Library of the Museum COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, | AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Founded by private subscription, fn 1861. < AU) ] eA ‘> * ah THE GENERA OF BIR COMPRISING THEIR GENERIC CHARACTERS, erect OF THE HABITS OF HACH GENUS, AND AN EXTENSIVE LIST OF SPECIES REFERRED TO THEIR SEVERAL GENERA. BY GEORGE ROBERT GRAY, F.L.S. SENIOR ASSISTANT OF THE NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM ; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURIN; OF THE IMPERIAL AND ROYAL ACADEMY OF GEORGOFILI OF FLORENCE ; OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURE, NATURAL HISTORY, AND USEFUL ARTS OF LYON; OF THE SOCIETY OF THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY OF STRASBOURG : OF THE LINNZXAN SOCIETY OF LYON; OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, U.S. ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF HESSE DARMSTADT; ETC. ETC. AUTHOR OF “ A LIST OF THE GENERA OF BIRDS,” SEVERAL ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS, ETC. ILLUSTRATED BY DAVID WILLIAM MITCHELL, B.A. F.L.S. SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMSTERDAM, AND OF SEVERAL LEARNED SOCIETIES. IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL, II. 1844— 1849. LON DON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1849. MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD “UNIVER So CAMBRIDGE. pe CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME Coloured Plates Order. Suborder or Tribe. Family. Subfamily. Pages. Plates. of Details. II. PASSERES 1V. ConrrosTRES I. Corvide 1. Phonygamine - - 301—304 LXXIII. 73. continued. 2. Garruline - - 305—308 LXXIV. 74. 3. Calleatine - - 309—312 LXXV. 75. 4. Corvine - - 313—316 LXXVI. 76. 5. Gymnoderine - -'317—319 LXXVII. me 6. Pyrrhocoracine - 320—321 LXXVIII. Lis ctr z 79. II. Paradiseide 1. Paradiseine - ~ 322—323 LXXIX. III. Sturnide 1. Ptilonorhynchine - 324—329 LXXX. 80. 2. Graculine - - 330—331 LXXXI. 81 8. Buphagine = - - 332—333 LXXXII. ; 4. Sturnine - - 334—339 LXXXIII. 83. 5. Quiscaline - - 340—341 LXXXIV.? 84. 6. Icterine - - 342—345 LXXXV.3 85. 7. Agelaine - - 346—349 LXXXVI. 86. IV. Fringillide 1. Ploceine 4 - - 350—355 LXXXVII. 87. 2. Coccothraustine - 356—359 LXXXVIII. 88. 8. Tanagrine - - 360—367 LXXXIX. 89. 4, Fringilline - - 368—375 XC. 90. 5. Emberizine - - 376—379 XCI. gl. 6. Alaudine - - 380—383 XCII. 92. 7. Pyrrhuline = - - 384—387 XCIII. 93. 8. Loxine - - - 388—389 XCIV. 9. Phytotomine - -~ 390—391 XCV. \ 94. V. Colide 1. Coline - - - 392—393 XCVI.° VI. Musophagide 1. Musophagine - - 394—395 XCVII. } 97 2. Opisthocomine - 396—397 XCVIII. ; VII. Bucerotide 1. Bucerotine - - 398—401 XCIX. 99. III. SCANSORES > I. Ramphastide 1. Ramphastine - - 402—405 C. 100. II. Psittacide 1. Pezoporine - - 406—411 CI. 101. 101a: 2. Araine - - - 412—415 CII. 102. 3. Lorine - = - 416—419 Cink 103. 4. Psittacine - - 420—423 CIV. 104. 5. Cacatuine - = 424—427 CV. 105. 1 Page 318. left out by mistake. ® Marked VII. 8 Marked LXXXVI. * That bearing the date “ March, 1849,” at the end of the article. 5 Marked XCV. iV Order. Ili. SCANSORES continued. IV. COLUMBA CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME. Suborder or Tribe. Family. Ill. Picide 1V. Cuculidee I. Columbide get Noone Oo me $9 2 = oP 0 dt = Subfamily. . Capitonine Picumnine Picine . Gecinine . Melanerpine . Colaptine Yuncine . Indicatorine Saurotherine . Coccyzine . Crotophagine . Cuculine . Treronine - Columbine . Gourine . Didunculine . Didine - Pages. - 428—431 - 432—433 - 454—457 - 438—441 - 44.2—445 - 446—447 - 448—449 - 450—451 = 452—453 - 454—457 ~ 458—461 - 462—465 - 466 — 467 - 468—473 - 474—479 - 480—481 - 482—483 Coloured Plates Plates. of Details. CVE 106. COWAIIE i CVIIT. 108. CIX. 109. CX. 110. CXI. CXII. \ ea @xaTMIE CXIV. \ Bia CxaVe Hise CXVI. CXVII. \ wale xix CXS 120. CXX.a (with 186.) 120. (2) VIII. CXVIII | 118. Order II. PASSERES. The fourth Tribe, CONIROSTRES, or Coytcat-BicLEp Birps, have the Bill strong, more or less conical, with the tip slightly emarginated or entire, the Wings generally moderate and pointed ; the Tarsi usually long and strongly scutellated ; the Toes moderate, with the outer one sometimes united at its base. _ The first Family, CORVID2&, or Crows, have the Bill strong, with the base of the culmen sometimes covered with projecting bristly plumes, arched, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is more or less emarginated; the nostrils basal, and more or less concealed by the basal plumes ; the Wings generally long and pointed; the Tail moderate or lengthened ; the Tarsi and Toes moderate. The first Subfamily, PHONYGAMINA, or Pirine Crows, have the Bill lengthened, with the base broad ; the sides compressed, and the culmen broad, rounded, projecting on the forehead, and more or less straight to the tip, which is more or less emarginated ; the nostrils basal, much exposed, and usually in the form of a long narrow slit in the substance of the bill; the Wings usually long and pointed, or rounded ; the Tail long and even, or rounded; the Tarsi and the Toes strong, and strongly scaled, with the outer toe united at its base. GY MNORHINA.* Bill longer than the head, broad, and elevated at the base, with the culmen slightly curved, and the sides compressed towards the tip, which is slightly curved and emarginated, the culmen advancing on the forehead, rounded, and smooth ; the nostrils basal, lateral, with the opening in the form of a straight slit, pierced in the substance of the bill and exposed. Wangs very long and pointed, with the first quill half the length of the second, which is shorter than the third and fourth ; these are the longest. Tail * This genus I established in 1840 (A List of Genera of Birds, 1st edit. p. 37.). PHONYGAMIN . moderate and even. TZarsi robust, longer than the middle toe, and covered with broad strong scales. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones nearly equal; the hind toe long and robust ; the claws moderate, much curved, and acute. The species of this genus are only found in Australia, where they are seen in small parties in the cultivated places, even near the dwellings and stock yards of the colonists; but they prefer, says Mr. Gould, the cleared lands, open flats and plains, skirted by belts of trees; he also speaks highly of their musical notes. They feed chiefly on insects, for which they generally search the ground, and they devour immense numbers of locusts aud grasshoppers. The nests are formed outwardly of sticks, leaves, wool, &c., and lined with fine materials. The eggs are usually three or four in number. 1. G. tibicen (Lath.) G.R. Gray, Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. | 3. G. anaphonensis (Temm.) —Cracticus cuneicaudatus Vieill. f. (head) B. of Austr. pl. | Less. Compl. de Buff. t. 47. f. 1. 2, G. leuconota Gould, B. of Austr. pl. — Cracticus hypoleucus Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. f. (head) ; Barita tibicen Quoy & Less. Voy. de l’Uranie, Ois. t. 20. | Srrepera Less.* Bill longer than the head, broad at the base, the culmen elevated and rounded at the base, and slightly curved towards the tip, which is slightly emarginated; the nostrils basal, lateral, and pierced in the substance of the bill in the form of a longitudinal slit. Wings long and pointed, with the first quill short, and the second much shorter than the third, which is rather shorter than the fourth and fifth ; these are the longest. Tail long and nearly square. Tarsi strong, longer than the middle toe, and strongly scutellated. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones nearly equal; the hind toe long and robust; the claws moderate, much curved, and acute. The continent of Australia is the peculiar habitat for the species of this genus, They are, observes Mr. Gould, usually seen in small parties of four to six individuals, migrating from one part of that vast country to another in search of food. Some species chiefly seek their food on the ground, where they hop with the greatest facility ; it consists of insects and larve. Others are more generally observed on the trees, on which they search for fruits, berries, and seeds, Their flight is usually of short duration, and consists generally of flitting from tree to tree, or from one portion of the forest to another. They possess the power of causing the forests to echo with their remarkable noisy cries. The nests are constructed on the trees of large size, built of sticks, and lmed with grass. The eges are usually three to four in number. 1. S. graculina (Shaw), G. R.Gray, White’s Bot. Bay, pl. p. | 3. 8. versicolor (Lath.) Lamb. Icon. ined. i. 51. — Strepera cine- 251.— Corvus strepera Lath. Leach, Zool. Misc. pl. 86., Le Vaill. | rea Gould. Ois. de Par. t. 24., Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 2. S. fuliginosa Gould, Proc. Z. 8.1836. p. 106., Syn. of Austr. Birds, pl. f. | * M. Lesson established this genus in 1831 (T'raité d’ Ornithologie, p. 329.). It is coequal with Coronica of Mr. Gould (1837) 3 Z PHONYGAMIN Z. PuoonycGama Less.* Bill the length of the head, broad at the base, with the culmen elevated and slightly advancing on the forehead, and the rest curved towards the tip, which is slightly hooked and emarginated; the nostrils placed in a sunken channel, with the opening large, oval, and partly hidden by the advancing feathers. Wings moderate, with the first four quills graduated, and the fifth the longest. Tail lengthened, broad, and rounded. Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe, and covered with broad scales in front. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones unequal, the outer the longest; the hind toe long and strong; the claws moderate, curved, and acute. The species of this genus are inhabitants of the primeval forests of New Guinea, where they are observed perched singly on the upper branches of the large trees, the fruits of which form their principal subsistence. One of the species is said to make the forests vibrate with its various musical notes, which are clear, distinct, sonorous, and pass nearly through the whole gamut. 1. P. viridis (Linn.) G. R. Gray, Pl. enl. 634. — Cracticus cha- | cornutus Cuv. ; Phonygama Lessonia Swains. Less. Compl. de Buff. lybeus Vieill.; Chalybeus paradiseus Cuv. Le Vaill. Ois. de Parad. | t. 7. t.10. 3. P. ater Less. Voy. de la Coqu. Zool. i. 638. —Cracticus ver- 2. P. Keraudrenii Less. Voy. de la Coqu. t. 13. — Chalybeus | sicolor Vieill. 2 * It was in the Manuel d’ Ornithologie, i. p. 141. that M. Lesson established this genus in the year 1828. January, 1846. ; ' a ‘ : ; ~~ ¥ ‘ 5 ‘ 4 . ao re . = omar ew ’ - ad ‘ : a. or - | at es 3 . . ' . i = - 7 Ate : : ai a “ ’ L. | a ietete al ys “ ~ a7 7 . rr ox : = Nee) , Tey Ba AF a ‘ ° . = = | : [7s e: = ’ a - . . ; r ry wt rie " F mid 7 = f = tk " : = 7 yi. . i Lan 1% boa e145 . - in : Yee f - | eed - LN as a? ‘a IPELONW GAMUUN 4E . LXXI , £® ca 4 S Ay = a GYMNORAIVA leuconota. Gould. ————EES |) iTY USA RARY _ RIVERSIT MA BRAI _ McZL ARVARD U RIDGE. 4H CAMB Sa (ALBE ed Of, GR (Lg, 2 Wh pth ¢ AA Lz j MPLS » Fw a * Y bad races me Cor . y IVERSITY MA USA 7MEZ LIBRARY HARVARD UN CAMBRIDGE. an Pay _ _ _s Order Il. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrosrres. Family II. Corviwz. The second Subfamily, GARRULIN &, or Jays, have the Bill moderate, strong, laterally compressed, and the culmen straight, but suddenly curved near the tip, which is emarginated ; the Nostrils generally concealed by projecting plumes ; the Wings moderate and rounded; the Tail of various length, graduated or rounded; the Tarsi moderate and much scutellated ; and the Toes long and strongly scaled. LopHocitTta.* Bill moderate, much compressed on the sides, with the culmen slightly arched and elevated at the base, and the tip curved and emarginated; the gape furnished with lengthened bristles; the nostrils basal, lateral, sunk in a deep groove, with the opening oval. Wings moderate and rounded, with the fifth, sixth, and seventh quills nearly equal and longest. Tazl moderate and rounded. Tarsi moderate, longer than the middle toe, and strongly scaled. Toes short, strongly scutellated, the lateral ones equal, and the hind toe and claw longer than the middle toe; the claws of all acute. The Indian Archipelago is the habitat of the species which constitutes the type of this division. Its habits and manners are at present unknown. L. galericulata (Cuv.) Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 42.— Lanius scapulatus Licht.; Lanius coronatus Raff.; Vanga cristata Griff. An. Kingd. 1. pl. p. 486. GarruLus Briss.t Bill strong, shorter than the head, compressed on the sides, with the culmen nearly straight, but suddenly curved near the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the gonys equally convex with the end of the upper mandible, and ascending; the lateral margins straight; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the short bristly frontal plumes. Wings rounded, with the fourth, fifth, and sixth quills nearly equal and longest. Taz! generally moderate, and nearly even at its end. Tarsi longer than the middle toe, and scutellated. Toes strong and much scutellated, with the outer toe longer than the inner ; the hind toe long and strong ; the claws stout and slightly curved. The Jays are peculiar to the Old World, and are usually found in pairs or small societies in forests, or wherever trees are located together, preferring the closest and thickest parts, as they are very arboreal in their habits, hopping actively from branch to branch. It is on the trees that these birds find most of their food, which consists of various * The above name was given by me (1840) in the place of Platylophus (1837) of Mr. Swainson, as the latter had been previously employed. t Established by Brisson (Ornithologie) in 1760. It appears to embrace Podoces of M. Fischer (1823). GARRULIN “. fruits and seeds ; but they also visit cultivated grounds and orchards for the fruits = certain vegetables to which macy are partial. They sometimes suck the eggs of birds in their nests; and even young birds do BONES LL them, especially those that are feeble and sickly, in preying upon which, they place them under their feet, and with their bills tear them to pieces, swallowing each piece separately. The imitations of quadrupeds as well as birds, which are practised by the common species, are most exact and ludicrous. Their nest is composed of sticks, lined with fibrous roots of plants, and is usually placed in the most unfrequented parts of the forest. The eggs are generally from five to six in number. 1. G. glandarius (Linn.) Pl. enl. 481., Gould’s B. Eur. pl. 214. 4. G. ornatus Gray, Illustrations of Ind. Zool. pl. — Garrulus 2, G. atricapillus Geoffr. —Garrulus melanocephalus Bonelli, | bispecularis Vigors,’ Proc. Z. 8.1830. 7., Gould’s Cent. of Birds, Mém. Acad. Turin, xxxvii. 298. t. 1. | pl. 38. 3. G. gularis Gray, Il. Ind. Zool. pl. — Garrulus _lanceolatus 5. G.? Panderi (Fisch.) Mém. de la Soc. Imp. Mose. vi. t. 21. ; Vigors, Proc. Z.S. 1830. 7., Gould’s Cent. of Birds, pl. 39, 40.; | Type of Podoces Fischer (1823). G. Vigorsii Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl. Prerisortus Pr. Bonap.* Bill short, with the base broad, the sides compressed, the culmen sloping to the tip which is slightly curved and emarginated, and the gonys rounded and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the projecting basal plumes. Wings moderate, rounded, with the fourth, fifth, and sixth quills the longest. Tail moderate and rounded. Tarsi longer than the middle toe and scutellated. Tves moderate, with the outer toe longer than the inner: the hind toe long, and armed with a slightly curved claw. These birds inhabit the woods and forests of the most northern parts of Europe and North America, migrating to the south in very severe winters, but usually returning on the first appearance of more genial weather. The American species is generally seen in pairs or in small societies, in the most solitary and pathless forests, flitting leisurely from branch to branch, and sometimes on the ground, keeping up a kind of low chattering with its fellows. They feed on black moss, worms, and even flesh; and are bold, entering habitations, and stealing whatever they can carry off. They lay up for winter's use hoards of their usual food, in hollow places or between the layers of the bark of decayed trees. The nest is built in pie trees, formed of sticks and grass, and they lay from two to three eggs. 1. P. infaustus (Linn.) Pr. Bonap. Sparr. Mus. Carls. t.76.— | Orn. pl. 21.f. 1.—Garrulus fuscus Vieill.; Pica nuchalis Wagl. ; Corvus sibiricus Bodd. Pl. enl. 608., Le Vaill. Ois. de Parad. t, | Coracias mexicanus TJemm.:; Garrulus brachyrhynchus Swains. 47. ; C. russicus Gme/. Gould’s Birds of Ewope pl. 215. ; C. mimus | Faun. Bor. Amer. pl. 55., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 107. Pall. 3. P. ferrugineus (Bechst.) Le Vaill. Ois. Par. t. 48. — Corvus 2. P. eenadensis (Linn.) Pr. Bonap. Pl. enl. 530., Wils. Amer. | canadensis Licht. ? Cyanocorax Boie.t} Bill moderate, slightly compressed on the sides, with the culmen slightly curved from the base to the tip, which is scarcely emarginated; the gonys gradually curved upwards toward the tip; the lateral margins slightly curved; the nostrils basal, lateral, and partly hidden by the projecting frontal plumes. * Established by the Prince of Canino (Sagg. Distr. Nat. Anim. Vert. p. 43.) in 1831, and in the same year Mr. Swainson proposed Dysornithia for the same birds. t This genus was established by M. Boie (Jsi;) in 1826. In 1831, Mr. Swainson gave this division the name of Cyanurus. - GARRULINZ. Wings rounded, with the fourth, fifth, and sixth quills the longest. Tail lengthened and rounded. Tarsi moderate, longer than the middle toe. Toes strong, with the lateral ones equal; the hind toe long and strong; the claws strong and curved. The New World is the peculiar abode of these showy birds, where they live in societies in the forests, being rarely seen in the open plains, and are very active, hopping from branch to branch in search of their food, which consists of seeds, insects, and eggs of birds. Sometimes they seek the cultivated tracts of land, to plunder them of the fruits, &c. Like the common Jay they attack and devour young birds. The manners of the typical species are bold and tyrannical, and they possess great talent for mimicry, copying the notes and cries of quadrupeds and birds with equal facility. This species also forms hoards of food for the winter season. Their nests are placed in shady trees, usually of large dimensions; they are formed of twigs, and lined interiorly with dry fibrous roots, &. The female generally deposits from four to six eggs. 1, C. cristatus (Linn) Boie, Pl. enl. 529., Audub. Birds of | 11. C. sanblasianus (Lafr.) Mag. de Zool. 1843. t. 28., Neboux, Amer. pl. 102., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 1. f. 1., Le Vaill. Ois.de Par. | Rev. Zool. 1840. p. 290. t. 45. | 12. C. azureus (Temm.) PI. col. 168. — Pica cerulea Vieill. 2. C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 13. f. 1., Faun. | Azara No. 55, Bor. Amer. Birds, pl. 54., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 362. f. 2. 13. C. Beecheii (Vigors), Zool. Journ. iv. 353., Zool.of Beechey’s 8. C. coronatus (Swains.) Phil. Mag. 1827. p. 487., Jard. & Voy. p. 22. pl. 6., Mag. de Zool. 1837. Ois. t. 72. Selby’s Orn. pl. 64. 14, C. ultramarinus (Pr. Bonap.) Am. Orn. ii. p. 62., Pl. col. 4. C. melanogaster (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xii, 478., Le | 439. — Garrulus sordidus Swains. Zool. Ill. n. s. pl. 86., Audub. B. Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 44. — Pica cyanochlora Wagl. of Amer. pl. 362. f. 3.; G. californicus Vigors, Zool. of Beechey’s 5. C. cyanoleucus (Pr. Max.) Pl. col. 193. — Corvus splendidus Voy. pl. 5. Licht. ; C. cristatellus Temm. ; C. tricolor Mikan. 15. C. cerulescens (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 480. — 6. C. pileatus (Temm.) PI. col. 58. — Pica chrysops Vieill. Corvus floridanus Say, Journ. Philad. 1. 347., Pr. Bonap. Amer. Azara No. 53. Orn. pl. 14. f. 1.; Garrulus cyaneus Vieil/., Audub. B. of Amer. 7. C. cayanus (Linn.) Pl. enl. 373. — Pica albicapilla Vieill. ; pl. 87. P. larvata Wagl. 16. C. mystacalis (G.S.) Mag. de Zool. 1835. Ois. t. 34. 8. C. cyanopogon (Pr. Max.) PI. col. 169. 17. C. cyanomelas (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 127. 9. C. Yucas (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 625.—Corvus peruvianus Gmel. Le Azara No. 54.— Pica cyanomelana Wagl. Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 46. ; Pica chloronotos Wagl. ; Garrulus luxuosus 18. C. Sieberiti (Wagl.) Syst. Avium, Pica sp. 23. Less: 19. C. ornata (Less.) Rev. Zool. 1839. p. 41. 10. C. viridicyanus (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Voy. dans l’Amér, Mérid. 20. C. melanocyaneus Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, 215. Ois. it; 53f. 1. 21. C. armillatus G. R. Gray. Psttorninus Riipp.* Bill strong, long, with the culmen curved to the tip, which is unemarginated ; the sides compressed, the lateral margins slightly curved, and the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, partly closed by a membrane, and the opening slightly concealed by a few slender plumes. Wings long, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills the longest. Tail lengthened, and more or less graduated. Tarsi strong, longer than the middle toe, and scutellated. Joes long, the lateral ones unequal ; the hind toe long and strong; all the claws curved and acute. These fine birds are found in Columbia, Mexico, and the continent of India. The Asiatic species inhabits the forests, and is often observed flitting from branch to branch in search of food. It has been recorded that one kept in captivity ferociously pounced upon living birds, and eagerly devoured them, and that it refused other kinds of food. * This division was originally established by Dr. Riippell, under the above name, in 1837. In 1838, the Piince of Canino emploved the name of Cyanurus; but, that word having previously been used by Mr. Swainson, I had in 1841 proposed in its place Calocitta. GARRULIN ZA. 1. P. morio (Licht.) Mus. Senck. 1837. t. 4. f. 3. — Pica fuligi- 3. P. gubernatriz (Temm.) PI. col. 436. 4. P. sinensis (Linn.) PI. enl. 622. — Corvus erythrorhynchus nosa Less. ; Psilorhinus mexicanus Riipp. Bodd. Le Vaill. Ois. Afr. t. 57., Gould’s Cent. of B. pl. 41. ; 2. P. Bullockii (Wagl.) — Pica formosa Swains.; Garrulus Burnettii Gray ; Pica Collieii Vigors, Zool. of Beechey’s Voy. pl. ; | Coracias melanocephala Lath. G. ultramarinus Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 96. ’ Cissa Boie.* Bill strong, large, with the culmen elevated and curved to the tip, which is emarginated and hooked; the sides much compressed, the lateral margins nearly straight, and the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and partly covered by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate and rounded, with the first four quills graduated, and the fourth and fifth the longest. Zaz more or less lengthened and graduated. ars? longer than the middle toe, moderately strong, and scaled. Yves long, strong, and much scutellated, with the inner scarcely shorter than the outer; all the claws long, strong, and curved. These birds inhabit the Indian continent and its archipelago; but their habits and manners have not yet been recorded. 1. C. sinensis (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 620.— Corvus specicsus Shaw ; 2. C. thalassina (Temm.) Pl. col. 401. Corapica bengalensis Less. ; Kitta venatoria Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. 24. | * Established by M. Boie (1826) in the Zsis. Corapica of M. Lesson (1831), and Chlorisoma of Mr, Swainson (1837), are coequal with the name adopted. March, 1845. CYANOCORAX CHay GL amillatis E. MA USA Mcz LIBRARY BRIDG 4g S @ Ee a3 A Y ¥e LY we. 1. GARRULUS amicapillus 2. CISSA sinensis 4. PSILORHINUS morio. 5. LOPHOCITTA galenculata 6 MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrostres. Family I. Corvin. The third Subfamily, CALLAHATIN&, or Tree-Crows, have the Bill short, with the culmen elevated at the base, and much curved to the tip; the sides compressed, and the gonys long and straight; the Wings short and rounded; the Tail lengthened and graduated ; the Tarsi more or less long, and covered in front with broad scales ; the Toes moderate, with the lateral ones unequal. CatLzas Forst.* Bill short, strong, with the culmen elevated at the base, and suddenly curved from the base to the tip, which is entire; the sides compressed, and the gonys lengthened and slightly arched ; the nostrils basal, lateral, pierced in a membranous channel, and the opening partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings short and rounded, with the sixth and seventh quills equal and longest. Tuil moderately long, and rounded, with the shaft of each feather ending in a bristly point. TZarsz long, longer than the middle toe, and strongly scutellated in front with one lengthened scale. Toes moderate, the lateral ones unequal, and free at their base, the outer toe the longest; the hind toe very long and strong, and all armed with strong curved claws. This bird is found in both the islands of New Zealand, where it is usually seen walking about on the ground searching for the larve or grubs of insects, and is occasionally observed on trees of various kinds, for the purpose of obtaining their fruits and berries. It is also said to devour young birds. C. cinerea Forst. Desc. p. 74., Icones ined. 52., Daud. Orn, t. 21., Vieill. Gal. des Ois. t. 93., Voy. de l’Astrol. Ois. t. 15. — Glaucopis cinerea Gmel. StrutHiwea Gould. Lill short, with the culmen elevated at the base, advancing on the forehead, where it is rounded, and much curved to the tip, which is entire; the lateral margin curved, and the gonys ascending; the * Forster established this genus in 1788 (Enchiridion Hist. Nat. Inser. p.35.). In the same year Gmelin gave the name of Glaucopis to the same type. + It was in 1836 that Mr. Gould established this genus (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 143.). In 1837 Mr. Swainson proposed the name of Brachystoma for the same bird. CALLAATINA. nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and exposed. Wings moderate and rounded, with the fourth, fifth, and sixth quills the longest. 7il moderate and rounded, wiih the end of each feather broad and rounded. Tarsi strong, longer than the middle toe, and covered in front with broad strong scales. Toes long, strong, the outer longer than the inner ; the claws strong, compressed, and much curved. Mr. Gould informs us that this bird is confined to the south-eastern portion of the Australian continent, and that it inhabits the pine ridges bordering the extensive plains of the Upper and Lower 7 amoi. It lives in small companies of three or four together on the topmost branches of the trees, and is extremely quick and restless, the whole venipany leaping from branch to branch in rapid succession, at the same time throwing up and expanding their tails and wings ; these actions are generally accompanied with a harsh unpleasant note. Its food consists of insects and probably berries. S. cinerea Gould, Syn. of Austr. Birds, p. ., B.of Austr. pl. Temnurus Less.* Bill nearly as long as the head, with the culmen elevated at the base, and curved to the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the sides compressed ; the gonys of the lower mandible lengthened and nearly straight ; the nostrils basal, lateral, small, rounded, and hidden by the frontal plumes and short bristles. Wings long and rounded, with the first three quills graduated, and the fourth, fifth, and sixth the longest. Jail more or less lengthened and graduated. Tarsi short, rather longer than the middle toe, and covered in front with very broad scales. Toes short, and strongly scutellated, the outer toe longer than the inner one; the hind toe long and strong; the claws long, curved, and acute. It is in various parts of the Indian continent that the species of this genus are found. They are generally seen single or in pairs, though sometimes noticed in small parties of four or five individuals together, in the jungly districts or in the neighbourhood of well-wooded villages. Their peculiar metallic or harsh rattling cries discover them even in the thick foliage of the jungles. Fruits and berries of different kinds form their principal subsistence, especially that of the banyan. 1. T. leucopterus (Drap.) Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. vii. p.370., Pl. | p. 343. t. 5.— Dendrocitta rufigaster Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. col. 265. | p. 80. 2. T. truncatus Less. —Glaucopis temnurus Temm. Pl. col. | 7. T. sinensis (Gray), Ill. Ind. Zool. pl., Gould’s Cent. of B. pl. 337. 43, 3. T. aterrimus (Temm.) PI col. 8. T. leucogaster Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1838. p. 37., Trans. Zool. 4. T. rufus (Scop.) Hartl. Sonn. Voy. Ind. ii. t.106., Le Vaill. | Soe. pl. xii. Ois. d’Afr. t. 59. — Pica rufiventris Vieill. 9. T. frontalis Mc Clell. & Horsf. Proc. Z. S. 1839. p. 163. 5. T. vagabundus (Lath.) Gould, Cent. of B. pl. 42. 10. T. ? altirostris Blyth, Journ. A, S. B. 1843. p. 932. 6. T. occipitalis (Miill.) Hartl. Tydsch. Naturl. Geschied. 1835. | Cryrsirina Vieill.+ Lill moderate, smooth, with the culmen arched from the base to the tip, which is notched; the sides rather compressed; the gonys long and advancing upwards; the base of the culmen, and the * Established by M. Lesson in 1831. Dendrocitta (1833) of Mr. Gould is coequal. } Established by Vieillot in 1816 (Analyse, p. 36.). In 1817 Cuvier proposed emia, and in 1820 Dr. Horsfield gave the name of Phrenothriz for the same type. In 1827 Wagler altered Vieillot’s name to Crypsirhina. 3 U CALLASATIN &. nostrils entirely hidden by the basal velvety plumes. Wings moderate and rounded, with the fifth and sixth quills the longest. Tail lengthened and graduated, with the ends of the feathers widening and obtuse. Tuars? longer than the middle toe, and covered with broad seales. Toes long, with the lateral toes unequal, the outer toe the longest; the hind toe long and strong; the claws long, curved, and acute. The typical species of this genus frequents, in small flocks, the open places or the skirts of the forests of India and its isles. It prefers the localities recently cleared for cultivation, as in such places it easily procures an abundant supply of various kinds of insects. Its flight is heavy and slow, generally performed only for a short distance from tree to tree in search of fruits and berries, at the same time uttering a harsh rather melancholy ery. If disturbed, it usually hides itself in thick foliage until the cause of alarm has disappeared. C. varia (Lath.) Vieill. Gal. des Ois. t. 100.—Phrenothrix — Mise. pl. 561.; C. temia Daud. Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 56. temia Horsf. Zool. Res. in Java, pl. 7. ; Corvus caudatus Shaw, Nat. | Prinosromus Swains.* Bill long, smooth, with the culmen at the base elevated and curved to the tip; the sides compressed, the lateral margins rather curved, and the gonys of the lower mandible long and straight ; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings long, with the first quill half the length of the third; this latter, with the fourth and fifth, the longest. Tazl lengthened, much graduated, and the end of each feather acute. Tarsi long, much longer than the middle toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes moderate, strongly scaled, with the outer toe shorter than the inner, and united at the base ; the claws long, strong, and curved. The continent of Africa is the peculiar country of the birds that compose this genus. ‘They are seen in flocks of about twenty individuals together, perched on the upper branches of the lofty trees. Their food consists of fruits and insects. The nest is usually built on the tops of the highest trees, and is defended with thorns, leaving only an opening on one side. 1. P. senegalensis (Linn.) PI. enl. 538.— Corvus ater Linn. ; 2. ? P. poicilorhynchus (Wagl.) Syst. Av. sp. 2. Coracias nigra Lath. ; Corvus piapiac Daud. Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. 3. P. rufigaster (Lath:) Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 55.— Corvus t. 54. octopennatus Daud. ; C. ventralis Shaw. Conostoma Hodgs.t Bill short, with the culmen and lateral margins equally curved to the tip, which is obtuse and entire ; the sides much compressed ; the nostrils rounded, with the opening surrounded by a membrane and * Established by Mr. Swainson in 1837 (Class of Birds, ii. p. 266.). 1 Established by Mr. Hodgson in 1842 (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1841, p. 857.). CALLAATIN AE. concealed by the incumbent frontal plumes. Wings short, weak, rounded, with the sixth, seventh, and eighth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail rather lengthened and rounded. Tarsi longer than the middle toe, and covered with broad scales in front. Toes long, united at the base, and the outer toe as long as the inner one; the hind toe longer than the outer one, and depressed; the claws large, and rather curved and acute. This type is found on the high mountains of Northern India, close to the ridge of perpetual snow. C. emodius Hodgs. Journ. As, Soc. Beng. 1841. p. 857. pl. December, 1845. V7) of 829922 UOAf VILIDOWUI NAT [ONOWMLT 1UeIeT SjepueuyNpy MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA T€a odlus A TOMA em eae He 1" EY wa ) aN rs eh | Haj 0 HE © 4 6 megalen Sis 6 0 1) cinerea = MU y CAS =. Exe LLA Pa, OS! \ + & (ay i Ww. 6) 5 f a yarian x HA We | | ESS Nil! a N J J [RI )¢ | VU T 4. CRY] } : | MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conmostres. Family I. Corvipz, The fourth Subfamily, CORVIN &, or Crows, have the Bill of various lengths, the base broad, and the sides compressed, with the culmen more or less curved to the tip, which is usually entire ; the nostrils entirely concealed by the projecting frontal plumes, except when the head or cheeks are denuded of feathers ; the Wings long and slightly rounded ; the Tail long and graduated, or moderate and nearly equal; the Tarsi lengthened, and covered in front - with broad scales ; the Toes moderate, strong, and the lateral ones of equal length. Nucirraca Briss.* Bill longer than the head, and strong, with the culmen elevated at the base, and sloping to the tip, which is entire; the lateral margins straight, but with the base angulated; the gonys very long and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and covered by the frontal bristles. Wings long and rounded, with the fourth and fifth quills longest. Zaz moderate, and rounded on the sides. Tarsi longer than the middie toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long, strong, and strongly scutellated ; the outer toe rather shorter than the inner, and united at the base; the claws long, curved, and acute. It is in the woods and forests of the mountainous parts of Europe and Asia that these birds are usually noticed in pairs, though they are sometimes observed in large flocks; and in some portions of Europe they migrate according to the seasons. Larve and perfect insects form the chief portion of their subsistence; these they obtain from the trunks of trees, which they are capable of ascending in the same manner as the woodpeckers. Seeds of fir trees and nuts are also a part of their food; these they break and extract by repeated strokes of their bills. They select for a nest a hole in a decayed tree ; and, if it is not sufficiently large for their purpose, they increase its size by means of their bills. The eggs are usually deposited therein to the number of five or six. 1. N. caryocatactes (Linn.) Briss. Pl, enl. 50. — Corvus nuci- 2. N. hemispila Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1830. p. 8., Gould, Cent. fraga Nils. ; N. guttata Vieill, Gould, B. of Eur. pl. | pl. * Brisson established this genus in 1760 (Ornithologie). Caryocatactes of Cuvier (1817) is coequal. CORVINA. Pica Briss.* Bill long and strong, with the culmen curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is hooked and slightly emarginated; the lateral margins slightly curved, and the gonys long and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and concealed by the projecting bristles. Wings long and rounded, with the first quill very short, and the fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest. Taz lengthened and much graduated. Tarsi much longer than the middle toe, strong, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes short, strong, the lateral toes nearly equal, and the outer one united at its base ; the hind toe long and strong; the claws long, curved, and acute. The species of this genus are found both in the Old World and in the northern parts of the New. They are generally noticed in pairs, though sometimes they congregate in flocks, when they are very noisy and querulous, and continually flying from place to place. These birds feed on all kinds of vegetables, grain, worms, and insects, and even carrion; they are very destructive to gardens and orchards, they also devour great numbers of eggs, and the young of birds, and they may occasionally be observed on the backs of the cattle, examining their hides for the larve of insects that infest them. When alarmed, they commence a series of chattering notes which give warning also to other birds. They place their nest usually among the highest branches of the tall trees, or in the thickest or thorny bushes. It is large and composed exteriorly of sticks and dry weeds, which are cemented together by a thick plastering of clay ; the interior is lined with wool, cow-hairs, and feathers. The nest is surmounted, or roofed, with a series of thorny twigs, closely laced together, leaving only a narrow entrance on one side for the ingress and egress of the birds. 1. P. caudata Ray, Pl. enl. 488. — Corvus pica Linn. ; Pica me- lanoleuca et P. albiventer Vieill.; P. europea Cuv. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 216. 2. P. sericea Gould, Proc. Z. 8.1845. p. 48. 3. P. Bottanensis De Less. Rev. Zool. 1840. p. 100. — Pica me- galoptera Blyth. 4. P. hudsonica (Sabine), Pr. Bonap. — Corvus pica Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 35. f.2., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 357. 5. P. Nuttalli Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 362. f. 1. 6. P. caledonica (Gmel,) — Corvus cinereus Forst. Dese. Anim. p- 260., Icon. ined. 58. 7. P. cyanea (Pall.) Wagl. Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 58., Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 217. 8. P. albicollis Vieill.— Corvus caledonicus Lath. Ind. Ord. Suppl. xxv., Entrec. Voy. ii. t. 35. Corvus Linn.t Bill strong, generally long, with the culmen more or less arched, or nearly straight to the tip, which is entire; the sides gradually compressed from the base; the gonys long, more or less advancing upward to the tip; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and entirely covered by the projecting bristly plumes. Wings long and pointed, with the first quill shorter than the second, and the third and fourth quills the longest. Tail moderate, sometimes equal or rounded. Tuarsi longer than the middle toe, and broadly scutellated in front. Toes moderate, strong, the outer toe slightly united at the base, and the lateral ones nearly equal; the claws strong, moderate, and curved. * Established by Brisson (Ornithologie) in 1760. + Linneus established this genus in 1735. It embraces Lycos of M. Boie (1826) (with which Monedula of M. Brehm (1828), and Coleus of Dr. Kaup (1829) are synonymous), Corone of Dr. Kaup (1829), and Frugilegus and Corvultur of M. Lesson. 4a CORVIN. These birds are found in most parts of the globe. Some remain stationary within a certain district, while others migrate from place to place on the change of season. They are generally observed in flocks, in cultivated places, seeking carrion, or worms, grubs, caterpillars, small animals, and the eggs and young of birds, which they destroy in great numbers. Some species are more commonly noticed on the sea shore searching for dead fish, which the waves continually cast up; in such places they also find shell-fish, which they carry high into the air, and drop on the rocks in order to break the shells. They are extremely fond of all kinds of cultivated vegetables, to which they are very destructive. Their cries are hoarse and discordant, especially during their first flight in the morning before they scatter themselves into smaller flocks in search of their food; and again on their reassembling in the evening, and while each pair are selecting their separate roosting-places. The nest is generally built in society, on the topmost branches of the lofty trees; it is composed outwardly of sticks, moss, and small pieces of bark cemented together with moist earth ; and the interior is usually lined with horse-hair and some wool, whereon the female deposits four eggs. 1. C. corax Linn. PI. enl. 495. — Corvus maximus Scop. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 220.; C. clericus Sparrm. Mus. Carls. t. 2., Wils. Am. Orn. pl. 75. f. 3., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 101. 2. ? C. leucognaphalus Daud. Tr. d‘Orn. ii. p. 231. 3. ? C. leucopheus Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. viii. p. 27., Gal. des Ois. t. 100. — Corvus borealis albus Briss. App. vi. p. 33. t. 2. f.1.; C. leucomelas Wagi. 4. C. major Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. viii. p. 27., Le Vaill. Ois. d Afr. t. 51. — Corvus corax Daud.; C. montanus | Temm. 5. C. cacalotl Wagl. Isis, 1831. p. 527.— Corvus splendens Gould; C. nobilis Gould, Proc. Z.S. 1837. p. 79. ; C. vociferus Cabot. ? 6. C. macrorhynchus Temm. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. 36. f. 2.— Corvus corax Raff. ; C. culminatus Sykes. 7. C. corone Linn. PI. enl. 483., Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 221., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 35. f. 3. — Corvus americanus Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 156. ; Type of Corone Kaup (1829). 8. C. afinis Ripp. Faun. Abyss. t. 10. f. 2. 9. C. australis Gmel. — Fregilus enca Horsf. ? 10. C. coroneoides Vig. & Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 261. 11. C. ossifragus Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 37. f.2. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 145. 12. C. nasicus Temm. PI. col. 413. 13. C. frugilegus Linn. Pl. enl. 484.— Corvus corone Linn, Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 224.; Type of Frugilegus Less. 14. ? C. pastinator Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1845. p. 15. ©. capensis Licht. Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 52. — Corvus segetum Temm.; C. macropterus Wagl.; C. Le Vaillantii Less. Riipp. Faun. t. 10. f. 3. 16. C. monedula Linn. PI. enl. 523., Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 223. — Monedula turrium Br. ; Type of Lycos Boie (1826). 17. C. spermolegus Vieill. N. Dict. dHist. Nat. viii. p. 40., Frisch. Av. t. 68., Pl. enl. 522. — Monedula nigra Briss. 18. C. cornix Linn. Pl. en]. 76., Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 222. 19. C. splendens Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. viii. p. 44., Pl. col. 425. 20. C. columbianus Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 20. f.2., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 362. f. 45. 21. C. dauricus Pall. It. iii. p. 694., Lath. Syn. of B. i. pl. 15.— C. capitalis Wagi.; C. pectoralis Gould. 22. C. scapulatus Daud. Tr. d'Or. ii. p. 232., Pl. enl. 327., Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 53. 23. ? C. leuconotus Swains. B. of W. Afr. pl. 5. 24. ? C. curvirostris Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1836. p. 18. 25. C. cafer Licht. — Corvus albicollis Lath., Daud. ; C. vultu- rinus Shaw, Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afr. t. 50.; Corvus crassirostris Riipp. Faun. t.8.; Type of Coryultur Less. (1831). Gymnocorvus Less.* Bill strong, with the culmen slightly arched to the tip, which is entire; the sides compressed from the base, the lateral margins curved, and the gonys short and ascending ; the nostrils lateral, with the opening large, rounded, and exposed. long, and rounded at its end. Tarsi moderate, and covered with broad scales. strong. Wings long and pointed, with the third quill the longest. Taz Toes moderate and It is in New Guinea that the bird which constitutes this genus was found. G. senex (Garn.) — Corvus tristis Less. Voy. de la Coqu. t. 24. * Established by M. Lesson (77. d Ornith. p.327.) in 18351. CORVIN &. Picatuartes Less.* Bill as long as the head, rather depressed, broad at the base, with the culmen curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is entire ; the lateral margins nearly straight; the gonys short, and advancing upwards; the nostrils placed anteriorly in a large membranous groove, exposed and rounded. Wings reaching beyond the base of the tail, and rounded, with the sixth and seventh quills equal and longest. Tail very long and rounded. Tarsi very long and rather slender, with broad scales covering the front. Toes moderate, with the lateral toes nearly equal, and the outer united at the base to near the first jomt of the middle toe; the hind toe moderate and strong. The upper part and sides of the head entirely denuded of feathers, and even of down. The type of this genus is peculiar to the interior of Africa. Its habits and manners are unknown. P. gymnocephalus (Temm.) Less. Pl. col. 227. * This genus was originally proposed by Wagler in 1827, under the name of Galgulum, which word having been previously used, I have adopted that which was established by M. Lesson (T'raité d’ Ornithologie, p. 330.) in 1831. May, 1846. “IAXXT WO] sirup SAALOP 87 NUAWOD 2q S SPuUeWyN 3) es o _ i = ’ a = > ma to's < a MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY gag CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Wolf del et lith 1. PICA mauritanica Ga SORVUS frugilegus. 3. GYMNOCORVU S senex Yp of MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY. CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Order I]. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrostres. Family I. Corvipz. The fifth Subfamily, GYMNODERIN&, or Fruit-Crows, have the Bill strong, rather depressed and straight, with the culmen curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the Nostrils lateral and placed in a membranous groove: the Wings long, and rather pointed : the Tail moderate and rounded: the Tarsi more or less long, and covered in front with transverse scales: the Toes rather long, with the outer toe nearly as long the middle toe: the Claws long, curved, and acute. PyropeErus.* Gill strong, and rather long, with the culmen gradually curved, and the sides much compressed to the tip, which is emarginated and slightly hooked ; the gonys long and ascending ; the gape furnished with short bristles; the nostrils lateral, with the opening rounded, and hidden by the short projecting feathers, which entirely cover the base of the culmen. Wings long, with the fourth and fifth quills equal and longest. Tail moderate, and rounded on the sides. ars short and broad, scutellated in front. Toes long, and rather slender ; the outer toe nearly as long as the middle one, and rather united at its base ; the inner rather short and free ; the hind toe long and rather strong; the claws long, compressed, and curved. The species are found in the northern parts of South America, where they inhabit the forests, and are noticed leaping from branch to branch in search of fruits and insects. They emigrate from place to place in search of their food, and are very restless and mischievous, but, if observed, they conceal themselves among the foliage of trees. 1. P. scutatus (Shaw), Temm. PI. col. 40, — Ampelis sanguini- collis Licht. 2. P. yranadensie (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1846. p. 277. 3. P. orenocensis (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1846. p. 277. GyMNocePHALus Geoffr.t Bill long, and the base rather depressed, with the culmen gradually curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the nostrils lateral, and placed in front of a membranous groove, with the opening large, rounded, and exposed. Wings long, with the fourth quill longest. Taz rather short * Established in the List of the Genera of Birds in 1840. + Established by Geoffroy St. Hilaire in 1809 (Ann. du Mus. xiii. p. 237.). GY MNODERIN &. and rounded. Tarsi and Toes similar to those of the preceding genus. The head entirely denuded of feathers. The species that constitutes this genus is found in Cayenne and the adjacent countries. G. calvus (Gmel.) PI. enl. 521. — Gymnocephalus capucinus Geoffr.; Gym. cayanensis Steph., Levaill. Ois. d’Amér. 49. CrepHALopTErus Geoffr.* Bill long, and rather depressed, with the culmen gradually curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is emarginated, and slightly hooked; the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils lateral, placed in a membranous groove, with the opening large and spatuliformed. Wings moderate, and rather pointed, with the third quill longest. The other characters like those of the former genus. The head of the male surmounted by a large crest, a portion hanging over the bill; the breast naked, with a pendulous plumed covering. The type of this division is found in the Brazils. C. ornatus Geoffr. Ann. du Mus. xiii. t. 15, —Coracina cephaloptera Vieill. ; Ampelis umbellata Steph. Temm. Pl. col. 255. Gymnopervus Geoffr.+ Bill rather short, and broad at the base, with the culmen gradually curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the gonys moderate, and slightly ascending; the nostrils lateral, with the opening nearly rounded, and exposed, but the groove entirely clothed with short downy feathers. Wings long; with the third, fourth, and fifth quills equal and longest. Tazl moderate, broad, and even. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe, and covered in front with transverse scales. Tves moderate ; the lateral toes nearly equal, the outer toe united at the base, the inner free; the hind toe long, and padded beneath ; the claws long, compressed, and curved. The head, and the back and front of the neck, more or less covered by short downy feathers ; the sides of the latter entirely denuded of them. The type of this division is found in Cayenne, Lonisiana, and Guiana, where it inhabits the vast forests, and at times visits the plantations for the purpose of procuring its food, which consists of various fruits and berries. The nest is said to be formed at the tops of the high trees that border the great rivers. G. fetidus (Linn.) Strick]. Pl. enl. 609.— Corvus nudicollis Bodd.; C. nudus Gmel.; C. gymnoderus Vieill. ; Gymnoderus cayanensis Geoffr. * Established by Geoffroy St. Hilaire in 1809 (Ann. du Mus. xiii. p. 235.) t Established by Geoffroy St. Hilaire in 1809 (Ann. du Mus. xiii. p. 237). Coracina of Vieillot (1816) is synonymous. March, 1847. CORACIVA /). Lan PL OCERUSLS ‘MCZ LIBRARY _ HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE. MA USA OR Ae mene. Wolf del et hth MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY. CAMBRIDGE: MA USA Order IT. PASSERES. Tribe IV. ControstTREs. Family I. Corvin. The sixth Subfamily, PYRRHOCORACINA, or Cuovcus, have the Bill more or less long, slender, and slightly curved, with the culmen rounded and curved to the tip, which is rather acute and slightly emarginated; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the projecting feathers; the Wings lengthened and pointed; the Tail long and rounded, or even; the Tarsi strong and rather short ; the Toes moderate, with the lateral ones nearly equal. Pyrruocorax Vieill.* Bill moderate, and rather slender, with the culmen gradually curved to the tip, which is emarginated ; the sides compressed, and the gonys moderate, and advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, and covered by the projecting plumes. Wings reaching nearly to the end of the tail, and pointed, with the fourth and fifth quills the longest. Tail long and even. Tarsi short, and scutellated with an almost entire scale. Toes robust, and covered with rough scales ; the lateral toes nearly equal. The type of this genus is found in the mountains of Europe, where it generally lives about the snowy range, but on the approach of winter it sometimes descends to a lower elevation. Its food consists of insects, grain, and worms. The nest is generally formed in an opening of the rocks or walls; and the female deposits from three to five eggs. 1. P. alpinus Vieill. Pl. enl. 531.— Corvus pyrrhocorax Linn. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 218. 2. P. (?) erinitus (Daud.) Temm. Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 82. — Corvus sexsetaceus Shaw; Pyrrhocorax hexagenus Cuv. Corcorax Less. Bill long, rather slender, and arched, with the culmen rounded and curved to the tip; the sides compressed, and the gonys long and slightly curved; the nostrils basal, lateral, and partly hidden by the frontal plumes, with the opening rounded. Wings lengthened and pointed, with the fourth quill longest. Tazl very long, broad, and rounded. Tarsi long, strong, and covered with broad scales in front. Toes moderate, robust, and strongly scaled, with the lateral toes nearly equal, and the hind toe long and strong; the claws moderate, curved, and acute. * Established by Vieillot in 1816 (Analyse, &c. p. 36.). + M. Lesson established this genus in 1831 (7'raité d’Ornithol. p, 324.). PYRRHOCORACIN 2. It is gregarious, and seems to prefer the elevated portions of Australia, of which it is a native. The nest is said to be begun by laying two sticks in a parallel manner; it is then built up with mud or clay, and lined with a few feathers. C. melanorhynchus (Vieill.) — Pyrrhocorax leucopterus Jemm. ; Fregilus leucopterus Vig. d; Horsf. ; Corcorax australis Less. Coracia Briss.* Bill long, rather slender, and arched, with the sides much compressed towards the tip, which is entire and projects beyond that of the lower mandible ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and entirely hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings very long, reaching to the end of the tail and pointed, with the fourth quill the longest. Tail moderate and nearly equal. Tarsi short, and covered in front with broad scales, which are sometimes almost obliterated. Toes moderate, strong, and covered with strong prominent scales, the lateral toes nearly equal; the claws moderate and curved. This bird is found on the lofty rocks or cliffs on the sea coast, and on the alpine mountains of Europe and Asia. It is a lively, restless, and cunning bird, and it has been remarked that it is always found in gravelly stony places, or perched on walls. Its food chiefly consists of insects, which it searches for in the crevices of rocks, and the joints of walls, by means of its slender and sharp-pointed bill. It also feeds on grains and berries. The nest is usually built on the sea cliffs, or in old buildings and in the towers of churches that are situated near the coast; it is formed of sticks, lined with wool and hair. C. gracula (Linn.) Pl. enl. 255. — Coracia erythrocephala Vieill. | Swains. ; Pyrrhocorax graculus Temm. ; Corvus docilis et C. eremita Gal. des Ois. t. 103. — Fregilus Europeus Less.; Fr. erythropus | Gmel. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 219. * Brisson established this genus in 1760. In 1816 M. Koch used Graculus, and in 1817 Cuvier proposed Fregilus, for the same set of birds. April, 1846, 46s AWAXX'T Lag OWL Ube re j ' ep uemyyny /fseoyye by ) snemdoony XYVYOIYVOOD BF NOD Wl @ D © lel eh wlaral URARY MCZ Li CAMBRIDGE. MA USA s 7) o bul Pas Zz = Qa ne ie = s Patent Lithotnt andel C Hult ancanten) IOCUCOPLEL UO MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY €AMBRIDGE. MA USA '. ee we eer ae ne Ls Order II. PASSERES. Tribe TV. Controstres. The second Family, PARADISEIDA, or Birps or Parapise, have the Bill long, strong, with the culmen curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is emarginated ; the base of the upper mandible concealed by short feathers, which also cover the nostrils: the Wings long and rounded: the Tail of various lengths, even or rounded: the Tarsi robust, long, and covered by a single lengthened scale: the Toes long, strong; the outer toe longer than the inner, and united at the base by a membrane; the hind toe very long and robust: the Claws long, strong, and -eurved. The only Subfamily, PARADISEIN &, or Birps oF Parapise, have the same characters as given above. ParapisEa Linn. Bill rather long and robust, with the culmen curved to the tip, which is emarginated ; the sides compressed, the gonys long and ascending ; the nostrils lateral, and entirely covered by the short plumes that conceal the base of the mandible. Wings long and rounded, with the fourth to the seventh quills nearly equal and longest. Tul more or less long, broad, and even or rounded. Tarsi as long as the middle toe, robust, and covered by an entire scale. ves very long, strong; the outer toe longer than the inner, and united at the base; the hind toe longer than the last, robust; the claws long, strong, much curved, and acute. The sides of the body, neck, breast, tail, and sometimes the head, are ornamented with prolonged showy feathers. These splendid birds are peculiar to New Guinea. They are active and lively in their movements, and are usually observed on the tops of the high trees, though they descend in the morning and evening to the lower branches, to search for their food, and to hide among the foliage from the extreme heat of the sun. The fruits of the teak and of * Established by Linneus in 1735. Manucodiata of Brisson (1760), Cicinnurus, Parotia, Lophorina, of Vieillot (1816), and Diphyllodes of M. Lesson (1835) are probably coequal. PARADISEIN 2. the fig trees form the principal part of their subsistence; and they occasionally feed on insects, of which, if large, they reject the legs, wings, and the lower parts of the abdomen. rapid succession of notes. Their cry is loud and sonorous, and poured forth in a The first four notes, says Mr. Lay, are very exactly intonated, very clear, and very sweet ; the last three are repeated in a kind of caw, a very high refinement of the voices of a daw or a crow, yet possessing a striking resemblance. 1. P.apoda Linn. Pl. en). 254., Edwards’s Birds, pl. 110., Vieill. Ois. dor. t.1., Levaill. Ois. de Parad. t. 1, 2. — Paradisea major Shaw. 2. P. papuana Bechst. Levaill. Ois. de Parad. t. 4, 5., Vieill. Ois. dor. t. 2., Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. pl, 27.— Paradisea minor Forst. 3. P. rubra Vieill. Vieill. Ois. dor. t. 3., Levaill. Ois. de Parad. t. 6, — Paradisea sanguinea Shaw. 4. P. speciosa Bodd. Pl. enl. 631., Sonn. Voy. t. 98. — Para- disea magnifica Scop. Lath. Gen. Syn. pl. 19., Vieill. Ois. dor. t. 4., Leyaill. Ois. de Parad. t. 9, 10.; P. cirrhata Lath. ; Diphyllodes seleucides Less. ; Type of Diphyllodes Less. 1835. July, 1847. 5. P. regia Linn. Pl. enl. 496., Edwards’s Birds, pl. iii., Levaill. Ois. de Parad. t. 7., Vieill. Ois. dor. t. 5. — Cicinnurus spinturnix Less. ; Type of Cicinnurus Less. (1816). 6. P. atra Bodd. Pl. enl. 632., Sonn. Voy. t. 96. — Paradisea superba Scop. Vieill. Ois. dor. t. '7., Levaill. Ois. de Parad. t. 14, 15., Nat. Mise. pl. 1021.; P. nigra Forst.; P. furcata Lath.; Type of Lophorina Vieill. (1816). 7. P. sewpennis Bodd. Pl. enl. 633., Sonn. Voy. t. 97. — Para- disea penicillata Scop.; P. aurea Gmel.; P. sexsetacea Lath. Vicill. Ois. dor. t. 6., Levaill. Ois. de Parad. t. 12, 13., Gal. des Ois. t. 97. ; Type of Parotia Vieil/. (1816). cA cul iS a & Ny i TUWIA MCZ LIBRARY <-> HARVARD UNIVERSITY. CAMBRIDGE. MA USA MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY. CAMBRIDGE. MA USA = Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrostres. The third Family, STURNIDA2, or Starurmes, have the Bill more or less long, with the sides compressed, the culmen slightly curved or straight to the tip, which is sometimes emarginated, and the gape often angulated; the Wings long and pointed; the Tail generally long, and even or graduated ; the Tarsi more or less long, strong, and covered in front with broad scales ; the Toes long and strong, the hind toe very long and robust ; the claws long, curved, and acute. The first Subfamily, | PTILONORHYNCHINA, or Grossy Starnes, have the Bill strong, moderate, with the sides compressed, and the culmen curved to the tip, which is emarginated ; the Wings moderate and pointed; the Tail of various length, and graduated or even ; the Tarsi strong, and covered with broad scales ; the Toes long, strong; the lateral ones unequal ; and the hind toe long and strong. Pritonoruyncuus Kuhl.* _ Bill moderate, and compressed on the sides, with the culmen elevated and arched to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys long, and advancing slightly upwards ; the lateral margins curved ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and sunk, with the opening large, and more or less concealed by the projecting plumes. Wings long and pointed, with the first three quills graduated, and the fourth and fifth equal and longest. Tail short and even. Tarst much longer than the middle toe, robust, and covered with broad scales. Toes long and strong, with the outer toe the longest; the hind toe long and robust; the claws long, compressed, and acute. These remarkable birds, called by Mr. Gould the Bower Birds, are peculiar to Australia, where they are found in the forests that border the principal rivers, as well as in the cedar brushes. When perched on the lofty branches of the trees, they emit loud and harsh notes, which, with regard to one of the species, can only be compared to the noises of the domestic cat. In the autumn they congregate in small flocks, and are then often seen on the ground. The adult male birds of the satin bower birds are more rarely seen than the females and young males; and these latter are supposed to be from two to three years old before they exhibit their rich glossy black plumage. They feed on various berries and fruits, especially wild figs and the native cherry, which when ripe form their chief food. They are very * It was in 1820 that Kuhl established this genus in his Bettriige. PTILONORHY NCHIN 4. destructive to the ripening crops of the settlers. The extraordinary bower-like structures which are constructed by these birds have been described by Mr. Gould in the following words. ‘“ They are usually placed under the shelter of the branches of some overhanging tree, in the most retired part of the forest, and differ considerably in size. The base consists of an extensive and rather convex platform of sticks firmly interwoven, on the centre of which the bower itself is built ; this, like the platform on which it is placed, and with which it is interwoven, is formed of sticks and twigs, but of a more slender and flexible description, the tips of the twigs being so arranged as to turn inwards, and nearly meet at the top; in the interior of the bower the materials are so placed that the forks of the twigs are always presented outwards, by which arrangement not the slightest obstruction is offered to the passage of the birds. The interest of this curious bower is much enhanced by the manner in which it is decorated, at and near the entrance, with the most gaily coloured articles that can be collected, such as the blue tail-feathers of the rose-bill and Pennantian parrots, bleached bones, the shells of snails, &c. Some of the feathers are stuck in among the twigs, while the others, with the bones and shells, are strewed about near the entrances. For what purpose these curious bowers are made is not yet perhaps fully understood ; they are certainly not used as a nest, but as a place of resort for many individuals of both sexes, which, when there assembled, run through and around the bower in a sportive and playful manner, and that so frequently that it is seldom entirely deserted.” 1. P. holosericeus Kuhl, Pl. col. 395. 422. — Corvus squamulosus | 2. P. Smithii Vig. & Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 264. — Ptilono- Til.; Pyrrhocorax violaceus Vieill.; Ptilonorhynchus Mac Leayii | rhynchus viridis Wagl. ; Kitta virescens Temm. Pl. col. 396. Lath. Vig. §& Horsf. CHLAMYDERA Gould.* Bill moderate ; the culmen elevated and arched to the tip, which is emarginated ; the sides compressed, the lateral margins curved, and the gonys moderate and slightly advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and exposed, with the opening rounded, and pierced in a membrane. Wings long and pointed, with the first quill much shorter than the second, which is rather shorter than the third and fourth ; these are equal and longest. Tail long and slightly rounded. Tarsi longer than the middle toe, robust, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long and strong, with the outer toe longer than the inner, and the hind toe long and robust ; the claws long, curved, and acute. It is in the forests and brushes of Australia that these birds are found; from their extreme shyness they are rarely observed, except when they seek the water holes to drink, and, if disturbed, they mount to the topmost branches of the loftiest trees, or fly off to a fresh locality, at the same time giving utterance to a harsh disagreeable note. Their food consists almost entirely of fruits and seeds. Mr. Gould informs us that the runs or bowers of these birds are placed on the plains studded with small trees, and in the brushy clothing of the lower hills. They are considerably longer and more avenue-like than those of the satin bower birds, being in many instances three feet in length. They are outwardly built of twigs, and beautifully lined with tall grasses, so disposed that their heads nearly meet; the decorations are very profuse, and consist of bivalve shells, crania of small mammalia, and other bones. Evident and beautiful indications of design are manifest throughout the whole of the bower and decorations formed by this species, particularly in the manner in which the stones are placed within the bower, apparently to keep the grasses with which it is lined fixed firmly in their places; these stones diverge from the mouth of the run on each side, so as to form little paths, while the immense collection of decorative materials, bones, shells, &c., are placed in a heap before the entrance of the avenue; this arrangement being the same at both ends. 1. C. nuchalis (Sard. & Selby), Gould, Ill. Orn. pl. 103., B. of 2. C. maculata Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1836. p. 106., B. of Austr. Austr. pl. pl., Voy. au Pole Sud, Ois. t. 7. f. 2. 3. (Che - Voy. au Pole Sud, Ois. t. 15. f. 2. * Mr. Gould originally established this genus in 1836, with the name Ca/odera, which he has since changed to the above. 4o PTILONORHY NCHIN 2. Astrapia Vieill.* Bill moderate, with the culmen slightly curved to the tip, which is emarginated and curved; the sides much compressed ; and the gonys long and straight ; the nostrils basal, lateral, sunk, and partly hidden by the velvety frontal plumes. Wings moderate and pointed, with the third and fourth (?) quills the longest. Tail remarkably long, and much graduated, with the feathers broad and rounded at their ends. These birds are found in the great forests of New Guinea. Their habits and manners have not been noticed by ornithologists. 1. A. nigra (Gmel.) Vieill. Ois. de Parad. t. 8, 9., Le Vaill. Ois, 2. A. carunculata (Less.) Ey. et Souley, Rey. Zool. 1840. 1., de Parad. t. 20, 21, 22.— Paradisea gularis Lath.; Astrapia | Voy. de la Bonite, Ois. t. gularis Vieil/, Gal. des Ois. t. 107. Juma Less. Bill moderate, more or less slender; the sides compressed, and the culmen slightly curved to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys long, and slightly advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, and sunk, with the feathers advancing to the opening, which is exposed and oval. Wings moderate and pointed, with the first quill short, and the second rather shorter than the third, fourth, and fifth, which are the longest. Tail more or less long, slightly rounded or much graduated. Tarsi about the length of the middle toe, robust, and covered with broad scales. Toes rather long, strong, and roughly scaled, the lateral toes unequal, the outer one longer than the inner, the hind toe long and robust ; the claws strong, short, slightly curved, and compressed. It is in the warmer portions of the continent of Africa, that these showy birds migrate from place to place. They are usually observed in extensive flocks, wherever they can procure their subsistence, which consists of fruits and berries. The fruit gardens and vineyards of the settlers are sadly attacked by these destructive birds, when the fruits are just on the point of ripening and becoming useful for wine, &c. At other times they are content to search the humid ground or manure for insects and worms, or are seen on the backs of animals examining the hair for the insects which are lodged in such places. The nest is formed in the holes of rocks or trees, and sometimes many nests are found in one place side by side. The eggs are generally five or six in number. 1. J. enea (Linn.) Less. Pl. enl. 220., Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afr. t. 87. 3. J. purpuroptera (Riipp.) Syst. Uebers. &c. t. 25. —Merula viridis longicauda &c. Briss.; Corvus aureo-viridis 4. J. splendida (Shaw), Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 85. Shaw, Swains. B. of W. Afr. pl. 7. . J. aurata (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 540, — Turdus juida Bodd. 2. J. australis (A. Smith). — Lamprotornis Burchellii A. Smith, 6. J. phenicoptera (Swains.) Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 89., Shaw, Ill. S. Af. Zool. Birds, pl. 47. ; Type of Megalopterus Smith (1836). | Nat. Misc. pl. 873. Or * Established by Vieillot in 1816 (Analyse, &c., p. 36.). Lamprotornis of M. Temminck (1820), Paradigalla of M. Lesson (1835), and Lamprornis of Nitzsch (1840) are synonymous. 7 It was in 1831 that M. Lesson established this genus (Traité d’ Ornith. p. 407.). Spreo of M. Lesson (1831), Lamprocolius of M. Sundevall (1855), and Megalopterus of Dr. Smith are synonymous, PTILONORHY NCHIN 2. 7. J. chloroptera (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quart. 356. 8. J. eyanotis (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. p. 151. 9. J. ignita (Erman), Verz. von Thier. p. 7. t. 3. f. 1. 10. J. melanogaster (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 297. 11. J. chrysotis (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. pl. 6. 12. J. nitens (Linn.) Pl. enl. 561.—Turdus splendens Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 71. ? 13. J. ptilonorhynchus (Swains.) Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 90. 14. J. lucida (Erman), Verz. t. 3. f. 2. 15. J, ornata (Daud.) Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 86. 16. J. enl. 358. 221. var. 17. J. rufiventris (Riipp.) Faun. t. 11. f. 1. 18. J. superba (Riipp.) Syst. Uebers. &c. t. 26. 19. J. chalybea (Riipp.) Faun. t. 11. f.2., Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t; 10; erythrogaster (Bodd.) — Turdus chrysogaster Gmel. Pl. 20. J. leucogaster (Linn.) PI. enl. 648. f. 1., Swains. B. of W. Afr. pl. 8. 21. J. mauritiana (Linn.) Pl. enl. 648. f. 2. 22, J. albirostris (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. t. 9. 23. J. chalcura (Erman), Verz. p. 8. 24. J. bicolor (Gmel.) Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 88.— Turdus grillivorus Barrow ; Lamprotornis albiventris Swains.; Type of Spreo Less. 1834. 25. J. nabouroup (Daud.) Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 91.— Lampro- tornis fulvipennis Swains. 26. J. morio (Daud.) Pl. enl. 199., Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 83. — Corvus rufipennis Shaw. 27. J. erythroptera (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 354. 28. J. tenuirostris (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. t. 11. f. 1. Catornis G. R. Gray.* Bill moderate, broad at the base, and the sides compressed, with the culmen elevated and arched to the tip, which is emarginated ; the nostrils exposed and rounded, with the frontal plumes advancing to the opening. Wings moderate and pointed, with the first quill spurious, and the second nearly as long as the third and fourth, which are the longest. Tail more or less long, rounded, or graduated at : the end. Tarsi as long as the middle toe, strong, and covered with broad scales. with the outer longer than the inner ; the hind toe long and strong ; the claws moderate, curved, and Toes moderate, strong, acute. They live in flocks, migrating They are by no means shy, The birds that compose this genus are found in the continent of India and its isles. from place to place in search of their food, which consists of berries, fruits, and insects. but very courageous, and are rarely observed on the ground. The nest is formed of roots of grass and dried leaves of trees, in holes of trees and buildings. They are also fond of making their nests in dove cots, from which they will | expel the pigeons; and it is not unfrequent to observe twenty or thirty pairs to infest one pigeon-house. 1. C. panayensis (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. t.'73.—Turdus cantor Gmel. Pl. col. 149. ; Turdus chalybeus Horsf. ; Lanius insidiator Raff. 2. C. metallica (Temm.) Pl. col. 266. 4. C. columbina (Gmel.) 5. ? C. erythrophrys (Temm.) Pl. col. 267. — Type of Enodes Temm. (1838). Os PCr eeGs . Voy. au Pole Sud, Ois. t. 16. f. 2. . Voy. au Pole Sud, Ois. t. 14. f. 2. 3. C. cerulea (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. t. 108. — Turdus violaceus Gmel. Stsstrostrum Lafr.t Bill moderate; the culmen elevated, much compressed and acute at the base, and curved to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gape broad ; the sides compressed, the lateral margins slightly curved, and the gonys long, straight, and advancing upwards; the nostrils lateral, oblique, and sunk in a narrow groove, with the front edge keeled, and the opening oblong oval. Wings moderate, with the first quill This genus was proposed in my List of Genera in 1841. It embraces those birds that form the second division of M. Temminck’s genus of Lamprotornis, and probably also his genus Hnodes (1838). + The Baron de Lafresnaye established this genus in 1845 (Rev. Zool. p. 93.). PTILONORHYNCHIN &. spurious, and the second and third equal and longest. Tail long and graduated. Tursi shorter than the middle toe, and covered with broad scales. Toes long, strong, and covered with strong scales, the outer toe longer than the inner ; the hind toe long and strong ; the claws long, compressed, and acute. This bird was found in the Island of Celebes. Its habits and manners have not been recorded. S. Pagei Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844. p. 93. Aptonis Gould.* Bill short, compressed on the sides, and the culmen much elevated and arched to the tip, which is emarginated ; the gonys long and slightly advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, lateral, exposed, and rounded. Wings moderate and pointed, with the first quill spurious, and the second nearly as long as the third and fourth, which are the longest. Tail moderate and even. Tuarsi longer than the middle toe, robust, and covered with broad scales. Toes moderate, rather slender, the lateral ones unequal, the outer longest ; the hind toe long and robust. The species of this genus are only found in Australia and New Zealand. Their habits and manners have not yet been recorded by naturalists. 1. A. marginatus Gould, Proc. Z. S$. 1836. p. 73. | 4 A. zelandicus (Quoy & Gaim.) G.R.Gray, Zool. Ereb. and 2. A. fuseus Gould, Proc. Z.S. 1837. p. 73. Terr. p. 8., Voy. de l’Astrol. Ois. t. 9. f. 1. 3. A. nove hollandie (Gmel.). 5. A. obscurus (Dubus), G.R. Gray, Zool. Ereb. and Terr. p. 8. SaracLossa Hodgs.+ Bill long, very slender, broad, and rather depressed at the base, and the sides compressed, with the culmen curved to the tip, which is slightly emarginated; the gonys long, and slightly advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and pierced in a membranous groove. Wings long and pointed, with the first quill spurious, and the second nearly as long as the third and fourth, which are the longest. Tail moderate and even. Tarsi as long as the middle toe, strong, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes moderate, strong, and the lateral ones nearly equal; the hind toe long and robust ; the claws short, curved, and acute. The typical species is found in Nepaul, while the second species is said to be from Madagascar. 1. S. spilopterus (Vigors), Hodgs. Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 35., 2. S. madagascariensis (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 557. f. 1. Gould, Cent. of Birds, pl. 34. * It was in 1836 that Mr. Gould established this genus (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836. p. 73.). + Mr. Hodgson established this genus in 1844. (List of the Birds of Nepautl.) April, 1846. XXX) (UUAT) ypuh? VPOLIL * @7 NIETO) NAENE © WO Wh dl MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY. CAMBRIDGE. MA USA MCZ LIBRARY VARD UNIVERSITY . ° < 7 AMBRIDGE. MA USA * * : ~ ie “ ra ‘ oe, . t * - - ea ~ 4 < be : , & - > a. - - res e a HARVARD UNI hs ae a ; ne Ving ie) Order IT. PASSERES. Tribe IV, Conrrostres. Family TI. Srurnipz. The second Subfamily, GRACULINA, or Grak tes, have the Bill more or less long, broad at the base, much compressed on the sides, with the culmen rather curved to the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the Nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, exposed, with the frontal plumes advancing to, or covering the opening; the Wings long, with the first quill short, and the third and fourth the longest ; the Tail short and even, or slightly graduated; the Tarsi short ; the Toes long and strongly scutellated. GracuLa Linn.* Bill as long, or longer than the head, strong, with the culmen rather curved; the sides much compressed to the tip, which is slightly emarginated, and the lateral margins nearly straight, or slightly curved ; the gonys long, straight, and advancing upwards; the nostrils lateral, the opening rounded and exposed, with the frontal plumes advancing to, or more or less covering it on each side. Wings long, with the first quill rather rudimental, the second rather shorter than the third and fourth, which are the longest. Tail short and nearly even, or long and rounded. Tarsi rather shorter than the middle toe, robust, and covered with strong scales. Toes long, strongly scaled, the lateral ones unequal, the outer one the longest, and united at the base; the hind toe very long and strong ; the claws long, strong, and curved; various portions of the head naked, and sometimes carunculated. It is in the lofty jungles of India and its isles, that the species of this genus are found. They are generally seen in pairs, or small parties of five or six individuals, frequenting the tops of the highest trees, seeking fruits, chiefly berries, of various kinds. They are sometimes observed in newly made gardens, where a few large trees are left standing, flying cheerfully from tree to tree, resting a few minutes and whistling, and then flying off again to a fresh tree. Their power of song is very rich, varied, and pleasing ; they, however, have several harsh notes, which are often heard in the jungles they frequent. The other species are found in the Philippine Islands and New Guinea. 1. G. religiosa Linn. Pl. enl. 268.— Eulabes javanus Cuv.; | 4. G. coronata(Blyth.) Jour. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. p. 194. ; Type Mainatus sumatranus Less. _ of Ampuliceps of Blyth (1842). 2. G. musica (Temm.) Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. t.9. 4. f 1.— 5. G. calva Gmel. Pl. enl. 200., Kittl Kupf. Vog. t. 13. f. 2. ; Eulabes indicus Cuv. Type of Gymnops Cuv. (1829). 3. G. Dumontii (Less.) Wagl. Voy. de la Coqu. Ois. t. 26., Kittl. Kupf. Vog. t. 13. f.1.; Type of Mino Less. (1828). * Linneus established this genus in 1756 (Systema Nature). Eulabes of Cuvier (1817), Mainatus of M. Lesson (1831), and Maina of Mr. Hodgson (1836) are synonymous terms with the one employed. It embraces Mino of M. Lesson (1828), which was proposed under the name of Gymnops by Cuvier in 1829. December, 1845. 2 Mad 7 q u u 7 - = 2 - — ra *% . us = > ~ 5 7 - ¥ - C .. . ea a Fey ‘' 7 th RAY 3 > ; i “~~ es ‘ g! > sink pat j - Jor e] Net ao if a nas saa Fin he 3 Lo it ey [ St ay woe BT ai Raat 2 ale ty Ss . a aie Tn ol le ~~ } rq ae Wheel f F wank | sf a ae LE sah ae se aoe ig t Pes; ri ak a) 5 t 5 : (Ce ‘Tt =a e ip 4 : i ie 1h teat oe Cle ' . y of 5 “ f } f vir AIR bs $ ' ‘ps bs tale ie i iii ' ra im” # gf Fee : “4! ty sae sy iy an 1 ae a re ie: ( : oy ‘69 a ey aa * age mn : J #2 a A) cate ue Sah f iu a id “we eA Moea us 4 i t ‘ 4 ’ on = , _ ca - F 4 f . y d - | | - : 1 A ae : . . ? a ery ? © g = [a ee! ais. Ne: een a —.- —_——s. lan ¥ (= RA (CAR At TCIN AG = JR WV WI (Y JUIN AL o GRACULUS coronatus. (Llyth/ ITY. SA BRARY NIVERS a! a = ul oO a) MCZ LI HARVARD U CANBRi Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. ConrrostREs. Family ITI. Sturxmpz. The third Subfamily, BUPHAGIN &, or Beer-gaters, have the Bill moderate, broad, with the culmen slightly depressed and curved to the tip, which is entire; the lateral sides of the lower mandible broad, and the gonys short and ascending; the nostrils basal, small, and partly closed by a membrane: the Wings long and pointed: the Tail long and graduated, with the end of each feather pointed: the Tarsi short and strong: the Toes moderate, strong; and armed with moderate, much compressed, curved, and acute claws. Burewaca Linn.* Bill strong and broad at the base, with the culmen slightly depressed and curved to the tip, which is entire; the lateral sides of the lower mandible broad, projecting posteriorly under the eyes and rounded; the gonys moderate and curved upwards; the nostrils basal and lateral, with the opening small and partly closed by a membrane. Wings long; with the first quill very short, and the second nearly as long as the third, which is the longest. Tail long, broad, and wedge-shaped, with the end of each feather pointed. ars? as long as the middle toe, strong, and covered with broad scales. Toes moderate and strong, with the lateral toes nearly equal, the outer united at the base, and the inner free ; the claws much compressed, curved, and acute. The species of this genus are found on the continent of Africa. They are always noticed in company with the cattle, on whose backs they are generally seen clinging, while seeking for the parasitical insects that annoy those animals. 1. B. africana Linn. Pl. enl. 293., Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 97., 2. B. erythrorhyncha (Stanl.) Salt’s Tray. App. p. lix., Pl. col. Vieill. Gal, des Ois. t. 93.—Buphaga rufescens Viei/l. 465.—Buphaga habesinica Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 9. * Established by Linneus in 1766. Buphagus of Brisson (1760) is synonymous. December, 1847. | : ee * a 0 = , ‘ ‘ avaa : ' & =u ‘ a” fe — ' —s ‘ ix 7 t Aa sre 2 , 7 a i , ae Lb Lh Se ORS SPO ie te ’ Fe a he 4 <7, Re F - el a : -, aul a a , . : “ rane a ps \ = > ioe iy) A Witt TASS. Site: 5 hed See ihe Ga = rie rt : 2 « & wha a ‘ ‘ I -'*% AJ "Ss «a } par pete : sary 5 ig a _— ie “ = f — = ry i 6 : - “54F, = ; Ae] 2 , = bad , 5 } _ ba | 4 i te ; « 3G 4 ; - . . ~w oe * 4 ey s sy . \ * 4s . wus ‘ : : n i. 7 ieisyione 17 wo. walked ai ae ial Ue aaa eee a ; iP : . oie a , er ay" ¥ Pel we f 7 ; a 97 allo 1's agian *) abo wid ee AT 2 aR al) ame , ; a y . = ih 8 any 2 i. 0 AP het ty ~ aia | ay, yeges ex - “- ———— "ILE Zinn , Anite ~ MCZ LIBRARY. HARVARD UNIVERSITY — CAMBRIDGE. MA USA © i a i ’ of - e ee - 7 Bay ¥ McZ ete . HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. =. Order IT. PASSERES. Tribe TV, Conrrostres. Family IIT. Strornipz. The fourth Subfamily, STURNIN &, or Starnes, have the Bill more or less long, with the culmen curved, or straight to the tip, which is obtuse, and somewhat flattened; the Nostrils basal, placed in a membranous groove, and sometimes clothed with short feathers: the Wings moderate: the Tail rather short, and even or rounded: the Tarsi rather long, strong, and covered with broad scales: the Toes long and strong; armed with strong acute claws. Pastor T'emm.* Gill rather short, with the culmen curved from the base, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is rather acute, and only slightly emarginated; the lateral margins rather curved, and the gonys long and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and placed in a short broad groove, which is membranous, and clothed with short feathers, with the opening oval. Wangs long and pointed; with the first quill spurious, and the second the longest. Tail moderate and even. Tarsi nearly as long as the middle toe, rather strong, and covered with broad transverse scales. oes long and rather slender; the outer toe rather longer than the inner, and united at the base; the hind toe long; the claws long, curved, and very acute. The species of this genus inhabit Asia, Africa, and the temperate portions of Europe. They regularly migrate in large flocks on the change of seasons, and exhibit great adroitness in searching the swampy ground for their food, which consists of insects (especially their larve), fruits, and seeds. It is not unusual to observe these birds on the backs of cattle, seeking the insects that infest their hides. The note consists of a broken kind of whistle, varied by a sharp ery. The nest is made in the holes of trees, and in old walls. 1. P. roseus (Linn.) Temm, PI. enl. 251., Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. | 6. P. dominicanus (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 627. f. 2. — Turdus domini- t. 96. — Turdus seleucis Gmel. Gould B. of Eur. pl. 212. | censis Gmel. 2. P. peguanus Less, Zool. Voy. de Belang. | 7. P. canus Blyth, Journ. A. 8S. B. 1844. p. 365. 3. P. sinensis (Gmel.) Temm. PI. enl. 617. — Pastor turdi- | 8. P. erythropygius Blyth, Journ. A. S, B. 1846. p. 34. formis Wagl.; P. elegans Less. Zool. Voy. de Belang. Ois. t.6.; | 9. P. temporalis Temm. Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 7. — Pastor malay- Oriolus Buffonianus Shaw; Type of Sturnia Blyth. _ ensis Eyton ? 4. P. dauricus (Pall.) Act. Stockh. 1778. t. 7. f. 1. — Gracula 10. P. ruficollis Wagl. Syst. Av. Pastor sp. 19. sturnina Pail. 5. P. leucocephalus (Gmel.) —Sturnus sericeus Gmel. Brown, Illustr. Zool. pl. 21.; Pastor sericeus Gray ? * M. Temminck established this genus in 1815. Psaroides of Vieillot (1816), Boscis of P. Brehm (1828), Nomadites of Peteniz (183?), and Thremmaphilus of Mr. Macgillivray are coequal with the name employed. It embraces Sturnia of Mr. Blyth. STURNIN i. ACRIDOTHERES Vieill. The characters are similar to those of the former genus: but with the Wings rather long, and somewhat pointed ; with the first quill spurious; the second rather shorter than the third, which is the longest. Tail moderate, broad, and rounded. It is in India and China that the species of this genus are found. 1. A. ¢ristis (Linn.) Pl. enl. 219. —Gracula gryllivora Daud. ; | Maina tristoides Hodgs. 2. A. nigricollis (Paykull), Act. Stockh. xxviii. t. 9.— Pastor | bicolor Gray. Her 2Rornis. This division is at once distinguished from the two former genera by the Wings long, and rather pointed, with the first quill spurious, the second and third graduated, and nearly as long as the fourth, which is the longest. Tail rather long, broad, and rounded. It is in India and its archipelago that the species of this genus are found in large flocks, more especially frequenting the cultivated lands and the neighbourhood of villages. from west to east of the continent of Africa. grain, and seeds of various kinds of plants. various loud and discordant cries, though at times they give utterance to sweet and agreeable notes. Levaillant observed one of the species in flocks, migrating It is usual to observe them feeding on the grasshoppers and other insects that have been disturbed by the moving of the sheep and cattle while grazing. They will also feed on fruits, Their flight is swift, steady, and direct ; and they are very noisy, emitting They form their nests in the holes of trees, walls, or in thatched roofs of houses, &c.; and the female generally lays three to four eggs. 1. H. pagodarum (Gmel.) Levaill. Ois. dAfr. t. 92. f. 1.— Turdus melanocephalus Vahi, Mém. de la Soc. de Copenh. iii. t. 8. ; Sturnus subroseus Shaw; Maina sylvestris Hodgs. 2. H. malabarica (Gmel.) — Gracula cinerea Less. ; Pastor rufo- cinereus H. Smith. 3. H. Blythii (Jerd.)— Pastor malabaricus Jerd.; P. domini- canus Less.? ; Sturnia dominicana Blyth. 4. H. ginginiana (Lath.) Levaill. Ois. d’ Afr. t. 95. f. 2.— Sturnus griseus Daud. ; Pastor gregicolus Hodgs. 5. H. corythaiz Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 4. 6. H. fusca Temm. Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 6,— Pastor mahrat- tensis Sykes. 7. H. docilis (Gmel.) Reise, iii. t. 42. 8. H. melanoptera (Daud.) — Pastor tricolor Horsf. 9. H. eristatella (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 19., Pl. enl, 507.— Pastor griseus Horsf.; Maina cristatelloides Hodgs.; Acridotheres fuliginosus Blyth. 10. H. ? atra (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. p. 692. 11. H. ?erinita (Daud.) Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 82. — Corvus sexsetaceus Shaw ; Pyrrhocorax setifer Cuv. Divornus Vieill.t Bill long, straight, rather depressed and broad at the base, with the culmen curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is emarginated; the gonys curved and ascending; the nostrils lateral, and placed in a membranous groove, with the opening rounded and exposed. Wings moderate ; with the * Established by Vieillot (1816) (Analyse, &c.). t Vieillot established this genus in 1816 (Analyse, &c. p. 34.). STURNIN A. first quill spurious; the second rather shorter than the third and fourth, which are equal and longest. Tail short and even. Tarsi longer than the middle toe, strong, and covered in front with broad trans- verse scales. Zoes moderate; the outer toe rather longer than the inner, and united at the base; the hind toe long; the claws moderate, slightly curved, and acute. The type of this genus inhabits Africa, especially the eastern portions of that continent, where it appears in numerous flocks, and usually in company with wild cattle. It is often observed perched on the trees, keeping up a continual chattering, which is varied at intervals by a sharp and broken cry. Its food consists of seeds, worms, and insects; in search of these it migrates from place to place. D. carunculatus (Gmel.) Vieill. Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 93, 94. —Sturnus gallinaceus Lath.; Gracula larvata Shaw. Srurnopastor Hodgs.* Bill long, acutely conical, with the culmen sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is obtuse; the lateral margins straight, and the gonys long and ascending ; the nostrils lateral, basal, and placed in a membranous groove, which is clothed with short feathers. Wings moderate, and rather pointed; with the first quill spurious, the second rather shorter than the third, and the fourth the longest. Tail moderate, broad, and rounded. Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe, strong, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long, the lateral toes nearly equal, the outer toe slightly united at the base, the hind toe very long ; the claws long, curved, and very acute. The species that compose this division inhabit India, where they live in large flocks, and are usually observed feeding on the ground, sometimes in company with other birds. 1. S. contra (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 187. — Sturnus capensis 3. ? S. melanoleucus (Less.) Tr. d’Orn, p. 401.; Type of Linn. Pl. enl. 280. Gracupica Less. (1831). 2. S. Jalla Horsf. Linn, Trans. xiii. p. 155. Strurnus Linn.t Gill rather long, acutely conical, and straight; with the culmen flattened and straight to the tip, which is slightly depressed and entire; the lateral margins nearly straight, but angulated at the base ; the nostrils lateral, and placed in a membranous groove, which is clothed with short feathers. Wings long and pointed; with the first quill spurious; the second and third nearly equal, but the former the longest. Tazl short, and nearly even. ars? as long as the middle toe, strong, and broadly scutellated. Toes long, the lateral toes equal, the outer united at the base, the hind toe long; the claws long, curved, and acute. * Mr. Hodgson established this genus in 1843. It probably embraces Gracupica of M. Lesson (1831). + Linneus established this genus in 1735. STURNIN ZA. These birds inhabit most parts of the globe, performing regular migrations in vast flocks, which occasions them to appear in different localities at stated periods. They mostly frequent swampy places, and are often seen in company with other birds. Their flight is rapid and even. The typical species has a singular habit of performing, before retiring to roost on the reeds or trees, manceuyres in the air, as if the flock were describing rapid revolutions round a common centre, but while on the ground they walk with the greatest ease. Their food chiefly consists of worms and insects. They also feed on grain and seeds, which are usually obtained by searching the ground. ‘Their notes consist of a shrill whistle, occasionally varied by a chattering noise ; they often imitate the cries of other birds and animals. It is in the holes of trees or in old buildings that these birds form their nests of dry grass or hay. The female lays from four to five eggs. 1. S. vulgaris Linn. Pl. enl. 75. — Sturnus varius Meyer, Gould, 3. S. ——___— ? — Voy. Pole Sud, Ois. t. 16. f. 2. B. of Eur. pl. 210.; 8S. indicus Hodgs. | 4. S. cinerascens Temm. Pl. col. 556. 2. S. unicolor Marm. Pl. col. 111., Gal. des Ois. t. 91., Gould, 5. 2S. olivaceus Osb. — Sturnus fuscus Gmel. B. of Eur. pl. 211. 6.28. viridis Osb. SturNELLA Vieill.* Bill long and straight, with the culmen sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is depressed and obtuse ; the lateral margins nearly straight, and the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils lateral, and placed in a small groove, with the opening partly covered by a membrane. [Wings moderate ; with the first quill rather shorter than the second, third, and fourth, which are equal and longest. Tail rather short, and rounded, with the ends of the feathers narrowed. Tursi as long as the middle toe, strong, and covered in front with broad scutellations. Toes long; with the inner toe longer than the outer, which is slightly united at the base ; the hind toe long; the claws long, curved, and very acute. The species of this genus are found in America, frequenting the pasture fields and meadows, or open plains, where they examine the ground for their food, which consists of particular kinds of seeds, insects, and their larve; but in the winter season they are seen in the rice plantations, and sometimes in the farmyards and in out-buildings. They alight on the trees to roost ; whence they send forth a long, clear, and somewhat melancholy, though sweet, note. This is sometimes followed by a kind of low rapid chattering, and again the clear and plaintive strain is repeated as before. Their flight is laborious and steady, sailing and renewing the rapid action of the wings alternately. The nest is built usually in or below a thick tuft or tussock of grass; it is composed of dry grass, leaving an entrance level with the ground. ‘The eggs are four or five in number. 1. S. ludovicianus (Linn.) Pl. enl. 256.— Sturnella collaris Vieill. ; Cacicus alaudarius Daud.; Alauda magna Linn. Catesb. Carol. pl 33., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 19. f. 2., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 136. S. militaris (Linn.) Pl. enl. 113. S. Loyca (Molin.). S. neglecta Audub. B. of Amer. 2d edit. pl. 489. S. hippoerepis Wagl. Isis. — Sturnella collaris Vigors. oR wh Creanion Vieill. Bill longer than the head, and rather straight, with the culmen flattened and sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is depressed and obtuse ; the lateral margins straight, and angulated near * Established by Vieillot in 1816 (Analyse, &e. p. 34.). STURNIN A. the base; the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils lateral, and placed in a membranous groove, which is mostly clothed with short feathers, with the opening suboval. Wings short and rounded ; with the first quill short; and the fourth, fifth, and sixth equal and longest. Taz! long and rounded. Tarsi nearly as long as the middle toe, and covered in front with almost entire scales. Toes long; the lateral toe unequal, with the outer united at the base; the hind toe long and strong; the claws long, curved, and very acute. The typical species of this genus inhabits New Zealand. It is stated to be found in the woods, and that its food consists of seeds. C. carunculatus (Forst.) Lath. Gen. Syn. pl. 79.— Creadion | l’Astrol. Ois. t. 12.; I. rufigaster Less. Voy. de la Coqu. Ois. t. 23. pharoides Vieil/.; Icterus nove zealandie Less. §& Garn.; Voy. de | f. 1.; Gracula virescens Shaw, Forst. Icon. ined. 144. May, 1847. h , oy soem . wae ela ie Gi cr - r ee VA =" 7 w e ae 4 j 7 une Sy th hs ry PASTOR Erucolor. Horst MGZ LIBRARY | HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA VARD. UNIVERSITY Se Jan <= [am o al NI © = CAMBRIDGE. MA USA HAP $3 STIR INTIN 45 . Trutes ny Hullmwnde & Walton i DILOPHUS carunculams 2 STURNELLA Indoviciana. 3 STURNOPASTOR contra. 4. Hi °TATLORNIS cristatella 5. SrURNUS volgaris. G PASTOR roseus 7 ACRIDOTHERES trists. 8. CREADION carimenlatus La MCZ LIBRARY _ fe era HARVARD UNIVERSITY | 2 CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Order IT, PASSERES. Tribe [V. Conrrostres. Family II. Sturnma2, The fifth Subfamily, QUISCALIN &, or Boat-raits, have the Bill lengthened, with the culmen straight, and slightly curved at the tip ; the Nostrils basal, lateral, placed in a triangular groove ; the Wings moderate and pointed; the Tail lengthened and graduated, with the sides generally curved upwards; the Tarsi and Toes long, strong, and much scutellated ; the hind toe long, and armed with a strong curved claw. ScoLEcopHaGus Swains.* Bill moderate, straight, and slender, the sides compressed, and the lateral margins inflexed, but not sinuated ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and partly covered by a membrane. Wings moderate and pointed, with the first quill shorter than the second, third, and fourth, which are the longest. Taz moderate, flat, and slightly rounded. Tars7 of equal length with the middle toe, covered with broad scutellations. Toes long and slender ; the lateral ones nearly equal ; the hind toe long; and the claws slender, acute, and slightly curved. These migratory birds are found in various parts of North and Central America. They appear during the short summer months in the neighbourhood of Hudson’s Bay, searching the ground for their food, which at that time consists of worms and insects. As the winter approaches, they gather into large flocks and return to the southern parts, frequenting the corn fields, rice plantations, and wherever Indian corn is to be procured in their progress; and, as soon as spring commences, they return to the north for the summer months again. The nest is built in the lower branch of a tree, and is composed of moss and grass. The eggs are generally five in number. 1. S. ferrugineus (Wils.) Swains. Wils. Amer. Ornith. pl. 21. | bradorius Gme/. ; Pendulinus ater Vieill. ; Oriolus leucocephalus f.3.—Gracula quiseala var. (3 Lath.; Chaleophanes virescens Lath. Wagl. ; Oriolus niger, Turdus hudsonicus, T. noveboracensis, T. la- 2. S. mexicanus Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. 302. QuiscaLus Vieill.t Bill long, broad at the base, with the culmen advancing on the forehead in a point, and curved to the tip, which overhangs that of the lower mandible ; the nostrils basal, oval, and half-closed by a membrane. Wings moderate, with the second, third, and fourth quills the longest. Tazl long, graduated, and the sides turned upwards. Tarsi as long as the middle toe, strong, and greatly scutellated. Toes long, strong, and much scutellated, with the lateral ones nearly equal; the hind toe long and strong ; the claws short, strong, and slightly curved. * This genus was established in 1831, by Mr. Swainson (Faun. Bor. Amer. p. 494.). + Established by Vieillot in 1816 (Analyse, p.36.). Chalcophanes of Wagler (1827) is synonymous, QUISCALINZ. These birds migrate from the north to the more southern portions of the North American continent, according to the change of seasons. They assemble in considerable numbers, and entirely overrun in the winter the warmer south- eastern maritime regions, during which time they are very destructive to the various plantations. In the spring they are usually observed flying in loose flocks about the swamps and meadows, or following in the furrows after the plough ; their food at this season causes them to be useful to the husbandmen, as it consists of worms, grubs, and caterpillars, of which they destroy a prodigious number; in the evening they retire to roost in cedars and pine trees, with friendly and mutual chatter. They commit, however, very great depredations on the maize, or Indian corn, as soon as it appears above the ground, by feeding only on the sweet and sprouting stem, rejecting and scattering the leaves around as an evidence of their mischievous mode of life. This plant is again attacked when the grain is in the milky state, to such vast extent, that one fourth of the crop is supposed to be deyoured by these destructive birds. Previously to their departure for the Southern States, they collect from all parts in such numerous bodies that the air is darkened with their numbers ; sometimes one flock is composed of many hundred thousand individuals. They select the tall cedar and pine trees, as well as bushes, for the building of their nests, which is commonly performed in society, so that ten or fifteen of them are often seen in the same tree. The nest is composed outwardly of mud, mixed with stalks and knotty roots of grass, and lined with fine dry grass and horse hair. The eggs are usually five or six in number. 1. Q. purpureus (Licht.) — Gracula quiscala Linn. Wils. Amer. 6. Q. tenuirostris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 299. fig. 51. Orn. pl. 21. f. 4. ; Quiscalus versicolor Viei//. Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. | b. c. pl. 5. f.1., Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 298. fig. 50.a.? 7. Q. macrourus Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 299. fig. 51. Oriolus ludovicianus et O. hudsonius Gmel. Pl). enl. 646. ; Quiscalus | a. — Corvus mexicanus Gmel. nitens Licht. 8. Q. inflexirostris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 300. 2. Q. purpuratus Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 298. fig. | fig. 52. 50. b. 9. Q. peruvianus Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 354. 3. Q. major Vieill. N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxviii..p. 487., Pr. Bonap. 10. Q. crassirostris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 355. Amer. Orn. pl. 4. f. 1, 2. — Chalcophanes major Temm. 11. Q. subalaris Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840. 70. 4. Q. corvinus Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 300. 12. Q. fulgidus Licht. — Sturnus Quiscalus Daud. 5. Q. lugubris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 299. fig. (50. 13. Q. barita Gmel. — Quiscalus navicularis Licht. Voy. l’Ile de c. P) Cuba, Ois. t. 18. ? Scaruipurus Swains.* Bill long, with the culmen broad at the base, advancing on the forehead, sloping to the tip, which is acute and curved, the lateral margins sinuated and angulated at the base; the nostrils basal and lateral, and the opening partly covered by a membrane. Wings long and pointed, with the first quill the longest. Tail lengthened, graduated, and the sides turned upwards. Tarsz as long as the middle toe, strong, and scutellated. Toes long, the inner toe nearly equalling the outer; the claws acute and much curved. The habits of these birds are similar to those of the species of the foregoing genus; and they are found in the islands of the West Indies and the tropical parts of South America. 1. S. ater (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. v. 363., Azara, No. 60. — 4. S. palustris Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. p. 436. Psarocolius palliatus Wagl. ; Cassidix mexicana Less. 5. S. niger (Gmel.) Swains. Qaise . —Scaphidura barita Swains. Two Cent. and a (a, Sh - — Cassicus niger Vieil/. Gal. des Ois. t. 89. Quart. p. 301. fig. 53. a. 7. S. atrovioluceus D’Orb. Voy. 1 lle de Cuba, Ois. t. 19. 3. S. erassirostris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 301. fig. 53. b. * Established by Mr. Swainson (Faun. Boreali Amer. p.494.) in 1831. Cassidix of M. Lesson (1831) is synonymous. May, 1845. (mey) «qe SQYODUTHd VIS JUYOTIMT YUsley Sep We UT} > & Of Ly ce o= a5 Ne Oe => fe x = SA x . MAU _ CAMBRIDGE ANI (a [ = ' 2 . < vw; . . 7 - ss. A . > + = fh ert ‘ = MGe la et HARVARD UNIVER CAMBRIDGE. MA U Order II. PASSERES. Tribe 1V. ContRostREs. Family II. Srurnipz. The sixth Subfamily, ICTERIN A, or Hanenests, have the Bill more or less lengthened, with both mandibles straight or slightly curved towards the tips, which are acute and entire; the Wings lengthened and pointed; the Tail long and generally wedge- shaped; the Tarsi as long as, or shorter than, the middle toe, and broadly scaled ; and the Toes moderate, and formed for grasping. Cacicus Cuv.* Bill conic, longer than the head, with the culmen straight, broad, rather rounded and depressed, especially at the base, where it advances in a crescent on the forehead, and separates the frontal plumes, and acute at the tip; the sides compressed, and the lateral margins straight, but rather angulated at the base ; the nostrils basal, lateral, naked, oval, and pierced in the substance of the bill. Wings lengthened and pointed, with the third and fourth quills longest. Yaz/ lengthened and graduated. Tuarsi shorter than the middle toe, and strongly scaled. Toes moderate, strong, with the lateral ones equal; the hind toe as long as the middle; and all strongly scaled, and armed with moderate curved claws. The birds which form this division are peculiar to the tropical parts of America, residing on the trees in the vast forests, or near the habitations of man, in troops of considerable numbers. In such places they are frequently seen actively engaged in seeking their food, which consists of different kinds of fruits, berries, insects, and caterpillars that infest the trees. The nest is most ingeniously woven by the mutual labour of both sexes. It is composed of fibres and dry grasses, &c., in the form of a cylinder, sometimes of the length of three feet; the lower part is hemispherical, and it is suspended from the ends of the slender branches of lofty trees, many of them hanging from one tree. 1. C. eristatus (Gmel.) Daud. PI. enl. 344., Swains. Orn. Draw. 10. C. solitarius (Vieill.) — Cassicus nigerrimus Spiz, Av. Bras. $2. — Xanthornus maximus Pail/., Azara No. 57. t. 63. f. 1., Swains. Orn. Draw. 4.; Amblyramphus Prevostii Less. 2. C. viridis (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 328.— Oriolus cristatus var. Lath. ; | Cent. Zool. t. 54., Azara No. 58. O. rufirostris Shaw ; Cassicus angustifrons Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 62. ; 11. C. chrysonotus (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Voy. dans Amér. Mer. Xanthornus virens, Naturf. 18.s. 1.t. 1. Oise 52. ts 1s 3. C atrovirens (D’Orb.& Lafr.) Voy. dans l’Amér. Mer. Ois, t. 12. C. persicus (Linn.) Daud. Pl. enl. 184, — Oriolus Cassicus ate 2 Shaw ; Cassicus icteronotus Viei/l. Swains. Orn. Draw. 3. ; C. luteus 4. C. Yuracares (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Voy. dans ’Amér. Mér.Ois. | Briss. ft 51. f-1. 13. C. albirostris (Vieill.) Nouv. Dict. H. N. v. p. 364., Azara 5. C. bifasciatus (Spix), Spix Av. Bras. t. 61. No. 59.— Xanthornus chrysopterus Vigors, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 190. 6. C. Montezuma (Less.) Less. Cent. Zool. t. 7. pl. 9. suppl. 7. C. latirostris (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 358. — 14, C. melanicterus (Pr. Bonap.) Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Cassicus popayanus Waterh. Proc. Z. S. 1840. 183.; Type of Ocy- | Jard. & Selby’s Ill. Orn. pl. 45.—Cassiculus coronatus Swains. ; alus Waterh. (1840.) Type of Cassiculus Swains. (1827); Icterus diadematus Temm. 8. C. Wagleri G. R. Gray. Pl. col. 482. 9. C. hemorrhous (Linn.) Daud. Pl. enl. 482,, Swains. Orn. 15. 2? C. leucurus (Pr. Max.) Pr. Max. Beitr. zur Naturgesch, Draw. 1. — Cassicus affinis Swains. Orn. Draw. 2.; Cassicus ruber | p. 1245. Briss. * This division was proposed by Cuvier (Anatomie Comparée) between 1799 and 1800. It is the first section of Psarocolius of Wagler (1827). In 1816, Vieillot used the name of Cassicus. Cassiculus of Mr. Swainson (1827) and Ocyalus (1840) of Mr. Waterhouse form a portion of this genus. ICTERIN A. Icterus Briss.* Bill conic, longer than, or as long as, the head, with the culmen straight and not dilated at the base, but dividing the frontal plumes by a point, and with the tip acutely pointed, the sides compressed and the lateral margins straight ; the nostrils basal, lateral, with the opening oval, and partly covered by a membrane. Wings lengthened and pointed, with the second quill nearly as long as the third, which is the longest. ail lengthened and laterally rounded. Tars? as long as the middle toe, and strongly scaled. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones unequal, and the hind one as long as the middle toe; and all strongly scaled, and armed with moderate curved claws. These gregarious birds reside in the vast forests of the tropical parts of America. Various fruits and insects form their principal food. They form cylindrical interwoven nests, composed of the dry fibres of various plants, with the hairs of cattle intermixed, and suspend them from the ends of the branches of trees. 1. I. vulgaris Daud. Pl. enl. 532.— Oriolus Icterus Linn. ; 11. I. eroconotus (Wagl.) Isis 1829. p. 757 Coracias Xanthornus Scop. ; Pendulinus longirostris Vieill. 12. I. gularis (Licht.) Isis 1829. p. 754. 2. I. mexicanus (Linn.) —I. citrinus Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 66.; 13. I. pectoralis (Wagl.) Isis 1829. p. 755. Psarocolius gymnops Wagil.; Pl. enl. 533.; Agelaius melanicterus 14. I. personatus Temm. Pl. col. desc. with pl. 482. Vieill. 15. I. Xanthornus (Linn.) Daud. PI. enl. 5. f.1., Edwards’ Birds, 8. I. leucopteryx (Wagl.) —Oriolus mexicanus Leach, Zool. | pl. 243. Mise. 1. pl. 2. 16. I. Bullockii (Swains.) Phil. Mag. 1827. 436., Audub. B. of 4. I. cucullatus Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. 436. Amer. pl. 388. f. 5. 5. 1. costototl (Gmel.) Daud. Isis, 1829. p. 758. 17. I. olivaceus (Gmel.) Daud. Pl. enl. 606. f. 2. 6. I. flavigaster (Wagl.) Isis, 1829. 756. 18. I. mentalis Less. Cent. Zool. t.41. 7. I. melanocephalus (Wagl.) Isis, 1829. 756. 19. I. pustulatus Licht. Isis 1829. 757. 8. I. graduacauda (Less.) Rev. Zool. 1829. 105. 20. I. Abeillei Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. 101. 9. I. Jamacaii (Gmel.) Daud. Catesby’s Car. t. 6.— Agelaius 21. I. musicus (Cabot), Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1834. 155. longirostris Vieiil. 22. I. badius (Vieill.) Nouv. Dict. H. N. 34. p. 535., Azara No. 10. I. melanochrysura Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. 105. 63. XANTHORNuS Cuv.t Gill lengthened, or shorter than the head, with both mandibles arched for their whole length, the culmen rounded and advancing in a point on the forehead; the nostrils basal, lateral, with the opening oval, and covered by a membrane. Wings moderate, with the second quill slightly shorter than the third and fourth, which are longest. TZuail lengthened and wedge-shaped. Zarsi shorter than the middle toe, and strongly scaled. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones equal, and the hind one as long as the middle toe; all strongly scaled. This division is also composed of birds that are peculiar to the warmer parts of South and North America and the West Indies. They are generally seen in search of those insects and caterpillars that infest the fruit trees, and prey on the leaves, blossoms, and embryo of the fruit of the lofty trees in the primeval forests. The North American species only visits the northern states at the time when those insects are to be found. The nest of the North American species * Brisson (Ornithologie) established this genus in 1760. In 1777 Scopoli, and Cuvier in 1829, used Xanthornus for the same division ; in 1811, Iliger that of Oriolus ; and these are all probably coequal with Rhyndace of Mcehring, who published in 1752. 7 Cuvier adopted this name between 1799 and 1800 (Anat. Compar.). It is coequal with Vieillot’s Pendulinus, published in 1816 ; and Jcterus of Cuvier, in 1829. T ICTERIN &. is often hemispherical, externally three inches deep by two in breadth; the concavity scarcely two inches deep by two in diameter. The exterior is woven with fibres or stalks of dried grass, and the inside is usually composed of wool, or of other soft materials, wherein the female deposits four or more eggs. This nest is generally suspended from the branches of fruit trees. 1. X. Bonana (Linn.) Pl. enl. 535. f. 1. Lath. ; Or. spurius Gmel. Pl. enl. 506. f. 2.; Or. mutatus Wils. 2. X. dominicensis (Linn.) PI. enl. 5. f.2.— Pendulinus flavi- | Amer. Orn. pl. 4. ; Pendulinus solitarius et P. viridis Vieill. gaster Vieill. Voy. 1’Ile de Cuba, Ois. t. 19. bis. 8. X. mesomelas (Licht.) Isis, 1829. p. 755. — Icterus atro- 3. X. chrysocephalus (Linn.) Spix Av. Bras. t. 67.f.1.— Gra- | gularis Less. Cent. Zool. t. 22. cula chrysoptera Merr. Icon. Av. t. 3. 9. X. viridis (Gmel.) — Oriolus virescens Lath. 4, X. cayanensis (Linn.) Pl. enl. 535. f.2., Edwards’ Birds, pl. 10. X. nidipendulus (Gmel.) Sloane Jam. pl. 258. f. 3. 322., Swains. Zool. Ill. pl. 22. — Agelaius chrysopterus Vieill. 11. X. aurantius (Valenc.) Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 428. 5. X. chrysocarpus Vigors, Proc. Z. 8. 1832. 3. 12. X. jugularis (Lath.) Pl. enl. 559. — 'Turdus ater Gmel. 6. X. tibialis (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 302. 13. X. flavus Daud. PI. enl. 607. f. 2. —Oriolus capensis Gmel. 7. X. varius (Gmel.) PI. enl. 607. f. 1.— Oriolus castaneus Yreuantes Vieill.* Bill conic, shorter than the head, the culmen and lateral margins straight, the former advancing on the forehead in a point, the tip acute, and the sides compressed; the nostrils basal, lateral, with the opening oval, and protected by a membrane. Wangs lengthened and pointed, with the first quill nearly as long as the second and third, which are equal and longest. az moderate and nearly square. Tarsi as long as the middle toe and scaled. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones equal, the hind one as long as the lateral, and all strongly scaled above. These birds are found only in North America. They are birds of passage, remaining in the Northern States during the summer, and returning to the Southern States for the winter. They generally prefer living on fruit or on other trees that are close to the residences of man. ‘Their migration is performed during the day, and high above all the trees, in a straight and continuous course; when the evening approaches they alight on the lower branches of the trees to feed, and afterwards to rest. These birds vary much in colour before arriving at their adult plumage, which is not till the third year. Their principal food consists of caterpillars, beetles, and other insects. Wilson describes the nest thus. « Tt is generally fixed on the high bending extremities of the branches, by fastening a strong string of hemp or flax round two forked twigs corresponding to the intended width of the nest: with the same materials mixed with quantities of loose tow, the bird interweaves or fabricates a strong firm kind of cloth, not unlike the substance of a hat in its raw state, forming it into a pouch of six or seven inches in depth, lining it substantially with various soft substances, well interwoven with the outward netting, and lastly finished with a layer of horse-hair; the whole being shaded from the sun and rain by a natural penthouse or canopy of leaves.” The female generally deposits five eggs. Y. Baltimore (Linn.) Vieill. Pl enl. 506. f. 1., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 1. f. 3., and pl. 53. f. 4. — Icterus minor Briss. * Vieillot established this genus in 1816 (Analyse, p. 33.). October, 1844. : ay ae 7 H ieee i - thw af Sip ee 7 ; eo ae | vere Rare Vite pa e ys egies fom if wih Cit 6 ¢ ‘ ‘cee 4 ee A LY > h* A CLOTS Wag lore (Ch Gray ¢ Re _ L Bei : i s wo = a i ~ P Y =| do inane HARVAKO UNIVERSITY _ CAMBRIDGE. MA USA > é ~ o : e "qoe. 1 e : ro , ~ ' 4 « . ‘ « bd ~ “s hh im - : 7 = MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Order II. PASSERES. Tribe LV. Controstres. Family HI. Sturnip. The seventh Subfamily, AGELAIN&, or Troop-Brrps, have the Bill the length of the head or shorter, completely conical, with the sides gradually compressed towards the tip; the culmen straight, flattened, and more or less broad ; the Tarsi usually the length of the middle toe ; the Toes lengthened, slender, and the outer united at the base with the middle one; the hind toe long ; and all armed with long, rather curved Claws. Mototrueus Swains.* Bill very short, conical, with the culmen not flattened, but slightly arched from the base, where it is elevated and advanced on the forehead ; the nostrils lateral, basal, and partly covered by a membrane and projecting plumes. Wings lengthened and pointed, with the first and second quills the longest. Tail moderate, and slightly rounded on the sides. Tarsi the length of the middle toe, and strongly scutellated. Toes long, the lateral ones equal; and the claws small and fully curved. They migrate from the very far north to the south, according to the season; at which time they are seen in small parties, resting on the tops of the trees, near streams, or along creeks and banks of rivers. When seeking their food, they frequent corn and rice fields; but are commonly observed accompanying the cattle, and are often seen on their backs. They feed on the seeds, worms, &c., which they pick up amongst the fodder, and from the excrements of the eattle, which they scratch up for the purpose. The female of this species has the most remarkable habit of dropping her eggs, singly, into the nests of other birds, instead of building a nest, and hatching for herself; thus entirely aban- doning her progeny to the care and mercy of strangers. 1. M. pecoris (Gmel.) Swains. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 18. f. 1, 2, 3. 3. M. bonariensis (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 710. — Icterus niger Daud. ; — Icterus emberizoides Daud.; Sturnus junceti Lath.; Oriolus | Passerina discolor Vieill.; Icterus sericeus Licht. ; Ict. minor Spiz, fuscus et Sturnus obscurus Gmel. | Ay. Bras. t. 62. f. 2.; Ict. maxillaris D’Orb.§ Lafr.; Ict. frin- 2. M. brevirostris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 305. gillaris Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 65. ? Acetaius Vieill.t Bill more or less lengthened, the culmen broad and flattened near the base, where it advances on the forehead, the sides gradually compressed towards the tip, which is rather pointed, the lateral margins of both mandibles inflexed ; the nostrils basal and lateral. Wings moderate, with the first quill rather shorter than the second and third, which are the longest. Taz] lengthened and rounded. Tarsz nearly the length of the middle toe. Toes long and slender, the lateral ones equal ; the claws long, slender, and slightly curved. * Established by Mr. Swainson (Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 494.) in 1831. + Established by Vieillot (Analyse, &c., p. 33.) in 1816. AGELAIN 4. These birds are peculiar to the continent of America. The North American species is migratory, and is found during winter in the Southern States, in immense flocks, particularly near the sea coast, and in the vicinity of large rice and corn fields. Wilson observes that he has frequently been entertained with their aérial evolutions. Sometimes they appeared driving about like an enormous black cloud carried before the winds, varying its shape every moment ; some- times suddenly rising from the fields around him with a noise like thunder, then descending like a torrent, and covering the branches of some detached grove or clump of trees, the whole congregated multitude commenced one general concert or chorus, which he has plainly distinguished at the distance of more than two miles. They arrive in Pennsylvania in the beginning of March in immense flocks, and commence their devastations on the grub-worms, caterpillars, and various other larve ; for these they search in the ground, at the roots of plants, in orchards and meadows, as well as among buds, leaves, and blossoms ; and, from their known voracity, the multitudes of these insects which they destroy must be immense. During the months of August and September, they pour down on the low countries near the coast in prodigious multitudes, wheeling and driving over the meadows and devoted corn fields, darkening the air with their numbers. Then commences the work of destruction on the corn, till little is left for the industrious husbandmen; and on the seeds of the reeds or wild oats, with a profusion of other plants, that abound along the banks of the great rivers. In the month of April, they separate in pairs, and begin to construct their nests, which are generally built in a marsh or swampy meadow, or other like watery situations: the spot, usually a thicket of alder bushes, at the height of six or seven feet from the ground; sometimes in a detached bush, in a meadow of high grass ; often in a tussock of rushes or coarse rank grass; and not unfrequently on the ground. When in a bush, the nest is generally composed outwardly of wet rushes picked from the swamp, and long tough grass in large quantity, and well lined with very fine bent. The rushes forming the exterior are generally extended to several of the adjoining twigs, round which they are repeatedly and securely twisted; a precaution absolutely necessary for its preservation, on account of the flexible nature of the bushes in which it is placed. The same caution is observed when a tussock is chosen, by fastening the tops together, and intertwining the materials of which the nest is formed with the stalks of rushes around. When placed on the ground, less care and fewer materials being necessary, the nest is much simpler and slighter. The female lays five eggs. 9. A. pustulatus Swains. 303. 1. A. pheniceus (Linn.) Vieill. Pl. enl. 402. — Icterus ptero- pheeniceus Briss. ; Sturnus predatorius Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 30. f. 1, Two Centuries and a Quarter, p. 2.; Oriolus melancholicas var. 8, Lath. Pl. enl. 448. 2. A. tricolor Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 388. f. 1. 3. A. gubernator (Wagl.) Pr. Bonap. Isis, 1832. 281. 4, A. bicolor (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 535. 5. A. cyanopus (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 552. — Ic- terus tanagrinus Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 64. f. 1., Azara No. 71. 6, A. cureus (Mol.) —Icterus sulcirostris Spiv, Av. Bras. t. 64. f. 2.; Agelaius Chopi Vieill. ; Icterus unicolor Licht. Azara No. 62. 7. A. 2 melancholicus (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 85. 8. A. pyrrhopterus (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 543., Azara No. 74., Voy. ’Ile de Cuba, Ois. t. 20. — Leistes humeralis Vigors. 10. A. longipes Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. p. 436. — Icterus per- spicillatus Licht. Isis, 1829. 753. 11. A. eneus (Licht.) Isis, 1829. 758. 12. A. virescens (Vigors), Zool. Journ, No. xi. p. 441. — Psa- rocolius melanopsis Wag. 13. A. aterrimus (Kittl,) Vogel von Chili, t. 2. — Leistes niger Swains. 14, A. unicolor (Swains.) Two Centuries and a Quarter, p. 304, 15. A brevirostris (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Syn. Av. pt. ii. p. 7. 16. A. xanthocephalus (Pr. Bonap.) Swains. —Icterus ictero- cephalus Px. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 3. f. 1, 2. Leistrs Vigors.* Gill more or less long, culmen straight and flattened, with the base advancing on the forehead in a point, the sides compressed gradually to the tip, which is rounded; the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, and membranous. quills nearly equal and longest. covered with broad scutellations. above; the claws long and rather curved. Tail moderate and rounded. Wings long and pointed, with the three first Tarsi shorter than the middle toe, and Toes lengthened, with the lateral ones unequal, and strongly scaled * Established by Vigors (Zoological Journal, ii. 191.) in 1825. AGELAIN A. It is in marshy places, on the borders of the great rivers of South America, that these birds are generally seen, perched on the low trees or reeds, and sometimes on the ground. The nest is suspended among the reeds at a short distance from the ground, and is made entirely of stalks of grass. The female deposits three or four eggs. 1. L. viridis (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 236. f. 1. — Agelaius Guirahuro | militaris Vieill.; Tanagra militaris Gmel.; Oriolus guianensis Vieill. ; Xanthornus Gasqueti Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de lUranie, Ois. Linn. Pl. enl. 536., Azara No. 70. t. 24. ; Icterus dominicensis Licht. ; Leistes Suchii Vigors, Zoo- 3. L. anticus (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 182. — Agelaius logical Journal, ii. pl. Suppl. 10. ; Lz. orioloides Swains. Azara | virescens Vieill. Azara No. 65. No. 64. | 4, L. brevirostris Swaius. ‘Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 304. 2. L. americanus (Linn.) Vigors, Pl. enl. 236. f. 2.; Agelaius | 5. L. tenuirostris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 304. AMBLYRHAMPHUS Leach.* Bill as long as the head, with the culmen straight, broad, and much flattened above from the base (where it advances on the forehead) to the tip, which is rounded; the lateral margins straight, but angulated at the base; the gonys lengthened, straight, and advancing upwards to the end; the nostrils basal, lateral, and partly concealed both by a membrane and projecting plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill shorter than the second, and the second rather shorter than the third, fourth, and fifth, which are the longest. Zaz/ moderate and rounded. Tarsi the length of the middle toe. Toes lengthened with the lateral ones unequal, and the hind toe nearly as long as the tarsus; all armed with long and slightly curved claws. This species frequents marshy places in flocks. It is more solitary than those of the other genera of the family. « Seated,” says Mr. Darwin, “ on a twig, with its beak widely open, it often makes a shrill, but plaintive and agreeable ery, which is sometimes single and sometimes reiterated. Its flight is heavy.” A. holosericeus (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. p. 113. t. 68.—Oriolus ruber | pyrrhocephalus Licht.; Leistes erythrocephalus Swains. ; Sturnella Gmel.; Amblyrhamphus bicolor Leach, Zool. Misc. pl. 36.; Sturnus rubra Vieill. Azara No. 73. Curysomus Swains.t Bill nearly the length of the head, with the culmen straight but not flattened, the lateral margins slightly sinuated and inflexed on both mandibles; the nostrils basal and lateral, with the opening small. Wings moderate, with the first quill shorter than the second, which is rather shorter than the third and fourth; these are the longest. TZail moderate and rounded. Tarsi as long as the middle toe, and slender. ves long and slender, with the lateral ones equal; the claws long, very slender, and oO? slightly curved. Little is yet known of the habits of these species, except that they prefer marshy places, like most others of this subfamily. 1. C. icterocephalus (Linn.) Swains. Pl. enl. 343. | 3. C.? flavus (Gmel.) Voy. of Beagle, Birds, pl., Sonn. Voy. t. 69. 2. C. frontalis (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. liv. 536.— Agelaius | — Psarocolius flaviceps Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 9.; Chrysomus xan- ruficapillus Vieill. ; A. ruficollis Swains. thopygius Swains. * Established by Leach (Zoological Miscellany) in 1814. + Established by Mr. Swainson (Class. of Birds, ii. 274.) in 1837. AGELAIN &. Do.utcuonyx Swains.* Bill very short, conical, the culmen elevated and nearly straight to the tip; the sides gradually compressed ; the lateral margins sinuated; the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, covered with a membrane, and having the opening anteriorly. Wings moderate, pointed, with the first and second quills equal and longest. Tad slightly graduated, with the points of the feathers laterally acuminated and rigid. Tarst as long as the middle toe, and slender. Toes very long and slender ; the lateral ones unequal, the inner the longest, the hind toe nearly equalling the length of the tarsus; and all armed with long, very slender, and slightly curved claws. They are peculiar to the continent of America and the West Indies. Wilson informs us that the winter residence of these birds is supposed to be from Mexico to the mouth of the Amazons, whence, in hosts innumerable, they regularly issue every spring, extending their migrations northwardly, as far as 54° N. They appear in the lower parts of Pennsylvania about the 12th of May; while there, the males are extremely gay and full of song, frequenting meadows, newly ploughed fields, the sides of creeks, rivers, and watery places, feeding on may-flies and caterpillars, of which they destroy great quantities. In their passage, however, through Virginia at this season, they do great damage to the early wheat and barley while in its milky state. About the 20th of May, they disappear on their way to the north, where they remain during the summer, building and rearing their young. In the month of June, the colour of the male begins to change, gradually assimilating to that of the female, and before the beginning of August it is difficult to distinguish the one from the other. Insects of various kinds, grubs, may-flies, and caterpillars, the young ears of Indian corn, and the seeds of reeds or wild oats, furnish them with such abundance of nutritious food, that in a short time they become extremely fat. The nest is fixed on the ground, generally in a field of grass; the outside is composed of dry leaves and coarse grass; the inside is lmed with fine stalks of the same, laid in considerable quantity. The female lays five eggs. The song of the male, while the female is sitting, consists of a jingling medley of short variable notes, uttered with such seeming confusion and rapidity, and continued for such a considerable time, that it appears as if half a dozen birds of different kinds were all singing together. 1. D. oryzivorus (Linn.) Swains. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 12. f.1, | 2. D.? rufescens (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxv. 25. 2. — Icterus agripennis Pr. Bonap. Pl. enl. 388. | * Established by Mr. Swainson (Zool. Journ. iii. p. 351.) in 1827. December, 1844. CHRYS OWU S trontalts, {Veerll } ERSITY MCZ LIBRARY iBRIDGE. MA USA CAR = z cea a oe . —— MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrostres. The fourth Family, FRINGILLIDA, or Fincues, contains a numerous series of small, and for the most part showy, birds, that have the Bill short, thick, strong, and more or less conic, without emargination at the tip, but generally angular and thick at the base. The first Subfamily, PLOCEIN &, or Weavers, have the Bill strong and conic, with the culmen projecting on the forehead and arched to the tip, which is entire; the Wings somewhat rounded, with the first quill remarkably short ; the Legs and Toes robust, and strongly scaled ; and the hind toe strong, and nearly as long as the middle toe. Textor Temm.* Bill more or less long, conic, broad at its base, laterally compressed, with the basal portion of the culmen advancing on the forehead (in some seasons swollen), and curved towards the tip; the lateral margins sinuated, and the gonys long and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, naked, and pierced in the substance of the bill. Wings somewhat rounded, and reaching a little beyond the base of the tail, with the first quill very short, and the second nearly equalling the third and fourth, which are the longest. Zaz! moderate, and rather rounded. Tarsz equal in length with the middle toe, robust and strongly scaled. The lateral Toes equal, but all short and strongly scaled; the hind toe equalling the inner, and the claws strong and curved. Inhabitants of Africa, both North and South, and always found in company with buffaloes, on whose backs they are seen perched, seeking the insects, &c., that live thereon. They also perform the important office of a sentinel while these animals are feeding, and if the herd are put to the rout, always follow it. 1. T. AlectoTemm. PI. col. 446. 2. T. erythrorhynchus A. Smith, Ill. 8. Afr. Zool. pl. 64.—Bubalornis niger A. Smith ; Dertroides albirostris Swains. 3. T. dinemelli Horsf. Hypnanrornis. t Gill_as long as, or shorter than, the head, conic, broad at the base, laterally compressed to the tip, with the culmen broad, smooth, and rounded, advancing in a point on the forehead, and the lateral margins slightly angulated at the base, and straight towards the tip; the nostrils basal, exposed, oval, and pierced in the substance of the bill. Wings reaching a little beyond the base of the tail; the first quill very short, the second equalling the sixth, the third, fourth, and fifth of nearly equal length, but the fourth rather the longest. Tail rather short, even or slightly rounded at the end. Feet and Toes strong. Tarsi as long as the middle toe. Lateral Toes equal in length; and the claws strong and much curved. Inhabiting the vast continent of Africa, living more or less in society on trees, in the neighbourhood of marshes and rivers. Their food consists of seeds and coleopterous insects. As the breeding season advances, they generally con- * The exact date of this genus is unknown, but it was certainly proposed long before 1831, when M. Lesson established his Alecto : it must be anterior also to Bubalornis A. Smith, 1836; and Dertroides of Mr. Swainson, 1837. + This name is established in the place of Ploceus, as improperly given to this genus by modern authors, but which I have employed in its proper place as applied by the author of the genus. PLOCEIN . gregate in flocks, and suspend their nests from the branches overhanging and nearly touching the water. These are formed of coarse grass, and so substantially constructed, that each requires a long time for its completion; their forms vary with the species; some are kidney-shaped, others like a retort, &. The females generally lay three or four eggs. 1. H. tewtor (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 375 and 376.—Fringilla velata | Ency. Méth. 699. ——15. H. vitellina (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Licht. Swains. Zool. Ill. n. s. t. 37.; Loxia melanocephala Gmel. | Mus. No. 237. 16. H. personata (Vieill.) Gal. des Ois. t. 84. — 2. H. grandis. —Ploceus coilaris Fras. Proc. Z. 8. 1842. 142. | Ploceus melanotis Swains. 17. H. aurocapilla (Swains.) Two 8. H. larvata (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. t. 32. f. 1.— Loxia | Cent. and a Quart. 346. 18. H. aureoflava (A. Smith), Ill. S. 4, H. velata (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 701. Afr. Zool. p. 19. H. subaurea (A. Smith), Ill. S. Afr. Zool. 5. H. capitalis (Lath.) Lath. Syn. pl. 112. 6. H. gutturalis | pl. 30. f. 1.— Ploceus tahatahi? A. Smith. 20. H. aurifrons (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. 92. 7. H. spilonota (Vigors), Proc. (Temm.). Pl. col. 175, 176. — Ploceus icterocephalus Swains. Z. 8. 1831. 92., A. Smith, Ill. 8, Afr. Zool. pl. 66. f.1.— Ploceus | 21. H. capensis (A. Smith), Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 66. — Ploceus stictonotus A. Smith; Ploceus flaviceps Swains. B. of W. Afr. | abyssinicus Cuv. 22. H. aurantia (Vieill.) Ois. Chant. pl. 44. abyssinica? Gmel. pl. 32. 8. H. ocularia (A. Smith), Proc. 8. Afr. Inst., Ill. S. | 23. H. chrysogastra (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. 92. —— 24. Afr. Zool. pl. 30. f. 2. 9. H. brachyptera (Swains.) B. of W. | H. rubiginosa (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. pl. 33. f. 1. —— 25. H. me- Afr. pl. 10.——10. H. personata (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quart. | lanotis (Lafr.) Mag. de Zool. 1839. pl. 7. —— 26. H. castaneo- 306. 11. H. cucullata (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quart. 307. | fusca (Lafr.) Rey. Zool. 1840. 99. —— 27. H. isabellina (Lafr. ) 12. H. Galbula (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. t. 32. f. 2. 13. H. | Rev. Zool. 1840. 226. flavocapilla (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 698. 14. H. collaris (Vieill.) | Guer. Rev. Zool. 1843. 321. 28. H. Guerini.— Ploceus melanotis Sycozius Vieill.* Bill as long as the head, with the culmen and the lateral margins curved, the latter very slightly sinuated ; the nostrils basal, exposed, and rounded. Wings moderate, and somewhat rounded ; with the first quill very short, the second equalling the eighth, the third longer than the seventh, and the fourth and fifth of equal length. Yaz! moderate, and even or slightly rounded. eet robust and strongly scaled ; with the inner toe shorter than the outer, and the claws strong and curved, especially that of the hind toe. The birds of this division are peculiar to the Western and Southern portions of Africa. 1. S. cristatus Vieill. Ois. Chant. pl. 42.—Tanagra malembica, | 6. S. nitens (Gray), Zool. Misc. 1. p. 7. 7. S. bicolor Ann. du Mus. 11. t. x.; Ploceus cristatus Vieill. 2. S. rubri- | (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 698.— Symplectes chrysomus Swains. B. collis (Swains.). — Malimbus cristatus 2 . Vieil/. Ois. Chant. pl. 43. | of W. Afr. 1. 170.; Eupodes xanthosomus Jard. & Selby, lll. 3. S. nigerrimus (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 700. — Ploceus niger? | Orn. n.s. pl. 10.—— 8. S. gregalis (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. Swains. 4, S. nigricollis (Vieill.).—Malimbus nigricollis Vieill. | No. 234. Ois, Chant. pl. 45. 5. S. collaris (Gray), Zool. Misc. 1. p. 6. Pioceus Cuv.t Bill short, thick at the base, pointed at the tip, laterally compressed, with the culmen smooth, rounded, and advancing on the forehead in a point, the lateral margins slightly sinuated and angulated at the base, and the gonys lengthened and ascending upwards; the nostrils basal, rounded, and partly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill very short, the second shorter than the third, the third to the fifth longest, and the tertials nearly the length of the quills. Tazl moderate, with the end even or slightly rounded. Tarsi as long as, or longer than, the middle toe; the inner shorter than the outer ; and the claws long, slender, slightly curved, and compressed. India and Africa are the countries of these birds, where they are generally found among the trees near the banks of rivers. During the summer they are very destructive to gardens, feeding on seeds, rice, and small fruits. The sexes differ much in colour, the males during the breeding season becoming of rich and bright plumage. Some seek the reeds which margin the streams, and others trees that overhang rivers or wells (in India), in order to suspend their curiously formed woven nests. * Established by Vieillot in (Analyse, p. 33.) 1816, in the place of Malimbus, which he had proposed in 1805 ; in 1820 he added a third name Ficophagus. Mr. Swainson, in 1837, gave the name of Symplectes ; and in the same year Sir W. Jardine published Eupodes. These are coequal with the above. t Proposed by Cuvier (Reyne Animal, 1st edit. p. 406.) in 1817. In 1831 M. Lesson gave the division the name of Oryx, while in 1832 two other names were established, viz. Pyromelana of Pr. Bonaparte, and Luplectes of Mr. Swainson. A PLOCEIN &. 1. P. philippinus (Linn.) Cuv. Pl. enl. 135. f. 2.—Euplectes | lus? Vieill. 15. P. tewtor (Gmel.) Licht. Cat. Dupl. Berl. philippensis Swains. 2. P. Baglefecht (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 698. | Mus. — Textor malimbus Temm. 16. P. oryx (Linn.) Pl. — Loxia philippina var. Lath. 3. P. bengalensis (Linn.) Pl. | enl. 6. f. 2. 309. f. 2.—Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 66. 17. P. fran- enl. 293. f. 2. — Loxia regina Bodd.; Euplectes albirostris Swains. | ciscanus (Isert). Pl. enl. 134. f. 1.— Fringilla ignicolor Vieill. Ois. 4, P. flaviceps (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quarter, 310. Chant. t. 59., Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 2. 18. P. rufovelatus 5. P. flavicollis (Frankl.) Sykes, Proc. Z. S. 1831. 120. 6. P. | (Fras.) Proc. Z. S. 1842. 142.19. P. flammiceps (Swains. ) manyar (Horsf.) Linn. Trans. xiii. 160. 7. P. nelicourvi | B. of W. Afr. p. 13. 20. P. ruficeps Swains. B. of W. Afr. (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. Ind. t. 22.— Loxia pensilis Gmel. SPR.) p: 262. 21. P. erythrocephalus (Gmel.) Cuy., Brown. Ill. t. 28. luteolus (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. 9. P. jonquillaceus | f. 2.—Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 28. 22. P. madagascariensis (Linn. ) (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 700. 10. P. capensis (Linn.) Pl. enl. | Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 63. 23. P. ruber (Gmel.) PI. enl. 134. 101. 659. f. 1.—Icterus flavescens Daud.; Fringilla phalerata Ji/. | f. 2. 24. P. sanguinirostris (Linn.) Edward’s Birds, t. 271. Licht. 11. P. xanthomelas (Riipp.) Riipp. Faun. Abyss. p. | f.2.—Emberiza quelea Linn. Pl. enl. 183. f. 2. 223. f. 1., Vieill. .-— 12. P. abyssinicus (Gmel.) Cuy., Vieill. Ois. Chant. | Ois. Chant. 22, 23, 24. 25. P. aureus (Gmel.) Brown’s III. t. 28.— Fringilla ranunculacea Licht. 13. P. afer (Gmel.) | t. 25. f. 1.—Euplectes aurinotus Swains. 26. P. striatus Brown’s Ill. t. 24. f. .—Loxia melanogastra Lath. 14. P. | (Blyth), Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xi. 873. taha A. Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 7.— Ploceus melanocepha- | Puitetarus A. Smith.* Bill more compressed than in Ploceus, with the culmen slightly arched from the base, and the lateral margins smuated. Wings moderate, reaching to about the middle of the tail, with the first quill very short, almost rudimentary, the second, third, and fourth, nearly of equal length and longest. Tail somewhat rounded at the end. Legs and Toes strong. Tarsi shielded with transverse scales. The outer and inner Toes nearly of equal length ; claws much curved and acute. Peculiar to South Africa, where they are generally found near rivers ; their food consists of seeds and small insects. ** The most striking peculiarity observed in the species,” says Dr. Smith, “ is the extraordinary manner in which a number of individuals associate, and build their nests under a common roof. When a nestling-place has been selected, and the operation of building the nests is to be commenced ab initio, the community immediately proceed conjointly to construct the general covering which interests them all. That being accomplished, each pair begin to form their own nest, which, like the roof, they construct of coarse grass: these are placed side by side against the under surface of the general covering ; and, by the time they are all completed, the lower surface of the mass exhibits an appearance of an even horizontal surface, freely perforated by small circular openings. «« They never use the same nests a second time, though they continue for many years attached to the same roof. With the return of the breeding-season, fresh nests are formed upon the lower surface of those of the previous year, which then forms an addition to the general covering. In this manner they proceed, year after year adding to the mass, till at last the weight often becomes such as to cause the destruction of its support, upon which a new building-place is selected. Each female lays from three to four eggs. The male has no summer tints which he throws aside in winter.” Ph. socius (Lath.) G. R. Gray, Paters. Voy. pl. 19.—DPh. lepidus A. Smith, Ill. 8. Afr. Zool. pl. viii.; Pl. Patersoni Less. Nierita Strickl.+ Gill shorter than the head, dilated at the base, laterally compressed to the tip, which is slightly emar- ginated; the lateral margins inflexed and slightly arched; the culmen rather keeled, gradually arched from the base to the tip, and the gonys lengthened and ascending; the nostrils basal, ovate, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, rounded, with the first quill spurious, and the third to the fifth nearly equal. Tail rather short and rounded. Tarsi short and strongly scaled, equalling the length of the middle toe. The lateral Toes nearly equal, the hind toe long and strong; the claws rather short, much curved, and grooved on the sides. Peculiar to Western Africa. 1. N. canicapilla Strickl. Proc. Z. S. 1841. 30.——2. N. fusconota Fras. Proc. Z. 8. 1842. 145. Procepasser Smith. Bill large, conical, pointed, and laterally compressed ; the culmen slightly arched, advanced on the forehead in a point. Wings moderately long and rounded, with the first quill very short, the second * This genus was founded in 1837. See Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. p. 536. + This genus was originally proposed (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1841, p. 30.) under the name of thiops ; but, as that word had been previously used, Mr. Strickland changed it to the above. }{ Proposed by Dr. A. Smith (Rep. S. Afr. Exped. p. 51.) in 1836. Mr. Swainson’s Agrophilus of 1837 is coequal. PLOCEIN A. and third equal and longest. Tail square at the end or slightly emarginated. Legs strong, with the Tarsi having distinct shields in front, and entire behind. The outer and inner Toes equal, the hinder one slightly shorter, but stronger, the middle one much the longest ; claws strong and curved. The birds of this genus are peculiar to North and South Africa, where they appear to live in flocks on the margins of the streams. Their food consists of seeds and small insects; for these they generally search on the ground. Their nests are formed in society, sometimes twenty or thirty of them being observed on one tree. In form they approach those of the Weavers. ‘‘ The entire of the walls of each nest,” says Dr. Smith, “ was composed of stalks of grass, the thickest extremities of which were so placed as to protrude externally for several inches beyond the more compact structure destined to contain the eggs. By this management each appeared armed with numerous projecting spines, and bore considerable resemblance to the body of a porcupine, when its spines are partially erected.” 1. Pl. mahali A. Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 65. ———2. PI. superciliosus (Riipp.) A. Smith, Riipp. Zool. Atl. pl. 15. Vinua Cuv.* Bill more or less lengthened, conic, laterally compressed, with the culmen much arched, or nearly straight from the base to the tip, and advancing on the forehead in a point; the lateral margins sinuated or straight, and the gonys lengthened and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, mostly hidden by the frontal feathers, and rounded. Wangs moderate, with the first quill spurious, the second nearly as long as the third, the third, fourth, and fifth nearly equal and longest. Yazl varying in length, with some of the coverts and tail-feathers considerably lengthened and of various forms. Tars? slender, shorter than the middle toe, covered in front with conspicuously divided scales. Toes long and slender, the lateral ones nearly equal, the hind toe as long as the imner, and all armed with long claws. ; All the species are from the vast continent of Africa, and are generally found on the trees that grow in the neigh- bourhood of the rivers. The males undergo a change of plumage, and become like the females during the winter months. Grain, and especially millet, forms their principal food. The cotton and down of certain plants are used by these birds in the formation of their curiously woven nests. 1. V. regia (Linn.) Cuv. Pl. enl. 8. f. 1., Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 34, 35. 2. V. principalis (Linn.) Cuy. Edward’s Birds, pl. 270.—Emberiza vidua Linn. Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 36.; Emberiza serena Linn. Pl. enl. 8. f.2.; Vidua erythrorhyncha Swains. B. OL Wi. Atr. pli: 3. V. superciliosa (Vieill.) Gal. des Ois. t. 61. ——4. V. paradisea (Linn.) Cuv. PI. enl. 194., Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 37, 38. 5. V. ardens (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 647.—Em- beriza signata Scop. Sonn. Voy. t.75.; Emberiza payanensis Gmel. ; | Vidua rubritorques Swains. B. of W. Afr. p. 174.——6. V. az- illaris A. Smith, Ill. 8. Afr. Zool. pl. 17. 7. V. macrocerca (Licht.) Brown, Ill. pl. 11.— Loxia macroura Gmel.; Coliuspasser flaviscapulatus Riipp. Pl. enl. 183. f. 1. 8. V. longicauda (Lath.).—Fringilla flavoptera Vieil/. Ois. Chant. t. 41.; Fringilla chrysoptera Vieil/.; Vidua chrysonota Swains. 9. V. laticauda (Licht. ) —Coliuspasser torquatus Rupp. Faun. t. 36. f. 2. 10. V. lenocinia (Less.) Tr. d’Orn. 437. CHERA. Characters in common with Vidua; but the Wings long, with the first quill spurious, the second, third and fourth slightly graduated, and the fifth and sixth nearly equal, but the fifth the longest. Tail and its coverts much lengthened, compressed, and arched. This active species frequents the marshes and borders of the great rivers of South Africa. The females are said to have the peculiar habit of living in societies of twenty or thirty, and are in general accompanied by about two males, whose gay plumage becomes sobered like that of the female during the winter months, and is resumed again on the return of summer, The nests are also built in societies of thirty or more together, woven on the stems of reeds. In form they approach very much those of the other species of this subfamily. C. Proyne (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 635.— Loxia caffra Gmel.; Emberiza longicauda Gmel. Mill. Icon. t. iii. A., Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 39, 40. ; Vidua pheenicoptera Swains. * The late Baron Cuvier proposed this division (Anatomie Comparée) in 1790 or 1800; and Dr. Riippel separated some of the species, under the subgeneric appellation of Coliuspasser, in 1837. May, 1844, Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. ConrrostreEs. The fourth Family, FRINGILLIDA, or Fincues, contains a numerous series of small, and for the most part showy, birds, that have the Bill short, thick, strong, and more or less conic, without emargination at the tip, but generally angular and thick at the base. The first Subfamily, PLOCEIN &, or Weavers, have the Bill strong and conic, with the culmen projecting on the forehead and arched to the tip, which is entire; the Wings somewhat rounded, with the first quill remarkably short ; the Legs and Toes robust, and strongly scaled; and the hind toe strong, and nearly as long as the middle tee. Textor T'emm.* Bill more or less long, conic, broad at its base, laterally compressed, with the basal portion of the culmen advancing on the forehead (in some seasons swollen), and curved towards the tip; the lateral margins sinuated, and the gonys long and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, naked, and pierced in the substance of the bill. Wings somewhat rounded, and reaching a little beyond the base of the tail ; with the first quill very short, and the second nearly equalling the third and fourth, which are the longest. Tail moderate, and rather rounded. Tursi equal in length with the middle toe, robust, and strongly scaled. Toes short and strongly scaled, the lateral toes equal, the hind toe equalling the inner, and the claws strong and curved. Inhabitants of Africa, both North and South, and always found in company with buffaloes, on whose backs they are seen perched, seeking the insects, &c., that live thereon. They also perform the important office of a sentinel while these animals are feeding; and, if the herd are put to the rout, always follow it. 1. T. Alecto Temm. Pl. col. 446.— Dertroides albirostris Swains. 3. T. dinemelli Horsf. — Riipp. Syst. Uebers. Nord-Ost-Afr. 2. T. erythrorhynchus A, Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 64,— | t. 30. Bubalornis niger A. Smith. * The exact date of this genus is unknown, but it was certainly proposed long before 1831, when M. Lesson established his Alecto : it must be anterior also to Bubalornis A. Smith (1836) and Dertroides of Mr. Swainson (1837). PLOCEIN &. Hyruantornis.* Bill as long as, or shorter than, the head, broad at the base, laterally compressed to the tip, with the culmen broad, smooth, and rounded, advancing to a point on the forehead, and the lateral margins slightly angulated at the base, and straight towards the tip; the nostrils basal, exposed, oval, and pierced in the substance of the bill. Wings reaching a little beyond the base of the tail; the first quill very short; the second equalling the sixth; the third, fourth, and fifth of nearly equal length, but the fourth rather the longest, middle toe. Tail rather short, even or slightly rounded at the end. Tarsi as long as the Toes strong, the lateral toes equal in length; and the claws strong and much curved. Inhabiting the vast continent of Africa, living more or less in society on trees, in the neighbourhood of marshes and rivers. Their food consists of seeds and coleopterous insects. gregate in flocks, and suspend their nests from the branches overhanging and nearly touching the water. As the breeding season advances, they generally con- These are formed of coarse grass, and so substantially constructed, that each requires a long time for its completion; their forms vary with the species, some are kidney-shaped, others like a retort, &c. eggs. 1. H. textor (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 375. and 376.— Fringilla velata Licht. Swains. Zool. Ul. n. s. t. 37. ; Loxia melanocephala Gmel. ; Ploceus senegalensis Steph. 2. H. grandis. —Ploceus collaris Fras. Proc. Z..S. 1842. 142. 3. H. larvata (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. t. 32. f. 1.—Loxia abyssinica ? Gmel. 4. H. velata (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 701.— Ploceus personatus | Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. 306. 5. H. capitalis (Lath.) Lath. Syn. pl. 112. 6. H. gutturalis (Vigors), Proc. Z. 8. 1831. 92. 7. H. spilonota (Vigors), Proc. Z.S. 1831. 92., A. Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 66. f. 1.— Ploceus stictonotus A. Smith ; Ploceus flaviceps Swains. B. of W. Afr. pl. 32. 8. H. ocularia (A. Smith), Proc. S. Afr. Inst., Ill. S. Afr. | Zool. pl. 30. f. 2. g. H. brachyptera (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. pl. 10. 10. H. cucullata (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quart. 507. 11. H. Galbula (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. t. 32. f. 2. 12. H. flavocapilla (Vieill.) Eney. Méth. 698. 13. H. collaris (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 699. 14. H. vitellina (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 237. 15. H. personata (Vieill.) Gal. des Ois. t. 84. — Ploceus melanotis Swains. 16. H. aurocapilla (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quart. 346. The females generally lay three or four 17. H. aureoflava (A. Smith), Il. S. Afr. Zool. p. 18. H. subaurea (A. Smith), Il. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 30. f. 1.— Ploceus tahatahi A. Smith.? 19. H. aurifrons (Temm.) Pl. col. 175, 176.—Ploceus ictero- cephalus Swains. 20. H. capensis (A. Smith), Il. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 66.— Ploceus abyssinicus Cuv. 21. H. aurantia (Vieill.) Ois. Chant. pl. 44. 22. H. chrysogastra (Vigors), Proc. Z. 8. 1831. 92. 23. H. rubiginosa (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. pl. 33. f. 1. 24. H. melanotis (Lafr.) Mag. de Zool. 1839. pl. 7. 25. H. castaneofusca (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1840. 99. 26. H. isabellina (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1840. 226. 27. H. Guerini. —Ploceus melanotis Guer. Rev. Zool. 1843. 321. 28. H. mariquensis (Smith), Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Birds, pl. 103. 29. H. fAlavoviridis (Riipp.) Syst. Uebers. Vog. Nord-Ost-Afr. t. 29. 30. H. erythrocephalus (Riipp.) Syst. Uebers. Vog. Nord-Ost- ALE sD -miplte 31 H. intermedia (Riipp.) Syst. Uebers. Vog. Nord-Ost-Afr. Deis 32. H. flavigula Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1845. p. 406. 33. H. modesta Hart]. Rev. Zool. 1845. p. 406. Sycontus Vievll.+ Bill as long as the head, with the culmen and the lateral margins curved, the latter very slightly sinuated ; the nostrils basal, exposed, and rounded. Wings moderate, and somewhat rounded ; with the * This name is established in the place of Ploceus, as improperly given to this genus by modern authors, but which I have employed in its proper place as applied by the author of the genus. { Established by Vieillot in (Analyse, p. 33.) 1816, in the place of Malimbus, which he had proposed in 1805 ; in 1820 he added a third name Ficophayus. These are coequal with the above. “AN Mr. Swainson, in 1837, gave the name of Symplectes ; and in the same year Sir W. Jardine published Eupodes. PLOCEIN 2. first quill very short, the second equalling the eighth, the third longer than the seventh, and the fourth and fifth of equal length. Taz/ moderate, and even or slightly rounded. Tarsi robust and strongly scaled. Toes moderate, with the inner toe shorter than the outer, and the claws strong and curved, especially that of the hind toe. The birds of this division are peculiar to the western and southern portions of Africa. 1. S. eristatus Vieill. Ois. Chant. pl. 42.— Tanagra malembica | Daud., Ann. du Mus. i. p. 148. t. x.; Ploceus cristatus Vieill. 2. S. rubricollis {Swains.).— Malimbus cristatus 2? Vieill. Ois. Chant. pl. 43. 8. S. nigerrimus (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 700. — Ploceus niger | Swains. ? 4, S. nigricollis (Vieill.).— Malimbus nigricollis Viei/i. Ois. Chant. pl. 45. 5. S. collaris (Gray), Zool. Misc. 1. p. 6. 6. S. nitens (Gray), Zool. Misc. 1. p. 7. 7. S. bicolor (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 698. — Symplectes chrysomus Swains. B. of W. Afr. 1. 170.; Eupodes xanthosomus Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. n. s. pl. 10. 8. S. gregalis (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 234. 9. S. St. Thome Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1848. p. 109. PiLoceus Cuv.* Bill short, thick at the base, pointed at the tip, laterally compressed ; with the culmen smooth, rounded, and advancing on the forehead in a point; the lateral margins slightly sinuated and angulated at the base, and the gonys lengthened and ascending upwards; the nostrils basal, rounded, and partly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill very short, the second shorter than the third, the third to the fifth longest, and the tertials nearly the length of the quills. Taz! moderate, with the end even or slightly rounded. Tarsi as long as, or longer than, the middle toe. Toes moderate, the inner toe shorter than the outer; and the claws long, slender, slightly curved, and compressed. India and Africa are the countries of these birds, where they are generally found among the trees near the banks of rivers. During the summer they are very destructive to gardens, feeding on seeds, rice, and small fruits. The sexes differ much in colour, the males during the breeding season becoming of rich and bright plumage. Some seek the reeds which margin the streams, and other trees that overhang rivers or wells (in India), in order to suspend their curiously woven nests. 1. P. philippinus (Linn.) Cuv. Pl. enl. 135. f. 2.—Euplectes | philippensis Swains. 2. P. Baglefecht (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 698.— Loxia philippina var. Lath. 3. P. bengalensis (Linn.) Pl. enl. 293. f. 2.—Loxia regina Bodd. ; Euplectes albirostris Swains. 4, P. manyar (Horsf.) Linn. Trans. xiii. 160.—Euplectes | flaviceps Swains. ; E. striatus Blyth. 5. P. nelicourvi (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. Ind. t. 22.— Loxia pensilis Gmel. 6. P. luteolus (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 23. 7. P. jonquillaceus Vieill. Ency. Méth. 700.; Guér. Iconogr. Régn. An. t. 187. f. 8. 8. P. capensis (Linn.) Pl. enl. 101. 659. f. 1.—Icterus flaves- cens Daud. ; Fringilla phalerata Z//. Licht. * Proposed by Cuvier (Régne Animal, 1st edit. p. 406.) in 1817. g. P. zanthomelas (Ripp.) Riipp. Faun. Abyss. p. 94.; Syst. Uebers. Vog. Nord-Ost Afr. t. 28. 10. P. abyssinicus (Gmel.) Cuv., Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 28.— Fringilla ranunculacea Licht. 11. P. afer (Gmel.) Brown’s Ill. t. 24. f. nogastra Lath. 12. P. taha A. Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 7.— Ploceus melano- cephalus? Vieill.; Pl. dubius A. Smith. 13. P. textriz (Gmel.) Licht. Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 24.— Textor malimbus Temm.; Ploceus fasciatus Steph. 14. P. oryx (Linn.) Pl. enl. 6. f. 2. 309. f. 2., Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 66. 15. P. franciscanus (Isert), Planches enluminées, 134. f. 1. — Fringilla ignicolor Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 59., Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 2. .— Loxia mela- In 1831 M. Lesson gave the division the name of Oryz, while in 1832 two other names were established, viz. Pyromelana of the Prince of Canino and Euplectes of Mr. Swainson, PLOCEIN Zi. ———— —— — — —— 16. P. rufovelatus (Fras.) Proc. Z. 8. 1842. 142. Emberiza quelea Linn. Pl. enl. 183. f. 2. 223. f. 1., Vieill. Ois. 17. P. flammiceps (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. p. 13. Chant. 22, 23, 24. 18. P. ruficeps Swains B. of W. Afr. p. 262. 23. P. aureus (Gmel.) Brown’s Ill. t. 25. f. 1.—Euplectes 19. P. erythrocephalus (Gmel.) Cuv., Brown’s Ill. t. 28. f. 2., aurinotus Swains. Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 28. 24. P. lepidopterus Licht. Verz. Afric. Thier. p. 15. 20. P. madagascariensis (Linn.) Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 63. 25. P. erythrops Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1848. p. 109. 21. P. ruber (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 134. f. 2. 26. P. Petiti O. Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1846. p. 242. 22. P. sanguinirostris (Linn. ) Edwards’s Birds, t. 271. f. 2. — 27. P. nigroventris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1848. p. 66. Puitet&rus A. Smith.* Bill more compressed than in Ploceus, with the culmen slightly arched from the base, and the lateral margins sinuated. Wings moderate, reaching to about the middle of the tail; with the first quill very short, almost rudimentary ; the second, third, and fourth nearly of equal length and longest. Tail somewhat rounded at the end. Tarsi strong, shielded with transverse scales. Toes moderate, the outer and inner toes nearly of equal length ; claws much curved and acute. Peculiar to South Africa, where they are generally found near rivers; their food consists of seeds and small insects. « The most striking peculiarity observed in the species,” says Dr. Smith, “ is the extraordinary manner in which a number of individuals associate, and build their nests under a common roof. When a nestling-place has been selected, and the operation of building the nests is to be commenced ab initio, the community immediately proceed conjointly to construct the general covering which interests them all. That being accomplished, each pair begin to form their own nest, which, like the roof, they construct of coarse grass: these are placed side by side against the under surface of the general covering ; and, by the time they are all completed, the lower surface of the mass exhibits an appearance of an even horizontal surface, freely perforated by small circular openings. «* They never use the same nests a second time, though they continue for many years attached to the same roof. With the return of the breeding-season, fresh nests are formed upon the lower surface of those of the previous year, which then forms an addition to the general covering. In this manner they proceed, year after year adding to the mass, till at last the weight often becomes such as to cause the destruction of its support, upon which a new building-place is selected. Each female lays from three to four eggs. The male has no summer tints which he throws aside in winter.” Ph. socius (Lath.) G. R. Gray, Paters. Voy. pl. 19.— Phileterus lepidus A. Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. viii. ; Ploceus Patersoni Less. Nierita Strickl.+ Lill shorter than the head, dilated at the base, laterally compressed to the tip, which is slightly emar- ginated ; the lateral margins inflexed and slightly arched; the culmen rather keeled, gradually arched from the base to the tip, and the gonys lengthened and ascending ; the nostrils basal, ovate, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, rounded, with the first quill spurious, and the third to the fifth nearly equal. az! rather short, and rounded. Tarsi short and strongly scaled, equalling ¥ This genus was founded in 1837. See Loud. Mag. of Nat. Hist. p. 536. + This genus was originally proposed (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1841, p. 30.) under the name of 4@thiops ; but, as that word had been previously used, Mr. Strickland changed it to the above. PLOCEIN . the length of the middle toe. Toes moderate, the lateral toes nearly equal, the hind toe long and strong ; the claws rather short, much curved, and grooved on the sides. Peculiar to Western Africa. 1. N. ecanicapilla Strickl. Proe. Z. 8. 1841. 30. | 2. N. fusconota Fras. Proc. Z.S. 1842. 145. Zool. Typ. pl. PLocepassEeR Smith.* Bill large, conical, pointed, and laterally compressed; the culmen slightly arched, advanced on the forehead in a point. Wings moderately long and rounded, with the first quill very short, the second and third equal and longest. Tazl square at the end, or slightly emarginated. Tarsi strong, with distinct shields in front, and entire behind. Toes moderate, the outer and inner toes equal; the hinder one slightly shorter, but stronger, the middle one much the longest ; claws strong and curved. The birds of this genus are peculiar to North and South Africa, where they appear to live in flocks on the margins of the streams. Their food consists of seeds and small insects; for these they generally search on the ground. Their nests are formed in society, sometimes twenty or thirty of them being observed on one tree. In form they approach those of the Weavers. “ The entire of the walls of each nest,” says Dr. Smith, ‘‘ was composed of stalks of grass, the thickest extremities of which were so placed as to protrude externally for several inches beyond the more compact structure destined to contain the eggs. By this management each appeared armed with numerous projecting spines, and bore considerable resemblance to the body of a porcupine, when its spines are partially erected.” 1. Pl. mahali A. Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 65.— DPlocepasser 3. Pl.? pileatus (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 347.— melanorhyncus Riipp. | Type of Leucophrys Swains. (1837). 2. Pl. superciliosus (Riipp.) A. Smith, Riipp. Zool. Atl. pl. 15. | Vinua Cuv.t Bill more or less lengthened, conic, laterally compressed ; with the culmen much arched, or nearly straight from the base to the tip, and advancing on the forehead in a point; the lateral margins sinuated or straight, and the gonys lengthened and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, mostly hidden by the frontal feathers, and rounded. Wings moderate ; with the first quill spurious ; the second nearly as long as the third; the third, fourth, and fifth nearly equal and longest. Yaz varying in length, with some of the coverts and tail-feathers considerably lengthened and of various forms. Tarsz slender, shorter than the middle toe, covered in front with conspicuously divided scales. Toes long and slender, the lateral ones nearly equal, the hind toe as long as the inner, and all armed with long claws. All the species are from the vast continent of Africa, and are generally found on the trees that grow in the neigh- bourhood of the rivers. The males undergo a change of plumage, and become like the females during the winter * Proposed by Dr. A. Smith (Rep. S. Afr. Exped. p. 51.) in 1836. Mr. Swainson’s Agrophilus of 1837 is coequal, and probably Leucophrys of the latter author. 7 The late Baron Cuvier proposed this division (Anatomie Comparée) in 1790 or 1800 ; and Dr. Riippel separated some of the species, under the subgeneric appellation of Coliuspasser, in 1837. PLOCEIN &. months. Grain, and especially millet, forms their principal food. The cotton and down of certain plants are used by these birds in the formation of their curiously woven nests. 1. V. regia (Linn. ) Cuv. Pl. enl. 8. f. 1, Vieill. Ois. Chant. 6. V. axillaris A. Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 17. t. 34, 35. 7. V. macrocerca (Licht.) Brown, Il. pl. 11.—Coliuspasser 2, V. principalis (Linn.) Cuv. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 270.— | flaviscapulatus Riipp. Pl. enl. 183. f. 1. Emberiza vidua Linn. Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 36.; E. serena Linn. 8. V. macroura (Gmel.).— Loxia longicauda Lath. ; Fringilla Pl. enl. 8. f. 2.; Vidua erythrorhyncha Swains. B. of W. Afr. | flavoptera Viet. Ois. Chant. t. 41.; F. chrysoptera Vieill. ; pleas Vidua chrysonota Swains. 3. V. superciliosa (Vieill.) Gal. des Ois. t. 61. g. V. laticauda (Licht. ).— Coliuspasser torquatus Riipp. Faun. 4. V. paradisea (Linn.) Cuv. Pl. enl. 194., Vieill. Ois. Chant. | t. 36. f 2. t. 37, 38. 10. V. lenocinia (Less.) Tr. d’Orm, 437. 5. V. ardens (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 647.— Emberiza signata Scop. 11. V. albonotata Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1848. p. 65. Sonn. Voy. t 75.; E. payanensis Gmel.; Vidua rubritorques 12. V. concolor Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1848. p. 66. Swains. B. of W. Afr. p. 174. CHERA. Characters in common with Vidua: but the Wings long; with the first quill spurious; the second, third, and fourth slightly graduated ; and the fifth and sixth nearly equal, but the fifth the longest. Tail and its coverts much lengthened, compressed, and arched. This active species frequents the marshes and borders of the great rivers of South Africa. The females are said by Barrow, in his “ Travels in South of Africa,” to have the peculiar habit of living in societies of twenty or thirty, and are in general accompanied by about two males, whose gay plumage becomes sobered like that of the female during the winter months, and is resumed again on the return of summer. The nests are also built in societies of thirty or more together, woven on the stems of reeds. In form they approach very much those of the other species of this subfamily. C. Progne (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 635.—Loxia caffra Gmel. ; Emberiza longicauda Gmel. Mill. Icon. t. iii. A., Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 39, 40. ; Vidua pheenicoptera Swains. March, 1849. SVCOBIUS nilers CHAY TEXTOR dinemels 9 Mir. PIL © CIEIN A. CHullmandel's Patent Lithotint IGRITA canicaplla. 4. SYCOBIUS cristatus HILETA RUS soaus. 8. CHERA progne NT aN 9. VIDUA principalis a, ae) p Mcz ha ait st i HARVARD, UNIVERSITY CAHBRIDGE. MA USA | Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrostres. Family IV. Frineirup2. The second Subfamily, COCCOTHRAUSTIN &, or Hawrincues, have the Bill large, short, strong, conic, and very broad at the base ; the culmen and gonys more or less equally curved to the tip; the lateral margins more or less angulated at their base; the Wings lengthened and more or less pointed ; the Tail in general short ; the Tarsi as long as, or shorter than, the middle toe, robust and strongly scaled; and the hind Toe as long as, or rather shorter than, the inner one, and strong. SPERMOSPIZA.* Bill moderate, conic, rather lengthened ; upper mandible thicker than the lower, with the sides com- pressed, the culmen advancing on the forehead and rounded, the lateral margins sinuated and slightly angulated at the base; the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards to the tip; and the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings short, rounded, with the first quill half the length of the second, the second to the sixth graduated, and the latter the longest. Tail length- ened, and much rounded. Tarsz as long as the middle toe. oes moderate, the lateral ones equal, the hind toe longer than the inner one ; all armed with moderate, and curved claws. The type is peculiar to Western Africa. S. hematina (Vieill.) Ois. Chant. pl. 67. — Loxia guttata Vieil/, Ois. Chant. pl. 68.; Spermophaga cyanorhynchus Swains. Jard. and Selby’s Ill. Orn. n.s. pl. 11. PYRENESTES Swains.T Bill very large and strong, perfectly conic ; lower mandible rather thicker than the upper; the culmen straight or arched, advancing on the forehead, broad and flattened at the base, the sides compressed ; the lateral margin straight, with an obsolete tooth at its base on each side ; the gonys of the lower mandible lengthened, and advancing upwards to the tip; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, rounded, with the first quill very small, and the fourth and fifth longest. Tail lengthened and rounded. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe, robust, and strongly scaled. The T7oes long and robust, the outer ones nearly equal, and the hind toe longer than the outer ; all armed with long and curved claws. They are inhabitants of the forests in the southern and western portions of Africa. Their food consists principally of berries and other small fruits. 1. P. ostrina (Vieill.) Vieill. Ois. Chant. t. 48.— P. sanguinea | 2. P. albifrons (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. 92.— P. frontalis Swains. | Swains. A. Smith, Ill. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 61, 62. * The original name of this division was Spermophaga, given by Mr. Swainson (Class. of Birds, ii. p. 277.) in 1837 ; but which, having been previously employed, was changed by me to the above in 1840. + The above generic appellation was given in 1837 by Mr. Swainson (Class. of Birds, ii. p. 277-)- COCCOTHRAUSTIN A. Guiraca Swains.* Bill large, nearly conical; both mandibles nearly equal in size, the culmen slightly arched to the tip; the sides compressed; the lateral margins nearly straight, but strongly angulated at the base; the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards to the tip; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill nearly as long as the second, which with the third and fourth are the longest. Taz lengthened, and slightly rounded. ars? as long as the middle toe, robust. The Toes long and slender, with the lateral ones unequal, the hind toe as long as the outer one and strong; the claws lengthened and curved. The species of this genus are peculiar to the continent of America; they are solitary and timid birds, which are generally found near swamps, living on Indian corn, millet, and the kernels of several kinds of fruits. Their notes are extremely clear and mellow. 1. G.cerulea (L.) Swains. Wilson’s* American Ornithology, | 3. G. magnirostris Swains. Class. of Birds, ii. fig. 159. — Loxia pl. 24. f. 6. angolensis Linn. Edwards’s Birds, t. 352. 2. G. ludoviciana (L.) Swains. Pl. enl. 153. f, 2. — Loxia rosea 4. G. Abeillei Less. Rey. Zool. 1839. 41. Wiles. Amer. Orn. pl. 17. f. 2. ; Coccothraustes rubricollis Vieill. ; 5. G. tricolor Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. 102. Fringilla punicea Gmel. 6? G. Regulus (Shaw), Lev. Mus. ii. pl. p. 45. Catamosriza Pr, Bonap.t Bill short, robust, compressed ; with the culmen slightly convex, and slightly advanced on the fore- head; the sides swollen, the lateral margins nearly straight, but angulated at the base ; the gonys of the lower mandible angulated and short ; and the nostrils basal, oval, and nearly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the third quill the longest. Tail moderate and rounded. Tarsi moderate and compressed. Lateral Toes equal in length ; the claws long, arched, and compressed. Found in America, living in large flocks, and feeding upon the ground. “ While the flock,” says Mr. Townsend, “is engaged in feeding, the males are frequently observed to rise suddenly to a considerable height in the air, and, poising themselves over their companions, with the wings in constant and rapid motion, they become nearly stationary. In this situation they pour forth a number of very lively and sweetly modulated notes, and at the expiration of about a minute descend to the ground, and course about as before.” C. bicolor (Towns.) Pr. Bonap. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 390. f. 2. 3. Carpinauis Pr. Bonap. t Bill large; both mandibles nearly equal; the culmen advancing on the forehead, rounded and arched to the tip, which is acute ; the lateral margins sinuated in the middle ; the lower mandible equally strong, with the gonys lengthened, and advancing upwards to the tip; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate and rounded, with the first five quills gra- duated, and the fifth the longest. Tail lengthened, and rounded at its end. Tarsi the length of the middle toe, robust, and strongly sealed. Toes long and robust, the lateral ones unequal; claws short and much curved. * Mr. Swainson established this division (Phil. Mag. p. 438.) in 1827; in 1837 he changed the name to Coccoborus, but I retain the original word. Goniaphea of Bowdich, mentioned in his Exewrsions in Madeira (1825), was probably founded on a species of this genus. + It was in 1838 (List of Birds of Europe and N. Amer.) that the Prince of Canino proposed this genus ; in 1839 Mr. Audubon added the synonyme of Corydalina. + Proposed by the Prince of Canino in 1838. (Saggio distr. met. Anim. Vertebr. p. 53.) = COCCOTHRAUSTINZ. These showy birds are peculiar to the southern parts of North, and the northern parts of South, America. In the Northern States they are migratory ; but in the lower parts of Pennsylvania they reside during the whole year, fre- quenting the borders of creeks and rivulets, in sheltered hollows covered with holly, laurel, and other evergreens. They love also to reside in the vicinity of fields of Indian corn, a grain that constitutes their chief and favourite food. The seeds of apples, cherries, and many other sorts of fruits, are also eaten by them ; and they are accused of destroy- ing bees. oe eThein nests are composed of small twigs, tops of dry weeds, and slips of vine bark, lined with stalks of fine grass. They are generally fixed either on a holly or laurel bush. The female lays four eggs thickly marked all over with touches of brownish olive, on a dull white ground. isis} | . C. pheniceus Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1837. 111. Linn. 4, C. sinuatus Pr. Bonap. Proc. Z.S. 1837. 111. 2. C. Carlsoni (Daud.) — Loxia cardinalis Sparr. Carls. Mus. t. | . C. carneus Less, Rey. Zool. 1842. 209. 41.; Loxia fulgens Less. 1. C. virginianus Pr. Bonap. Pl. enl. 37. — Loxia cardinalis | Or CoccoTHrausteEs Briss.* Bill conic, very broad at the base; the culmen slightly arched to the tip, rounded, and smooth; the lateral margins angulated at the base, slightly arched, entire, and inflexed ; the lower mandible somewhat smaller than the upper, with the gonys very long, and advancing upwards to the tip; the nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings lengthened and acute, the first rather shorter than the second, the second and third the longest. Tail short, more or less forked. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe. The outer Toe somewhat longer than the inner, the hind toe strong ; and the claws strong, curved, and acute. They are found in various parts of Europe, North America, and the northern parts of India, and perform periodical migrations in search of the fruits and seeds on which they feed. The great strength of their bills allows them to break cherry stones, almonds, pecans, &c., for the kernels. It is in the upper branches of trees that they form their nests with great taste, of vegetable fibres and lichen, lined with feathers, &c.; in which they deposit from two to five eggs, of a yellowish grey, spotted and streaked with brown and blackish grey. 1. C. vulgaris Briss. Pl. enl. 99. 100. — Loxia Coccothraustes 5. C. melanozanthus Hodgs. As. Res. xix. 150. — Coccothraustes Linn. ; Coccothraustes europeus Selby; Coccothraustes deformis fortirostris Lafr. Koch. | 6. C. olivaceus Fras. Proc. Z.S. 1842. 144. 2. C. melanurus (Gmel.) Jard. and Selby’s Ill. Orn. pl. 63. _ 7. C. carnipes Hodgs. As. Res. xix. 150. 3. C. vespertinus (Coop.) Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 15. f. 1. — 8. C. ferreorostris Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. 354. Beechey’s Coccothraustes Bonapartei Less. Ill. Zool. pl. 31. _ Voy. Zool. pl. 8.— Fringilla Papa Kittl. Nov. Act. Petersb. pl. 4. C. icteroides Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1830. 8., Gould’s B. Him. 15: pl. Geospi1za Gould.+ Gill \arge, robust, higher at the base than long, with the culmen arched, and much advanced on the forehead into a point ; the sides compressed, the lateral margin slightly sinuated and much angulated at the base ; the lower mandible very large, broad at the base, with the gonys angulated, and advancing upwards to the tip; and the nostrils basal, and partly covered by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill rather shorter than the second, which is the longest. Tuil very short, and slightly rounded. arsi strong, rather shorter than the middle toe. Toes long, robust, the lateral ones equal ; the hind toe longer than the inner, and robust ; claws strong and curved. These birds are peculiar to the Galapagos Archipelago. “ They frequent,” says Mr. Darwin, “ the rocky and ex- tremely arid parts of the land, sparingly covered with almost naked bushes near the coasts; for here they find, by - scratching in the cindery soil with their powerful beaks and claws, the seeds of grasses and other plants, which rapidly * This division was established by Brisson (Ornithologie) in 1760. + Mr, Gould established (Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 5.) this genus in 1837 ; and the following genera were proposed at the same time. COCCOTHRAUSTIN &. spring up during the short rainy season, and as rapidly disappear. They often eat small portions of the succulent leaves of the Opuntia galapageia, probably for the sake of the moisture contained in them,” during the dry season. The colonists complain that “ they do much mischief, by digging up roots and seeds from a depth of even six inches.” 1. G. magnirostris Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1837. 5., Voy. Beagle 5. G. fuliginosa Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1837. 5. Zool. pl. 36. 6. G. dentirostris Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837.6. 2. G. strenua Gould, Proc. Z. 8.1837. 5., Voy. Beagle Zool. 7. G. parvula Gould, Proc. Z.S. 1837. 6., Voy. Beagle Zool. pl. pl. 37. 30. 3. G. fortis Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1837. 5., Voy. Beagle Zool. pl. 38. 8. G. dubia Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. 6. 4. G. nebulosa Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1837. 5. CamMaruyncuHus Gould.* Bill short, less elevated than long, with the culmen slightly keeled, much arched, and advanced on the forehead, the sides much compressed ; the lateral margins somewhat sinuated near the middle, and the base angulated ; the lower mandible nearly as large as the upper, with the gonys lengthened and equally curved with the culmen, and advancing upwards to the tip. | Wings moderate and rounded, with the fourth quill the longest. The birds of this subgenus are found in the same islands, and possess the same habits as the Geospize. 1. C. psittacula Gould, Proc. Z. $.1837. 6., Voy. Beagle Zool. | 2. C. erassirostris Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. 6., Voy. Beagle pl. 40. | Zool. pl. 41. | 3. C. cinerea (Lafr.) Mag. de Zool. 1843. t. 20. Cactornis Gould. Bill elongate, or nearly as long as the head, acute, compressed, much longer than high; the culmen gradually arched to the tip ; the lateral margins slightly arched and angulated at the base; the nostrils basal, and scarcely concealed. Wings moderate, with the second, third, and fourth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail short and slightly rounded. Tarsi as long as the middle toe. The lateral Toes un- equal ; the hind toes strong, and nearly as long as the tarsi ; the claws long, and much curved. Inhabit the islands of Galapagos and Cocos Island. Mr. Darwin informs us that “ their most frequent resort is the Opuntia galapageia, about the fleshy leaves of which they hop and climb, even with their back downwards, whilst feeding with their sharp beaks both on the fruit and flowers. Often, however, they alight on the ground ; and, mingled with the flocks of Geospize, &c., they search for seeds in the parched volcanic soil.” 1. C. scandens Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. 7., Voy. Beagle Zool. | 3. C. inornata Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1843. 104., Voy. Sulphur pl. 42. | Zool. pl. 2. C. assimilis Gould, Proc. Z. $.1837.7., Voy. Beagle Zool. pl. 43. | Crertruipea Gould. Bill rather slender, straight, and acute ; the lateral margins straight. Wings short and rounded, with the third and fourth quills the longest. Yaz! very short and slightly rounded. Tarsi as long as the middle toe and slender. The Toes short and slender, with the hind toe as long as the middle toe and robust. The only known species is an inhabitant of the Galapagos Islands. 1. C, olivacea Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. 7., Voy. Beagle Zool. pl. 44. $ * Probably coequal with Piezorhina of Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool. 1843. June, 1844. COCCOTH RAYS TES melanoxanthis Lodg 1 le Ane MCZ LIBR HARVARD UNI CAMBRIDGE- A= P ARY VERSITY MA USA d WV) 1 fel oo bet ' i { fy hey a EA f Cooney! { (+I f ( CQ) pq fe f is 4 ww i Ww \ | | coon | Cl } se cet UN ea ! (ex) | | fl (a i ( 1 ( { j Pal | 0) Oo at 0} 0 aw u Qo i uv) Con n fi pd MC) O b cq a | ) irl t| a fl 4 | 1 h tage | 7 \ re ey a clot a td ho oa | 4 y ] (ol [ 4 Ad Ff ap) i! ay} bel bed m=} my rm w fr] Ay & f) ap) { ; a oO 1 ft oO = Mm oO } “I t 1 ) rea fe] te I [a4 uw Ww ‘eo! Bog oe a | he] | ed ua ee B, U ri © MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA aoe eer CSS Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. ConrrosTREs. Family 1V. Frincmuw2. The third Subfamily, TANAGRINZ&, or Tanacers, have the Bill more or less triangular at the base, with the culmen more or less arched to the tip, which is more or less emarginated ; the Wings moderate and somewhat pointed ; the Tarsi and Toes short and slender, and the hind toe rather lengthened and strong, with the Claws strong and curved. Emperizorwes T'emm.* Bill rather long, conic, the culmen more or less arched, with the tip slightly emarginated, and the sides compressed towards the tip, the lateral margins more or less arched and sinuated ; the nostrils basal, sunk in a triangular space, and naked. Wings short and rounded, with the second to the fifth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail lengthened, and more or less graduated and pointed. Tarsi robust, strongly scutellated, and as long as the middle toe. Toes long, with the outer shorter than the inner ; the claws slender, long, and curved. They are peculiar to the marshy plains of the warmer parts of South America; generally live in pairs in the thick foliage of the large bushes; but seek their food on the ground, where they can walk very quickly, though their flight is very slow. 1. E. macroura (Gmel.) —Emberizoidesmarginalis Temm. PI. col. 2. E. melanotis Temm. Pl. col. 114. f. 1.—Type of Leptonyx 114. f. 2.; Sphenura fringillaris Licht. ; Sylvia herbicola Vieill.; | Swains. (1837). Passerina sphenura Vieil/., Azara No. 230. Preto Vieill.+ Bill short, conic, thick at the base, with the culmen slightly arched, and the tip but slightly emar- ginated, the lateral margins nearly straight, angulated at the base, and covering those of the lower mandible, which are inflected; the nostrils lateral, basal, rounded, and exposed. Wings short, with the third and fourth quills equal, and longest. Tazl lengthened, and slightly emarginated in the middle. Tarsi rather short, as long as the middle toe, and strong. Toes long and slender, with the inner shorter than the outer ; the claws slender, long, and rather curved. These species are found in various parts of the New World, and are fond of close sheltered thickets near streams of water, and where there is plenty of dry leaves, among which they search for worms, and the larve and eggs of insects; they also feed on various hard seeds and grains. The nest, Wilson says, is fixed on the ground among the dry leayes, near, and sometimes under, a thicket of briars, and is large and substantial. The outside is formed of leaves and dry pieces of grape-vine bark, and the inside of fine stalks of dried grass, the cavity completely sunk beneath the surface of the ground, and sometimes half-covered above with dry grass or hay. The eggs are usually five, of a pale flesh colour, thickly marked with specks of rufous, most numerous near the thick end. 1. P. erythrophthalma (Linn.) Vieill. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 10. f. 5. P. personata Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, 311. fig. 58. 5. & 53. f. 5.— Pipilo ater Vieill. Voy., Beagle, Zool. Birds, pl. 35. 2. P. maculata Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. 434., Jard. & Selby’s 6. P. superciliosa Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, 211. Ill. Orn. pl. 31 & 32. fig. 59. 3. P. arctica Swains. Faun. Bor. Am. ii. pl. 51. & 52. | 7. P. macronyr Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. 434. 4. P. thoracica (Iil.) — P. rufitorques Swains. Two Cent.anda ‘8. P. fusca Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. 434. Quarter, 312. fig. 60.; Carduelis rufogularis Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. | 9. P. rufescens Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. 434. 42, * This genus was established by M. Temminck (Pi. col.), who has since changed it to Chlorion in 1840. Mr. Swainson, in 1827, proposed Tardivola, and, in 1837, the same author established Leptonyx, both of which are coequal ; the latter name was changed by me to Cory- phaspiza, in 1840. + It was in his Analyse, p. 32. (1816), that Vieillot proposed this genus. TANAGRINE. ARrreEMON Vieill.* Bill short, conic, the culmen elevated at the base and nearly straight to the tip, which is slightly bent and emarginated, the sides compressed, and the lateral margins nearly straight or slightly sinuated and inflected ; the nostrils basal, small, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings short, with the four first quills graduated, and the fourth and fifth the longest. Taz! moderate, and rounded at the end. Tarsi longer than the middle toe, and slender. The Toes moderate and slender, and the lateral ones equal; the claws moderate, slender, and slightly curved. These birds are peculiar to the warmer parts of South America. They are generally seen in pairs, or in small groups, on the lower parts of the bushes, where they are very active, hopping from branch to branch in search of their food, which consists of seeds, &c. 1. Ar. silens (Lath.) Pl. enl. 742.— Ar. affinis D’Orb & Lafr. 10. Ar. semitorquatus Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, 357. Voy. Amer. Ois, pl. 28. f. 1.; Ar. torquatus D'Orb. & Lafr. 11. Ar. ? assimilis Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840. 67. 2. Ar. torquatus Vieill. Gal. des Ois. t.’78., Desm. Tang. pl. . 12. Ar. albo-frenatus Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840. 68. 3. Ar. rufivertex Fl. Prev. Zool. Venus, Rey. Zool, 1842. 335. 13. Ar. pallidinucha Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840. 68. 4. Ar. atropileus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842. 335. 14. Ar. schistaceus Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840. 69. 5. Ar. giganteus Pr. Bonap. Proc. Z. 8. 1837. 117. 15. Ar. semirufus Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840. 69. 6. Ar. rubrirostris Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840. 227. 16. Ar. gutturalis Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843. 98. 7. Ar. superciliaris Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1840. 227. 17. Ar. rufinucha D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. Ois. pl. 27. 8. Ar. flavopectus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840. 227. f. 2. Embernagra rufinucha D’Orb. & Lafr. g. Ar. flavirostris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, 347. Empernacra Less.t Bill moderate, conic, the culmen elevated at the base, and nearly straight to the tip, which is slightly emarginated, the sides compressed and the lateral margins sinuated; the nostrils basal, exposed, and rounded. Wings short, with the fourth to the sixth quills the longest. Tail lengthened and rounded. Tarsi strong, and longer than the middle toe. Toes long, strong, the lateral ones nearly equal, with the hind toe nearly as long as the middle one, and robust ; the front claws short and curved, and the hind one long and much curved. The species of this genus are peculiar to the warmer parts of South America. Some are always met with in the marshes, where they are seen perched on reeds and other kinds of aquatic plants; others seek the cultivated places, and such as are covered with small bushes, in small flocks of five or six individuals. They, however, frequently descend to the ground to search for their food, which consists of seeds. The nest is built in the midst of great tufts of marsh grass, or in small bushes, of dried grasses which are cleverly twisted together, in which are deposited five or six eggs. olivascens D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. Ois. p. 285. superciliosa (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quarter, 314. 8. E. rufescens (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quarter, 315.— 1. E. viridis (Vieill.) Less. — Tanagra fabialata Mus. de Paris, Less. Tr. d’Orn. 2. E. platensis (Gmel.) D’Orb. & Lafr. — Emberiza bonariensis 6. E. (fon lde Comm. ; Embernagra dumetorum Less. Azara No. 90. 3. E. albinucha D’Orb. & Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1838. 165. — E. mexicana Less. Rey. Zool. 1839. 42. 4. E. brunneinucha Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1839. 97. 5. E. pyrgitoides Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839. 97. Type of Aimophila Swains. (1837). 9. ? E. pileata (Wagl.) Isis, 1831. 526.— Type of Altapetes Wagler (1831). 10. E. poliocephala (Gould), Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 98. | 11. E. longicauda Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844. 420. Pitytus Cuv.t Bill short, very broad, somewhat swollen on the sides, the culmen much arched, with the tip emar- ginated, and the lateral margins much sinuated, and angulated at the base, the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, small, and concealed by the frontal plumes. * Founded by Vieillot in his Analyse, p. 32., in 1816. Wings moderate, + It was in the T'raité d’ Ornithologie, p. 405. 1831, that M. Lesson gave name to this genus. Mr. Swainson’s Aimophila, 1837, is coequal ; and it probably embraces A/tapetes (1831) of Wagler. } First established by Cuvier, 1817, in his Réegne Animal, 1st edit. p. 390. us TANAGRIN&. with the third and fourth quills the longest. _ Zaz/ lengthened, broad and nearly equal at the end. Tarsi as long as the middle toe and robust. The Zves moderate, with the outer longer than the inner one. These strong-billed birds are peculiar to South America. 1. P. grossus (Linn.) Cuv. Pl. enl. 154. 10. P. atro-olivaceus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1338. 224. 2. P. canadensis (Linn.) Cuy. Pl. enl. 152. f. 2. 11. P. personatus Less. Rey. Zool. 1839. 24. 3. P. erythromelas (Gmel.) Cuy. Lath. Syn. pl. 43., Gal. des Ois. 12. P. ardesiacus Less. Rey. Zool. 1840. 226. t. 59. 13. P. gnatho (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 215.— P. atro- 4. P. portoricensis (Daud.) Tr. d’Orn. ii. 29. — Pyrrhula au- | chalybeus Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 3.; P. erythrorhynchus ranticollis Vieil/. Gal. des Ois. t. 55. Swains. 5. P. eyaneus (Gmel.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 125., Vieill. Ois. 14. P. torridus (Gmel.) D’Orb. & Lafr. — Coccothraustes rufi- Chant. t. 64. ventris Vieill. 6. P. Brissonii (Licht.) — Loxia cerulea var. 8. Gmel. 15. P. lazulus Less. Rev. Zool. 1842. 174. 7. P. melanocephalus (Swains.) Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 373.— 16. P. chrysopeplus (Vigors), Proc. Z. 8. 1832. p. 4. Fringilla xanthomaschalis Wag/. Isis, 1831. ; Pitylus guttatus Less. ; 17. P. chrysogaster Less. Cent. Zool. t. 67. — Pitylus dorsigerus Fringilla maculata Audub. Jard. & Selby, Wl. Orn. n.s. t. 44. 8. P.? magnirostris (Pr. Bonap.) Proc. Z.S. 1837. 120. 18. P. aureoventris D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. de ’Amér. Mér. Ois. Q. P. atropurpuratus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1838. 224. t. 49. Cissoris Vieill.* Bill short, thick, with the sides compressed and the culmen much arched towards the tip, which is emarginated, the lateral margins slightly arched, and the gonys rounded and arched upwards; the nos- trils basal, lateral, rounded, and exposed. Wings short and rounded, with the third to the fifth quills longest. Tail lengthened and much graduated. Tuarst moderate, strongly scutellated, and slightly longer than the middle toe. Toes strong, the inner one shorter than the outer; the claws strong, moderate, and curved. The type of this division is found only in the warmer parts of South America, where they live on the summits of the high trees, searching for buds and seeds on which they feed. 1. C. Leverianus (Shaw), Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. pl. 60. — Lanius picatus Lath. ; Corvus Collurio Daud.; Cissopis bicolor Vieill, Gal, des Ois. pl. 140. Lamprores Swains.+ Bill lengthened, rather conic, with the culmen slightly arched to the tip, which is emarginated, the sides much compressed, and the lateral margins arched ; the nostrils basal, lateral, entirely naked, and rounded. Wings rather lengthened and somewhat pointed, with the first quill hardly shorter than the second, which is the longer. Zaz/ moderate, and even at the end. TZarsi shorter than the middle toe, and scutellated. Toes strong, with the lateral ones nearly equal; the claws short, curved, and compressed. These birds are peculiar to the warmer parts of South America. t. 56. f. 1.; Saltator niger Vieill. ? thogonys Strickl. (1844). 1. L. ruficollis (Spix), Swains. —T. rubrigularis Spiv, Av. Bras. | 3. L. viridis (Spix), Spix Av. Bras. t. 48. f.2.— Type of Or- .f 2. L. albocristuta Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843. 132. | Sattrator Vieill. t Gill lengthened, thick, the culmen elevated at the base, slightly arched to the tip, which is emarginated, the sides compressed, and the lateral margins rather sinuated, and covering those of the lower mandible ; the nostrils basal, small, and partly hid by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate and rounded, with the * Vieillot established this name in (Analyse, p. 40.) 1816 ; and Cuvier proposed, in the following year, Bethylus for the same type. + Established by Mr. Swainson, 1837, in his Classif. of Birds, ii. p. 283. Mr. Strickland’s genus Orthogonys (1844) is probably coequal. } It was in 1816 that Vieillot established this division in his Analyse, p. $2. ; and it is coequal with Mr. Swainson’s Spermagra of 1827. TANAGRIN &X. three first quills graduated, and the third nearly as long as the fourth, which is the longest. Tail lengthened and much rounded. Tarsi slender, and as long as the middle toe. Toes slender, with the outer one longer than the inner; the hind toe longer than the outer; the claws moderate and much curved. The active birds of this genus are peculiar to South America. They frequent the bushes, especially those in orchards or gardens, where they are generally seen in pairs, or in small flocks, hopping from branch to branch, seeking buds, fruits, insects, and small snails, on which they feed. They rarely descend to the ground, where their walking is performed awkwardly, their flight is interrupted and slow. Their nest is built in the top of the thick bushes; it is spacious and formed of various kinds of roots, wherein they deposit two or three eggs. 1. S. magnus (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 205.—Saltator olivaceus Vieill. 10. S. albicollis Vieill. Ency. Méth. 793. 2. S. atriceps Less. Cent. Zool. t. 69. | 11. 8. ruficapillus Vieill. Ency. Méth. 793. 3. S. atricollis Vieill. Ency. Méth. 790., Azara No. 82. —Tanagra 12. S. viridis Vieill. Ency. Méth. 793., Azara No. 89. jugularis Licht.; Saltator validus Viei/l. Azara No. 84. ; Tanagra 13. 8. psittacinus (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 57. f. 2. atricollis Spiz, Av. Br. t. 56. f. 2. 14. S. eyanopterus Vieill. Ency. Méth. 790. 4. S. cerulescens Vieill. Ency. Méth. 791., Azara No. 81.— 15. S. cayanensis (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 616. — Tanagra cayana Lath.; Fringilla coracina Kuhl; Tanagra decumana Licht.; Tanagra su- | Saltator virescens Vieill.; Coracias cayanus Bodd. perciliaris Pr. Max. Spix Av. Bras. t. 67. - 16. S. rufiventris D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. de Amér. Mér. Ois. t. 5. S. Azare D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. p. 287. ee belle 6. S. aurantirostris Vieill. Ency. Méth. 789., Azara No. 83. 17. S. similis D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. de l’Amér. Mér. Ois. t. 28. 7. S. rubicus Vieill. Ency. Méth. 792., Azara No. 85. —Tanagra | f. 2. flammiceps Temm. Pl. col. 177. ; Tanagra porphyrio Licht. 18. S. Vigorsii.—Saltator rufiventris Vigors, Zool., Beechey’s Voy. 8. S. melanoleucus Vieill. Ency. Meth. 791. | Zool. p. 19. g. S. maculatus Vieill. Ency. Méth. 793., Azara No. 86. 19. S. Riefferii (Boiss.) Rev. Zool. 1840. 4. Rampuoris Vieill.* Bill rather short, the culmen slightly arched to the tip, which is emarginated, the sides compressed and the lateral margins nearly straight, the base of the lower mandible thick and much dilated ; the nostrils basal, rounded, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the three first quills graduated, and the third to the fifth nearly equal, and longest. Tail moderate and rounded. Tarsi the length of the middle toe. Toes moderate, the lateral ones unequal, with the hind toe long and strong ; and the claws slender and curved. The warmer parts of South America are the peculiar habitation of the species of this genus. They are always seen amongst the thickest foliage of the bushes of the plains and mountains, where they are continually moving about from branch to branch in search of buds and fruits. 1. R. jacapa (Linn.) Pl. enl. 128., Desm. Tang. t. 30,31. — Ta- ; 5. R. nigrogularis Spix Av. Bras. t. 47., Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. nagra albirostris Bodd.; Ramphocelus purpureus Vieill.; R. atro- | 17.— R. ignescens Less. Cent. Zool. t. 24. coccineus Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 20. 6. R.flammigerus Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn, pl. 131.— R. Passe- 2. R. brasilia (Linn.) Desm. Tang. t. 28, 29. — Ramphoce- | rini Pr. Bonap. lus coccineus Vieil/. Gal. des Ois. t.'79., Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 7. R. atrosericeus D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. Ois. pl. 26. 18, 19. fa 3. R. dimidiatus (Lafr.) Mag. Zool. 1837. f. 81. — R. melano- 8. R. ieteronotus Pr. Bonap. Proc. Z. 8. 1837. 121. gaster Swains. 9. R. Luciani (Latr.) Rev. Zool. 1838. 54., Mag. de Zool. 1839. 4. R. affinis (Less.) Rev. Zool. 1840. 1. & 133. | Ois. t. 2. Pyranea Vieill.+ Lill lengthened, broad at the base, gradually compressed to the tip, which is emarginated, the culmen rather arched, and the lateral margins of the upper mandible more or less angulated, or with a tooth- like lobe near the middle ; the nostrils basal, lateral, small, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings lengthened and pointed, with the second quill nearly the length of the third, which is the longest. Tail moderate, even or slightly emarginated at the end. Tarsi and Toes short and slender, the former equal to the middle one, and the inner hardly shorter than the outer; the claws moderate, curved, and compressed. * The Analyse, p. 32. 1816, of Vieillot contains this genus ; the author has since changed it to Ramphocelus. 1 This is given in (1805) in Vieillot’s Oiseaux de ! Amér. Sept. Mr. Swainson’s Phenisoma, 1837, is coequal. —- TANAGRIN &. These are peculiar to the New World, and most of them inhabit the tropical parts. It is in the tvoods and groves that these showy birds are found, forming a striking ornament to the surrounding scenery. Fruits, as well as wasps and bees, &c., form their principal food. They have been observed, a little before sunset, in parts of the forests clear of underwood, darting after winged insects, and continuing thus engaged till it was almost dark. The nest is built on the horizontal branch of a tree, of stalks of broken flax and dry grass, so thinly woven together, that the light is easily perceivable through it. The eggs are three in number, of a dull blue, spotted with brown and purple. 1. P.rubra (Linn.) Swains. Pl. enl. 127. f. 1. & 156. f.1.— | — 6. P. ludoviciana (Wils.) Jard. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 20. f. 1.— Pyranga erythromelas Viceill., Wils. American Ornithol. pl. 11. f. 3. | Pyranga erythropis Vieil/. & 4. 7. P. mexicana Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. 41. 2. P. estiva (Gmel.) Vieill., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 6. f. 3, 4. ; 8. P. sanguinolenta Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839. 97. Tanagra mississippiensis Gmel., var. Lath. Syn. pl. 46. ; Loxia virgi- | 9. P. olivacea Less. Inst. 1834. — Phoenisoma olivacea Less. nica Gmel.; Tanagra olivacea Gmel.; Tanagra rudis Sparr. Mus. | Rey. Zool. 1840. 99. Carls. t. 94.; Pyranga hepatica Swains. ; Tanagra saira Spiv? Av. 10. P. eyanictera Vieill. Ency. Méth. 798., Gal. des Ois. t. 81. Bras. t. 48. f. 1. | 11. P. cinerea Vieill. Ency. Méth. 798. 3. P. coccinea (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 741.—Tanagra mississippiensis 12. P. icteromelas Vieill. Ency. Méth. 799. Gmel.; P. livida Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. 438. 13. P. icteropus Vieill. Ency. Méth. 799. 4. P. Azare D’Orb. & Lafr. — Saltator ruber et S. flavus Vieill. | 14. P. chlorocephala Vieill. Ency. Méth. 801. Azara No. 87, 88.; Tanagra mississippiensis Licht.; Pyranga mis- | 15. P. albicollis D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. Ois. pl. 26. f. 2. sissippiensis D’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. 16. P. bivittata (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1842. 70. 5. P. bidentata Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. 438. | 17. P. rubriceps G. R. Gray. Lanio Vieill.* Gill lengthened, much compressed laterally especially at the tip, the culmen keeled and curved at the tip, which is much hooked and acute, and the lateral margins strongly dentated near the middle ; the tip of the lower mandible emarginated, acute, and turned upwards ; the nostrils basal, rounded, and nearly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the third and fourth quills longest. Tail moderate and slightly rounded. Tarsi longer than the middle toe. Toes short and slender, with the outer toe hardly longer than the inner ; the claws short and curved. These birds are only seen in the hot humid forests of South America, where they are found in small troops on the summits of the high trees and especially palms, searching them for the seeds and buds, on which they feed. 1. L. atricapillus (Gmel.) Vieill. Pl. enl. 809. f. 2. 3. L. versicolor (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Voy. de PAmér. Mér. pl. 19. 2. L.cristatus Vieill. Ency. Méth. 741. eae Tanacra Linn.t Bill short, rather trigonal, and more or less elevated at the base, the culmen gradually arched and the sides compressed towards the tip, which is emarginated, and the lateral margins sinuated and inflected ; the nostrils basal, small, rounded, and exposed. Wings moderate, with the three first quills more or less graduated, and the third and fourth the longest. Tail moderate, and mostly even at the end. Tarsi as long as the middle toe. Zoes moderate, with the outer longer than the inner; the claws short and. curved. These South American birds live in troops, and are generally seen in orchards and gardens, where they are very destructive to the buds and fruits which form their food; the nest is carelessly constructed outwardly of sticks, but interiorly of hairs finely twisted together, wherein the parent deposits two or three eggs. 1. T. episcopus Linn. Pl. en]. 178. f. 1,2., Desm. Tang. t. .— | 7. T. Swainsoni. — T. celestis Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 41. T. cana Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 37. ; T. sayaca Gmel. 8. T. inornata Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 40. 2. T. ornata Sparr. Mus. Carls. t. 95., Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 42. 9. T. gularis Linn. Pl. enl. 155. f. 2., Desm. Tang. t. . —T. archiepiscopus Desm. Tang. t. 17. 18., Spix Av. Br. t. 56. f.2. | 10. T. capitata (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Voy. de l’Amér. Mér. Ois. 3. T. olivascens Licht. Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 351., Swains. | t. 19. f. 2., Azara No. 137. Ornith. Dr. pl. 38. — T. sayaca Linn. 11. I. eyanocephala D’Orb & Lafr. Voy. de !Amér. Mer, Ois. 4. T. vicarius Less. Cent. Zool. t. 68. | t. 25. f.1.—T. Maximiliani D’Orb. & Lafr. 5. T. glauca Sparr. Mus. Carls. t.54.—T. ecelestis Spiz, Av. Bras. | 12. T. striata Gmel. Voy. of Beagle, Birds, pl. 36.—T. Dar- t. 55. f.1.; T. serioptera Swains. winii Pr. Bonap.; T. chrysogaster Cuv. Azara No. 94. 6. T. argentata. — T. episcopus Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 39. 13. T. zena (Linn.) Vigors, Catesby’s Carol. t. 42, — Fringilla * Given by Vieillot (1816) in his Analyse, p. 40. j This Linnean genus was established in 1766, and Thraupis of Boie (1826) is coequal ; it embraces, according to my opinion, Spindalis of Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby (1837). TANAGRIN &. bahamensis Briss. Voy. l’ Ile de Cuba, Ois. t. 11. ; T. multicolor Vieid/. Gal. des Ois. t.. 76. ; T. nigricephala Jameson ; Spindalis bilineatus Jard. & Selby, Il. Orn, n. s. pl. 9. 14. T. Pretret Less. Cent. Zool. t. 45. 15. T. atra Gmel. Pl. enl. 714. f. 2. —'T. melanopis Lath. 16. T. fasciata Licht. Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 353. 17. T. leucophea Licht. Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 354. 18. T. montana D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. del’ Amér. Mér. Ois. t. 23. ale 19. T. cyanicollis D’ Orb, & Lafr. Voy. de ! Amér. Mér. Ois. t. 25. fll. 20. T. eximia Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840. 66. —T. cucullata Jard. & Selby, Ul. Orn, n. s. t. 43. 21. T. arthus Less. Cent. Zool. t. 9. SrePpHANOPHORUS Sfrickl.* Characters in common with Tanagra: but it has the Lill very short, broad at the base, with the culmen slightly keeled, and much arched to the tip, which is emarginated ; the lower mandible broad, strong, and somewhat swollen, especially at the front. The type is found only in the warmer parts of South America. S. ceruleus (Vieill.) Strick]. Gal. des Ois. t. 54, -— Tanagra diademata Temm. Pl. col. 243.; Fringilla splendida Licht. ? Tacuyruonus Vieill. Bill conic, more or less lengthened, compressed on the sides, the culmen arched to the tip, which is emarginated, and the lateral margins more or less sinuated ; the nostrils basal, small, and partly con- cealed by the frontal plumes. the longest. Yai! moderate, rounded or slightly emarginated at the end. Wings moderate, with the first four quills graduated, and the fourth to) Tarst longer than the middle toe. Toes long and strong, with the lateral ones equal; and the claws moderate and curved. These are also peculiar to South America, where they prefer bushes in cultivated places near water, and are seen actively leaping about from branch to branch, seeking for grains and buds, on which they live. Their flight is rapid and interrupted. 1. T. leucopterus (Gmel.) Vieill. Pl. enl. 179. f. 2. —T. nigerrima Gmel.; Oriolus melaleucus Spar7. Mus. Carls. t. 31.; T. rufa Bodd. Pl. enl. 711.; Type of Pyrrota Vieill. (1816.). 2. T. loricatus (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 340, 341. 3. T. tenwirostris Swains. Brand’s Journ. No. 39.— T. luctuosus D’ Orb. & Lafr. Voy. de YAmér. Mér. Ois. t. 20. 4, T. pheniceus Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, 311.—Tachy. saucius Strickl. 5. T. cristatus (Linn.) Vieill. Pl. enl. 301. f. 2.— T. cirrhomelas | Vieill. ; Houpette noire Desm. Tang. t.; T. brunnea Spiz, Avy. Bras. t. 49. f. 2. 6. T. quadricolor Vieill. Ency. Méth. 803.— Tanagra auricapilla Spiv, Ay. Br. t. 52. ; Tachyphonus Suchii Swains.; Muscicapa galeata Licht. 7. T. ruber Vieill. Ency. Méth. 804. 8. T. chloricterus Vieill. Eney. Méth. 804. 9. T. corypheus (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 342, 343.; Azara No. 77.— T. Vigorsii Swains. Jard. & Selby’s Ill. Orn. | pl. 36. f. 1. 10. T. teniatus Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1839. 41. 11. T. penicillatus (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 49. f. 1. 12. T. sanguinolentus (Less.) Cent. Zool. t. 39. 13. T. flavinuchus D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. de PAmér. Mér. Ois. t. Pallsei i Ble 14. T. Vietorinii Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842. 336. 15. T. olivi-cyaneus (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1843. 69. 16. T. olivaceus Swains. Brand’s Journ. No. 39. 17. T. igniventris (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Voy. de l’Amér. Meér, Ois. t. Qo. fo2- 18. T. dunulatus (Dubus.) Bull. de TAcad. Brux. 1839. 441. t. —Tanagra Constantii Boiss.; Aglaia erythrotis Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. ns. t. 36. 19. T. rubescens Swains. Pl. enl. 181. f. 1.— Fringilla cristata Gmel. ; Fringilla araguira Vieil/. Ois. Chant. t. 28. | 20. T. cristatellus (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 53. f. 1. — Tachyphonus | fringilloides Swains. ; Emberiza ruticapilla Sparr.? Mus. Carls. t. 44, 21. T.? capistratus (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 54. f. 1. 22. T.? awillaris (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 54. f. 2. 23. T.? involucratus (Less.) Rev. Zool. 1839. 41. 24. T. ruficeps Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844. 419. Nemostia Vievdl.t Lill rather robust, the culmen slightly arched to the tip, which is emarginated, the sides compressed, and the lateral margins sinuated; the nostrils basal, small, and partly concealed by frontal plumes. Wings lengthened, with the second, third, and fourth quills the longest. Taz! moderate, and even * Established in 1841 (Proc. Z. S. p. 30.) by Mr. Strickland. + Founded by Vieillot in (1816) his Analyse, p. 33.; it embraces Pyrrota of the same author. Comarophagus of M. Boie (1826) is proposed on the same type. } This name was established by Vieillot in (1816) his Analyse, p. 32. K TANAGRIN &, at its ends. Tursi moderate, as long as the middle toe. Toes moderate and slender, the lateral ones unequal, the hind toe long and strong ; the claws short and curved. These are peculiar to the warmer parts of South America. They inhabit the moist forests, keeping to the summits of the large trees; they are very active, and are always flying about rapidly in search of their favourite food, which con- sists of fruits, and buds, &c. 1. N. pileata (Gmel.) Vieill. Pl. enl. 720. f. 2. 2. N. verticalis Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840. 227. 3. N. flavicollis Vieill. Ency. Méth. 788., Gal. des Ois. t. 75. — Tanagra speculifera Temm. Pl. col. 36. f. 1, 2. . N. ruficapillus Vieill. Ency. Méth. 788. N. sordida D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. Ois. pl. 18. f. 2. N. nigricollis (Gmel.) Vieill. Pl. enl. 720. f. 1. N. fulvescens Strickl. Ann, Nat. Hist. 1844. 420. oe SDSS TANAGRELLA Swains.* Bill conic, very slender, compressed and lengthened, with the culmen gradually arched to the tip, which is emarginated, the lateral margins nearly straight, and the gonys lengthened and gradually advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate and pointed, with the first quill rather shorter than the second and third, which are the longest. Zazl moderate and even. Tarsi as long as the middle toe Toes short and slender, the lateral ones equal, the hind toe long and strong; the claws short and curved. 1. T. velia (Gmel.) Strickl.— T. multicolor Swains. Pl. enl. 669. £.3. ; Tanagrella tenuirostris Swains. ; T. cyanomelas Pr. Maz. 2. T. iridina Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1841. 305. Catutste Boie.t Gill short, slender, much compressed on the sides, the culmen slightly arched to the tip, which is emarginated; the nostrils basal, lateral, and more or less concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings rather lengthened, with the first quill nearly as long as the second, and the second and third the longest. short, and nearly even at the end. Tarsz longer than the middle toe. Tail Toes short and slender, with the inner toe shorter than the outer; the claws short and curved. These richly coloured birds are peculiar to the warm and humid forests of South America, where they are generally seen on the tops of the high trees and palms. 1. C. tricolor (Gmel.) Boie, Pl. enl. 33. f. 1., Pl. col. 215. f. 1. 2. C. festiva (Shaw) Pl. col. 215. f. 2., Pl. enl. 33. f. 2., Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 5., Nat. Misc. pl. 537. —Tanagra tricolor var. Lath. | Don. Nat. Res. pl. 23. ; Tanagra trichroa Licht. Kittl. Vogels t. 31. f. 2. ; Tanagra cyanocephala Vieill. 3. C. citrinella (Temm.) PI. col. 42. f. 2., Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 6. — Tanagra elegans Pr. Max. 4. C. thoracica (Temm.) PI. col. 42. f. 1. 5. C. gyrola (Linn.) Pl. enl. 133. f. 2. — Aglaia chrysoptera Swains. 6. C. Desmarestii.— Aglaia gyrola Swains. Zool. Ill. 11. pl. 28. 7. C. cayana (Linn.) Pl. enl. 201. f. 2. 290. f. 1., Desm. Tang. t. . 8. C. peruviana (Desm.) Desm. Tang. t. Swains. Ornith. Dr. pl. 31. 43. 9. C. cucullata (Swains.) Ornith. Dr. pl. 7. 10. C. cyanoptera (Swains.) Ornith. Dr. pl. 8. — Tanagra argen- tea Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843. 69. 11. C. brasiliensis (Linn.) Pl. enl. 179. f. 1. 12. C. punctata (Linn.) Pl. enl. 133. f. 1. 13. C. tatao (Linn.) Pl. enl. 127. f. 2. pl. 7. f. 1. 14. C. chilensis (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1832. 3.— Aglaia zeni D Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Voy. Amér. Mér. Ois. pl. 24. f. 2. — Aglaia melanotus | 15. C. flava (Lath.) Swains. Zool. Ill. n. s. pl. — Tanagra chlo- roptera Vieill.? ; Tanagra formosa Viei/l. 16. C. nigrocincta (Pr. Bonap.) Proc. Z. S. 1837. 121. 17. C. Schrankii (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 51. f. 1, 2.— Aglaia melanotis Swains. D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. t. 24. f. 1. 18. C. ceruleocephala (Swains.) Two Cent. and a Quarter, 356. 19. C. eyanoventris.— A. peruviana Swains. nec Desm. Two Cent. and a Quarter, 356. 20. C. fastuosa (Less.) Cent. Zool. t. 58. 21. C. mexicana (Linn.) Pl. enl. 290. f. 2. — Tanagra flaviven- tris Vieill. 22. C. albiventris. —T. mexicana var. 8. Lath. Pl. enl. 155. f. 1. — Blue Tanager, Lath. Hist. 23. C. nigroviridis (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1843. 69. 24, C. vittata (Temm.) PI. col. 48. 25. C. labradorides (Boiss.) Rev. Zool. 1840. 67. 26. C. Vassorii (Boiss.) Rev. Zool. 1840. 4., Mag. de Zool. 1841. t. 23. 27. C. Parzudaki (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1843. 97., Mag. de Zool. 1843. t. 41. 28. C. Leclancherii (Lafr.) Mag. Zool. 1841. Ois. t. 42. 29. C. diaconus (Less.) Rev. Zool. 1842. 175. 30. C. thalassina Strick]. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844, 419. * Mr. Swainson established this division in (Class. of Birds, ii. 286.) 1837. + Proposed by Boie (Jsis) in 1826, Aglaia of Mr. Swainson (1827) is coequal. elsewhere, I was induced to propose, in their place, Calospiza in 1840. Having formerly considered these names as employed TANAGRIN ©. Evryonira Desm.* Bill short, broad and depressed at the base, and laterally compressed, the culmen much arched and somewhat keeled, with the tip emarginated and the lateral margins nearly straight, and sometimes den- tated ; the nostrils basal, rounded, and partly concealed by the frontal plumes. JVings moderate, with the first and second quills the longest. Yaz! short and nearly even. Tuarsi slender, as long as the middle toe. Toes short, with the lateral ones unequal; the claws short and curved. These birds live in small troops on the summits of the forest trees in the warmer parts of South America, especially on those in the neighbourhood of rivers. They are very active and restless in their movements. 1. E. musica (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 809. f.1.— Pipra cyanocephala 12. E. rufiventris (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 781. — Euphone a ven- Linn. ? treroux, Vieill. Gal.des Ois. t. . 2. E. olivacea (Desm.) Desm. Tang. t. . 13. E. cyanoventris (Vieill.) Eney. Méth. 781. 3. E. violacea (Linn.) Planch, enlumin. 114. f. 2. — Pipra grisea 14. E. tephrocephala (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 781. Linn. ? 15. E. Desmarestii (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 774. 4. KE. hirundinacea Pr. Bonap. Proc. Z. $51837. 117. 16. E. serrirostris D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. Ois. pl. 21. 5. E. chlorotica (Linn.) Pl. enl. 114. f. 1., Sv. Akad. 1833. t. 10. | f. 2, 3. ib oe 2c 17. E. laniirostris D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. Ois. pl. 22. 6. E. cayanensis (Linn.) Desm. Tang. t. . eile 7. E. pectoralis (Lath.) Wagl.— Euphone rufiventris Licht. ; 18. E. ruficeps D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amér. Mér. Ois. pl. 22. f. 2. Euphone a ventre-marron, Vieil/. Gal. des Ois. t. 19. E. Pretrei Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843. 97. 8. E. leucocephala (Gmel.)— Tanagra albifrons Lath. 20. E. affinis Less. Rey. Zool. 1842. 175. 9. E. aureata (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 782., Azara No. 99.—E. 21. E. enea (Sundey.) Sv. Akad. 1833. t. 11. f. 4. nigricollis Vieill. 22. E. xanthogaster (Sundev.) Sy. Akad. 1833. 310. t. 10. f. 1. 10. E. viridis (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 784., Pl. col. 36. f. 3. 23. E. aurora (Sundev.) Sy. Akad. 1823. t. 11. f.5.— Pipra 11. E. chlorocyanea (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. 781. Laplacei Eyd. et Gerv. Mag. de Zool. 1836. Ois. t. 68. Cypsnacra Less. Bill moderate, somewhat slender, conic, with the culmen arched to the tip, which is entire, the lateral margins arched, and the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and exposed. Wings moderate, with the second, third, and fourth quills the longest. Tail lengthened and even. Tarsi strong, as long as the middle toe. Toes short, with the lateral ones equal; claws short, strong, and slightly curved. This type is peculiar to South America, where they are seen in small troops of six or seven individuals, flying about from bush to bush; they stay but a short time on each, seeking for grains and buds, which form a portion of their food. C. ruficollis (Licht.) Cat. Berl. Mus. No. 330. — Cypsnagra hirundinacea Less. ; Leucopygia ruficollis Swains. * This genus was proposed by Desmarest (1805) in his Hist. Nat. des Tangras, &c. + M. Lesson gave this name in his T’raité d’ Ornithologie, 1831, p. 460.; and, in 1837, Mr. Swainson proposed Leucopygia for the same type. July, 1844. PYRANGA SALTA TOR G¥aYy D a vabriceps. & Tes. (Bo Of aw > Li oe * : ihe 7 ". = 5 = 8 ar aa a 3. x MCZ LISRARY HARVARD UNIVE MGZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA ‘ ip aria SNAGRA ruficolis. 6. TANAGRELLA velba LAMPROTES ruficollis. 8. TACHYPHONUS leucopterus 9 EMBERIZOIDES macroutd S gnatho 2, CISSOPIS Leverianus. 3.RAMPHOPIS jacapa. 4.SALTATOR atricolhs Cai Mf 10. STEPHANOPHORUS coeruleus. 14. TANAGRA episcopus ll. LANIO atricapilus 15. NEMOSIA flavicolhs 18.PIPILO erythropthalma 12. PYRANGATUbra. 1 16. CALLISTE tricolor 1 ee EMBERNAGRA albinucha 3. EU PHONIA musica. 7. ARREMON silens MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY ' CAMBRIDGE. MA USA. Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Controstres. Family IV. Frrvemups. The fourth Subfamily, FRINGILLIN&, or Frincurs, have the Bill short, conic, and more or less broad at the base, with the culmen sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is generally entire; the gonys long, and advancing upwards; the Wings more or less lengthened and pointed; the Tail varying in length, sometimes with the ends of the feathers acuminated ; the Tarsi as long as, or shorter than, the middle toe, slender, and transversely scaled ; the Toes more or less long and slender ; the hind toe moderate; the claws generally long, curved, and acute. Estretpa Swains.* Bill more or less strong, conical, and broad at the base, with the culmen sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is slightly emarginated; the gonys long, and advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, and very small, sometimes hidden by the frontal plumes. Jcngs rather short ; with the first quill minute; the second nearly as long as the third and fourth, which are equal and longest. Tail more or less lengthened, and graduated or rounded. Tarsi rather shorter than the middle toe, slender, and covered in front with broad transverse scales. Joes long and slender, with the inner toe shorter than the outer; the hind toe long and slender; the claws long, curved, and very acute. The species of this genus are found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. They frequent in small flocks the meadows and bushy grounds, but may be observed in gardens near houses. Their food consists of seeds and buds of small plants. If disturbed from among the grass, they prefer to perch on the neighbouring bushes, rather than fly off to any distance. 1. E. astrild (Linn.) Swains. Pl. enl. 157. f. 2., Kittl Kupf. | 8. E. leucura (Gmel.) Brown’s Illustr. t. 29. lower fig. Vog. t. 10. f. 2.—Fringilla undulata Pall, Edw. Birds, pl. 354. f. 2. | 9. E. bella (Lath.) Griff. An. Kingd. ii. pl. p. ., Vieill. Ois. 179. f. 2.; F. tricolor Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 12. | chant. t. 55., Gould, B. of Austr. iii. pl. 78. 2. KE. ————? PI. enl. 230. f. 2.—Loxia astrild var. 10. E. erythronota ( Vieill.) Ois. chant. t. 14.—Estrelda lipiniana 3. E. amandava (Linn.) Pl. enl. 115. f. 3. & 2. var., Vieill. Ois. | A. Smith. chant. t. 1, 2., Edw. Birds, pl. 355. f. 1.—Fringilla punicea Horsf. 11. E. melanogaster Swains. B. of W. Afr. p. 194. 4. E. benghala (Linn.) Pl. enl. 115. f. 1., Kittl Kupf. Voég. 12. E. rufopectus Fras. Proc. Z. 8. 1843. p. 27. t. 10. f. 3., Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 5.— Fringilla angolensis Linn.; | 13. E. melanotis (Temm.) PI. col. 221. f. 1. Estrelda phenicotis Swains. B. of W. Afr. t. 14., Edw. Birds, | 14. E. polyzona (Temm.) Pl. col. 221. f. 3. pl. 131. 15. E. rubricata (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 27. 5. E. senegala (Linn.) Pl. enl. 157. f. 1., Vieill. Ois. chant. t.9. | 16. E. frontalis (Vieill.) Ois. chant. t. 16. 6. E. granatina (Linn.) Pl. enl. 109. f. 3., Vieill. Ois. chant. | 17. E. squamifrons A. Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exped. p. 49., Illustr. t. 17, 18., Edw. Birds, pl. 191. | Zool. S. Afr. Birds, pl. 7. E. melanura (Vieill.) Pl. enl. 230. f. 3., Brown’s Illust. 18. E. oculea Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol. Ois. t. 18. f. 2., t. 29. upp. fig. ; Gould, B. of Austr. iii. pl. 79. \ * Established by Mr. Swainson in 1827. M. Cabanis changed this name to Habropyga in 1847, while Lozigilla of M. Lesson (1830) is synonymous. It embraces Pytelia of Mr. Swainson (1837), and Neochmia of MM. Hombron et Jacquemont. FRINGILLIN &. 19. E. rubriventris (Vieill.) Ois. chant. t. 13.— Fringilla troglo- 32. E. speciosa (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 203. f. 1.—Fringilla elegans dytes Licht. Gmel. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 25. ; Type of Pytelia Swains. (1837.) 20. E. bicolor (Vieill.) Ois. chant. t. 19. 33. E. melba (Linn.) Edw. Birds, pl. 272. f. 2. 128. 21. E. cinerea (Vieill.) Hartl. Vieill. Ois. chant, t. 6., Kittl. 34, E. psittacea (Gmel.) Lath. Syn. pl. 48., Vieill. Ois. chant. Kupf. Vég. t. 10. f. 1. t. 32.—Loxia pulchella Forst. Descr. Mam. p. 273., Icon. ined. 155. 22, E. melpoda (Vieill.) Hartl. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 7. 35. E.? afra (Gmel.) Brown, Illustr. pl. 25. 23. E. cerulescens (Vieill.) Swains. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 8. 36. E. phenicoptera (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. pl. 16. — Estrelda 24. KE. viridis (Vieill.) Ois. chant. t. 4. erythroptera Less. 25. E. mystacea (Vieill.). N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 182. 87. E.? formosa (Lath.) BI. 26. E. atricollis (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 132. 38. E. trichura (Kittl.) Mém. de Acad. Imp. Pétersb. 1835. t. 27. E. Dufresnei (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xii. p. 181. PIS Vos Bb tt WO 28. E. subflava (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxx. p. 575. 39. E. minima (Vieill.) Riipp. Ois. chant. t. 10, 29. E. versicolor (Vieill.) Encyc. Méth. p. 992. 40. E.? pheton (Homb. & Jacq.) Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 22. 30. E. Perreini (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xii. p. 181. f. 3.—Type of Neochmia Homb. & Jacq. 31, E. nitida (Lath.). 41. E. musica (Vieill.) Ois. chant. t. 11. AMADINA Swains.* Bill short, acutely conical, and very broad at the base, with the culmen very broad, flattened, pointed on the forehead, and sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute; the lower mandible nearly equal in size to the upper; the sides broad, and the gonys ascending to the acute tip; the nostrils basal, sunken, lateral, and hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings short and rounded, with the first quill minute, and the second nearly as long, or sometimes quite as long, as the third and fourth, which are longest. Tail short, even, or rounded on the sides, with the middle feathers sometimes prolonged in a narrow point beyond the others. Zarsz shorter than the hind toe, rather strong, and covered in front with broad scales. oes more or less long and slender; the lateral toes nearly equal; the outer toe slightly united at its base; the hind toe long, and armed with a long curved claw. The species are inhabitants of Africa, Asia, and Australia. They may be observed singly, or in small flocks, among the tall grass and bushes, but are generally seen feeding on the ground in the vicinity of the rivers and cultivated places, especially rice swamps. Others are more usually found in the reeds that grow on the margins of rivers, exhibiting great activity in passing up and down their stems; but, when disturbed, they generally fly off to the hedges and shrubs in the immediate neighbourhood. Some of the species are migratory, appearing in the mountainous districts during the breeding season, and returning to the plains on the approach of winter. The food of these birds consists of various kinds of grains and insects. The nest is of large size, composed of grasses formed into a spherical ball, fixed among the slender branches or stiff leaves of palms and other trees, with a small, round, spout-like opening on the side or top, through which the bird enters. Both sexes labour at the forming of the nest, and generally share in the task of rearing the young. The eggs are four to ten in number. 1. A. fasciata (Gmel.) Brown’s Ill. pl. 27., Vieill. Ois. chant. 4, A. oryzivora (Linn.) Pl. enl. 152. f. 1., Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 58.—Loxia jugularis Shaw ; Fringilla detruncata Licht. t. 61., Swains. Zool. Ill. n. s. 156. — Loxia javensis Sparm. Mus. 2. A. indica (Gmel.) Edw. Birds, pl. 272. f. 1. Carls. t. 58., Edw. Birds, pl. 41, 42. 3. A. erythrocephala (Linn.) A. Smith, Ill. 8. Afr. Zool. Aves, 5. A. melanictera (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 224. f. 1. pl. 69.—Loxia brasiliana Bodd. Gmel. Pl. enl. 309. f. 1., Vieill. Ois. 6. A. melanoleuca (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 224. f. 2. chant. t. 49.; L. maculosa Burch, Edw. Birds, pl. 180. f. 1. 7. A. fuscata (Vieill.) Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 62. * Established by Mr. Swainson in 1827. M. Cabanis changed this name to Sporothlastes in 1847. It embraces Spermestes of Mr, Swainson (1837), with which Munia of Mr. Hodgson (1836), changed by the same writer to Dermophrys in 1841, is synonymous ; Lonchura of Col. Sykes (1832), with which Evrythrura of Mr. Swainson (1837) is synonymous ; Donacola of Mr. Gould (1841), with which Weebongia (1844) of M. Lesson is coequal ; and it includes Poephila of Mr. Gould (1842). 8Q FRINGILLIN &. 8. A. guttata (Shaw), Lev. Mus. pl. .—Fringillaleucocephala | 31. A. malacca (Linn.) Swains. Pl. enl. 139. f. 3., Edwards’s Lath. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 26.; F. Lathami Vig. & Horsf. B. of | Birds, pl. 355. f. 2., Vieill. Ois. chant. t.52.—Type of Munia Austr. pl. 86. Hodgs. (1836. ) 9. A. cana (Linn.) Edw. Birds, pl. 179. f. 1. 32. A. sinensis (Briss.).—Amadina melanocephala M‘Cilell. P. Z.S. 10. A. nitens (Linn.) Swains. Pl. enl. 291. f. 1, 2., Vieill. Ois. | 1839. 163.; Munia rubroniger Hodgs. ; Loxia atricapilla Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 21.—Fringilla ultramarina Linn. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 21., | chant. t. 53., Edw. Birds, pl. 43. Edw. Birds, pl. 362. f. 1. 33. A. minuta (Meyen), Nov. Act. xvi. Suppl. t. 12. f. 2. 11. A. Lathami (A. Smith), Rep. S. Afr. Exp. p. 51. 34. A. molucca (Linn.) Pl. enl. 139. f. 2,—Munia acuticauda 12. A. poensis Fras. Proc. Z. S. 1842. 145., Zool. Typ. pl. . Hodgs. 13. A. bicolor Fras. Proc. Z. S. 1842. 145., Zool. Typ. pl... 35. A. punctularia (Linn.) Swains. Pl. enl. 139. f.1., Edw. 14. A. larvata (Riipp.), Rapp. Faun. t. 36. f. 1. | Birds, pl. 40.— Fringilla nisoria Temm. Pl. col. 500. f.2., Vieill. 15. A. nitida (Lath.) Lath. Syn. pl. 131., Vieill. Ois. ch. t. 60. | Ois. chant. t. 50. 16. A.? calida (Lath.). 36. A. maia (Linn.) Pl. enl. 109. f. 2., Edw. Birds, pl. 306. f. 1. 17. A. javensis (Sparr.) Mus. Carls. t. 88. — Loxia cubeensis Daud. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 56. 18. A. fringilloides (Lafr.) Mag. Zool. 1835. t. 48. 37. A. striata (Linn.) Pl. enl. 153. f. 1. — Fringilla leuconota 19. A. modesta (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1836. p. 105., B. of Austr. | Temm. Pl. col. 500. f. 1. iii. pl. 85. 38. A. leucocephala Raffi. Pl. enl. 109. f. 1.— Loxia maia Linn. 20. A. ruficauda (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1836. p. 106., B. of Austr. | 39. A. cucullata Swains. B. of W. Afr. p. 201.—Loxia pra- iii. pl. 84. sipteron Less. 21. A. Bichenovii (Jard. & Selby), Ill. Orn. pl. 12. f. 3., Gould, 40. A. ferruginea (Sparrm.) Mus. Carls. t.90, 91.— Fringilla B. of Austr. iii. pl. 80. mayanoides Temm. Pl. col. 500. f. 3. 22. A. annulosa (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1839. p 143., B. of Austr. 41. A. undulata (Lath.).— Loxia punctularia var. Lath.; Munia iii. pl. 81. lineoventer Hodgs. 23. A. castanotis (Gould), Proc. Z. 8. 1836. p. 105., B. of 42. A. malabarica (Linn.).— Lonchura cheet Sykes; Loxia Austr. p. 87.— Loxia guttata Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 3. bicolor Tick. Jard. and Selby, Illustr. Ornith. n.s. pl. 34. 24. A. pectoralis (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1840. p. 127. | 43. A. leucogaster Blyth, Journ. 1846. p. 286. 25. A. temporalis (Lath.) Lewin, B. of New Holl. pl. 12., Gould: 44, A. sanguinolenta (Temm.) PI. col. 221. f. 2. B. of Austr. iii. pl. 82.—Fringilla quinticolor Viei//. Ois. chant. | 45. A. cantans (Gmel.) Brown, Ill. pl. 27., Vieill. Ois. chant. t. t. 15., Jard. and Selby, Illust. of Orn. pl. 12. f. 2. 57. 26. A. acuticauda Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1839. p. 142., B. of Austr. 46. A. variegata (Vieill.) Ois. chant. t. 51. iii. pl. 90.— Type of Poéphila Gould (1842). | 47. A. quinticolor (Vieill.) Ois. chant. t. 54. 27. A. personata Gould, Proc. Z.S. 1842. p.18., B. of Austr. 48. A. castaneothorax Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 94.— Weebongia iii. pl. 91. | albiventer Less. ; Type of Donacola Gould (1841). 28. A. cincta Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. p.105., B. of Austr. iii. | 49. A. pectoralis Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 95. pl. 93. 50. A. flaviprymna Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 96. 29. A. leucotis Gould, Proc. Z.S. 1846. p. 106., B. of Austr. | 51. A. prasina (Sparr.) Mus. Carls. t. 72, 73.—Loxia quadricolor iii. pl. 92. | Gmel. Pl. enl. 101. f. 2.; Fringilla sphenura Temm. Pl. col. 96. ; 30. A. Gouldie (Gould), B. of Austr. iii. pl. 88.—Poephila | Erythrura viridis Swains. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 20.; Type of mirabilis Homb. & Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, Ois. t. 22. f. 2., B. of | Erythrura Swains. (1837.) Austr. iii. pl. 89. * Frineitia Linn.* Bill short, conical, and broad at the base, with the culmen rounded, sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute and entire; the lateral margins straight; the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils basal, lateral, and sunk in a small groove, with the opening generally concealed by the projecting small plumes. Wings mostly long and pointed; with the second and third quills equal, and * Established in 1735. Struthus of M. Boie (1826) and Celebs of Cuvier (1799—1800) are synonymous. It embraces Carduelis of Brisson (1760), with which Acanthis of Herr Meyer (1815) is coequal ; Lozops of M. Cabanis (1847); Emblema of Mr. Gould (1842); Chrysomitris of M. Boie (1828), with which Spinus of M. Brehm (1828) is coequal; Citrinella of Prince Bonaparte (1838), with which Spinus of M. Koch (1816) and Dryospiza of Count Keyserling and Dr. Blasius (1840) are synonymous ; Serinus of M. Brehm (1828); Ligurinus of M. Koch (1816), with which Chloris of Mehring (1752) and Chlorospiza of Prince Bonaparte (1832) are synonymous ; Petronia of Dr. Kaup (1829), with which Gymnornis of Mr. Hodgson (1844) is synonymous; Cannabina of M. Brehm (1828), with which ZLinota of Prince Bonaparte (1838) is synonymous ; Leucosticte of Mr. Swainson (1831); Monti- Sringilla of M. Brehm (1828), with which Chionospiza of Dr. Kaup (1829) and Orites of Count Keyserling and Dr. Blasius (1840) are coequal ; Fringalauda of Mr. Hodgson (1836) and Neph@a of Mr. Audubon (1839), with which Struthus of Prince Bonaparte is coequal. FRINGILLIN &. rather longer than the first. shorter than the middle toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Tail more or less long, and generally slightly forked at the end. Tuars? Toes moderate and slender ; the lateral toes nearly equal; the outer toe united at its base; the hind toe long, and armed with a long curved claw. The species of this division are found in various parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, both North and South America, and Australia. They frequent the open and cultivated places, but some prefer the wild and mountainous districts. They live in flocks, several species sometimes congregating together, especially during the winter months, when some seek the sea-coast ; and at this season the sexes of some species form distinct societies. Those that reside in the more northern parts of Europe perform migrations to the warmer provinces, and those of the high altitudes of the mountains seek the lower ground on the approach of winter. Their food consists, during the winter months, of seeds of various plants and trees, as alder, maple, and grains which they seek for on the ground, especially in the stubble lands, but some of them feed on insects and their larve during the genial season. in some, though short, possess great sweetness, and are varied in delivery. The song consists of three or four notes, which The nest is formed upon trees, and in bushes of the mountainous districts; others prefer those of the gardens, orchards, and plantations; it is composed of grass, moss, and lichen, interwoven with wool, lined interiorly with feathers and hairs. number. 1. F. celebs Linn. Pl. enl. 54. f. 1.—Passer spiza Pall. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 187.; Fringilla sylvia Scop.; Fringilla nobilis Schrank. 2. F. montifringilia Linn. Pl. enl. 54. f. 2.—Fringilla lulensis Linn. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 188.; Fringilla flammea Beseke. . F. tintillon Webb & Berth. Voy. Canar. Ois. t. 4. f. 1. . F. spodiogenys Pr. Bonap. — Fringilla celebs Meth. . F. erythrophrys Bl. Journ. A. 8. B. 1846. p. 38. . F. formosa Gould, Voy. of Beagle, Birds, p. . - F, carduelis Linn. Pl. enl. 4. f. 1, 2. var.— Fringilla elegans Steph. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 196. ; F. albo-ochracea Jacq. Vogel, t. 5. (var.) ; F. ochracea Gmel. ; Type of Carduelis Briss. (1760.) 8. F. orientalis Eversm. Addend. ad Pall. Zoogr. ii. p.9.—Passer carduelis var. Pail. 9. F. Burtoni Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. 90. 10. F. sinica Linn. Pl. enl. 157. f. 3.—Fringilla kawariba Temm. Pl. col. 588. f. 1., Fauna Japonica, Ois. t. 11. F. caniceps Vigors, Proc. Z. 8. 1830. 23., Gould’s Cent. of Birds, pl. 12. F. spinoides Vigors, Proc. Z. 8. 1831. 44., Gould’s Cent. of Birds, pl. 13. F. coccinea Gmel. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 31.—Type of Loxops Cab. (1847.) 14. F. nipalensis Hodgs. As. Res. xix. 157.—Linota saturata Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1842. 192. 15. F. picta (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1842. 17., B. of Austr. pl. — Type of Emblema Gould (1842.). 16. F. spinus Linn. Pl. enl. 485. f. 3.—Spinus viridis Koch. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 197.; Type of Chrysomitris Bote (1828.). 17. F. tristis (Linn.) Pl. enl. 202. f. 2., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 1. f.2., Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 6. f. 4., Audub, B. of Amer. pl. 33., Edw. Birds, pl. 274. ieee 1s ? Pl. enl. 292.—Fringilla tristis var. 3. 19. F. pinus Wils. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 17. f. 1., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 180. 20. F. melanoxantha Wagl. — Fringilla mexicana Gmel. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 427. 21. F. psaltria Say, Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 6. f. 3., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 400. Do BP OO ~q The eggs are four or five in 22. F. cucullata Swains. Zool. Ill. pl. 7. 23. F. cube Gerv. Mag. de Zool. 1835. Ois. t. 4.4. 24. F. magellanica Vieill. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 30.— Fringilla icterica Licht, Azara, No. 259., Audub. Birds of Amer. pl. 394. ii 2). 25. F. notata Dubus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. 1848. p. Zool. 1848. p.215. 26. F.? ictera Vieill. Pl. enl. 364.—Fringilla canaria var. (3. Lath. 27. F. mexicana Linn. Pl. enl. 386. f. 1., Edw. Birds, pl. 44. 28. F. Yarrellii Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 433. f. 4, 5.— Fringilla mexicana Audub. 29. F. Stanleyi Audub. Syn. B. N. Amer. p. 118. 30. F. luxuosa Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. 41. 31. F. ? flaveola Linn. 32. F. citrinella Linn. Pl. enl. 658. f.2., Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 198. — Fringilla brumalis Bechst.; F. alpina Scop.; Citrinella serinus Pr, Bonap. ; Type of Citrinella Bonap. (1838.) 33. F. serinus Linn. Pl. enl. 658. f. 1., Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 195.—Serinus flavescens Gould, Pr. Bonap. Fauna Ital. t. os S. brumalis Stvick/.; S. hortulanus Koch ; S. meridionalis Brehm ; Type of Serinus Brehm (1828). 34, F. islandica Faber, Bonap.— Loxia serinus Briin. 35. F. citrinelloides Riipp. Faun. t. 34. f. 1. . Rev. 86. F. nigriceps Riipp. Faun. t. 34, f. 2. 37. F. xanthopygia Riipp. Faun, t. 35. f. 1. 38. F. tristriata Riipp. Faun. t. 35. f. 2. 39. F. lutea Licht. Pl. col. 305. 40. F. chloris (Linn.) Koch, Pl. enl. 267. f. 2.—Chloris flavi- gaster Swains. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 200. ; Type of Ligurinus Koch (1816). 41. F. incerta (Risso), Pr. Bonap. Fauna Ital. t. olivacea Ratin. 42, F. atrata (D’Orb.) Voy. dans l’Amér. Mér. t. 48. f. 2. 43. F. analis (D’Orb.) Voy. dans l’Amér. Mér. t. 48. f. 1. 44. F. brasiliensis (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 321. f. 1., Spix, Av. Bras. t. 61. f. 1, 2., Edw. Birds, pl. 352. f, 1. 45. F. campestris Spix, Av. Bras. t. 61. f. 3. .— Fringilla FRINGILLIN &. 46. F.lutiventris Meyen, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xvi. Suppl. t.12. f. 3. 65. F. brunneonucha Brandt, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 1842. p. 47. F. brevirostris Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. . 18. — Passer arctous var. (3. Pall. 48. F. petronia Linn. Pl. enl. 225.—Fringilla stulta Gmel. Gould, 66. F. griseonucha Brandt, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 1842. p. B. of Eur. pl. 186. ; Petronia rupestris Bonap. ; Fringilla leucura | 19.— Passer arctous var. y. Gmel. ; F. bononiensis Gmel. ; Type of Petronia Kaup (1829.). 67. F. arvensis Kittl. Mém. Acad. Pétersb. ii. 49. F. superciliaris Hay. Journ. A. 8. B. xiv. p. 553. 68. ? F. testacea Jacq. Jacq. t. 12. 50. F. flavicollis Frankl. Proc. Z.S. 1832. p. 120.; Type of 69. ? F. minima Linn. Jacq. t. 13. Gymnornis Hodgs. (1844.) 70. F. tephrocotis Swains., Fauna Bor. Amer. Birds, ol, 50,— 51. F. cannabina Linn. Pl. enl. 151. f. 1. & 485. f. 2.— Frin- | Type of Leucosticte Swains. (1831.). gilla linota Gme/. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 191.; Passer papaverina 71. F. griseogenys Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1843. p. 104., Voy. of Pail. ; Fringilla minima Bodd.; F. argentoratensis Gmel.; Type | Sulph. Birds, pl. of Cannabina Brehm (1828.). 72. F. anatoides (Lafr.) Rey. Zool. 1847. p. 75. 52. F. flavirostris Linn. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 192.— Fringilla | 73. F. inornata (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1847. p. 75. montium Gmel. 74. F. nivalis Linn. — Passer alpicola Pall.; Fringilla saxatilis 53. F. linaria Linn. Pl. enl. 485. f. 2., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 30. | Koch ; Plectrophanes fringilloides Boie, Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 189. ; f. 4. —Fringilla rufescens Vieill. Sav., Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 194.; | Type of Montifringilla Brehm (1828.). Linaria rubra Gesn., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 375. 75. F. nemoricola Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. .—Type of Fringa- 54. F. borealis Vieill. Vieill. Gal. des Ois. t. .— Fringilla | lauda Hodgs. (1836.) linaria Savi, Audub. B. of Austr. pl. 400. f. 2. 76. F. hyemalis Linn.— Fringilla hudsonia Forst. Wils. Amer. 55. F. canescens (Gould), B. of Eur. pl. 193. Orn. pl. 16. f. 6.; Emberiza nivalis Wils. Audub. Birds of Amer. 56. F. pusilla (Pall.) Zoogr. ii. p. 28.t. . pl. 13., Gould, Birds of Eur. pl. 190.; Type of Nephea Audub. 57. F. Hornemanii Holb. Isis, 1845. p. 759. (1839.) 58. F. fusca Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. 192. 77. F. oregona (Towns.) Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 398. 59. F. rubrifrons Hay, Madr. Journ. Lit. & Sci. 78. F.? crispa Linn. Edw. Birds, pl. 271. f. 1. 60. F. caniceps (D’Orb.) Voy. l’Ie de Cuba, Ois. pl. 16. 79. F. obscura Vieill. Edw. Birds, pl. 270. f. 2. — Fringilla atra 61. F. gularis (A. Smith), Rep. S. Afr. Exp. p. 49. Gmel. 62. F. atrogularis (A. Smith), Rep. 8. Afr. Exp. p. 49. 80. F. longirostris Gmel. Briss. Orn. iii. t. 15. f. 2. 63. F. arctoa ( Pall.) Zoogr. ii. p. 21. 81. F. cinerea Swains. Philos. Mag. 1827. p. 435. — Junco 64. F. Gebleri Brandt, Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 1842. p. 18. — | phenotus Wagl. ; Type of Junco Wagl. (1831.) Passer arctous var. Pall. | Passer Briss.* Bill strong, subconical, and broad at the base, with the culmen rounded, slightly arched, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the lateral margins straight ; the gonys long and curved upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, with the opening partly covered by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the second and third quills rather longer than the first. Zacl moderate, and even or slightly forked. Tarsz strong, nearly the length of the middle toe, and covered with transverse scales. Joes moderate ; the lateral toes nearly equal; the claws moderate and acute. The species of this division are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Most of the species reside in the cultivated and inhabited places, even in the midst of cities; while others never venture near the dwellings of man. Their food consists of all kinds of grains, which they generally seek for on the ground, and seeds as well as the buds of trees. Their young are principally fed with insects, both in the perfect and imperfect states. The nest is placed in holes in walls of buildings, or in the thatch, but sometimes it is formed upon trees or hedges. Others prefer the holes of trees. It is composed of hay, straw, and feathers, loosely put together; but more pains are taken with it if placed in a tree. The eggs are four or five in number. 1. P. domesticus Linn. Pl. enl, 55. f. 1. — Fringilla candida | 3. P. jagoensis Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, pl. 31. Sparm. PI. enl. 6. f. 1., Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 184. f. 1. | 4,.? P. salicarius Vieill. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 185. f. 1.— 2.? P. italicus Vieill. Stor. degli Ucc. t. 340. — Fringilla cisal- | Fringilla hispaniolensis Temm. ; F. sardoa Savi. pina Temm. Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 185. f. 2. | 5, P. montanus (Linn.) Pl. enl. 267. f. 1., Edw. Birds, pl. 269. * Established by Brisson in 1760. Pyrgita of Cuvier (1817) is coequal. M FRINGILLIN A. —Passer montanina Pall., Gould, B. of Eur. pl. 184. f. 2.; Fringilla | 10. P. areuatus (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 230. f. 1. campestris Schr.; Loxia hamburgia Gmel. 11. P. rutilans (Temm.) Strick]. Pl. col. 588. f. 2. 6. P. cinnamomeus Gould, P. Z. 8.1835. 185. — Passer indicus | 12. P. pileatus (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 386. f. 2. — Emberiza nuchalis Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 118.; Fringilla inda Licht. ? Temm. 7. P. simplex Swains. — Pyrgita Swainsoni Riipp. Faun. t. 33. 13. P. molitensis (A. Smith), Rep. S. Afr. Exp. p. 50., Illustr. f. 2.; Pyrgita gularis Less. Zool. of S. Afr. Birds, pl. 114. 8. P. concolor (Jard.) Madr. Journ. Lit. & Sci. 1840. 28. 14. P. diffusus (A. Smith), Rep. S. Afr. Exp. p. 50. 9. P. pyrrhopterus (Less.) Less. Zool. Belang. Voy. p. 271. 15. P. teydea Webb & Berth. Voy. Isl. Canar. t. 1. ZONOTRICHIA Swains.* Bill short and perfectly conic, thick at the base, and rather conical, with the culmen sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is entire; the lateral margins nearly straight; the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils basal, lateral, and sunk in a small groove, with the opening oval and generally exposed. Wings moderate, with the first quill shorter than the second, third, and fourth, which are the longest. Tail rather long, broad, and nearly even at its end. Tars? shorter than the middle toe, rather strong, and covered with broad scales. Toes long and slender, with the inner toe shorter than the outer; the outer toe united at its base; the hind toe long, and armed with a long, curved, acute claw. The species which form this genus are found in North and South America. Those of the northern parts of the continent migrate on the approach of winter to the southern districts, which change of abode is sometimes performed in the night. They live singly, or in small flocks, on the bushes or thickets, especially those on the sides of rivers or in swampy situations, hopping and searching among the branches for insects and their larve. They also examine the fallen and withered leaves, or among the roots and dead branches of trees, for their food, which consists of grass seeds, berries, and insects; sometimes the latter are pursued on the wing. Their flight is low and undulating, and their song consists of a series of brilliant and clear notes, usually poured forth from the summit of a bush, and in some instances continued for a considerable period. The nest is large, generally placed on the ground among moss or tall grass, and composed of coarse interwoven with fine grass, lined interiorly with fine fibrous roots and feathers. The female deposits four to seven eggs. 1. Z. albicollis (Gmel.) Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 22. f. 2. — Frin- 9. Z. cinerea (Gmel.). gilla pennsylvanica Lath. Edw. Birds, pl. 304., Audub. B. of 10. Z. guttata (Nutt.) Gamb. — Fringilla cinerea Audub. (non Amer, pl. 8.; Fringilla striata Gmel. Gmel.) Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 390. f. 1. 2. Z. melodia (Wils.) Wils, Amer. Orn, pl. 16. f. 4.—Fringilla 11. Z. querula (Nutt.) Gamb. Man. Orn. i. p. 555. — Fringilla fasciata? Gmel. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 25.; Passerina musica | Harrisii Audub. B. of Amer. 2nd edit. pl. 484. Vieill. 12. Z. chlorura? (Audub.) Gamb. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 3. Z. graminea (Gmel.) Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 31. f. 5., Audub. | i. p. 51. pl. 9. f. 1.—Fringilla Blandingiana Gamb. Acad. Nat. B. of Amer. pl. 94. Sci. Philad. i. p. 260. ; Fringilla chlorura Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. 4. Z. leucophrys (Forst.) Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 31. f. 4. p. 330. 5. Z. Gambelii (Nutt.) Man. Orn. i. p. 556. 2nd edit. — Frin- | 13. Z. atricapilla (Gmel.). gilla leucophrys Aucé. (in part), Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 114. | 14. Z. aurocapilia (Nutt.) Gamb. — Fringilla atricapilla Audub. 6. Z. matutina (Licht.) Kittl Kupf. der Vég. t. 23. f. 3. — | non Lath.) B. of Amer. pl. 394. f. 3. Tanagra ruficollis Spiv, Ay. Bras. t. 53. f. 3.; Pyrgita peruviana 15. Z. Mortoni (Audub.) Orn. Viogr. vy. p. 312., B. of Amer. Less. Azara, No. 135.; Fringilla australis? Zath.; Zonotrichia 2ud edit. subtorquata Swains, 16. Z. pusilla (Wils.) Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 16. f. 2., Audub. B. 7. Z. canicapilla (Gould), Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 91. of Amer. pl. 139.— Fringilla juncorum Nutt. ; Type of Spizella 8. Z. strigiceps (Gould), Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 92. Pr. Bonap. (1832.) * Established by Mr. Swainson (1831). It embraces Passerella of Mr. Swainson (1837), Spizella and Passerculus of the Prince of Canino (1838), and Chondestes of Mr. Swainson (1831). 8 R FRINGILLIN ZX. 17. Z. socialis (Wils.) Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 16. f. 5., Audub. | 23. Z. Townsendii (Audub.) Gamb.— Fringilla meruloides Vigors, B. of Amer. pl. 104. | Zool. Beechy’s Voy., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 424, 7. 18. Z. monticola (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 223. f. 2., Audub. B. of Amer. | 24. Z. savanna (Wils.) Wils. Amer. Orn, pl. 34. f. 4. & pl. 22. pl. 188.— Fringilla canadensis Lath. ; Fringilla arborea Wils. Amer. | f. 3.—Passerina savannarum Véieill. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 109. ; Om. pl. 16. f. 3.; Fringilla hyemalis? Gmel. ; Passerina monticola | Type of Passerculus Pr. Bonap. (1838.). 25. Z. palustris (Wils.) Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 22. f. 1., Audub. Vieill. | | 19. Z. pallida (Swains.) Faun. Bor. Amer. 251., Audub. B. of | B. of Amer. pl. 64.--Fringilia Georgiana Lath. Amer. pl. 398. . 26. Z. Lincolnii (Audub.) B. of Amer. pl. 193. 20. Z. Shattuckii (Audub.) B. of Amer. 2nd edit. pl. 493. | 27. Z. grammaca (Say), Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 5. f. 3.— 21. Z. iliaca (Merr.) — Fringilla rufa Wils. Amer. Orn, pl. 22. | Chondestes strigata Swains. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 390. f. 1.; f. 4.; Fringilla ferruginea Gmel. Edwards's Birds, pl. 354. f. 1. ; | Type of Chondestes Swains. (1831.). Emberiza pratensis Viei/l. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 108.; Type of | 28. Z.? dominicensis (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 341. f. 2. Passerella Swains. (1837.) | 29. Z.? ludovicia (Linn.) Pl. enl. 158. f. 1. 22. Z. unalaschensis (Lath.). AMMopROMUsS Swains.* Bill more or less conical and straight, with the culmen slightly keeled at the base, and curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute; the lateral margins nearly straight; the gonys long and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and placed in a small groove, with the opening oval and exposed. Wings short, with the first quill shorter than the three next, which are of nearly equal length; some- times the first and second are shorter than the third and fourth. Taz rather lengthened, and the lateral feathers graduated, with the end of each feather sometimes acuminated. Tuarsi as long as the middle toe, strong, and covered in front with scarcely divided scales. Joes long and slender; the outer toe rather longer than the inner, and united at its base ; the hind toe long, and armed with a long, slightly curved, acute claw. The species are found in South and North America, where some inhabit the low rush-covered sea-islands, keeping almost continually within the boundaries of tide-water. They course along the margin and holes and interstices of the weeds and sea-wrack, with a rapidity equalled only by the nimblest of the sand-pipers, and very much in their manner. At other times they seek the rankest growth of grass and sea-weeds, and climb along the stalks of the rushes with as much dexterity as they run along the ground. Other species prefer the pine-barrens, where they are always seen on the ground, passing through the tufts of grass with great swiftness. Their food consists of sea-animals, as shrimps, minute mollusca, and small crabs, &c. 1. A. caudacutus (Gmel.) Swains, Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 34. f. 3., 8. A. passerinus ( Wils.) Pr. Bonap. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 24. f. 5. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 149. | — Fringilla caudacuta? Lath. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 130.; F. 2. A. maritimus (Wils.) Swains. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 34. f.2., | savannarum? Gmel. ; Coturniculus lixicrus Gosse, B. of Jam. p. ., Audub, B. of Amer. pl. 93. Illustr. of B. of Jam. pl. 60.; Type of Coturniculus Pr. Bonap. 3. A. bimaculatus (Swains.) Ann. of Phil. 1827. p. —. ' (18 38.) 4. A. longicaudatus (Gould), Voy. Beagle, Birds, pl. 29. 9. A. Henslowi (Audub.) B. of Amer, pl. 170. 5. A. manimbe (Licht.) Azara, No. 141., Voy. Beagle, Birds, | 10. A. LeConteii (Audub.) B. of Amer. pl. 488. 2d edit. pl. 30. | 11. A. Bachmanii (Audub.) B. of Amer. pl. 165.—Type of 6. ? A. estivalis (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 25. Peucea Audub. (1839. ) 7. A. Macgillivrayi (Audub.) B. of Amer. pl. 355. Spiza Pr. Bonap.t Bill short, broad at the base, with the culmen rounded, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute; the lateral margin nearly straight, and angulated at the base; the gonys long and ascending ; the * Established by Mr. Swainson in 1827. It embraces Coturniculus of the Prince of Canino (1838), and Peucea of Mr. Audubon (1839). + Established by the Prince of Canino in 1828. Passerina of Vieillot (1816) is synonymous. It embraces Paroaria of the Prince of Canino (1832), which name was changed in 1847, by M. Cabanis, to Calyptrophorus. FRINGILLIN &X. nostrils basal, lateral, with the opening oval and exposed. quills longest ; the first equal in length to the fourth. Taz! moderate and even. middle toe, and covered with broad scales. Wings moderate, with the second and third Tarsi shorter than the Toes rather long; the outer toe longer than the inner, and united at the base; the hind toe long, and armed with a moderate claw. The species that compose this genus are inhabitants of both North and South America. They are found in open and cultivated places that border woods, gardens, and orchards, seeking on the ground for various kinds of grain. They are also very destructive to figs and grapes, as soon as the fruits are ripe, and may be observed pursuing insects on the wing at twilight. Their song is sprightly, and often repeated, and is usually emitted while perched on the summit of an orange tree or other bush. Those of the northern parts of America perform migrations to the more genial regions on the approach of winter. They undergo great change of plumage according to the season ; the perfect or summer plumage being very gay, and highly coloured. The nest is placed in the lower part of an orange tree or other bush ; it is composed of fine fibrous roots or horse-hair, and outwardly formed of fine grass. four to six eggs. 1. S. cyanea (Linn.) Pr. Bonap. Edw. Birds, pl. 273. f. 2.—Em- beriza cyanella Gmel. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 6. f. 5.; Emberiza cerulea Gmel. Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 11. f. 3.; Tanagra cerulea Gmel. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 74. 2. S. ciris (Linn.) Pr. Bonap. PI. enl. 159. f. 1, 2., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 24. f. 1, 2., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 53., Edw. Birds, pl. 130. Qa» ft. 1. : 3. S. amena (Say), Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 6. f. 4., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 398. f. 3. The female deposits 4. §. versicolor Pr. Bonap. Proc. Z. S. 1837. 120. 5. S. Leclancherii Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840. 26., Mag. de Zool. 184. 6. S. cucullata (Lath.) Pr. Bonap. Pl. enl. 103.—Fringilla do- minicana cristata Bodd. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 70. ; Type of Paroaria Pr. Bonap. (1882.) 7. S. dominicana (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 127.— Cocco- thraustes brasiliensis Briss. Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 69. 8. S. larvata (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 55. f. 2.—Carduelis dominicanus Briss. Traris Swains.* Bill short, conic, and broad at the base, with the culmen sloping, and the sides gradually compressed to the tip, which is entire; the lateral margins sinuated and angulated at the base; the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils basal, partly hidden by the frontal plumes, and the opening rounded. Wings moderate, with the first quill shorter than the second, which is rather shorter than the third and fourth; these are equal and longest. of the middle toe, and covered with broad scales. Tail moderate, even, and slightly rounded on the sides. Tarsi the length Toes rather short and slender; the lateral toes nearly equal; the outer one united at its base ; the hind toe long; the claws small, and much curved. The species of this division are found in the warmer parts of America and the West India Islands. 1. T. ornatus (Temm.) Swains. Pl. col. 208. 2. T. cruentus Less. Rev. Zool. 1844. p. 435. 3. T. omissa Jard. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847. p. 332. | 4. T. funerea De Tarrag. Rev. Zool. 1847. p. 184. oe T. jacarina (Linn.) Pi. enl. 224. f. 3., Edw. Birds, pl. 306. | f. 2.—Fringilla splendens Vieill. * Established by Mr. Swainson in 1827. June, 1849. Je TRION GIQUIUION AS . ESTRELDA ( cylhronola /Veell frinted Ly Hui.mande] & Walton AMADINA vanguatinta (Lena, MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Wolf del et Lith 1 AMMODROMUS pafserinus 6 “I FRINGILLA nipalensis ZONOTRICHIA albicollis (ee) Printed by Hullmandel & Walton eee pot A Se ee ~ - = - - of - f < " + Bt sa is “2 — ~~ _ = Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrostres. Family LV. Frincmm”. The fifth Subfamily, EMBERIZIN &, or Buntincs, have the Bill conical, acute, compressed, with the culmen more or less straight to the tip; the lateral margins sinuated, and more or less inflected; the interior of the upper mandible furnished with a palatine knob, which is more or less apparent; the Wings moderate, and somewhat pointed; the Tarsi about the length of the middle toe, and scutellated; the hind Toe longer than the inner, and robust ; and the Claws slender and more or less curved. Kusriza Pr. Bonap.* Bill moderate, conic, compressed, with the culmen more or less arched to the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the lateral margins slightly sinuated and angulated at the base, and that of the lower mandible somewhat inflected near the middle ; the nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and partly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill rather shorter than the second, from this latter to the fourth nearly equal and longest. Tail lengthened and emarginated. Tarsi as long as the middle toe, and covered with lengthened scales. Joes moderate, with the lateral ones equal and strongly scutellated ; the hind toe lengthened and strong ; the claws slender, moderate, and somewhat curved. The birds of this genus are found in Asia, the eastern countries of Europe, and the northern and southern parts of America. They frequent the bushes or the level cultivated fields of the open countries, but seek their food, which consists of seeds and insects, on the ground. Some are stated to feed on the fruits of the almond and fig trees. Their nests are formed on the ground, of dry leaves, &c. 1. E. melanocephala (Scop.) Pr. Bonap. Expéd. de Morée, t. 6. f. 1.—Fringilla crocea Vieil/. Ois. Chant. t. 27.; Xanthornis cau- easicus Pall. Zoogr. t. 19.; Emberiza granativora Menetr.; Tanagra melanictera Giildenst. 2. E. icterica (Eversm.) Evers. Add. Pall. Zoogr. fasc. ii. p. 10. 3. E. aureola (Pall.) Pall. Zoogr. 11. 52. t. 50., Kittl. Kupf. Nat. Vog. t, 22. f.1.—Fringilla pinetorum Lepech.; Emberiza sibirica Gmel. 4. E, Lathami (Gray), Gray Zool. Mise. 1. p. 2.—Emberiza cristata Vigors, Gould’s Century of Birds, pl.; EE. subcristata Sykes ; E. erythroptera Jard. & Selby, Ill. Ornith. pl. 132.; E. nipalensis Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 157.; Type of Melophus Swains. (1837). Do, 2 americana (Gmel.) Pr. Bonap., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 3. f. 2. — Fringilla flavicollis Gmel.; Passerina nigricollis Vieil/.; Em- beriza mexicana Lath. Syn. pl. 44. 6. E. atricapilla (Gmel.) Lath. Syn, pl. 45,—Emberiza coronata Pail. 7. E. Townsendii (Aud.) Pr. Bonap., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 40. 15 ok 8. E. fruticeti (Kittl.) Kittl. Kupf. der Vég. t. 23. f.1.—E. luc- tuosa Gerv. § Eyd. Mag. de Zool. 1836. t. 71. 9. E. alaudina (Kittl.) Kittl Kupf. der Vég. t. 23. f. 2. —E. guttata Meyen, Nov. Act. & Suppl. t. 12. f. 1., Mag. de Zool. 1836. t. 70.; Fringilla erythrorhyncha Less,; Fr. campestris Pr. Bonap. Griff. An. Kingd. Birds, ii. pl. 10. E. carbonaria (Lafr. & D’Orb.) Voy. de ’Amér. Mér. Ois. | t. 45. f. 1. 11. E. ? fulviceps (Laft. & D’Orb.) Voy. de l’Amér. Mér. Ois. t. 46. f. 2. 12. E. ? hypochondria (Lafr. & D’Orb.) Voy. de l’Amér. Meér. Ois. t. 45. f. 1. 13. E. ? griseo-cristata (Lafr. & D’Orb.) Voy. de PAmér, Mér. Ois. t. 47. f. 1. 14. E. ? atriceps (Lafr. & D’Orb.) Voy. de ’Amér. Mér. Ois. t. Aly fo Oe * Established by the Prince of Canino (Saggio distr. Met. Anim. Vert.) in 1832. It embraces Mr. Swainson’s genus Melophus, proposed (Class. of Birds, ii. 290.) in 1837. EMBERIZIN &. Emperiza Linn.* Bill small, conical, acute, compressed; the palate of the upper mandible furnished with a prominent bony knob; the culmen more or less straight to the tip, and the lateral margins nearly straight, angulated at the base, and much inflected, especially that of the lower mandible, which gives the tip an appearance of being slightly turned upwards; the nostrils basal, rounded, and partly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill shorter than the second and third, which are the longest. Tail lengthened, and rather forked, with the feathers narrowed and somewhat lanceolate. Tarsi as long as the middle toe. Toes moderate, the lateral ones equal and rather short; the claws rather long, compressed, and slender, that of the hind toe nearly equalling the toe in length. The species of this genus are scattered both in the Old and New World, but especially in the former. They collect together in flocks by themselves, or with other seed-feeding birds, on the approach of winter; and remain in society till the return of spring, when they scatter themselves singly or in pairs over the open countries. Their flight is rapid, and is generally performed in short distances from the upper twig of one bush to that of another; in their migrations, how- ever, their flight is usually undulated and quick. The food of these birds consists principally of seeds of various plants, grasses, and reeds; and, in the warmer parts of the year, insects and their larve form a portion of their subsistence. They generally build their nest in low bushes, or upon the ground among the tufts of grass; it is composed of dried grasses, internally lined with finer grass and hairs: the eggs are usually from four to six in number. 1. E. Citrinella Linn. Pl. enl. 30. f. 1.— Type of Citrinella Kaup 15. E. spodocephala Pall. Zoogr. 11. 51. t. 49. f. 2. (Euspiza ?) (1829). 16. E. rutila Pall. Zoogr. 11. 53. t. 51. (Euspiza ?) 2. E. Cirlus Linn. Pl. enl. 653.—Emberiza eleathorax Bechst. ; 17. E. personata Temm. Pl. col. 580. Type of Cirlus Kaup (1829). 18. E. elegans 'Temm. Pl. col. 583. f. 1. 3. E. hortulana Linn. Pl. enl. 247. f. 1.—Emberiza chloroce- 19. E. variabilis Temm. PI. col. 583. f. 2. phala Gmel.; E. Tunstallii Lath. ; E. malbeyensis Sparr. Mus. Carls. 20. E. arctica Lath.—Emberiza chrysops Pall. Zoogr. 11. 45. t. 48. f. 1.; E. sandwichensis Gmel. 21. E. scheniclus Linn. Pl. enl. 247. f. 2., 4907. f. 2.— Emberiza arundinacea Gmel.; E. passerina Pall.; Type of Cynchramus Kaup ; (1829). t. 1.; E. badensis Gmel. 4. E. Cia Linn. Pl. enl. 30. f. 2. 511. f. 1.— Emberiza barbata Scop.; E. lotharingica Gmel.; Type of Cia Kaup (1829). 5. E, pithyornis Pall. Zoogr. 11.37. t. 44.—Fringilla dalmatica Gmel.; Emberiza leucocephala Gmel. Noy. Com. Petrop. xv. 480. ta 2 Ormtgos 6. E. rustica Pall. Zoogr. 11. 43. t. 47. f.2., Kittl. Kupf. Nat. | Vog. t. 22. f. 2. — Emberiza Lesbia Caloi.; E. borealis Zett. 7. E. fucata Pall. Zoogr. 11. 41. t. 46. — Emberiza Lesbia Temm. nec Gmel.; E. Cia Jerd.? 8. E. Lesbia Gmel. Pl. enl. 656. f. 2.; Type of Spina Kaup (1829). 9. E. provincialis Gmel. Pl. enl. 656. f. 1. —Type of Orospina Kaup (1829); Emberiza Durazzi Pr. Bonap.? Faun. Ital. Av. t. 6.? 10. E. chysophrys Pall. Zoogr. 11. 46, t. 48. f. 2., Sely’s Faun. | Belg. t. 4. 11. E. Bonapartei Barth. de la Pomm. 12. E. cinerea Strickl. Proc. Z. S. 1836. 99. 13. E. hyperborea Pall. Zoogr. 11. 35. t. 43. f. 2. 14. E. pusilla Pall. Zoogr. 11. 42. t. 47. f. 1. 22. E. pyrrhuloides Pall. Zoogr. 11. 49. t. 49. f. 1.—- Emberiza caspia Menetr. 23. E. palustris Savi, Ornith. Provence. t. 114. bis. atrata Rafin. ? 24. EK. miliaria Linn. Pl. enl. 233.—Emberiza Calandra Linn. ; Miliaria europea Swains. ; Type of Spinus Mehr. (1752). 25. E. melanodera Quoy et Gaim. Zool. de l’Uranie, p. 109., Voy. of Beagle, Birds, pl. 32. 26. E. wanthogramma (G. R. Gray), Voy. of Beagle, Birds, pl. 33. 27. 2? E. sinensis Gmel. 28. ? E. fasciata Gmel. 29. ? EB. asiatica Lath. 30. ? E. chrysoptera Lath. Portl. Voy. t. p. 35. 31. E. brunniceps Brandt, Bull. de Acad. Imp. de Petersb. (Euspiza ?) Emberiza GuBERNATRIX Less. Bill moderate, strong, compressed, with the culmen much arched to the tip; the palate of the upper mandible furnished with a small bony knob; the lateral margins nearly straight, but angulated at the * Linneus established this genus in 1748. In 1826, M. Boie used Cynchramus; and, in 1829, M. Kaup subdivided (Naturl. Syst.) the genus into the following subgenera, viz. Cia, Citrinella, Orospina, Cirlus, Spina, and Cynchramus. It also comprises Spinus of Meehring (1752), which is equal to Miliaria of M. Brehm (1831). + Proposed by M. Lesson (Compl. de Buff. viii. 295.) in 1839. Being unacquainted with M. Lesson’s name, I had suggested that of Lophocoryphus (1840). EMBERIZIN &. base, that of the lower mandible much inflected ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and partly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the third and fourth quills equal and longest. Tail moderate and rounded. Tarsi the length of the middle toe, and strongly scutellated. Toes long and slender, with the lateral ones equal; the hind toe long and strong; and the claws moderate and curved. This species is peculiar to South America, about the twenty-ninth degree of latitude, where it frequents in pairs the lower portions of the open copses, flying from one to another. They are often seen on the ground, which they examine for insects and small grains. Their flight is slow, and not extended to any distance. G. cristatella (Vicill.) G. R. Gray, Vieill. Gal. des Ois. t.67.—Emberiza Gubernatrix Temm. PI. col. 63, 64.; E. cristata Swains. Zool. Ill. 148., Azara, No. 129. FRINGILLARIA Swains.* Bill short, conical, acute, with the culmen and gonys straight, and equally sloping to the tip; the lateral margins straight, and the base angulated, that of the lower mandible inflected ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and concealed by the frontal feathers. Wings short, with the two first quills graduated, and the third and fourth the longest ; the tertials nearly as long as the quills. Tail lengthened, with the end nearly even or slightly forked. Tuarsz slender, longer than the middle toe. Toes small and slender, with the lateral ones short and equal; and the claws small and short. The continent of Africa is the peculiar habitat of the species of this genus, but their peculiarities of manners and habits are at present unknown. Their food is no doubt similar to that of the species of the other genera of this subfamily. 1. F. flaviventris (Vieill.) Vieill. Ency. Méth. 929., Pl.enl. | 7. F. vittata Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, 315. f. 63. ¢. 664. f. 2.—Emberiza capensis var. Lath.; Fringillaria capensis 8. F. anthoides Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, 316. f.63. b. 9. F. Swains. striolata (Licht.) Swains., Riipp. Atlas, t. 10. f. a. 2. F. flavigaster (Riipp.) Atlas, t. 25. | _ 10. F. casia (Cretzschm.) Swains. Riipp. Atlas, t. 10. f. b.— 3. F. capensis (Linn.) Pl. enl. 158. f. 2. | Emberiza rufibarba Hempr. et Ehrenb. Ermann, Verz. Thier. und 4, F. septemstriata (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. t. 30. f. 2. | Pflan. t.8. f. 1. 2. 5. F. erythroptera (Temm.) PI. enl. 664, f. 1. — Emberiza capen- 11. F. tahapisi (A. Smith), Rep. S. Afr. Exp. p. 50. sis var. Lath. 12. F. impetuani (A. Smith), Rep. S. Afr. Exp. p. 50. 6. F. rufa Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, 315. fig. 63. a. PiecrropHaNes Meyer.t Bill short, conical, somewhat compressed; the culmen rounded and advancing on the forehead, with the lateral margins bent inwards and somewhat angulated at the base; the palate furnished with a small longitudinal bony knob; the nostrils basal, rounded, and partly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate and pointed, with the first quill nearly equalling the second and third, which are the longest. Tail moderate, even or slightly emarginated. Tarsi nearly equalling the middle toe, and slender. Toes moderate, slender ; the lateral ones equal, and divided at their base ; the hind toe long and strong, armed with a very long and nearly straight claw. * This genus was formed by Mr. Swainson in 1837. (Classif. of Birds, ii. 288.) + This genus was established by Meyer ; it embraces the subdivision Centrophanes of Kaup (1829). EMBERIZIN ZL. These birds are found in the temperate parts of Europe and North America, during the winter season; as the spring advances they retire to the high northern latitudes for the purposes of incubation, but reappear in the milder climates on the return of winter. They frequent the open mountainous districts in flocks, but, should the winters prove severe, they seek the low land, and even the sea-shore. It is on the ground (where they run quickly and with ease) that they search for their food, which consists of various kinds of seeds, alpine fruits, and insects. Their nests are built in the fissures of rocks, or upon hillocks, among moss and grass, and are formed of dry grass, &c. 1. P. nivalis (Linn.) Meyer, Pl. enl. 497. f. 1., 511. f.2.—Em- | beriza calcarata Temm.? Pl. enl. 654. f. 2. juv.; Type of Cen- beriza montana et E. mustelina Gmel. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 23. | trophanes Kaup (1829). f. 2.; E. glacialis Lath. 3. P. pictus Rich. & Sw. Faun. Bor. Amer. pl. 49. 2. P. lapponicus (Linn.) Selby, Faun. Bor. Amer. pl. 48.— Frin- 4, P. ornatus Towns. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 394. f. 1. gilla calearata Pall. Pr. Bonap. Amer, Orn. pl. 13. f. 2.3.; Em- August, 1844, EO SPILZA CALVES CLOT EL J& MUB 8 IRTZ IN AE. . L 1.GUBERN. MGZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY. CAMGRIDGE. MA USA Order IT. PASSERES. The sixth Subfamily, Tribe IV. ControstREs. Family IV. Frimemun. ALAUDINA, or Larks, have the Bill short, or more or less lengthened and conical; the Wings with the tertials generally as long as the primaries; the Claws lengthened, more or less curved, and the hind one very long and generally straight. ALAUDA.* Bill moderate, conical, with the culmen slightly arched to the tip, and compressed on the sides ; the nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings lengthened, with or without a short spurious quill, and with the third quill generally the longest. Taz] moderate and slightly emar- ginated. Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe, and slender. Toes moderate and divided ; and the hind claw lengthened, and more or less straight. These birds are peculiar to the Old World, and generally found on the open arable land or plains, though some seem to prefer the cultivated lands. As the winter approaches in the northern parts of Europe, they congregate in flocks, and resort to the southern portions. Some of the species sing while rising into the air, which action is performed either in extended circles, or in a perpendicularly spiral direction, to an immense height. Their flight is undulating ; co} and they walk and run with ease on the ground, where they delight to roll in the dust. Grain and various small seeds form their principal food, but in the summer they procure grasshoppers, gnats, and small worms, &c. The nest is usually placed on the ground, among herbage; and consists of dry grasses and other portions of plants, lined with soft materials, 1. A. arvensis Linn. Pl. enl. 363. f. 1. — Alauda ccelipeta Pall. ; Al. italica Gmel.; Al. longipes Lath.; Al. Gulgula Frankl. ; Al. Deva Sykes 2 2. A. brachydactyla Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1. 284, — Alauda Ca- landrella Bonel/i ; Al. arenania Steph. Vieill. Faun. France. t. 74. f. 1., Expéd. de la Morée, Ois. t. 6.f.1.; Al. Pispoletta Pall. ? Emberiza Bagheira Frankl. Proc. Z.S.1832.119.; Al. dukhunensis Sykes ; Type of Calandrella Kaup (1829). 3. A. Kollyi Temm. PI. col. 305. f. 1. 4. A. gangetica Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. p. 201. — Alauda Gulgula Blyth. 5. ? A. gracilis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. 201. 6. A. ruficeps Riipp. Faun. Abyss. t. 38. f. 1. 7. A.?leucoptera (Pall.) Zoogr. 11. 518. t. 33. f. 2. — Alauda sibirica Gmel. 8. A. cristata Linn. Pl. enl. 503. f. 1. — Alauda galerita Pall.3; Al. undata Gmel. Pl]. enl. 662. ; Al. matutina Bodd.; Al. Chendoola Frankl. ; Al. Gulgula Sykes ; Type of Galerida Boie (1828). 9. A. malabarica Scop. Sonn. Voy. Ind. t. 113. f. 1. 10. A. ferruginea Von der Mulhe, Beitr. zur Orn. Griechenl. 11. A. arborea Linn. Pl. enl. 503. f. 2.— Alauda nemorosa Gmel. ; Al. cristatella Lath. 12. A. crassirostris (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. 1. 373., Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 193. — Alauda magnirostris Steph. ; Type of Calendula Swains. (1837). 13. A. senegalensis Gmel. Pl. enl. 504. f. 1. Metanocoryrpna Bote. Bill moderate, with the culmen elevated at the base and arched to the tip, the sides much compressed, and the lateral margins inflexed; the gonys of lower mandible lengthened, and advancing upwards ; * Linneus established this genus in 1735. It embraces Galerida of M. Boie (Isis) 1828, which is coequal with Lullula and Calandrella of M. Kaup (1829), and Calendula of Mr. Swainson (1837), which latter was changed to Erana by me in 1840; also Heterops of Mr. Hodgson (List of Nepaul Birds, 1844). J It wasin 1828 (Jsis) that M. Boie established this genus, which is coequal with Ca/andra and Sazilauda of M. Lesson (1837), and Londra of Col. Sykes (1838). ALAUDIN EL. nostrils basal, lateral, and entirely concealed by the frontal plumes and short bristles. _ Wings lengthened, without a spurious quill, and the first quill nearly as long as the second and third, which are the longest. Tail short. YTarsi rather shorter than the middle toe. Toes lengthened, strong, and much scutellated, the lateral ones equal; the claws short, but that of the hind toe long, and nearly straight. The birds that compose this genus are inhabitants of Europe and Asia, especially the northern parts; and also of the northern and southern portions of Africa. They live during summer, in pairs, on arid plains; and in winter they con- eregate in small flocks, and approach near the habitations of man. Their food consists of grasshoppers, small worms. and seeds. The nest is placed in a tuft of herbs, wherein are laid from four to five eggs. 1. M. Calandra (Linn.) Boie, Pl. enl. 363. f. 2. | 5. M. tartarica (Pall.) — Tanagra sibirica Sparrm. Mus. Carls. 2. M. mareotica (Von der Mulhe), Beitr. zur Orn. Griechenl. t. 19. — Alauda nigra Falck; Al. mutabilis et Al. yeltoniensis 3. M. bimaculata (Ménétr.) Cat. p. 37. no. 82. Forst.; Type of Saxilauda Less. 1837. 4. M. mongolica (Pall.) Zoogr. 1. 516. t. 33. f. 1. — Alauda 6. ? M. nigra (Steph.) Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 191. sinensis Waterh. Proc. Z. 8. 1839. 60. 7. M. cinctura Gould, Voy. Beagle, p. 87. Pyrruutaupa A. Smith.* Bill short, with the culmen arched, the sides‘much compressed, the tip entire, and the lateral margins sinuated ; the nostrils basal, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings long, with the first quill spurious, and the second rather shorter than the third and fourth, which are nearly equal and longest. Tail moderate and slightly emarginated. Tarsi moderate, longer than the middle toe, and slender. Toes very small, the lateral ones equal, and strongly scutellated above; the claws short, slightly curved, and the hind claw rather long, and nearly straight. The species of this genus are generally found, in large or small flocks, in Africa and India. “ When feeding,” says Dr. Smith, “ the numerous members of these flocks are widely scattered ; but the moment one individual takes to flight from alarm, all the others follow the example, and they move off in a body to another locality. It is not their custom to fly far before they come to a halt ; and the stant they reach the ground they scatter in all directions, and run to and fro with great rapidity. They rise into the air, and after soaring for a time descend again like the larks, and like them also they build their nests upon the ground, under the shelter of a tuft of grass or some dwarf shrub. They feed on the seeds of grasses, &e.” The Indian species has the strange habit,” says Col. Sykes, “ of squatting on the high roads, and almost allowing itself to be ridden over ere it rises.” 1. P. australis A. Smith, Rep. Exp. App. p. 49., Zool. S. Afr. | 4. P. grisea (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. Ind. 11. t. 113. f. 2. — Alauda Birds, pl. 24.— P. melanosoma Swains. gingica Gmel.; Fringilla cruciger Temm. PI. col. 269. f. 1., Lath. 2, P. verticalis A. Smith, Rep. Exp. App. p. 48., Zool. S. Afr. | Hist. pl. 97. Birds, pl. 25. | 5. P. nigriceps Gould, Zool. of the Beagle, Birds, p. 87. — Frin- 3. P. leucotis (Stanley), Riipp. Salt’s Abyss. App. p. 59. — Frin- | gilla cruciata T’emm. ? gilla otoleucus Temm. Pl. col. 269. f. 2, 3., A. Smith Zool. S. Afr. Birds, pl. 26. ; Alauda melanocephala Licht. Orocoris Pr. Bonap.t Bill short, slender, conical, with the culmen and lateral margins slightly arched ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and concealed by projecting plumes. Wings lengthened, with the first, second, and third quills, * Proposed by Dr. A. Smith (1829) in the place of Megalotis (which had been previously used) of Mr. Swainson, who established this genus in 1827. (Zool. Journ. iii. 343.) + Proposed by the Prince of Canino (1839) in the place of two names, Hremophila of M. Boie (1828), and Phileremos of M. Brehm (1831), both of which have been previously used, and which I had changed to Philammus (1840), not being aware that the Prince of Canino had previously given the above name. x ALAUDIN. equal and longest. Tail lengthened and equal. Tars? short, but longer than the middle toe. Toes short and strongly scutellated ; and the claws lengthened and nearly straight. These migratory birds inhabit the most northern parts of Europe and America, and some are found in the south- east of Europe, and south-western parts of Asia, frequenting the sandy plains and humid places, in loose scattered flocks. Their food consists chiefly of various kinds of seeds mixed with gravel ; and, in some seasons, of the eggs and larve of insects. The nest is formed on the ground, of dry grasses, and lined within with feathers. The female deposits SIX eggs. 1. O. alpestris (Linn.) Pl. enl. 650. f. 2., Wils. American | 2. O. penicillata (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1837. p. 126. — Otocoris Ornithol. pl. 5. f. 4. — Alauda flava Gmel.; Alauda nivalis Pall. ; | scriba (Gould), Pr. Bonap. List ; Alauda alpestris Gmel. jun. Itin. Alauda cornuta Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827. p. 434. ; Alauda chryso- | 1. 62. t. xii. laéma Wag. 3. O. bilopha (Temm.) PI. col. 241. f.1.-— Alauda bicornis Hempr. MEGALOPHONUS.* Bill moderate, slender, compressed, with the culmen somewhat curved to the tip; the nostrils basal, lateral, and covered only by a membrane. Wings very short, with the first quill short, and the second nearly as long as the third, which is the longest. Tail moderate. Tarsi longer than the middle toe and slender. Toes moderate, the lateral ones equal; and the hind claw short and somewhat curved. These birds are peculiar to South Africa, where they prefer arid plains or sandy places, which are sparingly covered with small shrubs; they are often observed perched on the low branches of shrubs, and on the long and rank grass, among which they run and hide themselves. One of the species is remarkable for making a noise by the clapping of the wings, when rising from the ground, so as to be heard at some distance; it rarely mounts above fifteen or twenty feet, and while rising utters a short note, and this chiefly at daybreak and sunset. Their food consists of seeds and small insects. It is in a hollow on the ground that the nest is made, wherein are laid from four to six eges. 1. M. apiatus (Vieill.) N. Dict. @ Hist. Nat. 1. 342., Le Vaill. Ois. 7. M. africanoides (A. Smith), Rep. S. Afr. Exped. p. 47., IIL. d’ Afr. t. 194. — Alauda clamosa Steph. Zool. S. Afr. pl. 88. f. 2. 2. M.albescens (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1839. 259.— Alauda codea 8. M. sabota (A. Smith), Rep. 8. Afr. Exped. p. 47., Ill. Zool. A, Smith, Il. Zool. 8. Afr. pl. 87. f. 1. S: Afr. pl. 89. f. 1. 3. M. guttatus (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1839. 259, | 9. M. cheniana (A. Smith), Rep. 8S. Afr. Exped. p. 46., Ill. Zool. 4. M. lagepa (A. Smith), Il. Zool. 8. Afr. pl. 87. f. 2. S. Afr. pl. 89. f. 2. 5. M. rufipileus (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. 1. 343., Le Vaill. 10. M. pyrrhonotus (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. 1. 361., Le Ois. d’ Afr. t. 198. — Alauda ruficapilla Steph. | Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 197. — Alauda erythronota Steph. 6. M. africanus (A. Smith), Rep. S. Afr. Exped. p. 47., Ill. Zool. | 11. M. cinereus (Lath.) Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 199. ? S. Afr. pl. 88. f. 1. Mirarra Horsf: + Lill short, much elevated at the base, and the culmen arched to the tip, with the sides compressed, and the lateral margins arched ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and covered only with a membrane. Wings moderate, with the first quill nearly half the length of the second, and the third nearly as long as the fourth and fifth, which are equal and longest. Tail short and slightly emarginated. Tarsi nearly * In 1841, I proposed this name in the place of Mr. Swainson’s genus Brachonyx (Zool. Journ. 1827, p. 345.), and of that which I had myself first altered it to, viz. Corypha (1840), because they had been previously employed. + Established by Dr. Horsfield in (1820) Linnean Transactions, xiii. p. 159 It is Plocealauda of Mr. Hodgson (List of Nepaul Birds, 1844). ALAUDIN &. equalling the middle toe. Toes moderate, the lateral ones equal; the anterior claws short and curved, and the hind one lengthened and straight. These birds are mostly found in India and its islands, and the northern parts of Africa. ‘“ One of the species fre- quents,” says Mr. Jerdon, “ the bushy and stony hills, and low jungly plains. It is found single or in pairs, is a wary bird when roused, flying a short distance, and seating itself behind a bush on the ground, or perching on the back part of a bush, which it does much more frequently. Others seek the open plains, preferring the barest spots, ploughed land, stubble fields, and beds of nullahs. It sometimes, though rarely, perches on bushes. It frequently ascends suddenly in the air by a few interrupted strokes of its wings, and uttering at the same time a pleasant loud whistling- like note, sounding something like ‘ too whee’; it then descends with a sudden fall, changing its note to a low lark-like warbling ; when close to the ground, it again repeats this, and so on for several times.” They feed principally on various kinds of seeds, and occasionally on insects. 1. M. javanica Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. 159.— Alauda Mirafra 4. M. phenicura Frankl. Proc. Z. 8. 1831. 119. Temm. P. col. 305. | 5. M. ? cantans Jerd. 2. M. assamica M‘Clell. Proc. Z. 8. 1839. 162. 6. M. deserti (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No, 286. — Alauda 3. M. flavicollis M‘Clell. Proc. Z. 8. 1839. 163. isabellina Temm. Pl. col. 244. f. 2. CERTHILAUDA Swains.* Bill lengthened, slender, both mandibles equally curved; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and covered by a membrane. Wings long, with the first quill short, and the third, fourth, and fifth nearly equal and longest. asl moderate and even. Tarsi much longer than the middle toe, slender. Toes moderate, the lateral ones equal; with the hind claw more or less lengthened, and straight. It is in the deserts and the sandy places of South and North Africa, and occasionally in Europe, that these birds are observed perched on the top of a hillock or low shrub, when they utter a few whistling notes. Small insects and seeds form their food. The nest is usually placed on the ground, at the foot of a bush, in a hollow scratched out by the feet, on a bed of dry herbs, lined with feathers plucked from the bird itself. The female deposits therein from three to five eggs. 1. C. africana (Gmel.) Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 192., A. Smith, 5. C. albofasciata Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1836. Ois. t. 58. lll. S. Afr. Zool. pl. 90. f. 1. — Certhilauda longirostris Swains. 6. C. nivosa Swains. B. of W. Afr. 1. 213. 2. C. semitorquata A. Smith, Rep. 8. Afr. Exped. p. 47. 7. C. Dupontii Vieill. Faun. franc. t. 36. f. 2. 3. C. subcoronata A. Smith, Ill. 8. Afr. Zool. pl. 90. f. 2. 8. C. desertorum (Stanl.) Pr. Bonap., Salt’s Trav. App. p. 60. — 4. C. rufopalliata Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1836. Ois. t. 59. Alauda bifasciata Licht. Riipp. Atlas, t. 5. * This genus was originally established by Temminck, under the appellation of Corydalis ; but it becomes necessary to use the above in its place, as the latter has been previously employed. Mr. Swainson proposed his name in the Zool. Journ. 1827, p. 344. In 1840, Count Keyserling and Prof. Blasius used Alaemon, which is coequal. November, 1844. OTOCORIS pernticillatalGculd) e cal 2 Ns o = CAMBRIDGE. MA USA HARVARD UNI { ' i he : A 4 s need. +. a2f ie te By , ‘ is | > v | I ' . k, ry ‘ .L i LCA Cee te e a 7 lf - Fe ore A ILA WIDIONAZE . GEN THILAUDA abicana. 2. Mre TONTI T TS] 1. CERTHILAUDA africana. 2 ME GAT,OPHONU 3.OTOCORIS alpestris. 4 ALAUDA arvensis n” B 3. i) + a cc oe s ipTAW CORVDUA ey > D1 TITIT ATID A - 7 t ID A Oo.MELANOCORYPHA calandra. 6.PYRRHULAUDA sSrisea MIRAFRA javanica o MCZ Lil or HARVARD UNIVERSITY af IDGE. MA USA 26 = % : CAMBR] H Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrostres. Family VI. Frineumaz. The seventh Subfamily, PYRRHULIN &, or Buuirincues, have the Bill very short, strong, more or less compressed, and entire, with the culmen arched and convex ; the Wings moderate, and somewhat rounded; the Tail moderate and slightly emarginated ; the Tarsi short and scutellated ; and the Toes moderate, the lateral ones generally unequal. Carpopacus Kaup.* Bill conical, short, broad at the base, with the culmen slightly arched to the tip ; the gonys lengthened and suddenly advancing upwards; the lateral margins sinuated and slightly curved ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wangs long and pointed, with the first quill rather shorter than the second and third, which are the longest. Tazl moderate and slightly forked. ars? shorter than the middle toe, and robust. Toes moderate, the lateral ones unequal; and the claws short and curved. They are more especially found in the most northern parts of Europe, America, Africa, and Asia; frequenting the sides of rivers, and sometimes the cultivated fields, where they seek the seeds of various plants. The nest is formed of hay, between the branches of the trees of the forests ; and the female lays from five to six eggs. 1. C. erythrinus (Pall.) Pall. Zoogr. ii. 8. t. 36., Kittl Kupf. der | 6. C. Payraud@i (Audouin), Histoire de Egypte, Zoolog. 1. Vog. t. 32. f. 1. — Erythrothorax rubrifrons Brehm’; *Loxia car- | 286. Ois. t. 5. f. 8. — Pyrrhula githaginea Licht. Pl. col. 400. f. 1. dinalis Beseke ; Fringilla flammea Retz ; Loxia obscura Gmel. | & 2. 2. C. phenicopterus (Gould), Gould’s B. of Eur. pl. | 7. C. rhodopepla (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. 23., Gould’s Cent. of 3. C. roseus (Pall.) Pall. Zoogr. ii. 23. t. 42. | Birds, pl. 31. f. 1. 4. C. purpureus (Gmel.) Catesby’s Carol. 1. t. 41., Wils. Amer. | 8. C. rhodochroa (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. 23., Gould’s Cent. Orn. pl. 7. f. 4. & pl. 42. f. 3. of Birds, pl. 31. f. 2. 5. C. frontalis (Say), Long’s Exped. Rocky Mount. ii. 40., Pr. | 9. C. synoica (Temm.) PI. col. 375. Bonap. Am. Orn. t. 6. f. 1, 2.— Fringilla hemorrhoa Licht. ; | 10. C. obsoleta (Licht.) Everm. Reise, p. 132. Pyrrhula cruentata Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. 101. Crituacra Swains.t Bill short, more elevated than broad, with the culmen and lateral margins curved to the tip, the sides compressed, and the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill rather shorter than the second ; the third and fourth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail moderate and slightly forked. Tars? shorter than the * Established (1829) by M. Kaup (Naturi. Syst. p. 161.), and adopted in the place of Erythrina of M. Brehm (1828), which word he changed to Erythrothorax in 1831, as it had long been employed in Botany. The Prince of Canino, in 1830, had proposed Erythrospiza ; and Mr. Swainson, in 1837, Hemorrhous. { Established in 1827 (Zool. Journ. iii. p. 24.) by Mr. Swainson. PYRRHULIN &. middle toe, and strongly scaled. Toes moderate, the lateral ones equal, and all much scutellated above ; the claws long, slender, acute, and slightly curved ; the hind claw as long as the toe. The species of this genus are peculiar to the continent of Africa; where they are found in the neighbourhood of rivers. Their food consists of various seeds. 1. C. sulphurata (Linn.) Swains. Jard.and Selby’s Ill. Orn. t. 109. 6. C. bistrigata Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 318. f. 1. — C. albigularis A. Smith, 8. African Journ. 1. 48.? 7. C, canaria Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 318., Webb 2. C. Selbii A. Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exp. App. p. 50., Jard. and | et Berth. Voy. Canar. Ois. t. 2. Selby’s Ill. Orn. t. 109. f. 2. — C. cinerea Swains. 8. C. flava Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 318. 3. C. ruficauda Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 317. 9. C.? hypoxantha (Sparr.) Mus. Carls. t. 71. 4. C. canicollis Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 317. 10. C. flaviventris (Gmel.) Swains. Briss. Orn. iii. 227. t. 11. f. 2. 5. C. strigilata Swains. Two Cent. and a Quarter, p. 317. 11. C. chrysopyga Swains. B. of W. Afr. pl. 17. CaTaMBLyruyNcuus Lafr.* Bill very short, the culmen elevated, broad, and curved from the base to the tip, where it is rather hooked and entire, the sides much compressed and grooved; the under mandible very short, thick, and with the gonys gradually ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and partly concealed by the frontal feathers. Wings short and rounded, with the four first quills (especially the two first) graduated, and the fourth and fifth the longest. - Tai long and wedge-shaped. Tarsz much longer than the middle toe, and slightly scutellated. Toes long and slender, with the lateral ones equal, and the hind toe as long as the middle one. The type is an inhabitant of Santa Fe de Bogota, but the habits of it are at present unknown. C. diadema Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, Mag. de Zool. 1843. t. 34. SPERMOPHILA Swains.> Bill much higher than broad, with the culmen arched to the tip, and the sides compressed and some- what grooved; the lateral margins more or less straight, and the lower mandible at the base sometimes broader than the upper; the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded. Wings short and rounded, with the first quill rather shorter than the second ; the second, third, and fourth, nearly equal and longest. Taz moderate and rounded. Tursi shorter than the middle toe, and scutellated. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones equal; the claws long and slightly curved. These birds are peculiar to the tropical parts of South America and the West Indies; where some of the species prefer the bushes of the cultivated fields, and are seen perched on the ends of the small branches ; others frequent the shrubs in the neighbourhood of marshy places. Their food consists of small seeds and fruits. Their nest is composed of small roots and fibres of plants. * Established in the Révue Zoologique, 1842, p. 301., by Baron De Lafresnaye ; it is coequal with the Prince of Canino’s genus Bustamentia (1844). + Established by Mr. Swainson in 1827 (Zool. Journ. iii. p. 34.), and Sporophila (1844) of M. Cabanis is coequal. It probably embraces Callirhynchus (1842) of M. Lesson. U PYRRHULIN &. 1. S. falcirostris (Temm.) Swains. Temm. PI. col. 11. f. 2. 2. S. bicolor (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Syn. Avium p. 86., Voy. dans l’Amér. Mér. Ois. t. 50. f. 1. 3. S. cinereola (Temm.) Swains. Temm. Pl. col. 11. f. 1.— Pyrrhula rubrirostris Vieill. ? 4, S. albogularis (Spix), Swains. Spix Av. Bras. t.60.f. 1, 2. 5. S. cinerea (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Syn. Avium p. 87. 6. S. pyrrhomelas (Pr. Max.) — Loxia brevirostris Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 59. f. 1, 2.; Sperm. rubiginosa Swains. ; Loxia fraterculus, Less. | 7. S. plebeia (Spix), Spix Av. Bras. t. 59. f. 3. 8. S. ignobilis (Spix), Spix Av. Bras. t. 60. f. 3. 9. S. leucopterygia (Spix), Spix Av. Bras. t. 58. f. 3. 10. S. nasuta (Spix), Spix Av. Bras. t. 58. f. 1, 2. 11. S. mysia (Vieill.) Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 46. 12. S. grisea (Gmel.) PI. enl. 393. f. 1. — Fringilla cana Gmel. ? 13. S. flabellum (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 380. — Loxia flabellifera Gmel. 14, S. nigra (Linn.) Gal. des Ois. t.57., Voy. Ile de Cuba Ois. t. 17. — Pyrrhula crenirostris Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 77. 15. S. glauco-cerulea (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Voy. dans l Amér. Mer. | Ois. t. 50; f, 2; 16. S. minuta (Linn.). 17. S. chrysocephala (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. p. 1012., Azara No. 122. 18. S. | | | pectoralis (Lath.) — Loxia americana Gmel. 19. S. lineola (Linn.) Briss. Orn. iii. 319. t. 17. f.1., Pl. enl. 319. f. 1. var. — Pyrrhula crispa Vieill. Ois. chant. t. 47. 20. S. griseoventris (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1841. 242. 21. S. nigro-rufa (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Syn. Avium, p. 87. 22. S. Abeillei (Less.) Rev. Zool. 1839. 40. 23. S. cinnamomea (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1839. 99. 24. S. collaris (Vigors), Zool. Journ. iii. p. 441. 25. S. haitii (Record), Rev. Zool. 1838. p. 167. | 26. S. olivacea (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. p. 1027. —Pyrrhula viridis Less. 27. S. longicauda (Vieill.) Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. v. 296. 28. S. nigricollis (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. p. 1027. 29. S. cerulescens (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. p. 1023. 30. S. superciliosa (Vieill.) Ency. Méth., p. 1026. 31. S. rufescens (Vieill.) Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. iv. 298. 32. 8. pyrrhomelas (Vieill.) Ency. Méth. p. 1027. 33. S. melanocephala (Vieill.) Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xiii. 542., Azara No. 124. 34. S. capistrata (Vigors), Zool. Journ. iii. p. 273. 35. §, mutans (Vieill.) Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 525., Azara No. 126. 36. S. fusciventris (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 319. f. 2.— Loxia bicolor Gmel. 37. Gmel. 38. 39. S. nigroaurantia (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 204. f. 1.— Loxia aurantia S. Daubentoni Pl. enl. 204. f. 2. S. inornata (Vigors), Zool. of Beechey’s Voy. p. 20. 40. S. nigrogularis Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 88. 41. S. hypoleuca (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 262., Azara No. 123. 42. S. leucoptera (Vieill.) Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 521., Azara No. 127. 43. S. alaudina (D’Orb. & Lafr.) Syn. Avium p. 83. 44, S.? collaria (Linn.) Pl. enl. 393. f. 3.— Loxia cucullata Bodd. 45. S.? collaris (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 659. f. 2. — Loxia collaria var. Lath. 46. S.? peruviana (Less.) Rev. Zool. 1842. 209.— Type of Callirhynchus Less. (1842). 47. S.? noctis (Linn.) Pl. enl. 201. f. 1. 48. S.? angolensis (Linn.) Edwards’ Birds, pl. 352. f. 2. 49. S.? violacea (Linn.) Catesby’s Carol. pl. 40.— Pyrrhula nigerrima Vieiil. 50. S.? martinicensis (Lath.). 51. S.? rufo-barbata (Jacq.) Jacq. Beitr. t. 11. 52. S. luctuosa (Licht.) Tschudi, Fauna Peruy. 1844. p. 31. 53. S. telasco (Less.) Voy. de la Coqu. Ois. t. 15. f. 2. 54. S. erassirostris (Gmel.) 55. S. bouvronides (Less.) Tr. d’Orn. p. 450.— Pyrrhula pecto- ralis Vieill. 56. S. ? torquata (Less.) Tr. d’Orn. p. 450. 57. S. ? albocollaris (Less.) Tr. d’Orn. p. 450. 58. S. guttwralis (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Mus. Berl. No. 263. Pyrruuta Mehr.* Bill short, broader than high at the base, with the culmen arched from the base, where it is rather depressed ; the sides slightly swollen; the gonys of the under mandible lengthened and suddenly advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, rounded, and hidden by the frontal plumes. with the second, third, and fourth quills equal and longest. Wings moderate ; Tail moderate, and even or slightly emarginated. Tarsi the length of the middle toe, strongly scaled. Toes moderate, with the lateral ones unequal, and all strongly scaled above ; the claws moderate, and much compressed. They are inhabitants of Europe and the northern parts of India; where they are usually found in the mountains, woods, or jungles, and are generally seen in pairs during the spring, and afterwards congregate in small parties of few * Established by Mcehring (Syst. Avium) in 1752. PYRRHULIN &. | 1] | individuals for the remainder of the year. Their food varies with the season: during the winter and spring it consists principally of buds, occasioning much injury to the fruit and other trees ; while during the summer and autumn they seem to prefer the seeds of various plants. The nest, which is carelessly put together and shallow, is formed of small sticks, lined interiorly with a few fibres of roots, on the forked branch of a low tree. The female lays four or five eggs. 1. P. rubicil/a Pall. Pl. enl. 145. — Loxia Pyrrhula Linn.; Em- | 3. P. nipalensis Hodgs. As. Res. xix. 155. beriza coccinea Sander. ; Pyr. europea Vieill.; Pyr. vulgaris Temm. | 4. P.? epauletta Hodgs. As. Res. xix. 155 2. P. erythrocephala Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1831.174., Gould’s Cent. | of Birds, pl. Uracus Keys. § Blas.* Has the generic characters of Pyrrhula, except that the Wings have the first three quills slightly eraduated, and the third and fourth equal and longest. Tacl much lengthened, and rounded at the end. These birds reside in the most northern parts of Europe during the summer, and migrate in small flocks to the southern provinces of Russia, &c., on the approach of winter. It is in bushy shrubs, in the neighbourhood of streams and torrents, that this bird is usually found ; and seeds, especially those of the Artemisce, seem to constitute its principal food. U. sibiricus (Pall.) — Pyrrhula caudata Pall. Zoogr. t. 37. ; Pyrr. longicauda Temm. SrropitopHaca Vieill.+ Bill short, with the base as broad as high, the culmen much arched, and the sides somewhat com- pressed ; the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards; and the nostrils basal, and hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the second and third quills longest. Yad rather long, broad, and somewhat forked. Tarsi as long as the middle toe, and strongly scutellated ; the lateral toes unequal, and the inner the shortest; the claws slender, acute, and slightly curved. These birds inhabit during the summer the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America, where they reside mostly in the pine forests, &c., and migrate more southerly on the approach of winter. The seeds and berries of various alpine trees and plants form their food. Their nest is composed of dry sticks and small twigs, lined with feathers, and is generally placed in trees. The female deposits four eggs. 1. S. enucleator (Linn.) Gould’s B. of Eur. pl., Wils. Amer. Orn. | 3. S. sipahi Hodgs. As. Res. xix. 151. pl. 5. f. 2-—— Loxia psittacea Pall.; Loxia Flamingo Sparr. Mus. 4. S. subhimachalus Hodgs. As. Res. xix. 151. Carls. t. 1'7. var. 2. S. caucasica (Pall.) — Loxia rubicilla Giildenst. Nov. Com. | Petrop. xix. 463. t. 12. | * Established by Count Keyserling and Prof. Blasius, in their Wirbelthiere Europa’s, 1840, p. 40. : ’ + Established by Vieillot (Analyse, p. 29.) in 1816, in the place of Pinicola, which he had proposed in 1807. In 1817, Cuvier used Corythus for this division. October, 1844. CATAMBLVRHYNCH!S diadema (Latr) » 1D) 7a rrp se WIRIR ISO JOJO 4& . VF <] 1. CARPODACUS purpureus 2 CRITHAGRA sulphurata 2 CATAMBLYRHYNCHUS diadema. 4. PYRRHUI I 4 SPERMOPHILA cinereola. 6.URAGUS sibiricus. 7. STROBI st sities is | pe. Pap ae > — fea “or es “wt, - | é ; ' : r i = ‘ a = r ‘ \ : ‘ ‘ ' mri CAMB Aili D Sy II ~ ) uv — v GE. MA USA Order IT. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrostres. Family IV. Frrucmripe. The eighth Subfamily, LOXIAN &, or Crosssi.ts, have the Bill more or less long, broad, but compressed towards the tips, which sometimes cross each other, and curved, or the upper overlapping that of the lower mandible; the Wings more or less lengthened, pointed, and sometimes rounded ; the Tail moderate and emarginated, or graduated; the Tarsi short, with the Toes moderate. Loxra Linn.* Bill moderate, broad at the base, with the culmen much curved, and the sides much compressed to the tip, which is prolonged, very acute, entire, and both mandibles cross each other, with the lateral margins bent inwards; the gonys long, and much curved upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and mostly hidden by the bristly frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first three quills nearly equal and longest. Tail short and emarginated. Tarsz short, the length of the middle toe, without the claw, robust, feathered below the knee, and covered with scales. Toes short, the lateral ones equal, the outer united at its base, and the hind toe very long ; the claws long, especially that of the hind toe, acute and curved. These birds are found in the northern parts of Europe, America, and Asia, migrating to the higher latitudes on the réturn of each succeeding summer. They frequent in flocks the great forests of pines and fir trees, the seeds of which form their principal subsistence. The seeds are detached by means of the strong lever they possess in the remarkable formation of their bill, which is admirably adapted for wrenching asunder the scales of the cones. It also enables them to slit open apples and pears for the purpose of obtaining the pips, and they thus occasionally commit great havock in orchards. During the height of winter they are said to make their nests, which are usually placed in the fork of a branch, and consist of moss, lichen, &c., lined with feathers. The eggs are four or five in number. 1. L. pityopsittacus Bechst. Orn. Tasch. i. 106. — Crucirostra 4, L. americana (Wils.) Am, Orn. pl. 31. f. 1, 2., Audub. B. of pinetorum Meyer, Gould’s B. of Eur. pl. 201. ; C. subpityopsittacus | Amer. pl. 197. — Loxia fusca Vieill. ? Brehm. 5. L. himalayana Hodgs. Proc. Z. 8. 1845. p. ., Ann. Nat. Hist. 2. L. curvirostra Linn, Pl. enl. 218., Gould’s B. of Eur. pl. 202. | 1845. p. 206. — Loxia crucirostra Pall. - 6. L. tenioptera Glog. — Crucirostra bifasciata Glog. Ornis, 1827. 3. L. leucoptera Gmel. Gould’s B. of Eur. pl. 203. — Loxia falci- | p. 77. rostra Lath. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 364., Dixon’s Voy. pl. 19., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 15. f. 3. pl. 31. f. 3. * Established by Linneus in 1735 (Systema Nature). In 1777 Scopoli used Curvirostra, and between 1799 and 1800 Cuvier proposed Crucirostra for the same birds. LOXIAN EZ. Psirtirostra T'emm.* Bill short, broad at the base, with the culmen arched to the tip, which is much curved over that of the lower mandible, and acute ; the sides compressed, and the gonys lengthened, much curved upwards and swollen: the nostrils basal, partly closed by a membrane and covered with the plumes. Wings moderate, with the first and second quills rather shorter than the third, which is the longest. Tail moderate, and slightly emarginated. ars: longer than the middle toe, and covered by a single long scale. Toes moderate, and the lateral ones unequal, the outer the longest, and slightly united at its o, and much base; the hind toe long, strong, and broadly padded beneath; the claws short, strong, curved. The type of this genus is said to be very common in the Sandwich Islands. P. psittacia (Lath.) Swains. Lath. Gen. Syn. pl. 42.— Psittirostra icterocephala Temm. Pl. col. 457. ; P. sandwichensis Steph. Parapoxornis Gould.} Bill short, as high as long, with the culmen much arched ; the sides much compressed, and the lateral margins festooned ; the nostrils basal, lateral, small, rounded, and hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings short and rounded, with the fourth to the sixth quills the longest. Tail lengthened and much graduated. Tarsi robust, rather longer than the middle toe, and covered in front with lengthened scales. Toes moderate, the lateral ones unequal, the inner the shortest, and the hind toe long, strong, and broadly padded; the claws moderate, acute, and slightly curved. The species inhabit the mountains of the northern portion of the continent of India. 1. P. flavirostris Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1836. p.17., Gould’s Icones 2. P. ruficeps Bl. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. 177. 1843. p. 947. Avium, pl.—Bathyrbynchus brevirostris Me Clel/., Med. Journ. Cale. | pl. 1838. p. 3. P. gularis Horsf. MSS. * M.Temminck established this name in 1820 (Analyse du Syst. Gen. d’ Ornith. p.1xx.). Two or three years afterwards, Nitzsch proposed Psittacopis as a more classical word. t+ Mr. Gould established this genus in 1836. In 1838 Bathyrhynchus was proposed by Mr. Mc Clelland for the same type. December, 1845. GLY C Hullmandel's Patent Inthotnt PARADOXORNIS Lruficeps Blyth. 2 gulares Horsf Ji, © XIN 4B. MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY “CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Order II. PASSERES. Tribe [V. ConrrosrrEs. Family VI. Frincinuw2. The ninth Subfamily, PHYTOTOMIN A, or Piant-cutTers, have the Bill short, conical, with the lateral margins serrated. Puytotoma Mol.* Bill short, strong, broad at the base, and the sides gradually compressed towards the tip, with the culmen elevated and rather arched, and the lateral margins straight and finely serrated ; the nostrils basal, small, and ovoid. Wings moderate, with the first two quills graduated, and the third, fourth, and fifth equal and longest. Tail moderate and even. Tavs? strong, shorter than the middle toe, and covered with transverse scales. Toes long and slender, with the lateral ones unequal ; the hind toe long; and all armed with long curved claws. The birds of this genus are peculiar to the temperate regions of South America, where they are found in the woody parts of the dry and arid hills and plains, but frequently visiting the environs of inhabited and cultivated places. They live in pairs and in small troops, searching gardens and orchards, and devastating plantations by cutting off buds and fruits. Their flight is short and low, but is sometimes prolonged; and their habits resemble those of the Tanagers of the genus Saltator, with which they are frequently seen mingled. Their note is excessively disagreeable. approaching the noise made by the teeth of a saw rubbed together. They feed on grains, buds, and insects. 1. Ph. rara Mol. Hist. Nat. du Chile, p. 235.— Phytotoma 2. Ph. angustirostris D’Orb. & Lafr. Syn. Av. p. 37., Voy. dans silens Kitt/. Végel von Chili, tab. 1.; Ph. Bloxami Children, | l’Amér. Mérid. Ois. t. 29. f. 2. Griff. An. Kingd. ii. p. 319. pl., Jard. & Selby’s Ill. Ornith. pl. 3. Ph. rutila Vieill. N. Dict. Hist, Nat. xxvi. 26., Azara No. 91., 4. ; Ph. Molina Less. Mag. de Zool. 1844. Ois. t. 5. D’Orb. Voy. dans l’Amér. Mérid. Ois, t. 29. f. 1. * Established by Molina (Essai sur ? Hist. Nat. du Chili) in 1789. February, 1845, IMA PHYTOT« VU ee ‘ a MCZ LIGRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA. ee a | i | I | + ea Order II. PASSERES. Tribe [Y. Conrrostres. The fifth Family, COLID &, or Cours, have the Bill moderate, with the culmen elevated at the base, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute; the Nostrils placed in the middle of a large membranous groove, with the opening small and exposed: the Wings short: the Tail much lengthened and graduated: the Tarsi robust, and the Toes lengthened, the outer as long as the inner, the hind toe moderate, united at the base of the inner toe, and directed forwards. The only Subfamily, COLIN &, or Cottes, has the characters given above. Couius Briss.* Bill moderate, broad, and elevated at the base, with the culmen arched, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute; the lateral margins sinuated ; the gonys short and slightly ascending; the nostrils placed in a short, broad, membranous groove, with the opening small and exposed. Wings moderate, with the first quill long, the second to the fourth nearly equal and longest. Taz! much lengthened and graduated, with the feathers narrowed throughout. Tars? as long as the middle toe, robust, and covered with broad scales. Toes rather long, the lateral toes equal, the hind moderate, united at the base of the inner toe, and directed forwards; the claws long, curved, and very acute. The birds of this genus are peculiar to the continent of Africa, where they are usually observed in parties on the trees, among the branches of which they are seen quickly hopping from one to another in search of the fruits and freshly formed buds, on which they subsist. Their flight consists of little more than flitting from one tree to another ; and they have a peculiar habit of suspending themselves by one foot attached to the branch, with the head hanging downwards. They are rarely observed on the ground, as the formation of their foot does not admit of their walking with ease. They form their nests in society, closely packed together on the same tree or bush, and composed of flexible twigs lined with feathers, the female depositing from four to six eggs. * Established by Brisson in 1760 (Ornithologie, iii. p, 304.). COLIN A. tars capensis Gmel. Pl, enl. 282. f. 1. — Loxia colius Linn. 5. C. striatus Gmel. Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. 56. 2. C. erythropus Gmel. Lath. Gen. Syn. pl. 41.— Colius leuco- | ensis Gmel.; Tanagra macroura Scop. Sonn, \ notus Lath. ; C. erythropygius Vieill. Levaill. Ois. d’ Afr. t. 257. 6. C. nigricollis Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat 3. C. macrourus (Linn.) Pl. enl. 282. f. 2. — Colius senegalensis | Ois. d’Afr. t. 259. — Colius atrogularis Steph. ; Gmel. Vieill. Gal. des Ois. t. 51. 7. C. leucotis Riipp. Mus. Senckenb. iii. t. 2. 4. C. erythromelon Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vii. p.378.— | 8. C. indicus Lath. — Colius carunculatus Steph. Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 258. ; C. quiriwa Less. “ae June, 1848. fullmandel & alte iathniseamnhere Walton Lathopraphers COLIOS macrourus Lun: ~~ - ; - - MCZ LIBRARY ers 4 HARVARD UNIVERSITY \ eae CAMBRIDGE. MA USA + Ses ee Hullmandel & Walton Lithographers. . PARAD OXORN1Sflavrostnis.2 PSITTIROSTRA psittacea.6 LOXIA pityopsittacus. 4. PHYTOTOMA angustirostis. 5. COLIUS striatus. | | | a a | Order II. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Conrrostres. The sixth Family, MUSOPHAGID4A, or Pranratn-g£aTERs, have the Bill moderate, broad at the base, the culmen much elevated, curved, and the sides much compressed towards the tip, which is strongly emarginated; the Wings more or less lengthened and rounded; the Tail long and broad; the Tarsi moderate, strong, and covered in front with broad transverse scales; the Toes long, and the outer one sometimes versatile. The first Subfamily, MUSOPHAGIN &, or Prantain-EaTERS, have the outer toe capable of being placed posteriorly. Musoruaca Jsert.* Bill large, broad and elevated at the base, with the culmen much advanced on the forehead, and curved to the tip; the sides compressed, and the lateral margins curved; the nostrils placed near the middle of the upper mandible, open, exposed, and oval. Wings short, with the fourth and fifth quills the longest, and the tertials long and broad. Tail long, rounded at the end, and with the feathers broad. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe, and covered in front with broad transverse scales. Toes long, with the lateral toes nearly equal, and the outer scarcely versatile. The typical species is found on plains near the borders of rivers in Africa, and it lives principally on the fruits of the plantain. M. violacea Isert, Le Vaill. Tour. t. 18. — Cuculus regius Shaw, Lev. Mus. pl. p. 167., Swains. Birds of W. Afr. i. pl. 19. Turacus Cuv.t Gill short, with the culmen elevated and arched to the tip, the sides much compressed, and the lateral margins finely serrated; the nostrils placed in the middle of the upper mandible, large, and open, but in most more or less covered by the recumbent plumes. Wings short and rounded, with the fourth to the seventh quills the longest. Tail lengthened, broad, and rounded. Tarsi shorter than the middle toe, and covered in front with broad transverse scales Toes long, united at their base, and the sides margined by a membrane; the lateral toes nearly equal, the outer one versatile; the claws moderate, thick, and curved. These birds are only found on the continent of Africa, and we learn from Dr. A. Smith that one species (7. porphyreolophus) inhabits the scattered thickets which occur along the coast of South Africa, in the densest portions of which it seeks its food, which consists of fruits, &e. It isa very shy bird, and, unless the spot upon which it perches * Established by Isert in 1789 (Berl. Naturf. iii.16.). It is coequal with Phimus of Wagler (1827). { It was in 1799 or 1800 that Cuvier established this genus, which is coequal with T'ouraco of Lacépede (1800 or 1801), Corythaix of Illiger (1811), Opaethus of Vieillot (1816), and Spelectes of Wagler (1827). MUSOPHAGIN Zi. after it has been disturbed be well marked, it will rarely be discovered by the hunter. When conscious of danger, it remains perfectly motionless, and, as its usual position is parallel to the branch upon which it rests, there is little to facilitate the discovery. In moving from one part of a branch to another, it generally runs along it, either ascending or descending according to circumstances, and it often pursues a similar course while removing from one side of a tree to the other. 1. T. persa (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 7. — Corythaix Buf- foni Swains. ; Opaethus africanus Shaw. 2. T. purpureus (Less.) —Corythaix Buffoni Vieill. Jard & Selby’s Ill. Orn. t. 122.; C. senegalensis Swains. Birds of W. Afr. i. pl. 21. 3. T. albocristatus Strickl. PI. enl. 601.— Spelectes corythaix 5. T. leucotis (Riipp.) Zool. Atlas, t. 3. 6. T. macrorhynchus (Fras.) Proc. Z.S. 1839. p. 34. 7. T. giganteus (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., Le Vaill. Tour. t. 19. — Musophaga cristata Vieil/.; Corythaix gigas Steph.; Crax cyaneus Griff. An. Kingd. Birds, iii. pl. p. 8. T. porphyreolophus (Vigors), Proc. Z. 8, 1831. 93. — Cory- Wagl. ; Opaethus Persa Vieill. 4. T. erythrolophus (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 306. — Opaethus paulina Temm. Pl. col. 23., Gal. des Ois. t. 49. thaix Burchellii A. Smith, Zool. S. Afr. pl. 35., Jard. & Selby’s Til. Orn. n.s, pl. 46. Scuizoruis Wagl.* Bill short, with the culmen scarcely higher than broad at the base, much arched to the tip, and the lateral margins sinuated and nearly smooth; the nostrils lateral, exposed, and placed near the basal portion of the culmen, with the opening longitudinal. Wings moderate and pointed, with the fourth, fifth, and sixth quills the longest. Taz/ long, and nearly equal, with the feathers broad. Tavs? shorter than the middle toe, robust, and covered in front with broad transverse scales. Toes long, the lateral toes nearly equal, the outer one scarcely versatile, the base united, and the margins bordered with a membrane ; the claws rather strong and curved. The continent of Africa is the peculiar country for the species of birds that form this genus, and Dr. A. Smith informs us that the favourite resort of the S. concolor seemed to be the immediate banks of rivers, where it was seen either perched upon the highest branches of the trees which occurred in those situations, or flitting to and fro among them in search of the fruits, which constitute its principal food. It is a bird of short flight, and, when disturbed and driven from any particular haunt, it seldom passes the nearest tree without alighting, unless it may think itself not sufficiently removed from the source of danger. When flying, it sometimes flaps its wings with considerable quickness and vigour, but more generally it soars along with them completely extended, and even scarcely moves them until it When at rest, and without any suspicion of danger, it has a clumsy dull appearance, with its When excited, however, by the appearance of an object of suspicion, or its attention is arrested by any unusual noise, it exhibits a very opposite and elegant appearance; its crest, which in a state of rest is generally recumbent, then becomes erected, while its head, if not its whole body, is moved in various directions, as if endeavouring to discover the cause of its alarm; and at such times its cries are harsher and more frequent. The individuals first discovered were extremely shy and watchful, but as the travellers advanced in the country, where specimens were more abundant, less caution was observed, and there were days when they might have shot at least forty or fifty individuals had it been desirable. Be- sides the remains of fruits, the wings and other parts of grylli were found in the stomach of several which were examined. has actually perched. head sunk to its shoulders, and at such times it utters occasionally a harsh cry resembling “ mea.” 1. S. africana (Lath.) Le Vaill. Tour. t. 20. — Musophaga variegata Vieill. ; M. senegalensis Licht. Gal. des Ois. t. 48., Swains. B. of W. Afr. i. t. 20. 2. S. zonarius (Riipp.) Faun. Abyss. t. 4. 3. S. personata (Riipp.) Proc. Z. 8. 1842. 8. 4, S. leucogaster (Riipp.) Proc. Z. 8. 1842. 9. 5. S. concolor (Smith), Report of 8. Afr. Exp. App.— Chizaerhis Felicia Less. * This genus was originally established under the name of Chizaerhis by Wagler in 1827, but in 1829 he changed it to the above word. In 1834 Dr. A. Smith proposed a division with the name of Corythaixoides, which he changed to Coliphimus in 1836. It is coequal with the one adopted. June, 1845. F ry tA SVAS. CORN THAIN WATOTNY NCE TT = ESS : _— eR a 2-8 — _ ico Order I]. PASSERES. Tribe IV. Controstres. Family VI. Musopnaaips. The second Subfamily, OPISTHOCOMIN &, or Hoacrzins, have the Toes lengthened, and the outer toe not capable of being placed posteriorly. OpistHocomus Hoffm.* Lill short, thick, broad at the base, the culmen much curved to the tip, which is abruptly compressed, and obtusely hooked over that of the lower mandible, the gonys of which is short, ascending, and terminating in a strong angle posteriorly; the nostrils lateral, pierced in the middle of the bill, rounded, and surrounded by a membrane. Wings long, with the first five quills graduated, and the sixth the longest. Taz] lengthened, broad, and much rounded at the end. Tuarsi robust, shorter than the middle toe, and covered with reticulated scales. Toes very long, slender, the lateral toes equal, entirely divided at the base, and the outer one not versatile; the claws long, compressed, and much curved. The sides of the head naked. This remarkable bird is peculiar to the northern parts of South America. It lives in small flocks on the banks of the rivers, and is by no means shy, allowing the hunter to approach very near. If alarmed at the report of a gun, the flock takes flight, crying cra cra, and they all alight close to each other on the same branch a few paces further off. Their food consists of the leaves of a tree which the natives call avinga, or those of the Arum arborescens, which causes the flesh of these birds to have a strong musky smell, and to be used as a bait for certain fishes. O. eristatus (Lath.) Pl. enl. 337., Gal. des Ois, t. 193. * Hoffmansegg established this in 1811 (Jiliger, Prod. Syst. Mam. et Av.). In 1816 Vieillot proposed Orthocorys, which in 1825 he changed to Sasa, for the same type. July, 1845. ee MY) SYNQYVYISIAI SPN ODQOHL STAIO “ey NOM O D Oeit Sal @ | MCZ LIBRARY. HARVARD UNIVERSITY CANBR IDGE. MA USA Ese Order II. PASSERES. =i Tribe LY. ConrrostrEs. The seventh Family, —— - BUCEROTID 42, or Hornsitts, 7 have the Bill more or less lengthened, curved, broad at the base, and compressed to the end; with the __ culmen furnished with a singularly formed helmet, or only curyed to the tip, which is acute ; the Nostrils —_ basal, and usually rounded: the Wings moderate: the Tail generally long, broad, and more or less a graduated : the Tarsi, in most, short and strong: the Toes moderate, strong, and more or less united at - their base, especially the outer toe: the Claws short, and rather obtuse. The only Subfamily, BUCEROTIN&, or Hornsiius, _haye similar characters to those given above. Evryceros Less.* Bill large, and broad at the base, with the culmen much elevated, projecting on the forehead, keeled, and curved to the tip, which is hooked and strongly emarginated ; the sides much compressed from the base to the end; the gonys rather short, and ascending ; the nostrils lateral and basal, with the opening rounded and exposed. Wings long, with the fourth and fifth quills equal and longest. Taz! moderate, broad, and rounded. Tursi moderate, rather strong, and covered in front with transverse scales, the divisions of which are slightly apparent. Toes long; the inner shorter than the outer toe, the latter united to the first joint ; the hind toe long and strong; the claws long, strong, curved, and acute. The type of this genus is found in Madagascar. Its manners and habits are unknown. E. Prevostii Less. Cent. de Zool. t. 74., Illustr. de Zool. t. 13. * Established by M. Lesson in 1830 (Centurie de Zoologie). — = BUCEROTIN&. ———————— Buceros Linn.* Bill large, more or less long, broad at the base, and more or less surmounted by a helmet of various shapes, with the culmen curved, and the sides much compressed to the tip, which is pointed; the lateral margins smooth in the young, and more or less jagged in the adult ; the nostrils basal and lateral, with the opening small, exposed, and rounded. Wangs rather short, with the third quill nearly as long as the fourth and fifth, which are equal and longest. Tail generally long, broad, and more or less graduated. ars rather short, robust, and covered in front with broad, transverse, strong scales. Toes rather long, broad; the outer toe longer than the inner, both united at the base, especially the outer, the union of which is continued to the second joint; the hind toe long, strong, and strongly scutellated above; the claws strong, long, curved, and acute. The face and throat more or less naked, and the latter sometimes furnished with a gular pouch. The species of this genus are found in Africa, India, and its archipelago. They are usually observed singly, or in small or large parties, in the dense forests or jungles, perched or squatted longitudinally on the highest branches, especially those of elevated and decayed trees in the neighbourhood of rivers. On the approach of daylight they leave their roosting-places, and proceed to the neighbouring forests in search of fruit-bearing trees, hopping from branch to branch for the fruits which constitute their food, and when evening returns they again repair to the place that they had left at daylight. When they have cleared one neighbourhood of its food, they resort to a fresh locality ; which occasions them to be observed at different periods in various places. It is stated by some writers that these birds also feed on carrion, small quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles, pressing them flat in their bills then tossing them in the air, catching them in their mouths, and swallowing them whole. Their flight is heavy and straight, generally at a considerable height ; and they make a remarkable noise in striking the air with their wings. The cry consists of a short hoarse croak, but when the bird is excited this is changed to a loud discordant noise. They perforate the trunks of trees from the side, making a hollow in the wood, in which the nest is formed ; and the female lays usually four eggs. 1. B. rhinoceros Linn. Pl. enl. 934., Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. | 10. B. eristatus Riipp. Faun. Abyss. t. 1. t. 2. (bill), Edwards’s Birds, pl. 281. B. (bill), Levaill. Ois. d’Am. 11. B. atratus Temm. Pl. col. 558. et Ind. t. 1. (entire bird), Shaw’s Nat. Misc. pl. 41.— Buceros | 12. B. galeritus Temm. PI. co.. 520. africanus Gmel.; B. sylvestris Vieill. Ois. dAm. & Ind. t.13.; | 13. B. elatus Temm. PI. col. 521. f. 1. B. lunatus Temm. Pl. col. 546.; Type of Tragopan Mehr. 14, B. cylindricus Temm. Pl. col. 521. f. 2. (1752). 15. B. hydrocoraxv Linn. PI. enl. 283. Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. 2. B. bicornis Linn. Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 7, 8. t.4,5.— | t. 6., Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 240. Buceros cristatus Vieill. 16. B.comatus Raff. Linn. Trans. xiii, p. 339., Verh. Natuurl. 3. ? B. Homrai Hodgs. As. Res. 1833. p. 169. pl. — B. cavatus | Gesch. t. 4. Shaw, Gould, Cent. of Birds, pl. 17. B. scutatus Bodd. Pl. enl. 933. —Buceros galeatus Gmel. 4. B. coronatus Bodd. Pl. enl. 873. — Buceros monoceros Shaw, | Edwards’s Birds, pl. 281. f. c., Mag. de Zool. 1835. Ois. t. 38. Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 9, 10, 11, 12. 18. B. plicatus Lath. Levaill. Ois. d’ Afr. t. 299, — Buceros un- 5. B. pica Scop. Sonn. Voy. Ind. t. 121. — Buceros malabaricus Gmel. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 281. D., Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 14. ; B. albirostris Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 809.; B. leucogaster Blyth ; B. bicolor Eyton. 6. B. converus Temm. PI, col. 530. 7. B. violaceus Shaw, Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 19. 8. B. malayanus Raffi. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 292. — Buceros anthracicus Temm. Pl. col. 529.; B. pusaran Raff. 2 9. B. buccinator Temm. PI. col. 284. dulatus Shaw ; B. niger Viei//. Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 20, 21.; B. javanicus Shaw; B. javanus Vieill. Levaill. Ois. d’Am., et Ind. t. 22. ; B. subruficollis Blyth. 19. B. ruficollis Vieill. Pl. col. 557., La Peyr. & Labill. Voy. t.11. 20. B. corrugatus Temm. Pl. col. 531. — Buceros rugosus Begbie; B. gracilis Temm. Pl. col. 535. 21. ? B. lugubris Begbie, Malay Penins. 1834. p. 22. B. cassidin Temm. Pl. col. 210., Verh. Natuurl. Gesch, t. 4. bis. * Established by Linneus in 1748. Caryocatactes of Meehring (1752) and Hydrocorax of Brisson (1760) are synonymous. It embraces Tragopan of Meehring (1752) and Tockus of M. Lesson (1831). 6 Zz BUCEROTIN Z. 23. B. Panini Bodd. Pl. enl. 280, 281., Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et 29. B. melanoleucus Licht. Catal. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 8., Le- Ind. t. 16, 17., Sonn. Voy. t. 82, 83. — Buceros panayensis Scop. ;_ vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 234, 235.— Buceros coronatus Shaw, Swains. B. manilla Bodd. Pl. enl. 891. ; B. manillensis Gmel. Levaill. Ois. | Zool. Ilustr. pl. 178., Ency. Méth. Ois. t. 240. f. 4. d’Am. et Ind. t. 18. ; B. sulcirostris Wagi. Meyen, Nov. Acta, &c. 30. B. gingalensis Shaw, Levaill. Ois. d’Am. et Ind. t. 23.— xiv. t. 13. é Buceros gingala Vieill. ; B. pyrrhopygus Wagl. 24, B. nipalensis Hodgs. As. Res. 1833. 178. pl. 1, 2. 31. B. cineraceus Temm. PI. col. (descript.). 25. B. suleatus Temm. Pl. col. 69.— Buceros leucocephalus 32. B. nasutus Linn. Pl. enl. 890., Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 236, Vieill. 237. — Buceros hastatus Cuv. 26. B. exaratus Temm. PI. col. 211. 33. B. pecilorhynchus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839. p. 257. 27. B. ginginianus Lath. Sonn. Voy. t. 120. Levaill. Ois. d’Am. 34. B. erythrorhynchos Temm. Pl. enl. 260., Pl. col. 283., Le- et Ind. t. 15.— Buceros oxyurus Wagl. ; B. bicornis Scop. ; B. ben- | vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 238. — Type of Tockus Less. (1831). galensis Gray. 35. B. limbatus Riipp. Faun. Abyss. t. 2. f. 1. 28. B. fasciatus Shaw, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 233.— Buceros 36. _B. flavirostris Riipp. Faun. Abyss. t. 2. f. 2. melanoleucus Vieill. | 37. ? B. griseus Lath. Bucorvus Less.* The characters similar to those of the former genus, except that the 7arsz are very long, strong, and covered in front with large scales, those near the toes being hexagonal. Toes short, thick ; the inner toe rather shorter than the outer, both united at the base, especially that of the outer ; the hind toe long and strong; the claws moderate, curved, and acute. This species inhabits the continent of Africa, and is usually seen on the ground, busily engaged in searching it for the large beetles which constitute the chief portion of its food. It is very active in leaping along the ground, and flies well and to a great distance at a time. The nest is said to be made in large trees; it is very large, and covered as in the magpie’s, with an entrance on one side. B. abyssinicus (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 779., Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 2830, 231, 232. — Buceros carunculatus Wagl. ; B. Leadbeateri Vigors. * It was in 1831 that M. Lesson established this division ( T'raité d’ Ornithologie). May, 1847. “a cette ee ay es * ie Ty ib ah Taare ; ‘ ae (ii Data’, Oa alee Ss hes 2 8 SES aN res Nos NY 3s .s ~ SS S8 S >» S S fe) + MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY ~ CAMBRIDGE. MA USA ‘ wv . he = Ey fad tt) “es a = - Sy rene on % art» ae = ‘ — ’ ‘ aa | ti meet y r Dad 4 ii +S, Saree J - 3 " ' - 3 at ag r 4 S: ne ' sy > ~ ks 5 - > “ MCZ LIBRARY res. HARVARD UNIVERSITY: eer * CAMBRIDGE. MA USA The third Order, SCANSORES,* % are at once distinguished by the position of their Toes, which are placed two anteriorly, and two __ posteriorly. is The first Family, RAMPHASTID4, or Tovucans, __ haye the Bill much prolonged, broad at base, with the culmen curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, and the lateral margins more or less serrated. _ The only Subfamily, RAMPHASTIN &, or Tovucans, _haye the same characters as previously given for the family. .. Rampnuastos Linn.t Bill very long, smooth, and broad at the base, with the culmen rounded and curved to the tip, which is acute; the sides compressed, and the lateral margins strongly dentated; the nostrils basal, and concealed by the elevated posterior projection of the culmen. Wings short and rounded, with the first four quills graduated, and each narrowed at the tip, with the fifth the longest. Zaz! short, and nearly ie even at the end. Tarsi the length of the outer anterior toe, and covered with prominent broad scales. _ Toes with the outer pair longest, and nearly equal; the inner pair unequal; the claws strong, compressed, and slightly curved. ‘These singular birds are found in the tropical parts of South America. They are very shy and cautious, and are _ usually observed hopping actively from branch to branch, amid the lofty foliage of the highest trees of the forests. Yarious fruits, especially the banana, form their chief subsistence ; they will also feed on small reptiles, larye of insects, * Zygodactyli Vieill., Prehensores Blainv. { Linneus established this genus in 1744 (Systema Nature). Bueco of Meehring (1752) and T'ucana of Brisson (1760) are coequal with the one adopted. ‘ RAMPHASTIN A. young birds, ges, of trees that the female deposits generally two eggs. and eggs, for which latter they will readily attack the nests of other birds. It is in the holes in trunks These birds, when in a state of repose, resemble a round ball of feathers, as their head is usually placed over the shoulders, while the bill is entirely concealed beneath the feathers of the back and the greater wing coverts; the tail is brought over the back, and their body is closely applied to the branch on which they are perched. 1. R. erythrorhynchos Gmel. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 238., Pl. enl. 262., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 3, 4.—Ramphastos Levaillantii WVagl. Gould, Monogr. pl. 3. 2. R. Cuvieri Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 5., Gould, Monogr. pl. 2. 3. ? R. Forsterorum Wag. Syst. Av. sp. 8., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 5. 4. R. culminatus Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1833. p. 70., Monogr. pl. 1. 5. R.tocard Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 281., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 9. — Ramphastos ambiguus Swains. Zool. Il. pl. 168.; R. Swainsoni Gould, Monogr. pl. 8.; R. eugnathos Wagl, 6. R. piscivorus Linn. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 64. 329. — Ram- phastos tucanus Shaw; R. carinatus Swains. Zool. Ill. pl. 45.; R. callorhynechus Wag/. Gould, Monogr. pl. 7. 7. R. Toco Gmel. Pl. enl. 82., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 2., Lath. Gen. Syn. pl. 9., Gould, Monogr. pl. 6. 8. °? R. niveus Less. Compl. Buff. p. 184. 9. R. vitellinus Ml. Swains. Zool. Ill. pl. 56., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 17., Gould, Monogr. pl. 9. 10. R. Tucanus Linn, Pl. enl. 307. — Ramphastos Ariel Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii. 466. ; R. Temminckii Wagl. Gould, Monogr. pl. 10. 11. R. dicolorus Gmel. Pl. enl. 269., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 8. — Ramphastos Tucai Licht.; R. chlororhynchos Yemm. Swains. Zool. Ill. pl. 108., Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 29., Gould, Monogr. pl. 11. 12. ? R. mawvimus Cuyv. phastos erythrosoma Wag/. 13. R. citreopygus Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1835. p. 156., Monogr. pl. 4, — Ramphastos sulfuratus Less. 14. R. osculans Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1835. p. 156., Monogr. pl. 5. 15. R. citreolemus Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1843. p. 147. 16. ? R. pieatus Linn. Albin’s pl. 25. — Ramphastos Aldrovandi Shaw. Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 6.— Ram- Prerocuossus J/l.* Bill generally prolonged, smooth, and broad at the base, with the culmen flattened at the base, rounded, and curved to the tip; the sides compressed, and the lateral margins slightly dentated ; the nostrils basal, and pierced on the flattened surface of the culmen, exposed, and rounded. and rounded, with the fourth, fifth, and sixth quills the longest. graduated. Tarsi the length of the outer anterior toe, and covered with broad scales. Wings short Tail more or less lengthened and Toes with the outer pair the longest and equal, and the inner pair unequal and short; the claws short and slightly curved. The birds that compose this genus are found in the same countries as those previously mentioned, and their habits and manners are also similar. 1. P. aracari (Linn.) Ill. Pl. enl. 166., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 10., Gould, Monogr. pl. 12. 2. P. castanotis Gould, Proc. Z. $8. 1833. p. 119., Monogr. pl. 13. 3. P. regalis Licht. Gould, Monogr. pl. 14. — Pteroglossus_ tor- quatus Gmel.? Wagl.; P. ambiguus Less. 4. P. pluricinctus Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1835. p. 157., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 11., Monogr. pl. 15. 5. P. bitorquatus Vigors, Journ. Zool. ii. p. 481., Gould, Monogr. pl. 16. * Established by Illiger in 1811 (Prodvomus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p.202.). 6. P. Azare (Vieill.) Wagl. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 282., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. Suppl. t. A., Gould, Monogr. pl. 17. 7. P. flavirostris Fr. Proc. Z.S. 1840. p. 61. 8. P. viridis (Linn.) Il. Pl, enl. 727, 728., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t. 16, 17., Swains. Zool. Il. pl. 169., Gould, Monogr. pl. 21. 9. P. hypoglaucus Gould, Proc. Z.S. 1831. p. 70., Monogr. pl. 19. 10. P. Bailloni (Vieill.) Wagl. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 283., Le Vaill. Ois.de Par. t. 18. — Pteroglossus croceus Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 6., Gould, Monogr. pl. 20. Aracari of M. Lesson (1828) is coequal. It embraces Selenidera (1837) and Aulacorhynchus (1834) of Mr, Gould; this latter name haying been previously employed, it was changed y 3 p y pio} 8 by me to Aulacoramphus (1840). 4M RAMPHASTIN Z. ‘11. P. Humboldtii Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 4., Gould, Monogr. pl. 22. ‘12. P. inseriptus Swains. Zool. Ill. pl. 90., Gould, Monogr. pl. 23. — Pteroglossus scriptus Temm. 13. P. prasinus Licht. Gould, Monogr. pl. 29. 14. P. pecilosternus Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1843. p. 147. 15. P. erythropygus Gould. Proc. Z. S. 1843. p.15., Voy. of the Sulph. Birds, pl. 28. 16. P. Beauhernaisii Wagl. Isis, 1832. p. 279. — Pteroglossus ~ ylocomus Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1833. p. 38., Monogr. pl. 18. 17. P. Peppigii Wagl. 1832. p. 1229. 18. P. nigrirostris Waterh. Proc. Z. S. 1839. p. 111. 19. P. Gouldii Natt. Proc. Z. S. 1837. p. 44., Gould, Icon. _ Avium, pt. 1. pl. 7. — Type of Selenidera Gould (1837). 20. P. maculirostris Licht. Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t.15., Suppl. t. A.A, Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 26. — Ramphastos maculatus - Vieill, Gal. des Ois. t., Gould, Monogr. pl. 24. 21. P. Nattererii Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1835. p. 157., Monogr. pl. is 2. P. Reinwardtii Wagl. Syst. Av.sp. 11., Gould, Monogr. pl. oe26. 23. P. Langsdorffii Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 12., Gould, Monogr. pl. 28. April, 1846. 24, P. piperivorus (Linn.) Pl. enl. 577. 729., Edwards’s Birds, pl. 330., Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. t.13, 14., Gould, Monogr. pl. 27. — Pteroglossus culik Wagl. 25. P. sulcatus Swains. Journ. Roy. Inst. ix. 267., Zool. Ill. pl. 44., Pl. col. 356., Gould, Monogr. pl. 31. ; Type of Aulacorhynchus Gould (1824). 26. P. pavoninus (Gmel.?) Wagl. Gould, Monogr. pl. 30. 27. P. Derbyanus Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1835. p.49., Monogr. pl. 32. 28. P. hematopygus Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1834. p. 147., Monogr. pl. 33. : 29. P. atrogularis Gould, Monogr. Sturm’s Edit. pl. 30. P. ceruleicinctus D’Orb. Voy. dans l’Amér. Mer. Ois. t. 66. f. 2.—~ Pteroglossus Lichtensteinii Gould, Monogr. Sturm’s Edit. pl. 31. P. albivittatus Bois. Rev. Zool. 1840. p. 70. 32. ? P. brevirostris Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 178. 33. ? P. luteus (Gmel.). 34. ? P. ceruleus (Gmel.). 35. ? P. indicus (Shaw). Mill. Plates, pl. 57. 36. ? P. dubius (Gmel.). 37. ? P. glaber (Shaw). f aetna lis ~ a= 2 - = »* - =a a ivi 4 2 . ; x =x oe >< , ; Pre : “4 ay —— 2) aren 2 > 2 : e 2 = = ; ' : - “— - . =. a ® } Fr a “aed i. y ’ ~~ ¢ = ‘ . : ’ i = * 4 . 4 ; “4 ! + ere > + wie ~; be 7 b = 4 as iy =’ = a "| = Paar i ty i t ~ ia i . s . 7 +. ie iy . . i i 4 ee ce on in| » _ 1 wy on y i 4 io a ‘ os ‘ . Pe a * - Loree 4 i = « : 6 - _ Nhe ee) in divas iin = ee a e CHullmandel's Patent [nthotint RHAMPHAS TOS cilveolzmus. Gould. )D) jor JQJOWa MOP SCA S TIN ZE = > D 7) GLOSS Ag IE MAKE! C.Hulim anda ance: s Patent Li TLAOuUnT a = a u v - me 7 ; a - >. Gx + or i ha —_ y . _ , 1 = ~ \ \ ' * Order III. SCANSORES. The second Family, PSITTACID 2, or Parrots, have the Bill more or less large and strong, with the culmen arched to the tip, which is prolonged and acute, the lateral margins sometimes dentated, and the base covered by a cere, of greater or less size, in which the nostrils are placed; the Wings and the Tail generally long; and the Tarsi usually very short and robust. The first Subfamily, PEZOPORIN &, or Grounp ParrakEETs, have the Bill moderate, with the culmen usually rounded and arched to the tip, which is sometimes dentated ; the Tarsi more or less short and robust; and the Tail broad, lengthened, and more or less graduated, with the ends of the feathers narrowed, and rounded or pointed. Nympuicus Wagl.* Bill moderate, compressed on the sides towards the culmen, which is curved to the acute tip; the lateral margins strongly dentated; the gonys broad and angular; the nostrils basal, lateral, placed in a short rounded cere near the culmen, and with the opening large. Wings very long, with the second quill the longest. Tai] very long, broad, and rounded on the sides, with the two middle feathers prolonged beyond the others, and pointed. Tarsi short, stout, and covered with small scales. Toes long and slender, with the outer anterior one the longest, and all covered with small scales, and armed with acute, slightly curved claws. The type is peculiar to Australia. It is a migratory bird, congregating in immense flocks before taking its de- parture for a fresh locality. Mr. Gould observes that he has seen the ground quite covered by them while engaged in procuring food; and it is not an unusual circumstance to see hundreds together on the dead branches of the gum trees in the neighbourhood of water. Its form admirably adapts it for terrestrial progression; hence it is enabled readily to procure the seeds of the various grasses, upon which it almost solely subsists. Its flight is even and easy, and is capable of being long protracted. When roused from the ground, it flies up into the nearest trees, almost invariably selecting a dead branch, upon which it frequently perches lengthwise. It breeds in the holes of gum and other trees growing on the flats and in the neighbourhood of water. The eggs are five or six in number. * Wagler established this genus in 1830 (Abhandl, Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p.490.). Calopsitta of M. Lesson (1831) and Leptolophus of Mr. Swainson (1832) are synonymous. PEZOPORIN &. N. nove hollandie (Gmel.) Wagl. Lear's Parr. pl. 27.—Calo- ; Zool. Ill. n.s. pl. 112., Nat. Libr. Parr. pl. 30., Gould, B. of psitta Guy Less. Ill. Zool. t.112.; Leptolophus auricomis Swains. | Austr. pl. Coracorsis Wagl.* Bill large, with the culmen rounded and much curved to the tip, which is long and acute; the lateral margins nearly entire and curved ; the lower mandible longer than deep, with the gonys much curved upwards to the tip, and rounded; the nostrils basal, lateral, and placed in the rounded cere, near the culmen. Wings long, with the second quill the longest. Tail long, broad, and slightly rounded. Tarsi short, strong, and covered with small scales. Toes long and strong, with the anterior outer toe rather the longest; the claws moderate and curved. The two species of this genus are found in Madagascar and South Africa. 1. C. muscarina (Briss.) Wagl. Pl. enl. 35. , 2. C. nigra (Linn.) Wagl. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 5., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 81, 82.—Psittacus obscurus Bechst.; P. vaza Shaw. Puatycercus Vigors.t Bill moderate, with the sides swollen, and the culmen rounded, and arched to the tip, which is rather obtuse ; the lateral margins curved and slightly dentated, or entire ; the gonys broad, rather biangular on the sides, and curved upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, exposed, and rounded, and placed in a small rounded cere near the culmen. Wings moderate and concave, with the first quill shorter than the second and third, which are nearly equal, and longest, and the webs of the first four quills suddenly dilated near the base. Taz lengthened, broad, and nearly even, or much graduated ; with the feathers towards the tip more or less narrowed, and rounded or pointed. TZarsi shorter than the middle toe, and covered with minute scales. Toes moderate, much padded beneath, the outer anterior one the longest ; and the claws long, compressed, curved, and acute. The species are most numerous in Australia, and some are found in New Zealand and New Guinea. They are usually seen in small groups of six to twenty in number. They always collect in large flocks when they migrate to a fresh locality in search of subsistence. As their principal food consists of grass seeds, it is most usual to observe them on the ground, walking about and searching among the blades of grass. Others also feed on fruits and berries, and attack the Indian corn as soon as it becomes ripe, as well as the young wheat, causing great destruction to the crops. When alarmed they generally fly to the branches of the nearest tree, remaining until the cause of their fear has disappeared. The eggs are deposited on the decayed wood, or on feathers, in holes formed in the trunks of rotten trees. They are generally four to six in number. * Established by Wagler in 1830 (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p. 501.). Muscarinus of M, Lesson (1831) and Vigorsia of Mr. Swainson (1837) are coequal. { It was in 1825 that Vigors established this genus (Zoological Journal, i.527.). It embraces Aprosmictus (1842) and Psephotus (1845) of Mr. Gould. 44 PEZOPORIN XE. 1. P. Pennantii (Lath.) Vig. Phil. Bot. Bay, pl. p. 154.— Psittacus gloriosus Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 53.; P. splendidus Shaw, Mus. Lev. pl. 7., Le Vaill. Perr. t.78.; P. elegans Gmel., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 79., Nat. Libr. Parr. pl. 25. 2. P. Adelaide Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1840. p. 163.—B. of Austr. pl. 3. P. flaveolus Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. 26., Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. f. 1. (head), B. of Austr. pl. 4. P. ignitus Leadb. Proc. Z. S. 1837. 8., Gould, Syn. B. of Austr, pl. f. 1. (head). 5. P. palliceps Vigors, Lear’s Parr. pl. 19., Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. f. 3. (head), B. of Austr. pl., Nat. Libr. Parr. pl. 26. _ 6. P. icterotis (Temm.) Wagl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii, 120.— Platycercus Stanleyi Vigors, Lear’s Parr. pl. 23, 24., Jard. & Selby, Til. Orn. pl. 108., Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. f. 3. (head). 7. P. eximius (Shaw) Vig. & Horsf. Nat. Misc. pl. 93., Shaw, Zool. N. Holl. t. 1.—Psittacus capitatus Shaw, Le Vaill. Perr. t. 28, 29.; P. omnicolor Bechst., P. Pennantii Q Wolf, Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. f. 2. (head). 8. P. caledonicus (Gmel.) Wag]. Ellis’s Icon. ined. 16. — Le Vaill. Perr. t. 80.—Psittacus Brownii Kuhl ; P. flavigaster Temm. ; P. flaviventris Vigors 5 Horsf. 9. ? P. jonquillaceus (Vieill.) Wagl. 10. P. semitorquatus Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de |’Astrol. Ois. t. 23., Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 11. P. zonarius (Shaw) Wagl. Nat. Misc. pl. 657.— Psittacus viridis Shaw; P. cyanomelas Kuhl; P. Baueri Temm., Donov. Nat. Rep. pl. 64., Lear’s Parr. pl. 17., Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. f. 3. (head), B. of Austr. pl. 12. P. pileatus Vigors, Zool. Journ. v. p. 274., Voy. de |’ Astrol. Ois. t. 22., Lear’s Parr. pl. 21, 22., Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. =, 102. 13. P. venustus (Brown) Wagl. — Psittacus Brownii Temm. Don. Nat. Rep. pl. 64. ? Lear’s Parr. pl. 20., Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 14. P. hematonotus Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. 151. 15. P. hematogaster Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. 89. 16. P. melanurus (Vigors) Lear’s Parr. pl. 28.—Paleornis antho- peplus Vigors, Lear's Parr. pl. 29. 17. P. multicolor (Brown), Vig. & Horsf. — Type of Psephotus Gould (1845). eee a a ee 18. P. Barnardii (Lath.) Vig. & Horsf. Linn. Trans. xv. 283., Lear's Parr. pl. 18., Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. f. 1., B. of Austr. pl. 19. P. wnicolor Vigors, Proc. Z.S. 1831. 24., Lear’s Parr. pl. 25. 20. P. purpureocephalus Quoy. & Gaim. Voy. de |’ Astrol. Ois. t. 22- 21. P. rufifrons Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 208. 22. P. ater (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. t. 110., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 49. — Psittacus nove guineer Gmel. 23. P. erythropterus (Lath.) Vig. & Horsf.—Psittacus melanotis Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 653., Gould, B. of Austr. pl., Lear’s Parr. pl.14, 15.; Type of Aprosmictus Gould (1842). 24. P. vulneratus Wag]. — Psittacus erythropterus Kuhl, Voy. de l'Uranie, t. 27. 25. P. seapulatus (Bechst.) Vig. & Horsf., Phil. Bot. Bay, pl. 153., White, Journ. pl. p. 168. — Psittacus tabuensis var. 8 Lath. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 55, 56.; P. cyanopygius Vieill.; Pl. scapularis Swains. Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 26. P. amboinensis (Linn.) Pl. enl. 240, — Psittacus dorsalis Quoy. § Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol. Ois. t. 21. f. 3. 27. P. hypophonicus ( Miill. & Schel.) Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. p- 181. 28. P. tabuensis (Gmel.) Lath. Syn. pl. 7. — Psittacus hysginis Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 159., Icon. ined. 42.; P. atropurpureus Shaw, Mus. Ley. pl. p.142., Lear’s Parr. pl. 16., Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 74., Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. f. 2. (head), Ellis, Icon. ined. 11. 29. P. pacificus (Forst.) Dese. Anim. p. 238., Icon. ined. 47. — Psittacus nove zealandie Gmel.; PP. zealandicus Lath. ; P. ery- thronotus Kuhl, Ellis, Icon. ined. 12. ? 30. P. nove zealandie (Sparrm.) Mus. Carls. 28. — Psittacus pacificus var.? Forst. Icon. ined. 45, 46.; Lathamus Sparrmannii Less. 31. P. erythrotis Wagl. — Psittacus pacificus Gmel. Zool. Journ. 1825. Suppl. pl. 1.; P. nove zealandie Kuhl. 32. P. auriceps (Kuhl), Vigors, Zool. Journ. 1825. Suppl. pl. 2. — Psittacus pacificus var. 0 Gmel. 33. P. ulietanus (Gmel.) Vigors, Zool. Journ. 1825. Suppl. pl. 3. 34. P. cornutus (Gmel.) Steph. — Psittacus bisetis Forst. Desc. | Anim. p. 258., Icon. ined. 43. Prionirurus Wagl.* Tail moderate, with the sides rather rounded, the two middle feathers prolonged beyond the others, and the shafts bare of webs except at their tips. Tursi very short, robust, and covered with small scales. Toes long, with the outer pair of equal length; the claws strong, compressed, and acute. The other characters like those of Platycereus. It is in the Philippine Islands that this type has been found, but its habits and manners are unknown. P. platurus (Vieill.) Wagl. Ency. Méth. p. 1367. — Psittacus setarius Temm. Pl. col. 15.; P. discurus Vieil/. Gal. des Ois.t. 24. * Established by Wagler in 1830 (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p. 490.) PEZOPORIN &. Pezoporus Illig.* Bill moderate, with the culmen and the lateral margins arched to the tip, which is acute and entire ; the gonys broad, keeled, and curved upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, and placed in a broad rounded cere near the culmen. Wings moderate, with the first quill nearly the length of the second and third, which are the longest. Tal lengthened, cuneated, and slender, with the ends of the feathers gradually narrowed and acute. Tarsi nearly as long as the middle toe, slender, and covered with minute scales. Toes long and slender; the claws very long, slightly curved, and acute. The type of this genus is only found in Australia, where it inhabits the shrubby or bushy places. It is usually seen, says Mr. Caley, on the ground, searching for the seeds of the grasses on which it subsists. When surprised it takes a short flight, and again alights on the ground among the bushes. P. formosus (Lath.) Ill. — Psittacus terrestris Shaw, Zool. of N. Holl. pl. 3., Lev. Mus. pl. 55., Nat. Mise. pl. 228., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 32., Nat. Libr. Parr. pl. 29. PaLzornis Vigors.t+ Bill large, with the culmen much arched to the tip, which is acute, and the sides compressed towards the culmen, the upper mandible small, scarcely deeper than long, with the gonys broad and keeled ; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and placed in a narrow cere. Wings moderate, with the first quill rather shorter than the second, which is the longest. Tal lengthened and graduated, with the two middle feathers very long, attenuated, and the ends rounded. Tarsi very short, strong, and covered with small scales. Toes moderate, much padded beneath, the outer anterior toe the longest; the claws moderate, compressed, and arched. These birds are most numerous in India and its archipelago; one species is found in Australia. They frequent the jungles, cultivated ground, and gardens, committing great destruction on various kinds of grains and fruits. On their food becoming scarce they seek a fresh locality. During these migrations they generally keep close to the tops of the large trees, and on discovering food take a short circle round the tree, with a steady sailing flight, and alighting on the branches speedily commence their attack on the fruits. They fly with rapidity, and generally keep up a loud whistling note at the same time. The female lays three or four eggs in holes of trees. 1. P. Alexandri (Linn.) Vigors, Edwards’s Birds, pl. 292., | quatus Kuhl, Pl.enl. 551. ; P. semirostris Herm. Le Vaill. Perr. t. Sonn. Voy. t. 43. — Psittacus guianensis Scop.; P. Sonneratii Gmel. | 25.; P.manillensis Bechst.; P. frenatus Ji/.; P. docilis Vieiil. Nat. Libr. Parr. pl. 2., Pl. enl. 642., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 30., Pl. enl. | Edwards’s Birds, pl. 175., P. rufirostris Gmel. Pl. enl. 550., Le 239.; Ps. Eupatria Gmel. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 73.; Paleornis nipa- | Vaill. Perr. t. 23. 42, 43.; Palewornis cubicularis Wagi. Lear’s Parr. lensis Hodgs. plies: ae: melanorhynchus Sykes. 2. P. cucullatus Vigors, Lear’s Parr. pl. 32. 4. P. borneus Wagl. Albin’s Birds, ii. pl. 18. — Psittacus Alex- 3. P. torquatus (Briss.) Vigors, Pl. enl. 215. — Psittacus eques | andri Linn. ? Bodd. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 39. ; Psittacus bicollaris Vieil/.; P. bitor- 5. P. bengalensis (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 233., Sonn. Voy. * Established by Illiger in 1811 (Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 201.). + The late Mr. Vigors established this genus in 1825 (Zoological Journal, 1825, p.46.). It includes Polytelis of Wagler (1830) and Psittinus of Mr. Blyth (1842). PEZOPORIN &#. t.42., Pl. enl. 888. — Psittacus erythrocephalus Gmel. var. 3 ; P. ginginianus var (3 Lath.; P. rhodocephalus Shaw, Mus. Lev. pl. 45._ Le Vaill. Perr. t. 75.; P. annulatus Bechst. ; P. flavitorquis Shaw ; P. flavicollaris Vigors, Le Vaill. Perr. t. 76. 6. P. cyanocephalus (Gmel.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 292., Pl. enl- 192., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 26. t. 61. 2 — Psittacus xanthosomus Bechst. ; P. ternatensis Vieill. 7. P. rosaceus Vigors, Zool. Journ. vy. p. 274., Lear’s Parr. pl. 30. 8. P. incarnatus (Gmel.) Wagl. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 236., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 46. — Palzornis inornatus Vigors. 9. P. columboides Vigors, Zool. Journ. 1830. p. 274., Lear’s | Gmel. Le Vaill. Perr. t.72. ; Psittacus erythrocephalus var. 6 ma- | laccensis Gmel. ; P. ginginianus var. 6 Lath. ; P. erubescens Shaw ; Le Vaill. Perr. t.74., Pl. enl. 264. ; P. narcissus Lath. Syn. pl.123., Conurus barbatulatus Kuhl, Nat. Libr. Parr. pl. 3.; Type of Psit- tinus Blyth (1842). 11. P. melanorhynchus Wagl. — Psittacus pondicerianus var. 5 Bechst. 12. P. pondicerianus, Pl. enl. 517.— Psittacus mystaceus Shaw ; P. javanicus Osbeck ; P. Alexandri var. « Gmel. ; P. Osbeckii Lath. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 31.; P. bimaculatus Sparr. Mus. Carls. t. 30. 13. P. modestus, Fr. Proc. Z.S. 1845. p. 14. P. barbatus (Gmel.) Wagl. — Psittacus pondicerianus var. 15. P. Barrabandi (Swains.) Vigors & Horsf. Zool. Ul. pl. 59., Parr. pl. 31. — Psitiacus (Conurus) himalayanus Less. 10. P. longicauda (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 887. — Psittacus malaccensis | Nat. Libr. Parr. pl. 1. — Type of Polytelis Wag/. (1830). Me vorsirtracus Gould.* Bill moderate, with the culmen arched, and the lateral margins curved to the tip, near which the latter are furnished with several minute dentations; the nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and placed in a broad swollen cere, which reaches to the gape. Wings moderate, with the second quill the longest. Tail long, and much graduated. Tarsi moderate, and covered with minute scales. Toes moderate, very slender, with the outer anterior toe much the longest; the claws rather long, slender, curved, and very acute. The type of this genus is exclusively, remarks Mr. Gould, an inhabitant of the vast inland plains of Australia, where it appears to migrate from place to place, in large flocks, in search of the seeds of various kinds of grasses, which constitute its chief food. Its flight is very rapid, but during the heat of the day it lies concealed among the leaves of the lofty trees. The female lays from three to four eggs in the holes of trees, without forming a nest. M. undulatus (Shaw), Gould, Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 673., Gould, B. of Austr. pl., Nat. Libr. Parr, pl. 28. \ Eurnema JWagl.+ Bill short, with the culmen rounded and arched to the tip, which is acute and dentated; the nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, and placed in a short rounded cere near the culmen. Wangs long, with the first, second, and third quills the longest. Tail long and graduated, with the ends slightly narrowed and rounded. Tuarsi short, and covered with small scales. Toes moderate, very slender, with the outer anterior toe much the longest; the claws rather long, slender, curved, and very acute. All the species of this genus are found in Australia. They are usually observed migrating to places that are favourable for the growth of various kinds of grasses, upon the seeds of which they chiefly subsist. They live on the ground, where they run and pass among the various plants with the greatest ease and activity. When disturbed they generally seek safety by a rapid flight for a short distance to the nearest trees, and remain perched until the cause of their alarm has disappeared. The eggs are usually deposited in the holes of decayed trees; they are generally from five to six in number. * Tt was in 1840 that Mr. Gould proposed this genus. + Established by Wagler in 1830 (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p. 492.). PEZOPORIN 1. E. pulchella (Shaw), Wagl. Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 96., Swains. | Bechst. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 62.; Lathamus rubrifrons Less. Gould, Zool. Ill. pl. 73. — Psittacus chrysogaster Lath. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 68., | B. of Austr. pl. P. Edwardsii Bechst. ; Lathamus azureus Less. Gould, B. of Austr. 4, E. splendida Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1840. 147., B. of Austr. pl. pl. 5. E. aurantia Gould, Proc. Z.S. 1840. 148., B. of Austr. pl. 2. E. chrysostoma (Kuhl), Wagl. Consp. Psitt. p. 50. t. 1. — 6. E. petrophila Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1840. 148., B. of Austr. pl. Psittacus venustus Temm. Gould, Syn. B. of Austr. pl. f. (head), 7. E. elegans Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837. 25., Gould, Syn. B. of B. of Austr. pl., Nat. Libr. Parr. pl. 27. Austr. pl. f. 2. (head), B. of Austr. pl. 3. E. discolor (Shaw), Wagl. White, Journ. pl. p. 263., Swains. | 8. E. Bourkit Gould, Mitch. Austr. Exped. i. p. xviii., Gould, Zool. Ilustr. pl. 62., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 50. — Psittacus humeralis | B. of Austr. pl. Bechst.; P. Banksianus Vieill.; P. australis Kuhl ; P. Lathamii | x To * Tricuociossus Vig. § Horsf. Bill moderate and slender, with the culmen arched to the tip, which is lengthened and hooked, the sides much compressed, and the lateral margins entire ; the lower mandible longer than deep, with the gonys long and advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and placed in a narrow cere. Wings moderate, with the first, second, and third quills nearly equal and longest, the first usually the longest of all. Tail rather long and graduated, with the ends narrowed and rather pointed. Tarsi very short, robust, covered with small scales, and partly hidden by the feathers of the thighs. Toes rather strong and very broad, the claws strong, arched, and acute. The tongue is furnished at the end with numerous strong hairs or bristles of a brush-like structure. The richly coloured species of this genus are found in Australia, and in some of the islands of the Indian archi- pelago. Those that are found in the former country appear to live in large societies. moving from place to place in search of the flowers of the various species of gum trees, or E'ucalypti, which furnish them with an abundant supply of food, and they are exclusively confined to the forests that are composed of those trecs. They select the newly expanded flowers, as these afford them the greatest supply of nectar and pollen, which form the chief portion of their subsistence. The eggs are deposited in the holes of trees; they are generally two in number. 1. T. hematodus (Linn.) Edwards's Birds, pl. 232., Le Vaill. 6. T. ornatus (Gmel.) Le Vaill. Perr. t. 52. — Australasia ma- Perr. t. 47. — Psittacus capistratus Bechst. laisie Less. 2. T. rubritorquis Vig. & Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 291., 7. T. pusillus (Shaw), Vig. & Horsf., White, Journ. pl. p. 262., Lear’s Parr. pl. 34., Gould, B. of Austr. pl. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 124., Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 3. T. multicolor (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 743., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 24. — 8. T. australis (Lath.) Wagl. — Psittacus concinnus Shaw, Nat. Psittacus hematodus var. 8 et var. y Gmel.; P. semicollaris Lath. | Mise. pl. 87., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 48. ; P. rubrifrons Bechst.; P. pa- Philip, Bot. Bay, pl.p.152., White, Journ. pl. p.140.; P. cyanogaster | cificus Shaw; P. velatus Vieill. Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 34., Shaw; P. hematodus Kuhl; Trichoglossus hematodus Vig. & | Gould, B. of Austr. pl. Horsf.; 'T. Swainsoni Jard. & Selby, Il. Orn. pl. 112., Gould, B. 9. T. versicolor Vigors, Lear’s Parr. pl. 36., Nat. Libr. Parr. of Austr. pl.; Australasia nove hollandie Less. Nat. Libr. Parr. | pl. 21. 10. T. pyrrhopterus (Lath.) Zool. Journ, 1825. Suppl. pl. 4., 1. 20. : 4. T. cyanogrammus Wagl. Pl. enl. 61., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 25.27. | Nat. Libr. Parr. pl. 22. — Type of Brotogeris Vigors (1826). — Psittaca amboinensis varia Briss. Orn. iv. p. 364., Jard. & Selby, 11. T. palmarum (Forst.) Desc. Anim. p. 259., Icon. ined. 48. — Ill. Orn, pl. iii. Psittacus peregrinus Lath. ? 5. T. chlorolepidotus (Kuhl), Consp. Psitt. p. 48.—Trichoglossus 12. T. porphyreocephalus Diet. — Psittacus purpureus Diet. Phil. Matoni Vig. § Horsf. Jard, & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 110., Gould, B. | Mag. 1832. p. 387.; Psittacula Florentis Bourj. de St. Hil. Perr. t. of Austr. pl., Lear’s Parr. pl. 35. 84., Gould, B. of Austr. pl. * Established by Vigors and Dr. Horsfield in 1826 (Linn. Trans. xv. p. 287.). Australasia of M. Lesson is synonymous. It embraces Brotogeris of Vigors (1826). March, 18406. 41 Tw: CHullmandel's Patent Lithotint 12 77 () 1D 2h LA d PLATVCERCUS cornutas (Lath) 7 MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA = f a a = ve . 2c Wolf del e:lith PJ ZOPO IRIN AS. eee —— es ge Printed by Hullmandel b Walton 1 TRICHOGLOSSUS multicolor. 2. EUPHEMA pulchella 3. MELOPSITTACUS undulatus. Order III. SCANSORES. Family II. Psrrracimz. The second Subfamily, ARAIN/A, or Maccaws, have the Bill large; the culmen of the upper mandible much arched to the tip, which is prolonged and acute ; the lower mandible deeper than long, and rather broader at the base than the upper, with the gonys advancing upwards, and rounded; the Tail lengthened, graduated, and the tip of each feather narrowed. Ara Briss.* Bill very large, compressed on the sides, with the culmen much arched to the tip, which is prolonged and acute; the base of the lower mandible broad, slightly compressed towards the gonys, which is rounded, and sometimes angulated on the sides ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings long and pointed, with the second and third quills the longest. Tal lengthened, graduated, and each feather narrowed towards its end. Tarsi short, robust, and covered with small scales. Toes unequal, the anterior outer toe rather longer than the posterior outer one. The sides of the head more or less denuded of feathers. The tropical parts of South America are the peculiar localities of these showy birds. They generally perch on the highest parts of the loftiest trees, preferring those that bordey the forests, and yet seldom show themselves at the very extremity of the branches. It is most usual to observe them in pairs, though at times they are seen in small parties of six or eight individuals together. When disturbed, they shake themselves, and utter a scream, which is piercing, strong, and disagreeable. They are rarely noticed on the ground, but commonly climb from branch to branch in quest of the fruits of forest trees, and also those of the palms, in which they usually live. Their flight is horizontal, and not very elevated. The eggs, which are usually two in number, are deposited in the hollow trunks of trees, or on the large branches near the trunk. 1. A. ararauna (Linn.) Kuhl, Edwards's Birds, pl. 159., Pl. 9. A. makawuanna (Gmel.) Pl.enl. 864., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 7. enl. 36., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 3., Lear’s Parr. pl. 8. | 10. A. maracana (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. ii. 260. — Psittacus 2. A. canindé (Wagl.) Kuhl, Azara No. 262. | Illigeri Kuhl; Arara purpureo-dorsalis Spizx, Av. Bras. t. 24. ; 3. A. aracanga (Gmel.) Kuhl, Edwards’s Birds, pl. 158., Pl. | Psittacus fuscatus Ié/ig. enl. 12., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 2. 2 bis, Lear’s Parr. pl. 7. 11. A. hyacinthina (Lath.) Gal. des Ois. t. 24., Lear’s Parr. pl. 9. 4, A. macao (Linn.) Kuhl, Le Vaill. Perr. t. 1., Azara No. 280. | — Psittacus augustus Shaw, Mus. Levy. pl. p. 59. ; Anodorhynchus 5. A. tricolor (Bechst.) Kuhl, Pl. enl. 641., Le Vaill. Perr.t.5. | Maximiliani Spiz, Av. Bras. t.11.; Type of Anodorhynchus of Spix 6. A. militaris (Linn.) Kuhl, Edwards’s Birds, pl. 313., Le (1824). Vaill. Perr. t. 4. 6. — Psittacus ambiguus Bechst. 12. A. glauca (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. ii. 259., Abhandl. 7. A. pachyrhyncha (Swains.) Phil. Mag. 1827. p. 439. — Psit- | Akad. Miinchen. 1832. t. 20. tacus Pacha Wag. | 13. A. Spizit (Wagl.) — Arara hyacinthinus Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 8. A. severa (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 229., Pl. enl. 383., | 23. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 8, 9. 16. | * Established by Brisson (Ornithologie) in 1760. It embraces Anodorhynchus of Spix (1825). ARAIN 4. Conurus Kuhl.* Bill moderate ; the sides compressed, with the culmen arched to the tip, which is rather long and acute; the lower mandible deeper than long, very broad at the base, and the gonys advancing upwards and rounded in front; the nostrils basal, lateral, and generally concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings long and pointed, with the first three quills the longest. Tail lengthened, graduated, and the end of each feather narrowed. Tarsi very short, and covered with small scales. The orbits only naked. Toes long, unequal; the anterior outer toe rather longer than the posterior outer one. These birds are scattered throughout the continent of America. They are usually found in flocks in the inundated forests, or those that border the great rivers, preferring the upper branches of the loftiest trees. When pressed with hunger, they descend to the banks of the rivers or the neighbouring fields, seeking the various kinds of berries and fruits ; at times they frequent the cultivated land and orchards, committing great ravages among the grain, maize, and fruits, at the same time strewing large quantities about on the ground untasted. While the flock is thus engaged, a sentinel watches, and gives the alarm on the approach of an enemy. They are naturally noisy, and their cry is sharp and very disagreeable. Their flight is swift and graceful, and they generally climb from branch to branch by means of their bill and feet. When at rest, they either sit on the branches or conceal themselves in the hollows of the trunks of trees, especially in the heat of theday. The nest is formed in a hollow of a decayed tree ; merely depositing the eggs on the bare wood, to the number of two to.four, and several females laying their eggs in the same cavity. Some species make holes in the precipices near rivers several feet in length, where they form their nests, and deposit their eggs. Others construct their nests on trees, composing them of a great quantity of spinous branches placed in a globose form, of as much as three feet and a half in diameter, with the entrance on the side. side by side on the same tree. 1. C. acuticaudatus (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. ii. 369., Azara No. 278. — Aratinga hemorrhous Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 13. 2, C. nobilis (Linn.) Kuhl. — Psittacus guianensis Kuhl; Ps. cumanensis Licht. ; Arara macrognathus Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 25. f. 1, 2.; Psittacara frontata Vigors. 3. C. pavua (Bodd.) Kuhl, Pl. enl. 167. 407., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 14, 15., Azara No. 257. — Psittacus guianensis Gmel. 4, C. Wagleri G. R. Gray. 5. C. eyanolyseos (Mol.) Lear’s Parr. pl. 10.—Psittacus patagonus Vieill, Azara 276., Voy. de la Coqu. Ois. t. 35. bis; Psittacus (Aratinga) Byroni Childr. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 12. 6. C. flaviventris (Wagl.) Azara No. 276. 7. C. luteus (Bodd.) — Psittacus Guarouba Gmel.; Aratinga Caroline Auguste Spix, Av. Bras. t. 12., Pl. enl. 525., Le Vaill. Perr. 20. ; Psittacus chloropterus Vieill. 8. C. carolinensis (Linn.) Kuhl, Pl. enl. 499. — Psittacus lu- dovicianus Gme/. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 26. f. 1., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 33.3 Ps. lutei-capillus Viei/l. 9. C. solstitialis (Linn.) Kuhl. — Psittacus Mill. Cimel. Phys. pl. 4. ; Ps. merulinus Scop. ; Ps. guarouba var. Gmel. ; Ps. luteus Vieil/l. Spix, Av. Bras. t. 14, a., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 18. 10. C. jendaya (Gmel.) — Aratinga chrysocephalus Spix, Av. Bras. t. 12. ; Psittacus pyrrhocephalus Hahn. Ausl. Vég. Lief. 14. t.1.; Ps. auricapillus Zilig.; Aratinga aurifrons Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 16. f. 1, 2. 11. C. pertinav (Linn.) Kuhl, Edwards’s Birds, pl. 234. — aurantius It is usual for a number of nests to be placed Psittaca illiniaca Briss. Pl, enl. 528., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 34, 35, 36.; Psittacus inornatus Kuhl. 12. C. eruyinosus (Linn.) Kuhl, Edwards’s Birds, pl. 177.— Psittacus cactorum Pr. Mazx.; Ps. plumbeus Gmel.; Aratinga fla- viventer Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 18.f.1.; Ar. minus Spiz, t. 19. f. 2. 13. C. Petzii (Leibl.) Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832. 650. 14. C. aureus (Gmel.) Kuhl, Edwards's Birds, pl. 235. — Psit- tacus brasiliensis Lath. Pl. enl. 838.; Ps. regulus Shaw, Le Vaill. Perr. t. 41. 37., Azara No. 280., Donov. Nat. Rep. pl. 72. 15. C. cruentatus (Pr. Max.) Reise n. Bras. 1.72., Temm. PI. col. 338. — Psittacus erythrogaster Licht. ; Ps. squamosus Kuhl, non Lath. ; Aratinga cyanogularis Spix, Av. Bras. t.17.; Psittacara Lichtensteinii Vigors ; P. Vigorsii Desm. 16. C. melanurus (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 22.f. 1, 2. 17. C. cyanopterus (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 144, — Psittacus Anaca, et P. versicolor Gmel. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 16.; P. maculatus Donov. Nat. Rep. pl. 33. 18. ? C. squamata (Lath.). 19. C. nenday (Wagl.) Azara No. 279.— Psittacus melanoce- phalus Vieidl. 20. C. chiripepé (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. 2. 361., Azara No. 281. 21. C. chlorogenys (Wagl.) — Aratinga perlatus, Spiv, Av. Bras. tis PAD) sis 2, 22. C. lepidus (Illig.) — Aratinga perlatus ¢ Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 2 Orstens * Established by Kuhl in 1820 (Monogr. Psittacide), but Brisson in 1760 had previously proposed Psittaca for this division, which is too near Psittacus of Linneus to be employed. (1830). 3Q It includes Aratinga of Spix (1824), Psittacara of Vigors (1825), and Sittace of Wagler a i oe ARAIN &. 23. C. vittatus (Shaw). — Aratinga fasciatus Spiz, Av. Bras. | tacus chrysopterus Linn. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 58. ; Ps. sosove Bechst. ; t. 21. f.1, 2.; Psittacus frontalis Vieil/.; Ps. undulatus Jilig. Ps. calthopticus Vieill.; Ps. cayanensis Swains. Zool. Illustr. t. L., 24, C. leucotis (Licht.) Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p.21.— Aratinga Pl. enl. 190. f. 1., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 59.; Ps. toui Shaw. caixana Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 19. f. 1. | 32. C. nanus (Vigors), Zool. Journ. 1830. 272., Lear’s Parr. pl. 25. C. monachus (Bodd.) Kuhl, Pl. enl. 768., Swains. Tl. Zool. | 12. pl. 89., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 38. 67.— Psittacus murinus Gmel. ; Ps. 33. C.? nigricollis (Lath.). cotorra Vieill.; Ps. buccalis Bechst.; Ps. cinereicollis Vieill. | 34, ? C. jaguilma (Mol.) Hist. Nat. Chili, p. 228. 26. C. euops (Wagl.) Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832. 638. t. 35. C. erythrofrons Less. Rev. Zool. 1842. 135. 26. f. 2. 36. C. eburnirostrum Less. Rev. Zool. 1842. 135. 27. C. Tiriacula (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 837. — Psittacus tirica Gmel. ; 37. C. chrysophrys Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 320. Ps, rufirostris Jilig.; Ps. viridissimus Kuhl; Aratinga acutirostris 38. C. mitratus Tschudi, Faun. Peruana, p. 44. Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 15. f. 1. 39. C. rupicola Tschudi, Faun. Peruana, p. 44. 28. C. virescens (Gmel.) Kuhl, PI. enl. 359., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 40. C. calito (Jard. & Selby), Ill. Ornith, pl. 82. 57., Azara No. 283. — Psittacus chiriri Vieill. | 41. C. aurifrons (Less.) Cent. Zool. t. 18. — Conurus sitophagus 29. C. xanthopterus (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 15. f. 2.— Psittacus | Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 44. ? xanthopterygius Spiv, Av. Bras. t. 34. f. 1. 42. C. smaragdinus (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 85. 30. C. T'ui (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 456. f. 1., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 70. 43. ? C. canicollis (Wagl.) — Psittacus murinus Swains. Zool. Ill. 31. C. Tuipara (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 293. f.2.— Psit- pl. 89. ENICOGNATHUS.* Bill lengthened, very slender, the sides compressed, and the culmen slightly curved to the tip, which is much prolonged and acute; the lower mandible longer than deep, and the gonys gradually curved upwards ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the plumes. Wings lengthened and pointed, with the second and third quills the longest. Tail long, graduated, with the ends of the feathers pointed and rather rigid. Tarsz very short, and covered with small scales. oes unequal, rather slender, with the anterior outer toe rather longer than the posterior outer toe. This bird inhabits Chili; its habits and manners are unknown. E. leptorhynchus (King), Lear’s Parr. pl. 11.— Psittacus recti- ; Leptorhynchus ruficaudus Swains. ; P. cheroyeus Mol. ? rostra Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. Bone, 1834. t. xv. ; * This genus was originally proposed by Mr. Swainson, under the name of Leptorhynchus, in 1837. This word having been priorly employed by M. Menetriés, I in 1840 changed it to the above. November, 1845. ANTRIUN £8 . CII H.C. Richter del. Hnllmandel & Walton Tithographers CONTRUS Waglar. GR CTY. Le tape che 7, : My tae aE eet die oa) yee - . is o #) * = a ( 7 e a st USA = ae 2D U CAMBRIDGE. MA at Niven a 1 Olt fo: ae — iin ; ; , : oe J UT ae a Pe a ae a : y ry oe ine oe ne = eo : 7 i a A : _ = i 2 Sa Av Pe | 4 sS ANTS Pp RR ARE ORCA Gai ~VINU DL AGE j Ly < Penton 1 y NA : ae fue JL84UAY TINS tit w) f ( S L) ~ “ Sy ELT US \ ATs f sani res 5 ct eee aD &é rs a ” t * uw HARVARD UNIVERSITY MCZ LIBRARY _ CAMBRIDGE. MA USA Order III. SCANSORES. Family II. Psrrracipz. The third Subfamily, LORIN &, or Lorirs, have the Bill large and slender, with the culmen curved to the tip, which is prolonged and pointed, the lateral margin sometimes sinuated and slightly notched; and the gonys of the lower mandible lengthened, and more or less curved and advancing upwards. CuarmMosyna Wagl.* Bill slender, higher than broad, with the culmen arched to the tip, which is prolonged and acute; the gonys very long, curved, and rounded; and the nostrils placed in the cere, with the opening rounded. Wings long and pointed, with the first, second, and third quills nearly equal and longest. Tazl much lengthened and cuneated, especially the two middle feathers. Yarsi very short, and covered with small scales. Toes long, unequal, the two outer ones of equal length. The type of this genus is peculiar to New Guinea: its habits and manners are unknown. C. papua (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. t. 111.—Psittacus papuensis Gmel.; | Licht. ; P. Lichtensteinii Bechst. Le Vaill. Perr, t. 77. P. japonicus, P. Bontii Lath.; P. javanicus Gmel.; P. omnicolor | Lorius Briss.+ Bill large, higher than broad ; the culmen arched to the tip, which is lengthened and acute ; the sides compressed ; the gonys lengthened, nearly straight, advancing upwards, with the lateral margins nearly straight ; and the nostrils placed in the cere, with the opening small, rounded, and exposed. Wings moderate and pointed, with the second and third quills the longest. Tail moderate, rounded, and the feathers broad and rounded at the ends. Tuwrsi short, strong, and covered with small scales. Toes long, unequal, mostly covered with quadrate scales, and the tip of each toe with transverse scales; the claws long, arched, and acute. These showy birds are found in the Moluccas, New Guinea, and Borneo. Forster informs us that when angry they make a noise like a beaver, and ery with a shrill voice, inflating their throat at the same time. 1, L. domicella (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 171., Pl. enl. 119. 4. L. ceruleatus (Bechst.) Le Vaill. Perr. t. 97. — Psittacus — Psittacus domicella Zinn. Le Vaill. Perr. 95., Pl.enl. 84.119., | cyanurus Shaw. Le Vaill. Perr. t.94.; P.raja Shaw; P.rex Bechst.; P. radhea 5. L. garrulus (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 172., Pl. enl. 216. Vieill. Lear's Parr. pl. 37. — Psittacus moluccensis Briss., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 96., Swains, Zool. 2. L. tricolor Steph. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 170., Pl. enl. 168., | Illustr. n.s. pl. ; Psittacus aurore Linn. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 123, 124. — Psittacus Lory Linn. 6. L. superbus Fr. Proc. Z. $8. 1845. 3. L. cardinalis (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 518.— Psittacus puniceus Gm. * Established by Wagler in 1830 (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p. 493.). Psittapous of M. Lesson (1831) and Pyrrhodes of Mr. Swainson (1837) are synonymous. ; + Brisson established this division in 1760. Wagler’s genus Domicella (1830) is coequal with the one employed. LORIN #. Kos Wagl.* Bill large, higher than broad; the culmen arched to the tip, which is long and acute; the sides compressed; the gonys long, rounded, and curved upwards, with the lateral margins sinuated; the nostrils basal, lateral, and oval. Tail lengthened and wedge-shaped, with the feathers narrowed, especially at the ends. covered with small scales. Wings long, with the first three quills the longest, and nearly equal. Tarst short and Toes moderate, unequal, mostly covered with square scales, and the tip of each toe with transverse scales ; the claws long, arched, and acute. The gay-plumaged birds that compose this genus are found in the various islands of the Indian Archipelago and New Guinea. 1. E. indica (Gmel.) Wagl. Pl. enl. 143. — Psittacus coccineus Lath. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 53. 2. E. rubra (Gmel.) Wagl. Pl. enl. 519.—Psittacus ceruleatus Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 937., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 93.; P. cyanonotus Vieill. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 173. ; P. borneus Lath. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 44, _ 38. E. squamata (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 684. —- Psittacus guebiensis Scop. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 51.; Psittacus squameus Shaw. 4. KE. cochinsinensis (Lath.) Wagl. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 54. — Psittacus riciniatus Bechst. ; P. cucullatus Shaw, They principally subsist on the soft fruits that grow in the forests. 5. E. variegata (Gmel.) Wagl. 6. E. Isidorii (Swains.) Zool. Ill. n. s. pl. 7. E. cervicalis (Lath.) Wagl. Le Vaill. Perr. 136. — Psittacus nuchalis Shaw, Misc. pl. 913.; P. Langloisi Vieill.; Bechst. Abbild. Naturh. Gegenst. t. 94. 8. E. ornata (Gmel.) Wagl. Edwards’s Birds, t. 174., Pl. enl. 552. 9. E. cyanostriata G. R. Gray.— Lorius borneus Less. Tr. d’Orn. p- 192. 10. E. scintillata (Temm.) PI. col. 569. P. lunatus Corrpuitus Wagl.* Bill slender, with the culmen much arched to the tip, which is lengthened and acute; the sides compressed, with the lateral margins sinuated ; the gonys straight, compressed, and advancing upwards ; and the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded. longest. moderate, strong, and covered with very small scales. Wings long, with the first three quills nearly equal and Tail rather lengthened and graduated, with the feathers broad and the ends narrowed. Tarsi Toes rather short, thick, the outer two equal in length ; the base of all covered with small scales, and the tips with transverse scales. These birds inhabit the islands of the South Pacific Ocean, where they live principally on the fruit of the banana: they have a hissing and whistling voice. The nest is usually built among the highest leaves of the cocoa-nut palm. 1. C. notatus (Bodd.) — Psittacus taitianus Gmel. Pl. enl. 455. f. 2.; Psittacus saphirinus Forst. Desc. Anim. Icon. ined. 49.; P. porphyrio Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl.7., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 65.; Lorius vini Less. 2.? C. cyaneus (Sparrm.) Wagl. Mus. Carls, t. 27., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 66. — Psittacus Sparrmanni Bechst. 3. C. pipilans (Lath.) — Psittacus euchlorus Forst.; P. fringil- laceus Gmel. ; P. australis Gme/.; P. porphyreocephalus Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 1., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 71. 4, C. solitarius (Lath.) Wagl. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 64. — Psittacus phigy Bechst.; P. Le Vaillantii Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 109. ; P. coc- cineus Shaw. 5. C. Kuhlii (Vigors), Wagl. Zool. Journ. 1824. pl. 16. 6. C. Dryas Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1842. 165., Voy. Sulph. Birds, pl. 7. C. placentis (Temm.) PI. col. 553. 8. C. Euteles (Temm.) PI. col. 568. 9. C. Iris (Temm.) PI. col. 567. * Established by Wagler in 1830 (Abhandi. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p. 494.). + Established by Wagler in the Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p. 494. LORIN i. Eciectus.* Bill large, strong, much higher than broad, with the culmen arched and compressed, and the sides sloping to the lateral margins which are dentated, the under mandible rather compressed, the gonys curved upwards, broad, and keeled in the middle, and the lateral margins sinuated ; the nostrils basal, small, and covered by the plumes. JWngs long and pointed. Tail moderate, nearly equal, and broad at the end. Tarsi very short, stout, and rather depressed. Toes unequal and long, with the two outer ones equal in length, and all covered with small scales, and the tips with transverse scales. These birds are found in nearly all the islands of the Indian Archipelago, from Sumatra to the Moluccas, and New Guinea. i 1. E. Linnei Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. (t. xxii. ?) 4, E. polychloros (Scop. ) Edwards's Birds, t. 231., Pl. enl. 514. 2. E. ceylonensis (Bodd.) Brown, Ill. Zool. pl. 6.— Psittacus | — Psittacus magnus et P. sinensis Gmel. ; P. viridis Lath. Le Vaill. grandis Gmel. Pl. enl. 683., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 126, 127, 128. ; Psit- | Perr. t. 132.; P. lateralis Shaw ; Muscarinus prasinus Less. tacus janthinus Gmel.; P. guebiensis var. Lath. 5. E. sumatranus (Raffl.) Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 281. 8. E. paragua (Gmel.) — Psittacus Stavorini Less.; Type of 6. E. gramineus (Gmel.) Pl. enl, 862., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 121. Psittacodis Wagl. (1830). 7. E. tarabe (Gmel.). _ * Wagler established this genus in 1830 (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p. 495.). I include in it Psittacodis of the same author. October, 1845. z f; ke ” Joan, isi, uate on a chi jolt it ga i) fee reehah nah st ae a Ps , + ‘ é ice nce vies ek uy ee oe '. : Sen ,, ae . ; =) AGREE capa os I es i aoe (ormae i an, i - > wl ieee : iid t if 2%! ‘4 eer, | a co 7 =) ‘ ) oo ; . j ’ oF _ ' aol 7 2 aa > ‘| aad aa er j - - 4 ola’ hd EOS cyandstyiala. CR Grau Hullmande yeh s ae 8 : 4 > — ae = “ 3 a & = asa Sy) baal se, —_ 7 » # ~ ee, | ge ee ; aT" ba y ibe Enlimandel & Walton 13 ECLECTUS Linnei.?.LORIUS garrulus.3. EOS rubra. 4. CHARMO SYN A papuensis. 5. CORYPHILUS pipilans tho a ce Ty pa = y “iiss Da ee 1 ie e ‘ . ’ UNIV ERSITY. i. . MA USA a - 7 - Aalhe Order II. SCANSORES. Family WU. Psrrracipz. The fourth Subfamily, PSITTACIN &, or Parrors, have the Bill more or less large, broad at base, and the sides compressed, with the culmen much arched to the tip, which is acute and prolonged ; the lateral margins dentated or festooned ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded; the Wings more or less long, and pointed ; the Tail usually short and squared; the Tarsi short, and covered with small scales ; the Toes moderate. TanyGnatuus agl.* Bill very large and swollen, with the culmen arched and acute, and the lateral margin not dentated ; the gonys long, advancing upwards, and keeled in the middle; the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded. Wings long and pointed, with the second and third quills nearly equal and longest. Tail very long, rather broad, and cuneated. Jars: very short, and covered with minute scales. Toes long and slender, with the outer anterior toe longer than the posterior one, and all covered with minute scales ; the claws moderate, compressed, and slightly curved. The species are inhabitants of the Molucca Islands and New Guinea. 1. T. macrorhynchus (Linn.) Wagl. Pl. enl.713.— Psittacus Psittacus olivaceus et P. marginatus Gmel. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 60. ; nasutus Lath. ; P. megalorhynchus Bodd. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 83. P. pileatus Scop. 2. T. gala (Bodd.) Sonn, Voy. N. Guin. t. 44., Pl. enl. 287. — Psirracus Linn.+ Gill large, and rather compressed, with the culmen biangular, and much arched to the tip, near which the lateral margin is strongly emarginated, that of the under mandible much sinuated, and the anterior part sharply edged; the gonys advancing upwards and angular; the nostrils basal and lateral, with the opening small and rounded. Wings mostly reaching to the end of the tail, with the first quill nearly as long as the second and third, which are the longest. Tail short and even. Tarsi very short, and covered with small scales. Toes long, the lateral ones equal, and all covered with small scales; the claws short and slightly curved. The continent of Africa and the warmer parts of South America are the countries of these parrots, which inhabit the forests, or are found on clusters of trees, especially those that grow in the neighbourhood of the rivers, or such as will afford them sufficient protection from the scorching heat of the sun, and serve as roosting-places during the night. On the first appearance of dawn, these birds are in the habit of assembling from their nocturnal retreats in vast flocks, on * Established by Wagler in 1830 (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p.501.). It is coequal with Muscarinus of M. Lesson (1831), and _ Erythrostomus of Mr. Swainson (1837). t Established by Linneus in 1725 (Systema Nature). Itembraces Pionus of Wagler (1830) and Poicephalus of Mr. Swainson (1837), which in 1841 was changed to Peocephalus by Mr. Strickland, as well as Deroptyus of Wagler (1830). PSITTACIN A. one or more dead trees, when they are observed preening their feathers in the early rays of the sun, as if to dry them They then separate into small parties, and scatter themselves in search of their food, which consists chiefly of various fruits; they sometimes commit great from the moisture that had settled on them from the dews of the night. destruction among the orange plantations. After haying satisfied their hunger, they invariably proceed to the banks of the rivers to bathe, until the heat of the day drives them to seek the thick foliage of the trees, where they enjoy the refreshing coolness of the shade, and remain so quiet that they are not discovered until disturbed or alarmed for their In such cases, the whole flock fly off with great rapidity to a fresh locality, and at the same time utter loud discordant screams. Towards evening, they leave the shade of the trees for the purpose of obtaining their second daily supply of food, after which all the flocks reassemble with great noise, and renew their visit to the river to perform their second ablution ; and, before going to rest, they revisit the trees to preen and dry their plumage by the last rays of the safety. sun. awakens them into active life. This completed, they separate each to its own peculiar roosting-place, until the dawn of approaching day again On the approach of the rainy season, these birds migrate to the warmer districts ; during which migration they rise to so great an elevation in the air, that they are not visible to the naked eye, though their discordant notes are distinctly heard. they feed by disgorging the half-masticated food in the manner of pigeons. on the bare wood in holes of trees. 1. P. evythacus Linn. Pl.enl. 311., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 100, 101, | 102. 2. P. guineensis Mill. Cimel. Phys. pl. 29. 3. P. senegalus Linn. Pl. enl, 288., Le Vaill. Perr. t.116, 117, 118. — Type of Poicephalus Swains. 4. P. Meyeri Riipp. Zool. Atl. t. ii. 5. P. flavifrons Riipp. Syst. Uebers. Vog. Nord-Ost-Afr. t. 31. 6. P. timneh Fras. Proc. Z. S. 1844. 7. P. Le Vaillantii Lath. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 130, 131. — Psit- tacus robustus Gmel.; P. caffer Licht.; P. flammiceps Bechst. ; P. infuscatus Shaw ; P. fuscicollis Kuhl. 8. ? P. heteroclitus Homb. & Jacq. Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1841. p. 9. P. menstruus Pl. enl. 584., Edwards’s Birds, pl. 314., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 114. — Type of Pionus Wagi. (1830). 10. P. Mazimiliani Kuhl, Azara No. 287.— Psittacus flaviros- tris Spiw, Av. Bras. t. 31. 11. P. senilis Spix, Av. Bras. t. 31. f. 1. — Psittacus leucorhyn- chus Swains. 12. P. violaceus Bodd. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 315., Le Vaill. Perr. t.115., Pl. enl. 408. — Psittacus purpureus Gmel.; P. eyanocephalus Scop. 13. P. chaleopterus Fras. Proc. Z. 8. 1840. p. 59. 14. P. sordidus Linn. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 167., Le Vaill. Perr. | t. 104. 15. P. melanocephalus Linn. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 169., Pl. enl. | 527., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 119, 120. — Psittacus leucogaster Kuhi. 16. P. badiceps Lear’s Parr. pl. 1. 17. P. Histrio Bodd. Pl. enl. 744., Le Vaill, Perr. t. 133.— Psittacus pileatus Gmel.; P. caica Lath. 18. P. Barrabaudi Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p. 61. 19. P. vulturinus Mlig. Kuhl Consp. p. 62. They seek the quiet solitude of the forests for the rearing of their young, whom The female deposits from two to four eggs 20. P. brachyurus Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p. 72.— Psiitacus pumilio Spix, Av. Bras. t.29.f.2.; P. viridissimus Swains. Zool. Ill. pl. Loo: 21. P. chrysopogon Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 135. 22. P. fuscicapillus Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxv. 316. — Psittacus spadiceocephalus Kuhl. 23. P. agilis Gmel. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 168., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 105. — Psittacus virescens Bechst.; P. signatus Shaw; P. minor Vieill. 24. P. vitiatus Bodd. Pl. enl. 792., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 108. 108 bis. — Psittacus dominicensis Gmel. ; P. leucocephalus Kuhl. 25. P. leucocephalus Linn, Edwards’s Birds, pl.166, Pl. enl. 335. 549., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 107. 107. bis. 109.— Psittacus collarius Linn. ; P. paradisi Gmel. Pl. enl. 336.; P. Gerini Lath. 26. P. albifrons Sparrm. Mus. Carls. t. 52. 27. P. Pretrei Temm. PI. col. 492. 28. P. Guildingii Vigors, Proc. Z. 8. 1836. p. 80. 29. P. mercearius Tschudi, Faun. Peruana, p. 30. P. tumultuosus Tschudi, Faun. Peruana, p. 31. P. auro-palliatus Less. Rev. Zool. 1842. p. 135. 32. P. ? accipitrinus Linn. PI. enl. 526., Spix Av. Bras. t. 32 a. — Type of Deroptyus Wagl. (1830). 53. ? P. eyanauchen Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Neder]. Ind. 5 MORE 34. ? P. reticulatus Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Ind. p- 108. 35. ? P. eyanicollis Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Neder]. Ind. p- 108. 36. ? P. Mulleri Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Ind. | p- 108. Curysotis Swains.* Bill moderate, with the culmen biangular, flattened, ploughed in the middle, and arched to the tip, near which the lateral margins are strongly emarginated, that of the under mandible more or less * Established by Mr. Swainson in 1837 (Class. of Birds, ii. p. 300.). Amazona of M. Lesson (1831) and probably Androglossus of Vigors (1825) are synonymous ; and it includes T’riclaria of Wagler (1830). 4 Fr PSITTACIN Ai sinuated near the tip; the gonys broad, rounded, keeled in the middle, and the sides sometimes angular ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded. Wings reaching to the middle of the tail, with the third quill generally the longest. 7ai/ more or less long, broad, and rounded. Tarsi very short, and covered with small scales. Toes long, with the outer ones equal, and all covered with small scales ; the claws long, strong, and curved. These birds are found in the tropical parts of South America. Their habits and manners are similar to those described in the preceding genus. 1. C, festivus (Linn.) PI. enl. 840., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 88, 89. | 9. C. autumnalis (Linn.) Edwards's Birds, pl. 164., Le Vaill. 129. Perr. t. 111. — P. diadema Spix, Av. Bras. t. 32. 2. C. pecilorhynchus (Shaw). — Psittacus ochrocephalus var. y | 10. C. brasiliensis (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 161., Le Vaill. Gmel. ; P. amazonicus var. y Lath.; P. flavifrons Herm. Perr. t. 106. — Psittacus autumnalis var. 3 Lath.; P. cyanotis 3. C. farinosus (Bodd.) Le Vaill. Perr. t. 85.92., Pl. enl. 861.— Kuhl. Psittacus pulverulentus Gmel. 4. C. ochropterus (Gmel.) Le Vaill. Perr. t. 86.98.98 bis. — P. | xanthops Wag. | 11. C. Bougueti (Bechst.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 230., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 135.— Psittacus autumnalis var. 8 Gmel.; P. cerulifrons _ Shaw ; P. cyaneocapillus Vieill.; P. pileatus Cuv. 5. C. ochrocephalus (Gmel.) Le Vaill. Perr. t. 84. 87. 89.— | 12. C. erythrurus (Kuhl), Consp. Psitt. p. 77. Psittacus barbadensis Gmel.; P. decorus Herm. ; P. amazonicus | 13. C. Dufresneanus (Kuhl), Consp. Psitt. p. 77., Le Vaill. Perr. Kuhl ; P. ochrocephalus var. 8 Gmel. Pl. enl. 312. ; P. amazonicus | t. 91. Lath. Pl, enl. 120.; P. aurorus Gmel. Pl. enl. 13.; P. guttatus | 14. C. vinaceus (Pr. Max.) Reise, ii. p. 198., Azara No. 286. — Bodd. | Psittacus columbinus Spix, Av. Bras. t. 27. 6. C. amazonicus (Gmel.) Pl.enl. 547., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 110. | 15. C. havanensis (Lath.) Pl. enl. 360., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 122. — 110 bis. — Psittacus Acurou Shaw; P. estivus Kuhl; P. luteus | Psittacus cyanopis Vieill, | Gmel.; P. luteolus Lath. ; P. xanthops Spiz, Av. Bras. t.26. 16. C. augustus (Vigors), Proc. Z.S. 1836. p. 80. 7. C. flavinuchus (Gould), Proc, Z. S. 1843. p. 103., Voy. of | 17. C. eyanogaster (Vieill.) N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xxv. 328. — - Sulphur, Birds, pl. | Psittacus melachitaceus Spiv, Av. Bras. t.28.; Type of Triclaria 8. C. hypochondriacus (Licht.) | Wagl. (1830). Psirracuta Briss.* ill large, rather compressed on the sides, with the culmen much arched to the tip, which is prolonged and acute ; the lateral margins festooned ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded. Wings reaching: to the end of the tail and pointed, with the first and second quills nearly equal and longest. Tail short and even, with the ends of the feathers truncated or pointed. Tarsi very short, and covered with small scales. Toes long, with the lateral outer toes equal, and all covered with small scales. Various parts of America, Africa, Asia, and its archipelago, are the localities of these small birds. They are usually found in pairs or in small flocks, climbing among the upper branches of trees or shrubs, the fruits of which form their principal food ; and they are occasionally scen flying rapidly from one bough to another, and often hanging by means of their feet with the head downwards in search of fruits. While feeding, they keep up a continual kind of shrill whistling chirp, something like a large grasshopper or cricket. Some species are often seen walking about on the ground in quest of seeds of grass. When sleeping, they generally suspend themselves by one or both feet with their head downwards. The eggs are usually deposited in holes of trees, or in the deserted nests of other birds. They are generally four in number. 1. P. pileata (Scop.) Temm. PI. col. 207. — Psittacus erythro- 2. P. passerina (Linn.) Kuhl, Edwards’s Birds, pl. 235., Spix cephalus Vieill.; P. mitratus Pr. Maz.; P. maitaca Spix, Av. | Av. Bras. t. 33. f. 1, 2.— Agapornis cyanopterus Swains. ; Psittacus Bras, t129.f. 1 t. 30. | gregarius Spir, Av. Bras. t. 34. f. 2, 3, 4. ; P. cyanopterus Bodd. * This division was established by Brisson in 1760 (Ornithologie). It embraces Agapornis of Mr. Selby (1836). PSITTACIN A. Pl. enl. 455. f. 1.; Agapornis guianensis Swains. ; Gmel.; P St. Thome Kuhl. 3. purpurata (Gmel.) Kuhl. — Psittacus porphyrurus Shaw, Nat. Mise. pl. 16. 4. P. Hueti (Temm.) Pl. enl. 491. 5. P. batavica (Bodd.) Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. t. 41., Pl. enl. 791. f. 1. — Psittacus melanopterus Gme/.; P. micropterus Kuhl; Le Vaill. Perr. t. 69.; cingulatus Scop. 6. P. melanota (Licht.) Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p. 59. — Psittacus erythrurus Pr. Maw. 7. P. surda (Licht.) Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p. 59. — Psittacus chrysurus Swains. Zool. Ill. pl. 141. 8. P. Swindereniana Kuhl, Consp. Psitt. p. 62. t. 2., Lear’s Parr. pl. 42. — Type of Agapornis Selby (1836). 9. P. taranta (Stahl), Salt’s Trav. App. xlvi. pl. 55., Lear’s Parr. pl. 39. 10. P. roseicollis (Vieill.) Kuhl, N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 377. — Psittacus pullarius var. (3 Linn. 11. P. pullaria (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 237., Pl. enl. 70. 12. P. cana (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 791. f. 2. — Psittacus Forst. Icon. ined. 51. 13. P. batavensis (Lath.) Le Vaill. Perr. t.112, 113. — Psit- tacus personatus Shaw; P. Geoffroyanus Vieill.; P. Geoffroyi Kuhl. 14. P. galgulus (Linn.) Edwards's Birds, pl. 177., Pl. enl. t. 190. P. capensis poliocar f, 2, — Psittacus flavigula Bodd. Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. t. 38. (lower figure); P. pumilio Scop. 15. P. vernalis (Sparr.) Mus. Carls. t. 29., Swains. Ill. Zool. — Psittacus pendulus C. W. Smith. 16. P. melanoptera (Scop.) Pl. enl. 520. f. 1., Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. t. 40. (upper figure).— Psittacus minor Gmel., P. philip- pensis Kuhl; P. coulacissi Vieill.; Psittacula rubrifrons Vigors, Lear’s Parr. pl. 41. 17. P. indica (Gmel.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 6. — Psittacus asia- ticus Lath. 18. P. Desmarestii (Garn.) Voy. de la Coqu. Ois. t. 35. 19. P. diophthalma (Homb. & Jacq.) Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1841. p- 818. 20. P. smaragdinis (Homb. & Jacq.) Ann. des Sci. Nat. 1841. p- 318. 21. P. reticulata (Less.) Tr. d’Orn. p. 204. 22. P. Lovia (Cuy.) Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 204. 23. P. lunulata (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. t. 39. — Psittacus torquatus Gmel. Lear's Parr. pl. 40. 24, P. leucophthalma (Scop.) Sonn. Voy. t. 38. (upper figure) ; — Psittacula simplex Kuhl. 25. P. stigmata Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Ind. p- 182. 26. P. cyanicollis Mull. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Nederl. Ind. p- 182. NasitErNA Wagl.* Bill short, elevated, and bare at the base, with the culmen curved to the tip, which is porrected, very acute, and the lateral margin near the apex deeply emarginated ; the lower mandible rather large, with the gonys curved upwards, and the sides near the tip deeply sinuated; the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded. Wings reaching to the end of the tail, with the first quill the longest. Taz! short, broad, and rounded, with the apex of each feather prolonged into an acute point. Tarst very short. Toes long, the outer lateral pair equal, and all covered with minute scales ; the claws short and slightly curved. This minute parrot is peculiar to New Guinea. N. pygm@a (Quoy & Gaim.) Wagl. Voy. de l’Astrol. t. 21. f. 1, 2, 3, 4 * Established by Wagler 1830 (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832.). Micropsitta of M. Lesson (1831) is synonymous. February, 1846. From [ife by ELear PSITTACUS AUG UsliLs lug = 5 awe CAMBRIDGE. MA USA = > ae (oe m= == Ne Cg => oO N! Oe => ES xt =C Order III. SCANSORES. Family II. Psrrracipz. The fifth Subfamily, CACATUIN&, or Cocxatoos, have the Bill generally large, of various length, broad at the base, more or less compressed on the sides, and the culmen usually much arched to the tip, which is very acute; the Wings generally rather long and pointed ; the Tail more or less long, broad, and mostly even ; the Tarsi short, robust, and covered with small scales; the Toes unequal. Microctossum Geoffr.* Bill very large, much compressed on the sides ; the culmen much curved to the tip, which is lengthened and very acute, and the lateral margins of the upper mandible bidentated ; the lower mandible smaller, with the gonys broad, flattened, and much emarginated on each side near the tip; the nostrils placed in the cere, which is covered with short erect feathers concealing the opening. Wings lengthened. Tail rather long and even. Tursi very short, and covered with small scales. Toes covered with small scales, the two outer very long and nearly equal. The cheeks and the front of the throat denuded of feathers. The forests of New Guinea, and the islands of Ceram, Banda, and Waigiou, are the localities of the species of this genus. Their habits and manners have not been recorded by naturalists. 1. M. aterrimum (Gmel.) Wagl. Edwards's Birds, pl. 316. — 2. M. Alecto (Temm.) Faun. Japon. p. 17. Psittacus gigas Lath.; P. griseus Bechst.; P. Goliath Kuhl, Le Vaill. Perr. t. 11, 12, 13., Gal. des Ois. t. 50. Cacatua Briss. Bill strong, the sides compressed ; the culmen flattened, and curved to the tip, which is hooked and acute ; the lateral margins much festooned; the gonys of the lower mandible broad, slightly rounded, keeled in the middle, and rather emarginated at the tip ; the nostrils placed in a narrow cere, large, and rounded. Wings long, with the second, third, and fourth quills nearly equal and longest. Tazl rather short and even. Tarsi very short, and covered with small scales. oes long, the outer ones the longest, covered with small irregular scales; the claws long, strong, and curved. * Geoffroy established this genus in 1809. Probosciger of Kuhl (1820), Solenoylossus of Ranzini (1823), and Eurhynchus of Latreille (1825) are coequal. + It was in 1760 that Brisson established this genus (Ornithologie, iv. p. 204.). Cuvier used in its place Kakatoe between 1799 and 1800, and in 1816 Vieillot proposed Plyctolophus for the same series of birds. CACATUIN &. The birds that form this genus are found in the forests of the islands of the Moluccas and the continent of Australia. Some prefer the lofty trees that border the large rivers, and those that are located in swamps. Other species are usually observed on those that grow in the open plains and clear lands. They are shy, and it is therefore difficult to get near them ; and, though usually not seen, their presence is easily discovered by their loud screaming notes, the effect of which is greatly increased by their vast numbers. They subsist entirely on vegetable substances, such as hard seeds, nuts, and small tuberous and bulbous roots, and they generally swallow stones along with their food. They also commit great destruction in the fresh cultivated lands, and on the smaller branches of the trees, by stripping off the bark, which they sometimes cut into small pieces. The appearance of this work of wanton devastation generally indicates that their nest is in a neighbouring tree. The eggs are generally deposited on the rotten mould in holes of trees, or are placed in fissures in the rocks: they are usually two in number. 1. C. roseicapilla Vieill. N. Dict. Hist. Nat. xvii. 12. — Psittacus 5. C. cristata (Linn.) Vieill. Pl. enl. 263. — Cacatua leucolophus Eos Kuhl, Gal. des Ois. t. 25., Pl. col. 81.; Cacatua rosea Vieill. | Less. Gal. des Ois. t. 25. 6. C. galerita (Lath.) Vieill. White, Journ, pl. p. 237., Lear’s 2. C. philippinarum (Gmel.) Wagl. Briss. Orn. iv. t. 22. f. 1., | Parr. pl. 3. — Cacatua chrysolophus Less. Gould, B. of Austr. pl. Pl. enl. 181. — Cacatua minor Briss. 7. C. sulphurea (Gmel.) Vieill. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 317., Pl. 3. C. Leadbeateri (Vigors), Wagl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831., Lear’s | enl.14., Lear’s Parr. pl. 4. ; Cacatua luteo-cristata Briss. Parr. pl. 5., Gould, B. of Austr. pl. 8. C. citrino-cristata Fr. Proc. Z. 8. 1844. 4. C. moluccensis (Gmel.) Wagl. Edwards’s Birds, pl. 160., Pl. 9. C. sanguinea Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1842. 138.’ enl. 498.— Psittacus rosaceus Lath. Lear’s Parr. pl. 2.; Cacatua rubro-cristata Briss. ; Cac. erythrolophus Less. Licmetis Wagl.* Bill much lengthened, with the culmen slightly curved and narrowed to the tip, which is acute; the gonys of the lower mandible broad and rounded. The other characters like those of Cacatua. The species of this genus are peculiar to the continent of Australia. They live in flocks on the trees that grow in the neighbourhood of rivers and swamps. Their food partly consists of bulbous roots, which they scratch up from beneath the ground, even froma considerable depth. It has been remarked that the voice of these birds is more plaintive than that of the other species of cockatoos. 1. L. tenuirostris (Kuhl), Wagl. Brown’s Illustr. pl. 5. — Psit- | 2, L. pastinator Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1840. 175. tacus nasicus Temm. PI. col. 331. Catyproruyncuus Vig. § Horsf.t Bill large, strong, much higher than long, broad at the base, and the sides compressed ; with the culmen greatly arched to the tip, which is acute; the lower mandible small, dilated, and strongly emarginated at the tip, with the gonys broad androunded. Wings moderate, with the second, third, and fourth quills equal and longest. Tail rather lengthened and rounded. Tarsi very short, strong, and covered with small scales. Toes long, the outer toes longest, and covered with small irregular scales ; the claws long, strong, and curved. The Australian continent is the peculiar country for the species that compose this genus. They live in small flocks in wooded districts near the rivers, feeding on the fruits and bark of the species of Eucalyptus, of which from their * Established by Wagler in 1830. (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p. 505.) { The late Mr. Vigors and Dr. Horsfield established the above generic name in 1826 (Linn. Trans. xv. p. 269.). Banksianus and Callocephalon of M. Lesson (1831) and Corydon of Wagler (1830) are embraced in this genus. 3 °M CACATUIN &. wasteful habits, they destroy much more than they consume. Their flight is heavy and noisy, and from their extreme shyness it is difficult to approach them. They are very destructive to certain trees, by cutting off the smaller branches and the unripe fruits. The eggs, which are usually two or three in number, are laid by the female in holes of decayed trees, on the bare woody mould which the birds make in forming the hollows. 1. C. funereus (Shaw), Vig. & Horsf. Shaw’s Nat. Misc. pl. 186., 6. C. stellatus Wagl. Monogr. Psitt. Handl. Akad. Miinchen, Mag. de Zool. 1834. t. 24. 1832. p. 685. t. 27. 2. C. Banksii (Lath.) Vig. & Horsf. Lath. Syn. Suppl. pl. 109., 7. C. macrorhynchus Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1842. 138. Phill. Voy. pl. in p. 267. — Psittacus magnificus Shaw, Nat. Misc. 8. C. zanthonotus Gould, Proc. Z. 8. 1837. 151. pl. 50., Mag. de Zool. 1834. t. 26.; Banksianus australis Less. 9. C. naso Gould, Proc. Z.S. 1836. 106. 3. C. Cookii (Temm.) Vig. & Horsf. Nov. Act. &c. x. t. 3.— 10. C. galeatus (Lath.) Vig. & Horsf. Lath. Syn. of Birds, Suppl. Psittacus Leachii Kuhl. ii. pl. 140.—Psittacus phenicocephalus Mus. Paris. ; Callocephalon 4. C. Temminckii (Kuhl), White, Journ. pl. p. 139.— Psittacus | australe Less. Zool. Thetis, t. 47, 48.; Type of Corydon Wagl. Solandri Temm. Mag. de Zool. 1834. t.27, 28. ; Cacatua viridis Vieill. | (1830). 5. C. Baudinii Lear, Parrots, pl. 6. Mag. de Zool. 1834. t. 25. 11. ? C. fulgidus (Less.) Tr. d’Orn. p. 181. Nestor Wagl.* Bill much lengthened, the sides compressed, especially near the culmen, which is rounded and much arched to the tip, which is very long and acute; the base of the lower mandible partly hidden by the projecting feathers, and the sides rather compressed, with the gonys nearly flat and ascending towards the tip; the nostrils moderate, rounded, and placed in the cere. Wings long and pointed, with the third and fourth quills the longest. Taz! moderate, and nearly even at the end, with the feathers firm and broad, and the shafts prolonged beyond the web. Tarsi as long as the inner anterior toe, and covered with small scales. Toes moderate, the two outer ones the longest, and all covered with small irregular scales. New Zealand and the continent of Australia are the countries of the two species that at present form this genus. They are usually found in the trees seeking the nuts and berries, on which they subsist, as also on bulbous roots which they dig up from the swampy ground. In the morning and evening they are very noisy and querulous. 1. N. australis (Shaw), Lev. Mus. pl. p. 87. — Psittacus me- 2. N. productus (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1836. 19. ridionalis Gmel.; P.Nestor Lath.; P. hypopolius Forst. Desc. Anim. p. 72., Icon. ined. pl. 50.; Nestor nove zealandie Less. Gould, B. of Austr. pl. SrrRIGoprs. Bill higher than broad, slightly compressed, and grooved on the sides; the culmen much curved to the tip, which is acute; the lateral margins dentated in the middle; the lower mandible with the gonys broad, rounded, and much grooved longitudinally, and the base of both mandibles covered by the basal feathers, with the shaft of each prolonged into hairs; the nostrils basal, lateral, large, and rounded. Wings rather short and rounded, with the fifth and sixth quills equal and longest. Tail moderate, weak, and much rounded, with the end of each feather rather pointed, and the shafts projecting beyond the web. * Wagler established this genus in 1830 (Abhandl. Akad. Miinchen, 1832,p.505.). Centrourus (1837) of Mr. Swainson is synonymous. CACATUIN &. Tarsi short, robust, and covered with rounded scales. Toes unequal, and covered with quadrate scales, except at the end of each toe where the scales are transverse ; the claws long, strong, and slightly curved. This remarkable bird was found in one of the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Its manners and habits are unknown; but, from the appearance of the bill, I am induced to suppose that it feeds on fruits that are enveloped in a strong hard coating. S. habroptilus G. R. Gray. Dasyrritus Wagl.* Bill longer than high, thick, rather compressed on the sides ; the culmen curved to the tip, which is acute; the gonys of the lower mandible rounded and keeled, with the tip deeply emarginated; the nostrils rounded, and placed in the cere. Wings long, rounded, and the fourth quill the longest. Tail moderate, broad, and rounded. Tarsz short, strong, and covered with small scales. Yoes moderate, and covered with small irregular scales. This bird is supposed to be a native of New Guinea. D. Pecquetit (Less.) Wagl. Bull. Univ. 1831. 241., Less. Ill. Zool. t. 1. * Established in 1830 (Handi. Akad. Miinchen, 1832, p. 502.) by Wagler. M. Lesson’s genus Psittrichas (1831) is coequal with the one employed. September, 1845. ep) 5 STRIGOPS habriplilus. 6 R.Cray. AKER hilt riie MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA CACAT UT ‘\ALYPTORHYNCHUS funereus. 2. MICROGLOSSUM aterrimum. 3. STRIGOPS habroptilus ant a aed a = on RETRO = = - Ak eS ee SS a ae ~ * L Sage ACD PEL ROL ENT ED — ~see STE faa =) x MCZ LIBRARY oy \RD UNIVERS CAMBRIDGE. M HA 4 - = Pug Order III. SCANSORES. The third Family, PICID A&A, or WoopreckeErs, have the Bill generally lengthened, acute, and straight, with the base more or less broad, and the sides much compressed towards the tip, which is usually obtuse. The first Subfamily, CAPITONIN A, or Barsets, have the Bill large, broad at the base, usually furnished with bristles, and compressed towards the tip ; y the Tail generally short, even, and the feathers rounded at the ends. LaiIMopon.* _ Bill large, elevated, and broad at the base, with the culmen arched, and the sides compressed towards the tip, which is acute ; the lateral margins strongly and irregularly dentated ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and concealed, and the base of both mandibles furnished with long bristles. Wings moderate, with the third to the sixth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail moderate and even. Tarsi as long as the outer toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes unequal, the outer pair equal, and the two anterior ones united to the first joint ; the claws short, compressed, and curved. _ These species inhabit the forests of Africa, where they are usually observed in pairs, living on insects and fruits. They select a hole of a rotten tree in which the female generally deposits her eggs on the bare wood. On quitting the nest the young form a small band with the parents, and all live together in perfect harmony, until they in their turn separate in couples. These birds are so devoid of fear that it is easy to find their nest, it being only necessary to follow the little band towards evening to the hole where they reside, and to which they always retire to pass the night. They sometimes take possession of one of the cells of the large nests of the weavers, which build in society. 1. L. dubius (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 602., Le Vaill. Barb. t. 19. — Pogonius sulcirostris Leach, Zool. Misc. pl. 76. ; Pogonia erythro- melas Vieill. Gal. des Ois. t. 32. 2. L. bidentatus (Shaw), Nat. Misc. pl. 393.— Pogonius levi- rostris Leach, Zool. Misc, pl. 77., Le Vaill. Barb. t. Suppl. K. ; Bucco leuconotus Vieill.; P. Levaillantii Leach, Zool. Misc. pl. 117., Le Vaill. Barb. t. Suppl. A. 3. L. nigrothorax (Cuy.) Le Vaill. Barb. t. 28. — Pogonias per- sonatus Temm. PI. col. 201. 4. L. Saltii (Stanl.) Salt’s Tray. App. xliv. liv., Lath. Hist. of B. iii. pl. 53. — Pogonias rubrifrons Swains. Zool. lll. pl. 68. ; P. he- matops Wagl.; Loxia abyssinica Gmel.? ; Hyreus abyssinicus Steph.? ; Phytotoma tridactyla Daud.; Pogonias Brucei Riipp. Faun, Abyss. t. 20. f. 1. * This genus was originally established by Illiger (1811) under the name of Pogonias, which was employed as Pogonia by Vieillot (1816), and Pogonius by Leach (1816); but, these names having been previously employed, the above appellation was proposed by me in its place in 1841. CAPITONIN &. 5. L. Vieillotii (Leach), Zool. Misc. pl. 97., Le Vaill. Barb. | Suppl. t. D. —Bucco rubicon et B. fuscescens Vieill.; Pogonias senegalensis Licht. 6. L. leucomelas (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 688. f. 1. — Bucco niger Gmel. ; Pogonius Stephensii Leach, Zool. Misc. pl. 116. ; Bucco rufifrons Steph. Vaill. Barb. t. 29, 30, 31.; Trogon luzonensis Scop. Sonn. Voy. t. 34., Gal. des Ois. t. 33. 7. L. hirsutus (Swains.) Zool. Ilustr. pl. 72. 8. L. bifrenatus (Ehrenb.) Symb. Phys. t. 8. f. 2. Pogonias melanocephala Riipp. Atlas, t. 28. f. A. 9. L. wnidentatus (Licht.) Verz. siidafric. Thiere, p. 17. 10. L. wndatus Riipp. Faun. Abyss. t. 20. f. 2. Mecaraima.* Bill more or less long, broad at the base, and compressed on the sides ; the culmen generally arched to the tip, which is acute ; the gonys long, and advancing upwards, and the lateral margins curved ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded, and the base of the upper mandible furnished with very long strong bristles. Wings moderate, with the fourth, fifth, and sixth quills nearly equal and longest. short, and rounded on the sides. broad_ scales. compressed, and acute. Tail Tarsi shorter than the outer anterior toe, and covered in front with Toes long, and the outer pair of equal length and longest ; the claws moderate, These birds are extremely abundant in most parts of the continent of India and its archipelago; a few species, however, are peculiar to Africa. for them to perch upon, and being far from shy they frequently approach gardens and groves. various fruits and insects, which they search for while hopping among the branches. They prefer the open spaces in the jungles, or wherever a few trees are to be found Their food consists of When roosting singly on the uppermost branch of a tree, they usually utter a monotonous note, that lasts for ten minutes or more at a time, then ceasing for a while, and again commencing the same inharmonious sound; the note is very peculiar, striking the ear something like a distant hammering of metal. They have been observed climbing round, and pecking holes in a horizontal rotten branch, precisely in the manner of the woodpecker, though they do not apply their tail for support while thus occupied ; in the interior of the hole is built the nest. 1. M. virens (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 871. — Bucco grandis Gmel. Le Vaill. Barb. t. 20., Gould, Cent. of Birds, pl. 2. M. chrysopogon (Temm.) Pl. col. 285. 3. M. versicolor (Raffl.) Linn. Trans., Pl. col. 309.; B. Raf- flesii Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. 137. 4. M. mystacophanes (Temm.) PI. col. 315. 5. M. quadricolor (Eyton), Proc. Z. 8. 1839. p, 105. 6. M. Oorti (Mill.) Tidskr. Naturl. Geschied. t. 4. f. 4.—Bucco Henrici Temm. Pl. col. 524. 7. M. australis (Horsf.) Linn. Trans. xiii. p.181.— Bucco gularis Temm. P\. col. 89. f. 2. 8. M. javanensis (Horsf.) Linn, Trans. xiii. p.181., Le Vaill. Barb. Suppl. t. C. — Bucco Kotorea Temm. PI. col. 9. M. asiatica (Lath.) Lath. Hist. pl. — Capito Vieill. Gal. des Ois.t. 35. ; Bucco cyanops Cuv. ; B. ceruleus Dum. Le Vaill. Barb. t. 21, 22. 10. M. flavifrons (Cuy.) Le Vaill. Barb. t. 55. — Bucco aurifrons Temm. 11. M. armillaris (Temm.) Pl. col, 89. f. 1. eyanocollis 12. M. trimaculata (Gray), Zool. Mise. p. 3. pl. 3. — Bucco frontalis Temm. Pl. col. 536. f. 1. ; B. Duvaucelii Less. 13. M. rosea (Cuv.) Le Vaill. Barb. t. 33. & 56. ? — Ca- pito rosaceicollis Vieill.; Bucco barbiculus Cuv.; B. roseicollis Vigors. 14. M. philippensis (Briss.) Pl. enl. 331.— Bucco flavigula Bodd. ; B. indicus Lath. ; B. parvus Gmel. 15. M. lutea (Less.) Tr. d’Orn. p. 183. 16. M. rubricapilla (Gmel.) Brown’s Il. pl. 14. 17. M. Lathami (Gmel.) Lath. Syn. ii. pl. 22. 18. M. maculata (Gmel.) Brown’s Ill. pl. 13. 19. M. corvina (Temm.) PI. col. 522. 20. M. faiostriata Temm. PI. col. 527. 21. M. viridis (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 870. — Bucco zeylonicus Gmel. ? Brown’s Ill. pl. 15.?; B. lineatus Tick. 22. M. caniceps (Frankl.) Proc. Z.S. 1831. p. 121., Le Vaill. Barb. t. 38. 23. M. malaccensis (Hartl.) Rev. Zool. 1842. p. 337. 24. M. calva (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1841. p. 241. * The birds that compose this division have been considered as forming the genus Bucco of Linneus, but that name has since been more properly applied to a series of South American birds. The above appellation has therefore been given to this series of birds. It includes Barbatula of M. Lesson (1837), with which Pogoniolus of Baron Lafresnaye is synonymous. 4k CAPITONINZ. 95. M. Franklinii (Blyth), Journ. A. S. Beng. 1842. p.167.— | Proc. Z.S. 1831. p.93.; Barbatula nana G.R. Gray; Type of Bucco ignitus Hodgs. Barbatula Less. (1837). 26. M. parva (Bodd.) PI. enl. 746. f. 2.— Bucco parvus Gmel. 28. M. atroflava (Blum.) Le Vaill. Barb. t. — Bucco erythro- 27. M. barbatula (Temm.)— Bucco parvus Cuv. Le Vaill. notus Cuv. Barb. t. 32.; B. pusillus Dum. ; Capito rubrifrons Vieiil. ; B. chry- 29. M. ehrysocona (Temm.) Pl. col. 536. f. 2. sopterus Swains.; B. chrysozonicus Ripp.; Bucco nanus Vigors, Carito Vieill.* Bill long, broad at the base, with the sides suddenly compressed, and the culmen arched towards the tip ; the gonys long and advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded ; the base of the upper mandible furnished with a few short bristles. Wings moderate and pointed, with the fourth, fifth, and sixth quills equal and longest. Til long and rounded. Tarsz as long as, or longer than, the anterior outer toe, and covered with broad scales. Toes unequal, the outer pair the longest and equal, the inner pair short and unequal; the claws moderate, compressed, and curved. The tropical regions of South America are the localities for most of the species ; but some are found in various parts of Africa. Their manners and habits are supposed to be the same as those of the last genus; but they have not hitherto been recorded by travellers. 1. C. erythrocephalus (Bodd.) PI. enl. 206. f. 1. — Bucco caya- 9. C. Bourcierii (Lafr.) Rey. Zool. 1845. p. 179. nensis Gmel. Le Vaill. Barb. t. 23, 24, 26. 10. C. Hartlaubii (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1845. p. 180. 2. C. nevius (Temm.) PI. enl. 206. f.2., Le Vaill. Barb. t. 25. 11. C. margariticus (Ripp.) Atlas, t.20., Pl. col. 490. — Ta- 3. C. peruvianus (Cuy.) Le Vaill. Barb. t. 27. Micropogon | matia erythropygos Ehrenb. aureus Temm. 12. C. Vaillantii (Ranz.) Le Vaill. Barb. t. 32. — Micropogon 4, C. aurifrons (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1832. p. 3. sulphuratus Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1836. t.60.; Polysticte quopopa 5. C. flavicollis (Pr. Bonap.) Proc. Z.S.1837, 120. Smith ; Picus cafer Gmel.? ; P. Lathami Wagl. ; Type of Trachy- 6. C. aurovirens (Cuv.) Pr. Bonap. Le Vaill. Barb. Suppl. E. phonus Ranz. (1823). 7. C. maynanensis (Briss.) Pl. enl. 330., Le Vaill. Barb. t. 34. — 13. C. ? subsulphureus (Fras.) Proc. Z. 8. 1843. p. 3. Bucco pictus Bodd.; B. elegans Gmel. 14. C. punctatus Less. Tr. d’Orn. p.65. 8. C. cinctus (Temm.) Le Vaill. Barb. t. 37. 15. C. Richardsoni G. R. Gray. Psttorocon Mull. Bill large, broad at the base, with the sides suddenly compressed, and the culmen arched towards the tip, which is acute; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the projecting bristles that cover the base of the culmen. Wings moderate, with the fourth to the sixth quills the longest. Taz] long and much rounded. Tarsi as long as the outer anterior toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long, the anterior outer toe longer than the posterior outer one; the claws moderate, compressed, and curved. * Vieillot established this genus in 1816 (Analyse, p.27.). Nyctades of M. Gloger (1827) and Micropogon of M. Temminck (182?) are synonymous. It includes Ranzini’s genus Trachyphonus (1823), with which Cucupicus of M. Lesson (1831), Polysticte of Dr. A. Smith (1835), and Promepicus of Baron Lafresnaye are synonymous. + It was in 1835 that M. Miiller proposed this division. CAPITONIN ZX. The only species is found in the vast forests of Sumatra, where it wanders from tree to tree in search of various kinds of wild berries, preferring especially the fruits of the wild figs. P. pyrolophus Mill. Pl. col. 597. Mecatoruyncuus Eyton.* Bill large, more elevated than broad at the base, and the sides suddenly compressed, with the culmen arched and keeled towards the tip, which is slightly hooked; the nostrils basal, lateral, large, and covered with small bristles. Wings moderate, with the third to the sixth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail moderate and rounded. Tarsz the length of the anterior outer toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long, the outer lateral toes equal, the anterior pair united at the base beyond the first joint ; the claws moderate, compressed, and curved. The type is found in Malacca; but its habits and manners have not been noticed. M. Hayii (Gray), Zool. Misc. p. 33.— Micropogon fuliginosus Temm ; Caloramphus sanguinolentus Less. ; Megalorhynchus spinosus Eyton. * Mr. Eyton established this genus in 1839 (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p.106.). Caloramphus of M. Lesson (1839) is synonymous. March, 1846. . ) TS, 3] ] i CAPITO kicharascnr. 6L OF OY > ; eres" _MCZ LIBRARY ae HARVARD UNIVERSITY wa a _ CAMBRIDGE. MA USA i lee Order IIT. SCANSORES. Family III. Piciwz. The second Subfamily, PICUMNIN 2A, or Picuterts, have the Bill short, straight ; the sides compressed towards the tip, which is rather acute; the gonys of the lower mandible lengthened, and advancing upwards ; and the Tail short, with the tip of each feather broad and rounded. Picumnus Temm.* Lill short, higher at the base than broad, with the culmen nearly straight and keeled; the sides compressed towards the tip, which is pointed; the gonys long, and advancing upwards to the tip, which is rather acute; the nostrils basal, lateral, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings rounded, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills the longest. Tail short, and rounded at the tip of each feather. Tarsi short, and covered with broad scales in front. Toes long and unequal, with the two anterior ones united at the base as far as the first joint, and the two outer ones equal in length; the claws long, compressed, and curved. The vast forests of South America and India are the localities of the species that compose this genus, They are found singly or in pairs on the branches of small trees, firmly grasping them with their toes, and keeping their bodies crosswise. These singular birds possess the power of leaping from one branch to another, but they do not usually support themselves on the trunks by means of their tail, as is the case with the true woodpeckers. The nests are said to be formed in rotten trunks of trees; and the female lays two eggs. 7. P. olivaceus Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1845. p. 7. 8. P. cinnamomeus Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845. 7. 9. P. D Orbignyanus Lafr. Rey. Zool. 1845. 7. 1. P. minutissimus (Gmel.) — Picus minutus Lath. ; P. cirratus Temm. Pl. col. 371. f.1.; Picumnus cayanensis Lafr. 3; Picus cayanensis minor Briss. 2. P. Temminckii Lafr. — Picumnus exilis Temm. Pl. col. 371. 10. P. rufiventris (Pr. Bonap.) Proc. Z.S. 1837. p. 120. f. 2. 11. P. innominatus Burt. Proc. Z. 8. 1835.154. — Vivia ni- 3. P. exilis (Licht.) — Picumnus Lichtensteinii Lafr. palensis Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1837. 107.; Piculus nipa- 4. P. pygmeus (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 12. | lensis et P. rufifrons Hodgs. List. 5. P. Buffoni Lafr. Pl. enl. 786. f. 1. 6. P. albosquamatus D’Orb. & Lafr. Voy. dans l’Amér. Mér. Ois, t. 64, f. 2. Sasta Hodgs.t Bill long, broad at the base, and with the sides suddenly compressed towards the tip, which is acute ; the gonys long and advancing upwards to the acute tip; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the * M. Temminck established this genus in 182—? (Planches Coloriées, with pl. 371.) + Established by Mr. Hodgson in 1836 (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1836, p.778.). In 1841 he changed the above name to Comeris ; while, in 1840, I had in the List of Genera proposed Microcolaptes for these birds. PICUMNIN &. frontal plumes. Wings long, reaching to the end of the tail, with the fourth and fifth quills equal and longest. Taz] very short and rounded. Tarsz short, and covered with broad scales in front. Toes moderate, with the two outer toes of equal length, and the inner posterior one wanting. These birds are found in the forests of India and its archipelago. 1. S. abnormis (Temm.) PI. col. 371. f. 3. | 2. S. ochracea Hodgs. Journ, As. Soc, Beng. 1836. 778. October, 1845. LICUMNUS Pygmanus. (Licht) Lar: ERSITY MCOZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIV CAMBRIDGE. MA USA endel & Wels 9CRTACEA hh mul. wan | a atte Ath WCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY C AMBRIDGE. MA USA Order III. SCANSORES. Family II. Pic. The third Subfamily, PICIN &, or Wooppeckers, have the Bill more or less long, broad at the base, much compressed towards the tip, which is truncated ; the sides of the upper mandible sloping, and furnished with a lateral ridge, that springs from the middle at the base, gradually bends towards the lateral margin, and then extends above it to the tip : the outer posterior Toe generally longer than the outer anterior toe. Pricoipes Lacép.* Gill shorter than the head, straight ; the base broader than high, and covered with projecting feathers ; the sides compressed towards the tip, which is rather pointed; the gonys lengthened, and advancing upwards. Wings moderate and pointed, with the second, third, and fourth quills the longest. Tail moderate, wedge-shaped, and rigid. Tarsi as long as the anterior outer toe, and partly covered with feathers. Toes short and nearly equal; the outer posterior toe longer than the anterior one; the inner posterior toe wanting ; the claws long, much compressed, and curved. These birds inhabit the forests of the northern parts of both hemispheres. They prefer the pines and spruce firs, on the trunks and branches of which they seek in the decayed parts for insects in their various stages. They sometimes feed on seeds and berries. The eggs are laid in holes formed by the birds in the trunks of the trees. They are usually four to six it number. 1. P. tridactylus (Linn.) Werner’s Atlas to Temm. Man. pl. — 3. P. hirsutus (Vieill.) Ois. d’Amér. Sept. t. 124, — Picus tri- Picoides europeus Less. ; P. crissoleucos Brandt. dactylus Rich. § Sw. Faun. Bor. Amer. pl. 56.; P. undulatus 2. P. arcticus (Rich. & Sw.) Faun. Bor. Amer. pl. 57.— Picus | Vieiil. tridactylus Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 14. f. 2. Picus Linn.t Lill moderate, the base equally broad as high, the sides sloping, and beneath the lower mandible rounded; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the strong projecting bristles. Wings rather short and pointed, with the fourth quill the longest. Tail lengthened and rounded. ars? shorter than the anterior outer toe. Toes unequal, with the anterior outer one shorter than the outer posterior toe; the inner posterior toe short ; the claws strong and curved. The birds that compose this genus are found in most parts of the world, in some places migrating from the north to the south, and vice versd, according to the season. They frequent the forests, woods, and orchards, and are observed * Established by Lacépéde between 1800 and 1801. Tridactylia of Shaw (1815) and Apternus of Mr. Swainson (1831) are coequal. + Linneus established this genus in 1735. Dryobates of M. Boie (1826) is coequal. PICIN At. singly on the branches and trunks of trees. These they examine, while climbing on the bark, for the insects that are hidden in the cracks; and they also look for those that lie concealed beneath the bark in the decayed wood, which they dig into by means of their bills, until they have made a hole sufficiently large to enable them to procure the grubs. So rapid are the repeated strokes of the bill against the wood, that the head is scarcely seen to move. Berries and seeds also form a portion of their subsistence. They climb the trunks and branches of trees with ease and quickness, in a perpendicular and spiral direction, by means of their claws and rigid tail. The eggs are usually four or five in number, and they are deposited in holes made by the bird in the decayed trunks of trees. 1. P. major Linn. PI. enl. 196. 595. — Picus cissa Pall. 19. P. villosus Linn, P}.enl. 754., Wils. Amer. Orn.-pl. 9. f. 1., 2. P. medius Linn. Pl. enl. 611. — Pictis cynedus Pall. Vieill. Ois. d’Amér. Sept. t. 120., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 416. f. 1, 2. 3. P. minor Linn. Pl. enl. 598. — Picus pipra Pail. 20. P. leucomelas (Bodd.) Pl enl. 345., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 4. P. leuconotus Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. i. 66., Werner’s Atlas | 417.f.7.—- Picus canadensis Gmel.; P. leucomelanos Wagl. to Temm. Man. pl. — Picus cirris Pall. | 21. P. Philipsii Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 417. f. 5, 6. 5. P. numidus Malh. Faun. Orn. Sicil. 22. P. Martine Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 417. f. 1. 2. 6. P. cathpharius Hodgs. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1843. 1006. | 23. P. Harrisii Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 417. f. 8, 9. — Picus in- 7. P. Bliottii Jerd. Madr. Journ. Lit. & Sci. xi. p. 212. carnatus Licht. 8. P. zizuki Temm. PI. col. 24. P. Gardneri Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. 317. 9. P. Macei Vieill. Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. 32. 25. P. Auduboni Trudeau, Journ. Acad. Nat. Philad. vii. 404., 10. P. Wagleri Hartl. Cat. Brem. Mus. Vogel. — Picus Macei | Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 417. f. Temm. P1. col. 59. f. 2. 26. P. pubescens Linn. Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 9. f. 4., Vieill. Ois. 11. P. mahrattensis Lath. — Picus hemosomus Wagl., Gould, | d’Amér. Sept. t.121., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 112. Cent. of Birds, pl. 51. 27. P. medianus Swains. Faun. Bor. Amer. p. 308. 12. P. brunnifrons Vigors, Proc. Z.S. 1831. p. 176., Gould, Cent. 28. P. meridionalis Swains. Faun. Bor. Amer. p. 308. of Birds, pl. 52. — Picus aurifrons Vigors. . 29. P. lignarius Mol. — Picus melanocephalus King ; P. punc- 13. P. hyperythrus Vigors, Proc. Z. 8. 1831. 23., Gould, Cent. | ticeps D’Orb.; P. Kingii G. R. Gray. of Birds, pl. 50. 30. P. cactorum D’Orb. Voy. de lAmér. Meér. Ois. t. 62. f. 2. 14, P. himalayanus Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 116. 31. P. cancellatus Wagl. Isis, 1829. p. 510. 15. P. moluccensis Gmel. Pl. enl. 748: f. 1. — Picus bicolor 32. P. obsoletus Wagl. Isis, 1829. p. 510. Gmel. Pl. enl. 748. f.2.; P. variegatus Lath. ; P. pygmeus Vigors. 33. P. scalaris Wagl. Isis, 1829. p. 511. 16. P. nanus Vigors, Proc. Z. 8. 1831. 172. 34, P. varius Linn. Pl. enl.785., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 8. f. 1, 2., 17. P. guineensis (Scop.) Sonn, Voy. t.35.—Picus cardinalis Gmel. | pl. 9. f.2., Vieill. Ois. d’Amér. Sept. t. 118., Audub. B. of Amer. 18. P. querulus Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 15. f. 1. — Picus leucotis | pl. 190. Til.; P. borealis Vieill. Ois. d’Amér. Sept. t. 122.; P. Vieillotii 35. P. tricolor Gmel. Sebex Thes. t. 64. f. 6. Wagl. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 389. CamrrrniLus.* Gill lengthened, the base broader than high; the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards; the nostrils basal, lateral, and concealed by the projecting plumes. Wings long and pointed, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills the longest. Tal long, graduated, and acuminated. Tarsi short, and covered with broad transverse scales in front. Toes unequal, the outer posterior toe longer than the outer anterior one, the inner posterior toe very short ; the claws long, compressed, and much curved. These birds are seen in the vast forests and the newly cultivated grounds of the New World, and the Indian archipelago. They are usually observed on the lofty branches and trunks of the trees, especially those of the swamps, busily engaged in detaching large pieces of bark with their bills, with a view of procuring their food, which lies concealed beneath, and consists of insects in their various states. They also attack, when in season, the grapes and berries that are found in the virgin forests and orchards. Their flight is graceful, undulating, and rarely prolonged beyond proceeding from tree to tree, and then it is performed in a single sweep. The eggs are placed in holes made with the bill in the trunks of trees, to various depths, from a foot to three feet. They are generally four to six in number. * Established in my List of the Genera of Birds, in 1840, p. 54. PICIN . 1. C. principalis (Linn.) PI. enl. 690., Vieill. Ois. de l’Amér, t. 5. C. magellanieus (King), Zool. Journ. — Picus jubatus Lafr. 109., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 29. f. 1., Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 66. Mag. de Zool. Ois. 1843. t. 31. 2. C. imperialis (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1832. 140., Audub. Orn. 6. C. guatemalensis (Hartl.) Rev. Zool. 1844, 214. Biogr. v. 313. 7. C. validus (Reinw.) Pl. col. 378. 402. 3. C. robustus (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 10., Spix, Av. 8. C. Boei (Wagl.) Syst. Avium, sp. 3. Bras. t. 44. 9. C. sumptuosus (Less.) — Picus Boiei Temm. Pl. col. 473. 4. C. rubricollis (Bodd ) Pl. enl. 612. 10. C. Malherbii G. R. Gray. Dryocorus Boie.* Bill shorter than the head, with the base broader than high; the gonys moderate, and advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the projecting plumes. Wings moderate and pointed, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail lengthened and rounded. Tarsi short, and covered in front with broad transverse scales. Toes unequal, the posterior outer toe shorter than the anterior outer one, the inner posterior toe short; the claws moderate, compressed, and curved. All the species are found in the New World, except one that inhabits the northern and eastern parts of Europe. They are active birds, flying from tree to tree in search of decayed parts of the trunks and branches, in which they extract from beneath the bark, by means of their bills, the insects that destroy the timber. Their movements are very rapid, and their flight is powerful, but not prolonged to any distance. They will also feed on Indian corn, chestnuts, and acorns. The eggs are placed in hollows of the trees, which are excavated by the birds to the depth of a foot or more, with a breadth generally of two or three inches, and enlarged at the end to five or six inches. The eggs are usually four to six in number. 1. D. martius (Linn.) Boie, PI. enl. 596. 5. D. galeatus (Natt.) Pl. col. 171. 2. D. pileatus (Linn.) Pl. enl. 718., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 29. f. 2., 6. D. erythrops (Cuv.) — Picus semitorquatus Licht. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 13. 7. D. hematogaster (Tschudi), Faun. Peruana, p. 42. 3. D. albirostris (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi. 69., Spix, 8. D. scapularis (Vigors), Zool. Journ. iv. 354, Ay. Bras. t. 45. 4. D. lincatus (Linn.) Pl. enl. 717., Spix, Av. Bras. t.48., Azara | No. 248. Curysocotaptes Blyth.+ Bill as long as the head, broad at the base ; the gonys of the lower mandible lengthened, and advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and exposed. Wings long, with the third to the sixth quills the longest. Tail long, rounded, and very rigid. Tarsi as long as the outer anterior toe, robust, and Oo) covered with transverse scales. ves long, slender, the outer posterior toe longer than the anterior outer one; the hind toe the length of the inner anterior one without the claw, moderate; the claws long, compressed, and curved. India and its archipelago are the countries of the five known species of this genus. They are found in the dense forests, especially in those that are situated on the elevated mountains. Their habits do not differ from those noticed of the other genera of this family. 1. C. strictus (Horsf.) Linn, Trans. xiii.— Picus peralaimus 4, C. sultaneus (Hodgs.) Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1837. 105.— Wagl. P. strenuus Gould. 2. C. hematribon (Wagl.) Syst. Av. sp. 95.— Picus spilolophus 5. C. philippinarum (Lath.) Sonn. Voy. t. 37., Pl. enl. 691. — Vigors. Picus palalea Wagi. 3. C. goensis (Gmel.) PI. enl. 696. — Picus melanotus Blyth. * Established by M. Boie in 1826 (Isis). It is coequal with Dryotomus (1831) of Mr. Swainson. + Established by Mr. Blyth in 1843 (Journ, As. Soc. Beng. 1843, p. 1004.). PICIN &. Denvprosates Swains.* Lill as long as, or shorter than, the head, broad at the base ; the nostrils lateral, basal, and hidden by the projecting plumes. [ings long and pointed, with the second, third, and fourth quills nearly equal and longest. Zazl moderate, graduated, and rigid. Yarse shorter than the outer anterior toe. Toes unequal, and the outer posterior generally longer than the anterior; the hind toe short and slender; the claws long, compressed, and much arched. Most of the species of this genus are found in the woods of the continent of Africa, and a few in the forests of South America. Their habits and manners are very similar to those already noticed. 1. D. fulviscapus (Ill.) Swains. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afr. t. 253. f.1, 8. D. namaquus (Licht.) Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. p. 17., Le Vaill. 2.— Picus fuscescens Vieill.; P. chrysopterus Cuv.; Colaptes? | Ois. d’Afr. t. 251, 252.— Picus mystaceus Vieill.; P. biarmicus capensis Steph. Cuv. ; P. diophrys Steph. 2. D. abyssinicus (Hempr. & Ehrenb.)—Picus fuscescens Riipp.; | 9. D. shoensis Riipp. Mus. Senck. ili, 120., Ornith. Faun. von D. Hemprichii Riipp. Orn. Faun. von Nord-Ost Afr. t. 35. Nord-Ost Afr, t. 33. 3. D. griseocephalus (Bodd.) PI. enl. 786. f. 2., Le Vaill. Ois. 10. D. goertans (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 320. d'Afr. t. 249. — Picus capensis Gmel. ; P. caniceps Wagl. 11. D. percussus (Temm.) Pl. col. 390, 591. — Picus Riippellii 4, D. poliocephalus (Cuv.) Wag]. Syst. Av. sp. 47. Wagl. 5D: — . — Picus poliocephalus Swains. B. of W. Afr. ii. 12. D. calionotus (Waterh.) Proc. Z. 5. 1840. 182. 154. ; 13. D. olivaceus (Gray), Zool. Mise. p. 18. 6. D. immaculatus Swains. B. of W. Afr. ii. 152., Riipp. Mus. 14. D. africanus (Gray), Zool. Mise. p. 18. Senck. iii. 119., Ornith. Faun. von Nord-Ost Afr. t. 34. 15. D. passerinus (Linn.) Briss. Orn. ix. t. 4. f.2. — Pieus ma- 7. D. senegalensis (Gmel.) PI. enl. 345. f. 2. — Picus tephrodops culifrons*Spiz, Av. Bras. t. 56. f.1.; P. ruficeps Spiv, Av. Bras. t. Wagl.; P. striolatus Less. SOR. Hemicercus Swains.t+ Bill short, broad at the base, and much compressed on the sides towards the tip; the gonys long, and ascending upwards to the tip, which is acutely pointed; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden by the projecting plumes. Wings long, reaching to the end of the tail, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail very short, broad, and even, with the end of each feather rounded. Tarsi as long as the inner anterior toe, and strong. Toes long, unequal; the outer anterior toe rather shorter than the outer posterior one; the hind toe short ; the claws moderate, compressed, and curved. These remarkable small birds are peculiar to the continent of India, its archipelago, and Africa. They are found solitary in the forests, perched on the boughs, or climbing round the branches. They are not shy, for when disturbed they fly only to a short distance, and then return to the same tree again. If excited, they erect not only the feathers of the head, but also those of the back, which gives them a singular appearance. Their food consists of the larve of insects, that are found on the branches, or in the crevices of the bark. 1. H. coneretus (Reinw.) Swains. Pl. col. 90. f.1, 2. 4. H. rubiginosus Swains. B. of W. Afr. ii. p. 150. 2. H. eanente (Less.) Cent. Zool. t. 73. 5. H. —-—— .— Hemicereus rubiginosus Hart/. Rev. Zool. 1844. 3. H. cordutus (Jerd.) Madr, Journ. of Lit. & Sci. xi. p. 211. 402. * Mr. Swainson established the above generic name in 1837 (Class. of Birds, ii. p. 306.). + This genus was established in 1837 by Mr. Swainson (Class. of Birds, ii. p. 306.). September, 1845, JPICGIN 4. CVI. CAMPEPHILUS Malherbi. CR Gray < Bane McZ LIBRARY _ . ( HARVARD UNIVERSITY 3 «eee CAMBRIDGE. MA USA ia . . oS a a fa) 7 e ‘-_ é eee Order III. SCANSORES. Family IT. Prema. The fourth Subfamily, GECININ &, or Green Woopreckers, have the Bill more or less long, strong, and straight, with the base broad, and the sides compressed towards the tip, which is truncated and acute; the side sloping, and furnished with a lateral ridge, which springs from above the nostrils, and runs along near the culmen towards the end of the upper mandible for two thirds of its length. ~ Gecinus Boie.* _ Bill more or less long, strong, with the base broad, the sides compressed, and the culmen slightly curved towards the tip, which is acute ; the lateral ridge runs along near the culmen towards the tip ; the lateral margins straight, and the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils basal, and covered by the projecting plumes. Wings long and rounded, with the fourth quill the longest. Til moderate and graduated, with the tip of each quill pointed and rigid. Jars? short, and covered with broad scales in front. Toes unequal, the outer pair the longest, and nearly equal in length; the claws large, strong, curved, and compressed. All the species of this genus are found in most parts of the Old World. They reside singly or in pairs in the wooded districts, forests, or jungles; and are usually observed scaling the trunks and branches of the trees, with the assistance of their tail, either in an upright or spiral direction, and if they descend it is generally performed in a backward progress. The strength of their bills enables them to tear off the bark, or form holes in the decayed portions of the branches, for the purpose of discovering the retreats of insects and their larve. They occasionally break the shells of nuts for the kernel, on which they feed, when there is a scarcity of their usual food. Their lengthened tongue is covered with a glutinous substance, which occasions insects to adhere to it, especially ants, which some species more usually seek for on the ground, The eggs are deposited on the bare wood, in holes which are formed in decayed trees by means of their bill for a considerable depth. When engaged in this operation the strokes of the bill are given so quickly that the head is hardly observed to move, and the noise this occasions may be heard to a great distance. 1. G. viridis (Linn.) Boie, PI. enl. 879. 371. | 6. G. squamatus (Vigors), Proc. Z.S, 1830. p. 8., Gould, Cent. 2. G. Karelini Brandt, Bull. Petersb. x. p. 2. of B. pl. 48.— Picus dimidiatus Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. 29. fale; 3. G. canus (Gmel.) Boie, Edwards’s Birds, pl. 65.—Picus chloris | Jard. & Selby, Ill. Orn. pl. 108. Pall.; P. viridi-canus Meyer ; P. norvegicus Lath.; P. viridis 7. G. flavinucha (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1833. p. 120.— Picus Naum. ; P. caniceps Nils. (Dryotomus) flavigula Hodgs. Journ. A. S. Beng. 1837. p. 106. 4. G. awokera (Temm.) Pl. col. 585. 8. G. nipalensis (Gray), Ind. Zool. pl. 31. f. 1. — Picus mentalis 5. G. occipitalis (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1830. p.8., Gould, Cent. Jerd. ; P. chlorolophus Vieill. ? of B. pl. 47. — Picus barbatus Gray, Ind. Zool. pl. 31. f. 2. * Established in 1831 by M. Boie (Isis, p. 542.). It is coequal with Brachylophus of Mr. Swainson (1837). GECININ AL. 9. G. striolatus (Blyth), Journ, A. S. B. 1843. p. 1000. 12. G. puniceus (Horsf.) Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 176., Pl. col. 423. 10. G. viridanus (Blyth), Journ. A. S. B. 1843. p. 1000.— Picus 13. G. miniatus (Forst.) Ind. Zool. pl. 4., Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. squamatus Jerd. 413. — Picus malaccensis Lath. ; P. rubescens Vieil/. Gray, Illustr. 11. G. dimidiatus (Temm.) Boie. — Picus affinis Raff.; P. | Ind. Zool. pl. 30. f. 1. vittatus Vieiil. 14, G. mentalis (Temm.) PI. col. 384. CAMPETHERA.* Bill Jong and strong, with the base broad, the culmen slightly curved, and the sides compressed towards the tip, which is acute; the lateral ridge running near the culmen from the base towards the tip, and the gonys moderate, angulous, and ascending; the nostrils basal, lateral, and covered by the projecting plumes. Wings long, with the first quill nearly as long as the second, which is the longest. Tail moderate and graduated, with the tips of the feathers pointed and rigid. Tarsi short, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long, the outer pair unequal, the anterior one the longest ; the claws long, strong, curved, and acute. It is in the continent of Africa that all the species of this genus are found. 1. C. brachyrhynchus (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. ii. p. 160. 5. C. ehrysurus (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. ii. p. 158. 2. C. variolosa (Licht.) — Picus Bennettii A. Smith. 6. C. nivosa (Swains.) B. of W. Afr. ii. p. 162. 3. C. nubica (Bodd.) Pl. enl.667., Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afr. t. 250. | 7. C. ethiopica (Riipp.) Syst. Uebers. &c. t. 36. — Picus punctatus Cuv.; P. notatus Licht. 4, C. punctuligera (Wagl.) Syst. Avium, Picus sp. 36. — Picus nubicus Licht. Hemi.opnus Swains.t Bill long and strong, with the base rather broad; the culmen nearly straight, and the sides compressed towards the tip, which is acute; the lateral ridge running near the culmen towards the tip, and the gonys moderate and ascending; the nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and partly covered by the frontal plumes. Wings long and pointed, with the fourth quill the longest. Tail long and graduated, with the ends of the feathers pointed and rigid. Tuars? short and very stout, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long, strong, and unequal, the outer anterior toe longer than the posterior outer one ; the claws large, curved, and much compressed. } ze, , I These birds are found in India and its archipelago, where they inhabit the deep recesses of the jungles. 1. H. Lichtensteini (Wagl.) — Picus modestus Vigors, Proce. Z. 8. 4. H. javensis (Horsf.) Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 173, — Picus Hors- 1831. p. 98.; P. punctatus Less. fieldii Wagl. 2. H. leucogaster (Reinw.) Wagl. Syst. Avium, Picus sp. 7. — 5. H. Macklotii (Wagl.) Syst. Avium, Picus sp. 4. — Picus pul- Picus Crawfordii Gray, Griff. An. Kingd. ii. p. 513. pl. verulentus Temm. Pl. col. 389. ; P. gutturalis Valence. 3. H. Hodgsoni (Jerd.) Madr. Journ, Lit. & Sci. x. p. 215. pl., | 6. H. fulvus (Quoy. & Gaim.) Voy. de |’ Astrol. Ois. t. 17. Illustr. of Ind. Ornith. pl. 5. * This genus was originally established under the name of Dendromus by Mr. Swainson (1837), which, having been previously employed, was changed to the above name in 1841. + Established by Mr. Swainson in 1837 (Classif. of Birds, ii. p. 309.). 5D GECININ &. Cereus Boie.* Bill moderate and strong, with the base broad, the culmen slightly curved ; the sides compressed towards the tip, which is acute; the lateral ridge running along near the culmen to the tip, and the gonys moderate, ascending, and angulous; the nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and exposed. Wings long and rounded, with the fifth quill the longest. Taz] long and graduated, with the ends of the feathers pointed and rigid. Tarsi short, and covered with broad scales. Toes moderate and unequal, with the outer pair longest, and the anterior toe longer than the posterior one ; the claws large, curved, and acute. The species which form this genus are found in the vast forests of the warmer parts of America. PE Cc. flavescens (Gmel.) Boie, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 49. | 6. C. tumana (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 47. 2. C. cinnamomeus (Gmel.) PI. enl. 524. 7. C. torquatus (Bodd.) PJ. en). 863. — Picus multicolor Gel. ; 3. C. citrinus (Bodd.) Pl. enl. 569. — Picus exalbus Gmel.; P. | P. scutatus Wagl.; P. thoracicus Less. ~ flavicans Lath. | 8. C. ochraceus (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 51. f. 1. 4. C. rufus (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 694. f. 1. — Q. C. badioides (Less.) Cent. t. 14. 5. C. undatus (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 332. Curysopritus Swains.t Bill long and strong ; the base broad and rather depressed, with the culmen slightly curved, and the sides compressed towards the tip, which is acute; the lateral ridge running near the culmen towards the tip, and the gonys short and ascending; the nostrils basal, lateral, and covered by the projecting plumes. Wings long and pointed, with the third, fourth, and fifth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail long and graduated, with the ends of the feathers pointed and rigid. Tarsi short, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long and unequal, the outer pair longest and equal in length; the claws large, curved, and compressed. It is in the tropical portions of America that the species which compose this genus are found. 1. C. punctigula (Bodd.) — Picus cayanensis Gmel. Pl. enl. 613. 4. C. melanochloris (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 719. — Picus cristatus Vieill. 2. C. campestris (Licht.) Swains. Spix, Av. Bras. t. 46. Azara, No. 252. ; B. Buffonii Temm. & Kuhl. 3. C. guttatus (Spix), Swains. Spix, Av. Bras. t. 53. f. 1. Bracuyrrernus Strickl.t Bill long and strong, with the base broad; the culmen slightly curved, and the sides compressed towards the tip, which is acute ; the lateral ridge obsolete, and the gonys long, ascending, and angulous ; * Established by M. Boie in 1831 (Isis, p. 542.). Malacolophus of Mr. Swainson (1831) is coequal. { Mr. Swainson established this genus in 1831 (Fauna Boreali Americana, p. 300.). } Established by Mr. Strickland in 1841 (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1841, p. 31.) GECININ &. the nostrils basal, lateral, and exposed. Wings long and pointed, with the fourth quill the longest. Tail long and graduated, with the ends of the feathers pointed and rigid. Tarsz short, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long and unequal, with the outer anterior toe longer than the posterior one, the inner posterior toe rudimental ; the claws long, compressed, and acute. These birds are found in India and its isles. 1. B. aurantius (Linn.) Edwards’s Birds, pl. 182., Pl. enl. 995. 2. B. erythronotus (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvii. p. 73. — — Picus bengalensis Gmel.; P. nuchalis Wagl.; P. hemipodiuS ' Picus neglectus Wagl. Swains. ; P. psarodes Licht. Tica Kaup.* Bill long and strong, with the culmen slightly curved, and the sides compressed towards the tip; the lateral ridge slightly apparent, running near the culmen towards the tip, and the gonys moderate, ascending, and angulous ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and exposed. Wings long and pointed, with the fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest. Tazl long and graduated, with the ends of the feathers pointed and rigid. Tursi short, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes long and unequal, with the anterior outer toe rather longer than the posterior outer one, the inner posterior toe entirely wanting ; the claws large, compressed, and acute. It was in the Island of Java that the typical species of this genus was found ; but species have since been ascertained to extend to the continent of India. 1. T. tridactyla (Swains.) — Picus tiga Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. | 4. T. Shorei (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. p. 175., Gould, Cent. of p- 177., Gray, Illustr. Ind. Zool. pl. 30. f. 2. B. pl. 49. 2. T. Rafflesii (Vigors), App. Mem. Raffi. p. 669. 5. T. amictus (Gray). 3. T. Grantia (M‘Clell.) Proc. Z. S. 1839. 165. * Established by Dr. Kaup in 1836. It is coequal with Chrysonotus of Mr. Swainson (1837). July, 1846. ° PPO) DYINUIA Y)/ SANTO AD PReAwrnemenee ma co-LTCeoe MCZ LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE. MA USA o ‘ C Hnlimandel's Patent Lithomnar D 1 CHRYSOPTILUS melanochloris. %.CELEUS flavescens. 3. CAMPETHERA variclosa 5. HEMILOPHUS leucogaster. 6. BRACHYPTERNUSerythronotus. 7. TIGA + iG Jobe HARVARD UN CAMBRIDGE. Order III. SCANSORES. Family HI. Pic. The fifth Subfamily, MELANERPIN &, or Brack Woopreckers, have the Bill more or less long, compressed, and the lateral ridge placed nearly half-way between the culmen and lateral margins. Centurus Swains.* Bill more or less long, and rather slender, with the culmen gradually curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute; the lateral margins slightly curved, and the gonys long and angular; the nostrils basal, rounded, and the opening partly covered by projecting plumes. Wings long and pointed ; with the first quill very short, and the fourth and fifth the longest. Tail rather long, and with the ends of the feathers pointed. Tursi short, and covered with transverse scales. Toes unequal ; the outer pair the longest, and equal: the claws long, compressed, and acute. It is in both North and South America that these birds are found singly on the decayed trees of the forests, and occasionally in orchards or open fields. They are expert climbers, moving about the trunks and horizontal branches of the trees with equal facility in all directions, searching for larve and perfect insects. Their note is “ chow,” rapidly repeated, and reminded Wilson of the barking of a little lapdog. They form their nests in the decayed or solid trunks of trees; the female deposits five eggs, and the young generally climb to the upper branches of the trees before they are able to fly, and are there fed by the parents until they can provide for themselves. 1. C. carolinus (Linn.) Pl. enl. 692., Wils. Amer. Orn. pl. 7. f. 2.— Picus griseus Vieill. Ois. d’Amér. Sept. t.116.; P. erythrau- chen Wagl. ; Centurus carolinensis Swains. ; P. zebra Bodd. Audub. 6. C. elegans Swains. 7. C. subelegans Pr. Bonap. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837. p. 109. 8. C. Santa Cruzi Pr. Bonap. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837. p. 116. B. of Amer. pl. 415. f. 3. : g. C. flavifrons (Vieill.) Swains. Spix, Av. Bras. t. 25. f. 2. — 2. C. radiolatus (Wagl.) Edwards's Birds, pl. 244., Pl. enl. | Type of Tripsurus Swains. (1837). 597. 10. C. hirundinaceus (Gmel.) Pl. enl. 694. f. 2. — P. rubrifrons 3. C. striatus (Bodd.) PI. enl. 281. & 614., Vieill. Ois.d’Amér. | Spiz, Av. Br. t. 55. f. 2. Sept. t. 14, 11. C. rubrifrons Spix, Av. Br. t. 55. f. 1. 4. C. flaviventris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 354. 12. C. chlorolophos (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 78, 5. C. rubriventris Swains. Two Cent. and a Quart. p. 354. * Established by Mr. Swainson in 1837 (Class. of Birds, ii. p. 310.). It embraces Tripsurus of Mr. Swainson (1837). MELANERPIN &. CHLORONERPES Swains.* Bill rather short, with the culmen gradually curved, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute; the lateral margins nearly straight, and the gonys moderate and ascending; the nostrils basal, and covered with the projecting plumes. Wings long and pointed ; with the first quill short, and the fourth and fifth the longest. Zaz/ moderate and graduated, with the ends of the feathers pointed. Yarsi short, and covered in front with transverse scales. Toes unequal, and the outer pair the longest, with the posterior rather shorter than the anterior: the claws long, much compressed, and acute. It is in the tropical parts of America that the species of this genus are found. 1. C. aurulentus (Licht.) Pl. col. 59. f. 1. — Picus chrysochloros 7. C. flavicollis (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 74. Vieill. ; P. brasiliensis Swains. Zool. Il. pl. 20. ; P. macrocephalus 8. C. squamosus (Vieill.) N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 74. Spiz, Av. Bras. t.53.f.2., Azara, No. 256. g. C. maculatus (Vieill.) N. Dict. @Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 91. 2. C. wanthotenia (Wagl.) Azara, No. 257. — Picus auratus | Azara, No, 259. Vieill. 10. C. spilogaster (Wagl.) Azara, No. 258. 3. C. maculipennis (Licht.) Syst. Av. sp. 51. | 11. C. polyzonus (Temm.). 4, C. icterocephalus (Lath,) Pl. enl. 784. — Picus chlorocephalus 12. C. rufoviridis (Malh.) Rev. Zool. 1845. p. Gmel. Spix, Av. Bras. t. 54. f. 2. 13. C. Kirkii (Malh.) Rey. Zool. 1845. p. 5. C. erythrops (Vieill.) — Picus icterocephalus var. Lath. Spix, 14. C. afinis Swains. Zool. lll. p. 78.— Picus ruficeps Spix, Av. Bras. t. 54. f. 1. | Av. Bras. t. 56. f. 3. 6. C. fasciatus (Lath.). 15. C. rubiginosus Swains. Zool. Ilustr. pl. 14. Menanerres Swains.t Bill rather long, broad at the base, with the culmen sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute; the lateral margins nearly straight, and the gonys long and ascending; the nostrils basal, rounded, and much covered by the projecting plumes and bristles. Wings long; with the first quill short, and the third nearly as long as the fourth, which is rather the longest. Tail long, with the ends of the feathers pointed. Tarsz short, and covered with transverse scales. Toes unequal; the outer pair the longest, and equal: the claws moderate, much compressed, and acute. These birds are found in both North and South America. They are seen in the woods, the orchards, and even on the fences in the neighbourhood of houses. Their chief food consists of insects, but they commit great devastation on fruits, berries, and Indian corn, and they enter the dovecots for the purpose of sucking the eggs of the pigeons. Their note is shrill and lively, and so much resembles, says Wilson, that of a species of tree frog which frequents the same trees, that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish the one from the other. They migrate during the night * Established by Mr. Swainson in 1837 (Class. of Birds, ii. p. 307.). + Mr. Swainson established this genus in 1831 (Fauna Boreali-Americana, p. 316.). or Zz MELANERPIN 2. from north to south, flying high above the trees, far apart, propelling themselves, says Mr. Audubon, by reiterated flaps of their wings, at the end of each successive curve which they describe in their flight. At the dawn of day the whole alight on the tops of the dead trees about the plantations, and remain in search of food until the approach of sunset, when they again, one after another, mount the air, and continue their journey. The nest is formed in the trunk or large branches of a tree. The female deposits on the bare wood generally six eggs. 1. M. erythrocephalus (Linn.) Swains. Pl. enl. 117., Audub. B. 4, M. rubidicollis (Vieill.) Ois. d’Amér. Sept. t. 117. — Picus of Amer. pl. 27. portoriensis Daud. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. ii. t. 51. 2. M. torquatus (Wils.) Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pl. 20. f.3., 5. M. formicivorus Swains. — Picus melanopogon Licht. Pl, col. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 416. f. 7, 8. 451. 3. M. ruber (Gmel.) Pr. Bonap. Audub. B. of Amer. pl. 421. — 6. M. meropirostris (Wagl.) Pr. Bonap. Syst. Avium. sp. Picus flaviventris Vieill. LEvucONERPES Swains.* Bill long, and broad at the base, with the culmen gradually sloping, and the sides compressed to the tip, which is acute ; the lateral margins curved, and the gonys long and ascending ; the nostrils basal, rounded, and slightly covered with projecting bristles. Wings long and pointed ; with the first quill short, and the third and fourth equal and longest. Tail long and graduated, with the ends of the feathers long and pointed. Turs? short, and covered with transverse scales. Toes unequal, the outer pair the longest, and the anterior toe rather longer than the posterior one: the claws large, compressed, and acute. This species is found in the tropical portions of America. L. dominicanus (Vieill) Spix, Av. Bras, t. 50. — Picus candidus Otto; P. melanopterus Pr. Neuw.; P. bicolor Swains. Zool. Ill. n. s. pl. 38. * Established in 1837 by Mr. Swainson in his Class, of Birds, ii. p. 310. September, 1846. kad wih war 4h o> : oth | £794 i ie Va C Helbnandel'’s Patent Jathotimt CHLORONER PES PUBL OSHS. SWAMS JNIVERSITY eS wo 8 ra FH my ier i a f R t& i) a py H wo f iS fx] = (@) ay (©) ear] y O