different shape, being of a slightly lunated form. This species is of a bright silver-colour, gradually ne ne eee | Hl NUIT + | h, HSA SNE OINVaD@ ' * is ® ‘ . \ 4 n ik x t ' t x ¥ / , \ OCEANIC FLYING-FISH. 145 deepening into purplish brown on the back: the pectoral fins are dusky, the dorsal and anal yellow- ish, and the ventral fins and tail reddish. It is a native of the American and Indian seas, but is occasionally observed, like the former, in the Medi- terranean. Mr. Pennant records an instance of its _- being seen about the British coasts. Dr. Bloch quotes, from Plumier, a very remark- able circumstance relative to the Flying-Fish: viz. that the spawn is of a quality so highly acrimoni- ous, that the smallest particle cannot be tasted with- out an immediate partial excoriation of the tongue and palate. It is not certain however, from the account of Plumier to which particular species this acrimonious spawn belongs. — The air-bladder in this, and doubtless in the rest of the genus, is very large, and consequently well calculated for occasionally diminishing the specific eravity of the animal: there is also, according to Bloch, a peculiar kind of membrane on the sides of the mouth, which have the power, by their junction, of closing that part, even though the jaws be open, when air is blown into it through the aperture of the gill-covers, and this he imagines may still further contribute to the remarkable power of flight possessed by this genus, which has often been con- sidered, and especially by the celebrated Bonnet, in his scale of Nature, as forming a kind of con- necting link between Fishes and Birds, similar to that which the Bats may be supposed to form be- tween Birds and Quadrupeds. vv. PB. 1 10 146 AMERICAN FLYING-FISH. f Exocoetus Mesogaster. E. argenteo-cerulescens, pinnis ventra- lidus in medio abdominis. Silvery-blueish Flying-Fish, with the ventral fins Siimiated ¢ on the middle of the abdomen. Exocoetus pinnis ventralibus in zquilibrio. Bloch. t. 39. A.uiep in the highest degree to the immediately preceding as to general appearance, but differs in the size and situation of the ventral fins, which in this species are placed exactly in the middle of the abdomen, and are moderately large, and of a rounded form. — The colour of the fish is bright silvery, with a dusky tinge on the back: the fins are blueish, the dorsal and anal somewhat less shallow than those of the two preceding species. Native of the Atlantic ocean: observed by Plumier about the coasts of the Antilles. , COMMERSONIAN FLYING-FISH. Exocoetus Commersonii. E, macula atrocerulea in pinna dorsali, Flying-Fish with a dark-blue spot on the dorsal fin. | Exocoetus Commersonii. Cepede.'5. p. 401. ; Auurp to the E. evolans, but with the ventral fins placed beyond the middle of the abdomen, their tips reaching to about the middle of the anal fin: the dorsal fin is marked, on the part nearest the tail, with a large deep-blue spot. Native of the Indian seas: observed by Commerson. ie lay ; _ He : ; * sd . P 7 y cll * . $ ' iq 4 ’ | a = ( . ; 4, i é a _o f 118 Heath sculp. NI ins bs We pI ne ~ MiNi Ma\\\\\\\\\ fl / NW \\ \ i a Uh " POLYNEMUS. POLYNEME. Generic Character. ~ -Caput compressum, undique || Zead compressed, covered squamosum, rostro ob- || with scales: snout very tusissimo, prominente. obtuse and prominent. Membr: branch: radiis || Gill-membrane five or seven- quinque vel septem. rayed. Digiti liberi setacei ad || Separate Filaments or seta- pinnas pectorales. ceous processes near the base of the pectoral fins. ‘PARADISE POLYNEME. Polynemus Paradiseus. PP. luteus, digitis utrinque septem, cauda bifida. Yellow Polyneme, with seven filaments on each side, and forked tail. _ Polynemus Paradiseus. P. digitis septem, cauda bifida, Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 522. aia The Fish of Paradise. Edw. vol. 4. pl, 208. Polynemus radiis septem jugularibus, pinna caude bifurca. ? Bloch. t. 402. — Tue genus Polynemus may be considered as holding the same station among the Abdomi- nal Fishes which the genus Trigla does among the Thoracic ones ; being distinguished by a simi- lar circumstance, viz. that of being furnished cn each side, near the base of the pectoral fins, with 1A8 PARADISE POLYNEME. several separate processes or articulated rays: these are, in general, much longer and more setaceous than in the Trigle, and, in some species, even exceed the length of the whole body. The species of Polyneme are not very numerous, and are chiefly confined to the warmer latitudes. The Polynemus Paradiseus or Mango-Fish, as it is generally called, which seems to have been one of the first of the genus known to the Europeans, is an inhabitant of the Indian and American seas, and grows to the length of about twelve or fifteen _ Inches: it is a fish of an elegant shape, moderately broad in the middle, and gradually tapering to- ‘wards the tail, which is very deeply forked: the scales are of moderate size, those towards the head and tail smaller than the rest: the thoracic fila- ments are of excessive length, the superior or out- ward ones often extending far beyond the tail; the others gradually shorten, the first or lowermost ex-— tending about half the length of the body. The colour of this fish is generally described as yellow, and its popular name of Mango-Fish is supposed to have been given it from that circumstance, as resembling the colour of a ripe Mango. Dr. Bloch however describes his specimen as of a silvery cast, with a tinge of blue on the upper parts: this may — have been owimg to a change of colour on being — kept for a considerable time in spirits: the fila- ments also in Dr. Bloch’s specimen seem to have met with some accidental mutilation, since they are far short of the length usually represented by other authors. Dr. Russel, in his work on the SEBAN POLYNEME. 149 Indian fishes, informs us -that the Mango-Fish is reckoned by much the most delicate of any found at Calcutta. It is known to the natives by the name of Tupsee Mutchey. SEBAN POLYNEME. Polynemus Quinquarius. P. digitis yuinque, corpore longioribus, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 521. | Polyneme with five filaments longer than the bady. Pentanemus, Seb. mus. 3. 27. f. 2. : Extreme y allied in general appearance to the Paradise Polyneme, resembling it in almost all particulars except in colour, which is described by Seba as whitish or silvery, and in the number of thoracic processes, which are only five on each side ; the three superior ones far exceeding the length of the whole fish ; the two inferior reaching to about a third of the body. Native of the Ame- rican seas; perhaps, in reality, no other than a variety, or sexual difference of the preceding fish. - PLEBEIAN POLYNEME. Polynemus Plebeius. P. griseus, lineis supra longitudinalibus subnigris, digitis utrinque quinque, pinnis basi squamosis, cauda Surcata, : Grey Polyneme, marked above by longitudinal blackish lines, with five thoracic filaments on each side, all the fins scaly at the base, and forked tail. | Polynemus radiis quinque curtis liberisque jugularibus. Bloch. t. 400. 3 ' ma } Polynemus plebeius. Brouss. achth. fasc. 1. Lin. Gmel. p. 1401. ‘ GENERAL appearance that of a Mullet, but with the head very obtuse in front, the mouth appearing as if placed beneath: colour silvery-grey, with a dusky tinge on the upper parts, and several dusky lines running from head to tail above the lateral line: scales rather large: all the fins scaly to some distance from the base: tail forked: thoracic fila- ments five in number on each side: the first of these is said by Gmelin to exceed the length of the body, the rest decreasing gradually: m Dr. Bloch’s figure however, they are all represented as com- paratively short, scarcely reaching half the length of the body, and he forms his specific character of the fish from this very circumstance, distinguishing it by the shortness of the filaments. It must how- ever be obvious to every one that in a particular of this nature no great dependance can be placed on descriptions made from an individual specimen, which may have easily met with some accidental. mutilation of these delicate organs, NILOTIC POLYNEME. © 15) This species is a native of the Indian and Ameri- can seas, and is found about the coasts of several of the Southern Islands: it arrives at a very large size, measuring upwards of four feet in length. It is considered as an excellent fish for the table, and is in much esteem among the inhabitants of the Malabar coast: it is dressed in various ways, and is sometimes dried and salted for sale. Dr. Bloch informs us on the authority of a correspondent on whom he could rely, that this fish is commonly known in India by the title of Royal Fish, on ac- count of its excellency, and laments that Broussonet (who seems to have named it from its want of parti- cular splendor) should have given it the title of P. wean ) | NILOTIC POLYNEME, Polynemus Niloticus. P. argenteus, digitis utrinque quantue mediocribus, naso subrubente. Silvery Polyneme, with five moderately long thoracic filaments - on each side, and reddish snout. Binni. Bruce's Travels. Appendix. _ Tus, according to Mr. Bruce, who describes and figures it in the Appendix to his travels, is a large species, and may vie, for the elegance both of its form and taste, with any fish inhabiting the rivers running either into the Mediterranean or the Ocean. The specimen from which Mr. Bruce’s figure was taken weighed thirty-two pounds, but is said often to arrive at the weight of seventy pounds 152. NILOTIC POLYNEME. or more. It is an inhabitant of the river Nile, where it is by no means uncommon, as far up the. river as Syene and the first cataract: the whole body is covered with scales of a brilliant silver- colour, so as to resemble spangles lying close to- gether; and there is no variety of tinge on the fish, except a shade of red on the end of the nose, which is fat and fleshy: the eye is large and black, with a broad yellowish-white iris: the teeth are small, very sharp, and close-set: the first dorsal fin has eight spiny rays, the first of which is very short: the second dorsal fin has eleven soft or branched rays: the pectoral and ventral fins are also furnished with rays of a similar kind: the setaceous processes are five in number on each side, gradually lengthen-=. ing as they recede from the mouth; the last appear- ing nearly to equal half the length of the body: the tail is deeply and sharply forked, the upper lobe extending somewhat beyond the lower. We are informed by Mr. Bruce that in order to take this fish the Egyptian peasants prepare a pretty large mass or cake, consisting of oil, clay, flour, honey, and straw, kneading it with their feet till it is well incorporated: they then take two handfuls of dates, and break them into pieces about the size of the point of a finger, and stick them in different parts of the mass, into the heart of which they put seven or eight hooks with dates upon — them, and a string of strong whipcord to each: this mass of paste is then conveyed by the fisher- man or shepherd into the stream, the man sitting for this purpose on a blown-up goat-skin, When: Be NILOTIC POLYNEME. 153 arrived at the middle, he drops the mass in the deepest part of the stream, and cautiously holding the ends of each of the strings slack, so as not to pull the dates and hooks out of the middle of the composition, he makes to shore again, a little below the spot where he has sunk the mass, and separat- meg the ends of the strings, ties each of them, with- out straining, to a palm-branch fastened on the shore, to the end of which is fastened a small bell. He then goes and feeds his cattle, or digs his trenches, or lies down to sleep: in the mean time the cake, beginning to dissolve, the small pieces of date fall off, and flowing down the stream, are eagerly seized on by the fishes as they pass: they rush up the stream, picking up the floating pieces as they go, till at length they arrive at the cake itself, and voraciously falling to work at the dates which are buried in it, each fish in swallowing a _ date, swallows also the hook in it, and feeling him- self fast, makes off as speedily as possible: the con- sequence is that in endeavouring to escape from the line by which he is held, he pulls the palm- branch to which it is fastened, and thus gives notice of his capture by ringing the bell. The fisherman runs, and having secured the fish, puts a _ strong iron ring through his jaw; ties a few yards » of cord to it, and again commits him to the water, fastening the cord well to the shore. This is prac- tised in order to presesve the fish ready for sale, since fish in general, when dead, will not keep long in these regions. It is rarely that on these occasions ; a single hook is found empty. ‘The inhabitants of 154 TEN-FINGESED POLYNEME. the towns of Achmim, Girge, and others, repair at intervals to the shores as to a fish-market, and are thus supplied by the country people. TEN-FINGERED POLYNEME, Polynemus Decadactylus. P. argentco-fuscus, capite obtusissimo, oculis maximis, digitis utrinque decem, cquda furcata. _ Silvery-brown Polyneme, with very obtuse head, very large: eyes, ten shortish thoracic filaments on each side, and forked: tail. | : | Polynemus decadactylus. P. radus decem liberis jugularibus. Bloch. t. AO1, Tuis is a species of considerable size, generally measuring from one to two feet: its colour is an uniform deep yellowish brown, darker on the back, and glossed with silver on the sides and abdomen, the vedi tinge appearing like a spot or patch on the middle of each scale: the head is abruptly rounded off in front, so as to appear excessively obtuse: the eyes are very large, with a bright silvery iris: the mouth of moderate width, and the tongue smooth and loose: the thoracic filaments are ten in number on each side, and of very mode- rate length, extending only a few inches: the io is deeply forked. . i This species is a native of the ‘Aeibtie seas, and is not uncommon about the coasts of Guinea, oc- casionally entering the rivers of that country, and is considered as a wholesome and agreeable fish for the table. | 155 INDIAN POLYNEME. Polynemus Indicus. P. plumbeus, abdomine albido atomis nigris, _ digitis utrinque quinque breviusculis, cauda falcato-furcata squamosa. | Lead-coloured Polyneme, with whitish abdomen freckled with black points, five rather short thoracic filaments on each side, and falcate-forked scaly tail. Maga Booshee. Russel Pisc. Ind. t. 184. Leneru sixteen or eighteen inches: shape some- what lengthened: scales middle-sized, covering not only the body and head, but also the tail itself to the very extremity of the forks: thoracic processes five in number on each side, the upper or longest reaching nearly half the length of the bedy, the rest gradually shortening to about the length of an inch and half: snout obtusely-acuminate : fins dark or blackish: eyes rather large. Native of the Indian seas: in much esteem for the table, and called by the English Rowbail. ——__.____. FOUR-FINGERED POLYNEME, Polynemus Tetradactylus. P. fusco-ceruleus, subtus canus, _ digitis utrinque quatuor brevibus, cauda furcata squamosa. _ Dusky-blue Polyneme, grey beneath, with four short thoracic filaments on each side, and scaly, forked tail. ‘Maga Jellee. Russel. Pisc. Ind. t. 183. Size and habit of a Common Mullet: colour dusky blue above, and grey beneath: behind the orbits a lunated yellow spot : scales middle-sized : 156 COMMERSON’S POLYNEME. tail forked, but less deeply than in the preceding species, and covered with scales to the edge of the fin: thoracic processes on each side four in number, and remarkably short, scarce exceeding the length of an inch-and half. Native of India; esteemed for the table, and, like the former, called Rowball by the English. VIRGINIAN POLYNEME. Polynemus Virginicus. P. digitis septem, cdudaintegra, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1400. | | Polyneme with seven thoracic filaments on each side, and entire tail. ‘ : Gitt-covers serrated: first ray of the dorsal fin very short: tail broad and with sharp-pointed tips: native of Virginia, and sometimes, like the Polyne- mus Paradiseus, called by the name of Mango- Fish. | SPSS 98 PERSE EEE = COMMERSON’S POLYNEME. Polynemus Commersonii. P. argenteus, lineis longitudinalibus fuscis, digitis utrinque quinque ad pinnas ventrales extensis. : Silvery Polyneme, with longitudinal brown stripes, and five 4 thoracic filaments on each side reaching as far as the ventral fins. Polynemus lineatus. Cepede. 5. p. 409. Lenera about ten or twelve inches: colour ] silvery, with a blueish cast on the upper parts, and — marked on each side from head to tail by about PLUMIER'S POLYNEME. 157. twelve brown stripes: snout semitransparent and _ produced: both jaws furnished with small teeth, and the throat with four rough bones or tubercles : thoracic filaments five on each side, reaching as far as the ventral fins: Native of the Indian seas: observed by Commerson. | PLUMIER’S POLYNEME. Polynemus Plumieri. P. argenteus, digitis utrinque ser. Silvery Polyneme with six thoracic filaments on each side. Polydactylus Plumieri. Cepede. 5. p. 418. Native of the American seas: mentioned by Cepede from a drawing by Plumier: shape rather _deeper or broader than in most of the genus: scales middle-sized: eyes large: thoracic filaments of nearly equal length, and reaching rather farther than the middle of the body: tail large and widely Tunated. y | CLUPEA. HERRING. Generic Character. . Afystaces maxillarum supe- Side-Plates of the upper riorum serrati. — mandible serrated. Membr: branch: radiis || Gill-membrane eight-rayed : octo. Branchiz intus || _ gills internally setaceous. setacex. Abdomen acutum, szpius || 4 indivi sharp, and, gene- carinatum. rally; serrated. COMMON HERRING. Clupea Harengus. C. argentea, dorso subfusco, maxilla inferiore longiore, squamis. facile deciduis. Silvery Herring, with dusky back, lower jaw ce than the — upper, and easily deciduous scales. Clupea Harengus. C. immaculata, mavilla inferiore longiore. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 522. Clupea maxilla inferiore longiore, pinnee ani radiis septendecim. Bloch. t. 29. f. 1. British Herring. Penn. Brit. Zool. ae pyresees iF igs ies gs Roe = ‘Tuts fish, so eminently important in a com-_ mercial view, and which may justly be said to form one of the wonders of the northern world, is princi- a pally distinguished by the brilliant silvery colour of — its body, the advancement of the lower jaw beyond — « the upper, and by the number of rays in the anal © ap CONTM UI NOWAOD ine hit ili, sel ut i *)) ml Mii AHL ulti Ih, “ oe i HIT i ili wt i Gi il a vi jal i i Ki it it jal Cn a ee tlh th iil ili NG ~» “CUVHO Ud COMMON HERRING. 159 fin, which, in by far the greater number of speci- mens, are found to amount to seventeen*: the back is of a dusky blue or greenish cast, and in the recent or living fish the gill-covers are marked > by a reddish, and sometimes by a violet-coloured spot: the eyes are large; the mouth without visible _ teeth; the openings of the gill-covers very large ; the scales rather large, and easily deciduous; the lateral line not very distinctly visible ; the abdo- mep pretty sharply carinated, and in some speci- mens, slightly serrated: the fins are rather small than large for the size of the fish, and the tail strongly forked. In size the Herring is observed | to vary greatly, and there are probably some per- manent varieties of this species which yet want their exact description. ‘The general size is per- haps from ten to twelve or thirteen inches. Important as is this fish to the inhabitants of modern Europe, it is doubted whether it was distinctly known to the ancient Greeks and Ro- mans: at least we find no certain description in their writings either of its form or uses. ‘The herring fishery however is of very considerable antiquity : the Dutch are said to have engaged in it so long ago as the year 1164, and were in possession of it for several centuries, and Flanders had the honour of discovering the method of preserving this fish by pickling it. One William Beukelen, of Biervlet, near Sluys, is said to have been the inventor of this * Mr. Pennant says fourteen: the number indeed is not abso~ lutely constant, but the most general appears to be seventeen. 160 COMMON HERRING. useful expedient, and from him, according: to “Mr. Pennant, is derived the word pickle, which we haye borrowed from the Dutch and Germans. Beukelin died in the year 1397. The Emperor Charles the fifth is said to have held his memory in such venera- tion for the service he had done mankind, as to have paid a solemn visit to his tomb in honour of so distinguished a citizen. ‘“ The Dutch (says Mr. Pennant) are most extravagantly fond of this fish when pickled ; a premium is given to the first vessel that-arrives in Holland laden with this their am- brosia: we have been in the country at that happy minute, and have observed as much joy among the inhabitants on its arrival as the Egyptians shew at the first overflowing of the Nile.” Mr. Pennant, in his British Zoology, has so at | detailed the general history of the Herring, and its supposed migrations, that it is impossible to do better than to repeat his own words. a “The great winter rendezvous of the Herring is within the Arctic circie: there they continue many months in order to recruit themselves after the fatigue of spawning, the seas within that space swarming with insect food in.a far greater degree than in our warmer latitudes. : « This mighty army begins to put itself in motion in the sprmg: we distinguish this vast body by that name, for the word Herring is derived. from the German, Heer, an army, to express their numbers. 4 « They begin to appear off the Shetland isles in. April and May: these are only forerunners of the COMMON HERRING. : 161 grand shoal which comes in June, and their appear- ance is marked by certain signs, by the numbers of birds, such as Gannets and others, which follow to prey on them: but when the main body approaches, its breadth and depth is such as to alter the very appearance of the ocean. It is divided into distinct columns of five or six miles in length and three or four in breadth, and they drive the water before them with a kind of rippling: sometimes they sink for the space of ten or fifteen minutes; then rise again to the surface, and in bright weather reflect a variety of splendid colours, like a field of the most precious gems, in which, or rather in a much more valuable light, should this stupendous gift of Pro- _-vidence be considered by the inhabitants of the British isles. ? « The first check this army meets in its march southward, is from the Shetland isles, which divide it into two parts ; one wing takes to the east, the other to the western shores of Great Britain, and fill every bay and creek with their numbers: others pass on towards Yarmouth, the great and ancient mart of Herrings: they then pass through the Brit- ish channel, and after that, in a manner disappear : _ those which take to the west, after offering them- selves to the Hebrides, where the great stationary fishery is, proceed towards the North of Ireland, where they meet with a second interruption, and are obliged to make a second division: the one takes to the western side, and is scarce perceived, being soon lost in the immensity of the Atlantic ; but the other, which passes into the Irish sea, re- e. ¥, Ps le 1] 162 COMMON HERRING. joices and feeds the inhabitants of the’ coast: oa border it. 42 SLA «< These brigades, as we may call shai hich are thus separated from the greater columns, are often ‘capricious in their movements, and do not — an amyvariable attachment to their haunts.” The reality of the migration of the Herring, so well detailed by Mr. Pennant, begins at present to ‘be greatly called in question ; and it 1s rather sup- ‘posed that this fish, ike the Mackrel, is in reality at no very great distance during the winter months ‘from the shores which it most frequents at the com- ‘mencement of the spawning season; inhabiting in -winter the deep recesses of the ocean, or plunging — itself beneath the soft mud at the bottom ; but at the vernal season it begins to quit the deeper parts, -and approach the shallows in order to deposit its ‘spawn in proper situations ; and this is thought a sufficient explanation of the glittering myriads ‘which at particular seasons illumine the surface of the ocean for the length and breadth of several miles at once*. As a proof of this Dr. Bloch ob- _serves that Herrings are in reality found at. almost _all seasons of the year about some of the European coasts, and that the northern voyages, supposed by. -Pennant and others, are impracticable in the short. period assigned by naturalists; the fish, m its” -swiftest progress being utterly incapable of moving at so rapid a rate as this migration necessarily sup- * Herrings spawn at different seasons; ; seme in spring 2 some mM summer, and some in autumn, COMMON HERRING. 163 _ poses: For these and other reasons Dr: Bloch is inclined to believe the long voyage of the Herring .to exist only in the minds of its describers. -Among the principal enemies of this fish may be ee wcorimar the various species of Whales*, some of which are observed to pursue large shoals, and to swallow them in such quantities, that in the stomach of a single whale no less than six hundred herrings are said to have been found. Besides the whale, various species of marine birds of prey are -per- petually assailing them either on the water or from above. The Herring itself is supposed to feed principally on. sea-insects.and the smaller kind of marine worms. | __ Exclusive of the various methods of preparing this fish for sale in different countries, a great - _quantity of oil is drawn from it, forming a great _and important commercial article among the north- ern nations, and particularly among the Swedes. as ia Particularly a Whale called the Nord-Caper, a very swift animal of the Orc tribe. 164 PILCHARD. Clupea Pilchardys. C. argentea, dorso subfusco, squamis magms arcte infixis. Silvery Herring, with dusky back, and large, strongly adherent scales. Pilchard. Will. ichth. p. 223. Penn. Brit. Zool. -Clupea Pilchardus. Bloch. t. 406. Tue Pilchard is very nearly allied in general appearance to the Herring, but is of a somewhat thicker or less compressed form, with the back more elevated and the belly less sharp; the nose rather shorter in proportion and turning upwards, and the under jaw shorter: the scales are consider- ably larger than in the Herring, and are pretty strongly fixed; those of the Herring on the contrary being very easily displaced. A still more remark- able difference consists in the situation of the dorsal fin, which is placed exactly in the centre of gravity, so that when the fish is taken up by it the body preserves an equilibrium ; whereas if the Herring be taken up by the same part the head will be observed to dip considerably: to these differences it may be added that the Pilchard is in general of inferior size to the Herring, and rarely measures more than about eight inches in length: its colour is bright silvery, with a green or blueish cast on the upper parts. It is a fish which seems to have escaped the notice of many ichthyologists, by whom it has been confounded with the Herring, or at most considered as a variety of that species, Its — i . e ~ ‘yi a it 4% . < 120 iat Ht Nie ony iN i iN i aul N AWN CHOVY. SHAD. 165 general habits seem to resemble those of the Her- ring, and it appears in almost equal plenty about several of the European coasts, particularly about those of the southern parts of our own island, where it is taken in vast quantities. ‘The numbers, says Mr. Pennant, from the- attestation of Dr. Borlace, that, are taken at one shooting out of the nets is amazingly great. On the fifth of October 1767 there were at one time included in St. Ives’s. bay 7000 hogsheads, each hogshead containing 35000 fish, in all 24000000. The Pilchard, according to Mr. Pennant, usually | appears in vast shoals off the Cornish coasts about the middle of July, disappearing in the beginning of winter, though a few return again after Christ- mas: their winter retreat, the same author observes, is supposed to be the same with that of the Herring. SHAD. Clupea ‘Albee C. argentea, dorso subfusco, abdomine acme ) dilatatis carinato. Silvery Herring, with dusky back, and abdomen carinated with dilated scales. Clupea Alosa. C. lateribus nigro maculatis, rostro bifido. Lite Syst. Nat. p, 523. Clupea maculis nigris utrinque. Bloch. t. 30. f. 1. Shad. Penn. Brit. Zool. | Tuis species resembles the Pilchard in general appearance, but is of much larger size, much thinner or flatter in"proportion, and is farther distinguished by the scales on the lower part of the abdomen, 166 SHAD. which are dilated on each side into a kind of 1asitnas | the bottom forming a sharp carina down the belly: — the colour of the body is bright silver, inclining to ~ dusky on the back, and marked on each side, at a small distance from the gills, by four or five or more’ rounded black spots, of which the first or that’ nearest the gills is the largest: the scales are rather large : the upper lip is divided by a deep incisure on the lower part: the fins are of a blueish tinge, the’ tail- forked, and marked on each side the base by a subtriangular dusky patch : the Jateral line runs nearly strait from the gills to the tail: on each side the abdomen, at the base of the ventral fins, 1 is a small pointed appendage or process. - This fish is a native of the Mediterranean and N orthern seas, and, like the Salmon, ascends rivers at particular seasons, for the purpose of depositing its spawn, being found, according to. Bloch in the Rhone in the month of March, and in the Volga, the Rhine, and the Elbe in April. It is observed to deposit its spawn in the deepest part of the river, and towards autumn returns again to the sea. It grows to the length of two or three feet. It is generally observed to be poor and meagre when it first quits the sea, but grows fatter the longer it continues in fresh water. Like the Her- ring, it dies almost immediately after being taken out of the water, and is supposed to feed a on worms, insects, and young fish. According to Mr. Pennant the Shad is found in ereater perfection in the Severn than i m any other Br itish river, making its first appearance in April SPRAT. 167 or May, according to the temperature of the season. — The Thames Shad, according to the same author, does not appear till the latter end of May or begin- ning of June, and is esteemed but a coarse and insipid fish. It seems to be subject to some variety: is not always marked by the black spots mentioned in the specific character ; and is sometimes seen ot a dusky and sometimes of a cupreous or rufous tinge. SPRAT, Clupea Sprattus. C. argentea, dorso subfusco, maxilla inferiore _ longiore, abdomine serrato. ‘Silvery Herring, with brownish back, lower jaw longer than the upper, and serrated addomen. Clupea Sprattus. C. mawilla inferiore longiore, pinne ani radiis _ septendecm. Bloch, t. 29. f. 2. Clupea Sprattus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 523. La Sardine. Duham. 2. p. 418. “ $prat. Penn. Brit. Zool. So much allied to the Herring in almost all points except in size as to have been frequently considered as the young of that fish: indeed the differences are, at. first view, so slight, that it is not very easy to form a true specific character. Mr. Pennant observes that the chief difference consists in the abdomen, which in the Sprat is strongly serrated: he adds that the vertebrae in the back bone of the Sprat are forty-eight in number, but in that of the Herring fifty-six: the back fin is placed more remote from the head than in the 168 ANCHOVY. Herring, and is, in general, furnished with about sixteen or seventeen rays*. The Sprat, says Mr. Pennant, appears im the : river ‘Thames, below bridge, in the beginning of November, and leaves it in March, and during its appearance is a great relief to the poor of the Capital. At Gravesend and Yarmouth Sprats are cured like red Herrings, and are sometimes pickled, being in that state little inferior to the Anchovy, though the bones will not dissolve as in that fish. Like the Herring and the Pilchard the Sprat often visits the coasts of the Mediterranean and Northern seas in prodigious shoals, and usually spawns in autumn in the deeper parts of the coast. : ANCHOVY. Clupea Encrasicolus. C. argentea, dorso subfusco, maxilla supertore longiore. Silvery Herring, with dusky back, and upper jaw Tonger than the lower. Clupea Encrasicolus. C. maxilla cubeusae longiore. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 523. C Clupea maxilla superiore oe rictu amplo. Bloch. t. 30. f. 2. Anchovy. Will. ichth. 225. Penn, Brit. Zool. Tue general length of this species is from three to four inches, but it is sometimes seen of the length of six inches and upwards: it is of a somewhat _# There appears to be some mistake on this subject in the Systema Nature; the specific character announcing thirteen rays, while in the note annexed the number is. seventeen. ANCHOVY. 109 lengthened form, and is covered with large thin, and easily deciduous scales: the eyes are large, the upper jaw considerably longer than the lower, and the tongue doubly ciliated on each side: the back is of a dusky greenish cast, with a degree of trans- - parency ; the abdomen smooth, and the tail forked. The Anchovy is found in great plenty in the Me- diterranean, Northern, and Atlantic seas, and like the Herring, is supposed to leave at particular periods the deep recesses of the ocean, and to seck the shallower parts for the purpose of depositing its spawn: this commences at the vernal season and continues for a very considerable time. ‘The great fishery for Anchovies is said to be at Gor- gona, a small isle to the west of Leghorn. ‘They are taken in vast quantities, and prepared for sale by salting and pickling: the bones dissolve entirely in boiling, which renders this species so. peculiarly conyenient in the preparation of various sauces, &e. It is supposed to have been well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, who prepared from it one kind of Garum or condiment for their tables, though the principal article of that name is rather thought to have been prepared from other fishes. | MALABAR HERRING. Clupea Malabarica. C. albo-cerulescens, mawilla inferiore curva, squamis magnis, abdomine serrato. : % Blueish-white Herring, with curved lower jaw, large scales, and serrated abdomen. Clupea Malabarica. C. maxilla iajertene curva. Bloch. t. 432. — Leneru about twelve inches: shape ike that of the common Herring, but deeper: colour white, slightly shaded with pale blue on the edges of the scales: head and back brownish: head rather large and short : lower jaw a trifle longer than the upper, and turning up: lips or side-plates pretty strongly. serrated: fins pale, or whitish: the anal fin shallow, but of greater extent than m most of this genus: tail forked: lateral line nearer the back than the abdomen. Native of the Indian seas, and observed about the coasts of Malabar, but in no esteem as a. food, and only Seater eaten sa the lowest ; orders. AFRICAN HERRING... Clupea Africana. C. argentea, dorso olivaceo, abdamine oe, pinnis ventralibus minimis. Silvery Herring, with olivaceous back, serrated abdomen, and very small ventral fins. ‘ Clupea Africana. C. pinna ani longa, maxilla infertore longiore. Bloch, t. 407. ; Pie Levers a foot: shape much deeper than that of the common Herring, and rather approaching to CHINESE HERRING. yg al that of a Carp: body much compressed, with the abdomen very sharp, and strongly serrated or cari- nated as far as the vent by dilated scales, as in the Shad: colour silvery, with a dusky blueish tinge on the upper parts: orbits of the eyes serrated beneath: scales moderately large: lateral [me nearer the back than the abdomen, and slightly curving: fins pale; anal shallow and of still greater extent than in the preceding species: ventral fins so very small as to bear the appearance of mere rudiments or slightly expanded processes on that part: tail forked, Native of the African seas, and said to be extremely plentiful. during the summer months about the coasts of Guinea. ~« ‘ wy \ CHINESE HERRING. ~ Clupea Sinensis. C. argentea, dorso subviolaceo, abdomine ~~ serrato, pinnis flavis, dorsali caudaque nigro marginatis. _ Silvery Herring, with subviolaceous ‘back, serrated abdomen, and yellow fins, the dorsal fin and tail edged with black. Clupea Sinensis. C. ore edentulo, radio infimo branchiostegaque truncato. Bloch, t. 405. | ‘Leneru ten or twelve inches: shape deeper thai that of the preceding, and the abdomen compressed and sharply serrated, or carinated by dilated scales as far as the vent: colour silvery, brownish above, and marked by several obscure longitudinal yellow- ish stripes: head small and short: eyes large: mouth small: scales large: fins yellowish white, the dorsal marked at the base and along the edge i172 : THRISSA HERRING. by a black band: tail forked, and terminated with. a broad black band. Native of the Indian and American seas, and sometimes found in rivers: in considerable esteem as an edible fish. THRISSA HERRING. Clupea Thrissa. C. argenteo-cerulescens, pinnis. pectoralibus. rubris, radio ultimo pinne dorsalis elongato. / Silvery-blueish Herring, with red pectoral fins, and the last yay of the dorsal fin elongated. Clupea Thrissa. C. panna ani radiis viginti-octo, coat radio postremo sctaceo, Lin. Syst. Nat. p, 524. | €. radio ultimo dorsali elongato, pinna ani recto. Bloch. ft. 404, Lenetu about twelve mache ; shape of the body deep, the abdomen projecting considerably, and | being serrated beneath, but without any dilatation on the sides of the scales: colour blueish silvery, with a dusky cast on the back: head small: mouth small: scales large: lateral line running nearly strait from gills to tail: dorsal fin slightly sealed at the base, and terminated behind or at the shallowest part by a very long single ray, extending nearly as far as the base of the tail, which is strongly forked : all the fins blueish, except the pectoral, which are - red. Native of the American seas: observed by Plumier: inhabits rivers at the spawning season, and deposits its eggs among aquatic plants, &c. 173 GIANT HERRING. - Clupea Gigantea. C. argenteo-cerulescens elongata, abdomine roseo, squamis subhexagonis, radio ultimo pinne dorsalis elongato. -Gilvery-blueish elongated Herring, with rose-coloured abdo- men, subhexagonal scales, and the last ray of the dorsal fin elongated. Clupea cyprinoides. _ C, radio ultimo dorsali longissimo, pinna ani lunata. Bloch. t. 403. Tuis is a species of very large size, arriving some- _ times, according to Marcgrave, at the length of twelve feet, and having a mouth of sufficient width to receive a man’s head: the general shape of the fish is not unlike that of a Pike: the lower jaw is longer than the upper, and the lips or side-plates pretty strongly curved: the eyes moderately large: the scales very large, and approaching to a slightly hexagonal form: the general colour is a silvery blue, tinged with dusky on the back, and with rose-colour on the abdomen, which is smooth or not serrated: the dorsal fin is distinguished by the same particu- larity as in the Clupea Thrissa, being slightly scaled at the base, and terminating behind in a strong and greatly lengthened ray, arching over the lower | part of the back, and reaching almost to the base of the tail, which, as in the former species, is strongly forked: all the fins are of a pale biue colour. This gigantic species is a native of the Indian and Ame- rican seas: it 1s not much esteemed as a table fish, except when young, the. flesh of the larger ones being coarse and insipid. 17a SILVER-STRIPED HERRING. _Clupea Atherinoides. C. fusca, fascia utringue longitudinal argentea. Brown Herring, marked on each side by a longitudinal silvery _ band. - Clupea atherinoides. C. linea laterali argentea. Lin, Syst. Nat. Clupea stria longitudinali argentea. Bloch, t. 408. f. i Fe, Lenora about ten inches: stitiglé lengthened, and the habit or general appearance greatly re- -sembling that of an Atherine: colour brown, with a broad and well defined silvery band running from the gills to the tail: scales large: abdomen cari- nated as far as the vent by a series of dilated scales: snout obtuse: upper jaw longer than the lower: ‘dorsal fin placed at some distance beyond the middle of the back: tail lunated: anal fin shallow -and of considerable extent: ventral fins very small. Native of the Indian and American seas, and some- times found in those of Europe. | | Ak BRISTLED-JAWED HERRING. | Clupea Setirostris. C. masille superioris ossiculis lateralibus setaceis, pinna ani radiis triginti duobus, Lin. Gmel. p. 1407. Brousson. ichth. fasc. 1. t. 11. Clupea Bealama. Forsk. Arab. p. 79, Herring with the lateral bones of the upper jaw terminating § in a setaceous process. Suare lanceolate: colour silvery, tinged with blue above: head short; mouth wide: scales ob- ~ TUBERCULATED HERRING. 175 ‘securely rhomboid, deciduous, and disposed in ob- liquely imbricated rows: fins grey: tail forked: native of the Indian and Red seas. | DORAB HERRING, Clupea Dorab. C. pinnis ventralibus minutis, labio superioré — dentibus porrectis bicorni, inferiort longiort, dentibus valdi- oribus, erectis. Lin. Gmel. Forsk. Arab. .. Herring with minute pectoral fins; upper jaw horned by pro- minent teeth, and lower furnished with strong upright teeth. Save linear: colour silvery, tinged with dusky blue above: head flattish: upper jaw furnished in front with exserted teeth, standing remote from each other, and of which the two middle ones are “larger than the rest and very sharp: gill-covers “marked by rivular stripes: scales rounded and de- ciduous: dorsal fin placed considerably beyond ‘the middle of the back: ventral fins very small : tail forked. Native of the Red Sea: observed by Forskal. TUBERCULATED HERRING. * Clupea Tuberculata. C. mandibula inferiore breviore, rostre - apice tuberculo verruceformi, macula miniata ad superiores branchiarum commissuras. Commerson. Cepede. 5. p. 460. _*..Herring with the lower jaw shorter than the upper, a wart-like. _ prominence on the snout, and a red spot.at the. upper com- missures of the jaws. - A very small species: colour silvery, with a slight tinge of blue above; mouth: wide: dorsal fin 176 BANDED HERRING. and tail rufous: scales easily deciduous: lateral line wanting: tail forked. Native of the Indian seas: observed by Commerson: said to be an ex- cellent table fish. YELLOW-FINNED HERRING. ge Clupea Chrysoptera. C. argentea, supra ceruleo-nebulosa, pinnis luteis, cauda furcata. Silvery Herring, clouded above with ati watt yellow fins, and forked tail. Clupea chrysoptera. Cepede. 5. p, 460. Size of a Sprat or very small Herring: colour. silvery, clouded above with blue and white: head shaped like that of an Anchovy: gill-covers of a gilded cast : on each side the body a black spot : all the fins yellow: tail forked. Native of the Indian seas: observed by Commerson. BANDED oiie sige. > Clupea Fasciata, C. siesaniae supra fasciis semidecurrentibus fuscis, subtus maculis rot:mdatis. Silvery Herring, marked above by semidecurrent dusky bands, and below by rounded spots. Clupea fasciata. Cepede. 5. t. 460. Cotour silvery, marked above by several semi- decurrent dusky bands; and beneath: the lateral jine by several small rounded spots: scales so de- ciduous that the fish is often seen nearly naked: eyes very large: first ray of the dorsal fin prolonged LONG-HEADED HERRING. a Se into. an extended filament: ventral fins placed _ pretty near the thorax: tail forked. Native of the Indian seas : observed by Commerson. | . i NASAL. HERRING. -Clupea Nasus. C. argentea, dorso cerulescente, naso obtuso, prominente, radio ultimo pinne dorsalis elongato. Silvery Herring with obtuse, prominent snout, and the last . ray of the dorsal fin elongated. ,; ‘Clupea Nasus, C, maxilla superiore pr ominentc, &c. Bloch. t. 4209. Lenetu about seven or eight inches: shape not unlike that of a Carp: snout blunt, rounded, and | projecting, so that the mouth appears placed be- neath: colour silvery, with a dusky blueish tinge above: scales large and rounded: dorsal fin of si- milar shape with that of the C. Thrissa, and termin- ated behind by a long filament: tail forked. Na- tive of the Indian seas, and sometimes observed in rivers: im no esteem as a food, being considered as unwholesome. LONG-HEADED HERRING. Clupea Macrocephala, C. argentea, supra corulescens, capite elongato, maxilla supertore longiore, pinnis rubentibus. Silvery Herring, blueish above, with lengthened head, upper jaw longer than the lower, and reddish fins. ‘Clupea macrocephala. Cepede. 5. p. 460. “Snare lengthened: head long, equalliag about a sixth of the whole fish: upper lip extending be- ¥.¥V. P.1. | | 12 178 TROPICAL HERRING. | yond the lower: scales large and rounded: dorsal fin placed rather beyond the middle of the back: tail forked : colour of the whole :fish silvery, with the upper parts blue, and the fins reddish. De- scribed by Cepede from a drawing by Plumier, Native of the American seas. TROPICAL HERRING, Clupea Tropica. C. alba, abdomine serrato, cauda cuneiformi. White Herring, with serrated abdomen, and cuneiform tail. Clupea tropica. C. cauda cuneiform. Lin. Syst. Nat. Snare broad or carp-like: mouth wide: abdo- men serrated: gill-covers coated with small scales : Jateral line strait, but nearer the back than the abdomen : native of the Indian seas, Baan tha 9 Sm: en hia Hy! Chibi OS, LW COMMON CARP. N\ NT) ‘il a asa E BO CYPRINUS. CARP. Generic Character. Os parvum, edentulum. || WZouth small and toothless, Dentes gutturales. 2 Teeth in the throat. Membr : branch : trixadiata. |] Gill-membrane three-rayed. Pinne ventrales sepius no- || Ventral fins, in general, nine= vemradiate. ela rayed. Of a broad or deep shape. COMMON CARP. _ Cyprinus. Carpio. C; luteo-olivaceus, pinna dorsali lata, radio tertio postice. serrato. Yellowish-olive Carp, with wide Aaa es with the third ray serrated behind. > Cyprinus Carpio. C. pinna ani ecuits novem, cirris quatuor, pinne dorsalis radio secundo postice serrato. Lin. Syst, Nat, p. 525. : Sue Carp. Will. Pennant. &c. c. Tus fish is a native of the Southern parts of Europe, inhabiting lakes and small rivers, and differs considerably in size and colour according to the waters in which it is found. From the south of Europe it has been gradually dispersed into the more northern parts, and is said to have been in- ' troduced into our own country about the year 180 COMMON CARP. 1514, and into Denmark in ‘the year 1560. It is said to decrease in size the farther it is re- moved into a northern region. The usual length of the Carp in our own country is from about twelve to fifteen or sixteen inches; but in warmer climates it often arrives at the length of two, three, or four feet, and the weight of twenty, thirty, or even forty pounds. Its general colour is a yellowish olive, much deeper or browner on the back, and accompanied with a slightly gilded tinge on the sides: the scales are large, rounded, and very dis- tinct: the head is large, and the mouth furnished on each side with a moderately long cirrus or beard, and above the nostrils is a much smaller and shorter pair: the lateral line is slightly curved, and marked by a row of blackish specks: the fins are violet- brown, except the anal, which has a reddish tinge : the dorsal fin is broad or continued to some distance from the middle of the back towards the tail, which | is slightly forked, with rounded lobes. The usual food of the Carp consists of worms and water-insects: it is a fish so tenacious of life that it may be kept for a very considerable time in any damp place, though not immersed in water, and it is said to be sometimes fattened with success by being enveloped in wet moss, suspended in a net, and fed at intervals with bread steeped in milk, taking care to refresh the animal now and then by throwjng fresh water over the net in which it is suspended, _ The Carp is an extremely prolific fish, and the ‘apantig of roe is so great that it is said to have = Stee SoS tance yep Sa By ~~ Se a eee PGi EAM So COMMON CARP. 181 sometimes exceeded the weight of the emptied fish itself when weighed against it. ~The age to which the Carp arrives is very great, and several well authenticated instances are adduced of its arriving at that of considerably more than a century at least. Many of those which were intro- duced into the ponds at Versailles, &c. in the reign of Lewis the fourteenth are either still in being, or at least were so a very short time before the French Revolution. Dr. Smith, in his Tour to the Continent, mentions these, and observes that they were grown white through age. Buffon assures us that he had seen, in the fosses at Pontchartrain, carps which were known to be of the age of an hundred and fifty years. Others affirm that they have been known to arrive at the age of two hundred years. The Carp is commonly supposed tv have been introduced into this country so lately as the reign of King Henry the eighth: it is however more than probable that it must have been known at an earlier period, since, as Mr. Pennant observes, it is mentioned by Juliana Barnes in her well-known work the “ Boke of St. Albans,” the earliest publi- cation of which is in the year 1496. The Carp is chiefly cultivated in some parts of Germany and Poland, where it forms a very con- siderable article of commerce; the merchants or dealers purchasing the fish of the noblesse, who draw a good revenue from the produce of. their ponds. ‘The method of feeding and managing carp on this large scale is thus detailed by Dr, Forster in the Philosophical ‘Transactions. 182 COMMON CARP. “ It would be needless to speak of the natural his- tory of this well-flavoured fish, after the satisfactory — account given of it in the British Zoology by that most accurate zoologist Mr. Pennant. I will only observe that though the carp is now commonly found in ponds and rivers, and generally thought to be a fresh-water fish, the ancient zoologists ranged it among the sea-fish; and I know instances of its being caught in the harbour of Dantzig, be- tween that city and a little town called Heia, which is situated at the extremity of a long, narrow, sandy’ promontory, projecting eastwards into the sea, and forming the gulf before Dantzig, of about 30 Eng- lish miles diameter. These carp were forced, ‘as I ‘suppose, by a storm from the mouth of the Vistula, which here enters the Baltic, into the sea: and as the other two branches of the Vistula or Weixel disembogue into a large fresh-water lake called the Trish-Haff, which has a communication with the sea at Pillau, it 1s equally probable that these fish came round from Pillau tothe harbour of Dantzig’; especially as they are iwi: found in- wc si coi jdtaik,”’ na « The sale of. carp makes a part of the revenue of the nobility and gentry in Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburgh, Saxony, Bohemia, Mecklenburgh, and Holstein; and the way of managing this useful fish is therefore reduced in these countries into a. kind of system, built on a great number of experi- ments, made during several generations, in the families of ouitineien well ker in every — of husbandry.” : ain COMMON CARP. 183 « The first thing which must be attended to, in - ease a gentleman chooses to have carp-ponds, is to select the ground where they are to be made: for upon the soil, water, and situation of a pond the success in the management greatly depends. The best kind of ponds ought to be situated in a well- manured, fertile plain, surrounded by the finest pastures and corn-fields of a rich black mould, having either mild or soft springs on the spot, or a rivulet that runs through the plain. The water - ought to be mild and soft; by no means too cold, or impregnated with acid, calcareous, or selenitic, or other mineral particles. “The exposure must be sheltered against the cold, blasting, easterly, or northern winds, by a ridge of hills, situated at some distance from the pond, enjoying fully the benign influence of the sun, far from any thick, shady wood, that might intercept the beams of the sun or where the leaves of trees might cause a putrefaction, or impregnate the water with astringent particles. Such ponds as are surrounded by poor, cold and stiff soils, are open to the east and north winds, have a wood on one or two sides, and hard or cold water, or such as issues from mines, moors, or mosses, are inferior in goodness. Ponds in a poor, dry, or sandy soil, surrounded by pines or firs, with the just-mentioned inconveniences, are considered as the worst of all. The ground towards the pond ought to have a gentle slope; for deep vallies are subject to great floods, and will then endanger the dikes in a wet rainy season ; and often the expecta- tions of many years are carried away. The soil 184 COMMON CARP.- cannot be altered: it is therefore a chief qualifi- cation of a pond to be contrived in a good soil; The sun is a less material article; provided there- fore a pond can enjoy the morning and noon-tide sun, it matters not much if the wood be on one or two of its sides. The water is a material point; but in case the springs that supply the ponds are very cold and hard, it may be softened and tempered by exposing it to the sun and air in a large reser- voir above the pond, or by leading it for a long way in an open exposure, before it enters the pond. The quantity of water to supply the pond with, is another requisite: too much water makes too great a canal necessary, for carrying its superfluity off ; and this is very expensive: too little water has an- other inconvenience, viz. that of keeping the water too long in the pond, and to cause ‘a stagnation without any fresh supplies; and often, in a dry season, the scantiness of fresh water distresses the fish, and causes diseases and mortality among them. These remarks are general, and must be applied to all ponds: I shall now enter into a more minute detail: it is found by experience most convenient to have three kinds of ponds for carp: the first is called the’ spawning-pond, the second the nursery, and third or largest the main-pond. There are two methods for stocking the ponds with carp; either to buy a few old fish, and to put them into the spawning-pond, or to purchase a good quantity of 4 one year’s old fry, for the nursery. I shall treat of both these methods, and shall add something rela- tive to the management of carp in the main-pond. * pie SA ee Ss Ss SF COMMON CARP. 185 A pond intended for spawning must be well cleared of ali other kinds of fish ; especially such as are of a rapacious nature, viz. pike, perch, eel, and trout : ‘and also of all newts or larvze of lizards, as well as of the dytisci or water-beetles, which frequently destroy quantities of the fry, to the great loss of the owner, A rich soil, gently sloping banks, mild springs, or a constant supply of good soft water, with a fine exposure to sun and air, are the chief requisites for a good spawning-pond. A pond of the size of about one acre requires three’ or four male carp, and six or eight female ones; and thus further, in proportion to each acre, the same number of males and females. ‘The best carp for breeders are five, six, or seven years old, in good health, in full scale, without any blemish or wound, especially such as are caused by the Lernea Cyprini: Lin. (a kind of cartilaginous worm with fine full eyes and along body). Such as are sickly, move not briskly ; have spots, as if they had the small- pox, have either lost their scales, or have them sticking but loosely to the body, whose eyes lie deep in their heads, are short, deep, and lean, will never produce a good breed. Being provided with a set of carp such as are here described, and sufficient to stock a pond with, it is best to put them, on a fine calm day, the latter end of March, or in April, into the spawning-pond. Care must be taken that the fish be not too much hurt by being transported in a hogshead, nor put into the pond on a stormy day ; for they are easily thrown upon the shallows on the sides, being weak, and harrassed by being caught, removed, and not yet acquainted with the 186 COMMON CARP. deep holes for their retreat in their new habitation.. Carp spawn in May, June, or July, according as. the warm season sets in earlier or later. At this: season they swim to shallow, warm, and sheltered. places, where the female deposits the spawn where the bottom is somewhat gritty about the roots of grass, osier-roots, hanging branches, &c.. The milter or male fish, by a natural instinct, follows the spawner, and the milt or soft roe is spread over the spawn, which thus becomes impregnated. Carp at this season are frequently seen swimming as it were in a circle, about the same spot. 7b: finest and calmest summer days are commonly those on which carp spawn; providence having thus made a provision for the greater security of the fry of so ‘useful a fish; as otherwise in a stormy. day the spawn would be washed towards the banks, where it would be eaten up by birds, or trampled. on by men and quadrupeds, or dried up by the heat of the sun, and a whole generation of carp: entirely destroyed. During the spawning-season the carp may be approached, with some degree of. address, so that they will pass and repass between a person’s hands held under the water, without being in the least disturbed; but if any noise, or quick motion be made, they dart away with sur- prising velocity. Great care must, be taken, during the spawning season, to prevent the approach of all aquatic fowl, wild and tame, to the ponds; for geese and ducks not only swallow the spawn, but de- stroy still more of it by searching among the weeds’ and aquatic plants: it. is therefore a general rule, to send twice a day, a man round the pound, to scare COMMON CARP. 187 all wild fowl, viz. swans, geese, ducks, cranes, and herons. It sometimes happens that crusians and carp, or tench and carp, being put together in a pond, and the males and females of each kind not being in a just proportion, the different species mix their roe and milt, and thus produce mules or mongrel breeds.. The mules between carp and crusians* seldom and'‘slowly attain the size which carp are capable of: they are very deep, and shorter in proportion than carp, but of a very hardy nature. ‘The mules between carp and tench par- take of the nature of both fish; grow to a good size, but some part of their body is covered with the small slimy scales of a tench, while some other parts have the larger scales of a carp +: their flesh approaches nearer to that of a tench, and they are likewise of a less tender nature than the common: carp: this latter kind of mule is called in Germany Spiegel-Karpe, or mirror-carp, the blotches with large scales being considered as mirrors. Whether these mules are capable of continuing their species I cannot affirm; never having made any experi- ments on the subject ; nor have I heard any thing said on that head with any degree of precision, or founded on experience. In some ponds in Lanca-. shire, I have been told by a gentleman: of great worth and honour, both these kinds of mules are * Dr. Forster supposes the fish hee named to be the same with the rad or jinscale (Br. Zool. : . p. 310). It is not very common in England, and is generaly esteemed much inferior to the carp in flavour. i The fish here alluded to is the Rex Seliglgte of Bloch. 188 ye COMMON CARP» now and then found. I think it however not ad- viseable to put carp and tench, or carp and crusians, in one pond, unless it be done for experiment’s sake ; in which latter case a small pond, free from other fish, with one or two fish of each. kind, will be sufficient to gratify curiosity, without debasing the breed of carp in a large pond. . The young fry being hatched from the spawn, by the benign in- fluence of the sun, they are left the whole summer, and even the next winter, in the spawning-pond, in. cease the pond be so deep that the suffocation of the young tender fry under the ice in a severe winter is not to be apprehended, for it is by no means ad- vantageous to take them out in the first months of their existence. If however the shallowness of the pond, its cold situation and climate, make it neces- sary to secure the fry against the rigours of the ensuing winter, the water of the pond must be let - off ; in which case the fry and old fish will gradually retire to the canal and ditches, which communicate with the hole in the middle of the pond, and a net, with small meshes, is then employed to catch both the fry and old ones. The old breeders are then separated from the fry, and both kinds put into separate ponds that are warmer, and more con- . venient for the wintering these delicate fish, Care must be taken to fix on a calm, mild day, at the latter end of September, for the catching of the fry out of the spawning-pond. The nurseries are the second kind of ponds intended for the bringing up the young fry. The best time to put them into — the nursery is in March or April, on a fine and COMMON CARP, 189 - ealm day. A thousand, or twelve hundred of this fry may be allotted to each acre of a pond. The choice of the fry must be made according to the above enumerated characters of good and healthy fish, and must be carefully removed from one pond to another. It is likewise requisite to send people with long sticks, all the first day, round the pond, in order to drive the tender and weak fry from the sides of the pond, because they are bewildered in a strange place, and often become the prey of rapaci- ous birds. If the pond be good, and the place not overstocked before, and the fry well-chosen and well preserved, it is almost certain that they will grow within two summers so much as to weigh four, five, and sometimes six pounds, and to be fleshy and well-tasted. A great many Prussian gentlemen make a good profit by selling their carp, after two years standing in the nursery, and export them even to Finland and Russia. The main-ponds are the last kind. In these carp are put that mea- sure a foot, head and tail inclusive. Every square of fifteen feet in the pond is sufficient for one carp, and will afford food and room for the fish to play in, [he more room carp have, and consequently the more food the pond affords, the quieker will be the growth of the fish. The longer the pond has been already in use, the longer you intend to keep the carp in it, the more you desire to quicken the growth of them, the more you ought to lessen the number of fish destined for the pond. Spring and autumn are the best seasons for stocking your main-ponds, The growth of your fish will always Yaa COMMON CARP) be in proportion to the food they have, for earp are observed to grow a long time, and to come to a very considerable size, and a remarkable weight. I recollect to have seen a carp above a yard long, and of twenty-five pounds weight ; but I had no opportunity of ascertaining their real age. In the’ pond at Charlottenburg, a palace belonging to the King of Prussia, I saw more than two or three hundred carp between two and three feet long ; and I was told by the keeper that they were be- tween fifty and sixty years standing: they were tame, and came to the shore in order to be fed: they swallowed with ease a piece of white bread of the size.of halfa halfpenny roll. i “ During winter, ponds ought to have their full complement of water; for the deeper the water is, the warmer lies the fish. In case the pond be~ covered with ice, some holes must be made every day for the admission of fresh air mto the pond;. for want of which carp frequently perish. In the summer observe to clean the rails and wire-works in the water-courses, of the weeds and grass, which frequently stop them up. Birds that feed on fish must be carefully kept out of the ponds. In a) great drought, provision must be made for keepmg- the water at the same height that it commonly” stands at in the pond; 1. e. between four and five feet. If the water stagnates and grows putrid, it’ must be let off, and a supply of fresh water be’ introduced from the reservoirs. If the weeds; ° especially reed and flags, and some of the aquatic” grasses, over-run the pond too much, scithes fixed: COMMON CARP. igh on poles of sixteen or twenty feet, with a lead fastened to them to keep the scithes on the bottom of the pond, are thrown out, and then again drawn to the person who works with them, and the weeds will be all cut ; after which operation they must be drawn up with long harrows, and set in heaps on the shore for putrefaction, and in length of time, for manure. ‘This cleaning of ponds must never be done in a spawning-pond, where it would be the destruction of thousands of fish. The best season for catching such carp as are intended for the market is Autumn. After the pond has been for five or six years in constant use, it is likewise time to let the water entirely off, and clear the pond.of the mud, which often increases too much, and becomes a nuisance. When the pond.is dry it may be ploughed before the frost sets in, and next spring oats or barley should be sown in it, after a new ploughing; and it will repay the trouble to the owner with a rich and plentiful crop. When the loose, superfluous mud is carried off, out of the pond, care should be taken not to take the soil below. the original level of the pond.. Some people sow a pond which has been laid for dry some months with oats; and when they are growing, they fill up the pond with water, and introduce carp for spawning; thinking by this contrivance to procure food for the fish; as well as an agreeable substance for them to rub themselves against; but this practice seems to be more noxious than beneficial: for the growing oats will putrefry, and communicate putridity to the water, which can by no means be 192 - COMMON CARP. salutary to the fish. Epicures sometimes feed carp, during the colder season, in a cellar. The following method is the best that can be devised for that purpose. A carp is laid on a great quan- tity ‘of fresh wet moss, spread on a piece of net, which is then gathered into a purse, and the moss so contrived, that the whole fish be entirely wrapped up in it: care however must be taken to give the fish ease, and not to squeeze it, so that it may have room to breathe in this confined attitude. ‘The net, with the fish and moss, is then plunged into water, and hung up to the ceiling of the cellar. In the beginning this operation must be very fre- quently repeated, at least every three or four hours: by length of time the fish will be more used to the new element, and will bear to be out of water for six or seven hours. Its food is bread soaked in milk, which in the beginning must be administered in small quantities : in a short time the fish will bear more, and will grow fatter. I saw the experiment tried in a nobleman’s house in the principality of Anhalt-Dessau ; and during a fortnight I visited myself, every day, the fish, which after it had been kept in this manner during a fortnight, was dressed and served up at dinner, when every one present found it excellent in its flavour.” s22 i | i SSS SS == SS LARGE-SCALED CARP. 193 Var. LARGE-SCALED CARP. Tuts variety, which occurs in some parts of Ger- many, is figured by Bloch under the title of Rev Cyprinorum. In shape and colour it resembles the common Carp, but is distinguished by the extra- ordinary magnitude of the scales, which are often ‘so large as nearly to equal the size of a half-crown piece: they are also placed rather irregularly on the fish, some parts of which appear bare, while the others are covered by the broad plates or scales before-mentioned: in general they are disposed in two rows on each side, one parallel with the back, — and the other with the abdomen, which part is covered by others disposed in a less regular manner. This variety is said to be superior to the common Carp in point of flavour, and often grows to a great size. The young are observed to exhibit the same proportional size and disposition of scales with the full-grown animals, for which reason Dr. Bloch is inclined to suppose this fish to be really distinct from the common Carp. WR. P, Ie 13. 194 Var. 2 RONDELETIAN CARP.- Cyprinus Rondeletii. Nat. Misc. vol. 14. t. 556, _ Cyprini mira species. Rondel. aquat. 2. p. 155. Spur-Fish. Edw. glean, pl. 282. Turis singular variety seems to have been first de scribed by Rondeletius, from a living specimen brought into the fish-market at Lyons at the time his work was oe as | “No one,” says he, ‘* who saw the fish (suppos- ing the head taken away), would imagine it to be any thing but a Carp, which it exactly resembles in the shape and colour of its scales, and situation of the fins and tail. The dorsal fin at its com- mencement has a strong serrated spine, as in the Carp, and a similar one at the commencement of the vent-fin, which latter, as also the tail, is of a reddish- colour, and shaped like that of a Carp: at the.gills are two fins, and likewise two at the abdomen: the. head is not stretched forwards as in the Carp, but resembles that of a Dolphin*, having a longish but obtuse snout, as represented in the figure: from — the upper part of the snout, on each side the open- ing of the mouth, hangs a fleshy appendix or beard, as in the Carp, and above this, on each side, is a — much smaller one, scarce pe reagsible without close — inspection.” ® Meaning the true Dolphin, or Delphinus Delphis. et PS Weta hae a % IuUvy NVILGTTaNo yy ) (i PN PAH | th Yi Uy is iy s'\. LA mt iii My} | 3 —— — SS S—— => ~——* =—SS ‘a ha cain Mi is Hii 4 Hn Wy \ YAN 1 Natt Nl Wh, i i Se Se SANTA io ae i j I i}! Mi Mf ) H/ i) y] { NY il i i wh ! NNT "7 "i 32522 == =~. =: AN R M \\ Hh if Wi Deuifleinitl mua N\ LA NWN \ Wy \\ M | i} th At f) H oie “QS USS Hip PHY \\\ hi aD ree NS ‘CRUSIAN. “105 ~ “Other varieties, still more remarkable, are figured by Aldrovandus, &c. having the head sloped off in front in such a manner as to bear a rude resem- lance to a human face. These varieties Dr. Bloch imagines to be entirely accidental, and to have arisen from a wound casually inflicted by some sharp instrument, as a scythe or sickle, &c. em- ployed for the purpose of cutting weeds, while the fish was we g near the edge of the water. Eee CRUSIAN. ~ . - Cyprinus Carassius. C. luteo-olivaceus, pinnis subviolaceis, linea laterah recta, cauda subintegra. Yellow-olive Carp, with subviolaceous fins, strait lateral line, and nearly even tail. | Cyprinus Carassius. C; pinna ant radiis ae caude aide linea laterali recta. Lin. Syst; Nat. p. 526. Cyprinus linea ae recta, pinna ani radiis decem. Bloch, f. 11. Crusian. Penn. Brit. Zool, Leners from eight to ten inches: shape very deep, with a considerable thickness: colour deep olivaceous yellow, with a slight silvery tinge on the abdomen: lateral line strait: fins dull violet: dorsal fin broad, and extending a considerable di- stance from the middle of the back towards the tail, which is slightly lunated, with obtuse lobes. Native of many parts of Europe, inhabiting ponds and large stagnant waters. It may be doubted whether it be a genuine native of our own country, but is extremely common, and not much esteemed 196 | . BREAM. as a food, being considered as a coarse fish*, Ac- cording to Dr. Bloch a hybrid breed often takes place between this species and the Carp, when Pia happen to inhabit the same waters. ——_—= ' BREAM. Cyprinus Brama. C. latus olwvaceus, abdomine carneo, pinne dorsali parva, ani radiis viginti-septem. Broad olivaceous Carp, with flesh-coloured abdomen, smallish _ dorsal fin, and twenty-seven rays in the anal fin. -C. Brama. Lin. Bloch. t. 13. Penn. Brit. Zool, A LARGE species : shape very broad or deep : lene from two feet to two and a half: colour olive, with a pale or flesh-coloured tinge on the under parts: scales rather large: dorsal fin rather small, and situated a little beyond the middle of the back: anal fin extending from the vent nearly to the tail, which is pretty deeply forked: at the base of the ventral fins, on each side, an oblong conical process. Native of many parts of Europe, inhabiting the larger kind of lakes, still rivers, &c. and sometimes seen in the Caspian sea. It is a fish but little esteemed. for the table, being considered: as coarse and insipid. , * This is the case in our own country, but, according to Dr. Bloch, it is in considerable esteem in many parts of Germany. ‘Like many other fishes, it probably differs considerably in flavour according to the nature of the waters in which it is found. “IAV a GT 124. SSRQ°y So SS y Sy \ SS iN \ \ aps uosyzo 197 GIBEL. Cyprinus Gibelio. C. latus flavescens, dorso olivaceo, squamis. magnis, pinna dorsali lata, cauda lunulata. ~ Broad yellowish Carp, with olivaceous back, large scales, broad dorsal fin, and lunulated tail. | Cyprinus Gibelio. C. pinna dorsali radiis novendecim, cauda lunulata. Bloch. t. 17. ‘ALLIED in habit to the Bream, Crusian, &c. being very deep and thick: length from ten to twelve inches: general colour yellowish, with olive-colour- ed back: scales very large: dorsal fin moderately wide, or extending to some distance from the middle of the back towards the tail, which is short, and slightly divided, with obtuse lobes. Native of Germany and other midland parts of Europe, in- habiting lakes and rivers, and not often exceeding the weight of half or three quarters of a pound. RUD. _ Cyprinus Erythrophthalmus., C. subaureo-olivaceus, dorso ob=, __scuriore, oculis rubentibus, pinnis rubris. - Slightly gilded olivaceous Carp, with brownish back, reddish eyes, and red fins. Cyprinus erythrophthalmus, C. pinna ani rie ce al pinnis rubris, Lin. Syst. Nat. Cyprinus latus, iride crocea, pinnis ventralibus, ani > caudzeque. cinnabarinis. Bloch. t. 1. Rud. Penn. Brit. Zool. Generar length about eight or ten inches: head small; irides orange: back arched, and sloping 198 ROACH pretty suddenly towards the head and tail: scales large: lateral line slightly curved: general colour pale gilded olive, deeper or browner on the back: » abdomen reddish: fins deep red: dorsal fin rather small, and placed beyond the middle of the back : tail forked. Native of several parts of Europe, where it is extremely plentiful in lakes and rivers with a gravelly bottom. In our own island it is found, according to Pennant, in the Cherwell near Oxford, in the Witham in Lincolnshire, and in. the, fens 1 in Holderness, _ ROACH. Cyprinus Rutilus. C. argenteo flavescens, dorso subfusco, lined laterali deorsum curvata, pinnis inferioribus rubris. Yellowish-silvery Carp, with brownish back, lateral line curving “ downwards, and red lower fins. Cyprinus Rutilus. C. aride pinnisque omnibus rubris, ani i radiis duodecim. Bloch. t. 2. Roach. Penn. Brit. Zool. Mucu allied to the Rud, but of a shape some- | what less deep, and moderately thin, with the back: pretty sharply arched: scales large and easily de-_ ciduous : lateral line curving pretty much towards the abdomen: general colour silvery with a cast of dull yellow, growing more dusky or. brownish on the upper parts: fins red: dorsal fin-rather small, and situated on the middle of the back: tail slightly forked. ies The Roach is a gregarious fish, and is a native of most of the middle parts of Europe, inhabiting Pere | eT nee a a a ee pip pi At ROACH. | 1909 deep, still, and clear rivers, and frequently appear- ing in large shoals. , Dr. Bloch informs us that on draining the marshes about the Oder, so great a quantity were taken that they were used about all the nel ighbouring villages for the purpose of fatten- ing swine. In Walton’s well-known work thie Complete Angier mention is made of a Roach weighing two pounds; and Mr. Pennant speaks, on the authority ‘of an intelligent fishmonger, of one which weighed five pounds ; but the general weight of the fish is scarcely more than a pound or a pound and half. It is considered in many parts of Europe as an ‘excellent fish for the table, having a white, firm, and well-tasted flesh. In our own country however it is not held in any great@epute, being rather regarded as a coarse fish. It generally ‘spawns ‘about the middle of.May, and is a very prolific ‘species. It is also said to have the habit of hiding itself in the bottom the instant it perceives any ‘one near the water. The shoals are observed to be ‘generally preceded by one, or more, apparently ‘stationed as a kind of guard, in order to warn the “main atl of the Ua of any ine 200 cine - BORDELIERE. - Cyprinus Blicca. C. argenteo-olivaceus, dorso subfusco, pinna dorsal parva, pectoralibus ventralibusque rubentibus. s " Silvery-olive Carp, with brownish back, smallish dorsat fin, and reddish pectoral and ventral fins. «Cyprinus Blicca, C. latus, pinne ani radiis sisi quingue, Bloch, t. 10. | . Lenetu about ten inches: shape like that. of the Bream: colour also similar: dorsal fin rather small, and placed nearly in the middle of the back, or. not so low as in the Bream: anal fin of similar shape to that of the Bream, being continued for a. considerable distance from the vent towards the tail, which is forked; head small, with a sharpish snout, the upper lip projecting slightly over the lower: scales moderately large: lateral line curving towards the abdomen: pectoral and ventral fins reddish; the rest blueish. Native of many parts of Germany, inhabiting lakes and still rivers: in no great request as a food, on account of its numer- ous bones, and want of substance; it 1s a very prolific fish, usually spawning in the month of May, at which period it is so intent on depositing its ova in proper situations, as to suffer itself to be easily taken by the hand. Like most others of this genus, it lives on worms, water-insects, and the spawn of other fishes, and, as it is said, on that of the Rud in particular. 207 SOPE. *° Cyprinus Ballerus. C. argenteo-cerulescens, dorso: obscuridre, pinna dorsali parva, ani lata, cauda bifida. es Silvery-blueish Carp, with dusky back, small dorsal fin, wide anal fin, and bifid tail. - €. Ballerus. C. pinna ani radiis quadraginta. Lin. Syst. Nat. Bloch, t. 9. whip - Lenetu ten or fifteen inches: shape allied to that of the Bream, &c. but less deep: head rather small than large: gill-covers bright silvery, forming the appearance. of very large scales towards the sides of the head: body covered by middle-sized scales: colour silvery, with the back dusky, or blueish: fins blueish, with a slight cast of dull-red: dorsal fin rather small, and situated a trifle beyond the middle of the back; anal fin broad, or extending from the vent nearly to the tail, which is forked, with the lower lobe somewhat longer than the upper: lateral line nearly strait. Native of several ‘parts of the German empire, inhabiting lakes and Tivers. | g 202 POMERANIAN CARP. . Cyprinus Pomeranicus. C. argenteus, dorso pinnisque doce ‘ cerulescentibus, capite convexo, cauda furcata. ~. Silvery Carp, with dusky-blueish back and fins, convex tical, and forked tail. . Cyprinus Buggenhagii. .C. pinne ani radiis novendecim. Bloch. t, 05. : : | Lenern from twelve to fifteen inches: shape moderately deep, tapering pretty suddenly towards the tail: head rather large, convex above, and sinking rather inwards towards the back: eyes— large and silvery: colour of the whole fish silvery, ‘with a blueish or dusky tinge on the upper parts and fins: scales large: lateral line slightly bending from — the gills downwards, and then running strait to the . ‘tail, which is pretty sharply forked: dorsal fin small, cand placed in the middle of the back: ventral fins small, and situated in the middle of the abdomen: anal fin small, and rather falcated. Native of some -parts of Germany and Poland, inhabiting lakes and rivers, and often seen accompanying or preced- ing shoals of Breams, to which, as well as to the Sope, it is much allied, but may be readily distin- guished from those fishes by the small number of rays in the anal fin. SS Sa RRS. a 303 FRINGE-LIPPED CARP. Cyprinus Fimbriatus. C. violaceo-fuscus, rubro punctatus, abdo« mine argenteo, labs fimbriatis, cauda furcata. Violet-brown Carp, speckled with red, with silvery abdomen, ’ fringed lips, and forked tail. _ Cyprinus fimbriatus. C. labiis fimbriatis, Bloch. t. 409. Lernetu about twelve inches: shape somewhat alles to that of the common Carp: colour above violet-brown, marked with numerous red specks : below silvery or, white: scales rather large: lips deeply crenated or fringed round the margin: dor- sal fin rather broad, slightly falcated, and extend- inga considerable distance from the middle of the back towards the tail, which is deeply forked, and, | like all the rest of the fins, of a deep violet-colour, Native of India, inhabiting fresh waters, and con sidered as a good fish for the table. CIRRHATED CARP. Cyprinus fe ition: C. argent ae ‘vtolaceo cai Lie superiore bicirrhato. - | Silvery Carp, with UEC S brown back, and two beards on Le upper lip. Cyprinus cirrhosus. C, Mohs Ribas supra labium superius. Bloch, t. 411. Lenetu twelve inches: shape nearly similar to that of the preceding, but rather more slender: colour silvery, with a violet-brown cast on the upper 204 AMERICAN CARP. parts: fins of similar shape and size with those of the preceding species, and of a pale or whitish colour. Native of India, inhabiting fresh waters, FALCATED CARP. Cyprinus: Falcatus. C. argenteus, dorso subferrugineo, capite obtuso, pinnis rubris, dorsali falcata. ; Silvery Carp, with subferruginous back, obtuse head, red fins, and falcated dorsal fin, | Cyprinus falcatus. C. pinna dorsi anique falciformi. Bloch. t. 412. , : SizE equal to that of the preceding : head rather short, large, and very obtuse, with the upper lip projecting over the lower: colour silvery, with a cast of reddish brown on the upper parts, and of yellow on the lower: scales large: fins red, and shaped as in the two preceding species, but the dorsal more deeply falcated. Native of pit in- habiting fresh waters. AMERICAN CARP. ; Bid oar iad pe dN a “see Cyprinus Americanus. ¢. igus ani radiis octodecim. Lin. .°. Syst. Nat. é Carp with thirteen rays in - anal fin. eee ane shape of the Roach: lateral. line very much bowed towards the abdomen: native of the American seas: observed. by Dr. Garden. _. 205 BIORKA CARP. - Cyprinus Bjorkna. C. pinna ani radiis triginta quingue. Lan. Syst. Nat. p. 532. ; wr with thirty-five rays in the anal fin. Bianca about five inches: habit short and broad: colour silvery: scales rather large: fins cinereous: tail forked: native of the Swedish lakes: allied to the Rud and Roach: spawns in the month of June, and is in some esteem as a food, FAREN CARP. Cyprinus Farenus. C. fusco- ~argenteus, squamis Neon sub- '. -angulatis, pinnis fuscis, cauda furcata. - Dark silvery Carp, with large subangular acm dusky ins ai forked tail. . Cyprinus Farenus, C. pinna ani radiis triginta- -septem, iridibus flavis, Lin. Syst, Nat pes : Hanit similar to that of the former species: body compressed and broad: colour dull silvery, with a dusky tinge on the upper parts: scales rather large and subhexagonal: fins dusky: anal fin very long: tail forked ; the lower lobe exceed- ing the upper in length: native of the Swedish Jakes, but, according to Artedi, considered as a rare species. GRISLAGINE CARP. . €yprinus Grislagine. C. pinna ani radiis weer pinnis albenti« bus. Lin. Syst. Nat. Carp with whitish fins, and eleven rays in the adh fi. G35) pe ees oblongus ee — &c. Art. syn. 5. spec. 12. | Lenora about seven inches: shape somewhat like that of a Roach, but rather longer: colour silvery, -with a dusky cast on the upper parts: irides silvery : scales large: tail forked. Native of the Swedish lakes, BYNNI CARP. _ Cyprinus Bynni. C. argenteus, cirris quatuor, cauda lineart bifida. rae Silver y Carp, with four beards, and linear bifid tail. Cyprinus Bynni. C. pinna dorsali radiis tredecim, tertio crasso corneo, cauda lineari bifida cirris quatuor.. Lin.-Gmel, Forsk. Arab. . _ Lenatu about twelve inches: shape ovate-oblong: head rather compressed: back and abdomen slop- ang: colour silvery: lateral line curving upwards : -anal and caudal fin red with white base: the rest whitish, with a thickish dull-red margin. - Native ofthe Nile: considered as an excellent_table fish, and known to the Egyptians by the name. of Bynni: perhaps confounded by some with the Binni described by Mr. Bruce, and which is evi- dently a species of Polynemus, Rees 120). Lz Z = = Tz” SSS AA \X A A = BYNNI CARP . “Jackson sculp. 4 iT iy 207. BULATMAI CARP. «Cyprinus Bulatmai. C. pinna ani radiis octo, dorsalis secundo maximo, non serrato, cirris quatuor. Lin. Gmel. p. 1414. ~ Carp with eight rays in the anal’ fin, the second ray of the dorsal fin very large and not serrated, and four beards at the mouth. Size of a common Carp: general colour steel- nes with a gloss of gold; beneath inclining to a silvery cast: scales middle-sized: head oblong, brownish above: irides of a mixed gold and silver colour: lateral line. strait: dorsal fin blackish ; pectoral greyish with reddish tips: ventral white at the base and red at the tips: anal red, with whitish base: tail reddish brown, and forked. Na- tive of the Caspian sea: a rare species. CAPOETA CARP. Cyprinus Capoeta. C. pinna ani radiis novem, dorsalis et analis radio tertio longissimo, illius deorsum serrato, cirris duobus. _ Lin, Gmel, p. 1415. Carp with nine rays in the anal fin, the third ray of the dorsal and anal fin very long, that of the former serrated am wards, and two beards at the mouth. ‘ i.cxern about twelve inches: habit similar to that of the Orf: colour silvery, with a dusky cast on the upper parts: abdomen white: scales middle- sized, and speckled with brown points: fins brown with dusky specks: dorsal fin trapezoid : pectoral acuminated: ventral opposite the dorsal, and ob- tusely trapezoid: anal of similar shape: tail forked. Native of the Caspian sea; entering rivers during the winter season. | 208° TUBEROUS CARP. « Cyprinus Caucus. C. pinna ani radiis tredecim, corpore tuberdsa argenteolo, Lin. Gmel. p. 1419. Molin. Chil. p. 198. - Carp with thirteen rays in the anal fin, and ‘slightly ee tuberous body. Lrenetu about eighteen inches: colour silvery, more obscure on the upper parts. Native of the South-American seas.. CONICAL CARP. Cyprinus Malchus. C. pinna ani radiis octo, corpore conica subceruleo. Lin. Gmel. p. 1420. Molin, Chil. p. 199. , Carp with ey rays in the anal fin, and conic, blueish beer. Leneta abot twelve ae : native Sa pe Beaks American seas. LOBE-TAILED CARP. Cyprinus Julus. . C. pinna ani radiis decem, cauda lobata. din. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 1420. Carp with ten rays in the anal fin, and lobated tail. _ Leneru about a span: tail divided into two very | distinct lobes. Native of the South-American seas. we <7 126 AWVvyj NAGC1I0O SS XIN \\ NAS \ AQ 209 GOLDEN CARP. Cyprinus Auratus. C. aureus splendidissimus, pinnis rubris, cauda sepius trifida, pinnaque ani duplici. Brilliant golden Carp, with red fins, tail frequently trifid, and anal fin double. Cyprinus auratus. C. pinna ani gemina, caude transversa bifurca: Tian. Syst. Nat. Cyprinus colore rubro. Bloch. t. 94. Gold-Fish. Penn. Brit. Zool. Edwards. t, 209. Tuis most beautiful fish, which far surpasses in the brilliancy of its appearance every other inhabit- ant of the waters, is a native of the Southern parts of China, and is particularly found in the province of Kiang, where it exists in its natural state in a large lake, situated near a mountain at a small distance from the town of Tchanghou. From this spot it has been dispersed into all parts of that ex- tensive empire, and is justly considered as one of the most elegant ornaments which can be intro- _ duced into the gardens and houses of persons of the highest distinction. The Chinese ladies in parti- cular are said to spare no pains in cultivating with the most assiduous attention so beautiful an animal, which pleases by the perpetual gaiety of its appear- ance, the liveliness of its motions, and the ease with which it may be rendered susceptible of a kind of attachment. Large glass and porcelain vessels of the richest kind are prepared for its reception in their apartments, and small ornamental ponds and basons in their gardens. No fish is subject to so many variations, in its V5.2. £ | 1A 210 GOLDEN CARP. domestic or cultivated state, as the Gold-Fish ; not only the colour of the body, but even the form and number of the fins differing greatly in different in- dividuals. The most general colour, in the full- grown animal, is a rich and splendid metallic golden hue, accompanied by.a cast of scarlet on the upper parts, and of silver on the lower, the fins being of a bright and vivid red: in others, the upper part of the fish is varied with several large black or deep blue patches: in some the colour is an irre- gular mixture of gold and silver, and when the ani- mal is in a very young state it is frequently seen entirely of a black or dusky tinge; the back fin is sometimes either wanting altogether, or consists only of a very few rays united by their connecting membrane: the anal fin is very frequently double, having a similar appearance with the ventral fins: the tail, which even in its natural state is said to be often trifid, becomes still more strikingly so im the cultivated kind, and so formed as to appear hori- zontal, the middle part or lobe rising up between the side-parts. The Gold-Fish has been so long a favourite in our own country, where it now breeds with almost equal facility with the Carp, that a very particular — description of the manner of keeping and feeding it becomes in a great degree unnecessary : it is nourished with fine bread-crumbs, small worms and water-snails, yolk of eggs dried and powdered, and many other substances both of an animal and vegetable nature: it should at all times, except in extreme cold weather, be supplied with a frequent 4 ‘ / \l i \ Ny ill UT ‘ig . f rs i fr . een ; oo G . 4 ' ~ { ‘i ( i Avan i > 1 rigs A a 1 ‘ iF ° Pee. Zi = = il Wie oF, a mt eg Nit itt oe , al \ mies \\ \\ tap NN) 8 Senne tl yu! ue ~ZZ Nun SSS S52 alll TELES COPE CARE. t TELESCOPE CARP. 211 ' eliange of water; and should be kept in vessels of sufficient width to permit a free access of air, yet so formed as, by curving inwards, in a proper degree, at the edge, to prevent the fish from escaping. The Gold-Fish is said by Pennant to have been first introduced into England in the year 1691, but was not generally known till about the year 1728, when a great number were brought over, and pre- sented to Sir Matthew Decker, and by him di- stributed: into all parts of the kingdom. Their general length is from four to six inches; but they have been known to arrive at that of twelve or fourteen. - | The Gold-Fish, like the Carp, is said to be a very — longlived species. We are informed by Mr. Van Braam that, during his stay at a town near Peking, he was shewn several Gold-Fish in a small pool, of ~which the smallest were fifteen inches in length, and the rest a great deal larger. The Mandarins who accompanied Mr. Van Braam assured him that these fishes were all of a very great age. TELESCOPE CARP, Cyprinus Buphthalmus. C. sanguineus, aculis prominentibus, pinnis omnibus dimidato-albis, cauda trifida. Nat, Misc. 8. t. 262. Scarlet-Carp, with protuberant eyes, all the fins half white, the tail trifid, Cyprinus macrophthalmus. Bloch, ¢. 410. A nicuty elegant species; greatly allied to the Gold-Fish: length ten inches: colour most beauti- 212 FOUR-LOBED CARP. ful vivid sanguine red: head short: eyes extremely protuberant, and appearing in some degree exten- sile: fins shaped as in the Gold-Fish, and of similar — colour with the body for about half their length, the remainder being of a beautiful white, with rose- coloured rays or fibres: tail very broad, transverse, and deeply trifid, the points extending to a consider- able distance: scales very large. Native of China, where it is kept in a similar manner with the Gold- Fish, of which it should, perhaps, be rather con- sidered as a variety than a truly distinct species, Se FOUR-LOBED CARP. Cyprinus Quadrilobus. C. sanguineus, pinnis roseo-albentibus, cauda quadriloba. | Sanguine-red Carp, with whitish rose-coloured fins and four- lobed tail. ; Tuts which is described and figured in the Count de Cepede’s History of fishes as a distinct species, seems rather to be a variety of the preceding, from which it chiefly differs in having the tail divided into four instead of three lobes. vil ! i if} yy ) ) 1/) } } }} Y YY }) {] I yy Yi yy yf I Y "1, yy 4 yy yy , SEZ SS \ EZ SS yal wt SS SS y Z Z Gi Y fy Ze Y MY 12). 213 ORF. » Cyprinus, Orfus. C. croceus, abdomine argenteo, pinna dorsi — parva, cauda lunata. } Orange-coloured Carp, with silvery abdomen, small dorsal fin, and lunated tail. : Cyprinus Orfus.: C. pinna ani radiis tredecim. Lin. Syst. Nat. Cyprinus corpore colore croceo, pinna ani radiis quatuordecim. Bloch. t. 96. A BEAUTIFUL species; allied in point of habit to the Gold-Fish, which it in some degree resembles in colour, being of a rich golden orange, accompanied by a silvery gloss, more especially towards the ab- domen: all the fins are of a bright red: the dorsal fin is rather small, and placed a little beyond the middle of the back: the tail is slightly forked or - Junated. Native of many parts of Germany, Russia, &c. and often kept like the Gold-Fish in small ponds on account of its beautiful appearance : length from ten to twelve inches or more, TENCH. Cyprinus Tinca. C. mucosus sakes squamis minumis, . cauda subintegra. Mucous blackish-olive Carp, with very small scales, ian nearly- even tail. | Cyprinus Tinca. C. pinna ani radiis undecim*, cauda integra, corpore mucoso, cirris duobus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 526. Cyprinus’squamis parvis, pinnis crassis. Bloch. t. 14. - Tench. Penn. Brit. Zool. - Tuus fish appears to be a native of most parts of the globe, inhabiting chiefly large stagnant waters. with a muddy bottom, and varying considerably in the tinge of its colours according to the situation in which it resides. Its general length is about twelve or fourteen inches, but, like most other fishes, it is occasionally found of far greater magnitude, and we are told that it has sometimes been found to mea- sure two or three feet in length, and to weigh no less than eight, ten, or even twenty pounds}. Its usual colour is a deep blackish olive, accompanied by a slight gilded cast ; the abdomen being paler or yellower than the other parts, and the fins, which are thick and opake, are of a dull violet- colour; the shape of the fish is thick, and the skin is covered, like that of an Eel, with a tenacious mucus or slime, beneath which appear the scales, which are very small, and closely affixed to the * By st some pee in the Systen Nature the number is said ta be twenty-five. - + Salvian mentions Tenches of twenty pounds weight, ~ TENCH. 215 skin*: the head is rather large, the eyes small, and on each side the mouth is situated a small beard or cirrus. The Tench, like the Carp, is remarkably: tena- cious of life: it is supposed by some to lie, durmg the winter, in a torpid state, concealed beneath the — mud of the waters it inhabits, being rarely taken during that. season. In the months of May and June it deposits its spawn, consisting of very small greenish ova, among water-plants, &c. It is con- sidered as a very prolific species, and is said to be of quick growth. According to the difference, or capriciousness, of taste and fashion, the Tench is held in. greater or less repute as a table-fish in ‘different countries, In many parts of Germany it is but little esteemed ; while in our own country it is considered as a very delicate fish. It varies how- ever so much, according to.the nature of the waters in which it resides, that these differences of opinion may easily be accounted for. In general, the males are firmer and richer than the females, and are therefore generally preferred. The ancients ap- pear to have esteemed the Tench an inferior kind of fish, and it is mentioned by Ausonius in terms of oe virides, vulgi solatia, Tincas. Green Tenches, fay’ rites at plebeian boards, _ The Tench, as before observed, is sometimes ha * Acdibitiar to Richter, the scales of the Tench. amount ¢ to no less than thirty eee 39G > TENCH,/ of an unusual size and weight. The most remark-— able instance of this in our own country, seems to be that recorded in the second volume of Mr. Daniel’s Rural Sports, the account of which runs as follows. « The Tench that has occasioned most animad- version is that which the engraving represents * ; the unusual size and form are alike impossible to be accounted for: its bulk perhaps exceeds that of any one ever known to be an inhabitant of the most extensive waters of this country, and the shape, which seems to have accommodated itself to the scanty: space allotted for its residence, together stamp it a Lusus Nature. Its history is that a piece of water, at Thorville Royal, Yorkshire, which had been ordered to be filled up, and wherein wood, rubbish, &c. had been thrown for years, was, In November 1801, directed to be cleared out. Per- sons were accordingly employed, and, almost choak- ed up by weeds and mud, so little water remained, that no person expected to see any fish, except a few Eels, yet nearly two hundred brace of Tench, of all sizes, and as many Perch were found. After the pond was thought to be quite free, under some roots there seemed to be an animal, which was con- jectured to be an Otter; the place was surrounded, and en opening an entrance among the roots, a Tench was found of a most singular form, having literally assumed the shape of the hole, in which he hhad.of course for many years been confined. His * See the plate opposite page 264 of the above-mentioned publication, in which a figure is given of the gigantic specimen. described by Mr, Daniel. ~ cae ws % s BS y S WS yy }) WY) y, NV HD NI, WK INNS KY N a CLT © *) GOLDEN TENCH. 217 length, from fork to eye, was two feet nine inches ; his circumference, almost to the tail, was two feet three inches; his weight eleven pounds, nine ounces and a quarter: the colour was also singular, his belly being that of a Charr, or a vermillion. This extraordinary fish, after having been inspected by many gentlemen, was carefully put into a pond ; but, either from confinement, age, or bulk, it at first merely floated, and at last, with difficulty, swam gently away. It is now alive and well.” Var. ‘ GOLDEN TENCH. | ; : _ Cyprinus Tincaurea. C. mucosus aurantius, nigro maculatus, squamis minimis, pinnis rubris pellucidis, cauda subintegra. Mucous orange-coloured Carp, with black spots, very smalt scales, red pellucid fins, and nearly even tail. Cyprinus Tinea auratus. Bloch. t. 15. Tuts most beautiful variety, which appears to be permanent, is found in some parts of Germany, and differs from the common Tench in being of the richest orange-yellow, variegated with small black spots, while the fins are thin, transparent, and of a bright red colour: the head also in this variety is observed to be somewhat smaller than in the com- mon Tench. It is principally found, according to Dr. Bloch, in Silesia and Bohemia, and is from thence transplanted into other parts of Europe, and kept as an ornamental fish in the waters of 218 FERRUGINOUS CARP. gardens and pleasure-grounds. It is said to be of ‘slow growth, and to live, like most others of this genus, on worms, water-insects, &c. It is usual to throw into the waters in which it is kept bread- crumbs, peas, &c. in the same manner as is prac- tised with respect to Carps. Dr. Bloch also informs us that it is usual in some places to call the Carp to the accustomed feeding-spot by means of a beil, which signal they readily obey; but that the Golden Tenches in the same water are not observed to be susceptible of the sound. They are delighted with warmth, and in bright weather are observed to swim in small shoals near the surface ; and this, as is supposed, rather for the sake of warmth than of light, since when kept in a warm chamber, they are observed to prefer the shady side of the vessel in which they are placed. Like the common Carp, | this variety is said to be tenacious of life. It does not appear to haye been distinctly described by any ichthyological writer except Dr. Bloch. * FERRUGINOUS CARP. ‘Cyprinus Ferrugineus. C, totus ferrugineus. Carp entirely ferruginous or red-brown. Cyprin rouge-brun. Cepede. 6. p. 490. SizE uncertain: habit reo that of tthe : Gold-Fish. Native of China. ISL. CILDED-BLACK CARP . SACKhSON Stu Pp. D | l aa < | %S A 8 el < = x Si R . 4 Uh eS > L CS . } s Hiss ‘ a rs vail he 8 5 . a a S Ss ha : UO b = Z 4 = Ss < . Y, = as) = os a . ‘i Ps 219 ‘GILDED-BLACK CARP. Cyprinus Nigro-auratus. C. nigro-auratus, pinnis ferrugineis. Gilded-black Carp, with ferruginous fins. Cyprin mordoré. Cepede. 6. p. 492. Hapir similar to that of the preceding, of which it seems rather a variety than a species truly di- stinct. Native of China. VIOLET-GREEN CARP. Cyprinus Viridi-violaceus. C. viridi-violaceus, pinnis violaceis. Violet-green Carp, with violet-coloured fins. Cyprin yerd-violet. Cepede. 6. p. 492. Size and habit similar to that of the two pre- ceding. Native of China. ‘This and the two former are slightly described, and figured by Cepede, on the authority of some Chinese draw- ings belonging to the collection of the Prince of Orange, and now deposited in the Parisian Mu- seum. 220 PUNCTATED CARP. Cyprinus Punctatus. CC. olivaceo-flavescens, squamis mgro- punctatis, linea lateral rubra, serie duphci punctorum nigrorum. Yellowish-olive Carp, with the scales speckled with black, and red lateral line with a double row of black specks. — Cyprinus bipunctatus. Spirling. Bloch. t. 8. f.1. A SMALL species, scarcely exceeding three or four inches in length: shape similar to that of the follow- ing species, but with the head larger, and the dorsal fin less broad in proportion: colour pale yellowish brown, or olive; white or silvery beneath: upper fins blueish: lower reddish: scales speckled with black : lateral line red, and marked throughout by a double row of black points, giving an elegant ap- pearance to the living fish, but fading after death : tail forked. Native of Germany, inhabiting rivers and brooks, and considered as an agreeable fish for the table. | BITTERLING. Cyprinus Amarus. C. latus, subargenteo-flavescens, dorso oli- vaceo, squamis magnis nigro-punctatis, pinnis pectoralibus vent- ralibusque radiis septem. Broad yellowish-olive Carp, with a cast of silver; large scales speckled with black, and pectoral and ventral fins seyen- rayed. C, amatus. Der Bitterling. Bloch. ¢. 8. f. 3. A very small species, scarcely exceeding two inches in length: shape resembling that of a Carp, or SILKEN CARP. 221 rather a Bream in miniature: colour yellowish olive above, pale or whitish beneath: scales large for the size of the fish: dorsal fin placed in the middle of the back, and resembling that of a Carp in shape : anal fin of similar appearance also: tail slightly divided: all the fins of a pale yellow colour, except the pectoral, which are small; and of a pale blue. Native of Germany, and several other parts of Europe, inhabiting lakes and rivers: it is hardly considered in the light of an edible fish, being of a bitter flavour, and so small and thin as to be not worth the trouble of preparation. SILKEN CARP, _ Cyprinus Sericeus. C. violaceo-argenteus nitidissimus, abdomine ' roseo, fascia utrinque longitudinali viridi-cyanea. Brilliant violet-silvery Carp, with rose-coloured abdomen, and a blue-green longitudinal stripe on each side. Cyprinus sericeus. C. pinna dorsal radiis decem, anali undecim, cauda ex fusco rubente. Lin. Gmel. Pall. it. 3. p. 704. — A very small, but highly elegant species: length scarcely two inches: shape like that of the Crusian: colour bright silvery, accompanied by a blue or violet cast, and towards the abdomen pale rose- colour: on each side the body a longitudinal broadish blue-green stripe: ventral and anal fins bright red, tipped with black: tail brown. Native of slowly-running streams in many parts of Dauria, where, according to Dr. Pallas, it is extremely re iene 222 Of a more lengthened shape. BARBEL. | Cyprinus Barbus. C. albo-cerulescens, cirris quatuor, dorso _ olivaceo, pinnee dorsalis radio secundo utrinque serrato. Blueish white Carp, with four beards, olive-coloured back, and the first ray of the dorsal fin serrated on both sides. Cyprinus Barbus. C. pina ani radiis septem, cirris quatuor, pinne: dorsi radio secundo utringue serrato, Lan. Syst. Nat. p. 525. | - Barbel. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tur Barbel, which is a native of most of the middle and southern parts of Europe, is readily distinguished from most others of its genus by the lengthened form of its body, somewhat resembling the habit of a Pike, as well as by the length of the upper lip, which extends considerably beyond the lower, and is furnished with two pair of long and unequal cirri or beards, of which the interior or those nearest the tip of the nose are shorter than the exterior: the colour of the whole fish is a slightly silvery grey, with a darker cast on the upper parts, and the scales are middle-sized, round- ed, and well defined: the dorsal fin is rather small than large, situated on the middle of the back, and is of a blueish brown colour, with the second ray extremely strong, sharp, and serrated on both sides: the pectoral and ventral fins are pale-brown tipped with yellow; the tail dull ‘purple -and forked: the snout or upper lip reddish: the lateral line. strait. The Barbel is usually found in deep and rapid A cack ve i, 4 Nitag. 0 6 Raman Cente wo “ai soeshieey JOO Fed) | \ oh oihwy 4 shearer SAAS eS UN Hu sdebised wei) iar Gite anim « i; ie bons Aa fretob oils to 4ST 221d 6.3 AN, oa ces, a avi stew botain Skt WAU OV % eg Ok ae 26 tis Ya Res Le ely: ” care a aif ¥ 5 Mat See YES Hiatt, es ae Wie ae LY 916 e9lsoe afd bats a Ali Seana ne a att ) iuerol ons | PEAR ive ry eit: Se ond dit Ww ctsylos RON hai SE MG > MO ou Je” sie oh atiil i “jeg yt bas. alga p Tob li 6d ant | a teas sel ty iN faut ai qari Teetin) . Se aw 4 been LiRtarh a s32 \ A \ \ { ~ ike AS Yjfo Ue ie Bs, / Wz A Hy Vj = gs . a aN NX Gy % NWWrere 1h Bek RB 223 rivers, and is a fish of considerable strength, swim- ming with rapidity, and living not only on worms and water-insects, but occasionally preying on the smaller fishes. It grows to a great size, having been sometimes seen of the length of five or six, and even, according to some authors, of eight, ten, or twelve feet. Its more general length however is from eighteen inches to two feet. It is said to be of quick growth, and to arrive at a great age. It is generally observed to frequent the deeper and stiller parts of the rivers in which it resides, fre- quently assembling in small shoals, and rooting among the mud and stones at the bottom in quest of worms, &c. It is sometimes either so intent on this, or so careless at particular seasons, as to suffer itself to be taken by the hand by divers employed for that purpose. Mr. Pennant observes that in summer the Barbel is chiefly in motion during the night, but towards autumn, and in winter, generally confines itself to the deepest holes. It is a very coarse fish, and never admitted at superior tables, being used only by the lower ranks: it has even the reputation of being in some degree noxious ; the roe in particular is said to operate as a very strong emetic and cathartic, and is sometimes taken in a small quantity by the country people for the purpose of common physick, but is ob- served, in general, to operate rather too roughly. Weare assured, by Sir John Hawkins, in his edition of Walton’s Complete Angler, that the flesh itself is not always safe. ‘“ About the month of Sep- tember (says he) in the year 17 54, a servant of 224 CYRAL BARBEL. mine, who had eaten part of a Barbel, though, as I had cautioned him, he abstained from the spawn, was seized with such a violent purging and vomit- “ing, as had like to have cost him his life.” Not-_ withstanding this observation, Dr. Bloch affirms. that the Barbel, when not overgrown, is a suffici- ently delicate fish, and even assures us that he himself, together with his whole family, had eaten the roe or spawn without any bad effect. Like most ather fishes, the Barbel probably differs ‘very much in different situations. It usually spawns in May, or June, according to the warmth or cold- ness of the season. At that period it rushes up the rivers, and deposits its eggs in stony places in the most rapid part of the current. Dr. Bloch in- forms us that the Barbel, among other baits, is fished for with leeches, which are collected by the country people, and dried, and on immersion in water, are sufficiently restored to their natural ap- pearance as to be used with success for this pur- pose. | | CYRAL BARBEL. | Cyprinus Capito. C. cirris quatuor, pinne dorsalis radio tertio utringue postice serrato, dorso acuto; lateribus pinnisque. inferi= - oribus albidis. Lin. Gmel. Guldenst. Nov. Comm. Petrop. - Carp with four beards, sharp back, third ray of the dorsal fin . serrated on both sides, and whitish lower fins. Very much allied to the Barbel, but rather more compressed, and with a longer and broader headin _ RAZOR CARP. 225 proportion : snout more obtuse; beards longer, and eyes larger: dorsal fin situated lower than in the Barbel. Found in the rivers running into the } Caspian sea, particularly in the Cyrus. RAZOR CARP. | Cypri inus emestas’ C. argenteo-cerulescens ise parvo, Connors compresso, abdomine carinato. Silvery-blueish Carp, small head, compressed body, and carin- ated abdomen, _ Cyprinus cultratus. C. pinna ani radis triginta, linea laterals - declinata, ventre acutissimo. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 531. Cyprinus pinna dorsi anali opposita. Bloch. t. 37. Tus species is of a lengthened form, and of a remarkably compressed shape, with the back nearly strait, the abdomen projecting downwards; and forming a sharp keel on the lower part : ‘he head. is small, with the mandibles turning upwards, and in shape resembling those of a Herring: the eyes _ are large and silvery: the body of similar colour, with a slight cast of dusky blue above: the scales middle-sized, thin, and deciduous, and the lateral line remarkably flexuous, descending first pretty deeply from the gill-covers, and from thence con- tinuing with an unequal flexure to the tail, which ‘is pretty strongly forked : the dorsal fin is small, and situated very low on the back, or at no great ‘distance from the tail: the anal fin is shallow and subfalcated: the pectoral rather large and lanceo- late, and the ventral smaller, but of nearly similar shape: all the fins are of a pale or whitish colour. eo, P, 2. | 15 226 CHUB. This fish is a native of Russia, Pomerania, &c. in- habiting rivers running into the-Baltic. In other parts of Europe it is rather a_rare fish: it arrives at the length. of eighteen inches or two feet, and is held in but slight repute as a table-fish, on account of its thinness, and the want of firmness of ifs flesh: it is said chiefly to frequent the banks of the rivers, to prey on worms and insects, and to spawn in the month of May. CHUB. Cyprinus Jeses. C. argenteo-cerulescens, dorso olivaceo, capite crasso, rostro rotundato, Silvery-blueish Carp, with olivaceous back, ‘thick hada, and rounded snout. Cyprinus Jeses. C, pinna ani pes quatuordecim, rostro rotune dato. Lan. Syst. Nat. p. 530. Chub. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tuts fish in some degree resembles the Carp, or rather the Tench, in shape, but is of a more lengthened form, and has a thicker or larger head in proportion. Its general length is from fourteen to eighteen inches: its colour silvery; witha blueish olive cast on the upper parts: the scales are very. large or broad, and the lateral line nearly strait: ‘the dorsal fin is rather small, and situated on the middle of the back: the tail is slightly forked, and — ofa dull blueish colour, all the rest of the fins _— j of a ferrugmous ‘brown. i aD 4 The Chub: is a native of many potitts of Europe, and is not uncommon “in our own island: it is — CHUB. 227 chiefly found in clear and rapid rivers, being a fish of a strong nature, and swimming very swiftly: it generally frequents the deepest parts of the water, _-and is of a shy or timid disposition: it spawns in the months of March and April. According to ‘Bloch, the Chub weighs from five to eight pounds : those of British growth however are very rarely equal in point of size to those found in many other parts of Europe. The young are said to be of slow growth; scarcely arriving at a greater length than three inches in the space of the first year. The Chub is generally considered as a coarse, unpalat- able fish, and is apt to acquire a yellowish cast on boiling ; for which reason it is held in no esteem at our tables. Walton however, in his well-known work The Complete Angler, gives us a receipt for dressing it in such a manner as to form no un- pleasant repast. : “ The Chub (says he), though he eat well thus drest, yet as he is usually drest, he does not : he is objected against, not only for being full of small forked bones, disperst through all his body, but that he eats watrish, and that the flesh of him is not firm, but short and tasteless. The French esteem him so mean, as to call him Un Villain: nevertheless he may be so drest as to make him very good meat; as namely, if he be a large Chub, then _ dress him sheias : © First, scale him, atid then wash him hades sad then take out his guts; and to that end make the hole as little and as near to his gills as you amay conveniently, and especially make clean his 228 ROUND-TAILED CHUB. throat from the grass and weeds that are usually in it, for if that be not very clean, it will make him to taste very sour: having so done, put some sweet herbs into his belly, and then tye him with two or three splinters to a spit, basted often with vinegar, or rather verjuice and butter, Ba oti store of salt mixed with it. | | © Being thus drest, you will find him a 1 better dish of meat than you, or. most folk, even than anglers themselves, do imagine ; for this dries up the ‘fluid watrish humour with which all Chubs i abound.” It seems somewhat agate: in the above receipt, that Walton should first insist on the throat of the fish being well cleaned, lest it should taste sour, and then recommend it to be well basted with’ vers Juice or vinegar. Sn Se ROUND-TAILED CHUB. Cyprinus Cephalus. C. pinna ani radiis undecim, corpore sub- cylindrico, cauda rotundata. Carp with eleven rays in the anal fin, subcylindrie body, and rounded tail. Cyprinus Cephalus. C. pinna ani radiis undecim, caudee fest corpore Bbcoincenee: Lin. Syst, Nat, ps $276 ” Greatty allied to ve Chub, but, a aiiee to bs Bloch, specifically different : appears to have been confounded by Mr. Pennant and others with the Chub or Cyprinus Jeses of Linnzeus, from which it differs in having the tail rounded. 220 RAPHE. “Cyprinus Aspius. C. grisco-argenteus, dorso subfusco, macilla - anfertore longiore incurva | + Silvery- grey Carp, with peas back, and incurved lower jaw longer than the upper. . Aspius. C. pinna ani radiis sedecim, maxilla pe longiore ~ incurva. Lin. Syst. Nat.-p. 530. ) -- Cyprinus. Aspius. Bloch. t. ig Grearty allied in appearance to the Chub, but rather more slender, with the back less elevated, the abdomen more prominent, and the head rather smaller: colour silvery, growing dusky on the back: scales large: lateral line curving slightly towards the pudanen « fins similar in situation, shape, and colour to those of the Chub, except that the pectoral fins are whitish: the lower jaw is rather longer than the upper, slightly curving up at the tip. In the young of this species the body is often marked by a longitudinal series of dusky lines in the direction of the scales, as in the Grayling, the Mullet, and several other fishes, Na- tive of the rivers of Germany: said to be a good table fish, but not a fashionable one, the flesh break- ig in pieces on boiling, and being thought too fat for delicate stomachs. It is said to die soon when taken out of the water, in which particular it differs remarkably from the Chub. 930 IDE. ». Cyprinus Idus. C. argenteo-cerulescens, ipesijsvie caudaque wtolaceo-fuscis, ceteris rubentibus. Silvery-blueish Carp, with the dorsal fin and tail volet-beown, _ the rest red. Cyprinus Idus. C. pinna ant radiis tredecim, ‘bei Tin. ah Nat, p. 529. C. Idbarus? Lin. Syst. Nat. Cyprinus corpore crasso, pinna ani radiis bedectm. Bloch. te 36. _ | Lenetu from eighteen inches to two feet : shape somewhat lengthened or Salmon-form, yet with a considerable degree of depth: colour silvery, with a blueish or dusky tinge on the upper parts: head rather large than small, and slighly. sharpened in front: cheeks tinged with yellow: irides silvery : 5) scales rather large: dorsal fin smallish, placed on the middle of the back, and of a pale violet-brown _ colour, as is likewise the tail, which is slightly fork- ed: pectoral fins reddish: ventral and anal red. Native of lakes and rivers in many of the northern parts of Europe, ascending rivers principally i in, the month of May, during the spawning-season; and is observed to select for this purpose the most rapid . places, and to deposit its ova on the bare stones, It is said to be of slow growth, and to be held in considerable esteem as a table fish, 931 Cyprinus Nasus,- C. Hibcsipeh eel capite pane naso prominente, _ Silvery-blueish Carp, with soa head, and Srdaiount snout. Cyprinus Nasus. C. pinna ani radiis quatuordecim, rostro pro- minente. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 530. Cyprinus abdomine intus nigro. Bloch. t. 3. SHAPE like that of a Salmon: length about fect or fifteen inches: head small: snout prominent, with the mouth placed considerably beneath: scales large: colour silvery, with a strong cast of dusky blue on the upper parts: dorsal fin rather small than large, placed in the middle of the back, and of similar colour; tail forked, and of the same colour, but with a tinge of dull red: pectoral, vent- ral, and anal fins bright red. Native of lakes and — rivers in many parts of Germany, Russia, &c. It is not held in much consideration as a table fish, from a prejudice entertained against it, on account of the black colour of the peritoneum or investing membrane of the intestines. | 23 2: SERTE. _ Cyprinus Serta. .C, argenteo- cerulescens, supra olivaceus, naso producto, pinna dorsali anale coud gitar annie ceteris subrubentibus. 5 - Silvery-blueish Carp, olivaceous above, with the dorsal; iit, and anal fin blueish, the rest reddish, and the snout produced. . Cyprinus Vimba., C.. pinna ant radiis viginti-quatuor, rostro nasiformt. Lin, Syst. Nat. Cyprinus Vimba, Bloch. t. 4, ‘Lenern from twelve to eighteen inches: shape nearly similar to that of the preceding ; but rather thicker: snout shaped in the same manner, with the mouth beneath: colour dusky blueish-olive above, silvery or whitish beneath: eyes gold-colour- ed: dorsal fin asin the preceding, and ot the same colour with the back, as is also the forked tail, and the anal fin: pectoral and ventral fins yellow: the cheeks and gill-covers are also pretty strongly tinged with yellow: scales middle-sized, and bordered with small radi at the edges. - Native of Germany, Russia, Sweden, and other parts of Europe, inhabit-— ing rivers, from which it occasionally migrates into the Baltic sea. It is held in considerable estima- tion as.a food, either fresh, salted, or prepared in various ways by pickling, &c. ‘The peritonzeum in this species 1s not black, but of a silvery whiteness ; it seems however to have been confounded by some authors with. the former fish, in which that Ph is is of a deep black colour. 233 DOBULE. » Cyprinus Dobula. C. argenteo-cwrulescens, naso subproducto, pinna dorsali caudaque subceruleis, pinnis inferioribus ruben- tibus. Silvery blueish Carp, with subproduced snout, dusky back, . blueish dorsal fin and tail, and reddish lower fins. Cyprinus Dobula. C. pinna ant dorsalique radiis decem. - Lin. Syst. Nat. C. oblongus, pinna ani dorsalique rhidiis undstti! Bloch, t. 5 _, Llenern ten or twelve inches: shape similar to that of the Nase, but with the snout much less pro- duced, the upper jaw being but very little longer than the lower: colour asin the Nase: eyes yellow: situation, shape, and proportion of the fins the same: dorsal fin and tail dusky; pectoral pale yellow; ventral and anal red. Native of Germany, &c. inhabiting large lakes, and ascending rivers in the months of March and April for the purpose of spawning: feeds on worms, leeches, and water- insects : but. little esteemed as a table-fish, on ac- count of its numerous bones, though pogo not an iia food. ey ¥ 234. DACE. Cyprinus Leuciscus. C. argenteo-flavescens,dorso olivaceo, pinna dorsali fusca, ceteris rubentibus cauda furcata. -Yellowish-silvery Carp, with olivaceous back, dorsal fin brown, the rest reddish, and forked tail. ‘ thee th Cyprinus Leuciscus. C. pinna ani radiis decem, dorsali novem. Lin, Syst. Nat. Dace or Dare. Will. ichth. Penn. Brit. Zool. Leneru from six to eight or ten inches: colour silvery, with yellowish olive back: scales middle- sized: dorsal fin rather small, of a dusky colour, and placed on the middle of the back: rest of the fins slightly tinged with red: tail pretty sharply forked. In its manners the Dace resembles the» Roach, being of a gregarious nature, mhabiting lakes and rivers in many parts of Europe, and bath no means uncommon in our own island. - GRAYNING. Peis Cyprinus Lancastriensis. C. argenteus, dorso subrecto ceru= lescente, oculis pinnisque inferioribus rubentibus. _ Silvery Carp, with almost even, blueish back, and reddish eyes and lower fins. Grayning. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tus, says Mr. Pennant, is found in the Mersey near Warrington, and has much the appearance of a Dace, but is more slender, and has the back straiter: the usual length is about seven inches and a half: the depth to the length is as one to CASPIAN CARP. 235. five; of the Dace as one to four: the colour of the back is silvery with a blueish cast: the eyes, ventral and anal fins red, but paler than in the Dace, and the pectoral fins are redder: in the dorsal fin are eight rays, in the pectoral fifteen, in the ventral nine, in the anal ten, and in the tail thirty-two. CASPIAN CARP. Cyprinus Mursa. C. pinna ani radiis septem, primo longissimo, - dorsalis iertio longissimo, crassissimo, retrorsum ultra medium serrato, cirris guatuor. Lin. Gmel. p. 1415. Guldenst. Nov. Comm. Petrop. 17. p. 513. Carp with four beards, seven rays in the anal fin, the first very long, and the third ray of the dorsal fin very long and thick, - and serrated beyond the middle. __ Leneru about twelve inches: habit resembling that of a Pike, being of a squarish oblong shape: scales small, and obtusely square: colour gilded olive, shaded with dusky on the upper parts: abdo- men white: skin mucous: anal and ventral fins white, spotted on the upper part with brown: the rest of the fins brown: the dorsal placed in the middle of the back, the tail forked. Native of the Caspian sea, ascending rivers in the spring season in order to deposit its ova in proper situations. — 234 FIN-BACK CARP. Cyprinus Regius. C. pinna ani radiis undecim, dorsali per totam dorsi longitudinem excurrente. Tin. Gmel. p. 1419. Molin. Chil. p. 198. Carp with eleven rays in the anal fin, and the dorsal fin run- ning down the whole length of the. back. Native of the South- American seas: size of a Herring: shape cylindric: colour golden above, silvery beneath: irides purple: fins soft and yellow: in great esteem for the table, Geng a very delicate fish. = THICK-SNOU TED CARP. ~ Cyprinus Labeo. C. ssaeeial sae rostro subcarnoso coni~ co-obtuso, pinnis inferioribus rubris, cauda fusca. Subargenteous brown Carp, with somewhat fleshy obtusely- - conic snout, red lower fins, and brown tail. | Cyprinus Labeo. C. pinna ani radiis septem dorsali octo, pec- toralibus novendecim. Lin. Gmel. p. 1420. Pall. it. 3. p. 703. » A LARGE species, more than two feet in length: body roundish, subcompressed, and covered with large scales: head thick, with an obtuse, conical, and somewhat fleshy snout: mouth placed beneath, as in the Sturgeon: eyes rather large, with yellow- ish-silvery irides: pectoral, ventral, and anal fins red: tail forked: first.ray of the dorsal strong and bony. . Native of rocky rivers in Dauria, where it is very common; is a very swift swimmer, and is highly esteemed as a table fish. 237° ‘THIN-HEADED CARP. Cyprinus Leptocephalus. C. capite producto, depresso, maxilla _ inferiore longiore, pinnis, excepta dorsali, rubris. Carp with produced and depressed head, with the lower jaw _longer than the upper, and red fins, the dorsal excepted. _ Cyprinus leptocephalus. C. pinna ani radis novem, dorsali octo. Lin. Gmel. Pall. it. 3.p. 703, - Size equal to that of C. Labeo: shape resembling that of the Salmo Coregonus, but the head some- what like that of a Pike, having the snout much produced, depressed, and rounded, with the lower jaw longer than the upper: scales middle-sized : fins, except the dorsal, red. ~Inhabits the rivers of Dauria, SUCKING CARP. Cyprinus Catastomus. C. albidus, corpore elongato, capite sub. '_ tetragono, rostro subproducto, ore lunulato inferiore. __ Whitish Carp, with lengthened body, subtetragonal head, sub- "produced snout, and lunulated mouth placed beneath. Cyprinus catastomus. C. pinna ani radiis.acto, labio imo carun- cula bilobata papillosa, cuuda bi bifida. Forst. Act. Angl, vol. 63. D. 158. t. 6. oe ifisserit filets! ; body compressed ; colour whitish ; length from ten to fifteen or ‘sixteen inches: head lengthened, flattened on the top, and marked by rough lines: mouth small, and placed beneath: scales middle-sized: dorsal fin situated on the middle of the back: tail lunated. Native 1 238 ; BLEAK. of North America, inhabiting imland lakes and rivers, where it is found in the greatest plenty: said to live chiefly by suction, —— which cir cumstanice its name is taken. | VARs Tuis variety has smaller scales than the former, and is farther distmguished by a broad red stripe on each side the body, accompanying the lateral line: it is found chiefly at sea, and very rarely in fresh waters. BLEAK. Cyprinus Alburnus. C. argenteus, dorso olwvaceo, pinna ant radits viginti, cauda furcata. Silvery Carp, with olivaceous back, twenty rays in “ anal fin, and forked tail. Cyprinus Alburnus. C. pinna ani radiis viginti. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 531. . Cyprinus maxilla inferiore prominente, pinna ani radiis viginti. Bloch. t. 8. f. 4. | Lenertu five or six inches: shape slender, with the body much compressed: colour bright silvery, with the back olive-green: scales middle-sized, and easily deciduous: tail forked: native of rivers -in many parts of Europe, and common in our own island. It is from the scales of this fish that the . beautiful silvery matter used in the preparation of artificial pearls is chiefly taken: the invention is of GALIAN. 239 French origin, and is principally practised at Paris, which city has long been famous for this elegant manufacture: we are informed by Dr. Lister, in his Journey to Paris, that an artist in that city used about thirty hampers-full of Bleak in a single winter. Other bright-coloured fishes may however be used for the same purpose: the scales are said to be first washed, or slightly beaten, in order to afford all the silvery matter with which they are covered, and which, by repeated affusions of water, is purified, and suffered to settle for use: this pre- paration, which is termed oriental essence, is then mixed with a small quantity of melted isinglass, and introduced, by means of proper tubes, into the thin glass beads used in the precess, and which are of different casts of colour, as pale rose, blueish, &c. &c. When the silvery matter or essence has been distributed round the whole internal surface of the bead, it is suffered to dry, and, in the ordin- ary kinds, is afterwards filled up with melted wax. GALIAN. Cyprinus Galian. C. oliwaceus, fusco-maculatus, abdomine rubro. Olivaceous Carp, with brown spots, and red abdomen. Cyprinus Galian. C. pinna ani radiis septem, dorsali octo, pec- toralibus quatuordecim. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. An elegant species; size and habit of a small Gudgeon : scales small, and closely infixed: native of rocky rivers in some parts of Siberia. 240 : HERRING CARP. Cyprinus Clupeoides. C. argenteo-ccerulescens, compressus; abdomine serrato, ore sursum curvato, pinna anali bali cit cauda furcata. Silvery-blueish compressed Carp, with serrated abdomen, mouth curving upwards, subfalcated anal fin, and forked tail. Cyprinus clupeoides. C. abdomine serrato. Bloch. t. 408. f. 2. Lenetu about six inches: habit resembling that of a Herring: body compressed, with the abdo- men sharply carimated: scales middle-sized: lateral line curving downwards from the gills, pretty near. the abdomen, and then running almost strait to the tail: mouth shaped as in the genus Clupea, — but having the teeth in the throat as in the Cyprini: gill-membranes also furnished with rays: colour blueish-silvery, with a dusky cast on the back, and yellowish at the base of the fins : tail forked. Na- tive of India, and seeming to form, as it were, a connecting link between the genera of Cyprinus and Clupea, QA1 GUDGEON. _ &yprinus Gobio. C. argenteo-olivaceus, labio superiore tring _ barbato, pinna dorsali caudaque nigro-maculatis. Silvery-olive Carp, with the upper lip bearded, and the dorsal fin and tail spotted with black. | Cyprinus Gobio. C. pinna ani radiis undecim, curris duobus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 526. Cyprinus oblongus varius, cirris duobus ad angulum oris. Bloch, di Bn f..2s Tue Gudgeon is an inhabitant of the smaller kind of lakes and gentle rivers in most parts of Europe, especially those with a gravelly bottom. ‘It is observed by Mr. Pennant that those which are caught in the Kennet and the Cole are thrice the weight of those taken elsewhere: the largest commemorated by the above-mentioned author was taken near Uxbridge, and weighed half a pound : the general measure is from four to five or six inches. The Gudgeon is of a lengthened shape, with a thick or subcylindrical body: its usual colour is pale olive-brown above, sometimes slightly spotted with black; the sides silvery, and the abdo- men white: the scales middle-sized, or rather large: and the lateral line strait ; the dorsal fin is placed in the middle of the back, opposite the ventral fins, and is of a pale brown, commonly marked with numerous black spots disposed in a kind of trans- verse rows: the tail is slightly forked, and of simi- lar colour: the rest of fhe fins are generally of a pale reddish or yellowish brown, the irides of the v, ¥. 2. 1, 16 QAD GRONOVIAN CARP. eyes are red: the upper jaw rather longer than the lower, and furnished on each side with a shortish beard or cirrus. The Gudgeon is observed to reside principally at the bottom of the streams which it frequents, and it is usual with anglers to rake the bottom at intervals, by which means these fish are assembled in small shoals, expecting, on the raising of the mud, a supply of their favourite food, viz. small worms and water-insects. The Gudgeon generally spawns in the spring, and is observed not to deposit all its ova at once, but at distant periods, so that the spawning-time lasts near amonth. It is a very prolific species, and is to the last degree plentiful in the lakes of some parts of Germany, where it chiefly abounds in the autumnal season. As a table-fish it is in high estimation, being of a delicate flavour, and considered as not greatly in- ferior to the Smelt. GRONOVIAN CARP. Cyprinus Gonorhynchus, C. rostro prominente angulato-rotun- dato, corpore cylindrico. : Carp with prominent obtusely-cornered snout, and cylindric body. Cyprinus Gonorhynchus. C. pinna ani radiis octo, corpore cylindrico, Lin. Gmel. p. 1422. Gonorhynchus. Gronov. zooph. p. 55. t. 10. f. 2. _ Levyertu about nine inches: scales small: lateral line strait : dorsal fin situated towards the hind part of the body as in a Pike: ventral fins opposite MINOW. 2A3 the dorsal: anal pretty near the tail, which is slightly forked. Native of the seas about the Cape of Good Hope, and first described by Gronovius, — from a dried specimen: colour uncertain. MINOW. Cyprinus Phoxinus. C. atro-viridis flavo ceruleoque varius, abdomine argenteo-rubescente, cauda furcata. _ Blackish-green Carp, with blue and yellow variegations, red dish-silvery abdomen, and forked tail. Cyprinus Phoxinus. C. pinna ani radiis octo, macula fusca ad caudam, corpore pellucido. Lin. Syst. Nat. Cyprinus teretiusculus, pinnis ventralibus anali dorsalique radiis decem. Bloch. t. 8.f. 5. Tuis well-known species may be numbered among the most beautiful of the European fishes : it seldom exceeds the length of three inches, and is of a slender and elegant shape: the colours are generally as stated in the specific character, but vary greatly in different specimens, and at different seasons of the year: sometimes the colour of the upper parts is rather blue than green, and the ab- domen in some is of a bright red, in others white or silvery with a tinge of yellow: the scales are very small: the lateral line strait and of a golden yellow. The Minow is frequent in clear gravelly streams and rivulets in many parts of Europe. In our own country it is observed to appear first in March, and to disappear in the beginning of Oc- tober, at which period it secretes itself beneath the mud, &c, It is of a gregarious nature, and fre- QAA - APHYA CARP. quently assembles in small shoals near the surface of the water, especially in bright weather, being’ .fond of warmth : it usually spawns in the month of June, and is often observed to be found in spawn during the greatest part of the summer. From its small size the Minow is not much regarded in the list of edible fish, though it is said to be extremely delicate, and, where found in great. plenty,-is oc- casionally used for the table. It is much more frequently the victim of anglers, who procure it for the purpose of a bait for various fishes, and parti- cularly for trout. | APHYA CARP. Cyprinus Aphya. C. subfuscus, subtus albo-ferrugineus, wridibus rubris. 3 Brownish Carp, whitish-ferruginous beneath, with red irides. Cyprinus Aphya. C. pinna ani radiis novem, iridibus rubris, corpore peilucido. _ Lin, Syst. Nat. ga Cyprinus radiis novem in pinna anali dorsalique. Bloch. t. 97. 2. Tuts is a small species, somewhat allied to the Gudgeon in appearance, but scarcely measuring more than two or three inches in length, and is of a pale brown colour on the upper parts, and whitish or reddish beneath: the scales are middle-sized, and. easily deciduous, and the fins of a greenish grey. It.is of a gregarious nature, and is found in. great plenty about the coasts of the Baltic, and in the rivers of the northern regions ; particularly Sweden and Norway. It is also said to be frequent \ RIVULET CARP» QA5 in those of Siberia. It is said to be a delicate fish, but, ‘from its very small size, is more frequently used as a bait than for the table. It may not be improper to observe that the name Aphya, by which this species is distinguished by Linnzeus, seems to have been applied by the ancient. writers, in a sort of vague manner, to such small fishes as they supposed rather to have been produced from the foam of the sea, or in an irregular manner, than by the usual process of Nature. RIVULET CARP. Cyprinus Rivularis, C. pinna anali dorsalique radiis octo, corpore fusco-maculato. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Pail. it. 2. p: 717. | Carp with eight rays in the dorsal and anal fin, and body spotted with brown. A vERY small species, not exceeding the size of the C.. Aphya: shape slightly cylindric, and sub- compressed: scales very small: head obtuse, sub- tetragonal; with several large scattered pores on the upper part: irides silvery: lateral line strait : fins pale; the pectoral fins of a rounded shape. Native of the region of the Altaic mountains, in- Aabiting small streamlets and hollows. 246. WHITE-BAIT. Tuts small fish, which is extremely plentiful at particular seasons in the river Thames, is supposed to be the young of some species of the genus Cyp- rinus, though it is not agreed to what species it should be most properly referred: its general history is so well detailed by the ingenious author of the British Zoology that it will be best given in his own words. i : “« It is evident that it is of the Carp or Cyprinus genus: it has only three branchiostegous rays, and one dorsal fin; and in respect to the form of the body is compressed like that of the Bleak. Its usual length is two inches: the under jaw is the longest: the irides silvery, the pupil black: the dorsal fin is placed nearer to the head than to the tail, and consists of about fourteen rays: the side- line is strait: the tail forked: the tips black: the head, sides, and belly are silvery ; the back tinged with green.” During the month of July, adds Mr. Pennant, there appear in the Thames innumerable multi- tudes of these small fishes, which are known to the ~ Londoners by the name of White-Bait. They are . esteemed very delicious when fried with fine flour, and occasion, during the season, a vast resort of the | lower order of epicures to the taverns contiguous to the places they are taken at. MORMYRUS. MORMYRUS. Generic Character. Rostrum productum: Os, Snout produced: Mouth ~ terminale. terminal. Dentes plures, emarginati. || Teeth, several, emarginated. Apertura linearis, absque || Aperture without gill-cover. operculo, Membr: branch: uniradiata. || Gill-membranesingle-rayed. Corpus squamosum. Body scaly. ‘Tue genus Mormyrus, hitherto but obscurely understood, and differently arranged by different. ichthyologists, has been lately examined with a ereater degree of attention by Mons‘. Geoffroy, who has increased the number of species from three (as stated in the Gmelinian edition of the Systema Nature), to nine. Mr. Geoffroy observes that the body is compressed, and that the structure of the tail is unusual, being of a considerable length, and of a subcylindric and inflated appearance, on ac- count of its containing the glands from which the oily matter along the lateral line is secreted: he also observes that the stomach is strongly muscular ; that the ovarium is single; and that the swimming- bladder is almost the length of the abdomen. 248 KANNUMA MORMYRUS. Mormyrus Kannume. ~ M. rostro decurvo, cauda bifida obtusa, pinna dorsak radiis sexaginta-tribus. ‘ . Mormyrus with decurvate snout, bifid obtuse tail, and sixty- three rays in the dorsal fin. Mormyrus Kannume. Forsk. Arab. Lin. Gmel, Cotowr whitish : body much compressed: lower lip longer than the upper: lateral line strait: dorsal fin half the length of the back. Native of the Nile. SHARP-SNOUTED MORMYRUS. Mormyrus Oxyrhynchus. MM. rostro recto, mawilla inferiore longiore, pinna dorsali longitudine dorsi. | ; Mormyrus with strait snout, lower jaw longer than the upper, and dorsal fin running the whole length of the back. Mormyre Oxyrhynche. Cepede. 5. p. 619. Native of the Nile: supposed by Mons". Geoffroy to have been the Oyrhynchus of the ancients. - ANGUILLIFORM MORMYRUS. “ ‘Mormyrus Anguilloides. M. rostro acuto, maxillis equalibus,. pinna dorsalt radtis viginti-sex, cauda bifida obtusa. — Mormyrus with sharp snout, equal jaws, twenty-six rays in the dorsal fin, and bifid acute tail. Mormyrus anguilloides. Lin. Gmel. Mormyre Dendera. Cepede. 5. p. 619. eh Dorsat fin placed opposite the anal, and some- what shorter than that fin. Native of the Nile. 249 SALAYA MORMYRUS. _Mormyrus Salahia. M. rostro obtuso, mavilla inferiore longiore, ‘pinna dorsali anali breviore. ‘Mormyrus with the lower jaw longer than the upper, and dorsal fin shorter than the anal. ; ~ Mormyre Salahie. Cepede. 5. p. 619. Dorsat fin placed opposite the anal: observed by Geoffroy in the desert near Salaya, where they had been thrown by an inundation, and left in a dry state. BEBE’ MORMYUS. Mormyrus Bebé. M. rostro obtuso, mazillis equalibus, pinna dorsali anali sexies breviore. ) Mormyrus with obtuse snout, and dorsal fin six times shorter than the anal. Mormyre Bebé. Cepede. 5. p. 619. sa ees Dorsat fin placed opposite the anal as in the preceding: native of the Nile: observed in plenty near the region of Bebe. HERSE MORMYRUS, Mormyrus Hersé. M. rostro obtuso, mazilla supertore longiore, pinna dorsali longitudine dorsi. Mormyrus with obtuse snout, upper jaw longer than the lower, and dorsal fin running the whole length of the back, Mormyre Hersé. Cepede. 5. p. 620. Hersé. Native of the Nile: called by the Arabians _ - “et Sea 250 CYPRINOID MORMYRUS. Mormyrus Cyprinoides. M. rostro obtuso, maxilla superiore longiore, pinna dorsal radiis viginti-septem, cauda furcata, Mormyrus with obtuse snout, upper jaw longer than the lower, twenty-seven rays in the dorsal fin, and forked tail. Mormyrus cyprinoides. M. cauda bifida acuta, Lin. Gel. Mus, Ad, Frid. | Hazir somewhat resembling that of the genus Cyprinus: dorsal fin opposite the anal, and of equal | a) Native of the Nile. BANE MORMYRUS. Mormyrus Bané. MM. rostra obtuso, maxilla superiore multo longiore, pinna dorsali analique equalibus. Mormyrus with obtuse snout, upper jaw much longer than the lower, and dorsal fin of equal length with the anal. Mormyre Bané. Cepede. p. 620. -Nativs of the Nile: called by the Arabs Bané. > HASSELQUIST’S MORMYRUS. Mormyrus Hasselquistii. Df. pinna dorsali radiis viginti, anali yadiis duodecim, cauda furcata. Mormyrus with twenty rays in the dorsal fin, twelve in the anal, and forked tail. : Mormyre Hasselquist. Cepede. p. 620. Native of the Nile: observed by Hasselquist. END OF PART I. Mac GENERAL ZOOL AN cic 6 i « & ELPA VSTEMATIC .VATURAL HISTORY q : ears by WITH PLATES £.8.&e m the first Authorities and most select specimens eS re Orgraved prnepially ty y ME HEATH. VOL. Y. Part II. ca Se Co eK. Ss. London Printed forG Kearsley Fleet Street. 1604. ‘ ie) ¥ ; > t , { ) \ ‘ 4 ’ at GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME V.——PART I. PISCES. LONDON. PRINTED FOR GEORGE KEARSLEY, FLEET-STREET; BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITE-FRIARS,. es 1804. > . 4 . mA " 2d ae Neg boa Yih’ Tait GAPE er aL s cian, . . Ns wa; may , 4 vo. 5 . Bs ill hin , eerie Bie, eo if. oat ein ukhe: oe “inhi LSE cen ae 4) ny vee > , nadie MES N AKIN Ore Gat mC Seiya ty Phe aa A PDA 0 N FEN YS OF VOL. V.—PART IT. gf x Page CIPENSERGENwvs 379 Angler, European « 379 a Cornish . 381 — muricated . 382 beaked 383 — Harlequin .. 384 striped 385 painted 386 Commersonian 3 87 BALISTES GENUS « 399 CHIMZRA GENUS 365 - Northern 365 -- Southern « 368 CENTRISCUS GENUS . 458 mailed .. 458 nn Snipe 459 light-armed : 460 CycLOPTERUS GENUS CEPHALUS GENUS DIopON GENUS . -- Poreupine ——-- oblong -- round ., -- Plumier’s 7 -- patched . File-Fish, Unicorn -- hispid -- downy -- papillose -- Chinese , ~-ringent . ——-- smooth , -- Sonnerat’s —-- patched . -- white-finned -- blue-streaked @ 1V CONTENTS. File-Fish, greenish . 408 -- fasciated . AOO -- single-spotted 410 -- cinereous . 410 -- Mediterranean 411 -- ancient . -. 412 -- spotted . . 413 -- warted . . 415 -- two-spined . 415 -- forcipated . 416 -- white-sided . 416 -- speckled Al 7 -- Kleinian ATS -- Curassao . 418 ~- Forskal’s . Al1Q -- undulated . 419 GASTROBRANCHUS GENUS » | HONG Shae a —__——_——-- blind 264 —————_—_-——-- Dombeyan 207 damprey, great. -~.- 254 -- Lampern’ . 257 -- Planer’s ... .* 259 ——--- minute . . 260 em ared ay hg: eee eR -— eee. >. G1 ——-- silvery . . 262 -- lead-coloured 263 -- brilliant . ~:~. 268 PrcasusGenus . . 461 -- Dragon .- . 4061 ——--- flyng .-.-.~ 462 -- aculeated Dali iyo Pegasus, swimming Pipe-Fish, great —— smaller . —— Snake biaculeated nd Ceres pelagic . —————. xquoreal ——_-_——~ Sea- Horse foliated . =e 463 451 452 453 453 A54 455 455 . 456 PETROMYZON GENUS. RAJA GENUS Ray, Skater ee Thornback rough fuller’s eglantine = « sharp-nosed needle-nosed . —— mirror _—_—— black painted . undulated ——white . sting + margined . shagreen ; eagle euttated . fasciated —— Lymna Cuckow . pearled tuberculated . . 280 251 269 270 272 274 275 275 276 277 278 279 279 280 280 281 281 284 285 286 287 287 288 290 j ayes iie it aes oe Bie eral Ray, Demon : ring-tailed Manatia . Giorna a — Fabronian . Banksian —— fringed Torpedo . — spotted — Rhinobatos —. Thouinian Arabian . — Cuvier’s . Shark, white - basking . ——- blue —_—_——- Tope - Fox ——- spotted . - panther -- rock - hound ——- picked - dusty —- Centrina ——- Philippian - pearly ——- spiny - Isabella . - cirrhated ~ bearded —- striped . - ocellated daniel cohen e black and white ~w—— Chinese . @ CONTENTS. OO! 201 203 2.04 2.04. 205 296 207 316 316 | Shark, American . SICAL NA era '=-+-- Porbeagle: . ——- Beaumaris - denticulated - punctulated . ——- Zebra —- Gronovian i ——- Hammer-headed - heart-headed ——- Angel oe - saw-snouted - tentaculated : - semisagittated SPATULARIA GENUS 2 - reticulated SQUALUS GENUS Sturgeon, common : -- smaller - --isinglass. == SUCHGL |. dius -- stellated. . Sucker, Lump pyramidal. . pavonian . . large-toothed gelatinous. . — ventricose . a S101 ERROR yo lineated : spine-headed Cornisin Moe bimaculated , VI CONTENTS. SyNGNATHUS GENUS 451 || Trunk-Fish, triquetral 420 trigonal « 422 ———-——— biaculeated 423 horned -. 423 three-horned 424 © four-horned 424 —_——-_—— pyramidal 425 concatenated 426 snouted , 426 cubic. 44) ee speckled . 428 ‘eared. =. 420 ———_—_—— stri ped . 430 OsTRACION GENUS . | £20 (ee ee TETRODON GENUS. 441 Hare a 4d lineated . 442 et ne eed ——_———— hispid . 442 tortoise-shell 444. Spengler’s 445 Honkenian 445 oblong . 446 smooth . 446 eee eS oe =e ooo es oe —_—_—_——— tuberculated 431 —— punctated. 447 || —————— gibbose . 431 ee noxious . 448 —— ocellated . 448 || Sun-Fish, short . . 437 | Pintado . 449 oblong . . 439 ———- electric . 450 variegated . 439 ———— snouted . 450 || —— Pallasian . 440 | stellated . 447 Directions for placing the Plates in vol. V. part II. & The Vignette represents a diminished view of the Fasciated File-Fish. See p. 409. Plate 133 to face page 251 Plate 158* to face page 369 134 204 159 ————-__ 870 135 ——— 269 160 ————._ 376 136 ——_——-._ 270 ore 137 —————_275 162 —————._ 382 1g 276 || 103 ier Beg 139 ————._ 278 164 ——————-_ 384 1490 ————-_ 279 165 —————-_ 386 $A. ests 284 HOG te i ggg P42 dei 995) 2167 a son 143 ————- 286 168 ———_—._ 399 144 —————__ 203 168* —_—_—_—._ 407 145 —————._ 294 169, ee a 297 170 ————-_ 423 a B87 171 ———— 426 1s 22 322 179 ae 149 ————._ 327 173 ——_—_ 429 tO) -—————— 329 174 Pao ka aa 151 —————_ 331 175 ————._ 437 152 335 176 easy 153 ————. 337 177 ————-_ 441 153* ——--——_ 340 178 ————-_ 4414 ie a 854. 179 ———— 451 1455 ————._ 356 180 ————._ 456 156 ————— 362 181 ————— 458 157 ————- _ 365 182 —————— 461 158 ————— 368 ae 7 aS id /~ nan Sa ies bait i ‘ ERRATA.—VOL.V..PART HW. = n P. 291, in the specific character of the Demon Ray, for dilata read dilatata. N.B. In Vol. 4, at p. 569, ia the generic character of Boniany sy for serral® read non serrata, and for serrated read unserrated, mit it lite igloal HE: e 4 WN, soit ID \ NY NA SRY) i, Ae \’ WANN SS ITs SS SO Qo eS es SS SSS SS ~— ——————— ~ —S=—= WN \ ud \\ WY \ \ \ | \ \\ ay | \ { “lt AK \( \ q A RE ] i} i Aas Hh \T LAMP A 7RE ( 4 We |)!). ft Hh) y ifr Y ‘4 Pa B < fs = és ~ HT i | i Niu FISHES. CARTILAGINEIL. | ) PETROMYZON. LAMPREY. Generic Character. Corpus anguilliforme. Body Kel-shaped. Os subtus, dentibus numer- || JZouth beneath, withnumer- osis circulatim dispositis. ous teeth in circular rows. Spiracula utrinque septem |} Spzracles seven on each side _ad latera colli. the neck. GREAT LAMPREY. Petromyzon Marinus. PP. olivaceus, albido fuscoque varius, pinnis subaurantiis, cauda subcerulea. _ Olive Lamprey with brown and whitish variegations, some- what orange-coloured fins, and blueish tail. Petromyzon marinus. PP, ore intus papilloso, pinna dorsal _posteriore a cauda distincta. Lin. Syst, Nat. p. 394. - Petromyzon maculosus, ordinibus dentium circiter viginti. Art, gen. 64. Syn. QO. : _ Petromyzon ordinibus dentium acutorum plurimis, Bloch. t. 77. Sea Lamprey. Penn. Brit. Zool. e In its general appearance this fish makes a near approach to the Eel tribe, and particularly to the ¥,V. P. U1. 17 959 GREAT LAMPREY. Murenz : it arrives at a considerable size, and to the length of more than three feet: the generality of the British specimens however are of inferior magnitude: the usual colour of the Lamprey is a dull brownish olive, clouded with yellowish white variegations : the back, as in most fishes, is darker than the other parts, and the abdomen paler: the fins are tinged with dull orange, and the tail with blue: the eyes are rather small: the mouth large, oval, situated beneath, deeply concave, and lined or paved as it were with several circular rows of sharp, triangular orange-coloured teeth: the tongue, which is short and crescent-shaped, is also furnished with a row of very small teeth round its edge: on the top of the head is a small orifice or spout-hole, through which is discharged the superfluous water taken in at the mouth and gills: near each eye are two rows of much smaller foramina, one row consisting of five, and the other of six: these are supposed to be the orifices of the glands which secrete the viscid moisture necessary for lubricating the skin: on each side the neck, commencing at a small distance beyond the eyes, is a row of ‘seven pretty large, equidistant, round spiracles or breathing-holes, each leading to a deep sacculus lying im an oblique di- rection towards the head: these seven sacculi on each side are lined with a red pleated membrane, and have no communication with each other, but pass by their respective double ducts to the mside of the mouth: towards the lower part of the back commences the first dorsal fin, which is’ rather shallow, with a rounded outline: the second, which GREAT LAMPREY. 253. commences at a very small distance from it, is’ nearly of the same extent, but with a subtriangular outline: the tail is short and slightly rounded. . The Lamprey is an inhabitant of the ocean, ascending rivers chiefly during the latter end of winter and the early months of spring; and after a residence of a few months in fresh water, again returns to the sea: it is viviparous, and the young are observed to be of slow growth; contrary to the assertions of some writers, who have supposed the Lamprey to be a short-lived fish. When in motion this fish is observed to swim with consider- able vigour and rapidity, but it is more commonly seen attached by the mouth to some large stone or other substance, the body hanging at rest, or obey- ing the motion of the current: so strong is the power of adhesion exerted by this animal, that a stone of the weight of more than twelve pounds may be raised without forcing the fish to forego its hold. The general habits of the Lamprey seem pretty much to resemble those of the Eel, and it is supposed to live principally on worms and young fish. Like the Eel it is remarkably tenacious of life; the several parts, when cut in pieces, will long continue to move ; and the head will strongly attach itself, for several hours, to a stone, though by far the greater part of the body be cut away from it. | Among the cartilaginous fishes none 1s so desti- tute of all appearance of real bone as the Lamprey, -in which the spine itself is no other than a mere soft cartilage, without any processes or protuber- 4 GREAT LAMPREY, ances whatsoever. Among other particulars in its anatomy, it is remarkable that the heart, instead of being inclosed in a soft pericardium, as in other animals, is guarded by a strong cartilaginous one : the liver, which is of an oblong form, is of a fine grass-green colour, somewhat deeper in the female fish, and may be used for the purpose of a pigment. A vulgar error, arising from inattentive inspec- tion, and total ignorance of the nature of the ani- mal, is said sometimes to prevail; viz. that the Lamprey is furnished with nine eyes on each side: this. mistake appears to have excited unusual indig- nation in Sir Thomas Brown, who in his Pseudo- doxia Epidemica thus expresses himself on the subject : | | he Ton “* Whether Lampries have nine eyes, as is re- ceived, we durst refer it unto Polyphemus himself, who had but one, to judge it. An error concern- ing eyes occasioned by the error of eyes; deduced from the appearance of divers cavities. or holes on either side, which some call eyes that carelessly behold them ; and is not only refutable by experi- ence, but also repugnant unto reason. For besides” the monstrosity they fasten unto Nature, in con- triving many eyes, who hath made but two unto any animal, that is one of each side, according to the division of the brain; it were a superfluous inartificial act to place and settle so many in one > plane; for the two extreams would sufficiently perform the office of sight without the help of the intermediate eyes, and behold as much as all the seven together. For the visible base of an object - GREAT LAMPREY. 255 would be defined by these two; and the middle eyes, although they behold ‘the same thing, yet could they not behold so much thereof as these ; "so were it no advantage unto man to have a third. ‘eye between those two he hath already; and the fiction of Argus seems more reasonable than this ; for though he had many eyes, yet were they placed | in circumference and positions of advantage, and so are they placed in several lines in spiders. - Again, these cavities which men call eyes are seated out of the head, and where the gills of other fish are placed; containing no organs of sight, nor having any communication with the brain, and that being placed (as Galen observeth) in the upper part of the body, for the fitter situation of the eyes, and conveniency required: unto sight, it is not reasonable to imagine that they are any where else, or deserve that name which are seated in other parts. And therefore we relinquish as fabulous what is delivered of Sternopthalmi, or men with eyes in their breast ; and when it is said by Solomon, a wise man’s eyes are in his head, it is to be taken in a second sense, and aiiordeth no objection... True it is that the eyes of animals are seated with some difference, but in sanguineous -animals in the head, and that more forward than the ear or hole of hearing. In quadrupedes, in regard of the figure of their heads, they are placed at some distance; in latirostrous and flat-billed birds they are more laterally seated ;. and therefore when they look intently they turn one eye upon the object; and can convert their heads to see ¥. ¥..Ps IL is 2.56 GREAT-LAMPREY, before and behind, and to behold two opposite points at once. But at amore easy distance are they situated in man, and in the same circum- ference with the ear; for if one foot of the compass be placed upon the crown, a circle described there- by will intersect or pass over both ears. ‘The error in this conceit consists in the ignorance of these cavities, and their proper use in nature; for this is a particular disposure of parts, and a peculiar con- formation whereby these holes and sluices supply the defect of gills, and are assisted by the conduit in the head ; for like cetaceous animals and whales, the lamprie hath a fistula, spout, or pipe at the back part of the head, whereat it spurts out the water; nor is it only angular in this formation, but also in many other.” As an article of food the Lamprey has for many ages maintained its credit as an exquisite dainty ; ; and has uniformly made its appearance at the most | splendid of our ancient entertainments. The death of King Henry the first, it is well known, is at- tributed to a too luxurious indulgence in this his favourite dish. It still continues to be in high esteem, and we are told by Mr. Pennant that the city of Glocester continues to send yearly, at Christmas, a present of a rich lamprey pye to the King. It sometimes happens that the Lampries at that season are so rare that a guinea is demanded for the price of a single fish. They are most in season during March, April, and May, and are observed to be much more firm. when fresh arrived from sea than when they have. been a considerable LAMPERN. 257 time in fresh water. They are found in several of the British rivers, but that which is most celebrated for them is the Severn. In the mouths of some of the larger European rivers they are sometimes - taken in such quantities that it is impossible to use them in their fresh state; they are therefore grilled and moderately salted, and afterwards barrelled up for sale, with the addition of vinegar and spices. LAMPERN. _, Petromyzon Fluviatilis. P. ae subtus subargenteus, pinnis - subviolaceis. - Brownish Lamprey, silvery periach: with somewhat violet- coloured fins. Petromyzon fluviatilis. P. pinna dorsal posteriort angulata. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 394. Petromyzon unico ordine denticulorum minimorum in limbo _ oris, praeter inferiores majores. Art. gen. 14. syn. 8Q. sp. QQ. ~ Petromyzon ordine dentium unico. Bloch. t. 78. f. 1. | Lesser Lamprey. Penn. Brit, Zool. | Lenetu, when full-grown, from ten to fifteen inches : on each side the mouth three * rows of very minute teeth; on the lower part seven teeth, of which the outmost on each side is the largest ; and in the upper part of the mouth a large bifur- cated + tooth: colour of the back brown or dusky, sometimes clouded or mixed with blue: whole under sides silvery: body marked on the upper part by numerous annular lines: on the lower part : of the back a narrow fin, beyond which rises a * Dr. Bloch considers these as a single row. + According to Bloch two teeth. 958 -LAMPERN. second, which at its beginning is high and angular, and afterwards grows narrow, surrounds the-.ex- tremity of the fish, forming the tail, and is con- tinued beneath-to the vent. This species is, ac- _ .cording to Dr. Bloch, an inhabitant of the sea, and ascends in spring-time most of the European rivers, in which it is feund much more frequently and plentifully than the great lamprey. With us. it is found in great quantities in the Thames, the Severn, and the Dee. It is often potted with the larger lamprey, and is by some preferred to it, as being milder tasted. Mr. Pennant informs us that vast quantities are taken about Mortlake, and sold to the Dutch, as baits for their Cod and Turbot fisheries : according to this author above four hundred and fifty thousand have been sold in a season, at forty shillings per thousand, and about an hundred thousand have been occasionally sent to Harwich for the same purpose. The Duich, it is added, have the secret of preserving them till the time of the Turbot-fishery. Great quantities, says Dr. Bloch, are taken in the March of Brandenburgh, and in Pomerania, Silesia, and Prussia; and after frying, are packed in barrels by hae between each of which is a layer of bay-leaves, and spices, sprinkled over with vinegar. In this state they are sent into many other parts of the German empire. In the river Bauster in Courland, great quantities are taken from beneath the ice with nets; they are much larger than those found elsewhere, and are packed in snow, and sent to any distance; and when put into cold water recover themselves. This PLANER’S LAMPREY. 2590. species spawns in March and April, and is a pro- lific fish. It is so tenacious of life that it will live many days out of water. PLANER’S LAMPREY. Petromyzon Planeri. 4 pallidus, conpore annulato, oris margine papilloso. Pale Lamprey, with annulated Bow and the edges of the mouth papillose. Petromyzon Planeri. P. corpore annulato, ore papilloso. Bloch. 4.76. 7, 3: Leneru from five or six to ten inches: general resemblance that of the Lampern: colour olive above, pale or white beneath: second dorsal fin of an angular outline: tail shaped like that of the Lamprey and Lampern; mouth furnished with small teeth: native of the rivers of ‘Thuringia and other parts of the German Empire: like most of the genus, tenacious of life, living for the space of a quarter of an hour when immersed in spirits of wine, and moving with, violence during the whole time: when thus killed in spirits, the mouth re- “mains open, but when the fish dies in water it is shut. First observed and described by Professor Planer of Erford. MINUTE LAMPREY. Petromyzon Branchialis. P. pallidus, compan annulato, ore subtus lobato. Pale Lamprey, with annulated body, and mouth lobated be- neath. Petromyzon branchialis. P. pinna posteriore lineari, labio. orts posteriore latere lobato, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 394. Lampetra-coeca. Will. ichth. t. g+ 3. Sf. Mh... Pride. Plot Hist. Ox. p. 182. t. 10, Pride. Penn, Brit, Zool. Lenetu from four or five to six or seven, and sometimes, though rarely, eight inches: body cylin- dric, somewhat tapering at each end, and marked with numerous annular lines or transverse streaks on each side, giving it somewhat of a worm-like aspect: beneath the body, from ‘head to tail, a continued middle line; mouth toothless, and mark- ed on each side the lower part by a kind of small lobe: fins very ‘shallow: tail lanceolate and sharp- ish at the tip: inhabits the European rivers; in England more frequent in the Isis than elsewhere: instead of concealing itself under stones this species lodges itself among the mud, and is not observed to. adhere to any other body like the rest of the genus: . it is used as a bait for other fish: it seems to have been first distinctly described, as an English species, by Dr, Plot, in his History of Oxfordshire, ; 261 RED LAMPREY. - Petromyzon Ruber. P. ruber, dorso subfusco. _ Red Lamprey, with brownish back. “ Petromyzon ruber, Cepede. _ Grnerat appearance that of the minute lamprey: eolour red, deepest about the gills or respiratory foramina: upper parts tinged with a dusky hue: found in some parts of the Seine, where it was ob- served by Mons‘. Noel, who communicated it to the Count de Cepede. LEECH LAMPREY. thas Sanguisuga. P. ore amplo, dentibus minimis aurantiis, pinnis angustis. . Lamprey with large mouth, very small orange-coloured teeth, and shallow fins. Petromyzon Sanguisuga. Cepede. Genera length about seven inches: habit that of the minute and red lampries : body cylindric : mouth very wide: teeth very numerous, orange- coloured, and a semicircular range of nine double teeth near the throat : both the dorsal fins shallow, the second extending nearly to the tail: eyes larger than in the minute lamprey: observed in the river Seine by Mons". Noel. It seems in many points so nearly to resemble the common Lamprey as to leave some suspicion of its being the young of that species: yet Mons‘. Noel seems convinced of its 262 SILVERY LAMPREY. being specifically different : it is said to be found only at those times in which the Shad (Clupea Alosa) is in the river: these fishes it persecutes, by fastening beneath their bellies, and sucking their blood with the avidity of a Leech; its body being constantly found full of that fluid alone : they sometimes attack Salmon in a similar manner, but, from the greater thickness of the skin’ in those fishes, are able to obtain but a small —— of blood from them, | SILVERY LAMPREY. . Petromyzon Argenteus. P. corpore argenteo nitido, dorso sub- _ flavescente. : Lamprey with bright silvery body, and slightly yellowish back. Petromyzon corpore argenteo. » Bloch. ¢; 415. f. 2. Lzneru of the specimen described by Dr. Bloch about six inches: general appearance that of the minute lamprey: colour bright silvery, with a yellowish brown tinge on the upper parts: mouth ‘large: teeth orange-coloured, and situated in the fore part of the mouth: eyes very large, with silvery irides: both the dorsal fins yery shallow, and without any angular outline: lateral line very distinct: tail lanceolate. Native of the Indian seas, 263 LEAD-COLOURED LAMPREY. -Petromyzon Plumbeus. PP. plumbeus, subtus albo-flavescens, cauda spatuliformi. f Lead-coloured Lamprey, yellowish- white beneath, with spatule- shaped tail. | Petromyzon Septoeil, Cepede. 4. p. 667. - Bopy decreasing from head to tail in a conical manner: mouth large: dorsal fins rounded: tail spatule-shaped: colour of the upper part of the animal leaden-grey ; of the under yellowish white: size not mentioned: observed by Monst. Noel in the Seine, where it is very plentiful. BRILLIANT LAMPREY. Petromyzon Bicolor. P. supra niger, subtus argenteus. - Lamprey with black back, and silvery abdomen. Petromyzon niger. Cepede. 4. p. 667. Tuis species is easily distinguished by its colours, the upper part being of a fine black, and the under of a brilliant silver-colour: the mouth is very small: both the dorsal fins rounded, and each nearly as short as the caudal, which is spatule-shaped : first described by Mons'. Noel, by whom it was com- municated to the Count de Cepede: found in the Seme, and said to be sometimes taken in great plenty: size not mentioned. GASTROBRANCHUS. GASTROBRANCHUS. Generic Character. Corpus anguilliforme. || Body Eel-shaped. Os subtus, dentibus nume- || Mouth beneath, with nu- | rosis, pectinatis. merous pectinate teeth. Spiracula duo ventralia. —_|| Sprracles two, beneath the abdomen. BLIND GASTROBRANCHUS. Gastrobranchus Cecus. G. lividus, subtus pallidior, ore cirris octo. Livid Gastrobranchus, paler beneath, with eight beards at the mouth. Gastrobranchus coecus. G. oculis carens. ‘Bloch, t. 413, © Myxine glutinosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1080. Mauill. prodr. Z. D. p. 227. Schrift, der Berl. Gesselsh. naturf, Fr. 10. p. 193. 244. t. 4. _Pihraol, .Kalm, it. Amer. 1. p. 118, es Tue fish which constitutes this genus has long Since been described by Linnzeus and others under the title of Myzine glutinosa, and considered as belonging to the tribe of Vermes, in which situa- tion it ranks in the latest editions of the Systema Nature. ‘Dr: Bloch however, from accurate ex- amination both of its external and internal struc- ture, has very justly considered it as a legitimate ‘cartilaginous Fish. The usual length of the GASTROBRANCHUS D OMBEYAN 43 4. St 5 S Sy _ Se x Ss Sy SS BLIND GAS’TROBRANCHU x BL scalp fe i ran Ve. 7 BLIND GASTROBRANCHUS.: 265° European specimens is from four to six inches, but in the Indian ocean it appears to arrive at a far superior size, nearly equalling in this respect. the common Fel. In its general appearance it bears a near resemblance to the Lampries, with which by Kalm, its first describer, it has been asso- ciated, It is remarkable for the total want of eyes, not the least vestige of any such organs being dis- coverable by the most attentive examination: the mouth, which is situated beneath, as in the Lamp- ries, is of an oblong form: on each side are two beards or cirri, and on the upper part four: in front of the top of the head is a small spout-hole, furnished with a valve, by which it can at pleasure be closed: the teeth, which are situated very deep, im the mouth, and are of an orange-colour, as it the Lamprey, are disposed on each side into a double row, in form of a pectinated bone; each upper row consisting of nine and each lower row of eight teeth; and in the middle of the roof of the mouth is a single, sharp-pointed, and curved tooth: no nostrils are discoverable: the body is destitute of scales, lateral line, and every kind of fin, except that which forms the tail: this fin'is shallow, and commencing at the lower part of the back, runs round the extremity of the body, and is continued, beneath as far as the vent: the extremity of the body, where it is surrounded by the caudal fin, is taper or pointed: beneath the body, from head to | tail, runs a double row of pretty conspicuous, equi- distant pores, through which, on pressure, exsudes a viscid fluid, and at somewhat more than a third 266 BLIND GASTROBRANCHUS. of the animal from the head, are situated, beneath the body, the two spiracula, which consist of a pair of oval apertures. On laying open the fish, it ‘ap-. pears that each of these aperturés communicates with a series of globular red cells or vesicles; dis- posed, to the number of six, on each side’ the body: every one of these twelve cells or vesicles. communicates on its exterior side, by a short. branch, with the duct leading from the spiracle ; and on its interior side with another duct leading mto the mouth: below these cells is situated the heart, which is of a roundish or but slightly cordate shape: the liver is large, and consists of two lobes. or divisions, of which the upper. is smallest: the ovarium is of a lengthened form, and the ova appear to arrive at a very considerable size before they are excluded from the body, and it is doubtful whether they may not hatch internally, as in some other fishes, before exclusion. The general colour. of the animal is whitish with a dusky blueish cast above, and reddish towards the head and tail: the. fin surrounding the tail-part is yellowish-brown. The manners of this fish are represented as highly: singular : it is said to enter into the bodies of such fishes as it. happens to find on the fishermen’s hooks, and which consequently have not the power of escaping its attack, and by gnawing its way through the skin, to devour all the internal parts, leaving only the bones and the skin remaining. Another particularity im this animal consists in its uncom- monly glutinous nature: if put into a large vessel of sea:water, it is said in a very short space to DOMBEYAN GASTROBRANCHUS. ‘Gag render the whole so glutinous as easily to be drawn out into the form of threads: when taken out of water the Gastrobranchus is said to be incapable of living more than three or four hours. It is an inhabitant of the Northern seas, and appears also to occur in those of the Southern Hemisphere, where, as before mentioned, it arrives at a much larger size than in the northern regions *. DOMBEYAN GASTROBRANCHUS. Gastrobranchus Dombeyi. G. capite tumido. Gastrobranchus with tumid head. Gastrobranchus Dombey. Cepede. Size much larger. than the European specimens of the Gastrobranchus ccecus: head rounded : and broader than the body: on the upper lip four beards; number of those on the lower uncertain, the specimen being described in a dried state: teeth pointed, compressed, triangular, and disposed in two circular ranges, the exterior of which is com- posed. of twenty-two, and the interior of fourteen teeth: a single tooth longer than the rest, and of a curved form in the roof of the mouth, as in the * This ‘idea is grounded on a drawing by Dr. Forster, pre- served, among those of several other Southern fishes, &c. in the _ sollection of Sir Joseph Banks, and which appears to represent a gigantic specimen of the Gastrobranchus coecus. In the British “Museum is also a specimen of equal size, but not in such a state as to admit of very accurate examination. Perhaps it may ‘be \ tather'the Dombeyan Gastrobranchus. . 268 — DOMBEYAN GASTROBRANCHUS. European species: eyes and nostrils imperceptible: -eolour uncertain: tail rounded at the extremity, and terminated by a very shallow fin united with the anal. Native of the South-American seas: observed by Mons". Dombey, and described by Cepede from the dried skin in the Paris Museum. aS oe Fi tf . { pa a =e Og qahe : y! iv fers pe Ren gy ees = AGS A A A \ ay) \ \\ MN } OE \ \ ail (is } \\ JW): LZ z>s, —— —= Z Wy (| RAR TT: LEU NN INDUPONY CUNY SKELETON OF THORNBACK. 27G04. Sine 1 Lonton Pub lished. by OLearslev Fleet Street - RAJA. RAY. Cengee haradter. Os sub capite, transversum, |} Jouth situated beneath the ~~ dentibus obsitum: head, transverse, beset PAP TNE eth GES | with teeth. | Spiracula subtus ad collum || Spiracles beneath, five on “iy utrinque quinque. each side the neck. 3 Corpus depressum, pleris- || Body in most species sub. g : que subrhomboideum. : rhomboidal. Tu IS genus is acetic ed by the remarkable breadth and thinness of the body, the pectoral fins appearing like a continuation of the sides them- selves, being covered with the common skin: their rays are cartilaginous, strait, and furnished with numerous swellings or knots: the teeth are very numerous, small, and placed in ranges over the lips or edges of the mouth: the eyes are furnished with a nictitating membrane or skin, which can at plea- sure be drawn over them like an eyelid, and at some distance above the eyes are situated the nostrils, each appearing like a large and somewhat semilunar opening edged with a reticulated skin, and furnished internally with a great many lamin- ated processes divided by a middle partition: they are guarded by an exterior valve: behind the eyes are also a pair of holes communicating with the 270 SKATE. mouth and gills: these latter, taken together, pre- sent a vast extent of surface : the young are con- tained in oblong square capsules with lengthened corners, and are discharged at distant intervals, the young animal gradually liberating itself from its confinement, and adhering for some time by the umbilical vessels. ‘The Rays in general feed on the smaller kind of crabs, testacea, ‘marine insects, and fishes: they are constant inhabitants of the sea, | lying concealed during part of the winter among the mud or sand, from which they occasionally emerge and swim to unlimited distances. — Of a rhomboid shape. SKATE. Raja Batis. R. cinerea nigro-varia, subtus alba nigro-punctata, dorso glabro, cauda unico aculeorum ordine. Cinereous Ray, with dusky variegations, beneath white with black points, with smooth back, and a single row of. i on the tail. Raja Batis. R. varia, dorso medio glabro, ut unico aculeorum ordine. Lin, Syst, Nat. Raja cauda tantum aculeata. Bloch. t. 79. Skate. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tue Skate is one of the largest of the European Rays, sometimes weighing from one to two hundred pounds, and even, according to some accounts, not less than three: its general colour on the upper parts is a pale cinereous brown, varied with several darker or blackish undulations: the under part is AIG: SSS ——=—<$—S——— ——— Se = lh : ANS WHE < ~< = & N \ \ \ . WAN WY wv oe : \ AW In . SKATE. 2604 June 2 London Published by G. Kearsley Fleet Street. SKATE. 271 white, marked with numerous, distant, black specks: in the male the pectoral fins are beset towards their tips or edges with numerous small spines: on each side the tail; at some distance from the base, is a sharp spine: several very strong ones run down the back of the tail, and in some specimens a row of smaller ones is visible on each side. As an edible _ fish the Skate is considered as one of the best of its tribe, and is an established article in the European markets, being found in great plenty in the adjoin- ' ing seas, where it usually frequents the shores in the manner of flat-fish: it breeds in the month of March and April, and deposits its ova from May to September. We are informed by Mr. Wil- lughby that a Skate of two hundred pounds weight was sold in the fish-market at Cambridge to the cook of St. John’s College in that university, and was found sufficient to dine the whole society, consisting of more than 120 persons. In October the Skate is usually poor and thin; begins to.im- prove in November ; and grows gradually better till May, when it is considered as in its highest perfection. _ | wey. P. i. | : 19° 979 THORNBACK. Raja Clavata. R. cinereo-flavescens, rostre subacuto, corpore aculeis sparsis clavatis, serie dorsali unica. Yellowish-cinereous Ray, with subacute snout, scattered clavat- ed aculei on the body, and a single row down the back, Raja clavata. R. aculeata, dentibus tuberculosis, cartilagine transversa abdominali. Lan. Syst. Nat. Raja clavata. ond. Gesn, Will. Raj. &c. Thornback. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tuts species grows to a very considerable size, though rarely equal in magnitude to the Skate: in its general appearance it resembles that fish, but is somewhat broader in proportion, and is easily distinguished from the Skate by the very strong, curved spines with which its upper surface is covered: these are most conspicuous down the middle and on each side of the back, where four or six, of much larger size than the rest, are generally seen; the remaining parts being furnished with many scattered spines of smaller size, intermixed with still more minute ones, and the whole skin is of a rough or shagreen-like surface: the back ts marked with an uncertain number of pale or — whitish, round spots, of different sizes, and which are commonly surrounded with a blackish or dark- coloured edge: these spots are said to be caused by the shedding of the spines at different intervals; along the middle of the back runs a single row of strong spines, continued to the tip of the tail: and it often happens that there are three, or even five rows of spines on this part, as in the figure given THORNBACK, 973 by Mr. Pennant in the third volume of the British Zoology : the colour of the skin is a brownish grey, with irregular blackish or dusky variegations: the | under part is white, with a slight cast of flesh- colour, and about the middle of the body, as well as on the fins, are disposed several spines, similar to those on the upper side, but less strong: the _ cartilage dividing the upper and lower portions of the body is in this species remarkably conspicuous ; but.since a similar appearance exists in several other species, it cannot be of much importance in the specific character, though considered as such by Artedi and Linnieus; nor can any greater de- pendence be placed on that of- Dr. Bloch; the Thornback varying like others of this genus, in the ‘number and disposition of the caudal spines. The Thornback is an inhabitant of the Mediterranean and other seas, and is in some esteem as a food, though not equal to the Skate in goodness. It may be added, that much confusion and uncer- tainty seems to prevail as.to the synonyms of this species. 274 ROUGH RAY. Raja Rubus. R. griseo-varia aspera, rostro subacuto, ordine aculeorum in dorso simplici, in cauda triplict. _ Variegated-grey, rough Ray, with subacute snout, a single row of dorsal, and a triple row of caudal spines. Raja Rubus. RR. ordine aculeorum in dorso unico, tribusque in cauda. Bloch. t. 84... Lin, Gmel. p. 1507. Rough Ray. Penn. Brit. Zool. ~ Greatty allied to the Thornback, but covered with more numerous spines, every part of the skin on the upper surface being muricated with sharp curved aculei of different sizes: of these one row of the largest runs down the middle of the back, and three, or, sometimes, five, along the tail: others are dispersed about the region of the eyes and the flaps of the pectoral fins: the general colour is a yellowish or whitish grey, sometimes variegated with dusky or brownish clouds and streaks: the under side is white, and beset with very numerous scat- ‘tered spines, but less strong than those on the upper side: the general size of this species is the same with that of the Thornback. A specimen observed by Mr. Pennant measured nearly three feet from the nose to the tip of the tail. It is a native of the Mediterranean and other seas. The teeth in this fish are sharp-pointed ; in the Thorn- back obtuse. Ls he : Pa dane TUBERCULATED RAY. EGLANTINE RAY. 2604, June 1.Londom,Fubtshed bv G Kearsley, Het Street. 2 oe FULLER'S. RAY. Raja Fullonica. R. griseo-varia, dorso toto aculeato, aculeorum ordine simplici ad oculos, duplici in cauda. Variegated-grey Ray, with the whole back aculeated, a single row of spines at the eyes, ahd a double one on the tail. Raja fullonica. R. dorso toto aculeato, aculeorum ordine simplict ad oculos, duplici in cauda. Lan. Syst, Nat. Raja fullonica? Rond, Gesn. * Tus seems, from the descriptions of authors, to be very nearly allied to the R. Rubus, but is still more strongly roughened with spies; the back being entirely covered with those processes, but the tail furnished with only a double row: in the present. genus however such is the close alliance of several species, and: so great the differences which take place in specimens of a smaller or larger growth, that it is hardly possible to assign dis- _ tinctive characters sufficiently accurate; and it may perhaps be doubted whether this fish be any thing more than a variety of the preceding kind. i EGLANTINE RAY. Raja Eglanteria. R. dentibus obtusis, corpore aculeis minutis obsito, cauda bipinnata, spinis numerosis muricata., ; Ray with obtuse teeth, body beset with minute prickles, and _ bipinnate tail muricated with numerous spines, - Raja Eglanteria. Cepede. ‘Tu present species is described by Cepede, who informs us that it. was first observed by Citizen 376 _ SHARP-NOSED RAY. Bosc, and is a native of the North American 'seas : its form is somewhat obtusely rhomboidal, and its upper surface is covered with very small and short spines, which are even scarce perceptible mn some specimens except on the middle of the back, which is furnished with a range of much longer ones: this range is continued down the whole length of the tail, the sides of which are beset with several rows of differently-sized spines. The colour of this Ray is brownish above, and white bencath: it is said to be not uncommon in the bay of Charles-Town. SHARP-NOSED RAY. Raja Oxyrinchus. R. cinerea, rostro subacuto prod, serie aculeorum dorsali caudalique simplica. | : Cinereous Ray, with subacute produced snout; and a single © row of spines down the back and tail. Raja oxyrinchus. MR. varia, dorso medio tuberculis decem acule- atis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Raja oxyrinchos major. Will. ichth. p. 71. } Raja aculeorum ordine unico in dorso caudaque. Bloch. t. 80. Sharp-Nosed Ray, Penn. Brit, Zool. the SimiLar in shape to the Skate, but with a longer and sharper snout, not ill resembling the shape of a spontoon: colour of the whole wpper part cinere- ous, with several pale, or whitish spots intermixed with a few slight dusky streaks or variegations: — beneath white, with dusky or blueish streaks: down - the back and tail runs a single row of spines, and a few others are placed about the region of the eyes : the sides of the tail are also. sometimes furnished 138 — — i i) i M H Hey NM i t ru iy fi I I Mn MN My HT iu Ip it Ht) ati nya ty Mi HT Mm i ne i My i /; H Hi } Hie i H} Mt ii Hi ii ini [He a nit i) | MII) \ UT} hij Hi; Mii ey N NK Ht IK) = = stl I AY. DRA SED PNOSE AR P- SHH. "treat. Jae ler Pb ‘earsley 6 Kear lished. by Pub redon. Lo C2 Jun Gog = wits NEEDLE-NOSED RAY. | on% with a row of smaller or weaker spines than those on the upper part: the eyes are large, as is also the mouth. This species, like the Skate, often arrives at a very considerable size, though it is, in general, of smaller dimensions than either that fish or the Thornback. It is a native of the Mediter- ranean and Northern seas, ~ NEEDLE-NOSED RAY. Raja Acus. RR. rostro acutissimo, maculis quatuor dorsalibus nigris. Ray with very sharp snout, and four black dorsal spots. Raja Acus. Cepede. SIZE not mentioned: head ovate: snout ex- tremely sharp: teeth obtuse: on the back four black spots placed in such a manner as to form a portion of a circle: a single row of spines down the tail, on the upper part of which is placed the dorsal fin: no caudal fin: native of the European seas, 278 MIRROR RAY. Raja Miraletus. R. fusco-grisea varia, supra utrinque macula magna-ocellata, cauda triplict serie aculeorum. Grey-brown variegated Ray, marked above on each aide by a large ocellate spot, with a triple row of caudal spines. Raja Miraletus. RK. dorso ventreque glabris, aculeis ad oculos, ternoque eorum ordine in cauda. Lin. Syst. Nat. Raja oculata. Salo: Ray. Will. : Descrisep by Rondeletius : general appearance similar to that of the Thornback and some others : surface comparatively smooth, being chiefly fur- nished with spines about the region of the eyes, and with a triple row along the tail ; but the prin- cipal distinctive character seems to consist in each - of the pectoral fins being marked about the middle, or near the body, with a large, circular, eye-shaped. spot, consisting of a purplish or dusky circle, with a whitish or yellowish centre *; the general colour of the upper parts is a dull brownish-grey. This fish is an inhabitant of the Mediterranean. * These spots are said to differ occasionally in colour, being sometimes purple with a blueish centre, and with the exterior circle surrounded with yellow, and at other times blackish. Lee 4 WEN iit Wilt My Hf min i i I Vl EF |! \ \ jt Zi viel i N \ Mia Mi : i hy = a, i ee ca gc Tf Fo Oo oO QO C i . nm ts nail set Mh a NG aa © a nh fn i =e Di N ew ©) i il il st i wi i i = vat it 2) yl Pi Hy} Hh TH Ht i til Ht ih i Dyn Hin HN = i) ii =—SS cI . iN ee I Vto7 WD V IN MOLL SMOVANYOHL AAO = PAINTED RAY, ESS Heath scuip 1804.,June 1, London Published by C. Kearsley , Fleet Street. 279 BLACK RAY. Raja Nigra. R. nigra, subtus alba, spinarum dorsalium serie sumplici, caudalium triplict. — | Ray with the body black above, white beneath, with a single row of dorsal, and a triple row of caudal spines. _ : Raja nigra. Cepede. ' SHaPe rhomboid: snout pointed: from the middle of the back to the end of the tail a row of spines ; and on each side the tail a row of more distant ones: tail very thin: whole fish on the upper surface black, more or fess deep in different specimens: beneath quite white: native of the European seas ; sometimes taken in the mouth of the Seine, among *Thornbacks and other Rays: grows to a consider- able size. PAINTED RAY. Raja Picta. R. flavescens, seriebus tortuosis guttarum albarum ornata. : Yellowish Ray, marked with tortuous rows of white spots. Raja picta. Cepede. | Sars rhomboid: snout rather produced: from the head to the end of the tail a row of spines: two or three spines before each eye; and a row of five or six on each side the beginning of the tail: colour above yellowish, with very numerous, small, round, white spots, many of which are symmetri- cally arranged in'a double tortuous series on each 280 WHITE RAY. side: the most elegant of all the Rays: uative of | the European seas, and found occasionally about the French and English coasts. UNDULATED RAY. Raja Undulata. R. grisea, strigis subtransversis undulatis nigri® cantibus. ) Grey Ray, with subtransverse undulated blackish streaks. Raja undulata. Cepede. Suare like that of the Thornback: snout some- what pointed: from the head to the end of the tail a row of spines; and a pair before and behind each eye: another near the head, and one on each side the dorsal series: colour pale grey-brown, with numerous undulating dusky streaks, chiefly in a transverse direction: beneath pale or whitish. Na- tive of the European seas. WHITE RAY. Raja Alba. R. supra albida, subtus nivea, f Whitish Ray, milk-white beneath. ~ Raya alba. Cepede. Suare like that of the Thornback: size moderate: colour above whitish; beneath milk-white: body pretty thick: snout pointed: head more distinctly marked off from the breast than in most other Rays : tail of middling length; with two fins above, and one at the extremity: in the male is a single SHAGREEN RAY. 261 row of spines along the tail, and a groupe at the four angles of the body: in the female three rows on the tail: native of the Mediterranean. a. MARGINED RAY. Raja Marginata. R. destacea, subtus albida margine lato nigro, Pale-ferruginous Ray, white beneath with a broad black border. Raja marginata. Cepede. Size rather small: shape like that of the preced- ing: colour above pale bay; beneath whitish, with a very broad black margin: on the tail three rows of spines, and behind each eye a single spine, Na- tive of the Mediterranean. ! SHAGREEN RAY. Raja Chagrinea. R. supra tuberculata, rostro caudaque serie aculeorum truplici. _ ue Ray with the body tuberculated above, and with a triple row of spines on the tail. Shagreen Ray. Penn. Brit. Zool. Bopy less broad in proportion than in most others of this division: snout long and pointed, and furnished with two rows of spines: several others are placed in a semicircle towards the eyes, of which the iris is sapphire-coloured: both sides of the tail are armed with numerous smaller ones : the whole upper surface of the animal is roughened by numerous small granules like those on the skin of some of the shark-tribe, and particularly of the 282 . STING RAY. Great Dog-Shark, of the skin of which is prepared: the substance known by the name of shagreen: colour aboye cinereous brown, beneath white. ‘Na- tive of the European seas. \ With slender tail, generally armed with a spine. — STING RAY. * Raja Pastinaca. R. subolivacea, subtus albida, cauda tenui, apterygia, armata. Subolivaceous Ray, whitish beneath, with to f foe. armed tail. ich Raja Pastinaca. R. corpore glabro, aculeo-longo anterius serrato in cauda et dorso apterygio. Lin. Syst. Nat. Raja cauda apterygia, aculeo sagittato. Bloch. t. 82. Sting Ray. Penn. Brit. Zool. Snape subrhomboidal, but somewhat approaching to ovate, the pectoral fins being less pointed than in some of this division: snout pomted: body more convex than in the preceding rays: colour of the © whole animal above yellowish olive, with the back darkest, and approaching; in some specimens, to a blueish brown: beneath whitish: tail without fin, of considerable length, very thick at the base, and eradually tapering to the extremity, which is very slender: near the middle it is armed, on the upper ‘part, with a very long, flattened, and very sharp- pointed bone or spine, finely serrated in a reversed direction on both sides: with this the animal is capable of inflicting very severe wounds on such as ‘incautiously attempt to handle it; and it answers STING RAY. 283 the purpose both of an offensive and defensive weapon: it is annually cast, and as it frequently happens that the new spine has arrived at a con- siderable size before the old one has been cast, the animal is occasionally found with two, in which state it has been sometimes erroneously considered as a distinet species. This fish is said not to grow to so large a size as many others of the genus: it is an inhabitant of the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Indian seas, and is numbered among the edible Rays. On account of the danger attending the wounds inilicted by the spine, it is usual with the fishermen to cut off the tail as soon as the fish is taken; and it is said to be illegal in France and some other countries to sell the animal with the tail still adhering. It is hardly necessary to ob- serve that the spine is periectly void of any venom- ous quality, though formerly supposed to contain a most active poison; and that the effects sometimes produced by it are entirely those arising from deep puncture and laceration, which, if taking place in a tendinous part, or among the larger nerves and blood-vessels, have often proved fatal. -Oppian, fElian, Pliny, and others have related in terms of considerable luxuriance the effects of this animal’s _ powerful weapon: and a general description may be found in Aldrovandus: it was supposed to be not only poisonous in the living animal, but to preserve its poison when taken from the fish and affixed to the head of an arrow or a spear: it was said to wither the most flourishing plant. by its. touch, and even to cause trees to die, by striking the bark with its 984 | EAGLE RAY. point. It formed the head of the fatal spear pre- sented by the enchantress Circe to her son Tele- gonus, by which he was rendered superior to all his enemies, and with which he at length uncon- sciously slew his father Ulysses. The general habits of the animal are similar to those of the rest of the genus, often lying flat, and in ambuscade on the soft mud at the bottom of the shores which it frequents, and seizing its prey by < a ee surprise, and at other times pursuing it throughthe _ ; depths ofthe ocean. ae . EAGLE RAY. Raja Aquila. R. rhombeo-dilatata cinerea, subtns pallida, cauda éenus, pinnata, armata. Rhombic-dilated cinereous Ray, es beneath, with slender, pinnated, armed taih Raja Aquila. R. corpore glabro, aculeo longo serrate m cauda pinnata. Lin. Syst. Nat. Raja cauda pinnata, aculeoque unico. Bloch. t. 81.? Aquila. Will. wchth, p. 64. t.C. 2. Suape rhomboid, but with a considerable dilata- tion; the pectoral fins approaching to a subfaleated form: colour’ cinereous above; pale or whitish beneath: head rather large: snout somewhat pro- duced: eyes large and prominent, with yellow irides: tail long, slender, sharp-pointed, and fur- nished, about the middle, with a spine similar to that of the Sting Ray. This species grows to a very great size, sometimes measurmg ten, twelve, or even fifteen feet in length, and weighing upwards /4/ \ ML \ i NN He \ i iy AY \ Maa NW Hi Hh i] WH] TH H Mt 7 fit ay mit " ih Tres ill een yt seein PTA i eh at PAY vit KAGLE RAY. tbog Fave 1 London Published by G. Kearsley Fleet Sercet. : * ra t . , Ly 2 a ‘ eaN 7 Bris “ * * s * { ’ , f £ ¥ “¥ % ¥ Poke EN = rs x ; i E by og , 4 ; ; nN ‘ r ; , ‘ s , e * a - , eer ‘ : ‘ Ss : \ a | ‘ , P . 1 * ' ee ‘ 2 r < ig a “ p ‘ L142 GUTTATED Ray. ‘7604, Fume 2. London. Published by G. Kearsley, Fleet Street. \ GUTTATED RAY. 285 of hres hundred pounds. It inhabits the Mediter- ranean, Atlantic, and Indian seas, and is said to swim in a slower manner than most other Rays : like the rest of the genus it preys on the smaller fishes, &c. and is supposed to strike and kill, or at least disable its prey with the caudal spine: when taken it is observed to vibrate the tail with great strength and rapidity i im all directions. It is not numbered among edible fishes, being tough and of a bad flayour, but the liver, which is very large, is _ said to be sometimes eaten, though it is more fre- quently used for the purpose of preparing from it a clear oil, which it affords 1 in great plenty. GUTTATED RAY. Raja Guttata. R, subrhombeo-dilatata cinerea, albo guttata, capite subproducto, subtus alba, cauda tenui armata. Subrhombic-dilated cinereous Ray, spotted with white, with subproduced head, body white beneath, and slender, armed tan | | ' ! Marinari.. Marcgr. Bras. Will. p. 66. t. C. 1. f. 5. Eel Tenkee. Russ. ind. t. 8. Great y allied to the R. Aquila in appearance, but with a more produced head or snout: colour above deep cinereous, pretty thickly marked with small, round, white or whitish spots: tail-fins and spine placed nearer the body than in the preced- ing, of which however it has been sometimes con- sidered as a variety rather than as truly distinct : native of the Indian and African seas: observed by Commerson about the coasts of Madagascar, by 236 FASCIATED RAY. Dr. Russel about tbpes of Coromandel, and long ago by Marcgrave about those of Brasil. ~The last- mentioned author informs us that it eTows to avery large size, is in considerable esteem as a food, and that one fish is sufficient to dine forty persons. FASCIATED RAY. Raja Fasciata. R. grisea, falcato-dilatata, fasciis transversis. ceruleis, cauda longa tenui inermt. : Grey Ray, of a falciform-dilated shape, with transverse blue bands, and Jong, slender, unarmed tail. Aquilz marine species. Will. append. t. 10. J. os Mookarah Tenkee. Russ. ind. t. 7. Or similar shape and appearance with the Aquila and guttata, but rather more dilated towards the tips of the pectoral fins, which, as in the two pre- ceding, are sharp-pointed and subfalcated: colour above cinereous, with several broad, transverse, blue bands, of different shades: beneath pale brown: . tail of similar shape with that of the Aquila and guttata, but, so far as hitherto observed, not fur- nished with a spine. | Lig, i ! Wt oe Sia a a aT vit qed? m) fy Se “Lihddioe FAS CLATED RAY. : RAE AMT EAGAN situ: ANiog ge Bre ednga, aedd i Sah AAaOe, ® . % yy yi | eK OUE 4 r hi Ae i ih ; YE Oe ; DAES alae 4d Dan pe) yee oe » g HOAY SSO, QF 287 LYMNA RAY. Raja Lymna. R. testacea, ceruleo-maculata; cauda pinnata armata, Subferruginous Ray, with blue spots; and pinnated armed tail. R, Lymna. R. corpore ovali levi testaceo, maculis ceruleisy cauda pinnata aculeo uno. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Lorsk. Arab. p. 17, Tuts, according to Forskal, its first describer, is ~ much allied to the Eagle-Ray and the Fire-Flaire, and is of a reddish brown colour above, besprinkled with numerous oval blue spots of different sizes: the tail is somewhat longer than the body, marked above; for half its length, with two longitudinal blue stripes, and is furnished about the middle with one, and sometimes with two large and serrated spines, which are covered at their base by a blueish- brown skin: the under part of the body is pale or whitish. Native of the Red Sea. CUCKOW RAY. Raja Cuculus: RB. fusco-cerulescens, subtus albida, capite brevt, caudu armata. - Blueish-brown Ray, whitish beneath, with short head, and armed tail. Raja Cuculus. Cepede. Pastinaca marina altera, Will. ichth.t. C.1.f. 3.? Auutep to the oryrhinchus, but never grows to so large a size: colour above either blueish or brown-bay : beneath whitish: head small and short : teeth sharp: across the roof of the mouth a Wow. P. I. | 20 288 -PPEARLED RAY. kind of denticulated cartilage: snout and upper part of the body without spines: on the tail, which is very slender, one or more long denticulated spines. ‘This species is. said by Cepede. tobe: caught about the coasts of Cherburgh,.and sometimes in the mouth of the Seine. It seems to approach the nearest to the Pastinaca marina altera of Fabius Columna, represented on. Plate C. 1. f.:3. of Wil- lughby’s Ichthyology. It is said by Columna to be called Altavela by the Neapolitans, and seems to have been considered by' the generality of succeed- ing ichthyologists as a variety of the R. Pastinaca. »-PEARLED RAY... Raja Sephen. R. fusco-cinerea, subtus albida, corpore supra tuberculato, tuberculis dorsalibus tribus mediis majoribus. Cinereous-brown Ray, with the body tuberculated above, with the three middle tubercles larger than the rest. | Raja Sephen. . corpore suborbiculato, cauda. duplo longiore subtus alata, &c. Lan. Gmel. Forsk. Arab. Pp. whe Sars subrhomboid; the upper part a she body, measured from the tips of the pectoral fins, which are obtuse, forming a half-rhomb: the lower part, from the tips of the pectoral fins to the tail, form- ing a half-circle: snout small and slightly pointed : ventral fins, rather. small and rounded :» tail; more than twice the length of the body, gradually taper- ing to.a fme point, furnished, beneath ‘the middle part. with a shallow fin running to-a considerable distance, and above with a strong and sharp spine, as in the Sting Ray and many others, and, some- | -PEARLED: RAY. 289 times two spines are found instead of one: back, from between the eyes to some distance beyond the base of. the tail, covered with pretty close-set tubercles or granules, three of which, in the middle of the back, are far larger than the rest, and re- semble three pearls disposed in a longitudinal di- rection on that part: colour of the whole animal deep cinerecous brown above, and reddish white ‘beneath: grows to a large size, sometimes measur- ing eleven feet from the snout to the end of the tail. Native of the Red Sea. a ey It is from the skin of this species, according to Cepede, that the beautiful substance called Galu- chat by the French is prepared, and which being coloured with blue, green, or red, according to the fancy of the artist, and afterwards polished, is so frequently used for various kinds of cases, telescope- tubes, &e. &e. For this purpose the smaller or younger specimens are preferred; the tubercles ~ in the more advanced or full-grown animals being too large for the uses above-mentioned. Wolga Tenkee. Russ, pisc. ind. t. 3. Tuis seems to be a variety of the preceditig : the length of the specimen described by Dr. Russel was about nine inches and a half, the tail about two feet nine inches: colour of the whole animal dull leaden above, with deep-blue tail: beneath dusky white: on the middle of the back only two 290 TUBERCULATED RAY. pearl-formed tubercles instead of three: tail fur- nished with a sharp spine and a fin beneath, as in the former. Native of the Indian seas. 7 TUBERCULATED RAY. Raja Tuberculata. R. dorso caudaque aculeis subohiasis, de=- pressis, distantibus nitidis. Ray with subobtuse, distant, depressed, ane ake down the back and tail. Raja tuberculata. Cepede. Descrisep by Cepede: general form like that of the Thornback, &c. along the back, and down the tail, at considerable distances from each other, run several strong but. short spines, with very broad bases, which have a kind of glossy or enamelled appearance: on the region of the fins are disposed pretty numerous small round tubercles: the tail, which is long and slender, is furnished, exclusive of the distant short spines before-mentioned, with a very long and serrated one, asin the Sting Ray, but with larger and more’ distinctly marked: ser- ratures, resembling the teeth’ of a’saw: colour un- certain. Native of the South-American seas. at) Ay { ee Renae, bee HH SOB 99 OF DOS , 4 7 hos Por erey 31% TSISATS GORE RING-TAILED RAY. Raja Poecilura. R. subrhombeo-dilatata, cinerea, subtus alba, cauda brevi, tenui, inermi, albo nigroque annulata. Subrhombic-dilated cinereous Ray, white beneath, with short, slender, unarmed tail, annulated with black and white. Tenkee Kunsul. Russ. ind. t, 6. SHAPE very broad in proportion to its length: pectoral fins obtuse: head indistinct: snout very small: eyes rather small: whole animal smooth, and of a deep cinereous colour above, whitish be- neath: tail shortish, slender, and annulated by alternate circles of black and white. Native of the Indian seas. rae With biiobate front. DEMON RAY, Raja Diabolus. R. falcato-dilata fusca, subtus albida, capite lato bilobo, cauda inermit. , Falciformly-dilated brown Ray, whitish beneath, with broad bilobate head, and unarmed tail. Eereegoodee Tenkoo. Russel ind, t. 9. Tuts highly smgular animal appears to have been first described by Duhamel, from a specimen taken in the year 1723 near Marseilles, measuring about ten feet and a half in length, and weighing six hundred pounds. In point of general shape it is allied to the Eagle and Fasciated Rays, but with a much greater extent of pectoral fins; appearing 202 DEMON RAY. extremely broad in proportion to its length: the head, which is of ‘moderate size, is strait or recti- linear in front, each side projecting into a vertically flattened and slightly pointed lobe or wattle of nearly two feet in length, and giving somewhat the appearance of a pair of horns: the eyes, which are large and prominent, are situated on each side the head, nearly at the base of each of the processes above described, and the mouth, which is very wide, 1s placed as in others of this genus, beneath, measuring about fifteen inches in width: the pecto- ral fins are of a subtriangular figure, curving down- wards on each side, and terminating in a point: the back is very slightly elevated into a somewhat pyramidal form; and at its lower part is situated the dorsal fin, which is of a lengthened shape, and inclines backwards: the ventral fins, in the speci- men observed by Duhamel, were somewhat more than a foot in length, and the tail, which was desti- tute of any fin, was very slender, and measured about four feet stx inches in length: the whole animal was every where covered by a smooth skin, . without any tubercles or spines: the colour was a ccinereous brown above, and paler or more inclin- ing to whitish beneath. This species is an inhabit- ant of the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Indian seas: it is said to be chiefly observed about the Azores, where it is known by the name of Aobular. eR Be AYAN mowas Piya ee Bd oli in sols siya “ cL JEL cea a2 ¥ Sip if oF . 4 ai ” ‘eae guitars. Y rite toot: 28 tie hr IBLLiL 19: ‘Doe abla, los. o. abis if baigvals u Lads eile yioy ei a ond otf, q towol 2 alt do bas eftrio! Le) ath a dh judy aa ve ay Vhs ib pink : ane qo} ‘tuod: a ors Tovd. egw | iserics 21 ) dat yrs toni 5 ae Bs109 oHti9 , Lt wid a ,' a ai es ~ ~ XS 144 BLACK RAY i) Vile yyy \ \ ANNI 1 eae H Wnty ili! i My ‘ \ Pil FRINGED RAY 1804, Tune 1. London, Published by G. Kearsley Fleet Street . See 203: MANATIA RAY. — _ Raja Manatia. R. rhombea nigricans, subtus alba, capite bilobo, cauda inermt, apice pinnata. Rhomboid blackish Ray, white beneath, with bilobate head, and unarmed tail, finned at the tip. | Raja Manatia. Cepede. _ Aspxcies of gigantic magnitude: allied in gene- ral appearance to the Demon Ray; length about fifteen feet and a half: breadth about nine feet: the body and pectoral fins, taken together, forming the appearance of a lozenge: each pectoral fin, _ separately taken, representing an isosceles triangle: the head is rather small in comparison with the body, and of similar shape with that of the former species, being furnished with a flattened, extended process on each side, of the length of about six inches: mouth about ten inches wide: back elevated on the middle into a large tubercle: ventral fins small, and in part covered by the pectoral fins: dorsal fin wanting: tail as in the former species, but terminating in a divided fin: whole animal smooth: colour above black or very deep brown; beneath milk-white: native of the South-American seas, where it is called Manatia. 294 GIORNA RAY. Raja Giorna.. R. subrhombea fusca, subtus alba, capite bilobo, cauda longa, versus apicem utrinque tuberculata. Subrhomboid brown Ray, white beneath, with bilobate. head, and long tail, tuberculated on each side gs the tip. Raja Giorna. Cepede. @ SIMILAR on general appearance to the two pre- ceding: size very large: colour brown above, with an olivaceous cast on each side; beneath white : head large: horns or appendages blackish, longi- tudinally striated, and marked with eight rows of tubercles: dorsal and pectoral fins shaped like an isosceles triangle: tail thrice the length of the rest of the animal; smooth for about a fourth of its length, and aiterwards tuberculated on both sides: length of the frontal appendages about a tenth part that of the tail, An individual of this species was taken near the coast of Nice, and described by Signior Giorna of Turin, FABRONIAN RAY. Raja Fabroniana. R. falcato-dilatata fusca, subtus albida, capite bilobo, lobis pinniformibus. Falciformly-dilated brown Ray, whitish beneath,-with bilobate head, with fin-like lobes. Raja Fabroniana. Cepede. Size very large: pectoral fins very narrow and falciform: frontal processes long, moveable, and in some degree resembling a kind of fins, composed 209 19HTo Siods. sib etnonie otslo ~ tstedoeg Din 6 ok , lirnile “991 ‘a dois BANKSIAN RAY. 295 of small cartilaginous processes united by a mem- brane or softer intermediate substance: tail slender, but somewhat mutilated in the specimen described: ‘colour brown, paler or whitish beneath. Native of the Mediterranean sea: observed about the coast of Tuscany, and described by Dr. Fabroni of Florence. BANKSIAN RAY. Raja Banksiana. R. subrhombea cinerea, strigis longitudinalibus nigris, capite bilobo, cauda tenut inermi. Subrhomboid cinereous Ray, with longitudinal black streaks, bilobate head, and slender unarmed tail. Diabolus marinus. Wil. ichth. fas BA Qucfa, 2. ~ Raja Banksiana. Cepede. S1zE very large: pectoral fins still narrower than in the' Fabronian Ray: colour above cinercous, with several unequal, black, lanceolate streaks dis- posed over the back between the eyes and pectoral fins: eyes not situated, as in the preceding kinds, at the corners of the head, but on the upper part of the front: the disposition of the black stripes is as follows; viz. three behind the eyes; three similar ones towards the origin of the tail; and two at the base of each of the pectoral fins. A drawing of this species was sent some years ago from the East Indies, to Sir Joseph Banks, — under the name of the Sea-Devil: in the drawing the horn-shaped processes on each side the head were represented as furnished with a very long fibre or process, in one of which a small fish was 900. FRINGED RAY. represented as entangled: this circumstance ap- pearing very doubtful, it was supposed to have been rather a pictorial licence than a real representa- tion; the processes being probably simple, as in others of this particular tribe: this seems confirm- ed by a figure given in Willughby’s Ichthyology, evidently representing the same species, in which the processes are represented as unfurnished with any filament. Willughby’s figure is taken from: Nieuhoff, and represents the tail about twice the . length of the rest of the animal, seemingly furnish- ed along its under part with a series of small acu- minated processes. This species is said to occur in both the Indian oceans, and to be occasionally observed about the coasts of Barbadoes, where a specimen was once taken of so enormous a size as to require seven yoke of oxen to draw it along. FRINGED RAY. «. Raja Fimbriata. R. subrhombea nigricans, capite bilobo, cauda __ utrinque fimbriata. ~’ Subrhomboid blackish Ray, with bilobate head, and tail fim- _ briated on each side. Raie frangé. Cepede. Size very large: colour above very deep brown ; beneath whitish: eyes situated on the upper part _of.the head, as in the major part of the genus: pectoral fins terminating in a moveable tip, and together with the body, forming a rhomboidal out- line: tail long, slender, and fringed along each side oe Veet Pee et 14.0 TORPEDO RAY. 2804 June.z London Published by G:Kearsley Lleet Street. TORPEDO RAY. 207 with a row of small processes or appendages, ex- tending some distance up the sides of the body and edges of the pectoral fins. Native of the Ame- rican seas. It may be doubted whether this be any thing more than a variety, or, perhaps, sexual difference of the preceding Ray ; and it is remarkable that in Willughby’s figure of the Sea-Devil the tail, as. before observed, is marked by a series of small appendages, though it does not clearly appear whether they are meant to be represented as be- longing to one side of the tail or to the under part. Of a rounded shape. . gd y , TORPEDO RAY. Raja Torpedo. R. subfusca levis, dorso utrinque poris pertusis sparsis. | Brownish smooth Ray, with the back marked on each side by scattered pores. : Raja Torpedo. R. tota levis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Torpedo. Plin, Bellon. Gesn. Rondel. Aldr. Jonst. Redi. Will, 3c. 8c. Cramp Ray. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tue Torpedo has been celebrated both by anci- ents and moderns for its wonderful faculty of causing a sudden numbness or painful sensation in the limbs of those who touch or handle it. This power the ancients, unacquainted with the theory of elec- tricity, were contented to admire, without attempt- ing to explain; and, as is usual in similar cases, magnified it into an efiect little short of what 2098 TORPEDO RAY. is commonly ascribed to enchantment. “Thus we are told by Oppian that the Torpedo, con- scious of his latent faculty, when caught by a hook, exerts it in such a manner that, passing along the line and rod, it benumbs the astonished fisherman, and suddenly reduces him. to a state of helpless stupefaction. “< Nas wev xs vaouy,” &e. ‘The hook’d Torpedo, with instinctive force Calls all his magic from its secret source : Quick thro’ the slender line and polish’d wand — It darts ; and tingles in th’ offending hand *. The palsied fisherman, in dumb surprise, Feels thro’ his frame the chilling vapours rise: _ Drops the lost rod, and seems, in stiffening pain, ~ Some frost-fix’d wanderer on the polar plain. It is affirmed by Pliny that the Torpedo, even when touched with a spear, or stick, can benumb the strongest arm, and stop the swiftest foot. It is well observed by Dr. Bloch that these ex- aggerations on the part of the ancients are the less to be wondered at when we reflect on similar ones in modern times. Thus, when Muschenbrook hap- pened accidentally to discover and feel the effect of the electric shock from what is called the Leyden vial, he represented it of so terrible a nature as to affect his health for several days afterwards, and declared that he would not undergo a second for * There are not wanting some who insist that this is no ex- aggeration, and that the electricity of the Torpedo is really eon- ducted in this manner. TORPEDO RAY. 209 the whole kingdom of France. Yet this is now the common amusement of philosophical curiosity. The observations of the learned Redi and others in the 17th century, had tended, in some degree, to elucidate the peculiar actions and anatomy of the Torpedo; but it was reserved for more modern times, and for our own ingenious countrymen in particular, to explain in a more satisfactory manner the particulars of its history ; and to prove that its power is truly electric. The first experiments of this kind were made by Mr. Walsh of the Royal Society of London, at Rochelle in France, in the year 1772. . “‘ The effect of the Torpedo,” says Mr. Walsh, “‘ appears to be absolutely electrical, forming its circuit through the same conductors withelectricity, and being intercepted by the same non-conductors, as glass and sealing-wax. The back and the breast of the animal appear to be in different states of electricity, 1 mean in particular the upper and lower surfaces of the two assemblages of pliant cylinders engraved in the work of Lorenzini*. By the knowledge of this circumstance we have been able to: direct his shocks, though they were small, through a circuit of four persons, all feeling them, and likewise through a considerable length of wire held by two insulated persons, one touching his lower surface, and the other his upper. When the wire was exchanged for glass or sealing-wax no effect could be obtained : but as soon as it was re- % QObservazioni intorno alle Torpedini. 1678. ‘300 - TORPEDO RAY. sumed the two persons became liable to the shock. These experiments have been varied many ways, and repeated times without number, and they all determined the choice of conductors to be the same in the Torpedo as in the Leyden phial. The sen- sations likewise, occasioned by the one and the other in the human frame, are precisely similar. Not only the shock, but the numbing sensation, which the animal sometimes dispenses, expressed ia French by the words engourdissement and _four- millement, may be exactly imitated with the phial, by means of Lane’s electrometer: the regulating rod of which, to produce the latter effect, must be brought almost into contact with the prime con- ductor which joins the phial. It is a singularity that the Torpedo, when insulated, should be able to give us, insulated likewise, forty or fifty successive ‘ shocks from nearly the same part; and these with little, if any diminution of their force. Each effort of the animal to give the shock is conveniently ac- companied by a depression of his eyes, by which even his attempts to give it to non-conductors can be observed: in respect to the rest of his body he is in a great degree motionless, though not entirely so. Ihave taken no less than fifty of the above- mentioned successive shocks from an insulated ‘Tor- pedo in the space of a minute and half. All our experiments .confirm that the electricity of the Torpedo is condensed, in the instant of its ex- plosion, by a sudden energy of the animal ; and as there is no gradual accumulation, or retention of it, as in case of charged glass, it is not at all sur- TORPEDO RAY. 301 prising that no signs of attraction or repulsion were _ perceived in the pith balls. In short the effect of _ the Torpedo appears to arise from a compressed elastic fluid, restoring itself to its equilibrium in the same way and by the same mediums as the _ elastic fluid compressed in charged glass. The skin _ of the animal, bad conductor as it is, seems to be a better conductor of his electricity than the thinnest plate of elastic air. Notwithstanding the weak _ spring of the torpedinal electricity, I was able, in the public exhibitions of my experiments at La - Rochelle, to convey it through a circuit formed . from one surface of the animal to the other, by two long brass wires, and four persons, which number, at times, was encreased even to eight. The several persons were made to communicate with each other, and the two outermost with the wires, by means of water contained in basins properly dis- posed between them for that purpose.” This curious and convincing experiment is thus related by Mons*. Seignette (mayor of La Rochelle, and one of the secretaries of its academy), pub- lished in the French gazettes for the month of October in the above year. | _ > «A live Torpedo was placed on atable. Round another table stood five persons insulated. Two brass wires, each thirteen fect long, were suspend- ed to the ceiling by silken strings. One of these wires rested by one end on the wet napkin on which the fish lay: the other end was immersed in a basin full of water placed on the second table, on which _stood four other basins likewise full of water. The 302 TORPEDO RAY. first person put a finger of one hand in the basin in. which the wire was immersed, and a fmger of the . other hand in a second basin. ‘The second person | put a finger of one hand in this last basin, and a finger of the other hand in the third; and so on_ successively, till the five persons communicated . with one another by the water in the basins. In the last basin one end of the second wire was im- mersed; and with the other end Mr. Walsh touched the back of the Torpedo, when the five persons felt a commotion which differed in nothing from that of the Leyden experiment, except in the degree of force. Mr. Walsh, who was not in the circle of conduction, received no shock. ‘This experiment was repeated several times, even with’ eight per- sons; and always with the same success. The action of the ‘forpedo is communicated by the same mediums as that of the electric fluid. The bodies which intercept the action of the one, intercept — likewise the action of the other. The effects pro- duced by the Torpedo resemble in every respect a weak electricity. This exhibition of the electric. powers of the Torpedo, beford the Academy of La Rochelle, was at a meeting, held for the purpose. in my apartments, on the twenty-second of July _ 1772, and stands registered in the Journals of the Academy.” Mr. Walsh, in his paper on this subject, in the Philosophical Transactions, thus continues the ac- | count of these interesting experiments. “ The effect of the animal, in the above experiments, was transmitted through as great an extent and variety, i ; So ii nih — TORPEDO RAY. 303 of conductors as almost at any time we had been able to obtain it, and the experiments included nearly all the points in which its analogy with the Leyden phial had been observed. ‘These points were stated to the gentlemen present, as were the circumstances in which the two effects appeared to vary. It was likewise represented to them, that — our experiments had been almost wholly with the animal in air: that its action in water was a capital desideratum : that indeed all as yet done was little more than opening the door to inquiry: that much remained to be examined by the electrician as well as the anatomist: that as artificial electricity had thrown light on the natural operation of the Tor- pedo, this might in return, if well considered, throw light. on artificial electricity ; particularly in those | _ respects in which they now seemed to differ. The Torpedo in these experiments dispensed only the distinct, instantaneous stroke, so well known by the name of the electric shock. That protracted but lighter sensation, that torpor or numbness which he at times induces, and from which he takes his name, was not then experienced from the animal ; but it was imitated with artificial electricity, and shewn to be producible by a quick consecution of minute shocks. This, in the Torpedo, may per- haps be effected by the successive discharge of his numerous cylinders, in the nature of a running fire ef musketry: the strong single shock may be his general volley. In the continued effect, as well as im the instantaneous, his eyes, which are usually prominent, are withdrawn into their sockets.” er Ve 2. i. 21 304 TORPEDO RAY. “ A large Torpedo, very liberal of his shocks, being held with both hands by his electric organs above and below, was briskly plunged into water to the depth of a foot, and instantly raised an equal height in air; and was thus continually plunged and raised, as quick as possible, for the space of a minute. In the instant his lower surface touched the water “in his descent, he always gave a violent shock, and another, still more violent, in his ascent; both which shocks, but particularly the last, were accompanied with a writhing in his body, as if . meant to force an escape. Besides these two shocks from the surface of the water, which may yet be considered as delivered in the air, he constantly - gave at least two when wholly in the air, and as constantly one, and sometimes two, when wholly in the water. ‘The shocks in water appeared, as far as sensation could decide, not to have near a fourth of the force of those which took place at the surface of the water, ao much more than : a fourth of those intirely in air.’ “ The shocks received in a certain time were not, on this occasion, counted by a watch, as they had been on a former, when fifty were delivered in a minute and half, by the animal in an insulated and unagitated state: but from the quickness with which the immersions were made, it may be pre- sumed there were full twenty of these in a minute ; from whence the number of shocks in that time must have amounted to above an hundred. This © experiment therefore, while it discovered the com- parative force between a shock in water and one TORPEDO RAY: 305 in air, and between a shock delivered with greater exertion on the part of the animal and one with less, seemed to determine, that the charge of his organs with electricity was effected in an instant, as well as the discharge.” “The Torpedo was then put into a flat basket, open at the top, but secured by a net with wide meshes, and in this confinement was let down into the water about a foot below the surface: being there touched through the meshes, with only a single finger, on one of his electric organs, while the other hand was held at a distance in the water, he gave shocks which were distinctly felt in both hands.” “ The circuit for the passage of the effect being contracted to the finger and thumb of one hand, applied above and below to a single organ, pro- duced a shock, to our sensation, of twice the force of that in the larger circuit by the arms.” “ The Torpedo still confined in the basket, being raised to within three inches of the surface of the water, was there touched with a short iron bolt, which was held half above and half in the water, by one hand, while the other hand was dipped, as before, at a distance in the water; and strong shocks, felt in both hands, were thus obtained through the iron.” ** A wet hempen cord being fastened to the iron bolt, was held in the hand above water, while the bolt touched the Torpedo, and the shocks were obtained through both these substances.” *< A less powerful Torpedo, suspended in a small 306. TORPEDO RAY. net, being frequently dipped into water and raised again, gave, from the surface of the water, slight shocks, through the net, to the person holding it.” “‘ These experiments in water manifested, that bodies, immersed in that element, might be affected by immediate contact with the Torpedo ; that the shorter the circuit in which the electricity moved, the greater would be the effect; and that the shock was communicable, from the animal in water, to persons in air, through some substances.” “* How far harpoons and nets, consisting of wood and hemp, could in like circumstances, as it has been frequently asserted, convey the effect, was not so particularly tried as to enable us to confirm it. I mention the omission in hope that some one may be induced to determine the point Ae express trial.” ‘«* We convinced ourselves, on former occasions, that the accurate Kempfer, who so well describes the effect of the Torpedo, and happily compares it with lightning, was deceived in the circumstance, that it could be avoided by holding in the breath, which we found no more to prevent the shock of the Torpedo, when he was disposed to give it, than it would prevent the shock of the Leyden phial.” ‘* Several persons, forming as many distinct cir- cuits, can be affected by one stroke of the animal, as well as when joined in a single circuit. For in- stance, four persons, touching separately his upper and lower surfaces, were all affected; two persons likewise, after the electricity had passed through a wire into a basin of water, transmitted it from TORPEDO RAY. 307 thence, in two distinct channels, as their sensation convinced them, into another basin of water, from whence it was conducted, probably in an united state, by a single wire. How much further the effect ntight be thus divided and subdivided into _ different channels, was not determined ; but it was found to be proportionably weakened by multiply- ing these ane as it had been by extending the single circuit.’ The body of the Torpedo is of a somewhat cir-’ cular form, perfectly smooth, slightly convex above, and marked along each side of the spine by several small pores or foramina: the colour of the upper | surface is usually a pale reddish brown, sometimes marked by five large, equidistant, circular dusky spots with paler centres: the under surface is whitish or flesh-coloured. The Torpedo however 1s observed to vary considerably in the cast and intensity of its colours. ‘The general length of the Torpedo seems to be about eighteen inches or two feet, but it is occasionally found of far larger di- mensions, specimens having been taken on our own coasts of the weight of fifty, sixty, and even eighty pounds. A specimen weighing fifty-three pounds was found, according to Mr. Pennant, to measure four feet in length, aa two and a half in breadth: the head and body, which were indistinct, were nearly round; about two inches thick in the middle, attenuating to extreme thinness on the edges: below the body the ventral fins formed on each side a quarter of a circle: the two dorsal fins were placed on the trunk of the tail; the eyes were 308 TORPEDO RAY. small, placed near each other: behind each was a round spiracle, with six small cutaneous rays on their inner circumference: the mouth was small ; the teeth minute and spicular: the colour of the animal was cinereous brown above, and: white be- neath. The Torpedo is an inhabitant of most seas, but seems to arrive at a larger size in the Mediter- ranean than elsewhere. It is generally taken with the trawl, but has been sometimes known to take a bait, thus justifying the description of Oppian. It commonly lies in water of about forty fathoms depth, in company with others of this genus. It preys on smaller fish, and according to Mr. Pennant a surmullet and a plaise have been found in the stomach of two of them: the surmullet, as Mr. Pen- nant well observes, is a fish of that swiftness, that it would be impossible for the Torpedo to take it by pursuit: we must therefore suppose that it stupefies its prey by exerting its electric faculty. The Tor- pedo often inhabits sandy places, burying itself superficially, by flinging the sand over it, by a quick flapping of all the extremities. It is in this situation that it gives its most forcible shock, which is said to throw down the astonished passenger _ inadvertently treads on the animal. The Torpedo, .with respect to its general ana- tomy, does not materially differ from the rest of the Ray tribe, except in its electric or Galvanic organs, which are thus accurately described by Mr. Hunter. | | | « These organs are placed on each side of the cranium and gills, reaching from thence to the TORPEDO RAY. 300 semicircular cartilages of each great fin, and ex- tending longitudinally from the anterior extremity of the animal to the transverse cartilage which divides the thorax from the abdomen; and within these limits they occupy the whole space between the skin of the upper and of the under surface: they are thickest at the edges, near the centre of the fish, and become gradually thinner towards the extremities, Each electric organ, at its inner longitudinal edge, is a convex elliptic curve. The anterior extremity of each organ makes the section of a small circle; and the posterior extremity makes nearly a right angle with the inner edge. Each organ is attached to the surrounding parts by a close cellular membrane, and also by short and strong tendinous fibres, which pass directly across, from its outer edge, to the semicircular cartilages. They are covered above and below by the common skin of the animal; under which there is a thin fascia spread over the whole organ. ‘This is composed of . fibres, which run longitudinally, or in the direction of the body of the animal: these fibres appear to be perforated in innumerable places; which gives the fascia the appearance of being fasciculated : its edges, all round, are closely connected to the skin, and at last appear to be lost, or to degenerate into the common cellular membrane of the skin. Im- mediately under this is another membrane, exactly of the same kind, the fibres of which in some mea- sure decussate those of the former, passing from the middle line of the body outwards arid back- wards. The inner edge of this is lost with the first 310 : TORPEDO RAY... © described ; the anterior, outer, and posterior edges are partly attached to the semicircular cartilages, and partly lost in the common cellular membrane: This inner fascia appears to be continued into the electric organ, by so many processes, and thereby makes the membranous sides or sheaths of the columns, which are presently to be described; and between these processes the fascia covers the end of each column, making the outermost or first partition. Each organ is about five inches in length, and, at the anterior end three in breadth, though it is but little more than half as broad at the posterior extremity. Each consists wholly of per- pendicular columns, reaching from the upper to the under surface of the body, and varying in their lengths, according to the thickness of the parts of the body where they are placed; the longest column being about an inch and half, and the shortest about one fourth of an inch in length, and their diameters about two tenths of an inch. The figures of these columns are very irregular, varying ac- cording to situation and other circumstances. ‘The greatest number of them are either irregular hexa- gons, or irregular pentagons ; but from the irregu- larity of some of them it happens that a pretty regular quadrangular column is sometimes formed. Those of the exterior row are either quadrangular or hexagonal, having one side external, two lateral, and either one or two internal, In the second row they are mostly pentagons.. Their coats are very thin, and seem transparent, closely connected with each other, having a kind of loose network of TORPEDO RAY. Dk tendinous. fibres, passing transversely and ob- liquely between the columns, and unitmg them more firmly together. ‘These are mostly observable where the large trunks of the nerves pass. The columns are also attached by strong inelastic fibres, passing directly from the one to the other. The number of columns in different Torpedos of rather small size, appears to be about 470 in each organ, but the number varies according to the size of the fish; and in a very large Torpedo the number of columns in one electric organ. was 1182. They must therefore increase, not only in size but in number, during the growth of the animal, new ones forming perhaps every year on the exterior edges, as they are much the smallest. This process may be similar to the formation of new teeth in the human jaw, as it increases. Each column is divid- ed by horizontal partitions, placed over each other at very small distances, and forming numerous interstices, which appear to contain a fluid. These ‘partitions consist of a very thin membrane, con- siderably transparent. ‘Their edges appear to be attached to one another, and the whole is attached by a fine cellular membrane to the inside of the columns. ‘They are not totally detached from one another; and I have found them adhering at differ- ent places, by blood-vessels passing from one to another. The number of partitions contained in a column of one inch in length, of a Torpedo which had been preserved in proof spirit, appeared, upon a careful examination, to be one hundred and fifty: and this number, in a given length of column 312 _ TORPEDO RAY.” appears to be common to all sizes in the same state of humidity, for by drying they may be greatly altered ; whence it appears probable that the in- crease in the length of a column, during the growth — of the animal, does not enlarge the distance be- tween each partition in proportion to the growth ; but that new partitions are formed and added to the extremity of the column from the fascia. The partitions are very vascular; the arteries are branches from the veins of the gills, which convey the blood that has received the influence of respira- tion. They pass along with the nerves to the electric organ, and enter with them: then ramify, in every direction, into innumerable small branches upon the sides of the columns, sending in from the circumference all around upon each partition small arteries, which ramify and anastomose upon it ; and passing also from one partition to another, anastomose with the vessels of the adjacent parti- tions. The veins of the electric organ pass out, close to the nerves, and run between the gills, to the auricle of the heart. The nerves inserted into each electric organ, arise by three very large trunks from the lateral and posterior part of the brain. ' The first of these, in its passage outwards, turns round a cartilage of the cranium, and sends a few branches to the first gill, and,to the anterior part of the head, and then passes into the organ towards its anterior extremity. ‘The second trunk enters the gills between the first and second openings, and after furnishing it with small branches, passes into the organ near its middle, The third trunk, TORPEDO RAY. 313 after leaving the skull, divides itself into two branches, which pass to the electric organ through the gills; one between the second and third open- ings, the other between the third and fourth, giving small branches to the gill itself. “These nerves hav- ing entered the organs, ramify in every direction between the columns, and send in small branches upon each partition where they are lost. The magnitude and number of the nerves bestowed on these organs in proportion to their size, must on reflection appear as extraordinary as the phzeno- mena they afford. Nerves are given to parts either for sensation or action. If we except the more _ Important senses of hearing, seeing, tasting, and smelling, which do not belong to the electric or- gans, there is no part, even of the most perfect ani- mal, which, in proportion to its size, is so liberally supplied with nerves; nor do the nerves seem ne- cessary for any sensation which can be supposed to belong to the electric organs; and, with respect to action, there is no part of any animal with which I am acquainted, however strong and constant its natural actions may be, which has so great a pro- portion of nerves. If it be then probable that those nerves are not necessary for the purposes of sen- sation or action, may we not conclude that they are subservient to the formation, collection, or management of the electric fluid? especially as_ it appears evident from Mr. Walsh’s experiments, that the will of the animal does absolutely control the electric powers of its eay’s which must depend on the energy of the nerves.’ 314A TORPEDO RAY. From the above description it appears that the electric organs of the Torpedo constitute a pair of Galvanic batteries, disposed in the form of perpen- dicular hexagonal columns. In the Gymnotus electricus on the contrary the Galvanic battery is disposed lengthwise on the lower part of the animal. We are informed by the ingenious Dr. Ingen- houz, that on taking up some Torpedos about twenty miles from Leghorn, he observed that on pressing gently with the thumbs on the upper side of the two soft bodies on each side the head (the electric organs), in about the space of a minute or two he felt a sudden trembling in the thumbs, which extended no farther than the hands, and lasted about two seconds, perfectly resembling the sensation produced by a great number of very small electrical bottles discharged in quick succes- sion through the hand. After some seconds the sensation returned, and again at more distant in- tervals. Sometimes it was so strong as almost to oblige the hand to let go the fish; and at other times was but weak, and after the fish had given one strong shock, it did not seem soon to lose the power of communicating one of similar strength ; and it was sometimes found that when the shocks followed one another in quick succession, the last were stronger than the first. The celebrated Spallanzani informs us that some few minutes before the Torpedo expires, the shocks which it communicates, instead of being given at distant intervals, take place in quick succession, like the pulsations of the heart: they are weak i fA gh ny tS TORPEDO RAY. 315 indeed, but perfectly perceptible to the hand when laid on the fish at this juncture, and resemble very small electric shocks. In the space of seven mi- nutes, no less than three hundred and sixty of these small shocks were perceived. Spallanzani also assures us of another highly curious fact, which he had occasion to verify from his own experience, viz. that the young Torpedo can not only’ exercise its electric faculty as soon as born, but even while it is yet a foetus in the body of the parent animal. This fact was ascertained by Spallanzani on dis- secting a Torpedo in a pregnant state, and which contained in its ovarium several roundish eggs of different sizes, and also two perfectly formed foetuses, which, when tried in the usual manner, communicated a very sensible electric shock, and which was still more perceptible when the little animals were insulated by being placed on a plate of glass. _ The electricity of the Torpedo is altogether voluntary, and sometimes, if the animal be not irritated, it may be touched, or even handled without being provoked to exert its electric in- fluence. SPOTTED RAY. Raja Maculata. JR. rotundata glabra subfusca, nigro maculata, subtus alba. Rounded, smooth, brownish Ray, spotted with black, white beneath. Temeree. Russ. ind. t. 1. SHAPE rounded, nearly as inthe Torpedo: colour above dusky-brown, thickly marked on all parts with moderately large, round, black spots: . beneath white: head indistinct: eyes small: tail rather short and thick, with two fins above, and a termi- nal one: length, from the nose to the tip of the tail, about a foot and ahalf. Native of the Indian seas. BLACK-AND-WHITE RAY. Raja Bicolor. R. rotundata, glabra, alba, mgro maculata, subtus alba. Rounded, smooth, white Ray, spotted with black, white be- neath. : Nalla Temeree. Russ. ind. t. 2. Or similar size and shape with the preceding, but differing in colour, being white above, marked on all parts with numerous, round, black spots: beneath white. This seems to be either a variety or a sexual difference of the preceding species. Native of the Indian seas. Lim. RAJA RHINOBATOS. tf 7 i ! va) aa mM MOU Hit i\) HH Ne ti My | : a hi \ \" \\\\\ | ‘i / | i i { i { | iH | { (| iM iN ee J bictacecanseee 317. CHINESE RAY. Raja Sinensis. R. rotundata, fusco-flavescens, subtus rosea, supra spinis parvis brevibus sparsis. _ Rounded, yellowish-brown Ray, rose-coloured beneath, mark- ed above with small, short, scattered spines. Raie Chinois. Cepede. Descrimen by Cepede on the authority of a Chinese drawing: outline nearly orbicular, or as ym the Torpedo: head a little pointed: upper sur- face of the animal covered with small, short, scat- tered spines: colour above yellowish brown, be- neath pale rose: tail furnished on each side with a row of short spines, and terminated by a lobed fin. Of a lengthened shape. Raja Rhinobatos. MR. elongata fusca, rostro producto, unica aculeorum ordine dorsali. Elongated brown Ray, with lengthened snout, and single row of dorsal spines. _ Raja Rhinobatos. R. oblonga, unico aculeorum ordine in medio dorso. Lin, Syst. Nat. Rhinobatos seu Squatino-Raja. Salv. Will. S&C. Tuts remarkable species seems from its habit to connect in some degree the genera of Raja and Squalus, the body being much longer than in the preceding kinds of Ray: the snout is lengthened, but not very sharp, and the body, which is moder- 318 THOUINIAN RAY. ately convex above, and flat beneath, gradually tapers from the shoulders to the tail, which is fur- nished above with two fins, of an oblong shape, and situated at a considerable distance from each other: the tip of the tail is also dilated into an oblong fin. The colour of the whole animal is a dull earthy brown, paler beneath, and the skin is every where roughened by minute tubercles. ‘This fish is said to grow to the length of about four feet, and is a native of the European seas. It is observed to be more frequent about the coasts of Naples than elsewhere. THOUINIAN RAY. Raja Thouiniana. R. elongata nigricans, subtus nivea, rostro elongato, capite utrinque nwveo. | Elongated brown Ray, with lengthened snout, head white on each side, and whole animal snow-white beneath. Raja Thouin. Cepede. Great_y allied to the preceding species, but rather wider across the upper part of the body, and with a thinner and sharper snout, and a flatter body: colour of the whole animal above black- brown, except on each side the head, where it. is milk-white, the snout which is dark, like the body, forming a broad band between: the whole under surface of the animal is also miik-white: along the back, from between the eyes to the end of the tail, runs a series of pretty sharp simple spines, and the remainder of the skin is roughened by small pro- CUVIER’S RAY: 319 tuberances. This elegant species is described by _Cepede from a specimen preserved in the Museum of the Prince of Orange, now translated to Paris, and forming a part of the national Museum of France. So ARABIAN RAY. Raja Djiddensis. R. subelongata subcinerea scabra, maculis ovatis albidis. 3 | Subelongated, subcinereous, rough ray, with whitish, ovate spots. 3 Ae ig Raja Djiddensis. R. pinna caude biloba, Sc. Forsk. Arab. p. 18. Or similar shape with the two preceding: length about two yards: colour pale cinereous, with the dorsal and anal fins of a more glaucous cast: skin roughish : back pretty convex, and marked on the widest part with ovate whitish spots: colour of the under parts whitish ; varied beyond the vent with irregular dusky bars. Native of the Red Sea: ob- served by Forskal. CUVIER’S RAY. Raja Cuvieri. R. subrhombeo-elongata, fusca, subnigro macu- lata, cauda triplici aculeorum serie. | _ Subrhombic-elongated brown Ray, with blackish spots, and - three rows of spines on the tail, Raja Cuvier. Cepede. ALLIED to the preceding species, but of a less lengthened shape, so as almost to resemble the first Va Mer. IL 22 320 CUVIER’S RAY. division of the genus: first dorsal fin situated con- siderably nearer the head: snout long and peinted; and furnished, as well as the head, with a few spines: pectoral fins very large, and angular: vent- ral fins each marked into two portions or lobes: tail slender, and about twice the length of the head and body together: from the first dorsal fin, to the base of the tail, a row of spines: colour brown, marked above with numerous dusky spots: tail armed with a triple row of weak spines. Described by Cepede from Cuvier, who saw it in a dried state. SQUALUS. SHARK. Generic Ouiniaiee! Os in anteriore et inferiore || Mouth situated beneath the capitis parte, dentibus nu- |} _ anterior part of the head, merosis seriatis. with numerous teeth dis- : posed in rows. Sprracula utrinque ad latera || Spzracles on each side the colli, plerisque quinque. neck, in most species five in number, of a semilunar - : shape. Corpus oblongum, tereti- || Body oblong, somewhat ey- usculum. lindric. Tre afiimals of this genus are altogether marine: and are said to be much rarer in the Baltic than in, any other sea: they are viviparous, and are observed. to produce more young at atime than the Rays, but each included, as in those fishes, in a quadran- gular capsule or involucrum, each extremity of which is extended into a long; contorted, cartilagin- ous thread of great length. Many of the Sharks are said to emit a phosphoric light during the night : they are chiefly of a solitary nature, and, in gene- ral, devour with indiscriminating voracity, almost every animal substance, whether living or dead: some few species however are observed to feed chiefly on fuci and other marine vegetables. 322 5 WHITE SHARK. Squalus Carcharias. S. albido-cinereus, rostro subacuto, dentibus triangularibus serratis. p Pale-cinereous Shark, with subacute snout, and triangular ser- rated teeth. Squalus Carcharias. S. dorso plano, dentibus serratis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Arted. gen. 70, syn. 98. Canis Carcharias seu Lamia. Rondel. Gesn. Aldr. Will. c. Lamia. Arist. Plin. &c. : White Shark. Penn. Brit. Zool. Requin. . Bomare dict. d’hist. nat. Cepede. &c. Tue great or white Shark, so remarkable for its vast size and its powers of destruction, is an in- habitant of most parts of the globe, though much more frequently seen in the warmer than the colder latitudes: it is said to reside principally in the depths of the ocean, from whence it rises at inter- vals in order to prowl for prey, and is considered as the most voracious of all the inhabitants of the deep. It arrives at the length of more than thirty feet, and is of a’somewhat thicker or broader form than most of the genus: the head is of a depressed shape, and broad; terminating in front in an ob- tusely pointed snout: the mouth is of vast width, and furnished on the margin of each jaw with from three to six rows of strong flat, triangular, sharp- pointed, and finely serrated teeth, which are so im- bedded in their investing cartilage as to be either raised or depressed at pleasure: the tongue is broad, thick, and cartilaginous, and the throat ex- tremely wide: the eyes, as in most of the genus, of AAS v ZS S > <=. ‘, VE AAS WN XN Ys EY WHITE SHARK. ©8323 a blueish or greenish cast, rather small, and half overhung by their skinny veil: the pectoral fins are large, strong, broad, and pointed: the first dorsal fin moderately large, somewhat falcated behind, and pointed: the second is situated very low on the back, near the origin of the tail which is slightly lengthened, and of a bilobate shape, the upper lobe or division slightly pointed, and the lower or terminal lobe rather rounded: so great is the strength of this part, that even a young Shark _ of about six feet in length is able by a stroke of its tail to break a man’s leg ; it is usual therefore with sailors. to cut off the tail the instant they drag a shark on board: the anal fin is placed somewhat beyond the middle of the abdomen, and is of mo- derate size, and of a somewhat square outline: the — general colour of the whole animal is a pale or whitish ash, darker or browner on the upper parts: the mouth is situated considerably beneath the — front, for which reason the animal is said, like most others of this genus, to be obliged to turn on its back in order to seize its prey; an observation as ancient as the days of Pliny, “ resupinati vorant : affert moram providentia Nature, quia nisi resupini atque conversi, non corripiunt.” Plin, lib. g. c. 8. This however is much doubted by Dr. Bloch, who rather supposes the Shark to seize its prey in a direct position, or like the generality of fishes. The skin of the Shark is very rough, and is used for a kind of shagreen, as well as for smoothing various kinds of wood-work, &c. and from the liver 1s drawn a great quantity of oil. 7 332A WHITE SHARK. «¢ Sharks (says Mr. Pennant), are the dread of sailors in all hot climates, where they constantly attend the ships, in expectation of what may drop overboard: a man that has that misfortune perishes without redemption: they have been seen to dart at him like gudgeons to a worm.” ‘They are said to attack Negrees in preference to Europeans, and are observed in particular to attend with unremit- ting assiduity the passage of the slave-ships from the coasts of Africa to the West-Indian islands, and, as Cepede very happily and justly observes, may be considered as forming a proper escort to the cruel conductors of those most accursed vessels: ** A master of a Guinea-Ship (says Pennant) in- formed me that a rage of suicide prevailed among his new-bought slaves, from a notion the unhappy creatures had, that after death they should be re- stored again to their families, friends, and country. To convince them that at least they should not reanimate their bodies, he ordered one of their corpses to be tied by the heels to a rope, and lowered into the sea; and though it was drawn up again as fast as the united force of the crew could be exerted, yet in that short space the Sharks had devoured every part but the feet, which were secured at the end of the cord. Swimmers very often perish by them: sometimes they lose an arm or a leg, and sometimes are bit quite asunder, serving but for two morsels for this ravenous animal: a melancholy tale of this kind is recited in a West-Indian ballad, preserved in Dr. Percy’ s Reliques of ancient Bag: lish poetry,” : es ee “WHITE SHARK. 325 - The size to which the Shark sometimes grows is far superior to that mentioned in the former part of the present description: we are informed by Gillius that a Shark was seen of the weight of four thousand pounds, and that in the belly of one was found an entire human body, and Miller asserts that in a Shark taken at the isle of St. Margaret, was found a horse*, which had probably been thrown overboard from some ship. The size of the fossil teeth of this species, so often found in the isle of Malta and elsewhere affords a convincing proof of the enormous specimens which have once ex- isted, In the British. Museum are teeth of this kind measuring at least four inches and a half from — the point to the base, and six inches from the point to the corner: the animal therefore to which such teeth belonged must have been equal to the largest of the Cetacea in volume, and we may well admit the probability of a human body being swallowed by such a fish, not only entire, but even without a “wound, and on this supposition it is that the Shark has been imagined by some to have been the fish ordained for the sdaneabso confinement of the prophet Jonast. The internal parts of the Shark present many * The Shark does not spare even its own species. A Lap- lander, according to Leems, had taken a Shark, and fastened it to his canoe; but soon missed it, without being able to guess how: in a short time afterwards he caught a second of much larger size, in which, when opened, he found the one he had lost. + Jonam prophetam, ut veteres Herculem trinoctem, in hujus wentriculo tridut spatio heesisse verosimile est. Lin. Syst. Nat. * 326. WHITE SHARK. remarkable particulars: the brain is small: the heart furnished with one ventricle and one auricle, which latter is of very large size, and receives the vena cava: the aorta and other arteries are of great strength: the throat is very short, and of a diameter not greatly inferior to that of the begin- ning of the stomach, which is of vast size, and dilatable to a great degree: the intestinal canal consists of two portions, one analogous to the small, and the other to the large intestines of qua- drupeds, but this latter portion is very short in proportion, and is so composed as to compensate by its interior structure for its brevity, since in- stead of forming a mere continued tube, as in most animals, it consists rather of a large series of meshes or divisions, placed in a spiral direction throughout its length: the liver is large, and divided into two unequal lobes: in the stomach and intestines, ac- cording to Commerson, are usually found a great many teenie or tape-worms, which not only infest the cavities of these parts, but even penetrate into and lodge themselves between the interior coats: these animals therefore, by their vellication and motions, must be supposed to aggravate the natural voracity of the Shark, and to impel it to engorge a large quantity of food, in order to allay the sensations © excited by these internal enemies: the milt, in the male fish is disposed into two portions, and equals the length of about a third of the whole animal ; _and in the female the ovaries are of similar length: during the breeding-season, which takes. place at different periods in different climates, the Sharks are AY /49. itt UW] Myris He He We, Payee i iNeebnung NMS “aH NY TTY iB nadsbeati a yaa pate in SHARK. wars neat! Barpar ey! carat et any ernslst | BASKING he Yi Uf yy BASKING SHARK. 327 observed to approach the shores, in order to de- posit their young in the most favourable situations: these are discharged, to the number of two or three at a time, still adhering to the capsule in which they had been before inclosed, and are excluded before the young animal has had time to break from it: the length of the newly-hatched Shark does not exceed that of a few inches. } I must not conclude the present article without giving the reader the Count de Cepede’s explanation of the French name Reguin, by which‘this species is known. ‘The word, according to this author, is a corruption of reguiem. ‘ Requin est, en effet, un corruption de requiem, qui designe depuis long- tems, en Europe, la mort et le repos eternel.” BASKING SHARK, Squalus Maximus. S. plumbeo-fuscus, subtus albicans, dentibus parvulis conico-subulutis numerosissimis. Leaden-Brown Shark, whitish beneath, with small conic-subu- - late very numerous teeth. Squalus maximus. S. dentibus conicis, pinna dorsali anteriore majore. Lin. Syst. Nat. Basking Shark. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tuis is a very large species, scarcely, if at all, inferior in size to the white Shark; its length, ac- cording to Mr. Pennant, being from three to twelve yards, and even sometimes more. The measure- ments of one observed by that author on the shore’ of Loch Ranza in the Isle of Arran were as follow: viz. The whole length twenty-seven feet, four 328 BASKING SHARK. inches : first dorsal fin three feet : second one foot : pectoral fins four feet: ventral two feet: upper- lobe of the tail five feet ; lower three. Great num- bers of this species of Shark were observed to visit the bays of Caernarvonshire and Anglesea in the summers of 17560, and a few succeeding years ; continuing there only during the hot months, and quitting the coast about Michaelmas. They ap- pear in the Firth of Clyde, and among the Hebrides in the month of June, in small shoals of seven or eight, but more frequently in pairs; and depart again in July. “ They had nothing (says Mr. Pennant), of the fierce and voracious nature of other Sharks, and were so tame as to suffer them- selves to be stroked: they generally lay motionless on the surface, commonly on their bellies, but sometimes, like tired swimmers, on their backs : their food seemed to consist entirely of sea-plants, no remains of fish being ever discovered in the stomachs of numbers that were cut up, but the half digested parts of Algz, &c. Linnzeus says they feed on Medusie. At certain times they were seen sporting on the waves, and leaping with vast agility several feet out of the water. They swam very deliberately, with the dorsal fins above the water: their length was from three to twelve yards er more: their form slender, like others of the Shark kind: the upper jaw was much longer than the lower, and blunt at the end: the mouth placed beneath, and each jaw furnished with numbers of small teeth: those before were much bent, those more remote in the jaw were conic and sharp- ee eee} eee > a eee . . f 7 . pis ’ ’ A ey ' x i ‘ E, 4 7 | or, mae oF i sal ‘ i . 1350 sania rupunants LY ‘ib COYY, SY 1 ANA Ny Rea! NUR T HL TAT eee . BASKING SHARK. BASKING SHARK. 329 pointed: on the sides of the neck were five large transverse apertures to the gills: on the back were two fins, the first very large, not directly in the middle, but rather nearer the head; the other small, and situated near the tail: on the lower part were five others, viz. two pectoral fins; two vent-. ral fins, placed just behind the fin of the back, and a small anal fin: the tail was very large, and the _upper part remarkably longer than the lower: the colour of the upper part of the body was a deep leaden, the belly white: the skin was rough, like shagreen, but less so on the belly than the back: within the mouth, towards the throat, was a very short sort of whalebone: the liver was of a great size, but that of the female was the largest: some weighed above a thousand pounds, and yielded a great quantity of pure and sweet oil, fit for lamps, and also much used by the people who took them, to cure bruises, burns, and rheumatic complaints : a large fish has afforded the captors a profit of twenty pounds: they were viviparous, a young one of about a foot in length being found in the belly -of a fish of this kind.” Mr. Pennant adds, that a shoal of this species will permit a boat to follow them without accelerat- ing their motion till almost within contact, when it is usual for the harpooner to strike his weapon into them as near the gills as possible; but that they are often so imsensitble as not to move till the united strength of two men have forced in the harpoon deeper: as soon as they perceive them- selves wounded, they fling up their tail, and plunge 330 BASKING SHARK. headlong to the bottom, and frequently coil the rope round them in their agonies, attempting to disengage the harpoon from them by rolling on the ground; for it is often found greatly bent. As soon as they discover that their efforts are in vain, they swim away with amazing rapidity, and with such violence, that there has been an instance of a vessel of seventy tons having been towed away against a fresh gale: they sometimes run off with two hundred fathom of line, and with two harpoons in them, and will employ the fishers for twelve, and sometimes for twenty-four hours before they are subdued: when killed, they are either hawled on shore, or, if at a distance from land, to the vessel’s side: the liver (the only useful part) is taken out, and marked out, and melted into oil in kettles pro- vided for the purpose. A large fish will yield eight barrels of oil, and two of useless sediment. The fishers observed on these Sharks a sort of leech, of a reddish colour, and about two feet long, but which fell off when the fish was brought to the surface of the water, and left a white mark on the skin. A male of this species was taken in the year 1801 at Abbotsbury in Dorsetshire, entangled in a fishing-seine, and, after a violent resistance, was dragged ashore. It is said to have received seven- teen musket-balls before it expired: its length was twenty-eight feet, and its circumference in the thickest part about twenty feet: its tail, from point to point, near eight feet: the teeth, according to its proprietor, who took the pains to count them, amounted to the number of four thousand. | ’ ee a Se TN Ww y WON Se AY, VS QS Sad Vy ws 4 \v \ \ ‘es NS \ va 1 ik \ ee WSS SSIS i) SN te ht My, af ’ Satie = SAIN . Lia) “ij Cros nin it saci wh hy» iN os ANY y i ny hs Uy ncok, f / mir, wa tb ch ae ee | . ~ \ cf ‘ ane GEE YF 74 7 Gs ONE, his 4s Paty 4 Uh, aie i ain Wi, + Stag tiene any My 441" 4 if as eet GLE; aad tatty Are ZA WEE WE EE Uy <4 tyes | Mx GRE. ‘by, eae Y Meee EZ Uy ad / Gif yy tor? A ili a © Yy Ge is 0 his 1a J ey = 1 Live pty tl GY aii = ei aL) Li drt ty "ih Y| med) ih Zy Yj ‘ amt dig i SS ZA) ii i i? . ey ahs YAS’, KM 2 Vi Oe VEG" 1 Ze LG Z's VA Zn W474 Z WGA Zn LOY Zs YY r—y 2 Vy SS Fn 4 YY. ”: SSNS \“ : Se SSS SS 331 BLUE SHARK. Squalus Glaucus. S. ceruleus, gracilis, subtus albidus, fronte acuminata. Blue, slender Shark, whitish beneath, with pointed front. Squalus glaucus. 8S. fossula triangulart in extremo dorso, fora- minibus nullis ad oculos. Lin. Syst, Nat. Squalus absque foraminibus ad oculos. Bloch, t. 86. Blue Shark. Penn. Brit, Zool. Or amore slender and elegant shape than most others of the genus: colour above deep glaucous or blue-green, beneath white: head rather large, with the snout’ very long and pointed, and the mouth wide, and placed very far beneath: teeth nearly triangular, lengthened, sharp-pointed, and disposed in three or four rows: eyes large: first ‘dorsal fin seated about the middle of the back, the second very near the tail, opposite the anal fin: tail of moderate size, deeply bilobate, with the lower lobe much larger and longer than the upper. This species, which is the most beautiful of all the Sharks, in point of colour, grows to the length of ten, twelve, or even fourteen feet, and is an in- habitant of almost all parts of the globe. It is a very voracious and bold fish, and scarcely less dreaded by ‘sailors than the common or white Shark. It is said principally to prey on herrings, shads, and tunnies; it frequents several of the British coasts, particularly those of Cornwall, during the pilchard-season, and is at that time taken with large iron hooks prepared for the purpose. 332 ; TOPE. ~ Squalus Galeus. S. cinereus, subtus pallidior, fronte acuminata, dentibus subtriangularibus. Cinereous Shark, paler beneath, with pointed front, and sub- triangular teeth. Squalus Galeus. S. naribus ori vicinis, foraminibus ad oculos. Tin. Syst. Nat. Milandre. Broussonet. act, Paris. 1780. Tope. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tuis species arrives at a considerable size, often measuring several feet in length, though the speci- mens usually seen about the British coasts scarcely exceed the length of about five feet. In its habits it resembles the white Shark, being a very bold and rapacious fish, attacking such as happen to be ac- cidentally exposed to it with great violence and rapidity: its shape is rather slender; its colour pale cinereous above, and whitish beneath: the nose long, flat, and pointed: the nostrils are situat- ed near the mouth; and behind each eye is a small orifice: the teeth are numerous, disposed in three rows, small, very sharp, triangular, and serrated on their inner edge: the first dorsal fin is placed about the middle of the back, and is rather large: the second is small, and situated near the tail, which is small, and terminates in two. unequal lobes, of which the lower is by much the broadest. Accord- ing to Rondeletius this fish is so bold as to pursue its prey to the very edge of the shore, and to at- tack those who are walking near the water’s side. It FOX SHARK. 339 is supposed to be the Canicula of Pliny, which that writer describes as highly dangerous to those em- ployed in diving for corals, sponges, &c. 4 FOX SHARK. - Squalus Vulpes. S. plumbeus, subtus albidus, capite brevi conico, cauda prelonga. | Lead-coloured Shark, whitish beneath, with short conic head, and very long tail. Squalus Vulpes. S. caude lobo superiore longitudine corporis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 1496. Vulpes. Rondel. Vulpecula, Salv, Will. §c. Long-tailed Shark. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tuts is distinguished by its plump, short, sub- ovate body, and very long, tapering tail: the head is small and pointed: the first dorsal fin triangular, and placed on the middle of the back; the second above the beginning of the tail, hiGh gradually - tapers to the tip, and is furnished with a shallow fin or process beneath, running from the base to the tip, which is sharp, and slightly bilobate: the pectoral fins are of considerable size: the eyes Jarge: the mouth small: the teeth triangular, small, and disposed in three rows. The colour of the fish is dusky ash above, and whitish beneath. It grows to the length of more than thirteen feet, the tail measuring more than half the length of the whole animal. It is an inhabitant of the Mediterranean and other seas, and is considered as a voracious and 334 SPOTTED SHARK. artful fish, but the name of sea-fox is applied to it. rather from the length of its tail than from its cha- racter of sagacity. ————$——— SPOTTED SHARK. Squalus Catulus, S. rufescens maculis numerosis parvis nigri- cantibus, naso subacuminato, pinnis ventralibus connatis. - Reddish Shark, with numerous small blackish spots, somewhat -pointed snout, and connate ventral fins. Squalus Catulus. S. varius, pinnis ventralibus concretis. Bloch. t. 114. ) | Lesser Spotted Dog-Fish. Penn. Brit. Zool. Hasir rather slender: length from two to three feet: head large: snout prominent, and slightly pointed: skin rough: body cylindric: colour pale brick-red, marked with very numerous, small, round- ed, blackish or dusky spots: abdomen whitish : both the dorsal fins placed much nearer to the tail than the head: ventral fins connate, large, and of a slightly poited form: anal fin small: tail leng, bilobate, with the lower lobe continued to a con- siderable distance beneath. Native of the Euro- pean seas: a very voracious animal, preying on the smaller fishes, crabs, &c. According to Pennant it breeds from nine to thirteen young at a time, is very numerous on our own Coasts, and very injuri- ous to the fisheries: the liver is said to be highly. noxious, causing long-continued stupor, succeeded -by an universal itching, with a total desquamation _ of the cuticle. " uf i i a4 S ‘® Fst " oy i Legg of Panther Shar Stross \} yu Arh SoM ‘ WA \ PANTHERSHARK. ABig Hye. “iypyztes GE: j tf i “HAM h ie Yl ee a 335 Ps i ~~ < Female® f Mag Ne ame ‘ ee Squalus Canicula. S. cincreo-rufescens, maculis. oceéllaribus nigricantibus, capite — naso ee eae pie getraiirus discretis. Bi, 1 Cinereo-rufescent Shark, with ocellated blackish souks, chet head, slightly pointed snout, and distinct ventral firs.* 7 Squalus Canicula. S. varias, zeae ; ventralibus amis. Block. a ip ESN ik ee Spotted eas "Pew, Brit. Zo PN : Boge ‘ a > Lenora from threes to foe feet: habit rather more slender than that of the preceding fish: head rather small: snout prominent and slightly point-_ ed: body cylindric: skin rough : colour of the ‘whole animal pale brown, with a slight rufous cast, and marked with ‘numerous groupes of blackish or dusky spots, not. ill resembling in their form those on the skin of a panther: Mel omicn whitish, with a i avery cast: soe on fins situated at a a preying on Alte jar a 9 ae crabs, &c. same manner as the preceding species, of wl is by some considered as the female. , We Vee Li. 336 ROCK SHARK. ~ Squalus Stellaris. S. cinereo-rufescens, maculis nigricantibus, incequalibus, lobo utrinque nasalt duplict. Cinereo-rufescent Shark, with unequal blackish spots, and __ double-lobed nostrils. ; Le Rochier. Cepede. . *Catulus maximus. Will. p. 63. Greater Spotted Dog-Fish. Penn. Brit. Zool. Greatty allied to the preceding, with which it appears to have been frequently confounded by authors ; the male and female differing from each other nearly in the same manner and proportion as in the Squalus Catulus, and having a nearly similar disposition of colours. In the present species, which is larger than the preceding, and arrives at the length of six feet, the nostrils are half closed by a pair of lobes, the exterior of which is larger than the interior, and of a roughened sur- face: the snout is rather more elongated, and the tail somewhat shorter than inthe §. Catulus: the first dorsal fin is nearer to the extremity of the tail than to the snout: the second, which is nearly of similar size with the first, is placed almost opposite to the anal fin. The general colour of the animal is a reddish-grey, with round, unequal, blackish spots scattered over the whole body, and larger in proportion than in the Catulus. The male and female are said to differ as to the disposition of spots in the same manner as in that spécies. Na- tive of the European seas, generally frequenting # peur apvrttes. “TUVHS GYOAOW HOUND SHARK. | | 337. rocky places, and preying on various Mollusca and Crustacea: it is much less frequently taken than the preceding” species, though said to be more pro- lific, producin not. ess than nineteen or twenty young at a im ee skin i is Mae in commerce for teeth, ia S fs : Squalus Mustelus. S. dentibus obtusis. ‘Lin. Syst. Nat. _ Smooth Hound. Penn. Brit. Zool. ON Hasit slender : ‘snout. slidby sharpened, sre lengthened: first dorsal fin large, and. placed nearly in the middle of the back: ‘the second nearly oppo- site the anal fin: tail shaped as in most others of gts tribe, or slightly bilobate, the lower lobe con- ‘tinued to some distance beneath: teeth very nu- merous, small, slightly convex; and set as in the Rays: S: “general colour of the animal greyish brown, paler” or white beneath: sometimes varies in being marked above by numerous white spots. The 338 PICKED SHARK. stomach in this fish is furnished with several ap- pendices situated near the pylorus: it is found both in the European and Indian seas, growing to the length of about two feet. PICKED SHARK. Squalus Acanthias. SS. fusco-cinereus, subtus albus, dentibus numerosis parvis acutis, pinnis dorsalibus spinosis. Ash-Brown Shark, white beneath, with numerous small sharp teeth, and spiny dorsal fins. Squalus Acanthias. S. pinna anali nulla, doreakes pare corpore teretiusculo. Lin. Syst. Nat. Squalus corpore teretiusculo, dorso biaculeato. Bloch. t. 85. Picked Dog-Fish. Penn. Brit. Zool. i Aiguillat, Broussonet. act. Paris. 1780. Hasir similar to that of the 8. Mustelus, from which it is readily distinguished by a very strong, bony spine, situated before each dorsal fin, and connected at its base with the fin itself: teeth small and sharp, and disposed in rows along the jaws: upper lobe’ of the tail longer or more’ projecting than the lower, which is continued to some distance beneath: colour of the whole animal brownish ash above, white beneath: length from three to four feet: inhabits the European seas: very common about the coasts of Scotland, where it is taken in order to be prepared for sale by splitting and dry- ing, and is then much used as a food among the lower orders of the people. Mr. Pennant informs us that it forms a sort of internal commerce, being PRE FSF REY \ DUSKY SHARK. 339 carried on women’s backs fourteen or sixteen miles up the country, and either sold or exchanged for various necessaries. mn | Molina, in his Natural History of Chili, describes what appears to be a variety of this species, in which the body is marked by ocellated spots, and — the spines of the dorsal fins recurved at the tip. | DUSKY SHARK, Squalus Spinax., S. fuscus, subtus nigricans, pinnis dorsalibus ae MnOSt Ss. | _ Brown Shark, blackish beneath, with spiny dorsal fins, _ Squalus Spinax. S. subius nigricans. Lin, Gmel. Sagre, Broussonet. act. Paris, 1780. - Galeus Acanthias sive Spinax fuscus. Will. p. 57. ~ Greatty allied to the preceding, with which it has been often confounded ; but differs in being of a much darker colour, with the singular circum- stance of the abdomen being still darker than the upper parts, or nearly black: back broader than in the preceding fish: dorsal fin spined in the same manner. Native of the European seas. 3A0 CENTRINA SHARK. Squalus Centrina. S. foul subtus pati, corpore subtrigono, pinnis dorsalibus sptnosis, = Brown Shark, paler beneath, with sxbtsgona jee and spiny dorsal fins. Squalus Centrina. 8S, pinna anak Sil atitsiiae' spinosis, _ corpore subtriangulari. Lin. Syst. _ Nat. Centrina. Gesn. Sal. Aldr. Will. &c. Squalus unica serie dentium incisorum in "aid inferiore. Bloch. t. 1156 Bs v BM EO, ga ha Nag _- Fores Lene from three, to four feet : : habit thick and short: body of a somew at triangular shape, the sides shelving down from. the back, and the abdo- men being flattish : he ad somewhat small: snout blunt: in the upper jaw three rows of teeth, in the lower a single row; all rather slender and sharp- pointed : first donee Fes) large, commencing at a small distance from the head, subtriangular, and .. a ae! and peng opine r sieesaouat in fons ished with a PP hilar spine, ds: sa eal small, short, and AONE: a beneath: skin rough, a native of the Europe ie aa comparison with man hae ee ee ee Ee ee ee ee eee ee eee ee ee ee ee oe IBF. + \ n\ SSS SSS CENTRINA SHARK Jackson sculp. CaS oe er Os wea Se eee ant Se ey 341 PHILIPPIAN SHARK. ' Squalus Philippinus.. S. fuscus, subtus albidus, capite utrinque lobo elongato. | - Brown Shark, whitish beneath, with a lengthened lobe on each side of the head. | Squale Phillip. Cepede. Hasir slender: colour brown above, ‘whitish beneath: near each eye an appendicle or skinny projection, equalling near an eighteenth part of the whole length of the animal: mouth wide, and paved with sharp teeth disposed in ten or eleven rows: some of the teeth are rather rounded than pointed: before each of the dorsal fins a very strong and sharp spine: anal fin placed at an equal distance from the ventral fins and the tail, which is bilobate, the upper lobe projecting beyond the lower: inhabits the Southern Pacific Ocean: ob- served during the voyage of Capt. Phillips to Botany-Bay. The individual described in the above-mentioned voyage measured about two feet in length. : 342 PEARLY SHARK. Squalus Cinereus. S. griseo-perlaceus, -dentibus siete come pressis, acutis, distinctis. _ Pearly-grey Shark, with large, POMaprEHECH sharp, wie teeth. Squalus cinereus. - S. spiraculis utrinque peta Lin. Gmel. Perlon. Cepede. Auuiep to the Blue Shark: length about three ‘feet: colour pearly grey: skin less rough than in the Blue Shark: eyes large: teeth large, compress- ed, sharp, and separate: spiracles large: dorsal fin single, situated in the middle of the back, and larger than the anal: tail bilobate. Native of the Mediterranean : described in the Memoirs of the French Academy by Broussonet, from a specimen preserved in the British Museum. | SPINY SHARK. Squalus Spinosus. S. griseo-fuscus, subtus albidus, corpore tuberculis mucronatis nequalibus sparsis muricato. Grey-Brown Shark, whitish beneath, with the body roughened by unequal scattered sharp-pointed tubercles. Squale bouclé. Cepede. Leneto about four feet: colour grey-brown above, whitish beneath: body roughened with scat- tered, unequal tubercles, consisting of a broad, round base and curved, sharp-pointed tip, in some bifid: eyes large: snout prominent and conic: % : x Se 2 Si = on eT ee ee 2 Sai ne i til a ST ee ag ee a ee ee RL ET SSS San tS Ro STS SS ee ng Pr Fa Se s 4 ISABELLA SHARK. 343 gape moderate: teeth of a squarish shape, com- pressed, cornered at the margins, and placed in several rows: dorsal fins placed near the tail: the first opposite the ventral, which are set at an un- usual distance from the head, and are almost as large as the pectoral: tail angular. Described by Broussonet from a specimen in the Paris Museum. Native regions uncertain. ISABELLA SHARK. Squalus Isabella. S. subflavescens, dentibus compressis brevibus _ triangularibus basi lobatis. Yellowish Shark, with short SE oa triangular teeth lobed at the base. Squalus Isabella. S. pinna dorsali prima abdominalibus opposita. Lin. Gmel, Brouss, act. Par. 1780. ALLIED in point of habit to the S$. Canicula, but with a broader head, and an obtuse snout: length of the specimen observed, about two feet and a half: colour as mentioned in the specific character : teeth compressed, short, triangular, furnished on each side the base with an accessorial or smaller lobe, and disposed in six rows: tongue very short and thick: dorsal fin subquadrangular ; the second placed opposite the anal fin: pectoral fins very large: ventral separate, and pointed behind. Na- tive of the Southern Pacific, and observed about the coasts of New Zealand, during the voyage of Sir Joseph Banks: described by Broussonet from the MSS. of Dr. Solander. SAA CIRRHATED SHARK. Squalus Cirratus. S. rufus, squamosus, narium appendice vermi- jormi. Rufous Shark, with a worm-shaped appendix at the spe Squalus cirratus. S. narium appendice vermiformi. Lin. Gmel. Brouss. act. Paris. 1780. Axuep in habit to the Canicula: length from one to five feet: colour rufous, in the young spotted with black: skin covered with moderately large, flat, shining scales: eyes very small: teeth numer- ous, sharp, and dilated at the base: first dorsal fin opposite the ventral; the second opposite the anal: tail about a fourth of the length of the whole ani- mal, and terminating in a bilobate fin. Native of the American and Indian seas. | Pome renner on ah BEARDED SHARK. Squalus Barbatus. S. griseus maculis nigris albo marginatis, ison | appendicibus vermiformibus barbato. Grey Shark, with black spots edged with white, and the - mouth bearded with worm-shaped appendicles. Squalus-barbatus. S. rictu oris appendicibus vermiformibus bar- bato. Lin. Gmel. Brouss, act. Paris, 1780. Leneto about three feet and a half: colour greyish: skin covered by minute, hard, shining scales, and variegated with black, rounded, and. angular spots with whitish margins: head large, depressed, and smooth: teeth lanceolate, and placed in several rows: beards about half an inch STRIPED SHARK. 3A5 long, and subdivided or ramified. Native of the Southern Pacific: observed about the coasts of New Holland. | STRIPED SHARK. Squalus Africanus., S. griseus, fasciis septem longitudinalibus nigricantibus. Grey Shark, with seven ehaibeainst blackish bands. Squalus Africanus. SS. fasciis septem nigricantibus paralletis longitudinalibus pictus. Lin. Gmel. Brouss. act. Par. 1780. Lenetu about two feet and a half: skin covered by minute, squarish scales: head rather broader than the body, and depressed: mouth semicircular: teeth compressed, elongated, sharp, and disposed in rows, which are transverse in the upper, and ob- lique in the lower jaw: palate and tongue covered with soft, unequal, scattered tubercles: pectoral fins horizontal: ventral subtriangular, and oblique at the tips: anal oblong, rounded in front, and pointed behind: first dorsal fin situated beyond the middle of the back; the second opposite the hind part of the anal: tail rounded: described by _ Broussonet : native of the African seas, 846 OCELLATED SHARK. Squalus Ocellatus. S. subfasciatus, joa ocello utrinque nigro supra pinnas pectorales. Subfasciated Shark, with dusky spots, and a black ocellate spot on each side above the pectoral fins, Nat. Misc. t. 161. Squalus ocellatus. S. litura magna rotunda nigra, circulo albo cincta, ad utrumque colli latus. Inn. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Brouss. act. Par, 1780. Lexetu about two feet and a half: colour ash- brown, with a few: scattered: dusky spots; back crossed by a few dusky bands: abdomen greenish grey: teeth numerous, small, sharp, compressed, and dilated at the base: pectoral fins raunded, and of a dusky or blackish colour, edged with white : first dorsal fin situated beyond the ventral, marked at its anterior edge with two black spots, and emar- ginated behind: second of similar shape, but smaller: anal fin placed very near the tail, which is slightly sublobate. Native of the Southern Pacific: observed about the coasts of New Holland during the first voyage of Sir Joseph Banks. - GREY SHARK. Squalus Griseus. 8S, spiraculis utrinque sex. Lin. Gmel, Brouss. act. Par. 1780. Grey Shark, with six spiracles on each side. Lenertu two feet and a half: colour pale brown: skin slightly rough, and covered with very small scales, each marked by a carina: head small, de- RS AMERICAN SHARK. 347 pressed, and obtuse: gape wide: in the lower jaw several rows of very large, compressed, squarish, serrated teeth: in the upper jaw a single row of similar teeth on each side, and in front many smaller simple ones, of a narrower and sharper form than the others: dorsal fin single: pectoral fins horizontal: anal small, and situated midway between the ventral and tail. Native of the Medi- terranean: described by Broussonet. AMERICAN SHARK, Squalus Americanus. S. pinnis dorsalibus inermibus, posteriore majore, wventralibus magnis caude dain Lin. rig @ Brouss, act. Par. 1780. - Shark with unarmed dorsal fins, of which the hindermost is _ the largest, and large ventral fins situated near the tail, _ Lenern about three feet: skin rough: scales small and angular: body cylindric: head large; snout short, and obtuse: teeth oblong, sharp, com- pressed, and disposed in several rows; the largest serrated on the edges: eyes large: first dorsal fin placed before the middle of the body; the other rather beyond the anal: pectoral fins suboval ; tail lanceolate. Native of the American seas: de- scribed by Broussonet. 3A8 SCALY SHARK. Squalus Squamosus. S. squamis ovatis carinatis, pinnis dorsali« ‘bus spinosis, dentibus subquadratis, inferioribus majoribus. Shark with ovate carinated scales, spiny dorsal fins, and squarish teeth, largest in the lower jaw. | Squale eccaileux. Cepede. Auuep to the S. Centrina, but covered with pretty conspicuous ovate scales, of somewhat un- equal size, and marked by a middle carina: length about three feet : eyes oblong: snout oblong, de- pressed: gape moderate: teeth squarish, with angu- lar margins: dorsal fins oblong, occupying the great- est part of the back, and furnished with a spiny ray in the middle: the first dorsal fin is the largest; the second narrower and longer: the pectoral fins are middle-sized, and narrowed towards the base: the ventral semi-ovate, and placed near the caudal, which is rounded at the beginning, and dilated towards the tip. Native regions uncertain.’ t- a eae peste eS ac a Ro ep See PORBEAGLE SHARK. . Squalus Cornubicus. —S. corpore crasso tereti, rostro conico pro- _ minente, cauda lunata. Shark with thick round body, prominent conic snout, and lunated tail. | | Squalus Cornubicus. 8S. plica longitudinal ad utrumque caude _ latus. — Lin. Gmel. / 7 - Porbeagle Shark. Penn. Brit, Zool. Borl. Cornw. Tus species is slightly described by Mr. Pen- nant, in the British Zoology, from an engraving in Borlase’s History of Cornwall, which was copied from a drawing by the Revd. Mr. Jago, Minister of Loo in Cornwall, and who appears to have been a very observant and skilful ichthyologist ; since many of his communications are preserved in the works of Ray and Petiver. A specimen observed in the year 1793, by the Revd. Dr. Goodenough, on the coast of Hastings, is described in the third volume of the Linnzan Transactions. Its length, from the tip of the snout to the extremity of the tail, was three feet ten inches: the colour of the body a deep blue on the back, and white or silvery beneath: the shape was round, except for about six inches from the tail, where it was depressed: at about an inch from the tail was a semicircular or lunar fossule or impres- sion, the points of which were towards the tail: where the body was depressed the sides were raised into a sharp angle or elevated line of about eight inches in length, running into the middle of the tail or a little beyond: the nose was prominent | Saae _ . BEAUMARIS SHARK. and sharp; and on either side, from the nose to the eyes were numerous perforations or minute pores: the tail was of a lunar form, the upper lobe — nearly a third longer than the lower. From the number of teeth, which were two rows in each jaw, the fishermen concluded it to be two years old, and ~ Dr. Goodenough was assured that they had been ~ . seen of the length of th 35h feet, ver three rows of teeth, i a BEAUMARIS SHARK. Squalus Monensis. S. corpore crasso tereti, rostro subcanico, cauda lunata. Shark with thick round body, ene eta and Tunated tail. Beaumaris Shark. Penn. Brit. Zool. Observe by the Revd. Hugh Davies of Beau: maris, in the Isle of Anglesea, who communicated its description to Mr. Pennant. ‘The length was seven feet: the snout and body of a cylindric form: the greatest circumference four feet eight inches: the nose blunt: nostrils small: mouth armed with three rows of slender teeth, flattened on each side, very sharp, and furnished at the base with two sharp processes: the first dorsal fin was two feet distant from the snout, and of a triangular form: the second very small, and placed near the tail : the pectoral fins strong and large: the ventral and anal small: the space between the second dorsal and the tail much depressed, the sides forming an TT ee AE DENTICULATED SHARK. 351 acute angle: above and below was a transverse fossule or dent: the tail was of the form of a cres- cent, but the horns of unequal length; the upper* being thirteen inches, the lower ten: the whole fish was of a leaden colour, and the skin compara- tively smooth, being far less rough than in most of the genus. This and the preceding fish seem very nearly allied, and perhaps may only constitute sexual differences of the same species. DENTICULATED SHARK. Squalus Denticulatus. S. griseus, supra maculis magnis inequa- libus rufis, dorso elevato tuberculis denticulato. Grey Shark, marked above with large unequal rufous spots, with elevated back denticulated by tubercles. Squale dentelé. Cepede. : Cotovr greyish or pale ash-brown, marked over the whole upper part with large, irregular, rufous spots: back much elevated, and appearing denti- culated by a row of small tubercles, running from between the eyes to the first dorsal fin: all the fins, except the caudal, tipped with brown : first dorsal fin placed beyond the middle of the back: tail bilobate, the upper lobe longer than the lower, and indented by a partial division: teeth triangular : size not mentioned: described by Cepede from a dried specimen in the Prince of Orange’s Museum. * In the British Zoology the upper lobe is said to be ten, and the lower thirteen inches long; but it is clear ftom the plate, engraved from Mr. Davies’s drawing, that this is an error. v..¥. 2. MH. 24 352. PUNCTULATED SHARK. : Squalus Punctulatus. S. supra rufus albo punctatus, subtus fer= rugineus. Shark with the upper parts rufous, speckled with white, the ~ lower parts ferruginous.. Squale pointillé. . Cepede. Hasir similar to that of the Isabella Shark : colour rufous above, deep tawny beneath: upper parts marked with numerous, small, white specks: head rounded in front: teeth similar to those of the Canicula: spiracles small: pectoral fins rather . large: tail deeply lobed. Native of the American seas: described by Cepede, but the size not par- ticularized. . | a ‘ZEBRA SHARK. Squalus Zebra. 8S. fuscus, rivulis transversis lacteis. — Brown Shark, with transverse milk-white undulations. . Squalus tigrinus. S. cauda elongata, spiraculis duobus postremis confluentibus. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Squalus varius, &c, Seb. mus. 3.t. 34. f. 1. Squalus fasciatus. Bloch, t. 113, Tue most elegant of the whole genus, being of a dark brown colour, beautifully barred. with’ bread, milk-white, transverse, and somewhat undulating stripes, between which are here and there inter- spersed a few oval spots of similar colour: fins marked in the same manner: head large and rounded: mouth furnished with a pair of worm-like GRONOVIAN SHARK. 353 beards or cirrhi: habit similar to that of Canicula and some others, but with the body shorter, and - the tail longer in proportion : pectoral fins large: both the dorsal rather small: tail finned to a great distance beneath the tip, which 1s of an ovate shape. Native of the Indian seas, growing to the length of fifteen feet: said to feed chiefly on testaceous and crustaceous marine animals. Sometimes the variegations are rather of a pale rufous cast than white. First described by Artedi, from a specimen in the collection of Seba, in the third volume of whose Thesaurus it is elegantly figured. GRONOVIAN SHARK. # e ° : ° . Squalus Gronovianus. S. griseus, supra nigro maculatus, rostre rotundato. Grey Shark, spotted above with black, and with rounded snout. Squalus Indicus. SS. dorso vario inermi, dentibus acutis, Lin, ._ Gmel, Gron, Mus, 1. n. 133. Cotour grey, with the head and back spotted with black: dorsal fins nearer the tail than the ventral ones, and very distant from each other: snout rounded: teeth sharp, and placed in seven rows in both jaws: tail consisting of an undivided lobe: native of the Indian seas: described by Gronovius: size not mentioned. — 0, 354 With dilated head. HAMMER-HEADED SHARK. Squalus Zygena. S. capite transverso latissimo, Shark with very broad transverse head. Squalus Zygena, S. capite latissimo transverso malleiformis Lin, Syst, Nat. Zygena, Rondel. Gesn. Aldr. Will. &c. - Squalus capite malleiformi. Bloch. ¢. 117. Pernars the most deformed of all the marine animals: length from five to fifteen er seventeen feet: habit rather slender: body subcylindric: head dilated on each side to a great extent: the eyes, which are very large, being placed at each ex- tremity : mouth beneath, as in other Sharks ;. teeth. sharp, denticulated on each side, and disposed in three rows in each jaw: first dorsal fin rather large, of a somewhat falcated shape, and placed towards the upper part of the back: the second much smaller, and situated near the tail, which is rather short than long, and lobed beneath, the fin running on nearly as far as the vent: colour brown above; paler or whitish beneath. Native of the Mediter- ranean and Indian seas, where it is scarcely less voracious and formidable than even the White Shark itself; attacking such as are accidentally ex- posed to its fury, or are incautiously bathing oy swimming in its neighbourhood. It is observed about the coasts of the Southern Islands, and par- ticularly of Otaheitee, where the natives, trusting to their dexterity in swimming, appear to hold it “ ‘ 1 ’ U y 7 ey Most! int a > Y D E EAD ) Is ART y AA (ADE | i ) i FA aie, ae a ZZ Z aes a S FEE FEZ ZA zz —— LY} iy iy Vy > WS Yi NSS Y WS RVs“ WS RS OR , AV lt AN al Pit Pip etl i! tian HEART-HEADED SHARK. 359 in but little dread, since, according to the account of a gentleman on whose veracity I may safely de- _ pend, they bathe without apprehension in places known to be infested by it, and by their example have frequently- excited a similar boldness in our Own countrymen, insomuch that a ship’s crew has bathed alongside the vessel for many evenings to- gether. This fish is said to produce about ten or fourteen young at a birth. HEART-HEADED SHARK. Squalus Tiburo. SS. capite latissimo cordato. Lin, Syst. Nat. Shark with very broad heart-shaped head, Tiburonis species minor. Marcgr. Bras, p. 181. Zygene affinis capite triangulo. Will. ichth. p. 55. Pantouflier, ‘Brouss. act. Paris. 1780, © Greatty allied to the preceding, but a much rarer species: said to grow nearly to the same size: inhabits chiefly the South-American seas: some- times, though very seldom, observed in those of Europe: first described by Marcgrave in his His- tory of Brasil. 356 With rounded head. ANGEL SHARK. Squalus Squatina. S. capite rotundato, ore terminali, nasibus cirrosis, pinnis pectoralibus maximis. Shark with rounded head, terminal mouth, icine nostrils, and very large pectoral fins. Squalus Squatina. S. pinna anali nulla, caudee duabus, ore terminali, naribus cirrosis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Squalus corpore depresso. Bloch. t. 116. Squatina. Gesn. Rondel. Will, &c. Angel-Fish. Penn. Brit. Zool. ) - Heap large, flat, and rounded in. front: motith — placed at the end of the head: teeth broad at their base, but slender and very sharp towards the end, — and disposed in five rows all round the j jaws: tongue large: eyes small, and of a pale green colour: body rather thick, but tapering towards the tail: pecto-_ ral fins very large, of a subquadrangular shape, and bearing some distant resemblance to a pair of wings, — pectoral fins very large also, and of a shape not — ereatly dissimilar: dorsal fins very small, and situ- — ated pretty near each other at the end of the back: tail broad and lobated: whole body covered by a eg ee bare igus = ee ee rough skin, and marked down the back by a prickly, © tuberculated .line: colour pale ash-brown above, whitish beneath. Native of the European seas, srowing to a very large size, measuring from six to eight feet or more in length: extremely voraci- ous, fierce, and dangerous. It chiefly fneinal ) % ADRS Beil iN Aa I HRN aan i thy i f (ie was HAY hil nei j RANI iy WW aD adinnlet atl NING Hee if! HINT | ; Hi) \ il ii i i | ii i : a { 4, Lp Y; by 4 —— SSA oH ‘clause lg [atlas hf Ki! ‘ ae ality Ny AY \' WY x AN TAN AR NN ih AN Up N Ay Vf, \ Lack well: ! Wh yal iff M4, fyi i \ Me na AE \\ ey) \ \ v y HAE 22727200 en 227 ce LLL i (shut Ta Ret is 4 wah AN Ml HN 7 NGEL SHARK. 280g Sune z London Published by GK: \\ \ i) hy i ie AAT A) as it MYL, \ BM | Nt h ‘ i / Pen \ Ht Si N ma it a p ‘ iN f —T SS Wylie mS ey WALL DM AAS ML MANS FAME f AW AN NNN ANAND \; t ‘ THOT WN) Al ' WA. a \\ NN Soe: SES ee SEB GIS Y Fs asley Lleet Street. e & See mE Sete 0 allem ny ooh hime nai 1 fi dehae nati SAW-SNOUTED SHARK. 357- the coasts, and feeding on flat-fish, &c. and is some- times observed in small shoals. It produces twelve or thirteen young at a birth. With serrated snout. SAW-SNOUTED SHARK. _ Squalus Pristis. S. rostro ensiformi osseo plano, utrinque oe —— dentibus equalibus. Shark with sword-shaped bony snout denticulated on both sides with equal teeth. Squalus Pristis. S. pinna ani nulla, rostro ensiformi osseo plano utringue dentato. Lin. Syst. Nat. | Serra. Plin. hist. mund. l. 9. c. 2. Pristis s. Serra. Rond. Gesn. Aldr. Will. &c. Tus Saw-Fish is a large species of Shark, grow- ing to the length of fifteen feet or more: the head is slightly flattened at the top, and is produced in front into a very long, flat, strait, and slightly tapering bony snout, covered, like the rest of the . animal, by minute scales: along the edges project a great number of very strong, large, slightly flat- tened, and very sharp-pointed tooth-like processes: the mouth, as in other Sharks, is placed. beneath, and is furnished on the edges of the jaws with several rows of small and somewhat blunt teeth, paving the lips, as in some of the Rays. The habit of the fish is rather slender; the body convex above, and somewhat flattened beneath: the dorsal fins placedasin the Squalus Acanthias and several others: the ventral situated nearly beneath the first dorsal ; 358 SAW-SNOUTED SHARK. and the tail shaped as in other slender-bodied Sharks, with the upper lobe longer or more pro- duced than the lower: the colour of the animal is grey-brown above, paler beneath: the general length of the snout is almost a third of the whole fish, and the number of teeth or processes on each side varies from eighteen to twenty-four. ‘The Saw-Fish is an inhabitant of the Mediterranean and Northern seas, and was known to the ancient writers by the title of Pristis. In the embryo ani- mal the edges of the snout are observed to be nearly” smooth, or but slightly undulated by the projection of the incipient teeth or processes, which are sup- posed to be of very quick growth. | In the second volume of the Transactions of a Linnean Society we find a description, by the in- genious Mr. Latham, of three varieties or differ- ences in the snout of the Saw-Fish or Pristis,: which he considers as constituting so many distinct species. In the first of these the teeth are more numerous than in the Pristis Antiquorum or com- mon Sawfish, as well as of a much narrower and sharper shape: their number is thirty-one or thirty- two on each side, those towards the base being situated more distant from each other than those towards the tip. This kind Mr. L. names P. pec- tinatus. In the second the snout is of a more slender form than in the common Swordfish, the teeth shorter, smaller, flat, and sharp-pointed: they are twenty-eight in number on each side: this he names P. cuspidatus. ‘The third has the snout of - nearly similar proportions to that of the common TENTACULATED SHARK. 359 Sawfish, and the teeth only seventeen in number on each side: they are also very short, projecting but a very little way beyond the edge of the snout. ‘This supposed species is described from a complete specimen of the animal, preserved in the Leverian Museum: the total length of the specimen is twenty-eight inches, the snout measuring ten. Mr. L. terms this P. microdon. ! TENTACULATED SHARK. Squalus Tentaculatus. S. rostro utrinque tentaculato, spinoso, - spinis longioribus brevioribusque intermediis. Shark with serrated snout tentaculated on each side, with short teeth interposed between the longer ones. Squalus cirratus. S. rostro cirrato, spinis longioribus ; brevi- oribusque intermediis, Lath. Lin. Trans. 2. p. 281. Tuts rare and curious species constitutes one of the numerous zoological acquisitions obtained by our late voyages to the Southern Hemisphere, having been discovered about the coasts of New- Holland, &c. The specimens hitherto observed have not exceeded the length of about three feet and a half, but it is probable that the animal grows to a far larger size, and indeed this is evident from a snout preserved in the British Museum. In its general shape this fish resembles the rest of the slender Sharks, and is of a pale brown colour above, and whitish beneath: the head is shaped like that of the common Sawfish, but the snout is more slender in proportion: the teeth or processes are very numerous, of unequal size, and are disposed 360 ( TENTACULATED SHARK. along the edges in a singular manner ; three or four or more of the smaller. ones being interposed be- tween each of the larger and longer ones: the total number on each side is not less than ninety-two or ninety-three: a row of small and distant spines also runs along the under part of the edges: at about the middle of the snout beneath, from each side, springs a long and flexible tentaculum or feeler, of a flattened shape, gradually tapering to the tip, and appearing covered entirely, if closely inspected, by minute scales of similar structure to those with which every other part of the skin is clothed : these scales are of a somewhat triangular shape, of a lucid surface, and marked by a small caria.:or midrib: the mouth is placed beneath the head, as in other Sharks, and the teeth, which are of mo- derate’ size, subtriangular, and sharp-poimted, are disposed in five rows in each jaw: the dorsal, pectoral, and ventral fins are disposed as in most of the slender-bodied Sharks, and the tail is of similar structure, viz. slightly bilobate at the tip, the fin or lobe being broader and continued to a greater. distance beneath than above. ‘% 301 SEMISAGITTATED SHARK. — Squalus Semisagittatus. S. rostro ensiformi plano utrinque dentato denticulis semisagittatis. Shark with flat sword-shaped snout denticulated on both sides with semisagittated teeth, Yahla. Russ. ind. t. 13. ~ Tam induced to consider this fish as a distinct species, from the remarkable circumstance an- nounced in the specific character. The length of the specimen observed by Dr. Russel was about thirty-four inches, of which the snout measured something more than seven inches: the general shape of the animal is similar to that of the preced- ing species; the back and sides are convex, and the belly flat: the mouth furnished with numerous granular teeth: the number of spines or processes on the snout is about twenty-six on each side: every tooth or process being semisagittated, or pretty deeply denticulated on one side, viz. that towards the back of the fish. Native of the In- dian seas. | : I may here observe that. these long-snouted Sharks seem considerably allied to the long-bodied Rays, such as the R. Rhinobatos, &c. and may be said in some degree to connect the two genera of Squalus and Raja. SPATULARIA. SPATULARIA. Generic Character. Habitus Squali. Habit that of a Shark. Spiraculum. utrinque uni-|} Speracles single on each side _ cum ad latera colli, oper-]} the neck, concealed by a culo magno tectum. large gill-cover. Rostrum productum, spatu- || Snout aie oa spatule- latum. shaped. Os sub capite, amplum,|| Mouth beneath the baad dentibus acutis serratis. . large, and furnished with: sharp, serrated teeth, RETICULATED SPATULARIA. Spatularia Reticulata. S. rostro reticulato. Spatularia with reticulated snout. | Polyodon feuille. Cepede. Chien de mer feuille, Bonaterre encyclop, methodique. Tu IS remarkable fish, the only species hitherto discovered, is greatly allied to the Sharks in its gene- ral appearance, and more particularly to those con- stituting the Saw-Fish tribe ; but differs essentially from the genus Squalus in having only a single spiracle on each side the neck: this spiracle is very Jarge, and covered by a large, soft and pointed operculum, which, on being raised, exhibits the gills consisting of five cartilaginous laminz with 150 Stmmons scudn. RETICULATED SPATULARIA. MG RETICULATED SPATULARIA. 363 fringed edges, as in the generality of fishes: the body is moderately slender, subcylindric, and taper- ing towards the tail: the head is terminated by a very long, flat, and thin snout, nearly equalling the length of the whole remainder of the animal: it is perfectly even on the edges, gradually dilated towards the tip, and of a form not ill resembling that of a spatula: the upper surface of this part is divided by a longitudinal midrib or carina, while the space on each side is marked with numerous, slightly prominent lines or fibres, forming ‘a kind of reticular and somewhat stellated pattern: the eyes are rather small:. the mouth wide, placed beneath the head, and furnished in the upper jaw with a double, and in the lower with a single row of sharp, curved, and serrated teeth: the skin on the whole body, so far as can be judged from small specimens preserved in spirits, is smooth, and desti- tute of visible scales: the colour is uncertain, but the gill-covers appear marked with numerous spots of a paler cast than the rest of the skin: the late- ral line is strongly marked, and runs in a strait direction from the gills to the tail, which is large and strongly Iunated: the dorsal fin is single, of moderate size, of a somewhat falcated shape, and placed rather beyond the middle of the back: the pectoral and ventral rather small, and the anal large. ‘The internal parts of this fish, according to the Count de Cepede, who professes to have ex- amined a young specimen, exhibit nothing very remarkable, except a pretty large air-bladder, which proves this genus to be in reality more nearly allied 364 RETICULATED SPATULARIA. | to the Sturgeons than to the Sharks. The parti- cular history of the animal is at present unknown, and we are even unacquainted with its usual re- sidence: it is probable however that it is found in the Indian seas: the size of the young specimens observed by Cepede scarce exceeded the length of a foot, the snout alone measuring nearly half: im the British Museum is a specimen of this part measuring about fifteen inches in length, and it is probable that the fish, at its full growth, is of very considerable size. A ee \ \\ A \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ Vi \ lj \\\\\'7 \ Y WG tf < MMO \ NS \\\ \\ SS \ \\ \ \N \X \ \ SS SN \ \\ ‘ ~ NN S = Ait ) ] | A Reeves sculp. CHIM/AERA. CHIMERA. , Generic Character. Capui supra acuminatum. || Head pointed on the upper part. Os sub capite, labio supe- || Mouth placed beneath, with riore quinquepartito. ~ the upper lip five-cleft. Dentes primores incisores|| Cutting Teeth two in front, bini supra infraque. — both above and below. NORTHERN CHIMERA. = ¥ ; . d Y Chimera Borealis. C. argentea, supra fusco a rostre@ plicato poroso. id . Chimera, varied above with brown, with pleated _. porous snout. : ‘Chimera monstrosa, C. rostro subtus plicis per tusis. Lin. Syst. ve iy Nat. ~ Genus Beale. Clus. exot. Simia marina. Gesn. p. 877. Jonst. Pe t, AA. Ja? bi Chimera cauda filiformi. Bloch. t. 12 "Tuts fish, so remarkable for the singularity of its appearance, is a native of the Northern ocean, where it generally inhabits the deepest recesses, and is supposed to prey on the smaller kind of fishes, as well as on various sorts of Mollusca and Testacea: its general length is from three to four feet: the body is of a lengthened shape, compressed, and gradually tapering towards the tail, which is con- 366 NORTHERN CHIMERA. tinued into a long and slender filament: the head is very large and thick, rising up in front into a conical or pyramidal form; and at some distance beyond this, on the top of the head, in the male fish, is a short upright process with a fringed or subdivided tip, resembling a tuft: the mouth is placed beneath, and is of moderate width, and fur- nished in each jaw with a pair of broad, bony laminz, notched at the margin into a resemblance of numerous teeth; while in front, both above and below, stand two large, subtriangular, flattish cutting-teeth : the upper lip is divided above into five clefts, and the front, from the mouth to the eyes, is marked by transverse undulations and pores, in such a. manner as to resemble a kind of embroidery: a line of this kind runs across the fore- head, beneath the point or tip, and is continued in a serpentine course into the lateral line, after send- ing up a side-branch beyond the eyes, and back again towards the nostril on each side: the inter- vening space between these lines is filled up by numerous, distinct pores: the lateral line is very strongly marked, of a whitish colour with dark edges, and runs strait from the place before-men- tioned to the tip of the tail: the eyes are very large, placed on each side the head, and are of a greenish colour with silvery irides: in the living fish they are said to shine with a phosphoric splendour: the whole body is of a yellowish brown above the lateral line, and of a bright silver-colour beneath it, variegated, more particularly above the lateral line, with numerous, irregular deep-brown. or blackish — == eonanae NORTHERN CHIMARA. 367 spots and patches: the fins are yellowish brown, varied with darker shades: the first dorsal fin is triangular, and furnished at its origin with an ex- tremely strong and sharp spine, projecting some- what beyond the finny part: the second dorsal fin commences at a small distance beyond the first, and is shallow, soft-rayed, and continued to a great distance: the third, which is ofsimilar appearance, commences immediately after this, and is continued to the end of the tail, being gradually lost in the terminal filament: the pectoral fins, which are very large, and of a subtriangular shape, are situated beneath the first dorsal: the ventral are of similar shape, but much smaller, and placed at about the middle distance from the head to the end of the tail: at the base of each, in the male, is a lengthen- ed, subcylindric process, roughened by numerous sharp prominences in a reversed direction: these organs, as appears from the examination of Dr. Bloch, are analogous to the lengthened processes observed in the males of Sharks and Rays. The Chimera is observed seldom to approach the shores, except during the breeding-season ; it is also said to swim chiefly by night, and to prey on young herrings, cod, and other smaller fishes. Its flesh is considered as coarse and uneatable, re- sembling that of most of the Shark tribe, but the Norwegians are said to use the eggs in the com- position of their pastry; and from the liver is’ drained an oil, which is considered as of singular efficacy in disorders of the eyes, and as an embroca- tion for bruises and wounds; while the long process es Ps 1, 25 " 308 SOUTHERN CHIMERA, or filament at the end of the tail is dried and used for the purpose of a pipe-cleaner. From the Linnzan title of this fish, both generic and specific, we might be led to imagine it one of the most deformed and monstrous of all the in- habitants of the deep: its appearance however, on the whole, is rather grotesque than formidable, and its colours highly elegant. I have sometimes thought it not improbable that the Bishop-Fish, de- scribed and figured in the works of Rondeletius, may have taken its rise from distorted preparations of the upper part of this animal, with the addition of some other articles to form the lower part. ‘SOUTHERN CHIMERA, Chimzra Australis. C. subargentea, rostro subtus labro inflezo levi. - | : - Subargenteous Chimera, with the snout produced beneath inte _ an inflected lip. | Chimera Callorhynchus. C. rostro subtus labro inflexo levi, Lin. Syst. Nat. ‘ Callorynchos. Gronov. mus. 5Q. t. 4. Elephant-Fish. Cook. it. 1. p. 18. Size nearly similar to that of the preceding species, but with the front rather sloping down-. wards, and the upper lip extended into a lengthened _ cartilaginous flap or appendage, bending down- wards in a reversed direction beneath: mouth as in. the former fish: eyes large: front marked by un- ‘dulating lines, but with less numerous pores: first ‘dorsal fin like that of the C. borealis ; second re- Rae tem yt, “VUwWWIN?) NUS LAODG LSE, NY) \Vy NY uy \ y \N > . + 298. ae Se a ee A \! SS SLE SOUTHERN CHIMAR A. wmder view ’—L eo SOUTHERN CHIMERA. 360 - sembling the first, but without the spine: the third very shallow, and continued into a thread, as in the former species, but of less extent : pectoral fins large: ventral middle-sized; anal small: lateral _~ line commencing’ from the upper sides of the head, and thence continued, in a strait direction, to the beginning of the caudal fin, at which place it ter- minates: general colour of the whole fish silvery, with a yellowish-brown cast on the upper parts: fins pale brown. Native of the Southern seas, where its manner of life is similar to that of the — C. borealis in the Northern Hemisphere. ACIPENSER. STURGEON. Generic Character. Rostrum subtus cirratum. Snout bearded beneath. Os sub capite, ovatum, eden- || Mouth beneath the head, tulum, retractile. ovate, toothless, retractile. Corpus elongatum, supra tu- Body elongated, mailed a- berculis cataphractum. bove by tubercles. COMMON STURGEON. Acipenser Sturio. A. griseus, subtus albidus, corpore supra seric quintuphci tuberculato, cute scabro. Grey rough-skinned Sturgeon, whitish beneath, with the on » shielded above by a quintuple series of tubercles. | Acipenser Sturio. 4. cirris quatuor, squamns dorsalibus undecim. Lin. Syst. Nat. Acipenser scutorum ordinibus quinque ad corpus ayn. Bloch, t. 88. Acipenser. Rondel. Gesn. &c. Sturio. — Salcvian. aquat, 113. ) Sturgeon, Penn, Brit. Zool. Will. ichth. §c. _ Tue Sturgeon is a fish of very great size, grow- ing to the length of eighteen or twenty feet: it is an inhabitant of the Northern European and Ame- rican seas, migrating during the early summer months into the larger rivers and lakes, and return- ing to the sea again in autumn, after having de-— posited its spawn. Its form is long and slender ; spices aula . p= = “Ni OWD ULES NOWNO 7) T7711) gil ENS SI S WSN WN Ww NY a \ N \ ‘i NY SAN At BN Tet} X N ~~, SWS WA SSS WAX SS SS wi SN ~ SS yt WO WS WN ASQ N SSS RR RRR SX 4 Y WG WY WS S WS WW AES » SS S ~\ NS WS S WN N SS SS QQ \ SS SQ Z Z Shas R WY \ SAV SS S S WS N SS SS SW SSS SGQOQOERKN SSS I » Vath \\ wis AlN ° NOWI WAL TULL SSWIONIST a COMMON STURGEON. _ 371 the body pentagonal, gradually tapering towards the tail, and covered throughout the whole length by five rows of strong, large, bony tubercles, round- ed at the base, radiated from the centre, and termi- nated above by a sharp curved point in a reversed direction: of these five rows of tubercles one is situ- ated on the top of the back, and two on each side the body, the lowermost forming the edges of the abdo- men, which is flat: the whole skin also, except on the belly, is roughened by very small tubercles of similar structure: the head is rather large, sloping on each side, and covered with bony plates; the snout long and slender, obtuse at the tip, and fur- nished beneath, at some distance from the end, with four long, worm-shaped beards or cirrhi: the mouth is placed immediately beneath the upper part, of the head, and consists of a transverse oval orifice, totally destitute of teeth, but containing a thick and strong tongue, and is bounded above and below by a strong, cartilaginous edge or lip, which it has the power of retracting and closing at plea- sure: the gill-cover,.on each side, consists of an oval, radiated plate: the pectoral fins are oval, and middle-sized: the dorsal small, and situated very near the tail; the ventral and anal fins are also small, and placed nearly opposite the dorsal: the tail is lobed or slightly forked, the upper lobe being ‘strengthened above by a bony ridge or carina, and extending far beyond the lowér: the general colour is cinereous above, with dusky variegations or specks and whitish or yellowish beneath: the tops of the tubercles are also of a similar cast, 372, | COMMON STURGEON; The Sturgeon is generally considered as a fish of slow motion, and is observed to lie for a consider- able time in the same situation: it even makes but a very faint resistance when first taken, except by sometimes striking with its tail; having great strength in that part: it is however sometimes seen to swim with considerable rapidity and to spring with great force out of the water at intervals, During its residence in the sea it is supposed to live principally on the smaller fishes, and particu- larly on young Herrings, Mackrel, &c. and in rivers | on various kinds of worms, &c. It is rarely taken at any great distance from shore, but frequents such parts of the sea as are not remote from the zestuaries of great rivers. Catesby informs us that in those of North America Sturgeons appear in great abundance in the months of May, June, and July, occasionally springing out of the water to the height of some yards, and falling on their sides with a noise that may be heard to the distance of some miles. In some of the rivers of Virginia they are so numerous that six hundred have been taken in the space of two days, by merely putting down _a pole, with a strong hook at the end, and drawing it up again on perceiving that it rubbed against a fish*. According to Mr. Pennant and Dr. Bloch great numbers are taken during summer in the lakes Frischhaff and Curischaff near Pillau, in large nets made of small cord: the adjacent shores are formed into districts, and farmed out to com- * Penn, Arct. Zool, append. p. 106, Burnaby’s Trav. 8vo. p. 15/ a a Oe RE TG OE eee COMMON STURGEON. 378 panies of fishermen, some being rented for six thousand guilders, or near three hundred pounds per annum. Dr. Bloch informs us that in France the Sturgeon-fishery commences in February in the river Garonne on the coast of Bourdeaur, and lasts till July or August. The Sturgeon is admired for the delicacy and firmness of its flesh, which is white, and when roasted is thought to resemble veal: it is however generally eaten pickled, and the major part of what we receive in that state comes either from the Baltic rivers or those of North America. Of the roe, properly salted and dried, is prepared the sub- stance known by the name of Caviar, a superior kind of which is however made from that of a smaller species, hereafter to be described. In our own country the Sturgeon annually as- cends rivers, but in no great quantity, and is oc- casionally taken in the Salmon-nets: the largest recorded by Mr. Pennant, as taken in England, was of the weight of four hundred and sixty pounds. In its manner of breeding the Sturgeon forms an exception among the cartilaginous fishes, since, as _ before observed, it is oviparous: it is a very prolific fish, and the globules of the roe or spawn are about the size of hemp-seeds. The Sturgeon was a fish in high repute among the Greeks and Romans, and, according to Pliny, was brought to table with much pomp, and orna- mented with flowers, the slaves who carried it being also adorned with garlands, and accompanied by music, The flavour of the Sturgeon is said to vary 374 SMALLER STURGEON. according to the food on which it has principally - fed; for which reason it is distinguished in Sweden and other northern regions into Mackrel-Sturgeon, Herring-Sturgeon, &c. Dr. Bloch observes that the Linnean specific character of this fish is not quite correct, since the number of dorsal tubercles varies from eleven to thirteen; neither is the number of the lateral or ventral rows more constant, vary- ing ina similar manner. Some have supposed the tubercles of the Sturgeon to be annually cast, in the same manner as those on Rays. It may be added that the Sturgeon is able to survive some days when taken out of water; the gill-covers being edged by a soft membranaceous border, which by closing accurately, prevents the access of atmo-_ spheric air to the branchiee. SMALLER STURGEON. Acipenser Schypa. 4. rostro obtuso, oris diametro tertiam partem longiore, cirris rostri apict propioribus, labiis bifidis. Lin. Gmel. Guldenst. nov. comm. Petrop. 16. p. 532. Sturgeon with obtuse snout, a third part larger than the diameter of the mouth; the beards nearer the end of the snout, and the lips bifid. Ir is doubtful whether this be a distinct species, or a variety of the common.Sturgeon, from which it principally differs in its smaller size, rarely ex- ceeding the length of five feet, and m the few par- ticulars mentioned in the specific character given by its describer Guldenstadt. It is a native of the. Caspian sea, and some of the lakes of Siberia. ) 375 ISINGLASS STURGEON. Acipenser Huso. 4. fusco-cerulescens, tuberculis lateralibus subobsoletis, abdomine subargenteo. Dusky-blueish Sturgeon, with somewhat obliterated lateral tubercles, and slightly silvery abdomen. Acipenser Huso, A. cirris quatuor, squamis dorsalibus tredecim, caudalibus quadraginta-tribus. Lin. Syst. Nat. _ Acipenser apertura branchiali partim nuda. Bloch. t. 129. Huso. Aldr. pisc. p. 534, Joust. pise,t.25.f. 1.3. A tareer fish than the common Sturgeon, having been often found of the length of twenty-five feet : general shape the same; colour dusky or blackish blue above, silvery on the sides and abdomen, with a tinge of rose-colour on the latter: general ap- pearance smoother than in the common Sturgeon, _the dorsal tubercles being less protuberant, and those along the sides much smaller, and in some specimens of a very advanced growth altogether wanting: mouth much larger than in the 4. Sturio, with thick, crescent-shaped lips: skin smooth and viscid. Native of the Northern, Caspian, and Mediterranean seas, migrating from them into the adjoining rivers: found more particularly in the Volga and the Danube. It is from the sound or air-bladder of this species that the well-known substance called isinglass is prepared: this is done by cleansing, splitting, and drying that part, either in the air, or occasionally by a fire, and either twisting or flattening it, ac- cording to the particular sorts by which it is distin- guished in commerce. An ample account of-the 376 STERLET. preparation of this useful article may be found in the sixty-third volume of the Philosophical Trans- actions: the skin, tail, stomach, and intestines of the fish are used for the same purpose ; and indeed an isinglass of a somewhat inferior kind may be prepared from the same parts of many other fishes. STERLET. Acipenser Ruthenus. 4. subfuscus, lateribus subrubro maculatis, corpore supra serie triplict tuberculato. | Brownish Sturgeon, with the sides spotted with pale red, and the body shielded above by a triple series of tubercles. Acipenser Ruthenus. 4. cits quatuor, squamis dorsalabus quindecim. Lin. Syst. Nat. Acipenser ordinibus scutorum tribus. Bloch. t. 89. Sterlet. Bruyn. it..93. . 33. Tue Sterlet is the allen species of Sturgeon yet discovered: in length it rarely exceeds three feet, and is principally found in the Caspian sea and the adjoining rivers Volga and Ural: it is also found, though much less frequently, in the Baltic sea. It is said to have been introduced into some | of the large lakes of Sweden by Frederick the first ; and into some parts of Brandenburg and Pomerania by the King of Prussia. .The head of this species is longer in proportion than in other Sturgeons, and flattened both above and below: the body rather more slender, and the bony shields with which the upper parts are covered less: protuberant and of a thinner substance: along the belly are also dis- posed two ranges of small, flat shields: the general G Ay Jackson sculp , ‘ STERLET STURGEON a es SS ~~ Pi STERLET. 377 eolour is dusky above, whitish, and variegated with rose coloured spots beneath: the rows of tubercles are of a yellow cast, and the whole skin is slightly roughened into a kind of scaly appearance: the ventral and anal fins are of a deep rose-colour: the rest blueish-brown: the usual number of shields or tubercles is, according to Dr. Bloch, fourteen along the-back, and fifty-nine along each side. The Sterlet is in much higher esteem as an article of food than any other species, and is even con- sidered as one of the most delicate of fishes. Sterlet- soup, it is well known, formed one of the favourite luxuries of that gigantic epicure Prince Potemkin of Russia, who in seasons when the fish happened to be unusually dear, was content to purchase it at a price so extravagant, that a single tureen, form- ing the mere prelude to his repast, stood him in the sum of three hundred rubles ! The Sterlet indeed in Russia makes its appear- ance chiefly at the entertamments of the higher nobility, and the Caviar prepared from its roe is said to be confined almost exclusively to the use of the royal table. Like the rest of this genus it is a prolific fish, and usually spawns in the months of May and June: it is said to live on worms and small fishes, and is particularly fond of the roe of the common Sturgeon, for which reason it often follows that species in its migrations. — o 378 STELLATED STURGEON. Acipenser Stellatus. 4. rostro spatulato subrecurvo, diametro — oris transverso sextuplo longiore, cirris ori propioribus, labiis antegris. Lin. Gmel, Guldenst. nov. comm. Petrop. 16. p. 533. Sturgeon with spatulate subrecurved snout, and entire lips. Acipenser Kostar. Gmelin. it. 3. p. 238. Lenern from four to five feet: body more slender than in the Sterlet: head subtetragonal, and rough- ened with stellated marks and tubercles: skin roughened by crenated scale-like rudiments: form pentangular, owing to five rows of shields, each of which is keeled and sharp-pointed: in the dorsal row are thirteen, and in the superior lateral rows thirty-five: besides these is a row of smaller ones on each side the abdomen, and beyond the vent are placed three shields: general colour dusky above, spotted with white on the lower part of the sides, and milk-white beneath: fins longer than in — other Sturgeons. Inhabits the Caspian sea, out of which it migrates in innumerable shoals into the rivers. | | P| 104 SQV \\’ Hibs, Wh, Hy ———— : = —— SS WI, UMS y] Us Hh . LH I WN —— MOAI varices fh HANG == = EUROPEAN ANGLER. 2804, June 1. London, Published by G. Kearsley, Fleet Stren. LOPHIUS. ANGLER. Generic Character. Caput depressum. Head depressed. Dentes plurimi, acuti. Lin- || Teeth numerous, sharp. gua dentibus armata. - Tongue armed with teeth. Corpus crassum. | Pinne pectorales brachiate. ') Pectoral fins brachiated. EUROPEAN ANGLER. Lophius Europeus. lL. depressus fuscus, antice rotundatus, subtus albidus, lateribus fimbriatis. Brown depressed Angler, rounded in front, whitish beneath, with fringed sides. | ‘Lophius- piscatorius. L. ete? capite rotundato. Lan. Syst, Wage 5” | : Lophius capite corpore latiore. Bloch. t. 87. Rana marina. Bellon. ag. p. 85. Jonst. pisc. t. 11. f. 8. Rana piscatrix, Toadfish, &e. Will. ichth, pe OGe t,.L. de Common Angler. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tue genus Sophie iS remarkable oa a pecu- liarly uncouth appearance ; the body being thick and shapeless, and the fins short and broad: the largest of the genus is the Lophius piscatorius, popularly known by the title of the Frog-Fish. It is an inhabitant of the European seas, where it sometimes arrives at a great size, having been seen to measure six or seven feet in length: its more 380 EWROPEAN ANGLER. general length however is from two to three or four feet. The shape bears some resemblance to that of a Tadpole, the head being lost as it were in the outline of the sides, and the hind-parts taper- ing pretty suddenly towards the tail: the skin is smooth, but the upper parts of the animal are marked by: various inequalities of surface, rising here and there into the appearance of short spines: the eyes are large, and of a whitish colour, with the iris radiated by several dusky stripes: the mouth excessively wide, with the lower jaw con- siderably longer than the upper: the teeth very ‘ sharp and numerous, both in the mouth and on the tongue: from the upper part of the head spring two or three long and linear tentacula or processes, situated in a longitudinal direction behind each other, and followed by a few shorter ones down the back: the sides or edges of the body are fringed, at intervals, with many shorter appendages of a somewhat similar nature: the pectoral fins are large, of a rounded and slightly scolloped outline, and are seated on very thick, arm-like processes : the ventral fins are short, cartilaginous, of a whitish colour, and strongly palmated: the dorsal fin is rather shallow and situated at the lower part of the. back: the ventral is placed nearly opposite and is of similar appearance, but somewhat smaller: the tail is short and rounded. The colour of the whole animal on the upper parts is brown, with a few deeper and paler variegations, and beneath whitish. This fish is observed chiefly to frequent the shallow parts of the sea, lying in ambush, halfcovered by CORNISH ANGLER. 281 the weeds and mud: in this situation it is said to move about the tentacula or long processes on the head, &c. in such a manner that the smaller fishes, - deceived by their resemblance to worms, and at- tempting to seize them, become an easy prey to the Lophius. This practice, which is mentioned by Pliny and others, induced Mr. Pennant, in the British Zoology, to distinguish the genus by the English title of Angler. s & \ a CORNISH ANGLER. Lophius Cornubicus. LL. depressus subelongatus, corpore postice Jfimbriato. _ Depressed subelongated Angler, with the body fringed at the hind part. Fishing-Frog of Mount’s-Bay. Borl. Cornw. 260. pl, 29: f: Ge Long Angler. Penn. Brit. Zool. Ir may perhaps be doubted whether this be truly distinct from the preceding fish, or whether it may not rather constitute a sexual difference or a variety. it is mentioned by Dr. Borlace in his Natural History of Cornwall, and is said to be of a longer form than the common Angler, with the head more bony, rough, and aculeated, as well as destitute of the fringed appendages, which take place only towards the hind-part of the body: the pectoral fins are tipped with spines of about an inch and three quarters in length, and on the tail are similar ones° but somewhat shorter, measuring only an inch. Observed about Mount’s Bay in Cornwall. MURICATED ANGLER. Lophius Muricatus. L, depressus antice orbiculatus, supra spinis radiatis muricatus. Depressed Angler, with the fore-parts orbicular, and muricated above by radiated spines. Lophie Faujas. Cepede. Descrisep by Cepede, from a specimen in the Museum of the Prince of Orange: body very flat, orbicular, and covered above with very numerous, small tubercles tipped with divided or radiated spines: hind part contracting suddenly, covered with similar spines, and terminated by the tail-fin, which is of moderate size and slightly rounded : pectoral fins large, and situated lower than in the common Angler: ventral on each side the middle of the body beneath: ‘dorsal fin small, and placed low on the back; anal nearly opposite: mouth of moderate width, and terminal, with equal jaws: eyes small: lower lip slightly fringed, as are like- wise the sides of the body: branchial orifices placed on each side the disk of the body, and at no great distance from the begining of the tail: length of the specimen examined about four inches. _ Se Se ee ee oo MURICATED ANGLER. 0? das Be = == BS Hl th "i , Wn il hie di i, === ie M4 ae Vas i % NY ‘ Nl) i a i . “ a (vl ; pe ( R= — \ \ ‘\ : ‘\ 8 fl A hy W 2 = SS ae 7 ANA = ZA\\AN Hh it} i i Yi [ll Tomhins »cudp. ? a i Tebh ; i a oe i ae Be = es a Yj Yi i) ce, rag | ‘i {hy Hai PAN y ane é isa Lass \ EN 103 peas sence ; - ML ON yon vk ea . ne dries et AS) Pat y t LG cls aK = pee esa! sah ica NN Eps Shey mM IN 383 BEAKED ANGLER. ~Lophius Rostratus. L. depressus subferrugineus, supra tuber- culatus, capite rostrato. | Depressed subferruginous Angler, tuberculated above, with beaked head. _ Lophius Vespertilio. L. depressus, capite rostrato. Lin. Syst. Nat. - Rana piscatrix Americana. Seb. mus. 3. t. 74.f. 2. Lophius capite retuso? Brown Jum. pl. 48. f. 3. ? Guacucuja. . Marcgr. Bras. p. 143. Leneru from ten to eighteen inches: body broad in the middle, tapering towards the tail, and strongly acuminated in front, so as to form a sharp- pointed, lengthened snout: mouth of moderate width, and situated at a considerable distance be- _. neath the tip of the snout: above each nostril a short cartilaginous filament, with a dilated tip: pectoral fins situated on very strong arm-shaped | bases: ventral smaller and placed nearer the front: dorsal very small, and situated at a small distance beyond the pectoral: tail rounded at the end: whole animal covered above with numerous, scat- tered, roundish, crenated tubercles, with pointed tops: the interstices of the skin are roughened by minute points: under surface also roughened by small points but destitute of tubercles: colour above pale red-brown; beneath whitish. Native of the South-American seas, lying among weeds, &c. and preying, like the common Angler, on small fishes, worms, &c. Vo ¥. P. Il. ho BH 383A HARLEQUIN ANGLER. Lophius Histrio. L. compressus fusco-flavescens, maculis irregu- laribus nigricantibus, capite corporeque cirrhosis. Yellowish-brown. compressed Angler, with irregular plaihich spots, and cirri on the head and body. Lophius Histrio. LL. compressus. Lin. Syst. Nat. Piscis Brasiliensis cornutus. Petiv. gaz. t. 20. f. 6. ‘ Guaperva., Marcgr. Bras. 150. Will. ichth, 50. t. E. 2. fed. Lophius corpore scabro, capite obtuso. Bloch. t. 111. One of the most grotesque and singular of fishes: body thick, but much compressed: mouth of mode- rate width: eyes large, with radiated irides: pec- toral fins middle sized :.ventral resembling a kind of short arms, situated very forwards, and palmated at their tips: dorsal fin large, and extending from — the middle of the back to within a small distance of the tail, which is of a rounded shape: vent-fin opposite the hind part of the dorsal: at a small distance above the upper lip rises a long and slender cartilaginous process or filament, dividing at top into two dilated oval and pointed appendages: — beyond this a strong and thick fleshy process, ter- _ minated by a few filaments: beyond this a similar process but much larger and thicker, and tipped, like the former, with several filaments: lower lip, sides of the body, and fore part of the dorsal fin bearded with scattered cirri: general colour of the whole animal yellow-brown, irregularly marbled or blotched with very deep brown or blackish variega- tions, here and there edged with white. ‘This species is a native of the Indian and American seas, RIO WIRIVEL CaCI) NY o (62 Ye STRIPED ANGLER. 385 growing to the length of ten or twelve inches, _and in manners resembling the European Angler. Mons‘. Renard, in his History of Fishes, affirms that he knew an instance of an individual of this species kept for three days out of water, and walk- ing about the house in the manner of a. dog!!! STRIPED ANGLER. Lophius Striatus. L. compressus, fusco-flavescens, striis undique confertissimis nigris, Viv. Nat. 5. t. 175. Compressed yellowish-brown Angler, marked on all parts with very numerous black streaks. Striated Lophius. Nat. Misc. 5. ¢. 175. ~Mocx allied to the Z. Histrio, but differing in being marked all over, chiefly in a transverse direc- tion, by very numerous and closely-placed, narrow, black streaks, of unequal lengths, with fine black lines interposed: the streaks round the eyes are © placed in a radiated direction: fins as in the _ffistrio, and marked with black spots: mouth wide: tongue broad, and paved above with flattened _ teeth: from the top of the mouth a long filament, q slightly dilated into an oval shape at the tip: at some distance beyond this two strong and thick _ processes, as in the former species, but without fila- >=: x Se oa 2 ments at their tip: rays of the dorsal fin each ter- minating in a fine cirrus. Native of the Southern seas: observed about the coasts of Otaheitee during the first voyage of Captain Cook. Length of the specimen described about five inches. 386 PAINTED ANGLER. Lophius Pictus. LL. compressus fuscus, lituris subflavis rubre marginatis. , Compressed brown Angler, with yellowish blotches margined with red. Lophius pictus. Variegated Lophius. Nat. Misc. 5. pl. 176. ALLIED in some degree to the Lophius Histrio : length of the specimen described about four inches: colour dull brown, with a few very large, irregular patches of pale yellow, strongly clouded on the edges with deep crimson: between these blotches — are interposed a few rather small, roundish, black — spots: over the mouth a long filament, dividing - into three at the top: beyond this a pair of thick — processes as in the two preceding species: pectoral and ventral fins strongly radiated at the ends by the fibres: native of the Pacific: observed about Otaheitee, New-Holland, &c. MARBLED ANGLER. Lophius Marmoratus. By) subcomeneeee lividus, albid ferrite gineoque varius, pinna dorsali simplici. % oe Subcompressed livid Angler with whitish and Sarina r variegations, and simple dorsal fin. Nat. Misc. 5.¢.170. Lenetu of the specimen described about five — inches: shape oval, or nearly resembling that of — the generality of fishes: body slightly compressed: — back arched, and furnished with a single and rather 105 PAIN T ED ANGLER. SSS NN UU COMMERSONIAN ANGLER. 337.” shallow fin, commencing at some distance beyond the head, and extending to within a small distance from the tail, where it is somewhat broader than at its origin: pectoral fins much resembling those of the generality of fishes, the bases or arms being scarce apparent: ventral short, arm-shaped, and terminated by thick and slightly marked lobes, so -as to resemble the paws of a quadruped: anal fin longish, and situated near the tail, which is — slightly rounded: colour on the upper parts black- brown with a few blueish clouds and spots: on the lower parts whitish, both colours breaking into each other on the sides of the fish, and white parts being edged with dull red: eyes white, radiated with black: mouth wide: above the upper lip a long filament, forking into two at the tip. Native of the Pacific: observed about the coast of Otaheitee, &c. COMMERSONIAN ANGLER. Lophius Commersonii. Lophius Pes niger, macula utrinque rotundata alba, Compressed black Angler, with a rounded white spot on (oe side. Lophie Commerson. Cepede. Autep to the Harlequin Angler, but entirely of a black colour, except a small, round, milk-white spot on each side: skin rough or granulated: tongue roughened with small teeth: above the eyes a long and slender filament with a clavated tip: tips of the fins rather pale: length a few inches: observed by Commerson in the Indian seas. CYCLOPTERUS. SUCKER. Generic Character. Capué obtusum: Dentes || Head obtuse: Teeth in the maxillares: Lingua bre- || jaws: Tongue short and - VIS, craseay 1). thick. Corpus crassum, squamis || Body thick, without scales. nudum. : ) : Pinne ventrales in orbicu- || Ventral fins united into a lum connate. | cirele. ane LUMP SUCKER. Cyclopterus Lumpus. C. nigricans, subtus ruber, corpore tuber- culis osseis angulato. ( | Blackish Sucker, red beneath, with the body. angulated by bony tubercles. | Cyclopterus Lumpus. C. corpore squamis osseis angulato. Lin. Syst. Nat. ie _ Cyclopterus ordinibus tuberculorum septem. Bloch. t. 90; — Lumpus Anglorum. Gesn. Will. &c. Lump Sucker. Penn. Brit. Zool. “ Tu IS singular fish (says Mr. Pennant), en- creases to the weight of seven pounds, and to the _ Jength of nineteen inches: the shape of the body is’ like that of the bream, deep and very thick, and it | swims edgeways: the back is sharp and elevated, — the belly flat: the irides are of a cherry-colour, the lips, mouth, and tongue of a deeper red: the jaws LUMP SUCKER. 100 \ ay \\ \ \ \ aye \ ee = SSS Yj) —— S SN : Heath scalp. SNAIL SUCKER. ¥ LUMP SUCKER. 389 lined with innumerable small teeth; the tongue very thick: along the ridge of the back is a row of large bony tubercles; from above the eye to within a small space of the tail-is another row; beneath that a third, commencing at the gills; and on each side the belly a fourth row, consisting of five tubercles like the other: the whole skin is rough, with small tubercles: on the upper part of the back is a thick ridge, improperly called a fin, being destitute of spies; beneath that is the’ dorsal fin, of a brownish hue, reaching within an inch of the tail: on the belly, just opposite, is another of the same form: the belly is of a bright crimson colour: the pectoral fins are large and broad, almost unit- ing at their base: beneath these is the part by which at adheres to the rocks, &c. it consists of an oval aperture, surrounded with a fleshy muscular and obtuse soft substance, edged with small thread- ed appendages, which concur as so many claspers: (tail and vent fins purple.) By means of this part it adheres with vast force to any thing it pleases: as a proof of its tenacity, we have known, that on flinging a fish of this species, just caught, into a pail of water, it fixed itselfso firmly to the bottom, that on taking the fish by the tail, the whole pail was lifted, though it held some gallons, and that without removing the fish from its hold.” These fish resort in multitudes, during the spring, to the coast of Sutherland, near the Ord of Cathness. The seals, which swim beneath, prey greatly on them, leaving the skins; numbers of which, thus emptied, float at that season ashore. 390 PYRAMIDAL SUCKER. It is easy to distinguish the place where seals are devouring this or any unctuous fish, by a smoothness of the water immediately above the spot: this fact is now established, it being a tried property of oil to still the agitation of the waves and render them smooth*. Great numbers of these fish are found in the Greenland seas, during the -months of April and May, when they resort near the shore to spawn: their roe is remarkably large, which the Greenlanders boil to a pulp and eat : they are extremely fat, which recommends them ‘the more to the natives, who admire oily food: they call them Nipisets or Cat-Fish, and take quan- tities of them during the season. This fish is some- times eaten in England, being stewed like Carp, but is both ae and insipid. r we Var. ? PYRAMIDAL SUCKER, €yclopterus Pyramidatus. C. dorso pyramidato. Sucker with pyramidal back. | Lumpus gibbosus.. Will. ichth. p. 209. t. N. 10. f. 2. Hasir or general appearance that of the common Sucker, but with the back raised into a high pyra- midal elevation: colour, so far as may be judged from a dried specimen, thé same as in the common . Sucker, of which it seems to be generally considered. * See Phil. Trans, 1774, p. 445. ee Og. PAV ONIAN SUCKER P YRAMIDAL SUCKER aad ar PAVONIAN SUCKER. 391 as a variety: first described by Gesner, and from him by Willughby: said to be found in the Baltic sea and the Northern ocean, and, like the former kind, is occasionally seen about the coasts of Scot- land. In the Leverian Museum is a very fine specimen of this fish. | Var. PAVONIAN SUCKER. _ Cyclopterus Pavoninus. C. argenteo-thalassinus, lateribus sub- roseis, dorso caruleo. Silvery-green Sucker, with the sides subrosaceous, and the back blue. ‘ Cyclopterus pavoninus. Nat, Misc. 9. t. 310. Aw accurate description of this highly beautiful variety was transmitted to me some years ago by the Revd. Mr. Hugh Davies, of Aber near Bangor, in North-Wales, and was introduced into the ninth volume of the Naturalist’s Miscellany. Mr. Davies observes that it seems to have escaped the notice of every English Ichthyologist, but is described by Klein in his Historia Piseium under the title of Oncotion dilute viridis et vivide coloribus pavoneis resplendens, dorso parum ngricante, pinnis viridibus, ad ambitum deauratis. In all particulars, except in size and colours, it agrees with the common Lump-Fish : the back is of a fine azure, deepening towards the ridge: the sides are tinged with crim- son: the mouth, sides of the head, and all the 302- | LARGE-TOOTHED SUCKER. under parts, to the tail, are of a delicate sea-green, with a silvery tinge on the cheeks, the pectoral fins, and the part of the body next the tail: the iris is likewise silvery, the pupil black: the fins and tail terminate in a fine pale yellow. It has been ob- served by Dr. Pallas that the Lump-Fish probably. exhibits this variety of splendid colours in its younger state only, but Mr. Davies remarks that this ob- servation does not hold good, (universally at least,) since he has seen a specimen of smaller size than the beautiful variety above described, which was entirely of a brown colour. The payomian variety observed by Mr. Davies measured about six inches in length, and about three and a half in breadth, and Mr. D. is inclined to suppose that it does not attain to the size of the common Lump-Fish. LARGE-TOOTHED SUCKER. Cyclopterus Dentex. C. corpore nudo, capite iner'mi glaberrimo, pinnis sejunctis. Lin. Gmel. Pall. spic. zool. 7. t.1.f. 1.4. Sucker with naked body, shat smooth unarmed head, and separate fins. Heap very large, much broader than the body, depressed, flat beneath: eyes oval, with silvery irides: mouth as wide as the head: lips thick, wrinkled, and doubled, with two very soft fleshy caruncles within: tongue short, of an elliptic- rounded shape: mandibles rounded: teeth conic, unequal; in the upper jaw four to the rightand three to the left: in the lower ten middle-teeth, GELATINOUS SUCKER. 304 and seven lateral: gill-covers large and bony: ab- domen ventricose : vent situated close to the tail, which is compressed, flattish, and subattenuated : fins soft and whitish, with thick, setaceous, carti- _laginous rays: dorsal fin somewhat anterior to the anal: pectoral fins semicircular: tail rounded: size of the fish about thrice that of the Cottus grunniens : colour reddish. Native of the American seas. GELATINOUS SUCKER. Cyclopterus Gelatinosus. (. gelatinosus, subdiaphanus, roseus, pinna dorsali analique violaceis. - Gelatinous, subtransparent, rose-coloured Sucker, with a coloured dorsal and anal fin. -' Cyclopterus gelatinosus. C. corpore nudo subdiaphano gelatinoso, pinnis pecioralibus latissimis. Lin. Gmel, Pall, spic. zool. 7, p. 19. Leneru about eighteen inches: body slender, oblong, compressed: thicker towards the head, and gradually tapering to the tail: colour whitish with a rosy tinge: skin smooth; flesh very soft, iso- ‘much as to tremble like jelly when touched: dorsal and anal fin dark violet: pectoral fins flaccid and rounded: native of the seas about the eastern parts of Kamtschatka and the opposite American shores: not eatable, being refused even by the Kamt- schatkan dogs, which are fed during part of the year with fish of various kinds. 30-4 VENTRICOSE SUCKER. Cyclopterus Ventricosus. C. olivaceus, abdomine ventricoso. Olivaceous Sucker, with ventricose abdomen. Cyclopterus ventricosus. C. corpore mudo, vesica urinaria amplissima gemina, abdomen distendente. Lin. Gmel. Pall. spic. zool. 7. p. 15. Lenetu about a foot: skin covered with livid mucous: habit approaching to that of the /Veesle Gadus: head thick, blunt, and flattish on the top : eyes lateral, on the upper part of the head: dorsal fin whitish-yellow with black rays, of which the sixth is longer than the rest: pectoral fins wide: tail suddenly attenuated beyond the vent: instru- ment of suction orbicular or suboval, with a fleshy, yellow, wrinkled disk, and a smooth, contractile border. Native of the seas between America and Kamtschatka. | SNAIL SUCKER. Cyclopterus Liparis. C. subfuscus, maculis nigricantibus, subtus albidus, radio primo pinnarum pectoralium elongato. Brownish Sucker, with blackish spots, beneath whitish, with. the first ray of the pectoral fins elongated. Cyclopterus Liparis. C. corpore nudo, pinnis dorsali anal . caudalique unitis.. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 414. Cyclopterus pinna pectorali barbiformi. Bloch. ¢. 133. f. 3.4. Unctuous Sucker. Penn. Brit. Zool. Lenetu from five to sixteen or eighteen inches: shape lengthened, thick, compressed, soft, unctu- ’ LINEATED SUCKER. 393 ous, and mucous like a snail: body subtransparent; brownish above, with darker stripes, beneath white, with a cast of yellow on the head and sides: head large, thick, and rounded: eyes small: fins brown: tail short and rounded: instrument of adhesion round, of a blueish colour, and marked with twelve radiate spots. Native of the Northern seas, as far as Kamtschatka: occasionally observed about the British coasts: sometimes ascends rivers. - Var. ? LINEATED SUCKER. Cyclopterus Lineatus. C. subferrugineus, lineis longitudinalibus albidis undulatus. | 3 Subferruginous Sucker, undulated with longitudinal whitish lines. Cyclopterus lineatus. C. corpore nuda, pinnis dorsali et anali sensim in caudalem excurrentibus. Lin. Gmel. Lepechin. nov. comm, Petrop. 18. p. 522. GreaTLy resembles the preceding fish, -of which it is perhaps a variety: colour chesnut, with strait and undulated whitish longitudinal bands: body very thick on the foreparts, and tapering behind : head depressed: back gibbous: dorsal fin and anal fin marked by small, pale-green bands: pectoral fins large, and lunate: tail small: orb of adhesion thick and fleshy, protuberant at the edge, and beset with reddish papille. Native of the White Sea. 306 SPINE-HEADED SUCKER. Cyclopterus Bispinosus, C. capite postice utrinque unispimoso. Sucker with the head armed on each side the back part with a single spine. Cyclopterus nudus. C. corpore nudo, capite postice sevinid unispinoso. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 414. | A SMALL species: described by Linneus in the Museum Adolphi Fredericit. Native of India. SMALL SUCKER. Cyclopterus Minutus. C. corpore nudo, rostro supra os tribus tuberculis inceequali. Lin. Gmel, Pall. spic. zool. 7. p. 12. Sucker with naked body, and snout marked above the mouth by three tubercles, A very small species: allied m habit to the common Sucker: colour whitish; body compressed, with two white, unequal bony tubercles on each side: at the beginning of the back a long, at- tenuated, reclinate process: tail even: orb of ~ adhesion hollow in the middle, oval, with a dilated edge with about seven lobes. Native of the At- lantic ocean. . | 507 CORNISH SUCKER. - Cyclopterus Cornubicus. C. fusco-purpurascens, fronte producto. Purplish-brown Sucker, with lengthened front. : ‘Lepadogaster. Gowan. pisc. 177. t. 1. f. 6: 7. Lesser Sucking-Fish. Borlase Cornw, 269. t. f. 28. Jura Sucker. Penn. Brit. Zool. | Lenetu about four inches: skin without scales, slippery, and of a dusky colour: the body taper, the nose growing slender from the head, and ending round: the teeth small: before each eye a small filament: behind the eyes two semilunar marks: in the middle of the back an oval mark, formed by — small dots of a whitish colour: dorsal fin near the tail, and consisting of eleven rays : anal fin oppo- site, nine-rayed: ventral four-rayed, the rays joined by an intervening membrane with an oval de- pression in the middle: beyond that another strong membrane with a similar depression. Native of the European seas: found by Dr. Borlase on the coast of Cornwall, and by Mr. Pennant in the Sound of Jura. Dr. Borlace describes his specimen as of a purple colour. 398 BIMACULATED SUCKER. Cyclopterus Bimaculatus. C. roseus, macula utrinque ventrali nigra. ; : Rose-coloured Sucker, with a black spot on each side’ the abdomen. | Bimaculated Sucker. Penn. Brit. Zool. A very small species: head flat, and tumid on each side: body taper: pectoral fins placed un- usually high: dorsal fin single, and placed low, or near the tail, which is even at the end: colour of the head and body bright pink; of the fins whitish: on each side the engine of adherence on the belly is a round black spot. Native of the European. seas: observed near Weymouth. 4 s \ ‘ Be 4 POTTED FILE-I 1O€. 4 Jackson. sculp . Haas oe Tonite ale i LY E iif Li _Aanin = ge v = Lil S SS SS SS AK} iu (st Nayyst Wi Wi ban \ AK i NUP Ai ' inet Gretta cea S ap puted mn } CAP, it’ < S i] f G7] Ne HK BALISTES. FILE-FISH. Generic Character. Dentes plures in maxilla || Teeth several in both jaws.» utraque. : Corpus compressum, abdo- |} Body compressed: abdo- mine carinato. | men carinated. Cutis coriacea, scabra, seepe || Skin tough, often reticulat- squamis coadunatis reti- ed by scale- like divisions. culata. UNICORN FILE-FISH. Balistes Monoceros. B. griseus; fusco variatus, radio super caput longo, acuminato, postice serrata, Grey File-Fish, variegated with brown, and finttaheet over the. head with a long, sharp-pointed ray serrated behind. Balistes Monoceros. 8B. pinna capitis uniradiata,; radiis caudali< bus carinatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Balistes unicornu, radiis quinquaginta in pinna ani. Bloch. ¢ 147. Tuts species grows to a considerable size, often exceeding the length of two feet: the body is of an oval shape, and, like most others of this genus, it possesses the power of inflating at pleasure the sides of the abdomen, by means of a pair of bony processes within that part: the skin is every where covered with very minute ee, and the general Vv. V. P. Il. 27 AO0O HISPID FILE-FISH. colour is grey, inclining to brown on the upper parts, and varied with irregular, dusky, subtrans- verse undulations and spots: immediately over the head, just above the eyes, is a very strong single, — and slightly recurved spine of considerable length, and serrated on the hind part: the dorsal fin com- mences at some distance beyond this, and is rather shallow, reaching to within a small distance of the tail, which is of an oval or slightly rounded ‘shape : the anal fin is placed opposite the dorsal and is of similar form: the pectoral are small and rounded : the ventral consist of a pair of concealed, rough bony processes: both fins and tail are of a pale brown colour, the latter marked by a few dusky bars. This fish is a native of the Indian and Ame- rican seas, feeding chiefly on crustaceous and testa- ceous marine animals. In the North-American seas is found a variety, of a larger size, and varie- gated with red and blue streaks: this, according to Catesby, is esteemed a poisonous fish. HISPID FILE-FISH. Balistes Hispidus. B. pinna capitis uniradiata, rostro subulato,. pinna caude ocello nigro. Lin, Syst. Nat. | - Spotted File-Fish, with subulate snout, and a black spot on the tail-fin. Ralistes varius, dorso monocantho, &c. Seb. mus. 3. p. 106. bi BA. fos Lenetu about three inches: shape oval: snout produced into a tubular form: colour pale yellow- —_< Sect ies : - DOWNY FILE-FISH: 401 brown, varied with numerous ocellated or areolated dusky spots: at some distance beyond the top of the head a long serrated spine: ventral spines slightly projecting: tail rounded, and marked in the middle by a black spot : on each side the ex- tremity of the body immediately adjoining to the tail are situated very numerous small recurved spines, to the numbet of an hundred on 4 side. Native of the American and Indian seas. The Indian variety is said by Commerson to be of a dusky or blackish colour. DOWNY FILE-FISH. Balistes Torentosus. B. abdomine ventricoso maculato, lateri- bus versus caudam hirsutis. : File-Fish with spotted ventricose abdomen, and sides setaceous towards the tail. Balistes tomentosus. B. pinna capitis biradiata, corpore poste- rius subvilloso. Lin. Syst. Nat. : Leveru a few. inches: shape broad oval, with the abdomen projecting greatly beyond the outline of the other parts: colour yellowish brown, the project- ing abdomen being. marked with numerous, small, dusky, semilunar streaks: ventral spines very strong: above the head a very strong and thick spine, serrated on the hind part: pectoral fins small: dorsal and anal opposite, and rather shallow: tail rounded; the extremity of the body imme- diately preceding it being furnished on each side with numerous, small, reversed spines: whole skin A02 PAPILLOSE FILE-FISH. rough with very small prickles, those on the abdo- men giving it a kind of downy appearance. Na- tive of the Indian seas.: ct PAPILLOSE FILE-FISH. Balistes Papillosus. .B. pinna dorsal anteriore biradiata, corpore papilloso. Lin. Syst. Nat. File-Fish with two spines above the head, and Body covered by granular papilla. Balistes granulatus. B. pinna cloned anteriore biradiata, corpore granoso. White's Journ. of Voy. to N, S. W. p. 254. _Lenera about four inches: colour grey : whole body roughened by minute papille or granules: above the head a very strong and thick serrated spine, with a smaller and shorter placed imme- diately behind it: pectoral fins lanceolate: dorsal and anal rather shallow, and placed opposite: vent- ral spines short and rough: tail slightly rounded. Native of the Indian and American seas: observed about the coasts of New Holland. AO03 CHINESE FILE-FISH. Balistes Chinensis. B. cinereus maculis parvis aurantwis, radio capitis unico, pinna ventrali unica. _Cinereous File-Fish, with small orange spots, ray over the head single, and single ventral fin. Balistes Sinensis. B. radio in capite unico, pinna ventralt unica. Bloch. t. 152. _ Levertu a few inches: colour pale grey, with a cast of yellow-brown on the upper parts: sides marked with minute red spots: above the head a very strong serrated spine: ventral fin single, with the first ray strong and serrated: dorsal and anal fins rather shallow, and placed opposite: tail rounded: lateral line commencing behind the eyes, and curving downwards as it approaches the end of the body, which is beset, on each side the tail, with two rows of spines curving forwards, to the number of four in each row: skin rough with minute points, growing rather longer towards the tail. Native of the Indian seas about the Chinese coasts, and in the South-American seas about those of Brasil. AOA RINGENT FILE-FISH: Balistes Ringens. B. niger, cute in rhombos divisa. © Black File-Fish, with the skin marked into rhombic dBians. Balistes ringens. B. pinna dorsali anteriore triradiata, lateribus. capitis triplicatis, cauda bifida. Lin. Syst. Nat. Balistes pinna anali brevi, aculeis duobus in pinna dorsali prima. Bloch. t. 152. f. 2. Lenetu ten or twelve inches: shape oval: colour entirely black, except a streak of blue along the base of each of the pectoral fins, and across the tail: skin strongly marked by cross lines into lozenges or scale-like squares: above the eyes a small fin, with two or three rays, the first very strong and serrated: dorsal and anal opposite: tail slightly lunated: teeth strong, and by their white colour forming a striking contrast with the jetty hue of the skin: eyes blue. Native of the Indian and American seas. 7 Var. WHITE-FINNED FILE-FISH. Srinar to the preceding, but with the pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins white, with a narrow black border: tail white at the base, the remainder orange-coloured. Observed about the coasts of Otaheitee by Capt. G. Tobin. AOS BLUE-STREAKED FILE-FISH. Balistes liturosus. B. elongatus niger, lituris cerulets, spina capitis longissima, pinnis albis, cuude fascia cerulea. Elongated black File-Fish, with blue streaks, very long spine over the head, and white fins, with a blue bar across the tail, Leneru nearly two feet: habit long and slender: colour jet-black, with numerous, abrupt, blue streaks in an obliquely longitudinal direction: fins and tail white ; a blue bar across the latter: under jaw longer than the upper: over the eyes a very long, slender, black spine: along each side of the head, from the eyes to the mouth, a narrow white stripe: eyes yellow. Native of the Indian seas: observed about the coasts of Otaheitee by Captain G. Tobin. SMOOTH FILE-FISH. Balistes Levis. B. subflavescens, antice fascis longitudinalibus, postice transversis subceruleis. Yellowish File-Fish, with longitudinal blueish bands on the. fore-part, and transverse on the hind-part. Balistes corpore levi. Bloch. t, 414, Leneru about twelve inches: habit rather length- ened: skin smooth: colour pale yellowish brown, marked on the fore-parts by four or five longitudinal pale-blue stripes reaching to the middle of the body, and on the hind by several transverse stripes of similar colour: on the stripes, as well as on the other parts of the skin, are several small black spots: 406 SONNERAT’S FILE-FISH. dorsal and anal fin placed opposite: tail large, oval, and of a blackish cast: the rest of the fins pale: ventral spines not apparent: above the eyes a single smooth spine of moderate length. Native of ‘he Indian seas. SONNERAT’S FILE-FISH. Balistes Sonneratii. B. griseus, thorace subtus albido, fascia utrinque lunata nigra. _ Grey File-Fish, with the thorax whitish beneath, ‘andl marked on each side by a black crescent, Le Baliste Bourse. Cepede. Lenetu from six to ten inches: shape ovate: colour grey-brown above, and blueish white be- neath from the mouth to the beginning of the ventral fin, the two colours being separated by a line of white: skin rough; fin above the head con- sisting of four or five rays, united by a membrane ; the first ray stronger than the rest: on each side the head, crossing the eyes, a black crescent, pass- ing downwards as far as the base of the pectoral fin: the horns pointing backwards: beyond this an oblong, slightly forked spot: dorsal and anal - fin placed opposite, and of a white colour: ventral spines rough, slightly prominent, and black, the co- lour being continued along the lower part between them and the vent: tail nearly even. Native of the Indian seas: observed by Sonnerat about the coasts of the Isle of France: by Capt. G. Tobin about those of Otaheitee. eras a TANanMo’ a neo fot sete boonlg, at lane her leerob Boe lath 3285 “det losid 610 bie s -ireneqas fou, earn, 2 aia * Suaobe to of hide. HOOKS oboe ee PBs ay. is 3 et “ eh is 3th) Av ai 44 cig ‘ Geen care meno avenpel er von on 1 oth . ETCH 4 ae ue 4S Hs as jee banal OS Oa i pe troy ont Gus B rian et pS Ps 2 z ; B aa be qioee t 5 enoe ceenye ae riety Yo pal ye} ay 4 . & Heath sadp. MEDITERRANEAN. FILE: FISH. A07 PATCHED FILE-FISH. Balistes Bicolor. B. niger, maculis magnis albis. Black File-Fish, with large white spots. Balistes Americanus. Lin. Gmel. p. 1473 ? Lenetu about ten inches: shape broad oval, or similar to that of the ringent file-fish: colour black, or very. deep brown, marked about the lower or under parts by numerous large ovate white or yellowish-white spots, of unequal size: in some parts, as about the breast and towards the tail, the spots are more or less confluent so as to form abrupt bands :. across the head, from eye to eye, a white band or crescent: mouth edged by two con- — centric white bands, of which the first 1s broadest : dorsal and anal fin white or pale: tail rounded, and tipped by a broad white band: fin above the - head consisting of two or three rays united by a membrane ; the first ray very thick, rough, and much: depressed : ventral processes of similar ap- pearance: skin marked into squares as in the B. ringens: teeth strong and white. Native of the Indian seas. An elegant specimen is preserved in the Leverian Museum. A08 GREENISH FILE-FISH, Balistes Virescens. B. virescens, nigro-punctatus. Greenish File-Fish, speckled with black. Le Baliste verdatre, Cepede. oe “A LARGE species: habit similar to that of the preceding species: colour greenish, with a tinge of brown and yellow on different parts: skin mark- ed into large squares, each of which has a dusky spot in the centre: sides of the head deep gold- colour; the top of a blackish blue, with small yellow specks: lower part of the head, and breast, of a pale blue: from the eyes to the base of the pectoral fins an indistinct blackish band: fins and tail whitish, edged with black: pectoral fins tipped with yellow: tail rounded: extremities of the body beset with four longitudinal rows of small reversed prickles or spines: from the ventral processes to the vent a double row of short spines: teeth strong : first dorsal fin, or that situated above and beyond the head consisting of three or four rays united by a membrane; the first ray very strong and rough. Native of the Indian seas: observed by Sennerat., - 409 FASCIATED FILE-FISH. ' Balistes Fasciatus. B. flavus, fascia utrinque obliqua nigra. Yellow File-Fish, with an oblique black band on each side. Baliste echarpe. Cepede. SuaPe rhombic-ovate, very slightly lengthened : colour of the upper parts pale yellow: head deep yellow: upper lip surrounded by a bright-blue band: aross the body, but in an oblique direction, a broad black band, including the eyes, and pass- ing to the base of the anal fin: end of the body on each side marked by a large black triangle, point- ing forwards: in the area of this triangle are placed three or four longitudinal rows of small spines: first. or small dorsal fin situated beyond the eyes, and consisting of three rays with a membrane ; the first ray very thick, and rough: ventral spines of similar appearance: pectoral fins, second dorsal, anal, and caudal pale, but the pectoral marked by a red spot: it is also to be observed, that the extremity of the body or base of the tail is surrounded by a black band; that the lower parts of the body are of a red-brown colour, and that a narrow pale-blue stripe descends from the front of each eye to the base of the pectoral fins, forming an accompany- ment to the broad black band before mention- ed. This beautiful species is a native of the In- dian seas, and is described by Cepede from the MSS. of Sonnerat, but without any mention of the size. 410 SINGLE-SPOTTED FILE-FISH. Balistes Unimaculatus. B. viridis, macula is magne nigra, abdomine albo. Green File-Fish, with a large black ee on each side, and white abdomen. Le Baliste Pralin. Cepede. Siz of a Perch: colour deep green above, white beneath: on each side the body a very large black spot: from the snout to the base of the pectoral fins on each side a purple stripe: and from the base of the pectoral fins to the eye five stripes, of which the middle and two exterior are blueish, and the two others. reddish : pectoral fins red: edges of the tail yellow: head large, measuring nearly a third of the whole fish: lips somewhat extensile: first or small dorsal fin three-rayed: native of the Indian seas: observed by Sonnerat: said to be esteemed as a food, and to frequent rocky places. | CINEREOUS FILE-FISH. Balistes Cinereus. B. cinereus, fascia utrinque thoracica nigra, tribusyue lunatis ceruleis prope caudam., ~. Cinereous File-Fish, marked on each side by a black thoracic band, and by three lunated blue bands near 9s moe Le Baliste cendré. Cepede. Size large : habit similar to that of B. Mono- ceros: small dorsal fin consisting of three rays : the first strong and rough: dersal and anal fin op- MEDITERRANEAN FILE-FISH. All posite: on each side the extremity of the body two transverse rows of short spines: tail slightly lunat- ed. Native of the Indian seas: observed by Com- merson. | sel a - MEDITERRANEAN FILE-FISH. Balistes Capriscus. B. griseo-violaceus, rubro ceruleove vari- atus, pinna ventralt solitariu, cauda rotundata. — Violet-grey File-Fish, with red or blue variegations, single _ ventral fin, and rounded tail. Balistes Capriscus. B. dorso triacantho, squamis undique acule- atis, Seb. mus. 3. p. 63. t. 24. f. 16. Capriscus. SS : SS SW \N S SSS S) fi HT SS ——SS—— Hil —SSs SHU Hifi| y t] HHI SSS SS —=— ———— SaaS ————— eS ——————SSS—S—=| == SSS SSS — =— / === = = — ‘amr ——_ 5 EB — — — SS = = ———_— e=== = —— ——— ——— —— —— — — > S— SS ZZ = = eZ ZF Fa = = ——=5 ——————— ———— SSS SS ————_ aN Mw SF == SZ , i : | | Mi = —————S==——— RN . " > | == = ——S— | Wi ii} h Ht ——_—— ———— —= = —=——— —t —= — S= SSS ——————> J —— ===> = =F i i i 9 . si HN il —— SS>== ——— ===2>— iw x Ny OBLONG SUN-FISIH1. A3Q eae OBLONG SUN-FISH. Cephalus Oblongus. C. corpore oblongo, truncato. Sun-Fish wirh oblong, truncated body. Tetrodon truncatus. Var. 8. Tetr. Mole. . Lin, Gmel. Oblong Diodon. Penn. Brit. Zool. Mucu allied to the preceding species, but of a more lengthened shape; resembling a Bream or some deep fish cut off in the middle: the colour of the back is dusky with some variegations: the ab- domen silvery, and between the eyes and the pec- toral fins are a few dusky streaks pointing down- wards. It has been supposed by some however that the oblong Sun-Fish is in reality rather a variety of the preceding, or a sexual difference, than a distinct species: Cepede in particular affirms that, on examining several specimens, he has ob- served intermediate gradations between the oblong and the short Sun-Fish. VARIEGATED SUN-FISH. Cephalus Varius. e corpore fasciis undulatis maculisque albidis wariato. Sun-Fish with the body variegated by whitish undulations and spots. SIMILAR in proportions and general appearance to the Oblong Sun-fish, but distinguished by a different ' distribution of colours; the whole body being mark- ed by numerous undulations of a lighter colour than ‘ AAO PALLASIAN SUN-FISH, the rest of the skin, intermixed, towards the hind part especially, with numerous pale spots. This also is probably a variety of the oblong Sun-Fish, and is mentioned by Cepede from the MSS. and drawings of Commerson, who observed it in the Indian seas. : | ETE FT EE EE EES PALLASIAN SUN-FISH. | Cephalus Pallasianus. C. argenteus, dorso subfusco, abdomine carinato spinoso. - Silvery Sun-Fish, with brownish baa! and spiny carinated abdomen. Diodon Mola. LD. verticaliter semiovalis, postarits fere trun- catus, ventre carinato semidiscoideo. Lin. Gmel, Pall. spic. zool, 8. p. 39. SmiLar in point of habit to the two preceding, having a thin body and a lengthened semi-oval shape: size of the specimen observed by Pallas not exceeding a few inches: colour silvery, with dusky back: mouth prominent : jaws rather carti- laginous than osseous: back armed with two spines and three tubercles: near the throat two spines, and some others on each side the carina of the ab- domen: pectoral fins furnished with fourteen rays. ‘Native of the tropical seas. a «att li, \\\\\ At) i A i] STE \ OCELLATED TETRODON, Heath scale. : TPT y eT HARE TETRODON. as dat eee Peds Bh da ke Rete ed leek ee eee ‘ TETRODON. TETRODON. Generic Character. Maxille ossex, apice divise. || Jaws bony, divided at the tip. ‘Corpus subtus muricatum. || Body roughened beneath. Pine ventrales nulle. —_—|| Ventral fins wanting. HARE TETRODON. Tetrodon Lagocephalus, 7’. abdomine spinis radiatis aculeato, Tetrodon with the abdomen aculeated by radiated spines. - Tetrodon lagocephalus. YJ. abdomine aculeato, corpore levi, humeris prominentibus. Lin. Syst. Nat. Tetrodon aculeis stellas in ventre efformantibus. Bloch. t, 140. Globe Diodon.- Penn. Brit. Zool. Tue fishes of this genus, like the Diodons, have the power of inflating their body at pleasure, by means of an internal membrane for that purpose, and during the time of inflation the small spines dispersed over their sides and abdomen are raised in such a manner as to operate as a defence against their enemies: they are chiefly natives of the. tropical seas, though sometimes seen in the higher northern and southern latitudes, and are supposed to live principally on the crustaceous and testaceous animals. The present species grows to the length of about AA2 LINEATED TETRODON. twelve inches, and is of a thick form in front, the - hinder parts tapering suddenly towards the tail: the colour is yellowish brown above, and whitish with a slight silvery cast beneath : across the back are several short black or dark-brown bars of differ- ent sizes, and over the sides are dispersed. many round blackish spots: the sides and abdomen are beset with very numerous, short, radiated spines: the fis are small; the dorsal and anal placed oppo- site each other, and the tail slightly rounded. This species is a native of the Indian and American seas, but occasionally strays ito the northern latitudes, and has been taken, according to Mr. Pennant, about the British coasts, viz. near Pen- zance in Cornwall. It has the power of inflating the abdomen to a vast size: the Linnzean title seems to have been given from a fancied resem- -blance which the aad « the head bears to — that of a hare. LINEATED TETRODON. Tetrodon Lineatus. 7. abdomine fasciis longitudinalibus fuscis variato. | | Tetrodon with the abdomen variegated by longitudinal brown bands. | Tetrodon lineatus.- 7. fasciis longitudinahbus fuscis pallidisque. Lin. Syst. Nat. Tetrodon ventre prominente, fronte elevata. Bloch. t, 141. Lenern ten or twelve inches: shape somewhat square, but when. inflated resembling that of the T. lagocephalus: whole body beset with numerous ie eee ee Se SS a ee ee ee HISPID TETRODON.- AAS small spines: colour grey on the abdomen, with numerous, longitudinal, deep-brown streaks: fins and tail as in the preceding species. Native of the Mediterranean and American seas: sometimes found in the river Nile, where Hasselquist was assured by the fishermen that on being taken the hands were stung m the same manner as with nettles. | HISPID TETRODON. Tetrodon Hispidus. 7’. totus hispidus papillis setaceis. Tetrodon entirely hispid with bristly papille. | “Tetrodon ventre prominente, fronte plana. Bloch. t. 142. Lenetu two feet; shape, when inflated, similar to that of the T. lagocephalus: colour whitish, with the upper parts marked across the back by three or four semi-decurrent brown bands, dividing somewhat irregularly over the sides at their termi- nation: whole body beset with numerous small spines, as in the two preceding species. Native of the Mediterranean and Indian seas: according to Belon it may be numbered among edible fishes. The fossil remains of this species are said to occur among the petrifactions of Mount Bolca near Verona. | A4A4 TORTOISE-SHELL TETRODON. Tetrodon Testudineus. 7. supra fusco-ferrugineus ceruleo maculatus, subtus cerulescens, fasciis longitudinalibus fuscis. Ferruginous-brown Tetrodon with blue spots, beneath blueish with longitudinal brown bands. Tetrodon testudineus. 7’. abdomine plano leviore, dorso suturis curvis albis picto. Lin, Syst. Nat. | Tetrodon corpore oblongo, maxilla superiore longiore. Bloch. t, 139. Lenetu two. feet: shape lengthened: colour rufous brown above, marked by numerous round, pale-blue spots: beneath blueish or ash-colour- ed, beautifully varied by longitudinal brown streaks: fins and tail bright ferruginous: the whole abdomen is furnished with numerous small spines, which, when the animal is in a quiet state, are imbedded in so many corresponding cavities in the skin: but are elevated when the fish, on any alarm, distends its body. Native of the Indian seas. The Linnean name of this fish is supposed to have been given from its tortoise-like beak, but perhaps, with more propriety, from its variegated. skin. eS SN ee ars ag Sa = is Se ee ee eae 178 TORTOISE-SHELL TETRODON. Fleatiy sculp . AAS SPENGLER’S TETRODON. - Tetrodon Spengleri. 7. subfuscus, maculis nigricantibus, corpore cirrhato. Brownish Tetrodon, with Bianked spots, and cirrhated body. Tetrodon Spengleri. 7. cirris plurimis, Bloch. t. 144. SHaPe lengthened: colour brown above, varied with roundish deep-brown spots, largest on the sides: abdomen tumid, whitish, and thickly beset with small spines: about the upper parts of: the body are dispersed several short cirrhi or soft pro- cesses: fins as in the rest of the genus. Native of the Indian seas, growing to the length of ten or twelve inches. HONKENIAN TETRODON, Tetrodon Honkenii. T. fuscus albido nebulosus, maxilla inferiore longiore. Brown Tetrodon, with whitish clouds, and lower jaw longer than the upper. Tetrodon Honkenii. T’. maxilla inferiore longivre. Bloch. t. 143. ~ Lenertu eight or ten inches: general appearance that of I. Spengleri: colour brown above, with — small whitish clouds or spots: beneath. whitish with numerous small spines, resembling a kind of pointed tubercles: native of the Indian seas: named by Dr. Bioch from a Mr. Honkeney, by whom it was sent from India to that author. AAG OBLONG TETRODON. Tetrodon Oblongus. T.. oblongus;, dorso fasciis transversis fuscis. Oblong-bodied Tetrodon, with the back crossed by brown bands... T. oblongus. 7. oblongus, maxillis equalibus. Bloch, t. 146. Leneru six inches: shape lengthened: colour whitish, with the back grey, and marked by numer- ous, semi-decurrent, brown bands: fins and tail cinereous: lateral lines two, viz. one near the back, the other near the abdomen. Native of the Indian seas. SMOOTH TETRODON. Tetrodon Laevigatus. TJ. caerulescens, subtus albidus, abdomine antice aculeato. Blueish Tetrodon, whitish beneath, with the abdomen aout in front. r Tetrodon levigatus. T. abdomine antice aculeato. Lin. Syst. Nat. | A tarce species: colour blueish above, marked on each side with two white stripes: under parts white, and from beneath the mouth to the end of the pectoral fins aculeated ; the other parts being smooth. Native of the American seas: observed about Carolina by the late Dr. Garden. © AAT STELLATED TETRODON. ‘Tetrodon Stellatus. 7’. sphaericus griseus, subtus albidus, corpore ~ | spinis radiatis obsito. Spherical grey Tetrodon, whitish beneath, with the body beset ~ with radiated spines. Tetrodon etoilé. Cepede. - Levers twelve or fourteen inches: shape, when inflated, nearly spherical, so as to resemble a foot- ball: colour greyish, deeper on the back, and marked with dusky specks: under parts whitish: vent surrounded by a black circle: whole body covered by very numerous small stellated or radi- ated spines: dorsal fin rounded at the tip, and attached at the base by a kind of footstalk: tail oval: native of the Indian seas: observed by Com- merson. PUNCTATED TETRODON. - Tetrodon Punctatus. J’. sphericus fuscus ea eapenchatls subtus albidus, pinna dorsalt angustissima. Spherical brown Tetrodon with black specks, whitish abdo- » men, and very narrow dorsal fin. Tetrodon pointillé. Cepede. - Size that of the stellated Tetrodon: shape, when inflated, nearly globular : upper parts brown, with numerous black specks: under parts whitish, with large irregular black spots: first ray of the pectoral fins large and black: dorsal fin extremely narrow, and hardly shewing any distinct appearance of ee PS. 30. AAS OCELLATED TETRODON. rays. Native of the Indian seas: observed by Commerson. a9 NOXIOUS TETRODON. Tetrodon Sceleratus. T’. tetragonus, capite maximo. Lin. Syst. _ Nat. Gmel. a Tetragonal Tetrodon, with very large head. Lenetu two feet or more: native of the In- dian and American seas,,and considered as highly noxious, producing very severe symptoms when eaten. | OCELLATED TETRODON. Tetrodon Ocellatus. J. obscure viridis, subtus albidus, lunula humerali nigra maculaque dorsali flaco marginatis. seh Dull-green Tetrodon, whitish beneath, with a black crescent — over the shoulders and spot on the back both edged with yellow. | Tetrodon ocellatus. J. fascia humerali ocellata. Lin. Syst. Dat ie Tetrodon fascia semilunari in dorso. Bloch. t. 145, Lenertu six or eight inches: shape thick, ovate, contracting pretty suddenly towards the tail: mouth slightly produced: colour deep green above, gradually growing paler on the sides and abdomen, which are whitish: across the middle of the back, reaching to each pectoral fin, a broad black cres- cent, edged with yellow, and pointing towards the tail: dorsal fin situated on a round black spot with. yellow edges: lateral line commencing from beneath PINTADO TETRODON. | i AAQ the eyes, and following the direction of the back tillit reaches the tail, which is small, and slightly round- ed: under parts thickly beset with small spines: native of the Indian seas, and sometimes of the adjoining rivers, particularly those of China and Japan. It is of an extremely poisonous nature, if eaten without the greatest care in properly clean- ing it before *dressing, and is said to have some- times proved fatal in the short space of two hours. Keempfer adds that the poisonous quality is still increased by the addition of a species of Illicium, but the symptoms, according to Rumphius, may be cured by the timely administration of a vegetable which he calls rex amaroris*. The Emperor of Japan prohibits his soldiers, under very severe penalties, from eating this fish: the rest of his sub- jects may, as Mr. Pennant observes, run the risque of being poisoned with impunity. PINTADO TETRODON. - Tetrodon Meleagris. 7. fuscus albo-punctatus, Brown Tetrodon speckled with white. Tetrodon Meleagris. Cepede. | Corour as in the specific character: skin rough- ened by innumerable small spines: native of the _ ™ Linneus says “ curatur rege amaroris,” an expression which seems to have been frequently misunderstood : rer amaroris is a vegetable described by Rumphius in his Herbarium Amboinense. _ In the Count de Cepede’s Ichthyology I observe a singular mis- take, perhaps owing to typographical negligence ; viz. rege amoris. 450 SNOUTED TETRODON. Indian seas: observed by Commerson: ‘when taken, makes a kind of grunting noise like several other fishes of this and the neighbouring genera. ELECTRIC TETRODON, Tetrodon Electricus. 7’. maculis rubris viridibus et albis, supra fuscus, subtus thalassinus, ad latera flaous, pinnis viridibus. Lin. Gmel.. Paters. Act. Ang]. 76. 2. p. 382. t. 13. Tetrodon with the body brown above, yellow on the sides, sea-green beneath, and varied with red, green, and white spots. ; Lenertu seven or eight inches: eyes large, with red irides: native of the Indian and American seast inhabiting rocky places among corals: when touched affects the hand with an electric or gal- vanic shock. SNOUTED TETRODON. Tetrodon Rostratus. ‘7’. fusco-carulescens, subtus albidus, ore elongato, abdomine antice spinoso. Blueish-brown Tetrodon, whitish beneath, with elongated mouth, and abdomen spiny in front. Tetrodon maxillis in rostrum elongatis. Bloch. t. 146. SHAPE Oblong-ovate: suddenly contracting to- wards the mouth and tail: length a few ae snout lengthened, so as to appear slightly tubular : colour blueish brown, whitish beneath: fore-part of the abdomen beset with spines: a few spines are also dispersed over the back: fins brown, Native of the Indian seas. 179 * ee 2 = Ss = | : AL S Laval dl i HSIAMdI gd LVaAW) Y SYNGNATHUS. PIPEFISH. Generic Character. fiostrum subcylindricum, Snout subcylindric, with ore terminali. | terminal mouth. Corpus elongatum, articula- || Body lengthened, jointed, © tum, cataphractum. | mailed. | Pinne ventrales mulle. | Ventral fins none. " GREAT PIPEFISH. Syngnathus Acus. 8S. heptagonus albidus fusco fasciatus, cauda pinnata. : ae Heptagonal whitish Pipefish, with brown bands and pinnated tail. Syngnathus Acus. SS. pinnis caude ani pectoralibusque radiatis, _corpore septemangulato, Lin. Syst. Nat. Syngnathus corpore heptagone, cauda pinnata. Bloch. é, gl. ‘Tue fishes of the present genus are inhabitants of the sea, and are observed to frequent the shallower parts near the shore, feeding on the smaller worms and insects: they are easily distinguished by their slender habit, and angular, jointed body. The Syngnathus Acus or Great Pipefish is usually seen of the length of twelve or fifteen inches, but is some- times.found, especially im the northern seas, of far greater extent, measuring from two to three feet : it is of an extremely slender form, gradually taper- ing towards the extremity, and is of a pale yellowish A52 SMALLER PIPEFISH. brown colour, varied throughout its whole length with broad alternate zones of a deeper or olive- brown, with a few smaller variegations intermixed: the shields or laminze with which the joimts of the body are covered, appear, if narrowly inspected, to. be finely radiated from the centre by numerous lines or streaks: the dorsal fin is placed rather nearer the head than the tail, and is thin, tender, shallow, and of no great extent: the pectoral fins small, and slightly rounded, and the tail of similar shape and size. In spring, as in others of this genus, the ova are found lying in a longitudinal channel or division at the lower part of the abdo- men, and are large in proportion to the size of the animal: from these are hatched the young, com- toy) _ pletely formed. Native of the European seas. SMALLER PIPEFISH. Syngnathus Typhle. 8S. heragonus, cana pinnata. Hexagonal Pipefish, with pinnated tail. Syngnathus Typhle. S. pinnis caude ani pectoralibusque radiatis, corpore secangulato, Lin. Syst. Nat. Syngnathus corpore hexagono anoque pinnato. Bloch. t. 91. ak. Tuts is by some considered as a variety of the preceding fish, from which it chiefly differs in being of smaller size, seldom measuring more than a foot or fifteen inches, and in having the body rather » hexagonal than heptagonal, It is chiefly found in the Northern seas. uit ate + g ciate =f - A53 SNAKE PIPEFISH. - Syngnathus Ophidion. S. corpore subtereti, cauda aptera, Pipefish with roundish body, and finless tail. Syngnathus Ophidion. 8S. pinnis caude an pectoralibusque nullis, corpore tereti. Lain. Syst. Nat. | Syngnathus corpore tereti. Bloch. t.91.f. 3. Tus differs from both the preceding in having the body nearly round, or at least so obscurely cornered as to appear round on a cursory view : it is also entirely destitute of a tail-fin, the body terminating in a naked point: it grows to the length of two feet, and is chiefly found in the Northern and Baltic seas. | BIACULEATED PIPEFISH. Syngnathus Biaculeatus, iS. ferrugimeus, corpore tetragono, capite supra braculeato. _Ferruginous Pipefish, with quadrangular badly) and two spines above the head. Syngnathus biaculeatus. S$. corpore quadrangulato, penis duobus ad caput. Bloch, t. 121. LenerH six or eight inches: body somewhat broader in proportion to its length than in the-pre- ceding kinds: dorsal fin placed low on the back: tail hexagonal at its origin, gradually becoming tetragonal in its progress, and terminating in a finless point or tip: colour of the whole animal rufous brown. Native of the Indian seas, and also said to be found in the Baltic. ABA PELAGIC PIPEFISH. Syngnathus Pelagicus. S. ferrugineus, fascus angustis fuscis, corpore heptagono,. Ferruginous Pipefish, with narrow brown bands, ee hepta- gonal body. Syngnathus pelagicus. SS. pinnis pectoralibus caudeque radiatis, ant nulla, corpore septemangulato. Lin. Syst. Nat. Syngnathus corpore heptagono, lineis transversis brunneis. Bloch. t. 109. GENERAL appearance similar, to that of the Smaller Pipefish: length about a foot, or more: colour yellow-brown, variegated with narrow, transverse, deep-brown bars placed at intervals along the body: tail-fin small and slightly rounded. Native of the Indian and African seas. -#EQUOREAL PIPEFISH. Syngnathus ASquoreus. S. pinna caude radiata, pectoralibus- que anique nullis, corpore angulato. Lin. Syst. Nat. -Pipefish with rayed tail-fin, and angular body, without pectoral or anal fins. Seas... 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