H
A General Zoology
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SYSTEM.4TIC Al4TrE4L HISTORY
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GEORGE SHAW,3LD.F.M.S.fcc.
With Plates
Irom the first Authorities and most select specimens
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JlBllD.
GENERAL ZOOLOGY
VOLUME XI. PART II.
BY
JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S.
BIRDS.
LONDON ;
PRINTED FOR J. WALKER; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN ; J. AND A. ARCH ; E. JEFFERY; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; R. SCHOLEY; SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES; G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER ; J. BLACK AND SON; W. LOWE; J. BOOTH ; S. BAGSTER ; J. MAWMAN; R. FENNER ; OGLE AND CO.; ROOWELL AND CO.; J. ROBINSON; AND J. HARPER.
1819.
LONDON: v
PRINTED 'BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS.
v.Xi
pKTT
INDEX
TO
VOL. XL— PART II.
AnASTOMUS . p. 631 Coro- mandel . .633
• Coro-
mandeliana . . 633
Pondi-
ceriana . .632
Pondi- cherry . .632
Anthropoides . 534
Pavonina 536
Virgo 535
Aramus . . 539
scolopacea . 540
Ardea. Lath. . p. 631
Linne 523. 534. 5Q2.
616.
GmeL . 539. 631
Ray. . . 6O8
sequinoctialis 571
(Equin. var. Lath. 545
Agami . .554
alba. Linne, . 543
■ - alba major. Ray. 543
alba tertia Al-
drovandi. Ray. . 545
- Antigone. Linne. 53 1
■ Argala. Lath. 622
atra. . . 562
badia. Gmel. . 609
hotaurus. Gmel. 556
Brasiliensis. Linn, 602
Ardea
541
INDEX
IV
Ardea Brasiliensis Can- dida. Briss. . p. 570 ros- tra serrato. Ray. . 603
caerulea . 580
cccrulea. var.Lath. 583
caerulescens . 582
cccrideo-nigra.
Ray. . . . 579
Caledonica. Gmel. 6 13
cana . . 569
Canadensis. Linn. 528
Candida. Briss. 543
■ minor.
Briss. . . • 545
Carolinensis Can- dida. Briss. . 571
carnnculata. Gmel. 533
— caspica. Lath. 556
castanea. Gmel. 574
Cayanensis. Gmel. 6l2
cris-
tala. Briss. . ' . 564
chalybea . 582
Ciconia. Ray. . 6 17
cinerea . 548
cinnamomea . 560
Cocoi . . 564
comata. Gmel. 574
Lath. . 577
Coromandelensis 577
Coromandeliana.
Gmel. . . . 633
cracra . . 567
cristata. Briss. 548
purpu-
rascens. Briss. . 556
Akdea cyanopus . p. 583
Da7iubialis. Gmel. 589
duhia. Gmel. . 622
egretta. Gtriel. 543
erythr opus. Gmel. 5/4
exilis . .587
ferruginea . 576
Jlava. Gmel. . 603
freti Hudsonis.
Briss. . . 553
fusca . . 559
gardeni, Gmel. 609
garzetta . 545
gigantea. Gmel. 529
grisea. Linn. . 609
grus. Linn. . 524
• hcematopus sive
Chris. Ray. . . 5/4
Herodias . 552
Hoactli . .568
Holiou , . 566
Hudsonias . 553
Jamaicensis.Gmel. 6l4
lentiginosa. Mont. 596
leucocephala . 563
leucogaster . 547
Ivneata. Gmel. 601
Ludoviciana . 578
maculata. Gmel. 609
Maquari. Gmel. 619
major. Linn. . 548
Malaccensis. . 584
Marsiglii. Gmel. 574
Mexicana cine- rea. Briss. . .566
Mexicana cine-
7'ca. Briss. t
584
INDEX,
V
Arse A Mexicana cris- tata. Briss. , p.
' ' purpu-
rascens. Briss.
minuta
nigra, Briss.
LinnL
nivea. Gmel.
• - Novae-Guinese
Novas-Hollandiae
Nycticorax. Linne.
Pavonina. Linne.
Philipp ensis
pileata
Pondiceriana.
Gmel.
pumila. Gmel.
piirpurascens.
Briss.
purpurata. Gmel.
purpurea
ralloides
rubiginosa
rufa. Scop.
rufescens. Gmel.
sacra
Senegalensis
Soloniensis. Gmel.
spadicea
squaiotta. Gmel.
stellaris. Linni.
- major.
Ray.
• tigrina. Gmel.
variegata. Lath.
violacea
— : virescens. Linn.
Ardea virgata . p. 565 ' ' Virginiana cris-
tata. Briss. |
552 |
Virgo. Linn. . |
535 |
undulata. Gmel. |
599 |
Ardeola. Briss. |
589 |
-- - Ray. |
541 |
' Brasiliensis. |
|
Ray. |
58J |
■ Brasiliensis. |
|
var. Ray. |
583 |
Arenaria . |
489 |
Briss. 5 19, 520 |
|
cinerea. Briss. |
520 |
vtdgaris |
490 |
Attagen. Briss. |
298 |
• Americana. |
|
Briss. |
299 |
• — - Pensylvania. |
|
Briss. |
301 |
Auercalze . |
271 |
Auerhan . |
271 |
Aiv-kis-cotv |
285 |
Bittern . |
592 |
American. |
|
Wills. |
596 |
Brasilian |
602 |
common |
593 |
crested. Caleshy 579 |
|
freckled |
596 |
508
585
589
562
620
545
586
561
609
537
586
570
632
574
556
556
556
573
558
556
542
572
604
589
585
574
593
556
600
556
579
005
VI
INDEX.
Bittern, p.556 j
green . 605 '
least. Wills. 5Sy
Hneated . 601
little. Penn. 5Q0
minute. Lath. 587
rayed. Lath. 59O
rufous. Lath. 589
Senegal . 604
small. Catesby. 605
Swabian. Lath. 5/4
■ tiger , . 600
yellow . 603
zigzag . 599
Boatbill . . 638
— brown. Lath. 639
• crested . 639
— — ■ spotted. Lath. 639
Bonasa . . 298
■ Briss. 286. 296. 304
Canadensis.
Briss. . . . 276
Cupido . 299
— freti LIudso‘
7iis. Briss. . . 276
7najor Cana- densis. Briss. . 301
Pyreniaca.
Briss. . . .311
Scotica. Briss. 293
umbellus . 300
Boo-onk. Ediu. . -589
Botaurus. Brm. p. 541. 60S
Brasiliensis 602
Briss. 003
■ tlavus . 603
lentiginosus 596
lineatus . 601
major. Briss. 550
minor. Briss. 574
ncEvius. Briss. 609
rtf us. Briss. 589
Senegalensis 604 stellaris . 593
striatus. Briss. 58Q
tigrinus . 6OO
- virescens . 605
undulatus . 599
Bustard . . . 442
Arabian . 446
great . . 443
———Indian . 451
little. Penti. 455
Passarage.
Lath. . . . 452
Rhaad. Lath. 448
ruffed , 448
thick-kneed.
Penn. . . . 459
- white-eared 449
Bustarnelle . . 454
■ field , 455
Calidris. Briss. . .489
arenaria. Leach 49O grisea-niinor
Botaurus
. 592
Briss.
490
INDEX
Vll
Cancrqfagus. Briss. p. 54 1 . 5/4
America-
71US. Briss. . . 608
— - " — ■■ Bahamen-
sis. Briss. , . 5/9
Brasilien-
sis. Briss. . . 581
var.
Briss. , . .583
castaneus.
Briss. , . . 609
luteiis. Briss. 5^4 Philippen-
sis. Briss. |
5S7 |
^ rufus. Briss. |
574 |
• viridis. Briss. |
605 |
viridis |
|
vius. Briss. |
605 |
Caxcroma |
630 |
cancrqfaga. |
|
Linn. |
639 |
' cochlearia |
639 |
Capercalze |
271 |
Cassowary |
431 |
galeated. |
432 |
Nev} Hol~ |
|
land. Lath. |
439 |
southern. |
|
Shatv. |
439 |
Casuarius |
431 |
■ Lath. |
438 |
emeu. Lath. |
432 |
galeatus . |
432 |
Casuarius Novce-HoI-
landirz. Lath. p. 439
Cata . . .313
Charadrius . . 463
Gmel. . 499
— Lath. . 486
Linn. 458.489
Pallas. . 504
apricarius 466
— Asiaticus.
Gmel. . . . 468
bilobus . 481
— Calidris.
Linn. , . . 49O
Cantianus 474
Cay anus . 484
Coromande-
licus. Gmel. . . 502
, coronatus.
Gmel. . . . 488
cristatus . 483
curonicus 473
— Gallicus.
Gmel. . . .500
hiaticula . 470
magniros-
tris. Lath. . . 462
melanoce-
phalus. Gmel, . 487
Morinellus 468
Novae-See-
landice. Gmel. . 479
Novae-Ze-
landiae . . . 479
' — (Edicnemus.
Linn. . . . 459
Vlll
INDEX
Charadrius pileatus p. 480
— Philippensis 478
. pluvialis . 464
rubidiis.
Gniel. . . . 4g0
Senegalensis 482
■ Sibiricus.
Gmel. . . . 468 I
Tartaricus.
Gmel. . . . 408
torquatus.
Leach. . . .471
torquatus.
Linn. . , . A*jQ
vociferus 476
Churge . . . 453
CicoNiA . , . 616
Briss. . 645
alba . .617
Argala , 622
Brasiliensis.
Briss. . . . 646
fusca. Briss. 620
Maguari . 619
nigra . 620
Cochlearius. Briss. . 638
Juscus. Briss. 63p
ncevius. Briss. 639
Cock, black . . 280
moor . . 294
qftheivood.Albin. 267
Colin . . . 376
Californian . 384
Colin, crested . p. |
. 381 |
Malouine |
386 |
northern |
377 |
Sonini’s |
383 |
COTURNIX |
360 |
CO |
376- |
387 |
|
• Australis |
373 |
dactylisonans |
36l |
excalfactoria |
371 |
grisea |
370 |
Indica. Ray. Ludoviciana. |
381 |
Briss. |
377 |
Madagascari-
ensis. Briss. . . SQO
major. Briss. 361
Mexicana.
Briss. . . *377
cris-
tata. Briss. |
381 |
Novee-Guineae |
374 |
perlata |
368 |
Philippensis. |
|
Briss. |
371 |
textilis |
365 |
— torquata |
367 |
CoURLAN |
539 |
scolopaceous |
540 |
Courser |
m |
Asiatic |
502 |
cream-coloured 500 |
|
Crane |
523 |
INDEX,
IX
Crane, Balearic. Wil~
Ian. . . p, 537
blue. Wills. . 581
brown . . 526
common . 524
— croixmed African.
Edw. . . . 537
gigantic. Lath. 622
hooping . 528
• Indian . .531
Numidian. Edw. 535
Siberian |
529 |
wattled . |
532 |
Cryptura. Vieil. |
401 |
Crypturus. lllig. |
401 |
Curlew, Stone. Lath. . |
459 |
CURSORES |
441 |
CURSORIUS |
499 |
Asiaticus. |
|
Lath. |
502 |
Europaeus. |
|
Lath. . |
500 |
isabellinus |
500 |
Curwillet |
490 |
Demoiselle |
534 |
crowned . |
536 |
Numidian |
535 |
Dodo, Bontius. |
422 |
Dotterel. Penn. |
468 |
Dotterel, Sea. Edw. . p. 520
Dromiceius . . 438
Novze-Hol-
landiae |
439 |
Duck, Field. Albin. |
455 |
Egret, demi. Lath. |
547 |
great. Penn. |
544 |
little. Penn, |
545 |
reddish. Penn. |
543 |
Egretta. Briss. . 541. 545 |
|
Emu |
438 |
New Holland |
438 |
Erolia |
497 |
variegata |
497 |
variegated |
497 |
Fedoa. Ray. |
458 |
• (Edicnemus. |
|
Leach. |
459 |
nostra tertia. Ray. 459
Francolin . , 316
African . 323
brown Afri- can . . . 329
Cape . 333
Ceylon . 331
common . 319
Cranch’s . 336
— — long-beaked 317
noisy . 327
X
INDEX.
Francolin, pearled p. 325
■ » I’onclichercy 321
red-necked 335
Senegal . 330
thoracic , 322
Francolinus . . 3l6
Ra^. . 310
Africanus 323
Capensis 333
• Ceylon-
ensis . . .331
clamatus 327
Cranchii 336
longiros-
tris . . .317
■ perlatus 325
Pondice-
rianus . . .321
rubricol-
lis . . . 335
• Senegal-
ensis . . . 330
■ spadiceus 320
thoracicus 322
vulgaris 310
Gallina Corylorum. Ray. 272
Gallinula aquatica. Ray. 630
Game, black . . 280
red . . 204
tvhite . . 288
Garzetta. Ray. . .545
Gama. Klein. . p |
508 |
Gorcock |
204 |
GRyYLLiE. |
503 |
Grous |
265 |
birch. Lath. |
272 |
Penn. |
204 |
black |
279 |
Canada |
275 |
hazel |
271 |
Helsingian. Lath. 272 |
|
hybrid |
277 |
Indian. Lath. . |
300 |
long-tailed |
284 |
Namaqua. Lath. |
313 |
pinnated. Penn. |
200 |
pin-tailed. Edw. |
311 |
Rehusak. Penn. |
206 |
rock. Lath. |
200 |
ruffed. Penn. . |
301 |
— sand. Lath. |
305 |
Senegal. Lath. |
313 |
sharp-tailed.Penn. 284 |
shoulder -knot.
Penn. |
301 |
spotted. Lath. . |
275 |
• spurious. Penn. |
277 |
tohite. Penn. |
202 |
wood |
266 |
Grus |
523 |
Briss. |
524 |
Cuv. |
530 |
Ray. |
534 |
Americana |
528 |
INDEX
XI
GkuSj Antigone . p. |
531 |
balearica, Ray. |
537 |
Canadensis |
536 |
capensis, Petiv. . |
537 |
carunculata |
532 |
cinerea |
524 |
freti Hudsonis. Briss. 526 |
|
gigantea |
529 |
Indicus. Ray. |
526 |
lencogeranos. Lath. |
529 |
Mexicanus. Briss. |
.526 |
Numidica. Briss. |
535 |
orientalis Indica. |
|
Briss. |
531 |
HiEMATOPUS |
493 |
Ostralegus |
494 |
Heathcock |
298 |
black and
spotted. Edvo. . .275
broim and
spotted. Ed’w. . |
275 299 301 |
|
/ ^1/ V • J—jLi/ lxj • |
||
knot Hemipodius. Temm. |
300 387 |
|
Temm. |
393 |
|
tus. Temm. |
398 |
|
Temm. |
397 |
|
Temm. |
it iiiL/iiCiJoUo 9 |
394 |
Temm. |
0 |
390 |
Hemipodius, nigrifrons. |
|
Temm. . . p |
.388 |
pugnax. |
|
Temm. |
391 |
— tachydro- |
|
mus, Temm. |
396 |
thoracicus. |
|
Temm. |
392 |
Heron |
541 |
African. Lath. |
556 |
agami |
554 |
ash-coloured . |
569 |
ash-coloured. |
|
Edvi. |
553 |
black |
562 |
black crested. |
|
white |
570 |
blue |
580 |
blue.var. Lath. |
582, |
583 |
|
brown |
559 |
cerulean |
582 |
castaneous. Lath. |
574 |
chesnut. Lath. |
610 |
cinereous |
583 |
— cinnamon |
560 |
cocoi |
564 |
common |
548 |
Coromandel |
577 |
Coromandel. Lath. |
633 |
■ cracra |
567 |
crested. Albin. |
548 |
crested purple |
556 |
croxuned. Lath. |
537 |
dry |
568 |
dxmrf. Lath. |
574 |
INDEX.
XI 1
Heron, ferruginous p, 576
Gardenian. Penn. 610
great . .552
great egret . 543
great 'white. Penn. 544
Lath. . QoQ
liouhou . 566
largest crested.
Cateshy. . . 552
little . . 589
little egret . 545
little white . 571
Louisiane . 578
Louisiane. Wills. 543
■ Malacca . 584
IMexican . 585
minute . . 587
New Guinea . 586
night. Lath. . 609
Philippine . 587
Pondicherry. Lath, 632
purple. Lath. . 556
red-hilled. Penn. 57 1
reddish egret . 542
red-legged. Lath. 57-4
red-shouldered 553
rufous. Lath. . 556
rusty-crowned 558
sacred . . 5^2
■ scolopaceous. Lath. 540
— snowy. Lath. . 545
spotted. Lath. . 609
squacco . 573
squacco. xiar. Lath. 577
squaiotta. Lath. 574
steel-blue . 582
■ streaked . 565
Heron, variegated. |
|
Lath. . . p. |
556 |
■ violet |
563 |
wattled. Lath. |
533 |
white-bellied . |
547 |
white-fronted . |
561 |
yellow-crowned |
579 |
Hians, Lacepede . |
631 |
Hoactli. Ray. |
568 |
Jabiru |
645 |
American |
646 |
New Holland . |
647 |
Senegal |
648 |
J abiru-guacu. Ray |
646 |
Killdeer. Catesby. |
476 |
Knorhaan |
451 |
Korhane |
451 |
Lagopus |
286 |
albus |
292 |
altera. Plinii. |
|
Ray. |
293 |
Lapponicus |
296 |
1 mutus |
287 |
' rupestris |
290 |
Scoticus |
293 |
Lapwing |
508 |
-■ Cayenne |
512 |
crested |
509 |
INDEX.
XI it
Lapwing, Goa . p. |
514 |
■ Louisiane |
5i; |
; New Holland |
516 |
Senegal |
515 |
Lark, sea. Albin. |
471 |
Liiglug |
563 |
Monickjore |
563 |
Morinellus. Ray. |
519 |
— marinns. Ray. 520 |
|
Mycteria |
645 |
Americana . |
646 |
— Australis |
647 |
Senegalensis |
648 |
Nightheron |
6O8 |
Caledonian 6l3 |
|
Cayenne |
612 |
. .■ — European |
609 |
Jamaica |
614 |
Nycticorax |
608 |
Caledonicus |
613 |
Cayanensis |
612 |
Europeus |
609 |
Jamaicensis |
614 |
Odontophorus Guianen- sis. Vieil. . . 420
Q^dicnemus . . 458
crepitans . 459
magnirostris 462
(Enas. Vieil. |
P- |
304 |
Oorail |
453 |
|
Ortygis. Illig. |
• |
387 |
Orlygodes. Vieil. |
387 |
|
variegata. |
Vieil. |
3b 8 |
Ortyx |
376 |
|
Borealis |
. |
377 |
Californica |
• |
384 |
Falklandica |
• |
386 |
Sonninii |
383 |
|
Temminkii |
• |
381 |
Ostrich |
423 |
|
American. |
||
Willough. |
. |
436 |
black |
• |
423 |
Ostralega. Briss. |
493, |
494 |
Otis |
442 |
|
Lath. |
• |
458 |
Linne. |
454 |
|
— — Afra |
449 |
|
Arabs |
. |
44-6 |
aurita. Lath. |
• |
452 |
Bengalensis |
. |
451 |
Houbara |
. |
448 |
minor. Briss. |
• |
455 |
(Edicnemus. Lath. |
459 |
|
rhaad. Gmel. |
. |
448 |
tarda |
. |
443 |
tetra.x. Linn. |
. |
455 |
XIV
INDEX
OySTERCATCHER . p. 493
■ commou 494
'pied.
Penn. . . . 494
Parra. Linn. . . 508
Cayanensls. Grnel. 513
Pominicana.Linn, 51Q
Goensis. Gmel. 514
Ludoviciana. Gmel. 5 1 6
Senegalla. Linn, 515
Partridge . . 338
Aragonian.
Lath. . . . 305
I - Barbary . 350
— hare-necked.
Lath. . . . 333
brown Afri- can. Lath. . . 329
Cape. Lath. 333
Caspian.
Lath. . . . 349
Ceylon. Lath. 332
Chittygong.
Lath. . . . 332
common . 339
Damascus.
Lath. . • .341
eyed . 353
Francolin.
Edw. . . .319
Gingi . 351
Greek . 346
Guernsey . 347
hackled . 358
Javan . 355
Partridge, Kakerlic.
Lath. . . p. 349
Maryland,
Penn. . . .3/8
mountain New Ens-
land. Albin.
— j)earled.
344
3/8
Lath
323. 326
Lath
pintado.
Pondicher-
326
ry. Lath. . .321
red. Lath. 346
red-necked.
Lath. . . . 335
red-throated 356
— • rufous-breast- ed. Lath. . . 350
Senegal.
Lath. . , . 330
Virginian.
Lath. . . . 378
white. Ediv. 292
wood. Lath. 275
Peevit . . .509
Perdix . . . 338
— Briss. . .401
Lath. 304. 316. 360.
376. 38/
Adansonii. Temm. 330
Afra. Lath. . 323
Americana. Briss. 3/7
Andalusica. Lath. 396
■ — Aragonica. Lath. 305
INDEX.
XV
Vv.^'Di'SL Australis. Lath, p.373 bicalcarata. Forst. 331
Lath. 330
borealis. Temm. 377
Capensis. Lath. 333 Ceylonensis. Lath. 331 Chinensis. Lath. 371
cinerea . . 33Q
cinerea. var,
Temm. . . . 344
cinerea alba . Briss. 339
Coromandelica.
Lath. . , . 365
coturnix. Lath. 36l
Coyolcos. Lath. 377
Cranchii. Leach. 336
cristata. Lath. 377
Damascena. Ray. 311
dentatus. Lath. 420
Falklandica. Lath. 386
ferruginea . 358
Francolina. Lath. 319
Gibraltnrica. Lath. 397
gingica . .351
graeca . . 346
grisea. Lath. . 370
gularis . .356
Javanica . 355
Indica. Lath. . 309
longirostris. Temm. 3iy
Luzoniensis. Lath. 392
Madagascariensis.
Lath. . . . 325
major Brasilien-
sis. Briss. . . 406
Manillensis. Lath. 371
Perdix Marylanda.
Lath. . . p. 377
Mexicana. Lath. 377
montana , 344
Novce-Anglice.
Briss. . . . 377
NoxHE-GuinecE.
Lath. . . .375
nigricollis . Lath . 388
■ nudicollis. Lath. 333
oculea . . 353
perlata. Lath. . 325
petrosa . . 350
Fonticeriana . 321
rubra. Briss. . 348
rubra, var. Temm. 348
rubra Brasilien-
sis. Briss. . . 350
• rubricollis. Lath. 335
rufa . . 347
rvfa. Lath. . 346
rufa. var. Lath. 350
saxatilis. Temm. 346
Senegalensis. Briss. 330
Sinensis. Briss. 325
Sonnini. Temm. 377
spadicea. Lath. 329
- striata. Lath. . 368
thoracica. Temm. 322
Virginiana. Lath. 377
Platalea . .641
Ajaja . 644
leucorodia . 642
— pygmoea . 645
Platca. Ray. . . 641
INDEX.
xvi
Platea Brasiliensis Aja- ja dictus. Ray. . p. 644
coccinea. Briss. 644
leucorodia. Leach. 642
Mexicana, tlauh-
quechul. Ray. . 644
rosea. Briss. . 644
sivepelicanus. Al-
drovandi. Ray. , 642
Plover . . 463
Alwargrim . 466
Asiatic. Lath. . 468
bastard. Penn. 50Q
• black-bellied. Wills. 466
black-breasted.
Indian. Ediv. . . 483
black-headed. Lath. 48/
Cayenne . 484
chattering. Wills. 476
cream-coloured.
Lath. . . . 500
crested . . 483
Curonian . 473
dottrel ' . 468
great. Beiv. . 459
great-billed. Lath. 462
green. Lotv. . 464
grcT/. Alb. . 505
golden . .464
■ hooded . 480
Kentish . 474
New Zealand . 479
noisy . .476
Philippine . 478
ringed . . 470
— — ringed, var. Mont. 474
ij Plovkk ruddy. Pejm. p. 490
I Senegal . . 482
! — spur-tvinged. Edw. 433
j’ spur -‘winged.
; Lath. . . 482. 485
wattled . .481
xcreathed. Lath. 488
i
I Pluvialis. Ray. 458.463.504
1 aurea-minor.
I Briss. . . . 464
I cinerea. Ray. 505
I dominicensis
\ tor quota. Briss. . 476
Persica cris-
\ tala. Briss. . . 483
Senegalensis
1 arrnata. Briss. . 482
I — tor quota minor.
\ Briss. . . .471
virginiaiiator-
quata. Briss. . 476
I; viridis. Ray. 464
j '
Pluvian . . . 486
black-headed 487
wreathed . 468
' Pluvianus . . 486
I I — — ' Bengalen-
j sis major. Briss. . 452
' coronatus 488
j' melanoce-
I phalus . . . 487
j; Psophia undidata. Gmel. 4-18
INDEX.
XVll
Ptakmigan . p. 28S
common . 287
red . 293
• Rehusak . 296
rock . 290
white , 292
Pterocles . . 304
Alchata . 311
— ' arenarius . 305
■ bicinctus . 307
double-
girded . , . 307
Indian . 309
• Namaqua 313
quadracinc-
tus ... 309
sand . 305
setarius.
Temm. * . .311
tachypetes 313
Pupushee . . . 303
Pushee . , . 303
Qua-bird. Wills, . .610
Quail . . . 360
Andalusian, Lath. 396
black-necked. Lath. 39O
Californian. Lath. 384
Chinese . .371
common . 361
Coromandel . 365
crested. Lath. 381
Gibraltar. Lath. 397
Quail, grey-throated p. 37O lesser Mexica?i.
Lath. |
378 |
Louisiane. Lath. |
378 |
Madagascar |
368 |
Malouine. Lath. |
386 |
Manilla. Lath. |
371 |
New Guinea . |
374 |
New Holland |
373 |
white-throated |
367 |
Raven, night. Wills. |
610 |
Rhea |
435 |
American |
436 |
Americana |
436 |
Sanderling |
489 |
common |
490 |
Sandpiper, armed. Penn. |
517 |
Cayenne. Lath. |
513 |
Goa. Lath. . |
514 |
grey. Lath. |
505 |
Hebridal. Penn. |
520 |
Louisiane. Lath, |
,517 |
Louisiane. var. |
Lath. . . . 518
Senegal. Lath. 515
Swiss. Penn. 505
wattled. Lath. 516
Scolopax. Scop. . . 493
Scorus . . . 635
Umbretta . 636
VOL. XI. p. 11.
b
will
INDEX.
Sea-pie. Will. |
p.404 |
Soco. Ray. |
602 |
Spoonbill |
641 |
dwarf |
645 |
Brasilian |
|
roseate. Will. |
644 |
■ '■ — roseate |
644 |
scarlet. Sloan. 644 |
|
white |
642 |
Squacco. Ray. |
574 |
Squaiotta. Ray. |
574 |
SaUATAROLA |
504 |
■ ' Cuv. |
508 |
■ grisea |
505 |
SaUATORELLE |
504 |
grey . |
505 |
Stork |
616 |
American |
619 |
black |
620 |
gigantic |
622 |
white |
617 |
Stuipsilas |
519 |
- — collaris. |
|
Temm. |
520 |
interpres . |
520 |
Struthio |
423 |
Linn. . 43 1 |
.435 |
Camelus |
433 |
Strut H I o, Casuarius.
Linn. |
p. 432 |
Rhea. Linn. |
436 |
Struthio- Camelus . Ray. |
435 |
Yttt r |
|
ricanus. Ray. . |
436 |
STRUTHIONES |
421 |
Syrrhaptes. Illig. |
420 |
Tachydromus. Illig. |
499 |
Tahecou |
327 |
Tetrax |
454 |
campestris |
455 |
Tetrao . . |
265 |
Gmel. 360. 387. 401 |
|
Linn. 236. 298. 304. |
|
316. 338 |
|
Ray. |
376 |
albus. Gmel. |
292 |
Alchata. Linn. |
311 |
Alpinus.Nills.2s7. 290 |
|
Andalusicus. Grnel. 3Q6 |
|
^ — arenarius. Gmel. |
305 |
hetulinus. Lath. |
272 |
bicalcaratus. Linn. 330 |
|
^ — Bonasia |
271 |
Californicus. Shaw 384 |
|
canace. Linn. . |
275 |
— Canadensis |
275 |
canus. Sparr. . |
272 |
Capensis. Gmel. |
333 |
INDEX.
xix
T ETRAO, Chilensis. Gynel. p. 37 1
cinereus. Gmel. 412
Coromandelicus.
Gmel. . . .365
Coturmx. Linn. 36i
Coyolcos. Gmel. 377
cristatus. Lath. 381
Cupido. Linn. 299
Falklandicus.
Gmel. . . . 386
Jerrugineus. Gmel, 358
Francolinns. Linn. 3 19
Gibraltaricns.
Gmel. . . . 3P7
■ ■ gingicus. Gmel. 352
griseus. Gmel. 370
hybridus. Linn. 277
Javanicus. Gmel. 355
Lndicus. Gmel. . 30Q
Lagopus. Linn. 287
-■ ■ Lagopus. var.
Linn. . . . 293
Lagopus. Temm. 290
Lapponicus. Lath. 296
Luzoniensis. Gmel. 3^2
• Madagascariensis.
Gmel. . . , 325
■— -■■■ major. Gmel. . 406
Manillensis. Gmel. 371
Marylanda. Lath. 377
medius . . 277
Mexicanus. Lath. 277
montanus. Gmel. 344
'Namaqua. Gmel. 313
Novce-Guinece.
Gmel. . . . 375
— nudicollis. Gmel. 333
Tetrao, paradoxus.
Lath. . . p. 420
Perdix. Linn. . 339
perlatus. Gmel. 325
petrosus. Gmel. 350
phasianellus . 284
Ponticeriana.
Gmel, . . .321
— ruj'us. Linn. . 348
rupestris. Gmel. 29O
saliceti. Temm. 2Q2
■ saliceti. var. Temm. 293
■ Scoticus. Lath. 293
Senegalus. Linn. 313
sinensis. Gmel. 325
Soni. Gmel. . 4i8
• spadicea. Gmel. 329
striatus. Gmel. 368
subalpinus.
Nills. . 292, 293. 296
tetrix . . 279
tetrix. var. Lath . 277
Sparr. 280
— — togatus. Linn. 301
variegatus. Gmel. 409
Virginianus. Lath. 377
umhellus. Linn, 301
urogallus . 266
Zeylonensis. Gmel. 332
Thick-knee . , 458
common 459
Tinamon . . . 401
Apequia . 413
cinereous . 412
dwarf . 417
INDEX.
Tinamon, great . p.406
little . . 418
Macaco . . 411
Ooriana . 414
rufescent . 403
spotted . 404
Tao . . 408
. Tataupa . 415
— variegated . 409
Tinamus . . • 401
— adspersus . 411
Brasiliensis . 406
— — cinereus . 412
maculosus . -404
nanus • 417
_ — obsoletus . 413
rufescens . 403
Soni . • 418
_ _ — strigulosus . 414
Tao . . 408
Tataupa . 415
variegatus . 409
Tocro . ‘ • • 420
Tridactylus. Lacep. . 387
Tringa. Linn. 504. 508. 5 1 9
Ray. . • 489
arenaria. Linn. 490
Cayanensis. Lath. 513
Goensis. Lath. 514
Helvetica. Linn. 505
interpres. Linn. 520
lobata. Lath. . 5l6
Ludoviciana. Lath.5iy
Tringa, Ludoviciana.
var. Lath. . p. |
518 |
Morinella. Linn. |
520 |
Senegalla. Lath. |
515 |
— squataroUa. Linn. |
505 |
Vanellus. Linn. |
509 |
varia. Linn. |
505 |
Turn IX |
387 |
Andalusian |
396 |
■ black-fronted |
388 |
black- necked . |
389 |
fasciatus |
393 |
fighting |
391 |
Gibraltar |
397 |
Hottentot |
398 |
Hottentottus . |
398 |
lunatus . |
397 |
Luzonian |
392 |
maculosus |
394 |
nigricollis |
389 |
nigrifrons |
388 |
pugnax . |
391 |
spotted |
394 |
striped |
393 |
tachydronius . |
396 |
thoracicus |
392 |
Turnstone |
519 |
common . |
520 |
Vanellus |
508 |
Briss. |
504 |
Cayanensis . |
512 |
cristatus. Meijer 509 |
|
dominiccensis |
518 |
dominicensis |
. 518
arniatus. Briss.
INDEX.
XXI
Vanellus, Gavia . p. 509
Goensis , 514
— ' — griseus. Briss. 505
Helveticus.
Briss. . . . 505
Ludovicianus 5 1 7
■' Ludovicianus
armatus. Briss. . 5iy
Novae-Hol-
landiae , . . 516
S enegalensis 515
Senegalensis
armatus. Briss. . 515 varius. Briss. 505
Umbre |
P |
. 635 |
tufted |
• |
636 |
Urogallus major. |
, Briss. |
267 |
• minor |
.Ray . |
280 |
minor |
Juscus. |
|
Catesby |
. |
299 |
■ minor |
punctu- |
|
lotus. Ray. |
• |
277 |
Uscathachish |
• |
291 |
Wajpatheu . |
291 |
.'45ia:w,'
■*
' • , , . ■ . ' 1 - ^ , e..;
4v
:■ i.' ,' . I .UmV
■ ^rn^r^r.:
'.'■ •', ■. . ii '• : »t»i»?5wi^5A
S ' - |
(i |
||
-yAts\" |
i’ |
||
'k bi& |
|||
5/,, -.^tv : ■'.■.aw:-'v4'.^*’ |
f |
.hjif-'xvsj/ -
Aw \ |
|
■'W' |
|
1 ■• , V ,-• V - - -V |
|
f ■ " |
|
Vm' ,iS |
'•;V >y^i>,^*f{;'-‘''i)iw; V- \ |
> /Vvjtl^ ■ ‘r^WV- I* |
|
4* : |
|
. - - V* ■ |
|
- . . .'.. • ’. |
|
.'/ ' \ •' |
. , ’ ^ . .* ■ ■ - |
.,■ ’ ■ ■ . . ' . .V •
■'f'. ••WW’'’' .-
I
'■■'-r't'ir#’''
- iv
>'i
■ •
w’jU,
' ■ s^rf)
i i
■ j
1 J ■ / ,
x(vv,
V,,
'X
..*•*. • lJ *k.
. SA
Directions for placing the Plates in VoL XI^ Part II,
The Vignette represents the Roseate Spoonbill, considerably diminished.
Plate 18 to face page 266
19
20 21
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
279
293
287
339
361
396
409
423
436
432
443
449
455
459
464
490
Plate 36 |
to face page 494 |
37 |
500 |
38 |
509 |
39 |
520 |
40 |
524 |
41 |
■ 545 |
42 |
554 |
43 |
571 |
44 |
589 |
45 |
593 |
46 |
596 |
47 |
609 |
48 |
617 |
49 |
|
50 |
636 |
51 |
639 |
52 |
642 |
ERRATA.
VOL. XL— PART I.
Page 3, lines 15 and 16, for Ampelis Garrulus, read Bombycilla Garrula.
S3, line \5,for comb read cowl.
36 and 37, dele Wills. Amer. Orn.
38, line 4 from bottom, for Columba, read Colombo.
42, last line, for Colomba, read Colombe.
45, line 2, for maculata, raad Picazuro.
46, line 2, for Picazuro, read maculata.
47, line 1 6, for Colombe aganocephala, read Columba cyanocephala.
Ib. line 1 7, for Columba, read Colombe.
48, lines 3 and 4 from bottom, for islands of Panay and Antigua, read island of Panay near Antigue.
75, line 14, for Montague, read Montagu.
166, line 13, for Curassons, read Curassous.
192, line \,for Serpen tseater, read Serpenteater.
PART II.
Page 271, line 4 from bottom, for tumulis, read lunulis,
275, line 19,^r Cance, read Canace.
336, line 4 from bottom, for body beneath, read body above. 350, line \6, for Perdrix, read Perdix.
422, line 13,^r Edwards, read Bontius.
483, line 8, from bottom, for Pluver, read Pluvier.
, •• •' 541, line 8, for insulcum, read in sulco.
556, line ^6, for Buta read Butor.
Plates 5 and 22 appear to have been accidentally omitted.
BIRDS.
ORDER
GALLINACE^.
TETRxlO. GROUS. Generic Character.
Rostrum breve, crassiuscu- lum, supra foniicatum, con- vexum, versus apicem in- i curvum.
Nares basales, squama for- j nicali supeme semiclausse, | plumulis obtectae. j
Supercilia nuda, verrucosa, | coccinca.
Pedes tetradactyli, mutici, di- gitis tribus anticis, uno postico : tarsi hirsuti. |
AI(e breves, rotundatae. j
Tetrao. Auctorum.
Beak short and thick, arched above, and convex; bent down towards the tip.
Nostrils basal, half closed with an arched scale above, and clothed with small feathers.
Eyehro-ics naked, wai’ty, and of a scarlet colour.
Feet four-toed, smooth, with three toes before and one il behind : tarsi feathered.
I
!! Wings short, rounded.
TL HE Grous form a peculiar genus, whose dis- tinguishing characters consist in having a naked
V. XI. P. II. 18
^66
WOOD GROUS.
caninciilated skin over the eyes, forming a kind of eyebrow, which is more or less of a red colour : the tarsi are covered with feathers, and are de- stitute of a spur : the toes are naked.
They build their nests upon the ground ; they are constructed in a very artless manner, of a few small branches of pines, heath tops. See. The fe- males produce many eggs, and the young run about as soon as hatched, often with pieces of the shell adhering to them : their food consists of seeds, berries, a few insects, and the slender tops of various evergreens : they are all natives of the colder climates, those of southern provinces generally inhabiting the loftiest mountains, where the at- mosphere is bleak and cold.
A. Caicdd rotundatd.
A. Tail rounded.
WOOD GROUS.
(Tetrao Urogallus.)
Te- collo corporeque supra nigricantibus chiereo transversim un~ dulatis ; subtus nigricante maculis albis vario, axillis albis, pectore viridi nitore ceneo caudd nigra rotmidatd, rectricibus versus apicem diiabus maculis albis. (Femina, minor, nigro cinereoque transversim vnriegatd; guldy pectore rectricibusque rufis, his nigro’^asciatis.)
WOOD GROUS.
267
Grous with the neck and body above dusky, transversely waved with cinereous; beneath dusky, varied with white spots; the axillae white ; the breast green, glossed with brassy ; the tail black and rounded, its feathers with two white spots towards the tip. {Female less, transversely variegated with black and ash-colour ; the throat, breast, and tail-feathers rufous, the latter barred with black.)
Tetrao Urogallus. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 273. 1. — Linn. Faun. Suec. 200. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. /-id. — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 634. 1. — Temm. Gall. Ind. 696. — Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 297-
Urogallus major. Briss. Orn. 1. 182. — Raii. Syn. 53. a. 1.
Coq de Bruyere, ou Tetras. Bujf. Ois. 2. igi. pi. 5. — Buff. PI. Enl. 73 and 74.
Tetras Auerhan. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 114. pi. g. ff. 1. 2. beak, &c. — Temm. Man. d'Ornith.
Cock of the Wood, or Mountain. Albin. Birds. 2. pi. 29 and 30.
Wood Grous. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. g2. pi. 40, 41. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2,312. — Supp. 62. — Lath. Gen. Syn. A. /2g. 1. — Z^’. Brit. Birds. 4. 132, — TValc. Syn. 2. pi. ISO. — Don. Brit. Birds. 4, pi. 89. — Bexi-. Brit. Birds. 1. 295. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Om. Diet. Supp.
Var. /S. Dorsum anticum album maculis ferrugineis, fusco tenuis- sime undulatis ; posiicum nigrum pennis albisinseriis ; abdomen el Cauda maculis albis ; tibice sordide albce. Mas.
With the anterior jiart of the back white, with ferruginous spots, slightly undulated with brown ; the posterior portion black, varied with white ; abdomen and tail with white spots ; tibiae dull white. Male.
Tetrao Urogallus, var. a. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 299.
Var. y. cinereo-canus, capite colloque saturatioribus. Mas.
Hoary-grey, with the head and neck darker. Male.
Tetrao Urogallus. var. jS. Nilss. Orn. Suec. I. 299*
Var. S. supra sordide testacea undulis rarioribus albis, subtus testaceo albidoque undulata.
Above dull testaceous, with few white undulations; beneath undulated with testaceous and white.
Tetrao Urogallus, var. y. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 299.
Var. £. Tota sordida albida, fuscescenti nebulvsa.
268
WOOD GROUS.
Entirely dull white, clouded with brownish.
Tetrao Urogallus, var. $. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1. 299.
This grand species was formerJy taken in abund- ance in Scotland, but at this pej'iod it is nearly if not entirely extirpated ; indeed there is no au- thentic record of a specimen having been shot in that country these forty years *. It is as large as a Turkey, measuring two feet nine inches in length; its weight from seven to thirteen pounds: beak strong and yellowish : irides hazel : nostrils covered with dusky feathers : beneath tlie eye a small spot of w’hite feathers : the head and neck of a dusky brown, sprinkled with small greyish white spots : the feathers of the hind head elongated, and, with those of the chin and throat, dusky black : the back and rump dusky ash, marked with innu- merable small zigzag white lines : the belly is black, with white spots towards its middle, and undulated greyish white stripes on its sides : the breast is of a fine dark glossy green : the wing-coverts are chesnut-brown, finely speckled with dusky, and striated with blackish lines ; at their tips pure white : the primary quills dusky brown ; the se- condaries the same, finely edged with whitish on their outer webs : the bend of the wing and under tail-coverts pure white : the tail consists of eigliteen feathers, and is rounded in shape, and black, with a small white spot on the outer feather on each
* The late G. [Montagu, however, was present when one was killed near the upper end of Loch Lomond, about thirty-five years since.
WOOD GROUS.
269
side, near the extremity : the tarsi are covered witli brown silky feathers, with loose webs, slightly marked with white spots : tlie feet and claws horn- colour. The female is much smaller than the male, rarely measuring above twenty-six inches in length : the beak is dusky : the head, neck, back, scapulars, and coverts of the wings and tail, are dusky brown, varied with transverse stripes of red : the tail dark rufous, barred with black and tipped with white : the throat is reddish yellow : the breast deep reddish, varied with a few white spots : the belly the same, barred with black ; the under tail-coverts tipped with white : the quills are dusky brown, mottled on their outer webs with pale brown.
The young of both sexes of the first year greatly resemble the female : the males of the second moidt have the upper parts of the body^ greydsh black ; the green on the breast is veiy dull, and often the feathers of the bpdy’^ are varied with rufous, and the tail tipped with vrhite.
Several varieties of this species are briefly noticed by Nilsson in his Ornithologia Suecica, which may be readily discriminated from T. Tetrix, by” the tail being rounded : they are all described in the synonyms as fully as in the above-mentioned w'ork.
Tliis bird inhabits wooded and mountainous countries, particularly pine forests or plantations of juniper : it feeds upon the berries of the latter, and those of the vaccinium,and also upon the seeds and tops of the pine, which sometimes give the flesh a very* disagreeable flavour. In tlie spring the male may' be seen at sun-rise, and in the even-
^70
WOOD GROUS.
iiig, extremely active, upon one of the largest branches of the pines : with his tail raised and expanded like a fan, and the wings drooping, he walks backward and forward, his neck stretched out, his head swollen, and eyebrows deep crim- son, he utters his singular cry ; which commences by a kind of explosion, instantly followed by a noise resembling the whetting of a scythe, which ceases and commences alternately for about an hour, and is then terminated by a similar ex- plosive noise as at the beginning : during the whole of this singular cry he seems entirely deaf, and insensible of every danger, from the great con- vulsive motion into which his head and eyes are thrown : this enables the sportsman to approach by degrees to the bird, and take a fatal aim. The female seldom lays more than a dozen eggs, which are the size of those of a hen, but more obtuse ; they are yellowish white, sprinkled with irregular yellow spots : they are generally placed in a dry situation, in an artless nest upon the ground, com- posed of heath tops : the young as soon as hatched run with extreme agility after the mother, who leads them to procure the pupae of ants and wild mountain berries, whicli are their first food ; as they grow older they feed upon the tops of the heath and the seeds of the fir. The whole brood follows the mother for about two months, at which time the young males entirely forsake her, and keep in great harmony with each other till tiie commencement of spring, when they separate and live in a solitary state, never approaching each other unless for the purpose of fighting, which
HAZEL GROUS.
271
they do with great obstinacy, and are frequently so inattentive to their own safety, that it often happens that two or three of them are killed at a shot.
This bird inhabits the colder countries of Eu- rope and Asia, being abundant in the pine woods of Russia, Siberia, Norway, Sweden, &c. : the Alps and the mountains of Lorrain occasionally furnish a few individuals, particularly the former : it also occurs in various other mountainous parts, where the air is bleak : it was formerly abundant in Scotland (as before mentioned) and Ireland, but appears to be extirpated, at least in the. latter place ; in the former it went by the name of Caper- caile, Capercalze, and Auercalze : in Norway it is called Auerhan.
Its flesh is greatly esteemed, and numbers of the birds are often sent from the continent during the winter to this country, where they arrive in great perfection.
HAZEL GROUS.
(Tetrao Bonasia.)
Ti£. corpore supra rujescente macidis Jiiscis nigris et cinereis vario, subtus drier ascente, tumulis nigris conspersoy maculd. utrinque alba pone aures ; rectricibus dnereis punctis nigris fascia nigra, exceptis intermediis duabus, gula nigra, (Femina gula alba.)
HAZEL GIIOUS.
27^
Grous with the body above rufescent, varied with brown, black, and cinereous spots ; beneath cinerascent, sprinkled with black lunules 5 a white spot on each side near the. ears; the tail- feathers cinereous with black spots, and a black fascia, the two middle feathers excepted ; the throat black. {Female with a white throat.)
Tetra Bonasia. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 275. 9- — Linn. Faun. Suec. 204. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. J53. — Briss. Orn, 1. IQl. 3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 640. 14. — Tenim. Gall. Ind. 706. — Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1.305.
Tetrao betulinus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 637* 5. young. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 749.
Gallina Corylorum. Rail. Syn. 'p. 55. 6. — JFill. Orn. 126. j)l. 31.
La Gelinotte. Bnjf. Ois. 2. 233. pi. 7* — Luff. PI. Enl. 474.
475.
Tetras Gelinotte. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 174. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. 29 1.
Birch Grous. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 735. 5. young.
Hazel Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 3l7- — Will. {Ang.) p.
175. pi. 31. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 744.
V'ar. $. corpore cano fusco undtdato.
With the body hoary, undulated with brown.
Tetrao Bonasia. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. 707.
Tetrao canus. Sparr. Mus. Carls. Jasc. 1. 16. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 753. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 640.13.
Helsingian Grous. Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 217*
This species is fourteen inches in length : the beak is short and black : space round the eyes naked, wrinkled, and deep crimson : the upper jiarts of the head, neck, and body, are transversely striated with rufous-brown and ash-colour ; the lower part of the back and rump inclining more to the latter colour : the wing-coverts are marbled with rufous, sprinkled with brown and black, and a few dashes of white : quills grey-brown ; on
HAZCL GROUS.
273
their inner webs, towards the tip, varied witli red- dish : the feathers at the base of the upper man- dible black : on each side of the nostrils a small white spot 5 between the beak and eye another, and a third behind each eye : the chin and throat are black, surrounded by white : the feathers of the fore-part of the neck are rufous, striped trans- versely with dusky, and tipped with white : belly and thighs ash-coloured, varied with black cres- cents : the vent pale grey : the tail is composed of sixteen feathers ; the two middle ones similar to the back ; all the others varied with brown and greyish white, and marked with a broad bar of black towards their tip, which is grey -white ; the claws, the naked part of the tarsi, and the feet, are brown.
The female differs in wanting the black chin and throat, and in having the naked carunculated space about the eyes smaller, and more dull in colour. The young of both sexes on the approach of winter exactly appear like the female ; previous to that period they have the body varied with rufous and black : the rump whitisli, barred with black : the quills tipped with white : the breast pale cinereous : the tail black, with transverse rufous spots : the beak and legs black : the eye- brows very pale red.
Tetrao canus of Sparrman, the Ilelsingian Grous of Latham, appears to be only a variety of this species : it has the entire plumage of a hoary- white, obscurely undulated with brown : the wing- coverts brownish, marked with a whitish spot at
V. XI. p. II. 1 9
274
HAZEL GROUS.
the ends : the vent white : the tail clouded above with hoary, white, and brown : the legs and beak black.
This species is a native of the woods of Germany, particularly those at the foot of the Alps j and the high mountains of Silesia, Poland, Sweden, and Russia ; in the latter place not very abundant : in the Gulf of Genoa it is found in the greatest pro- fusion. Although so common on the Continent, it does not appear ever to have been captured in England. Its food consists principally of the cat- kins of the hazel and birch, also the berries of juniper, firs, and other evergreens, but when con- fined it will eat grain. Its flesh is .more esteemed than any other of the genus, and from its superior flavour it has received its specific name. Its man- ners are similar to those of the preceding species. The female generally deposits several eggs, which vary from ten to sixteen in number, and are of a whitish yellow, irregularly spotted with brown- yellow; they are hatched in about three weeks, and the young run about as soon as they obtain their liberty. The catching of these birds is ac- companied with difficulty, from the inaccessible places they inhabit ; therefore the hunters have recourse to a kind of bird-call to allirre them from their hiding-places.
CANADA GROUS.
(Tetrao Canadensis,)
Te. corpore supra nigricante obscure Jiisco cinereoque vario ^ subtus albo lunvlis nigris consperso ; collo infra pectoreqiie nigris ; pone oculos lunulis duabus albis ; rectricibus nigris, apice fuscis. (Femina corpore fusco-aurantio cinereoque trans- versim striato ; cauda fused, nigro nebuloso fasciola, apice fidvo.)
Grous with the body above dusky, obscurely varied with brown and cinereous, beneath white, sprinkled with black lunules ; the lower part of the neck and the breast black ; behind the eyes two white lunules ■, the tail-feathers black, tipped with brown. [Female with the body fuscous-orange, transversely striated with cinereous the tail fuscous, clouded, and banded with black ; the tip fulvous.)
Tetrao Canadensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 274. 3. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 749. 3. — Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 637. 6. male; 0. female. Temm. Gall. Ind. 702.
Tetrao Cance. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 275. 7- female. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 749. 3. 6. female.
Bonasa freti Hudsonis. Briss. Orn. 1. 201. 6. — Briss. Sup. p. 10.
Bonasa Canadensis. Briss. Orn. 1, 203. 7- 20. yi I, 2. male
and female.
La Gelinotte du Canada. Buf. Ois. 2. 279. — Buff. PI. Enl. 131 and 132.
Tetras tachet6, ou Acaho. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 16O. bis.
Black and spotted Heathcock. Edw. Glean, pi. 1 18. male.
Brown and spotted Heathcock. Edvoard. pi. 71. female.
Spotted Grous, or Wood Partridge. Phil. Trans, l.xii. p. 389, — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 182. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 735. 6. — Lath. Syn. Sup.j). 214.
This species abounds in the neighbourhood of Hudson’s Jiay and alJ the northern part of America.
1276
CANADA GROUS.
It is thirteen inches and a half in length : the upper parts of the head, neck, body, and rump, are transversely barred with dusky and grey- brown : over the eyelids is a bare carunculated red space : nostrils covered with black, with a small white spot on each side, and one of the same beneath, and somewhat behind the eye : throat, breast, and belly, black ; the latter spotted with white, except the middle : sides of the body barred transversely with grey-brown and dusky ; the feathers with a white stripe near the tip : under tail-coverts black and white : tail black, tipped with rufous : feathers of the tarsi grey-brown : claws grey : beak black.
The female is less : length eleven inches and a half: the upper parts of the body barred and varied with rufous, dusky, and grey-brown : front and sides of the neck rufous, each feather wu'th a dusky band near the tip : breast barred with rufous, and dusky, each feather tipped with dirty rufous white : the sides wdth brown bars : the tips of the feathers sullied white : belly and under tail-coverts crossed with blackish and rufous white : wings like those of the male : tail barred with reddish and black.
A variety of this species is mentioned by La- tham ; — ‘‘ General colour of its plumage ferru- ginous cream-colour, marbled and striated across with brown and yellow clay-colour : fore-part of the neck and breast more inclined to yellow : under parts of the body white, marked with broken bars of cinereous brown : quills plain brownish cream-colour : tail yellowish brown, prettily mot-
HYBRID GIIOUS.
277
tied with darker : the tips of all the feathers fer- ruginous, but paled*
The inhabitants of the places where this species is found preserve them through the winter by freezing them, and when wanted they are thrown into cold water for a time. The fem,ale lays five eggs.
B. Cauda bifurcd.
B. Tail bifurcated.
HYBRID GROUS.
(Tetrao medius.)
collo pectore cerviceque nigricante-violaceis^ purpureo-niten- tibus ; corpore nigricante, supra punctis rubescentis adsperso; subtus maculis albis vario ; caudd nigrd subbifurcd.
Grous with the neck, breast, and cervix, dusky violet, glossed with purple j the body dusky, its upper part freckled with reddish spots, and its under varied with white spots tail black, slightly bifurcated.
Tetrao medius. Temm. Gall. Ind. 6g8. — Meyer. Berl. Mag. Tetrao hybridus. Linn. Faun. Suec. ^0\.—Sparr. Mus. Carls 1. pi 15.
Tetrao Tetrix, var. J. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 636. 3.~—Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 748. — Nilss. Orn. Suec. 302.
Urogallus minor punctatus. Briss. Orn. 1. lpl.2. a.
Tetras rakkelham. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. \'ig. pl.g.f.3. — Temm. Man. d’Ornith. 287-
Hybrid, or Spurious Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 314. B. — Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. 62. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 734. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 214. — Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 268. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1.
278
HYBRID GROUS.
This beautiful bird, about which much has been said by many ornithologists respecting its origin, appears decidedly to be a distinct species, and not a hybrid between the Wood Grous and the following, as asserted by Latham and others. The male has the head, the neck, and the breast, of a beautiful full black, with reflections of bronzed purple : the feathers on the back of the neck sprinkled with very minute grey points : the space round the eyes is black, with a. patch of white feathers beneath : the back and the rump are black, each feather being tipped with a purple hue, with almost imperceptible greyish spots : the belly is black, its sides being sprinkled with white dots : the thighs and the abdomen are white, as are the tips of the under tail-coverts : the scapulars, the lesser and middle wing-coverts are deep brown, barred with fine zigzag yellow-brown stripes : the basal half of the lesser wing-quills is white, then dusky brown, and tipped with white ; the rest of the quills are brown, slightly edged on their outer webs with white : the feathers at the bend of the wing and the under wing-coverts are white : the tail is similar to the upper coverts, which are black : the beak is black : the irides are hazel : the feet horn-coloured.
The female has the tail less forked than the male, and is much smaller : her plumage is varied with small transverse black stripes, on a reddish ground. The young male greatly resembles the female : the back is reddish brown, varied with spots, and striped with transverse lines of brown :
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BLACK GROUS.
279
the under parts of the body are black, varied with spots and stripes of yellow-brown, each feather being also tipped with white : the wings are dusky brown, with transverse bars of chesnut-brown : the secondaries are tipped with brown ; the tail is black, tipped with white ; the whole of its upper coverts are varied with brown and black, and tipped with white.
This bird inhabits only the most northern parts of Europe, Russia, Lapland, Sweden, Norway, &c. ; and it is also said to be found in the most northerly parts of Scotland, but I believe without any truth. Very little is known of its habits, which no doubt resemble those of the rest of the genus.
BLACK GROUS.
(Tetrao Tetrix.)
Te. corpore supra nigro-violaceo, suhius nigricanie, remigihus secundariis versim basin albis, cauda bifurca, rectricibus exte- rioribus recurvatis. (Femina minor y rufoy nigro et cinereo transversim mriegat&.)
Grous with the body above violet-black, beneath dusky ; the secondary quills white at their base j the tail bifurcate, its outer feathers recurved. (Fewa/eless; transversely variegateil with rufous, black, and cinereous, )
Tetrao Tetrix, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 274. — Linn. Faun. Suec. no. 202. — Gniel. Syst. Nat. 1. 748, — Lath. Ind. Orn.2. 635. 3. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p, 6qq.-~-NHss. Orn. Suec. 1 . 300. — Leach, Catp Brit. Mus. p. 27.
280
black grous.
Urogallus minor, llaii. S^/n. p. 53. a. 2. — Will. Orn.p, VlA.pl. 31. — Briss. Orn. 1. p. 186. 2.
Le Coq de Bruyeres a queue fourchue. Buff. Ois. 2. 210. pi. 6. — Buff. PL Enl. 172, 173.
Tetras Birckhan. Tcinm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 140. pi. 9. 4.
(beak.) — Temm. Man. d'Orni. p. 289.
Black Grous, Black Cock, or Black Game. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. Q3.pl. 42. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 314. c. — All). Birds. \ .pl.22. — Lath. Gen. Syyi. 4. 73'6. — Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 213. — Lewin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 133. — Pult. Cat. Dors, p.y . — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 181. — Don. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. Ql. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 298. — Bing, Anim. Biog. 2, 253. — Lovd’s Faun. Oread, p. 51.
Var. jS. Corpore nigro alboquc variegato, maeida pectorali maxima atro nitente.
With the body variegated with black and white ; a dark shining spot on the breast.
Tetrao Tetrix. Mas. var. Sparr. Mus. Carls, fasc. 3. pi. 65. — Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 6s6. 3. B- — Temm. Gall. Ind. 701. (a.)
Var. y. sordide alho ae obsolete forrugineo undulatd, rostra nigro, pedibus Jerrugineis.
Dull white, obsoletely undulated with ferruginous; the beak black, and feet ferruginous.
Tetrao Tetrix. femina. var. Sparr. Mus. Carls, ff. 3. pi. 66.' — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 636. 3. (y.) — Temm. Gall. Ind. 701. (b.)
The male of this species is two feet in length ; the prevailing colour of his plumage is black : the head, the neck, the back, and the rnmp, having rich reflections of blue : the rest of the body and the tail being dull black : tlie wing-coverts are dusky brown ; the first four quills black, the rest white at the bottom ; the lower half and tips of the secondaries white : under wing-coverts white : liend of the wing the same : the feathers of the lower part of the belly and the vent are dusky,
BLACK GROUS.
281
tipped with white : the tail is composed of sixteen feathers of a black colour, changing to deep violet ; the exterior ones bending outwards, and much longer than those in the middle : the under tail- coverts pure white : the feathers on the tarsi dark brown : the eyebrows with a very deep red naked space : the beak is black : the irides hazel, and the feet brown.
The female is smaller than the male : the tail is less forked, and its lateral feathers are not curved outwards : the head, the neck, and the breast, are striped transversely with red and black : the belly and sides the same, but paler, and the feathers tipped with whitish grey : the under tail-coverts are striped with red and black, and tipped with pure white ; the throat is reddish, striped with small black lines : the back, wing-coverts, and rump, are deep red, varied with black lines, which are glossed with purplish: the tail-feathers are black, varied with oblique zigzag red stripes, and tipped with white: the quills are brown, with white zigzag stripes on their outer webs : the secondary feathers are white at their base, and at their tips resemble the quills. The young males of the tirst year are similar to the females, but at the next moult they attain some of the particu- larities of their proper plumage.
Several varieties of this species are mentioned ; two of which are noticed in the synonyms : one a male, varied with black and white, with a deep shining spot on the breast : the other a female, of a dull white, obsoletely waved with nut-colour.
282
BLACK GROUS.
Temmiiick also mentions avariety with the plumage wliite, varied with brown and red, with black stripes ; and one with a black body, with the neck, the back, and the wings, white.
Black Grous are found in most parts of Europe, particularly the most northern, where they are abundant : in this country they are getting very scarce, at least in the southern parts, from the introduction of the art of shooting flying, which has caused great havoc amongst these birds, and has ‘Utterly extirpated that fine species, the Wood Grous. The only spots where they appear to occur at present in the south are in the wild, uncultivated parts of the New Forest, Hampshire, Dartmoor and Sedgemoor in Devonshire, and the heathy hills in Somersetshire ; but north of Staf- fordshire and Yorkshire they are tolerably plen- tiful, but most so in Scotland: they are partial to sequestered spots, and mountainous and woody situations : their food consists principally of fruits and berries, and in winter of the tops of heath and birch.
The males are polygamous, and fight desperately with each other for the females : about April the latter deposits her eggs, which are six or seven in number, of a dirty white, blotched with rust- colour ; they are about the size of those of a Phea- sant, and are placed amongst the highest heath, without the least appearance of a nest : the young follow the female for some time, but quit her at the commencement of the winter, and keep to- gether in flocks of seven or eight, till the spring,
BLACK GROUS.
283
when the males separate, and assume their pugna- cious dispositions.
They will not bear confinement, many attempts to rear them having failed. During the winter the inhabitants of Siberia catch them in the following singular manner. A number of poles are placed horizontally on forked sticks, in the places the birds frequent ; small bundles of corn are tied on these by way of allurement, and at a little distance some tall conical shaped baskets are placed, having their broad end uppermost ; just within the mouth of each basket a small wheel is balanced in such a manner that the least touch, on either side, causes it to fall down and recover its situation. The birds are soon attracted by the corn on the hori- zontal poles ; the first comers alight upon them, and after a short repast fly to the baskets, and attempt to settle on their tops, when the wheel drops sideways, and they fall headlong into the trap. These baskets are sometimes found half full of the birds thus caught.
In Russia, Norway, and other extreme northern countries, the Black Grous are said to retire under the snow during the winter, but probably without foundation.
284
C. Cauda cuneiforma.
€. Tail wedge-shaped.
LONG-TAILED GROUS.
(Tetrao Phasianellus.)
Te. corpore supra testaceo nigricante vario ; pectore castaneo~ Jiisco, maculis albis vario ; latera colli tectricibusque alarum maculis rotundatis albis, cauda cunei/hrmis ; rectricibus duabus elongatis maculis ocellaribus iiotatis.
Grous with the body above testaceous, varied with dusky 5 the breast chesnut-brown, varied with white spots ; the sides of the neck and the wing-coverts with rounded white spots j the tail wedge-shaped, the two middle feathers elongated, and marked with ocellated spots.
Tetrao Pliasianellus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 273. 1. 0. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 747* — Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 635. 2. — Briss. Sup. p. g. — Temm. Ind. Gall. 7OI.
Coq de Bruyeres ^ longue queue. Buff. Ois. 2. 286. 3.
Tetras Phasianelle. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 152.
Sharp-tailed Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 181.
Long-tailed Grous. Phil. Trans. Ixii. p. 394. — Edxu. Birds, p. 117. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 732. 2. — Lath. Sy7i. Sup. 112.
This curious bird is in length seventeen inches : its beak is black : irides hazel : head, neck, and upper parts of the body, testaceous, with transverse black fasciae, which are broadest on the back : between the beak and eyes a spot of white : sides of the neck marked with roundish white spots : wing-coverts with spots and stripes of white : quills black, spotted with white on their outer
LONG-TAILED GROUS.
285
webs ; secondaries brown, striped on the outer edge, and tipped with white : rump lioary : tail short, consisting of eighteen feathers ; the two middle ones longer than the rest, and spotted with testaceous ; the rest of them pale brown, tipped with white : the breast and belly whitish, marked with testaceous cordiform spots, deepest on the belly. The sexes differ but little from each other, the principal distinction being in the male having the naked space over the eyes more determined and brighter.
These birds inhabit the mountainous parts of the country about Hudson’s Bay ; they feed upon juniper berries and buds : they associate in small flocks, and lay their eggs, which vary from ten to sixteen iti number, upon the ground, in an artless nest composed of grass, and lined with a few fea- thers : the eggs are white, and are hatched about the middle of June : the young follow the mother as soon as hatched : their flesh is greatly prized, and is very plump and juicy. They are called by the natives of Hudson’s Bay Arv-lds-cow^ accord- ing to Hearne.
23G
L AGOPUS. PT A R M IG A N .
Generic Character.
Rostrum breve, basi plumo- i sum, supra convexum, la- j teratim compressiusculum, i versus apicem aduncum ; j mandibula inferiore basi | sub Irigonum.
Nares basales, semiclausas.
Supercilia nuda glabra.
Pedes tetradactyli, mutici ; tarsi digitique hii’suti.
Beak short, feathered at tlie base, above convex, the sides someAvhat compress- ed, towards its tip bent down ; the under mandible slightly triangular at its base.
Nostrils basal and half closed.
Eyebrows naked and smooth.
Feet four-toed, spurless ; the tarsi and toes hairy.
Lagopus. Antiquoruniy Rail., Vieil., Leach. Tetrao. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Temm., Cm., Nilss. Bonasa. Brisson.
X'hE Ptarmigans form a genus that was well known to the ancient ornithologists : it possesses the singular character of having the tarsi and toes covered with hair-like feathers : the eyebrows are naked, smooth, and generally of a pale red hue : the tail is either rounded or somewhat square : the sides of the toes are serrated and rough : most of the species change their plumage in the winter.
'i
rTAiR.M;i©A:?^ o
I
COMMON PTA^RMIGAN.
287
and become of a pure white, or whitish ; and at that time the toes become slightly downy beneath, to defend them from the frost and snow : their claws, which are broad and crooked, are well adapted for removing the latter, which they are obliged to do to procure their food, which consists of herbage, fruits, berries, and the tender shoots of various trees. They are all natives of the frigid regions.
COMMON PTARMIGAN.
(Lagopus mutus.)
La. cinereo alboque varius, remigibus albis rectricibtis nigrisy apice albisj duobus intermediis albis. (Maris mactild nigra inter rostrum et oculos : corpore hyeme toto albo.')
Ptarmigan varied with cinereous and white ; the quills white j the tail-feathers black with white tips, the two middle ones entirely white : between the beak and eyes of the male is a black spot j in the winter the body is entirely white.
Lagopus mutus, Leach. Cat. Mtis. Brit. p. 27.
Tetrao Lagopus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2/4. 4. — Linn. Faun. Suec. no. 203. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 749- — 0. Fabr. Faun. Groen. no. 80. — Briss. Orn. 1. 2l6. 12. male. — Lath. hid. Orn, 2. 639- 9* — Tenim. Gall. Ind. 707.
Tetrao alpinus. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 1,311.
Le Lagopede. Buff. Ois. 2. 264. pi. 9.
LaGelinote blanche. Buff. PI. Enl. 129. 494.
Le Ptarmigan, ou Tetras Lagopede. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3, 185. pi. 10. ff. 1, 2, 3. (head, &c.) — Temm. Man. d^Orni. p. 293.
288
COMMON PTARMIGAN.
White Game. Will. Orn, ( Ang.) p. Ij6. pi. 32.
Ptarmigan. Penn. Brii. Zool. 1. Q5.pl. 43. — Penn. Arct. Zool.
2. 315. D. — Gent. Mag. 1772. pi. in p. 74. — Lath. Gen. Spn.
4.741. 10. — Leixiin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 134. — Wale. Spn.2.pl.
182. — Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pi. 12. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. —
Mont. Orn. Diet. Hupp. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 1. 303. — Bing.
Anim. Biog. 2. 250.
The Ptarmigan is fifteen inches in length : its beak is black : the jilumage pale brown or ash- colour, elegantly crossed or mottled with small dusky spots and minute bars : the head and neck with broad bars of black, white, and rust-colour: wings white : greater quills with black shafts : in the male the head is more inclined to rufous : in the month of September it begins to change its plumage, and about the middle of October it is of a pure white all over : the shafts of the first seven quills black ; and the tail, which consists of sixteen feathers, has the two middle ones white, the rest black, with a little white on the tips of the second feathers from the middle : the male also possesses a black stripe from the nostrils to the eyes.
Temminck considers the Rock Ptarmigan of Latham to be referrible to this species, but that is a much sinaller bird, and is spotted with white and dull orange in its summer plumage ; whereas this is destitute of such marks : therefore till there is more certainty respecting them, it will be better to consider them as distinct, since they inhabit dif- ferent countries ; and as similar varieties do not occur in this kingdom, where the Ptarmigan is sufficiently common, it seems to give additional
COMMON PTARMIGAN.
289
support to the conjecture of these being two de- cided species.
The Ptarmigan inhabits most of the northern parts of Europe, even as far as Greenland : it is very common in Russia and Siberia : it also is abundant on the fUpine mountains of Savoy, and other temperate regions. In Britain these birds are chiefly met with on the summits of the highest hills of the Flighlands of Scotland ; they are also not uncommon in the Hebrides and Orkneys, and a few are still said to inhabit the lofty hills of Cumberland and Wales.
In winter they assemble together in flocks, and are very stupid, suffering themselves to be knocked down with sticks, or driven into any snare that is set for them. They frequently stretch out their necks, apparently in curiosity, and remain other- wise unconcerned, while the fowler takes aim at them : when frightened they fly off, but imme- diately afterwards alight, and stand staring at their foe. It is said if the female be killed, the male will not forsake her, but may then also be killed with great ease. So little alarmed are they at the presence of mankind, as even to bear driving like poultry ; yet notwithstanding this apparent gentle- ness of disposition, it is impossible to domesticate them ; for when caught they refuse to eat, and always die in consequence.
Tlieir food consists of the buds of trees, young slioots of pine and lieath, and mountain berries and fruits : ^on tlie Contineut tliey feed on llie dwarf bircli and black-berried heatli, and some-
20
V. XT. P. II.
wo
ROCK PTARMIGAN.
times on the various kinds of liverwort. The female lays her eggs on the ground ; they are from six to ten in number, dusky with reddish brown spots ; they are something larger than those of the Partridge.
They are called White Game in this country, and their flesh is excellent food, being said to taste so like the Black Grous as to be scarcely distinguishable from it.
ROCK PTARMIGAN.
(Lagopus rupestris.)
La. aurantius, Jasciis alris liliirisque albis mriiis ; reclricibus atris apice albis, intermediis totis albis, loris nigris.
Orange Ptarmigan, varied with dark fasciae and white stripes ; the tail-feathers dusky, with white tips the two middle ones entirely white, the lores black.
Tetrao rupestris. GmeL Spst. Nat. 1. 751. — Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 640. 11,
Tetrao Lagopus. xiar. Temm. Gall. hid. 708.
Tetrao Alpinus, var. Nilss. Orn. Succ. 1.311.?
Rock Grous. Penn. Arct, Zool. 2. 184. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 217.
17. 6.
Latham makes mention of this bird in the fol- lowing terms : “ At Hudson’s Bay a white Grous, seemingly of a different species, is observed. In size it is less by one third. It is exactly like the other in colour, exceptipg it has a black line from
HOCK PTARMIGAN,;
291
the beak to the eye. The manners differ some- what, as it inhabits rocky places or juniper plains at all seasons. It frequently stretches the neck out, and makes a croaking kind of noise. They are very numerous at the two extremes of the Bay, but never visit the middle settlement except in very severe weather. This is called by the natives Uscathachish, by the English Rock-Par- tridge ; whereas the other is distinguished by the name of WapatheuJ'
Temminck describes a specimen he received from America, as a variety of the common Ptar- migan • future observations will no doubt enable ornithologists to determine the fact, whether it be a distinct species, or only a variety of that bird. The black streak between the beak and eye, which appears to be a leading character in this species, is w^ell marked, although the bird appears to be nearly in its summer plumage : the top of the head and the hinder part of the neck are varied with black feathers, striped with rufous, and white at their bases ; the top of the back, the scapulars, and the breast, black : the feathers of the lower part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail- coverts, grey-brown, wdth zigzag black stripes, each feather having a bar of black, and a white tip : the throat, the lower part of the neck, the under parts of the body, and the wdngs, pure white : the tarsi slightly covered wdth feathers: the last joint of the toes nearly nuked.
292
WHITE PTARMIGAN.
(Lagopus albus.)
La. corpore (estate albo Jiihoque vario ; hyeme toto albo ; rectri- cibus atris opice albis ; duabus intermediis totis albis. Ptarmigan with the body in summer varied with white and fulvous ; in the winter totally white ; the tail-feathers dark- coloured, with white tips ; the two middle feathers entirely white.
Tetrao albus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 570. 23. — Lath.Ind. Orn.2, 63Q. 10.
Tetrao saliceti. Tejnm. Gall. Ind, 709. (winter plumage.) Tetrao subalpinus. Nilss. Orn. Suec. 307 ?
Lagopede de la bale d’Hudson. Buff. Ois. 2. 2/6.
Tetras des saules, ou muet. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. Z.p. 208. pi.
l\.f. 1, 2, 3. Temm. Man. d'Omi. 2Q5. (winter plumage.) White Partridge. Edwards, pi. 72.
White Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 183. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.
743. U.
Like the foregoing species, which is considered to be only a variety of the common Ptarmigan, Temminck describes this as the winter dress of the following species ; but as this species does not occur in Scotland, where the Red Ptarmigan is very abundant, I think his conjectures respecting it rather unfounded.
This is rather larger than the common Ptar- migan, which it greatly resembles : the plumage in both sexes is a glossy white, as are the two middle tail-feathers ; the four outer ones on each side being black, with white tips : the legs and
2(^
MKILD ]P"rAlfiM!['.GAI^,
RED PTARMIGAN.
293
toes are well feathered : in the summer the plumage is varied with large spots and stripes of white and dull orange.
It is stated to be abundant at Hudsons Bay, and lives in flocks in winter, feeding on the tops of the willows : are good eating, and so common that ten thousand have been taken at the several forts in one winter, by driving them under nets properly placed. They have from nine to eleven young, and breed every where on the coasts. By some they are called Snow Hens, from burrowing in the snow.
RED PTARMIGAN.
(Lagopus Scoticus,)
La. corpore rufo nigricantequetransversim striato; rectricibus sex uirinque exterioribus nigricantibiis.
Ptarmigan with the body transversely striated with rufous and dusky 3 the six exterior tail-feathers on each side dusky. Lagopus Scoticus. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 27.
Lagopus altera Plinii. Raii. Spn, 54. a. 3.
Tetrao Scoticus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 641. 15.
Bonasa Scotica. Briss. Orn. 1. igg. 5. pi, Tl. f. 1.
Tetrao Lagopus, var. Linn. Sqst. Nat. 1. 274. — Gmel. Spsl. Nat. 1. 750.
Tetrao Saliceti. (Summer plumage.) Temm. Gall. Ind, 7IO. Tetrao subalpinus. var. A, Nilss. Orn. Succ. 1 . 308.
294
RED PTARMIGAN.
La Gelinotte d’Ecosse. Buff. Ois. 2. 242.
Tetras des Sanies, ou muet. (Summer plumage.) Tcmm. Pig. ci Gall. 3. 221.2)1. Q.ff. 5. (head.) — Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 2Q6. Red Game, Moor Cock, Gorcock. Raii. S^n. 54. a. 3. — Alb. Birds. 1. pi. 23. 24.
lied Grous. Penn. Brit. Zocl. 1. Q4.pl. 43. — Lath. Gen. Syn.4> /46. 13. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 216. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds, pi. 135. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 183. — Mont. Or?i. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Supp. — Bexo. Brit. Birds. 1. 301. — Bing. Anim. Biog.2. 255. — Loxv. Faun. Oread, p. 51.
The Red Ptarmigan is in length fifteen inches and a half : the beak is black : irides hazel : the nostrils covered with red and black feathers : at the base of the lower mandible is a spot of white : the naked space above the eyes is scarlet, and somewhat fringed : the head and neck are pale tawny red, each feather being marked with several bars of black : throat red : breast and belly dull purplish brown, crossed with numerous narrow dusky lines : quills dusky : the back and scapulars deep red, with a large black spot in the middle of each feather: tail even, consisting of sixteen fea- thers ; the four middle ones barred with tawny red, the rest all black : the legs covered with soft whitish featliers down to the claws, which are of a liglit liorn-colour, hollow, broad, and concave underneath. The female is smaller : the colours duller than in the male, and the naked space over the eye less conspicuous.
These birds occur at all seasons on the heathy and mountainous parts of the northern counties of England ; they arc likewise said to be fmind
RED PTARMIGAN.
295
ill Wales, and are very common in the highlands of Scotland, and the mountains and bogs of Ireland : in winter they associate in flocks of forty or fifty in number, and become remarkably wild and shy : they never resort to woods, but confine themselves wholly to the open moors and the summits of the heathy hills ; feeding on the mountain berries and the tender tops of the heath. They pair in spring, and the females lay from eight to fourteen eggs, much like those of the Black Grous, but smaller, in a rude nest upon the ground. The young brood follow the hen till the approach of winter, when they unite with several others into packs.
They have often been known to breed in confinement, several instances being on record. Their flesh is excellent food, but very soon cor- rupts.
The Red Ptarmigans are stated by Temminck to be natives of various parts of the Continent, particularly the north ; and I understand that Captain Carmicael killed them in the island Tristan da Cunha, which is situated between the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena.
296
REHUSAK PTARMIGAN.
(Lagopus Lapponicus.)
La. corpore cestate rufo et nigricante striato ; are& supra oculos rubra; collojerrugineo; cauda nigra ; hyeme toto albo ^ caudd nigra, apice et rectricibus duabus intermediis albis.
Ptarmigan with the body in summer striated with rufous and dusky j the region of the eyes red; the neck ferruginous; the tail black : in winter the whole body white ; the tail black, with its tip and two middle feathers white.
Tetrao Lapponicus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 040. 12. — Gmel, Syst.
Nat. 1. 751. 25. — Temm. Gall. Ind. 711.
Bonasa Scotica. , Briss. Orn. 1. \gg. pi. Tl. f. 1.
Tetrao subalpinus, var. Nilss. Orn. Stiec. 1. 307- Tetras Rehusak. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 225. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. p. 297*
Rehusak Grous. Penn, Arct. Zool. 2. 3 16. E. — Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. p.2l6.
The Rehusak Ptarmigan is one of the species that undergoes a change with the seasons, be- coming, like the common species, nearly white in the winter, with the outer tail-feathers black, and the two middle ones and tips of the others white : the plumage in the summer greatly resembles that of the White Ptarmigan : the sides of the head and the throat are of a deep red : the top of the head black, with red spots : the. neck reddish, transversely striped with black : the back, tlie rump, and the tail-coverts, striped with red and black : some of the quills white, and the rest
REHUSAK PTARMIGAN.
297
striped with red and black : the breast with a dull brown space : the belly and abdomen white : the feathers of the tarsi dirty white : the outer tail-feathers black at their base, and white at their tips : during the winter the toes are covered with feathers, but in the summer they are but slightly sprinkled with them.
It inhabits the woods and forests of Lapland : lays thirteen or fourteen reddish eggs, marked with long brown spots : when disturbed it utters a loud noise, like a coarse laugh.
298
BON ASA. HEATHCOCK.
Generic Character.
Kostnim breve, basi plumo- sum, supra convexum, ver- sus apicem incurvatum.
Nares basales, plumulis ob- tectas.
Collum utrlnque pennis plu- rimis elongatis, alulam si- mulantibus, instructum.
Pedes tetradactyli mutici ; tarsi hlrsuti.
Cauda rotundata.
Ala, breves, rotundatas.
Beak short, feathered at the base, above convex ; to- wards the tip bent do^v^l.
Nostrils basal, covered -wntli feathers.
Ncch furnished on each side with many feathers, re- sembling a wing.
four- toed, spurless; tarsi haiiy.
Tail rounded.
Wings short and rounded.
Attagen. Bris.'i.
Tetrao. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Tern., Vieil.
Bonasa. Briss.
1 HE birds of this genus are distinguished from those of the preceding in having the feathers of the neck elevated on eacli side like a mantle : tlieir legs are only feathered to the toes, the latter ])eing naked and scaly. Two species only are known, both of which are natives of America.
299
PINNATED HEATHCOCK.
(Bonasa Cupido.)
Bo. suhcristate, corpore Jhsco-rufescente nigro et albicante trans- versim striato, cauda fascia terminali nigra.
Slightly crested Heathcock, with the body transversely striated with fuscous-red, black and white j the tail with a terminal black fascia.
Attagen Americana. Briss. Orn. 1. 212. 10.
Tetrao Cupido. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 274. 5. — Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 751. — Lath. Ind.Orn. 2. 648. 8. — Temm. Gall, Ind, ^Q4. — fVils. Amer. Orn. Ill, p. \04.pl. XXVII. f. l.
Urogallus minor fuscus. Catesb. Carol. App. pi. 1.
Tetras huppecol. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. l6l.
Pinnated Grous. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 180. — Bath. Gen. Syn.A. 740. 9.
This curious bird is about one-third larger than the common Partridge : the top of the head, and a space beneath the eyes, are of a red-brown ; finely striated with deeper : the space round the eyes, the throat, and the top of the neck, are reddish-white : the feathers of the hind head form a crest ; and two tufts of long feathers spring from each side of the hinder-part of the neck ; these, which resemble little wings, are composed of five wedged feathers, about three inches in length, the lower ones being the shortest, and black, the rest spotted with red and white: these appendages are capable of motion at the Mull of the bird : the rest of the plumage is of a dirty red, striped transversely with red, black,
300
SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK.
and white : the breast, and all the under parts, are striped alternately with white and brown : tlie quills are dusky, witli reddish spots on their outer webs : the upper tail-coverts are similar to the back : the tail is dusky, tipped with black above, and brown, with white coverts, below : the beak is of a yellow-brown : the irides hazel. The female is rather less than the male, the colours are less brilliant, and she is entirely destitute of the wing- like feathers on the neck.
This species is found in Carolina, New Jersey, and other parts of North America, but particularly on the brushy plains of Long Island, where they are very numerous : they lay a considerable num- ber of eggs : in the autumn they live in little families, and towards the commencement of winter they associate in flocks of two hundred or more, and as the snow falls, frequent the places where pines and other trees grow, that serve them for nourishment : their chief food is kuckle berries, and acorns of the dwarf oaks. The male crows for half an hour aboirt daybreak, and at that time sets the wing-like feathers quite upright, which in general are depending on each side of the neck.
SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK.
(Bonasa Umbellus.)
Bo. capitc cristato, corpore supra Jiisco nifo nigroquc varicgalo, suhtus Jidvo-albo, pectore lunulis Juscis variegato pcnnis ajdl-
SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK.
301
laribus majoribus, dongntisj 7iigris azureis ; uropygio guUis albis consj^erso ; caudd Jasciatd, prope ajncan fascid latiore nigrd, apice cinereo alba,
Heathcock with the head crested j the body above variegated with fuscous, red and black, beneath fulvous white; the breast varied with brown lunules ; the feathers of the axillse larger, elongated, and of a deep azure ; the rump sprinkled with white spots; the tail fasciated, near the tip a broad black fascia, the tip greyish-white.
Attagen Pensylvanica, Briss. Orn. 1. 214. 11.
Bonasa major Canadensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 207- 8. pi. 21. 1. female.
Tetrao Umbellus. Linjz. Syst. Nat. 1. 2/5. 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 752. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 638. 7- male. &. female. — Temm. Gall. Ind. 704. — Wills. Amer. Orn. VI. p. 45. pi. XLIX.
Tetrao togatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 275. 8. female. — Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 1. 752. — female.
Coq de Bruyere a fraise. Buff. Ois. 2. 181 .
La grosse Gelinotte de Canada. Buff. Ois. 2. 281. — female.
Buff. PI. Enl. 104. female.
Tetras ^ fraise. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 165.
RufiFed Grous. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 179- — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.
738. 8. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 215. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 251. Shoulder-knot Grous. Phil. Trans. LXII. p. 3Q3. — female. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 737* 7* — female.
RufiFed Heathcock. Phil. Trans. XLVIII. p. 4Qg. pi. 15.— Bdvi. Glean.pl. 248.
The male of this species when in full plumage has the top of the head, the cheeks, and the nape, of a beautiful red, with transverse brown stripes : the whole of the upper parts of the plumage, as wel] as the tail, have their prevailing colour red : the top of the back is varied with irregular black and grey spots ; the middle of the back and the rump have an oval white spot in the middle of
302 SHOULDER-KNOT IIEATHCOCK.
each feather : the tail is composed of sixteen fea- thers, with four or five narrow transverse bands of yellowish-white, accompanied by a narrow black band ; towards the extremity of the feathers is a broader band of black, and the tips of all are greyish-white : the throat and the fore-part of the neck are of a reddish-white : the breast, the belly, and the sides, are regularly striped with brown, red-white, and white : the middle and greater wing- coverts are red-brown, with longitudinal reddish- yellow spots : the quills are brown, varied on their outer webs with red-white spots : the tufts on each side of the neck are placed on its lower part, near the insertion of the wings, and when expanded, appear of a large size ; they are bright black, with a fine steel gloss ; and the shorter ones are slightly tipped with white or red.
It Varies a little, a specimen described by Tem- minck having more of a brown cast on its whole plumage : the top of its head and its cheeks varied with red and brown ; the whole of the feathers on the sides of the neck bordered with the latter co- lour ; the white spots on the back less pure, and sprinkled with small black points : the scapulars irregularly spotted with red, black and white ; and the tail grey-ash, with transverse dusky brown bands, and undulated lines, the whole of its fea- thers tipped with greyish-ash : the feet and the beak are brown : suspected to be an immature bird.
This species inhabits Pensyh^ania, New York, Nova Scotia, Long Island, and other parts of North
SHOULDER-KNOT HEATHCOCK.
SOS
America : its manners greatly resemble those of the Black Grous : the male placing himself upon some elevated stump, when he commences his peculiar noise called thumpings by flapping his wings against his sides : he begins the strokes gradually, at about two seconds of time from each other, and repeats them quicker and quicker, until they make a noise not unlike distant thunder. This continues from the beginning about a minute ; the bird ceases for six or eight minutes, and then be- gins again. During this ecstacy he is blind to the approach of the sportsman, who may take his aim at leisure, being directed by the bird to the noise, which may be heard at the distance of nearly half a mile. He commonly practises this thumping during the spring and fall of the year, and will do the same even if confined in a house : during the operation the crests on his head and sides of the neck are elevated, and the tail is expanded to its utmost. The female lays from twelve to sixteen eggs, on the ground, in a nest placed near the stump of a tree, amongst dry leaves : the young follow the mother like chickens, and the whole brood keep together till the spring : they feed on all sorts of grain and fruit, and are said to be par- ticularly fond of ivy-berries : their flesh is very good. They arc called Drumming Partridges in some parts of North America; and at Hudson’s Bay pushee or pupiishee.
304
PTEROCLES. PTEROCLES.
Generic Character.
«
Rostrum mediocre, gi’acilius, rectum, compressum; max- illa versus apicem deflexa.
Nares basales, longitudinales, membrana superne semi- clausae, plumulis obtecta?, infra patulm,
Redes debiles, antice hirsuti, tetradactyli ; digit! breves, pollice brevissimo.
Cauda cuneata.
Alee elongatas.
I Beal: middle sized, slender, straight, compressed ; the maxilla bent down towards its tip.
Nostrils basal, longitudinal ; half closed before by a mem- brane covered with feathers, beneath open.
Legs weak, plumose in front, four-toed; toes short, the hinder one very short.
Tail wedge-shaped, elongated.
Pterocles. Temminck.
Q^nas. Vieillot.
Tetrad. Lhin., Gmel., Laih., Pall. Perdix. Lath., Kay.
Bo NASA. Briss.
X HIS genus was divided from Tetrao by Tem- minck, the birds of which it is composed residing in the sandy plains and deserts of hot countries, two only being occasionally found in the soutli of Europe ; they form their nest on the ground, and
SAND PTEROCLES.
305
feed upon the tender tops of heath and other plants. Some of them are confounded with the Grous, and others with the Partridges, by Latham. Their liinder toe is very short, and elevated from the ground. Perhaps this genus would bear division, the two last species having the two middle tail- feathers considerably elongated and pointed j their manners are also slightly different.
SAND PTEROCLES.
(Pterocles arenarius.)
Pt. corpore supra testaceo-albicante, maculis ovatis Jlavicantibus conspersisf gula luted, lunula jugali nigra, torquea ahdomine crissoque atris, rectricibus nigro griseoque Jasciatis, apice albis; intermediis duahus fulvescentibus.
Pterocles with the body above testaceoiis-W'hite, sprinkled with ovate yellowish spots 5 the throat yellow, with a black lunule on the jugulum 3 collar round the neck, the abdomen and vent dark-coloured 5 the tail-feathers fasciated with black and grey, with wdiite tips, the two middle ones fulvous.
Pterocles arenarius. Temm. Gall. hid. 712.
Tetrao arenarius. Pall. Travels. 3. p. 6gg. — Gmel. Spst, Xat. 1. J55. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 642. 18.
Perdix Aragonica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 645. 7-
Ganga unibande. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 240. — Temm. Man. d' Orni. 299.
Aragonian Partridge. Lath. Spn. Sup. 1. 223.
Sand Grous. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 751. 16.
This species varies in length from fourteen to sixteen inches : its throat is adorned with a trian-
21
V, XI. P. II.
306
SAND PTEROCLES.
gular patch of black, bordered on its upper part with a broad band of chesniit-colour, which reaches to the base of the under jaw, and passes beneath the eyes and ears to the nape : the head, the neck, and the breast, are of an ash-colour, tinged with rufous : a broad bar of black passes over the breast from the insertion of the wings on either side : the belly, the sides, the thighs, and the abdomen, are of a deep black : the under tail-coverts are also black, with their tips white : the back and the whole of the wing-coverts are reddish-yellow ; the middle of the feathers being deepest, and their edges ochrey yellow : quills brownish, with an ob- lique dirty-white spot at their base ; the secondaries ash-coloured, bordered and tipped with yellowish : the tail, which is greatly wedge-shaped, is deep ash above, with dusky bars, and the whole of the feathers, except the two middle ones, are tipped with white : the under part of the tail is black, tipped with white : the feathers on the tarsi are whitish yellow : the beak is bluish : the hinder part of the tarsi and the toes are deep yellow.
The female is less, and her colours more dull ; the grey on the neck being flat, and the black, on the under parts of the body, brownish : the band on the breast is also very small.
This species is found in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea, frequenting the sandy deserts : during the summer it is abundant near Astrakan, but it winters in Persia. Burlu-chuduk appears to be the favourite resort of these birds, on account of its sandy fountains, as they drink a great deal.
DOUBLE-GIRDED PTEROCLES.
307-
and' are so eager as to suffer the sportsman to cap- ture them with facility. Their food consists of the seeds of various kinds of Astragalus: the female lays four or five eggs, which are white, spotted with brown ; they are deposited in a nest placed amongst thick briars.
DOUBLE-GIRDED PTEROCLES.
(Pterocles bicinetus.)
'Px.Jronte nigra, macula supra oculos alba, corpore supra cinereo- Jiisco maculis albis triangularibus variegato ; collo pectoreque cinereo-Jiavis, cingulo pectoris duplici albo nigroque, corpore subtus albo et Jusco striata. (Femina absque cingulis et Jrontis macida nigra, pennis Juscis, rivfo et albescente-Jlavo striatis.) Pterocles with the forehead black, a spot above the eyes white ; the body above cinereous-brown, variegated with triangular white spots ; the throat and breast cinereous-yellow, the latter with a double belt of black and white 5 the body beneath stri- ated with white and fuscous. Female without the belt and the black spot on the forehead j the quills brown, striated with rufous and whitish-yellow.
Pterocles bicinetus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 713.
Ganga bibande. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3, p. 247.
A NEW species described by Temminck : it is in length rather above ten inches : the male has a small spot of white at the base of the beak, and a broad band of black extending across the forehead from one eye to the other ; this is accompanied above the eyes with two broad lateral spots of a
sm
rrOUBLE-GIRDED PTEROCLES.
pure white : the feathers on the top of the heaci and the occiput are of a reddish-yellow, with a dusky spot in their middle : the cheeks, the neck, the breast, the lesser coverts^ and top of the wing, are of an ashy-yellow : the back, the greater and lesser coverts, and the secondary wing-feathers, are of an ashy-brown j each feather being striped and spotted with red, and all having a triangular white spot at their tips : the rump, the tail, and it& coverts, are transversely striped with brown and reddish-yellow ; the tail-feathers being tipped with the latter colour : the quills are black, with brown shafts : the upper part of the breast is adorned with two belts, reaching upwards to the sides of the back ; the upper one is white, and the lower black ; the belly, the sides, the thighs, and the abdomen, are dirty-white, varied with slight brown bars : the feathers on the fore-part of the tarsi are dirty-white ; the hinder part of the tarsi, the toes, the claws, and the beak, are yellow.
The female has not the bands on the breast, nor the peculiar marks on the head of the male : the whole of the upper part of the head is red-yellow, with dusky longitudinal spots ; the cheeks and the throat with minute brown points: the neck and the breast marked with broad transverse bands of brown and yellowish : the belly, the thighs, and the ab- domen, as in the male : the feathers of the back, and the whole of those of the wings, barred with brown and red, and tipped with a stripe of white: the quills are dusky-brown, slightly fringed at their tip with white : the beak and the claws are brown. The young males resemble the female.
INDIAN PTEROCLES.
309
Le Vaillant discovered this species in the country of the Namaquois, on the borders of the great river : it appears to be partial to the sandy portion of the country, but in the vicinity of water : it lives in society, the old and young together, till the com- mencement of the season of courtship, when the young divide, and seek a proper situation to per- form the process of incubation.
INDIAN PTEROCLES.
(Pterocles quadricinctus.)
Pt. Jronte trifasciata, corpore supra drier eo-flavot nigro strialo, dngulis pectoris quatuor, castaneo, alboy nigro, alboque. (Fe- mina absque Jascia frontis, cingulisque pectoris)
Pterocles with the forehead with three fasciae ; the body above cinereous-yellow, striated with black j the breast with four belts, chesnut, white, black, and white. Female without the fasciae on the forehead, or the belts on the breast.
Pterocles quadricinctus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 713.
Tetrao Indicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 755.
Perdix Indica. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 650. 23.
Ganga quadrubande. Temm. Pig. et Gall, 3. 252.
Indian Grous. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 752. 17*
This beautiful bird is a native of India; but nothing is known of its manners : the male is adorned with three fasciae on the head, the mid- dle one black, and the two outer white : the hind- head is reddish ; each feather with a longitudinal dusky band :• the neck and the breast are of an
310
INDIAN PTEROCLES.
ashy-red: the top of the back is striped trans- versely with dull brown, yellowish, and black : the lesser and greater wing-coverts are bright yellow, with a broad transverse stripe towards their tip, bordered on each side by a narrow one of white : the breast of the adult male possesses four semi- circular bands ; the first uppermost is chesnut- brown, the following white, the third black, and the fourth white : the quills are dusky-brown : the belly, the thighs, and the abdomen, are striped alternately with delicate bars of whitish and black : the tail-feathers are yellow, striped with black : the feathers on the tarsi are greyish-yellow, slightly sprinkled with black : the beak is slender, red at its base, and black at its tip : the hinder part of the tarsi .and the claws are brown. The female does not possess the four fasciae on the breast, or those on the forehead of the male ; and the wing- coverts have not the bar of black with white edges: the head is red-yellow, with a longitudinal dusky stripe in the middle of each feather : the nape, the back, and the rump, are striped with brown, black, and yellowish : the scapulars the same, edged and tipped with yellowish-white : the wing-coverts are clear yellow, with transverse black stripes : the fea- thers of the under parts of the body are similar to those of the male, but less brilliant: the young males resemble the female.
ALCHATA PTEROCLES.
(Pterocles Alchata.)
Pt. gutture nigroj pectoris cingulo lato rijfo-aurantio ; nigro mar- gmato, corpore supra olivaceo , Jlavicante nigro rufoque 'oario, tectricibus alarum castaneo maculatis, corpore subtus albo. (Fe- mina gutture albo, deorsum collari dimidiato nigro, tectricibus absque maculis castaneis.)
Pterocles with a black throat •, the breast with a broad rufous- orange belt, margined with black ; the body above olive, varied with yellowish, black, and rufous ; the wing-coverts spotted with chesnutj the body beneath white. {Female with a white throat j the lower half of the neck black j the wing-coverts with- out the chesnut spots.)
Pterocles setarius. Temm. Gall. hid. 714.
Tetrao Alchata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 276. ll.—Gmel, Syst. NaL 1. 754. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 641. 16.
Bonasa Pyreniaca. Briss. Orn. 1. 105. 4. pi. 1. 2.
Perdix Damascena. Raii. Syn. p. 55. 7*
Le Ganga, Buff. Ois. 2. 244. 18. — Buff. Pi. Enl. 105. 106. Ganga cata. Temm. Pig.et Gall. 3. 256. — Temm. Man. d' Orni. p. 301.
Pintailed Grous. Edvo. Glean, p. 249. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7*18. 14.
This species is rather more than eleven inches in length : its throat is black : the sides of the head, and the fore-part of the neck, are of an ashy-yel- low : on the breast is a broad belt of rufous-orange, bordered on each side with a narrow band of black : the head, nape, rump, and upper tail-coverts, are striped alternately with black and yellow j back and scapulars tlic same, with a narrow band of
312
ALCHATA PTEROCLES.
grey-blue towards the tips of each feather, and another of yellow : the lesser and middle wing- coverts are striped obliquely with red-chesnut, tipped with a white crescent ; the greater coverts are greyish-olive, tipped with black crescents ; the belly, the sides, the abdomen, the thighs, and the tips of the under tail-coverts, are white ; as are also the extremities of the tail-feathers, and the edges of the outer ones : the rest of the tail is varied with yellow and black, and the two middle feathers are considerably elongated and pointed : the feathers on the*fore-part of the tarsi are white: the beak and the feet are grey, and the claws black. The female has the throat white, with a half collar beneath, of a black colour ; with a belt of orange, as in the male : the upper parts of the plumage resemble that of the male : the wing-coverts are grey-blue, with an oblique reddish band, and tipped with black lunules : the two middle tail-feathers are not quite so long as in the male. The young have their plumage less variegated : the upper parts of the body are olivaceous, shaded with ash- colour : the white on the sides, the thighs, and the abdomen, is varied with zigzag yellow and brown lines.
This bird inhabits most of the warmer parts of Europe, as the South of France, Spain, Italy, Sicily, and the Levant ; it is very abundant in Persia, Arabia, and the northern parts of Africa : it de- lights in arid and sandy deserts, where it constructs its nest of moss, briars, and slender herbs : it feeds upon seeds and insects ; it is caught in great num-
NAMAQUA rXEROCLES.
313
bers near Aleppo, for its flesh, which is hard and dry, and not relished by Europeans : it is called Cata or Alcata in Arabia, and from thence its name is derived.
NAMAQUA PTEIIOCLES.
(Pterocles tachypetes.) •
Pt* coY'pore supra cinerascente-fusco., gutture Jlavescoite, vertice colloque cinereis, tectricibus alarum apice cinereo-nitidis, pec- toris cingidis albo castaneis, ventre cinereo-purpureo. (Femina pallide riifescens, collo pecioreque striis fuscis longitudinalibuSy corpore iitrinquejusco rufoque transversim striato.)
Pterocles with the body above grey-brown j the throat yel- lowish 5 the crown and neck cinereous j the tips of the wing- coverts shining cinereous ; the breast with a belt of white and chesnut j the belly grey-purple. {Female pale rufescent j the neck and breast with longitudinal brown striae j the body on both sides transversely striated with brown and rufous.)
Pterocles tachypetes. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 715.
Tetrao Namaqua. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1, 754. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 642. 19.
Tetrao Senegalus. Lin, Mant. I'/yi. p. 526. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 642. 17.
La Gelinotte du Senegal. Buff. PI. Enl. ] 30. (young male.)
Ganga velocifer. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 274.
Senegal Grous. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 749- 14. a.
Namaqua Grous. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7^0. 15. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 215.
314
NAMAQUA PTEROCLES.
This is in length ten inches ; the throat of the adult male is of a beautiful yellow ; the head and the neck are of an uniform grey : the upper part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are of a grey-brown ; the feathers of the middle of the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts, are brown at their base, then yellow ochre, and tipped with a bright spot of grey: the lesser coverts have the grey spot more dull, and are slightly bordered with reddish chesnut : the greater quills are tipped with grey, and the lesser with pure white, and the shafts of the two outer ones are also white : the breast is tinged with a purple hue, and bears upon it'two belts, the upper one pure white, and the lower a lively chesnut-red : the belly, as far as the thighs, is of a fine grey, tinged with purple : the thighs, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are bright red : the tail itself is brown- grey, tipped with yellow ; the two middle feathers longest, and pointed : the feathers on the front of the tarsi are reddish : the beak, the feet, and the claws, are brown.
The female is less than the male : the throat is red : the feathers on the head, the neck, and the breast, are reddish white, with their centres brown, forming a series of crescents : the back and the wing and tail-coverts are barred with dusky brown and red : the lesser wing-coverts are tipped with white : the belly is striped transversely with white and brown : the abdomen and the under tail- coverts are bright red : the greater quills are not tipped with grey as in the male : the lateral tail-
NAMAQUA PTEROCLES.
315
feathers are marked on their outer webs and part of their inner ones with stripes of yellow and brown : the rest of the tail resembles that of the male, except that the two middle feathers are not quite so long.
This species inhabits the middle region of Africa, and in the daytime frequents the arid deserts. It flies with rapidity, and a great distance at a time. It feeds on the seeds of plants, corn, and also on insects : drinks much, and arrives in troops at the fountains, which are very scarce : its eggs are deposited in a nest composed of herbs and briars ; they are four or flve in number, olive-green spotted with black, resembling those of the Plover.
316
FRANCOLINUS. FRANCOLIN.
Generic Character.
Rostrum validura, mediocre, supra convexum, versus apicem incurvum.
Nares basales, laterales, mem- bran a nuda fornicali semi- clausae.
Orhitcc papillosse.
Cauda elongata, rectricibus duodecim.
Pedes tetradacty li, nudi ; tarsi maris aut bicalcaratis aut uno-calcarato.
Alec breves.
Francolinus. Briss.
Perdix. Lath,, Temm.y Briss., Cuv., Vieil, S^c.
Tetrao. Linn., Gmel,
TL HE Francolins are distinguished from the Par- tridges by the beak being longer and stronger : the tail is also longer : in the first division of the genus the tarsi of the males are armed with a single strong spur, and in the second with two, except in the three last species, which possess one spur and a hard callous tubercle, and have the throat and orbits naked. In the manners of the
Beoik strong, middle sized, convex above, and incurved towards the ti p.
Nostrils basal, lateral, half closed by a naked arched membrane.
Orbits warty.
Tail elongated, consisting of twelve feathers.
Feet four-toed, naked; the tarsi of the male with two spurs or only one.
Wings short.
LONG-BEAKED FRANCOLIN.
317
birds comprised in this genus there is a great dis- similarity to those of the following ; these residing in damp places and perching upon trees, whereas the latter always rest upon the ground.
A. Tarsus maris calare uno.
A. Tarsus of the male with one spur.
LONG-BEAKED FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus longirostris.)
Fb. corpora supra rufo-fusco atro maculato, pennis dorsi luteo marginatis, subtus ferrugineo-riifo immacidatOf pectore ci- nereo-C(Erulescente. (Femina pectore haud cceridescente.') Francolin with the body beneath red-brown, spotted with dusky; the feathers of the back edged with yellow ; beneath rusty-red, immaculate ; the breast grey- blue. {Female with the breast scarcely blue.)
Perdix longirostris. Temm. Gall. Ind. p, 721.
Francolin ^ long bee. Temm. Pig, et Gall. 3. 323.
This remarkable species is distinguished from the other of the genus by its large beak, which is almost as long as that of the Peacock ; whereas the bird is only about fourteen inches in length : its throat, the sides of the head, the upper part of the neck, the belly, and the sides, are yellowish rust-colour, without spots : the top of the head, the occiput, the upper part of the back, and the
318
LONG-BEAKED FRANCOLIN.
scapulars, are chesnut-brown, striped and spotted with velvety black ; some of the feathers have a border of yellow ochre, and a stripe of the same down the shaft : the lower part of the neck and the breast are of a grey lead-colour : the feathers of the lower part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are rust-colour, shaded with very fine obscure zigzag lines, with each feather at its centre and towards its tip with a pure yellow- ochre spot: the inner webs of the wing-coverts are chesnut, with black spots ; the outer ones fer- ruginous, with undulated brown lines ; the centre of all with a yellow-ochre spot : the secondary quills and those of the tail are ferruginous, with bars and waves of brown : the quills with their outer webs only varied with those colours : the beak is black : the naked space surrounding the eyes is red : the feet, the claws, and the spur, which is short and thick, are of a pale horn-colour. The female resembles the male, but does not pos- sess the grey lead-colour on the lower part of the neck and breast, this part being rusty-red : the tarsi are quite smooth.
It inhabits the isle of Sumatra.
319
COMMON FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus vulgaris.)
Fr. corpore supra nigricante-fusco^ subtus colloque atris; hoc hypochondriisque maculis alhis siibrotundisy torque auranticy Jascid suboculari alba, (Femina ex nigricante et rufo-jiavi- cante toto varid.)
Francolin with the body above dusky brown 5 beneath and neck dusky ; the latter and sides of the body with rounded white spots ; ring round the neck orange 5 a white fascia beneath the eye. (Female varied entirely with dusky and reddish yellow.)
Perdix Francolinus, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 644. 6. — Temni. Gall, Ind.p. 723.
Tetrao Francolinus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, 275. 10. — Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1. 756. 10. — Briss. Orn. 1. 245. 13. pi. 3.f. 2.
Francolin. Rail. Syn. p. 54. 4. — Will. p. 125. pi. 31.
Le Francolin. Buff. Ois. 2. 438. — Biiff. PI. Enl, 147. 148. Francolin’ k collier roux. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 340. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. p. 303.
Francolin Partridge. Edw. Glean, pi. 246. — Gent, Mag. xlii. pi. in p. 112. — Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 759. 6.
This beautiful species is twelve inches and a quarter in length : the beak is dusky : irides hazel : the upper parts of the head, hind part of the neck, back, and wing-coverts, are varied with dusky and yellowish rust-colour : the sides of the head, chin, throat, neck, breast, and belly, are black : on each jaw a white streak : behind the eye a patch of the same colour passes forward in a streak to the nostrils : round the neck is a rusty
320
COMMON FRANCOLIN.
orange collar ; the sides of the neck, breast, and body, are black, varied with spots of white : the lower part of the belly and thighs striped with black : the under tail-coverts reddish : the lower part of the back and rump crossed with alternate lines of black and yellowish white : the quills dusky, marked with transverse rusty yellow spots : tail rounded, the four middle feathers alternately striped with black and rusty yellow 5 the others on each side, with black and white for two thirds of their length ; the rest black to the tip : legs red- dish, and furnished with a spur. The female is less, and irregularly varied with blackish and rusty throughout, but in the back and tail greatly re- sembling the male : tarsi without a tubercle or spur.
Although a native of the southern parts of Eu- rope, the manners of this elegant species are hut little known : it feeds upon insects and seeds : it has a very loud whistle, and its flesh is greatly esteemed. It appears to be found throughout all the warmer parts of Europe, from Spain to the Levant ; it is likewise found in Asia at Bengal, and is very abundant in Barbary and other parts of Africa.
S21
t’ONDICHERRY FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus Pondicerianus.)
Fr. rufus nlgro-Jasciatm, sultus albus lunulis nigris, rectricibus duabus intermediis Jasciis qualuor albidis ; lateralibus, hitus nigro-fasciatis. (Femina muticis,)
Red Francolin fasciated with black 5 beneath white, with black lunules ; the two middle tail-feathers with four white fasciae ; the lateral ones internally fasciated with black. {Female with the legs smooth.)
Perdix Ponticeriana. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 649. \Q,—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 722.
Tetrao Ponticeriana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 760. 42.
Le Perdrix de Pondicherry. Sonner. Voy. Ind, 2. l65.
Francolin a rabat, ou a gorge rousse. Temm. Pig. et Gall, 3. 332.
Pondicherry Partridge, Lath, Gen, Syn. 4. 77'^* — Lath,
Syn. Sup. 221, (female.)
This beautiful species was discovered by Son- nerat on the coast of Coromandel, near Pondi- cherry : it is ten inches in length : the beak is red at its base and yellow at its tip : the irides are red : the forehead and the region of the eyes are bright red ; the colour passing over the latter like an eyebrow, and ending on the hind head: the top of the head is of a grey-brown : the breast is alternately striped with whitish yellow and bright brown : the back, the greater and lesser wing- coverts, and the rump, grey-brown ; the edges of the feathers with black spots, and all of them with V. XI. p. ir. 22
322
THORACIC FRANCOLIN.
three reddish white stripes : the quills are grey : the secondaries the same, with their outer webs striped with yellowish white : the two middle tail-feathers are grey, spotted with grey-brown, and crossed with four yellow-white bands : the lateral feathers are red at their base, with a black fascia towards their tips, which are reddish white : the belly and the abdomen are white, striped with semicircular bands, and rufous at their edges : the legs are red, and armed with a strong spur.
The female differs in being less brilliant in plumage, and in wanting the spur.
THORACIC FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus thoracicus.)
Fr. corpore supra griseo-fusco, maculis J'usco-nigris adspershy pectore ared rotundatd magnd grised, margine guttureque Titfis, ventre abdomineque luteo-rujis nigro-maculatis.
Francolin with the body beneath grey-brown, sprinkled with brown-black spots ; the breast with a rounded grey area, its margin and the throat rufous 3 the belly and abdomen yel- lowish red, spotted with black.
Perdix thoraeica. Temm. Gall. Ind. 723.
Francolin h Plastron. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 335.
Native of India: only one specimen known, which is of the male sex : it is described by Tern-
AFRICAN FRANCOLIN.
323
minck : its length is twelve inches : on the breast is a large rounded space of a greyish green hue, varied with delicate zigzag black lines : the throat is rufous, and that colour is distributed over the sides of the neck, and surrounds the spot on the breast : the under parts of the body are of a yel- lowish red, each feather having a black spot, more or less rounded : the back is grey-brown, with large spots of dusky brown : the feathers of the scapulars are beautifully varied with small white crescents : the naked skin surrounding the eyes is sprinkled wdth fleshy pimples, of a fine red : the beak, the feet, and the spurs, are fine shining silvery white : the female is unknown.
AFRICAN FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus Africanus.)
Fr. coY'pore supra cinereo-fusco nigro maculato, maculis magnis lineis transversisque rujis, pennarum omnium rachis albis, colli luteribus rujo nigroque variis, gutture nigro alboque variegatOy maculis hypochondriarum pectorisque magnis castanets.
Francolin with the body above spotted with cinereous, fuscous and black, with transverse rufous spots and lines ; the shafts of all the feathers white 3 the sides of the neck red and black ; the throat variegated with black and white j the sides and breast with large chesnut spots.
Perdix Afra, Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 648. 16. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p.
723.
Francolin Ourikinas. Temm, Pig. el Gall. 3. p. 337.
Pearled Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 773. 15. a.
324
AFRICAN FRANCO LIN.
This species has the upper part of its head and the occiput clothed with black feathers, with reddish edges : a narrow red band, sprinkled with black, extends down each side of the neck, and another of white, whose feathers are tipped with black, runs parallel with tlie first, and ter- minates at the lower part of the neck, where it joins a third, arising from beneath the eyes : the throat is white, spotted with black : the breast is yellow-red, varied with grey-blue : the feathers of the upper parts of the body are of a deep grey, each varied with a spot of black, and rufous zigzag lines : the wing-coverts are brighter ash, with transverse black bars : the shafts of all the feathers of the upper parts of the body, as well as of the wing-quills, are white : the quills are brown, with a zigzag stripe extending the whole length of the outer web : the feathers on the sides of the body and lateral parts of the breast are shaded with grey-blue, and have each a large spot of chesnut- red near their middle, and a few are sprinkled with oval white marks, which are most numerous on the belly, where they approach each other : the tail is black, striped with transverse undulated lines of a bright rufous : the tarsi of the male are armed with a very sharp spur, and are of a yellow- brown, as are also the toes : the beak is brown : the female has a hard tubercle in place of the spur, and in plumage exactly resembles the male : its length is about one foot.
Common in the country of the Hottentots : its principal food consists of various species of bulbous
PEARLED FRANCOLLV.
325
plants, which it digs up with the beak : the female deposits from ten to eighteen eggs of an olive-hue, spotted with brown.
PEARLED FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus perlatus.)
Fb. nigro-spadiceuSy collo tectricibus alarum et partibus infe- rior ibus giittis maculisque albis conspersis, dor so remigibus secundariis tectricibusque caudce nigro rufoque transversim striatis, fascia, per oculos alter<ique irfra nigris. (Femina corpore subtus transversim striato.)
Deep chesnut Francolin; -ndth the neck, wing-coverts, and under parts of the body, sprinkled with spots and freckles of white; the back, secondary quills, and tail-coverts, transversely striated with black and rufous; a stripe through the eyes and one beneath black. {Female with the body transversely striped beneath.)
Perdix perlata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 648. 15. — Temm. Gall. Ind,
p.yo.i.
Perdix Madagascariensis. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 645. 8.
Perdix Sinensis. Briss. Ois. 1 . 234. 9. pi. 28. a. f. 1.
Tetrao Madagascariensis. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. 756. 31.
Tetrao perlatus. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 758. 36.
Tetrao Sinensis. Osb. Voy. China. 2. 326.
Francolin perle. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 326.
Le Francolin de PIsle de France. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 166. pi. 97. ^
Perdrix perlee de la Chine. Buff, Ois. 2. 446.
326
TEARLED FRANX'OLIN.
Pintado Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 76 1 . 7. — Lath. Syn.
Sup^. 2ig.
Pearled Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 772. 15.
The male of tins beautiful species varies from ten to a dozen inches in length : the feathers on the top of the head are black, edged with red : two longitudinal black stripes commence from the base of the beak, one of which passes over and surrounds the eyes, the other passes beneath, and joins the former ; the space between is pure white ; of which colour the throat is also : the feathers on the hinder part of the neck are black, with four longitudinal white spots ; those on the top of the back, the fore-part of the neck, the breast, and the lesser wing-coverts, are black, each varied with six large rounded white spots : the scapulars are of a reddish chesnut, with whitish spots at their tips : the back, the rump, the upper wing-coverts, and those of the tail at their base, are black, with innumerable white bands : the tip of the tail-feathers is black : the quills and secondaries are the same ; the former varied with broad white bands, the latter with small white spots : the belly is whitish : the sides are reddish ; both varied with black lines of various sizes : the under tail-coverts are red : the beak is black, and the feet are bright red : the tarsi are armed with a thick and blunt spur, which is wanting in the female : this sex differs in many respects : it is rather smaller : the head is similarly marked, but the two longitudinal bands do not extend so far behind the eye, and the space between
NOISY FRANCOLIN.
327
them is riifescent white : the feathers of the top of the back are fringed with bright brown, and the six white spots on each are of an irregular form : the feathers on the under parts of the body are striped with six alternate transverse bands of white and black.; the scapulars, the wing-coverts, the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are grey-brown, varied with white lilies, and large black spots : the transverse stripes on the tail are tinged with reddish white : in other respects the plumage resembles that of the male.
This bird is common in China, where it is known by the name of Tahe-cou : it is likewise abundant at Bengal, the Isle of France, and Madagascar : it perches, in common with the rest of the Francolins, upon trees : its note and appearance are somewhat like those of the Guinea Pintado ; from thence it has been called the Pintado Partridge.
B, Tarsi bicalcarata.
B. Tarsi double spurred, a. Gula plumis tectee. a. Throat covered with feathers.
NOISY FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus clamata.)
Fr. corpore nigricante-Jusco , pennis lineis angustis conspersisy gula albida, cajnte pectoreque Jmco-nigricantibuSy remigibus cinerascenti-fuscis, pedibus muticis.)
328
NOISY FRANCOLIN.
Francolin with the body dusky brown, sprinkled with slender lines j the throat white ; the head and breast dusky brown > the quills grey-brown. {Female with the legs smooth.)
Perdix clamata, Temm. Gall. Ind. yiy.
Francolin criard. Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. 298.
This species, which is described by Temminck, received its name from its harsh and disagreeable cry, which is uttered niglit and morning, and somewhat resembles the ?>y\\^h\e%crohd-crohd-cro}id- hach : it is heard at a great distance. The male is about seventeen inches in length : the prevailing colour of the plumage is dull grey-brown or bister, varied with stripes and spots of grey : the top of the head and the occiput are plain brown : the feathers on the cheeks and the top of the neck are bordered with white ; the throat is nearly white : on the breast is a broad gorget of dusky brown, each feather having a white longitudinal band fol- lowing the direction of the shaft : the whole of the plumage of the other parts, upper as well as under, is barred with innumerable zigzag lines, following nearly the outline of the feathers : the secondary ■wing-quills and the feathers of the tail are marked with reddish zigzag stripes : the greater quills are clear grey-brown : the feet are yellow : the spurs, which are two in number, are horn-coloured, and the lower one is very sharp : the claws are brown. The female differs in wanting the spurs, and being smaller: she deposits her eggs, which are from twelve to eighteen in number, carelessly upon the ground.
BROWN AFRICAN FRANCOLIN.
329
Inhabits the extensive countries of the middle regions of Africa, near tho large rivers in the deep forests of those parts.
BROWN AFRICAN FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus spadiceus.)
Fr. corpore supra subtus caudaque intense spadiceis^ vertice col- loque superiore dilutioribus, temporibus nudisy caudd longa, rotundatd. (Femina midicis?)
Francolin with the body above and bfeneath, and the tail, deep chesnut ; the top of the head and the upper part of the neck palest ; the temples naked j the tail long and rounded. {Fe- male with the legs smooth ?)
Perdix spadicea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 644. 4. — Temm. Gall. Ind.
719.
Tetrao spadiceus. Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 759. 29.
La Perdrix rouge de Madagascar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. p. 169. Francolin spadice. Temm. Pig. etGall. 3. p.'6\5.
Brown African Partridge. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 759. 4.
The male of this species is only known, and was discovered by Sonnerat in his voyage to India, in the island of Madagascar : the space round the eyes is naked, and of a reddish yellow colour : the top of the head and the throat are of a brown- bister : the rest of the plumage of the upper and under parts of the body of a red-brown, slightly edged witli olive-grey : the great and middle fea-
330
SENEGAL FRANCOLIN.
thers of the wings are of a brown-bister : the tail- feathers are the same, varied witli narrow zigzag stripes of a dusky hue : the feet are fiery red, armed with two very slender and sharp spurs, which, as well as the claws, are brown.
SENEGAL FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus Senegalensis.)
Fr. corpore rufo Jusco albidoque mrio, vertice rufo, stqyerciliis nigrisy guld alba.
Francolin with the body varied with rufous, brown, and white ; the top of the head rufous 5 the eyebrows black ; the throat white.
Perdix Senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 231. B.Jbl. lA.f. 1.
Perdix bicalcarata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6-13. 2.
Perdix Adansonii. Temm. Gall. Ind. 717.
Tetrao bicalcaratus. Linn, Spst. Nat. 1. 277- ^5. — Gmel.Syst. Nat. 1. 759. 15.
Le Bis-ergot. Buf. Ois. 2. 433. — BuJI. PL E)d. 137.
Francolin Adanson. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 305.
Senegal Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7^7- 2.
Rather larger than the Red-legged Partridge: length thirteen inches : beak horn-coloured : the top of the head tawny : a black line extends from the nostrils to a short distance behind the eyes, over which it passes : above this is a rufous white band, with one of black above, which passes to the
CEYLON FRANCOLIN.
331
occiput: the sides of the head are white, with streaks of black : the neck rufous, varied with brown and dirty white spots : the upper parts of the body and wings varied with brown, rufous, and sullied white : quills brown, with paler spots : the -under parts of the body similar to the upper, but less rufous : tail banded with rufous and brown : legs brown, naked, and furnished with two spurs, both of which are blunt. Female without the spurs.
This inhabits the interior of Africa, and Senegal, on the umbrageous borders of the Niger : nothing is known of its mannei's: its flesh is said not, to be very fine, but poor and meagre.
CEYLON FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus Ceylonensis.)
Fr. corpore supra nigricante, subtus nigricante-fiisco, pennis medio alhis, cervice tectricibusque alarum macidis albis sagit- tatis variis, caudd elongnid rotimdald nigra,, area oculorum nudd. rubrd. (Femina absque guttis albis et calcat-ibus.)
Francolin with the body above dusky, beneath dusky brown ; the feathers white in the middle ; the top of the neck and wing-coverts varied with arrow-shaped white spots ; the tail elongated, rounded, black ; region of the eyes naked and red. (Female without the white spots or sjmrs.)
Perdix Ceylonensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 644. 3. — Temm, Gall, hid. 718.
Perdix bicalcaratus. Forst. Zool. Ind. 25. 14. yi 1, 2.
CEYLON FRANCOLIN.
Tetrao Zeylonensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, ysg. 38.
Francolin Habankukella. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 311. Ceylon Partridge. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 758. 3. male.
Chitygong Partridge. Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 222. female.
The male Ceylon Francolin measures about thirteen inches in length : the head and top of the neck have small black feathers with white shafts : the throat is white : the cheeks are naked, and hue red : the prevailing colour of the plumage on the upper parts is ferruginous : the top of the back and the wings with black spots, varied with white ; those on the wing-coverts arrow-shaped : the quills are deep brown : the secondary feathers are fer- ruginous, sprinkled with black spots : the feathers of the under parts are black, with the middle white ; those of the sides the same, with a longi- tudinal stripe of white : the abdomen and the tail- feathers black : the feet and the beak are red : the tarsi are armed with two strong spurs, the upper of which is longest ; they are brown-red : the claws are brown. The female is not so laro:e as the male : the naked space round the eyes is smaller : the tarsi are destitute of spurs : the head is varied with black and grey : the feathers of the back and wings are ferruginous, without the white spots, but varied with a spot of black in the middle of each : the under parts of the body are rust- colour, with all the feathers edged with bright red : the quills and the tail-feathers are brown.
This bird inhabits the isle of Ceylon, and the province of Chittygong in the East Indies, where it does not appear to be very scarce, although but few specimens have arrived in Europe.
333
b. Gula oKBiTisauE nudis; tarsus iubercido et calcare armatus. b. Throat and orbits naked ; tarsus, armed with a tubercle and a spur.
CAPE FRAXCOLIX.
(Francolinus Capensis.)
Fr. carpore supra cinereo-nigricante, subtiis spadice, macuJis Ion- gitudinalibus albis, gula nuda rubra, pectore strigis albis, pe- dibus rubris. {Ytmina, pedihus muticis.)
Francoliu with the body above dusky-grey, beneath chesnut, with longitudinal white spots 3 the throat naked and red 5 the breast with white striae ; the feet red. {^Female with the les:3 smooth.)
Perdis Capensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 643. 1.
Perdis nudicoUis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 644. 5. r Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 720.
Tetrao Capensis. Gmel. Spst.Kat. 1. /5Q. 3/.
Tetrao nudicoUis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. loQ. 40. r Le Gorge nue. Buff. Ois. 2. 444.
FrancoUn a gorge nue. Temm. Pig- et Gall. 3. 31/.
Bare-necked Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 759* 5. i Cape Pairtridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 756. 1.
The male Cape Francolin is fifteen inches and a half in length : the feathers of the upper part of the head are grey-brown, with a black spot in their centre ; those of the hinder parts and sides of the neck are brown, with two small white longitudinal stripes on their sides ; the top of the back and the wing-coverts are deep brown, with a longitudinal brown spot in the centre of each feather: the lower part of the back and the rump are grey-brown,
334
CAPE FRANCOLIN.
with a narrow stripe of deep brown following the direction of the shaft : the breast, the belly, and the feathers of the sides, are chesnnt-brown ; each feather with a black longitudinal stripe following the shaft, and one of white, slightly edged with black on either side in the same position: the quills and the tail-feathers are grey-brown : the beak, the sides of the head, the upper naked part of the neck, and the feet, are fine red : the tarsi are some- what double spurred, possessing a sharp ordinary spur, and a hard callous tubercle, about an inch above : these and the claws are brown.
The female is smaller, wants the spurs, and the space on the throat, which is naked in the male, is slightly sprinkled with small white feathers : the naked space surrounding the eyes is very small : the plumage resembles that of the male, except in the following particulars : the feathers of the breast and the sides are not tinged with chesnut-brown,- neither do they possess the three longitudinal black bands or the two white ones, as in the male : the whole of the upper parts of the body are deeper brown, and the black spots are more dusky and extended. The young have the whole of the upper parts of a deep grey-brown, with the back, the wings, and tail, sprinkled with black spots ; which are largest in the middle of the feathers : the fea- thers of the breast, the sides, the belly, and the abdomen, are transversely striped with brown, yellow-ochre, and white.
This bird inhabits the southern parts of Africa ; by the colonists of the Cape of Good Hope it is
RED-NECKED FRANCOLIN.
335
called a Pheasant : it lives in woods, and at the rising and setting of the sun utters its cry : its food consists of the roots of bulbous plants, insects, and their larvae: the female deposits her eggs in a rough nest, amongst bushes : the young remain with the parents till the breeding season.
RED-NECKED FRANCOLIN.
(Francolinus TubricoUis.)
Fr. corpore Jusco-maculato, crisso albo, orhitis gulaque nudis ru- hris, strigd supra et infra oculos alba. ■ pedes rubris.
Francolin with the body spotted with fuscous j the vent white j the orbits and throat naked and red j above and beneath the eyes a white stripe j feet red.
Perdix rubricollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 64S. 13. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 758. 34.
La Perdrix rouge d’Afrique. Byf. Ois. 2. 444. — Pl> Enl. 180.
Red-necked Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 771- 13.
Latham thus describes this bird. “ Size of a male Partridge : length thirteen inches : beak short, red : round the eye a bare space, pointed before and behind : chin and throat bare and red : the general colour of the plumage brown, spotted above with darker brown : over the eye a white streak ; beneath another, which bounds the upper part of the bare space on the throat, curving downwards ;
336
cranch’s francolin.
both streaks arising from the base of the beak : sides of the neck, and under parts of the body, white, dashed with brown ; the brown marks largest as they are farthest from the upper parts : the mid- dle of the breast and belly brown for the most part: vent and thighs white : tail short, scarcely more than an inch long, and spread : legs red, furnished with a curved spur as long as the hind claw. In- habits Africa.’’
Temminck considers this to belong to his Fran- colin a gorge nue, but the great difference in size bespeaks it another species : this bird being full three inches less, and differing considerably in its markings from the young of the former species, which is the nearest in size ; and is transversely barred beneath, whereas this is longitudinally striped : it differs also in other respects.
cranch’s francolin.
(Francolinus Cranchii.)
Fr. corpore supra cinerascente-hrunneo suhtus albido, maculis atro-J'uscis variegalo ; maculis ventralibus elongatis Jerrugineis guld nudd.
Francolin with the body beneath grey-brown, beneath whitish, varied with dark brown spots, those of the belly elongated and inclining to ferruginous 5 the throat naked.
Perdix Cranchii. Leach. App. IV, in Congo. Narr. p, 408.
cranch's franc ol in.
337
The only specimen known of this species was discovered by that industrious naturalist Cranch, during the unfortunate expedition fitted out to explore the source of the Zaire. The place of its capture is unknown, but no doubt it is a native of Congo and the adjacent parts.
V. XI. P. II.
338
PERDIX. PARTRIDGE. Generic Character,
^o^^rwmbreve,bas"i glabrum; maxilla superiore incur- vato-fornicata.
Nares basales, margine pro- minulae.
Orhitce nudae papillosae.
Cauda brevis, deflexa.
Pedes tetradactyli, nudi, aut calcarati, aut mutici.
Aloe breves.
Beak short, smooth at the base ; the upper mandible arched and bent down.
I Nostrils basal, with the mar- I gin prominent.
I Orbits naked, warted. j Tail short, bent down.
Feet four-toed, naked, with spurs or smooth.
Wings short.
Perdix. Kay. Briss. Lath, Cuv. Tern. Leach. Vied. Nilss, Tetrao. Linn. Gmel.
The birds of this genus live entirely upon the ground in open fields, never frequenting the woods or perching upon trees : they live upon seeds and insects, and the females deposit their eggs in a rude nest formed of grass and other herbs : the young remain with the parents till the breeding season, when they divide, and provide for their future progeny : they are monogamous. Their beak is shorter and weaker than in the preceding genus : the tarsi of the males are but slightly spurred, and in some of the species have only a simple tubercle: the females have their tarsi smooth : their tail is short, and has a tendency to descend.
339
COMMON PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix cinerea,)
Pe. corpore supra cinerea^ rufo nigroque vario, sultus alhicante-= Jiavido, pectore ccerulescente , Uneis nigi'is et macidis rnfis varies gatis, rectricibus octodecim, septem extimi utrinque, apice ci- nereis. (Mas. maculis duabus castaneis imo pectoris.^ Partridge with the body above grey, varied v/ith red and black, beneath yellowish white ; the breast caerulescent, variegated with black lines and rufous spots j the tail-feathers eighteen, the seven outer ones on each side tipped with cinereous. {Male with two chesnut spots on the lower part of the breast.) Perdix cinerea. Raii. Syn. 5J. a. 2. — Briss. Orn. 1. 21Q. 1. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 645. Q. — Temm. Gall. Ind.p. 728. — Nilss. Orn. Suec. ] . 3 14.
Tetrao Perdix. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 276. 13. — Linn. Faun. Suec.
No. 205. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 757. 13.
Perdrix grise. Buff. Ois. 2. 401. — Buff. PI. Enl. 27. female. — Temm. Pig, et Gall. 3. 373. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. p. 309. Common Partridge. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 96. — Penn. Arct. Zool.
2. 319. — Alb. Birds. 1. pi. 27. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 762. 8. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 279. 5. — Leiuin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 136. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 184. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 7. — BeVD. Brit. Birds. 1. 305. — 'Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 260.
Var. /3. corpore supra pectoreque castaneis cinereo-albo Jusco un- dulato.
With the body above, and breast, chesnut-grey-white, undulated with brown.
Perdix cinerea (3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 646. — Temm. Gall. Ind. 730. (b.)
Perdix cinereo-alba. Briss. Orn. 1. 223. a.
Perdrix grise-blanche. Biff. Ois. 2. 415. — Temm. Pig. et Gall.
3. 399.
Common Partridge, (a.) Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 763.
340
COMMON" PARTRIDGE.
Var. y. corpore toto albo, aut varicgato.
With the body entirely white, or variegated.
Perdix cinerea y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 646. — Temm. Gall. Ind.
731. (c.)
Perdrix blanche. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 400.
This well known and elegant bird is generally about thirteen inches in length : beneath and be- hind the eyes is a naked pale red space, wliich is most conspicuous in old birds : the forehead, the sides of the head, and the throat, are rufous ; the upper part of the head is reddish-brown, with longitudinal yellowish lines : the upper part of the neck is transversely varied with dusky -grey, and a tinge of red : the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are the same, each feather having a narrow transverse red band towards its tip : the wing-coverts and the scapulars are of a deeper hue than the back, and are varied with large reddish spots ; each feather having a reddish white stripe down the shaft : the under part of the neck and the breast are bluish grey, marked with transverse black lines, and sprinkled with small reddish spots : the lower part of the breast is adorned with a rich gorget of deep chesnut, similar in form to a horseshoe ; the feathers of the sides are grey, varied with black waved lines, and to- wards their tip have a large spot of red : the mid- dle of the belly is whitish : the quills are brown, with reddish yellow zigzag stripes : the tail con- sists of eighteen feathers, the lateral ones are ru- fous, tipped with grey ; and those of the middle similar to the back ; the beak is generally greenish :
COMMON PARTRIDGE.
341
the irides brown : the legs greyish flesh-colour, armed with a blunt tubercle.
The female is less brilliant in colour : the wing- coverts and scapulars are spotted with brown in- stead of rufous : the spot on the breast, which in the male resembles a horseshoe, in this is composed of a series of distinct spots : in other respects she resembles the male. The young when first hatched have the feet yellow, getting darker by age : before the first moult the whole of the plumage has a tendency to grey-brown, the feathers gradually assuming the proper hues that decorate the adult.
The Partridge varies greatly, several varieties being recorded by Latham, Temminck, and others: the first worth noticing is much variegated, and exceedingly beautiful : the crown and nape are brown, marked with rufous spots ; between the eyes, the chin, and throat, are of this latter colour: the fore-part of the neck and breast cinereous, minutely speckled with black : on the breast a horseshoe mark of a rich chesnut : belly and vent yellowish white : the upper parts similar to the first described, but more elegantly variegated. Another has the head and half of the neck brown- ish ash-colour, marked with darker streaks ; round the neck a white collar: the under parts also white. A third is wholly of a pale cream colour.
The bird called the Damascus Partridge, which is said to be common at certain seasons in some parts of France, differs but slightly from the present species, of which it may only prove a variety.
Partridges are found throughout nearly the whole of Europe, but in most abundance in the
342
COMMON TARTRIDGE.
central parts in respect to latitude ; Germany, England, Holland, and the north of France, are the most congenial spots ; the south of France and Italy producing but few ; and Turkey, the islands of the Grecian Archipelago, Norway, and Lapland, being utterly destitute of the species : they are very much affected by heat or cold, both being alike unfavourable to their increase : the severe winter of 1814 nearly extirpated the race in one of the provinces of Sweden. They pair about the third week in February ; and sometimes, after pairing, if the weather be very severe, they collect together and form again into coveys. The female lays her eggs, usually from fifteen to eighteen in number, in a rude nest of dry leaves and grass, formed upon the ground ; these are of a greenish grey colour. The period of incubation is three weeks, and so closely do the females sit on their eggs when near hatching, that a Partridge, as re- lated to Montagu by a gentleman of veracity, has been taken with her eggs, and carried in a hat to some distance ; and that she continued to sit in confinement, and brought out her young: near the middle of July the young are mostly excluded, and in about three weeks are enabled to fly : the young brood run about as soon as they are hatched; both parents are equally anxious for their pre- servation, and lead them immediately to ant-hills, on the pupre of which insects they principally feed at first. The young flock together in broods, called coveys, till the returning spring, when they separate and pair, as abovementioned : their prin- cipal food consists of seeds, insects, and berries.
IP A R 'jr K ir iij) R 'll-:
COMMON PARTRIDGE.
343
It is a common tiling to place the eggs beneath the domestic hen, who hatches and rears them as her own : in this case the young birds require to be fed with the larvm of ants, and well supplied with fresh water: it is also recommended to give them a mixture of woodlice and earwigs ; and occasion- ally fresh curds, mixed with lettuce, chickweed, or groundsel.
The affection of Partridges for their offspring is peculiarly interesting. Both the parents lead them out to feed, they point out to them the proper places for their food, and assist them in finding it by scratching the ground with their feet ; they fre- quently sit close by each other, covering the young ones with their wings, like the hen ; and from this situation they are not easily flushed ; if, however, they are disturbed, most persons acquainted with rural affairs know the confusion that follows. The male gives the first signal of alarm, by a peculiar cry of distress ; throwing himself at the same mo- ment more immediately into the way of danger, in order to mislead the enemy, he flies, or rather runs along the ground, hanging his wings, and exhibiting every symptom of debility. By this stratagem he seldom fails of so far attracting the attention of the intruder, as to allow the female to conduct the helpless, unfledged brood into some place of security.
The eggs of these birds are frequently destroyed by weasels, foxes, and other rapacious animals. When this has been the case, the female frequently forms another nest, and lays afresh : the produce
544
MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE.
of 9uch hatchings are always a puny race, seldom surviving the rigours of the winter.
Many instances of the docility of these birds are related, and it is stated by Willoughby, that a cer- tain Sussex man had, by his industry, made a covey of them so tame that he drove them before him, upon a wager, from the country to London, though they were quite free, and had their wings grown. Dr. Leach has lately communicated to me another instance of their docility : General Buckley of Cobham has a brood that were hatched beneath a hen, and are so tame as regularly to come and be fed, which they do even at this present time, Oc- tober 1818,
MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix montana.)
Pe. dilute castanea, cajnte colloque supremo Julvis, rectricibus septem extimis pallide castaneis.
Pale chesnut Partridge, with the head and upper part of the neck fulrous j the seven outer tail-feathers pale chesnut. Perdix montana. Lath. Jnd. Orn. 2. 6*16. 11. — Briss. Orn. 1. 222. 2. pi. 21. f. 2.
Perdix cinerea var. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. /30.
Tetrao montanus. Gmel. Spst, Nat. 1. 758. 33.
La Perdrix de Montagne. Buff. Ois. 2.p, 41 9. — Buff. PI. Enl. 136.
MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE.
345
Varietc de la Perdrix grise. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 308. — Temm.
Man. d'Orni. p. 309.
Mountain Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. JQ5. 10.
This bird is ten inches and three quarters in length: the beak is grey: the head, throat, and hind part of the neck, are reddish buff : the upper part of the body and wings are chesnut, the edges of the feathers brownish, and the back and sca- pulars are varied with grey ; the fore-part of the neck, the breast, the upper part of the belly, the sides, and the under tail-coverts, are pale chesnut : the lower belly, the vent, and the thighs, are pale buff: the tail consists of twenty feathers, the six middle of which are chesnut-brown, with grey tips ; the outer seven on each side pale chesnut : legs greyish brown.
Much diversity of opinion prevails respecting this species, Brisson describes it as distinct ; but Temminck asserts that it is only a variety of the common Partridge. I am inclined to Brisson’s opinion from the circumstance of its inhabiting mountainous situations, and from never having seen a specimen captured in this country (where the common Partridge is extremely abundant) that would agree with the above description : it dis- agrees with the last-mentioned bird in many re- spects, especially in its small size, and in having twenty feathers in the tail. Said to frequent the mountainous parts on the continent.
345
GREEK PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix Graeca.)
Pe. corpore supra pectoreque griseo-cinerascentihus, subtus dilute rufo, collo superiore guttureque albis, Jascia nigra cinctisy hy- pochondriis duplici vitta nigra notatisy rectricibus quatuorde- dm; exthnis basi dnereis, apice rufis.
Partridge with the body above and breast greyish-ash j beneath diluted red ; the neck and upper part of the throat white, bounded by a black fascia ; the hypochondria marked with a double black vitta j the tail-feathers fourteen in number, the outer ones grey at their base, and red at their tips.
Perdix Graeca. Raii. Syn. 57- 5. — Briss. Orn. 1. 241. 10.. pi. 25.
/I-
Perdix rufa. a. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 647* 12.
Perdix saxatilis. Temtn. Gall. Lid. p. 725.
Perdrix Bartarelle. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 420. — Buff. PI. Enl. 231. — Temm. Pig.et Gall. 3. p, 340. — Tenim. Man. d' Orni. 305.
Greek, or Red Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 767* 12- — Alb. Birds, l.p. 27-
This fine species is much larger than the com- mon Partridge, measuring thirteen inches in length; the beak, eyelids, and irides, red : the upper part of the head, the neck, the breast, and all the upper parts of the body, are ash-coloured ; the back and breast tinged with rufous : the cheeks, throat, and fore-part of the neck, are white, surrounded by a collar of black, commencing at the nostrils, and passing through the eyes : from the belly to the vent yellowish, the sides beautifully variegated with orange and black crescents : the quills are
GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE.
347
brown ; some of the exterior ones spotted with rufous on the edge, near the tip ; the lesser ones varied with grey : the tail consists of fourteen grey feathers ; the five lateral ones half rufous at their tips : the legs are red ; the tarsi furnished with a blunt knob. The female is less than the male ; the plumage is less brilliant in colour : the black band surrounding the white on the throat narrower, and the black lunules on the sides of the body very slender. It occasionally varies slightly in being rather mottled with white, with the usual colours paler.
It is found in profusion throughout Turkey, the Grecian Archipelago, Sicily, Naples, Italy, and France ; likewise on the Alps of Switzerland and Germany: it frequents the rocky and mountainous parts, descending in May to breed : its eggs are much esteemed ; they are white, sprinkled with numerous red spots, and are sixteen or eighteen in number.
GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix rufa.)
Pb. corpora supra griseo-Jusco, subtus rujo, pectore cinereo, gutlure collogue superiore albis, fascia nigrd albo punctatd cinctis, hypochondriis vittd nigrdj simplici notatis, .rectricibus sedecim, extimis rujis.
Partridge with the body above grey-brown j the breast grey j beneath rufous ; with the throat and upper part of the neck
348
GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE.
white, bounded by a black fascia, spotted with white j the hypochondria naarked with a simple black vittaj the taii-fea- thers sixteen, the outer ones rufous.
Perdix rufa. Raii. Syn.p. 37. a. 5. — Will. Orn.p. 167. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 647« 12* /3.
Perdix rubra. Briss. Orn. 1. 236. 10. — Temm. Gall. Ind.p. 726. Tetrao rufus. Lina. Si/st. Nat. 1. 276. 12. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 756. 12.
Perdrix rouge. Buff. Ois. 2. 431. pi. 15. — Buff. PL Enl. 150. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 36l. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. p. 300. Guernsey Partridge. Albin. Birds. \ . pi. 2Q. — Will. Ang. 167. pi. 29. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 768. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 220. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Or?i. Diet. Sup. — Levoin. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 137- — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 7.
Var. j3. corpora toto alhido.
With the whole body whitish.
Perdix rubra, (a.) Temm. Gall. Jnd. p. 726.
La Perdrix rouge blanche. Briss. Orn. \. p. 238- — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 366.
Rather smaller than the Greek Partridge : length thirteen inches : the forehead is grey- brown : the hind head rufous-brown : the chin and throat white, surrounded with black, as in the preceding : eyebrows white : the feathers of the hind head with two oblique black spots on each : hind part of the neck rufous-brown : the back, the wings, and the rump, grey-brown : quills the same, with their exterior margins yellowish : the fore-part and sides of the neck grey, each fea- ther with two black spots : the breast pale ash : the belly, the sides, the thighs, and the vent, rufous ; the sides marked with lunulated stripes of white, black, and orange : the tail composed of sixteen feathers ; the four middle of which are cinereous-
GUERNSEY PARTRIDGE.
349
brown ; the next on each side the same, but ru- fous on their outer webs ; the rest are rufous on both sides : the beak, irides, orbits, and legs, red, the latter in the male with a small tubercle. It varies in having the whole plumage whitish ; and also with parts white, and the rest of the body as usual.
This species is found in France and Italy, but not in Switzerland, Germany, or to the north of France. A few instances have occurred of its having been captured at large in certain parts of this country, but such birds have most undoubt- edly escaped from the aviaries of gentlemen who keep them for their amusement. Many attempts have been made to introduce the breed into Eng- land, but after a few years all traces are lost : se- veral thousand eggs were imported into Suffolk by the Marquis of Hertford, which were hatched under hens, and liberated ; but it does not appear to have been followed by the introduction of the species, of which only a few coveys were afterwards found. In a state of confinement it increases, but not with as great facility as many other gallina- ceous birds: the female lays from fifteen to eighteen yellowish eggs, spotted with red and brown : the nest is placed in brambles; the bird resides in the open fields.
The Kakerlik and Caspian Partridges of La- tham appear to be referrible to one of the red- legged species, but from the concise description given, it is impossible to ascertain to which.
550
BARBARY PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix petrosa.)
Pe. corpore supra Juscescente cinereo, suhtus dilute fusco^ vertice torqueque castaneis ; hdc maculis albis variis, superciliis cine* reis, hypochondriis vittd nigra duplici notatis, tectricibus alarum maculis cceruleis, rectricibus sedecem, extimis basi cinereis^ apice aurantiis.
Partridge with the body above brown-grey, beneath pale fus- cous ; the crown and collar chesnut, the latter varied with white spots ; the eyebrows grey ; the hypochondria marked with a double black vitta j the wing-coverts with blue spots j the tail-feathers sixteen, the outer ones grey at their base, with orange tips,
Perdix petrosa. Temm, Gall. Ind, p. 727- — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 648. 14. ?
Perdrix rufa. y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 647. 12.
Perdix rubra Barbarica. Briss.Orn. \. 11.
Tetrao petrosus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 753. 35. ?
Le Perdrix rouge de Barbaric. Buff. Ois. 2. 445.
Le Perdrix de la roche, ou le Gambra. Buff. Ois. 2. 446. Perdrix Gambra. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 368. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. p. 308.
Rufous-breasted Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 771. 14. Barbary Partridge. Edw.pl. 70. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 770.
Less than the Greek Partridge : length about thirteen inches : irides hazel : beak, eyelids, and round the eyes, scarlet : top of the head bright chesnut, passing down to the back : eyebrows grey-ash : space between the beak and eye, and sides of the head and throat, the same : behind the ears a dusky brown spot j from this depends a
GINGI PARTRIDGE.
351
broad chesnut-brown collar, which on the fore-part of the neck is spotted with white : the top of the head is of a deep grey : lower down a rich patch of rose-colour : the upper parts of the body are of an olive-grey: on the scapulars are nine or ten spots of deep rich blue, and the feathers are fringed with orange : the sides of the body are covered with beautiful feathers, variegated with orange and black : the belly, the thighs, and the vent, are pale brown : the four middle tail-feathers are grey, and the lateral ones red : the legs are red ; in the male armed with a blunt spur ; the claws are brown. Female less brilliant in colour, smaller, and the collar of the neck narrower. It varies as in the two preceding species.
This elegant species inhabits the rocky mountains of Spain, the isles of Majorca, Minorca, Sar- dinia, Corsica, Malta, Sicily, and Calabria : on the northern shores of the Mediterranean and in France it is rare, but on the southern, and the coast of Barbary, it is extremely numerous : it also occurs in Teneriffe, and as far as the river Niger in Senegal : it feeds upon seeds and insects, but its manners are unknown.
GINGI PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix Gingica.)
Pe. corf ore supra griseo-Julva, sublus albo, laterihus cinereis maculis^ casianeis variegatisj vertice castaneo, superciliis albisy
352
GINGI PARTRIDGE.
Jascia pcctorali alba et castanea. (Femina corpore supra fus^ cescente^ subtus rujesceyite-ulbo, nigro-maculato ; pectore cinereOf nigro-striato.)
Partridge with the body above grey-brown, beneath white ; the sides cinereous, variegated with chesnut spots ; the crown chesnut ; the eyebrows white ; breast with a white and chesnut fascia. {Female with the body above brownish, be- neath reddish white, spotted with black j the breast cinereous, striated with black.)
Perdix gingica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 648. ly.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 733.
Tetrao gingicus. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. / 60. 41-
La Perdrix de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 167.
Perdrix ^ double hausse-col. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 410.
Gingi Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 773* I6. •
This, which is the smallest of the genus, was discovered by Sonnerat, who, as is usual with him, has not given any account of its manners, of which we are still ignorant : the beak of the male is black : the irides yellow : top of the head deep brown : from the beak, passing over the eye to the occiput, is a white stripe, each feather having a black line upon it : the throat, neck, and cheeks, are pale rufous, each feather of the two latter with a longitudinal black streak : back dirty rufous grey: lesser wing-coverts chesnut, fringed with dull red-grey, with a spot of the same near the tip ; the middle ones chesnut, edged with dirty yellow ; each with a round black spot at their tip : greater quills dusky brown ; secondaries similar to the middle coverts : on the breast are two spots, one of black and one of chesnut, separated from each other by a white patch ; belly white, with two
EYED PARTRIDGE*
353
longitudinal pale chesnut bands on each feather : rump and tail dirty grey, each feather with a small rounded black spot : legs reddish yellow. The female is less : the top and hind part of the head are dirty grey : throat and forerpart of the neck deep brown : on the top of the breast is a large grey spot, the feathers of which it is com- posed being undulated with black lines : sides of the breast spotted with black : the wing-coverts are dirty grey for three-fourths of their length, crossed by undulated black lines, with a deep chesnut spot at the end of each, and one of white on each web above it : the secondary quills dirty grey, edged with rufous yellow, and* a round spot of the same near the tip of the inner web : the sides of the belly chesnut : the belly itself pale rufous : the rump and tail-feathers rufous grey, undulated with black lines : the feet are dirty grey : the beak is black, and the irides are yellow.
Inhabits the neighbourhood of Gingi, on the coast of Coromandel.
EYED PARTRIDGE.
(Penlix oculea.)
Pe. capite collo pectore ventreque lonte rujisy dorso supcrnc trans- versim albo-nigroque siriato, uropygio atro macidis irinng7i~ laribus castaneis^ alarum tcctricibus cmereo-olivaceis nigra ma^ ctdatis.
V. XI. P. II.
24
354
EYED PARTRIDGE.
Partridge with the head, neck, breast, and belly, deep rufous , the back above transversely striated with white and black ; the rump dusky, with triangular chesnut spots ; the wing- coverts olive-grey, spotted with black.
Perdix oculea. Temni. Gall. Ind. p. 732.
Perdrix oculee. Teinm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 408.
Eleven inches in length : the head, the neck, the breast, and the belly, are clothed with fine cliesnut-red feathers : the sides of the breast and of tlie body with transverse black stripes : the feathers of the thighs are deep chesnut-red, tipped with a round black spot : the upper part of the back is striped transversely with white, on a black ground : the middle of the back to the upper tail- coverts is deep velvety black, each feather adorned with a lanceolate spot of a bright chesnut hue : the feathers of the tail are dusky brown, edged with paler brown: the wing-coverts are deep olive-grey, each feather with a black spot, more or less rounded in shape : the quills and the se- condaries are deep brown, the latter edged with chesnut: the abdomen is white: tlie beak and the feet are brown.
Inhabits India.
355
JAVAN PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix Javanicus.)
Pe. corpore supra striis cinereis nigrisque, gutture colloque late- ribus riifo nigroque vnriegatis, pectore cinereo, ventre hypo- chondriisque castaneis, crisso ruhro Jascid cinered, alis rufis nigro maculatis, .
Partridge with the body above with grey and dusky striae j with the throat and sides of the neck variegated with rufous and black ; the breast grey ; the belly and hypochondria chesnut 5 the vent red, with a grey fascia j wings rufous, spotted with black.
Perdix Javanica. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 651. 27. — Temm. Gall, hid. p, 732.
Tetrao Javanicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 761. 45.
Perdrix Ayam-han. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 404.
Javan Partridge. Broiun. III. Zool. p. 40. pi. 17- — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 775. 18.
This beautiful species is ten inches in length : the space round the eyes is of a crimson-red, slightlyscattered withfeathers: the throat is slightly clothed with feathers, and the naked red skin appears through the interstices : the top of the head is of a chesnut-red : the feathers of the throat, the fore-part of the neck, and the nape, are red, sprinkled with very small black spots : above the eyes a black band, and another on each side of the neck : the prevailing hue of the upper parts of tlie body lead-colour, striated with broad black bands : the lesser and greater wing-coverts are grey-red j the leathers of the latter having a large
356 RED-THROATED TARTRIDGE.
spot of black at their tips, which is rounded in some, and oblong in the others ; the whole are tipped with chesniit-red : the quills are grey- brown ; the lower part of the neck and the breast are lead-colour : the belly, the feathers of the sides, the thighs, the abdomen, and the under tail-feathers, are deep red : the beak is black, reddish at the tip : the irides are grey : the feet are bright red : the claws are straight, and very long : the tail is hidden by its upper coverts, and is greyish blue, undulated with black.
Native of the plains and mountains of Java,
IIRD-THROATED PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix gularis.)
Pk. vertice nuchaque Jiisca-olivnccis, Jiiscid hifra supruqiic ocnlos alba, gulture riifo ; pectore ventreque strigis longitudmalibns niveis, corpore supra fusco, rachis pennarum omnium albis, rcmigum rachis atris.
Partridge with the crown and nape fuscous-olive ; a fascia above and beneath the eyes white ; the throat rufous ; the breast and belly with longitudinal white spots j the body beneath brown ; the shafts of all the feathers white, bnt those of the quills dusky.
Perdix gularis. Tcmm. Gall. Tnd.p. 731.
Perdrix a gorge rousse. Tcmm. Pig. cl Gall. 3. 401.
Native of India : it is described by Temminck : its total length is rather below twelve inches : it has
HED-THROATEt) PARTRIDGE.
357
the head and the top of the neck of an olive-brown : beneath the eyes a patch of white, and another of the same above : the throat is of a fine ferruginous red : the feathers of the breast and the belly with a broad white stripe following the direction of the shaft ; this is bordered, and the rest of the feather is olive-brown : the abdomen is covered with a soft down of a reddish white colour : the wings, the back, and the rump, are of a brown hue, with the shafts of each feather white, and the webs on each side have three or four yellowish white transverse bands, edged with a narrow black line : the greater quills are red at the base and grey at their tips : the middle quills are red on the inner, and brown, transversely striped with red, on their outer webs ; their shafts are reddish, and those of the greater quills white : the tail is of a deep red, the lateral feathers with a narrow reddish white band towards their tips ; the two middle feathers are similar in colour to the upper parts of the body, and transversely barred with bright red : the feet are red: the claws are brown, and the beak is black. Found in the vicinity of Calcutta.
HACKLED PARTRIDGE.
(Perdix ferruginea.)
Fb. rujo-fusca, dorso tectricibiisque alarum lineis longiludinatibus Jiavescentibus, pennis colli superiore angustis elongalis ; aqnce acutis, line A in medio margineque Jtavis .
Red-brown Partridge^ with the baek and wing-eoverts with longitudinal yellowish lines ; the feathers on the upper part of the neek elongated and narrow, their tips aeute, with a line in the middle, and their edges yellow.
Perdix ferruginea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 651. 26. — Temm, Gall. Ind. p. 733.
Tetrao ferruginous. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 761 . 44.
La grand Caille de la Chine. Soyiner. Voy. Ind. 2. 17L Perdrix a camail. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 41 6.
Hackled Partridge. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 766. ll.pl.66.
The Hackled Partridge is figured, and thus described, by Latham : “ Length twelve inches : beak brown ; tip black : crown of the head dusky and ferruginous minutely mixed : on the nape and hind part of the neck the feathers are one inch and a half long ; the middle part of them black- brown, rather glossy ; the shafts and margins al 1 round of a yellowish buft-colour, and jiointed at the ends, which, when they are erected by the bird, appear like those on the neck of the Ruffed Heathcock ; these feathers are narrower and shorter in proportion as they are nearest the head : the upper parts of the body are lerrugiiious brown, minutely dotted with black: the feathers on the
HACKLED PARTRIDGE^
359
^ving-coverts and back streaked with pale yellowish buff: quills plain brown, the edges only being dotted with black : tail brown-black ; the three outer feathers plain, the others dotted with black on the outer edge : fore-part and sides of the neck ferruginous, a little mottled with paler colour ; the shafts paler : breast plain red-brown : belly the same, but paler : vent dusky : legs brown, two inches and a half long : claws paler.*’
Sonnerat’s description varies a little : he observes it has red irides: the feathers of the back and rump are striped with whitish, and long enough to hide the tail : the wing-feathers and sides of the belly have round white spots. This specimen came from China; the one commemorated by Latham was supposed to come from the Cape of Good Hope, but the eastern part of Asia is its native place ; it appears to be a very scarce species, and of its manners nothing is known.
3G0
COTURNIX. quail.
Generic Character.
Rostrum breve, graeile, basi nudum, lateratlm compres- sum, latius quam altum, Nares basales, squama for- nicali superne semiclausse. Caput plumosum.
Orhitce pennis tectae.
Pedes tetradactyli, nudi ; tarsi mutici.
Cauda brevissima, plumis uropygli obtecta.
Aloe breves.
Beak short, slender, naked at the base,laterally compress • ed, broader than high.
Nostrils basal, half closed by an arched scale.
Head feathered.
Orbits clothed with feathers.
Feet four-toed, naked ; tarsi smooth.
Tail very short, covered by the feathers of the rump.
Wings short.
CoTURNix. Briss.y Teinm.
Perdix. Lath., Nils., Cuv.
Tetrao. Ray., Linn., Gmel.
The Quails differ considerably from the Par- tridges, with which they were associated, in their habits, these being polygamous and migrative, whereas the Partridges are monogamous, and do not quit their residence : in the Quails the beak is ex- tremely slender in proportion to that of the other gallinaceous birds : they have a very short tail, and the orbits and clieeks are well clothed with feathers:
r
,./;,/- 1
■aV/S
\
1
^ A .
•< '^° tv®
rOMMOH QlUA'lll.. .
COMMON QUAIL.
361
they have no spurs. They reside on the ground : their food consists of grains, seeds, and various kinds of insects : the females deposit their eggs in hollows on the ground, with scarcely any ap- pearance of a nest. They are distributed over the Old Continent, but are not found in the New.
COMMON QUAIL.
(Coturnix Dactylisonans. )
Co. corpore griseo-Jerrugineo maculis nigris variof rachi pen<> narum jlaxiicante^ superciliis taniaque longitudinali in vertice, alhis, guld rufa, nigfo cincta. (Femina dilutiovy guld alba.')
Quail with the body rusty-grey, varied with black spots j the shafts of the feathers yellowish 5 the eyebrows and a longi- tudinal stripe on the crown white ; the throat rufous, bounded by black. ( Female paler, with the throat white.)
Coturnix dactylisonans. Temm. Gall. Ind, p. 740.
Coturnix. Briss. Orn. 1. 247. 14.
Coturnix major. Briss. Orn. 1. 251.?
Perdix Coturnix. Lath. Ind. Orii. 2. 651. 28. — Nilss. Orn, Suec. 1. 316. — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mtos.p.2,y.
Tetrao Coturnix. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 278. 20. — Linn. Faun. Suec. No. 206. — Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1 . 765. — Raii. Syn. 58. a. 6. — Will. p. 121./. 29.
La Caille. Buff. Ois. 2. 449« pi- 16.— Buff. PI. Erd. 170. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 478. — Temm. Man. d' Orni. p. 311.
Le Crokicl, ou Caille dePologne. Buff. Ois. 2. 251. ?
The Quail. Penyi. Brit. Zool. 1. 97. — Penn, Arct. Zool. 2. 320. c. — Albin. Birds, \. pi. 30. — Will, Ang. p, l69- — Lath, Gen.
362
COMMON QUAJL.
Syn, 4. 779* 2^.— Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 222.— Lath. Syn. Sup.
II. p. 280. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 138. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi.
\Q5.—Pult. Cat. Dors. p. J.—Moni. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont.
Orn. Diet. Supp.—Bexvick, Brit. Birds. 1. 308.— Anm,
Biog. 2. 264.
Var. 0. Corpore albido cut toto albo.
With the body whitish, or entirely white.
Coturnix dactylisonans, var. (a.) Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 742.
This well known bird is considerably less than the common Partridge, measuring only seven inches and a half in length : its beak is dusky : irides yellow ; the crown of the head is black, transversely marked with rufous brown : down the middle is a yellowish white line, and above the eyes is another of the same, which passes behind them, and some way down the neck at the back part: the chin and throat are white, bounded by a black crescent, which is deepest in front : the hind part of the neck, the back, the scapulars, and tail-coverts, are rufous brown ; the middle of each feather streaked with yellowish white, surrounded more or less with black : sides the same, but with less white : breast pale ferruginous brown, the shafts of the feathers white : belly and under parts dirty yel- lowish white, mixed with lunulated black lines : thighs varied with chesnut : quills dusky, the outer webs more or less mottled with yellowish white : tail very short ; dusky, with white tips ; consisting of twelve feathers, which are almost hidden by the coverts.
The female differs in having the chin bull- coloured, with a dusky mark passing from the ear downward : the breast is spotted with dusky, and
COMMON QUAIL.
363
the wing-coverts are barred with yellowish white. The young during the first year exactly resemble the females ; after the second moult they assume their proper appearance. This species varies in being of a larger size than usual, with the colours more vivid, and the cheeks and throat dusky brown ^ it also occurs perfectly white, and in all the inter- mediate stages from the common plumage : some- times it will become entirely deep brown or dusky; this effect is produced by long confinement, and being fed on hempseed.
Quails are found throughout nearly the whole of Europe, as far north as Lapland ; they are also abundant in Asia, as far as Siberia, but not in the extreme northern parts : they likewise occur at various periods in Africa, at the Cape of Good Hope. In China they are extremely abundant, and like C. excalfactoria, are used by the inha- bitants to warm their hands.
They are found in most parts of Great Britain, but nowhere in any great quantity, and about August or September they migrate to the south- ward. They have appeared in such prodigious quantities on the western coasts of the kingdom of Naples, in the vicinity of Nettuno, during their migration, that a hundred thousand have been caught in one day within the space of four or five miles, which are usually sold for three or fourlivres per dozen, to dealers, who convey them to Rome, where they are in great request, and resold for liigh prices. Clouds of Quails also alight in sj)ring along the coasts of Troveiice ; here they are some-
364
COMMON QUAIL.
times found so exhausted, tliat for a few of the first days they may be caught with the hand : but in no country are they so abundant as in tlie Crimea and in some of the Grecian islands, several of which have received their names from this cir- cumstance.
During peace great quantities of these birds are imported into this country from France for the use of the .table, all of which are males, and are caught by imitating the cry of the hen. They are conveyed by stage coaches, in a large square box, divided into five or six compartments, one above another, just high enough to admit the Quails to stand upright, and each box containing about one hundred birds. These boxes have wire on the fore-part, and each partition is furnished with a small trough for food. May is the usual period of importation.
The females lay from eight to a dozen eggs,* of a yellowish colour, blotched and spotted with dusky, but subject to great variety in the ground colour and disposition of the spots : the young are hatched in about three weeks, and follow the mother but a very short time. Quails are very indolent birds ; they usually sleep through the day,* concealed among the tallest grass, lying on their sides, with their legs extended, in the same spot, even for hours together, and should a dog approach, he must absolutely run upon them
* Latham mentions having seen twenty eggs taken out of one nest.
COROMANDEL QUAIL.
365
before they are flushed,; and when they are forced upon wing, they seldom fly far. They are easily drawn within reach of a net by a call imitating their cry, which is not unlike the syllables zvliit, whit, xvhit. The males are birds of great courage, and their quarrels often terminate in mutual de- struction. The Athenians and Romans were very partial to quail-fighting, which is practised in China to this day. It is related of Augustus, that he punished a prefect of Egypt with death, for bringing to his table one of these birds which had acquired celebrity for its victories !
COROMANDEL QUAIL.
(Coturnix textilis.)
Co. corpore supra fusco nigro rufoque vario, pennarum fascia media longitudinali albo-riifu, subtus albo, nigro longihidi- naliter striato, gutturis macula nigra^ colli fascia longitudinali nigra, (Femina dilutioribus ; guld fused. )
Quail with the body above brown, varied with black and rufous ; the feathers with a longitudinal whitish red fascia in the middle 5 beneath white, longitudinally striped with black ; the throat with a black spotj the neck with a longitudinal black fascia. {^Female paler, with a brown throat.)
Coturnix textilis. Temm. Gall. Ind. p>. 742.
Perdix Coromandelica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 654. 38.
Tetrao Coroniandelicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, /64.5S.
La petite Caille de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 172.
Caille nattec. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 512.
Coromandel Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 789* 8*1-
3GG
COROMANDEL QUAIL.
Considerably inferior in size to the common Quail : the male has the head black : the crown rufous yellow : on the throat is a deep triangular black patch, which extends upwards to the ears : the superciliary band, and one on the middle of the head, are similar to those of the common species : the feathers of the neck, the back, the scapulars, and the rump, have a broad lanceolated reddish white spot in their middle, bordered with black ; the rest of the feather is grey-brown, with black spots, marked with narrow red lines : the wing-coverts are grey, striped with yellow bands, which are edged with black ; the secondaries and quills are grey : on the fore-part of the neck is a broad longitudinal black band, extending to the breast ; the latter, and also the rest of the under parts of the body, are whitish, with a deep black longitudinal stripe in the middle of each feather, slightly bordered on each side with wliite : the beak is brown, and the feet are yellowish. The female differs from the male in having the throat of a rufous cast, or whitish, slightly tipped with dusky : a narrow band of dusky black extends along the front of the neck to the breast: the under parts of the body are whitish red, irregularly marked with black spots. The young have not tlie triangular black patch on the throat.
Tliis inhabits the Coromandel coast.
367
WHITE-THROATED QUAIL,
(Coturnix torquata.)
Co. corpore supra Jiiscoy lineis nigris transversim striatOf subtus alhicante, cequaliter undulato, vertice nigricante, genis atris, gutture alboy nigro margine cincto.
Quail with the body above brown, striated with transverse black lines; beneath whitish, equally undulated ; the crown dusky; the cheeks dark-coloured ; the throat white, surrounded by a black margin.
Coturnix torquatus. Manduit, Ency. Method. — Temm, Gall. Ind. p. 744.
Caille ^ gorge blanche, Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 521.
This bird is described by Manduit in the En- cyclop6die M^thodique. It has the top of the head dusky : the cheeks deep black, extending on the sides, and in front of the neck, forming a bor- der to the throat, which is white : a narrow white band arises at the base of the upper mandible, and passes above the eyes, which is continued to the extremity of the neck : the hind head is brown : the top of the neck dusky, longitudinally striped with dull white : the back is brown, transversely waved with black : the belly is yellowish, equally varied with zigzag lines : the rump and the upper tail-coverts are grey, varied with brown : the wing- coverts are brownish ; the scapulars and the lesser feathers of the wing are fine brown on their outer webs, and on their inner varied with reddish ; the middle is marked with black : the sides of the body
368
MADAGASCAR QUAIL.
are varied with longitudinal brown bands, edged outwardly with white spots, surrounded by black: the quills are brown ; and the tail-feathers are grey. Native place unknown.
MADAGASCAR QUAIL.
(Coturnix Perlata.)
Co. corpore supra castaneo-Jcrrugineo Jasciis lincisquc longih(di- nalibus alhidiSf subtus maculis rotundatis albis conspcrso, guld nigra, vitta snp>ra ocrdos maxillarique albis.
Quail with the body above rusty-chesnut, with whitish longi- tudinal fascice and lines ; beneath sprinkled with rounded white spots ; the throat black 5 a stripe above the eyes, and the maxillae, white.
Coturnix perlata. Temm. Gall. hid. p. 739.
Perdix striata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 654. 36.
Teirao striatus. Gmcl. S^st. Nat. 1. 763. 53.
La grand Caille de Madagascar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. \6q. j)l. 98.
Caille a ventre perlee. Temm. Pig. ct Gall. 3. p. 470. Madagascar Quail. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 788. 32.
This beautiful species is distinguished from the rest of the Quails by its superior strength of beak, the upper mandible of which is rather elongated. The male only is known, and was discovered by Sonnerat : it is about double the size of the com- mon species : the top of its head, hind part of the neck, back and rump, are of a reddish-brown, each
MADAGASCAR QUAIL.
369
feather with a yellow-white band following the direction of the shafts ; the feathers of the nape are spotted with black, and those of the back are transversely striped with black and red : the space between the eyes, the throat, and the fore-part of the neck, are deep black : over the eyes is a nar- row band of white, which is directed towards the nape, and from the base of the beak arises a second, rather broader, one passing beneath the eyes, and forming a border to the black on the throat and fore-part of the neck : on the breast is a rounded gorget of a deep red-chesnut hue : the sides of the neck, between the two white bands, and those of the breast, are of a fine grey-blue : the middle of the belly is deep black, sprinkled with rounded pure white spots : the feathers on the sides are long and narrow, are chesnut with yellowish white shafts, bounded on each side with a black line : the wing-coverts are transversely barred with black and reddish white ; and have the shafts whitish, and many of the feathers tipped with the latter colour : the quills are brownish ash, slightly tinged with rufous on their outer w^ebs : the tail is black, varied with narrow transverse reddish lines : the beak is black : irides dull yellow 5 and feet reddish. Inhabits Madagascar.
V. XI. P. II.
25
370
GREY-THROATED QUAIL. .4,
(Coturnix grisea,)
Co, supra griseo nigroque varia subtus ci nereo- grisea, jugulo pec» tore ahdomineque fasciis nigris, remigibus fuscis.
Quail above varied with grey and black ; beneath grey-ash ; with the jugulum, breast, and abdomen, with black fasciae; the quills brown. •
Coturnix grisea, Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 744.
Perdix grisea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 654. 37. *
Tetrao griseus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 704. 37.
La Caille bmne de INIadagascar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. I7I. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 523.
Grey-throated Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 788. 33.
This species is described by Sonnerat, from the Isle of Madagascar : it is the size of the common Quail : the upper part of the liead, the top, and hind part of the neck, are varied with black and red, the former colour being predominant : the throat is of a bright earthy grey : the feathers of the lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are the same, with two bands of black on each, following the direction of the margin: the feathers of the back, the rump, the tail, the lesser and middle ones of the wings, are bright earthy grey, transversely striped with black : the greater quills are brown : the irides are yellow : the beak and the feet are black.
371
CHINESE QUAIL.
(Coturnix excalfactoria.)
Co. corpore supra Jusco maculis nigris et lineis albis consperso, jvgulo nigro arcu albo, ventre medio castaneo. (Femina swper- ciliis temporibusque rufis, guld alba, corpore supra cinerascente- riifo nigroque vario, subtus cinerascente-rufo, arcubus nigris undulato.)
Quail with the body above brown, sprinkled with black spots and white lines; the jugulum black, with a white arch ; the middle of the belly chesnut. {Female with the eyebrow and temples red ; the throat white; the body above greyish, varied with rufous and black ; beneath greyish rufous, undulated with black arcs.)
Coturnix excalfactoria. Temm. Gall, Ind. p. 742.
Coturnix Philippensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 254. 17- pi- 25.^^ 1. male. Perdix chinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 652. 29. male.
Perdix manillensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 655. 40. female.
Tetrao chinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 765. I9. male,
Tetrao manillensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 764. 5/. female.
La fraise ou Caille de la Chine. Buff. Ois. 2. 478. male. — Buff. PI. Enl. \lQ.ff. 2. female.
La petit Caille de I’ile de Lugon, Sonner. Voy. Ind. 54. pi. 24. female.
Caille fraise. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 5l6.
Manilla Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 790- 36. female.
Chinese Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 783. male. — Ediu. Glean, p. 247. male.
This elegant little species measures only four inches in length : the male has a triangular deep black spot on the throat : from the base of the beak extends a white whisker, surrounded by black : below tlie black on the throat is a })ure
372
CHINESE QUAIL.
white gorget, the lateral margins of which bend upwards towards the orifice of the ears, and are surrounded by a narrow border of black ; the fore- head, a stripe beneath the eyes, the breast, and the sides, are of a lead-colour, the latter marked with black bands : the middle of the belly, the thighs, and the abdomen, are red chesnut : the whole of the upper parts of the body and the tail-coverts are grey-brown, varied with different sized black spots ; and most of the feathers have their shafts whitish : the wings are grey-brown : the greater coverts are lead -colour towards their tips, and the whole are tipped and fringed with chesnut : the beak is black : the feet and the claws are yellow.
The female has the throat and the middle of the belly pure white : the cheeks, the forehead, and a stripe above the eyes, are of a bright red : the fea- thers of the head are dusky, tipped with greyish : a narrow longitudinal band extends over the mid- dle of the crown from the forehead : the feathers of the back, and those that cover the rump, are red, with black spots, and longitudinal reddish white dashes : the scapulars and the wing-coverts are grey-brown, marked with delicate black un- dulated lines, and many black spots on their inner webs : the breast, and the sides of the belly, the thighs, and the abdomen, are bright grey, striped transversely with black : the feathers on the sides are slightly tinged with reddish : the wings are grey-brown : the beak is brown ; and tlie legs are as in the male. The young males greatly resemble the female.
NEW HOLLAND QUAIL.
373
This bird is abundant in the Manilla and Philip- pine Islands, and in China is amazingly numerous. The inhabitants of the latter place breed them, and keep them in cages, for the singular purpose of warming their hands in the winter : they also rear them for the purpose of fighting in the same manner that cocks are used in this country.
NEW HOLLAND QUAIL.
(Coturnix Australis.)
Co. corpore supra castaneo-nehuloso^ nigro striatOj scapis penna- rum albo lineatis, suhtus drier ascente~rufo, lunulis nigris trans- versim striatis. ( Femlna coloribus dilutioribus. )
Quail with the body above clouded chesnut, striated with black; the shafts of the feathers striped with white ; beneath grey- ish-red, striated with transverse black lunules. {Female with the colours paler.)
Coturnix Australis. Temm. Gall. Ind.p, 740.
Perdix Australis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixii. 3.
Caille Australe. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 474.
New Holland Quail. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 283.
This species is concisely described by Latham in his second Supplement, but more amply by Temminck, who also gives an account of the fe- male. The male is above seven inches in length : the forehead, the space round the eyes, the beak, and the throat, are dirty white : the top of the head and the nape are dusky, with a white spot
374
NEW-GUINEA QUAIL.
in the centre of each feather : the back, the rnnip, the tail-coverts, and middle ones of the wings, are transversely striped with broad bands of black and narrow zigzag ones of deep rufous; all the featliers being whitish yellow in their centre, forming a nar- row stripe of that colour down each shaft : the lesser coverts towards the bend of the wing are grey-brown : the fore-part of the neck, the breast, and the whole of the rest of the under parts of the body, are greyish -rufous ; most of the feathers having their shafts whitish, and being transversely barred with black : the quills are brown, with a reddish hue on their outer webs: the tail is covered by its upper coverts, and is of a brown colour, barred with zigzag lines of deep rufous : the feet and the claws are brown : the beak is dusky blue. The female is duller in colour, and has more of a greyish tinge over the whole plumage : the reddish spots on the upper parts are more irregularly dis- posed, the shafts of each feather being white as in the male : the under parts of the body are reddish- grey, with very slight zigzag brown lines.
This is abundant in New Holland : it has the same manners as the common Quail.
NEW-GUINEA QUAIL.
(Coturnix Novae-Guineae.)
Co. corpore supra fusco, subtus dilutiore, tectricihus alarum mar- gine jlavicantihusy remigibus nigris.
NEVV-GUINEA QUAIL.
375
Quail with the body above brown, beneath paler 5 with the edges of the wing-coverts yellowish 3 the quills black.
Coturnix Novae Guineae. Temm. Galt. Ind.p. 744.
Perdix Novae Guineae. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 655, 3Q.
Tetrao Novae Guineae. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. ^64. 56.
La Caille de la Nouvelle Guinea. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 170. pi.
105. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 524.
New Guinea Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7S9* 35.
The following concise description, accompanied by a figure, is given by Sonnerat of this rare spe- cies ; it is about half the size of the common Quail: the whole of the plumage is brown, brightest on the head and belly, and palest on the back and wings : the coverts of the latter are edged with yellow, of a dull and obscure hue: the quills are black : the irides and the feet are greyish. It in- habits New Guinea.
376
ORTYX. COLIN.
Generic Character.
Rostrum altlus quam latum, breve, tenue, supra con- vexum,ad apicem obtusum et incurvatum.
Nares laterales, in sulco sitae.
Orhitce nudae ; caput plumo- sum.
Pedes tetradactyli, mutici ; tarsi breves,
Cauda brevis, rectricibus duodecim.
Tetrao. Linn. Gmel. Shatv.
Perdix. Lath. Temm. Briss.
CoTURNix. Raii. Briss.
BeaJc higher than broad, short, thin ; above convex, the tip blunt, and in^ curved.
Nostrils lateral, situated in a groove.
Orbits naked ; head feathered.
four- toed, smooth; tarsi short.
Tail short, consisting of twelve feathers.
In these the beak is thicker and more gibbous than in Quails : the neck is slender, clothed with elongated, somewhat curled feathers, which gives a peculiar air : the nostrils are placed in a groove, situated on each side of the upper mandible : the space round the eye is naked : the tarsi are short, and the tail small, but longer than in the Quails. They perch on trees, and are all natives of Ame- rica.
377
NORTHERN COLIN.
(Ortyx Borealis.)
Or. corpore supra Jiisco-castaneo, rujescente nigroque variegato, subtus albida nigricante transversim undulato, superciliis gula~ que albis, lunula juguli nigra, rectricibus lateralibus cinereis. (Femina dilutiore ; subtus, temporibus guldque ochroleucis, lu- nula juguli rufescente .')
Colin with the body above brown-chesnut, varied with rufous and black ; beneath white, transversely undulated with dusky ; the eyebrows and throat white 3 the jugulum with a black lunulej the lateral tail-feathers grey. (Fewa/e paler ; with the under parts, temples, and throat, ochraceous ; the jugu- lum with a rufescent lunule.)
Perdix borealis. Temm, Gall. Ind. p. 735.
Perdix Americana. Briss. Orn. 1. 230. 7.
Coturnix Ludoviciana. Briss. Orn. 1. 258. 20. pi. 22. f. 2.
Coturnix Mexicana. Briss. Orn. 1. 256. 18. ?
Perdix Novae Angliae. Briss. Orn. 1. 229. 6.
Perdix Virginiana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 650. 24. — Wills. Amer. Orn. 6. 21. pi. XLVII. J. 2.
Perdix Marilanda. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 651. 25.
Perdix Mexicana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.653. 31.
Perdix Coyolcos. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 653. 34.
Tetrao Virginianus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 277* 1®. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 761. 16.
Tetrao Marilanda. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 277* 17- — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 761. 17.
Tetrao Mexicanus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 277* 14.— 'Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 762.
Tetrao Coyolcos. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 763. 51.
La Perdrix d’Amerique. Buff. Ois. 2. 399.
La Perdrix de la Nouvelle Angleterre. Biff. Ois. 2. 447 .
Le Colenicui. Buff'. Ois. 2. 487. — 149. male.
Le Cocyolcos. Buff, Ois. 2. 486.
378
NORTHERN COLIN.
Coliii C'olenicui. 2'emm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 436.
New England Partridge. Alb. Birds. 1. pi. 28.
A'irginian Partridge. Catesb. Carol. 3. j)l. 12. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 777. 22.
INIaryland Partridge. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 185. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 778. 23.
Louisiane Qnail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 785. 27.
Lesser Mexican Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 786. 30.
L.A.THAM has described this species under no less than four different names, as may be seen by re- ferring to the synonyms : it is rather less than a Partridge, and is about eight or nine inches in length : the male has the forehead black : a broad band of white extends from the base of the beak, on each side, passing over the eyes to the nape ; this is accompanied by a narrow one of black : the throat is of a pure white, encircled with a broad band of black, which arises at the angle of the beak, and passes beneath the eyes to the fore- part of the neck, where it is somewhat expanded, and mixes with the spots of black, white, and red, with which that part is adorned : the top of the head is red-chesnut, spotted with black : the back is of a rufous-red ; the edges of the feathers grey- ish, marked with fine black stripes : on the middle of the back are several large black spots, edged with rufous : the rump with the same, but the ground colour more rufous-grey, with undulated obsolete brown stripes : the scapulars and the greater wing-coverts spotted with black and red on their inner webs, and grey and red on their outer ; their feathers are all slightly fringed with
NORTHERN COLIN.
379
bright red, and varied with delicate undulated lines: the lesser coverts are red, with black stripes : the quills and the secondaries are brown, the latter undulated with rufous towards their edges : the two middle tail-feathers resemble the rump ; the rest are grey-blue : the breast is reddish-white, transversely striped with black : the belly is pure white, with semicircular lines of black : the red feathers of the sides are varied with oval wdiite spots, edged with black : the under tail-coverts are red, with a black stripe down the shaft of each feather : the beak is black, with a red tinge at its base : the feet and claws are red-brown.
The female has more rufous at the base of the beak : the throat and the eyebrows are bright red; the latter is not bordered with black above as in the male ; and that of the throat is surrounded by spots of black, brown, and white : the nape and the top of the head are spotted with bright red : the feathers on the back are more deeply bordered with grey; and the rest of the upper parts are more dull, with dirty red fringes to the feathers : those of the breast are red, with two small white spots towards the tip of each : the feathers of the sides are edged with white, and the two middle ones of the tail are grey-browm, waved with black at their base. The young of the first year greatly resemble the female, but the transverse waved bands on the fea- thers of the back and tail are more numerous.
This species inhabits the frigid and temperate parts of North America ; changing its habitation spring and autumn, retiring to the southern parts
380
NORTHERN COLIN.
during the latter season, and to the northern in the former : its flight is very irregular, but rapid. The female deposits from twenty-two to twenty- flve eggs, of a whitish colour, and lays twice in a year, the first time in May, the second in July ; the nest is only a few dry herbs, carelessly scraped together : the young remain with the parents, and the second brood nnites with the first in the au- tumn. They delight in bushy and woody situa- tions, and generally perch upon trees, contrary to the manners of either Partridges or Quails. Their principal nourishment consists of grains, but when there is a deficiency of them, they will eat buds, and the tender branches and shoots of trees and herbs : towards the winter they grow tame from de- ficiency of food, and flocks of several dozens come into farm-yards for the loose grain, or run before the traveller to pick it from the horse-dung on the road.
Their note is a loud kind of whistle, somewhat resembling the words Jio-oui, the first pronounced long, and the other short : from this note they have received a similar name in Louisiana: and by the natives of New England they are called bob-white. Their flesh is very good, and much esteemed.
381
CHESTED COLIN.
(Ortyx Temminkii.)
Or. cristata corpore subtus, alho nigro rufoque maculato, medio ventre riifo, fronte guttureque albescenie-rufo^ collo nigro ma- culato. (Femina mutica ; corpore supra nigro maculato, sub- tus nigro alboquejasciato.)
Crested Colin, with the body beneath spotted with white, black, and rufous the middle of the belly rufous ; the forehead and the throat whitish red j the neck spotted with black. Fe- male without crest ; the body above spotted with black, be- neath fasciated with black and white.
Perdix cristata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 652. 30. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 736.
Tetrao cristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 277* 18. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 765. 18.
Coturnix Mexicana cristata. Briss. Orn. 1. 260. 21. pi. 7,5. J". 2. Cotumix Indica, Quanhtzonecolin. Raii. Syn.p. 158.
Le Zonecolin. Buff. Ois. 2. 485.
La Caille huppee du Mexique. Buff. PI. Enl. Il6.y^ 1. male. Colin zonecolin. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 446.
Crested Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 784. 26.
The male of this species is adorned with an elongated narrow crest, of a fulvous colour : he is in length seven inches : the beak is brown : the forehead, the eyebrows, and the throat, are white, slightly tinged with yellowish ; and on the lower part of the throat with reddish, and all the feathers edged with black : the feathers of the head and occiput are black, edged with white and bright red ; those of the nape and the sides of the neck are white, with a black s])ot towards their tip: the
382
CHESTED COLIN.
feathers of tlie back are grey, spotted and varied with black, brown, and white ; the wing-coverts are the same, deeply edged with whitish yellow, and with a large spot of black at the tip of each feather : the breast is transversely striped with black and white ; the belly with rufous and black: the feathers on the sides are spotted with black along the shafts, and are edged with pure white : the quills are grey : the tail-feathers are brown- grey, waved with whitish yellow : the feet are yel- lowish : the lower mandible of the beak is yellow- ish at the base. The female is destitute of a crest : the eyebrows and the throat are white, spotted with black and reddish : the upper parts of the body are grey-brown, with black spots, and waves of rufous : the wing-coverts are duller than in the male, and are destitute of the broad white border : the feathers of the under part of the body are striped with narrow bars of black and white, the latter being tipped with two oval black spots: in other respects she resembles the male, but is more dull in tint : the young greatly resemble the female till nearly grown, wlien the male attains the crest, and the colours of the plumage their proper hue.
This inhabits Mexico, where it is called Quanht- zonecoUn.
383
SONNINl's COLIN.
(Ortyx Sonninii.)
Or. cristata, guUure castaneo, corpore supra, cauda pectoreque rubescente-cinereis maculis nigris conspersis, suhtus castanea, macuUs albis nigro^circumdatis. (Femina capite IcEvi, colore dilutiore. )
Crested Coliiij with the throat chesnut ; the body above, the tail, and the breast, reddish grey, sprinkled with black spots ; beneath chesnut, with white spots, which are edged by black. {Female with the head smooth, and the colours of the body paler. )
Perdix Sonninii. Temm. Gall. Ind.p. 737.
Colin Sonnini. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 451.
Le CaiUe de Cayenne. Sonn. Buff. 7. 133.
This species was confounded with the former till separated in Sonnini s edition of Bulfon, where it is described : it is rather more than seven inches in length : four or live narrow elongated feathers are situated on the top of the head, between the eyes, and form a crest ; these are yellow, tinged with brown in the centre : the forehead is yel- lowish, as is the part surrounding the base of both mandibles of the beak : the throat, and a broad band behind the eyes, are of a deep red : the feathers of the nape and the sides of the neck are spotted with white, black, and chesnut : the top of the back is grey-red, waved with black : the rest of the upper parts is grey-red, spotted with black, and uiuhdated with brown : the breast is
384
CALIFORNIAN COLIN.
bright reddish brown, sprinkled with black and a little white : the whole of the under parts, and the lower tail-coverts, have on each feather three pure white spots on either web ; these spots are bounded by black, and the middle of the feathers are fine red-chesnut : the quills and the secondaries are brown : the feathers of the tail are deep brown, with innumerable waves of black : the beak is black, and the feet yellowish. The female is smaller, has not the crest, and the colours are less brilliant.
This inhabits the central parts of America and Guiana, frequenting the vicinity of woods : the female lays twice in the year ; the young secrete themselves among the thick herbage, and when startled fly but a few feet from the ground.
CALIFORNIAN COLIN.
(Ortyx Californica.)
Or. plumbea, crista verticnli erectd, guld nigra, alho cincid, ab- domine testaceo lunulis nigris.
Lead-coloured Colin, with an erect vertical crest; the throat black, bounded with white; the abdomen testaceous, with black lunules.
Perdix Californica. Lath, Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixii. 2. — Temm. Gall. Ind. 738.
Tetrao Californicus. Shaw. Nat. Misc.pl. 345.
Californian Quail. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. p. 281. 7-
CALIFORNIAN COLIN.
385
This bird, which is deposited in the British Museum, is thus described by Latham : “ This is rather larger than our Quail : the beak is lead- coloured : the general colour of the plumage on the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, is pale cinereous brown ; this colour comes forward on the breast on each side in a broad band, where it inclines to bluish ash-colour : the back part of the neck speckled with dull cream-colour : from the crown springs a tuft, composed of six long dusky feathers, which are capable of being carried erect : the forehead is dull ferruginous ; behind this, about the eyes, the chin, and throat, dusky' black : behind the eye is a dirty cream-coloured streak, and a crescent of the same bounds the black of the throat all round the lower part : the belly, from the breast, is dirty ferruginous yellow, marked with slender crescents of black : over the thighs, beneath the wings, some long dusky feathers, marked with a yellow streak down the middle of each : the tail is rather long, and somewhat cunei- form in shape : the legs short, and of a lead- colour. The female differs chiefly in wanting black on the head, and having the colours in general less distinct. Inhabits California, whence it was brought by Mr, Menzies.”
V. XL P. II.
‘20
3b6
MALOUINE COLIN,
(Ortyx Falklandica.)
Or. mutica, corpore supra Jiiscescente, jicgulo Jlavescente lumdis Jiiscis, pectore imo abdomineque albis.
Crestless Colin, with the body above brownish ; the juguluni yellowish, with brown lunules j the lower part of the breast and the abdomen white.
Perdix Falklandica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 653. 32. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 738.
Tetrao Falklandicus. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 762. 4Q.
La Caille des Isles Malouines. Ois. 2. 477- — Buff. PI.
Enl. 222.
Malouine Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 786. 28.
This rare sjiecies is a native of the Falkland Isles : it is about equal to the common Quail in size and length : its beak is lead-colour : the upper parts of the plumage are pale brown ; the middle of the feather darker, and with two or three lunu- lated lines of the same towards the tip : quills dusky, edged with paler : sides of the head varied with white : chin, fore-part of the neck, and breast, brownish yellow, marked with spots and curved lines of brown, but paler than the upper parts : lower part of the breast, the belly, the thighs, and the vent, are white : the tail brown, barred with paler: the legs brown.
387
TURNIX. TURNIX.
Generic Character.
Rostrum mediocre, gracilius, rectum, compressum, acu- tum ; versus apicem incur- vum.
Xarcslateralesjlineares, mem- brana semiclausag, ad max- ill® medium usque por- rect®.
Pedes tridactyli, digitis fissis, halluce nuUo.
Cauda brevis, plumis uro- pygii obtecta.
Alee breves.
Beak middle sized, slender, straight, compressed, acute; incurved towards the tip.
Nostrils lateral, linear, half closed by a membrane por- rected towards and beyond the middle of the beak.
Feet three-toed ; toes cleft ; none behind.
Tail short, covered by the feathers of the rump.
Wings short.
Turnix. Bonnathere,
Ortygis. Illiger.
Hemipodius. Rienvoardt, Temminclc. Ortygodes. Vieillot.
Perdix. Bath.
Tetrad. Gmel.
CoTURNix. Briss.
Tridactylus. Lacepede.
Th IS genus comprises most of the smallest of the gallinaceous birds : they are polygamous, and reside in sandy deserts among the herbs of those
3S8
liLACK-IRONTED TURNlX.
places : they run with great swiftness, and when pursued hide themselves in the tufts of high grass : both young and old live a solitary life, not asso- ciating in coveys as the Quails : they principally subsist on insects, rarely eating seeds or berries. They are found in the hotter parts of the old world. The grand character which distinguishes them from all other Quails, is that of possessing but three toes, all of which are placed forwards ; they also differ in other respects.
BLACK-FRONTED TURNTX.
(Tumix nigrifrons.)
T'C.J'ronte trifasciatdy corpore supra riifescente-Jlavo, tectricibm alarum nigro punctatis, gutture Jiavescente, pcctore lunuUs nigrisy ventre abdomineque albis.
Turnix with the forehead with three fasciae ; the body above reddish yellow j the wing-coverts spotted with black ; the throat yellowish j the breast with black crescents j the belly and abdomen white.
Turnix nigrifrons. Lacepede.
Hemipodius nigrifrons. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 754.
Turnix ^ bandeau noit. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 610.
Ortygodes variegata. Vieil. Anal, d'une nouv. Ornith. Elem.
p.Q9- (n.)
This beautiful species measures six inches in length : the forehead is ornamented with three
BLACK-NECKED TURNIX.
389
Isroad fasciae ; the first is formed of small white feathers, arising from the base of the beak to the nostrils ; the second, which is twice as broad as the first, is deep black ; the third, which extends beyond the eyes, is pure white ; the top of the Itead is of a fine red, with delicate black stripes in the middle of the feathers : the nape is slightly tinged with bright olive : the back, the rump, and the upper tail- coverts are of a reddish yellow, tinged with black and fawn-colour : the lesser and middle wing-coverts are yellowish ; each feather with a small black spot towards its tip: the se- condary and greater quills are grey : the throat is of a bright reddish yellow : the neck and the breast are the same, with all the feathers sprinkled with semicircular black spots: the behy, the thighs, and the abdomen, are pure white : the beak is- red : the feet are reddish, and the claws are black. Only one specimen is known, which is in the museum of Paris ; it is described by Temminck, and noticed by Vieillot in his new arrangement of birds. Said to be a native of India.
BLACK-NECKED T UBNIX,.
(Turnix nigricollis.)
Tu. gultnire coUoque inferior e nigris, cnrpore supra cinereo rx^o nigroque varioy subtus cinereoy alis albo niaculatis.
390
BLACK-NECKED TURNIX.
Turnix with the throat and lower part of the neck black ; the body above varied with grey, red, and black ; beneath grey ; wings spotted with white.
Tetrao nigricollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 767.
Perdix nigricollis. Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 656. 47.
Hemipodius nigricollis. Tcmm. Gall. Ind. 754.
Coturnix Madagascariensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 252. l6.pl. 25.J^2. La Caillede .Madagascar. Buff.Ois. 2.47p. — PI- Bnl. 17 !• Turnix cagnan. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 6\Q.
Black-necked Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 79I. 3Q.
Size of the common Quail : length between six and seven inches : the upper part and sides of the head and the neck white, black, and rufous mixed : the upper parts of the neck and body are variegated with grey, rufous, and black, in streaks and spots of the latter colour : wing-coverts varied with rufous and grey, with a few irregular spots of yel- lowish white, most of which are accompanied by a streak of black : scapulars nearly the same ; some of the feathers striped with whitish : quills brown ; the three or four outer ones bordered with white : chin and fore-part of the neck black, ending in a point on the breast, which is grey, with rufous sides : the sides of the body, belly, thighs, and vent, grey : tail varied with rufous and black, and is transversely waved : the feet and the beak are greyish yellow.
This species inhabits Madagascar, but nothing is known of its manners.
.391
FIGHTING TURNIX.
(Turnix Pugnax.)
I'u. gutlure nigro, superciliis temporihusque alho et nigro-piinc^ tatis, corpore supra rufescente, nigro et albo variegato, subtus albo et nigro transverso lineato.
Turnix with the throat black 3 the eyebrows and temples spotted with black and white ; the body above reddish, variegated with black and white 3 beneath white, transversely striped with black.
Hemipodius pugnax. Temm. Gall, Ind. p. 754.
Turnix combattant. Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 6l2.
A SINGULAR and hitherto undescribed species,, except by Temminck, who records it nearly as follows. Its total length is about five inches and a half or six inches : the top of the head is of a dusky brown, tinged with red : its eyebrows, space between the beak and eyes, the cheeks, and mark behind the eyes, are white, varied with black spots : the throat is deep black : the nape is reddish : the back, the rump, the coverts which hide the tail, and the scapulars, are brown, varied with red, and marked near the tip of each feather with several transverse undulated bands of deep black : some of the scapulars are irregularly spotted with black, and the whole are longitudinally edged with white : the sides and fore-part of the neck, the breast, the upper part of the belly, and the wing-coverts, are equally striped with broad black and white bands.
392
LUZONIAN TURNIX.
the latter slightly shaded with reddish : the lower part of the belly and the under parts are of a rusty red, and spotless ; the quills and secondaries are brown ; the tirst quill outwardly edged with whitish yellow throughout its whole length ; the beak is yellowish, but brown at its tip : the feet are brownisli yellow : the eyes are straw-coloured^ This bird inhabits Java, where it is greatly prized on account of its pugnaceous disposition, the in- habitants amusing themselves by setting the males to fight, in the same way that Game Cocks are used to do in England.
LUZONIAN TURNIX.
(Turnix thoracicus.)
Tu. capite albo, punctis nigris rariegato, corpore supra nigres~ cente-griseo, subtus flaxescenle, pectore badio, iectricibiis alarum apice Jiaris maada nigra.
Turnix with a white head, variegated with black spots j the body above dusky grey, beneath yellowish 5 the breast ches- nut ; the wing-coverts yellow at the tip, with a spot of black.
Tetrao Luzoniensis. GmeL Syst. Naf. 1. 7^7-
Perdix Luzoniensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 656. 48.
Hemipodius thoracicus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 755.
Caille de I’lsle Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 54. pi. 23.
Turnix ^ plastron roux. Temm. Pig. ei Gall. 3. 622.
Luzonian Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 792. 40.
STRIPED TURN IX.
393
Discovered by Sonnerat in the Isle of Lujfon, one of the Philippines : it is rather less than the common Quail, and is about seven inches in length : the top of the head, the cheeks, and the nape, are covered with black and white spots, the former being most numerous : the feathers of the throat are white, tipped with black : the under part of the neck and the breast are fine bright red : the belly is of a bright yellowish : the sides, the thighs, and the abdomen, are the same : the back, the rump, and the feathers covering the tail, are grey-brown, marked with delicate zigzag black lines : the greater and lesser wing-coverts are wliitish yellow, varied with black spots, with a bright red transverse stripe above each of the latter: the greater feathers of the wings are grey- brown, and spotless, and the tail is very short : the beak and feet are grey.
STRIPED TURNIX.
(Turnix fasciatus.)
Tu. vertice nigro, cervice rufo, corpore supra Jusco-nigro macu- lato, sublus ri^Oj gula pectoreque alho nigroque transversim Jasciatis.
Turnix with the crown black j the nape of the neck rufous; the body above brown, spotted with black ; beneath rufous ; with the throat and breast transversely striped with white and black.
Hemipodius fasciatus. Temm. Gall. Ind, p. y5J.
Turnix raye. Temm. Pig. el Gall. 3. p, 634.
S94
SPOTTED TURN IX.
Rather above five inches in length : tlie whole of the fore-part of the neck, the sides of the head and of the breast, are transversely striped with black and white : the belly and the abdomen are of a spotless red : the top of the head is black : the region of the eyes is striped alternately with white and black : the nape is of a bright red : the back and the rump are browm, varied with black and red : the wing-coverts are transversely striped with black and w'hite ; the feathers nearest the body have their outer webs black, tipped with grey : the quills are grey : the feet and beak arc yellowish.
One specimen only is known, which is described by Temminck from the rich collection of the Pa- risian Museum.
SPOTTED TURN IX.
(Turnix maculosus.)
Tu. corpore supra rufo^ macidis nigris, spadiceis, albis et pluin- beis variis, subtus rvfescenie , tcenid longiludinali athd in ver- tice, superciliis rujis.
Turnix with the body above rufous, varied with spots of black, chesnut, white, and lead-colour j beneath reddish ; the crown with a longitudinal white band 5 the eyebrows red.
Heinipodius maculosus. Temm. Gall. Ind.p. 757.
Turnix Mouchete. Tcmm. Pig. ct Gall. 3. p. t)31.
SPOTTED TURNIX.
395
This bird is distinguished by its very short tail, which scarcely exceeds the tips of the wings when closed : its length is five inches : the top of the head is varied with black spots, and the whole of the feathers are tipped with greyish red : a white band extends over the crown : the eyebrows, the sides of the neck, and the nape, are bright red : the throat and the cheeks are reddish white : the fore-part of the neck, the breast, the belly, the sides, and the thighs, are red, and (with the ex- ception of the feathers of the sides and those of the edge of the breast, which are varied with stripes of black and reddish white,) they are spotless : the feathers of the top of the back and the sca- pulars are black in the centre, bordered with white, and tipped with red : those of the middle of the back, and the long ones which hide the tail, are deep black, varied with rufous undulations, and slightly edged with yellowish ; the scapulars are a trifie spotted with grey-blue : the wing- coverts are reddish yellow ; the whole of the feathers with a black spot near the tip, and the longer ones with the inner webs red, spotted with black : the quills and the secondary feathers are bright grey, edged with reddish white : the feet and the beak are fine yellow.
Discovered during the last voyage of Baudin in New Holland.
396
ANDALUSIAN TURNIX,
(Turnix tachydromus,)
Tu. corpore rujo nigro-undulaj,o, subtus flavescente , i<Fnia loiigi-^ tudinali rnfescente alba, in vertice, snperciliis rujescentibus. Turnix with the body red, undulated with black ; beneath yel- lowish ; the crown with a longitudinal reddish white band >. the eyebrows reddish.
Hemipodius tachydromus. Temm. Gall. hid. 756.
Tetrao Andalusicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. /66.
Perdix Andalusica. Lat/i. Ind. Orn, 2. 656. 46,
Turnix tachydrome, Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 626.
Andalusian Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 791 • 3S.pl. in front.
Six inches in length : top of the head dusky brown, divided longitudinally with three reddish yellow bands, the two outward of which form a kind of brow over each eye ; the third passes down the middle of the crown : the throat is white : the fore-part of the neck and the breast are pure rufous, edged with yellowish on their sides, and each feather with a small crescent of black : the sides are bright red, sprinkled with a few black spots : the middle of the belly, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are white : the nape is greyish red, waved with black and red : the back, the rump, and the scapulars, are varied with lon- gitudinal waves of red and black, running parallel with the margin of the feathers : the edges of all the feathers of the scapulars are wlnte : the wing- coverts are yellow ; tlic greater ones with a red
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397
spot on their inner, and a black one on their outer webs ; the lesser coverts have a black spot on each web : the quills are grey, outwardly fringed with white : the feet and the beak are brown.
This species visits the southern parts of Spain in its annual migrations from Africa.
GIBRALTAR TURNIX.
(Turnix lunatus.)
Tu. corf ore swpra Jusco nigro-fosciato, suhtus Jlavescente-albo, iectricibus alarum maculatis, gula albo nigroque Jasciata, pec^ tore lunulis nigris,
Turnix with the body above brown, fasciated with black; be- neath yellowish white ; the wing-coverts spotted 3 the throat striped with white and black 3 the breast with black cres- cents.
Hemipodius lunatus. Temm. Gall. Ind. ysQ.
Tetrao Gibraltaricus. Gmel. Sysi. Nat. 1. J66.
Perdix Gibraltarica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 656.45.
Turnix ^ croissants. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 629.
Gibraltar Quail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 700. 37*
This rare species is thus described by Latham : “ Length six inches and a half : beak black : crown chesnut-brown, fringed with white: back the same, barred witlx black : wing-coverts rusty brown ; in the middle of each a black spot, sur-
HOTTENTOT TUIINIX.
r^9s
rounded with white, which also ends the feathers: chin and throat barred black and dusky white : breast white, with a crescent of black on each feather, except down the middle, which is of a pale rust-colour ; and there is likewise a mixture of this last along with the black : belly, sides, and vent, paler, inclining to yellow : quills and tail dusky ; the last short, and striated with black and rufous brown, fringed with white : legs pale : toes only three in number, all placed forwards.”
This bird inhabits the countries on the African coast of the Mediterranean, and occasionally visits the southern shores of Spain.
HOTTENTOT TUIINIX.
(Turnix Hottentottus.)
Tu. vertice nigricante, rufo-macidato,gutturc albo, corpore stipra et subius albescente-ri^o, nigro-ritfo et albesccnte maculato, ventre imo abdomineque albescentihus.
Turnix with the crown dusky, spotted with white 5 the throat white ; the body above and beneath whitish red, spotted with reddish black and whitish j the lower belly and abdomen whitish.
Hemipodius Hottentotus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 757.
Turnix Hottentot. Temm. Pig. ct Gall. 3. 7;. 630’.
HOTTENTOT TURNIX.
599
Tins species, Avhicli is not only the smallest of the present genus, but of the gallinaceous birds, is about the size of a Lark, and measures five inches in length : the top of the head is black, each feather being tipped with rufous ; a small dash passes over the crown to the nape : the eye- brows are rufous : the throat is white, each feather tipped with bright red, which colour is expanded over the cheeks : the sides and fore-part of the neck, the breast, and lateral parts of the body, are reddish white, with a broad but short band of deep black towards the tip, which latter is yel- lowish white : the middle of the belly and the abdomen are of a whitish yellow, spotted with brown : the nape is grey, varied with deeper grey : the back, the scapulars, and the rump, are striped and waved with spots and lines of deep red and black : the scapulars are edged with a broad white band, which is accompanied interiorly with one of deep black : the wing-coverts are varied with red, white, and black ; the red occupying the inner, and the black and white the outer webs : the quills and secondaries are bright brown, tipped and fringed with yellowish white : the feathers of the tail are varied with waved black and red stripes, and large white spots : the beak is brown, and the feet are yellow.
This species is one of the numerous discoveries of that indefatigable naturalist Le Vaillant, who communicated the following circumstance rela- tive to its history to Temminck. “ This bird is
400 HOTTENTOT TURXIN.
Ibiiiul ill the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope, but is there extremely scarce ; though among the mountains of the Auteniquois Hottentots, towards the bay of Plettemberg, it is very abundant : it lives on the wild herbs of tlie desert : the female deposits eight eggs of a dirty white ; and she differs from the male in being more dingy in colour.”
TINAMUS. TINAMOU.
Generic Character:
Rostrum gracile, rectum, de- pressum, latius quam al- tum, apice rotundato, ob- tuso ; culmine lato, versus apicem declivi,
Nares laterales, mediae, ovatae, patulae, apertae.
Pedes tetradactyli, fissi, pol- lice brevissimo, insistente.
Cauda nulla, aut brevisslma plumis uropygii obtecta.
Aloe breves.
Tixamus. Latham, Tcmm,
Cryptukus. Illiger.
Cryptura. Vieillot.
Tetrad. Gmel.
Perdix. Briss.
I Beak slender, straight, de- ; pressed,broader than high, the tip rounded and obtuse; j the ridge broad and bent I down towards the tip.
. Nostrils\aXeva\,mc(Lva\, ovate,
I expanded, and open, i Feet four-toed, cleft, the hind toe extremely short. .
Tail none, or very short, and covered by the feathers of the rump.
Win^s short.
This genus was first established by Latham, who describes four species : since his time, however, the discoveries of d’Azara and Temminck have increased the species to twelve : they are all natives v, XI. p. II. 27
402
TINAMOU.
of‘ South America, and are very dull birds : their flight is heavy, low, and of little duration, but they run with great celerity : some species reside in the open fields, while others })refer the borders of woods : they live in small scattered coveys : their food consists of insects and fruits : their eggs are deposited in a hole or furrow ready foi nied on the ground : they are very numerous, and are usually produced twice in the year : both sexes resemble each other : their flesh is said to be white, firm, and succulent, forming a wholesome nourishment, but their rump and thighs are sometimes very bitter, which is attributed to their food consisting principally of the fruit of certain trees at particular periods of the year.
Temminck has formed two divisions of this genus, and given a hint respecting a third ; all of which I have adopted, as I am decidedly of opinion that where there is any considerable variation in the structure of animals, there will be found some dif- ference in the habits, when the subject becomes thoroughly investigated.
I have omitted the Tinamou ray^ of Temminck, as it appears to be a doubtful species.*
* Tinamus uudulatus, Tcmm. Gall. Ind. p. 751.
40S
Cauda nulla; halluce elongato; ierr<B hisistente,
A. Tail wanting ; the hinder toe elongated, and resting upon the ground,
RUFESGENT TINAMOUr
(Tinatnus rufescens.)
Ti. corpore supra cinerascente-rufoy plumis alho nigroque trans- versim striatis, margine alarum rvfescente-rubro, regione au~ riunv nigra, subtus dilute jiavescente^rufo, Jiisco undulato, lateribus abdomineque cinerascentibus.
Tinamou with the body above greyish red, transversely striped with black and white j the margin of the wings rufous red ; the region of the ears black; beneath pale yellowish red, waved with brown ; the sides and abdomen greyish*
Tinamus rufescens. Temm. Gall. Ind. p, ‘JA'J .
Tinamou Guaza. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3>. p. 552.
Fifteen inches and a half in length : the top of the head is spotted with black and bordered with^ rufous : a dusky spot covers- the opening to the ear, and a fine dash the angle of the mouth : the shoulders, the back, the wing-coverts, the rump, and the feathers that hide the latter, are grey, shaded with reddish, and transversely striped with white and black : the quills, the outer border of the wing, and the spurious wing, are rusty red : the throat is white : the neck, the breast, and the belly, are rufous, the last slightly striped trans- versely with fuscous : the abdomen and the sides are greyish, varied with stripes of rufous and black
404
SPOTTED TINAMOU.
the beah, which is long, and strongly curved, is of a brown-bhie ; the feet are pale red.
This is the most beautiful of the genus; it is a native of Paraguay, residing among thick herbage : it feeds night and morning, when it utters its cry, which is melancholy and feeble : the female deposits seven eggs, of a tine brilliant violet hue, in a nest, or rather a hollow, situated beneath tufts of grass ; the young resicie within a short distance of each other, and not in families.
SPOTTED TINAMOU.
(Tinamus maculosus.)
Ti. corporc supra Jiiscescente-rufo, plumis maculis nigris con- spersis et rujescente-albo jimbriatis^ remigibus secundariis trayis- versim rpfo nigroque striatis, gutture albo, collo pectoreque maculis longitudinalibus nigris.
Tinamou with the body above brownish red j the feathers sprinkled with black spots, and edged with reddish white j the secondary quills striped transversely with red and black j the throat white j the neck and breast with longitudinal black spots.
Tinamus maculosus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 748.
Tinamou Ynambui. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3.p. 557 •
Length ten inches : the feathers on the top of the head are deep brown, marked with white, and bordered with reddish : the throat is white ; the
SPOTTED TINAMOU.
405
sides of the head, the neck, and the whole of the under parts of the body, are reddish white : the middle of each feather of the fore-part of the neck with dusky longitudinal spots : the feathers of the upper parts of the body are of a reddish brown, irregularly spotted with black, and edged with reddish white j the lesser and middle wing-coverts are of a white-red, marked with deeper red, and striped transversely with black : the secondary wing-feathers are striped alternately wdth red and black : the quills are the same on their outer webs, and grey with red stripes on their inner : the beak is brown above and white beneath : the irides are bright red : the feet are pale brown.
This species is abundant in Paraguay ; the female lays six or eight eggs, of a violet tint, more dull than those of the preceding bird : the cry of this is very melancholy and unpleasant. A singular scheme is adopted for catching these birds, to supply the market of Buenos Ayres, which serves to exemplify their natural stupidity: the fowler carries a pole of from six to nine feet in length, at the top of which is attached a noose and an ostrich’s feather ; with this instrument and a bag, he goes over the fields, and upon seeing a bird he rides circuitously up, and it immediately squats down and allows him to place the noose over its neck.
406'
B. Cauda, in J'asciam coarctatd, phmis uropygii obtecta ; pnllice brevissitno, in terrani non insistente.
B. Tail compressed as in a bundle, and covered by the feathers of the rump ; the hind toe very short, and not resting on the ground.
a. Tarsi postice scabri, corpore pennis geminis.
a. Tarsi rough behind j the feathers of the body double.
GREAT TINAMOU.
(Tinamus Brasiliensis.)
Ti. corpore supra Jusco~olivaceo, parum nigro transversim striato, subtus cinerascente-rufo , vertice ripfo, remigibus secundariis Tujb nigroque transversim slriatis.
Tinamou with the body above olive-brown, slightly transversely striated with black j beneath greyish red the crown rufous j the secondary quills transversely striated with rufous and black.
Tinamus Brasiliensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 633. 1. — Temm, Gall. Ind. 748.
Tetrao major. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 767. 63.
Perdix major Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 227. 5.
Macucagua. Raii. Syn. 53. 9.
Tinamou Magoua. Buff. Ois. 4. 507. 24. — Temm. Pig. et Gail. 3. 562.
Tinamou de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 476.
Great Tinamou. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 724. 1.
Described as follows by Latham : “ Size of a fowl : length eighteen inches : beak black : the top of the head is deep rufous ; the general colour of the plumage greyish brown, inclining to olive, with a mixture of white on the upper parts of the
GREAT TINAMOU.
407
belly and sides, and of greenish on the neck : upper part of the back, wing-coverts, and tail, marked with dusky transverse spots ; fewest on the last : the sides of the head, throat, and fore-part of the neck, not well clothed with feathers : the secondary quills have a mixture of rufous, and the greater quills plain ash-colour : the tail is short : the legs yellowish brown ; the hind part of them very rough, the scales standing out, and giving the appearance of the bark of the hr tree.”
This species inhabits the great forests of French Guiana and Cayenne, and roosts upon the lower branches of trees, two or three feet from the ground : the female lays from twelve to fifteen eggs, the size of those of a. hen, and of a beautiful green colour : the nest is formed on the ground, among the thick herbage, near the root of some large tree, and is constructed of moss and dried vegetables. The young run after the mother almost as soon as hatched, and hide themselves on the least appearance of danger : their food con- sists of fruit and grain of all kinds, as well as worms and insects. Their cry may be heard a great way off, and is a kind of dull whistle, w4iich is uttered every evening at sunset, and again at sunrise : this the Indians imitate, and by that means decoy the birds within reach of the gun : they also take many during the night, while roost- ing on the trees : tlie flesh and eggs are esteemed a great dainty.
408
TAO TINAMOU.
(Tinamus Tao.)
Ti. corporc supra nigrescente, cinerco undulato, supcrcilils stria cervicali genis colloque superiore macuUs nigris ef albis con- spersis, ventre cinerascente, dilutiore nndulato, ahdotnine rvfo nigro undulato.
Tinaraou with the body above dusky, undulated with grey 5 the supercilia, cervical stria, the cheeks, and upper part of the neck, sprinkled with black and white spots ; the belly greyish, undulated with paler ; the abdomen rufous, undulated with black.
Tinamus Tao, Temm. Gall. Ind. p. ^4g.
Tinamou Tao. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 56g.
The total length of this species is twenty inches : its head is dusky, with grey spots : the sides of the forehead and a dash passing over the eyes, to the middle of the posterior part of the neck, where the dash of the opposite side forms an union 5 these, and also the cheeks, the under part of the throat, and the upper part of the base of the neck, as well as its sides, are varied with black and w'hite : the chin and the throat are white, ob- scurely varied with dusky : the sides of the head are dusky, and a dash of the same covers the ears, and descends in a band towards the under })art of the neck, separating the variegated superciliary line from the rest of the neck; the lower part of which and the breast are grey, finely dotted with dusky : the whole of the back, the rump, and the
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VARIEGATED TINAMOU.
409
wing-coverts, are black, undulated with grey : the tail-coverts the same, but less distinctly undulated, and towards their tip more dusky, and slightly spotted with grey : the belly is grey, marked with very obscure waves : the abdomen and thighs are reddish, waved with hlack : the knees are encircled with a brown belt : the under tail-coverts are fer- ruginous, with the edges of the feathers undulated with black: the Squills are uniform dusky: the secondaries are waved with deep grey, the bands being more distinct on those nearest the body : the tail-feathers are dusky, with white undulations : the tarsi are lead-colour ; the beak is blackish grey, and the irides brownish red.
This species was discovered by D’Azara in the province of Para in Brazil, where it is called Ynambu-tao, from whence its name.
b. Tarsi postice Iccvi, corporis pennce simplices. b. Tarsi smooth behind, the body with simple feathers.
I
VARIEGATED TINAMOU. j- (Tinamus variegatus.)
Ti. corpore supra lateribiisque Jusco-nigricantibus^riifoque trans- versim striatis, guld ventreque riifescente-albis, vertice cer- viccque nigricantibus , collo pectoreque rujis.
Tinamou with the body above and sides dusky brown, trans- versely striped with rufous j the throat and belly reddish white ; the crown and nape dusky j the neck and breast rufous.
410
VARIEGATED TINAMOU.
Tinamus variegatus. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 634. 3. — Temm. Gall.
hid. 750.
Tetrao variegatus, Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 768. 65.
Tinamou vari6. Buff. Ois.4. 411. — Buff. PL Enl. 828. — Temm.
Fig. et Gall. 3. 596.
Variegated Tinamou. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 726. 3. pi. 65.
This beautiful species is twelve inches in length, and is distinguished from all others by the length of its beak and the shortness of tts tail : the top of its head, the occiput, and a portion of the nape, are deep black : the cheeks are black, varied with brown and red : the throat is white, slightly shaded with reddish : the neck, the breast, and upper part of the belly, are lively red : the belly is reddish white or yellow : the feathers of the sides are brown, varied with transverse reddish yellow stripes, which towards the thighs, and on the under tail- coverts, are tinged with white ; the back and the whole of the remainder of the under parts of the body are deep dusky brown : the feathers of the back and scapulars have towards their tips a single transverse band of yellowish red ; those of the wing-coverts have a second band towards their middle ; those of the rump and the upper coverts to the tail possess two of tliese bands : the se- condaries and quills arc grey-brown ; the former with a few spots and bands of reddish towards their tip ; most numerous on the feathers nearest the body : the tail-feathers are dusky grey, striped towards their tip with bright red : the upper man- dible of the beak is dusky grey ; the under white : the feet are dusky brown, and the claws are brown.
MACACO TINAMOU.
41 1
This species inhabits Guiana. The female lays ten or twelve eggs, rather less than those of a Pheasant, and are remarkable for their brilliant lilac hue.
MACACO TINAMOU.
(Tinamus adspersus.)
Ti. corpore collogue supra Juscescente-ruhris , nigro transversim undulatis vertice J^usco, gutture albo, collo subtus pectore ventregue cinerascentibus, saturatius cinereo nigrogue undio- latis, abdoinine albescente.
Tinamou with the body and neck above brownish red, trans= versely waved with black ; the crown brown ; the throat white ; the neck beneath, the breast, and belly greyish, un- dulated with black and deep grey 5 abdomen whitish. Tinamus adspersus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 78. t Tinamou Macaco. Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 585.
This scarce species is thus recorded by Tem- minck : “ About eight inches in length : the top of the head is of a deep brown : the throat whitish, shaded with greyish : tlie upper part of the neck is of a brownish red, waved with dusky stripes : the anterior part of its base is greyish, waved with dusky : the whole of the upper parts of the body are brown red, transversely, but irregularly waved with narrow black stripes : the wing-coverts and rump are reddish brown, shaded with grey: the
412
CINEREOUS TINAMOU.
breast is grey-rufous, varied with deeper : the belly is the same, but more bright : the abdomen and the thighs are dirty white, waved with ferruginous, except the middle of the abdomen, which is of an uniform colour : the coverts concealing the tail are white-rufous, irregularly barred with black and fer- ruginous : the quills are brownish ; the secondaries and the greater wing-coverts are grey-brown,varied with transverse zigzag black lines : the tail-feathers are brown at their base, and striped with faint zigzag lines of black at their tip : the under wing- coverts are brownish : the irides are reddish brown. Inhabits Brazil.”
CINEREOUS TINAMOU.
-p' (Tinamus cinereus.)
Ti. corpore supra et snhtus Jiiscescente-cinereo, vcriice colloqui siihrnjis.
Tinamou with the body above and beneath fuscous brown j the crown and neck subrufous.
Tinamus cinereus. Lalh. Ind. Orn. 2. 633. 2. — Temm. Gull. Ind. 750.
Tetrao cinereus. Gmel. Sysi. Nat. J. 768. 64.
Tinamou cendre. Buff". Ois. 4. 510. — Temm. Pig. et Gull. 3.
574.
Cinereous Tinamou. Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 726. 2.
The Cinereous Tinamou is one of the number described by Latham ; it is about one foot in
APEQUIA, TINAMOU.
413
length : the whole of the plumage is of an uniform grey-brown, shaded on the head and hinder part of the neck with reddish : the upper mandible of the beak is dusky, and the under dirty white : the feet are grey-brown : the tail is very short, and entirely hidden by its upper coverts. It is a native of Brazil and Guiana, but is very rare.
APEQUIA TINAMOU.
(Tinamus obsoletus.)
Ti. corpore supra Juscescente-nigro, rujoque leviter nehuloso, cervice colloque supra saturatioribus, partibus omnibus infe- rioribus rufis, lateribus nigro transversim striatis, cauda bre~ vissimd.
Tinamou with the body above brownish black, slightly clouded with rufous ; the nape and neck above darkest ; all the under parts of the body rufous 3 the sides transversely striped with black 3 the tail very short.
Tinamus obsoletus. Temm, Gall. Tnd. p. 75.
Tinamou Apequia. Temm, Fig. et Gall. 3. 588.
From seven to nine inches in length : the pre- vailing colour of the feathers of the sides of the head and the throat is greyish red : the top of the head and the hinder part of the neck are dusky brown : the fore-part of the neck, the breast, the sides, and the belly, are fine rusty red : the feathers
414
OAIUANA TINAMOU.
on the sides of the body, which fall over the thighsy and those of the abdomen, are red, with broad stripes of black : the back, the rump, the smaller wing-coverts, and the outer webs of the secondary feathers, are dusky brown, shaded with red : the inner webs of the latter and the quills are of an uniform grey : the legs are fillimot-colour : the irides orange, and the beak reddish. Inhabits Brazil.
OARIANA TINAMOU.
(Tinamus strigulosus.)
Ti. corporc supra n^escente, plumis versus apicem nigra circun- datis, tegminibus alarum macuUs Jiavis striisque nigris va- riegatis, fronte verticeque nigris, collo rufo, corpore suhtus cinerascente et Jlavescente undidato, caudd longd.
Tinamou with the body above reddish, the feathers surrounded with black towards the tip ; the wing-coverts variegated with yellow spots and black stripes ; the body beneath undulated with dusky and yellowish 3 the tail long.
Tinamus strigulosus. Tcmm. Gall. Ind. p. 753.
Tinamou Oariana. Temm. Pig. et Gall. I.p. ^52.
This inhabits the province of Para in Brazil, where it is called VYuamhu pinime : it is near seven inches in length : the forehead is black, as is also the top of the head : the throat is white, slightly sprinkled with reddish : the cheeks, the
TATAUPA TINAMOU.
415
occiput, the nape, and the whole of the lower parts of the neck, are deep red : the breast and the sides are lead-colour, shaded with olive : the belly is of an ashy yellow, varied with nearly obsolete waves of a bright ash ; the middle of the abdomen is white, and its sides varied with dusky brown and yellow : the tail-coverts are red, tipped with reddish white, and undulated with black : the back, the scapulars, and the lesser wing-coverts, are deep reddish, each feather with a slight black border towards the tip : the feathers of the rump and tail-coverts are the same, broadly striped with black : the greater wing-coverts and the outer edge of the secondary feathers are varied with black waves, and mottled with small spots of yel- lowish: the tail-feathers are grey-blue, olive to- wards their tip, with a spot of black and another of yellow at a short distance from the tip : the base of the lower mandible is white, the rest of the beak brown : the legs and toes greyish yellow^.
TATAUPA TINAMOU.
(Tinamus tataupa.)
I
Ti. corpore supra nigresccnte-rujoy vertice temporihus cervicequc cinerascente nigris, gutture colloque albis, pectore, subtus et mnrgine alarum cinerascente-plumbeis, plumis fomorum nigris albo marginatis.
416
TATAUPA TINAMOU.
Tinamou with the body above dusky rufous j the crown, tem- ples, and nape, dusky black 3 the throat and neck white 3 the breast, under parts, and edges of the wings, cinereous lead- colour 3 the feathers of the thighs black, edged with white. Tinamus Tataupa. Temin. Gall. Ind.p. J52.
Tinamou Tataupa. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 59O.
Nine or nine inches and a half in length : the top of the head, the cheeks, the occiput, and part of the nape, are black, slightly shaded with lead- colour : the throat and part of the front of the neck are white : the lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are grey lead-colour : the back, the lesser and middle wing-coverts, are of a dusky red, with the coverts that are nearest the edge of the wing tinged with lead-colour: the secondary feathers and the quills are grey-brown : the feathers of the sides are brown-lead ; those of the thighs and the sides of the rump are black ; the whole slightly bordered with white : the under tail-coverts are striped with bright red and black : the legs are glossy reddish violet : the beak and irides are bright red.
This species is a native of Brazil, frequenting the vicinity of habitations : it resides among thick herbage, where it deposits its eggs, which are four in number, of a shining deep blue : the sexes live solitary : their cry is louder and more sonorous than in any other of the genus : they are reared by the natives for their flesh, which is white, but insipid.
417
BWARF TINAMOU.
(Tiiiamus nanus.)
Ti. corpore colloque supra rufo, albo nigroque variegatisf suhtus albulo, pectore hngitudinaliter, lateribus iransversim rufo et nigricante striatis, fronte cervice temporibusque rifescentibus nigro-punctatis.
Tinamou with the body and neck above rufous, variegated with white and black ; beneath whitish ; the breast longitudinally, and the sides transversely, striated with rufous and dusky 5^ the forehead, nape, and temples, reddish, spotted with black. Tinamus nanus. Temm. Gall, Ind. p. 753.
Tinamou carapc. Temm, Pig. et Gall. 3. 600.
This species is described by D’Azara nearly as follows : length six inches : the under parts of the body are whitish ; the fore-part of the neck being marked with long reddish spots, and the sides of the body being transversely striped with black and reddish white : the forehead, the sides, and the hinder part of the head, are bright red, spotted with dusky : the feathers on the top of the head are dusky, obsoletely spotted and edged with dirty white : those of the top of the neck and the ramp are varied with red, white, and black, the former being also spotted with white : the quills and outer coverts of the wings are transversely striped with black and reddish, and spotted with white : the tarsi are bright olive : the upper mandible of the beak is brown, and the lower whitish.
This bird inhabits the Helds of Paraguay, fre- V. xj. ¥. II. 28
418
LITTLE TINAMOU.
(jLieiitiiig only those that are well clothed with herbage, among which it conceals itself : its man- ners are very similar to those of the rest of the species of this genus, living a solitary life, and never frequenting the woods : it runs well, but flies with difficulty, never more than about twenty paces at a time : it will not bear confinement.
LITTLE TINAMOU.
-f- (Tinamus soui.)
Ti. corpore supra Juscescente-rufo, nigro parum 7iebuloso, siihUts cinerascenle^rufo , vertice temporihus cerviceque nigris, coUo sublus cinerascente-olivaceo .
Tinamou with the body above brownish red, slightly clouded with black j beneath greyish red ; the crown, temples, and nape, black j the neck beneath greyish olive.
Tinamus Soui, Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 634. 4. — Temni. Gall. Ind. 752.
Tetrao Soui. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 768. 66.
Le Soui, ou petit Tinamou. Bi/^. Ois. 4. 512. — Buff. PI. Enl.
829. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 597.
Little Tinamou. Lath. Gen, Syn, 4. 727.
This is about nine inches in length : the top of the head, the cheeks, and the whole of the hinder part of the neck, are dusky grey : the throat is white : the fore-part of the neck, the breast, and the sides, are olive-brown, or browm varied with
LITTLE TINAMOU.
red : the belly and the thighs bright reddish yellow : the abdomen is of a deep red, varied with small stripes of yellow : the tail-coverts are whitish yellow: the back, the rump, the scapulars, the wing-coverts, and the tail, are of an uniform red- brown : the feathers of the wings and those of the tail are grey-brown : the upper mandible of the beak is dusky grey 5 the under whitish ; and the feet are brown. It varies a little in its colours.
This species is a native of Guiana, and differs slightly in its manners from the rest of the genus, in that it constructs its nest in the lower branches of trees : this is of a hemispherical shape, about six inches broad and five deep, and is composed of leaves. The female lays three or four eggs, nearly round, and about the size of those of a Pigeon j these and the flesh are greatly esteemed.
420
The genus Syrrhaptes of Illiger resembles the gallinaceous type, as Cuvier -has asserted. The tarsi are short and are covered with feathers, as are also the toes, which are only three in number, short, and united at their base : the wings are long and pointed. Only one species is known, the Tetrao paradoxus of Latham.
Anotheh genus of uncertain situation, the Tocro, Odontophorus Guianensis, (Perdix dentatus of La- tham) is omitted in the above account of the Gallinacese. It greatly resembles the birds of the genus Ortyx, but differs in many respects from them : it possesses the following characters : beak smooth at the base ; above convex ; the sides greatly compressed ; the under mandible towards the tip bidentate: the orbits and lores naked: the tail short, bent down, consisting of twelve feathers.
O’ORDER
STRUTHIONES,
Rostrum mediocre^ rectum, depressum, culmine out lava auf carhiato, apice rotundato, ohtuso vel acuto.
Caput calvum aut plumosum.
Pedes cursorii, didactyli vel tridactyli ; Femora supra genua plumis denudata. h'LM breves, volatu inepta.
Beak medial, straight, depressed ; the ridge smooth or keeled, the tip rounded, obtuse, or acute.
Head naked or feathered.
Feet formed for running, -fo»r--toed or three-toed ; the thighs above the knee destitute of feathers.
Wings short, unfit for flight.
This order embraces some of the largest of the class, containing only the ostrich-like birds : they are all noted for the rapidity with which they run, in which they are assisted by their wings, which are very short.
Cuvier observes that the birds included in this order differ from all other birds, in that the sternum is destitute of a ridge or keel. The muscles of the breast are so small as not to have power enough to expand the wings sufficiently to enable them to support the body of the bird in the air : on the contrary, those of the legs and thighs are very large, and remarkably strong, being well adapted for long and powerful strides.
422
ORDER STRUTHIONES.
These birds are all extremely voracious, swal- lowing without discrimination almost any substance not too large to pass down the oesophagus, that is presented to them : they feed on vegetables of various kinds : they are polygamous, each male associating with three or four females, who deposit their eggs in a general nest ; and from ignorance of that circumstance, Linne has asserted that the female Ostrich lays near fifty eggs, whereas she does not produce more than twelve or fourteen at one time.
The Dodo of Edwards appears to have existed only in the imagination of that artist, or the species has been utterly extirpated since his time, which is scarcely probable. Its beak is said to be de- posited in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, and a foot in the collection in the British Museum. The former appears rather to belong to some unknown species of Albatross than to a bird of this order, and the latter to another unknown bird; but upon what authority it has been stated ta belong to the Dodo, I am at a loss to determine. A painting by Edwards still exists in the British Museum.
Two other species of Didus are described by Latham and others, but the same doubt attaches to both of them as to the last mentioned.
Ki.Af’K Ostrich.
I
423
STRUTHIO. OSTRICH. Generic Character.
Rostrum rectum, mediocre, depressum, apice rotun- dato, obtuso.
Caput calvum.
Pedes didactyii : di^tis an- trorsum spectahtibus,
AI(£ breves, remigibus nullis.
Struthio. Auctorum.
Beak straight, middle sized, depressed,tbe apex rounded and obtuse.
Head naked.
Feet two-toed, both toes in front, none behind.
fVin^s short,, no quills.
Only one species is known of this genus, whose manners of life will be found detailed in the fol- lowing pages.
BLACK OSTRICH.
(Struthio Camelus.)
St. corpdre nigro,pennis albo griseoque variegatis, remigibus pri- moribus rectricibusque albis. (Femina fusca ubi mas niger est.) ■.
Ostrich with a black body, the feathers varied with white and grey ; the primary quills and tail-feathers white. {Female brown where the male is black.).
424
BLACK OSTRICH.
Struthio Camelus. Rati. Syn. p. 36. 1. — Wills. Orn. lOJ. pi.
25. — Driss. Orn. 5. 3. — Lmn. Syst. Nat. 1. 265. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1 726. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 063. 1.
L’Autruche. Bujf'. Ois, 1. 398. pi. 29. — Buj^. PI. Enl. 457.
female.
Black Ostrich. Broim. III. Zool.pl. 16. — Alb. Birds. 3. pi. 53.
Gent. Mag. 18. pi. in p. 580. — Spar. Voy. \.p. 130. 2. p. 81. —
Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 6. pi. y\. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 230. — Lath.
Syn. Sup. II. 2S8. — Bing. Anim. Biog, 2. p. 2/3.
This gigantic species is at once the largest and most remarkable of this class, exceeding all birds in its extraordinary magnitude, often measuring upwards of eight feet in height, and as many in length, from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail, but to the top of the back it seldom exceeds four feet : its general appearance is peculiarly striking and attractive : its head is very small in proportion : its beak is four inches and a half in length, horn-coloured, with the tip dusky: the eyelids are fringed with hair ; irides hazel : the head and greater part of the neck are flesh- coloured, destitute of feathers, but slightly covered with a few scattered hairs : the feathers of the lower part of the neck and those of the body are black, with their webs peculiarly constructed, being very loose and somewhat crisped in ap- pearance : the quills and tail-feathers are of a pure snowy white, beautifully waving with the air, and some of them tipped and fringed with black : the wings have each of them two spurs, about one inch in length ; the sides of the body and thighs dre naked : the breast is armed with a hard callous substance : the legs are strong, of a greyish brown
BLACK OSTRICH,
425
colour. The female differs in having those fea- thers brown that are black in the male.
Ostriches inhabit the sandy and burning deserts of Africa and Asia ; they are oftentimes found in large flocks, and commit great ravages amongst corn-fields in the interior of the country about the Cape of Good Hope, where they are extremely numerous, as they are also in the neighbouring islands.
The Ostrich is one of the few polygamous birds found in a state of nature, one male being generally seen with two or three, and frequently with five females ; it has been commonly believed that the female, after depositing her eggs in the sand, and there covering them up, trusts them to be hatched by the heat of the climate, and leaves the young ones to shift for themselves ; but, however, it has been ascertained by recent observations, that no bird has a stronger affection for her offspring than this, and that none watches her eggs with greater assiduity, as she also does the young when newly excluded, they not being able to walk for several days, during which time they are regularly sup- plied with grass and water by the old birds, who likewise defend them from harm, and will even encounter every danger in their defence. The females which are united to one male deposit all their eggs in the same place, to the number of ten or twelve each ; these they hatch all together, the male also taking his turn of sitting on them : as many as sixty or seventy eggs have been observed
426
BLACK OSTRICH.
in one nest,' and according to the observation of Le Vaillant, ten or a dozen are always placed at a little distance from the nest ; these are said to be intended for the first nourishment of the young : the nest appears to be only a hole in the ground, formed by the birds trampling the earth for some time with tlieir feet. As a further proof of the affection of the Ostrich for its young, it is related by Thunberg, that he once rode past a place where a female was sitting on her nest, wlien the bird sprang up and pursued him, evidently with a view to prevent his noticing her eggs or young. Every time he turned his horse towards her she retreated ten or twelve paces, but as soon as he rode on again she pursued him, till he had got to some considerable distance from the place where he started her.
The Ostrich subsists entirely on vegetables, such as grass, fruit, grain, &c. : it will frequently swallow pieces of iron, lead, glass, copper, and sUch like, with the utmost voracity ; but in the end such practices often prove fatal, as the bird is not capable of digesting them. Dr. Shaw asserts that he saw one at Oran that swallowed, without any seeming inconvenience, several leaden bullets, as they were thrown upon the floor, scorching hot from the mould !
These birds being very valuable on several accounts, the natives use various stratagems to procure them : they hunt them on horseback, and begin their pursuit by a gentle gallop j for should
BLACK OSTRICH.
427
they at the outset use the least rashness, the match- less speed of the game would immediately carry it out of their sight, and in a very short time beyond their reach ; but where they proceed gradually it makes no particular effort to escape. It does not go in a straight line, but runs first to one side and then to the other ; this its pursuers take ad- vantage of, and by rushing directly onward save much ground. In a few days at most, the strength of the animal is exhausted, and it then either turns on the hunters and fights with the fury of despair, or hides its head and tamely submits to its fate. Another method of catching them is by a man concealing himself in the skin of one of these birds, and by that means approaching near enough to surprise them. They are often taken alive, as they are easily tamed, and may be rendered very useful. Their skins are very thick, and are sub- stituted for leather by the Arabians : their flesh and eggs are esteemed by many an excellent food, and their feathers even in this country are very valuable, and greatly used for ornament.
In procuring the eggs from the nest, the natives are very careful not to touch any with their hands, as the parent birds are sure to discover it upon their return, and not only desist from laying any more in the same place, but trample to pieces with their feet all those that have been left ; therefore a long stick is always used to push them out of the nest. In the interior of the eggs there are often discovered a number of small oval-shaped
428
BLACK OSTRICH*
pebbles, of a pale yellow colour, and exceedingly hard : Thunberg was informed that these are often set and used for buttons. The shell of the egg is frequently used for drinking cups and other utensils, and is often set in gold for that purpose, being exceedingly hard, and equal in appearance to the finest ivory ; it is also cut into small pieces and used for many ornamental purposes, such as rings and necklaces.
The great strength of these birds is exemplified in the following anecdote, related by Adanson, which took place during his residence at Podor, a French factory on the southern bank of the river Niger : he relates, that “ two Ostriches which had been about two years in the factory, and although young were nearly of their full size, were so tame that two little blacks mounted both together on the back of the largest : no sooner did he feel their weight, than he began to run as fast as possible, and carried them several times round the village, as it was impossible to stop him other- wise than by obstructing the passage. -This sigh-t pleased me so much, that I ordered it to be re- peated ; and to try their strength, directed a full grown negro to mount the smallest, and two others the largest. This burden did not seem at all disproportioned to their strength. At first they went a tolerably sharp trot, but when they became heated a little, they expanded their wings as though to catch the wind, and moved with such fleetness that they scarcely seemed to touch the
BLACK OSTRICH.
42^
ground. Most people have, one time or other, seen a Partridge run, and consequently must know that there is no man whatever able to keep up with it, and it is easy to imagine that if this bird had a longer step, its speed would be considerably augmented. The Ostrich moves like the Par- tridge, with this advantage ; and I am satisfied that those I am speaking of would have distanced the fleetest racehorses that were ever bred in England : it is true they would not hold out so long as a horse, but they would undoubtedly be able to go over the space in less time. I have frequently beheld this sight, which is capable of giving one an idea of the prodigious strength of an Ostrich, and of shewing what use it might be of had we but the method of breaking and ma- naging it as we do a horse.”
In a tame state they are tractable and familiar towards persons that are acquainted with them, but are often fierce towards strangers, whom they will attempt to push down by running furiously upon them, and on succeeding in this effort, they not only peck at their fallen foe with their beak, but strike at him with their feet with the utmost violence : when thus engaged they make a fierce hissing noise, and have their throats inflated and mouths open ; but at other times they have a kind of cackling voice, which they use when they have disabled an adversary. During the night they often utter a doleful and hideous cry, some- what resembling the distant roaring of a lion, or
430
BLACK OSTRICH.
the hoarse tone of a bear or an ox, as if they were in great agony.
They are fond of fanning themselves with their floating wings, which are generally in a quivering motion in hot climates, during the heat of the day, on the sunny side of a house, and seem at every turn to admire and be enamoured of their own shadows.
CASUARIUS. CASSOWARY.
Generic Character.
Rostrum rectum, subconi- cum, culmine carinato, apice rotunda to, inflexo ; mandlbula superiore sub- fomicata marginibus dila- tatis, versus apicem emar- ginatls.
Nares ovatae.
Caput nudum galeatum.
Collum nudum, palearibus binis instructum.
Pedes tridactyli, digitis om- nibus anticis.
Al^ brevissimae.
Casuarius.
Struthio.
Beak straight, subconic, the ridge keeled, the apex rounded and indexed ; the upper mandible arched, its margins dilated, and to wards the tip emarginate.
Nostrils oval.
Head naked and galeated.
Neck naked, furnished with a double wattle.
Feet three-toed, all placed forward.
TFiw^^very short.
Briss. Ray. Lath. Vieil, Linn. Gmel. Cuv.
The Galeated Cassowary is the only species of this genus : it inhabits the torrid regions of Asia, and feeds on vegetables : its wings are very small, and are destitute of feathers : the thighs are naked above the knee.
432
GALEATED CASSOWARY* (Casuarius Galeatus.)
Ca. niger, vertice galeato, corpore setoso, cnpite collogue supremo nudisy caerulescentibus.
Black Cassowary, with the crown galeated ; the body hairy ;
the head and other part of the neck naked and bluish. Casuarius Emeu. Lath. Ind. Orn.2. 664. 1. — Briss. Orn. 5. 10. Ruii. Syn. 36. 3.
Struthio Casuarius. Linn. Syst. Nat, 1. 265. — Gmel. Syst. Nut.
1.726.
Le Casoar. Buff. Ois. 1. 464. — Btff. PI. Enl. 313.
Galeated Cassowary. Alb. 2. pl. 60. — Gent. Mag. 43. pi. in p. 471. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 10. pl. 72.
This enormous bird is thus described by Dr. Latham : “ This is a large bird, and not greatly inferior to an Ostrich in bulk, though from having a much shorter neck, is not near so tall : the length is about four feet, but from the beak to the end of the claws five feet and a half. The beak is four inches and a half long, grey brown, a little notched at the end, the gape very wide : irides the colour of a topaz : eyelids beset with hairs : the nostrils oblong, placed near the end of the beak : the ears large and open : on the top of the head is a kind of helmet, beginning at the base of the beak, and reaching to the middle of the crown ; this is three inches high, and one inch broad at the base, but gradually grows thinner, so as the upper part is not more than a quarter of an
2.9
GAJI..EATED CASSOWARY.
GALEATED CASSOWARY.
433
inch thick ; this is yellowish at the back, but blackish on the fore-part : the sides of the head are naked, being, as well as the neck, covered only with a wrinkled reddish skin, thinly beset with hairs, and tinged with a cast of both blue and purple : on the lower part on each side, forwards, are placed two fleshy membranes, one inch and a half long, and three quarters broad, part red, part blue, and take rise about the middle of the neck, where they are very slender : on the breast is a callous bare part, on which the bird rests its body when on the ground : the body in general is co- vered with brownish black loose-webbed feathers, two of which arise from one shaft for the most part ; on the Yump these feathers are fourteen inches long at least, and hang downwards in place of a tail, for the bird is destitute of one : the wing, or what is in the place of it, is not furnished with feathers, having only five bare shafts, like the quills of a porcupine, the longest ten or twelve inches, and of a dusky colour ; at the end of the last joint a kind of claw : the legs have all the three toes placed forwards, and each furnished with a claw, which is almost straight and pointed 5 the inner one the longest : the colour of the legs and toes greyish brown : claws black.’*
This species inhabits the eastern parts of Asia, towards the south, being found in the Molucca islands, those of Banda, Java, Sumatra, and parts adjoining, but nowhere in plenty, nor ever be- 3^ond the limits of the torrid zone. The deep forests of the island of Ceram, along the southern v. XI. p. II. 29
434
GALEATED CASSOWARY.
coast, abound witli them. In a state of nature the female deposits three or four eggs at a time, and these are generally of a greenish or greyish colour, beautifully varied with elevated grass-green spots, and marked towards their smaller extremity with white ; they are deposited in the sand, and are left to be hatched by the heat of the sun and the atmosphere, but in some countries the female sits upon them as other birds do.
The food consists of vegetables, and in contine- ineilt it will eat bread, apples, &c. ; all which it swallows whole, not bruising it with the beak ; and like the Ostrich, it will swallow almost any thing presented to it that is not too large to pass down the throat. Cassowaries are very tierce, and amazingly powerful, their beak being con- siderably stronger in proportion than that of the Ostrich, and with this they defend themselves most vigorously, and will break to pieces almost any hard substance. They strike in a very dan- gerous manner with their feet, either before or behind, at any object which offends them.
Many of these birds have been brought to Eu- rope, as they bear the climate better than most animals imported from the torrid regions : several instances have occurred of their laying eggs during confinement.
435
RHEA. RHEA.
Generic Character.
Beak straight, depressed, the tip rounded, bent down, and hooked.
Head feathered.
Feet with three toes before, and a rounded callous be- hind.
Wings short.
Rostrum rectum, depressius- culum, apice rotundato, de- cUve, unguiculato.
Caput plumosum.
Pedes digitis tribus antice in- structi, postice callo ro- tundato.
Aloe breves.
Rhea. 6ms. Lath. VieiL StruthIo. Linn. Gmel. Cuv.
Struthio-camelus. Bay,
o F this genus only one species is known, which is described in the following pages : it appears to have much the same manners as the individuals of the two preceding genera.
436
AMERICAN RHEA.
(Rhea Americana.)
Rh, corpore alboy alis dorsoque obscure griseis. \Variat corpore toto albo, interdum nigro.)
Rhea with a white body j the wings and back obscure grey.
(Varies in having the body entirely white or black.)
Rhea Americana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 665. 1.
Rhea. Briss. Orn. 5. p. 8.
Struthio Rhea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 266. 3. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 727.
Struthio-camelus Amerjcanus, Nhandu-guacu. — Rail. Syn. 36. 2. Le Touyou. Buff. Ois. l. 452.
American Ostrich. Will. (Ang.) p. 150. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 23*.
American Rhea. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 292. 1.
This bird is a native of South America, and although extremely common in many parts of that continent, specimens have rarely been seen in England : it is rather less than the Ostrich, being about six feet in height, of which the neck is two feet eight inches : the head is small, rounded, and covered with feathers : eyes black : eyelids fur- nished with eyelashes : the beak short and broad : the general colour of the plumage on the back and wings is dull grey, but in some individuals wholly white, in others black : the wings stretch from tip to tip no less than eight feetj but on account of the webs being disunited, are useless in flight, hanging over and hiding the tail, which is composed of short feathers of equal lengths : legs
Amemcak Rhea
AMERICAN RHEA.
437
two feet and three quarters in length, furnished with three toes, all placed forwards, and the rudi- ment of a fourth behind*
This bird appears to be most numerous in the vicinity of the lake Nahuelguapi, in the valley of the Andes : it is also abundant, according to Faulkner, Wallis, and others, in Patagonia. It lives on fruits, and like the Ostrich, devours any thing offered to it : its favourite food is flies, which it catches very nimbly : when attacked, it defends itself by kicking with its feet, either behind or before : the female is said to lay from forty to sixty eggs, on the bare ground ^ ; they contain about two pounds of liquid each. When it calls its young it gives a kind of whistle : its feathers are in great request by the Indians.
^Probably this^ species, like the rest of the order, is poly- gamous, and each female deposits a dozen or more eggs in the same place,.
438
DROMICEIUS. EMU.
Generic Character.
Rostrum rectum, marginibus valde depressis, apice ro- tundato, culmine subcaxi- nato.
Caput pennatum.
Gula denudata.
Pedes tridactyli; digitis omni- bus antrorsum spectantibus.
Alee brevissimae.
Beak straight, the edges greatly depressed, the tip rounded, the ridge some- what carinated.
Head feathered-
Throat naked.
Feet three-toed, all the toes placed forward.
Wings very short.
Dromiceius. Vieil. Casuarius. Lath.
IHIS genus may be distinguished from Ca- suarius, with which it was confounded by Latham, by the head being feathered and destitute of any protuberance : the wing-quills are feathered, and do not, as in Casuarius, consist merely of shafts : the hinder part of the tibim is greatly serrated. One species only is known, which is a native of New Holland.
439
NEW HOLLAND EMU.
(Dromiceius Novae-Hollandise.)
D^. 'nigricans, corpora seloso, capita colloque pennaccis, tihiis postice serratis.
Dusky Emu, with the body hairy 5 the head and neck feathered •, the tibise serrated behind,
Casuarius Novae Hollandiae. Lath, hid, Orn. 2. 665. 2. Southern Cassowary. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 3. pi. 99.
New Holland Cassowary. Phil. Bot. Bay, pi. in p. 271*-“ White's Journal^ pi. in p. 129. — Lath. Syn, Sup. II. 2Q0. 1.
This singular bird is thus described by Dr. Latham in his second Supplement to the General Synopsis of Birds. “ This is a large bird, mea- suring more than seven feet in length : the beak is black ; the plumage for the most part brown and grey mixed; paler on the under parts; the head differs greatly from that of the common Cas- sowary, being covered with feathers; nor has it any helmet or rising protuberance whatever,' as in that species : the feathers however about the head and neck are of a hairy texture, and the fore-part of the chin and throat nearly destitute of any, so as the purple colour of the skin may be seen through them : the long species observable in , the wings of the common sort^ are here wanting, but instead of them are real wings, though of so
* Casuarius Emeu.
440
NEW HOLLAND EMU.
small a size as to be useless for flight ; they are covered with feathers like the rest of the body, and when the bird is quite at rest, are scarcely discernible therefrom : the legs are dusky and stout 5 in colour not unlike those in the other species, but are greatly indented or serrated at the back part : the three toes placed in the same manner, all forwards : so far the external ap- pearance of the bird : internally it is said to difier from every other species, particularly in having no gizzard, and the liver so small as not to exceed that of a Blackbird, yet the gall-bladder was large and distended with bile : the crop contained at least six or seven pounds of grass, flowers, and a few berries and seeds : the intestinal canal six yards long : the heart and lungs separated by a diaphragm, and bore a tolerable proportion to the size of the bird.
“ Inhabits New Holland, where it is not un- common, being frequently seen by our settlers there, but is exceedingly shy, and runs so swiftly that a greyhound can scarcely overtake it. The flesh said to be very good, tasting not unlike young tender beef.”
1!
^ . ORDER
CURSORES.
Rostrum aut mediocre, aut capite longius, apicc aut obtuso, vel aciito, interdum cuneato. h.'LM volatui aptce.
Pedes longiores, tridactyli ; digiti vel ad imum Jissi, vel exte~ riores basi membrand connexi ^ Jemora in parte ir^eriore de- nudata.
Beak medial, or longer than the head j the tip obtuse or pointed, sometimes wedge-shaped.
Wings formed for flight.
Legs long ; three-toed j the toes cleft to their origin, or the outer ones connected by a membrane at the base 5 the lower part of the thighs naked.
The Bustards and Thick-knees, which form a division in this order, are included by Latham among the Gallinaceae, and the rest of the genera are placed with the Grallse. The former live in open plains, and are polygamous, the Thick-knees^ excepted, which live in pairs : their food consists of herbs, seeds, and insects: the latter reside on the gravelly borders of rivers, in pairs, subsisting upon aquatic insects and worms.
In the subsequent account of this and the fol- lowing orders, I have omitted many of the species described by Latham, they having been inserted in his Synopsis from the concise and vague de- scriptions of various travellers.
442
OTIS. BUSTARD. Generic Character.
Uostnim conicum, rectum, compressum ; mandibula superiore ad apicem forni- cata.
ovales, apertae.
Pedes cursorii ; digiti basi membrana connexi.
Alas mediocres ; remiges prima, et quinta aequales et breviores quam quarta.
Otis. Auctorum.
Beak conic, straight, com- pressed ; the upper man- dible arched towards the tip.
Nostrils oval, open.
Leg's formed for running ; the toes connected by a membrane at the base.
Whig'S medial ; the first and fifth quills equal, and shorter than tlie fourth-
Bustards are heavy birds ; they fly but little ;
are very wild and shy, and when pursued are slow in taking flight, but run with great velocity, in which they are assisted by their wings : they reside in corn-fields, or on bushy plains : their food consists of herbs, grains, seeds, and insects : they are polygamous, one male being attended by several females. fhey are all natives of the Old Continent, and the four last species are distin- guished by tile beak being more slender than ia the first mentioned.
GHEAT BU§TA]R]D
443
GREAT BUSTARDo (Otis Tarda.)
Ot. corpore supra nigro rufoque undulato et maculato, suhtus albido ; remigibus primoribus nigris. (Mas. capite juguloque utrinque cristato.) •
Bustard with the body above undulated and spotted with black and rufous 5 beneath whitish ; the primary quills black. {Male with the head and jugulum crested on both sides.)
Otis Tarda. Linn. Si/st. Nat. 1. 264. 1. — Gmel. Spst. Nat^ 1, 722. 1. — Rail. Syn. 58. a. 1. — Briss. Orn. 5. 18. l.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 658. 1. — Leach Cat. Mus. Brit. p. 27.
Outarde. Buff. Ois. 2. 1. pi. 1. — Buff. PI. Enl. 245.
Outarde barbue. Temm, Man. d’Orni. 317- Great Bustard. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. QS.pl. AA. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. \SQ.—Edw. pi. 79, 80. — Alb. Birds. 3. pi. 38, 39. — Lath. Gen. Syn. A. 7Q6. 1. — Lerv. Brit. Birds. A. pi. 139. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 173. — Bult. Cat. Dors. p. 6. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Betv, Brit. Birds. 1. 314. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 268.
This species is the largest of the British birds, the male frequently weighing so much as twenty- five or thirty pounds, attaining the height of four feet, and his wings expanding about nine : on each side of the lower mandible of the beak is a tuft of long feathers, constructed of delicate and unconnected webs : the head, neck, breast, and edge of the wing, are grey, inclining to brown on the tip of the head : the back and lesser wing- coverts are elegantly barred with black and pale ferruginous : the greater coverts are pale cine-
444
GREAT BUSTARD.
reous : the quills are black, slightly tipped with white : the under parts are white : the tail white, consisting of twenty feathers ; the middle ones are rust-colour, barred with black ; the two outer ones reddish at the base, and for two-thirds of their length : they have two bands of black towards their tip : legs dusky : beak bluish : irides light hazel.
The female is destitute of the tuft on each side of the mandible, and is not above half the size of the male : her crown is of a deep orange, crossed with transverse black lines ; the rest of the head brown ; the lower part of the neck in front ash- coloured, in other respects similar to the male, except being less brilliant in colour on the back and wings.
The male of this fine species possesses a curious bag or pouch, situated in the fore-part of the neck, and capable of containing about two* quarts of liquid ; the entrance to it is immediately under the tongue. This singular reservoir was dis- covered by Dr. Douglas, wdio supposes that the bird fills it with water to supply its thirst in the midst of those extensive plains where it is ac- customed to wander : a further use of it has also been observed at Morocco, where they fly the Hawk at the Bustard ; for on the attack of the Hawk it has been known that the Bustard has
* Some writers say seven ; but the weight of so great a quantity of fluid placed in the neek seems to be more than the bird would be able to fly with.
GREAT BUSTARD.
445
made use of this appendage, by squirting the water that is contained therein with violence against the assailant, who is often baffled in the pursuit.
Bustards appear to be natives of the greater part of Europe, but are not of equal frequency in all parts, particularly in well inhabited countries, as they from timidity avoid all commerce with man- kind, and the most paltry dog will drive whole herds of them away. In England they used to be met with in flocks of fifty or more, frequenting the open countries of the south and east parts, from Dorsetshire as far as the wolds in Yorkshire, but now they have become extremely scarce, the plains of Wiltshire furnishing the greater portion ; but they are in danger of total extirpation, as half a guinea is given in that part for the egg, and ten or twelve guineas for a pair of the birds ; in con- sequence the former is sought after for the pur- pose of hatching under common poultry, and the latter are often taken by the shepherds’ dogs before they can fly.
These birds pair early in the spring : the female lays two eggs, in a hole formed by her feet on the bare ground ; they are about one month hatching, and are the size of those of a Goose, of an olive- brown colour, marked with spots of a deeper hue. If, during her absence from the nest, any one handles or even breathes upon the eggs, she imme- diately abandons them. The young ones follow the dam soon after they are excluded from the egg, but are not capable of flying for some time.
The food of these birds consists of green corn^
446
ARABIAN BUSTARD.
the tops of turnips, and various other vegetables, as well as worms ; but they have been known also to eat frogs, mice, and young birds of the smaller kind, which they swallow whole : in the winter they frequently feed on the bark of trees ; they will also swallow any small substance presented to them, somewhat like the Ostrich. The chase of the Bustard is said to afford excellent diversion : they are slow at taking flight, but run so fast that nothing but greyhounds can overtake them. They do not appear to be capable of domestication, as many attempts have been made to rear them, but they always perish in two or three years, and do not shew any inclination to breed.
The Bustard is migratory, though but little so in this kingdom, where it is most abundant in autumn, but in France it is likewise seen in tlie spring : on all the south plains of Russia and the deserts of Tartary it is likewise common, but does not appear to be found in any other part of Asia, or at all in Africa.
ARABIAN BUSTARD.
(Otis Arabs.)
Ot. rufescens, nigricante striata, subtus alba, aurilus ereeto- cristatis, cauda JascidJuscd.
ARABIAN BUSTARD.
447
Rufescent Bustard, striated with dusky ; beneath white ; the ears with an erect crest ; the tail with a brown fascia.
Otis Arabs. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 264. 2. — Gniel. Syst. Nat. 1.
725. — Briss. Orn. 5. 30. 3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 650. 3.
Le Lohong, Outarde huppee d’ Arabia. Buff. Ois. 2. 52.
Paon sauvage de Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. S5.pl. 4g. ? Arabian Bustard. Ediv. pi. 12. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 801. 3. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 226. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 284. 2.
Nearly as large as the common Bustard, mea- suring about three feet and a half in length, and seven in expanse : its beak is pale horn-colour : the irides are dull brown : the forehead whitish : the hind head is adorned with a black crest, from which arises a black fascia, reaching forward on the sides of the head ; the top of which, the neck, and upper parts of the body, are rufous, varied with black : the quills black : the secondaries spotted with black and white j those nearest the body rufous, barred with dusky : the throat and fore-part of the neck ash-colour, barred with brown lines : the breast and under parts of the body white : the two middle tail-feathers dusky, the rest white, varied and crossed with a black band : legs pale brown.
This bird inhabits various parts of Asia and Africa : its flesh is very excellent : its manners are unknown.
448
HUFFED BUSTARD.
(Otis Houbara. )
Ot. Jiavescens Jusco maculata, subtus olbn, collo pomis 7iigris elongatis, caudd ochraced fasciis nigris, apice alba.
Yellow Bustard, spotted with brown ; beneath white j with the neck with elongated black feathers 5 the tail ochraceous, with black fasciae, and white tips.
Otis houbara. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 725. 6. — Lath. hid. Oni. 2.
660. 8.
Otis rhaad. Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1. J25. 7* — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
660. g.
Psophia undulata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 721. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 657. 2.
Le Houbara, ou Outarde huppee d’Afrique. Buff. Ois. 2. 5p. — Gent. Mag. xix. in p. 499. — Temm. Man. d' Orni. p. 319. Le Rhaad, Biff. Ois. 2. 6I.
Undulated Trumpeter. Lath. Syn. Sup. 225.
Rhaad Bustard. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 805. 7*
Ruffed Bustard. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 805. 6.
The male of this species, when in full plumage, answers to the following description : the fore- head and sides of the head are red-grey, varied with small brown spots : the hind head, cheeks, and top of the neck, are dusky, mottled with dusky and grey lines : on the head are several pure white long feathers, and on the sides of the neck is a stripe of elongated black feathers, which is followed by several white ones with disunited webs : the breast and under parts of the body are pure white : the hinder part of the neck, the back,
Whiltk-eatiik:d) Eustak.d
WHITE-EARED BUSTARD.
449
and the wings, are yellow-ochre, sprinkled with delicate black stripes, but the middle of each feather is plain : the quills are white, black towards their tip, which is pure white : the tail-feathers are of a red-ochre colour, wdth three broad stripes of dusky grey ; and the whole of them, except the two middle ones, are tipped with white : the beak is dusky brown : the feet greenish. Its length is about two feet. The young males have the sides of the head more striped with zigzag lines of red and dusky: the white feathers. of the crest are shorter, and marked towards their tips with fine dusky stripes : the long feathers on the sides of the neck are shorter, and varied with deep brown. The female is unknown.
This bird inhabits Arabia and the northern parts of Africa, and it sometimes migrates into Spain and Turkey : its manners are unknown, save that it resides in the deserts.
WHITE-EARED BUSTARD.
(Otis Afra.)
Ot. nigra ^ dorso cinerco-undulato, auribus alhis.
Black Bustard, with the back undulated with cinereous ; the ears white.
Otis afra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 724. 4. — I.cdh. Ind. Orn. 2. dop. 5.
V. XI. P. II.
30
4i0
WHITE-EARED BUSTARD.
Otis atra. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. 1. 264. 4.
L’Outarde d’Afrique. BuJ^. Ois. 2. 54.
White-eared Bustard. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 802. pi. Gq.J", 4.—
Lath. Syn. Sup, 227*
This rare species is thus described by Latham, who has also given a figure : “ Size of a large fowl : length twenty-two inches. The beak yel- low, a trifle bent at the end, where it is black : the crown of the head is blackish brown, irregularly barred with white lines ; on each side of it a white line : on the ears a large spot of white : the rest of the head, with the forehead, neck, and under parts of the body, black : round the lower part of the neck behind a band of white, which passes forwards to the breast like a collar, but does not quite meet before : the upper parts of the body, great part of the wings, and tail, are deep blackish brown, crossed with irregular streaks of different shapes, and of a rufous colour : the outer edges of the wing and quills are black ; above these a large bed of white, occupying almost the whole length of the wing : the secondaries are longer than the quills, and hang over and hide them in a state of rest : the tail consists of fourteen feathers, is five inches in length, and a little rounded ; all the feathers marked not unlike those of the back, but more inclined to ash-colour, palest at the end ; besides which, all but the two middle ones are crossed with two bars of black. The lower part of the feathers round the middle of the thighs are white : the legs are yellow : claws black. The female has the head and neck like the back, but
INDIAN BUSTARD.
451
the lines more delicate, and the breast and belly black, like the male ; but the white spot on the ears, and ring at the lower part of the neck, are wanting.’’
Native of the country north of the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called Korhane, or Knor- haan, from its cry, which somewhat resembles the syllable korrh twice repeated, and is uttered most clamorously as soon as it perceives a man, and by that means often disappoints the sportsman, as all the other birds are alarmed at the noise, and disappear in the instant ; for this it is usual always to kill the Bustard, to prevent its driving the game away. It frequents heaths and places remote from habitations, and builds its nest in bushes, the female laying two eggs in the season. The flesh is not very good, but is thought agreeable by many.
INDIAN BUSTARD.
(Otis Bengalensis.)
Ot. nigra supra Julvo-Jusca, dorso maculis cauda Jasciis nigris, tectricibus alarum albis.
Black Bustard, above fulvous brown j the back with black spots, and the tail with black fasciae j the wing-coverts white.
Otis bengalensis, Gmel. Sysl. Nat. 1, 724. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 660. 6.
452
INDIAN BUSTARD.
Otis aurita. Lath. Ind. Orn. -2. 66o. 7* ?
Pluvianus bengalensis major. Briss. Orn. 5. 82. 13- La Churge. Bujf. Ois. 2. 56.
Passarage Bustard. Lath. S^n. Sup. 228. ?
Indian Bustard. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 804. 5. — Lath. Syn. Sup. p. 228. — Edii'.jd. 250,
The male of this species has the heach neck, breast, and under parts of the body, black ; the latter inclining to ash-colour : the back elegantly mottled with reddish brown and black : the wing- coverts white : quills black : beak and legs pale ash-colour. The female has the prevailing colour of the plumage pale ash, clouded and undulated with darker and blackish : head, neck, and belly, plain.
The Passarage Bustard of Latham appears to be a variety of the old male of this species : it is about the size of the Little Bustard : its length is eighteen inches : beak slender, brown and white : the head, neck, breast, and belly, black : on the ears a large white patch : junction of the neck and back white : the back, wings, and tail, black, * reticulated with fine lines of brown : the sfreater wing-coverts are white : on the hind head are four pairs of capillary feathers, each pair of different lengths, and dilating at their end into a lance- shaped tuft ; the longest four inches, the shortest scarcely larger than the rest of the feathers of that part : the legs are strong, and pale yellow.
Both these birds inhabit India, and have a crreat affinity to the White-eared Bustard, but they differ in many respects, particularly in having the wing-
INDIAN BUSTARD.
453
coverts white, and the last variety being adorned with the long capillary feathers, and being of a much smaller size than that bird ; neither has the first the white patch on the ears, which is so con- spicuous a mark in the other species.
They are greatly esteemed for their flesh, but although very common are difficult to obtain, as they are very shy: the first is called Churge^ and the latter Oorail^ or Passarage Bustard,
454
TETRAX. BUSTARNELLE.
Generic Character.
Rostrum conlcum, rectum paulo compressum ; man- dibula superiore ad apicera deflexa.
Nares o vales, apertse.
Pedes cursorii; digiti basi membrana coaliti.
Akc mediocres ; remiges pri-= raa et quarta asquales, quintalongior quam quarta.
Beak conic, straight, slightly compressed ; tlie upper mandible towards Uie tip bent down.
Nostrils oval, open.
Feet formed for running ; the toes joined at the base by a membrane.
Wings medial ; the first and fourth quills equal ; the * fifth longer than the fourths
Tetrax. Leach.
Otis. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Briss. Ray^ Tcmm. Cuv. Vieil. Sfc.
T?HIS genus was detached from the preceding by Dr, Leach in the Catalogue of tlie indigenous Animals that are preserved in the British Museum ; only one species is known, whose manners are described in the following pages.
i,n^.
yiEILU) Br'STAKNELI.E .
4.55
FIELD BUSTAIINELLE.
(Tetrax campestris.)
Te. nigro rw/o alboque variegnta^ subtus alba, collo nigro, torque duplici albo. (Femina torque corpore supra concolor.) Bustarnelle variegated with black, rufous, and white; beneath white ; the neck black, with a double white ring. {Female with the collar the same colour as the rest of the body.) Tetrax campestris. Leach. Cat. Mtis. Brit, p. 28.
Otis Tetrax. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 264. 3. — Linn. Faun. Suec. No. igQ. — Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 723. 3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 659. 3,.
Otis minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 24. 2. pl.I.f. 1, 2. — Baii. Syn. 59. 2. Petite Outarde. Buff. Ois. 2, 40. — Buff. PI. Enl. 25. male. 10. female.
Outard canepetiece. Temm. Mjan. d'Orni. 318.
Field Duck, Alb. 3. pi. 41.
Little Bustard. Penn. Brit.Zool. 1. 99. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2., 321. A. — Bdixi.pl. 251.— Phil. Trans, xlviii. p. 502. pi. I6. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 759* 2. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 226. — Leixi. Brit. Birds. A. pi. 140. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 174. — Beto. Brit. Birds. 1. 318. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont, Orn. Diet. Sup.—fShauj^^ Nat. Misc. 14. pi. 573- female.
Field Bustarnelle. Leach. Cat, Mus. Brit. p. 28.
This is seventeen inches in length : the top of' the head and the occiput are bright luteous, spotted with brown : the sides of the head and the fore- part of the neck are deep grey, encircled with a collar of pure white : the whole of the lower part of the neck is deep black : the breast is surrounded by a broad white collar, succeeding a narrow band of black : the rest of the under parts, the edge of
456
FIELD BUSTARNELLE.
the wing, and the upper tail-coverts, are pure white : the whole of the upper parts of the body are bright yellowish, varied with zigzag dusky stripes, following the outline of the feathers, and sprinkled with large black spots : beak and feet grey : irides orange. The female and young male have the throat white : the sides of the head, the neck, and the upper part of the breast, of a bright yellowish, varied with brown stripes, and a broad longitudinal bar in the centre of each feather ; the breast, the sides, the edge of the wing, and the upper and under tail-coverts, are white, varied with transverse black stripes : the upper parts are the same, but more varied with black.
This species inhabits the arid and open plains of the southern parts of Europe, being most abundant in Turkey, Italy, and Spain ; in France and Germany it is rarer, and in this country is extremely scarce, not more than ten or a dozen specimens havdng been captured in the course of a long series of years, and those principally females: it is not found far to the north : it subsists prin- cipally upon grain, seeds, and other vegetable productions, also on insects and worms : the female lays her eggs in June, to the number of four or hve, of a glossy green-colour : as soon as the young are hatched she leads them about as the hen does her chickens : they are able to fly by the middle of August. It is frequently taken in France in nets, like the Partridge, for the sake of its flesh, which is excellent, and is said to resemble that of the hare : its eggs are also a great delicacy. Like
FIELD EUSTARNELLE.
457
tlie Great Bustard, this is very shy and crafty, and if disturbed will fly for two or three hundred paces, not far from the ground, and then run faster than a man can follow on foot.
A very fine female of this species is in the col- lection of indigenous birds in the British Museum : it was shot near Torrington in Devonshire, in the winter of 1804, and was taken to Plymouth market, where it was sold for a female Black Grous, but fortunately it fell into the hands of William Pri- deaux. Esq. who presented it to the late Colonel Montagu, whose entire museum was purchased by government to form a basis of a splendid collection of British Zoology.
458
(EDICNEMUS.
Generic ^
Rostrum capite longius, rec- tum, validum, ad apicem compressum ; mandibula superlore culmine carinato, inferiore ad apicem angu- losa.
Nares ad medium rostri sitae, antrorsum patulae.
Pedes longlores, graclles, tri- dactyll, diglti basi mem- brana connexi.
AIcb mediocres.
CEdicnemus. Cuv» Tettim. Vu
Fedoa. Rail, Leach.
Otis. Lath.
Charadrius. Linn. Gmcl. Lai
Pluvialis. Rati. Briss.
THICK-KNEE.
haracter.
Beak longer than the head, straight, strong, compress- ed at the tip; the upper mandible with the ridge carinated, the lower with the tip angulated.
Nostrils placed in the middle of the beak, open in front.
long, slender, three-toed, the toes connected at the base with a membrane.
Wings medial.
TThE only species of this genus which is found in Europe lives in pairs in barren and sandy situations, where it deposits its eggs in a cavity formed by its feet : its food consists of earth- worms, snails, and small reptiles : its voice is strong, and is heard at a great distance.
In the Manuel d'Ornithologie, by Temminck,
I
COMMO:^ TmCK-I<^EE
COMMON THICK-KNEE.
4^(9
mention is made of two new and undescribed species of this genus, both of which are natives of Asia, one being found in the southern parts of that vast continent, and the other in New Hol- land: they are said to be twice as large as the European species.
COMMON THICK-KNEE.
(CEdicnemus crepitans.)
CEd. griseo-Jiiscus, supra lineis longitudinalihus nigr leant ibus^ remigibus primoribus duabus nigris medio albis.
Grey-brown Thick-knee, with dusky longitudinal lines above j the two primary quills black, white in the middle. CEdicnemus crepitans. Temm. Man. d' Orni. p. 322.
Charadrius CEdicnemus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 255. 10. — Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1.680.
Otis CEdicnemus. Lath.Ind. Orn. 2. 66l. 11.
Pluvialis major, CEdicnemus vulgo dicta. Briss. Orn. 5. 76. 12.
pi. TJ.f. 1. — Rail. Syn. 108. a. 4.
Fedoa nostra tertia. Raii. Syn. 105. a. 6.
Fedoa CEdicnemus. Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit. p. 28.
Le grand Pluvier, ou courlis de terre. Buff. Ois. 8. 105.pl. 7.— Buff. PI. Enl. 919.
CEdicneme criard. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 322.
Stone Curlew. Alb. \.pl. 69. — Will. 306. 2Q3.pl. 58. 77* Thick-kneed Bustard. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1.100. — White's Selb. Ato. 43. 88. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 8O6. Q. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds. 4. p>l. 141. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. l63. Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.
Great Plover. Bexu. Brit. Birds. 1. 321.
Common Thick-knee. Leach. Cat, Mus. Brit. p. 28.
4G0
COMMON THICK-KNEE.
Length eighteen inches : the whole of the upper parts of the plumage are grey-brown, with a deeper longitudinal spot in the middle of each feather : the throat, belly, and thighs, are pure white : the neck and breast reddish, with longi- tudinal brown stripes ; on the wing is a longitudinal band of white ; the hrst quill having towards its middle a large white spot, and the second a very small one on its outer web : the base of the beak is bright yellowish, the tip black : the orbits, irides, and feet, are bright yellow : the knees are much swollen, from whence the name. The young and females are much the same, but duller in ap- pearance.
Thick-knees inhabit only the most open, hilly situations ; large corn-fields, heaths, and such like, are their favourite resort, particularly dry and stony lands. They are abundant in France, Italy, and other southern parts of Europe, but in Ger- many, Holland, and England, are somewhat scarce : in the latter country, Norfolk, Hampshire, and Lincolnshire, are the places most frequented : they ave also tolerably plentiful in some parts of Kent, affecting the rising slopes and hills on each side of the valley between Hartford and Earning- ham : in the north they are never found, and rarely beyond Dorsetshire in the west. During the winter of 1807 several were observed on the Start promontory, which is nearly the most southern part of the kingdom.
This species is migrative, making its first ap- pearance about ^lay, and remaining with us all
COMMON THICK-KNEE.
4GI
the spring and summer, departing about October, except in unusually mild seasons, when some will stay the whole winter, as mentioned before. It is seldom observed during the day, except surprised, when it suddenly flies to some distance, and ge- nerally escapes before the sportsman comes within gun-shot. It runs with great* velocity for some time, and then stops short, holding its head and body still, and on the least noise squats close on the ground. In the evening it comes out in search of food, and utters its singular cry, which is com- pared to the turning of a rusty handle : its food consists of worms, caterpillars, toads, and such like, and according to the observ’ations of Mr. Haworth, it preys upon the larvae of Lasiocampa Trifolii, to procure which it turns over the stones beneath which they are secreted.
It does not construct any nest, but deposits its eggs in a small excavation on the bare ground, or sheltered by two or three stones : the eggs are twm or three in number, of a greyish white, blotched and streaked with dusky olive ; they are hatched in about thirty days. The young run almost immediately they are excluded, and the female leads them to some stony field, where they are dif- ficult to discover, as they greatly resemble the stones in colour : they are sometimes hatched late in the autumu, about October.
GREAT-BEAKED THICK-KNEE.
(CEdicnemus magnirostris.)
Q2d. rostro dilatato, corpore nigro strinto supra ccerulescentet subtus cinerasceniCy macula remigum albCiy pedibus cmruleis.
Thick-knee with a dilated beak ; the body above bluish, striated with black ; beneath greyish ; quills with a w hite spot ; feet blue,
Charadrius magnirostris. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixvi. 2.
Great-billed Plover. Lath. Spn. Sup. II. 319* 8.
This bird is thus briefly noticed by Latham : “ Size of the Golden Plover : beak black, stout, and very broad, resembling the Tody genus : the general colour of the upper parts is blue-grey, streaked with black ; beneath pale ash, but with the same markings : forehead, part of the crown and ears, minutely spotted : quills black : base of several of the primaries white : legs dull blue. Inhabits New South Wales.’* I have placed this species in this genus on the authority of Vieillot, who considers it to form a distinct section from the former, differing in its beak, which is very strong and compressed, and has its lower mandible angulated.
463
CHARADRIUS. PLOVER.
Generic Character,
Rosirum breve, gracile, rec- tum, teretiusculum, apice obtusum.
Nares basales, lineares.
Pedes cursorii, tridactyli ; di- giti exteriores basi mem- brana coimexi.
Cauda rotundata, aut cunei- forma.
AIce mediocres, aut muticas aut calcaratae.
Beak short, slender, straight, rounded, the tip obtuse.
Nostrils basal, linear.
Feet formed for running, three-toed ; the outer toes connected at the base by a membrane.
Tail rounded or cuneiform.
Wings medial, smooth, or armed with a spur.
Charadrius. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Vieil. Leach, Temm. Cuv. SfC. Pluvialis. Raii. Briss.
P LOVERS subsist on small worms and various aquatic insects : the three first species frequent the muddy borders of great rivers and marshy places, and but rarely appear in the neighbourhood of the sea coast, which situation all the others of the genus afiect, and also the mouth of those rivers that disembogue themselves into the sea.
They vary extremely in their plumage at dif- ferent periods of the year, and in fact many of the species run into each other so greatly, as to render
464
GOLDEN PLOVER.
it very difficult to separate tliem with accuracy ; and as many of the species described by Latham are noticed in so brief a manner, and without any reference to plates, I am obliged to omit them, being fearfid of creating more confusion tlian there is at present in this puzzling genus.
A. Al^ miiticcE.
A, Wings spurless, a. Capite caruncula non instrucla. a. Head not furnished with a wattle.
GOLDEN PLOVER.
(Charadrius pluvialis.)
Ch. corpore nigro viridiquc maculato subtus albido, jicctore griseo maculis nigricaniibus, rostro pedibusque cinereis.
Plover with the body spotted with black and green ; beneath whitish 5 the breast grey, with dusky spots ; the beak and feet grey.
Charadrius pluvialis. Linn. Spst. Nat. 1. 254. 7* — Linn, Faun. Suec. IgO. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 688. — Btiss. Orn. 5. 43. 1. pi. A. J~. 1. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.’ /40. 1. — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. ]). 28.,
Pluvialis viridis. Raii. Syn. 111. a. 2.
Pluvialis aurea minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 4". 2. ,
Le Pluvier dore. Buff'. Ois.S.Sl. — Buff. PI. Enl.QOA. — Temm. Man. d'Orn. 324.
Green Plover. Lore. Faun. Oread, p. 88.
34
GOILIDEN FLOT^K
GOLDEN PLOVER.
465
Golden Plover. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 208. pi. 72. — Penn. Arct.
Zoo/. 2. 399. — fVill. Ang. 303. — Lath. Gen.Sj/n, 5. 193. 1. —
Lath. Syn. Sup. 252. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet.
Sup. — Bew. Brit. Birds. \. 32p — Lew. Brit. Birds. 3 pi. ISl.
Wale. Syn, 2. pi. 158 — Don. Brit. Birds. 2. pi. 45. — Pidt.
Cat. Dors. \Q. — Wills. Ainer. Orn. 7-7^- pl'
This elegant species is ten inches and a half in length : the top of the head, as well as the whole of the upper parts of the body, the wings, and the tail, are fine silky black, varied with large golden- yellow spots placed on the edges of the webs : the sides of the head, the neck, and the breast, are varietl with spots of grey, brown, and yellow : the throat and under parts of the body are white : the quills black, their shafts white towards the tip : beak dusky : feet deep grey : irides brown : female similar: the young during the first year have the upper parts dusky grey, spotted with greyish yel- low. Jn the breeding season both sexes appear black on the lower part of the breast ; these feathers begin to shew themselves in March, and are perfected in May, at which time the female begins to lay.
The eggs are four in number, about the size and shape of those of the Lapwing, of a greyish olive, blotched with dusky : they are deposited amongst heath. The young run as soon as hatched, and follow the mother to the damp places in search of worms : at first they are clothed with down of a dusky colour, and are incapable of flying for a considerable time. The old birds are very tenacious of their offspring, and become very bold during this time.
V. XI. p. n.
31
466
ALWARGIIIM PLOVER.
This is a very common species, being found throughout the greater portion of the globe. With us it is found througliout the whole year, and breeds on several of our unfrequented mountains, particularly those of the Scotch islands and the Grampian hills : in the southern parts of this country they are somewhat more scarce, parti- cularly in the county of Kent. They fly in small flocks, and make a shrill whistling noise, by an imitation of which they may be allured within gun- shot.
ALWARGRIM PLOVER.
(Charadrius apricarius.)
Ch. corpore Jusco alho lutenqne piinctatn, giild nhdomine lineaque stib collo vigris, rostra pedibusqne chiereis.
Plover with a brown body, spotted with white and yellow; the throat, abdomen, and line beneath the neck, black ; the beak and feet grey.
Charadrius apricarius. Lintr. Sj/st. I\’(it 1 . 25-4. 6 — Linn. Faun, Siiec. 189 — Gmel. Fyst. Nat. 1. 1. 687. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 742. 5. — 0. Fnbr. Faun. Gr< e i. No. 79 P- ^ *4.
Le Pluvier dore a gorge noire. Buff. Ois. 8. 85.
Pluvier dore, (plumage d’ete ) Ttmm. Man. d'Orni. 326. Black-bellied Plover. IFdls. Amer. Orn. 7. 41. pi. Ivii. f. 4. Alvvargrim Plover. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 3^8. — Lath. Gen.Syn. 5. 198. 5.
This, which Temminck asserts is the summer plumage of the preceding species, I am induced to
ALWARGRIM PLOVER,
467
consider distinct, as I have never seen a specimen that was captured in England, where the Golden Plover is very common, and has been observed at all seasons. This is the size of the last described : its beak is one inch in length, and black : eyelids dusky: irides brown : the plumage on the upper parts of the body is black, spotted with orange : at the base of the upper mandible the feathers are black : the forehead, between the eyes, white, pass- ing over each eye in a line down the sides of the neck to the breast, where it unites to a band of the same across the latter : all the fore-parts of the neck, breast, and under parts of the body, are also black, the band on the breast excepted : the rest is spotted with white : the secondaries, quills, and tail, are barred with brown and black : legs black. The male has the temples black ; in the female they are dusky.
'1 his species inhabits tlie most northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America, being found in Sweden, Denmark, Greenland, Russia, Siberia, Hudson’s Bay, and New York. In Greenland it appears early in the spring, rather sparingly, on all the southern lakes, feeding upon worms and the buds of the black-berried heath : after breeding it re- turns southward. Its flesh is said to be exquisite. It is called in America the Large Whistling Field Bird, from its note, which is very shrill.
468
DOTTREL PLOVER.
(Charadrius Morinellus.)
Ch. jjectore Jerriigineo, fascia svperciUorum pectorisque linmri alba, vertice rostra pedihusque cinereis.
Plover with a ferruginous breast ; a fascia over the eyes, and a linear one on the breast white ; the crown, beak, and feet, grey.
Charadrius Morinellus. Lum. Spst. Nat. 1. 254. 5. — Linn. Faun. Suec. 1S8. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6Sb'. — Raii. Syn. III. A. 4. — Briss. Orn. 54. 5. pL A f. 2. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. y i6. 17. — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 28.
Charadrius Sibiricus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6go. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 747. 19.
Charadrius Tartaricus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 746. 15.
Charadrius Asiaticus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 084. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 746. 14.
Petit Pluvier, ou le Guinard. Biif. Ois. 8. 87. — Buff. PI. Enl- 832. — Temm. Man. d’Orni. 326.
Asiatic Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 207. 12.
Dotterel. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 210. pi. 73. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 487- A. — Alb. Birds. 2. pi. 61. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 208. 14. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 253. — Pult, Cat. Dors. 16. — ICalc. Syn. 2. pi. 162. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 186 — Don. Brit. Birds, 2. pi. 42. — Bexxi. Brit. Birds. 1. p. 332. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 311.
This bird is between nine and ten inches in length : the beak black : forehead mottled with dusky and grey ; its hinder part dull black : over the eye is a band of white, pointing downwards, and ending on the occiput : the sides of the head and throat are white ; the hind part of the neck.
DOTTREL PLOVER.
469
the back, and the wings, are greyish brown : the edges of the feathers are pale rust-colour, and the lower part of the back and the rump incline to grey : the greater quills are brown ; the outer edge and shaft of the first white : the fore-part of the neck olive-grey, varied near the throat with white : the lower part of the neck is bounded by a black line, beneath which is one of white : the breast and sides are pale dull orange : the middle of the belly black ; its lower part and thighs reddish white: the tail olive-brown, with a dusky bar towards the tip, which is white, as are also the edges of the two outer feathers : legs black. The female is rather larger : the colours are more dull : the breast has a white line, and the belly is black, varied with white : the stripe over the eye is nar- rower than in the male. The young have the whole of the under parts of the body of a pale ferruginous brown.
These birds inhabit the northern parts of Asia and Europe, frequenting the muddy borders of rivers, and breeding in the alpine lands : they are very stupid, and may be taken by the most simple artifice ; so that it was formerly the custom to go in quest of them in the night, with a lighted torch or candle, and the birds on these occasions will mimic the actions of the fowler with great archness; when he stretches out an arm, they stretch out their wings ; if he moves a foot, they move one also, and every other motion they en- deavour to imitate. This is the opportunity the fowler takes of entangling them in his net. At
470
RINGED PLOVER.
present the more certain method of the gun lias superseded this singular artifice, as it is easily shot, seldom flying to any great distance when dis- turbed.
The Dottrel is a migratory species, being seen on our moors and downs in its flights to and from its breeding place, from Api-il to June, and again from September to November : they fly in flocks of five or six during the latter period ; these are generally the old birds -and young brood, though occasionally upw'ards of a dozen are seen together. It is said to breed in Russia and Siberia, and other northern parts of Europe ; they are likewise sup- posed to breed in Cumberland and Westmorland, as they are abundant in some parts of those counties during the breeding season, and are also observed at the same period on the Scotch High- lands,
RINGED PLOVER.
(Charadrius Hiaticula.)
Ch, corpore griseo-J\isco, snbfus albo, pectore nigro, /route vigri- cante fasciola alba, vertice fusco, rostro rubro apice nigro, pe- dibus hileis.
Plover with a grey-brown body ; beneath white ; with the breast black; the forehead dusky, with awhile stripe; the crown brown ; the beak red, with a black tip ; the feet yellow.
RINGED PLOVEE.
471
Charadrius Hiaticula. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 253. 1. — Linn. Faun. Slice. IS/- — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 683. — Rail. Syn. 112. a. 6^ — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. /43. 8.
Charadrius torquatus. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 28.
Pluvialis torquata minor. Brhs. Orn. 5. 63. 8 pi 5.f- 2.
Le Pluvier a collier. Buff. Ois. 8. QO — Buj/', PI. Enl. 920. Grand Pluvier a collier. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 328.
Sea Lark. Alb. Birds. 1. pi. SO. — Loiv. Faun. Oread, p. 89.
Ri nged Plover Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 211. — Penn. Arct. Zool.2. 401. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 201. 8. — Levoin. Brit. Birds, 5. j)l. 184. — If 'ale. Syn. 2. pi. I6I. — Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pi. 18. — Pull. Cat. Dors. 16. — Bevo. Brit. Birds. 1.334. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn, Diet. Supp. — Wills. Amer. Orn. 5. 30. pi. xxxvii, y! 3.
Length seven inches : the forehead, space be- tween the eye and beak, a broad coronal stripe passing over the eyes to the occiput, and a broad gorget on the breast, wliose extremities join on the nape, are all deep black : a stripe through the middle of the forehead, the throat, collar round the neck, and all the under parts of the body, are white : the occiput and whole of the upper parts are grey-brown : the two middle tail-feathers greyish brown, growing black almost towards the tips ; the three next on each side the same, with the tips white ; the last but one is white, with a brown band : the outer one is white, with a small spot only : the shafts of the quills towards their tips, and a spot on their inner webs, pure white : beak orange, with the tip black : legs orange : claws black. The female with the coronal band narrower, and the gorget on the breast dusky. The young has the whole of the parts that are destined to become black in the adult of a dusky
472
RINGED PLOVER.
grey : the gorget is brown-grey, and the feathers of the upper parts of the plumage are greyish, with the edges of the feathers yellow.
This species is common in all the northern coun- tries of Europe and America ; it is also abundant in Holland, France, and Italy, on the sea shore, but in Germany it affects the borders of rivers : it is said to migrate into England in the spring and depart in autumn ; but this is denied by Montagu, who asserts that he has captured many specimens during the severest winters, in Devonshire, Cornwall, and other parts, wlien they leave the shore and retire inwards: during the summer it frequents the sea shore, running nimbly along the sands, taking short flights, accompanied by loud twitterings, then alights and runs again : if disturbed, it flies quite oti‘. Early in May these birds pair: they make no nest, but the female lays from three to five (generally four) eggs, in a small cavity in the sand, just above higli-water mark: these are of a grey-brown, marked all-over with small black and ash-coloured spots, which are blended towards the thicker end. They are greatly attached to their young, and will use various artifices to save them from injuiy. In the autumn they become grega- rious, and continue in small flocks during the winter : they teed on marine insects and worms.
473
CURONIAN PLOVER. (Charadrius Curonicus.)
Ch. cervicis fascia lurmlaque froniis nigris, pileo cinereo, fascia oculari nigricante undulaia, dor so alls cauddque drier eis, pedibus rubescenfibus.
Plover with the top of the neck, and a fascia and lunule on the forehead, black j the pileus grey ; an undulated dusky fascia near the eye; the back, wings, and tail, grey 3 the feet reddish.
Charadrius Curonicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 692.- — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 750. 31.
Le petit Pluvier a collier. Buff. Ois. 8. pi. 6. — Buff. PI. Enl. 921 .
Temm. Man, d' Orni, 330.
Curonian Plover. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 318. 6.
This species is in length six inches : its beak is entirely black : the circle round the eyes is of a lemon-yellow : the forehead, space between the eyes and beak, a broad coronal band passing over the eyes and in a straight line beneath, and a narrow gorget on the breast, whose extremities join on the nape, are deep black : a stripe through the forehead, the throat, a collar on the neck, and the whole of the under parts, white : the occiput and whole of the upper parts of the body are dusky grey : the two outer tail-feathers are white, with a black bar on their inner web ; the following is part white, and the rest, the two middle ones excepted, are tipped with white ; the outer quill alone has the shaft white : legs flesh- colour.
474
KENTISH PLOVER.
This bird inhabits the sea shore near the mouths of large rivers : it is very abundant in Germany and towards the south of Europe, and occasionally migrates into Holland ; it feeds on aquatic insects and small worms : it lays from three to five oblong eggs, of a whitish hue, mottled with large black spots and indistinct ones of grey-brown : they are deposited on the sandy shores.
KENTISH PLOVER.
(Charadrius Cantlanus.)
Ch. Jiixcus fronte collari ahdoin 'meque albis, vittd per oculos lateralihusque pectoris nigris.
Brown Plover, with the forehead, collar, and abdomen, white;
a stripe through the eyes, and the sides of the breast, black. Charadrius Cantianus. Lath. hid. Orn. Sup. Ixvi. 1.
Plu viera collier interronipu. Tenirn. Man. d'Onii. 331.
Kentish Plover. Lcrv. Brit. Birds.pl. 185. Lath. Spn,. Sup.
11. 316. 3. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.
Ringed Plover, variety. Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.
About six inches and a half in length : the forehead, the eyebrows, which are broad, a band on the nape, and the whole of the under parts, are pure white : a space between the eye and the beak, and large angular patch on the head, and a broad spot on each side of the breast, are deep black : behind each eye is a large spot of grey-black : the
KENTISH PLOVER.
475
head and nape are bright red : the upper parts of the plumage are grey-brown : the whole of the quills have white shafts : the lateral tail-feathers on each side are white ; the third the same, and the rest brown : the beak, irides, and feet, black. The female does not possess the angular spot on the top of the head : the space between the eye and the beak, and spot behind the eye, are grey- brown : the red on the head and nape is tinged with grey. The young ones have not the black hue : the forehead, the eyebrows, and the nape, are slightly marked with a shade of white : the large spot on the lateral part of the breast is indicated by bright brown : the whole of the fea- thers on the upper parts are grey-brown, edged Vvith clear grey.
The three last described birds possess so many characters in common, that it is very difficult to discriminate them apart; but by a proper at- tention to the description it is hoped any one will be enabled to denne them, as the descriptions, to avoid any possibility of mistake, are taken from Temminck, who has had frequent opportunities of seeing all the three in a free state.
The present species is very abundant in Holland ; it migrates into Germany and the south, and occa- sionally into England, three or four having been taken near Sandwich in Kent: it lives on the borders of the sea, and sometimes, though rarely, on the banks of rivers : it feeds on small beetles, other insects, and marine worms : it lays its eggs on the
476
NOISY PLOVER.
sand and shingle of the sea shore ; they vary in number from three to five, and are of a yellow- olive, marked with various sized irregular spots of dusky brown.
NOISY PLOVER.
(Charadrius vociferus.)
Ch. corpore supra gn'seo-fusco suhtus nihn, fasciis pectoris colli fro7itis genarumque nigris, caudd luted fasctd nigra, pedibus Jiavis, rostro nigro.
Plover with the body above grey-brown ; beneath white; with black fasciae on the breast, the neck, forehead, and cheeks ; the tail yellow, with a black fascia; the feet yellow; the beak black.
Charadrius vociferus. Limi. Spst. Not. 1. 253. 3. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 2 665. — Loth. hid. Orn. 2. y42. 6.
Charadrius torqiiatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 255. 9.? .
Pluvialis Virgiiiiana torqiiata. Briss. Orn. 5. 6'8 9- Plinialis Doininicensis torquata. Briss. Orn. 5. 70. 10. pi. 6. f.2.
Kildir. Bu/f. Ois. 8. 56.
Plinier a collier de St. Domingue. BnJF. PL Enl, 280. Chattering Plover, or Kill-Deer. Catesb. Carol. 1.^/. 71*— • Wills. Ainer. Orn. 7. 73- pi- li^-./- 6.
Noisy I’lover. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 400. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.
199- 6.
This species is thus described by Latham: “ Size of a Snipe: length nine inches and three quarters : beak above an inch long, and black :
NOISY PLOVER.
477
eyelids red : eyes black : the forehead is white : between the eyes, across the head, a bar of black, passing on each side to the hind head : the chin and fore-part of the neck is white ; at the lower part of the neck the white encircles it like a ring, and is accompanied by a bar of black all round : on the breast is another black bar, and except these, all the under parts are white : the hind part of the head, neck, and upper part of the body and wdngs, are dusky brown : rump rusty orange : the feathers very long : some of the feathers which fall over the greater cpiills fringed with white ; the last black ; a few^ of the outer ones have white shafts : tail the colour of the rump, much rounded in shape, near the end barred with black, the tip white : legs pale yellow : male and female much alike.”
This is a restless noisy species, setting up its cry the moment any one approaches : it is confined to America, being found at New York, Carolina, and Virginia ; at the latter place it remains all the year, and is called kill-deer, from its note resembling that word: it migrates to New York in spring, where it breeds, and lays three or four eggs ; returns south in the autumn.
♦78
PHILIPPINE PLOVER.
(Charadrius Philippensis.)
Cn.yhscus, reginne oculnrum torque colH cauddqiie nigris, Jronte corpore suhtus rectricihusque apice nlbis.
Brown Plover, with the space round the eyes, collar on the neck, and tail, black ; the forehead, body beneath, and tips of the tail-feathers, white.
Charadrius Philippensis, hath. Ind. Orn. 2- ^45. 11.
Petit Pluvier a collier de Lu^on, Sonrier. Voy. Ind. 84. pi. 40. Alexandrine Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 205. 9. e.
This bird is described and figured by Sonnerat : it is about the size of a Lark : its beak is black : irides yellow : 011 the forehead is a white spot ; from thence beyond the eye and the sides black, bounded by a brown line, passing across the head from one eye to the other : the hind head, nape, back, and wings, brown : tail black, tipped with white : the throat, fore-part of the neck, and belly, white ; this is continued on each side below the nape, so as nearly to surround the neck : below this is a black collar, passing quite round the neck ; legs dusky. This bird inhabits the marshy grounds in the island of Lii;fonia, and feeds upon insects.
479
NEW ZEALAND PLOVER.
(Charadrius Novae-Zealandiae.)
Ch. cinereo-viridis, J'acie et torque colli nigris, vittd annulari capitis fascia, alarum corporeque subtus albis.
Grey-green Plover, with the face and ring on the neck black j an annular stripe on the head, fascia on the wings, and body beneath, white.
Charadrius Novae Zealandiae. Lath. Ind. Oru. 2. 745. 12. Charadrius Novae Seelandiae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.&‘84.
New Zealand Plover. Lath, Gen. Syn. 5. 206. 10. pL S3.
Described and figured by Latham. “ A trifle bigger than the Ringed Plover : length eight inches: beak one inch long, red, with a black tip : irides blue-grey : eyelids red : the fore-part of the neck, taking in the eye, chin, and throat, black, passing backwards in a collar at the hind head ; all the back part of the head behind the eye greenish ash-colour ; these two colours divided by white : the plumage on the upper parts of the body the same colour as the back of the head : quills and tail dusky : the last order of coverts white for some part of their length, forming a bar on the wing : the under parts of the body white: legs red. In- habits Queen Charlotte’s Sound : known there by the name of Dojdooi oa-attoo**
480
b. Capite caninculato. b. Head carunculated.
HOODED PLOVER.
(Charadrius pileatus.)
Cw.cristnlnSyJ'ronte carimciilala, corpore si<pra rufa-griseo subtus albo, xiertice giifd rewigibus Cftuddtp(e fipice iiigris.
Crested Plover, with a carunculated frontal wattle; the body above red grey ; beneath white ; the crown, throat, quills, and tip of the tail, black.
Charadrius pileatus. Gmel. S^si. Nat. I.69I. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 7-19. ib.
Pluvier coiffe du Senegal. Bjiff'. Ois. 8. ICO. — Pi. Enl. 834.
Hooded Plover. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 5. 215. 21.
Native of Senegal : length ten inches and a half: beak yellow, red towards the end, and black at the tip : the forehead covered vdth a carun- cnlated yellow membrane, passing round the eyes : the head and jiart of the neck black : the hind head furnished with a few short pointed feathers, hanging like a small crest, beneath which it is white : the upper parts of the body are rufous grey: all the under parts are white, with a few dusky dashes down the fore-part of the neck : the quills and tip of the tail are black : the tail very short : the legs red.
t
481
WATTLED PLOVER.
(Charadrius bilobus.)
Ch. rufo-griseus, superciliis ahdomine Jasciaque alarum albisy pileo remigibus Jasciaque rectricum nigris, caruncidd Jrontis dependeute.
Red-grey Plover; with the eyebrows^ abdomen^ and stripe on the wings, white ; the pileus, quills, and band on the tail- feathers, hlack ; the front with a depending wattle. Charadrius bilobus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 691. — Lath. Ind. Orn,
2. 750. 28.
Le Pluvier a lambeaux. Buff. Ois. 8. 102.
Le Pluvier de la cote de Malabar. Buff. PI. Enl. 880.
Wattled Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 2l6. 23.
Length nine inches and a half: beak yellow: the forehead with a naked bare skin hanging down in a pointed flap on each side of the jaw : the crown of the head black : through the eye a stripe of white : the neck and upper parts of the body are yellowish grey, deepest on the back : the under parts, from the breast, white : greater wing- coverts with a band of white : quills black : tail similar to the back, crossed with a bar of black at the end, and the tips and outer webs of some of the exterior feathers white. It inhabits the coast of Malabar.
V. XI. P. II.
32
1
48^
B. AljE calcaratee.
B. Wings armed with a spur.
SENEGAL PLOVER.
(Charadrius Senegalensis.)
Ch. remigibus fectore pedibnsque ntris, occipite cristato, reciri- cibus dimidiato albis, alulis spinosis.
Plover with the quills, breast, and feet, dusky; the hind head crested ; the tail-feathers half white ; the wings with a spur. Charadrius spinosus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 256. 12. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 6Q0. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 748. 24.
Pluvianus Senegalensis armata. Briss. Orn. 5. 86. 15. pi. 2. Le Pluvier a aigrette. Nuff. Ois. 8. QQ.
Spur-winged Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 213. 20.
Latham gives the following description of this curious bird : “ Size of the Golden Plover : length twelve inches : beak above an inch long, and black ; irides red ; the crown of the head and throat are black, passing a little way down the neck before : the hind head a little crested : the back part of the neck, and upper part of the body, and scapulars, are grey: sides of the head, and all the under part, from throat to vent, yellowish white, except a crescent of black on the breast, the convex part uppermost: the lesser wung-coverts are black ; the middle ones as the back ; the greater yellowish white ; but some of the outer ones, and the nine outer greater quills, are black ; the ten next half white, half black ; the two following yellowish
CRESTED PLOVER.
483
white, and the four next the body grey : on the fore-part of the wing, just within the bend, is a spur half an inch in length, a little bent, and black: tail yellowish white, tipped Avith black, deepest on the two middle feathers ; legs black.” This species is a native of Egypt, frequenting the marshy places during the month of September^
CRESTED PLOVER.
(Charadrius cristatus.)
Ch. corpore stipru castaneo, collo ahdomineque imoalbiSf collo an-^ ticepectore capite supra remigibus caudaque apice nigris, alulis spinosis.
Plover with the body above chesnut ; the neck and abdomen white 5 the front of the neck, breast, head above, quills, and tip of the tail, black ; the wings with a spine.
Charadrius spinosus, $, Lhm. Spst. Nat. 1. 256. 12. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 748. 24.
Pluvialis Persica cristata. Briss. Orn. 5. 84. 14.
Pluvier arme du Senegal. Buff. PI. Enl. SOI.
Pluverhuppe de Perse. Buff. Ois. 8. 98.
Black-breasted Indian Plover. Edw. pi. 4tJ. male.
Spur-winged Plover. Edvi. pi. 280. female. — Lath. Gen. Syn, 5. 214. A.
Allied to the last : it is eleven inches and a half in length : its beak rather more than an inch, and black : top of the head shining black : cheeks, sides of the neck, and occiput, white ; the latter
484
CyVYENNE PLOVER .
slightly crested : the upper part of the neck, buck, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, are ches- nut-brown : wing-coverts similar to the back ; but those farthest from the body, and the secondaries, are chesnut-brown, tipped with white : the greater quills are black : the throat and fore-parts of the neck, the lower part of the belly, and the vent, black : the breast and upper parts of the belly and of the vent white : the tail white for two-thirds of its length, the rest black : legs deep brown.
The supposed female differs principally in having the whole of the neck white, the black on the throat only reaching for an inch down : breast and upper part of the belly dull black : the outer tail-feather tipped with white. Inhabits Russia, and the borders of the river Coic, near Aleppo.
CAYENNE PLOVER.
(Chiiradrius Cayanus.)
Cr. capite collo postice fasci ague pectoris nigris, J'ascia occipitis annulari collo antice abdomine basigue caudcE nlbisy alulis spinosis.
Plover with the head, hind part of the neck, and band on the breast, black ; with a fascia on the occiput, ring on the neck, abdomen, and base of the tail, white j wings armed with a spine.
CAYENNE PLOVER.
485
Charadrius Cayanus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 749. 25.
Le Pluvier arme de Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 8. 102. — Buff. PI.
Enl. 833.
Spur- winged Plover. Laih. Gen. Syn.. 5. 215. 20. b.
Like the two preceding species, the bend of the wing in this is armed with a sharp blunt spur : the total length of the bird is about nine inches : beak one inch, and dusky : the hind part of the head and nape are white, varied with grey : the fore- part and sides black, passing back to the nape, and occupying all the hind part of the neck ; it then comes forward on the fore-part, above the breast, forming a collar: between this and the chin is white : the middle of the back and the wings are rufous grey: the scapulars and quills are black : the under parts of the body, from the breast, are white : the basal half of the tail is white, the rest black : legs yellowish. Native of Cayenne.
480
PLUVIANUS. PLUVIAN.
Generic Character.
Rostrum basi crassum, versus medium compressum, acu- tum ; mandibula superiore ad apicem declive.
Nares ovatas.
Pedes trldactyli ; digiti gra- clles, exteriores basi mem- brana connexi.
Pluvianus. VieilL Charadrius. Lath. Gmel. Ctiv.
Beale thick at the base, com- pressed towards tlie mid- dle, acute ; the upper man- dible bent dowai at the tip.
Nostrils oval.
Feet three-toed, the toes slender, the outer ones con- nected at their base by a membrane.
T^HE manners of the birds of this genus are not known, but it is presumed that they are not very dissimilar to those of the preceding : they appear to be natives of the southern parts of Asia and Africa.
BLACK-HEADED PLUVIAN^
(Pluvianus melanocephalus. )
Pl. C(zrul€o-griseus, capite collo postico dorsoque nigris, superciliis collo antice pectoreque pallide rujis.
Blue-grey Pluvian j with the head, hind-part of the neck, and back, black ; the eyebrows, fore-part of the neck, and the breast, pale rufous.
Charadrius melanocephalus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q^.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 7^0. 2Q.
Le Pluvian du Senegal. Buff. Ois. 8. lOf. — Buff. PL Enl. 9I8. Black-headed Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 21J. 24.
Locality unknown : length seven inches : the beak is black ; one inch long : the upper part and sides of the head black : the forehead yellowish, this colour passing over each eye in a broad streak, like an eyebrow : the hind part of the neck and back are black : the quills black, varied with white on their outer webs : the wings, rump, and tail, are greyish ash ; the feathers of the latter, except the two middle ones, marked with black near their tips, which are white : the under parts of the body, from the chin, pale rufous, the breast deepest, and mottled with dusky : the abdomen and vent nearly white : legs greyish ash : claws black.
488
WREATHED PLUVIAN.
(Pluvianus coronatus.)
Vl, Jiisciis capite superiore nigro^ occipitis annulo, abdomine, fascia alarum, cauddque albis, remigibus fascidque rectricum ad apicem nigris.
Brown Pluvian, with the upper part of the head black j ring on the occiput, abdomen, fascia on the wings and tail, white ; the quills and band towards the tip of the tail black. Charadrius coronatus. Gniel. Syst. Nat. 1. 691. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 749. 27.
Pluvier couronne du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Ois, 8.
\0\.—Buff. PI. Enl. 800.
Wreathed Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 21 6. 22.
This is a singular species : it inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : its length is twelve inches : its beak is reddish, dusky towards the tip : the head even with the eye, and chin, are black : round the crown runs a list of white, encircling the head like a wreath : the hind part of the neck and upper parts of the body are brown, with a gloss of greenish purple in some lights : the quills are black : the wing-coverts white : the neck, as far as the breast, is grey : the breast is glossed with puiqile, similar to the back, and varied with a few black spots : the belly is white : the tail the same, with a broad band of black near the end : legs ferruginous.
489
ARENARIA. SANDERLING.
Generic Character.
Rostrum mediocre, gracile, rectum, basi compressum, ad apicem dilatatum ob- tusum.
Nares laterales.
Pedes graciles, tridactyli ; di- giti fissi.
Alee mediocres.
Beak medial,slender,straight, the base compressed, to- wards the tip dilated and obtuse.
Nostrils lateral.
Feet slender, three-toed ; the toes cleft.
Wings medial.
Akenaria. Temm., Becks. ^ Cuvier.
Calidris. Briss.f Leach^ Vieill.
Tringa. Raii.y Linn., Gmel.
Charadrius. Linn., Gmel., Lath.
There is but one species of this genus, which was confounded by Linnd with Tringa ; but its characters are evidently dissimilar, as are also its manners : it breeds towards the north, emigrating in small flocks on the sea shore : it lives on marine worms, &c.
490
COMMON SANDERLING,
(Arenaria vulgaris.)
/
Ar. rostro pedihiisqne nigris,loris uropygioque siihgriseis, corpora subtus albo inimaculato, remigibus prhnoribus scapis candidis. Sanderling with the beak and feet black ; the lores and rump greyish j the body beneath pure white ; the shafts of the pri- mary quills white.
Arenaria vulgaris. Becks. 4. 368. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. 334. Calidris arenaria. Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit. p. 28.
Tringa arenaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 255. 9. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 060. — Raii. Syn. 109. a* H-
Charadrius Calidris. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 251. I6. young. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. OS9. young. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 741. 4. young.
Charadrius rubidus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6S8. summer plumage.
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 740. 2. summer plumage.
Calidris grisea minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 236^ 17. pi. 20. 2.
Le Sanderling. Buff. Ois. 7. 532.
Sanderling variable. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 334.
Ruddy Plover. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 404. young. Lath. Gen.
Syn. 5. 195. 2. — Wills. Arner. Orn. 7. 129» pi- Ixiii.yi 3. young. Sanderling or Curwillet. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 212. pi. 73. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 403. — Alb. Birds. 2. pi. 74. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 197- — Lath. Syn. Sup. 253. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 315. — Letvin. Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 183. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. I60. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p). 16. — Beud. Brit. Birds. 2. p. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Linn. Tra?is. 8. 268. — Wills. Amer. Orn. 7. 68. pi. Iix._/i4.
Length eight inches : the whole of the upper parts of the body and sides of the neck are of a greyish white, with the middle of each feather deeper ; the face, throat, fore-part of the neck,
Common SAmDEMLmo.
COMMON SANDERLING.
491
and the whole of the under parts of the body, are pure white : the edge of the wings and the quills are black, their coverts edged with white : the base of the quills and the shafts are pure white : the tail-feathers are grey, edged with white : beak, irides, and feet, black. This is the autumnal and winter plumage ; in the spring it gains the fol- lowing. The face and top of the head are marked with large black spots, and the feathers are bor- dered with red, and slightly with white : the neck, the breast, and the upper parts of the sides, are grey-red, wdth the middle of each feather spotted with black, and their tips whitish : the back and scapulars are deep rufous, with large black spots, and the whole of the feathers edged and tipped with white : the wing- coverts are dusky brown, undulated with rufous : the two middle tail-feathers are black, edged with greyish red : the belly and the rest of the under parts are pure white. The young before moulting have the top of the head, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, black : the whole of the feathers are edged and spotted with yellowish : between the beak and eye is dusky brown : the nape, sides of the neck and of the breast, are bright grey, with delicate undulated stripes : the forehead, throat, fore-part of the neck, and whole of the under parts of the body, are pure white : the edge of the wing, the quills, and tail, are similar to the adults.
This seems to be a pretty general inhabitant of the globe, being found in Europe, Asia, and
492
COMMON SANDERLING.
America : in the former it is abundant in the spring and autumn, on the coasts of Holland and England, flocking together with the Purres. Its nourishment consists of small beetles and other marine insects : it breeds in the northern parts. By some persons they are called Oxbirds, by others Curwillet or Towwilly.
493
H^MATOPUS. OYSTERCATCHER,
Generic Character.
Rostrum compressum, rec- tum, longum, apice cu- neatum.
Nares laterales, in fossula , sitse.
Pedes cursorii, tridactyli, iissi, digiti exteriores basi membrana connexi.
Alee mediocres, remige pri- more longiore.
Beale compressed, straight, long, the tip cuneated.
Nostrils lateral, placed in a groove.
Feet formed for running, three-toed, cleft ; the outer toes connected at the base by a membrane.
Wings medial, the first quUl longest.
H.EMATOFUS. Rail. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Temm. Vieill. Leach^ ^c. OsTRALKGA. Briss.
ScOLOPAX. Scop.
The Oystercatcher always resides on the sea shore : it feeds on marine animals : it runs and flies with great freedom : its feet are strong and muscular : its toes are all placed forward, and the exterior ones are connected as far as the first joint by a membrane, and the interior by a slight rudi- ment of one ; the toes are also edged with a slight membraneous appendage.
494
C O .A I M O N O Y S T E II C A T C 1 1 E R .
(Haematopiis Ostralegus.)
H M.niger, corpore subtus Jciscia gulari et alarum uropygio cau- ddque basi albis.
Black Oystercatcher, with the body beneath, a fascia on the throat and wings, the rump, and base of the tail, white. Heematopus Ostralegus. Linn. SysL Nat. 1. 257 . — Linn. Faun. Suec. 192 — Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 694. — Raii. Syn. 105. a. 7- — Lath. Ind. Orn. 752. 1. — Leach. Cat. Brit. JShis. p. 28. Ostralega, seuPica Maritima. Briss. Orn. 5. 38. 3. 2. L’Huitrier. Buff. Ois, 8. llQ.pl. Q. — Buff. FI. Enl. Q2Q. Huitrier. Temm. Man. d’Orni. 340.
Sea Pie, Pied Oystercatcher. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 213. pi. 7 A. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 406. — JFilL Ang. 2Q7 . — Alb. l.pl. 78. — Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. Q5.’^Hayes.. Brit. Birds, pi. 12. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 2lQ.pl. 84. — Lero.Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 188. — — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. I66. — Don. Brit. Birds. 3. pi. 62. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 15. — Bevo. Brit. Birds. 2. 7- — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — LoU). Fatm. Oread, qi. Ql. — Wills. Arner. Orn. 8. 15. pi. Ixiv.y! 2.
This species has the liead, neck, upper part of the breast, back, wings, and tip of the tail, of a deep black : the rump, base of the tail and of the quills, a transverse stripe on the wings, and the whole of the under parts of the body, of a pure white : the beak and circle round the eyes of a bright orange : the irides crimson : the feet fine red : the female similar. The young have the plumage shaded and bordered with brown in those parts that are black in the adult : the white is of a dirty hue : the beak and circle round the eyes are
COMMOM 0’r§T1EM.-CA.T€]I![EM.,
COMiMON OYSTERCATCHER.
495
dusky brown : the irides are brown, and the feet grey, and before the autumnal or second moult the beak becomes spotted with black.
It varies occasionally in having a white streak beneath the eyes, and a transverse one on the throat 5 it also occurs mottled with black and white, and of a pure white, but this last is of rare appearance.
Oystercatchers abound on the coasts of Eng- land, and are in the greatest profusion towards the west : they feed on limpets and oysters, and from their dexterity in procuring the latter their name is derived : on observing one of them which gapes wide enough to insert its beak, it thrusts it in and thus takes out the inhabitant. It does not construct any nest, but deposits its eggs on the bare ground, above high-water mark ; they are generally four in number,* of an olivaceous brown, blotched with black, and are arranged in the form of a square, with the small ends inward, thus giving the greatest security and warmth to each. The young are hatched in about three weeks, and are said to be capable of running as soon as they quit the eggs, and are immediately led by the parents to their proper food. During the period of incu- bation the male is very watchful, and upon the least alarm utters a loud scream and flies off, as does also the female, after running some distance from the place where the eggs are deposited. In the winter they often associate in considerable
* Temminck says two, and but rarely three.
496
COMMON OYSTERCATCHER.
flocks, and are very wild ; but if taken young may be easily reared, and will frequent the ponds and ditches during the day, keeping in company with domestic poultry. They are abundant throughout all the coasts of Europe, and occur on many of those of Asia and America.
Two other species of this genus are described, one said to be totally black, from New Holland and other parts of the south, the other without the white on the throat, from the Cape of Good Hope ; but as I have not seen either drawings or specimens, I am under the necessity of remaining silent on the subject.
497
EROLIA. EROLIA.
Generic Character,
Rostrum basi rotundatum, longum, supra sulcatum, arcuatim deflexum, apice dilatato, obtusiusculo.
Pedes cursorii, tridactyli, di- giti exteriores basi mem- brana connexa.
Erolia. Vieil.
Beak rounded at tbe basej long, above sulcated, arch- ed, and deflexed, the tip dilated and obtuse.
Feet formed for running, three-toed, Hhe outer toes connected at the base by a membrane.
This genus was established by Vieillot in his Analyse d’une Nouvelle Ornithologie ERmentaire, but no mention is made of the manners of the only species belonging to it.
VARIEGATED EROLIA.
(Erolia variegata.)
Ee. supra cinereo albidoque variegata, subtus alba, collo pec- toreque J'usco lineatis, tcenia alba a rostro ad oculos, remigibus rectricibusque nigricantibus, rostro pedibusque nigris.
V. XI. p. II. 33
498
VARIEGATED EROLIA.
Erolia above variegated with white and grey ; beneath white ; with the breast and neck striped with fuscous ; from the beak to the eyes a white streak ; the quills and tail-feathers dusky 5 the beak and feet black.
Erolia variegata. Vieil. Anal, d'une Nouv. Orn. Elem. p. 6Q.
A NEW bird, described as above by Vieillot, who states it to be a native of Africa, and of the size of the Ringed Plover, but does not stand so high on the legs. Its habits are not noticed.
499
CURSORIUS. COURSER.
Generic Character,
Rostrum capite brevius, tere- tiusculum, gracile, forni- catum, versus apicem in- curvum, acutum.
Nares ovatse, tubere minuto instructae.
Pedes cursorii, tridactyli ; di- git! brevi, exteriores basi membranula connexi; un- gues brevissimas.
Ala, mediocres, remige se- cunda longior quam pri- more.
Beak shorter than the head, rounded, slender, arched; towards the tip bent down, and acute.
Nostrils ovate, furnished with a small tubercle.
Feet formed for runningj three-toed ; the toes short, the outer ones connected at the base by a slight membrane ; the claws very short.
Wings medial, the second feather longer than the first.
CuRSORius. Lath., Meijer, Temm., Cuv. Charadrius. Gmel.
Tachydromus. lllig., Vieil.
TT HE species of this genus inhabit the hot countries of Asia and Africa, but their manners still remain in obscurity. One species sometimes, though very rarely, visits Europe, only three instances being on record j one in France, one in Austria, and the other in England.
5(X)
CREAM-COLOURED COURSER. (Ciirsorius isabellinus.)
Cu. Jitscescens, striga per oculos pallida, remigilms macnld pone oculos et ad apicem rectricum lateralium nigris, abdcmiine albido.
Fuscescent Courser, with a pale stripe through the eyes; the quills, spot beneath the eyes, and at the tip of the lateral tail- feathers, black ; the abdomen whitish.
Cursorius isabellinus. Meijer. — Temm. Man, d'Orni.'^A2. Cursorius Europasus. Lath. hid. Orn.2. 751. 1.
Charadrius Gallicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. ]. 6l2. 27*
Le Coure-vite. Buff. Ois. 8. 128. — Buff. PI. Enl. /Q5. Coure-vite isabelle. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 342.
Cream-coloured Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 2) 7- 25. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 254.pl. 11 6. — Leiv. Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 1 87. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 164. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont.Orn. Diet. Sup.
Length ten inches : beak black, three-quarters of an inch long ; the forehead, under parts of the body, neck, back, tail, and wing-coverts, of a reddish cream-colour; the latter edged with grey : the throat whitish : behind the eyes a double black stripe : the abdomen whitish : the whole of the la- teral tail-feathers black towards the tip, with a small spot of white in the centre of the black: legs yel- lowish.
This rare species is a native of Africa, and has three times been captured in the southern and temperate parts of Europe ; which being an acci- dental circumstance, I have adopted the name proposed by Meijer and Temminek, as the one
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CREAM-COLOURED COURSER.
501
used by Latham is not applicable : the manners of the bird are unknown.
One of the three before-mentioned specimens was shot near St. Alban’s, in Kent, the seat of William Hamond, Esq., who presented it to Dr. Latham, with the following account. It was first met with running upon some light land, and so little fearful was it, that after having sent for a gun, one was brought to him which did not readily go off, having been charged some time, and in consequence missed his aim. The report frightened the bird away; but after making a turn or two, it again settled wnthin a hundred yards of him, when he was prepared with a second shot, which dis- patched it. It was observed to run with in- credible swiftness, and at intervals to pick up something from the ground ; and was so bold as to render it difficult to make it rise from the ground, in order to take a more secure aim on the wing. The note was not like any kind of Plovers, nor indeed to be compared with that of any known bird.” This specimen found its way into the Le- verian Museum, at the time of the sale of which it was purchased from Fichtel, who had bought it, by that zealous British naturalist, Donovan, for the sum of eighty-three guineas. It is now deposited in the British Museum.
502
COROMANDEL COURSER.
(Cursorius Asiaticus.)
Cv. JuscuSi superciliis guld ahdomine hno uropygio caudAque apice albis, remigibus Jasciaque oculari nigris.
Fuscous Courser, with the eyebrows, throat, abdomen, rump, and tip of the tail, white j the quills and stripe on the eyes black.
Cursorius Asiaticus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 751. 2.
Cursorius Coromandelicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.692. Coure-vite de Coromandel. Btiffl Ois. 8. 129. — Buff. PL Enl.
892.
Coromandel Plover. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 217* 26.
The following is Latham’s description of this bird : “ Size of the former : top of the head, and fore-parts, as far as the breast, reddish chesnut : chin whitish : behind the eye a white streak, and through the eye a black one, passing to the hind head, the white entering a little way into the black at the back part : behind the neck, the back, wings, and tail, brown : upper part of the belly dusky : the rest of the parts beneath, the rump, upper tail-coverts and tip of the tail, white : quills black : legs yellowish white. From the coast of Coromandel,”
f, ORDER
GRALL^.
Rostrum diversum.
Pedes tetradactyli, aut mediocr^s aui longi, validi vel tenues ^ FEMORA supra genua plus minus've denudata •, tarsi rotundati^ nudi reticulati ; digiti fissi aut basi membrana connexi ; pollex aut u terra elevatus^ aut apice solo insistens, vel humi in- cumbens.
Beale various.
Feet four-toed, moderate, or long, strong, or slender j the thighs more or less naked above the knee ; tarsi rounded, ■naked, and reticulated j toes cleft, or connected at the base by a membrane 5 the hinder one either elevated from the ground, the tip alone, or the whole resting thereon.
These birds run about on the sea shores, and the borders of lakes and rivers : they subsist upon anne- leides, and small fishes and their fry, reptiles, and aquatic insects, the Cranes excepted, which live on beetles, larvae, and seeds : they live in pairs, but during their migrations, which take place regularly in these climates, to the south of Europe and the shores of the Mediterranean, they associate in flocks. In many of the genera the species moultand change their plumage regularly twice a year ; in others they always retain the same plumage, un- dergoing the proper moult. The division of this and the preceding order is not so natural as could be wished, the Squatarolae approaching very closely to the Charadrii, and the Vanelli materially receding from the birds of the other genera.
.^04-
SQU ATA ROL A. SQU ATAROLLE.
Generic Character.
Rostrum breve, gracile, rec- B turn, compressum, apice subtumido, obtuso.
Nares laterales. iV
Pedes tetradactyll, digiti ex- F teriores basi membrana coaliti ; pollex brevissimus a terra elevatus.
Aloe acuminatae, remige pri- b more longiore.
SauATAROLA. Leuch, Cuv.
Vanellus. Temm., Vieil., Briss.
Tringa. Linn., Gmel., Lath.
Pluvialis. Ray.
Charadrtus. Pall.
Beak short, slender, straight, compressed, the tip slightly tumid and obtuse.
Nostrils lateral.
Feet four-toed, the outer toes joined at the base by a membrane ; the hinder toes very short, and elevated from the ground.
Wings acuminated, the first quill longest.
I-<<IKE the birds of the following genus, this resides on the borders of rivers or marshy places, and is nourished with earth-worms and the larvae of various insects : only one species is known, which is a native of temperate regions : the hinder claw is extremely short.
505
GREY SQUATAROLLE.
(Squatarola grisea.)
Sa. corpore griseo subtus alhido, uropygio alho, rectricibus albis Jasciis Jiiscis^ rostro nigro, pedibus virescentibus.
Squatarolle with’ the body grey; beneath white; the rump white ; the tail-feathers white, with fuscous fasciae ; the beak black ; the feet greenish,
Squatarola grisea. Leach. Cat. Brit, Mus. p. 29.
Tringa squatarola. Linii. Syst. Nat. 1. 252. 23. — Linn. Faun. Suec. 186. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 682. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 729. II.
Tringa Helvetica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 250. 12. summer plumage. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 676. summer plumage. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 728. 10. summer plumage.
Tringa varia. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 252. 21. young. — Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 682. young.
Vanellus varius. Briss. Orn. 5. 103. 3. pi. 10. 2. young. Vanellus griseus. Briss. Orn. 5. 100. 2. pi. Q. J". 1.
Vanellus helveticus. Briss. Orn. 5. 106. 4. pi. 10. J". 1. summer plumage.
Pluvialis cinerea. Raii.Syn. 111. a. 3.
Vanneau pluvier. Bi^. Ois. 8. 68. — Buff. Pi. Enl. 854. — Temm. Man. d'Orni. 345.
Vanneau varie. Buff. Pi. Enl. p23. young.
Vanneau de Suisse. Buff. Ois. 8. 60. — Buff. PL Enl. 853.
Swiss Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 396. — Lath. Gen. Syn.
5. 167. 10. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 248.
Grey Plover. Alb. \.pl. 76. Betv. Brit. Birds. 1. 331.
Grey Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 191. — Peyin. Arct. Zool. 2. 393. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 168. 11. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 248. — Leto. Brit. Birds. 5. pi. 169. — Wale. Syn. pi. 2. 146. — Pult. Cat. Dors.p. 15. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.
N EARLY one foot in length : the forehead, eye- brows, throat, middle of the belly, thighs, and
506
GREY SQUATAROLLE.
abdomen, of a pure white : fore-part of the neck and sides of the breast white, varied with dusky and brown spots : the upper parts of the body dusky brown, varied with yellowish green spots, and the whole of the feathers tipped with dusky and whitish : the under tail-coverts mottled with small diagonal brown bands : the tail white ; red- dish towards the tip ; striped with brown bars, which are paler and fewer in number on the outer feathers : beak black : irides dusky : feet dusky grey. The young somewhat resemble the old ; they have the forehead, the eyebrows, the sides of the breast and those of the body spotted, but paler than in them : the colour of the upper parts of the plumage is of a white grey, varied with dusky; the quills being slightly edged with whitish : the transverse bars on the tail are grey.
The summer plumage is as follows : the space between the eye and the beak, the throat, the sides and fore-part of the neck, the middle of the breast, the belly, and the sides of the body, are deep black ; the forehead, a broad band above the eyes, the lateral parts of the neck, the sides of the breast, the thighs, and the abdomen, are pure white : the nape is varied with brown, black, and white : the occiput, the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts, are of a deep black, the whole of the feathers being tipped with a large spot of pure white : on the greater wing-coverts and the sca- pulars are several large white spots : the under tail-coverts are marked with oblique black bands : the middle tail-feathers are striped with white and black.
GREY SQUATAROLLE.
507
This bird inhabits the gravelly borders of lakes and humid fields of the temperate regions of Eu- rope : it is most abundant in France and Switzer- land, and rare in Germany, Holland, and England ; being found in the latter country only in the summer, as it breeds within the Arctic circle j which is the cause of the variety called the Swiss Sandpiper not occuring in these parts. It feeds on worms, and associates in small flocks of six or seven. In the roof of the mouth of this bird is a double row of spinous appendages, pointing inwards.
.508
\
VANELLUS. LAPWING. Generic Character.
Rostrum teretiusculum, lon- gitudine capitis, compres- sum, apice tumidum, obtu- sum, reflexum.
Nares laterales.
Pedes tetradactyli, digiti ex- teriores basi membrana connexi ; poUex brevis.
Alee elongata remigibus tri- bus exterioribus quarta vel quinta brevioribus.
Beak rounded, as long as the liead, compressed, the tip tumid, obtuse, and bent down.
Nostrils lateral.
Feet four-toed, the outer toes connected at the base by a membrane ; hind toe very short.
Wmgs elongated, the three outer feathers shorter than the fourth or fifth.
Vanellus. Meyer, Temm., Vieil., Leach. SaUATAROLA. CuV.
Tringa. Linn., Gmel,, Lath.
Gavia. Klein.
Parra. Linn., Gmel.
IHE Lapwings reside in damp and humid si- tuations on the borders of rivers : they are distin- guished by having the hinder toe small, and in having large wings, which make a great noise during flight : many of the species are rendered conspicuous by possessing a spur at the base of the wdng, and a few are ornamented in addition with
3f
O
I
COMMO:^ LAF^VVilHO
CRESTED LAPWING.
509
wattles, or a crest : they feed upon earth-worms and larvae : they only undergo a single moult, contrary to most of the genera comprehended in this order.
A. A-lm mutiecE.
A. Wings unarmed.
CRESTED LAPWING.
(Vanellus Gavia.)
Va. corpore supra viridi-aureo, stibtus albo, pectore nigro, pennis occip>itis longissimis cristam efficientibus , rectricibus intermediis decern a basi ad medium albis ; extimd tot a alba, pedibus rubris. Lapwing with the body above green-gold ; beneath white ; with the breast black j the occipital feathers elongated, forming a crest ; the ten middle tail-feathers from the base to the middle white ; the outer one entirely white ; the feet red.
Vanellus Gavia. Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit.p. 2Q.
Vanellus cristatus. Meyer.
Tringa Vanellus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 248. 2. — Linn. Faun. Suec. 176. —Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6^0. — Raii.Syn. 110. a. 1. — Briss. Orn. 5. Q4. 1. pi. 8.yi 1. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 726. 2. Le Vanneau. Buff. Ois. 8. 48. pi. 4. — Buff. PI. Enl. 242. Vanneau huppe. Temm. Man. d^Orni. 347*
Lapwing Peevit, or Bastard Plover. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. I90. —Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 480. n.—Will. 307. pl. 57. — Alb. Birds.
1. pl. 74. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, pl. 11. — Lath. Gen.Syn.5. I61.
2. — Levoin. Brit. Birds. 5. pl. I67. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 15. —Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 145. — Don. Brit. Birds. 2. p>^- 25. — Betv. Brit. Birds. 1.324. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 307.— Low. Faun. Oread, p. 84.
510
CHESTED LAPWING.
This elegant species has the occipital featliers greatly elongated, slender, and recurved at the tip : the top of the head, the crest, the fore-part of the neck, and the breast, glossy black : the upper parts of the body are deep green, with brighter reflections : the sides of the neck, the belly, the abdomen, and the base of the tail, ai’e pure white : the tail-feathers are tipped with a large black spot, the outer one excepted : its under coverts are rufous : the beak is dusky : the feet during the winter are red-brown ; in the summer brownish red: its length is thirteen inches and a half. The female has the black on the throat and on the breast less deep. The young have the occipital crest shorter : beneath the eyes they are dusky : the throat is varied with black and grey-brown : the whole of the feathers of the upper and under parts of the plumage are tipped with yellow- ochre : the feet are olive-grey.
It varies accidentally in being found of a pure white, or yellowish white, with the whole of the proper colours slightly indicated ; also mottled in various manners with white.
The Lapwing is common in most parts of Eu- rope, particularly Holland: it frequents the damp shores of lakes and rivers, and also fens, humid fields, or heaths. It changes its place according to the season, retiring southward in the autumn, at which time it associates in large flocks of four or five hundred, or more, and frequents marshy places : they are then esteemed good food, and many are captured for the table ; the eggs are also
CRESTED LAPWING.
51 1
considered a delicacy, and are frequently brought to the London markets for sale, and fetch a high price.
The female lays four eggs on the ground, in a hole formed by herself, and partly filled with dry grass ; they are of an olivaceous brown, blotched with black : she sits about three weeks, and the young are able to run within two or three days after they are hatched, but are not capable of flying till nearly full grown : they are led about by the parents in search of food, but are not fed by them. During this period the old birds exhibit the greatest anxiety for their welfare, and the arts used by them to allure boys and dogs from the place they frequent are very singular ; the female in particular, upon the approach of an intruder, boldly pushes out to meet him ; when as near as she dare venture, she rises from the ground, with a loud scream, and apparently in great anxiety, striking at the invaders with her wings, and now and then fluttering as if wounded : to complete the deception, she becomes still more clamorous as she retires from the nest ; and at last, when their pur- suers are drawn off to a proper distance, she exerts her powers, and leaves them far behind.
The food of these birds consists principally of worms, which they extract from their holes with great ingenuity. “ I have seen this bird,” says Latham, “ approach a worm cast, turn it aside, and after making two or three turns about by way of giving motion to the ground, the worm came
5V2
CAYENNE LAPWING.
out, and tlie watclifiil bird seizing hold of it, drew it forth.”
Lapwings are lively, active birds, being almost continually in motion : they remain a long time on the wing, and sometimes rise to a considerable height: their cry is plaintive, somewhat resembling the word pee-zvit^ which has given rise to one of their provincial names. They are very useful in gardens, as they keep them free from worms, slugs, and insects, and will become tolerably fami- liar, and during the winter require to be fed with bread or meat, as at that season their proper food fails them. An interesting anecdote is related by Bewick, exhibiting the domestic nature of these birds very faithfully, but which, on account of its length, I am constrained to omit.
B. Al^ calcar nt(E.
B. Wings armed with a spur, a. Capwt palea non instructum. a. Head not furnished with a wattle.
CAYENNE LAPWING.
(Vanellus Cayanensis.)
Va. cristatus, dorso viridi-purpureo , collo ritfescente, Jronte gul& ^fascia pectoris caudaque nigris, mar gine alarum extus abdomine basique catidcc albis.
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CAYENNE LAEWING.
513
Cirested Lapwing, with the back of a purple-green ; the neck reddish ; the forehead, throat, fascia on the breast, and tail, black ; the outer edge of the wings, the abdomen, and base of the tail, white.
Tringa Cayanensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. ^27« 5.
Earra Cayennensis. Grhtl. Syst. Nat. 1. 70S.
Vanneau arme de Cayenne. Luff. Ois. 8. 66. — Buff. PI. Enl, 836. Cayenne Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. l64. 5.
Less than the preceding: length eight inches and a half : beak red, with a black tip : the fore^ head and throat are black ; the ‘middle of the crown cinereous : the hind head brown, with five or six long dusky feathers, similar to those of the Lapwing : the neck is dusky white : the back greenish purple : on the breast is a broad black band : the belly and vent are white : one third of the outside of the wing is white ; near its bend is a short, rather curved, brown spur : the half of the tail at the base is white, the rest black, with the tip edged with white : legs reddish : claws black* Inhabits the marshy savannahs of Cayenne, feeding on insects*
V. XI. P. II.
34
514
b. Cafut carunculA instructum. Head furnished with a wattle.
GOA LAPWING.
(Vanellus Goensis.)
VA.yuscuSj capite collo remigihus Jasci6,que caudce nigris, linea longitudinali colli pectore ah domine fascia alarum basique cauda albis.
Brown Lapwing, with the head_, neclc, quills, and band on the tail, black j a longitudinal stripe on the iieck, the breast, abdomen, stripe on the wings, and base of the tail, white. Tringa Goensis. Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 727* 7*
Parra Goensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 700.
Vanneau arme des Indes. Buff. Ois. 8. 64.
Vanneau arme de Goa. Biff. PI. Enl. 8O7.
Goa Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. l65, 7*
Latham thus notices this species t Length thirteen inches : beak dusky: head and neck black : before the eye, and round it, carunculated and red : from the back part of the eye a stripe of white, passing down on each side the neck, and communicating with the breast, which, as well as the under parts of the body, is white : the back and wing-coverts are rufous brown : greater coverts white : quills black : the base of the tail for one- third is white, the middle black, and the end brown : legs yellow : it has four toes, all of mo- derate length : on the fore-part of the wing, near the joint, is a sharp sliort spur.” This bird in- habits Goa.
SENEGAL LAPWING
(Vanellus Senegalensis.)
\ JuscuSf gula remigibus Jusciaque caudce nigris, fascia alarum longitudinali abdomine hasi apiceque caudcc albis»
Brown Lapwing, with the throat, quills, and band on the tail, black j a longitudinal stripe on the wings, the abdomen, and the base and tip of the tail, white.
Vanellus Senegalensis armatus. Briss„ Orn, 5. 111.6. q)l. 10.
f. 2.
‘Tringa Senegalla. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 728. 8.
Parra Senegalla. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 25Q. 2. — Gmel. Syst. Nat,
1. 706.
Le Vanneau arme du Senegal. Buff. Ois. 8. 62.— PL Enl. 362.
Senegal Sandpiper. Lath. Gen* Syn. 5, I66. 8.
Length one foot : beak yellow-green, tipped with black : the forehead covered with a yellowish skin : the chin and throat are black : the head, upper parts of the body, and lesser wing-coverts, are grey-brown : the under parts the same, but paler : the lower part of the belly and the upper and under tail- coverts are dull white : the greater wing-coverts the same : the quills are black, more or less white at the base ; and at the bend of the wing is a black spur : basal half of the tail dirty white, the rest black, tipt with pale rufous. In- habits Senegal. It is a noisy species, and as soon as it espies a man, it sets up a loud scream, by which means all other birds in the neighbourhood are alarmed, and flv off : it associates with its mate.
NEW HOLLAND LAPWING.
(Vanellus Novae-Hollandiae.)
Va. olivacea-jerrttgineusy subtus albus, vertice nigro, reinigibus rectricibusque nigris.
Rusty-olive Lapwing j beneath white j tl>e crown black j the quills and tail-feathers black.
Tringa lobata. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixv.
Wattled Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. II. 313. 8.
Described by Latham as below : “ It is at least nineteen inches in length : the beak pale : irides yellow : the crown and nape are black : sides of the head and round the eye furnished with a carunculated yellow membrane, hanging down on each side in a pointed wattle : the neck and all beneath is white, but the sides of the breast next the wings are black : back and wings olive-brown, with a tinge of nut-colour; the quills and end of the tail black, but the very tip of the last is fringed with white : the bare part of the legs above the knee, and a small space below it, is of a rose- colour ; the rest black, with rose-coloured seg- ments : at the bend of each wing a stout yellow spur, somewhat bent. Inhabits New South Wales : is sometimes met with in the flats going to Parra- matta, but is not a common bird.”
5i7
LOUISIANE LAPWING* (Vanellas Ludoviciana.)
Va. caruneulatus, corpore griseo-fusco^ suhtus basique caud<B albo~ rufescente, pileo remigibus Jascidque rectricum nigris. Carunculated Lapwing, with the body grey-brown j beneath, and the base of the tail, of a wliitish red j the top of the head, quills, and stripe on the tail, black.
Vanellus ludovicianus armatus. Briss. Orn. 5. 1 14. 7- 2.
Tringa ludoviciana. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 6.
Parra ludoviciana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. ^06.
Vanneau arme de la Louisiane. Biif. Ois. 8. p. 65. — PL Enl. 835.
Armed Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 305. 6.
Louisiane Sandpiper. Lath. Gen, Syn.5. 164.6.
This species is eleven inches in length : its beak is orange ; at its base is a naked yellow skin, rising up on the forehead, including the eyes, and hanging on each side of the mandible like a wattle : the top of the head is black : the rest of the upper parts are grey-brown ; the quills are mostly black, varied more or less with grey: at the bend of the wing is a sharp spur : the under parts of the body are yellowish white : tail yellowish white, withr a black tip : legs red : claws black. Inhabits Louisiana,
DOMINICA LAPWING.
(Vanellus Dominicensis.)
Va. carunculatusy corpore Julvo subtus roseOy rectricibus Julvis, rostro pedibusque ^flavis.
Carunculated Lapwing, with the body fulvous ; beneath rosa- ceous ; the tail-feathers fulvous j the beak and feet yellow. Vanellus dominicus armatus. Briss. Orn. 5. 118. 8.
Tringa Ludoviciana. /3. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 727. 6.
Parra dominicana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 259. 1.
Louisiane Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 165. 6. var. a.
This bird is said to inhabit the warmer parts of America and Saint Domingo, and is described by Latham as a variety of the Louisiane Lapwing; but it appears to be a distinct species. It is thus described by that ornithologist : “ Size of the Louisiane species : beak yellow ; the base of it sur- rounded with a yellow skin, as in that bird : the head and upper parts pale yellow : the under yel- lowish white, inclining to rose-colour : tail as the back, but the side-feathers incline to rose-colour on the inner webs : legs yellow.”
519
STRIPSILAS. TURNSTONE. Generic Character,
Rostrum basi crassiusculum, rectum, validum, culmlne planiusculo, apice subtrun- cato ; mandibula superiore versus medium inflexa, in- ferior paulo ascendens.
Nares basales, laterales, mem- brana semiclausae.
Pedes tetradactyli, digiti ex- teriores membranula con- nexa.
Aloe acuminatae, remige pri- more longiore.
Stripsilas. Temm. Vieil. Leach,.
Morinellus. Ray,
Tringa. Linn. Gmel. Lath,,
Arenaria. Briss.
Beak thickened at the Base, straight, solid, the ridge, plane, the apex subtrun- cate ; the upper mandible bent down towards the middle, the under rather ascending.
Nostrils basal, lateral, half closed by a membrane.
Feet four-toed, the outer toes connected with a shght membrane.
Wings acuminated^ the first quill longest.
Or the genus Stripsilas only one species is known, which resides for a short space of time in the temperate countries of Europe, migrating to the northern ones to breed ; it resides on the shores of the sea, and resembles the Lapwings and San- derlings in habit.
520
COMMON TURNSTONE,
(Stripsilas Interpres.)
St. corpore nigro albo Jerrugineoque vario, pectore ahdomineqtic albisy gena colloque subtus ?iigris, caudd basi apiceque alba, medio nigra.
Turnstone with the body varied with black, white, and ferru- c:inous; the breast and abdomen white j the cheeks, and neck beneath, black ; the base and tip of the tail white, the middle black. .
Stripsilas interpres. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus, p. 29.
Stripsilas collaris. Temm. Man. d'Orni.p. 349.
Tringa interpres. Linn. Spst. Nat. 1. 248. 4. — Linn. Faun, Suec. 1/8. — Gmel, Sp.st. Nat. 1. 6/1. — Lath. Ind. Orji. 2. 738. 45.
Tringa Morinella. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1. 249. 6. young. — Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 6yi. 4.0. young.
Arenaria. Briss. Orn. 5. 132. 1.
Morinellus marinus. Raii. Syn. 112. a 5.
Arenaria cinerea. Briss. Orn. 5. 137* 2. pi. W. f. 2. young.
Le Tournepierre. Buff. Ois. 8. 130. pi, 10.
Coulon-chaud. Biff. PI. Enl. 856.
Coulon-chaud de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 340.
Coulon-chaud gris de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 85/.
Hebridal Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 200. — Penn. Arct, Zool. 2. 382.
Turnstone, or Sea Dotterel. — Edxv. pi. 141. — Will. p>. 311. — . Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 199. young. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 188. 37- —Lath. Syn. Sup. 24Q. — Len\ Brit. Birds. 5. l/Q.—IPalc, Syn. 2. pi. 153. — Pulf. Cat. Dors. p. 15. — Bexv. Brit. Birds. 2. 124. and I2d. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Bing. Anim. Blog. 2, 310. — Loxi'. Faun. Oread, p. 87. and p. 150.
Eight indies and a quarter in length : the fore- head, space between the beak and the eye, a broad
"4-
f
jr.jfd
(
ilk.
€ OM Morr T u ’Pv^' s Torf e
COMMON TURNSTONE.
521
collar on the nape, part of the back, two bands on the wings, one longitudinal, and the other trans- verse, the upper tail-coverts, the middle of the breast, as well as the rest of the under parts of the body, are of a pure white : the forehead with a narrow black band, passing on each side beneath the eyes, down the sides of the neck, and surround- ing the throat as with a collar : the top of the head is reddish white, longitudinally striped with black : the upper part of the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts, are bright red-chesnut, mottled irre- gularly with large black spots : rump with a broad brown bar : the lateral tail-feathers pure white, the rest black, tipped with white : the beak and irides black : the legs orange-yellow. The female differs in having the black less deep, and the rest of the colours paler. The young have the head and nape of a grey-brown, striped with deep brown : the sides of the head and neck are spotted with white : the throat and fore-part of the neck are whitish : the feathers on the sides of the breast are deep brown, tipped with whitish : the rest of the under parts of the body, the back, the upper tail- coverts, and the lateral tail-feathers, are white : the top of the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts, are deep brown ; the whole of the feathers being deeply edged with yellow : the rump has a trans- verse brown band, edged with rufous : the feet are reddish yellow : as they advance to maturity the colours become more regular.
Turnstones feed upon beetles and other insects, as well as marine worms : to procure these they
522
COMMON TURNSTONE.
turn over the stones beneath which they lie con- cealed, with their beak, and from this circumstance they received their name. They reside on the sea shores, and on the gravelly borders of lakes and rivers ; are most abundant in the northern parts of Europe, less frequent in the temperate regions, and extremely rare to the south : they do not breed with us, but visit our shores in August, and depart in the spring, going northward. They lay four eggs of an olive colour, spotted with black : they generally fly in flocks of three or four in^ number, probably the brood.
52S
. GRUS. CRANE.
Generic Character,
Rostrum capite fere duplo i longius, validum, rectum, compressum, utrinque sul- catum, integrum aut sub- denticulatum.
Nares in medio maxillae sitae, 1 postico membrana clausae.
Capw^autnudum papillosum, ^ aut plumosum.
Pedes tetradactyli, jSssi, di- j giti exteriores basi mem- brana connexi.
Grus. Briss. Temm. Vieil. Cuv.
Ardea. Lmn. Gmel. Lath,
Beak nearly twice as long as the head, strong, straight, compressed, sulcated on each side, entire, or slight- ly notched.
Nostrils placed in the middle of the maxilla, and closed by a membrane behind.
Head either naked and pa- pillated, or feathered.
Feet four-toed, cleft ; the outer toes connected at the base by a membrane.
The Cranes subsist on herbs, seeds, worms, frogs, and slugs : they reside in marshy places, rarely visiting the sea shores, and are found in various parts of the world, but only one is a native of Europe : there are several sections of them, differing in many respects, as hereafter noticed ; and in most of the species the trachea of the male is of a singular construction, having several con- volutions : in the -rest both sexes have the same conformation.
,524
A. Rostrum inlegcrrimim ; ckvvt: nudum ; oUBixiE plimosiE. A. Beak entire j head naked ; orbits feathered.
COMMON CRANE.
(Grus cinerca.)
Gr. corpore cinereOi gida collo anlice occipite(pie nigricante, pileo remigibusque nigris, tectricibus intimis laceris.
Crane with a cinereous body ; the throat, fore-part of the neck, and occiput, dusky 3 the pileus and quills black 5 the coverts with divided webs.
Ardea Grus. Linn, Sys't. Nat. 1. 234. A.— Linn. Faun. Suec.
161. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 620. 4. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 674. 5. Grus. Briss. Orn. 5. 374. 6. jd. 33. — Raii. Syn. Q5. a. 1.
La Grue. Buff. Ois. 7. 287- pi’ 14. — Buff, PI. Enl. 769.
Grue cendree. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 356.
Common Crane. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. App.62g. pi. 6. — Penn. Arct, Zool. 2. 453. — IVill.Ang. 27A. pi. 4S. — Alb. Brit. Birds, 2. 65. — Phil. Trans. Ivi. 208. 4. — Lath. Gen. Syn.
5.50.5. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 2Q8. 2. — Letvin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 143. — Wale. Syn. 2,. pi. 124. — Betv. Brit. Birds. 2. 2Q. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 285. ^
The Common Crane is a large bird, frequently measuring upwards of five feet in length : it has the whole of the upper parts of the body of a grey; brown : the throat, the fore-part of the neck, and the occiput, are of a deep greyish black ; forehead and space between the beak and eye furnished with black hairs : the top of the head naked and
i
COMM.OW 'Tll'iABE
f
COMMON CRANE.
.525
red : tlie breast and all the under parts of the body are similar to the back : the greater wing-coverts are blackish ; and those farthest from the body, with the bastard wing, and quills, black : from the pinion of each wing springs an elegant tuft of loose feathers, curled at the ends, which can be erected at will, but which in a quiescent state hangs over and covers the tail : the beak is greenish black, but of a horn-colour towards the tip, and reddish at the base : the hides are red-brown : the legs black. In very old birds there is a large whitish space behind the eye, and on the lateral part of the top of the neck. The young before their second autumnal moult have the head clothed with down, and the deep dusky patch on the fore- part of the neck and the occiput does not exist, but those parts are spotted longitudinally with that colour.
This species is abundant throughout northern Europe and Asia: it frequents marshy places, feeding upon seeds and young plants, also worms, frogs, snails, &c. : it is migratory, retiring north- ward in the spring to breed, and in the winter season inhabiting the warmer regions of Egypt and India. It was formerly abundant in England, and formed part of the great feasts of those days, where dozens were served up at a time: within these sixty years not more than four or five specimens have been seen in these parts ; the last was shot in Cambridgeshire, above forty years since. It is said to fly remarkably high during its migrations, which are generally performed in the night ; but it
526
BROWN CRANE.
makes a loud noise, whicli betrays its course. The female lays two greyish green eggs, spotted with brown.
BROWN CRANE.
■/^(Grus Canadensis.)
Gr. corpore cinereo, dorso riifescente , alls rii/escentibus fascia grised.
Crane with a grey body ; the back reddish j the quills rufescent, with a griseous fascia.
Grus Freti Hudsonis. Briss. Orn. 5. 385. 11.
Grus Mexicanus. Briss. Orn. 5. 380. 8. var.
Grus Indicus. Raii. Syn. Q5. 2. var.
Ardea Canadensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 234. 3. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 6'20. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 675- 7*
LaGruebrune. Buf. Ow. 7*310. • *
La Gi'ue brune du Mexique. Buff. Ois. 7. 312.
Brown Crane. Penn. Arct. Zool. 340. — Edxu. pi. 133. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 43. 7* — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 2QQ. 4.
Latham thus delineates the characters of this species : “ Length three feet three inches : weight seven pounds and a half : beak three inches and three quarters, and dusky, but the tip of the under mandible is pale flesh-colour : the top of the head covered with a red skin, thinly beset with hairs : cheeks and throat whitish : the hind head and neck are grey : the upper part of the back, scapu- lars, and wing-coverts, pale rufous, margined with
BROWN CRANE.
527
brown ; the lower, and rump, cinereous : the breast, belly, sides, and thighs, ash-colour, changing to white at the vent : the greater wing-coverts farthest from the body blackish brown ; those next the body grey, forming a band on the wing : the greater quills dark brown, with white shafts : the seconda- ries pale rufous ; some of these last are long and narrow, and reach beyond the greater quills : the tail of a deep ash-colour; legs and bare part of the thio;hs black.” Both sexes are similar.
This is a native of North America, migrating northward in the spring to breed, and returning to the south in autumn : it is a shy species : the female lays only two eggs at a time ; these are very large, long, and much pointed at one end, of a pale cinereous, freckled with brown : the nest is formed on a tuft upon which much dry grass is accumulated, until it becomes as high as the belly of the bird when standing ; this is covered at the top with very fine dried grass, and upon this the eggs are laid, and the female stands over them, placing her legs on each .side of the heap.
It feeds upon worms and insects, but will also eat corn, and often commits great devastation in the maize fields : its flesh is greatly prized by many, but is most esteemed when made into soup.
HOOPING CRANE*
(Grus Americana.)
G'r. corpore supra albo, subtus rufo,front€ nucJiA, remigibusqut primariis nigris, caudd alba.
Crane with the body above white, beneath rufous j the fore- head, nape, and primary quills, black ; the tail white.
Grus Americana. Briss. Orn. 5. 382. 10.
Ardea Americana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 234. 5.-^Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 621. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6^5. 6,
Grue blanche d’Amerique. Buff. Ois. 7- 308. — Buff. PI. Enl. 889.
Hooping Crane. Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. 75. — Penn. Arct, Zool. 339. — Ldiv, pi. 132. — Lath. Gen. Sy7i. 5. 42.6. — Wills. Amer, Ont. 8.
This is a large bird, measuring four feet six inches in length, and to the end of the toes five feet seven inches ; beak yellow brown : the top of the head, and under the eyes, covered with' a red skin slightly clothed with thick hairs, which are of a black colour : beneath* the occiput and the nape is a triangular black spot : the bend of the wing is of a pale rose-colour; the nine first quills are black, the tenth black and white, and the remainder white : the rest of the plumage is white : the legs and naked part of the thighs are black ; the uropygial feathers are tufted, and hang downwards in a curve, as in the common species.
This bird frequents the same countries, and has similar habits with the preceding species ; like which it breeds to the north, to which part it goes
SIBERIAN CRANE.
529
in the spring, and retires to the south in the autumn. In the summer it is abundant in Hud- son’s Bay, where it arrives in May, and retires in September. It affects sequestered places in marshy situations on the borders of lakes. The nest is composed of grass and feathers : the eggs are similar to those of a Swan, and are hatched in about three weeks * the young are yellow at first, and gradually attain their proper colour ; their food consists principally of insects, worms, toads, &c., but they will occasionally eat young corn.
B. m denticulaturn ; occiput nudum, papillosum ; or-
bits plumosce.
B. Beak slightly toothed 5 occiput naked and warted j the orbits feathered.
SIBERIAN CRANE.
(Grus gigantea.)
Gr. nivea, remigihus decern primoribus nigris, rostra pedibusque rubris.
Snowy Crane, with the ten first quills black ; the beak and feet red.
Ardea gigantea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 622. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 674. 3.
Grus leucogeranos. Pall. Trav. 2. 714. 30. pi. I.
Siberian Crane. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 455. c. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 37.3.
V. XI. P. II.
35
530
SIBERIAN CRANE.
Height four feet six inches : the beak large and red : the face naked beyond the eyes, papil- lated, and of a red colour : irides white : the ten first greater quills and their coverts deep black ; the rest of the plumage snowy white : the tail nearly even, consisting of twelve feathers : legs red. The young of the first year are entirely of an ochraceous hue, with the face, beak, and legs, greenish brown : the old have the hind part of the neck yellowish.
This species inhabits the great marshes and lakes of Siberia : it constructs its nest in almost inaccessible situations, amongst the reeds ; it is constructed of herbs and grass : the female lays two ash-coloured eggs, of the size of those of a Goose : they are spotted with brown. During the period of incubation these birds are very bold, and will attack any person that approaches their haunts : both sexes are said to watch the nest alternately : at other times they are very shy, and immediately upon any one appearing in sight they set up a loud scream, and fly off They feed upon frogs, small fish, lizards, and such like, and breed in the northern parts : they are supposed to winter about the Caspian Sea, as they retire southward in the autumn.
531
INDIAN CRANE.
(Grus Antigone.)
Gr. corpore cinereoy remigibus primoribus nigris, vertice macu- laque pone oculos albis, rostro Jtavo-virescente , pedibus rubris. Crane with a grey body ; the primary quills black ; the crown and spot behind the eyes white j the beak yellowish green j the feet red.
Grus orientalis Indica, Briss. Orn. 5. 378. 7-
Ardea Antigone. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 235. 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 622. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 674. 4.
Grue ^ coUier. Buff. Ois. 7. 307- variety. — Buff. Pi. Enl. 865. var.
Indian Crane. Edvo. pi. 45. — Lath. Gen. Syn.5. 38. 5. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 232.
Length five feet: beak greenish yellow, with the tip dusky : irides bright reddish hazel : the crown of the head naked, and w hite, with a small spot on each side, near the ears, similar ; the rest of the head, and part of the neck, covered with a naked red skin : the general colour of the plumage is of a fine cinereous ; the neck lightest : the quills are black, the secondaries cinereous ; those nearest the body are pointed at the ends, and longer than the quills, over wdiich they hang : the tail is ash- coloured : the legs and naked space above the knee are red : the claws white.
Two varieties are described by Latham, but whether they are referrible to this species is some- what doubtful : one differs in being nine inches
532
WATTLED CRANE.
shorter, and in having the head and above half the neck almost naked, being covered only with a slight reddish white down : round the middle of the neck is a red collar : the tail is black. The other has the beak and fore-part of the crown yel- lowish : the lores and space round the top of the neck bare, and crimson : the irides pale orange ; the chin and throat beset with black bristles : the general colour of the plumage dull pale blue : the quills and tail black : tlie legs and bare part of the thighs the same, spotted with white. This variety inhabits New South Wales.
This species is found in flocks near Calcutta, and in other parts of the East Indies : it is very numerous, migrating into that part of the Russian territory situated beyond Lake Baikal, frequenting the plains and marshy places on the borders of the rivers Onon and Argun.
C. Mandibula inferior ulrinque ■palea elongata depend eni e c.kVM'x: plumosum ; orbits nudae.
C. The under mandible on each side with a depending elongated wattle ; head feathered ; orbits naked.
WATTLED CRANE.
(Grus carunQulata.)
Gr. capita collo carunculisque albis, vert ice dor so iectricibusque alarum C(rrnleo-cinereis^ abdomine nigro.
WATTLED CRANE.
533
Crane with the head, neck, and caruncles, white j the crown,
back, and wing- coverts, blue-grey 3 the abdomen black. . Ardea carunculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 643. — Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 691.53.
Wattled Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 82. AQ. pLlS.
The Wattled Crane is figured by Latham, and thus described by that industrious ornithologist ; “ Size of the Stork : length five feet six inches : beak red, and carunculated for one third next the base ; the rest of its length dusky black : round the eye bare, and red : irides pale red : top of the head blue-grey ; the rest of the head and neck white: under the chin are two appendages like wattles, covered with white feathers, as the rest of the neck : the back and wings are blue-grey : on the back hang some long narrow feathers, as in many Herons : the quills are black, and about even at the tail : breast, belly, and under parts, black : legs dusky blue-grey. Inhabits Africa, but is not a common bird.” It is capable of being tamed.
534
ANTHROPOIDES. DEMOISELLE.
Generic Character.
Tlostrum vix capite longius, integrum supra sulcatum.
Nares lineares.
Caput aut plumosum, aut temporibus glabris.
Pedes tetradactyli, fissi ; di- giti exteriores basi mem- brana connexi.
Anthropoides. Vieil.
Ardea. Linn.y Gmel,, hath.
Grus. Raii.y Petiv., Briss.
Beak scarcely longer than the head, entire above sulcated.
Nostrils linear.
‘Head either feathered, or the temples naked.
Feet four-toed, cleft ; the outer toes connected by a membrane at the base.
Only two species are known of this elegant genus : they are both natives of Africa, and the first occurs likewise in Asia : they feed upon worms, fish, snails, frogs, and such like, like the rest of the Heron family.
535
A. C AFVT plumosum.
A. Head feathered.
NUMIDIAN DEMOISELLE.
( Anthropoides Virgo.)
An, corpore cceruleo-cinereo, capiie remigibusque primariis apice' nigris, pone oculos uirinque crista pennacea recurvatd longar alba.
Demoiselle with the body of a blue-grey; . the head and tip of the primary quills black ; behind the eyes on each side a recurved, elongated, pennaceous, white crest.
Ardea Virgo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 234. 2. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.
6ig. — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 6y3. 2.
Grus Numidica. Briss. Orn. 5. 388. 12.
La Gruede Numidie, ou Demoiselle. Buff. Ois. f. 3\3.pl. 15^-— Buff. PI. Enl. 24 1 .
Demoiselle, or Nuniidian Crane. Alb. Birds. 3. pi. 83. — Edw. pi. 134. — Lath. Gen, Syn,5. 35.
This highly elegant species is as large as the; Crane, and measures three feet three inches in length : its beak is two inches and a half long, with the base greenish, the middle yellowish, and the tip red : the irides are crimson : the crown of the head is cinereous ; the rest of the head, the nape, and under parts of the neck to the breast, are black : behind each eye springs an elegant tuft of long white feathers, which hang downwards : the feathers of the breast are long and dependent : the under parts of the body, from the breast, the back,
536
CROWNED DEMOISELLEo
the rump, and the tail, are bluish ash ; the latter and the quills are tipped with black : the legs are black.
This bird is a native of many parts of Asia and Africa ; in the latter most numerous about Bil- dulgerid and Tripoli ; also along the whole of the southern shores of the Mediterranean, as well as the eastern. It delights in damp and marshy places, frequenting those parts for the sake of its food, which consists principally of small fishes, frogs, and such like. It is easily domesticated, and is frequently kept in menageries, and is fond of putting itself into strange and uncouth attitudes, sometimes as if dancing : in some parts called the dancing bird, or Kurli, It will breed in confine- ment : Buffon mentions an instance of one which lived twenty-four years in a menagerie at Ver- sailles, that had been reared there from the egg.
B. T E'SsivoTs.k glabra.
B. Temples smooth.
CROWNED DEMOISELLE.
( Anthropoides Pavonina.)
An. ccerulcscens, cnjAte nigro, crista setosd Jlavescente erectd, alls ^ albis, caudd nigrd. (Femina nigra ubi mas est cccrulescens, palearia minuta.)
CROWNED DEMOISELLE.
537
Bluish Demoiselle, with the head black, adorned with an erect, hairy, yellowish crest ; the wings white ; the tail black, {Fe- male black where the male is bluish 3 the wattle very small.) Ardea Pavonina. Linn. S^st. Nat. 1.233. \.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. Q\Q. — Lalh.Ind. Orn. 2. 6‘]2. I.
Grus balearica. Rail. Syn. p. Q5. 3. — Briss. Orn. 5.511. 1. pi. 41. female.
Grus capensis. Petiv. Gaz.pl. 76.,/. Q.
L’Oiseau royal. £uf. Ois. 7. ZlJ.pl. 16. — Buff. PI. Enl. 205. male.
Balearic Crane. Will. Ang. p. 2y5.pl. 48.
Crowned African Crane. Edtjo. pi. 192.
Crowned Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 34. 1. — Gent. 3Iag.xx. pi. in p. 201.
This most beautiful bird is noticed by Latham as follows : “ This is as large as the common Heron : the length two feet nine inches : the beak is two inches and a half long, straight, and of a brownish colour : irides grey : the crown of the head covered with soft black feathers, like velvet ; on the hind part is a tuft composed of hair, or rather bristles, arising near each other at the base, and spreading out on all sides in a globular form ; this is four inches in length, and of a reddish brown colour: the sides of the head are bare of feathers, being covered only by a fleshy membrane, of a reddish colour at the lower part, and in shape not unlike a kidney : on each side of the throat hangs a kind of wattle : the general colour of the bird bluish ash : the feathers on the fore-part of the neck are very long, and hang over the breast : wing-coverts white ; the greater ones incline to rufous, and those farthest from the body to black :
538
CROWNED DEMOISELLE.
the greater quills and tail are black, and the secondaries chesnut : the legs and the bare part above the knee are dusky. The female is black where the male is blue-ash, and the wattles on the throat are wanting ; the long feathers on the breast are also less conspicuous.”
This bird inhabits several parts of Africa, parti- cularly the coast of Guinea, as far as Cape Verd: it is a tame species, and is often kept in aviaries, like the preceding: it feeds upon worms and vegetables : it often sleeps upon one leg : runs very fast, and flies strong, and for a long time together.
539
ARAMUS. COURLAN. Generic Character.
Rostrum oculosversusfissum, lateratim compressum ; mandibula superiore paulo sulcata, versus apicem in- curvata ; inferiore subtus angulosa.
Nares in medio maxillae sitae.
Pedes tetradactyli, digiti ex- teriores basi membrana con- nexi.
Beak cleft towards the eye, its sides compressed ; the upper mandible slightly sulcated, towards the tip bent down ; the lower be- neath angulated,
Nostrils placed in the middle of the beak.
Feet four-toed, the outer toes connected by a membrane at the base.
Aramus. Vieillot. Grus. Cuv.
Ardea. Gmel., Lath.
There is but one species belonging to this genus, which is distinguished by its peculiar beak ; this part is rather stout at the base, and nearly straight, but inclines downward toward the tip : on the upper mandible is a long furrow, two-thirds of the length of the beak, in which the nostrils are placed ; these appear to be only a slit. The manners of the species are unknown.
SCOLOPACEOUS COURLAN.
(Aramus Scolopacea.)
Ar. ctipreo-Jusca, collo pectoreque striis albis, guld nigra.
Coppery brown Courlan, with the neck and breast striped with white ; the throat black.
Ardea Scolopacea. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1 . 647. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 701. 89.
Le Courlan, ou Courliri, Buff. Ois. 7.442. — Buff. PI. Enl. 848. Scolopaceous Heron. Lath. Gen. Spn. 5. 102. 7Q.
This singular species inhabits Cayenne, and is thus commemorated by Latham : “ This is a large bird, almost equalling a Heron in size : the length twenty-live inches : beak reddish, with a bluish point : round the eye bare of feathers, and of*a reddish brown colour : the plumage iu general is brown, glossed with a reddish copper colour on the quills and tail : most of the feathers of the upper part have the edges paler than the rest of the feathers, and those of the neck and breast are streaked with wliite down the shaft : the chin white : the naked parts of the thighs and legs are white : the toes are but slightly joined by a mem- brane at the base, but the middle claw is pectinated on the inner margin, where it rises into an edge.
541
ARDEA. HERON. Generic Character,
Rostrum capite longius, va- lidum, basi latum quam altum ; mandibula supe- riore fere rectum, acutum, sulcatum.
Nares lateral es in sulcum sitae, membrana semi- clausse.
Orhitce lorcrque nudae.
Collum gracile, elongatum, basi pennis elongatis in- structum.
Pedes graciles, tetradactyli, fissi, digiti exteriores basi membrana connexi ; medius margine interna di- latatus, pectinatus.
Beale longer than the head, strong, the base broader than high ; the upper man- dible nearly straight, acute, and sulcated.
Nostrils lateral, placed in a groove, and partly closed by a membrane.
Orbits and lores naked.
Neele slender, elongated, fur- nished at its base with elongated feathers.
Pegs slender, four-toed, cleft, the outer toes connected at the base by a membrane ; the middle claw with its inner margin dilated and pectinated.
Akdea. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Briss., Leach, Temm., Vieil., Cuv., Ray, 8^c.
Cancrofagus. Briss.
Ardeola. Ray., Briss.
Botaurus. Briss.
Egretta. Briss.
IHE Herons reside on the banks of lakes and rivers, or in marshy places : their food consists of
542
REDDISH EGRET HERON.
fishes and their fry, frogs, and field mice, as well as all sorts of insects, snails, and worms. They build in large societies in the same place, and when they fly their neck is contracted and folded over their back, and their legs are extended : they migrate in flocks periodically : both sexes resemble each other, but the young are very dissimilar, and are very difficult to arrange correctly in conse- quence.
A, parte inferiore nuda.
A. Tibi(E naked on the lower part.
a. Tarsi longi ; femora supra genua plumis maxirne denudatis ; DiGiTi longissimi.
a. Tarsi longj the lower part of the thighs considerably devoid of feathers ; the toes very long.
REDDISH EGRET HERON.
(Ardea rufescens.)
Ar. cinereo nigricans, capite coUo dorsoque postico fulvo-rujis, pennis dorsalibus posticis elongatis rujis, rostra Jlavo, apice pe- dibusque nigricantibus.
Dusky grey Heron, with head, neck, and back behind, fulvous red; the dorsal feathers elongated and rufous; the beak 'yellow, its tip and the feet dusky.
Ardea rufescens. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. 628. — Lath. Lid. Orn, 2. 694. 61.
L’Aigrette rousse. BuJ^. Ois. 7. 378. — Buff'. PL Enl. 902.
GREAT EGRET HERON.
543
Reddish Egret. Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 3^S.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.
88. 56.
Louisiane Heron. Wills. Amer. Orn. 8. 63. yl. Ixiv. 1.?
This inhabits Louisiane, and is two feet in length : its beak is yellowish, w ith the tip dusky : the lore and orbits are green : the head and neck are clothed with loose, long, rusty rufous feathers : the back the same, but the feathers reach con- siderably beyond the tail : the rest of the plumage is dusky grey : the legs are dusky.
GREAT EGRET HERON.
( Ardea Egretta.)
Ae. occipite cristato, corpore toio albo, pennis scapularibus longis^ simis laceris, rostra flam, loris pedibusque virescentibus.
Heron with a crested occiput ; the body all white j thescapulary feathers very long and divided 3 the beak yellowy the lores and legs greenish.
Ardea Egretta. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 629. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2,
694. 63.
Ardea alba. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 239.24. young. — Linn. Faun. Suec. 166. young. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 639. young. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 695. 65. young.
Ardea Candida. Briss. Orn. 5. 428. 15. young.
Ardea alba major. Rail. Syn. gg. a. 4.
La grand Aigrette. Buff. Ois. 7. 377- — F‘1. Enl. Q25.
Le Heron blanc. Buff. Ois. 7. 365. young. — Buff. PI. Enl.686. young.
Heron Aigrette. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 366.
544
GREAT EGRET HERON.
Great White Heron. Peri7i. Brit. Zool. 2. 175. pi- 62. — Pernio
Arct. Zool. 2. 234. — Will. [Ang.) 2/Q. pi. 49- — Lath. Gen.
Syn. 5.91. 60. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.
— Letv. Brit. Birds. A. pi. 150.
Great Egret. Penn. Aret. Zool. 2. 346. — Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. SP- SS.— Wills. Amer. Orn. 7. JO6. pi. \\\. J'. 4. ?
This fine species has the whole of the plumage of a pure white, with a slight hanging crest on the head : many of the feathers on the back are elongated, and measure nearly a foot and a half in length ; their shafts are strong and straight, and their webs are long, very slender, and wedged, as are also the feathers of the crest : the beak is bright yellow : the naked space about the eyes is green : the irides are bright yellow : the legs are dusky, or dusky green : the length of this bird is about three feet six inches. The young, before the age of three years, and the old, during the period of moulting, are of a pure white ; they do not possess the crest or the long dorsal feathers : the former have the upper mandible of the beak black at its point and along the ridge, and during the first year it is entirely dusky yellow, with the plumage dirty white : the feet are greenish : the irides bright yellow.
This bird is found in various parts of the south of Europe, and in the young state has been recorded as a British bird,' but upon questionable authority. It is very numerous in Asia and in some parts of Africa, and is likewise stated to be abundant in America ; but upon the latter point I am not certain, as the bird found in that part of the world
41
LITTLE EGRET HERON.
545
may be a distinct species. It frequents marsliy places, and shelters itself among reeds : it lays from four to six greenish eggs.
LITTLE EGRET HERON,
(Ardea Garzetta.)
Ar. occipite cristafo, corpore toto albo, pennis dorsi supremo elongatis sericeiSf rostro nigro, loris pedibusque virescentibus. Heron with the occiput crested j the whole body white ; the feathers of the upper part of the back elongated and silky ; the beak black j the lores and legs greenish.
Ardea Garzetta. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 973. l^.—GmeL Syst.Naf,
1. 628. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 694. 64.
Ardea nivea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 633. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2,
696. 67.
Ardea aequinoctialis. &. Lath. Lid.-Orn. 2. 697* 70* young. Egretta. Briss.' Orn. 5. 431. 16.
Ardea Candida minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 438. 20. young.
Garzetta. Rail. Syn. p.QQ. 5. — Will. Ang. p. 280.
Ardea alba tertia Aldrovandi. Raii. Syn. p. gg. 6. young.
L’ Aigrette. Bi^. Ois. 372. pi. 20. — Biiff. PI. Enl. 90I.
La Garzette blanche. Buff. Ois. 7* 371. young.
Heron Garzette. Temtn. Man. d' Orni. 368.
Snowy Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. Q2. 61. — Wills. Amer. Orn. 7. 120. pi. Ixii.y'. 4.
Little Egret. Penn. Brit. Zool. App. pi. 7. — Penn. Arct. Zool.
2. 347. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 90* 5g. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 30. — Lervin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 14Q. — Don. Brit. Birds. 4. j)l. 98 — Bew. Brit. Birds. 2, 45. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1.
V. XI. P. II.
36
LITTLE EGRET HERON.
o46
This curious bird is two feet in length : the whole of its plumage is of a pure white : with a strong crest composed of disunited feathers on the occiput, a tuft of similar feathers at the base of the neck, and many long ones on the top of the back, with slender shafts, twisted and bent down towards their tips ; these feathers are six or eight inches in length, and have slender, silky, wedge- shaped webs : the beak is black : the naked space round the eyes greenish : the irides of a bright yellow : the legs dusky green : the toes of a yellow- green. The young and the old in the moulting season want the long, slender feathers on the head, the base of the neck, and on the back ; and the yearlings are dull white, with the beak, the naked skin round the eyes, and the feet, black.
This elegant species is very abundant in the southern parts of Europe, especially in Turkey, the Archipelago, and Sicily: it sometimes migrates into France and Switzerland, but rarely into Ger- many. It is stated to have been extremely common in England in former times, and that Archbishop Nevil had one thousand served up at his famous feast. It is now extinct with us ; the last specimen on record was one shot in the isle of Anglesea, mentioned in the British Zoology. In Asia it is very numerous, and it also occurs in Africa, and the temperate and warmer parts of America. It frequents marshes and rivers, feeding upon fish, &c. : it lays four or five white eggs.
WHITE-BELLIED HERON»
^ (Ardea leucog-aster.)
Ar. cristata ccendeo-nigy-icafis, alis subtus abdotnine fenioribusque albis, rostro jjedibusque Jiavis.
Crested dusky blue Heron, with the wings beneath, the ab- domen, and thighs, white ; the beak and feet yellow.
Ardea leucogaster. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. 628. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 694. 62.
La demi Aigrette. Buff. Ois. 7. 3/8.
Heron bleuatre a ventre blanc. Buff. PI. Enl. 350.
Demi Egret. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 88. 57*
Nearly two feet in length : the beak dusky yellow : between that and the eye naked, and of the same colour : the head and neck, as far as the breast, and the upper parts of the body, the wings, and the tail, are deep blue-black : the under parts of the body and thighs are white : from the occiput depend two long feathers, of the same colour as the head ; and on the lower part of the back are a few long, narrow, rufous feathers, which fall over the tail : the legs are yellowish. Inhabits Cayenne.
Latham describes a variety of this bird : it is two feet in length : beak yellow ; tip black : crest long and white : head and neck inclining to violet : chin and throat mottled with rufous white : long feathers over the rump grey : legs bfown ; in othef respects .similar to the first described.
COMMON HERON,
(Ardea cinerea.)
Ar. occipite crista nigra dependentCy corpore cinereoy collo suhtus tinea fasciaque pectorali nigris.
Heron with a depending black crest on the occiput ; the body cinereous j the neck beneath, and breast, with a black fascia. Ardea cinerea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 69 !• 54. — Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit.]}. 33.
Ardea major. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 236. 12. — Gmel. Syst.Nat. 1. 627. — Raii. Syn.]}. 98. a. 1.
Ardea cinerea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1,236. 11. young. — Linn. Faun. Suec. 165. young. — Gmel. Syst. A^at. 1.627. I'i. 6, young. — Briss. Orn, 5. 3Q2. 1. young.
Ardea cristata, Briss. Orn. 5. 396. 2. pi. 35.
Le Heron huppe. Buff. Ois. 7. 342. — Buff. PI. Enl. J55.
Le Heron. Buff. Ois, 7. 342, p/. 19, young. — Buff. PI. Enl. 757. young.
Heron cendre, Temni. Man. d'Orni. 362.
Crested Heron. Alh. Birds. 1 , pi. 67. — Lou}. Faun. Oread, p. 77. Common Heron. Penn. Brit. Zool. 173. pl. 6I. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 343. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 83. 50. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 303. 14. — Alb. Birds. 3. pl. 78. — Lexvin. Brit. Birds. 5. pl.l\8. — IValc. Syn. 2. pl. 129. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 14.— Bew. Brit. Birds. 2. 37. — Don. Brit. Birds. A. pl. 73. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. 0?7i. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 291. — Lou’. Faun. Oread, p. 78.
This bird, when arrived at maturity, considerably exceeds three feet in length : it has the forehead, the neck, the middle of the belly, the edge of the wing, and the thighs, of a pure white : the occiput, the sides of the breast, and those of I he body, of a
COMMON HERON»
deep black : the fore-part of the neck is adorned with large longitudinal spots of black and grey : the back and wings are blue-grey : the beak is deep yellow : the irides yellow : a naked skin about the eyes is of a bluish purple : the legs are brown, but the naked space above the knee is bright red. ^In addition to the above, the hind head is ornamented with several elongated narrow black feathers, the two middle of which are up- wards of eight inches in length ; the whole forms an elegant crest, which is dependent on the hind part of the neck: the feathers of the scapulars are also elongated, and fall over the back in fine disunited plumes.
The young do not possess the crest, or the .elongated scapulary feathers : they have the fore- head and top of the head grey : the throat white : the neck bright grey, with several deeper spots : the back and the wings are blue-grey, varied with brown and whitish : the breast is longitudinally spotted : the upper mandible of the beak is dusky brown, spotted with yellow ; the under, yellow : irides the same : space round the eyes greenish yellow : the legs of a grey-black, with the naked space above the knee yellowish.
This species has been observed nearly of a pure white, but this is of extremely rare occurrence : this variety may be easily distinguished from the young Ardea egretta, by the naked space above the knee, which is very large in the latter.
The common Heron occurs throughout nearly the whole globe, retiring from tlie frigid regions
O.50
COM]\ION IIEKOiV.
Upon the approach of winter. In England it is very abundant, and ap])ears to be stationary, although it migrates in some of the northern coun- tries of Europe : it resides, except in breeding time, throughout the marshy places and edges of streams, for the sake of its food, which consists of small fishes, frogs, young birds, or even small mam- malia ; and is consumed with great avidity and gluttony, its digestion being very rapid. This bird commits great devastation in ponds and shallow waters. As a j)roof of their appetite, it is asserted by Willoughby and others, that a single Heron will destroy fifty small roach and dace, one day with another. The Heron, though it generally takes its prey by wading into the water, and wait- ing patiently for its approach, frequently also catches it while on the wing, but this is only in shallow waters, where it is able to dart with more certainty than in the deep ; for in this case, though the fish does at the first sight of its enemy descend, yet the bird, with its long beak and legs, instantly pins it to the bottom, and then seizes it securely. Although so insatiable in its appetite, and always eating so freely, the Heron, wEen stripped of its feathers, appears as if it had been starved to death.
In the breeding season the Herons unite to- gether in large societies, and build in the highest trees, placing the nests very near each other ; sometimes as many as eighty have been seen in one tree. Montagu mentions having seen a heronry on a small island in a lake in the north of Scotland, whereon there was only one scrubby oak free.
f
M (I cm (!l! V k' .N ;ii aiii
COMMON HERON.
5.51
which not being large enough to contain all the nests, many were placed on the ground. The nest is large and flat, made of sticks, and lined with a few rushes and wool, or feathers. The eggs are three or four in number, and are of a fine sea-green, and about the size of those of a Duck. The young birds are easily tamed, but the old birds soon pine away, as they refuse every kind of nourishment.
Dr. Heysham has given a singular account of a battle between a colony of Herons and a neigh- bouring one of Rooks : the former having been deprived of their ancient premises by the removal of the trees, made an attempt to form a settlement in the rookery; which was effected after an ob- stinate contest, in which some on both sides lost their lives : but after a second victory of the Heix)iis, in the succeeding year, a truce was agreed upon, and both societies lived in harmony together, A fuller account of this is to be found in Bewick’s British Birds, above quoted.
Heron hawking was formerly a favourite diver- sion in this kingdom, and a penalty of twenty shil- lings was incurred by any person taking the eggs of this bird. Its flesh was also in former times much esteemed, being valued at an equal rate with that of the Peacock.
552
GIlEAt HERON.
(Ardca Herodias.)
Ar. uccipite cristato, dor so fusco,femoribus rujis, pectore mactdis elongatis nigris, pedibus fuscis.
Heron with a crested occiput ; the back fuscous ; the thighs rufous ; the breast with elongated black spots ; the feet yellow. Ardea Herodias. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1. 237. 15. — Gmel, Syst. Nat.
1. 630. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 602. 56.
Ardea virginiana cristata, Briss. Orn. 5. 4l6. 10.
Le grand Heron d’Amerique. Biiff. Ois, J. 585.
Largest crested Heron. Catesb. Carol. App.pl. 10. yi 1.
Great Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 341. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 85. 51. — Wills. Amer. Orn. 8. 28. pi. Ixv.y. 2.
This is one of the largest of the genus, measuring upwards of five feet in length, of which the beak is eight inches : its colour is brown, inclining to yellow on the sides : the hind head is crested, and some of the feathers are five inches in length ; the two middle ones in particular, which are the longest : between the beak and eye naked, and of a pale yellow : all the upper parts of the body, with the belly, tail, and legs, are brown : the quills black : the neck, the breast, and the thighs, are rufous.
Inhabits Virginia, and like the rest of tliis genus, frequents the borders of lakes and rivers, and feeds on reptiles and small fishes.
55S
RED-SHOULDERED HERON.
(Ardea Hudsonias,)
Ar. vertice cristato nigro, corpore J'uscescente subtus albulo, collo suhliis nigro-rufescente maculato, pedibiis Jlavis.
Heron with the crown with a black crest ; the body brownish 5 beneath whitish ; the neck beneath spotted with dusky red •, the feet yellow.
Ardea Hudsonias. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 238. IS. — Gmel. Sysi.
Nat. 1. 632. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 693. 57.
Ardea freti Hudsonis. Briss. Orn. 5. 407. 7- Heron de la bale de Hudson. BuJ^. Ois. 7. 386.
Ash-coloured Heron. Edvo. Birds.pl. 135.
Red-shouldered Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 342. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 86. 52.
This species, which is said by Pennant to be the female of the Great Heron, is three feet three inches in length : its beak is five inches and a half long ; the upper mandible is black, the under orange : the crown of the head black, and crested ; the longest feathers upwards of four inches in length : sides and lower part of the head white : between the beak and eye destitute of feathers, and of a greenish yellow colour: the back and upper part of the body grey-brown : the wing- coverts palest : the inner edge of the wing reddish : the neck is clothed with long slender feathers, marked with dusky bars on the hind part, and in front with broad white dashes down the centre of each feather : the breast white, mottled with large
AGAMI llEKOX.
black spots ; the thighs are reddish brown : the belly and vent are white : tlie legs dusky : the hinder claw very long. Native of several parts of North America, from New York to Hudson’s Bay.
AGAMI HERON.
(Ardea Aganii.)
Ak. cristata cceruleu, orbitis gulaqiie albis, collo supremo corpore subttis femoribusque ri^s.
Crested blue Heron, with the orbits and throat white; the upper part of the neck, the body beneath, and the thighs, rufous.
Ardea Agami. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 629. — Lath. Lid. Orn, 2.
699.79-
Le Heron Agami. Bujf. Ois. 7, 382. — Btiff". PL Ent. 859. Agami Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 70-
This highly elegant bird is unquestionably the most beautiful of the genus : it is rather more than two feet and a half in length : its beak is about six inches long, and dusky, with the base of the under mandible pale : the crown, the crest, and the hind part of the neck, are bluish grey : the chin is white : the upper parts of the body, the wings, and the tail, are fine glossy green : the quills are black : the sides of the neck, as far as the middle, bright rufous, wdth an elegant white and
AGAMI HERON.
556
i'Lifous line, bounded by black, down the central part: the breast is clothed with long, loose, blackish feathers : those on the back of the neck black, with a white streak down the middle of each shaft : the under parts of the body are deep rufous : the tail is brown.
One of these birds, described by Latham as a female, has the beak dusky : the crown of the head blue-black : the nape light blue ; from this hang six or eight long narrow feathers, the largest almost the whole length of the neck : the back, wings, and tail, are deep blue : the neck and under parts of the body are rufous ; but the lower half of the neck and the sides of it are covered with loose blue feathers, hanging longer, and loose on the breast : from the lower part of the back are long slender feathers, which hang loose, and reach the end of the tail : on the sides of the head, and just above the eyes, the parts are white, passing a little way in a line on each side of the neck : the legs are yellow.
This is a native of Cayenne and Surinam : the specimen from whence the accompanying en- graving was taken was shot in the last-mentioned country by Dr. Ireland, who sent it to Mr. Lead- beater, of Brewer-street, to whom I am indebted for the loan of an admirable drawing, executed by M. Pelletier, from the above-mentioned bird.
.556
CRESTED PURPLE HERON.
(Ardea purpurea.)
Ar. occipile crista dependente peymis rufo-jyurpureis, corpore supra rujh-viresceyde subtus purpurascentC'rvJh, vertice nigro- virescente, guld alba.
Heron with the occiput having a depending crest of a rufous purple ; the body above red-green j beneath purplish red ; the crown black-green ; the throat white.
Ardea purpurea. Linn. Spst. Nat. 1.230. 10. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 626. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 607- 72.
Ardea rufa. Scop. Ann. 1. II9. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.642. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 692. 55.
Ardea botaurus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 636. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2.
698. 74.
Ardea purpurata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 641. young. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 698. 75. young.
Ardea caspica. Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 698. 73. young. — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p.33.
.Ardea variegata. Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 6Q2. 56. young.
Ardea cristata purpurascens. Briss. Orn. 5. 424. pi. 30.J.2. Botaurus major. Briss. Orn. 5. 455. 28,
Ardea stellaris major. Raii. Syn. 100. 13.
Ardea purpurascens. Briss. Orn. 5. 420. 12. young.
Le Heron pourpre. Buff. Ois. 7. 369. — Buff. PL Enl. 788. — Temyn. Mayi. d'Oryii. 364.
Grand Buta. Buff. Ois. 7. 422.
Crested purple Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. Q5. 65.
Rufous Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 99* 72- Greater Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 58. 18.
Purple Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 96. 66. young.
Variegated H^ron. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 304. 15. young.
African Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 237- 80. — Mont. Orn. Did. 1. — Letvin. Brit. Birds. pi. 151. — IValc. Syn. 2. pi. 13 \.
CRESTED PURPLE HERON»
This elegant species has received no less than six specific names from the pen of Latham, on account of the changes it undergoes in arriving to maturity : in this state it measures nearly three feet in length : the occiput is garnished with elongated greenish black feathers, the base of the neck with purplish white ones, and the scapulars with subulated brilliant red-purple plumes : the top of the head and the occiput are black, glossed with green : the throat is white : the sides of the neck are of a clear red, with three longitudinal and narrow stripes of black ; the fore-part of the neck longitudinally spotted with red, black, and purple : the back, the wings, and the tail, are greyish red, with green reflections : the thighs and the abdo- men are red : the sides of the body and the breast are rich purple : the beak and the naked skin surrounding the eyes are yellow : the irides are orange-yellow : the soles of the feet, the hinder part of the tarsi, and the naked space above the knee, are yellow : the fore-part of the tarsi, and the scales of the toes, are brown-green. The young, before they attain the age of three years, want the crest, which is only indicated by a few elongated reddish feathers : they also want the long feathers at the base of the neck and on the scapulars : their forehead is black : the nape and cheeks are bright red : the throat is white : the fore-part of the neck is yellowish white, with numerous longitudinal black spots : the feathers of the back, the scapulars, the wings, and the tail, are grey-black, edged with bright red: the belly and thighs arc whitish: the
558
RUSTY-CROWNED HERON.
greatest part of the upper inaudible of tlie beak blackish : the under, the space round the eyes, and the irides, are bright yellow.
This beautiful bird is common in the western parts of Asia, frequenting the marshy shores of the Caspian and Black seas, also the lakes of Great Tartary, and the borders of the large rivers of those parts, as the Wolga and Irtisch : it also occurs, though sparingly, in several parts of Eu- rope, appearing about the banks of the Danube, and the morasses of Holland ; about four or fiv'e specimens have likewise been killed in England at different periods ; a fine specimen is in the British Museum, that was shot v/ithin these few years. To the north and east this bird does not occur, but in Africa it is rather abundant. It seems also to be abundant in Malta, from whence it has been lately sent by J. Ritchie, Esq. to the British Museum. Its nourishment consists of aquatic animals, as in the rest of the genus ; and it builds its nest among tlie reeds or underwood, and but rarely in trees : its eggs are three in number, and of a greyish green.
RUSTY-CROWNED HERON.
(Ardea rubig’inosa.)
Ar. suhcristata Jerruginea, ^ida alba, ahdomine alho nigro siriato, collo subtus lineis quatuor riigris, pedibus luteis.
Slightly crested ferruginous Heron, with the throat white; the abdomen white, striped with black ; the neck with four black lines beneath ; the legs yellowish.
BROWN HERON.
.559
Ardea rubiginosa. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. Q'i2.--Lath. Ind. Orn.
2. 603. 58.
Rusty-crowned Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 358. — Lath. Gen.
Syn. 5. 87. 53.
The Rusty-crowned Heron is the size of the Common Bittern : its beak is seven inches long, slender, and yellow : irides yellow : head slightly crested : the crest and back part of the neck deep rust-colour : the forehead is dusky : the throat is white : the fore-part of the neck with four black streaks : the feathers of the breast long and loose, with a dark line passing upwards towards the back of the neck : the back and the wing-coverts are deep ferruginous, varied with a few black spots : the quills are dusky : the breast and belly are dirty white, striped with black : the tail short, lead- coloured : the legs are dirty yellow. Inhabits North America.
BROWN HERON,
(Ardea fusca.)
Ar. crista capitis nigricantCt corpore fusco-nigricante siddus alho, pectore maculis Juscis elongatis.
Heron with the crest on the head dusky j the body dusky brown ;
beneath white ; the breast with elongated brown spots. Ardea fusca. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. /OO. 83.
560
CINNAMON HERON.
Le Heron brun. Buff. Ois. 7. 381. — Buff. PI, Enl. 858.
Brown Heron. Lath. Sijn. Sup. II. 304. 17.
This bird inhabits Cayenne : it is two feet six or seven inches in length : the beak is brown : the head is ornamented with a slight crest, of a dusky colour, and falling down over the back of the neck : the upper part of the latter, tlie body, and wings, are dusky browm : the under parts are white, the breast being spotted with elongated brown streaks : the legs are yellow.
CINNAMON HERON.
( Ardea ci nnamomea. )
Ar. castaneo-cinnamomea, col/o antice fusco siriaio, guld macula viaxillari crissoque albis.
Cinnamomeous chesnut, with the fore-part of the neck striped with fuscous ; the throat, maxillary spot, and vent, white. Ardea cinnamomea. Gmel. Sqst. Nat. 1.643. — Lath. Ind.Oni. 2. 6sg. 46.
Cinnamon Heron. Lath. Gen. Sqn. 5. 77, 43. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 235.
About sixteen inches in length : the beak two inches and a half long, and yellow : the prevailing colour of the plumage cinnamon-colour, inclining to chesnut ; the lower parts of the body palest : on each side of the throat, beneath the jaw, a
WHITE-FRONTED HERON.
561
small white patch : the chin and vent nearly white: the middle of the fore-part of the neck streaked with brown : the tail bright rusty chesnut : the legs yellow. Inhabits China and India.
WHITE-FRONTED HERON.
(Ardea Novae-Hollandiae.)
Ar. subcristata, plumheo-cinerea subtus rufo-Jerruginea, fronte, genis, gula, jiigidorjue alhis.
Slightly crested Heron, plumbeous grey 5 beneath rusty red ;
with the forehead, cheeks, throat, and jugulum, white.
Ardea Novee-Hollandiae. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. ^01. 88. White-fronted Heron. Phil. Bot. Bay. pi. in p. l63. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 77.304. 18.
Described as below by Latham, in the second Supplement to his Synopsis. “ This is about half the size of the Common Heron, being twenty- eight inches in length : the beak is four inches long, and black ; the base of the under man- dible yellowish : lore and orbits naked, and of a greenish colour : the body on the upper parts is bluish ash-colour : the crown of the head black, and the feathers elongated : the forehead, cheeks, chin, and fore-part of the neck, as far as the middle, white : quills and tail bluish black : the feathers of the breast are elongated, and hang down in a V. xr. p. II. 37
BLACK HERON.
graceful manner : these, with the belly and thighs, are of a rufous cinnamon-colour : back covered with long slender feathers, which fall over the tail, and conceal about half its length : legs yellow- brown. Inhabits New Holland.”
ELACK HERON- (Ardea atra.)
Ar. nigricans, tectricihus alarum cinereo-carulescentibus, rectri- cibus nigricantibus, rostra fcdibusque nigris.
Dusky Heron, with the wing-coverts of a grey-blue; the tail- feathers dusky ; the beak and feet black.
Ardea atra. Grad. Syst. Nat. 1. 641. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
697. 71.
Ardea nigra. Briss. Orn. 5. 439- 21.
Le Heron noir. Birffl Ois. 7. 368.
Black Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 94. 64.
This is described as being as large as the Common Heron : its beak black : the prevailing colour of the plumage the same, with a blue gloss on the wings : the space between the beak and the eyes covered with a bare black skin : the legs are black : the middle and outer toes connected at the base by a membrane. It is said to inhabit Silesia.
56‘3
VIOLET HERON.
( Ardea leucocephala.)
Ar. nigro-violacea , vertice nigro, crrpite coUo superiore crisso tricibusque subcaudalihiis a/bis, rostra pedibtisque J'lisco-rubris, Violet-black Heron, witli the crown black ; tlie head, upper part of the neck, the vent, and the under tail-feathers, white ; the beak and feet red-brown.
Ardea leucocephala. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 6d2. — Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 699- 78.
Le Heron violet. Buff. Ois. 7- 370-
Heron de la cote de Coromandel. Buff. PI. Enl. 906.
Violet Heron. Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 97* ^9* — Lath, Syn. Sup. 236.
Native of the East Indies, where it is said to be very common. It is esteemed for food, and is often used in falconry. It is thirty-three inches in length : its beak is dusky brown : the top of the head, the lower part of the neck, the body, the wings, and the tail, are of a fine bluish black, glossed with violet : the rest of the head and neck, the vent, and the under tail-coverts, are white : the legs are reddish brown. Called Monickjore at Bengal, and Luglug in other parts of Hindoostan.
564
COCOI IIERQN,
(Ardea Cocoi.)
Ar. occipite crista dependente dorsoqiie cinereis, collo suhlus nigro maculnto, capitis lateribus nigris.
Heron with a depending occipital crest, which, with the back, is cinereous ; the neck beneath spotted with black ; the sides of the head black.
Ardea Cocoi. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 699. 60. — Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.
237. lA.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 629. — Raii. Syn. ]00. 15. Ardea Cayanensis cristata. Briss. Orn. 5. 400. 3.
Le Soco. Bvff. Ois. 7. 739-
Cocoi Heron. Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 98. 71.
The Cocoi Heron is a large species, measuring upwards of three feet in length : its beak is greenish yellow : irides golden-orange : the top of the head ash-coloured ; its sides black : the occipital feathers much elongated, the two middle ones being nearly six inches in length ; they are all of a fine cinereous colour, and are very narrow : space between the beak and the eye naked, and of a cinereous hue : the cheeks, the throat, and the neck, are white : the fore-part of the neck is speckled with a double row of elongated dusky spots : the feathers of the base of the neck, and those of the scapulars, (which latter hang over the back,) are very long : the rest of the plumage is of a pale cinereous : the legs are ash-colour. It is a native of Brazil and Cayenne.
565
STREAKED HERON.
(Ardea virgata.)
As., yhsco-Jiigricans, collo suhtus albo,jugulo nigro striaio, tectri- cibus alarum Jlavescente striatis.
Dusky brown Heron, with the neck beneath white ; the juguluin striped wdth black 5 the wing-coverts striped with yellowish. Ardea virgata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 643. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 693. 60.
Streaked Heron, Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 354. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 87. 55.
Native of North America : length seventeen inches : beak two inches : the crown of the head dusky : the cheeks and hind part of the neck varied with ferruginous and black : the chin, the throat, and the fore-part of the neck, are white j the latter is streaked with black : the wing-coverts are striped with black and pale buff: the outer edge of the wing is white : the quills are dusky : the legs are greenish. A slight variety is men- tioned, which has a white line on each jaw : the scapulars and greater wing-coverts are dusky, spotted at the ends with white.
nOUHOU HERON.
(Ardea Hohou.)
Ar, cristata cinerea, Jronte nlbo nigroque vnria, alls alho cinereo ccErulcoqiie variis, pedilms vnriegatis.
Crested cinereous Heron, with the forehead varied with black and white ; the wings varied with cinereous and blue j the legs variegated.
Ardea Hohou. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 630. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 701. 85.
Ardea mexicana cinerea. Briss. Orn. 5. 404. 5.
Xoxoukqui Hoactli. Raii. Syn. 102. 21.
Houhou Heron. Buff. Ois. 7.384. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 101. /6.
This inhabits the same situation as the Dry Heron : it is said to liave a loud disagreeable cry, resembling the word houhou, from whence its name is derived. It is in length two feet. three inches : its beak is black, and measures seven inches in length : the forehead is varied with black and white ; the rest of the head is purple : the feathers of the occiput are elongated, and form a crest, which is of a rich purple hue : the edges of the wings are white : the wing-coverts mottled with blue and cinereous : the secondaries are of great length, almost equalling the primaries : the rest of the plumage is of an ash-colour.: the legs are variegated with brown, black, and yellowish.
S67
CRACRA HERON.
-=/ (Ardea Cracra.)
Ar. rufescente mriegata, supra cinereo-ccerulescens, suhtus cinerea, collo suhtus pectoreque albis.
Variegated reddish Heron, above grey-blue ; beneath cinereous j with the neck beneath, and breast, white.
Ardea Cracra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 642. — Lath. ind. Orn. 2.
699. 77.
Cancrofagus Americanus. Briss. Orn. 5. 477*
Cracra. Bi^. Ois. 7. 403.
Cracra Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. g6. 68.
Length not mentioned : size that of a large Fowl: the beak black, beneath yellowish brown': the irides of a golden-yellow : the lores naked, and pale yellow : the crown of the head bluish ash : the nape and the hind part of the neck brown, varied with fillemot : the back and rump bluish cinereous, mixed with dull green and rufous: the lesser wing-coverts dull green, edged with rufous ; the greater coverts and quills black, with white edges : the under parts of the neck, as far as the breast, white, spotted with rufescent : the rest of the under parts cinereous : the tail greenish black : the legs yellow, claws black. Native of Chili, and other parts of South America: its cry is similar to the syllables cra-cra. It resides on the borders of rivers.
DRY HERON.
^ (Ardea Hoactli.)
Ar. crista nigra, corpore nigro-virescente subtus alho, alls caudaque cinereis.
Heron with a black crest ; the body black-green ; beneath white ; the wings and tail cinereous.
Ardea Hoactli. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.630. — Lath. Ind. Orn.l, 700. 84.
Ardea mexicana cristata. Briss, Orn. 5. 218. 11.
Hoactli.- Rail. Syn. 178. 8. — Bitf. Ois. 7. 382. male.
Hoacton. Will. 3C)1. female.
Dry Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn, 5. 100.79*
. Length two feet three inches : the beak black, with its sides yellow : the irides yellow : eyelids red : the head black, furnished with a crest of the same colour : fore-part of the former white : space between the beak and eye naked, and yellowish : the upper parts of the neck and the body are greenish black : the wing-coverts are greenish ash : the quills and tail cinereous : the under parts of the body are all white: the legs are yellow. The female has the upper parts of the body brown, varied with white : the under white, varied with brown : in other respects similar to the male.
This species inhabits Mexico, frequenting marshy places, and breeding among reeds.
569
ASH-COLOURED HERON.
— f (Ardea cana.)
Ar. cinerea, collo Jusco-chierascente, abdomine genis guldque albis.
Cinereous Heron, with the neck greyish brown 5 the abdomen, cheeks, and chin, white.
Ardea cana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 643. — -Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 693. 59.
Ash-coloured Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 353. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 87. 54.
This is found at New York : it is two feet in length : its beak is strong, and black : the cheeks and the chin are whitish : the neck is pale ashy brown, streaked on the fore-part with white : the back, the wings, and the tail, are cinereous, each feather bordered with dusky : the feathers of the sides of the back long and broad, hanging over the ends of the wings : the belly is white : the legs are yellowish. This arrives at New York in May; breeds there, and departs in October.
BLACK-CHESTED WHITE HERON.
(Ardeapileata.)
Ar. occipite cristato, corpore albo, vertice mgro.
Heron with the occiput crested j the body white j the crown of the head black.
Ardea pileata. Lath. Inch Orn. 2. QQ5. 66.
Ardea Brasiliensis Candida. Briss. Orn. 5. 434. I7.
Le Heron blanc a calotte noire. Buff. Ois, 7. 380.
Le Heron huppc de Cayenne, Buff. PI. E7il. 907.
Black-crested white Heron. Lath. Gen. Spn. 5. Q2. 60, A.
This bird is described by Latham as a variety of the Great White Heron in the General Synopsis, but in the Index Ornithologicus it is distinguished as a species: it is only two feet long, whereas the bird with which it was associated is considerably more than three feet, without including the beak : its entire plumage is white, with the exception of a black patch on the top of the head ; the hind part of which has a pendant crest, composed of six long feathers, the tw^o middle ones of which are above six inches long, and the others are gradually shortened. It inhabits the rivers of Guiana.
V ,
1
Little white Hehon
.571
LITTLE WHITE HERON.
(Ardea ^quinoctialis.)
Ar. alhay remigibus duahus primis inargine exteriore Juscis, pileo collaq^le in/'eriore luteis.
White Heron, with the outer «dge of the two first quills brownish ; the top of the head and the lower part of the neck yellowish.
Ardea ^quinoctialis. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. 1. 240. 25. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 641. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 696. 70* — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 33.
Ardea carolinensis Candida. Briss. Orn. 5. 435. 18.
Le Crabier blanc a bee rouge. Biif. Ois. 7. 401.
Red-billed Heron. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. 2. 66.
Little white Heron. Lath. Gen. Sj/n. 5. 93. 63. — Penn. Arct, Zool. 2. 345. — Catesb. Carol. \ .pl.‘]’J. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. ^Mont. Linn. Trans, ix. 197*
This is twenty inches in length : the beak is two inches long, and of an orange-colour: the lores and orbits the same : irides pale yellow : the entire plumage is snowy white, except the crown of tlie head, and the upper part of tlie neck before, which are buff : the legs greenish. The skin of this bird is very dark coloured ; so much so, as to give a dirty cast to the white plumage on the cheeks and sides of the neck. The feathers on the back of the head are very slightly elongated, as they likewise are on the lower part of the neck before.
A single specimen of this bird has been taken in
SACKED IIEHON.
<70
tills country, it having been shot near Kingsbridge in Devonshire, the latter end of October ] 805 : it was observed for several days in the same field, attending some cows, and picking up insects, which were found in its stomach : it was not shy. This specimen is now placed in the British Museum.
The native place of this species appears to be Carolina, and other parts of North America, as far as Mexico.
SACRED HERON.
(Ardea sacra.)
Ar. alba, tectricibus minoribus alarum rectricibusque nigro- Uneatis,
White Heron, with the lesser wing-coverts and the tail-feathers striped with black.
Ardea sacra. Gmel. Si/st. Nai. 1. 640. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.
696. 69.
Sacred Heron. Lath. Gen. Syyi. 5. 92. 62.
The Sacred Heron is a native of Otaheite and the neighbouring islands, where it is esteemed sacred. It is thus described by Latham : “ Size of the little Egret : length two feet three inches ; general colour of the plumage white : beak four inches long, dusky brown : on the middle of the crown a few obscure dusky streaks down the shafts
SQUACCO HERON.
573
of some of the feathers : several of those of the back, wing, and tail-coverts, marked in the same manner ; scapulars dashed with black : greater quills more or less dusky at the tips : the tail- feathers marked with dusky down the shafts, from the tip an inch and a half upwards, except the outer feather, which is plain : legs yellow/’ Another is mentioned that differs slightly: “ The crown of a plain white: scapulars some white, some black : on the fore-part of the neck some loose long feathers, black and white mixed, hanging over the breast, and some others of the same loose texture and mixed colour, falling on the tail : the wing-coverts have likewise some black feathers intermixed: the quills plain white, and the tail the same, except one feather wholly black : legs black.” I suspect the last described variety is a distinct species, but forbear to detach it, as I have not seen a specimen. It is found with the former.
B. Tarsi brevi.
B. Tarsi short.
SQUACCO HERON.
(Ardea ralloides.)
Ar. crislata,f route verticequejlavis maculis nigris longitudinalibus notatis, corpore supra rufo, suhtus gul6> uropygio cauddque albis.
574
SQUACCO HERON.
Crested Heron, with the forehead and crown yellow, marked with longitudinal black spots j the body above rufous j be- neath, and with the throat, rump, and tail, white.
Ardea ralloides. Scop. An. 121.
Ardea comata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 632. — Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 687- 39. — Linn. Trans. 3. 33.5.
Ardea squaiotta. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 634. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 686. 36.
Ardea castanea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 633. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6S7. 40.
Ardea Marsiglii. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 637. young. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6S1. 20. young.
Ardea pumila. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 644. young. — Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 683. 28. young.
Ardea erythropus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 634. young. — Lath. Ind.
Orn. 2. 686. 38. young.
Cancrofagus luteus. Briss. Orn. 5. 4'/2. 37«
Cancrofagus. B7ISS. Orn. 5. 466. 33.
Botaurus luinor. Briss. Orn. 5. 452. 26. young.
Cancrofagus rufus. Briss. Orn. 5. 46Q. 35. young.
Squacco. Baii. Syn. 99. 8. — Buff. Ois. 7. 391- Squaiotta. Raii. Syn. 99. 9.
Ardea haematopus, seu Cirris. Raii. Syn. gg. /. young.
Crabier de Mahon. Biff. Ois. 7. 393. — Luff. Pl.Enl. 348»
Le Crabier Caiot. Buff. Ois. 7- 389.
Le petit Butor. Buff. Ois. y. 425. young.
Le Crabier marron. Buff. Ois. 7. 390. young.
Squaiotta Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 72. 36.
Castaneous Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 75. 40.
Swabian Bittern. Lath. Gen. 5. 6o. 20. young.
Dwarf Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 77- ■42. young.
Red-legged Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 73. 38. young.
Squacco Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 74. 39. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 302. 9. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.
Like many other Herons, this species has been unnecessarily multiplied, no less than six of La- tham’s species being referrible to this one : it is to
SQUACCO HERON.
575
the industry of Scopoli that we are indebted for extricating us from this labyrinth. The bird now under consideration possesses the following plumage after the age of three years : the forehead and top of the head have the feathers slightly elongated, and yellowish, marked with longitudinal black rays : the occiput is ornamented with eight or ten narrow long feathers, which are slightly edged with black : the throat is black : the neck, top of the back, and scapulars, a bright red ; the feathers of the back long, slender, and of a bright chesnut : the whole of the rest of the plumage is of a pure white : the beak is fine caerulean blue at its base, and black at the tip : the naked space round the eyes is greyish green : the irides are yellow : the legs yellow, shaded with green : the naked space above the knee very small : length from sixteen to eighteen inches. The young have not the long occipital feathers : the whole of the head, the neck, and the wing-coverts, are red- brown, with deeper longitudinal spots : the throat, the rump, and the tail, are pure white : the fea- thers of the wdngs are white on their inner webs, and greyish on their outer and towards their tips : the top of the back and the scapulars are varied with different shades of brown : the upper man- dible of the beak is brown and greenish ; the under green-yellow : the naked skin round the eyes is green : the irides are bright yellow, and the legs are grey-green.
This bird iS extremely abundant in Asia and Africa, frequenting the bays of the Caspian Sea,
FERRUGINEOUS HERON.
5TG
and the rivers in the vicinity: it is also found in Holland, Poland, Russia, Turkey, the Grecian Archipelago, Sardinia, and Italy, and accidentally in various parts of Germany : it builds among the reeds, and lays from four to six greenish eggs. I believe this species has been shot in England.
FERRUGINEOUS HERON.
(Ardea ferruginea.)
Ar. subcrislata nigricans rufomaculata, suhtus rujo albklo cinereo fuscoqiie variegata.
Slightly crested Heron 5 dushy, spotted with rufous ; beneath variegated with rufous, white, cinereous, and brown,
Ardea ferruginea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 634. — Lath.Ind. Orn, 2, 688.41.
Ferrugineous Heron. Lath. Gen. Spi. 5. 76* 41.
Length twenty-one inches and a half : beak straight, sharp ; the base greenish flesh-colour ; the end brownish ; the upper mandible somewhat bent at the tip ; between that and the- eyes, and over them, naked, and green ; irides saffron- colour: feathers of the head, neck, and back, longish, black tipped with ferruginous ; those on the crown somewhat elongated : chin yellowish white : wing-coverts dark brown ; the outer ones have ferruginous tips ; those nearest the body
COROMANDEL HERON.
577
varied with rufous and white : quills black : rump, breast, and belly, varied with ferruginous, whitish, cinereous, and brown : thighs with rufous and cinereous white : the wings when closed reach a trifle beyond the tail : legs green.” The above is Latham’s description of this bird, to which is also attached tho following : “ This species is found about the river Don, in the summer only, as it is migratory, coming from the Black Sea, and depart- ing to it again in autumn. Feeds on fish and insects. Frequently met with along with the last species.”*
This bird appears to be greatly allied to the Squacco, if it be not an intermediate state of some of the varieties of that species,.
COROMANDEL HERON.
( Ardea Coroniandelensis.)
Ar. alha^ capite superiore cervice pectore dorsoque rufescentibtis. White Heron, with the upper part of the head, the top of tha neck, the breast, and the back, rufescent.
Ardea comata, |3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 687, 39.
Crabier de Coromandel. Buff. Ois. 7. 393. — Buff. PI. Enl.Q\2, Sq^uacco Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn, 5. 75. 39. a.
* Ardea ralloides, the Squaeco Heron. V. XI. P. ir. 38
578
LOUISIANE HERON.
Native of the Coromandel coast: length one foot nine inches : the beak is yellow : between the beak and eyes bare, and grey : the old bird with an elongated occipital crest, composed of several feathers, that fall down over the hind part of the neck, and are striped with dusky and white : the upper part of the head and hind part of the neck rufescent, as are also the long feathers which adorn the lower part of the neck : the wing-coverts and back are tinged with, rufous, and the feathers of the scapulae are elongated, and reach beyond the tail : the rest of the plumage is white : the legs are yellow.
LOUISIANE HERON.
•f* (Ardea Ludoviciana.)
Ah. crislata cinerea, collo abdominequc rujis, vertice alls caudaque viridi-Jiigricantibiis , pedibus Jiavis.
Grey-crested Heron, with the neck and abdomen rufous 3 the crown, wings, and tail, dusky green 3 the feet yellow.
Ardea Ludoviciana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 630. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 690. 5 1 .
Le Crabier roux, d t^te et queue vertes. Btiff. Ois. 7. 40y. Crabier de la Louisiane. Buff. PL E71I. 909.
Louisiane Heron. Lath. Geti. Syn. 5. 81. 4/. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 350.
Inhabits Louisiana. Length sixteen inches : the beak dusky : the orbits pale yellow : tlie top
YELLOW-CROWNED HERON.
S79
of the head deep green ; the hind head adorned with a crest of the same hue : the rest of the head and the neck are rufous : the fore-part of the latter white, varied with elongated rufous spots : the back grey, glossed with purple, and its feathers long and narrow : the wing-coverts dull green, edged with fulvous : the quills are blackish, and some of them are tipped with white : the belly is rufous-brown : the tail is blackish green : the legs yellow : the claws black.
YELLOW-CROWNED HERON.
-e (Aitlea violacea.) •
Ae. occipiie luteo crista alba, corpore albo nigroque strialo suhiuc ccerulescenle^ pedibus luteis.
Heron with a luteous occiput and white crest j the body striped with white and black ; beneath bluish ; the feet yellow. Ardea violacea. Linn, Syst.Kat. 1. 238. l6. — Gmel. Spst. Nat,- 1. 631. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6gO. 50.
Ardea caerulea nigra. Kaii. Syn. p. I89. 3.
Cancrofagus Bahamensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 481. 41.
Le Crabier gris-de-fer. Buff, Ois. 7. 309.
Crested Bittern. Catesb, Carol. ]. pi, 79.
Yellow-crowned Heron. Perm. Arct. Zool,2.352. — Lath, Gat; Syn. 5. , 80. 46. — Wills. Amer. Orn. 8. 2Q.pl. Ixv.yi 1.
Rather a small species, being only fifteen inches and a half in length : the beak about three inches long, and black : the irides are red : the orbits
.580
BLUE HERON.
naked, and green : the crown of the head yellow ; the hind part adorned with a crest composed of fine white feathers, the longest of which is near six inches in length ; the rest of the head is blue- black, with a white streak commencing at the angle of the beak, and tending towards the hind head : the back streaked with black and white, and from its lower part are appended several long narrow feathers, which hang over the tail, which is of a dull blue: the quills are bluish brown : the whole of the under parts of the body, from the chin to the vent, is of a dusky blue : the legs are yellow : the claws are dusky. Native of North America and the Bahama islands : in the latter places they breed among the rocks, and are in such abundance, and so little alarmed, that they may be taken with great ease, as they frequently are, being esteemed excellent food.
BLUE HERON.
■f-(Ardea cserulea.)
Ar. occijnte crista to, cor pore caruleo, cristS, colloque viola ceh, rostro cceruleo, picdibus virescentibus.
Heron with a crested occiput j the body blue; the crest and neck violet; the beak blue; the legs greenish.
Ardea cserulea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 238. 17- — Gmel. Syst.Nat^ J.631. — Briss. Orn. 5. 48-1. 42. — Rail. Syn. I89. 3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. t»8Q. 48,
BLUE HEltON>
581
CantroFagus Brasiliensls. Briss. Onu 5. 4j9. 40. ?
Ardeola Brasiliensis. Rail. Syn. p. 101. 18. ?
Le Crabier bleu. Buff. Ois. 7. 3g8.
Le Crabier chalybe. Buff. Ois. 7. 404. )
Blue Crane. Wills. Amer. Orn.y. 11 7. bcii.y^ 3.
Blue Heron. Catesb, Carol. 1. pi. yQ.-^Penn. Arct. Zool. 2-.
351. — Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 78. 45.
LeHs^gth eighteen inches : beak three inches, and blue, with the lower mandible yellowish : the i rides yellow : orbits and space between the beak and eye naked, and yellowish : the feathers on the back part of the head, and those of the low^er part of the neck, are elongated : the prevailing colour of the plumage is deep blue, inclining to lead- colour : the head and neck are fine changeable purple : the back is clothed wdth long, narrow, silky feathers, hanging considerably beyond the tail : the legs are green.
The young? have the head and neck of a dull purple : the chin white, passing in a stripe half- way down the fore-part of the neck : the head but slightly crested : the back lead-coloured, and its long silky feathers wanting.
This bird inhabits North America and the West Indies : said also to occur in New Zealand and Otaheite.
682
STEEL-BLUE HERON.
CERULEAN HERON.
•*' (Arclea caerulescens.)
Ar. cnstata, corpore obscure cceruleo, capite coUoque Jusco-ruJisy occipite pennis duabus elongatis.
Crested Herorij with the body of a dull blue ; the head of a red- dish brown •, the occiput with two elongated feathers.
Ardea caerulescens. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. OgO. 4Q.
Le Crabier bleu it cou brun. Buff. Ols. / , 399.
Heron bleuatre de Cayenne. Buff. PI. Enl. 3 19.
Blue Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 79. 45. a.
This fine species is nineteen inches *in length ; its beak is deep yellow : between the beak and eyes naked, and reddish : the head and neck are rufous-brown : at the hind head arise two long feathers, which reach down nearly the whole length of the neck : the rest of the body, the wings, and the tail, are deep blue: the legs are brown. In- habits Cayenne.
STEEL-BLUE HERON.
(Ardea chalybea.)
Ak. supra nigro-chalybea, suhtus alboy rcmigibus rectricibusque \:ircsc€ntibusy alls apice albis.
CINEREOUS HERON.
583
Heron above of a steel-black ; beneath white ; with the quills and tail-feathers greenish, the former tipped with white. Ardea caerulea, y. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 6S9. 48.
Cancrofagus Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 479- 40,
Ardeola Brasiliensis. Raii. Syn. p. 101. 8.
Le Crabier chalybe. Buff. Ois. 7. 404.
Blue Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 80. c.
This fine species inhabits Brazil : it is only six- teen inches in length : the beak is dusky ; its under part white : irides and orbits naked, and yellow : the general colour of the plumage black, with a gloss of polished steel : the head varied slightly with brown, and the wing-coverts with cinereous : the quills are greenish, with a spot of white near the tips : all the under parts of the body are white, varied with cinereous and pale yellow : the tail is greenish : the legs yellow.
Described as a variety of the Blue Heron by Latham, but I think it possesses sufficient cha- racters to form a distinct species.
CINEREOUS HERON.
(Ardea cyanopus.)
Ar. cinerea suhtus alba, remigibus partim nigris partim candidisp rostra loris pedibusque cairideis.
Grey Heron, beneath white j with the quills part black, part white ; the beak, lores, and feet, blue.
.534
MALACCA HERON.
Ardea cyanopus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 641. — Lath. Ind. Orn^ 2. 685. 33.
Ardea Mexicana cinerea. Briss. Orn. 5.406. 6.
Le Crabier cendre. Buff. Ois, 7- 401.
Cinereous Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.71- 33.
Described as under by Latham : “ A trifle bigger than the last, (the Gardenian Heron) : beak two inches and a half long ; blue, with a black tip : bare space between the beak and eye blue : the head and all the upper parts are pale ash-colour : the wing-coverts mixed with black : the under parts of the body are white : quills part black, part white : legs bluish. Inhabits America.”
MALACCA HERON.
(Ardea Malaccensis.)
Ar. alba, dorso ffusco, collo fusco alhoque striato, rostro pedi“ husque Jlavis.
White Heron, with the back fuscous ; the neck striped with brown and white ) the beak and feet yellow.
Ardea Malaccensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 643. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6sg. 47.
Crabier blanc et brun de Malacca. Buff. Ois. 7. 3y4. — Biff. PI. Enl. 911.
Malacca Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 78. 44.
The Malacca Heron is nineteen inches in length : its beak is dusky, with its sides yellowish near the
MEXICAN HERON.
3S5
base : between the beak and the eye, and the orbits, naked, and grey : the head and neck are streaked with brown and White : the whole of the feathers are long, narrow, and loose : the back is brown : the wings, the under parts of the body, and the tail, are white : the legs yellow. Inhabits the Malacca isles, and other parts of India.
MEXICAN HERON.
(Ardea spadicea.)
Ar. castaneo-purpureoy capite remigibusque spadiceis, vertice nigro.
Chesnut-pxirple Heron, with the head and quills chesnut ; the crown black.
Ardea spadicea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 641. — Lath. Ind. Orn.2,
6gg. 76.
Ardea Mexicana purpurascens. Briss. Orn. 5. 422. 13.
Le Crabier pourpre. Buff". Ois. 7 - 402.
Mexican Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. pS. 67*
This is a small species, and is perhaps only the young of some other : it is twelve inches in length : the crown of the head is black, the rest of the head is pale chesnut : the prevailing colour of the plumage is of a purplish chesnut, the under parts being palest : the quills and tail are chesnut. It inhabits Mexico.
5S6
PHILIPPINE HERON.
NEW GUINEA HERON.
(Ardea Novae-Guineae,)
Ar. corpore ioto 7iigro, iridtbus JIavis, rostro pedibiisque fuscis. Heron with the body entirely black ; the irides yellow j the beak and feet brown.
Ardea Novae Guineae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 644. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 685. 34.
Crabier noir de la nouvelle Guinea. Luff. Ois. 7. 394. — Luff. PI. Enl. 926.
New Guinea Heron. Lath. Gen. Spn. 5. 71- 34.
This curious bird is only ten inches in length, and the whole of its plumage is black : its beak and legs are brown : the irides yellow. It is a native of New Guinea : its manners are unknown.
PHILIPPINE HERON.
(Ardea Philippensis.)
Ar. castanca subtus alhida y dorso striis iransvcrsis nigrisy tectri- cibus alarum nigricantibus albo iJiarginatis, remigibus cauddque nigris.
Chesnut Heron, beneath whitish ; with the back transversely striped with black ; the wing-coverts dusky, edged with white ; the quills and tail black.
MINUTE HERON.
587
Ardea Philippensls. Gmel. Sysi, Nat. 1. 644. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 686. 35.
Cancrofagus Philippensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 4/4, 38. pi. 2, Le petit Crabier, Ois. 7. 3Q5. — Buff. PI. Enl. 898.
Philippine Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 72. 35.
The Philippine Heron is only eleven inches in length : its beak is greenish yellow ; between this and the eye naked, and green ; the top of the head and all the upper parts of the neck are rufous brown ; the former most inclined to brown : the back is crossed with transverse rufous and brown lines : the wings are black, with rufous white : the quills and tail are black : the fore-part of the neck dirty rufous white : the belly, the thighs, and the vent, are white : the legs are yellow. Inhabits the Philippine islands.
MINUTE HERON.
•4~( Ardea exilis.)
Ar. riffb-cnstaneus, collo rujb, nntice abdomineque albo, lunula pectorali remigibus rectricibusque nigris.
Red-chesnut Heron, with the neck rufous ; the fore-part and abdomen white ■, a pectoral lunule, the quills and tail-feathers black.
Ardea exilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 645. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 683. 29.
Least Bittern. Wills. Amer. Orn. 8. 37. pi. \w. f. 4.
Minute Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 66. 28.
588
MINUTE HERON.
The Minute Bittern has been thus accurately described by Latham : “ Size of a Thrush in the body : length eleven inches and a half : beak two inches long, greenish, with a pale point : irides straw-colour : crown of the head dark rufous chesnut : sides of the neck rufous ; the feathers pretty long, and meeting behind, where it is nearly bare ; chin and fore-part of the neck white, with a series of feathers on each side the white, of a pale ferruginous colour, each feather marked with a blackish line down the shaft: on the lower. part of the neck the feathers are long and loose ; some of them nearly white, and hang over the breast, which is brownish black ; this colour passing up- wards on each side as a crescent to the back ; but the feathers on each side have whitish margins : the back is rufous chesnut, with pale yellow margins : the first and third order of wing-coverts like the back, but plain ; the middle ones fer- ruginous, with a dusky line down each shaft : quills black ; some of the inner prime ones marked with chesnut at the tips ; secondaries the same, with some few of them wholly chesnut : belly, thighs, and vent, white ; * tail black : legs green, bare for three quarters of an ineh above the knee.”
I have seen several specimens of this species that were killed in Jamaica, and some of them varied a little from the above. One had the back,
* In some of the specimens shewn to me by a friend, tliese parts were varied with dusky down the shafts. — J. F. S.
//
Little MEiaoif
LITTLE HERON.
589
upper wing-coverts, and tail, of a deep blue-black, and the breast was destitute of the brownish black hue ; in other respects similar to the first.
B. Tibi^ fere totce plumosce.
B. Tibice nearly clothed with feathers.
LITTLE HERON.
(Ardea minuta.)
Ar. vertice dorso remigibus rectricibusque nigro-virescentibuSi coUo tectricibus alarum ahdomineque fulvo-rubris .
Heron with the crown, back, quills, and tail, green-black ; the neck, wing-coverts, and abdomen, of a yellowish red.
Ardea minuta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 240. 26. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 646. 26. — Lath. hid. Orn. 2. 683. 27 . — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 33.
Ardea soloniensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 637. 51. young. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 681. I9. young.
Ardea danubialis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 637. 53. young. — Lath.
Ind. Orn. 2. 681. 21. young.
Botaurus rufus. Briss. Orn. 5. 458. 29. young.
Botaurus striatus. Briss. Orn. 5.454. 27. young.
Ardeola. Briss. Orn. 5. AQ7-^Q‘pl» 40. 1.
Le Blongois de Suisse. Buff, Ois. 7- 395. — Buff. PI. Enl. 323. Le Butor brun raye. Buff. Ois. 7. 424. young.
Le Butor roux. Buff. Ois. 7. 425.
Heron blongois. Temm. Man. d'Orni.p. 371*
Boo-onk, or Long-neck. Bdix>. pi. 2J5. — Gent. Mag. xix.jc/. in V' 497-
Rufous Bittern. Lath, Gen. Syn.5. 60. I9. young.
590
LITTLE HERON.
Rayed Bittern, hath, Gen. Syn. 5. 6l. 21. young.
Little Bittern. Penn. Brit. Zool. App. p. 663. pi. 8. — Penn,-
Arct. Zool. 2. 359. — Lath. Gen. Spn, 5. 65. 27- — Lath. Syn.
Sup.p. 235. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 30\. 8. — Levoin. Brit. Birds.
4. pi. 147. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 128. — Don. Brit. Birds. 3. pi.
54. — Pidt. Cat. Dors. p. 14. — Betmck. Brit. Birds. 2. p. 51.
Mont, Orn. Diet. ]. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.
Size about that of a Thrush: length fifteen inches : the top of the head, the occiput, the back, the scapulars, the secondary quills, and the tail, of a fine black, glossed with greenish : the sides of the head, the neck, the wing-coverts, and the whole of the under parts of the body, yellowish red : the quills are greyish black : the beak is yellow, with the tip brown : the space round the eyes and the irides are yellow : the legs are yel- lowish green. The young of the first year have the beak brown and the legs green : the top of the head is brown : the fore-part of the neck is whitish, with several longitudinal spots : the sides of the head, the nape, the breast, the back, and the wing-coverts, are different shades of red, sprinkled with longitudinal brown spots : the quills and the tail-feathers are deep brown. After the second moult the longitudinal spots begin to dis^ appear: the feathers of the shoulder are edged with rufous : the quills and the tail-feathers incline to black.
This species inhabits various parts of Europe, but nowhere in great plenty, except in Switzer- land, and towards the south : in England it is extremely rare, very few instances being on record
LITTLE HERON.
591
of its having been killed here : three specimens, however, were shot in Devonshire during the year 1 808, one of which was a female ; and in the winter of 1805, one was killed at Sunda, one of the Orkney islands.
The eggs are deposited in a kind of nest, con- sisting of a few dried leaves and rushes; they are about the size of those of a Blackbird ; are five or six in number, and white. The nourish- ment of this bird consists of small fishes, frogs and their fry, insects, and worms.
One of the above-mentioned Devonshire spe- cimens of this bird is in the British Museum.
5(J2
BOTAURUS. BITTERN. Generic Character.
Rostrum capite longius vel ca- pitis longitucline, validum, altiusquamlatunijlateratim valde compressum; man- dibula superiorc incurva.
Nares laterales in sulco sitae, membrana semiclausae.
Orh'iUs nudae.
Collum brevius, crassum, an- trorsum pennis elongatis vestitum, postice lanugine tectum.
Pedes graciles, tetradactyli ; digiti exteriores basi mein- branii connexi ; 7inguis me- dius margine interno dila- tatus, pectinatus.
Botaurus. Briss.
Ardea. Linn., Gmel.
Beak as long, or longer than the head, strong, higher than broad, greatly com- pressed laterally, the upper mandible curved.
Nostrils lateral, placed in a furrow, and partly closed by a membrane.
Orbits naked.
Neck short, thick ; in front clothed with elongated fea- thers, behind covered with down.
Legs slender, four-toed ; the outer toes connected by a membrane at the base ; the middle claw with its inner edge dilated and pectinated.
i. HE Bitterns are distinguished from the Herons by the superior thickness of the neck, which in these is very amply clothed with downy elongated feathers, which the bird has the faculty of elevating at pleasure : their plumage is generally either spotted or striped : they resemble the Herons in their principal habits, residing in marshy situations, and feeding upon aquatic animals.
■ ,.' ■ ' "jlP-
■■ ■
COMMOJ^ BITTERN.
593
COMMON BITTERN.
(Botaurus stellaris.)
Bo. supra teslaceus maculis transversis, suhtus pallidior macuUs ohlongis J'uscus, loris viridibus.
Bittern above testaceous, with transverse spots ; beneath paler, with oblong- brown spots 5 the lores greenish.
Botaurus. Briss. Orn, 5. 444. 24. pi. S/.yi 1.
Ardea stellaris. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 230. 21. — Linn. Faun. Siiec. 164, — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 635. — Raii. Syn. p. 100. a. 1 1. — Will. 207. pi. 50. 52.' — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 680. 18. — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus.p. 33.
Le Butor. BuJ~. Ois. 7. 41 1. 21. Buff. Pi. Enl. 789.
Grand Butor. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 3/3.
Bittern. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 174. — Will, {ring.) 282. — Alb. Brit. Birds. 1. pi. 68. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. ip- — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 56. I7. — Lath. Sy?i. Sup). 234. — Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 300. 7 ' — Lexvin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 146. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 127. — Pult. Cat. Dors. 14. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 2. 47. — — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 296.
The Common Bittern is in length about two feet six inches : its beak is four inches long, of a brown horn-colour above ; the lower mandible, and base of the upper, greenish : irides yellow •. the feathers on the top of the head are black ; those on the occiput, neck, and breast, are long and loose : the general colour of the plumage is dull pale yellow, elegantly variegated with spots and bars of black : the greater coverts and quills are ferru- ginous, regularly barred with black : the tail is v. XI. p. II. S9
594
COMMON BITTERJ^.
short : the legs are pale green ; the toes and claws very long, and slender. The female is somewhat less, the plumage not quite so bright, and the feathers on the neck shorter.
Bitterns are found in England, and in most of the temperate parts of the continent: in the colder climates they are migratory, but with U3 they stay the whole year, but change their position in the autumn to the more southern parts. They are very cautious birds, residing among the reeds and rushes of the most extensive marshes, where they lead a solitary life. They continue for whole days about the same spot, usually sitting among the reeds, with their head erect ; by which means they see over their tops without being observed by the sportsman. They are very ferocious, and when wounded generally make a severe resistance ; oftentimes turning on their back, like the rapa- cious birds, and fight with both beak and claws : this posture they always assume when surprised by a dog. Mr. Markwick once shot a Bittern in frosty weather ; it fell on the ice, which was just strong enough to support the dogs, and they immediately rushed forward to attack it ; but being only wounded, it defended itself so vigorously, that the dogs were compelled to leave it till it was fired at a second time, and killed. If attacked by a bird of prey, the Bittern, with its sharp beak erected, receives the shock on the point, and thus compels its enemy to retreat, often wfith a fatal wound : it is from this circumstance old Buzzards never attempt to attack this bird, and the common
COMMON BITTERN.
595
Falcons always endeavour to rush upon it behind, while it is upon the wing.
In April the nest is formed among rushes, and almost close to the water, though out of its reach ; it consists merely of an assemblage of broken reeds, &c. : in this the eggs are deposited ; they are from three to five in number, and are of a dull green : the young are hatched in about twenty^five days, and upon their first emerging from the egg are naked, and appear to be nearly all legs and neck : they do not venture abroad till they are about three weeks old : during this time they are fed upon snails, small fish, or frogs. At this period the male makes a singular noise, which is compared to the deep bellowing of a bull, and is continued for about two months : it has another curious noise, which it utters in an evening, after sunset in the autumn, when it soars aloft to an amazing height : it flies but heavily.
The food of this bird consists of frogs, lizards, mice, and other small animals, as well as fish ; but with all this its flesh is stated to be far from dis- agreeable, and has a great deal the flavour of that of the hare. In the reign of Henry VIII. the Bittern was held in great esteem at the tables of the great, and even now the poulterers value this bird at about half a guinea.
596
FRECKLED BITTERN.
(Botaurus lentiginosus.)
Bo. subcristatus vanegatuSt stiprajusco-purpureus, sultus pallide rujb-purpureiis , collo antice dilute Jlavo niQCulis longitudinalibus spadiceis notate, gidd alba, vertice Jiisco.
Slightly crested variegated Bittern, above of a purple-brown ; beneath pale reddish purple j the fore-part of the neck dull yellow, longitudinally spotted with chesiiut j the throat white} the top of the head brown.
Ardea lentiginosa. Mont. Orn, Diet. Sup. — Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus.p. 33.
Le Butor de la Baye d’Hudson. Buff. Ois. 7- ^30. ?
American Bittern. Wills. Amer. Orn. 6. 35. Iw.ff. 3. ?
The Freckled Heron of Montagu, which is de- posited in the British Museum, does not appear to be referrible to any of the described species, unless it be the young of some of the obscure individuals included in this genus. I shall de- scribe it in Montagu’s own words. “ The length is about twenty-three inches : beak two inches and three quarters long, to the feathers on the forehead ; rather slender, and both mandibles equally turned to form the point ; the upper part of the superior mandible dusky ; sides and lower mandible greenish yellow : the head is very small ; the crown is chocolate-brown, shaded to a dull yellow at the nape, where the feathers are much elongated : the chin and throat white, with a row of brown feathers down the middle : at the base of
FRECKLED BITTERN.
597
the lower mandible commences a black mark, that increases on the upper part of the neck on each side, and is two inches or more in length : the cheeks are yellowish, with an obscure dusky line at the corner of the eye : the feathers on the neck are long and broad, with their webs partly unconnected ; those in front are pale dull yellow, with broad chesnut streaks, formed by each feather having one web of each colour, margined, how- ever, with dull yellow on the chesnut side ; some feathers have the dark mark in the middle, espe- cially the lower ones ; they are all loose, as in the common Bittern ; those at the bottom of the neck four inches long, and hang pendant below the breast; the hind head is bare, and the feathers that fall over that part are pale yellow-brown : the feathers on the breast are also long, and of a fine chocolate-brown, glossed with purple, and mar- gined with dull yellow : belly and sides the same, but not quite so bright, the brown marks becoming speckled : the vent and under tail-coverts yel- lowish white: the back and scapulars are chocolate- brown, with paler margins, minutely speckled, and glossed with a tinge of purple in some particular lights ; the coverts of the wings dull yellow, darker in the middle of each feather ; the margins prettily speckled: the first and second order of quills, their greater coverts, and the alulae spuriae, dusky lead-colour, with a cinereous dash : the pri- maries very slightly tipped with brown ; the se- condaries and the greater coverts tipped more deeply with the same, and prettily speckled on the
598
FRECKLED BITTERN.
light part ; the tertials correspoDcl with the lower order of scapulars, which have their margins ches- nut, with small dusky lines and spots : the tail is short, and in colour similar to the tertials : the wings when closed do not reach to the end of the tail : the legs are three inches and three quarters in length, from the heel to the knee : the toes long and slender ; the middle one, including the claw, (which is three quarters of an inch in length, and pectinated on the inner side,) is as long as the leg ; the claws are not much hooked, but the hind one most so, and by far the longest ; their colour dusky brown : the colour of the legs and bare space above the knees, (which last is about an inch,) appears to have been greenish.”
This bird was shot by Mr. Cunningham in Dor- setshire, in the autumn of 1804. It was observed by him in the marshy meadows about one mile from the river Froome, whilst in pursuit of Phea- sants, and upon its rising from the ground it uttered a loud noise, like the tap on a drum : its flight was rather rapid.
This has a great affinity to (if not the same as) the American Bittern of Wilson.
399
ZIGZAG BITTERN.
-i- (Botaurus undulatus.)
Bo. rufo~griseus, pileo nigro^ corpore supra strigis undulatis subtus angulatis nigris.
Red-grey Bittern, with the top of the head black 5 the body with black striae ; undulated on the upper parts, and angulated below.
Ardea undulata. Gmel. S^st. Nat. 1. 637. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 681. 22.
Le petit Butor de Cayenne. BujL Ois. 7. 430. — BuJ^. PI. Enl.
763.
Zigzag Bittern. Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 61. 22.
This elegant bird is a native of Cayenne : it is in length thirteen inches : its beak is brown, with the lower mandible paler : the naked space round the eye bluish : the general colour of the plumage is yellowish, or reddish cinereous, undulated with innumerable narrow bars of dusky brown ; those on the back the most regular, and nearly in straight lines ; the top of the head is black : the fore-part of the neck is paler than the hinder, and is not so much variegated with the undulated stripes : the belly and thighs are slightly waved with zigzag bands : the legs are yellow.
6(X)
TIGER BITTERN.
(Botaurus tigrinus. )
Bo. rvfas siihtus albidxis mnculis nifrris difformibiis notatis, vertice caudaqiic nigris, rectricibus Jasciis qnatuqr nlhis.
Kufous Bittern, beneath white, marked with irregular black spots; the crown and tail black; the latter with four white fasciae.
Ardea tigrina. Gmel. Sust. Nat. 1. 638. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 682. 24.
L’Onore. Ois. 7. 431. — Ph Enl. 7gO.
Tiger Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 63. 24.
This highly interesting species is greatly allied to the Brasilian Bittern : it is about two feet six inches in length : its beak is greenish : the irides are of a yellow tinge : the top of the head is black : the general colour of the plumage is deep rufous, varied with undulated zigzag lines, after the manner of the skin of the tiger ; the throat and sides of the neck are paler, spotted irregularly with black : the chin is white : the under parts of the body are yellowish white, varied as the back : the vent is white : the tail is black, with four narrow white stripes : the legs are green.
This is a most beautiful bird; its manners greatly resemble those of the Common Bittern, frequenting the same situations, making its nest on the ground, and laying seven or eight whitish eggs, spotted with green. It is an inhabitant of several parts of South America, especially Cayenne and Surinam.
601
LINEATED BITTERN.
' (Botaurus lineatus.)
Tio.JlnvoJ'usco rvfoque transversim lineatus subtus albidus, capite colloque rnjis JhscioUs Jiiscis, unterius lined longitudinali albd. Bittern transversely striped with yellow, brown, and rufous; beneath Avhitish ; with the head and neck rufous, striped with brown ; the neck in front with a longitudinal white line. Ardea lineata. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 638. — Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 682. 25.
L’Onore raye. Buff. Ois. 7. 432. — Buff. PI. Enl. 860.
Lineated Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 64. 25.
This species inhabits the same countries as the last, than which it is rather larger in bulk, but measures the same in length : its beak is blue : the lores the same, and naked : the upper parts of the head and neck are bright rufous, barred with numerous brown lines ; and of the body crossed with slender undulated lines of rufous, pale yellow, and brown : down the fore-part of the neck, commencing at the chin, is a longitudinal stripe of white ; the upper half of this stripe is bounded by dashes of brown, and the lower half is varied with that colour : the under parts of the body are dirty white : the quills and tail are black : the legs are yellow.
602
BRASILIAN BITTERN.
(Botaurus Brasiliensis.)
Bo. capite Icevi, corpore nigricante Jlavo punctato, remigibus rec- iricibus rostra pedibiisque nigricnntibus.
Bittern with the head smooth ; the body dusky, spotted with yellow ; the quills, tail-feathers, beak, and legs, dusky.
Ardea Brasiliensis. Linn. Syst. Nat.^ 1. 23Q. 23. — Gmel, Syst. Nat, 1. 637. — Briss. Orn. 5. 441. 23. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 681. 23.
Soco. Rail. Syn. 100. 14. — IVilL (Ang.) 284.
L’Onore de Bois. Bu^. Ois. 7. 433.
Brasilian Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 62. 23. — Broxvn. Illnst. Zool, 88. pi. 34.
This bird, which appears to vary a trifle, is in length two feet eight inches : its beak is blackish : irides yellow : the head and neck are brown, varied with small black spots : the throat and fore- part of the neck white, marked with longitudinal black and fuscous spots : the quills and tail are dusky : the greater wing-coverts are plain dusky : the rest of the plumage, both above and below, is dusky, prettily spotted with yellow. One of these is mentioned as having the beak reddish yellow : the head and upper parts of the body deep orange- red, finely barred with black : the chin whitish red : the fore-part of the neck pale red, with oblong black spots : the belly white, spotted with yellow : the thighs barred with dusky : the quills
YELLOW BITTERN.
603
black, with white tips : the rump and tail-coverts varied with white, black, and narrow yellow lines : the tail black, varied with a few white lines, and tipped with the same : the legs pale ferruginous. This variety most probably belongs to a different species, on account of the white on the wings and tail.
This species inhabits the borders of the lakes and rivers in the warmer parts of America, the West Indies and Brazil being the most usual places of resort.
YELLOW BITTERN.
(Botaurus flavus,)
Bo. striatus supra fuscus suhtus albus, capite colloque rujescentibus ^ rectricibus striis transversis albis.
Striped Bittern, above brown, beneath white j with the head and neck reddish ; the tail-feathers transversely striped with white.
Botaurus Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 460. 30.
Ardea flava. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 638. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 682. 26.
Ardea Brasiliensis rostro serrato. Raii. Syn. lOl. l6.
Le Butor jaune du Bresil. Buff. Ois. 5. 460.
Yellow Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 64. 26.
The Yellow Bittern is two feet three inches in length : beak four inches and a half long, serrated
601
SENEGAL BITTERN.
next the point ; brown, with the base green : the irides golden yellow : the head and hind part of the neck are pale yellow, striped with black : the back is brown, striped with yellow : the quills are varied with black and green, and tipped with white : the tail is similar, but barred with white : the throat is white : the fore-part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are white, undulated with brown, and the last edged with yellow : the legs are dark grey. Inhabits Brazil : is much esteemed for food.
SENEGAL BITTERN.
(Botaurus Senegalensis.)
Juscus, ahdomine alls caudaque aldis, capite collogue riigro strintis, alarum medio fascia longitudinali pcdlide rufd.
Brown Bittern, with the abdomen, wings, an d tail, white ; the head and neck striped with black ; the middle of the wings with a pale longitudinal rufous fascia.
Ardea Senegalensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 64 5. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6S4. 30.
Le petit Butor de Senegal. Buff. Ois. 7- 4'l6.
Petit Heron roux du Senegal. Buff. PI. llnl. 315.
Senegal Bittern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 67. 29.
This is in length twelve inches : beak rufous brown, beneath yellow : the upper part of the
GREEN BITTERN.
605
head, the neck, and the back, are rufous : the fore-part of the neck similar, but paler, and each feather marked with a streak of black down the shaft ; the loose feathers, however, at the base of the fore-part of the neck, are plain, and darker in colour than the rest : the middle of the wing, from the shoulder, is reddish ; the rest of the wing, both within and without, is white, some of the quills being varied with rufous : the whole of the under parts of the body are white : the legs are yellow. It is a native of Senegal.
GREEN BITTERN.
(Botaurus virescens.)
Bo. occipite suhcristato, dorso viridi-nitentey pectore rufescente, rectricibus viridi-aureis, loris luteis.
Bittern with the occiput somewhat crested j the back of a shining green j the breast rufescent ; the tail-feathers of a golden- green, and the lores yellowish.
Ardea virescens. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 238. 20. — Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 635. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 684. 31.
Cancrofagus viridis. Briss. Orn. 5. 486. 43. pL 3"] .f. 1. Cancrofagus viridis nsevius. Briss, Orn. 5. 49O. 7?^. 38.^1 2. Le Crabier verd. Buf. Ois. 7- 404.
Le Crabier verd tachete. Buff. Ois, 7- 405. — Buff. Pi, Enl.
912.
606
GREEN BITTERN.
Le Crabier de Cayenne. PI. Enl. QOS. ?
Small Bittern. Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. SO.
Green Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 6S. 30. — Wills. Amer. Orii,
7- 97. 1-
Length eighteen inches : the beak is greenish brown ; the under mandible yellowish at the base : the irides are yellow : lores naked, and yellow : the crown of the head of a dusky golden-green, glossed with copper : the feathers of the occiput elongated, and forming a crest : neck rusty bay- colour : the back, tail, and wdngs, are dusky brown, tinged with plumbeous : the lesser wing-coverts and primary’ quills similar in colour to the back, and edged with yellowdsh : the middle and greater wing-coverts dark glossy green, fringed with fer- ruginous : the chin and throat are white : the rest of the fore-part of the neck streaked with white : beneath, and following the direction of the under jaw, is a ferruginous stripe : the feathers on the lower part of the neck are narrow, and fall over the breast; those of the back are similar, and cover the rump : the legs are greenish. The sup- posed female, or more probably the young bird, has the crown dusky ; its feathers not elongated, and those of the neck pale browm, streaked with white : the back and scapulars are brown, the latter slightly tipped with white : all the wdng-coverts have a triangular white spot at tiie tip, and the last row have their edges of that colour : the secondary quills are dusky green, edged wdth paler : the greater quills brown, glo.ssed wu’th green.
GREEN BITTERN. 60?
and tipped with white : the under parts of the body are pale ash-colour.
This is a migratory species, being found in Carolina during the summer : it feeds upon fish, frogs, and crabs, in search of which it will remain for hours together on the branch of a tree over- hanging the water, with its head drawn in between the shoulders. It is also found at New York, Jamaica, Cayenne, and other parts of America.
60S
NYCTICOIIAX. NIGHTHERON. Generic Character.
Rostrum baud capite longius, validum, basi altius quam latum, lateratim compres- sum ; mandlbula siiperiore paulo incurvum.
Nares laterales in sulco slta?.
Caput pennis longlsslmis cy- bndraceis instructum.
Collum breve, crassum.
Pedes graciles, tetradactyli, digit! exteriores basi mem- brana connexi ; tingids medius margine interna di- latatus, pectinatus.
Beale scarcely longer than tbe bead, strong, bigber than broad at tbe base, laterally compressed ; tbe upper mandible somewhat in- curved.
Nostrils lateral, placed in a groove.
Head adorned with very long cylindrical feathers.
Neele short and thick.
Feet slender, four-toed ; the outer toes connected at the base by a membrane ; tbe middle claw with its inner margin dilated and pecti- nated.
Ardea. Ray., Linn., Gmel., Lath., Temm., Cuv., Vieil. Botaurus. Briss.
Cancrofagus. Briss.
In this genus the neck is more slender than in the preceding, but stouter than in the Herons : the head is furnished with several straight narrow feathers, of a peculiar construction, on its hinder
1^
lit
.:f.
r
EUROPEAN NIGHTHERON.
609
part, and the beak is of a different form to that of either the Herons or Bitterns. In manners the Nightherons somewhat resemble those of the above birds : they build their nests in trees, and lay about five eggs.
EUROPEAN NIGHTHERON.
(Nycticorax Europeus.)
Ny. cristatus, capite, occqnte, dorsoque nigro-xnrescentibus^ ahdo- mine Jlavescente-albo.
Crested Nightheron, with the head, occiput, and back, of a black-green 5 the abdomen of a yellowish white.
Ardea Nycticorax. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 235. 9. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 624. — Raii. Syn. gg. 3. — Briss. Orn. 5. 493. 45. pi. 39. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 6/8. 13.
Ardea maculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 645. SO. young.
Ardea Gardeni. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 645. 81. young. — Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 685. 32. young.
Ardea badia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 644. 75. young. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 686. 3/. young.
Ardea grisea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 239. 22. young. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 625. 9. S. young.
Botaurus naevius. Briss. Orn. 5. 462. 31. young.
Cancrofagus castaneus. Briss. Orn. 5. 468. 34. young.
Le Bihoreau. Buff. Ois. y. 435. pi. 12.— Buff. FI. Enl. 758. Butor tachete, ou Pouacre. Buff. Ois. 7. 427- young. — Buff. PI. Enl. 939. young.
Le Crabier roux. Buff. Ois, 7. 39O. young.
Bihoreau i manteau noire. Temm. Man. d’Orni. 375.
Spotted Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 70. 31. young.
V. XI. P. II. 40
610
EUROPEAN NIGHTHERON.
Gardenian Heron. Penn. Arct, Zool. 2. 355. young. — hath.
Gen. Syn. 5. 71- 32. young.
Night Heron, or Qua Bird. Wills. Amer. Orn. 7* 101. pi. Ixi.
f.l.f.1. young.
Chesnut Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 73. 37* young.
Night Heron, or Night Raven. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 356. —
Will. (Ang.) 279.pl. 49- — Alb. Birds. 2. pi. 67. — Lath. Gen.
Syn. 5. 52. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 234. — Lew. Brit. Birds. 4. pi.
145. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 126. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 2. 43. — Mont.
Orn. Diet. 1. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup.
According to the observations of Meijer, several of the Lathamian Herons are ascertained to belong' to the present species, which puts on a very dis- similar appearance at different periods of its life. The full grown bird, in its perfect plumage, is about twenty-two inches in length : the head, the occiput, the back, and the scapulars, are black, with hues of green and blue : on the nape are situated three long, narrow, white feathers, mea- suring about seven inches in length : the lower part of the back, the wings, and the tail, are fine grey ; the forehead, the eyebrows, the throat, the fore-part of the neck, and the under parts of the body, are pure white: the beak is black, with its base yellowish : the irides are red : the legs are greenish yellow. Both sexes are similar. The young of the first year are destitute of the three narrow feathers on the nape : the top of the head,, the nape, the back, and the scapulars, are dull brown, with bright red longitudinal stripes on the shaft of each feather : the throat is white, slightly spotted with brown : the feathers of the sides and fore-part of the neck are yellowish, deeply edged
EUROPEAN NIGHTHERON.
611
with brown : the wing-coverts and quills are grey- brown, with large ovate yellowish white spots at the tip of each feather: the under parts of the body are shaded with brown : the upper edge of the beak is brown, the rest is of a yellowish green : the irides are brown : the legs are olive-brown. At the age of two years the colours of the head and the back are tinged with dusky, and the lon- gitudinal spots on the neck become fewer in number : the spots at the tips of the wing-coverts are smaller : the proper cinereous hue makes its appearance on the other parts of the body, and the under parts become more, white : the beak is dusky brown : the irides are red-brown, and the legs are tinged with green.
The Nightheron frequents the sea shores, rivers, and inland marshes, feeding upon fishes, worms, insects, and frogs. It is very abundant in most of the southern countries of both continents, but towards the northern parts is extremely rare : very few specimens have ever been killed in this country, the first on record having been shot near London, during the month of May 1782 ; since that period, however, five or six more have been shot, and one so lately as 1816, which is now in the British Museum j this one occurred in the vicinity of London.
The female builds her nest in trees or on the ground ; she lays three or four greenish blue eggs. During the day this species remains concealed, and does not roam about until the dusk of the evening,
612
CAYENNE NIGHTHERON.
when it commences its ciy, which is very dis- agreeahle, and is compared by some to the noise made by a person straining to vomit.
CAYENNE NIGHTHERON. i (Nycticorax Cayanensis.)
Ny. corpore caruleo-cinereoj dor so striis nigris, capite nigro, pileo Jasciaque suhocidari alhis, crista occipitis sexpenni. Nightheron with the body of an ashy blue ; the back striped with black ; the top of the head and stripe beneath the eyes white 5 the occipital crest composed of six feathers.
Ardea Cayanensis. Grnel. Syst. Nat. ] . 626. — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 680. 17.
Le Bihoreau de Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 7. 43Q. — Buff. PI, Enl. S99. Cayenne Night Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 56. 16.
This bird is found at Cayenne : its length is twenty-one inches : its beak is black : the lores pale green : the crown of the head is white ; and a stripe of this colour passes from the nostrils, beneath the eyes, towards the occiput : the rest of the head is black, ending in a point behind ; from which part depends a crest composed of six unequal feathers, half of which are white, and half black ; the prevailing hue of the rest of the plumage is a bluish ash, the back and wings benig darkest, and marked with a dusky stripe down the middle of the shaft of each feather : the quills are black : the naked space above the knee, and the legs, which are very long, are yellowish.
613
CALEDONIAN NIGHTHERON.
(Nycticorax Caledonicus.)
. Jiisco-Jerrugineus, subtus superciliisque alhisy veriice nigro, crista occipitis tripenni alba.
Rusty brown Nightheron, with the under parts and the eye- brows whiter the crown black; the occiput with a white crest, composed of three feathers.
Ardea Caledonica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. I.Q2Q. — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 679. 15.
Caledonian Night Heron. Lath, Ind. Orn. 5. 55. 15. — Lath. Syn. Sup, II. 299. 5.
This bird is very similar to the common Night- heron when in its full plumage : it is in length nearly two feet ; its beak is black : the space between the beak and eye is naked, and green : the irides are yellow : the crown of the head is black : the eyebrows, and streak on the upper parts of the sides of the head, are white : from the nape arises three long white feathers : the prevail- ing colour of the plumage is ferruginous, inclining to brown ; the neck being palest, and having its feathers very loose on the fore-part : the breast, the belly, and the under parts of the body, are white : the legs are yellov/ : the claws are dusky. It inhabits New Caledonia.
614
JAMAICA NIGHTHERON- (Nycticorax Jamaicensis.)
Ny. subcristatus JuscuSf collo abdomineque Jusco alboque striatis, tectricibus alarum apice macula triangulari alba.
Slightly crested brown Nightherou, with the neck and abdomen striated with fuscous and white ; the tip of the wing-coverts with a triangular white spot.
Ardea Jamaicensis. Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1. 625.— Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 679. 14.
Jamaica Night Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 54. 14.
Latham has described this curious bird from a specimen in his own collection, in the following manner : Length one foot eleven inches : beak
four inches long, and dusky : the upper man- dible bends a trifle downwards at the point ; the colour dusky ; the ridge of the upper part blackish : the irides pale straw-colour : between the eye, and round it, bare, and greenish : the head is some- what crested ; the crown dark brown ; each feather is streaked down the middle with ferruginous : neck the same, but the colours duller and paler : chin and throat white : neck-feathers pretty loose : the upper part of the back darker than the rest : the rest of the back and scapulars yellowish brown ; some of the last tipped with white : wing-coverts like the back, but the lower order of them much paler, giving the appearance of a broad bar : all the coverts white down the shaft, which spreads
JAMAICA NIGHTHEROISr.
615
out to the tip, and forms a longish triangular spot : quills the colour of the lesser coverts : the prima- ries and bastard wing tipped with white ; the se- condaries plain : breast and belly white, streaked with obscure pale brown : vent white : legs brown.” This bird is a native of Jamaica : it is very shy, and scarce : it frequents woody situations, like the rest of the birds in this genus.
61G
CICONIA. STORK. Generic Character.
Rostrum longum, rectum, va- lidum, integrum, teretius- culum,acutum; mandibula superiore carinata,inferiore paulo recurvata.
Nares longitudinaliter fissa?, in sulco sitae.
Orhitce gulaque nudae.
Pedes grallatorii, tetradactyli, digiti antice basi membrana connexi; poZZca’ prima pha- lange in terram insistente : unguis medius integerri- mus.
Alee mediocres.
Beak long, straight, stout, en- tire, rounded, acute; the upper mandible carinated, theunder slightly recurved.
Nostrils longitudinally cleft, and placed In a groove.
Orbits and throat naked.
formed for wading, four- toed ; the anterior toes con- nected at the base by a membrane; the hind toe with its first joint resting on the ground ; the middle claw entire.
Wings medial.
CicoNiA. Bay., Briss.y Temm., Cuv., Vieil., Leach. Ardea. Linn., Gmcl., Lath.
XHE Storks reside in marshy places, and are principally nourished by reptiles, frogs and their fry, as well as fish and small mammalia. In most countries they are much esteemed by the inha- bitants, as they tend to prevent the increase of noxious vermin by destroying great numbers, all the species being extremely voracious. They migrate in great flocks, and are very easily tamed.
m
D'
4/i
rOiyilMON ST0]RK
617
WHITE STORK.
(Ciconia alba.)
Ci. alha, orlitis nudis remigihus scapular ihiisque nigris, rostro pedibus cuteque sanguineis.
. White Stork, with the orbits naked, and with the quills and scapulars black ; the beak, legs, and skin, blood-red.
Ciconia alba. Briss. Orn. 5. 365. 2. pi. 32. — Rail. Syn. Q’j. a. Ardea Ciconia, Linn. Syst.Nat. I. 235. 7* — Linn. Faun. Suec.
162. — Gmel.Syst. Nat. 1. 622. 7- — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 676. 9. Cicogne blanche. Buff. Ois. 7. 253. pi. 12. — Buff. PI. Enl. 866. — Temm. Man. d' Orni. 358.
White Stork. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 455. c. — Will. Ang. 2Q6.pl. 52. — Alb. Birds. 2. pi. 64. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 47. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 234. — Lew. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 144. — Wale. Syn. 2. pi. 125. — Bew. Brit. Birds. 2. 31. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 288.
This well known bird has the head, the neck, and the whole of the body, of a pure white : the scapulars and wings black : the beak and legs red : the naked space round the eyes black : the irides brown : it is in length about three feet five or six inches. The young have the black on the wings tinged with brown, and the beak of a dusky red.
The Stork inhabits various parts of the tem- perate regions of the old continent. It rarely visits England, though in various parts of France and in Holland, it breeds every where on the house tops, the inhabitants providing boxes for the purpose, and are careful that the birds receive no injury; the consequence of this is that the
618
WHITE STORK.
Stork walks fearlessly along the streets of those parts, and is greatly valued by the inhabitants, as it clears the country of frogs, snakes, and other reptiles. The disposition of this bird is mild and placid, being very easily tamed ; it may be trained to reside in gardens, which it will effectually clear of insects and other vermin.
The female makes a large nest composed of. sticks, and lays from two to four eggs, which are of a dirty yellowish white, the size of those of a Goose, but rather longer. The young are hatched in a month, and at first are brown: both sexes are said to watch them by turns, till they are able to take care of themselves : from this circumstance, and their great familiarity, many ridiculous fables have been invented, which it would be needless to repeat.
Storks are birds of passage, and observe great exactness in the time of their autumnal departure from Europe to more congenial climates. They pass a second summer in Egypt and the marshes of Barbary. In the former country they are said to pair and lay again, and educate a second brood. Before each of these migrations they congregate in amazing numbers : they are for a while much in motion among themselves, and after making several short excursions, as if to try their wings, all of a sudden take flight, with great silence, and with such speed as in a moment to be out of sight. During these migrations they are seen in vast flocks. Dr. Shaw saw three flights of them leaving Egypt, and passing over Mount Carmel, each half
’ll ' ((.') JR 1-.V
•)
i
If
AMERICAN STORK. 6 19
a mile in breadth ; and he says they were three hours in passing over.
The Stork sleeps upon one leg, and previous to its migrations makes a singular snapping noise with its beak ; in doing this it is said to turn its head backwards, with the upper part of the beak placed on the rump, and the under set into the quickest motion, made to act on the other. The flesh of this bird is very rank, and is not fit for food.
AMERICAN STORK.
' (Ciconia Maguari.)
Ci. alhay orhitis nudis coccineis, remigibus et tectridhus caud<£ su- perioribus nigro-virescentibus.
White Stork, with the orbits naked, and crimson ; the quills and upper tail-coverts dusky green.
Ciconia Americana. Briss. Orn. 5. SSp. 3.
Ardea Maguari. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 623. — Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.
677. 10.
Maguari. Ray, Syn. 97. 3. — Baff. Ois. 7. 275.
Cicogne Maguari. Temm. Man. d' Orni. 360.
American Stork. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 50. 10.
Size of the common Stork : length about three feet four inches : the head, the neck, the back, the tail, and the whole of the under parts of the body, are of a pure white ; the feathers at the base of the neck are long and pendant : the wings and
620
BLACK STORK.
upper tail -coverts are dusky, glossed with green : a large naked space on the upper part of the throat, which is capable of dilatation, is of a fine Vermillion hue, as is also the skin which surrounds the eyes : the beak is of a greenish yellow at the base, and grey-blue at the tip : the feet are red, the claws are brown, and the irides are white.
This bird inhabits various parts of America, though several have been killed in France, but these w^ere accidental visitors. It is said to be good food, and to snap with the beak like the common species.
BLACK STORK.
(Ciconia nigra.)
Ci. nigra, orhitis nudis coccineis, pectore nbdomineqiie albo.
Black Stork, with the orbits naked, and crimson j the breast and abdomen white.
Ciconia nigra. Raii. Syn, gj. 2. — Leach. Cat. Brit, Mus. p. 33. Ciconia fusca. Briss. Orn. 5. 302. 1. pi. 31.
Ardea nigra. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 235. 8. — Linn. Fann. Suec.
l63- — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 623. — Lath. Lnd. Orn. 2.677* tl* Cicogne noire. Buff. Ois. 7» 27 1. — Biff. FI. Enl. 399* — Temni. Man. d’Orni. 35Q.
Black Stork. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 456. d. — Will, (Ang.) 286. pi. 52. — Alb. Birds. 3. pi. 82. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 50. 11. — Mont. Linn. Trans, xii. 19-
Tills bird is in length about three feet ; its head, neck, the whole of the upper parts of the
BLACK STORK.
621
body, the wings, and the tail, are dushy, with hues of purple and greenish : the under parts of the breast and the belly are pure white : the beak, the naked skin about the eyes, and throat, are deep red-crimson ; the irides are brown : the legs are deep red. The young have the beak, the naked skin round the eyes, that on the throat, as also the legs, of an olive-green : the head and neck are rufous brown, edged with whitish : the body, the wings, and the tail, are dusky brown, slightly tinged with bluish and green.
This species inhabits many parts of Europe, but is not so common as the white : it is most abundant in Poland, Lithuania, Prussia, Switzerland, and Turkey ; rarer in Germany and Prance, and never found in Holland : one specimen has been cap- tured in England ; this was taken on a moor in Somersetshire, on the 13th of May, 1814, and is now in the British Museum. Several particulars of this individual are given by Montagu in the twelfth volume of theLinnean Transactions. Upon its first capture it made but little resistance, and on the following day ate some eels that had been placed near it : it frequently rested upon one leg, and if alarmed, particularly by the approach of a dog, it made a snapping noise v/ith the beak like the White Stork. It soon became docile, and would follow its feeder for a favourite morsel, an eel. When hungry it used to rest its whole leg upon the ground, and forcibly blow the air from its lungs. It frequently waded up to its belly into a pond in search of food, in the choice of which it
622
GIGANTIC STORK.
did not seem very particular, as it would eat any kind of offal presented to it.
Latham asserts that this is a solitary bird, fre- quenting the most sequestered places to breed : it builds on trees, laying two or three eggs, of a dull white, shaded with green, slightly marked with brown spots. Its flesh is unfit for food, being as bad as that of the White Stork.
GIGANTIC STORK.
(Ciconia Argala.)
Ci. cinerea^ capite colloqne nudis, abdomine humerisque candidis. Cinereous Stork, with the head and neck naked j the abdomen and shoulders white.
Ardea dubia. Gmel. Spst. Nat. 1. 624.
Ardea Argala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 676. 8.
Gigantic Crane. Lath. Ind. Orn. 4.45. — Lath. Si/n, Sup. 232. pi. 115. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 2Q3.
This gigantic individual is thus described by that able ornithologist, Latham : “ Size from five to seven feet in length, and when standing erect it is five feet high. The beak is of a vast size, sharp pointed, compressed on the sides, of a yel- lowish white colour, and opens very far into the head: the nostrils a slit placed high up, near the base : the whole head and neck are naked ; the front is yellow 5 the fore-part of the neck the
Jk
4 > l[ T TC € K a:®'
GIGANTIC STORK.
623
same, but more dull ; the hind part of the head and neck red, with here and there a warty ex- crescence, mixed with a few straggling hairs, curled at the ends : the craw hangs down on the fore-part of the neck, like a pouch, and twines round the back part ; the lower part of it furnished with hairs like the rest of the neck, but at the bottom are in greater number, and of a triangular form : the upper parts of the back and shoulders are surrounded with white downy feathers : the back itself and wing-coverts deep bluish ash-colour : second quills dusky brown : prinre'^uills and tail deep blackish lead-colour ; the last scarcely exceeds the quills in length ; the feathers of it are ten inches long, and twelve in number : the feathers of the sides beneath the wings, and those of the vent and under tail-coverts, are long and downy, some of them measuring near .a foot, and of a dusky white colour, as are all the under parts of the body : the legs are long, and black, naked far above the knees, and very scaly : the toes are webbed at the base : the claws blunt.’'
This bird is a native of Africa and Asia : it arrives at Bengal at the commencement of the rainy season. It is a most voracious animal, eating as much as would serve four men at a meal, and is very useful in clearing the country of reptiles and snakes, upon which it feeds. A long account of a tame bird of this species is given by Latham, from Smeathman. It regularly attended the hall at dinner-time, placing itself behind its master’s chair, frequently before any of the guests entered.
624
GIGANTIC STORK.
The servants were obliged to watch it carefully, and to defend the provisions by beating it off with sticks ; yet, notwithstanding every precaution, it would frequently snatch off something from the table. It one day purloined a whole boiled fowl, which it swallowed in an instant. It used to fly about the island, and roost very high amongst the silk cotton-trees ; from this station, at the distance of two or three miles, it could see when tlie dinner was carried across the court ; when darting down, it would arrive early enough to enter with some of those who carried in the dishes.
When sitting, it was observed always to rest itself on the whole length of the hind part of the leg. It sometimes stood in the room for half an hour after dinner, turning its head alternately, as if listening to the conversation.
Its courage was not equal to its voracity, for a child of eight or ten years old was able to put it to flight, though it woidd seem at first to stand on the defensive, by threatening with its enormous beak, widely extended, and crying out with a loud hoarse voice. It preyed on small quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles ; and though it would destroy poultry, it never dared openly to attack a hen with her young ones. It had been known to swallow a cat whole, and a bone of a shin of beef being broken, served it but for two morsels.
G25
MYCTERIA. JABIRU.
Generic Character.
Rostrum conico-longum, lae- vigatuin , validum 5 acu turn, utrinque compressum ; mandibula superiore tri- quetra recta, inferiore cras- sior recurvata,
Nares lineares.
Caput collumque plus mi- nusve denudatis.
Pedes tetradactyli, digltl, an- tic! basi membrana con- nexi : pollex humi incum- bens.
Beak conic elongated, smooth, strong, acute, compressed on each side; the up- per mandible triangular, straight; the lower stouter,, and recurved.
Nostrils linear.
Head and neck more or less naked.
Legs four-toed ; the anterior toes connected by a mem- brane at the base ; the hinder one resting upon the ground.
Mycteria. Linn,, Gmel., Lath., VieiL, Cm. CicoNiA. Briss,
V ERY little is known of the manners of the Jabirus, which are natives of the tropical and southern climates : they are mostly of a gigantic size, are very voracious, and prey upon fish, frogs, and other smaller animals : they reside in marshy and boggy places.
V. XI. P. II.
41
626
AMERICAN JABIRU.
- (Mycteria Americana )
My. alba, remigibus rectricibusque nigro-piirpurascentibus.
White Jabiru, with the quills and tail-feathers of a purple-black. Mycteria Americana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 232. 1. — Gniel. Sysl.
Nat, 1. 6l6. — Lath. Ind. Oni. 2. 670 1.
Ciconia Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 5. 371- d.
Jabiru-guacu. Raii. Syn. qQ. 5. — Ois. / . 282. 13. —
Bujf. Bl. Enl. 817*
American Jabiru. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 22. pi. 75.
This bird is about the size of the common Stork : its beak is black : the whole plumage is white, except the head and about two-thirds of the neck, which are destitute of feathers, and are of a dusky hue ; the lower part of the neck is also naked, and is of a fine red : on the hind head are a few greyish feathers : the wings and tail are of a dee}) purplish tint : the legs are strong, and covered with black scales. The young are said to be grey the first year, rose-colour the second, and pure white the third.
Inhabits the savannahs of Cayenne, Guiana, and other parts of South America. It constructs its nest in great trees, and lays two eggs. The young, as well as the old birds, are very voracious, and consume a great quantity of fish ; they are very wild : the young birds are frequently eaten, but the old are very unpleasant food, being tough and oily.
I
AMJE RICAN .irAIBllFUJ .
627
NEW HOLLAND JABIRU.
(Mycterla Australis.)
My. alba, cnpife colloque viridi-nigris, tectricibiis pennis scapula^ ribus caiidaque nigris, rostra nigro, pedibus rubris.
White Jabiru, with the head and neck of a green-black j the wing-coverts, scapulars, and tail, black 3 the beak black, and feet red.
Mycteria Australis. Linn, Trans. 5. 34. 2. — Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixiv. 1.
New Holland Jabiru. Lath, Ge7i. Spn. Sup. II. 2QA. pi. 138.
“ This species measures from the tip of the beak to the end of the claws full six feet : the beak is a foot long : neck fifteen inches : thighs ten inches : legs almost the length of the beak ; the upper mandible of which is nearly straight, or but just sensibly curved upwards ; the under rather more so ; the colour of both black : the chin is for a little way bare of feathers, and of a reddish colour : irides yellow : the head is pretty full of feathers, and with about half the neck is black, with a tinge of green in some lights, in others of purplish : the middle of the wing-coverts, and secondary quills, as well as the middle of the back, are greenish black, and the tail also is of the same colour : the rest of the plumage white : the whole of the legs and bare parts above the knee are of a fine red : the toes furnished at the end with pale-
6'28
SENEGAL JABIRU.
coloured claws, shaped not unlike those of the human species. Inhabits New Holland.*’
The above is Latham’s description of this species, to which he subjoined the following : “ Among the drawings of Mr. Lambert is a representation of one, apparently the same, in which the skin beneath the lower mandible and throat is of a fine crimson, and said to be capable of great dis- tention : head and half the neck brownish black, with a variable green and copper gloss : between the beak and eye grey : the general colour of the plumage of the lower part of tlie neck, the body, and wings, is white, except on the shoulders, which appear blackish, with the same bronzed hue as the head and half the neck : the tail is black.”
These birds are occasionally seen on the muddy banks of the harbour of Port Jackson, searching for fish, when tlie tide is out.
SENEGAL JABIRU.
(Mycteria Senegalensis.)
My. alba, rostra apicem versus ruhro, basin versus albido Jascia nigra, macula utrinque Jenestratd.
White Jabiru, with the beak towards the tip red, towards the base whitish ; with a black fascia, and a transparent spot on each side.
SENEGAL JABIllU.
629
Mycteria Senegalensis. Shatv, Linn. Trans. 5. 32. pi. 3. (head.)
Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixiv. 2.
Senegal Jabiru. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 2Q6. 3.
Dr. Shaw has given a very ample description of this bird in the Linnean Transactions. Its length, from the beak to the end of the claws, is six feet two inches : beak thirteen inches : neck fifteen inches : body one foot : the naked part of the thighs eleven inches ; the feathered part four inches : knee joint an inch : leg thirteen inches and a half : the middle toe is five inches and a half; the two outer ones four inches and a half, all slightly connected at the base : the upper man- dible is Very pale for three inches from the gape ; the under the same for about one inch and a half, then begins a bar of black for about three inches ; from thence to the tip the colour is red- dish, increasing in depth to the end, where it is of a deep vermillion : on each side of the base of the upper mandible is a large semi-oval and semi- transparent space, which at its back part is con- tinued upwards, in a curved direction, across the fore-part of the eye : over the nostrils a bare flattened part, somewhat in the manner of the Coot: beneath the base of the beak, just at the beginning of the feathered part, are two very small pear-shaped pendant wattles, adhering by very small necks : the head and neck are black : scapulars black, with pale bases, and fifteen inches in length : the remainder of the bird white : the
630
SENEGAL JABIRU.
legs are very long, and the thighs, to a distance nearly equal to that of the leg itself, quite bare : the whole leg and thigh black, except that round the knee, as well as round each joint of the toes, is a pale band or zone : the whole length of the leg and thigh is covered with hexagonal longi- tudinal scales. Said to be a native of Senegal.
631
ANASTOMUS. ANASTOMUS.
Generic Character.
Rostrum utiinque compres- sum, versus medium hians, acutum ; mandibula supe- riore marginibus aut den- ticulatis aut versus apicem emarginatis; inferiore In- tegra.
Nares lineares.
Pedes tetradactyli, fissi, digiti exteriores basi membrana connexa; unguis medius dilatatus, integerrimus.
Axastomus. Illig; Vieil.
Hians. Lacepede, Cuv.
Ardea. Gmel., Lath.
Beak compressed on both sides, gaping towards the middle, acute; the upper mandible with its margins denticulated, oremarginate towards the tip ; the under entire.
Nostrils linear.
Legs four-toed, cleft ; the outer toes connected by a membrane at the base ; the middle claw dilated, and entire.
the rest of the Grallai, the birds of this genus reside in marshy places, feeding upon small fishes, snails, worms, insects, and such like: they are both natives of India, but of their method of
incubation nothing is known.
632
A. 'RosiKnyi emarginatum •, FkciES pi umosa.
A. Beak emarginate j face clothed with feathers.
PONDICHERRY ANASTOMUS.
(Anastomus Pondicerianus. )
An. cinereo-griseus, remigibiis nigris, rostro lateribus glabro apice mucronato.
Cinereous grey Anastomus, with the quills black ; the sides of the beak smooth ; the apex pointed.
Ardea Pondiceriana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 646. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 702. go.
Le Bec-ouvert, Buff. Ois, 7. 40g. — Buff. PI. Enl. g32. Pondicherry Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 101. 77*
Nothing is known of the manners of this sin- gular bird, which measures fourteen inches and a half in length : the beak is rather long, very thick, and stout at the base for about one fourth of its length ; it then becomes slender, and finishes in a point : the under mandible is less stout, and gra- dually lessens to the end, but is curved inward the whole length ; so that the mandibles only touch at the bases and tips, standing hollow from each other in the middle ; the colour of both is yellow, but towards the head dusky : the space between the beak and eye, and orbits, are well clothed with feathers : the prevailing colour of the plumage is a dirty cinereous grey, but the quills are black, and reach considerably beyond the end of the tail : the legs are yellowish, and tessellated their whole
PONDICHERRY ANASTOMUS.
635
length, as is also the naked part of the thigh : the claws are small, and black ; the middle one entire. This species inhabits Pondicherry and other parts ^f the East Indies.
B. Rostrum ; faciks glabra.
B. Beak serrated ; face naked.
COROMANDEL ANASTOMUS.
(Anastomus Coromandelianus.)
An. alhus, facie dorso supremo remigibus caudaque nigris, rostra lateribus serrato apice dentato.
White Anastomus, with the face, the upper part of the back, the quills, and the tail, black ; the sides of the beak serrated, the tip dentated.
Ardea Coromandeliana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 646. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 702. 9I.
Le Bec-ouvert des Indes. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. pi. inp. 21 9. Coromandel Heron. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 102. 18. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 237.
This bird is equally curious with the last in the peculiar formation of its beak : in this species that part is serrated from the middle to the end of the edge of the upper mandible, and at its tip is very broad, resembling a pair of pincers ; the whole of the beak is rufous yellow : the head, the rump^ the belly, and the wing-coverts, are white : the feathers of the head are short, narrow, and
634
PONDICHERIIY ANASTOMUS.
erect : the back, the quills, and the tail, arc black: from the base of the beak to the eye naked, and black : round the throat the same : the wings are rather short, reaching only to the middle of the tail ; the irides are red : the legs are rufous yellow.
This species is frequent on the Ganges and other Indian rivers, and is common on the Coro- mandel coast during the months of September, October, and November: it feeds upon fish and reptiles.
The preceding species is supposed by Cuvier to be the young of this, but I know not on what grounds he forms his conjecture.
635
SCOPUS. UMBRE.
Generic Character,
Rostrum crassum, utrinque valde compressum, su- pra subtusque carinatum; mandibula superiore late- ratim sulcata, apice in- curva ; inferiore versus apicem angustior, paulo truncata.
Nares linear es, obliquag.
Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; di- git! anteriores basi mem- brana connexi.
Beah thick, greatly compress- ed on each side, carinated both above and below ; the upper mandible laterally grooved, the tip bentdown the under slender towards the tip, and slightly trun- cated.
Nostrils linear, oblique.
Legs four-toed, cleft; the outer toes connected at the base by a membrane.
Scopus, Auctorum.
There is but one species belonging to this genus, which is readily discriminated by its pecu- liarly formed beak : this part is compressed on the sides : along each side of the upper mandible is a groove, running longitudinally, at a short distance from the ridge, beginning at the base, and finish- ing about half an inch before it arrives at the point, which is slightly bent downwards : at its base the nostrils are plac'ed, which are a mere slit,
636
TUFTED UMURE.
forming an angle with the groove, and about half an inch in length : the under mandible is less deep at the base than the uppers grows smaller towards the end, where it is slightly truncated, and when closed shuts in beneath the upper one. The toes have a membrane at their base.
TUFTED UMBRE.
(Scopus Umbretta.)
Sc. cristatus, corpore toto Jiisco^ cauda Jasciis apiceque satura- tioribus.
Crested Umbre, with the whole body fuscous ; the tail with its tip and some bands darker.
Scopus Umbretta. Gmel. Syxt. Nat. 1. 6lS. — Briss. Orn. 5.
503. 1. — Lath.Ind. Orn. 2. 672. 1.
Ombrette. Ois. 7. 440. — Buffi PI. Enl. 79S.
Tufted Umbre. Brovon. Illii&t. Zool. po. pi. 35. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 30. pi. 77-
The Tufted Umbre is the size of a Crow : in length twenty inches : the beak is three inches and a half long, and brown ; from the hind head arises a dense crest of loose feathers, four inches in length-, this, as well as the whole body, is of an uniform umber-colour, the under parts being palest, and the shafts of the neck feathers rather lighter in shade : the wings and tail are even ;
30
T'Ulb'TEID 'ITMllilRlK .
TUFTED UMBRE.
^37
the latter is banded with three or four bars of deeper brown, and tipped for about an inch with the same : the legs are long, and the thighs naked for two-thirds of their length ; both are dusky : the claws are small, and bent. The female? has not the least vestige of a crest ; in other re- spects she resembles the male. Native of Southern Africa.
538
CANCROMA. BOATBILL.
Generic Character.
nostrum longum, latum, de- pressum, ovatum, sulca- tum, supra carinatum ; mandibula supcriore cym- bse rcsuplnatm forma, apice adunca ; inferiore recta, })lana, in medio membra- nosa, apice subito acuta.
Narcs parvae, ovatac, in sulco sitae.
Pedes tetradactyli, fissi ; di- giti antici basi membrana coaliti.
Beale long, broad, depressed, ovate, sulcated, carinated above ; the upper man- dible like a reversed boat, its tip bent down ; the under straight, smooth, membranaceous in the mid- dle, the tip abruptly acute.
Nostrils small, ovate, placed in a groove.
four-toed, cleft; the an- terior toes with their base connected by a membrane.
Cancuoma. Lmn., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., Vieil.
CoCHLEARIUS. BlisS.
HE beak of the Boatbill is of a curious form, as its name seems to imply : it is by some likened to a boat with its keel upwards, and by others to the bowls of two spoons placed with the hollow jtarts together: the upper mandible has a prominent ridge at the top, and on each side of this a long channel, at the bottom of which the nostrils are placed ; these are oval, and situated obliquely. Only one species is known.
,>/
Cm ik; 'll ' IK ID Win at b 'i ii ,. i . ..
639
• CRESTED BOATBILL.
^ (Cancroma cochlearia.)
Ca. cristata einerascenSy ventre rufo, veriice haiulaque cervids nigris.
Crested cinereous Boatbill, with the belly rufous •, the crown and lunule on the base of the neck black.
Cancroma cochlearia. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1. 233. 1. — Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1. 617. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.671* 1*
Cancroma cancrofaga. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 233. 2. female ? — Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 6 18. feiuale?
Cochlearius. Briss. Orn. 5. 506. 1.
Cochlearius fuscus. Briss. Orn. 5. 5QQ. 2. female ?
Cochlearius naevius. B?'iss. Orn. 5. 508. var.
Gallinula aquatica, Tamatia. Mali. Syn. II6. 12.
Le Saracou. Birff'. Ois. 7. 443. y;/. 23. — Bujf. PI. Enl. 38.
Le Cuilliere brune. Buff. Ois. 7. 443. female? — Buff. PI. EnL 869. female ?
Brown Boatbill. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 28. female ?
Spotted Boatbill. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 27. var.
Boat-Bill. Brovon. Illust. ZooL Q2. qd. 36. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5«
26. pi. 76.
Size of a Fowl ; length twenty-two inches : the beak is four inches long, and mostly dusky, though in some individuals it is dark brown : the skin between tlie under jaw capable of being dis- tended : from the occiput arises a Jong black crest, the feathers of which it is composed being narrow, and ending in a point ; the middle ones are six inches in length ; the others lessen by degrees to one inch, which is the length of tlie
640
CRESTED BOATBILL.
outer ones : between the beak and eye the skin is naked, and dusky : the forehead is white ; across the lower part of tlie neck behind is a transverse band of dusky black, passing forwards on each side towards the breast, and ending in a point a little above the bend of the wings : the rest of the neck, with the breast, and upper part of the abdomen,- are bluish white : the rest of the abdomen and the thighs are rufous : the feathers at the base of the neck are loose, as in the Herons ; the thighs are four inches in length, and the leg three and a half; the latter, and the naked space on the lower part of the former, are yellowish brown : the claws are black.
, This species varies in having the body spotted with brown, and also in having the upper parts pale rufous instead of cinereous : the tail reddish ash, and the under parts entirely of a cream- colour ; with the beak and legs yellow-brown. This inhabits various parts of South America, fre- quenting the borders of rivers : it perches on the trees overhanging the streams, pouncing upon the fish which swim beneath : it is likewise said to feed on crabs.
641
PLATALEA. SPOONBILL.
Generic Character.
Rostrum longum, latum, rec- tum ; supra subtusque pla- num, flexlbile, apice dila- tato, spathaeformi.
Nares parvae, ad basin rostri, membrana fimbriatse.
Caput faciesque plus mi- nusve calvae.
Pedes tetradactyli, semi-pal- mati ; pollice humi in- cumbens.
Alee mediocres.
Beale long, broad, straight, smooth both above and beneath, flexible, the tip dilated and spoon-shaped.
small, situated at the base of the beak, and bor- dered by a membrane.
Head and face more or less bald.
Legs four-toed, slightly web- bed ; the hinder toe rest- ing upon the ground.
JVmgs medial.
Platalea. Linn., GmeL, Lath., Cuv., Vieil., Tenini. Platea, Ray, Briss., Leach.
TL HE Spoonbills live in society in the maritime marshes, or near the mouths of great rivers, rarely occurring inland : they feed upon small fishes, their fry, and mollusca ; also on frogs, and other reptiles and aquatic insects : they build on high trees, in bushes, or amongst rushes. They are migratory birds.
V. XI. P. II.
42
G42
WHITE SPOONBILL.
(Platalea leucorodia.)
Pl. occipite cristato , corpore albo, guld Jlava.
Spoonbill with the occiput crested j the body white j the throat yellow.
Platalea leucorodia. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 231. 1. — Linn. Faun. Suec. l60, — Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 6l3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 667. 1.
Platea leucorodia. Leach.. Cat. Brit. Mus.p. 33.
Platea^ sive Pelecanus Aldrovandi. Raii. Syn. 102. \.—Bris$. Orn. 5. 352. 1.
LaSpatule. Ois. 7- 448. pl. 24. — Bi^. Pl.Enl, 405.
La Spatule blanche de Lugon. Banner. Voy. Ind. 3Q. pl. 5\. young ?
La Spatule huppee de I’isle de Lu^on. Banner. Vay, Ind. 90. pl. 52.
Spatule blanche. Temm. Man. d'Orni. 382.
Spoon-bill, or Pelican. Alb. Birds. 2. pl. 66. — Will. Ang. 288. pl. 5.
White Spoonbill. Penn. Brit. Zoal. App. pl. 9. — Penn. Arct. Zoal. 2. 441. A. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 13. 1. — Leiuin. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 142. — Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 123. — Pult. Cat. Dars. 13. — Beta. Brit. Birds. 2. 25. — Mant. Orn. Diet. 2. — Mant. Orn. Diet. Sup. .
The length of this elegant bird is about two feet six inches : its beak is eight inches and a half, and dusky, with several undulated transverse ridges of black ; the tip is of an orange-yellow : the irides are red: the feathers of the hind head are elongated, and form a beautiful crest, which is of a yellowish white colour : the whole of the plumage is of a
'
WHITE SPOONBILL.
643
pure white, with the exception of the lower part of the neck, which is yellowish buff, becoming paler behind : the naked space round the eyes and on the throat pale yellow; the base of the latter part slightly tinged with rufous. The female has not so fine a crest, and has the yellow hue on the breast paler. The young are white, with the shafts of the quills black : the head is clothed with short and rounded feathers : the beak is deep grey, and is covered with a smooth skin : the irides are grey : the orbits are dull white. The yellow on the breast does not make its appearance till the third year.
The Spoonbill appears to be a general inhabitant of the old continent : it frequents the borders of rivers and the sea coasts, migratingwiththe Herons and Storks. In England it is scarce. Pennant mentions that a flock migrated into the marshes near Yarmouth, in Norfolk, in April 1774, and since that time two have been shot on the southern coast of Devonshire, and are now in the British Museum. The nest is placed on high trees near the sea side : the female lays three or four white eggs, marked with a few pale red spots, but occasionally they are spotless : during breeding time it is very clamorous. It feeds upon fish, frogs, snails, insects, and aquatic worms, and also grass and weeds that grow in the water. Its flesh is said to have the flavour of a Goose, and is very high coloured when dressed, and free from any fishy taste.
644
ROSEATE SPOONBILL.
The trachea is curiously formed, having a double flexure like a figure of eight, but the convolutions do not cross each other, the points of contact being united by a fine membrane.
ROSEATE SPOONBILL.
-V (Platalea Ajaja.)
Pl. corpore reclricibusque roseis, tectricibus caud<£ coccineis. Spoonbill with the body and tail rose-coloured j the tail-coverts crimson.
Platalea Ajaja. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. 1. 231. 2. — Gmel. S^st. Nat, 1.
6l4. — Lath. Lnd. Orn. 2. 668. 2.
Platea Brasiliensis Ajaja dicta. Rail. Syn. 102. 3.
Platea rosea. Briss. Or?i. 5. 356. 6. jd. 30. young.
Platea coccinea. Briss. Orn. 5. 359. 3.
Platea mexicana, Tlauhquechul. Raii. Syn. 102. 2.
La Spatule couleur de rose. Buff. Ois. y. 456. — Buff. PI. Enl, 165.
Scarlet Spoonbill. Sloan. Jam. 2. 3l6. — Will. Ang. 28p. 2. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. l6. — Wills. Amer. Orn. y. 123.1xiii.y^ 1. Brasilian Roseate Spoonbill. Will. Ang. 28Q. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 16. jd. 73.
This most elegant species is two feet three inches in length : the beak is six inches in length, and marked all round with a groove parallel to the margin ; it is of a greyish white, and slightly transparent, shewing the ramifications of the blood-
DWARF SPOONBILL.
645
vessels belonging to it: the forehead, the space between the beak and eyes, and the throat, are naked, and whitish : the plumage is of a fine rose- colour, deepest on the wings : the tail-coverts crimson : the legs are grey, and the claws dusky. When in full plumage it is described as being of a beautiful red colour, with a black collar at the lower part of the neck, the neck itself being whitish : the irides red. During the first year it is of a dusky chesnut.
This inhabits Jamaica, Guiana, Mexico, and other parts of the middle regions of America : it feeds on small fish, and other animals.
DWARF SPOONBILL. (Platalea pygmaea.)
Pl. corpore supra fusca subtus albo.
Spoonbill with the body above fuscous, beneath white.
Platalea pygmaea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 231. 3.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.
1. 6l5. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 66q. 3.
Dwarf Spoonbill. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 17* 3.
This is a very small species, scarcely equalling a Sparrow in size : its beak is black, longer than the head, and flat at the end, and of a rhomboidal shape, and not rounded as in the two preceding
646
DWARF SPOONBILL.
species : the angles and tip of the upper mandible are white : the body is brown above and white beneath : the shafts of the quills are white : the tail is rounded in shape, short, and of a brownish white : the claws are pointed.
It inhabits Surinam and Guiana.
LND OF THE ELEVENTH VOLUME.
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