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ARIES NOILALILSNI SMITHSONIAN RARIES INSTITUTION Saiuvugin LIBR INSTITUTION S salve dia NVINOSHLIWS INSTITUTION tl z Ae ed Gry fe ns a : : LNLILSNI”NVINOSHLIWS —S31uvu a (7 a S 2 5 > Ie il 2 m 2 RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION | = Reo = = oa S 3 = z ie Bad = » 2 a nee NYINOSHLINS S3IYVUGIN = Y tu oO a = ve a oc 5 Si ice Fas) : -! RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION z ita O ie = ee => lily Ey z Fl : zZ a INLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS Sa1uvyd iq “ es ENS S Ne LEA SiGe Fe SEVP DS” Saat Lene We 4 NVINOSHLINS a ul 2 = c ae aoe Indian S29) whale-tailed 240 round-tailed 244. Guiana ea ey eae OS pvetinaed 1° LFGME Tg nS ay Directions for placing the Plates in vol. I. part I. The Vignette to part I. represents the Platypus or Duck-bill in different views.—Plate containing the outline of the Skull to front p. vii of the IntroduGtion. Plate 1 to face page 1 Plate 36 to face page 104 2 5 37 —— 106 3 4 38 ——— 116 4 10 39 —— 120 5 E27) NO 6 ——-—-_ 12 41 ——— 139 4 13 42 —————._ 140 8 14 Cea eae 9 16 AA ad Bree ed 5) et Pa Ir ————_20 46 ———— 1°66 12 ————__22 47 ———_ 159 13 ————-__-24 48 ———— 162 eG 49 ———_ 167 15 ——__—-28 50 ————_ 169 16 —————-._ go 51 ———— 170 Ais 34 Ud Marreaccnarimie Vie, 13 ———__ 38 53 -SsO173 LE Ser omer ama Wig oe Jes are eS 20 —————__ 763 55 —— 180 2E ————_ 44 56 ———— 181 22 ————— 54 57 ———— _ 188 23 ——_~=s «56 58 ———— _ 189 SO eapar a SO ran mae 25 ————_— Or 60 ———— 198 26 ————-_ 65 61 ———— 202 27 ———__ 67 62 ———— 207 28 ———-__73 63 ———— 212 29 ————__ 81 64 ————= 219 30 ————_ °—=€2 65 ———— 226 31 ————-_ 7993 66 ———— 229 Be | OA OTN ae ea Be 60 68 ————— 234 Se i aD 63* 839 do ee ge AOS 69 —————_ 244 Ry mae, Vitis eka POCO a G SS i CeER Bice i 2 a Ratan cL fo gs AUC wag Ties we Oe: toe Ke (crane dies Sa \ SN Sa > (j ORAN © TAN. Allan. Buff te. QUADRUPEDS. ORDER PRIMATES. SIMIA.. APE. Linnean Generic Character. Dentes primores utrinque 4, || Frovt-teeth in each jaw 4; approximati. placed near together. Laniari solitarii, longiores, || Ganine-teeth solitary, longer hinc remoti. than the others, distant from the remaining teeth, or grinders. Molares obtusi. Grinders obtuse. Tus numerous race may be properly divided into four sections, viz. 1. Apes, or such as are destitute of a tail. 2 Baboons, or such as have very muscular bodies, and whose tails are com- monly short. 3. Monkies, whose tails are, in ge- neral, long: and, lastly, Sapajous, or monkies, with what are termed prehensile tails, viz. such as can, at pleasure, be twisted round any object, so as to answer the purpose of an additional hand to the animal, Wie ses 1 2 APE. Of the whole genus, or the monkey tribe im general, it may be observed, that the Baboons are commonly of a ferocious and sullen disposition. The larger Apes are also of a malignant temper, ex- ‘cept the Oran Otan andthe Gibbons. The Mon- kies, properly so called, are very various in their dispositions ; some of the smaller species are lively, harmless, and entertaining; while others are as remarkable for the mischievous malignity of their temper, and the capricious uncertainty of their manners. It may not be improper here to observe, that it is no easy task to determine with exact preci- sion the several species of this extensive genus; since, exclusive of the varieties in point of colour, they are often so nearly allied as to make it difficult to give real distinctive characters. ‘To this must be added, the mutilations which occasionally oc- cur in the specimens preserved in museums, or exhibited in public, and which, of course, are liable to deceive an inexperienced eye, and even to embarrass the most expert and sagacious natu- ralist. ‘To circumstances like these are owing the figure of the AMJantegar, or tufted Ape, in the first and second editions of Mr. Pennant’s History of Quadrupeds. The figures in authors are not always to be trusted: those in the Natural History of the Count de Buffon are, in general, good. ‘Those of Schreber are copied from them, and coloured, seemingly, from description. DS! ORAN OTAN. Simia Satyrus. is, natibus tectis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 33- Homo Troglodytes. sis, natibus tectis in. Sy , Gmel. p. 26. Tailless Ape, either chesnut-coloured or black, without callosities behind, and with the hair on the lower part of the arms reversed. Satyrus Indicus. Tulp. Obs. Med. p. 284. t. 14. Homo Sylvefiris. Orang-Otang. Bont. Fav. 84. t. 84. Orang-Outang, sive Homo Sylvestris. Zpson. anat. pygm. f. 1. 2- Jocko. Buff. 14. p. 43. ¢. and suppl. 7. t. 1. ex ed Allamand. Man of the Woods. Edwards pl. 213. Orang-Otang. Vosmaer. descr. Fc. t. 1. 2. Orang-Otang. Camper hort beright, Sc. Amst. 1778. Great Ape. Pennant Quadr. ed. 3. p. 80. pl. 36. i, . ecaudata, ferruginea, lacertorum pilisre ver Or these singular animals, the species which has most excited the attention of mankind is, the Oran Otan, or, as it is sometimes called, the Satyr, great Ape, or Man of the woods. It is a native of the warmer parts of Africa and India, as well as ot some of the Indian islands, where it resides principally in woods, and is supposed to feed, like most others of this genus, on fruits. The Oran Otan appears to admit of considerable variety in point of colour, size, and proportions; and there is reason to believe, that, in reality, there may be two or three kinds, which, though nearly ap- proximated as to general similitude, are yet spe- cifically distinct. The specimens imported into Europe have rarely exceeded the height of two. or three feet, and were supposed to be young ani- mais; but it is said that the full-grown ones are, at least, six feet in height. The general colour Ai | ORAN OTAN. seems to be dusky or brown ; in some ferruginous or reddish brown, and in others coal-black, with the skin itself white. The face is bare; the ears, hands, and feet nearly similar to the human, and the whole appearance such as to exhibit the most striking approximation to the human figure. The likeness, however, is only a general one, and. the structure of the hands and feet, when exa- mined with anatomical exactness, seems to prove, in the opinion of those most capable of judging with accuracy on the subject, that the animal was principally designed by nature for the quadrupedal manner of walking, and not for an upright pos- ture, which is only occasionally assumed, and which, in those exhibited to the public, is, perhaps, rather owing to instruction than truly natural. The Count de Buffon, indeed, makes it one of the distinctive characters of the real or proper apes (among which the oran otan is the chief), to walk erect on two legs only; and it must be granted, that these animals support an upright position much more easily and readily than most other quadru- peds, and may probably be very often seen in this attitude even in a state of nature. The manners of the Oran Otan, when in capti- vity, are gentle, and perfectly void of that dis- gusting ferocity so conspicuous in some of the larger baboons and monkies. ‘The Oran Otan is mild and docile, and may be taught to perform, with dexterity, a variety of actions in domestic lite. ‘Thus it has been seen to sit at table, and, in its manner of feeding and general behaviour, to BLACK ORAWN= OTAN. fromTyson. ORAN OTAN. 5 imitate the company in which it was placed: to pour out tea, and drink it without aukwardness or constraint; to prepare its bed with great exact- ness, and compose itself to sleep in a proper man- ner. Such are the actions recorded of one which was exhibited in London in the year 1738; and the Count de Buffon relates nearly similar parti- culars of that which he saw at Paris. Dr. ‘Tyson, who, about the close of the last century, gave a very exact description of a young Oran Otan, then exhibited in the metropolis, assures us, that, in many of its actions, it seemed to display a very high degree of sagacity, and was of a disposition uncommonly, gentle; Zhe most gentle and loving creature that could be. Thofe that he knew a ship- board he would come and embrace with the greatest tenderness, opening their bosoms, and clasping his hands about them; and, as I was informed, though there were Monkies aboard, yet it was observed he would never associate with them, and, as if nothing akin to them, would always avoid their company. But however docile and gentle when taken young, and instructed in its behaviour, it is said to be possessed of great ferocity in its native state, and is considered as a dangerous animal, capable of readily overpowering the strongest man. Its swiftness is equal to its strength, and for this rea- son it is but rarely to be obtained in its full-grown state; the young alone being taken. A few years past, the hand of a supposed full-grown oran otan was brought from Sierra Leona, which, from its size, seemed to justify the idea of the stature to 6 ORAN OTAN. which this species is supposed to grow: it was of - ablack colour, and, consequently, belonged to the . black variety of this species; or that described in a young state by Dr. Tyson. It is remarkable that the large hand represented in professor Allamand’s edition of the Natural History of the Count de Buffon, as that of an Oran Otan, proved, according to Camper, who examined it accurately, to have ‘been an artificial preparation, made by distorting and otherwise al- tering the fore-foot of some large quadruped ; most probably that of a bear, in the opinion of Camper; and the nails were glued into the places where the claws had been. Such are the deceptions to which even the most experienced naturalists are sometimes liable! This hand became the sub- ject of private controversial correspondence be- tween professors Allamand and Camper. At length its proprietor, Mr. Vink of Rotterdam, permitted it to be opened, when the opmion of Camper was found to be just; the whole preparation being composed of bones, hair, skins, &c. nicely ag- elutinated and compacted, with the addition of nails at the extremities. The hand, however, which was brought from Sierra Leona, was undoubtedly genuine, and the whole skin of the animal is, at present, in the pos- session of Mr. A. Afzelius, demonstrator of bo- tany in the university of Upsal; but its full de- scription and figure having never been published, it is impossible to pronounce, with certainty, the species. to which it belongs. : q a f 1 3 t : © - AN) fen Ag nie \ tf i MW Hi} 4 I } SS y, —_———SSS=S if Wy) tr Fieash fadp ORAN O TAN. Posmaer. 0 Jan?) Publijid by G Kearsley, Fleece Street ORAN OTAN. 7 Mr. Vosmaer’s account of the manners of an Oran Otan brought into Holland in the year 1776, _and presented to the Prince of Orange’s mena- gerie, is so curious and satisfactory, that I shall extract it from his accurate publication on that subject; and shall also accompany it by two excel- lent figures of the animal, with which he has illus- trated his work; and these, together with an ac- curate copy of the young Pongo, described and figured by Dr. Tyson under the name of the pyg- my; and of that preserved in the British Museum, figured by Edwards; and, lastly, the elegant and expressive representation of M. Allamand, in his edition of Buffon, will, it is presumed, give the clearest and most satisfactory ideas of these extra- ordinary animals, which the present state of our knowledge on the subject will permit us to ob- tain. This animal, says M. Vosmaer, was a female: its height was about two Rhenish feet and a half. It shewed no symptoms of fierceness or malignity, and was even of a somewhat melancholy appear- ance. It was fond of being in company, and shewed a preference to those who took daily care of it, of which it seemed to be sensible. Often when they retired it would throw itself on the ground, as if in despair, uttering lamentable cries, and tearing in pieces the linen within its reach. Its keeper having sometimes been accustomed to sit near it on the ground, it took the hay of its bed, and laid it by its side, and seemed, by every demonstration, to invite him to be seated near.. 8 ORAN OTAN. Its usual manner of walking was on all-fours, like other apes; but it could also walk on its two hind feet only. One morning it got unchained, and we beheld it with wonderful agility ascend the beams and rafters of the building : it was not without some pains that it was retaken, and we then remarked an extraordinary muscular power in the animal; the assistance of four men being necessary, in order to hold it in such a manner as to be properly secured. During its state of liberty it had, amongst other things, taken the cork from a bottle containing some Malaga wine, which it drank to the last drop, and had set the bottle in its place again. It eat almost every thing which was given it; but its chief food was bread, roots, and especially carrots ; all sorts of fruits, especially strawberries : and appeared extremely fond of aromatic plants, as parsley and its root. It also eat meat, both boiled and roasted, as well as fish. It was not observed to hunt for insects like other monkies ; it was fond of eggs, which it broke with its teeth and sucked completely; but fish and roast meat seemed its favourite food. It had been taught to ‘eat with a spoon and a fork. When presented with strawberries on a plate, it was extremely pleasant to see the animal take them up, one by one, with a fork, and put them into its mouth, holding, at the same time, the plate in the other hand. Its common drink was water; but it also very willingly drank all sorts of wine, and parti- cularly Malaga. After drinking it wiped its lips, and after eating, if presented with a tooth-pick, ORAN OTAN. 9 would use it in a proper manner. I was assured, that on shipboard it ran freely about the vessel, played with the sailors, and would go, like them, into the kitchen for its mess. At the approach of night it lay down to sleep, and prepared its bed by shaking well the hay, on which it slept, and putting it in proper order, and, lastly, covering itself warm with the coverlet. One day, seeing the padlock of its chain opened with a key, and shut again, it seized a little bit of stick, and put it into the key-hole, turning it about in all directions, endeavouring to see whether the padlock would open or not. This animal lived seven months in Holland. On its first arrival it had but very little hair, except on its back and arms: but on the approach of winter it became extremely well covered; the hair on the back be- ing three inches in length. ‘The whole animal then appeared of a chesnut colour; the skin of the face, &c. was of a mouse colour, but about the eyes and round the mouth of a dull flesh colour. It came from the island of Borneo, and was deposited in the museum of the Prince of Orange. Upon the whole, it appears clearly that there are two distinct species of this animal, viz. the Pongo, or great black Oran Otan, which is a native of Africa, and the reddifh brown or chesnut Oran Otan, called the Jocko, which is a native of Borneo and some other Indian islands. ‘This lat- ter, as appears from a collation of most of the specimens which have been surveyed with the ne- cessary degree of exactness, is distinguished by 10 ORAN OTAN. having no nails on the great toes. Whereas, in the Pongo, or black species, they are conspicuous. © In one specimen, however, of the Jocko, M. Cam- per observed a very small nail on the great toe of- one foot only; the other being without; but as the toe which had the nail differed from that of the opposite foot, in having an additional jomt, M. Camper considered it as a lusus nature. The figures given by Dr. Tyson and the Count de Buffon represent the black oran otan, or Pongo, though the Count de Buffon’s figure is, by a mistake, en- titled Jocko. It was drawn from the young ani- mal in a living state; but it is acknowledged in the supplemental volume, published by Mr. Cepede, that the artist has overcharged it in some particu- lars. Mr. Edwards’s figure represents the Jocko or chesnut-coloured species, and is, in one point, er- roneous, viz. in representing the great toes fur- ushed with nails; which, as before observed, are wanting in this animal.* I must also add, that, in most of the copies of Mr. Edwards’s work, the Oran Otan is coloured somewhat too light: the face, neck, and hands, in particular, which should have a slight wash of Indian ink, in order to produce the proper shade of brown; and a more dusky cast should also pervade the whole figure, as ap- pears clearly from the original drawing now pre- served in the British Museum. * This particular in our representation, from Edwards's original drawing in the British Museum, is properly corrected. Bn oy” CHESNUT ORAN OTAN. from Edwards. ORAN OTAN. 11 In Dr. Gmelin’s edition of the Systema Nature, the smaller variety, or the Jocko im its less shagg or more naked state, is given as a distinct species, under the name of Sima Troglodytes. -'The print published many years past, by the name of Chim- punzee, is of this kind; as is, perhaps, the figure in Tulpius. The animal described in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. 59. p. 72. pl. 3. is by Gmelin, in his edition of the Systema Nature, referred to the Oran Otan; but Mr. Pennant, in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, seems to consider it as perfectly distinct, and describes it under the title of Golock. It has a poimted face; long and slender limbs; arms, when the animal is upright, not reaching lower than the knees; head round and full of hair; grows to the height of a man. Inhabits the forests of Mevat in the interior parts of Bengal. In its manners is gentle and modest; called by the natives golock, or the wild man; distinguished from the Oran Otan by its slender form; and from the Gibbon by its having much shorter arms: colour entirely black. ‘The short description given in the Philosophical ‘Transactions is somewhat singular: The animal is said to be of the height of a man; the teeth white as pearls; the arms in due proportion, and the body very genteel. 12 LONG-ARMED APE. Simia Lar. 8. ecaudata, natibus calvis, brachiis longitudine corporis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 2. Tailless black Ape (sometimes white), without callosities be- hind, and with arms as long as the body. Homo Lar. Liz. Mantiss. pl. 2. p. 521. Simia Longimana. Schreber Saeugth. t. 3. f. 1. Miller Cimelia Physica. t. 27. Grand Gibbon. Buf. Hist. Nat. 14. t. 2. Long-armed Ape. Pennant Quadr. p. 184. Var. Petit Gibbon. Buff. Hist. Nat. 14. t. 3. Simia Longimana. Museum Leverianum, 2. t. \. THis is a species of a more deformed appear- ance than the Oran Otan, and is distinguished by the excessive length of its arms, which, when the animal stands upright, are capable of touching the ground with the fingers. It is a native of India and some of the Indian islands, and grows to the height of four feet or more. Its colour is black; but the face is commonly surrounded by a whitish beard. This animal is well figured in Buffon; and a smaller variety is finely represented in Mr. Millar’s miscellaneous plates of Natural History. Variety.—Vhite gibbon. This is generally considered as a variety of the former ; from which it differs in being entirely white, except the face and hands, which are black. Inthe Leverian Mu- seum is a most elegant specimen, which is figured in No. 2 of the Museum Leverianum. Our present figure is also from the same specimen. What seems to prove this to be a variety of the black 7isi> WIN ITS fe, Eh rf (A INNS S NYY ND aero WY be Vi, ly >\\ prises ONS I) ee ae SRS ~~ Vso LONG-ARMED APE. we i; Mi Hi) “ye i Hi a KN = <= <= —— ———w S55 S= SSS SSS SSS SS SS ————SSSSaSSS SSS SS SSS A i iy ANS y oN Lo Ra ST WY = Zz <= A ao re == ZN ape Sat, Se RS Sa aS E SS NS SSE bs mE SSS 1 ESS ENRON S SS WEES LONG-ARMED. APE. White Vorrvety.. unt Tiree! a Teanmdanr Pra isdhe'd he te Rearsciay. Fieek Street: z 7 z ol SVeann’ Seah thw BARBARY APE. BARBARY APE. iS gibbon, above-described, is, that a patched or parti-coloured small variety of that animal is sometimes seen, and is figured in the Count de Buf- fon’s work, having the lower part of the back and the feet white, while the rest of the animal is of a deep brown. ‘The larger kind is also represented by Buffon with whitish hands and feet. Notwithstanding the apparent ferocity of the Gibbon, and the deformity of its figure, it is of a more tractable and gentle nature than most of its tribe, and has even been celebrated for the de- corum and modesty of its behaviour. Considered with respect to the rest of the genus it ranks among the genuine Apes, or those which have not the least vestige of a tail, and, like the Oran Otan, alarms the pride of mankind by too near an ap- proach to the real Primates of the creation. Nay, Linneus, in his description referred to in the sy- nonyms, actually places it inthe genus Homo, un- der the title of Homo Lar. _ BARBARY APE. Simia Inuus. 8. ecaudata, natibus calvis, capite oblongo. Lin. Tailless pale-brown Ape, with callosities behind, and with an oblong head. Simia Inuus. Speculum Linneanum, 1. t. 1. ~Magot. Buff. 14. t. 8. 9. ‘Barbary Ape. Pennant Quadr. p. 186. Tuts, which is the species of ape most com- monly seen in exhibitions of animals, grows to the height of about four fect. It is not remarkable 14 PYGMY. Pia: for docility or good temper; but, by force of dis- cipline, is made to exhibit a greater degree of in= telligence than many others. Its colour is an olivaceous brown, paler or whiter beneath: the face is of a swarthy flesh colour. The hands and feet have nails resembling the human, as in the two former species. It is also destitute of any real tail, but there is commonly a short skinny appen- dix in the place of one. This animal is found in Barbary, as well as in many of the lower parts of Africa. PYGMY. Simia Sylvanus. S. ecaudata, natibus calvis, capite subrotundo, brachiis brevioribus. Lin. Tailless pale-brown Ape, with callosities behind, and with a roundish head. Simia. Gen. Quadr. 847. Raii syn. Quadr. 149. Cercopithecus. Foust. Quadr. t. 59. f. 5. Pitheque. Buf. Nat. Hist. 14. p. 84. and supp. 7. t. 26 3. 4» Se Pygmy Ape. Pennant Quadr. p. 183. VaR? Alpin. Hist. Nat. Aigypt. t. 20. f. 1. THis is the smallest of the genuine Apes or those destitute of tails. In its general appearance, as well as in colour, it extremely resembles the Barbary Ape; but is not larger than a cat, and has a rounder or flatter face than. the Barbary Ape. This is supposed, by Mr. Pennant, to have been the Pygmy of the ancients, which was said to wage war, at certain seasons, with the cranes. It ALPINUS APE. o AN "4 Wn THN. Ly) \\ \\ \ ) \ MH) PYGMY APE. 1890 Jan?) I ondon.Publifhd hy GKearsley, Fleet Street. Pitas § (ee PYGMY. 15 - is a native of A‘thiopia, where it is most common ; but it is also found in other parts of Africa. It is easily tamed, and is much more docile and gentle than the former species. In the supplemental part of the Count de Buf fon’s Natural History, we also meet with a seem ing variety of the Pygmy, which is said to differ i having no callosities or bare spaces behind. Mons. Buffon thinks it a distinct species, and ob- serves, that it has been described by no one ex- cept Prosper Alpinus, who has given a figure of it. The figure given in Buffon’s work is from a drawing sent to him by Mr. Peter Collinson. The hair is said to be red. The face seems, in the en- eraving, to be represented of a dark colour; and the general appearance. is so perfectly that of the Pygmy, that the particular difference is scarce perceptible. The figure referred to in Prosper Alpinus is at pl. 20. fig. 1. of his Hist. . Nat. fEgypt. That given by ‘Buffon is copied in the present work. - We now proceed to the second division of this genus, or that containing the Baboons. Much confusion seems to have prevailed among naturalists with respect to the different species of Baboons, and the synonymous names off authors have been erroneously given, not only in the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature of Linneus, but in the History of Quadrupeds by Mr. Pennant and others. We shall begin with the species most commonly seen in exhibitions of animals. 16 COMMON BABOON. | Simia Sphinx. 8. semicaudata, Te wibrissato, unguibus acuminatis y natibus calvis. Lin. , : ok Short-tailed brown Baboon, with callosities behind, and with dull flesh-coloured face and pointed nails. Papio. Baboon. Gesn. Quadr. 252. Aldrov. dig. 260. Fonst. Quadr. 145. ¢. 61. fol. Rait Quadr. 158. Briss. Quadr. 192. Papion. Buff. 14. t. 13. 14. Mottled Baboon. Pennant Quadr. 197. Tuts is a species of very considerable size, and when in a sitting posture, is from three to four feet in height. It is extremely strong and mus- cular in its upper parts, and slender towards the middle; but this is the general shape of all the true Baboons: its colour is an uniform greyish brown, paler beneath; the hairs on the upper parts, if narowly inspected, appear as if mottled; the face is long, and of a tawny flesh colour; the eyes appear as if sunk into the head or very deeply seated, and are of a hazel colour. The hands and feet have strong, blunt claws; but the thumbs of the hands have rounded nails. The tail is very short. This is certainly the Sphinx of Ges- ner, the synonyms to which are erroneously ap- plied both by Linneus and Mr. Pennant. In Gmelin’s edition of the Systema Nature they are rectified. ‘This also seems to be the species intended by the Count de Buffon, and figured in his Natural History. It is ferocious in its manners, and its appearance is, at once, gro- tesque and formidable. The region surround- ing the tail, to a considerable distance on each J ——— Sz i ))) I \ . | i) \ (| SS ZZ Lf LZ ( Ni i AN AK AK) ANGE \ A QO \ Oe oS (A IN CHAN ue RN NAS AN \ DOIN ah aie Ne TAS! HK } ahh iN IK \ XY ' N HY ) We A i EE i / i | My) NY WK Oi it NK \\\ NY) \\ th Hi 4 a WRAY | i fetta? SS ee nos CLGEGAGN ~~) Nee Aira CY < ER DBs evn 3 = SIR Z ATS GENESIS RN LSS, KR + +a 5) GI Jnuth sculp. COMMON « OON AN fi A \ iN i Ny ie Q My WO Y) i\ WA y AY RS SORA SS VARIEGATED BABOON. 2800 Jari1LondonPublijhd by G. Kearsley, Fleet Street. VARIEGATED BABOONs 17 side, is perfectly bare and callous, and of a red colour: this is also common, in a greater or small- er degree, to the rest of this division. It is a na- tive of the island of Borneo. VARIEGATED BABOON. Simia Mormon. 8. semicaudata subbarbata nigro-fusca, malis tu- midis nudis cyaneis, oblique striatis, natibus calvis sanguineis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Short-tailed tawny-brown Baboon, with callosities behind, naked tumid violet-blue cheeks obliquely furrowed, and the middle of the nose blood-red. Alstroemer Act. Holmiens. 1766. vol. 27. p. 138. Mantegar. Philos. Trans. n. 220. Bradley nat. 117. t. 15. f. 1. Chloras. Breslaner Natur-u Kunstgesch, 15. vers. 177. Great Baboon. Pennant Quadr. 188. t. 40. 41. Variegated Baboon. Museum Leverianum. No. 1. p. 38. t. 9. Tuts is at ieast equal in size, if not superior, to the former, and, when in an upright posture, is about five feet high. It is the most remarka- ble of the whole genus for brilliancy and variety of colour. The general tinge is a rich and very deep yellowish-brown; the hairs, if viewed near, appearing speckled with yellow and black. The form of the face is long, with the snout _ ending somewhat abruptly: the whole length of the nose, down the middle, is of a deep blood- red; but the parts on each side are of a fine violet- blue, deeply marked by several oblique furrows. The remainder of the face is of a pale whitish-yel- sil. 2 e 18 VARIEGATED BABOON. . low. On the top of the front the hair rises, in _aremarkable manner, into a pointed form, and beneath the chin is a pointed beard of a light orange-yellow. Round the back of the neck the hair is much longer than in other parts, and in- -clines downwards and forwards, somewhat in “the manner of a wreath or tippet. The hair on this part has also a slight tinge of violet-brown. The breast and lower parts of the body are of a whitish colour. Round the region of the loins the skin is almost bare, and of a most beauti- ful violet-blue, gradually altermg into a_vivid vermilion, which is more conspicuous on the hinder parts, where it surrounds the tail, which is extremely short, or scarce apparent. The hands and feet are of a dusky colour, and are furnished with broad but pointed claws. It is a native of ' the interior parts of Africa; but it is said to have been also brought from India. In the Leverian Museum is a most capital specimen of this Baboon, of which a general figure is given in Mr. Pen- nant’s History of Quadrupeds; but a much more elegant and accurate one may be found im the Museum Leverianum. A disfigured specimen of this curious animal, altered by cropping away the hair on the head and other parts, seems to have given rise to the descrip- ‘tion by Dr. Bradley, and that in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. xxiv. p. 1571, from whence it was inserted, by Mr. Pennant, into the first edition of his History of Quadrupeds, under the title of VARIEGATED BABOON, 19 the tufted Ape, and, as usual in such cases, has been thence transferred into some other works *. _ The variegated Baboon is of a fierce disposition, and extremely muscular and strong. Its voice somewhat resembles the slight roar of a lion: it is a rare species, and is not often imported into Europe. Mr. Pennant observes, that its posture, when walking, is a proof of the excellency of Ges- ner’s figure, which, from its singularity of ap- pearance, had often been thought erroneous ; but it is certain that Gesner’s figure represents the common or brown Baboon, and the general out- line of the body is nearly the same in both. * In the drawing, which isa very indifferent one, now preserved in the British Museum, not only the nose, on each side, but also the bare part of the forehead, even to some distance beyond the ears, is represented of a fine blue ; and the ridge and tip of the nose red. Upon the whole, I believe there can remain but little doubt of its having been made either from a disfigured specimen, or else hastily and erroneously drawn in some particulars, and, perhaps, coloured afterwards from recollection. ‘The whole upper part of the animal is coloured grey-brown; and the whole under part dull flesh colour; seeming quite void of hair, as well as the insides of the limbs. In the same volume of drawings are also two other representations, evidently intended for the same animal: they are rather better painted than the former, but with the same parti- cularities. 20 MAIMON. Simia Maimon. 8. semicaudata subbarbata, genis ceruleis stria-- tis, natibus calvis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. “ae Short-tailed olive-brown Baboon, with callosities behind, naked violet-blue furrowed cheeks, and the middle of the nose flesh- coloured, Mandrill. Buff. 14. t. 16. 47. Ribbed-nose Baboon, Pennant Quadr. p. 190. Maimon. Schreber. 1. f. 7. Maimon. Speculum Linneanum. No. 1. t. 2. THE synonyms between this species and the former are commonly confounded. It is de- scribed by the Count de Buffon under the name of Mandrill. He seems to have seen an unhealthy specimen, since he describes it as dull, heavy, and, at the same time, disagreeably dirty in its appearance. On the contrary, it is an active ani- mal, and seems far less indocile and malignant than the rest of the Baboons. The general like- ness which it bears to the former species, is such as to give the idea of the same animal in a less advanced state of growth, and with less brilliant colours; the nose, instead of being red on its up- per part, is merely flesh-coloured ; but the sides are blue and furrowed, as in the former species. There is, however, no appearance of the crimson and blue tinge round the loins; and the general colours are less bright. The chin, as in the for- mer species, is furnished with a small sharp- pointed beard of a pale orange colour. The feet are armed with claws, and have no flattened nails. MAIMON . 2800 Jar’z.London Pubtynad by & Kearsley. Fleet Street. HOG-FACED BABOON. AN | _ This Baboon is not uncommon in exhibitions of animals. Its length, from nose to tail, is about two feet. Tail exactly as in the former. HOG-FACED BABOON. Simia porcaria. 8. semicaudata, capite suillo, rostro nudo, corpore fusco-olivaceo, natibus tectis, unguibus acuminatis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Boddaert Naturf. 22. p. 17. t. 1. 2.2 Short-tailed brown Baboon, covered behind, with black naked hog-like face, and pointed nails. Hog-faced Baboon. Penn. Quadr. p. 187.? Tus animal is described by Dr. Boddaert, in a German work, entitled Der Naturforcher. It is said to be three feet six inches in length: its co- lour is a deep olive-brown; the face large and black; the nose truncated at the end, somewhat like that of a hog: the nails are sharp: the tail appears, from the figure, to be about the length of the leg, from the knee to the‘foot: there are no bare spaces behind; but the lower part of the ab- domen seems bare, and of a dull flesh colour. On a general view it seems not unlike the Wood Ba- boon, except in the greater length of the tail. Dr. Boddaert imagines it to have been the xosporiOnxes of Aristotle. It is said to be a native of Africa. The Hog-faced Baboon of Mr. Pennant appears to be a very different species, and was introduced into the History of Quadrupeds on the authority of a drawing in the British Museum; but as he has given no description of its colour, it is necessary ie we og, WOOD BABOON. to observe, that the prevailing cast of the figure is a dull olive-brown, paler beneath; with a face ex- actly resembling that of the $. Mormon, of which I take it to be a bad general representation. The memorandum under the drawing states it to have been two fect and a half high. © WOOD BABOON. Simia Sylvicola. 8. semicaudata griseoferruginea, facie manibus pedibusque nigris, natibus calvis, Museum Leverianum. No. 5. pr Zot. tM: = Short-tailed ferruginous-brown Baboon, with callosities behind, and with black naked face hands and feet. Wood Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 191. pl. 42. Le Babouin des bois. Buff: Hist. Nat. suppl. tom. 7. p. 39. ph 7: Tuis species is very finely figured in the Mu- seum Leverianum. It is of a robust frame, and + ‘ is in height about three feet. Its general colour ~ is a sort of ferruginous greyish-brown, owing to the alternate blackish and ferruginous rings with which every individual hair is marked, and which give a kind of freckled appearance to the whole. The face, hands, and feet, are black; the nails on the hand longish, but rounded at their ex- tremities ; those on the toes somewhat longer and_ more acuminate. The space on each side the ~ tail is large, bare, and red. The tail scarce three inches in length. It is an African species, and is said to be principally found in Guinea. al’ ASS lt \\) ow rrr hed engs? SKY he == aN He a CO ANS WOOD BABOON. While. jrie 2800. Feb! London Pubiyha by & Kearsley, # leet Street. ae YELLOW BABOON. Simia Sublutea. 8. semicaudata sublutea nigro irrorata, facie nigra nuda, manibus supra pilosis. Short-tailed yellow Baboon, freckled with black, with naked black face, and hands hairy on their upper surface. Yellow Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 191. Tuts, which Mr. Pennant describes from a spe- cimen in the Leverian Museum, has a long, black face like the former, which it greatly resembles, except in being smaller, and of a brighter colour; the hair being bright-yellow, mottled with black. The hands, on their upper surface, are covered with hair, and over the eyes are some long dusky hairs. It is about two feet in length, and is sup- posed to be a native of Africa. CINEREOUS BABOON. S. Cinerea. 8. semicaudata cinerea, vertice flavo irrorato, facie fusca, barba pallida. Short-tailed cinereous Baboon, with the crown mottled with yellow; the face brown; the beard pale. Cinereous Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 97. Asout the size of the preceding: face dusky : beard pale brown: crown mottled with yellow: body and limbs cinereous-brown. It is supposed to be a native of Africa, and is in the Leverian Museum. ; BROAD-TOOTHED BABOON. S. Dentata. 8. semicaudata. cinereo-ferruginea, facie subcerulea, _ dentibus primoribus permagnis. Short-tailed ash-brown Baboon, with blueith face and very large fore-teeth. Broad-toothed Baboon. Pennant Quadr. Wrru a blueish face; two very flat broad fore- teeth ; a pale-brown beaid; long hairs over each - eye; atuft of hair beyond each ear; the hair - black and cinereous, mixed with dull rust colour. Length about three feet. Native country uncer- tain. In the Leverian Museum. Mons. Cepede, in his additions to the Natural History of Count de Buffon, considers these three last animals as va- rieties of the Sylvicola or Wood Baboon. BROWN BABOON. S. Fuscae 8. semicaudata fusca, subtus cinerea, facie albida, naso lato, auriculis acuminatis, natibus calwvis. ; Shortish-tailed brown Baboon, with callosities behind, a whitish face, and very broad nose. Brown Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 192. Simia Platypygos. Schreb. Quadr. pl. 5. B.? Babouin a longues jambes. Buff. Hist. Nat. suppl. 7. p. 41. pl. 8. Wit pointed ears ; face of a dirty-white ; nose large and broad; hairs round the face short and straight; colour of the upper parts of the body brown ; of the under ash colour. Tail about four ee ee URPLE-FACED MONKEY. VOLE WHE 2 BROWN BABOON, 7000 Fh ¥1 Publijna bv 6 Mearfley. Fleet Street. a ae PIG-TAILED BABOON. 1800FebizL ondonPiablgha by 6 Ears ley Fleet Street. PIG-TAILED BABOON. 25 inches long; taper, and almost bare: beneath the tail quite bare. This, according to Cepede, is the same with the Long-legged Baboon (Babouin a longues jambes) described in the additions to Buffon. ‘The figure there given is the same with that in Mr. Pennant’s Quadrupeds ; but Mr. Cepede contends that the tail is represented much too long. The principal distinguishing character of the animal seems to be the great leneth of its limbs. PIG-TAILED BABOON. Simia Nemestrina. §. semicaudata subbarbata grisea, iridibus, natibus tectis. Lin. — Olive-brown Baboon, with short naked tail. Pig-tailed Monkey. Edwards, pl. 214. Pig-tailed Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 193. Le Maimon. Buff 14. 4. 19. Tus is a small species, commonly about the size of a cat, but sometimes much larger. The face is somewhat pointed, of a swarthy flesh co- lour, and naked; the ears large and of a similar colour: the general colour of the animal is an olive-brown, paler or whitish beneath. The fin- gers are black ;_ the thumbs on the hind feet very long, and connected to the nearest toe by a broad membrane. ‘The tail is about four inches long, and exactly resembles that of a Pig. On each side the tail are bare spaces, as in other Baboons, 26 CRESTED BABOON. but smaller in proportion. This species is figured by Edwards, at plate 214 of his work on Natural History. Mr. Edwards informs us, that he car- ried his in order to compare it with a much larger one of the same species, to Bartholomew fair, and that ‘« they seemed to be highly pleased with each other's company, though it was the first time of 52) eb) e their meeting * CRESTED BABOON. S. semicaudata nigra, capillitio diffuso, pectore albido, facie manibusque nudis. Short-tailed black Baboon, with very long hair on the crown and cheeks, the breast whitish, the face and hands bare. Crested Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 193. Witu the hairs on the crown very long and dishevelled: those on the cheeks of the same form and of a dusky colour: breast whitish: rest of the body covered with long black hair; that on the limbs the same: face and feet black and bare: tail slender, taper, about seven inches long: whole length of the animal two feet. Inhabits India. * Edwards's figure, though, doubtless, a faithful representation of the individual specimen from which it was drawn (and which seems to have been a small or half grown one), represents the ani- mal, with a face not sufficiently thick and large: the beft figure is that of Buffon, which is, indeed, excellent. Buffon very pro- perly observes, that, in its general appearance, except the pig-like tail, it so perfectly represents the Macaque, or Cynomolgus, that one might suppose it a variety of that species. LITTLE BABOON, At f Described by Mr. Pennant from the specimen in the Leverian Museum. LITTLE BABOON. Simia Apedia. $§. semicaudata, palmarum pollice approximato, unguibus oblongis : pollicum rotundatiss natibus tectis. Lin. Short-tailed yellowish Baboon, without callosities behind; with thumbs standing close to the fingers and furnished with rounded nails; the fingers with narrow ones. Little Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 192. Tuis is said by Linneus to be of the size of a Squirrel; but, in a description given in the Amoenitates Academice, it is said to be as large asa Cat. The general colour is yellowish; the hairs being tipped with black: face brown, with a few scattered hairs: head roundish ; ears round- ish and naked : tail scarce an inch long. No bare spaces on each side: the thumbs not remote from the fingers, and with rounded nails; those on the fingers narrow and compressed. Native of India: said to be a lively species. 28. - -DOG-FACED BABOON. ‘Themes Diviszon) of thes Baheerst aaa such as have long tails. Of these the chief is, the DOG-FACED BABOON. Simia Hamadryas. 8S. caudata cinerea, auribus comosis, unguibus acutiusculis, natibus calvis. Lin. Tailed grey Baboon, with callosities behind, sharpish claws, and the hair on each fide the head very long. Simia supra aures comata. Alpin, Hist. Nat. Aigypt. p. 242. Re is). Dog-faced Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 194. % S. Hamadryas. Grey Baboon. Speculum Linneanum, \.t. 3. Babouin a museau de chien. Buff suppl. 7. p. Tuts species is of an elegant colour, composed of a mixture of grey and brown, the hair appear- ing as if speckled. It is a very large animal, at least equal, if not superior, in size to the common brown Baboon and the Mormon. It is remark- able for a vast quantity of flowing hair on each side the head, as well as round the shoulders, spreading in such a manner as to give the ap- pearance of a short cloak or mantle. The whole face is naked and of a flesh colour, more or less deep in different individuals. The eyes are deeply seated, and of a chesnut colour. The bare spaces on each side the tail are very large, protuberant, and of. a very bright flesh colour, or rather red. The tail is almost the length of the body, and is commonly a little tufted at the end. The nails on the hands or fore-feet are flat; those on the hind-feet resemble strong claws. This is a rare DOG- FACED BABOON. Fleas jeuip. 2800 Keb!1 London Publynd by GRearsley Fleet Sbreet cones DOG-FACED BABOON. 2G species in comparison with the Common Baboon ; and is a native of the hottest parts of Africa and Asia, where it is said to reside in vast troops, and to be very fierce and dangerous. ‘There is a wonderful degree of sagacity in the countenance of this animal, and a kind of solemn contempla- tive disposition seems to be strongly indicated in its looks, when calm and undisturbed; but when irritated, the most striking efforts of vindictive violence are immediately exhibited. It is also possessed of an uncommon degree of obstinate moroseness, surpassing most others of its tribe, and is, when in a state of confinement, of a dis- position so rude and unquiet, and of manners so peculiarly indecorous as generally to frustrate all attempts to civilize and reclaim it. A supposed variety of this species, called by Mr. Pennant the Ursine Baboon, is said to be not. uncommon in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope; of a dusky colour, and covered all over with long shaggy hair; it is nearly of the size of a man: the head very large; the nose long and thick; the ears short and thick, and the crown of the head covered with long upright hair: the tail is of the length of the body, and the bare spaces on each side of a blood-red colour. ‘This variety is said to inhabit the mountainous parts about the Cape, and to descend occasionally into the plains in order to pillage gardens and planta- tions. The figure of the 8. Hamadryas, in the Specu- lum Linneanum, was a real portrait from an un- 30 LION-TAILED BABOON. commonly fine specimen exhibited in this metro- polis; and is, therefore, here repeated, in order to give as complete an idea as possible oF so re- genicable a species. 3 The animal, mentioned by Mr. Pennant in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, under the title of the Mottled Baboon, seems to be no other than the great brown Baboon already describ- ed; and the smaller animal mentioned in the same article, and termed the Little Baboon, appears, as he has himself observed, to be no other than the young or half-grown specimen of the former. LION-TAILED BABOON. Simia Ferox. 8. caudata barbata nigra, barba amplissima albida. Museum Leverianum, p. 69. Tailed black Baboon, with very large whitish spreading beard. Cercopithecus barbatus niger, barba incana promissa. Raj. Quadr. p. 158. Simia Silenus? Lin. Syst. Nat. Ouanderon. Buf. 14. p. 169. pl. 18. Lion-tailed Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 198. pl. A4, Turis species is remarkable in its appearance. It is equal to a middle-sized dog, and is entirely coal-black; except the beard, which is extremely targe, and either white or of a very light grey. It surrounds the face to a considerable distance, and gives an air of uncommon fierceness to the animal. The tail is of a moderate length, and is terminated by a tuft. The nails are flat; the teeth remarkably large and strong. It is very — “—T HARE-LIPPED MONKEY. eath 3 culp. LION-TAILED BABOON. 10 hos +e ? Pe LION-TAILED BABOON. 3] elegantly figured in the Museum Leverianum. It is a native of the East Indies, particularly of the island of Ceylon, where it resides in woods ; it is also said to be found in the interior parts of Africa. In its manners it is savage and un- tractable. It is necessary to observe, that the figure given by the Count de Buffon, though very good in other respects, was drawn from a mu- tilated specimen, in which the tail was defective, im consequence of which it does not convey a true idea of the animal. I have sometimes thought it not improbable that the strange figure in Ges- ner, p. 859, which is also given by Aldrovandus, p. 249, and copied by Dr. Tyson at fig. 17 of his work on the Oran Otan, might, in reality, have owed its origin to this species of Baboon ; of which it may pass for a very bad representa- tion, with the additional circumstance of being figured with scarce any hair on the body, in order to give it more of the human appearance. This species seems to vary in a remarkable manner, being either of a light grey, or perfectly white, with the beard black, so as to present an appearance exactly opposite, in point of colour, to the animal above-described. In this state it has been considered as distinct, by some authors, and is placed as such in the Gmelinian edition of the Systema Nature, under the title of S. veter. In this white state it is found in Ceylon. Mr. Pennant also seems to consider the 8. Fau- nus of Lin. as another variety of this species. Sy) ac DOG-TAILED BABOON. Simia Cynosuros. §. caudata imberbis, facie elongata, fronte fuli- ginosa, fascia superciliari albida, genitalibus masculis coloratis, un- guibus convexis. Scopoli delic. flor. et faun. insubr. P... pr 4An t. 19. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 30. Pale-brown beardless Baboon, with callosities behind, and with longish flesh-coloured face, a whitish band across the forehead, and a longish sharp-pointed tail. Tuis animal is described by Scopoli, who in- forms us that it was about the size of a middling dog; being nearly two feet from nose to tail: it had cheek-pouches, and bare spaces behind, though in the figure accompanying his descrip- tion this particular does not appear. ‘The plate in the coloured copy of the above work, in the Banksian Library, is represented of a very pale straw-coloured brown, nearly white beneath: the face and ears very slightly dusky; eyes and eye- lids very pale brown; across the forehead, over the eyes, a broad white band; tail long, thin, and sharp-pointed. The face appears uncommonly mild and placid. it was very fond of snuff, which it would also occasionally rub over its body in a ridiculous style. WRINKLED BABOON. S. caudata fusco-flavescens, subtus albida, facie incarnata, natibus caluis sanguineis rugosis. Short-tailed yellowish-brown Baboon, Helio beneath ; with -flesh-coloured face, and large blood-red wrinkled callosities behind. Simia erythrea. Schreb. suppl. Macaque a queue courte. Buff suppl. 7. p. 56. pl. 13. TuIs species occurs in the supplement to But- fon, under the title of Macaque a queue courte, and, except in size and the shortness of the tail, seems extremely allied to the preceding animal: it has also a great affinity to the S. nemestrina, or Pig-tailed Baboon. It was fifteen inches long: the nose flattish, with a sort of sinking on the upper part, owing to the projection of the os frontis: the iris of the eye yellowish: the ears round and of a flesh-colour, having a small scol- lop or insection on the back part, so as to appear different from the Hare-lipped Monkey, to which, except in having a short tail, it is also allied: its face is flesh-coloured ; the callosities behind, and the neighbouring space, of a’ blood-red, and marked with strong wrinkles. The upper part of the body was of a yellowish-green tinge, mixed with a little grey. The outsides of the limbs grey also. ‘The under parts of body and limbs whitish. The tail was seven inches and two lines long, and of a grey-colour. Aa o 34 LEONINE MONKEY. . To the Baboons succeed the Monkies, properly so called: ‘they have commonly a pair of pouches in the lower jaw, for the temporary reception of their food; a circumstance which occurs also in some of the Baboons. ‘Their tails are long, and, in most species, a bare or callous space appears on each side the tail. MONKIES. LEONINE MONKEY. Simia Leonina. S$. caudata barbata nigra, barba amplissima al- bida, caude prelonge apice floccoso, natibus calvis. Black Monkey, with callosities behind, very large whitish beard, and very long tufted tail. Guenon a crinicre. Buf suppl. 7. p. 81. pl. 22. Tus species was described from the living ani- mal in the possession of the Duc de Bouillon; and was in the Royal Menagerie at Versailles, in the year 1775. . Its length was two feet, from nose to tail, and it was eighteen inches high when standing on all-fours, The legs were long in proportion to the body: the face naked and quite black: the whole body and limbs of the same co- lour; the hair, though long, appearing short, on account of its lying smooth: around the face, ac- cording to Bufton’s figure, is a fine long chevelure of grey-brown hair, and a large beard of fair grey. CVE. a © ar ae | y ne. aw SHINN aN \ \ ZZ 17 o ~ HARE-LIPPED MONKEY. | 5 G The chevelure or spreading hair round the face, stretches upwards over the eyes and forehead, so as to encircle the whole head in a remarkable manner, as im the Ouanderou or Lion-tailed Baboon, to which, indeed, from the figure as well as descrip- tion, it appears so extremely similar, that it might well. pass for a variety of that animal. The eyes are of a deep brown; the nose flat, and the nos- trils large and separated like those of the Ouan- derou; from which, however, it differs in the far superior length of the tail, which measures twenty- seven inches, and is tufted at the end. It ha callosities behind: the feet and hands are a little hairy, but the fingers are naked: the ears also are naked, flat, round, and hid by the hair. It was supposed to be a native of Abyssinia. HARE-LIPPED MONKEY. Simia Cynomolgus. S§. caudata imberbis, naribus bifidis elatis, cauda arcuata, natibus calvis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 38. Long-tailed beardless Monkey, with callosities behind, rising bifid nostrils, and arched tail. §. Cynocephalus? 8S. caudata imberbis flavescens, ore producto, cauda recta, natibus calvis. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 38. Macaque. Buff. 14. p. 190. ¢. 20. Hare-lipped Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 200. Tuis species is supposed by Mr. Pennant to include the Cynomoleus and Cynocephalus of Linneus. It is of a thick and clumsy form, and bears a great general resemblance to the Barbary Ape, except in having along tail. In 36 PURPLE-FACED MONKEY. size it appears te vary greatly; some specimens scarce exceeding the size of a cat, while others have been seen as large as a small greyhound. The colour also varies, being sometimes olive- brown at other times. grey-brown. The head is large; the eyes small; the nose thick, flat, and wrinkled; on each side the tail is a bare space; the under side of the body and the insides of the limbs of a light ash-colour. It is a native of Guinea and Angola. The nostrils are divided, like those of a hare.* PURPLE-FACED MONKEY. S. Veter? S. caudata barbata alba, barba nigra. Lin. Syst. Nat. p- 36. Long-tailed bearded white Monkey, with black beard. Purple-faced Monkey. Pennant Zuadr. p. 199. Guenon a face pourpre. Buff: suppl. 7. p. 80. pl. 21. Tus, which Mr. Pennant describes from a drawing communicated to him by Mr. Loten, has a black body; purple face and hands; a large tri- angular white beard, short and pointed at bottom, and extending on each side in the manner of wings. ‘The tail is much longer than the body, and is terminated by a dirty white tuft. It is a native of Ceylon, and is of gentle manners. Mr, Pen- * The Cynomolgus and Cynocephalus of Linnaeus may per- haps be really distinct species; but from his specific characters it seems scarce possible to determine this point. PALATINE MONKEY. 37 nants figure from Mr. Loten’s drawing above- mentioned is copied in the supplement to Buf- fon. This species is said to be sometimes seen entirely white; but differing in no other respect. In this state it should seem to be the Simia Veter _ of Linneus. PALATINE MONKEY. Simia Roloway. 8. caudata barbata, capite, dorso, manibus pedi- busque extrinsecus nigris, interius una cum abdomine et corona pilorum faciem triquetram ambiente albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 35. Long-tailed bearded blackifh Monkey, white beneath, with tri- angular face, surrounded by a white beard divided at the bottom. Palatine ou Roloway. = = = SSE 103 RING-TAILED LEMUR. Lemur Catta. ZL. caudatus, cauda albo nigroque annulata. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 45. Long-tailed Lemur, with the tail annulated with black and white. Mococo. Buff. 13. p. 174. pl. 22. The Maucauco. Edw. pl. 197. Ring-tailed Lemur. Museum Leverianum. No, 6. p. 43. pl. 11. Ring-tailed Macauco. Pennant 2uadr. 1. p. 230. Tuts is by far the most beautiful animal of the genus. Its size is that of a small cat, but of a more slender shape: its colour is a pale greyish- brown, with a slight cast of ferruginous on the back and outsides of the limbs: the under parts of the body are whitish. ‘The nose black: the eyes bright orange-hazel, surrounded by a dis- tinct circle of black: the hands and feet. black; the fingers and toes furnished with round nails. The tail is very long, and beautifully marked throughout the whole length with distinct circles _ of black and white: the fur on the whole animal, - but more particularly on the tail, is very fine, soft, and suberect in its growth, so as to give a greater degree of thickness to the tail than if it grew in a more oblique direction. ‘The manners of this species are gentle and lively: it possesses the highest degree of activity, and its motions have an ease and elegance surpassing almost every other quadruped. In their native state these ani- mals live in society, and are seen in troops of thirty or forty together in the woods, where they ee feed principally on fruits. In a state of confine- — 104 HEART-MARKED LEMUR. ment they will not only eat fruits of different kinds, but likewise animal food; and in this re- spect the present species, the Mongoz, and the Vari agree; all feeding nearly in the same man- ner. The Macauco delights much in sunshine, and in sitting before the fire: its general attitude at such times is similar to that assumed by a squirrel when feeding, sitting upright and often extending forwards its spread hands. — HEART-MARKED LEMUR. Lemur Bicolor. L. caudatus, supra ex atro griseus, subtus sordide albus, macula frontali cordata sordide alba. Lin Syst. Nat. Gmel. — p» 44. Long-tailed blackish Lemur, white beneath, with a white heart- shaped spot on the forehead. Lemur Bicolor. Miller Cimel. Phys. p. 64. pl. 32. Heart-marked Maucauco. Peunant Quadr. append. p. 223. pl. 106. Tuis species has the face, upper part of the neck and back, hind part of the thighs, and the tail, black: the under part of the neck and body, and the limbs, white. On the forehead is a large heart-shaped spot pointing downwards. The tail is considerably longer than the body, and thickens gradually towards the tip. The feet are furnished on all the toes with strong sharp claws of a black colour; in which particular it differs from other animals of this genus. It is supposed to be a na- tive of South America. — ae 30 HEART-MARKED LEMUR. 1800, JantaLondonPublijhd by G.Kears ley Fleet Street. TARSIER. Lemur Tarsier. L. caudatus cinereus, cauda gracili subnuda apice subfloccosa, pedibus posterioribus longissimis. Long-tailed ash-coloured Lemur, with slender and almost naked tail, tufted at the end, and very long hind feet. Tarsier. Buff. 13. p. 87. pl. 9. Didelphis Macrotarsus. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 109. Tarsier Maucauco. Pennant Quadr.\. p. 231. Tuts animal is distinguished by the great length of its hind legs. Its general length from the nose to the tail is almost six inches; and from the nose to the hind toes eleven inches and a half: the tail nine inches anda half. The face is sharp or pointed: the eyes very large and full: the ears upright, broad, naked, and rounded. Between the ears on the top of the head is a tuft of long hairs: several long-hairs also proceed from each side of the upper chap: in each jaw, accord- ing to the observation of Mr. Pennant, are two cutting, and two canine teeth, forming an excep- tion in this respect to the rest of the genus. The body is of a slender form; the feet are slender -and the claws pointed: the thumbs are large and rounded. The legs and feet are but thinly co- vered with hair: the tail also is thinly covered, except towards the end, where it is terminated by a tuft. The colour of this species is grey-brown or mouse-colour, paler beneath. It is a native of Amboina and some other East-Indian Islands. 106 MURINE LEMUR. Lemur Murinus. JL. caudatus cinereus, cauda ferruginea. Lite Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 44. : Long-tailed ash-coloured Lemur, with ferruginous tail. Little Lemur. Brown Illustr. Zool. p. 108. pl. 44. Lemur Murinus. Cimelia Physica. p. 25. pl. 13- Murine Maucauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 232. Little Maucauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 233. Rat de Madagascar. Buff: suppl. 3. p. 149. pl. 20. TuIs species is extremely well figured in Brown’s Illustrations of Zoology, from a living specimen which was kept some time in England. Its size was somewhat less than the black rat; and its co- lour is an elegant pale cinereous or grey on the up- per parts, and white beneath: the eyes are encir- cled by a zone of a deeper colour: the ears are large, naked, rounded, and thin: the eyes very large and full: the tail is hairy, of the length of the body, and prehensile, or capable of coilmg at plea- sure round any object, as in some of the small mon- kies: the toes are rounded at the ends, and have also rounded nails; but those on the first toe on each hind foot are long and sharp. This, as Mr. Pennant observes, seems to be the same animal with ° that figured in Buffon, under the title of Rat de — Madagascar; and which is supposed to live in the palm-trees, and feed on fruits: it eats, holding its food in its fore feet, like a squirrel: has a weak cry, and when sleeping rolls itself up. This also is the animal which is suspected to have given rise to the doubtful species of Monkey, called by Linnzus "MONAT ANION Oey ZEEE a o ——————— SS <= —= SS : is Bit AG Rae Rae : OP AR Saab in Wes MURINE LEMUR. 107 Simia Syrichta: the figures of Camelli, which we have added to the description of that animal, ap- pearing to possess the character of a Lemur ra- ther than of a genuine Simia; but this must be considered as a matter of doubtful speculation. It should be added, that the Rat de Madagascar of Buffon is said to have been a fierce untameable little animal; and that it was kept some years in France, generally residing in a warm room, and feeding on almonds, &c. Mr. Miller’s Figure in the Cimelia Physica is still smaller, not exceeding a half-grown rat in size: it is an animal of great beauty: the general colour is a most elegant pale-grey: the insides of the ears and orbits of the eyes flesh-coloured: the eyes bright hazel, and the tail bright ferruginous. The whole animal is well covered with fur. The tail is thickly furred, and still more so towards the extremity. When sleeping it rolls itself up, as expressed in the plate. Mr. Pennant, in a letter to myself, some time before the publication of the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, expresses a doubt whe- ther this animal may not be the same with the preceding, or a sexual difference; since it seems to agree in almost all particulars except the colour of the tail; and, on farther consideration, I am in- clined to think that this circumstance 1s, in reality, no objection against the identity of the two ani- mals, the tail in that figured in Brown’s [llustra- tions of Zoology being described and represented as of a pale subferruginous-brown. 108 WHITISH LEMUR. Lemur Calago. L. caudatus albidus, subtus griseus, cauda ferru- ginea. Long-tailed whitish Lemur, grey beneath, with ferruginous tail. Calago. Geoffr. Magaz. Encyclop. 1. p. 41. pl. 1. Turis is one of the smaller species, measuring about six or seven inches from the nose to the tail, which is about eight mches long. Its co- lour is a yellowish-white above, and ash-coloured beneath; but the tail is ferruginous, and the head almost entirely grey. It is to be observed also, that the hairs on the body are grey for the great- est part of their length, the tips alone being white; thus causing the white or whitish-yellow tinge before mentioned. The ears are thin, upright, rounded at the tips, and very large. The hind legs are much longer than before: the index or first finger of the hind feet is furnished, as in most others of this genus, with a sharp claw, while all the rest have rounded nails. The Gala-. go is an animal of a mild disposition: it 1s almost always found on trees, and lives on insects, which it easily catches with its fore feet, and devours with singular readiness. It brings forth its young in the hollows of trees, where it prepares its nest, which it lines with herbage. The negroes of Galam hunt these animals for the purpose of food. We owe the first knowledge of this species to Mons. Adanson, who discovered it in Senegal. 109 LONG-FINGERED LEMUR. Lemur Psilodactylus. L. cinereo-ferrugineus, cauda villosissima, digito palmarum medio longissimo nudo. Ash-ferruginous Lemur, with extremely villose tail, and the middle finger of the fore feet very long and naked. Aye Aye. Sonnerat voy. aux Indes, or. 2. p. 142. pl. 38. Buff. suppl. 7. p» 268. pl. 68. Aye Aye Squirrel. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 142. Lemur Psilodactylus. Schreber suppl. Tuts highly singular species has so much the general appearance of a Squirrel, that it has been referred to that genus both by Mr. Pennant in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, and by Gmelin in his enlarged edition of the Sys- tema Nature of Linneus. The account, how- ever, given by Mons. Sonnerat, its first describer, seems) to prove it a species of Lemur. Mr. Son- nerat observes, that it seems allied to the Ma- caucos, the Squirrels, and the Monkies. It mea- sures from fourteen to eighteen inches from the nose to the tail, which is about the same length. The general colour of the animal is a pale ferru- ginous-brown, mixed with black and grey: on the head, round the eyes, and on the upper parts of the body, the ferruginous-brown prevails, with a blackish cast on the back and limbs: the tail is entirely black: the sides of the head, the neck, the lower jaw, and the belly, are greyish: there are also a kind of woolly hairs of this colour, and of two or three inches in length, scattered over the whole body: the thighs and legs have a red- 110 LONG-FINGERED LEMUR. dish cast: the black prevails on the feet, which — are covered with short hairs of that colour: the head is shaped like that of a Squirrel; and there are two cutting teeth in front of each jaw: the ears are large, round, and naked, resembling those of a bat, and of a black colour. The feet are long, and somewhat resemble those of the Tarsier: the thumbs or interior toes of the hind feet are short, and furnished with flat, round nails, as in the Ma- caucos; but the principal character of the animal consists in the extraordinary structure of the fore feet, which have the two middle toes of an un- common length, most extremely thin, and per- fectly naked, except at their -base: all the claws on the fore feet are sharp and crooked. | It isa timid animal; and can scarce see distinctly by day, and its eyes, which are of an ochre colour, resemble those of an owl. It is extremely slow, and of a mild disposition: those which were kept by Mr. Sonnerat slept almost continually, and were scarce to be awakened but by shaking two or three times: they lived about two months, during which time they had no other nourishment but boiled rice, which they took up with their long fore toes, in the manner that the Chinese use their eating- sticks. During the whole time that these animals were kept by Mr. Sonnerat, he never observed them to set up the tail in the manner of a Squirrel, but always to carry it trailing at length. The figure in the supplemental volume of Buffon is wrong in this respect; as well as in not ex- LONG-FINGERED LEMUR. 111 ‘pressing with sufficient precision the extreme thinness of the two middle toes. This species is a native of Madagascar, where it inhabits woods: it is extremely rare, and is sup- posed to feed on fruits, insects, &c. it is fond of warmth, and has the same slow motion as the Lemur tardigradus. Its native name is Aye Aye, which is said to be taken from its natural voice or cry, which resembles a feeble scream. A NEW arrangement of the animals of the Linnzan genus Lemur is proposed by Mons. Geoffroy, who distributes them into five distinct genera, in the following manner: INDRI. Four-upper cutting-teeth, standing distant in pairs. Four lower ones horizontal. 1. Indri breaicaudatus. Short-tailed Indri. Blackish Indri, with very short tail. Indri Sonn, Lemur indri. Gwel. Syst. Nat. 2. Indri longicaudatus. Long-tailed Indri. ‘Tawny Indri, with very long tail. Le Maki a bourres. Sonn. Lemur laniger. Gyel. Syst. Nat. Le Maki fauve. Buff. suppl. 7. pl. 35. 112 If. MAKI. LEMUR. Four upper cutting-teeth, standing distant in pairs. Six lower ones, directed obliquely forwards. Long tail. 1. Le Maki Mococo. Lemur Catta. With tail annulated with black and white. L. Catta. Lin. Mococo. Buf. 2. Le Maki Mongous. L. Mongoz. Grey M. white beneath, with a black circle round the eyes, and a tail of the fame colour with the body. A. With grey hands. Edw. Glanures. 1. p. 12. pl. 216. A. With tawny hands. Buff-13. p. 174. pl. 26. 3. Le Maki Brun. L fulvus. Brown M. grey beneath, with black head. A. With tawny hands. Buff. suppl. 7. pl. 33. B. With brown hands. An unpublished variety, in the pos- session of Mons. Marechal. This is probably the kind named Bugee by Petiver. 4. Le Maki Noir. L. Niger. Entirely black, with long hair round the neck. ; Edw. Glan. pl. 17. 5. Le Maki Vari. L. Macaco. Variegated with large regular patches of black and white, with long hair round the neck. A. Le vari commun. Buff. 13. B. Le vari a ceinture. This is a variety differing only from that described by Buffon in the distribution of its colours; haying the head, body, and tail, black, with a white circle round the neck: the fore part of the legs, back of the thighs, and a transverse band on the middle of the back, are also milk-white. , LORIS.——-GA LAGO. 113 6. Le Maki a front blanc. L. albifrons, Brown, with the top of the head and the cheeks white. A new species, which I have observed to be constant in form and colours in three specimens which I have examined: it iz, perhaps, to this that the Lemur bicolor, Gmel. Syst. Nat. belongs. 4. Le Maki gris. L. griseus. Grey above, paler beneath, with short muzzle. Le Griset. Buff suppl. 7. Lemur murinus. Gwmel.? 8. Le Maki nain. L. Pusillus. Tawny ash-coloured, with the lower canine teeth and first pair of grinders pointing forwards. Rat de Madagascar. Buff. suppl. 3. pl. 20. All the species of Indri and Lemur are natives of Madagascar. II. LORIS. Four upper cutting-teeth standing distant in pairs: six lower ones, directed obliquely forwards: tail none, or next to none. 1. Le Lorés grele. Loris gracilis. No tail; upper cutting-teeth equal. Loris. Buff. Native of the East Indies. 2. Le Loris paresseux. Loris tardigradus. ‘Tail extremely short: lateral cutting-teeth shorter than the rest. Lemur tardigradus. Lizz. Paresseux de Bengale. Vosm. Native of Bengal, Ceylon, &c. LY. GALAGO. Two upper cutting-teeth very remote: six lower ones directed ob- liquely forwards: the four intermediate ones united by pairs. 1. Le Galago du Senegal. Galago Senegalensis. v. I. 8 114 V. TARSIER. Four upper cutting-teeth placed near together: lateral ones very small; two lower vertical. 1. Le Tarsier de Pallas. Tarsius Pallasii. With obtuse cutting- teeth; the superior middle ones rather short. Lemur Spectrum. Pall. ghies. 2, Le Tarsier de Daubenton. Tarsius Daubentonii. With weak cut- ting-teeth; the upper middle ones very long. Tarsier. Daub. Buff. 13. The Tarsiers inhabit the remotest isles of the Indian ocean, as Macassar, Amboina, &c. From the above distribution, it should seem that Mons. Geoffroy has considered some animals of this genus as distinct species, which. are, per- haps, rather varieties. It may also be added, that if this exact observation of the teeth were attended to, the genus Vespertilio might with equal pro- priety be distributed into several distinct genera; but it may be doubted whether the study of Na- tural History would be facilitated by such an ar- rangement. 115 GALEOPITHECUS. COLUGO. Generic. Character. Dentes Primores superiores null. Inferiores sex, lati,breviusculi, distantes, pectinati. Laniarii brevissimi, trianguli, Front-teeth in the upper jaw ~ none. In the lower six, short, broad, distant, pectinated. Canine-teeth very short, trian- lati, acuti, serrat. Molares quatuor, truncati, prominentiis conicis muri- cati. gular,broad,sharp, serrated. Grinders four, truncated, and muricated with conical protuberances. Flying-skin surrounding the body, limbs, and tail. Pellis volatica corpus caudam artusque ambiens. Tus singular animal, which, from its size and extraordinary conformation, claims a conspicuous place among the productions of Nature, has but lately been examined with the degree of exact- ness necessary for ascertaining clearly its generic characters. It is to Dr. Pallas that we owe the exact knowledge of these particulars, and an ac- curate description, accompanied by good figures, may be found in the Transactions of the Academy of Petersburg, for the year 1780. 116 GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS.—FLYING COLUGO. Galeopithecus Volans. P Lemur Volans. JL. caudatus, membrana ambiente volitans. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 45. Vespertilio admirabilis. Bontius Fova. 68. t. 69. Felis volans ternatea. Seba mus. 1. p. 93. t. 58. f. 2; 3. Cato-Simius volans Camelli. Petiv. gaz. 14.4.9. f. 8. Galeopithecus. Pallas act. acad. petrop. 1780. p. 280. t. 7, 8. Flying Macauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 234. pl. 50. Tue Colugo is a native of the Molucca and Philippine islands, where it is said to frequent woody places, and to feed principally on fruits. It almost constantly resides on trees, and makes use of its membranes in the same manner as the flying squirrel. In descending from the top of a tree, it spreads its membranes, and balances itself to the place it aims at in a gentle manner; but in ascending it uses a leaping pace. It has two young, which are said to adhere to its breasts by. the mouth and claws. The whole length of the anima! is about three feet: the breadth, when ex- panded, nearly the same: the tail is slender and about a span long. ‘The membrane, or expansile skin, by which it is enabled to fly, is continued, on each side, from the neck to the fore feet; thence to the hind feet; and again to the tip of the tail: it is not naked, like the skin of a bat’s wing, but covered with fur, in the same manner as the body: the inner or lower side, however, appears membranaceous, and is marked by nume- Frac Rate. A See i Vite Bit AN i STAR / DAA mal y Mi CHL AN ea WN \ me ae aA ey SUNK WN MAR d AY A ny (i ; : Hy Witt K)))) ‘ W CaN ny } a i H) " i ( { SS FLYING COLUGO. M y i i Nh aH, " \ : bo0Feb 1, London. Publynal 6. Kearsley Fleet Stree LBZESA a van WN Sa Nt a on AN Wie uM SONAR MK i Nt eN \\ ‘ {3 AS i A i NY NY \ Ati N AN \ ( ne Nt AN \\ \ WN i) ii ‘ Y ee ae oe \\ SANG _ \ * RNR iN ‘\ iN AAAS NW ‘ ‘) FLYING COLUGO. 117 rous veins and fibres dispersed through it. ‘The whole upper side of the animal is generally of a deep ash-colour, most so in those which are full-grown, and blacker in the younger or less advanced spe- cimens: the back also, in the full-grown animals, is crossed transversly with blackish lines; to- wards the edges, is commonly a tinge of yellow- ish, and the whole under side, both of the body and membrane, is of a yellowish colour. The head is long: the mouth rather small; the tongue, according to Dr. Pallas, fleshy, broad, rounded, attenuated on the edges, and ciliated with papilla, as in the Opossums: it is also slightly beset with papilla on its surface. There are no fore-teeth in the upper jaw, but in the lower are six, which are short, broad, and pretty deeply pectinated, so as to resemble little combs on their upper part: the canine teeth, or at least those which Dr. Pallas considers as such, are shaped somewhat like the pe- trifactions known by the name of glossopetre, be- ing triangular, very broad at their base, very short, sharp-pointed, and serrated: the grinders, or mo- lares, which are generally four, both above and below, are of an abrupt or truncated form, and roughened with conical protuberances. The ears are small, round, membranaceous, and marked internally by numerous semicircular transverse streaks, asin a bat. The legs are clothed with a soft yellow down: there are five toes on each foot, united by a common membrane, and terminating in large, thin, broad, very sharp crooked claws. 118 FLYING COLUGO. This animal is said to be called by the Indians Caguang, Colugo, and Gigua. It was first de- scribed by Bontius, in his History of Java. He informs us, that it is found in Guzarat, in India; that it is a gregarious animal, and flies principally in the evening; and that its body is of the size of a cat, and is covered above with a soft grey fur, like that of a rabbit; that the head is oblong, the ears small and round, and that it has five strong claws on each foot, by which it holds firmly what- ever it seizes, and that it feeds chiefly on fruits. Camelli, in his enumeration of the animals of the Philippine isles, published by Petiver in the Phi- losophical Transactions, describes it as about the size of a cat, shaped like a monkey, but more slender, and of the length of about three spans from head to tail; but adds, that in some parts it arrives at a far larger size, so as to equal a Chi- nese umbrella in expanse. He describes the co- lour on the upper parts as dusky, and elegantly — variegated with whitish streaks on the back, run- ning beyond the body over the flying membrane: the face he compares to that of a monkey, and the manner of flight to that of a flying squirrel : Camelli adds, that the young adhere to the teats of the parent by their mouth and claws; but it is remarkable, that in his manuscript on this subject, now preserved in the British Museum, he ex- pressly asserts that the female is furnished with two sacs or pouches on her belly, in which she carries her young while sucking. <* Femella ad FLYING COLUGO. 119 ventrem binos habet quasi sacculos, in quibus ca- tuli ubera sugientes herent.” Camell. Mss. Mus. Brit. . Linneus, judging of this animal’s place in sys- tematic arrangement, from the figures and de- scriptions of authors, but not having had an op- portunity of examining its generic characters himself, placed it in the genus Lemur, to which he supposed it most allied; but was careful, at the same time, to observe, that, as its teeth had not been examined, its real genus was, of course, not determinable. By the Count de Buffon it was, with unpardonable negligence, entirely omitted; nor was it till Dr. Pallas’s description in the Pe- _ tersburgh Transactions appeared, that its genuine characters were ascertained. In the publication entitled Magazin Encyclopé- digue, we meet with an account of the teeth of this animal, by Mons. Geoffroy, who appears to have examined with peculiar accuracy the speci- mens belonging to the Museum of the Prince of Orange. | Mr. Geoffroy observes, that in the form and disposition of the teeth it differs not only from the Lemures, but from all other quadrupeds. He is also of opinion, that the foremost of what Dr. Pallas considers as canine, should, in reality, be considered as cutting teeth; since they are in- serted into the incisive or intermaxillary bone; all the teeth, taken together, are of so anomalous a cast as to make it difficult to determine the in- tention of Nature in their formation; but Mr. 120 FLYING COLUGO. Geoffroy is inclmed to think them calculated for feeding on insects, though the animal is usually said to live on fruits. With respect to other particulars of this animal, we are informed by Mr. Geoffroy that the coe- cum, in a specimen dissected by Mons. Cuivier, was extremely large and voluminous; whereas, m the Bat, to which the Colugo may be allowed to bear some affinity, that part is wanting. Dr. Pallas has observed, that the liver is divided into two lobes, of which the right is entire and Bt wi ae broader than the left, which is by far the longest, extended downwards, and divided into three seg- ments. There are, according to Mons. Geoffroy, two varieties (perhaps sexual differences) of the Co- lugo, viz. one of the colour usually described, viz. cinereous, with transverse darker and lighter undulations; the other of a fine cinnamon or ferruginous colour, most vivid on the back, and paler beneath, and without any kind of variega- tion. ‘There are also some trifling differences in the teeth of this reddish kind from those of the grey; but they are not such as to enable us to judge whether they are owing to age, or to a specific difference. In the Leverian Museum is a fine specimen, in which the grey colour seems to predominate, owing to the very numerous whitish stripes across the back, as described by Camelli. This is the specimen figured in Mr. Pennant’s Quadrupeds, and in the present work. ‘Those figured in Seba DD FLYING LEMUR. From the Leverian Museum. 1900, Jan! iLondoruPubuhd by C.Kearsley Fleet Street. FLYING COLUGO. 121 are probably young ones; they are described as of a ferruginous colour both above and below; yet in the coloured copies of that work, and parti- cularly in the British Museum copy, once the pro- perty of Sir Hans Sloane, they are represented of a very deep or blackish cinereous above, and pale ferruginous beneath. Lastly, In order that nothing might be want- ing which might tend to convey a clear idea of an animal so curious, the excellent figure with which Dr. Pallas’s account is accompanied in the Petersburgh Transactions, is also added in the pre- sent publication. 122 VESPERTILIO BAT. Generic Character. Dentes omnes erecti, acumi-|| Tceth erect, sharp-pointed, ap- nati, approximati. proximated. Manus palmate volitantes | Hands palmated with a mem- membrana corpus cingente.| brane furrounding the body and giving the animal the power of flight. ‘Tue curious formation of these animals cannot be contemplated without admiration: the bones of the extremities being continued into long and thin processes, connected by a most delicately- formed membrane or skin, capable, from. its thin- ness, of being contracted at pleasure into innume- rable wrinkles, so as to lie in a small space when the animal is at rest, and to be stretched to a very wide extent for occasional flight. Should a speculative philosopher, not aware of the anatomical impossibility of success, attempt, by means of light machinery, to exercise the power of flight, he could not hit on a more plau- sible idea than that of copying the structure de- scribed. Accordingly a celebrated author has most justly and judiciously represented a sage theorist busied in imitating, for this purpose, << the folding continuity of the wing of a Bat.” The species of this extraordinary genus are nu- merous, and may be divided into the ¢az/ed and the tailless Bats. 40 NS WY AS AY SA ANA RRR RAY AWA A, ANY AN NAN We RRA ANN ERAN, AN ANY \ SN We ont LE. te es Ce Shy Ly, ARN \\ 5 NAN NY ANY vy v WN HY} HY Ht HL Ht AE Hf BAH 7, iff a i if 4, CAH {} HIER I AUT HY: HAUT ERT Liga | {7 f- Wig i THEY VLR LL HiTL Healhcflp 123 COMMON BAT. Vespertilio Murinus. V. caudatus, naso oreque simplici, auriculis capite minoribus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 47. Tailed Bat, with simple or inappendiculated nose, and ears smaller than the head. Vespertilio murini coloris, auriculis simplicibus. Briss. Quadr. p. 158. 2. I. Chauve-souris. Buff. 8. p. 114. pl. 16. Short-eared English Bat. Zawwards, pl. 201. f. 2. Common Bat Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 319. Tuis is about two inches and a half, if mea- sured from the nose to the tip of the tail, and the extent of the wings, when fully expanded, is about nine inches. It is of a mouse-colour, tinged with reddish: the wings and ears black: these latter are small and rounded. LONG-EARED BAT. Vespertilio Auritus. V7. caudatus, ore nasoque simplici, auriculis duphicatis capite majoribus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 47. Tailed Bat, with inappendiculated nose, and double ears larger than the head. Vespertilio murini coloris, auriculis duplicibus. Briss. Quadr, 160, Vespertilio auriculis quaternis. Yohnst. av. p. 34. t. 20. Long-eared English Bat. Edwards, pl. 201. f. 3- Oreillar. Buff. 8. p. 118. pl. 17. f. 1. Long-eared Bat. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 320. Great-eared Bat. Speculum Linneanum, pl. 7. THis species, in its general appearance, is nearly similar to the former, though rather small- 194 LONG-EARED BAT. er; and the fur has less of the reddish tinge; but what immediately distinguishes it as a species, is the very great size of the ears, which are more’ than an inch long and of a very considerable width: they are slightly rounded at the tips, and are furnished internally, as in most others of this genus, with a kind of secondary auricle or inter- nal flap, so placed as to serve by way of a valve or guard to the auditory passage. Linneus, even in the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature, seems to entertain a doubt whether this species be really distinct from the former, or merely a sexual difference. i : This and the former are the two most common species in this country; and are those which we so often see fluttering about in the evenings of sum- mer and autumn; frequently uttering a sharp, stridulous note or scream during their flight, and pursuing the various kinds of insects on which they feed; particularly moths. ‘They are some- times taken by throwing up the heads of burdock whitened with flour; which the Bats, either mis- taking for some insect, or casually dashing against, are caught by the hooked prickles and brought to the ground. The Bat is capable, like the Mouse, of being . tamed to a certain degree ; and we are assured by Mr. White, in his Natural History of Selborne, that he was much amused in the summer of the year 1766 with the sight of a tame Bat. <“‘It would take flies out of a person’s hand. If you gave it any thing to eat, it brought its wings LONG-EARED BAT. 195 round before the mouth, hovering, and hiding its head, in the manner of birds of prey when they feed. The adroitness it shewed in shearing off the wings of the ‘lies, which were always rejected, was worthy of observation, and pleased me much. Insects seemed to be most acceptable, though it did not refuse raw flesh when offered ; so that the notion that Bats go down chimnies and gnaw men’s bacon, seems no improbable story. While { amused myself with this wonderful Quadruped, I saw it several times confute the vulgar opinion, that Bats, when down on a flat surface, cannot get on the wing again, by rising with great ease from the floor. It ran, I observed, with more dispatch than I was aware of, but in a most ridicu- and grotesque manner.”—/Vhite’s Selb. Bats are commonly supposed to produce two young at a birth; which they suckle for a consi- derable time. When recently born they adhere most tenaciously to the breast of the parent, so as not to be removed without difficulty. Bats lodge in great numbers in the cavities of old buildings, under the projections of walls, in the hollows of trees, in rocky places, &c. &c. During winter they lie torpid in these recesses, till the warmth of the vernal atmosphere invites them abroad to make their evening excursions. - When taken torpid and brought into a warm situ- ation, they awake from their slumber, and again expand their wings. During this state of tor- pidity the circulation of the blood is not to be 126 LONG-EARED BAT. perceived in the smaller vessels; but when thus awakened by warmth it again becomes visible by the microscope. This was first observed by Leew- enhoeck, who could perceive no appearance of circulation in such as were taken in their torpid state; but on bringing them to the fire, the cir- culation soon became very brisk. Bats are said to drink on the wing, like swal- lows, by sipping the surface, as they play over pools and streams. They love to frequent waters, not only for the sake of drinking, but on account of the insects, which are found over them in the greatest plenty. ‘‘ As I was going (says Mr. White), some years ago, pretty late, in a boat from Richmond to Sunbury, on a warm summer's evening, I thmk I saw myriads of Bats between the two places: the air swarmed with them all along the Thames, so that hundreds were in sight at a time.” —/Vhite’s Selb. The general appearance of the Bat, together with its nocturnal flight, must be confessed to excite the idea of something hideous and dismal; and for this reason the ancients consecrated it to Proserpine, and supposed it to be one of the inha- bitants of her dusky regions: and it cannot fail to occur to the recollection of every one, that painters, in their representations of fiends and de- mons, usually exhibit them with the leathern wings of the Bat. It is also equally evident, that the fabulous Harpies of the ancients must have originated from a similar source: the larger Bats of India and Africa, by a little poetical exaggera- LONG-EARED BAT. 197 tion of their manners, answering extremely well to the general description of those monsters. I know not whether it may be worth while to mention the celebrated experiments of Spallan- zani, respecting a supposed additional sense or faculty in Bats, enabling them, when deprived of sight, to avoid any obstacles as readily as when they retained their power of vision. ‘These expe- riments are cruel, and, perhaps, do not lead to any very important discoveries in the animal ceco- nomy: nevertheless, that I may not seem entirely to neglect a phenomenon which has been thought _worthy of attention by several eminent experi- mentalists, I shall here give a short abstract of the professor's observations. Having observed that Bats would fly in the darkest chambers with precision, and not even touch the walls, he found them equally exact in their motions when the eyes were closely covered; and at length he destroyed the eyes, and covered the socket with leather; and even in this state the animal continued to fly with the same preci- sion as before; avoiding the walls, and cautiously suspending its flight in seeking where to perch. It even flies out at a door without touching the architraves. The abbé repeated his experiments on several species of bats; and with the same suc- cess. ‘These experiments were repeated by Vas- salli at Turin, by Rossi at Pisa, Spadon at Bologna, and Jurin at Geneva. The professor’s arguments for supposing that in these instances no other sense can supply the place of sight are these: 128 LONG-EARED BAT. ** Touch cannot, in this case, supply the place of sight, because an animal covered with hair cannot be supposed to have that sense very delicate. In flying through the middle of a sewer which turned at right angles, the Bats regularly bent their flight at the curvature, though two feet distant from the walls. They discovered holes for their retreat; found a resting-place on the cornice; avoided the branches of trees suspended in a room; flew through threads hung perpendicularly from the ceiling, without touching, though they were scarcely at a greater distance than that of their extended wings; and when the threads were brought nearer they contracted their wings to pass through them. They equally avoided every obstacle, though the whole head was covered with a varnish made of sandarach dissolved in spirit of wine. ‘ termine to which of these it approached the most. In the mean time, I thought I might give it the generic name of Mrcatruertum, and the trivial one of Americanum. “It adds to the numerous facts which apprize us that the animals of the ancient world were all different from those we now see on the earth; for it is scarcely probable that, if this animal still ex- isted, so remarkable a species could have hitherto escaped the researches of naturalists. It is also a new and very strong proof of the invariable laws of the subordination of characters, andthe just- ness of the consequences thence deduced for the classification of organized bodies; and under both these views it is one of the most valuable disco- veries which have for a long time been made in Natural History.” 166 a wy, MYRMECOPHAGA. ANT-EATER. Generic Character. Dentes null. Teeth, none. Lingua teres, extensil. Tongue cylindric, extensile. Os angustatum in rostrum. || Mouth lengthened into a somewhat tubular form. Corpus pilis tectum. Body covered with hair. "Tue animals of this genus live entirely on in- sects, more particularly on the various kinds of Ants; in order to obtain which, they extend their tongue, which is of a very great length, and of a roundish or worm-like form, into the nests of . those insects, and when, by means of the viscid moisture with which it is covered, a sufficient number are secured, they retract it suddenly into the mouth and swallow them. A part of the ge- neric character of the Myrmecophaga is the total want of teeth, in which particularity it resembles no other animals except those of the genus Manis, in which the same circumstance takes place. There are, however, in the Ant-Eaters according to the observations of Mons. Broussonet, certain bones or processes not unlike teeth, situated deep ! | } i) | . . | i GREAT ANT-EATER. GREAT ANT-EATER. 167 at the entrance of the gullet or oesophagus; or rather, according to the celebrated Camper, at the lower end of the jaws. The species of Ant- Laters are not numerous. GREAT ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Jubata. MM. palmis tedradactylis, plantis pentadac- tylis cauda jubata. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 52. Grey-brown Ant-Eater, with four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind, long snout, and very long bushy tail. Tamanoir, Buf. 10. p. 141. pl. 29. Great Ant-Eater. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 256. Museum Leverianum, vol. 1. p. 99. pl. 12. Tuis is by far the largest of the Ant-Katers, being upwards of seven feet in length, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail; but if measured to the origin of the tail, it is no more than about five feet anda half. It is an animal of an uncouth appearance: the head is small: the snout very long: the eyes small: the ears short and round: the shoulders thick and muscular, from whence the body tapers towards the tail; but the thighs are thick and stout: the ‘colour of the animal is a deep grey, with a very broad band of black running from the neck down- wards on each side the body, growing gradually narrower as it passes down; this black band is ac- companied on the upper part by a streak of white ; the fore legs are of a lighter cast than the hinder and have a patch or spot of black in front no- 168 GREAT ANT-EATER. much above the foot: the tail is black, extremely long and bushy: the hair on the whole body, but — especially on the tail, is very harsh and coarse: ae there are four toes on the fore feet, and five on © the hind; the two middle claws of the fore feet are extremely large and strong; which render this creature, though destitute of teeth, a very for- midable adversary; since it has been known to destroy animals of much greater apparent strength — than itself; fixing its claws upon them, and ex- erting such powerful strength as to kill them by continued laceration and pressure. It is a native of Brasil and Guiana: it is chiefly a nocturnal ani- mal, and is said to sleep during the greatest part of the day in retired places. Its pace is some- what slow, and its manners dull and heavy. It is said to swim with ease; at which time it flings its tail over its back. A living specimen was some years ago brought into Spain, and kept in the Royal Menagerie at Madrid: in this state of confinement it would readily eat raw meat cut small, and was said to swallow four or five pounds inaday, Its length was six feet, from the nose to the end of the tail, and its height was two feet. The specimen in the Leverian Museum is of superior size, and is commemorated by Mr. Pennant, in his History of Quadrupeds, as being the largest specimen he ever heard of. Its di- mensions, however, do not seem to exceed those - of a skin preserved in the British Museum, and which once belonged to that of the Royal So- ciety. A beautiful figure of the Leverian speci- NS TARA on . iN) ny C INN "\ NY Ae Aran MIDDLE ANT-EATER,. MIDDLE ANT-EATER. 169 men is given in No. 2. of the Museum Leveri- anum, and is copied in the present work. MIDDLE ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Tetradactyla. M. palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis, cauda calva. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 52. Ant-eater, with four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind, and half-naked prehensile tail, ‘THis species, which is far inferior im size to the former, has a long slender nose, bending down a little: the mouth is black: the eyes small: the ears small and upright. ‘The general colour of the animal is a palish yellow-brown; the hair somewhat shining, and of a hard nature: on each side of the neck 1s an oblique black or dusky band, crossing the shoulders, and passing toward the lower part of the back: the tail, which is covered with longer hair than the back, is thickish at the base, but tapers towards the end where it is nearly bare, having the same prehensile power as in some of the Monkies. On each of the fore feet are four toes, armed with strong claws, the middle ones extremely so. On the hind feet are five claws, small in comparison with the former. The length of the animal from nose to tail is one foot seven inches: of the tail ten inches. It inhabits the same parts of South America with the Great Ant- - Eater, and its manners are similar. It also climbs trees, and occasionally clings by its tail to the branches. 170 iy THREE-TOED ANT-EATER, Myrmecophaga Tridactyla. M. palmis tridactylis, palmis tetra- dactylis, cauda villosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 51. Ant-Eater, with three toes on the fore feet, four on the hind aud villose tail. Tamandua-guacu. Seb. 1. p. 60. t. 37+ and p. 65. t. 40. f. I. Tuts, which must be considered as an obscure species, seems to have been first mentioned by — Seba, and from him adopted by Linneus and Brisson. ‘The figures, however, which Seba gives, represent equally well the Four-toed Ant-Eater or Myrmecophaga tetradactyla of Linneus, from which they only appear to differ in having pen- dulous ears, and three toes instead of four on the fore feet. It, therefore, seems highly probable that this supposed species may be rather a variety of the M. tetradactyla than truly distinct. Lin-— neus, in his slight description, mentions a lateral black band, and adds, that the tail is broad and villose, and that the animal carries it over its back and covers itself with it: he also says that the back has a longitudinal mane*. It is a na- tive, according to Linneus, of India. In the Leverian Museum are two specimens of the MW. tetradactyla, which in general appearance agree with the abovementioned figures of Seba, except having the head rather smaller in propor- tion, as well as the ears: yet there can be little doubt of their being in reality the same species. * Neither this nor the black band are mentioned by Seba. Peaete % —— sled —S SSS SS = = —— SSS SSS SS noms THREE-TOED ANT-EATER. 171 The Three-toed Ant-Eater of Seba may, there- fore, be a mere variety of the Four-toed or 'Tctra- dactyla, and perhaps neither the black lateral band, nor the pendulous ears, ought to considered as constituting a permanent or specific character. It is remarkable that Mr. Pennant, in his His- tory of Quadrupeds, makes no mention of the M. tridactyla. For the satisfaction of the reader, Seba’s figure of this supposed species is represented in the pre- sent work, and those who are conversant in na- tural History will readily perceive that it can scarce be allowed to differ from the Myrmeco- phaga tetradactyla. On the other hand, I ought not to omit an observation of Mr. Vosmaer, who received from the Cape of Good Hope a specimen preserved in spirits of wine, and which he sup- posed to be a new-born animal, though as large as a young pig. He affirms that Seba’s figures are very good; that they represent a perfectly distinct species, viz. that of which he received the young; but that the fore feet are furnished with four claws. Thus, in reality, the Seban animal, though erroneously mentioned as having only three toes on the fore feet, may still be, in all other respects, a very exact representation of a species not yet perfectly described; while the Linnean tridactyla must continue unknown, unless he really meant the animal of Seba. 172 LITTLE ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Didactyla. M. palmis didactylis, plantis tedradace tylis cauda prehensili. Ant-Eater, with two toes on the fore feet, four on the hind, and prehensile tail. - M. palmis didactylis, plantis tetradactylis, cauda villosa. Lite Syst. Nat. p. 51. Tamandua seu Coati Americana alba. Sed. 1. p. 60. %. 37. fi 3- Little Ant-Eater. Eda. pl. 220. Fourmiller. Buf. 10. p. 144. pl. 306 Tus is an animal of great elegance. It is not superior in size to a squirrel; measuring little more than seven inches from the nose to the tail, | which is longer than the body and head: the head — is small; the snout sharpened and slightly bent downwards: the legs are short; the fore feet have only two claws on each, the exterior one much larger and stronger than the interior: on each of the hind feet are four claws of moderate size: the ears are very small and hid in the fur: the eyes are also small. The whole animal is covered with a beautiful soft, and somewhat crisped or curled, fur, — of a pale yellow-colour, or rather yellow-brown: the tail, which is very thick at the beginning or base, gradually tapers to the tip; and the lower sur- face, for about the space of four inches from the tip, is bare, the tail in this species being prehensile, and the animal commonly residing on trees, and preying on ants, by means of its long tongue, in the manner of other species. It is a native of Guiana. This species has been most elegantly figured both by Seba and Edwards; but the figure UU ANTRS ‘ XK WIRE CRAY ~ Smith screkp. | LITTLE ANT-EATER, Halt the Natural Stze. SNe 1p eS SLEESLS CAPE ANT-EATER. 173 in the Natural History of the Count de Buffon is, by some mismanagement, so conducted as to give a very erroneous idea both of the habit of the ani- mal and the structure of the feet. ‘The represen- tation in the present work is from a beautiful spe- - eimen in the Leverian Museum. CAPE ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Capensis. M. palmis tetradactylis, rostro longo, auriculis magnis pendulis, cauda corpore breviore ad apicem attenu- ata, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 53. Ant-Eater, with four toes on the fore feet, long snout, large pendent ears, tail shorter than the body, and attenuated to- wards the tip. Cochon de Terre. Buff: suppl. 6. p. 230. pl. 31. Cape Ant-eater. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 261. Tue Count de Buffon, having formerly asserted that none of the South American animals were found in the continent of Africa, and that none of the African ones were to be found in South America, thinks proper, in his supplemental vo- lume, to maintain his former dogma, and is not willing to consider this species as a genuine Ant- Eater, though it possesses the usual character, viz. mouth without teeth; of a long form; and a long retractile tongue. The Cape Ant-Eater is a large animal, mea- suring about three feet and a half from the tip of the nose to the beginning of the tail; and the tail measures one foot nine inches. ‘The general 174 CAPE ANT-EATER. colour of the animal is grey, or like that of a Rabbit, but deeper; and tinged with reddish on the sides and belly: the legs are blackish; the head is of a conic shape; the nose long, and some- what abruptly blunt at the end like that of a hog: the tongue is very long, flat, and slender: the ears about six inches long; upright (in the dried spe- cimen), and extremely thin: they are also thinly scattered over with fine hairs: the hair on the head and upper parts is short, and lies close or smooth as if glued to the skin; it is longest and loosest on the sides and legs: the tail is thick at the base, and gradually tapers to a point. The fore feet have four toes; the hind ones, five; and the claws on all the feet are very strong. This species inhabits the neighbourhood of he Cape of Good Hope, where it lives under ground, and is _ called by the name of the Ground Hog. It feeds principally on ants. It is said to be often hunted out of its retreats by the Hottentots, who consider it asa good food. The description of this ani- mal is given by Mr. Allamand, from a dried skin sent from the Cape; and he observes, that it is doubtful whether the ears in the living animal are erect or pendent: in a foetus described by Dr. Pal- las*, they were pendent. The animal mentioned by Kolbe, in his account of the Cape of Good Hope, seems extremely allied to this, except that it is expressly said to have pen- dent ears. It is said by Kolbe to be of the weight * Pallas Miscell. Zool. 64. “MLL V We NY GaLLV aL OW ES EGGERS ACULEATED ANT-EATER. 175 of an hundred pounds, and to have a long head and tongue: if it fastens its fore feet into the ground, the strongest man cannot pull it away: it _has four claws on the fore feet; feeds on ants, and burrows under ground, coming out chiefly by night to feed. Some have been inclined to form a distinct ge- nus from this species, under the title of Oryctero- pus; but this seems perfectly unnecessary, it be- ing a genuine Myrmecophaga. It is possible that the disputed figures in Seba, mentioned. under the article Myrmecophaga tri- dactyla, may belong to this species. ACULEATED ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Aculeata. M. aculeata, cauda brevissima. Vi- varium Nature, tab. 109. Spiny Ant-Eater, with very short tail. Porcupine Ant-Eater. Nazuralist’s Miscellany, pl. 109. Aculeated Ant-Eater. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 262. Tue Aculeated Ant-Eater is one of those cu- rious animals which have been lately discovered in the vast island, or rather continent, of Austra- lasia or New Holland; and is astriking instance of that beautiful gradation, so frequently observed in the animal kingdon, by which creatures of one tribe or genus approach to those of a very differ- ent one. It forms a connecting link between ‘the very distant Linnean genera of Hystrix (Por- cupine) and Myrmecophaga (Ant-Eater), having ne a 176 ACULEATED ANT-EATER. the external coating and general appearance of — the one, with the mouth and peculiar generic cha- racters of the other. This animal, so far as may be judged from the specimens hitherto imported, is about a foot in length. The whole upper parts of the body and tail are thickly coated with strong and very sharp spines, of a considerable length, and perfectly resembling those of a Porcupine, except that they are thicker in proportion to their length; and that, instead of beg encircled or an- nulated with several alternate rings of black and white, as in that animal, they are mostly of a yel- lowish white with black tips; the colour running down to some little distance on the quill, and be- ing separated from the white part by a circle of dull orange: others have but a very slight appear- ance of black towards the tips. ‘The head, legs, and whole under parts of the body, are of a deep brown, or sable, and are thickly coated with strong, close-set, bristly hair. The tail is ex- tremely short, slightly flattened at the tip, and coated on the upper part of the base with spines, at least equal in length to those of the back, and pointing perpendicularly upwards. The snout is long and tubular, and perfectly resembles in struc- ture that of the M. jubata, or Great Ant-Eater; having only a very small rictus or opening at the tip, from whence is protruded a long lumbrici- form tongue, as in other Ant-Eaters. The nos- trils are small, and seated at the extremity of the snout. The eyes are very small and black, with a pale blue iris. The legs are very short and ACULEATED ANT-EATER. V7 thick; and are each furnished with five round- ed, broad toes: on the fore feet are five very strong, long, and blunt claws, of a black co- lour: on the hind feet are only four claws; the thumb, which is broader than the rest of the toes, being destitute of a claw: the first claw on the hind feet is extremely long, somewhat curved, and sharp-pointed; the next rather shorter, but of similar appearance; the two remaining ones far shorter, very slightly curved, and not sharp- poited. In its mode of life this animal resem- bles the rest of the Ant-Eaters, being generally found in the midst of some large ant-hill: it bur- rows with great strength and cclerity under ground, when disturbed; its feet and legs being most excessively strong, and short, and wonder- fully adapted to this purpose. It will even bur- row, under a pretty strong pavement, removing the stones with its claws; or under the bottom of a wall. During these exertions its body is stretch- ed or lengthened to an uncommon degree, and appears very different from the short or plump as- pect which it bears in its undisturbed state. It cannot escape the observation of every scien- tific naturalist, that, in consequence of the disco- very of this curious animal, the Linnean character of Myrecophaga is, in part, rendered inapplicable. Since, therefore, the genera of Afanis and Myr- mecophaga differ only in the external covering. the former being coated with scales, and the latter with hair, it would, perhaps, be not improper to conjoin the two genera, to add this as a new spe- y. 1. 12 178 STRIPED ANT-EATER. cies, and to give as part of the generic character Corpus pilis, squamis, vel aculeis tectum. Or it might even constitute a new genus, which would differ from those of Manis and Myrmecophaga, in having the body covered with spines. STRIPED ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Striata. M. flavescens, fusco transversim fasciata, maxilla superiore longiore. Yellowish Ant-Eater, with transverse dusky bands, and the up- per jaw longer than the lower. Le Tamandua. Buf. suppl. 3. p. 381. pl. 56. Striped Ant-Eater. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 259. Tuts is figured in the 3d vol. of the supple- ment to the Count de Buffon’s Quadrupeds; and appears to be clearly a distinct species from any of the former. The nose is taper; the upper mandible extending very far beyond the lower: the eyes extremely small: the ears round and short: the tail covered with long hairs, so as to have a slightly bushy appearance: on the fore feet are five toes. The body and tail are of a yellowish-brown or tawny-colour; with the under parts white: the body is marked with broad, dis- tant, blackish, transverse stripes, and the tail is annulated with similar ones. ‘The length of the specimen, from nose to tail, was thirteen French ‘inches; of the tail seven inches and a half. It is a native of Guiana. 179 MANIS. Generic Character. Dentis nulli. Teeth, none. Lingua teres, extensilis. Tongue cylindricand extensile. Os angustatum in rostrum.» |} Mouth narrowed into a snout. Corpus squamis tectum. Body covered with scales. ‘Tue genus Manis presents an appearance not less extraordinary than that of Dasypus or Arma- dillo; being covered on every part, except on the belly, with extremely strong and large horny scales, constituting a suit of armour still more powerful than in the following genus, and capable of defending the animals, when rolled up, from the assaults of the most ferocious enemies. ‘This external covering, together with the uncommon length of body and tail, gives an aspect so much resembling that of a Lizard, that these creatures are commonly known by the title of Scaly Lizards, though no otherwise allied to the Lizard tribe than in their unusual covering: they may be al- lowed, however, in a general view of the animal kingdom, to form a kind of shade or link of ap- proximation between the proper viviparous quad- rupeds and the Lizards. 180 LONG-TAILED MANIS. — _ They are animals of a harmless nature, and feed in the same manner as the Ant-Eaters, by thrusting out their very long tongue into the nests of ants and other isects, and swallowing their prey by suddenly retracting it, having no teeth, and differing from the Ant-Eaters im scarce any other circumstance but that of their scaly integument. They are found in India and the Indian islands. LONG-TAILED MANIE. | Manis pedibus tetradactylis, cauda longissima. Manis with four-toed feet and very long tail. Manis Tetradactyla. MM. pedibus tetradactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p- 53. | Lacerta indica guanz congener. A/dr. ovip. dig. 668. Scaly Lizard. Grew’s Rarities, p. 46. Le Phatagin. Buf 10. p. 180. pl. 34. Four-toed Manis. Naturalists’ Miscellany, pl. 36. Long-tailed Manis. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 252. Turis animal, known in India by the name of the Phatagen, is of a very long and slender form: the head is small; the snout narrow: the whole body, except beneath, covered with broad, but sharp-pointed scales, which are striated through- out their whole length: the tail is more than twice the length of the body, and tapers gradually to the tip. The legs are very short; scaled like the body, and on each of the feet are four claws, of which those on the fore feet are stronger than LONG -TAILED MANIS. 1800 Fib”,71.Londow. Publynad by CKearslev, Fleeé Sarees — \\ BSG SK \ ~ WAYS AS, ‘ S\N \\ = \ int \\ \) ANY \ \\) | \ = WS Ny) M3 Wig AWAY « 1) WW Y\\\\) SHORT- TAILED MANIS. 7600. Feb® 1. London Publihid by Citar Fleet Street- SHORT-TAILED MANIS. 18] those of the hind. The colour of the whole ani- mal is an uniform deep brown, with a cast of yel- lowish, and with a glossy or polished surface. The Manis tetradactyla grows to the length of five feet, measuring from the tip of the nose to the extremity of the tail. SHORT-TAILED MANIS. Manis pedibus pentadactylis, cauda corporis longitudine. Manis with five-toed feet, and tail the length of the body. Manis Pentadactyla. M. pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. ps 52. Lacertus indicus squamosus. Bont. Fav. p. 60. Pangolin. Buf: 10. pl. 34. Five-toed Manis. Naturalists’ Miscellany, pl. 11. Short-tailed Manis. Pennant Quadr. p. 253. Tuis species differs from the former, in being of a much thicker and shorter form: the tail, in _ particular, differs greatly in proportion from that _ of the preceding, being not so long as the body; “very thick at the base, and from thence gra- dually tapering, but terminating very obtusely. The head is smail as in the former; the ears small and rounded: the feet furnished with five toes each, of which those on the fore feet are ex- tremely strong, except the exterior one, which is much smaller than the rest. ‘The whole animal is covered with most extremely thick, strong, and large scales, which in the full-grown speci- 182 - SHORT-TAILED MANIS. mens are perfectly smooth, but in those which are smaller are slightly striated about half way from the base. Sometimes a few bristles appear between the scales, but in others this is not ob- servable. The scales differ in shape from those of the preceding, being much wider and larger in proportion to the body and tail. The co- lour of the whole animal is a very pale yellow- brown, and the surface is glossy, as in the former species. In India it is called the Pangoelling. In the neighbourhood of Bengal it is named Va- jracite, or the Thunderbolt Reptile, from the ex- cessive hardness of the scales, which are said to be capable even of striking fire like a flint. It is found in different parts of India, and perhaps also in Guinea; this is on the authority of Des Mar- chois, who says it is called Quogelo by the ne- groes; that it grows to the length of eight feet, of which the tail is four; that it lives in woods and marshy places, and feeds on ants, by laying its long tongue across their paths. It is said to walk slowly; but, when pursued, rolls itself up, and is then so securely armed that even a leopard attacks it in vain. It is also said sometimes to destroy the elephant, by twisting itself round the trunk, and thus compressing that tender and sensi- ble organ with its hard scales. We are told in the Asiatic Researches, that the Malabar name of this animal is Alungu; and that the natives of Bahar call it Bajar-cit, or the Stone vermin; and in the stomach of the one examined and described BROAD-TAILED MANIS. 183 in the above work was found about a teacupful of small stones, which it is supposed to have swal- lowed for the purpose of facilitating digestion. It was only thirty-four imches long from the nose to the end of the tail; and a young one was found in it. The figure given in the Asiatic Researches is considered as a variety, differing a little in the proportion of some of its measurements from that described by the Count de Buffon, &c. In re- ality, it should seem to be the variety shehtly de- scribed and figured in the Philosophical Transac- tions; and which Mr. Pennant has introduced into the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds as a distinct species, under the title of the Broad- tailed Afanis. This we shall, in compliance with that excellent zoologist, describe in a separate article, though we think it may be doubted whe- ther it should be really considered as a distinct species. Specimens of the Manis pentadactyla have sometimes been seen of the length of six feet from the nose to the tip of the tail. BROAD-TAILED MANIS. Manis cauda latissima. Manis with extremely broad tail. Broad-tailed Manis. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 254. New Manis. Phil. Trans. 60. p. 36. pl. it. — Turis animal is figured in the 60th volume of the Philosophical Transactions: it was killed in 184 BROAD-TAILED MANIS. the house of a merchant at Tranquebar, having been discovered in the cavity of a wall. When pursued, it rolled itself up in such a manner as to leave only the back and tail visible. It was with great difficulty destroyed. It had five toes on the fore feet, and four on the hind: the scales were of the shape of a muscle; the belly quite smooth; the exterior scales ended in a sharp point, somewhat imcurvated: the tail was very broad, decreasing to a point: the whole length of the animal was a German ell and five eighths: the tail half an ell and a span broad in the broadest part. Of animals inhabiting regions so remote, it is impossible to obtain more than a partial intelli- gence as to the exact distinction of species, sex, and variety: we must, therefore, be content to remain in doubt whether the above-described ani- mal, as well that mentioned in the Asiatic Re- searches, should be considered as distinct from the species already known or not. In reality, however, these differences do not seem sufficient to constitute a specific distinction ; and are, probably, owing to the differences of age and sex. In the British Museum are specimens of different sizes, which shew these gradations. In one the scales, all over the animal, are so regu- larly and completely truncated at the extremity, as to exhibit the appearance of so many hexa- gons. In another they are remarkably broad and rounded; and, in a third, which is a very” BROAD-TAILED MANIS. 185 large specimen, they are less obtuse at the tips, and somewhat irregularly terminated, as if notch- ed, or worn through age. ‘The proportional breadth of the tail also varies somewhat in these specimens, and seems greatest in those which are least advanced in age. 186 DASYPUS.. -ARMADILLO. Generic Character. Dentes molares plures, absque || Grinders several, without ei- } primoribus, absque lani- | thercutting or canine teeth. ariis. Corpus cataphractum testa os- || Body coated with a shelly ar- sea zonis intersecta. i| mour, divided into zones. ‘Tue Armadillos are natives of South America, and are readily distinguished from all other Qua- drupeds by the singular covering with which Na- ture has ornamented them; and which forms a complete suit of armour, divided mto bands or shelly zones, in such a manner as to accommo- date itself to the various postures of the body; and exhibiting a most beautiful example of devia- tion from the general structure and appearance in quadrupeds. ‘The Armadillos are imnoxious ani- mals, and mhabit subterraneous retreats or bur- rows, which they readily excavate by means of their large and strong claws. ‘They wander about chiefly by night, and devour various roots and grain; and are, therefore, considered as injurious to plantations. They also occasionally prey on the smaller animals of different kinds; worms, insects, 2 es ARMADILLO. 187 &c. Ina state of captivity they readily eat ani- mal food, and that in considerable quantity. They are themselves considered as excellent food, and are, therefore, dug out of their subter- raneous cavities, and sold for the table. When old, however, their flesh acquires a strong musky scent, and becomes unfit for use. When attacked, the Armadillos roll themselves up into the form of a ball, and thus become, in a degree, invulnerable. Nothing can exceed the curious mechanism by which this is performed ; nor is it possible to view without admiration the appearance of the animal thus coiled up, and secured from common con- tingencies. Armadillos are said to drink frequently, and they often grow extremely fat. They are very prolific animals, and are said to breed three or four times a year, and to bring several young at a birth. The species are determined by the num- ber of shelly zones on the body. In enumerating these, however, it 1s remarkable that most au- thors vary; and the exact discrimination of all the species seems yet a desideratum in natural history. This, perhaps, arises partly from the inattention of draughtsmen and engravers, when representing the animals, and partly from different authors counting differently the bands on some of the species; which are so placed as to make it diffi- cult, in some instances, to distinguish the ultimate or bounding zones of the body, from the scaly divisions on the fore and hind parts of the animal, and which, like the bands, are disposed into a 188 THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. , %. kind of zones, though less strongly marked. — Some species, however, are so clearly defined by 4 this mode of distinction, as to be at all. times” readily ascertained. THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus Tricinctus. D. tegmine Lei a pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 53. Armadillo, with the armour divided into tires bands, and five- toed feet. Tatou, v. Armadillo. Red. exper. Ql. t. 92. Tatu apara. Marcgr. bras. 232. Tatu, &c.. Seb. t. p. 62. 16 38. fe 2553. Turis may be considered, perhaps, as the most elegant of the whole genus; the pattern of the ar- mour being peculiarly neat, and well defined; and the colour of the animal more pleasing than in most other species, viz. a clear yellowish-white. The head, shoulders, and hind part of the body, are coated with regular hexagonal divisions, cu- riously studded or tuberculated on the surface; and the zones of the body are extremely distinct, and only three in number: they are divided or marked into numerous transverse segments or squares; the tail is very thick and short. The legs are covered with hexagonal divisions or seg- ments similar to those on the shoulder, but small- r: the ears are rather large, and the claws smaller than in most other species: it is a native of Brazil. : 37. 7 la BR CUNY {= Aa “OTTMVINIY 4 \\ a °O WIMNWIACADY CCALCLL @][ ~ CILLA ee ae ee eee ANY A AY EIGHTEEN-BANDED- ARMADILLO. SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO. WooFeaizLl ondon Pubigha by G Kearsley Fleet Street. 189 SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus Sexcinctus. D. cingulis senis, pedibus peutadactylis. Lin. Syst, Nat. p. 54. Armadillo with six bands, and five-toed feet. . Tatu, v. Armadillo prima Marcgravii. Raj. ene Zar. Armadillo. . Olar. mus. p.7.t. 6. f. 4. Encoubert, ou Tatou a six bandes. Buff. 10. p. 209. pl. 42. and suppl. 3. pe 285. pl. 57. Tuis is also a species of great elegance; and, ine ‘its general appearance, adel resembles the for mer ; but is furnished with six bands instead of ~ three: the tail is very thick at the base, and is short in proportion to the animal; the claws are very large and strong. The bands are marked into oblong squares, as in the former. 2 VAR. This animal appears to vary as to the number of its bands: the specimens both in the British and Leverian Museums haying eight bands in- stead. of six; in all other respects they agree with the. CP iaded one. fierceness assaulted the invaders. The young Ele- “ONMO A Sell Waite do yas Lah) Fiji) ee, 7, =, <7 }) ‘ Hy } | / D) \ Se ne hy AN Ny AY ARSRRN ‘ \\ = Se INL) = AT ng PLDI YASH: a v GREAT ELEPHANT. 219 phants do not suck by the trunk, but by the mouth, as represented on the plate annexed. It is a most curious fact, and may well excite our astonishment, that skeletons resembling those of Elephants are occasionally found in a fossil state, and in large quantities, at a great depth under the surface, in the most northern parts of Asia*. ‘ All the Arctic circle (says Mr. Pennant) is a vast mossy flat, formed of a bed of mud or sand, seem- ing the effect of the sea, and which gives reason to think that that immense tract was in some very distant age won from it. With them are mixed an infinitely greater number of marine bodies than are found in the higher parts of that portion of Asia. I give the fact: let others, more favoured, explain. the cause how these animals were transported from their torrid seats to the Arctic regions: I should have recourse to the only one we have authority for; and think that phenomenon sufficient: | men- tion this, because modern philosophers look out for a later cause: I rest convinced: therefore to avoid contradicting what can never be proved.” _ We must by no means here omit the fossil bones, viz. jaws, vertebre, thigh-bones, and tusks, which are often found in some parts of North America: they are commonly found about five or six feet below the surface, on the banks of the river Ohio, * A scrupulous anatomical investigation ef these bones seems to prove, according to some late observations of the French natu- ralists, that they are in reality different from those of the Ele- phant, notwithstanding their general similarity; and are, there- fore, to be numbered among the species of lost animals, known only from their fossil remains. 930 GREAT ELEPHANT. not far from the river Miame, seven hundred miles from the sea coast. Of these the thigh- bones are much thicker in proportion than in the common Elephant: the grinders or side-teeth are very different from those of the Elephant, and, instead of having a flat top with numerous transverse scores, as in that animal, are pretty deeply lobed, like the teeth of carnivorous ani- mals: the tusks bear a great resemblance to those of the common Elephant, but have an inclination to a spiral curve towards the smaller end*: in their common texture they perfectly resemble common ivory. It seems, therefore, extremely clear that this animal must have been a species differing from the common Elephant, but greatly resembling it. Whether it may yet exist in any of the unexplored parts of the globe, must be left to future investigations to determine. These bones are not peculiar to the northern regions of Ame- rica, but have also been found in Siberia, in Peru, and in the Brasils; and it has been remarked that they are found at greater depths than the remains of the common Elephant, in strata, which are sup- posed to have been the ruins of the old world, after the event of the deluge. The Elephant brings only one young at a time: very rarely two: the young are about three feet high when they are first born; and continue grow- * The tusks of the common Elephant have sometimes not only an inclination to a spiral bend, but are actually twisted into two or three spiral curvatures, as in that described and engraved in Grew’s Museum Regalis Societatis; and which is now preserved in the Bri- tish Museum. . a GREAT ELEPHANT. 221 ing till they are sixteen or twenty years old: they are said to live a hundred or a hundred and twenty years. In the Philosophical Transactions, for the year 1799, we find some curious particulars relative to the natural history of the Elephant, by Mr. Corse, whose residence in India afforded him opportuni- ties of investigating the subject with exactness. From these observations it appears that some- thing must be subtracted from that elevated character with which this animal has been so fre- quently honoured; and that neither its docility nor its memory can be allowed a very high rank, when compared with those of some other animals; and that the scrupulous delicacy, which, as it was pretended, forbad all public demonstration of its passions, is a mere fable. A female Elephant has also been known to forget her young one, after having been separated from it for the short space of only two days, and to repel its advances. An Elephant, also, which had escaped from its con- finement, has again suffered itself to be trepanned, and reconducted to its state of captivity; thus con- tradicting, in a remarkable manner, the Horatian sentiment : - Que bellua ruptis, Cum semel effugit, reddit se prava catenis? * Both male and female Elephants, Mr. Corse informs us, are divided by the natives of Bengal * What beast, deliver’d from the broken chain,: Perverse in folly, seeks his bonds again? age GREAT ELEPHANT. into two casts, viz. the Koomareah, and the Merghee. The first consists of the large or full- bodied kind; the second of the more slender, with longer legs and thinner trunk in proportion; it is also a taller animal, but not so strong as the for- mer. A large trunk is always considered as a great beauty in an Elephant, so that the Kooma- reah is preferred not only on this account, but for his superior strength in carrying burthens, &c. Many indistinct varieties are again produced from the intermixture of these two breeds. The torrid zone seems to be the natural clime of the Elephant, and the most favourable for the production of the largest and hardiest race; and when this ani- mal migrates beyond the tropics, the species de- generates. On the coasts of Malabar, Elephants are taken as far north as the territories of Coorgah Rajah; but these, according to Mr. Corse, are much inferior to the Ceylonese Elephant. Mr. Corse’s observations on the teeth of the Elephant, and the gradual progress of dentition, are extremely curious. ‘The principal particulars — are the following: « LEW S a = SS SUKOTYRO. 227 of a hog: the ears long and rough; and the tail thick and bushy. ‘The eyes are placed upright in the head, quite differently from those of other quadrupeds. On each side the head, next to the eyes, stand the horns, or rather teeth, not quite so thick as those of an Elephant. This ani- mal feeds upon herbage, and is but seldom tak- en. It is a native of Java, and is called by the Chinese Sukotyro. ‘This is all the description given by. Niewhoff. The figure is repeated in Churchill's Collection of Voyages and Travels, vol. 2. p. 360. Niewhoff was a Dutch traveller, who visited the East Indies about the middle of the last century, viz. about the year 1563, and continued his peregrinations for several years. It must be confessed that some of the figures intro- duced into his works are not remarkable for their accuracy. PLATYPUS. Generic Character. Mouth shaped like the bill of a duck. Feet webbed. Os anatinum. Pedes palmati. Or this most extraordinary genus the first de- scription appeared in the Naturalist’s Miscellany ; but as the individual there described was the only ‘one which had been seen, it was impossible not to entertain some distant doubts as to the genuine nature of the animal, and to surmise, that, though in appearance perfectly natural, there might still have been practised some arts of deception in its structure. I, therefore, hesitated as to admitting it into the present History of Quadrupeds. ‘Two more specimens, however, having been very lately sent over from New Holland, by Governor Hun- ter, to Sir Joseph Banks, the suspicions before mentioned are now completely dissipated. I shall, therefore, here repeat my first description in the work above mentioned, and have only to observe, that the genus should be placed, as there pro- posed, next to that of MZyrmecophaga, im the pre- sent order of Bruta. 006 =< Ss SS D : A ‘ GUIANA TRICHECHUS. QAT overflow their banks) begin to return into the bed of the river, the Indians make dams across the mouths of the shallow lakes formed by the floods, and thus take great numbers of Manatis, as well as tortoises, fish, &c. We must not here omit the curious history of a tame Manati, which, at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, was kept by a prince of Hispaniola, in a lake adjoining to his residence. It was, on account of its gentle nature, called, in the lan- guage of the country, by the name of AZatum. It would appear as soon as it was called by any of its familiars; for it hated the Spaniards, on ac- count of an injury it had received from one of those adventurers. The fable of Arion was here ‘realized. It would offer itself to the Indian fa- vourites, and carry over the lake ten at a time, singing and playing on its back: one youth it was particularly enamoured with, which reminds me (says Mr. Pennant) of the classical parallel in the Dolphin of Hippo, so beautifully related by the younger Pliny. The fates of the two animals were very different: Matum escaped to its native waters by means of a violent flood: the Hipponen- sian fish fell a sacrifice to the poverty of the re- tired colonists *. Trichechus ? Hydropithecus. Sea-Ape Manati. Pennant. This species is only known from the description of Steller, who, near the coast of America, saw a * Vide Pet. Martyr's Decades of the Indies, Dec. 3. book 8, 948 GUIANA TRICHECHUS. singular animal which he chose to name a Sea- Ape, and which Mr. Pennant supposes to belong to this genus. It was about five feet long, with a head like a dog’s: the ears sharp and erect: the eyes large: on both lips a kind of beard: the form of the body was thick and round; thickest near the head, tapering to the tail, which was bifurcated, the upper lobe longest: the body co- vered with thick hair, grey on the back and red on the belly. Steller could not discover any feet or paws. It was full of frolick, and sported in the manner of a monkey; swimming sometimes on one side of the ship, and sometimes on the other; and looking at it with much seeming surprise. It would come so near the ship that it might be » touched with a pole; but if any one stirred, it would immediately retire. It often raised one third of its body above the water, and stood up- right for a considerable time; then suddenly dart- ed under the ship, and appeared in the same atti- tude on the other side, and would repeat this for thirty times together. It would frequently bring up a sea-plant not unlike a bottle gourd, which it would toss about and catch again in its mouth, playing numberless fantastic tricks with it. END OF PART Ie London: Printed by T. Davison, Lombard-street. SMITHSON N LIBRARIES NOILALILSNI ITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI_NVINOSHLINS saiuvudi INSTITUTION NVINOSHLIWS Ss WS & SMITHSONIAN AITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI LIBRARIES Saluvy9dl) INSTITUTION Saluvadl) MITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SMITHSONIAN “i NVINOSHLIWS ve VINOSHLINS S3ZIYVYEII « Yn = x w a \ ow a ASS = S Ee = » a =n Oo — za MITHSONIAN INSTITUTION i Zz =a oO 2W = He we = ares % w “pity — Ee VINOSHI SJINVUGIN LIBRARIES Ti S31uYvVuYa!IT LIBRARIES. SMITHSONIAN we * NVINOSHLINWS NOILNLILSNI 2 wn = a c eal O Fe LIBRARIES = & (ie = = eae ” & NOILNLILSNI Zz = Zz £ oO CD. oe B = ‘ = ” LIBRARIES NOILALILSNI J1YVUEIT LIBRARIES CGY. 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