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THE GENERA

OF

BRITISH MOTHS.

POPULARLY DESCRIBED

AND ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE SYSTEM NOW ADOPTED IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

{LLUSTRATED BY
A Series of Picturesque Bates.

EXHIBITING THE INSECTS IN THEIR DIFFERENT STAGES, WITH THE CATERPILLARS
AND THE PLANTS ON WHICH THEY ARE GENERALLY FOUND.

BY

H? NOEL HUMPHREYS.
VOLE. fF —T

LONDON:
PAUL JERRARD & SON, 170, FLEET STREET, E.C.

» 1 Horne §

eens NTN

331092 a)
My ON, y yseurs

QL
555
GTHIL
1860
ENTRS

PREFACE.

Tne study of Natural History is at last beginning to assert its place and importance in the ordinary
routine of education. The charm of such works as White’s ‘‘Selborne,” and Kirby and Spence’s ‘ Introduction
to Entomology,” is every day being acknowledged by an increasing circle of fascinated readers, and, as a natural

result, a desire to know more of each separate subject there briefly touched upon is becoming very general.

The activity of many workers in the field of science has produced, within the last half-century, complete
and invaluable works upon almost every section of Natural History which could suggest itself to the curiosity of
any ordinary student. But, then, these are great and voluminous treatises necessarily encumbered with details of
classification and technical minutie, such as the unprofessional reader has neither time nor taste to encounter.

On the other hand, the ‘popular’ works are in general so fragmental and incomplete, that they fail to give the

reader the hold on the subject which he requires, or the more solid information which he seeks.

I have sought, in planning the present work on British Moths, to steer a course midway between the
strictly scientific treatise and the slight ‘popular volume ;’ with this view I intend giving a brief outline of the
general principles upon which this section of the world of insects has been reduced to order and classification.
After which I shall notice all the groups into which our British Moths have been divided, and then describe,
with an accompanying illustration, one species of every genus contained in each group or family ; to each of which

generic illustrations a list of the other species will be attached.

By this means a complete general plan of the whole subject will be exhibited within a moderate space ;
while if every species contained in a genus were engraved, the bulk of the work would be carried to an unwieldy
extent, quite inconsistent with the purpose of a book suited to the general reader. It will be readily understood
(Lam addressing the unscientific) that by the description of the leading and typical insect of each genus, the
general characteristics of the subordinate species belonging to the same genus will be easily appreciated ; but in

4 case of any remarkable deviation of forms occurring among a number of species placed in one and the same genus,

+? second species will be described and engraved, if necessary, as in the case of the genus Cheerocampa, of which

+ two species are figured in plate 3, on account of the great difference in size and markings which they exhibit.

s The work will contain, therefore, a very complete account of all the genera of British Moths, and will,

{oto that extent, form a complete work, not merely consisting of sketches of some of the more prominent and
{attractive of the insects belonging to the class treated of, but a consecutive account, although in a popular form
> of the entire family of British Moths.

Ho N. HH:

M10 14-G Insects

DSI

INTRODUCTION.

Tue order of Insects to which Moths and Butterflies belong, is the one most popularly known, not only on
account of the beauty of many of the species, but also from their curious transformations having been more
frequently observed, in consequence of their conspicuous appearance in their larva or caterpillar stage ; while, in
other families of insects, that phase of development is often passed in the earth, in less attractive forms,

commonly known as grubs, as is the case with Beetles, ete.

The general term, insect, has been given to the tribe of creatures embracing Moths, Butterflies, Bees,
Beetles, House-flies, and many others, in consequence of a leading peculiarity which characterises the whole,
namely, the deep dnsection which occurs between the fore part of the body, or thorax, and the hinder part, or

abdomen, one of the most conspicuous examples of which occurs in the common Wasp.

The distinct order of insects, containing Moths and Butterflies only, is known as the order Lepidoptera,
from the Greek words /epis, a scale, and pteron, a wing. This descriptive title has been conferred upon the
family of insects about to be described, in consequence of the minute scales with which their wings are
almost invariably covered, and to which they are indebted for their beautiful colours and markings, the

membrane of the wing itself being perfectly smooth and transparent.

The order Lepidoptera was divided by Linneus into three grand sections : first, Diwrna, being those which
fly by day, comprising all the Butterflies ; secondly, Nocturna, or those which generally fly by night, which
includes a large portion of the Moths; thirdly, Crepuscularia, intended to comprise such as generally fly by
evening twilight, or at early dawn, like some of the Hawk-Moths, ete. But this third division having been
found indefinite, and the time of flight in general not the best basis of classification, the system of a modern
entomologist, Dr. Boisduval, has been pretty generally adopted. According to this method, the order may now
be considered to consist of two grand divisions, founded, as the only true basis of correct classification, on
anatomical distinctions. The first division is termed Rhopalocera, or those having a small c7ub-like enlargement
at the ends of the antenne, commonly termed horns, or, more properly, feelers. The second division is termed
Heterocera, from two Greek words meaning antenne varying in shape, as do those of the Moths, which are
sometimes smooth, sometimes feathered, sometimes robust, sometimes slender ; while those of the males very

frequently differ from those of the females, but they are in no instance clubbed, like those of Butterflies,

The careful observation of such distinctions as those by means of which the affinities of numerous tribes of
insects can alone be accurately defined and classed, would form an excellent first lesson to the young student,
and at once open up to him a novel and interesting field of observation. I recollect one of the most eminent of
European entomologists, Mr. J. O. Westwood, showing me drawings of the Tiger-Moth, made when he was a tyro
in the study, in which, for want of that habit of accurate observation which the study of natural history soon
developes, he had made the antenne clubbed, like those of a Butterfly. Such was the first entomological step of
the author of the ‘‘ Modern Classification of Insects ;” a work which, had he produced no other, would secure to his
name a conspicuous place in the annals of Entomology ; so let no student be discouraged by the difliculties which

invariably attend beginnings.

vi INTRODUCTION,

The transformations are of closely analogous character in both sections of our order Lepidoplert, The
female Butterfly, like the female Moth, deposits a certain number of eggs, from which, in due time, emerge small
worm-like creatures, commonly called Caterpillars. These generally cast their skins several times before they
attain their full growth, at which period they sink into a dormant state, in the commencement of which a husk
or shell is formed about them, and they become what is termed a chrysalis. The chrysalides of Butterflies are
generally somewhat angular in form, while those of Moths are almost invariably smooth in character. The
Caterpillars of Butterflies frequently undergo their change to the chrysalis state suspended to a leaf or branch,
while those of Moths, in most cases, either form a cocoon, or retire into the ground, often to a considerable

depth, when the time arrives for their metamorphosis.

During the chrysalis state (both in Moths and Butterflies) the final or perfect form of the insect is
gradually developing itself; the rudimeutal wings, and even the attenne, neither of which were externally
developed in the Caterpillar, being from the first distinctly traceable in the forms assumed by the shell of the
chrysalis. When the development of the newly winged insect has attained a certain degree of completeness, the
shell of the chrysalis is rent by an instinctive effort, and the inseet emerges. All the parts now appear perfect
and full-grown, except the wings, which are at first quite soft, and not above a quarter their size, but they harden
and inerease in dimension with astonishing rapidity when exposed to the air, and when they have attained their

full development the final transformation is completed.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

PLATE I.

No. 1—The Eyed Hawk-Moth (Smerinthus Ocellatis). No, 4.—The Death’s-head Hawk-Moth (Acherontia Atropos),
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Eyed Hawk-Moth. No, 5,—The Caterpillar of the Death's-head Hawk-Moth.
No. 3,—The Poplar Hawk-Moth (Smerinthus Populi).

Tue first subdivision of the great section /elerocera which I shall describe, is that comprised under the
title of Sphingide, or Sphinxes, which consists of the Hawk-Moth family, and contains some of the largest and
handsomest of our British Moths. The term Sphinx was somewhat capriciously conferred by Linneus in
consequence of a supposed resemblance of many of the Caterpillars of this family to that fabulous creature. This
resemblance occurs when the Caterpillar lies with the main part of the body straight along a leaf or branch, with
the three segments next the head raised nearly upright, in which position the general outline has certainly some
slight affinity to the form of the chimera from which it has received its name,

The family of Sphingide contains several genera, the first genus being Smerinthus, distinguished more
especially hy the short, stout body of the perfect insect, and the irregular outline of the external edge of the
wings. ‘The Caterpillars of the genus are generally green, and invariably covered with small tubercles, closely
arranged in regular rows, and the sides marked with a series of diagonal streaks, either of a paler green than the
rest of the body, or tinged with red or violet. It may here be stated that only a few of the more obyious
characteristics of each family or genus can be described in this work, and that in speaking of the general
character of a family, genus, or species, only the British kinds are referred to, The genus Smerinthus contains
three species,

No. 1, Plate 1, is Smerinthus Ocellatus, they Eyed Hawk-Moth, which, it will be seen, exhibits the
general characteristics attributed to the genus. The antenne haye, in this group, a tendency to thicken before
the final attenuation of the point, which occurs only in this and in the next two families of Moths. They are, in
this genus, more slender in the females than the males, which last, in our plate, are represented as rather too
robust. The flight of this genus is more like that of ordinary Moths than of other members of the Hawk-Moth
family. The Caterpillar (No, 2), as will be observed, is furnished with a dorsal horn, or tail, a peculiarity present
in the whole of the group which haye the true Hawk-Moth character, though absent in the Gyeriide, which
by some authors are added to this family. The Caterpillar of the Eyed Hawk-Moth feeds chiefly on the
Willow, and is not uncommon. It appears in July and August, and the perfect insect issues from the chrysalis
in the following May.

No. 3, Plate 1, is the Poplar Hawk-Moth, Smerinthus Populi, the commonest of the genus. Its markings are
not so beautiful as those of the preceding species, but yet present very agreeable tones of soft doye-colour, buff,
and brown; the veins, or rather neryures of the wings, being of a warm ochreous tone. The Caterpillar is very
similar to that of S. oced/atus, but smaller, and without any pink tone in the lateral stripes, which are of a very

pale green. It appears in the autumn, changes to the chrysalis state about September, and the perfect insect

emerges in the following June.

8 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The remaining species of this genus is Smerinthus Tilia, the Lime Hawk-Moth, a smaller kind than either
of the preceding, but similar in form and in the character of the markings of the wings, which, however, are of a
much warmer general tone, the ground rich warm buff, the markings a brightish olive, and the body whitish
brown. The Caterpillar is smaller than that of the other species, and slenderer, and the lateral markings are
faintly tinted with pink. It feeds on the Lime, but is rather rare.

The next genus in the family is Acherontia, of which there is only one British species—the largest and
most remarkable of all British Moths—the well-known Death’s-head Hawk-Moth (No. 4), so termed from the
figure of a skull plainly marked on the thorax, between the wings. The robust body, and wings straight at the
external margin, with the shorter antenne, and shorter proboscis, which is scarcely longer than the head, are
sufficient to mark this insect as of a different genus to that of the three species just described. But there are also
other differences, especially in the details of the antenne, too minute to describe in this place. The Caterpillar
(No. 5) is also distinct in form. The dorsal horn, or tail, is decumbent instead of raised, and is jagged with small
excrescences instead of being smooth ; while the body is entirely without the minute tubercles which distinguish the
Caterpillars of the genus Smerinthus. The Death’s-head Moth is probably the most remarkable of all British
insects, often measuring five inches across the wings, and the Caterpillar is even larger in proportion. The
Caterpillar, while in full feed in autumn, is often found in digging potatoes, on the leaves of which it has been
feeding, and has afterwards burrowed into the ground to undergo its change. Many attempts are made to obtain
specimens of the perfect insect by keeping the Caterpillar, and allowing it to burrow in the soil of a large flower-
pot, covered with a strong net ; it generally perishes, however, during its transformation, possibly from the soil
becoming too dry. It is therefore recommended to plunge the pot in the soil of the open garden, with some good
drainage underneath, and in a situation not exposed to heavy rain, with which precaution specimens may
assuredly be obtained of this truly magnificent insect. The Death’s-head Hawk-Moth has been unusually

abundant during the past season of 1858, having been found as far north as the Shetland Isles.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. )

PLATE IU.

No. 1.—The Privet Hawk-Moth (Sphinx Ligustri). No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Spotted Hawk-Moth.
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Privet Hawk-Moth. No. 5.—The Striped Hawk- Moth (Deilephila Livornica).
No, 8.—The Spotted Hawk-Moth (Deilephila Euphorvie).

THE separate genus still bearing the name of Sphinx, which once belonged to nearly the whole group of
Sphingide, now contains but three British species, which are, however, those most highly characteristic of the
typical Hawk-Moth, having a slenderer and sharper body, longer, more pointed, and more even-edged wings, and
a more rapid flight ; in short, all the characteristics for which the highly descriptive popular name Hawk-Moth
was originally conferred. %

The first and largest species of this genus is the handsome Sphinz Convolvuli, the Convolvulus Hawk-
Moth, which I have not figured, as rarely found in England in ordinary seasons. The fore wings are ashy-gray,
beautifully clouded with brown, and streaked with black ; the hind wings being gray also, with three transverse
bands of brown, the centre band open in the middle, and joined at the extremities. The abdomen is beautifully
barred with black, white, and deep pink. The Caterpillar has the usual dorsal horn, is of a dull olive colour,
with white spots near the junction of the segments, two brown stripes down the back, and transverse slanting
bars of brown at the sides. It feeds on the common Bind-weed. Though generally excessively rare, it is
occasionally abundant, as it was in 1846, and somewhat less so during the last season (1858), when I took a fine
specimen in my own garden hovering over a bed of Petunias.

The next species, No. 1, Plate 2, is the better-known Privet Hawk-Moth, nearly as large and handsome
1s the preceding, and found abund’ntly everywhere. The Caterpillar, which feeds on the Privet, is green ; the
dorsal horn black above and yellow beneath ; the spiracles, or breathing apertures, just above the feet, to be
remarked in all this class of Caterpillars, are orange, and the diagonal stripes tinged with pink. The Caterpillar
appears in July and August, and the Moth emerges from the chrysalis in the following June.

The last species of the genus Sphinz is the Pine Hawk-Moth, Sphinx Pinastri, much smaller than either of
the preceding ; both front and hind wings are gray, the front pair having clouded transverse bands of brown, and
the hinder pair shading off to deep brown at the outer edge ; the body is marked with brown on the thorax,
and barred closely with brown on the abdomen. The Caterpillar is very different in character to those of the
other species, being of much slenderer proportions. ‘The sides are deep green, with lozenge-shaped openings of
gray, and haying a yellow line beneath, and along the centre of the back, with the dorsal horn nearly black. It
feeds on the Pine, and is common in the forests of the Continent, but very rare in England. There are other
species of Sphinx reputed British, such as Cingulata, Carolina, Quinque-maculatus, ete., but they are probably
imported specimens.

Of the next genus, Detlephila, there are three British species, two of which are figured in the adjoining
plate. This genus is distinguished from the preceding by somewhat shorter wings, less acute and elongated at the
tips, and other sufficient distinctions, of which the Caterpillars offer several ; the character of their markings
differing from those of the preceding genera, in having the three segments next the head marked in the same
manner as those of the other portions of the body.

The Spotted Hawk-Moth, Deilephila Euphorbia, No. 3, Plate 8, is a very elegant insect, both in markings

10 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

and colour ; and the Caterpillar, No. 4 in the same plate, is one of the handsomest of the whole group. It feeds
generally upon the Sea Spurge, Euphorbia Paralias. These Caterpillars were one season so conspicuous on the
coast of Devonshire, from their numbers, that birds were attracted from a distance to feed upon them. They are
now very rare. They appear in July and August, and are full-grown in September.

No. 5, Plate 3, is the Striped Hawk-Moth, Detlephila Livornica, This species is casily distinguished by
the nervures of the wings being white, imparting a remarkable, striped appearance, not found in the other
species. The Caterpillar feeds on the common Vine, on the Sonchus arvensis, and Yellow Ladies’ Bed-straw ; its
markings are like those of the others of the genus, very handsome ; the colour is a yellowish olive, with large
spots of black surrounding specks of red: a rose-coloured stripe runs down the back, extending along the dorsal
horn, and above the legs is a stripe of flesh colour, or yellow. It is full-grown in June. This species is very rare
and was formerly considered doubtful as British ; but Brighton, Glasgow, Leicester, the Lake District,
Manchester, &c., are cited as places in whieh it has been recently captured,

Deilephila Galii, the last species of this genus, is also very rare, and popularly known as ‘‘ The Scarce
Spotted Hawk-Moth.” It is very like the Spotted Hawk-Moth above described, but has the space next the outer
edge of the front wings pale buff instead of ash-coloured, and a row of white spots down the middle of the back.
The Caterpillar is rich olive, with a black stripe above the legs, enclosing the white spiracles, and a large
roundish patch of buff in each segment, and a buff stripe rmms down the back, and the head and legs are rose-

coloured. It feeds on Yellow Ladies’ Bed-straw, and other species of Galium, in the autumn.

]

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, a

PLATE III.

No. 1.—The Oleander Hawk-Moth (Cherocaiupa Nerii). | No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Humming-Bird Hawk-Moth.
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Oleander Hawk-Moth. No, 7.—The Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-Moth (Sesia Bom-
No. 3.—The Small Elephant Hawk-Moth (Cherocampa Pov- byliformis).

cellus). No. 8.—The Green Forester (Procris Statices).
No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Small Elephant Hawk-Moth. No. 9.—The Six-spot Burnet-Moth (Anthrocera Filipendule),
No. 5.—The Humming-Bird Moth (Macroglossu Stellatarvwm). No. 10.—The Caterpillar of the Six-spot Burnet-Moth.

Tue genus Cherocampa (from the Greek words choiros, a hog, and kaimpe, a caterpillar) has been formed
of a small section of the Sphingida, the Caterpillars of which have their three foremost sections narrowing in a
nearly even line from the shoulder, like the head and snout of the hog. They have also the power of drawing in
or extending those segments, from which some of them have received their popular English name of Elephant
Hawk-Moth. The dorsal horn is much shorter in this group, and in some species nearly obsolete.

No. 1, Plate 8, Cherocampa Nerii, is the Oleander Hawk-Moth. It has only recently been found to
be a native of these islands, and its capture rarely occurs. In the south of France, however, and, in some years,
even in the northern provinces of Central Europe, it is very abundant. The Caterpillar (No. 2, Plate 3) appears
in the autumn, and feeds on the Rose-bay (Nerium Oleander), where that plant is common, but in England upon
the lesser Periwinkle, a plant of the same family. This insect is found both in Africa and Asia.

No. 3, Plate 8, is C. Poreellus, the Lesser Elephant Hawk-Moth. The Caterpillar (No. 4) forms a very
good type of those larvee, upon the forms of which this genus has been based. The three first segments have the
character above described, and the fourth and fifth, or legless segments, are distinguished by eye-like marks, not
found in that position on any allied class of Caterpillars. In this they are distinct from the species which stands
at the head of the genus, which has this oced/us on the third segment, for which reason some have thought of
making it the type of a separate genns. The Caterpillar of the Lesser Elephant Hawk-Moth feeds on different
kinds of Galiumn.

C. Elpenov, the Greater Elephant Hawk-Moth resembles the Lesser, both in its larva and perfect states, but
is about one-third larger. The fore wings are marked with brown and dull pink, instead of buff and olive, like
the Lesser species, and the hind wings with rich pink and black. The Caterpillar is hardly distinguishable from
the one above described, except from its superior size. It feeds, in preference, on the common Epilobiwi.

The last species, Cheerocumpa Celerio, the Silver Streaked Hawk-Moth, is of similar character, but the
Caterpillar is much larger, and has the dorsal horn more defined than in the two last species. The wings of the
perfect insect differ in being longer and sharper—fitted for that celerity of flight which suggested its specific
name, celerio ; they are of a brown colour, with pearl-white streaks, from which it takes its popular name. The
hind wings are buff, flushed with pink, and having two stripes of deep brown or black. It feeds on the Galium.

The next genus, Macroglossa, only contains one British species. It is distinguished from the preceding
genera by being distinctly a daylight instead of a twilight or night-flyer, and by its tufted tail. The Caterpillar,
however, has the true Sphinx character of the dorsal horn.

No. 5, Plate 8, is Macroglossa Stellatarum, the Humming-Bird Hawk-Moth, the popular name being
suggested by the loud humming noise which it makes while hovering over flowers or other objects. The Cater-
pillar (No. 6), it will be observed, has the family feature, the dorsal horn, well defined.

We come now to the genus Sesia, by some made a separate family, the Sesiide, but by others joined to
the Sphingide, to which family, from the existence of the remarkable feature of the caudal horn in the Caterpillar
stage, and the form of the wings in the perfect state, together with the thickened extremities of the antenna, it

is evidently closely allied.

12 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

No. 7, Plate 3, is Sesia Bombyliformis, the Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk-Moth. The wings are denuded of
the coloured scales with which the wings of Moths are usually clothed, except at the external edge next the
brown fringe, and they are therefore perfectly transparent, the nervures showing dark, like the tracery of a
window. The body is marked with yellow, in a peculiar manner, which causes it to bear considerable
resemblance to the Bee tribe of insects, with which, however, it has no other connection. It is from this
circumstance, however, and the clear wings, that it has received the name of the Bee Hawk-Moth. The Cater-
pillar is pale green, striped with yellow and a deeper green, and speckled with minute black spots. It feeds on
Scabiosa succisa, and appears in autumn.

The other species of this genus, Sesia Puciforiis, the Broad-bordered Bee Hawk-Moth, closely resembles
the preceding, except in the breadth of the deep brown border, and some of the markings of the body.

THE SECOND FAMILY.—(THE ANTHROCERIDA. )
(BY SOME AUTHORS THIS FAMILY IS PLACED BEFORE THE SPHINGID&.)

Tus family is a very restricted one, in as far as the British kinds are concerned. Its relation to the
preceding forms of the Sphingide only consists in the antenne thickened at the end, a character which, after the
next family, entirely disappears. The nervures of the wings, however, are no longer disposed after the simple
manner to be observed in the more conspicuous Sphingide and many other families of Moths, but exhibit a much
more complicated arrangement. This family is also distinguished by its dark rich colouring, and by the small
size of all the species.

= The first English genus of this order is Procris, containing two British species.

No. 8, Plate 3, is Procris Statices, the common Green Forester. The antenne of Statices are blunt, which
distinguishes it from the other species. The Caterpillar, which resembles in form that of the next genus, appears
in spring, and the perfect insect about the middle of June.

The second species of Procris is P. globularia, the pointed antenne: of which form a good specific distinction.

The next genus is Anthrocera, containing several British species.

No. 9, Plate 3, Anthrocera Filipendule, the Six-spot Burnet-Moth, is one of the most richly tinted of our
native insects, the body and wings being of a rich glossy black, with a metallic flush of bright green, in some
lights ; the spots and hind wings being deep crimson. The Caterpillar (No, 10) feeds in preference on Spiraea
Filipendule in the spring, the perfect insect appearing in June.

There are five other species of Burnet-Moth.

1. Anthrocera Lonicere, the Large Five-spot Burnet-Moth, distinguished principally by the broader black
margin of the hind wings, and having only three red spots instead of four in the exterior portion of the fore wings.
The Caterpillar is also said to be greener than in the previous species.

2. Anthrocera Trifolii, the Small Five-spot Burnet, closely resembles the former, but has the spots less
defined, and sometimes two running into one.

3. Anthrocera Meliloti (the new Small Five-spot). This appears a more distinct species. It has five
spots, like the two preceding, but the wings are semi-transparent, The Caterpillar is described as green, but with
the usual black marks, and with a white line down the back. It is, however, by many deemed only a variety.

4. Anthrocera Hippocrepidis. This species differs in having rather a blue than a green gloss on the black
portions, except in the margins of the hind wings, which are greenish,

The last two species were adopted as distinct and English, by Mr. Westwood, after examining several
specimens taken by our eminent entomologist, the late Mr, F. Stephens, but both are now considered accidental
varieties,

5. Anthrocera Minos, the streaked Burnet, is a species only recently discovered, in the west of Ireland. It
differs from the spotted species in having the red marks on the anterior wings blended into three long angular
marks, the point of the one nearest the margin descending between the two other marks in the form of a wedge.
It is said to appear earlier than the spotted species. It is certainly a very distinct species.

ee a

eo

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 13

PLATE IY.

No. 1.—The Hornet-Moth (Sphecia Apiformis). No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Ghost-Moth.

No, 2.—Tho Caterpillar of the Hornet-Moth. No. 8.—The Wood-leopard-Moth (Zeuzera Zsculi).
No, 3.—The Currant Clearwing (Trochilium Tipuliforme). No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Wood-leopard,

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Currant Clearwing. No. 10.—The Goat-Moth (Cossus Ligniperda).

No. 5.—The Ghost-Moth (Hepialus Humuli), the Female. No. 11,—The Caterpillar of the Goat-Moth.

No. 6.—The Ghost-Moth (the Male).

THE THIRD FAMILY,—Tur Acerip.s.

Tus family is by some made the fourth, in consequence of the separation of the genera Macroglossa and
Sesia from the Sphingide, as the third family, under the title of the Sesiidw, The dgeriide are closely connected
with the Sphingide by the character of the antenne., The wings of this family of insects are generally without
seales, except at the anterior margin, and, in some, in a certain space at the tip. The body is long, which,
with the clear wings, causes them to resemble certain insects of the order Hymenoptera. The larvee of these
Moths are fleshy grubs, feeding in the interior of young branches, or on the roots of trees; they have, however,
the legs disposed as in the larve of the Sphingidw, and of the same number, There are two British genera
in this family.

The first genus is Sphecia, distinguished from all the rest of the family by the large size of the insects
assigned to it, and by their wasp-like appearance, in allusion to which Hiibner first gave them the generic
name Sphecia, and separated them from the genus Zrochilium.

»No. 1, Plate 4, is the Hornet-Moth, Sphecia Apiformis, distinguished from the next species by the
broader border to the transpayent wings. The Caterpillar (No, 2) feeds upon the wood of the trunks of Willows
and other trees, causing considerable damage, It changes to the Chrysalis in April, and the perfect insect
appears in June.
£ The second species, Sphecia Bembeciformis, is popularly known as the Lunar Hornet-Moth, It is rather
smaller than the preceding, and has the brown border of the transparent wings narrower.

The second genus in the family of the yeriide, is Trochiliwm, containing several native species, to
which two remarkable additions have been made by recent discoveries. It is distinguished from the preceding
by the small size of all the species, by the greater slenderness and length of the antenne, and by a pencil-like
tuft at the tail, of various colours in different species.

No. 8, Plate 4, is Trochilium Tipuliforme, popularly known as the Currant Clearwing, which I have
selected as the representative of the genus, on account of its being so well known, both in the larva and perfect
state, while the larve of many of the others haye not as yet been observed. The margin of the wings, and
the central spot, are black tinged with yellow, the hind margin streaked with orange ; there is a yellowish stripe
on each side of the thorax; and the abdomen is black, with a purple gloss, and has three yellow bands ;
the anal tuft is black.

The Caterpillar of the Currant Clearwing (No. 4) feeds upon the pith of the common Currant-tree in May,
and the perfect insect appears in June, The ten other species may be distinguished by the following briefly

stated characters :—~-
D

14 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

1. Lrochilium Vespiforme (the Clear Under-wing) is considerably larger than the preceding, being the
largest of the genus; but, independently of its size, it may be known by the semi-transparent brown of the
anterior wings. The body is black, with a black tuft, and it has three yellow belts like the preceding species.
The male has the antenne distinctly pectinated, and is said to have five belts.

2. Trochilium Ichneumoniforme (the Six-belted Clearwing). The front wings are very strongly bordered
with brown, and have a mark across the middle, joining the front and back border. At the points, the
border extends into the wing, forming a deep brown tip; the body and tuft are black, with six yellow
belts, the female being seven-belted.

8. Trochilium Cynipiforme (the Yellow-legged Clearwing). The front wings of this species resemble
those of the preceding, but the brown border is paler, and the insect is smaller. It may be more easily
distinguished by the yellow collar round ‘the head, and the yellow tuft at the tail. In the specimens I
haye seen, the black portion of the body had two yellow belts ; those described with four are probably of the
other sex.

4, Trochilium Chrysidiforme (the Fiery Clearwing). The fore-wings are broadly bordered with bright
saffron colour, from which it takes its popular name. In the specimen I have seen, it has only one yellow.
belt, and the tuft is black.

5. Trochilium Scholieforme (the Large Clearwing). This is one of the species recently added to our
list ; it was first taken near Llangollen, in North Wales. It is similar in size to Vespiforme, but distinguished
from that insect by the black borders to the wings, and by a black bar across the centre, and a central
wedge-like projection towards the base; it has two yellow rings round the black body, and the anal tuft
is deep orange.

6. Trochilivm Spheegiforme (the Black and White Horned Clearwing). The species may be at once dis-
tinguished by the white ring near the tip of the antenne ; the fore-wings are bordered with bluish-black,
and the black abdomen has a yellowish band, and a very broad fan-like black tuft at the tail.

7. Trochilium Allantiforme (the Whitebelted Clearwing). This is one of the smallest species. It may
be distinguished by being almost without the dark borders to the front wings, which are only marked
with brown by a broad patch at the tips, and a central dot; the male has two nearly white belts round
the black abdomen, and the tufted tail has a patch of orange in the centre.

8. Trochilivim Myopeforme (the Red-belted Clearwing). This species may be readily distinguished from
all the preceding by the broad red belt of the abdomen ; the palpi are black.

9. Trochilium Culiciforme (the Large Red-belt). This species so closely resembles the preceding, that
it can scarcely be distinguished, except in size, and by the colour of the palpi, which are dull orange, while
those of Myopeforme are brown ; it has also the inner margin of the fore-wings reddish at the base.

10. Trochitium Formiceforme (the Flame-tipped Red-belt). This species may be at once distinguished
from the other ‘‘Red-belts” by the broad ved tip of the anterior wings.

The genus Z'rochilium terminates the division termed Sphingide, or, as some still term it, Crepuscu-
laria, including all the lepidopterous insects that have the antenne thickened towards the tip, but not
clubbed. We now proceed to the great division, “ Lepidoptera nocturna,” the first family of which is that
of the Hepiatide,

DIVISION I.—LEPIDOPTERA NOCTURNA.

THE FIRST FAMILY.—Herraum.
Tue first genus of this family, Wepialus, is distinguished by the extremely short antenne, as will be seen
in the species selected for illustration, The Caterpillars are naked .and grub-like in appearance, though

regularly sixteen-footed. They feed on wood, and are found in the trunks or at the roots of trees.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 15

No. 5, Plate 4, is the female of the Ghost-Moth, Hepialus Humuli, the extremely small antenne of
which are scarcely visible.

No. 6 is the male Ghost-Moth, which is white on the upper side, but brown beneath. Few other
British Moths exhibit so extraordinary a difference in the markings of the male and female. The male,
when it flies in shady places late in the deep twilight of summer evenings, has a singularly spectral
appearance, seeming to vanish suddenly, when the dark-coloured under sides of the wings are presented instead
of the upper. It is from this circumstance, or from its frequent appearance in churchyards, that it has received
its popular name. It appears in the beginning of summer. The Caterpillar of the Ghost-Moth (No. 7) is a
root-feeder, and is represented as feeding on the root of the Hop.

There are four other species of the genus Hepialus, all much smaller than the Ghost-Moth.

1. Hepialus Heetus (the Gold Swift). This pretty species is of a bright orange tone, with marks of
pale gold colour, which have a metallic gloss, from which it has received its popular name. The colour and
markings of the female are much deeper in colour, but entirely without the metallic gloss. It appears
in June.

2, Hepialus Lupulinus (the common Small Swift). This unattractive species, though very similar to
the preceding, is entirely without the metallic gloss in its markings of the male, and the female is of a dull
ashy colour, with fewer light marks, and is sometimes entirely gray. It appears at the end of May.

3. Hepialus Velleda (the Beautiful Swift), is larger than the two preceding; and the front wings are
much more evenly and beautifwlly variegated than those of any other species, from which it is sometimes called
the Map-winged Swift. The female is of a warmer tone of colour than the male, but the fine markings are
scarcely traceable. There is a variety with the map-like markings nearly obsolete, but having a group of
whitish patches just beyond the centre of the fore-wings. This species is rather rare.

4, Hepialus Sylvinus (the Orange Swift), is not so finely marked as the preceding, but has the ground-
colour of the fore-wings of a very rich orange. The male has the antenne longer than any other species, and
slightly pectinated. The female is of a duller but very pleasing brown tone, and much larger than the male,
being nearly the size of the Ghost-Moth, A variety of this species occurs in which all four wings of the female
are of an unyarying pinkish flesh colour. It appears towards the end of summer.

The next genus, containing a solitary British species, is Zeuzera. This genus is “distinguished from
Hepialus by the length of the antenne, and by the broad bipectination of those of the male to about two-thirds
of their length ; those of the female being only slightly serrated.

No. 8, Plate 4, isthe female of Zewzera Asculi (the Wood-leopard), a far handsomer and larger insect
than the male, which is, however, similarly marked. It is one of the most remarkable of our British Moths.
No. 9 is the Caterpillar of the Wood-leopard, which, like those of other Hepialide, feeds upon the interior
of the trunks of various trees.

The next genus is Phragmatecia, containing only one species, now of extreme rarity in England, though
once well known in the Fens of Lincolnshire. The genus is distinguished by the deeply pectinated antennie of
the males; those of the female being ciliated to the point. The abdomen is slender, and of extraordinary
length in the female.

Phragmatecia Arundinis (the Reed-leopard), is in form not unlike the Wood-leopard, but the fore-wings
are almost devoid of markings, and of a dark purplish ochre, the hind-wings being of a pale yellowish gray ;
the antenne are pectinated in the males, The first specimen discovered was a mutilated one found by Mr.
H. Doubleday in Epping forest. A few years afterwards it was taken rather plentifully in the Fens in Lincoln-
shire, but it has since disappeared ; it is perhaps periodical in its appearance like several other species. <A figure
of this insect, with some others, will be given in a supplemental plate at the end of the work.

The next genus, Cossws, contains four European species, but only one British, which is, however, one of
the largest of our native Moths. The antenne of the males are long, and partially pectinated ; those of the
females being merely dentate. a

No. 10, Plate 4, is Cossus Ligniperda (the Goat-Moth) ; and No, 11 the handsome Caterpillar, the dark

16 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

‘scales on the back of which shine as though varnished. This Moth remains three years in the Caterpillar state ;

the perfect insect generally appearing in June and July. It is an abundant species, but more rare in the North.

THE SECOND AND THIRD FAMILIES or tur Sus-Dryision LEPIDOPTERA POMERIDIANA,

As the present arrangement of the second and third families of this division has been departed from in
the following plates, it may be as well in this place to give an outline of the system of arrangement adopted
in those families in the collection of native Lepidoptera in the British Museum ; to which I have added also

that of the first family, the Hepialide, by way of making the arrangement more readily intelligible.

DIVISION IL—LEPIDOPTERA NOCTURNA.
SUB-DIVISION JI.—LEPIDOPTERA POMERIDIANA.

FAMILY I.—HEPIALID, containing the following genera :—

1. Hepialus : . . The Swifts. 3. Phragmatecia . . . The Reed Leopards.
2. Zeuzera : : . The Wood Leopards. 4. Cossus a é . The Goat Moth.

FAMILY II.—NOTODONTID&.
Sub-Famity 1.—The Pycrript, containing the following genera :—

1. Phalera. ; . The Buff Tips. | 2. Clostera . . The Chocolate Tips.

Sub-Famity 2.—Dicranunib, containing the following genera :—

1. Cerwra 3 é . The Puss Moths. | 2. Stauropus . » + The Lobster Moth,

Sub-Famity 3.—Noropontip1, containing the following genera :—

1. Notodonta ‘ . The Prominents.

~“

. Drymonia . . The Marbled Browns.

2. Pheosia . «The Swallow Prominents. 8. Gluphisia . . The Dusky Marbled Browns.
3. Lophopteryx . . Various Prominents. 9. Diloba . . The Figure-of-Eight Moth.

4. Plerostoma . . The Pale Prominent. 10. Petasia . . The Sprawlers.

5. Ptilophora : » The Pluned Prominent. 11. Peridea . . The Great Prominent.

6. Spatalia. . « The new species.

Sus-Faminry 4.—Enpromipl, containing a single genus :—

Endromis 5 : ; ; : ‘ . : : » The Kentish Glory.

FAMILY HI.—BOMBYCID&.

Sub-FAMILY 1.—Arracip1, containing a single genus :-—

Saturnia . : 5 : ' ‘ , : : . » The Emperor Moth.

Sus-Famiry 2.—Bompycipr, containing the following genera :—

1. Lasiocampa . The large Eggar Moths. | 4, Trichiura . . . The Pale Oak Eggar.
2. Eriogaster . * . The small Eggar. 5. Clisiocampa . The Lackey Moths.
3. Peecilocampa . « The December Moth.

Sub-FAMILY 3.—LasiocAmrip1, containing the following geneva :—

1. Odonestis . The Drinkers. | 2, Dendrolimus . The Pine Lappets. | 8. Gastropacha . The Lappets.

vi

as eae ;

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 17

PLATE Y.

No. 1.—The Lobster-Moth (Stauropus Fagi). No, §.—The Caterpillar of the Coxcomb Prominent.
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Lobster-Moth. No, 9.—The Pale Prominent (Pterostoma Palpina).

No. 3.—The Pebble Prominent (Notodonta Zic Zac). No. 9.—Spatalia Bicolora—a new species.

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Pebble Prominent. No. 10.—The Lunar Marbled Brown (Drymonia Chaonia).
No. 5.—The Swallow Prominent (Pheosia Dictea). No. 11,—The Rannoch Sprawler (Petasia Nubeculosa).
No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Swallow Prominent. No, 12.—The Female of the Rannoch Sprawler.

No. 7.—The Coxcomb Prominent (Lophopteryx Camelina).

In selecting the specimens for this and a few of the succeeding plates, I have not strictly followed the exact
order of the system which I have adopted, a table of which will, however, be found at page 16.. At the close
of the Arctiidae, I shall also append a list, showing the order in which the collection of native Lepidoptera in
the British Museum are at present arranged, up to the end of that family.

The genera illustrated in the present Plate are all of the recently formed family, Notodontida.

The genus Stauropus. In this genus the males haye the antenne pectinated nearly to the tips. The
antenne of the females are simple.

No. 1, Stawropus Fagi, is popularly known as the Lobster-Moth, from the singular form of the Caterpillar.
The aspect of the Moth, however, presents none of those anomalous characters which one would be led to
expect from the very unusual form of the larya. This insect is rare. The Caterpillar appears in the autumn, and
the perfect Moth in the following July. There is no other British species in the genus Stawropus. Exeter,
Blandford, Lewes, Dursley and other places, are cited as localities where S. Fagi has been recently captured.

The genus Notodonta has the antenne pectinated in the males, and simple in the females. It contains
three well-marked species,

No. 3, Notodonta Zic Zac (the Pebble Prominent) is the handsomest of the genus. The Caterpillar
(No. 4) is remarkable, like that of VN. Dromedarius, (which has received its specific name in consequence), for
the singular humps upon the fifth and sixth segments. It is not an uncommon species, and appears in
May and August. The Caterpillar feeds on the Poplar and Willow, and may be found both in June and
September. There are two other species.

1. N. Dromedarius (the Tron Prominent) is rather larger, and not distinguished by the mass of deeper
markings at the tips of the fore-wings, like that species. The ground colour is a dull deep brown, traversed
by two narrow wayed bands of a warm ochreous tone, with an irregular crescent-like mark of the same colour
between them, as also some other ochreous spots close to the shoulder. The hind-wings are of a full dusky
slate colour, traversed by two faint irregular bands of a lighter and warmer tone. The Caterpillar is green ;
a broad mark on the back extending only along the first three segments, and the legs are all rosy pink.
The humps, from which the species takes its name, are yellowish. It is found on Oak, Poplar, Hazel, ete., in
September, and the Moth appears in June and August. It was formerly thought rare, but is now frequently
found by careful collectors.

2. N. Lritophus (the Dark Iron Prominent) is much like the preceding species, except that it is smaller,
and the ground colour of the fore wings is rather of a slate colour than brown; the hind wings being dull buff,
grayish at the edge, and with a gloudy gray band near the middle. The larva is dark green, with humps, and

a reddish line from the head to the fifth segment. This species is very rare.

18 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The genus Pheosia has the antenne ciliated in the male, and simple in the female. It contains only two species,

1. P. Dictea (the Swallow Prominent, Nos. 5 and 6), is by no means common, though it has been taken,
on several occasions, near Dover, London, York, and other places. The Caterpillar is found on Poplar, Willow,
and Birch, in June and October; the Moth appearing in June and August.

2. P. Dicteoides (the Lesser Swallow Prominent) closely resembles the preceding, but is generally darker,
especially the hind-wings, which are nearly brown. It is also smaller. The Caterpillar is said to be pale green,
and glossy, with a slender yellow lateral line, and underneath tinted with rose colour, It is rather more
rare than P, Dicteea.

The genus Lophopteryx has the antenne pectinated in the male, and simple in the female. It contains
three species.

1. ZL. Caimelina (the Coxcomh Prominent, Nos, 7 and 8) is at the same time the commonest and handsomest
species. The Caterpillar has been variously described. That in the Plate is from Hiibner’s figure ; but English
entomologists describe it as greenish, with a yellow line along the spiracles, which are black, and each followed
by a red spot, and having two tubercles on the twelfth segment tipped with red. It should be looked for in
May and September, on Birch, Poplar, or Willow ; the Moth appearing in May and August.

2. L. Cucullina (the Maple Prominent) is much smaller than the preceding, The ground colour of all
four wings is a pale ochreous brown or buff, with a darker brown space towards the external edge, through
which, in the front-wings, passes a narrow waved band of pale grayish white, spreading to a cloudy patch at
the inner angle. In the hind-wings, a pale line of the ground colour passes through the deeper brown at the
edge. The larva is green or pale reddish, with low humps on the middle segments, and a red-tipped double
tubercle on the twelfth.

3. L. Carmelita (the White-Spot Prominent) is nearly as large as LZ. Camelina, but may easily be
distinguished by the difference of colour. The anterior wings are deep cool brown at the front, and grayish
at the back, having two conspicuous white marks on the front edge. The larva is green; the surface being
tuberculated with raised yellow specks.

The genus Pterostoma contains only a solitary species. The antenne are pectinated in both sexes, but
more strongly in the male. The palpi are of unusual length, as will be seen by reference to the figure.

P. Palpina (the Pale Prominent) is represented at No. 9. The Caterpillar is without the humps or
tubercles of the preceding genera, and is green, with several pale lines, and freckled with black along the
back, ete. It is not rare, and is found in woods round London in May and September.

Spatalia. In this genus the antenne are pectinated in the males, and slightly ciliated in the females.

Spatalia Bicolora (No. 94). The only British species has been discovered since the first issue of this work.
It was taken in the South of Ireland by Mr. Bouchore last summer (1858). A fuller description of this insect,
and other novelties, will be given at the close of the second volume, accompanied by illustrations in a supple-
mental plate.

The genus Drymonia contains two species. The antenne are pectinated only in the male.

1. D. Chaoniw (the Lunar Marbled Brown, No, 10) is distinguished from the other species by the
presence of a dark spot in the centre of the light portion of the front wings. The Caterpillar is green, with
yellow lateral and dorsal lines, and is found on Oak, Birch, and Hazel, in September ; the Moth appearing in
May and June. It is rather rare, but its recent capture is recorded at Bristol, Epping, and other places.

2. D. Dodonea (the Marbled Brown) is without the black mark alluded to in the preceding species ; all
the bands of brown being less solid, and the whole colour much paler, except the markings near the base of
the front wings ; in this respect, however, the specimens are very variable. The Caterpillar is pale green, with
a gray dorsal line and blue head, and a yellow lateral line spotted with red. It is found in September, and the
Moth in May and June, but is rather rare. The woods near London appear to be its favourite resort.

The genus Petasia contained but one native species till the recent discovery of the handsome P.
Nubeculosa in the Birch woods of Perthshire. The antenne are pectinated only in the male.

No, 11 is the male of the Pelasia Nubeculosa (the Rannoch Sprawler), and No. 12 the female, drawn from

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 19

the fine specimens now in the British Museum. The larva is green, with raised whitish dots, a whitish streak
on the fourth segment, and a slender yellow band across the twelfth. It feeds on Birch and Elm, and when
in repose raises the three first segments nearly erect, like some of the Sphingidw. It is from some of the
positions of the Caterpillar that the Moths of this genus have been popularly termed ‘ Sprawlers.”

The old species, P. Cassinea (the Sprawler), is very much smaller than the preceding. It is pale grayish
brown, with a dark streak from the base along the middle; and towards the margin are several short black
streaks and a few whitish marks. The hind-wings are pale buff, with a brown mark near the centre. The
Caterpillar is bright green inclining to yellowish, with white lines along the back, and lateral lines of pale yellow
meeting it at the anal prominence. It feeds on forest trees in May, and the Moths appear in September.

The three following genera I shall describe without illustration, in order not to exceed the number ot
Plates to which this volume is restricted :—

In the genus Ptilophora, the males have pectinated antenne of peculiar and feathery character, from
which the specific name of the only species, Plumigera, is derived. P. Plumigera (the Plumed Prominent)
measures about an inch and three-quarters across the wings, which are narrow, and resemble in form and colour
those of the Hepialide. The body and fore wings are of a warm ochre, with a slight flush of purple, and
there are two narrow transverse bands of a paler ochre. The hind-wings, which are sometimes rather pinkish,
are slightly marked with waved bands of a darker tone. The female has the antenne only slightly serrated.
The Caterpillar is greenish, with a slate-coloured stripe along the back, and several pale streaks at the sides.
Tt feeds on Maple, etc., in May, and the Moth appears in October and September. It is a rare species.

In the genus Gluphisia, the antenne are broadly pectinated in the male, and slightly in the female.
The only species, G. Crenata (the Dusky Marbled Brown), does not exceed an inch and a-half in the expanse
of the wings, which are of a pale pinkish brown, with a broad deep brown band of much deeper colour across
the middle, and waved narrow bands of the same tone near the margin. Their hind wings, of the same tone
as the front, are but very slightly marked with deeper brown. The Caterpillar is pea-green, with dorsal and
lateral stripes of a paler colour. It is found in August on the Black Poplar.

In the genus Diloba, the antenne are long and bipectinated in the male, and simple in the female. The
only British species is a small Moth, about one and a-half inch in expanse. Déiloba Caruleocephala (the Figure-
of-Eight Moth) is of a fine ashy-gray, blue about the head and thorax, from which it derives its specific name.
The gray ground colour of the wings becomes brownish at the tip and base. Across the centre, leaying a broad
space between, are two angulated black lines, with faint cloudy bands beyond. Between the black lines are
white marks, somewhat in the form of a figure of 8, from which it derived the popular name, the Figure-of-
Eight Moth. The Caterpillar is lead-coloured, streaked with pale yellow lines, and conspicuously spotted with

black, It feeds on the Sloe, in May, and the Moth appears in August.

PLATE VI.

No. 1.—The Great Prominent (Peridea Trepida). No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Emperor-Moth.
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Great Prominent. No, 8,—The Oak Lappet (Gastropacha Quercifolia).

No. 3,—The Kentish Glory (Endromis Versicolor), The Male, | No 9—The Oak Lappet, showing the position of the wings
at rest.

No. 10.—The Caterpillar of the Oak Lappet.
No, 11.—The Small Lappet (Gastropacha Ilicifolia).

No. 4.—The Female of the Kentish Glory.
No. 5.—The Caterpillar of the Kentish Glory.

No. 6.—The Emperor-Moth (Saturnia Pavonia-Minor). No. 12.—The Caterpillar of the Small Lappet.

Tue Moths in Plate 6 belong to the two families Nofodontide and Bombycide, but ave taken out of the
usual order to facilitate the grouping in the Plates. The order in which they are arranged in the collection of
Native Lepidoptera in the British Museum will be given, as before stated, in a classified list, for reference,
inserted at the end of the Arctiide.

20 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

The genus Peridea is distinguished from the other genera of Notodontida principally by its superior size.
The antenne are bipectinated in the males. The fore-wings have a slight projection from the inner margin.
The Caterpillar has no protuberances. There is but one British species.

Peridea Trepida (the Great Prominent, No. 1) appears in May and June, but is not common. The
Caterpillar, No, 2, is found on Oak in August and September. It has been captured recently at Manchester,
York, Epping, and other places.

The remarkable genus Endrvomis belongs to a separate sub-family of Notodontide, termed Endromidi, as
exhibiting some very distinctive characters ; such as its remarkably large size, and the semi-transparent character
of its broad and finely marked wings. The antennz are bipectinated both in the males and females.

Endromis Versicolor (the Kentish Glory) is represented at No, 3 and 4, 3 being the male and 4 the female.
Till within the last few years, this fine Moth has been considered one of the choice rarities of an English
collection ; but it has lately been taken in such numbers in the Rannoch Woods, near Perth, that it is now
found in every cabinet, though as rare as ever in its old haunts in Kent, and a few other southern counties. It
appears in April. The Caterpillar of the Kentish Glory (No. 5) feeds on Birch, Lime, and Hazel, in June
and July.

The genus Saturnia belongs to the family, Bombycide, according to the arrangement of the collection in the
British Museum. The antenne in this genus are four-pectinated at each joint. The larve of the European
species are naked ; each segment being furnished with a ring of tubercles emitting tufts of short bristly hairs.

No. 6, Plate 6, is Saturnia Pavonia-Minor, so named to distinguish it from the S. Pavonia-Major
of the Continent of Europe and of America. It is one of our handsomest Moths, and by no means rare, being
very generally and rather plentifully distributed. The female is larger than the male, but the markings and
general colouring are paler. It is subject to extreme variations of colour; Mr. Bond, whose fine collection
is well known, having a specimen in which the fine ringed spots or ocelli are entirely absent, leaving the large
cream-coloured space, in which they are generally found, entirely without mark. It appears in May, and again
in August. The Caterpillar of the Emperor-Moth, No. 6, is often found on Heather in the autumn, and
sometimes on Apple and Willow trees. This insect, as stated, is common, and very generally distributed.

The genus Gastropacha also belongs to the family Bombycide. It is distinguished by strongly curved and
pectinated antenn in both sexes. The remarkable effect produced by the dilated margins of the hind wings
extending beyond the fore wings when the insect is at rest, has been thought to give to them the appearance
of brown leaves, and hence the specific names, Quereifolia and Iicifolia. The Caterpillars have singular velvety
bosses on the second and third segments, from which issue long and slender tufts of hair; the first and last
segments having similar tufts of hair, but not the velvety bosses.

Gastropacht Quercifolia (the Oak, or Oak-leaf Lappet-Moth, No. 8) appears in the beginning of July.
At No. 9 the same insect is represented at rest, showing the singular effect of the extension of the hind-
wings beyond the anterior ones. The Caterpillar of the Oak-leaf Lappet-Moth (No. 10) feeds on Grasses as well
as Trees, and is found in May and June. It is widely distributed.

G. Micifolia (the Small or ‘ Scarce” Lappet-Moth, No. 11). This species (though long reported as
British) has been extremely scarce till within the last few years. The three specimens in the British Museum,
from one of which (a female) my drawing was taken, are all remarkably beautiful. The Caterpillar of
G, Micifolia (No. 12) feeds on the Sallow in June and July, and passes the winter in the pupa state, the Moth
appearing in the following May. It is found in high moorland districts, and its recent capture is recorded at
Cannoch Chase and near Sheffield.

G. Populifolia, another species, as large as G. Quercifolia, was formerly reported as British, but is no
longer found in our catalogues. If, however, any collector should meet with it, he may know it by its bright
light ochreous colour, and the less curved antenne, which at once distinguish it from @. Quercifolia,

For the systematic order of the genera illustrated in this and the preceding Plate, see page 16,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 21

PLATE VII.

No. 1.—The Pine Lappet (Dendrolimus Pini). No. 5.—The Puss-Moth (Cerura Vinula). The female.
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Pine Lappet. No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Puss-Moth.

No. 3.—The Buff-tip (Phalera Bucephale). No. 7,—The Dark-barred Kitten (Cerura Bicuspis).

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Buff-tip. No. 8.—The Caterpillar of the Dark-barred Kitten.

Tur genus Dendrolimus. The insects assigned to this genus differ from those assigned to the genus Gas-
tropacha, in having the front wings much straighter at the fringed edge, and forming an angle towards the
posterior edge, instead of being rounded off ; and they have a white stigma-like central spot. Both pairs of wings
are also without the denticwlated margin which distinguishes the other section of the Lappets. Some entomo-
logists, however, unite this genus with Gastropacha on account of the generic affinity of the Caterpillars. There
is but one British species.

Dendrolimus Pini (the Pine Lappet, No. 1) is so rare that many of our entomologists do not consider it a
British species, and its name is not found, therefore, in their lists. However, as there is a male specimen in the
cabinet of native Lepidoptera in the British Museum, from which this drawing was made, and the capture of
which appears tolerably well authenticated,* I should not consider my work complete without a figure of this
handsome insect. The female is much larger, and paler coloured than the male. The Caterpillar (No. 2), which
is remarkably handsome, feeds on Pine, and one was taken on the fir-trees in Richmond Park by Wilkes, the
well-known entomologist, in 1748. It probably attains its full growth towards the end of June, as the perfect
insect appears in July.

The genus Phalera. In the arrangement adopted in the British Museum, this genus is placed immediately
after the Hepialide, forming, along with the genus Clostera, the sub-family Notodontider, as will be seen by
reference to the table at page 16. The antennz of the males are obtusely pectinated ; those of the females simple.
The fore-wings are marked at the tips by a broad rounded patch of pale buff. The Caterpillar is downy and
without protuberances. The Chrysalis is subterranean. There is only one British species.

Phalera Bucephala (the Buff-tip, No. 3), This is one of the handsomest of our common Moths. Its popular
name, the Buff-tip, is so characteristic, that it is not likely to be altered ; but the scientific name of the genus has
been subject to many changes. Putting the earlier generic denominations out of the question, it has had five
since 1810, Pygera, Phalera, Sericwria, Acrosema, and lastly Hammatophora, the name conferred by Mr.
Westwood, in my ‘‘ British Moths and their Transformations.” Hiibner’s name, Phalera, published in 1816,
appears, however, to be finally adopted, and the specific name Bucephalus, or Bull-headed, the original name
assigned by Linneus (Phalena Bucephala) has never been disturbed, except by Retz, who called it Phalena
Lunata, in allusion to the moon-like discs of pale cream-colour, or rather pale buff, which form such conspicuous
marks at the tips of the wings. The Caterpillar (No. 4) is found in the autumn on Oak, Elm, and other trees. It
hybernates in the pupa state, and the perfect insect does not appear till the following June.

The genus Cerwra. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne pectinated in both sexes, but

most strongly in the males. The fore-wings have no projection on the inner margin, like those of the Notodon-

* It is said to have been taken by Mr. Sparshall in the Norwich Hospital, on the 22nd of July, 1809,

22 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

tidi; and are generally white or pale pearly gray, and semi-transparent with various well-defined markings. The
Caterpillar has the posterior legs wanting ; and they are replaced by two singular tail-like appendages. The
Chrysalis is formed in a hard cocoon, attached to the bark of the tree upon which the Caterpillar has fed.
The genus Cerura, with Stauropus, form the second sub-family of Notodontida, see page 16.

Cerura Vinula (the Puss-Moth, No. 5). This fine inscet is as remarkable in the larva, as in the perfect
state, and has often been minutely described by our old naturalists. The soft gray colouring and the brindled
markings resemble those of a tabby cat, from which resemblance its highly characteristic popular name has
arisen, The long, soft hair of the body adds greatly to the fancied likeness, and the clothing of the wings, too,
assumes the appearance of a nap of short, close hairs, instead of the usual appearance of the ordinary ‘‘seales,”
which in the Buff-tip just described are of a positive scale-like form and texture, The male is smaller than the
female, and has the antenne much more strongly pectinated. The Caterpillar (No. 6) feeds on Willow and other
trees. The tail-like appendages which supply, in the curious larva of this insect, the place of the usual anal feet,
are, as it is supposed, a meansof defence, as they form tubes from which the creature is enabled to put forth long
filaments, which the Caterpillar can move about with great activity, and they possibly serve to keep off the attacks
of Ichneumons.* There is a fine variety of this Moth sometimes made a species, under the name of Erminia,
from the somewhat more ermine-like markings of the thorax, and small elongated touches of black at the sides

of the abdomen,
There are also three other distinct species, all very much smaller, and popularly termed ‘ Kittens” on that

account :— F

1. Cerwra Bicuspis (the Dark-barred Kitten, No. 7) is extremely rare.. The Moth appears in July, so that
the Caterpillar (No.8) must be sought in June, or late inthe autumn, It has been found in Kent, and in the
neighbourhood of Dublin. My drawings of this Moth and its larva were taken from foreign specimens.

2. Cerura Furcula (the Kitten) very closely resembles the preceding species, and is nearly as common as
Bicuspis is vare. It differs from the last-named species in having the dark band broader and more regular, and
in being almost without the markings in the white space between the broad dark band in the centre of the wing,
and the irregular band towards the edge. Its ‘specific name, Furewla, refers to the upper nervure or vein of the
hind-wings, which is described as forked in this species, while it is simple in Bicwspis, The Caterpillar is similar
in form to that of the other small species of Cerwra, but is distinguished by a red patch at the back of the head and
in the middle of the back, both bordered with yellow, and in the form of what has been called the ‘‘saddle” in the
Caterpillar of the large species, C. Vinula, The description of this Caterpillar is taken from a beautifully
prepared skin, furnished by Mr. Gardner, the well-known Naturalist of 51, High Holborn,

3. Cerura Bifida (the Barred Kitten). This species is very rare, but less so than Bicuspis, being ocea-
sionally found in the neighbourhood of London. It has the central dark band of the front-wings rather narrower
than the other species, with five irregular spots beyond, and the band near the external margin is very pale. It
has the first nervure of the hind-wings more deeply forked than /wreula. The Caterpillar is variously described by
different authors, there being evidently some confusion in assigning the respective Caterpillars to the smaller
species of Cerura. It is most probable that the Caterpillar, which has the red ‘‘saddle” descending quite down to
the legs, is that of C, Bifida.

Four other species have been reported as native, but they are no longer found in British catalogues, and it

is most probable that they are Continental varieties,

* The generic term Cervra is founded upon this singular formation, from the words ztge;, a horn, and ovga, a tail—meaning
horn-tailed,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 23

PLATE VIII.

No. 1.~—The Small Chocolate-tip (Clostera Recluvsa). No. 5.—The Caterpillar of the Oak Eggar-Moth.

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Small Chocolate-tip. No. 6.—The Small Oak Eggar-Moth (Trichiura Cratwgi).
No. 3.—The Oak Eggar-Moth (Lasiocampa Quercus), No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Small Eggar-Moth.

No. 4.—The Female of the Oak Eggar-Moth. No. 8.—The December-Moth (Pacilocampa Populi).

THE genus Clostera contains three British species. The antenne are bipectinated in both sexes ; the anterior wings
are rather short, and somewhat square at the external margin, though rounded off near the hind-wings. They have
all a large patch of chocolate colour towards the tip of the front-wings, from which they derive their popular
name. The Caterpillars form a web, in which they reside, and in which the chrysalis is formed.

The first species, Closterw Reclusa (No. 1), is the smallest of the genus, and the chocolate patch, which does
not quite extend to the tip of the wing, has within it a smaller one of brightish orange. The Caterpillar (No. 2),
which is represented without its web, feeds on Aspen or Willow, beneath the bark of which it sometimes takes
shelter in the autumn ; and the Moth appears in the following June, July, or August. It is a rare species, but is
widely distributed, being sparingly found in woods in various parts of the country.

2. Clostera Anachoreta (the Searce Chocolate-tip) is thought by some to be a Continental species ; but as the
specimens in the British Museum are well known to have been captured by the late Mr. Spratt near Salisbury, it
cannot be struck out of our lists; and it is probable that, though extremely rare, other specimens may yet be taken.
It very closely resembles C. Reclusa, but is considerably larger ; the patches of chocolate at the tips of the front-
wings enclose three orange dots, and behind them is a well-defined black spot. The Caterpillar, as described by
Continental authors, is gray, with a row of brown spots at the sides, and two black lines down the back, with fulvous
dots. It is distinguished also by a conspicuous tubercle of bright brown on the fourth and on the anal segments.
It feeds on Willow and Poplar, and is found in June and October, the early brood producing the perfect Moth in
July, and the second not till the following May.

3. Clostera Curtula (the Chocolate-tip). This insect was very frequently taken by our entomologists of the
last generation, but it appears to have become yery scarce. It is the true Chocolate-tip of the old collectors.
The chocolate patch is indeed much larger and more accurately defined than in the preceding species, being nearly
enclosed by a somewhat irregular whitish line. It is also entirely brown, without spots of orange, is of a
rich chesnut tone in fine specimens, and very much in the form of the pale yellowish mark of similar character
in the Buff-tip. The Caterpillar is ashy-coloured, with four rows of dots of a deep orange colour, and on the back
are two small black tubercles, one on the fifth and one on the twelfth segment. It is found in autumn on Willows
and Poplars, The Chocolate-tips are grouped with the Buff-tip in the Museum collection, see page 16.

The genus Lasiocampa contains some of our largest native insects, especially the Owk-Eggar, so named from
the compact oval cocoon formed by the Caterpillar. The antenne are conspicuously bipectinated in the males, and
* serrated in the females. The males fly with amazing rapidity by day. The Caterpillars are covered with tufts of

silky hair, as indicated in the generic name, derived from the Greek.

24 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Lasiocampa Quercus (the Oak Eggar-Moth, No. 3). This is a very abundant species, and yet, though one
of our handsomest Moths, neither its habits, nor the curious variations in its markings, which some have thought to
constitute separate species, have been as yet satisfactorily studied. There is a tolerably common variety of the male
in which the pale ochre extends to the edge of the wings entirely without a dark border ; and a dark variety of the
female which has a dark border corresponding to that of the male (No. 8), but these marks are seldom found in
both the males and females in the same locality. The dark male, moreover, is very common, while the dark female
is very rare, The common female (No. 4), of nearly uniform ruddy ochre, is the kind found near London ; the dark
ones being generally those taken in Cormwall or Scotland. It is said that the Caterpillar lives for twelve months
before it forms its cocoon, but I have never met with it in a state of hybernation. The only way to secure male
specimens, the flight of which is extremely rapid, is to take a freshly-expanded female to any likely wood, when
the males will approach so boldly that they may he easily captured. They have been known even to enter the
coat-pocket in which the box containing the female was deposited.

Lasiocampa Rubi (the Fox-Math) is nearly as common as the previous species. It is not so large, and the
wings are of narrower proportion, the general colour being a pinkish ochre, with a broad imperfect band of a darker
colour running across the anterior wings ; the hind-wings are darker and pinker, and entirely without mark. The
Caterpillar is hairy, and when young is nearly black, with gold-coloured rings at the joining of the segments ; when
full grown, it assumes a deep, full rust colour, the joints of the segments being of a velvet black. It forms a spacious,
somewhat erescent-formed, and semi-transparent cocoon, in which the chrysalis has the power of moving from one
end to the other. The male Moth is smaller than the female, and rather more warmly coloured.

Lasiocampa Trifolié (the Grass-Eggar) is still smaller than the Fox-Moth, being about two inches in the full
expanse of the wings, while the Fox-Moth attains two inches and a-half, and the female of the Oak-Eggar more
than three inches. The ground colour of the wings of the Grass-Eggar is a rusty grey, with a narrow waved band
of light straw-colour running across the wings somewhat beyond the centre. Within this band the general tone is
rather darker, and near the centre is a kidney-shaped white spot bordered with black. The waved straw-coloured
band frequently extends across the hind-wings in the male, but seldom in those of the female. The Caterpillar is
generally found in the early summer months feeding on trefoil and other herbaceous plants. It is considered a
sea-coast species, but is found in some places in the New Forest. It is hairy, like those of the other species, and
of a dull brown, the joints of the segments being black, and ‘speckled with dots of bluish-white.

The genus Trichiura. This genus is distinguished from Lasiocampa by the smaller size of the insects, and
their shorter wings ; also by their short straight antenne, pectinated in the males, and ciliated in the females. In
the female the tail is furnished with a dense mass of wool, from which peculiarity the generic name has been formed
from two Greek words. The female uses this wool to clothe and protect her eggs, which she deposits in rows on
the bark of trees. The Caterpillars are much less hairy than those of the genus Lasiocampa. There is only one
British species in this genus.

Trichiura Crategi (No. 6) has heen popularly called the Small Oak-Eggar, from the nature of the cocoon
formed by the Caterpillar, which much resembles, on a smaller scale, that of the Oak Eggar-Moth ; but the larve
feed in preference on the hawthorn, from which the specific name is derived. The female is generally of a darkish-
brown colour, but a pale variety occurs marked like the male. The Caterpillar (No. 7) is found in May, and the
Moth appears in September. It is rather rare.

The genus Pecilocampa is distinguished by semi-transparent wings, and by the antenna of the males, the
bipectinations of which are nearly of the same width to the tip, while those of the female are simple. The Cater-
pillars are but slightly hairy, and rather depressed, and they form a compact and somewhat oval silky cocoon under
ground. There is but a single British species.

Pecilocampa Populi (the December-Moth, No. 8) does not appear till the end of November or December, as
its popular name implies, when it forms, with other winter Moths, as Mr. Haworth remarks, an essential part of the
food of some of our soft-billed birds. The Caterpillar is of an ashy tone, mottled with markings of deep ochre,
getting darker on the back. There is a dark grey band on each side, spotted with dots of white, and two red spots
in each segment ; and there are two larger red marks on the second segment. It is found feeding on the Poplar

and other trees in June ; at a later season it may be found in the interstices of the bark.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 25

.
PLATE IX.
No. 1.—The Black Arches-Moth (Lymantria Monacha). No, 6,—The Caterpillar of the Drinker-Moth.
No, 2.—The Female of the Black Arches. No. 7.—The Lackey-Moth (Clisiocampa Neustria).
No. 3.—The Caterpillar of the Black Arches. No, 8.—The Caterpillar of the Lackey-Moth.
No, 4.—The Drinker-Moth (Qdonestis Potatovia). No. 9.—The Small Eggar (Eriogaster Lanestris).
No. 5.—The Caterpillar of the Small Eggar (No. 9). No, 10.—The Female of the Drinker-Moth (No. 4).

Aut the Moths in this Plate are of the family Bombycide, with the exception of the Lymantria Monacha,
which belongs to the Arctiide, For the sequential arrangement adopted in the British Museum, see page 16.

The genus now called Zymantria is the Psilura of Stephens, Hiibner’s original name having been eventually
preferred. This genus, though seemingly allied to some recently described, is yet in some respects very distinct,
as in the elongated abdomen and oyipositor of the female ; also in the habit of leaving the eggs uncovered after
they are deposited, instead of covering them with the fur taken from the body of the parent.

Lymantria Monacha (the Black Arches, No. 1) is the only English species. It is a remarkably handsome
insect, and is by no means rare, especially in the south of England. The male has the antenna strongly bipec-
tinated ; the female (No.2), which is much larger, having them simply ciliated. The Caterpillar (No. 3) feeds
upon Scotch Fir, Bramble, Birch, Apple, ete., and is found in June and July ; the Moth appearing in August.

The genus Odonestis is distinguished by the long and pointed palpi, which haye the appearance of a kind
of beak ; also by the gently waving external margin of the anterior wings and their pointed extremity, and by
the disparity of the male and female ; the male being much smaller and with a tufted tail, while the body of the
female is much more robust and not tufted. The antenne of the male are very strongly, while those of the female
are but slightly, bipectinated. There is but one English species.

Odonestis Potatoria (the Drinker-Moth, No. 4) is a very handsome and very common insect ; the conspicuous
Caterpillars being found on every bank as soon as the grasses and other spring foliage appear, to furnish it with
suitable food. The’male (No, 4) is much more richly coloured than the female ; while the female (No. 10) has
the advantage in size. In rearing broods of Caterpillars, female specimens are obtained much more frequently
than males. The Caterpillar (No. 6) is full grown in June, and the Moth appears in July.

The genus Clisiocwmpa has received its name from the gregarious nature of the Caterpillars, the term being
formed of two Greek words, which have reference to Caterpillars of that habit. The two English species are
both popularly termed Lackey-Moths, in allusion to the gay colouring of the larvae, which are striped with lines
of many colours, like the lacings of a rich livery. The females of this genus arrange their eggs in the form of

_ bracelets of small beads round the branches of trees, the foliage of which forms suitable food for the Caterpillars.
The males have the antenne pectinated, the females only ciliated. There are two British species.

Clisiocampa Neustria (the Common Lackey-Moth, No. 7) is very abundant everywhere, though not often
seen, as it is almost exclusively a night-flyer, and is remarkably swift on the wing, The Caterpillars are,
however, but too frequently seen in our gardens, where they are most destructive, and the best way of obtaining

good specimens of the perfect insect is to rear them from the larva, The female is rather larger than the male,

26 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

but both sexes are remarkably small in proportion to the Caterpillar, which, when well fed, often attains a large
size. No sooner do the leaves appear in spring upon our fruit-trees than these destructive larve appear, the
eggs being invariably hatched at that season. They do not disperse when hatched, but form for themselves a
web, which encloses a portion of the tender budding foliage for the use of the colony in general. This web is
enlarged as the foliage is consumed and the Caterpillars increase in size, till at last many a devoted tree is
completely enclosed, presenting an appearance the reverse of agreeable to the gardener. Trees, if not protected,
are often killed by the devastations of two or three broods of this destructive larva. It is probable, although
they appear to consume the foliage within their web, that they occasionally, after they attain a certain size,
disperse at night to seck other food, returning to the web at daybreak. The Caterpillar (No. 8) is so variously
coloured, and its delicate stripes of gray, blue, orange, white, ete. so numerous, that a really accurate representa-
tion is almost impossible. The dorsal line is generally pure white ; to this succeeds an orange line followed by a
stripe of black and a stripe of blue, after which the orange stripe is repeated, followed by one of a pale silvery
blue. In the silvery blue stripe black dots occur on the third, fourth, and twelfth segments. The hairs are dark
brown above, and orange towards the legs. When about to change to the pupa state, these Caterpillars form a
very pretty yellowish cocoon, which appears powdered with flakes of dust of a pale sulphur colour, The Moth
appears in July.

Clisiocampa Castrensis is popularly termed the ‘‘ Ground Lackey,” as the Caterpillar, instead of feeding
upon trees, is found near the ground upon such plants as Plantago Lanceolata and Daucus Carota, This
species is exceedingly like the preceding, both in size and colour, but may be distinguished by the paler and
yellower colour of the thorax, which is often dark fawn-coloured, in C. Neustria. The wings, too, are more ruddy
in their tone, though in that respect both species vary very considerably. It is more distinet from C. Neustria
in the Caterpillar stage, which has been well described by Mr. Stainton, than in the perfect insect. The Cater-
pillar of C. Custrensis has the white line down the back much less clear and distinct than that of C. Neustria.
Below this is a broad stripe of rich orange brown, and then a narrower stripe of delicate whitish grey, in which,
on the third, fourth, fifth, and twelfth segments, is a black spot, while the larva of C. Neustria has no spot on
the jijth segment. ,The hairs are add golden brown, while in the larva of C. Neustria they are, as stated above,
dark brown on the upper part of the body, and only golden brown just above the line of the legs. The hairs, too,
are decidedly longer than those of C. Neustria.

In the genus Eriogaster we have but one British species. The bodies of the females in this genus are
terminated by a thick, woolly mass, which is used by the parent to clothe and protect the eggs. The wings are
but thinly clothed with seales, so that they have a slightly transparent appearance. The antenne are bipectinated
in the males, and serrated in the females. The larvee are gregarious, inhabiting a common web ; but when about
to change to the pupa state, they disperse, and each forms its own cocoon, of compact, oval form, among dry
rubbish or dead leaves,

Eriogaster Lanestris (the Small Eggar, No. 9) has received its popular name from the egg-like appearance
of its cocoon, and its systematic specific name, Lanestris, from the woolly character of the body. Except in their
simply serrated antenne and the woolly tuft at the tail, the females closely resemble the males, though they are
generally rather larger, The Caterpillar (No. 5) feeds on Sloe, White-thorn, and other trees, and is generally
found about the end of June. It is said that, though residing in a common web, they disperse at night to feed,
returning to their web before daylight, until they finally separate for the purpose of forming their cocoons. This
species passes the winter in the pupa state, the perfeet insect appearing in March or April, but it sometimes
remains two or three years in the chrysalis. It is not very rare.

The whole of the Insects in Plates VIL, VIII., and IX. have been drawn from specimens furnished by

Mr, Garduer, of High Holborn, who has always on sale a number of fine specimens of British Lepidoptera.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

.
PLATE X.
No. 1.—The Gipsy (Hypoyymna Dispar). No. 6.—The Nut-tree Tussock (Demas Coryli).
No. 2.—The Female of the Gipsy. No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Nut-tree Tussock.
No. 3 —The Caterpillar of the Gipsy. No, 8.—The Scarce Vapourer (Orgyia Gonostigma).
No. 4,—The Light Tussock (Dasychira Pudibunda). No. 9.—The Female of the Scarce Vapourer.

The) Male. No, 10.—The Caterpillar of the Scarce Vapourer.

No, 5.—The Caterpillar of the Light Tussock.

Tur fourth family of our native Moths, according to the arrangement of the collection in the British Museum, is
that of the Arctiide. The first sub-family of which, in the same system, is termed the Liparidi. One genus of
this sub-family, Zymantria, was described in Plate IX., before some of the last genera of Bombycide. The present
Plate contains four other genera of the first sub-family of the Arctiidw. For the sequential arrangement of the
Arctiidae, see page 28.

Aypogymna Dispar (the Gipsy, No. 1) is a genus remarkably like Zymantria for the disparity of size in the
male and female, as the specific name imports. The popular name of the Gipsy was no doubt suggested by the
brown, tanned kind of colour of the male, which is always much deeper toned, as well as much smaller than the
female (No.2), the ground colour of which is generally of a yellowish white tinted with buff. The Caterpillar
(No.3) appears from June to August, and feeds on many different kinds of trees. It is found plentifully in fenny
districts, but is not generally common; on the Continent, however, it is occasionally a real pest, from its vast
numbers, stripping the trees of whole districts. There is only one British species.

The genus Dasychira contains two native species, and belongs to that section of this sub-family, of
which the Caterpillars are termed Tussocks, from the close, massive tufts of silky hairs emitted from some of the
anterior segments of the body.

Dasychira Pudibunda (the Light Tussock, No. 4) is a common but handsome insect, the female being often
near twice the size of the male. The female differs also from the male in the slender and simple antenne, and
in the lighter and grayer colour of the wings. The Caterpillar of this species (No.5) is remarkably beautiful,
being thickly clothed with spreading silky hairs of a delicate straw-colour, the divisions of the segments
showing folds of deep, velvety black. From several of the anterior segments issues a compact tuft of hairs of
a deep yellow, so massively packed, and of such equal length, that they appear cut through at the top, which
exhibits a dense flat surface. There is also a tuft of a dull reddish colour issuing from the twelfth segment, which
is, however, conical instead of flat at the apex, and points backwards, like a kind of tail. It is from this last
feature that when occasionally found in considerable numbers in Hop-grownds, it is called the Hop-dog. This
Caterpillar is found in the autumn, and the perfect insect appears in the following May and June. It is common,
and very generally distributed.

Dasychira Fascelina (the Dark Tussock), This species, in the perfect state, is very much like Pudibunda, but
is generally much darker in colour, and there is not so much difference either in size or colour between the sexes.
The Caterpillar is very distinct in appearance—the whole of the skin of the body being black, which gives a deep
tone to the yellow hairs, while the Tussocks, instead of being of a deeper yellow, like those of Pudibunda, are of
the same deep black as the skin. It feeds on various plants, and is found most frequently in open situations,

such as heaths, commons, ete. It appears in autumn, and is sometimes found all through the winter ; the Moth
appearing in the following July.

28 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The genus Demas. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males slightly pectinated ;
those of the female filiform ; the thorax crested ; the fore legs not hairy. The Caterpillars have tufts of hair.
There is only one British species.

Demas Coryli (the Nut-tree Tussock, No 6). The markings of this insect vary considerably in different
specimens. The Caterpillar (No. 7) feeds on Birch and Hazel in May and September, being double brooded ; and
the Moth appears in April and July. It oceurs in woods near London and other parts of the country, and has
been recently taken in some abundance at Epping.

The genus Orgyia contains two British species, one very common and the other extremely rare. It may be
at once distinguished from the previously described genera by the remarkable character of the females, which are
almost entirely wingless, and would not be recognised as Moths, except by those acquainted with, at all events,
the rudiments of entomology.

The common species, Orgyia Antiqua (the Vapourer), is seen in abundance every season, and, as their ordi-
nary time of flying is by day, they are among the first of our common Moths that become known to a young
collector ; their fitful rising and falling flight, which might be described as ‘‘vapouring,” has originated their
popular name, for it could not fail to be generally remarked, as this pretty little Moth is so bold that he does
not continue his promenades to the fields and gardens, but pursues his excursions into the midst of our most
densely built towns and cities. The Common Vapourer is brown, with one white spot near the posterior angle of
the front-wing. Although the male Moth is so well known, few, except ;professed entomologists, are acquainted
with the female—a heavy, wingless creature, of a dull gray colour, entirely unlike its winged and warmly tinted
mate, as may be seen by the representation of the female of the second species, O. Gonostigma (No. 9). The
Caterpillar is very handsome, and is found on all kinds of plants, especially rose-trees, throughout the summer. It
is of a darkish brown colour, varied with spots of bright red, and has compact tussocks, or tufts of whitish hairs,
on seyeral of the anterior segments, and long, spreading, pencil-like bushes of bushy black hairs (knobbed at
the end) at each side of the head and tail. Orgyia Gonostigma, the second species (the Rare Vapourer), has the
brown ground colour of its wings beautifully varied by several white and orange markings and spottings, especially
near the tips, as shown in the representation (No, 8), and some of the lighter portions of the fore-wings are suffused
with a soft, pinkish tone. The female, though closely resembling that of the preceding species in possessing only
the mere rudiments of wings, and in the same dull, cold, gray colour, is very much larger, though the male is as
nearly as possible of the same size as O, Antiqua. The Caterpillar is distinguished from that of the common
species by a distinct orange stripe on each side of the back, and by the browner colour of the tussocks. It is
found on Bramble, Hazel, and Oak, but is very rare, though specimens are taken in the south of England nearly
every season. Doncaster, Combe Wood, and Epping, are also mentioned as localities where it has been found.

The following is the arrangement of the two Sub-Families and the sixteen Genera contained in the family

of the Arctiidae.
FAMILY IV.—ARCTIIDA.

Sun-Famity 1.—Lipaript, containing nine genera :—

1. Lymantria . . The Black Arches. 6. Lelia G 3 . The Whittlesea Ermine,
2. Hypogymna ¢ The Gipsy. 7. Leucoma . . The Black V-Moth.

3. Dasychira 5 - The Dark Tussock. 8. Stilpnotia. a . The White Satin Moth.
4. Demas < : The Nut-tree Tussock. | 9, Euproctes j . . The Brown-tail Moth.
5. Orgyia . 0 . The Vapourers.

Sup-Famity 2.—The Crprontpt, containing seven genera :—

1. Hypercompa . . The Scarlet Tiger. 5. Phragmatobia —. . The Ruby Tiger.
2. Deacrisia . » . The Clouded Buff. 6. Spilosoma : é The Large Ermine.
3. Arctia . ° . The Garden Tiger, &e. 7. Cyenia 0 : . The Spotted Muslin.

4, Parasemia . . . The Wood Tiger.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 29

PLATE XI.

No. 1.—The Whittlesea Ermine (Lelia Canosa). No. 6.—The Brown-tail Moth (Eup ioctis Chysorrhea)

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Whittlesea Ermine. No. 7.—The Female of the Brown-tail Moth.

No, 8,—The Black V-Moth (Leucoia Vau-nigrum). No, 8.—The Caterpillar of the Brown-tail Moth.

No. 4.—The White Satin Moth (Stilpnotia Salicis). No. 9.—The Gold-tail Moth (Zuproctis Auriflua). The Male.
No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the White Satin Moth. No. 10.—The Caterpillar of the Gold-tail Moth,

Tue genus Lelia is a comparatively recent addition to the catalogue of British Lepidoptera ; the only known
species having been captured for the first time about 1825, in which year it was engraved in Curtis’s ‘ British
Entomology” as Arctia Cenosa. It received its present name from Mr. Stephens in 1828, when he described it ”
from a specimen taken at Whittlesea Mere, the only locality in which it has yet been found.

Lelia Cenosa (the Whittlesea Ermine, No. 1) is remarkable for the size of the antenne of the males,
which are deeply bipectinated. In the females, the pectinations of the antenne are scarcely visible, and the wings
are paler coloured and more transparent than those of the other sex. The Caterpillars (No. 2) have four tussocks of
hair similar to those of the Vapourers. They are found in July on the Butomus Vmbellatus, which grows in great
abundance in Whittlesea Mere, and the perfect Moth appears in August.

The genus Lewcoma, the name of which is formed of a Greek word meaning white, contains but one British
species. It is distinguished by the snowy whiteness of the wings, and also by the character of the Caterpillars,
which have the tussocks of the preceding genera, but not the long pencil-like tufts of separate hairs.

Leucoma Vau-nigrum (the Black V-Moth No. 3) does not differ in appearance in the two sexes ; both having
the slightly marked black V near the centre of the anterior wings ; the female, however, is generally larger than
the male, and the light-brown antenne are not above one-third as deeply pectinated as in the males. The
Caterpillar is black on the back, the sides being of a pale brownish colour, and it has eight tussocks of silky hair,
the three middle ones of a pale yellow tone, and the others white. It feeds on Willows in June and July, and the
Moth is found in August. The Chrysalis is green, with a dark spot on the thorax. As a British species it is
extremely rare, but is said to be taken occasionally at Darenth Wood, Kent. On the Continent it is abundant in
many localities,

The genus Stidpnotia, in the perfect insect, closely resembles Leucoma, but the antenne of Lewcoma are brown,
while the genus Sfi7pnotia is distinguished by the blackness of the antenne ; and in the caterpillar stage it is at
once distinguished by the entire absence of the tussocks.

Stilpnotia Salicis (the White Satin Moth, No. 4) the only native species. It is very common, and found abun-
dantly everywhere. The female is generally larger than the male, and the antennz are pectinated, but much more
slightly than in the male. The Caterpillar (No. 5) feeds on Willows and Poplars in June, and the Moth appears in
July.

The genus Euproctis has shorter and rounder wings than the preceding species, the legs are much more
downy, and the abdomen is terminated, in both sexes, with a remarkable tuft of a woolly substance, either yellow
or brown, much more conspicuous in the females, who use it to envelope the eggs after they are deposited.
The Caterpillars are furnished with two long, pencil-like tufts of black hair at each extremity, but are devoid of

the tussocks of other neighbouring genera.

30 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Euproctis Chrysorrhea (the Brown-tail Moth, No. 6) has the wings entirely white on the upper side, but on the
under side the anterior wings are shaded with brown, The Caterpillar (No. 8), is prettily varied in colour ; the red,
white, and orange markings being remarkably bright. It is also distinguished by the whisker-like tufts of hairs
on each side of the head, and at the tail ; the other segments having less conspicuous tufts of slenderer and shorter
hairs. It feeds on Hawthorn, Sloe, and many other trees, in June, and the Moth appears in July. It is a very
common species. The female Moth (No. 7) ismuch larger than the male.

Euproctis Auriflua (the Gold-tail Moth, No. 8), is still more common, and is seen fluttering about
hedgerows on most evenings towards the end of June or beginning of July, disappearing towards the end of
the month. It may he at once distinguished from the former species by the colour of the tuft at the extremity
of the abdomen, which is of a bright golden orange, while in the former species it is of a deep full brown.
The anterior wings of this species are also marked with a faint brown double spot near the inner angle of the
upper wings, which is seldom found in the brown-tail species. Its favourite food appears to be the White-
thorn, but it is a very general feeder, and sometimes so abundant as to become a real garden nuisance. In 1782,
as Mr. Westwood informs us, it appeared in such swarms that the Londoners became seriously alarmed, as at a
true Egyptian plague, prayers being offered up in the churches against the insect invasion, while the overseers and
churchwardens of the suburban villages offered rewards per bushel for their destruction, and attended in person to
see them burnt in large fires kindled for the purpose. The alarm is said to have been allayed by the sensible little
treatise on the subject, by Mr. Curtis, which appeared most opportunely. The male Moth is much smaller than

the female, as in the preceding species.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 3]

PLATE XII.

No. 1.—The Scarlet-Tiger (Hypercompa Dominula). No, 9,—The Caterpillar of the Wood-Tiger.

No, 2.—The Caterpillar of the Scarlet-Tiger. No. 10.—The Ruby-Tiger (Phragmatobia Fuliginosa).
No, 3,—The Clouded Buff (Diacrisia Russula). No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Ruby-Tiger.

No. 4.—The Female of the Clouded Buff. No, 12.—The Spotted Buff (Spilosoma Lubricepeda).
No. 5,—The Caterpillar of the Clouded Buff. No. 13.—The Caterpillar of the Spotted Buff.

No. 6.—The Garden-Tiger, or Great Tiger Moth (Arctia Caja). No, 14.—The Spotted Muslin (Cycnia Mendica).

No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Garden-Tiger, No, 15,—The Female of the Spotted Muslin,

No, 8.—The Wood-Tiger (Parasemia Plantaginis). No. 16.—The Caterpillar of the Spotted Muslin,

Wiru the genus Hypercompa, according to the arrangement [ am following, commences the second sub-family of
Arctiide, termed the Chelonidi, from the typical genus of the group, formerly termed Chelonia, but now Arctia. It
contains the following seven genera, the whole of the species of which are more or less conspicuous and handsome.

The genus Hypercompa has the antenne in both sexes slightly ciliated, the body is long and somewhat
slender, and the wings are deflexed, and yery densely covered with seales, which gives them an exceedingly soft
and velvety appearance.

Hypercompa Dominula (the Scarlet-Tiger, No. 1) is one of our handsomest Moths, The markings of the
hind-wings are subject to extreme variation, the scarlet ground heing sometimes nearly or entirely merged in the
black, in very dark specimens. The Caterpillars (No. 2), which are only slightly hairy, feed on Willow, Ash, and
some herbaceous plants, and are found early in the season, the perfeet Moth appearing in June. It is a rather
rare species, but occurs, though sparingly, in many parts of the country.

The genus Diacrisia, the Huthemonia of Stephens, is distinguished from others of this sroup by having the
anterior wings nearly of one uniform colour, The antenne of the males are slightly bipectinated, and their
general colour is paler and yellower than that of the females.

Diacrisia Russula (the Clouded Buff, No.3) is by no means common, but is found occasionally on heaths,
and in open woods in many parts of the country. The Caterpillar (No. 5) feeds on Plantain, Seabious, and
other herbaceous plants in May, and the Moth appears at the end of June.

The genus Arctia, which gives its name to the family of Arctiide, contains two British species, both
remarkably handsome, and the exotic species are most of them yery beautiful : it contains, in elon some of the
most beautiful of the night-flying Lepidoptera. The antenne of the males are but slightly bipectinated, and those
of the females only slightly toothed. The females are of equal size, or Jarger than the males. Their Caterpillars
are coyered with fur-like hairs of various shades of brown and black, from which they have received their popular

name of ‘‘ Woolly-bears.”

There are about thirty European kinds, though only two British,

Aretia Caja (No. 6) isthe well known and common Garden Tiger Moth, whose conspicuous markings seldom
fail to attract the attention even of careless observers. The maculations hoth of the upper and lower wings are
subject to extreme variations in this species, the upper being occasionally, though rarely, either all cream:
colour, or entirely of the deep rich brown of the markings, while the bright scarlet of the hind-wings is somes
times nearly absorbed in the black portions, or, these markings becoming nearly obsolete, leave the scarlet
predominant, The Caterpillar (No. 7) is found early in June, and is a general feeder ; the Moth appears in July.
Late broods of the Caterpillar, however, do not change the same season, but survive the winter in a dormant

state, completing their growth in the carly spring.

32 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Arctia Villica (the Cream-spot Tiger) is somewhat smaller than the preceding, and the anterior wings
differ, in having the vich brown rather as the ground colour than the markings, leaving the cream-colour in
tletached blotches, from which it has received its popular name. The body and hind-wings, instead of being
scarlet, like those of the Garden-Tiger, are of a rich orange bufl,, sparingly marked with delicate touches of black.
The Caterpillar, which is black, and not nearly so hairy as that of A. Caja, feeds on Ragwort, Chickweed, and
other early growing plants. It is found in spring, the Moth appearing in June. It is hy no means so common as
A. Caja, though an abundant species.

The genus Purasemia, the Nemeophila ot Stephens, is of slenderer form than of most of the true Chelonidi,
but the markings of the species it contains are of the same conspicuous character as those of the more robust
kinds. These markings vary considerably, both in colour and distribution, The antenne are slightly pectinated
in the males; the females being generally larger than the opposite sex. There is only one British species.

Parasemia Plantaginis (the Wood-Tiger, No. 8) is a very pretty Moth, and is far from rare. The Caterpillar
(No. 9) isdusky black, with several of the central segments of a rich orange-brown, both colowrs having a row of
spots of a deeper tone, and the whole body being thickly clothed with long hairs. Tt feeds on Plantain in autumn
and spring, and the Moth appears in June.

The genus Phragmatobia has the wings semi-transparent. The antennz are short, and nearly simple in
both sexes, which searcely differ either in size or colour.

Phragmatobia Putiginosa (the Ruby-Tiger, No. 10) is pretty generally distributed, and by no means uncom-
mon. The Caterpillar (No, 11) feeds on various herbaceous plants in June, and the Moth appears inJuly. There
is a slate-coloured variety, which some have considered a distinct species.

The genus Spilosoma is distinguished by the sharp delicate spottings of the wings and body, from which
both the generic, and the different popular names, as White Ermine, Buff Ermine, etc., are derived. The ground
colour of the wings is generally white or buff, and the body orange. The antenne are bipectinated in the males,
The Caterpillars are hairy, like those of the genus Arctia, but more slender. There are three British species.

Spilosoma Menthastri (the Large Ermine) is a very common insect. The anterior wings are bull, with a
number of small black spots ; the hind-wings being white, only varied by three or four delicate black specks.
The body is orange, marked with black at the joints of the abdomen. The Caterpillar is larger than that of any
other of the species. It is black, clothed, but not densely, with brown hairs, between which an orange stripe is
perceptible down the centre of the back. It feeds on many low plants in August, and the Moth appears in the
following May. It is very common everywhere.

Spylosoma Papyratia (the Water Ermine) is a very rare species, and differs from the others in having its
delicately white wings almost entirely free from the black spottings of the other kinds. A few slight touches
of black are found, however, in some specimens, particularly a row of dots near the edge of the anterior wings.
The body is orange, marked with black, like the last species. The Caterpillar is dark brown, with long hairs ;
the spiracles heing yellow. It feeds on various water plants, and the Moth appears in June in marshy districts,
but is extremely rare.

Spilosoma Lubricepeda (the Buff Ermine, No. 12) is the commonest of the genus, and the one I have
selected for its illustration. It varies very considerably in the markings, the ordinary black spots becoming
occasionally patches or stripes. These variations are, however, of rather rare occurrence. The Caterpillar
(No. 18) feeds on various plants, and is found in the autumn, the perfect Moth appearing in the following June.

The genus Cyenia is distinguished from Spilosoma hy the decided semi-transparency of the wings, and by
the difference which exists in the colour of the males and females. The antenne of the males are bipectinated,
those of the females simple. The Caterpillars closely resemble in character those of the genus Spilosoma, but are
more slender. :

Cyenia Mendica (the Spotted Muslin, No. 14) is a pretty little Moth, the general appearance of which is well
expressed by its popular name, the semi-transparent or muslin-like effect being as apparent both in the brown
male and in the delicately white female. This is the only British species. The Caterpillar (No. 15) feeds upon
various aquatic plants in autumn, and the perfect insect appears in districts where water abounds in the following

May. It is, however, a rare species, though found in many parts of the country.

THE GENEKA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 33

PLATE XIII.

. 1.—The Large Chimney-sweep (Sterrhopterix Nigricans),
. 2.—The Female of the Large Chimney-sweep.

. 3.—The Brown Muslin (Psyche Fusca).

. 4.—The Female of the Brown Muslin.

. 43.—The Caterpillar of the Brown Muslin, in its case.

. 65.—The Shining Chimney-sweep (Fumea Nitidella).

. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Shining Chimney-sweep, in

its case.

. 7.—The Muslin (Nudaria Mundana).

. 8.—The Caterpillar of the Muslin.

. 9.—The Round-winged Muslin (Nudaria Senex),
. 10.—The Triangle (Heterogenea Asellus).

. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Triangle.

. 12.—The Festoon (Limacodes Testudo).

. 13,—The Female of the Festoon.

. 14.—The Cinnabar Moth (Callimorpha Jacobee).

. 15.—The Caterpillar of the Cinnabar Moth.

. 23.—The Large Footman (Cnistis Quadra).

. 26.—The Caterpillar of the Red-necked Footman.

. 16.—The Red Arches (Miltochrista Miniata),

- 17—The Feathered Footman (Eulepia Grammica).

. 18.—The Caterpillar of the Feathered Footman.

. 19.—The Crimson-speckled Footman (Deiopeia Pulchella)
. 20.—The Caterpillar of the Crimson-speckled Footman.
. 21.—The Orange Footman (Lithosia Aureola).

. 22.The Caterpillar of the Orange Footman.

(Misnum-

bered 4%.)

. 234.—The Female of the Large Footman.
. 24,—The Caterpillar of the Large Footman.

. 25.—The Red-necked Footman (Atolmis Ribricollis).

(Mis-

numbered 23.)

. 27.—The Four-spot Footman (Cybosia Mesomella).
. 28.—The Dew Moth (Endrosa Irrorella).
. 29—The Caterpillar of the Dew Moth.

Tue sub-fumily Psychidi, embracing the genera Sterrhopteriz, Psyche, Fumeoa, and Nudaria, contains a set of
insects of the most singular and anomalous character. This group is especially marked by the entirely wingless
females, which in some cases are without either legs or antenne, and are, in fact, perfectly vermiform. The curious
shell-like protection formed by the caterpillars is also very remarkable, resembling that of the Caddis Worm
family, which, combined with the extraordinary facts recently observed concerning the manner of reproduction
of this class of Moths, renders them of the greatest interest to naturalists. Their position in the modern
system of classification has been several times changed, some recent classifiers having placed them along
the

section of Bombycide, while closely

with the Tinee.

allied genus Sterrhopterix, from the character of the female being till recently unknown, was not placed along

In former systems they were placed in a

with them. I have followed the system adopted in the national collection, in which the Psychidw, along with
Sterrhopterix, appear to be very properly made a distinct sub-family.

The genus Sterrhopteriz contains two British species, the most robust insects of this group. In S. Nigricans,
(the Large Chimney-sweep, No. 1), the wings of the male are of a rich soft brown, and rather hairy
and semi-transparent ; the body is robust and woolly, and the antenne are pectinated. The female (No. 2)
much larva before its metamorphosis, but of a more maggot-like

is entirely wingless, resembling a

conformation. The abdomen is of a dull orange colour, and the thorax and head nearly black. The larva,
with its house of husks and small sticks, is nearly an inch and a-half long, and sometimes of considerable
diameter. Its general appearance, however, is much like the smaller larva of Psyche Fusca (No. 44). The other
English species, S. Opacella, is smaller, and the wings are much paler and more transparent.

The genus Psyche, the peculiar characteristics of which were known before those of any other of its
congeners, and has therefore given its name to the whole group, contains but one species.

K

34 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Psyche Fusca (the Brown-Muslin Moth, No. 3) is a very elegant little insect. The wings of the male
are of a delicate bluish black, and semi-transparent. The female (No. 4) is entirely wingless. The
Caterpillar makes a case, which is represented at No. 43. The Chrysalis resembles, in its general form, that
of the house-fly tribe, being nearly oval, without any mark of wing-case, but ribbed with several joint-like
articulations from end to end.

The genus Fumea differs from Psyche in its broader and more hairy wings, and the antenne of the
males are very strongly pectinated. There are three British species.

Fumea Nitidella (the Shining Chimney-sweep, No. 5) has the wings of the male of a light shining
brown, the hind wings being generally of a lighter tone, though sometimes darker. The Caterpillar forms
a ease much like that of P. Fusca, and is represented at No. 6.

F. Radiella (the Chimney-sweeper’s Boy) is the smallest of the genus, not much more than half the
size of the preceding species. The wings of the male are semi-transparent, black, andthe antenne are only
slightly pectinated.

F. Reticella (the Netted Chimney-sweep) is nearly as small as the last-named species, from which it
is distinguished by a beautiful minute network of soft brown lines extending all over the wings.

The genus Nudaria is grouped with the Psychide, from the similarity in form and character of the
perfect insect, which is, however, winged in both sexes, and the Caterpillars do not form portable cases. In
fact, all the species of Nudaria seem, on the whole, more closely allied to the Lithosiide. Nudaria Munduna (the
Muslin) is represented at No. 7, and the Caterpillar, which is common and feeds on lichens, at No. 8.

NV. Senex (the Round-winged Muslin, No. 9) is distinguished by the greater whiteness and delicacy
of the wings, and by the minute black specks with which they are marked.

The sub-family Limacodidi contains two genera, in many respects allied to those of Psychidi, but. still
more remarkable in respect to the footless Caterpillars, of singular shape, which distinguish both the genera
of which it is composed.

The genus /eterogenea, so named in reference to the unusual form of the Caterpillars, contains cnly
one species, H. Asellus, which is remarkable for the triangular form of the wings, from which it has received
its popular name, the Triangle, but which are scarcely sufficiently marked in the illustration (No. 10). The
Caterpillar (No. 11) feeds upon poplar, and is very rare; it has, however, been found in the New Forest.

The genus Limacodes contains only one species, Testudo (No. 12). This genus was formerly considered a species
of Heterogenea, from which it was separated on account of the different form of the wings. Our great English
entomologist, Haworth, named this genus Apoda, that is, footless, in allusion to the peculiar structure of the
Caterpillar, which resembles that of H. Asel/us, but is somewhat larger. The wings of the female (No. 13) are
more faintly marked than those of the male. The Caterpillar feeds on oak, in September, and is found some-
times in the Kentish woods. There are several North American species of this curious insect.

The second sub-division of Moths, Lepidoptera Nocturna, commences with the family of Lithoside, containing
nine genera, which, with two exceptions, appear to group together very homogeneously. The Motlis of this small
family have the body narrow, the antenne generally slender, and simple in both sexes ; but occasionally slightly
pectinated in the males. The wings are narrow and elongated, of delicate texture, and their flight is short and feeble.

The genus Callimorpha is one of those which, from the breadth and triangular form of the wings, seems
hardly to belong to the family in which it is placed, though it has many affinities with it. It contains only one
British species, C. Jacobaw (the Cinnabar Moth), represented at No. 14. It is a very handsome insect, and has the
under side of the wings exactly like the upper, both in colour and in the distribution of the markings, which is very
unusual either in Moths or Butterflies. The Caterpillar (No. 15) is very common, and is found, in the summer
months, feeding in preference on the common groundsel.

The genus Miltochrista is distinguished from the preceding by the smaller size of the insects of which it is
composed, by the more hairy though more slender body, and by the thicker clothing of hair of the Caterpillars.
Milt.christa Miniata, the Red Arches, is figured at No. 16, The Caterpillar feeds on lichens and various trees,
the perfect insect appearing in June. It is considered rare, though found in various parts of the country.

The genus Hulepia is distinguished by the pectinated antenna of the males, and by the streaky markings of

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 35

the anterior wings and generally deeper colour of the hinder ones, the Caterpillars being of similar character to
those of other Lithoside. It contains two British species.

Eulepia Grammica (the Feathered Footman, No. 17) is one of the rarest of the Zithoside, the Caterpillar
(No. 18) feeds on various plants and shrubs in May, and the perfect insect appears in July.

Eulepia Cribrum is equally rare, but has been found on the heathy lands of Hampshire, and other localities.
It is distinguished from Grammica by having the dark stripes of the anterior wings broken up into detached marks,
and the hind wings are of uniform dark brown with lighter fringe.

The genus Deiopeia, one of the most distinct from the other Lithoside, is distinguished by a peculiarity of
marking not found in any other genus. It contains but one native species, Deiopeia Pulchella (No. 19), which is
one of the most elegant of British Moths. The Caterpillar (No. 20) appears to feed in preference on the field
forget-me-not (IMyosotis Arvensis), the perfect insect appearing, in this country, in September and October. It is
very rare.

The genus Lithosia, which forms the type of the family to which it belongs, contains eight species, all
exhibiting the same general character as Lithosia Aureola, the one selected for illustration.

Lithosia Aureola (the Orange Footman, No. 21) is rare, but occurs in many places in the south of England,
especially where exotic trees of the pine family have been planted, on which the Caterpillars feed in May and
June, and the perfect insect appears in July. It is a very common insect on the Continent.

L, Helvola (the Buff Footman) is somewhat smaller than Auwreola, the front wings dove colour, the hind
wings pale buff.

L. Flava (the Straw-coloured Footman) is about the size of the preceding ; all four wings being of a pale
buff or straw-colour.

L. Complana (the Scarce Footman) is of similar size, but the anterior wings are grey, with a stripe of
pale yellow along the front, the hind wings being straw-colour.

L. Lurvideola (the Common Footman) is much like the preceding, which is, possibly, a rare variety. It is
often mistaken for it by young collectors.

L. Griseola (the Dun Footman) is rather larger than any of the preceding. The front wings are pale grey,
with a very narrow line of straw-colour in front ; the hind wings buff.

L, Luteola (the Small Footman) has all four wings pale yellow, like L. Mlava, but is much smaller.

L. Muscerda (the Spotted Footman) has both front and hind wings of a pale soft grey, the front wings being
distinguished by a line of pale yellow along the front, and several small black specks, the hind wings having a
broad but interrupted central band of pale buff. It is a very distinct species.

The genus (nistis is of true Lithosian character, but the insects it comprises are both larger and handsomer,
and differ materially in the colouring of the two sexes, as shown in figures of (nistis Quadra (the Large Footman),
the only native species, 23 (misnumbered 43) and 233. The Caterpillar of this handsome insect (No, 24) feeds
on oak, birch, etc., in June, and the Moth appears in July. It is a common species.

The genus Afolmis differs in appearance from the other Lithoside, in the dark colour of the solitary species on
which it is fuunded, and some minute anatomical distinctions. A. Rudricollis (the Red-necked Footman), so named
from the small red mark close to the head, is a very pretty insect. The Caterpillar, No. 26 (misnumbered 23),
feeds on lichens and various trees in spring, and the Moth appears from May to July. It is far from common.

The genus Cybosia is distinguished by more opaque and more triangular-shaped wings than the true Lithosidw.
The only species, C. Mesomel/a (the Four-spotted Footman, No. 27), is not rare in favourable localities. The Cater-
pillar, which is short and thick, of greyish colour, with a reddish head, feeds on various plants. The Moth
appears in June and July.

The genus Endrosa has the anterior wings of the same form as those of the preceding genus, but they are
semi-transparent. The only British species admitted in the Museum Catalogue is Z. Irrorella (the Dew Moth,
No. 28). There is, however, a very singular variety in which the dark spots on the front wings are conspicuously
united, forming the letters I VI. The Caterpillar (No. 29) feeds upon lichens, and the Moth, which is rare,
except in the south of England, appears in June and July. The species, once distinguished as Roscida, is not now

admitted to the list of Native Moths.

36 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Tue following is a summary of the system, up to the beginning of the Lithoside, upon which the British

Lepidoptera ave arranged in the collection of the British Museum :—

Crass.—INSECTA HAUSTELLATA.
Orprr.—LEPIDOPTERA.

Separated into—

1, RHOPOLOCERA (Butterflies), not treated of in this work.
2. HETEROCERA (Moths).

« HETEROCERA.
Division I. Lepidoptera Crepuscularia. Sub-family 3. Notodontidi.
Foil Z ‘d Genus 1. Notodonta. Genus 6. Drymonia.
MY LAL BROS ee » 2. Pheosia. 7. Gluphisia.
CONTAINING — » 3. Lophopterix. » 8. Diloba.
Genus 1. Procris. Genus 2. Anthrocera. » 4. Pterostoma. 5. 9 Petasia.
» 5. Ptilophora. > 10. Peridea.
Family 2. Sphingidie. : :
Family 3. Bombycide.
Genus 1. Smerinthus. Genus 4. Deilephila.
2. Acherontia, » 5. Cheerocampa. Subfamily 1. Attacidi.
3. Sphinx. > 6. Daphnis. Genus 1. Saturnia
Family 3. Sesiide. Sub-family 2. Bombycidi.
Genus 1. Macroglossa. Genus 2. Sesia. Genus 1. Lasiocampa. Genus 3. Pacilocampa.
» 2. Eriogaster. » 4 Trichiura.
Family 4. “geriide. | Genus 5. Clisiocampa.
Genus 1. Sphecia. Genus 2. Trochilium. Sub-family 3. Lasiocampidi.
Genus 1. Odonestis. Genus 2. Dendrolimus.
5 Genus 3. Gastropacha.
Family 4. Arctiide.
; = Sub-famnily 1. Liparidi.
Divisron I]. Lepidoptera Nocturna. hj) l
a ; ake Genus 1. Lymantria. Genus 5. Orgyia.
Svus-pivision I. Lepidoptera Pomeridiana. » 2. Hypogymna. Sly Tener.
Family 1, Hepialide. » 3. Dasychira. » 7. Leucoma.
> 4. Demas. » 8. Stilpnotia.
CONTAINING— .
Genus 9. Euproctis.
Genus 1. Hepialus. Genus 8. Phragmatecia. :
2. Zeuzera A. ‘Gossus Sub-family 2. Chelonidi.
2. ; FF . Cossus.
Genus 1. Hypereompa. Genus 4. Parasemia.
mile 2. N 7 eee F
Family 2. Notodontide. | 5 2. Diacrisia. s 5. Phragmatobia.
nS | . 3. Arctia. 6. Spilosoma.
Sub-family 1. Pygeridi.* | 2 ae
Family sand Genus 7. Cyenia.
Genus 1. Phalera. Genus 2. Clostera. ;
Sub-family 3. Psychidi.
eS Sa SRT [
pales Cae Seanad Genus 1. Sterrhopterix. Genus 3. Fumea.
Genus 1. Cerura. Genus 2. Stauropus. » 2 Psyche. » 4 Nudaria.

* It will be observed that the sub-families are distinguished from the families by the termination ¢.

yh Ey
cea
Ny

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 37

PLATE XIV.

No. 1.—The Large Yellow Underwing (Zriphena Pro- No. 5.—The Straw Underwing (Zhalpophila Texta).

nuba). No. 6.—The Square-spot Rustic (Segetia Xantographa).

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Large Yellow Underwing. No. 7.—The Brown Feathered Rustic (Rusina Ferruginea),

No. 3.—The Proad-bordered Yellow Underwing (Zri-

No. 8.—The Six-striped Rustic (Zytea Umbrosa).
phena Fimbria).

No. 9.—The Antler (Ceraptehyx Graminis).
No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Broad-bordered Yellow

nderines No. 10.—The Black Rustic (Chares -Ethiops).

Wirn this Plate commences the illustration of the extensive family of the Noctuide, which, from its extent
and consistent general characteristics, might be taken as the typical group of British Moths. The Noctuide
are generally robust; the antenne most frequently simple; the thorax and abdomen are somewhat robust and
often crested; the wings of moderate size and strongly nerved. The Caterpillars are generally smooth, and
have sixteen feet, though, in some cases, the first, and in others the first and second, pair of ventral feet
are wanting. As their name imports, they are almost all night-flyers—that is to say, true Moths; but, nevertheless,
some of them fly at dawn and twilight, and some even at mid-day. There are about 400 species of Noctuide,
divided into about eighty genera, the number of which, however, are being continually varied by new methods
of classification. The main features of the system upon which the family is founded remain, however, undisturbed,
and are likely to do so, as the group still corresponds pretty nearly with the section originally established
by Linnsus under the name of Phalaena Noctua.

The first sub-family of Noctuidae is termed Nocluelidi, containing fourteen genera.

The genus Triphena contains the handsome Moths known as Yellow Underwings, which have the antennx
simple in both sexes, the abdomen broad and flat, and terminating with a brush-like tuft in both sexes;
the fore wings are long and narrow, and the hind wings invariably yellow, with strongly marked black band.
The transformation of the larva takes place in the earth, sometimes at a considerable depth, and the perfect
insects in all the species are strong and rapid flyers.

Triphena Pronuba (the Large Yellow Underwing, No. 1) is one of the most common, and, at the same time,
one of the handsomest of the genus. Some individuals of this species vary considerably in the tone and
markings of the wings, and such have been described as distinct species by several authors. The one represented

is a medium specimen. The Caterpillar feeds on the roots of various plants, and the perfect insect appears in June
and July, and is common everywhere,

Triphena Fimbria (the Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing, No. 3) is the most beautiful of the genus; the
conspicuously broad, purplish border of the hind wings, and the soft rich buff of the front wings, giving it quite a
distinct character from its congeners. The large and handsome Caterpillar is found in Autumn and spring, feeding

on the primrose, violet, potatoe, and other plants, Itis a rare species, though occasionally found in many parts
of the country.

38 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The other species are 7. Subsequa (the Lunar Yellow Underwing), 7. Orbona (the Lesser Yellow Underwing),
T. Interjecta (the Least Yellow Underwing), and 7. Janthina (the Lesser Broad Border). The commonest of these is
7. Orbona, and the rarest T. Subsequa.

The genus Thalpophila is very closely allied to Triphena, both in its preparatory and perfect states, on which
account the insects now belonging to it were separated from the genus Polia, where they had been located by
Ochsenheimer, and placed next to Triphena,

Thalpophila texta (the Straw Underwing, No. 5) is the only British species. The Caterpillar is pale grey,
darker on the back ; it feeds on the goat’s-beard and other plants in spring and autumn, and the Moth, which is very
rare, appears in June and July.

The genus Segetia, like the preceding, has also been brought nearer to Triphena by recent arrangement.
The antenne of the males are strongly ciliated.

Segetia Xantographa (the Square-spot Rustic, No. 6) is a common Moth, and appears in August. The Cater-
pillar, is pale, dirty yellow, with a lighter line on each side, and feeds throughout the winter. There is only one
British species.

The genus Rusina is remarkable among the Noctwide for its deeply pectinated and Bombyx-like antennx.

Rusina ferruginea (the Feathered Rustic, No. 7) has received its popular name from the full feathering
antenns so unusual among the allied genera. The Caterpillar is dusky brown with pale stripes. The perfect
insect has been taken in July near Darenth and at Wimbledon, but is rare, and is the only British species.

The genus Lytew has the antenne somewhat robust, and distinctly ciliated in the males, the two species
differing, however, considerably in this respect.

Lytaa Umbrosa (No. 8) is known as the Six-striped Rustic, from the number of rather distinct bands by which
the fore wings are traversed. The Caterpillar is greyish white, with a dusky stripe, and is to be sought in the
spring and early summer, the perfect insect appearing in July and August. It is rather rare.

The genus Cerapteryz is distinguished from the preceding genera by the smaller size of the Moths, the
light coloured stripes which follow the direction of the veins on the anterior wings, and several anatomical distinc-
tions too technical for detail in a popular work.

Ceraplerye Graminis (the Antler, No. 9) occasionally appears in great numbers, especially in mountainous
districts, the larvae committing great ravages among the roots of the grass, by which whole meadows are some-

times destroyed. The Moth appears in July and August.

Pa,
re

im
owe

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 39

PLATE XV.

No. 1.—The Common Dart (Agrotis Segetum). No. 7.—The Welsh Rustic (Spelotis Ashworthii).

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Common Dart. No. §.—The Dotted Rustic (Spelotis Pyrophila).

No. 3.—The Coast Dart (Agrotis Cwrsoria). No. 9.—The Purple Clay (Graphiphora Brunnea).

No. 4.—The Heart and Dart (Agrotis Exclamationis). | No. 10.—The Ingrailed Clay (Graphiphora Festiva).

No. 5.—The Caterpillar of the Heart and Dart. No, 11.—The Caterpillar of the Ingrailed Clay.

No. 6.—The Rosy Marsh Moth (Cenophila Subrosea). | No, 12.—The Double-square Spot (Graphiphoru Triangulum)

~
Tue genus Agrotis contains, even in its restricted form, a considerable number of distinct species, each of

which is subject to great variations in colour and marking, rendering the group somewhat heterogeneous in
aspect, though possessing certain general characteristics which are amply sufficient to establish those
decided affinities of structure which warrant the present arrangement of the genus. The males of this group
have generally slightly pectinated or ciliated antennee, which are longer than in some neighbouring groups.
The antenne of the females are shorter, and generally simple. The front wings are rather long, and haye
very distinct stigmata and other marks; the hind wings being pale, without mark, and the fringes paler.
The body is somewhat robust, the abdomen rather depressed, and not crested. The Caterpillars are smooth,
and of a livid or brown colour, varied with dull markings. They feed either on the roots or the lowest
foliage of herbaceous plants, in the night, concealing themselves by day. They undergo their transformation
in the earth, the Chrysalis being generally enveloped in a very slightly formed cocoon. I have selected the
three following species as examples of the most dissimilar, but, at the same time, the most characteristic
of the species :—

Agrotis Segetum (the Common Dart, No. 1) is less distinctly marked in the female than the male.
The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds on the roots of various grasses. It is common everywhere.

Agrotis Exclamationis (the Heart and Dart, No. 4) has received its popular name from the distinct forms of
a heart, and the blade of a dagger, which may be traced upon the anterior wings; the last-named mark js present
in most species of this group, thence called Darts. The systematic specific name is likewise, as it would seem,
derived from the same dart-shaped mark, which also resembles a point of exclamation. This mark, too, is
very constant in all specimens, while the heart-shaped stigma is often very faint in this species, and some-
times scarcely traceable. The Caterpillar (No. 5) is found in the month of July, under stones, or at the roots
of grass, though it is said to feed on groundsel.

Agrotis Cursoria (the Ccast Dart, No. 3) is remarkable for the distinct ochreous tone of the front wings,
but this colouring is very various in different specimens. It is one of the rarest species, The Caterpillar feeds
on several kinds of spurge that grow near the sea, and is to be sought in the months of June or July.

The following species of Agrotis are enumerated in the catalogue of the collection in the British Museum, but
in the present work, as only professing to deal with genera, they cannot be all described in detail. A. Corticea
(the Heart and Club) ; A. Valligera (the Archer's Dart); A. Lunigera (the Crescent Dart); A. Suffusa (the Dark
Sword Grass) ; A. Saucia (the Pearly Underwing); A. Subgothica* (the Gothic Dart) ; A. Obelisca (the Square-spot

* Not in many reccnt lists.

40 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Dart) ; A. Aquilina (the Streaked Dart) ; A. Tritici (the White-line Dart) 5; A. Ripe (the Sand Dart); A. Nig: icans
(the Garden Dart) ; A. Puta (the Shuttle-shaped Dart); A. Cineria (the Light Feathered Rustic). The popular
names of two of the above, the Dark Sword Grass and the Light Feathered Rustic, show that they were originally

placed by popular collectors in different groups, and not reckoned among the true “ Darts ;” while species of two
genera about to be described, Oppigena and Spealotis, have been placed by recent classifiers in the genus Agrotis.

The genus Cenophila contains only one British species, formerly a Graphiphora, which has been separated
from that genus, as well as from Agrotis, on account of its strongly pectinated antenne and the greater breadth
of its hind wings. Canophila Rosca (No. 6) is a very handsome insect, the anterior wings having, in very perfect
specimens, a fine rosy flush. It is rare, but is found at Whittleseamere, and no doubt in other similar localities.

Spelotis* is another genus recently formed by Dr. Boisduval, to include certain insects formerly classed with
the Graphiphora, but which have been found to exhibit sufficient distinctive characters to warrant their separation.

Spelotis Ashworthii (the Welsh Rustic, No. 7), though still classed by some as an Agrotis, forms a good
illustration of the general character of the new genus. The Caterpillar is green, with a paler dorsal line, and has a
lateral whitish streak. It has been found in the neighbourhood of Llangollen, whence the popular name, the Welsh
Rustic.

Spelotis Pyrophila (the Dotted Rustic) is exceedingly distinct in its colour and markings from the preceding
species, as shown at No. 8. It is rare, but very widely dispersed, having been found in the north of Scotland.

The genus Oppigena was established by Dr. Boisduval in 1840, for certain species differing in some respects
from Agrotis, Spelotis, or Graphiphora. A solitary British species has been assigned to it—O. Fennica—of which only
one specimen has been taken in Derbyshire, and popularly named the Beautiful Dart. It is by some authors classed
with Agrotis. The fore wings are of a deep violet grey, approaching black, the inner margin ochreous. The stigma
marked with a very distinct light cream-coloured outline ; the hind wings are pale brown.

The genus Graphiphora is principally distinguished from Agrotis by having the antenne simple in both
sexes, or only very slightly pectinated in the males. The fore wings are broad, and obtuse, and generally glossy.
The markings, though similar to those in Agrotis, differ in having the two ordinary-shaped stigmata even more
clearly developed than in Ayrotis, while the dart-shaped one, so remarkable in that genus, is generally obsolete or
nearly so in Graphiphora.

Graphiphora Brunnea (the Purple Clay, No. 9) is one of the best defined species, exhibiting all the character-
istics of atrue Graphiphora. The Caterpillar is brown, with yellowish markings along the back, and some conspicuous
yellow spots and oblique streaks along the sub-dorsal line ; the line above the legs is greyish buff. It is found on
various low plants in spring, and is not very rare.

Graphiphora Festiva (the Ingrailed Clay, No. 10) forms a contrast to Brunnea in the paler, but yet distinct,
markings of the fore wings, while the hind wings are more varied in tone by two deep borderings, very distinct in
fine specimens. The Caterpillar (No 11) feeds on primrose in June, the Moth appearing in July and August. It
is not rare, though somewhat local.

Graphiphora Triangulum (the Double-square Spot, No. 12) is another very distinct and well-marked species.
The Caterpillar is reddish-brown, with paler stripes ; it feeds on the deadly nightshade and other plants in April,
and the Motlf appears in July. It is not a rare species.

There are nine other species, among which the most remarkable are G. Plecta (the Flame Shoulder), with
a broad stripe of pale yellow along the front of the wing ; the rare G. Depuncta, with its-fine brown markings on
an ochreous ground; and G. C.-Nigrum (the Setaceus Hebrew Character), with its conspicuous ochreous patches in
front of the stigmata, between which is the dark marking in the form of a Hebrew letter. The remaining species

are G. Baja, G# Dahlii, G. Rubi, G. Rhomboidea, G. Ditrapezium, and G. Glareosa.

* Spalotis Ashworthii and Oppigena Fennica are, in Mr, Stainton’s Manual, placed in the the genus Agrotis.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 41

PLATE XVI.

No. 1.—The Early Chestnut (Cerastia Leucographa). ! No. 7.—The Red Chestnut (Glea Rubricosa).
No. 2 (misnumbered 22),—The True Lover's Knot (Lyco- No, 8.—The Caterpillar of the Red Chestnut.

photia Porphyrea). No. 9.—The Clouded Drab (Orthosia Instabilis).
No, 3.—The Caterpillar of the True Lover’s Knot. No. 10.—A pale variety of the Clouded Drab.
No. 4.—The Hebrew Character (Semiphora Gothica). | No. 11.—The Common Quaker (Orthosia Stabilis).
No, 5.—The Pine Beauty (Panolis Piniperda). No. 12.—The Blossom Underwing (Orthosia Miniosa).
No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Pine Beauty. No. 13.—The Caterpillar of the Blossom Underwing.

In the recent remodellings to which the difficult groups I am now describing have been subjected, more than one
extensive genus has been reduced to a single species, so that, with the view of obtaining a good general idea of the
relative affinities of nearly allied species, it will be found more instructive to look to the groupings of families and
sub-families than to separate genera.

The genus Cerastia is at present confined to a single species, which, by some authors, is now placed in the
genus, or sub-genus, Teniocampa; but in the collection of the British Museum it is considered entirely distinct,
and not even male one of the genera in the sub-family of Orthosidi.

Cerastia Leucographa (No. 1), tie specific name of which is by no means descriptive, inasmuch as it las no
conspicuous white mark, is known to collectors as the Early Chestnut, and appears in March and April. The
Caterpillar, according to Treitschke, is green, sprinkled with brown and white dots, and has a rust-coloured stripe
bordered with black running along the line of the spiracles, It has been found in Westmoreland, and also in the
neighbourhood of Dorking and Marlow.

The genus Lycophotia, which, like the preceding one, contains only a single British species, has been moved to
many different positions in tle various modern systems of classification, but the situation in which it is placed,
according to the system I am following, appears upon the whole the most natural. Lycophotia Porphyrea (the True
Lover's Knot, No. 2) is a small but very elegantly marked insect, and is found on heaths about the end of July,
being rather rare. The Caterpillar (No, 3) feeds upon various heath-growing plants, and is found in May or June.

The second sub-family of the Noctuide is termed Orthosidi, containing many of the genera of the Orthoside
of other arrangements.

The first genus, Semiphoraz, is represented by a single species, which is found to differ from the
Graphipore by the form of the anterior wings, and from the whole of the genus Orthosia by the remarkable
distinctness of its maculations. It is from the last characteristic that the name Semiphora, from Greek words
meaning “mark bearing,” is derived. Seiphora Gothica (the Hebrew Character, No. 4) is not rare, and appears to
be double brooded, as Boisduval gives both spring and autumn as the times of its appearance, but it is most usually
found in April. The Caterpillar, according to Treitschke, is yellowish green, sprinkled with whitish specks or
freckles, and having a dorsal and sub-dorsul stripe of dull yellow, and a white line at the side. It feeds on the Oak,
and also on various herbaceous plants, such as Galium, ete,

The genus Panolis is a very distinct one, and somewhat difficult to lucate satisfactorily; but tue present position

appears as good as any proposed, though it has been suggested that it might have been placed next after Lycoph:tia,

M

49 THE GENERA OF BRITISH Morns.

before the commencement of the Orthosidi. Panolis Piniperda (the Pine Beauty, No. 5), a very beautiful insect, was
first discovered in England by Mr. F, Stephens, in 1810, near Hertford, and has since been captured in many other
localities. The Caterpillar (No. 6) feeds on pine-trees in May and June, and is in some seasons so abundant on the
Continent as to do considerable injury.

The genus Glea, in the system I am following, is now restricted to a single species, though formerly contain-
ing several, which have been rather variously distributed by different authors. It is now represented solely by
G, Rubricosa (No. 7), the abdomen of which is not depressed as in the discarded species ; the antenne are more hairy
beneath, and the anterior wings slope more towards the inner angle, at the fringed edge. M. Boisduval places this
species in Orthosia, and M. Guéené in Teniocampa. The Caterpillar (No. 8) is very large in proportion to the size of
the perfect insect. It is gray, with a brown dorsal line, and two white dots on each segment. It feeds on a kind
of Dock, and the Moth appears at tle end of March, frequenting beds of nettles, but it is a rare species.

The genus Orthosia, the type of the Orthosidi, has formed the subject of much revision, and appears even
now in a very unsettled state. M. Guéené formed a large section of it intoa genus termed Teniocampa, in allusion to

the distinct linear markings of the Oaterpillars. M. Boisduval only partially adopted the principle of this sub-

division, and endeavoured to found it upon the tree-feeding and herb-feeding nature of the Caterpillars, under the
respective names of larva Herbicolw and larve Arboricole. Mr. Stainton adopts in the main M. Boisduval’s arrange-
ment, by which the bulk of the species formerly in the genus Orthosia is placed in Taniocampa, leaving only four
to Orthosia. In the arrangement of the national collection, however, which is principally founded on the system of the
late Mr. F. Stephens, the genus Orthosia is preserved nearly in its original state, without reference to M. Guéené’s
sub-genus Teniocampa; the species, not according with the generally received characteristics of Orthosie, having
been removed to other genera, or formed into new ones. The characters of the genus Orthosia, as it now stands, are:
antenne ciliated, and sometimes pectinated, in the males; the abdomen smooth and a little depressed; the fore wings
thick, powdery, and sometimes shining ; the markings more or less faint and indistinct in comparison with allied
genera; and the wings, when in repose, forming the figure of a very sloping roof. The larve are smooth and
velvety, and rather attenuated in front. They feed either on trees or herbaceous plants, and the transformation takes
place in the ground, in a slight earthen cocoon, sometimes mixed with silk.

Orthosia Inst bilis (the Clouded Drab, No. 9) is one of the most variable of the genus, as will be seen by
reference to the pale variety (No. 10); and there are specimens exhibiting every intermediate degree both in
colouring and marking.

Orthosia Stabilis (the Common Quaker, No. 11) is, on the other hand, as its spee’fie name implies, as
remarkable for the invariable character of its markings and general appearance.

Orthosia Miniosa (the Blossom Underwing, No. 12) is so different in the chavacter of its markings from the
other Orthosia, that it is probable it may be remoyed at no distant time to another genus ; the Caterpillar (No. 13)
having also some characters which help to distinguish this species from other insects in the genus.

The other species retained in this genus in the Museum collection are 0. Opima (the Northern Drab), 0.
Populeti (the Lead-coloured Drab), O. Gracilis (the Powdered Quaker), 0. Munda (the Twin-spotted Quaker), 0. Cruda
(the Small Quaker), 0. Lota (the Red-line Quaker), 0. Macilenta (the Yellow-line Quaker), O. Neglecta (the Neglected
Rustic), 0. Sobrina (the Scotch Rustic), O. Congener (the Allied Rustic), O. Hyperborea (the Mountain Drab), only
two specimens of which are known, and 0. Ruticilla (the Reddish Drab). Among these, the most remarkable are
perhaps the pretty little 0. Cruda, nearly a third smaller than any other species, and QO. Lota with its fine red-toned
anterior wings, The species, Ney/ecta, Sobrina, Congener, Mypeborca, and Ruticilla, are queried as true Orthosi@ in

the Museum Catalogue.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 43

PLATE XVII.

No. 1.—The Brown-spot Pinion (Anchocelis Litura). No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Copper Underwing.

No. 2.—The Dotted Chestnut (Dasycampa Rubiginea). No. 10.—The Mouse (Scotophila Trajopogonis).

No. 3.—The Caterpillar of the Dotted Chestnut. No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Mouse.

No. 4.—The Chestnut (Orrhodia Vaccinii). No, 12.—The Gothic (Nenia Typica).

No. 5.—The Caterpillar of the Chestnut. No, 13.—The Caterpillar of the Gothic.

No. 6.—The Satellite (Eupsilia Satellitia). No. 14.—The Bird’s Wing (Dypterygia Pinastri).

No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Satellite. No. 15.—The Feathered Brindle (Aporophyla Australis).

No. 8.—The Copper Underwing (Amphipyra Pyramidea).

Tue genus Anchocelis.—The insects belonging to this genus have the antenu of the males slightly pubescent, the
abdomen not crested, but fringed with hair at the sides. The fore wings are pointed at the tip, slightly shining, with
the veins often lighter than the ground colour, and the markings distinct. The wings, in repose, meet in a ridge
over the body, sloping down either way. The larve are rather slender, and marked with distinct lines. They feed
by night, upon low herbaceous plants, and burrow in the ground to undergo the change to the pupa state.

Anchocelis Litura (the Brown-spot Pinion, No. 1) is the Phelena N. Litura of Linneus, and was subsequently
placed in the genus Ovthosia ; but was detached, and placed in his genus Anchocelis by M. Guéené. .The Caterpillar
is yellowish-green, with a dark dorsal line and a pale stripe on each side, and the head is brown. It feeds upon the
Willow and other trees, and also on Trefoil. It is found in June, and the Moth, which is rather rare, in September,

There are two other species of Anchocelis, A. Pistacina, formerly Orthosia Pistacina (the Beaded Chestnut),
and A. Zunosa (the Lunar Underwing), also formerly in the genus Orthovia.

A. Pistacium is a most variable insect, sometimes having very dark and strongly defined marks on a pale
buff ground, and sometimes being almost entirely of a dark rich brown, with very indistinct markings. A. Lunosa
has the hind wings finely marked with two brown bands, and moon-like mark near the centre.

The genus Dasycampa is a very modern one, and is founded upon the peculiarity of the Caterpillar of the only
species which at present belongs to it.

The species A, Rubiginea (the Dotted Chestnut, No. 2), was formerly the Orrhodia Rubiginea of Hiibner, but
was separated from it by M.M. Guéené and Boisduval. The Caterpillar (No. 3) is clothed with tufts of very silky
hairs, which, among a number of related genera all having smooth larva, is very remarkable. It feeds on Oak and
various plants, but is very rare, as well as the perfect insect, which has, however, been taken at Norbury Park, and
at Mickelham, Surrey. Collectors should look for it in autumn, when it has been taken by rubbing diluted
sugar on the trunks of trees, a bait towards which it appears to be strongly attracted.

The genus Orrhodia of Hiibner (the Cerastis of Ochsenheimer) is distinguished by the pubescent antenne of
the males, the broad and somewhat flattened thorax, which is not crested, by the blunt angles of the fore wings,
the slight dentation of the edge of the hind wings, and by the position of the wings in repose, which are nearly flat.
The Caterpillars of «ll the species are rather slender, and have the “ plate’ on the second segment well defined.
They feed on low shrubs, concealing themselves by day, and burying themselves to undergo their change when full fed.

Orrhodia Vaccinii (the Chestnut, No. 4), formerly Glea Vaccinii, is a very variable insect, two remarkable
dark varieties having been formerly recorded as distinct species, under the specific names of Polita and Spadicea.
The Caterpillar (No. 5) is found upon the common Bilberry, and the Moth, which is very common, appears in
September, October, and November. It hybernates during the*severe weather, reappearing in the following spring.

There are two other species of Orrhodia—O. Ligula (the Dark Chestnut), with dark anterior wings, which
have one or more pale bands near the external edge, and 0. Erythrocephala (the Red-headed Chestnut), with reddish-
brown wings, and the head and thorax brightly ferruginous. This last has only been taken once in England (at

Brighton), but is said to be common in some parts of France, where it is known as 0. Vaccinii.

44 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

The genus Lupsilia has changed its name several times, that of Hiibner, as being the earliest, having been
eventually adopted in most systems. In this genus the body is flat, as in the last genus, but the wings are longer
and more oblique at the tips, and the fringed edge is conspicuously dentated ; the antenne at each joint have a tuft
of minute hairsin the males. The larve are slender, velvety, and much attenuated towards the head,

Eupsilia Satellitia is the only British species, and is especially remarkable for the pretty white markings in the
fore wings, which resemble a moon, or planet accompanied by two minute satellites. The Caterpillar is generally
dark brown approaching black, but varies into dusky orange or greenish in some specimens ; care should be taken,
in rearing these Caterpillars, not to place them in a box with others, as they are carnivorous, and will devour even
their own species. They are found in summer, feeding on various trees and plants, and the Moth appears from
September to November. It was once thought comparatively rare, but is now deemed a common species. This
genus is the last of the Orthosidi.

The third sub-family of the Noctuide is termed that of the Amphipyride, and contains three genera—
Amphipyra, Scotophila, and Nenia.,

The genus Amphipyra is distinguished, like the others of the group, by the remarkably recurved palpi ; the
antenne are slender, but slightly ciliated, the abdomen depressed, and tufted, the fore wings dentated at the
fringed edge, and the hind wings more or less richly coloured.

Amphipyra Pyramidea is the only species. It presents all the characters above detailed, The fore wings
are strongly marked, and the hind wings of a bright colour, from which it takes its popular name, “the Copper
Underwing.” The Caterpillar (No. 9) is remarkable for a conical protuberance near the tail. It feeds on Elm,
Poplar, and other trees in May and June (often concealing itself in the bark) ; the Moth, which is common, appear-
ing in August.

The genus Scotophila has also the recurved palpi. The fore wings are, however, of an almost uniform dusky
tone, almost entirely without markings in some specimens, and they are not dentated at the edge. The hind wings
are, however, of a somewhat similar coppery tone to those of the preceding genus. The only species, Scotophila
Tragopogonis, is so named in consequence of the Caterpillar feeding almost exclusively on the Tragopogon Pratense ;
and has received its popular name, “the mouse,”’ from the colour of the fore wings. The Caterpillars appear in May
and June, and the Moth in July and August. They are sometimes found at that season in considerable nembers,
huddled together beneath the loose bark of rotten trees. The supposed species called S, Tetra is now considered a
mere variety of Tragopogonis.

The genus Nenia# has also the recurved palpi of the other genera of this sub-family. The thorax and
abdominal joints are strongly tufted, the abdomen is tufted at the extremity, and the wings have the apical
margins notched. Nenia Typica (the “ Gothic,” No. 12) is the only species. The Caterpillar has the twelfth segment
angulated. It feeds at the roots of Nettles and some other plants in April, and makes a cocoon on the surface of the
ground in May. The Moth appears in June and July, and is found in abundance fluttering over beds of Nettles.

The fourth sub-family of the Noctuide is that of the Xylinidi, comprising five genera—Dyplerygia,
Aporophyla, Lythomoia, Xylina, and Calocampa.

The genus Dypterygia was distinguished by Mr. Stephens, its founder, by its very highly crested thorax, its
slender and nearly vertical palpi, the third stigma, or sub-spherical mark of the fore wings. The only species,
Dypterygia Pinastri (the Bird’s Wing, No. 14), is a remarkable and handsome insect, and, though somewhat rare, is
often found where pines abound. The Caterpillar is dark brown, with blackish spots, and has two pale longitudinal
lines and several oblique ones. It feeds on the Dock in spring, and the Moth appears in May and June.

The genus Aporophila, founded by M. Guéené for the reception of species closely allied to the Xyline, has
been found the best place in which to locate the pretty insect formerly placed in the genus Agrotis as A. Pascuea.
It appears to be the same species as that described by Rambur as Xylina Australis. Aporophila Australis (the
Feathered Brindle, No. 15) has thus changed both its systematic names, Xylina and Pascuea. It is extremely rare,

but has been taken at Yarmouth and at Lowestoft, and will doubtless be found in other places on the coast,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 45

PLATE XVIII.

No. 1.—The Flame (Xylina Putris). No. 7.—The Light Arches (Xylophasia Lythorylea),
No. 2,—The Golden-rod Brindle (Zythomoia Solidaginis). No. 8.—The Dark Arches (Yylophasia Polydon).
No. 3.—The Sword Grass (Calocampa Exoleta). No, 9.—The Clouded Brocade (Hyppa Rectilinea).
No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Sword Grass. No. 10.—The Caterpillar of the Clouded Brocade.
No. 5.—The Red Sword Grass (Calocampa Vetusta). No. 11.—The Crescent (Hydrecia Leucostigma).

No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Red Sword Grass.

In this plate the genera of the fourth sub-family of Noctuidae, the Xylinidi, are continued.

The genus Xylina is distinguished by short and nearly horizontal palpi, and simple or but slightly serrated
antennz in the males ; the fore wings are narrow, the fringed edge slightly denticulated, and the thorax is square.
The Caterpillar is smooth, or but very slightly clothed with hairs, There are six species of Xyline in the system
which I am following, but they do not group very naturally, and, in some recent arrangements, most of them have
been distributed in other genera.

Xylina Putris (the Flame, No. 1) is one of the smallest of the genus. The Caterpillar is described as being
of a pale yellowish brown, with pale stripes, a yellow line down the back, and minute black spots ; it feeds on
various grasses in spring, and the Moth appears in Juve. It is common everywhere. In another recent arrange-
ment it is called Axilia Putris, while X. Conspicillaris, is made Xylomyges Conspicillaris. The other species are
X. Petrificata, X. Conspicillaris, X. Semibrunnea, and X. Rhizolitha, the last two presenting characters which
appear to ally them more closely with the genus Calocampa. >

In the genus Lythomoia, the antenne of the males are furnished with short brushes of hair on the under side ;
the fore wings are rather long, and deflexed when at rest, and the abdomen is not depressed. The Caterpillars are
smooth, with the last segment but one rather elevated, and the spiracular line very distinct.

Lythomoia Solidaginis (the Golden-rod Brindle, No. 2) is local, and generally rare, but occasionally taken in
great abundance, as at Staley Bridge, near Manchester, in 1837. The Caterpillar is deep brown, with slender
dorsal line, and broader lateral line of white bordered with black ; there are also on the back darker blotches,
variegated with yellow spots. It feeds on the Bilberry.

The genus Calocampa, so named from the beauty of the Caterpillars, is at once distinguished by the size of the
insects, which are much larger than those of any of the neighbouring genera. The antennz are robust and slightly
ciliated in the males, and the thorax is remarkably square. The great length and narrowness of the wings is
another leading characteristic, and in repose they lie partly folded and partially crossed. The Caterpillars are
conspicuously marked, and attenuated at each extremity. They undergo their change at a considerable depth
in the earth. ‘

Calocampa Exoleta (the Sword Grass, No. 3) is one of the handsomest of the Noctuide, and frequently
measures two and a quarter inches or more across the extended fore wings. The Caterpillar (No. 4) feeds on
various plants, among which the Jris and’Serratula Tinctoria are named. The Moth appears at the beginning of

summer and also in the autumn. It is rather rare, though very widely distributed.

‘A

4G THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

Calocampa Vetusta (the Red Sword Grass, No. 5) is rather less than the preceding species, and also distin-
guished by the stronger denticulation of the fringed edges of the anterior wings, the stronger markings near the
margin, and the fainter or nearly obsolete anterior stigma. It is also of rather a richer colour, tending to a reddish
tone. The Caterpillar (No. 6) is, as shown, entirely distinct in its markings. It feeds on plants of the Carex, or
Sedge tribe, and the Moth appears at the beginning of September. It is very rare.

Apamnidi forms the fifth sub-family of the Noctwide, and is one of the most extensive. The genera of
which it is composed are Xylophasia, Hyppa, Hydrecia, Apamea, Miana, Celena, Hama, and Crymodes ; Apamea
being of course the type round which the other genera are grouped.

The genus Xylophasia, formerly united by some naturalists with Xylina, is yet sufficiently distinct, especially
in its preparatory stages. The antennz of the males are long and only slightly pubescent ; the palpi are larger than
in Xylima, and turned upwards ; the abdomen is coronated at each segment, and the fringed edges of the wings
sinuated. The Caterpillars are large, dull coloured, and shining, and have small wart-like spots or tubercles.
There are six species, all grouping very naturally together.

Xylophasia Lithoxylea (the Light Arches, No. 7) is a common and widely-dispersed species. The Caterpillar
is said to be green, with white dots, and lines at the sides 3 while others declare it to be as yet unknown, though the
perfect insect is so common.

Xylophasia Polydon (the Dark Arches, No, 8) is equally common with the preceding, and appears about the
same time. The Caterpillar feeds on the roots of grasses, is of a pale ash colour, with shining black tuberculated
specks, and the head and anal segments are also black.

The other species are X. Sublustris, X. Rurea, X. Hepatica, and X. Scolopacina, all of which resemble one or
other of the two species figured, except X. Scolopacina (the Slender Clouded Brindle), which is much smaller than
any of the other species. It is of a more yellow tone, and much less streaky in the markings. It is not
improbable that, like the species Rectilinea, it may be eventually removed to another genus. It is very rare.

The genus Hyppa consists at present of a solitary species (Rectilinea), removed from Xylophasia, The
specimen, X. Rectilinea (the Clouded Brocade, No. 9), upon which the first claim to a British insect of this genus was
based, was captured a few years ago by Mr. Marshall. The Caterpillar (No. 10) is from Hiibuer.

The genus Hydrecia was formed by M. Guéené, to receive certain species previously placed in Apamea, which
presented certain differences, too technical for detail in a popular work, which seemed to offer sufficient inducement
for their separation. The principal features of the group are, excessively short palpi, scarcely extending beyond the
head ; the antennz filiform, or slightly crenulated in the males. The head has a thick tuft of scales on the crown,
and the abdomen is tufted down the back. The wings are slightly notched at the edge, and the posterior stigma
generally very distinct, and often margined with white. The Caterpillars are short, and attenuated at each end ;
living on grass, generally in the stem.

Hydrecia Leucostigma (the Crescent, No. 11) is larger thin any species remaining in the genus Apamea, and
has the stigma crescent-shaped, and white, from which it derives its popular name. The Caterpillar is of a dirty
whitish colour, rather brown on the back, with some dark spots; the head is entirely brown, and the second

segment black, It feeds in the flower stems of the Jris Pseudacoris. It is a very local insect, but was taken in

great abundance at Whittlesea Mere, in July, 1822, and has since been taken in many places about the beginning

of August, feeding on sugar placed as a bait on the trunks of fruit-trees.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 4@

PLATE XIX.

No. 1.—The Golden Ear (Apamea Nictitans), No. 6.—Haworth’s Minor (Celena Haworthii).

No. 2.—The Double-lobed (Apamea Ophiogramma). No. 7.—The Rustic Shoulder-Knot (Hama Basilinea).
No. 3.—The Marbled Minor (Miana Strigilis). No. 8.—The Caterpillar of the Rustic Shoulder-Knot.
No. 4.—The Cloaked Minor (Miana Furuncula). No. 9.—The Union Rustie (Hama Connexa).

No. 5.—A pale variety of the Cloaked Minor. No. 10.—The Brindled Ochre (Crymodes Templi).

Tue genus Apamea. In this genus the insects are much smaller than in Mamestra, the antennz of the males are
slightly pubescent, the palpi are very short and slightly elevated, the abdomen is rather long, and crested. The
fore wings are slightly notched at the fringed edge, and the markings are generally distinct, especially the
posterior stigma, which is often margined with white. The Caterpillars are rather short and slightly attenuated at
each end, though the head is generally of moderate size. They are longitudinally striped, and the whole skin is
smooth, tough, somewhat glossy, and often sprinkled with raised shining dots. They live most commonly on
grasses, often in the stem, and generally descend into the earth to undergo their transformation. In the arrange-
ment I am following, this genus contains only four British species.

Apamea Nietitans (the Golden Ear, No. 1) has a shining golden tinge, impossible to imitate closely in a
coloured engraving, and from this it is that it takes both its specific and popular names. It appearsin the winged
state in July and August. The Caterpillar is unknown.

Apamea Ophiogramma (the Double-lobed, No, 2) is a very distinct species. Like the preceding, it is by no
means common, but is sometimes taken in marshy situations near London. The Caterpillar is unknown.

Apamea Unanimis (the Uniform Rustic) is disputed as British, but a specimen is said to have been taken by
Mr. Dale, in Scotland, and there are one or two other instances of its capture. ’

Apamea Didyma (the Common Rustic) is very variable in colour, and common everywhere. The Caterpillar
is dull gray, or sometimes greenish, with sub-dorsal and spiracular stripes of dull red,

The genus Miana is composed of the smaller insects of this family, few of them measuring an inch in
the full expanse of the wings, and some of the species not extending to three-quarters of an inch, They are
popularly known as the Minors. The palpi are short and porrected obliquely ; the antenne are short, thick, and
pubescent in the male ; the abdomen is rather slender, and crested; and the markings are generally very distinct.
The Caterpillars are small and attenuated at each end, of dull colour with pale stripes. They feed on grasses,
often in the stem, and the Chrysalis is contained in a slight earthen cocoon. There are five species.

Miana Strigilis (the Marbled Minor, No. 3) is a very variable insect, a dusky variety having been made
by some a distinct species, under the name of J. Latruncula, and a still darker variety, I. dthiops, or the Black-a-
Moor. The larva is described as grayish, paler underneath, and with black spiracles, and having paler lines, some-
times of a violet tone, the head being brown or yellowish. It is very common, and the perfect insect is found in
June and July.

Miana Furuncula (the Cloaked Minor, No. 4) is almost as variable as the preceding, some specimens being
of palish straw-colour, with the markings indistinct (one of which is represented at No. 5). In others the marks

(9)

48 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

are of more decisive and stronger character than in the medium specimen selected for illustration. It is a very
common species, but as yet unknown in the Caterpillar stage. :

The other species are—MV. Fasciuncula (the Barred Minor), the fore wings of which are generally of arich, light
reddish-brown, and having a distinct band running across the centre, and another fainter exterior band. I. Literosa
(the Rosy Minor), which is prettily marked, and has a rosy flush, from which it derives its popular name. It is con-
sidered rare though taken occasionally in Kent, Essex, Norfolk, and some other places. A new species, WM. Expolitu,
taken for the first time at Darlington, in 1855, is described as having the fore wings of a shining grayish-brown,
with a reddish tinge, the markings being of similar character to those of the other species, but all tinged with the
ground colour ; the hind wings are deep gray, with paler fringe.

The genus Célena is nearly allied to the preceding, but the insects assigned to it are distinguished by the
greater breadth of the anterior wings ; by their rounded form, by a conspicuous tuft on the crown of the head,
and some other characters.

Celena Haworthii (Haworth's Minor, No. 6) is generally considered a rare insect, but has been taken at
Whittleseamere, Windermere, and in some other places. It is subject to considerable variations, some of the
varieties having been distinguished as C. Hibernica, C. Lancea, and C. Tripuncta.

The genus Hama contains six species, all more or less nearly allied to those which compose the genus
Chareus ; they are, however, distinguished by the more slender and less ciliated antenne of the males, and by the
shorter palpi, The eyes are large and naked, and the thorax is scarcely crested, the fore wings are slightly dentate,
and the markings distinct ; the larvae are thick, dark coloured, with pale linesand distinct spots ; and the trans-
formation takes place in the earth.

Hama Basilinea (the Rustic Shoulder-Knot, No. 7) is easily distinguished by the sharp, dark, branching line
near the shoulder. The Caterpillar (No. 8) feeds on grasses in the autumn, and the Moth appears in the following

June. It is very common.

Hama Connexa (the Union Rustic, No. 9) is very rare, but has been taken at Sheffield and some other places.

Hama Testacea is grayish-ochreous, tinged with brown, having generally three tolerably distinct blackish
streaks at the base. The larva, according to Treitschke, is dull flesh-colour, with the head, and a mark on the second
segment pale brown. It feeds on the lower parts of the stems of grass. ‘

The other species, some of which have been distributed among the genera Apamea, Orthosia, or Mamestra,
in other arrangements, are H. Ypsilon (the Dingy Shears); H. Sordida (the Large Nutmeg); and H. Furva
(the Dusky Brocade).

The genus Crymodes has been established by M. Guéené for the reception of certain species which are nearly
related to those contained in Miselia and in Polia, but differing in some respects from both.

Crymodes Timpli (the Brindled Ochre, No. 10) is the only British species yet placed in this genus; it was
located among the Misel’e by Mr. Westwood, and with the Poliw by My. Stephens ; but Mr. Doubleday, following
M. Guéené, made it Crymodes Templi. It is very rare, but has been taken in Devonshire, and in the neighbourhood
of Liverpool, and Birmingham. The Caterpillar is unknown.

With the exception of H. Connexa, the whole of the insects from which our Plate was drawn were furnished by

Mr. Gardner, of 52, High Holborn, as were the greater portion of those of the preceding Plates.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 49

PLATE XX,

No. 1.—The Small Angleshades (Zuplexia Lucipara). | No. 7.—The Dark Brocade (Hadena Adusta).

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Smali Angleshades. No. 8.—The Shears (Hadena Dentina).

No. 3.—The Dot (Mamestra Persicarie). No, 9.—The Caterpillar of the Shears.

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Dot. No. 10.—The Early Gray (Xylocampa Lithoriza).

No. 5,—The Bright-line Brown Eye (Mamestra Oleracea). No. 11.—The Burdered Gothic (Newria Saponarie).

No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Pright-line Browa Eye. No. 12.—The Feathered Gothic (Heliophobus Popularis).

.

Wiru this Plate commences the illustration of the sixth sub-family of Noctuide, the Hatenid’, embracing thirteen
genera, Among these, Pola and some others contain insects of comparatively large size, some measuring nearly two
and a-half inches in the expanse of the wings; the others are of moderate size, none being so smallas the Ifiane
and Celene among the Apamidi. In the perfect state the insects composing this family have the antennz rather
long, and in some species, as Valeria, strongly ciliated; the abdomen more or less crested; the fore wings thick and
strongly maculated with many varieties of markings ; and in repose the wings lie in the form of a strongly inclined
roof. The Caterpillars are of rather long proportion, not shining, and being generally without raised spots. Some
have the twelfth segment humped, and they bury themselves, more or less deeply, to undergo their transformation,
forming generally an oval cocoon.

The insects of the genus Luplexia have the antenne pubescent, or rather bristled, in the males, and the
palpi are slightly elevated, the abdomen thickly fringed at the sides, with a thicker crest on the third segment. The
fringe of the fore wings is dentate, they are broad and thick, and slightly folded in repose. The Caterpillars are
velvety, and thicker in the posterior segments, which are angulated, the head and anterior segments being small.

Luplexia Lucipara (the Small Angleshades, No. 1) is rare as a British species. The Caterpillar (No, 2)
feeds on Echium Vulgare and Anchusa Officinalis in autumn, and the Moth appears in June. It has been found in
the woods round London, in Devonshire, Hampshire, and other places. This is the only British species,

The genus Mamestra. The insects in this genus have the antennz somewhat long, and slender, and simple, in
both sexes. The thorax is generally double-crested, and the abdomen crested on the first segment. The fore wings
are more or less denticulated at the fringed margin, and are generally of dark colours and rather distinctly marked,
having frequently a W-like mark in the light waved band nearest the external edge. The Mamestre are rather
large, often measuring one and three-quarter inches across the extended wings. The Caterpillars are smooth
and elongate, and feed at night on the leaves of low plants, concealing themselves during the day. They undergo
their change in the earth.

Maniestra Persicaria (the Dot, No. 3) is one of the most remarkable, as well as the commonest of the genus,
the striking effect of the bright white stigma, in the midst of the darkly tinted fore wings, being the origin of its
popular name, the “ Dot.” The Caterpillar feeds, in preference, upon the common garden weed Polygonum Persicaria,
from whence its specific name, Persicarie. It is found in the autumnal months, and the perfect insect appears in
the following June.

Mamestra Oleracea (the Bright-line Brown Eye, No. 5) is still more common than the preceding. The Cater-

50 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

pillar (No. 6) feeds on plants of the cabbage tribe, sometimes committing great ravages in our gardens. It appears
in the autumn, and the Moth early in the following summer.

There are six other species :—WM. Pisi (the Brown Moth), If Suasa (the Dog's Tooth), M. Chenopodii (the
Nutmeg), Af. Nigricans (the Dusky Nutmeg), M. Albicolon (the White Colon), and M, Brassicw (the Cabbage Moth).
Three of these are, like the two preceding species, very common; but the other three, M. Nigricans, M. Albicolon, and
M. Suasa, are very rare. Nigricans has been taken in the New Forest and at Darenth Wood ; A/dicolon has been
found in Cumberland ; and Swasa, though very common on the Continent, has been taken only once or twice at
Birch Wood, in Kent, in Norfolk, and in the Like District.

The genus, Hadena, the type of thé Hadenidi, have the palpi bent upwards, the antenne simple, or only
slightly ciliated in the males. The fore wings are undulated at the fringed edge, and are rather narrow, and all the
species are generally rather smaller than those of the preceding genus. The Caterpillars are smooth, of rather long
proportion, and sometimes rather brightly coloured. The Chrysalids are subterranean. In its present restricted
form this genus contains eleven species.

Hadena Adusta (the Dark Brecade, No. 7) is one of the insects of this class upon which our old collectors
conferred the name of Brocades, from the rich shining patches of very exquisitely varied tints on the anterior wings
which distinguish many of the Haden. It is a large insect, often measuring one and three-quarter inches across
the extended wings. It is a rather rare species, but occurs in the woods of Kent and Surrey, and has been found in
Essex, on Chatmoss, and in other localities. The Caterpillar is said to be of dull reddish, marbled with green on the
back, the dorsal line being only indicated by dark blotches at the joints. It feeds on several low-growing plants.

Hadena Dentina (the Shears, No. 8) is common everywhere. The Caterpillar (No. 9) is dull greenish gray,
browner on the back, with a row of dark triangular spots on either side of the dorsal line. The head is reddish. It
feeds on Dandelion, preferring the lower leaves or roots.

There are several varieties of this species, which have been named, as distinct species, but they only differ in
the tone of colouring, the disposition of the markings remaining the same, or very nearly so.

The other species are :—H, Sa'wra (the Beautiful Arches), H. Arctica (the Barred Arches), H. Assimilis (the
Northern Arches), H. Thalassina (the Pale-shouldered Brocade), H. Geniste (the Light Brocade), H. Cuntigua (the
Beautiful Brocade), H. Gemina (the Brown-pinioned Brocade), 1. Glauca (the Glaucous Shears), and HH. Protea (the
Brindled Green). Among these, some, though common, are very beautifully marked, as Thalassina, Geviste, and
Contigua. Others are very rare, as Gemina, Glawa, and Protea.

The genus Xy/ocampa. The insects, fur the reception of which this genus was established by M. Guéené, have
the antenne of thé males slightly pubescent, or velvety, but not ciliated, with a tuft of hair at the base. The
abdomen is crested on the anterior segment; the markings of the fore wings are distinct, and the fringe long. The
Caterpillars are long and attenuated at each end, but thick in the middle, with an eminence on the twelfth segment.

Xylocampa Lithoriza (the Early Gray, No.10). The only English species has been recently removed from
Hadena to this genus, on account of several peculiarities, both in the preparatory and perfect states, which were at
variance with the true character of the Hadere. The colour of the Caterpillar is rather a grayish buff, with a paler
dorsal line, bordered by brown spots ; the twelfth segment is rather humped. It feeds upon honeysuckle in the
summer months, and the perfect insect appears as early as the following March or April, frequenting the flowers of
the Sallow. It is a common insect, aud very widely distributed.

The genus Newria. The insects of this genus have antennx pubescent in the males, and slightly so in the
females. The fore wings are distinguished by the pale colour of the nervures, or neurations, which thus become
very conspicuous; the name of the genus being founded on this peculiarity.

Neuria Saponarie (the Bordered Gothic, No. 11), the only British species, was formerly, like Xylocampa
Lithoriza, classed with the Hadene, though always considered a very distinct species, its general character agreeing
much better with M. Guéené’s new genus Newria, The Caterpillar probably varies considerably in colour, as it is
described by some as being of a reddish gray colour, streaked with brown, and by others as entirely green, without
any markings; it possibly changes colour at different ages. It feeds on different species of Saponaria and Silene, in

July and August, and the Moth appears the following summer, It is not rare.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 51

The genus Heliophobus is conveniently placed next to Neuria in the system I am following, as H. Popularis so
closely resembles N. Saponarie, that, but for the strongly bipectinated antenne, it might be mistaken for it. The
bipectinated antenne in the perfect state, and the striped Caterpillars in the preparatory stage, are, in fact, the
chief characteristics which distinguish the insects of this genus from those of Neuwria. The Caterpillars conceal
themselves during the day, never emerging to feed till after dark, as expressed in the generic title Heliophobus, which
signifies, dread of the sun.

Heliophobus Popularis (the Feathered Gothic, No. 12) has received its popular name in allusion to the
feather-like antennz which so plainly distinguish it from the Bordered Gothic, just described. It is widely distri-
buted, and not rare. The Caterpillar is said to be of a metallic brown, with whitish lines ; the marks, or plates, on
the second and anal segments being black.

There are two other species, H. Hispidus (the Beautiful Gothic) and H. Dumerilii(the Pale Feathered Rustic),
both rather rare. The former has been taken at Plymouth, the Isle of Portland, and one or two other places ; the

latter is possibly only a pale variety.

an
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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

PLATE XXI.

No. 1.—The Feathered Ear (Pachetra Leucophea). No. 10.—The Caterpillar of the Large Ranunculus.

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Feathered Ear, No. 11.—The Feathered Ranunculus (Ewimichtis Lichenea),

No. 3.—The Campion (Dianthecia Cucubali). will be figured in Plate 23.

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Campion. No. 12.—The Green Arches (Ewrois Herbida).

No. 5 & 54.—The Caterpillar of the Lychnis (Dianthecia No. 13,—The Caterpillar of the Green Arches.
Capsincola). No. 14.—The Gray Arches (Eurois Nebulosa).

No. 6.—The Beautiful Coronet (Dianthecia Albimacula), No. 15.—The Caterpillar of the Gray Arches.

No. 7.—The Dusky Sallow (Lremobia Ochroleuca). No. 16.—The Great Brocade (Burois Occult«).

No. 8.—The July Chi (Polia Chi). No. 17,—The Caterpillar of the Great Brocade.

No. 9.—The Large Ranunculus (Polia Flavicincta).

Tue genus Pachetra. This genus was established by M. Guéené, in 1841. The characteristics of the insects it is
intended to include are, antenne of male strongly pectinated, abdomen crested in both sexes, the fore wings
slightly undulating at fringed edge, and being robust, pubescent, and distinctly marked ; the hind wings being
semi-transparent, and in the only British species having a light border at the edge. The Caterpillar is thick, velvety,
and thickens towards the tail. It lives concealed near the roots of grass, and a cocoon is formed in that situation,
or jn moss.

Pachetra Leucophea (the Feathered Ear, No. 1) is by some still retained in the genus Heliophobus, though
very distinct from the other species. It is very rare in this country, having never been taken since the year 1816
(near Bristol), till within the last few years, when a few specimens have been captured in other places, The Caterpillar
(No. 2) is rather variously described ; according to M. Guéené it is grayish-yellow, with a pale, ochreous, dorsal line,
and the head and plate on second segment light brown.

The genus Dianthecia is composed of a group of insects which in the larva state generally feed on plants of
the Dianthus family, from which the name is derived. Most of the British species were formerly classed in the
genera Hadena and Miselia, but have been separated in deference to the recent arrangement of M. Boisduval. The
insects of this genus are distinguished by pubescent antenne in the males, the abdomen crested at base in the female,
and the ovipositor somewhat conspicuous. The front wings have distinct markings, the hind wings having a small
angular light patch at the anal angle. The larva is smooth and velvety, attenuated at each end, and having dark
diagonal marks along the back. There are five species.

Dianthecia Cucubali (the Campion, No. 3) is a remarkably handsome insect, and particularly distinguished
from the following species by the union of the two stigmas in the fore wings, by means of their light ochreous
outlines. The Caterpillar (No. 4) feeds on different kinds of Lychnis, and the Moth is found during the summer
months. It was formerly considered rather rare, but has recently been found in some plenty at Cambridge,
Scarborough, and other places.

Dianthecia Capsincola (the Lyclinis) isa common and widely-distributed insect, and may be distinguished
from the more beautiful D. Cucubali by the separation of the stigmas. "The Caterpillar feeds on the seeds in the
capsules of the common hedge Lychnis. It is green spotted with black when young (No. 5), but afterwards becomes
brown, with the diagonal marks as shown at No, 53. The perfect insect appears both in June and September, being

probably double brooded.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 53

Dianthecia Albimacula (the Beautiful Coronet, No. 6) is as rare as the preceding species is plentiful, the only
British specimen being in the British Museum. It was taken near Birch Wood, Kent, in 1816. The Caterpillar,
according to M. Guéené, is ochreous-yellow, with a gray line down the back, which has a series of short diagonal
lines on each side of it. It feeds on Silene Nutans.

The other species are D. Perplexa (the Tawny Shears) and D. Conspersa (the Marbled Coronet) ; of these
neither are common, and D. Perpleca may be considered rare, though it has been taken at Bristol, Cambridge,
Darenth Wood, and other places.

The genus Eremobia. In this genus the males are distinguished by ciliated antenne, the abdomen is crested
in both sexes, and the fore wings are undulated at the fringed edge. The Caterpillars are handsomely marked
with conspicuous black dots and marks, and the head is large. It feeds, exposed, on different grasses.

Eremobia Ochroleuca (the Dusky Sallow, No. 7) is the only British species. It appears in July, frequenting
exposed heaths and commons, especially those of Kent and Surrey, but it is not abundant. The Caterpillar feeds
on grasses, and is a conspicuous object from its bright bluish-green colour, with yellow lateral stripes and
numerous black markings.

The genus Polia. This genus, which, accerding to arrangements of English authors, contained till
recently a number of species, among which were most of the largest and finest of our native Noctuide, has been
restricted, in later arrangements, to a much smaller scope, and now, in fact, contains but four, and in some
systems only two species, the others having been removed to Miselia, Eurois, and other genera. The insects con-
tained in this genus, as it now stands, are distinguished by the slightly ciliated antenne of the males, the elongated
abdomen, crested on the anterior segments, and the murkings of the fore wings having a mottled character. The
Caterpillars are long and somewhat slender, of lively but generally of nearly uniform colour, which last feature
distinguishes them from those formerly of this genus that have been removed. They have the head rather large
and the pupa is enclosed in a subterranean cocoon.

Polia Chi (the July Chi, No. 8) is one of the small kinds still retained in the genus. The Caterpillar is
green, without any markings beyond a dorsal and a lateral stripe, and therefore agrees with the characters now
established. It feeds on the Common Wild Columbine and many other plants, the Moth appearing in July. It isan
abundant species in the north.

Polia Flavicincta (the Large Ranunculus, No. 9) is a mach larger insect than the preceding, but not so large
as those removed from the genus. It is found in August and September, and is rather a common species. The
Caterpillar (No. 10) feeds on Lettuce, Dock, Currant, and many other plants and shrubs, and is of tle true character
required for those now admitted to the genus, being slender and of nearly uniform colour.

The other species still retained in the genus Polia, in the system I am following, are P. Serena (the Broad
Barred White) and P. Dysodea (the Ranunculus), both small species. The Caterpillars of these last named species
are both strongly marked, and are shorter aud thicker than those of the insects now considered true Poli ; they
have, therefore, in some arrangements been excluded from the genus.

The genus Ewmichtis will be described in Plate 23.

The genus Eurois. To this genus, established by Hiibner in 1816, are now removed imost of the finest species
formerly placed by English entomologists in the genus Polia. Some, disregarding the previous claim of the title
established by Hiibner, have taken M. Guéené’s name, Aplecta, as the title of the genus now adopted for the reception
of these insects. The characters of the genus Lurois of Hiibner, as well as of the genus Aplecta of M. Guéené, are,
antenne pubescent in male, abdomen long, hairy, and slightly depressed, and only slightly crested on the anterior
seoment. The fore wings are dentate, or toothed at the fringed edge, and their stigmas and other markings are
very clear and distinct. The larvz are smooth, rather thick, and generally with oblique marks along the back, and
other strong maculations.

Eurois Herbida (the Green Arches, No. 12) is one of the handsomest of the genus, but the fine green tone of
some of the markings often fades very rapidly in a collection, The Caterpillar (No. 13) exhibits clearly the

characters, which, among others, have caused the separation of this group of species from the old English genus Polia.

54 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

It feeds on CochleariaArmoracea, The perfect insect appears in June, but was formerly considered rare, though
widely-dispersed, having been taken at Darenth Wood, in Norfolk, and as far north as Lanark. More recently it
has been taken in some abundance at Brighton, at Hull, and other places.

E. Nebulosa (the Gray Arches, No. 15) is one of the largest of the new group, sometimes measuring near
two and a-quarter inches across the expanded wings. It is a widely-dispersed and common species, ain found
sitting on the trunks of trees in June. The Caterpillar (No. 16) feeds on Verbascum Thapsus.

E. Occulta (the Great Brocade, No. 16) is the largest of the group, and, indeed, perhaps of the whole of the
extensive family of the Noctwidw, sometimes measuring nearly two and a-half inches across the wings. The Cater-
pillar (No. 17) feeds on Lettuce, Dandelion, etc., in May, the Moth appearing in July. It may be considered a rare
insect, though it has been taken at Birkenhead, at Edinburgh, in the Lake District, in Epping Forest, at Dover, and
other places.

The other species are E, Advena (the Pale Shining Brown) and EZ. Tincta (the Silvery Arches) ; the first, an
inconspicuous insect of nearly uniform pale brown, the markings being very obscure ; the second is very handsome
in appearance and midway between Occulta and Nebulosa, and nearly as large. It is rare, but has occurred in

several localities, as Plymouth, Worcester, Birch Wood, etc., etc.

Or
or

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

PLATE XXII.

No. 1.—The Wild Arrach (Trachea Atriplicis). No, 8.—The Ealing’s Glory (Miselia Oxyacanthe).

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Wild Arrach, No. 9.—The Double-spot Brocade (IMiselia Bimueulosa).
No. 3.—The Portland Moth (Hapalia Precox), No, 10.—The Peach Blossom (Thyatira Batis).

No. 4.—The Marvel-du-Jour (Agriopis Aprilina). No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Peach Blossom).

No. 5,—The Caterpillar of the Marvel-du-Jour. No. 12.—The Buff Arches (Thyatira Derusa).

No. 6.—The Green Brindled Dot (Valeria Oleagina). No. 13.,—The Caterpillar of the Buff Arches,

No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Green Brindled Dot.

Tue genus Trachea, of Hiibner, as at present restricted, contains but one British species. The genus is distin-
guished by the antenne being simple in both sexes, by the squareness of the thorax, which is crested in the middle,
and by the tufts on the segments of the abdomen. The fore wings are somewhat elongate and triangular ; the
palpi have the terminal joint distinct and knob-like. The Caterpillars are smooth, and the penultimate segment is
somewhat angulated, as in those of the Mamestre.

Trachea Atriplicis (the Wild Arrach, No. 1), by some placed in the genus Hadena, generally measures about
an inch and three-quarters across the expanded wings. It is a beautiful insect, and considered rare, though it has
been taken in various districts. The Caterpillar (No. 2) is generally of the colour of the one figured, but from the
coloured figure of Résel, it would seem that it is occasionally flesh-coloured. It feeds on Atriplex hortensis, and some
kinds of Dock. The perfect insect appears in June and September.

The genus Hapalia now receives its original name, that adopted by Hubner in 1818, in preference to the later
denomination, Actebia, adopted by Stephens. Theantenne are slightly ciliated beneath in the males ; the palpi are
short and obtuse ; the fore wings narrow and truncated. The Caterpillar is smooth, and undergoes its change

‘in the earth. There is but a single British species.

Hapalia Precox (the Portland Moth, No. 3) is a very handsome insect, the green tone of the anterior wings,
with their white and black markings, forming a striking and agreeable contrast with the rich brown of the hinder
ones. The Caterpillar is brownish on the upper side, with a slender dorsal line of white, irregularly bordered with
black; the sides are grayish, powdered with black specks. It is found in May, feeding on the Galium verum, and
the Moth appears in August. It appears to be a coast insect, having been first found in the Isle of Portland, and
subsequently near the coast, in Ireland, and in the north of England ; but it is still rare.

The genus Agriopis, founded by Boisduyal, contains but a single British species, removed from the Miselie on
account of the somewhat flattened form of Caterpillar. The insects forming the genus Agriop’s, as defined by Bois-
duval, have the antenne pubescent, with a tuft of hairs at the base ; the abdomen is robust and slightly crested, and
the fore wings thick, with very distinct lines and markings. The larve feed on trees, in the bark of which they
conceal themselves during the day. They burrow very deeply in the ground to undergo their change, the pupa
being enclosed in an earthen cocoon.

Agriopis Aprilina (the Marvel-du-Jour, No, 4) is a remarkably fine insect ; the pale green‘of the fore wings
being beautifully variegated with markings of black and white, and the hind wings brown, with pale bands nearly

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

white. The Caterpillar (No. 5) is, as referred to above, rather flattened in its form ; in its colour it varies consider-
ably, but is generally reddish gray, the dorsal markings being nearly black, variegated and streaked with paler
tones. It feeds on the Oak, and there are probably two broods in the year, as the perfect Moth appears
both in April and October. It is a common species, and the pup are often found by digging at the roots of the
trees which the Caterpillar feeds on, such as the Oak, Beech, Apple, ete.

The genus Valeria is distinguished by the bipectinated antenne of both sexes, the pectinations in those of the
male being the strongest. The thorax and abdomen are crested, and the long fringe of the fore wings strongly
dentated. The larve feed exposed on shrubs. The pupe are subterranean, and enclosed in a cocoon of earth
and silk.

Valeria Oleagina (the Green Brindled Dot, No. 6) is the only British species. It is extremely rare, but is
reported to have been found in various localities, as Richmond Park, near Bristol, in South Wales, and in Scotland.
Mr. Stainton, however, only gives one place of capture, Fishguard, in Pembrokeshire, in July, 1800. The Cater-
pillar (No. 7) has the segments next the head larger than the head, and those next the tail attenuated. It
feeds on Blackthorn in the spring and the Moth appears soon after Midsummer.

The genus Misclia, formerly containing six or more species, in English arrangements, is now reduced to two.
The characters are, the antenne of the males thickened, and the abdomen, which is crested, slender in the
males, but remarkably robust in the females. The larve are rather flattened beneath, and convex above, and have
the twelfth sezment somewhat humped. The pupe are subterranean, and enclosed in a cocoon of earth and silk.

Miselia Oxyacanthe (Ealing’s Glory, No. 8) was formerly considered rather rare, though widely dispersed ; but
recent Collectors pronounce it a common species. The Caterpillar is reddish brown, marbled with black, white, and
a deeper tone of brown, with a slender dorsal line of black. It feeds on the Hawthorn and Sloe, in May, and the
Moth appears in September and October.

Miselia Rimaculosa (the Double-spot Brocade, No, 9) is extremely rare ; only one capture, in fact, is recorded,
that of the specimen in the British Museum, taken near Bristol, in 1815. The Caterpillar has two protuberances on
the posterior segment ; it is brownish in colour, and dotted near the head ; it is also speckled with minute white
dots, and the spiracular line is dark above. It feeds on the Elm.

The genus Thyatira is at once distinguished by its peculiar markings, to which those which generally charac-
terise the family entirely give place. The two species of which it is composed not only differ in this respect from the
rest of the family, but also from each other, insomuch that more than one entomologist has proposed making
them separate genera, as they differ in anatomical structure, as well as in their markings, and also in their prepara-
tory stages, the Caterpillars being strikingly different in general character. They have, at the same time, some
good generic characters in common. The antenne are rather short and pubescent; the abdomen is slender,
and crested on the first segment only.

Thyatira Batis (the Peach Blossom, No. 10) is one of the most beautiful of our native Moths. It is found
in many parts of the country, in some places abundantly, as at Huddersfield and Lyndhurst, according to Mr. Stainton.
The Caterpillar (No. 11) is of very singular character, the peculiar humps on several of the segments resembling
those of the Notodonte. It feeds on Bramble ; and the Moth appears in June and July, being generally found
in woods.

Thyatira Derasa (the Buff Arches, No. 12) is almost as beautiful as the preceding species ; the exquisite
zigzag markings of delicate buff on the fore wings, from which it takes its characteristic name, being of almost
unique character in British insects of this class. The Caterpillar (No. 13) feeds on the Bramble, and the Moth
appears in June and July. Though once deemed far from common, the activity of recent collectors has shown

it to be tolerably plentiful in many parts of the country, especially at Lyndhurst ; while it is found each season in

many other places.

Gr
“I

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

PLATE XXIII.

No. 1.—The Feathered Ranunculus (2wmichtis Lichenea). No. 8.—The Knot-Grass (Acronycta Rumicis).
No. 2.—The Scarce Marvel of Peru (Dipthera Orion). No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Knot-Grass.
No. 3.—The Caterpillar of the Scarce Marvel of Peru. No. 10.—The Sycamore (Apatela Aceris).

No, 4.—The Dark Dagger (Triena Tridens). No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Sycamore.
No. 5,—The Caterpillar of the Dark Dagger. No. 12.—The Miller (Apatela Leporina).

No. 6.—The Alder (Acronycta Alni). No, 13.—The Caterpillar of the Miller.

No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Alder.

Tue genus Eumichtis* contains but one British species, which has been separated from the Polie, with which it was
formerly grouped, on account of its pectinated antennz, and some other less marked characters. Some English
entomologists place the solitary species, E. Lickenea, in Duponchel’s genus, Epunda, along with three other British
species, Z

Eumichtis Lichenea (the Feathered Ranunculus, No. 1) is, in most localities, a rare insect, but has beon
taken at Birkenhead in some numbers, and has been captured also, though sparingly, at Bristol and Plymouth. The
Caterpillar, according to Brockholes, as cited by Mr. Stainton, is dark green, inclining to olive, with three rows of
dusky black markings along the back, and the spiracular line green. It is suid to feed on Ragwort, and several
other plants.

The seventh Sub-Family of Noctuide, Bombycoidi, contains four genera, Dipthera, Triwna, Acronycta, and
Apatela.

The genus Dipthera is distinguished by the velvety antenne of the males, those of the female being simple,
and by the long and rather slender palpi. The abdomen is slender, and tufted on the first segment ; and the
fore wings are broad and beautifully marked. It is also distinguished by the hairy Caterpillars, which resemble
those of the Arctiide. They do not burrow to undergo their transformation. There is only one British species.

Dipthera Orion (the Scarce Marvel of Peru, No. 2) is still a rare species, though found in many widely
distant localities. The Caterpillar (No. 3) feeds in autumn upon the foliage of the Oak, Birch, etc., and the perfect
insect appears in the following May and June.

The genus Zriena, of Hiibner, contains two British species, the well known Dagger Moths, which have been
separated from the genus Acronycta, to which they formerly belonged in our arrangements, on account of the
remarkable elevation on the fourth sezment from the head in the Caterpillar, and the distinct dagger-like markings
of the fore wings in the perfect insect. For these reasons they were also placed in a separate genus by Guénée,
which he termed Semaphora, The antennz are simple in both sexes, and the abdomen is not crested. The pupa
is formed among moss, or in the crevices of bark.

Triana Tridens (the Dark Dagger, No, 4) is the rarest of the two species, though both are common. The
Caterpillar (No. 5) feeds on Sloe, Whitethorn, etc., in the autumn, and the perfect insect appears in the following
May and June. The short black marks near the base of the anterior wings have somewhat the shape of a trident,
from which it takes its popular name. It has also the marks like the Greek Psi nearer the edge of the fore wings.

Triena Psi (the Gray Dagger) is paler than the preceding. It receives its name fiom several marks near the

* The genus Zumichtis, in the system I am adopting, ought to have followed the genus Polia, but I have found it more con-
yenient to describe it here.

Rh

58 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTOS.

edge of the fore wings, in the form of the Greek letter Psi. In the Caterpillar stage it may be distinguished from
T. Tridens by a much lower hump, surrounded by a clear cream-coloured blotch, and by other distinctive markings.

The genus Acronycta, as now restricted, still contains nine species, some of which, from their distinctness,
especially in the preparatory stages, may, at no distant period, form the basis of separate genera. The chief
characteristics of this genus, as now accepted, are—long and slender antenna, simple in both sexes, the palpi
rising to the level of the eyes ; and the abdomen is not crested, except in Ligustri. The larvae are excessively various,
but the pups are in no instance formed in the earth, the transformation taking place in crevices of bark, or
among moss.

Acronycta Alni (the Alder, No. 6) is one of the most beautiful, and perhaps the rarest of the genus. The
Caterpillar (No. 7) feeds on various trees, but prefers the Alder. The Moth appears in June. Halton, in Bucking-
hamshire, Huddersfield, and many other places of its capture are recordéd. The singular elubbed hairs which
issue from each segment of the Caterpillar, will, no doubt, when we are better acquainted with the larve of allied
exotic species, cause A. Alni to take its place in a new genus.

A. Rumicis (the Knot-Grass; No. 8) is the other species which I have selected to illustrate this genus. It
is as common as 4. Alniis rare. The Caterpillar (No. 9) feeds upon Dock, Bramble, and other plants, in the
autumn ; and the Moth, which is common everywhere, appears in the following May.

The other species are, Acronycta Ligustri (the Coronet), the fore wings of which are of a greenish brown, the
usual markings being varied with whitish portions, especially a large blotch nearthe apex; and the hind wings deep
clear brown, A. Sérigosa (the Marsh Dagger) is a very rare species, formerly represented by the unique specimen
in the Haworth collection, “supposed” to have been taken in Norfolk; but a better authenticated capture at
Cambridge now fully entitles the species to a place in the British catalogue. The fore wings are pale gray, shaded
with black towards the inner margin; the extreme base of the inner margin is fulvous, the renal stigma is pale
ochreous ; the hind wings are ashey gray. A. Awricoma (the Scarce Dagger) resembles in general appear-
ance the Trieng ; the external striga, or band, is traversed near the posterior angle by « sharp black streak
pointing inward, forming somewhat the shape of a Greek Psi, but much heavier and blacker than the similar forms
inthe Triene. A. Menyanthidis (the Light Knot-Grass) has the fore wings pale gray, with the usual general
markings, and a blackish hook-like mark near the base; the hind wings being brown, with pale fringes. The Moth
is rather rare, and generally found in the northern counties. A. Salicis (the Willow) was at one time
thought to be merely a variety of A. Menyanthidis, but is now generally admitted to be distinct. It is distinguished
from the last-named species by the more strongly marked brown strige, which form themselves into broad
patches. It also closely resembles 4, Rumicis, but is invariably darker. 4. Myrice is a newly-discovered species,
now found plentifully at Rannoch, in Scotland. The front wings are pale gray, varied with dark gray and black,
without any conspicuous paler markings. The hind wings are white, with the veins brownish. The last species is
A, Megacephala (the Poplar Gray) ; it resembles in general appearance A. Rumicis, but is larger, and the tone of
colouring of the fore wings grayer, and the markings less distinct. The Caterpillar has more the proportions and
markings of those of the Geometre than of those of the present family ; and the head being of larger diameter,
has suggested the specific name, Megacephala, or Great-headed.

The genus Apatela contains two British species, which are placed by some writers in the genus Acronycta, but
the distinct character of the hairy Caterpillars, much resembling those popularly known as the Tussocks, seem fully
to warrant the formation of the species so distinguished into a distinct genus. A. Zeporina has, in fact, so many
affinities in both the preparatory and perfect stages to several of the Arctiide that, but for the simple antenne of
both sexes, it would seem more in its place in that family.

A, Aceris (the Sycamore, No. 10) is a common insect. Varieties occur in which the pale fore wings, like
those of the specimen figured, are of a very deep brownish gray, but with the same markings. The handsome
Caterpillar (No. 11) feeds on Horse Chestnut, Sycamore, ete. The perfect insect appears about the end of June,

A. Leporina (the Miller, No, 12) is much more rare, but localities are now known in which it is tolerably
common, as at Lyndhurst, York, and Worthing; and other places are named where it is far from scarce. The

3a?

Caterpillar (No. 13) feeds on Willow, Elm, Birch, etc. The Moth appearing in May and August.

d

ra

1

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 59

PLATE XXIV.

No. 1.—The Marbled Beauty (Bryophila Perla). No. 7.—The Double Kidney (Ipimorpha Retusa).

No. 2.—The Satin Carpet (Ceratopacha Fluctuosa). No. 8.—The Caterpillar of the Double Kidney.

No. 3.—The Yellow-Horned (Ceratopacha Flavicornis). No. 9.—The White-Spotted Pinion (Cosmia Diffinis).
No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Yellow-Horned. No. 10,—The Caterpillar of the White-Spotted Pinion.
No. 5.—The Minor Shoulder-Knot (Cleoceris Viminalis). No, 11.—The Dun-bar (EBuperia Trapetzina).

No, 6.—The Heart Moth (Zngramma Oo).

Tue eighth Sub-Family of the Noctwide, the Bryophagidi, comprises only one British genus, Bryophila. The
genus Bryophila is well distinguished from other genera of Noctuide by the smaller and more delicate forms of the
species which it includes, only two of which are British ; these bave slender and simple antenn in both sexes,
the palpi are raised upwards, the abdomen is slight, and crested above, and the wings are rather brond. The Cater-
pillars are slender, and more or less covered with pilose tubercles. They feed on various Lichens.

Bryophila Perla (the Marbled Beauty, No. 1) is the smallest of the two species. It is extremely variable,
both in the distinctness of the markings and the intensity of the ground colour of the wings. The hind wings are,
however, generally pale. The Caterpillar feeds on Lichens growing on trees or walls, and the Moth may be
found in July and August settled upon old walls or palings. It is a very common species.

Bryophila Glandifera (the Marbled Green), the other species, is generally rather larger than Perla, and
may also be distinguished by the full brown tone of the hind wings; it is, however, very variable. The Caterpillar,
which is greenish, with dark and white stripes, is also a Lichen feeder. The perfect insect appears rather earlier
than Perla, being often found in June, but also in July and the beginning of August. It is common, but does not
appear to be quite so abundant as the preceding species.

The ninth Sub-Family are the Noctwo-Bombicidi, of which there are three genera, Ceratopacha, Cleoceris, and
Engramma. :

The genus Cerafopacha. In this genus the insects are distinguished by the form of the fore wings, which are

either obtuse or angulated; the antennx are thick and short, but simple in both sexes, though pubescent beneath ;
the palpi are horizontal, with the last joint long and slender; the abdomen somewhat slender, and not crested.
The typical larvae are rather large-headed, smooth, and rather flattened beneath. They feed on various trees, between
leaves webbed together. There are seven British species.
j Ceratopacha Fluctuosa (the Satin Carpet, No. 2) is not a common insect, but is not unfrequently taken in
woody districts of the southern counties, and has also been taken in the lake district, at Huddersfield, Tenterden
and Worcester. The Caterpillar is yellowish white, with a dark head, and feeds on Birch. The Moth appears
about the end of June.

Ceratopacha Flavicornis (the Yellow-Horned, No. 3) was formerly considered a rare species, though taken
occasionally in the woods round London. It has, however, recently been taken abundantly near Manchester, and in
some plenty at Brighton and Bristol. The Caterpillar (No. 4) feeds on Birch, rolling up the leaves. The perfect insect
appears in March and April.

The other species are—C\. Dupiaris (the Lesser Satin Carpet), a pretty little species, the fore wings of which
are pale gray, with numerous darker waved bands. The hind wings are very pale brown, with a light band across
the middle. C. Diluta (the Lesser Lutestring), a pale toned species, with two groups of bands across the fore wings,
and other marks. C. Or (the Poplar Lutestring), a larger and darker coloured species, the ground keing dark gray,
and the bands and markings dull brown. °C, Ocularis (the Figure of Highty), at once distinguished by the marks ,
or stigmata, in the centre of the fore wings, which are white, filled up with black, and resembling the numerals 80.

And, lastly, C. Ridens (the Frosted Green), which is a very distinct species ; the ground colour of the fore wings

GO THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

being pale buff, closely marked and variegated with dull olive ; and these markings vary so much that it some-
times appears entirely olive ; the hind wings are brownish olive at the external edge, but become white half way
towards the base. The Caterpillars of all the species are leaf-rollers. a

The genus Cleoceris contains but one British species. Its distinctive characters are—antenne bipectinated
in the males, and serrated in the females ; the thorax not crested ; the larvee attenuated, smooth, and living in a case
of leaves webbed together.

Cleoceris Viminalis (the Minor Shoulder-Knot, No. 5) is a very variable species, some having the fore wings
much darker than our specimen, while others are suffused with a bright purplish tone. The Caterpillar is green, with
pale longitudinal streaks ; it feeds on the Willow, and the Moth appears in June and July, but is not common,

The genus Engramma contains only one species, recently separated from Cleoceris, on account of several
anatomical distinctions, too minute for detail in a work of popular character. The chief distinetions of the genus
are—the antenne pubescent, and the abdomen rather depressed in the male, and pointed in the female ; the
larve slightly flattened, and living in leaves webbed together.

Engramma Oo (the Heart Moth, No. 6) is a remarkably pretty insect. The Caterpillar feeds upon Oak, and
is reddish brown, marked with oval’spots and white lines. It is rather an uncommon species, though widely dispersed.

The tenth Sub-Family of the Noctuidae, the Xunthidi, contains eight genera, Ipimorpha, Cosmia, Euperia,
NXanthia, Jidia, Orbona, Atethmia, and Scoliopteryx.

In the genus Jpimorpha the antennz are simple, the thorax slightly crested, and the abdomen somewhat
flattened, and fringed at the sides ; the tips of the anterior wings are rather falcate or hooked, and their lines and
spots distinct. The larve: are flattened beneath, smooth, and somewhat shining, feeding between webbed leaves.
There are two species,

Tpimorpha Retusa (the Double Kidney, No. 7) is a species formerly considered rare, but now found in several
localities, though sparingly, as at Wavendon, Worcester, and York,

I, Sultusa (the Olive), the other species, las the fore wings olive-green, the lines and margin yellowish, the
stigma filled with gray, It was formerly considered rare, but has recently been found in some plenty at Halton in
Buckinghamshire, at Manchester, and somewhat less commonly in several other recorded Iccalities.

The genus Cosmia. In this genus the antennz are simple or slightly pubescent ; the abdomen slender and
conical, and the edge of the fore wings denticulated. The Caterpillar is smooth, slightly flattened beneath, and
attenuated anteriorly. It feeds enveloped in webbed leaves, among which it generally undergoes its transformation.
The pupa is very pointed at the hind part. There are three species.

Cosmia Diffinis (the White-Spotted Pinion, No, 9) is strikingly distinguished by the two white patches, at the
front edge of the fore wings, in which the transverse bands terminate. The Caterpillar (No. 10) feeds on the Elin,
the Moth being found in August. It is a common and widely-dispersed species.

The other species are, C. Pyral.na (the Lunar-Spotted Pinion), having the fore wings reddish brown, dis-
tinguished by grayish indistinct patches near the front angles ; and €. Affixis (the Lesser-Spotted Pinion),
resembling C. Diffinis, but smaller. The transverse bands in this species are grayish instead of ochreous, and
terminating in gray patches in front instead of white. Varieties occur which were formerly deemed distinct species,
while other distinct species have been removed from the genus.

The genus Zuperia consists of two species, first detached from Cosmia by M. Guénée, considering them, as Mr.
Westwood states, far removed in the system from the other species. M. Guénée places several of the Cosmie in his
new genus; but in the system I am following, only two are admitted, and some entomologists only admit one,
Fulvago, as being the only one exhibiting the main distinctive character, that of the Caterpillar feeding exposed,
and not webbed up in leaves.

Luperia Trapetzina (the Dun-bar, No. 11) is » delicately marked insect, The Caterpillar is light transparent
green, but sometimes dusky in colour, with a light yellow line on each side. It feeds on Oak. The Chrysalis is
formed among the spun-up leaves in June ; it is red, covered with a fine bloom. The Moth appears in July, and is
a very abundant species. The other species, L. Fulrago, very closely resembles it, but is rather larger, and much

yellower in tone. his pretty insect is extremely rare.

=

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 61

PLATE XXY.

No. 1.—The Pink-barred Sallow (Xanthia Flavago). No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Frosted Orange.

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Pink-barred Sallow. No. 12.—The Butter-burr (Gorfyna Petasites).

No. 3.—The Orange Upperwing (Jodia Croceago). No. 13.—The Double Line (Mythimna Turea).

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Orange Upperwing. No. 14.—The Caterpillar of the Double Line.

No. 5.—The Flounced Rustic (Orbona Rufina). | No. 15.—The Trebble Lines (Weristis Quercus).

No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Flounced Rustic. No. 16.—The Mottled Rustie (Curadrina Morpheus).
No. 7.—The Centre-barred Sallow (Atethmia Centrago). No. 17.—The Caterpillar of the Mottled Rustic.

No, 8.—The Herald (Scoleopteryx Libatrizx). No, 18,—The Reddish Buff (Acosmetia Caliginosa).
No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Herald. No. 19 —The Anomalous (Stilia Anomala).

No. 10.—The Frosted Orange (Gortyna Flavago).

Tue genus Xanthia, the type of the Xanthidi, is distinguished by thie slight ciliation of the antenne of the males on
the under side, by the obliquely-projecting palpi, and by the slightuess and somewhat flattened form of the abdomen;
also by the angulated and slightly hooked form of the anterior angles of the fore wings. The wings are generally of
brightish yellow or ferruginous tone, and slope downwards on either side, like a steep roof, when at rest. The
Caterpillars are short, rather thick, attenuated at the head, and having a horny plate on the first segment. They
feed on the buds and catkins of trees, when young, but afterwards are said to prefer low-growing plants. There are
five species.

Xanthia Flavago (the Pink-barred Sallow, No. 1) exhibits in a marked degree the yellow-toned wings which
distinguish most of the species; the bars and marks, as indicated in the popular name, being of a rich pinkish tone.
The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds on the Lime and Sallow in the spring, and has been found also on Plantain, probably
when in a more advanced stage, as characteristic of the habits of the larvee of nearly the entire genus. The Moth
does not appear till September and October. It is not rare, being found in most of the woods "yound London,
often fluttering over Ivy blossoms. It is also found in the north, as far as Birkenhead, and even Edinburgh ; many
intermediate localities are also recorded as places where it is tolerably common.

The other species are all distinguished by names having reference to the yellow, orange, or ferruginous
tone of their general colouring—namely, X. Cerago (the Sallow), X. Gilvago (the Dusky-lemon Sallow), X. Acerago
(the Barred Sallow), X. Citrago (the Orange Sallow).

Tue genus Judia, in British collections, contains at present but one species, formerly grouped with the
Xanthie. Having been deemed sufficiently distinct to form the type of a separate genus, Mr. H. Stephens, in detaching
the species in question, called the new genus Xantholeuca ; but the name Jodia, dating as early as 1816, has since been
preferred. This genus is mainly distinguished by the elongated palpi, having the appearance of a beak ; the abdomen
is much flattened, and the fore wings are acute at the tip. The larva is not attenuated towards the head, and has a
slight hump on the twelfth segment. The pupa is subterranean.

Jodiu Croceago (the Orange Upperwing, No. 3) is a variable insect in colour, some specimens being much
paler, and others darker, with more distinct markings, than the one in my figure. The Caterpillar (No. 4) feeds on
Oak. The Moth appears in autumn, and sometimes survives the winter. It is considered rather rare, but has been

8

62 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHs.

recently captured at Lewes, Lyndhurst, Tenterden, and Worcester ; and may generally be sought with success in
Oak woods in the more southern counties.

The genus Orbona may be said to be formed, like Jodia, of aberrant species of Xanthia; O. Ferruginea being
still preserved in the genus Nanfhia by some English entomologists. The insects assigned to the genus Orlona differ
from the Xanthie by the acuteness and other details of the fore wings, and by having the thorax scarcely crested,
and by the greater length of the abdomen. There are two species.

Orbona Rufina (The Flounced Rustic, No. 5) is not a rare insect. The Caterpillar (No. 6), which is reddish,
spotted with white, with white lines, feeds on the Oak ; and the Moth is found late in the autumn. It is tolerably
plentiful in many of the woods in the metropolitan counties, and in many other localities.

The other species, 0. Ferruginea (the Brick), is somewhat larger, and the marking of the wings more
distinct. It is a much more rare species, but occurs in Combe Wood, New Forest, and in other favourite localities
of our collectors, at the same season as 0. Rujina, namely, September and October.

The genus Atethmia is, like Jodia and Orbona, founded upon the distinct character of a species formerly
classed with the Xunthie. It has been separated more especially on account of the different form of the dentation of
the wings, the structure of the palpi, the unflattened abdomen, and the very distinct character of the markings.
M. Guenée founded a genus for this insect, which he named Cirredia; but a previous name of Hubner’s has been
now adopted.

Atethmia Centrago (the Centre-barred Sallow, No. 7) is extremely rare. The Caterpillar is rather short, with
grayish-brown marbled markings ; it feeds on the Oak, and also on low plants. It has been taken at Bristol,
Cambridge, Scarborough, Worcester, York, and other places.

Scoleopteryx is a well-marked genus, at once distinguished from all other Noctuide by the varied form of the
fringed margin of the anterior wings. The Caterpillar is slender, and attenuated towards the head.

Scoleopteryx Libatrix (the Herald, No. 8) is one of our prettiest and commonest Moths. The Caterpillar
(No. 9) feeds on Willows, Poplars, and other trees. There are two broods, the April Caterpillar producing the perfect
insect in June, and the June larve attaining their perfect state in September. Many specimens live through the
winter, and are often found sheltering in out-houses and other convenient situations.

The eleventh sub-family, the Gortynidi, contains but one British genus.

The genus Gortyna is distinguished by the setaceous antenne of the male, and by the short palpi; also by the
length and smoothness of the abdomen, which is very large in the female. The thorax is slightly crested, and the
wings form a triangle when in repose. The larve are dull coloured, naked, and grub-like, feeding in the interior
of the stems of plants, in which they undergo their change to the pupa gate. There are tliree species.

Gortyna Flavago (the Frosted Orange, No. 10) is a common species. The Caterpillar (No. 11), which is of a
dull flesh-colour, or yellow spotted with black, feeds within the stems of various aquatic and marsh plants; and
the Moth appears in August and September. It is found where there is marsh or standing water. It is easily
attracted and taken by the exposure of a light at night.

Gortyna Petasites (the Butter-burr, No. 12) is a newly-discovered species, differing, as will be seen, very mate-
rially, both in size and form, from G. Flavago. The Caterpillar is dull white, with black spots, the head, and plate
on the anal segment brown. It has been taken in great plenty at Manchester, and one or two other localities are
named where specimens have been captured, especially near streams, where the Butter-burr abounds, as the
Caterpillar feeds in the stems of the plant. By some authors this species is placed in the genus Hydrever.

The other species is G. Micacea (the Rosy Rustic). It is less than the preceding, the front wings pale rosy
brown, the hind wings pale grayish. It is very abundant in many places, especially at Birkenhead, Brighton,
Bristol, Burton-on-Trent, ete.

The twelfth sub-family of Noctuide is that of the Caradrinidi, consisting of five genera, Mythimna, Meristis,
Caradrina, Acosmetia, and Stilbia.

The genus Mythinna is formed of insects previously included in the genus Lewcania, from which they are now

separated in the system I am following, and by several modern entomologists, on account of the elongated body, the

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 63

form of the anterior wings with their partially obliterated stigmas, and the pubescent eyes; also, on account of some
differences in the Caterpillar state, which appear to warrant the separation. Three British species are assigned to
this genus.

Mythimna Turca (the Double Line, No. 13) is a large and robust insect, the more compact forms of which
seem at once to present to the ordinary observer a character different from that of the typical Lewcanie. The
Caterpillar (No. 14) is said to feed upon several kinds of reeds, but more especially the Juncus Pilosus; others
describe it as feeding on grasses in woods; and the Moth is, in fact, found in such sitnations in the month of July.
It is a rare and very local species, but has occurred in Essex, at Combe Wood, and at Bristol, and more recently at
Lewes and Lyndhurst in some plenty, and more sparingly at Manchester.

The other species are :—A/. Conigera (the Brown-line Bright Eye), which is considerably smaller, and rather
less robust in general appearance, and having tle markings more distinct, and the stigma pale ochreous instead of
white. Jf. Lythargyria (the Clay), though very closely resembling the last, is rather smaller than either of the
preceding species. It has a pervading gray tinge, and a little white in the renal stigma. This last is now con-
sidered common, though a few years since deemed a rarity. Varieties of this species occur, which were formerly
placed in collections under the name of J/. Grisea. Another insect was also included in this genus, under the
name of IM. Imbecilla, which is now omitted in all recent catalogues.

The genus Merist’s consists of two species, separated some time since from Caradvina, and placed in M Guénée's
genus, Grammesia, for which the older name of Hiibner, J/eristis, has since been substituted. The obtuse anterior wings
and woolly thorax separate them sufliciently from the preceding genus Mythimna, while in the preparatory stages
they are still more distinct, the Caterpillar being, according to M. Guénée, very short, and almost onisciform,

Meristis Quercus (the Treble-lines, No. 15) is one of our most abundant species in the Moth state, though
the Caterpillar is unknown to most British collectors.

The other species, /. Bilinea (the Dark Treble-lines), by some retained in the genus Caradrina, is much
darker and rather smaller than the preceding, and is without the fourth line, the three others being much less
distinct. It is much more rare than the other species, though found in many localities, especially in the more
southern counties.

The genus Caradrina, in its restricted form, contains five tolerably homogeneous species. The insects
assigned to it are distinguished by antenne rather short and simple, and the abdomen less robust than in the genus
Meristis ; the fore wings are thick and silky, the larva short and attenuated at each end, the head very small. They
only feed by night, and undergo their transformation in the earth.

Caradrina Morpheus (the Mottled Rustic, No, 16) is a very common species. The Caterpillar (No. 17) feeds
on the Bindweed, or Wild Convolvulus, and the Moth appears in June.

The other species are :—C. Blanda (the Rustic), about the size of the preceding, but having broad dark bands
running across the anterior wings. C. Alsines (the White-line Rustic), the fore wings of which are pale brown,
with darker stigmas bordered with an ochreous line; the hind wings are pale, with a dark border. C. Cubicularis
(the Pale Mottled Willow), much resembling the first species, is distinguished by the pearly whiteness of the hind
wings. Lastly, C. Exvigua (the Small Mottled Willow), possibly a small variety of C. Cubicularis.

The genus Acosmetia is now restricted to three species only, two of which are extremely rare. It is charac-
terized by the short but slender antennz, pubescent in the males; by the long and slender body, and by the fore
wings, which have a more or less silky appearance. The larva of one of the species is thick, and attenuated at
each end, and the pupa is formed in the earth.

Acosmetia Caliginosa (the Reddish Buff, No. 18) is very rare. The New Forest is the only locality cited for
its capture. It flies at dusk, or during the day in very moist and shady places. The Caterpillar is unknown.

Acosmetia Palustris (the Marsh Buff) is still more rare than the preceding, the only known British specimen
having been taken at Compton’s Wood, near York. In some systems it is placed in another genus (Hydrilla), the
female being very different in form from the male, having the fore wings narrower, and being generally much
smaller, This species is also distinguished from the preceding by the apparent hairiness of the wings in both

sexes, which prevents them from having the silky appearance of those of a Ca’iginosa. It ‘s about one inch to

64 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

one inch two lines across the expanded wings; the front wings are dull brownish, with the renal stigma blackish,
and some of the nervures darker brown; the hind wings are pale grayish brown, with a darker mark in the centre.

The third species, A. Avcuosa, resembles 4. Caliginosa, but is rather smaller, and has the fore wings paler and
the markings less distinct, while the hind wings have a much darker border. The Moth is not very uncommon in
woods near London, but the larva is unknowa to our collectors.

The genus Stilbia is distinguished by the character of the wings, which fold round the body like those of the
Lithosie, and are very shining. They have very distinct markings in the males, while those of the females are
darker, and without either band or stigma, or, having them but very indistinctly, There is but one species,

Stilbia Anomala (the Anomalous, No. 19) is taken in many localities, even us fur north as Scotland, but is
considered rather rare. The larva is green or reddish gray, with pale and slender lines of a yellowish tone, and a
broad spiracular line of white. It feeds on grasses, This genus is by some formed into a distinct family (S¢i/bide),

as presenting characters which render its locaticn with any other group very anomalous.

a

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 6

PLATE XXVI.

No. 1.—The Silky Wainscot (Senta Ulva). No. 8.—The Twin-spotted Wainscot (Nonagria Gemini
No. 2.—The Flame Wainscot (Senta Flammea). Puneta).

No. 3.—The Small Rufus (Canobia Rufa). No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Twin-spotted Wainscot.
No. 4.—The Bullrush (Nonagria Typhe). No, 10,—The Striped Wainscot (Leucania Pudorina).

No. 5.—The Female of the Bullrush, No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Striped Wainscot.

No, 6.—The Caterpillar of the Bullrush. No, 12.—The New Leucania (Leucania Vitellina),

No. 7.—The Tipped Wainscot (Wonagria Extrema).

Tue thirteenth sub-family of Noctuide is that of the Nonagridi, containing four closely related genera, Senta,
Cenobia, Nonagria, and Leucania.

The genus Senta is characterized by the pubescent antennz of the males, and the very long and slender
abdomen, which is without crests. The anterior wings are rather narrow, and have the raised nervures of a
lighter colour than that of the ground, which produces somewhat the appearance of regularly grained Oak, from
which the popular name of this group, the Waznscots, is derived. They are at once distinguished from the following
genus, Nonagria, by their much smaller size and by the slenderness of the body. The stigmas are traceable, but
nearly obsolete. The larvae are smooth, and but faintly coloured, like all those that feed in the interior of the
stems of plants.

Senta Uive (the Silky Wainscot, No. 1) is found in the fens of Cambridgeshire, and has also been taken
among the reeds on the banks of the Thames, at Hammersmith; but it is rare. The Caterpillar, as described by
Treitschke, is of a yellowish ochreous tone, with delicate stripes, and feeds in the stem of the reed Arundu
Phragmites.

Senta Flammea (the Flame Wainscot, No. 2), the only other species, is by some placed in another genus
(Meliana); but in the system I am following it is grouped very naturally with S. Ulve, though the still greater
length and slenderness of the body, and the longer and more almond-shaped wings, may probably justify its
separation. It is more scarce than the preceding species, not having at present been found in any other locality than
the Cambridgeshire fens. The Caterpillar is unknown.

The genus Cenodia contains but a single species, separated from Acosmetia on account of several minute
structural distinctions ; it is placed by some in the genus Nonagria, with which it has considerable affinity ; but in
the system I am following it is made to form a distinct genus, in accordance with a MS. arrangement of Stephens.
The wings are broader and shorter than in Senta, and the body, which is more robust than in that genus, is yet
elongated and thicker than in the insects assigned to the genus Nonagria.

Cenobia Rufa (the Small Rufous, No. 3) is very rare, but has been taken near Whittlesea Mere, in
Cambridgeshire, and in Norfolk. The Caterpillar is at present unknown.

The genus Nonagria, in which are placed some of the finest of our marsh Moths belonging to the “ Wainscot”
group, contains, as at present constituted, insects very closely allied to several of those placed in the following
genus (Leucania), which, however, now forms part of a distinct sub-family, while several of the species ranged as
Leucanie are far too distinct to group homogeneously together, so that we may look for a remodelling of
these genera at no distant period. The larve of the Leucanie form a very distinct and well-marked group
as not feeding on the pith of plants like those of Nonagridi.

The genus Nonagria, as at present constituted, is said to be characterized by the strongly ciliated antenne of
the male insects, and the slight pubescence of those of the females. The palpi are pointed upwards, the body is both

dt)

66 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

robust and elongated, and thicker in the female. This however scarcely applies to that section of the genus con-
taining the smaller species. The larva are smooth and pale coloured, with lighter and darker stripes. They feed
in the interior of the stems of reeds and aquatic grasses.

Nonagria Typhe (the Bullrush, No. 4) is one of the species belonging to the large and robust insects of
this group ; the female (No. 5) being one of the largest Moths in the whole family of Noctuide. The Caterpillar
(No. 6), though represented creeping upon a reed, feeds, like those of all the genus, on the pith of the interior of
the flower-stems. This Moth is not uncommon wherever the Bullrush is plentiful, and appears from July to
September. The pupa is formed inside the stem, close to an aperture eaten by the Caterpillar, and partially
closed again with web and gnawed portions of the stem. This insect varies considerably in colour, so that when
they were first captured in some plenty by Mr. 8. Stevens, a few years ago, many of the varieties were thought
to be distinct species.

NV. Canne and N. Crassicornis ave the two other large and robust species. They are principally distinguished
from N. Typhe by their general colour, NV. Canne being constantly of a reddish tone, and N. Crassicornis interme-
diate in tone between the red bufflof N. Canneand the grayish ochre of N. Typhe. N. Canna has only been taken
at Yaxley, but Crassicornis is said to have occurred in several marshy localities in some plenty.

Nonagria Extrema (the Tipped Wainscot, No. 7) belongs to the smaller set of insects in this genus. It is
very rare, only taken sparingly in the fens of Cambridgeshire. The Caterpillar is unknown.

N. Gemini Puncta (the Twin-spotted Wainscot, No. 8) holds an intermediate place between the small and
large insects of the group. The Caterpillar (No. 9) feeds in the stems of Arundo Phragmites, and the Moth
appears from July or August to September. It has been taken in the Hackney marshes, at Hammersmith, and
in Cambridgeshire.

The other small species of Nonagria are—N. Fulva (the Small Wainscot), which is reddish ochreous, dotted with
gray, and is the commonest of the small species; N. Helmanni (the Mere Wainscot), reddish ochreous, dusted with
darker, taken at Cambridge ; and NM. Newrica (the Brown-veined Wainscot), reddish ochreous, streaked with a
deeper colour, which has occurred at Yaxley.

The fourteenth sub-family of Noctuide is formed of the Leucanidi, distinguished from the Nonagridi by the
abit of such of the Caterpillars as are known, which invariably feed on the exterior, and not, as the Nonagridi, on
the pith of the stems. This sub-family contains four genera, Leuwcania, Calamia, Simyra, and Oris.

The genus Leucania is made to contain a group of insects to which it would be difficult to assign such charac-
ters as would distinguish them satisfactorily from those of the genus Nonagria, with the exception of a few aberrant
species, which will doubtless be differently located when the group is better understood. The only good distinction
is that of the larva stage before referred to, the habits of the larve, which are external feeders, having been
the ground upon which this section of the “ Wainscots’” has been formed into a distinct sub-family. Some
entomologists, however, keep them all together, as a well-marked and tolerably homogeneous group, under the
title of the Leucanide.

Leucania Pudorina (the Striped Wainscot, No. 10) has been taken at Brighton, near Cambridge in great
plenty, and also at Scarborough, York, and other places. The Caterpillar (No. 11) feeds on marsh grasses or reeds.

Leucania Vitellina (the New Jeucania, No. 12), recently captured by Mr. Bouchard, is very distinct
from most of the genus, as grouped in the system I am following, having the characteristic markings of
the wings peculiar to very distinct genera, while, in most of the other Leucanie, they are either obsolete
or entirely absent. I believe the specimen in the British Museum, from which my drawing is taken, is at present
unique.

The other species of Leucania are—L. Impura (the Smoky Wainscot), Z. Comma (the Shoulder Striped
Wainscot), Z. Litteralis (the Shore Wainscot), Z. Obsoleta (the Obscure Wainscot), Z. Straminea (the Southern
Wainscot) and ZL, Pallens (the Common Wainscot). They nearly all bear a strong family likeness to each other,
varying in colour from very pale ochre to a rather fall brownish tone, the hind wings of some being nearly white.

They are all rather sinaller than L. Pudorina.

TNE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 67

PLATE XXVII.

No. 1.—The Fen Wainscot (Culamia Phragmitidis). No. 6.—The Great Angle-shades (Phlogophora Empyrea).
No. 2.—The Powdered Wainscot (Simyra Venosa). No. 7.—The Mullein (Cucullia Verbasci).

No. 3.—The Tawny-veined Wainscot (Oria Musculosa). No. 8.—The Caterpillar of the Mullein.

No, 4.—The Angle-shades (Phlogophora Meticulosa). No. 9.—The Shark (Cucullia Umbratica).

No. 5.—The Caterpillar of the Angle-shades. No. 10.—The Caterpillar of the Shark.

Tue first insects in this Plate complete the group of the Wainscots.

The genus Calamia only includes one British species, recently separated from Leucania, on account of the
Caterpillar being a pith feeder, and from Nonagria, on account of the glossy smoothness of the wings, the veins of
which are not raised as in that genus.

Calamia Thragmitidis (the Fen Wainscot, No.1) has the anterior wings rather bluntly lanceolate; they
are shining and without marks, being of an ochreous colour, with a greenish-brown gloss. The Caterpillar is
described by Treitschke as being of a dirty white, with a row of irregular spots of violet-brown. It has been taken
in Cambridgeshire, and also in the Greenwich marshes.

The genus Simyra. This genns is characterized by the antenne of the perfect insect, which are simple in
both sexes, those of the male being, however, pubescent beneath. The fore wings are very pointed, and are without

_ any of the usual characteristic marks, but have some dark longitudinal lines. In the Caterpillar stage, the insects
assigned to this genus are very distinct from the other Wainscots, as they are clothed with fascicles of hair, and feed
on herbaceous plants, the pups being enclosed in a cocoon.

Simyra Venosa (the Powdered Wainscot, No. 2) is found in Huntingdonshire, and other marshy districts.
The Caterpillar is thick, and clothed with fascicles of erect hairs, yellowish on the upper side of the body. It is
spotted with red, brown, and black, and has a yellow lateral stripe, interrupted by brown dots.

The genus Qvia contains another of the species, separated from Leucania. It is the same genus as Dupon-
chel’s Synia, Hiibner’s name having been eventually preferred on account of its priority.

Oria Musculosa (the Tawny-veined Wainscot, No. 3) is extremely rare, but two specimens have been taken
recently at Brighton. The Caterpillar is unknown.

The fifteenth sub-family of the Noctwide is that of the Cucullidi, containing the group popularly known as
the Sharks, and some other rather aberrant species, which have been located with them for want of a better place.

The genus Phlogophora is one of tliese, and it is made to comprise two British species, which have but small
affinity with each other. There are common characteristics, however, which may be stated, as—Antenne pubescent,
abdomen long and hairy at the sides, fore wings dentate at the fringed edge; in P. Meticulosa the main form being
also deeply waved. In repose, the wings fall on either side with a very steep incline, and in Continental species
they are sometimes folded, giving the insect a very long and narrow appearance. The Caterpillars are velvety,
with oblique streaks along the back. They feed on low plants, concealing themselves during the day. The pupa
is formed in a subterranean cocoon according to some authors, while others state that it is placed on the surface
of the ground.

Phlogophora Meticulosa (the Angle-shades, No. 4) is one of our prettiest, and at the same time most abundant,
native species. The Caterpillar (No. 5) feeds on a great variety of common plants. There are two broods, the Moths

appearing in May and September.

68 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

P. Empyrea (the Great Angle-shades, No. 6) is one of the most striking of the recent additions to the list of
our native Lepidoptera. It appears to be a very local species, no specimens having yet occurred except at Lewes
and Brighton, and there in particular spots only. When the new prize was first discovered, there was a great rush
among the professional collectors, as the insect appeared in considerable numbers in the favoured localities, and
specimens were selling at high prices. Some curious anecdotes are related in entomological circles relating to the
devices of the rival hunters to outwit each other, and to the occasional ruptures of the usually peaceful under-
standing existing among naturalists, which in one or two instances amounted, as I am informed, to open war. All,
however, eventually made good harvest, and corresponding profit ; and few cabinets are now without a specimen of
this handsome insect. The Caterpillar, according to Dr. Boisduyal, is grayish-green, or brown, with pale lines, and
a row of dark lozenges along the back. It feeds on several low plants, appearing to prefer the Pilewort.

The genus Cucullia contains a numerous and well-defined series of species, forming a singularly homogeneous
group of insects, all remarkable, both for their lance-like and elegant form, and their large size 5 and also for the
beauty of the Caterpillars, some of which are among the handsomest in the whole family of Noctuidae. There are
nine species, but two specimens wil] serve as sufficient types of the whole. The antennw are smooth in both sexes ;
the body extends far beyond the wings, which are narrow and lanceolate, the hind wings being peculiarly short.
The Caterpillars are shining, and usually prefer the flowers of the plants on which they feed. The pupa is soft, and
enlosed in a large subterranean cocoon.

Cucullia Verbasci (the Mullein, No. 7) is a very beautifully marked and elegantly formed insect. The
Caterpillar (No. 8) feeds on different kinds of Verbascum, and is the only kind that prefers the leaves to the
flowers; it is found from May to August, and the Moth appears in the following May. It is common wherever the
Verbascum abounds.

The species C. Serophularie (the Water Betony), C. Lychnitis (the Striped Lychnis), C. Asteris (the Starwort),
C. Gnaphali (the Shepherd’s Purse), are all closely allied to C. Verbasci, partaking of all its peculiarities of form and
marking, though with sufficient distinctions.

C. Adsinthii (the Wormwood), and C. Artemisia (the Green Silver-spangle), are much more distinct, both from
the preceding and following sections of the genus, having the wings less acute in form, while their markings are
of a more mottled and less linear character. C. Artemisia (the Silver-spangle) is, however, very doubtful as a
British species, the single specimen in the British Museum having been placed in that collection by Dr. Leach,
without, as it would seem, sufficient evidence of its positive capture in England,

C. Umbratica (the Shark, No. 9) is the type of the third division of the genus. The gray and acutely formed
wings, with their sharp longitudinal markings, have something so Shark-like in their general aspect, that the popular
name of this section of Cucwllia seems to be extremely appropriate. So indeed are most of the popular names of our
native Lepidoptera, which do great credit to the observation of our unlearned collectors, who have coined such
picturesque and highly descriptive titles for the most part without the aid of scientific acquirements of any
kind. The Caterpillar of the Shark (No. 10), though handsome, is not so beautiful as that of C. Verbasci, and has,
moreover, a sinister aspect that well accords with the appearance of the perfect Moth. It feeds on the Sow-thistle.
The Moth appears in July, and is widely dispersed, and may be considered a common insect.

C. Chamomille (the Chamomile Shark) is the other species of this last section. It is not very rare, and is
widely dispersed, being found as far north as Edinburgh.

C. Lactuce (the Lettuce Shark), with its handsome larva, once in our catalogue of native insects, along with
some other allied species, are no longer considered British; and the beautiful Green Silyer-spangle must, I fear, as

stated above, be likewise permanently erased from our native list.

S

iS)

{o's}

THE GENERA OF BRITISIE MOTHS. 69

PLATE XXVIII.

No. 1.—The Pease-blossom (Periphanes Delphinii). No. 8.—The Purple Shades (Zuchaleia Illustris)
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Pease-blossom. No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Purple Shades.
No. 3.—The Flax Moth (Calophasia Linavie). No. 10.—The Silver ¥ (Plusia Gana).

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Flax Moth. No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Silver Y.

No. 5.—The Purple Cloud (Actinotia Perspicillaris). No. 12.—The Burnished Brass (Plusia Chrysitis).
No. 6.—The Spectacle (Abrostola Urtice). No. 13.—The Caterpillar of the Burnished Brass.
No. 7,—The Caterpillar of the Spectacle.

Tur genus Periphanes. The insects of this genus have the antenne slightly pubescent in the male, and
simple in the female ; and the palpi short and entirely clothed with hair. The thorax is crested, and there is a
crest on the first segment of the abdomen. The fore wings are slightly faleate at the tip, and are shaded with
delicate tones of a rich purplish pink. The Caterpillar resembles those of the Cucullie, proving the affinity of
_ the two genera. The pupa is subterranean, enclosed in a slight cocoon. Hiibner’s term, Periphanes, has been
preferred to the Chariclea of Stephens, on account of its priority.

Periphanes Delphinii (the Pease-blossom, No. 1) is one of the most lovely of our native Moths, but
unfortunately one of the most rare. The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds on the seeds of the Larkspur. The perfect
insect has been captured near Windsor ; at Chelsea ; and in Bulstrode Park.

The genus Calophasia has the antenne very slender, and simple in both sexes. The abdomen slightly
depressed and not tufted ; the fore wings are of somewhat short proportion. The larva is slender and attenuated
at each end. The pupa is generally attached to the stem of a plant, and enclosed in a stiflly woven cocoon.

Calophasia Linarie (the Flax Moth, No. 3) is as rare as the preceding ; the only well authenticated cap-
tures being the specimens received by the late Mr. Stephens, from Woodside, near Epping. The Caterpillar
feeds on the flowers of the common Toad Flax (Linaria vulgaris).

The genus Actinotia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne slender and simple in both
sexes ; the abdomen slightly crested and not depressed. The wings are moderately long, and the fringed edge
slightly toothed. The Caterpillars are night feeders upon low growing plants, especially the Starwort. They
have the fore part of the body attenuated, and the head very small. The pupa is subterranean. Hiibner's
name, Actinotia, has been preferred to the Cloantha of Boisduval, on account of its priority.

Actinotia Perspicillaris (the Purple Cloud, No. 5) is another very rare British insect. It appears in June,
and a specimen was taken at that season in a garden at Yarmouth in 1841. Another specimen has since been

taken in a spider’s web, at Ashford, Hants.

The sixteenth sub-family of the Noctwide is that of the Plusidi, containing three genera; Abrostola,
Buchaleia, and the typical genus, Plusia.

The genus Abrostola. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne slender and simple in both
sexes, and the palpi much elevated. The thorax has a double crest. The wings are glossy but dingy in colour.
The Caterpillar has the foremost pair of the ventral legs imperfectly developed, thus forming a very natural link
with those of the Plusiw, or semi-loopers, which have only two pairs of pro-legs. The pupa is enclosed in a
cocoon of silk and moss.

Abrostola Urtice (the Spectacle, No. 6) has received its popular name from the rather unusual light-

coloured marks towards the base of the anterior wings, which, joined as they are by a dark wavy line across the

70 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

thorax, form what, with the aid of an active imagination, slightly resembles a pair of spectacles. The Cater-
pillar (No. 7), in which the front pair of pro-legs are made too conspicuous, feeds upon the common Nettle.
The Moth appears in July. It is a common and widely dispersed species.

The other species in this genus is A. Zriplasia (the Dark Spectacle), which, though not so widely
dispersed, is common in the Southern Counties, and especially in the neighbourhood of Bristol and Excter.

The genus Euchalcia. A British insect, formerly included among the Plusi@, is now assigned to
Hithner’s genus, Buchaleia. Mr. Westwood had already stated (in 1843), that although figured by Mr. Curtis
in illustration of the genus Plusia, he considered it a very aberrant species from the true gold-spangled types
of that genus, from which it is now finally separated in the system I am following, though still retained at the
head of the Plusie by some of our English entomologists. The insects included in the genus Luchaleia have
the long, slender, and simple antenne, the raised palpi, the elevated thorax with its forked crest, and the
crested abdomen, which distinguish the Plusiw; but they are without the metallic brassy patches which
distinguish the typical species. The Caterpillars are half-loopers, like those of the Plusiw, that is, having only
two pairs of ventral legs. The pupa is enclosed in a loose silken cocoon,

Euchaleia Mustris (the Purple Shades, No. 8) is the only British species assigned to this genus. It was
formerly taken in some plenty on Salisbury Plain, but now appears nearly extinet, and is probably entirely so ;
though, according to Donovan, it has been since taken in South Wales. The Caterpillar (No. 9) is said to feed
on Aconitum lycoctonum and Thalictrum aquilegifolium in the beginning of June, the Moth appearing at the
end of that month, or in July. Though so rare with us, it is a common species on the Continent.

The genus Plusia, The insects in this genus have the slender and simple antenne, and all the other
characteristics of the former genus as detailed above, and, in addition, the beantiful metallic marks and
patches on the anterior wings which render them, asa genus, one of the most beautiful groups in the whole
family of Noctwide.

Plusia Gamma (the Silver Y, No. 10) is the most common of the genus, being found everywhere
abundantly. The Caterpillar (No. 11) feeds on a great variety of plants, and there are several broods annually,
the Moth appearing from May to October, between which periods it may be seen hovering over flowers, or flying
with great rapidity at nearly all hours of the day and evening. The metallic mark in the centre of the anterior
wings resembles our lower-case y, from whence its popular name, and also the cursive Greek gamma (y), from
which its systematic name is derived. It may be said to form the type of that section of the Plusiw which have
small and generally linear metallic marks.

Plusia Chrysitis (the Burnished Brass, No, 12) may be taken as the true type of that section of
the genus which is distinguished by broad patches of a gold-like, or rather, perhaps, bright brass-like
appearance. The Caterpillar (No. 13) feeds on several kinds of nettle, thistles, &c., in the autumn, passing
the winter in the larva state. It is not till the following July that it enters the chrysalis state, the perfect
insect appearing in July and August. This resplendent moth is very abundant, and the collector will therefore
be able to select fine specimens, as they vary very much, both in size and in the clearness and brilliancy of the
metallic markings.

The other species are all handsome, some of them much larger than Chrysitis. In the first section,
those having only streaks or small marks of metallic character, are the following: P. Jota (the Plain Golden Y),
far from rare; P. Pulchrina (the Beautiful Golden Y), not more rare; P. Interrogationis (the Scarce Silver Y),
rare, except near Manchester; and Plusia Bractea (the Gold Spangle), which occurs in many districts, but is
common near Manchester. In the second section, that with the broad metallic patches, there are, P. Orichalcea
(the Scarce Burnished Brass), which is taken most frequently on the coast near Deal, but found occasionally
in inland localities ; and Plusia Festucee (the Gold Spot), found in marshy situations, especially at Birkenhead.

P. Bimaculata, P. Circumflexa, P. Chalsytis, P. Biloba, and P. Aurifera, ave no longer inserted in the
British catalogue, being now considered either accidental varieties, or continental species carelessly introduced

into British collections,

i |
—!

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

PLATE XXIX.

No. 1.—The Bordered Straw (Heliothis Peltigera). No. 10.—The Purple Marbled (Zromene Ostrina).

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Bordered Straw. No. 11.—The Small Marbled (Trothisa Haworthan«).
No. 3.—The Spotted Clover Moth (Heliothis Scutosa). No. 12.—The Marbled White Spot (Erastria Fuscula).
No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Spotted Clover Moth. No. 13.—The Caterpillar of the Marbled White Spot.
No. 5.—The Beautiful Yellow Under-wing (Anarta Myrtilli). No. 14.—The Small Purple Barred (Prothymia Enea).
No. 6.—The Small Yellow Under-wing (Panemeria Arbuli). No. 15.—The Black-neck (Ophiusa Pastinum).

No. 7.—The Four-spotted (Acontia Luctuosa). No. 16.—The Caterpillar of the Black-neck,

No. 8.—The Spotted Sulphur (Emmelia Sulphuralis). No. 17.—The Lunar Double Stripe (Ophiodes Lunaris).
No, 9.—The Silver Hook (Hyela Uncana).

Tue seventeenth sub-family of the Noctwide is that of the Heliothidi, a pretty group of small, but
robust insects, mostly distinguished by the strong markings of the underwings, which are, in nearly all cases, of
some tone of yellow broadly bordered with black or brown. There are three genera, Heliothis, Anarta, and
Panemeria.

The genus Heliothis. The insects comprised in this genus have the antenne simple, those of the male being
slightly pubescent. The thorax is without crest, as is the abdomen, which is rather depressed. The larva
is slender but not attenuated at the extremities, and it prefers the flowers to the leaves of the plants on which it
feeds, The pupa is subterranean.

Heliothis Peltigera (the Bordered Straw, No. 1) is avery rare insect. The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds on
Rest-harrow, Arenaria, and other plants. The perfect insect appears from June to August, and is generally
found in clover-fields at mid-day, hovering over the flowers. It has been taken near Manchester, and also at
Plymouth, and accordings to Mr. Stainton, single specimens have been obtained at Cambridge, and at Lower
Guiting, on the Cotswold.

The other species are H, Marginata (the Bordered Sallow), H. Armigera (the Scarce Bordered Straw),
H. Scutosa (the Spotted Clover Moth, No. 3), the Caterpillar of which is also figured (No. 4), and H. Dipsacea
(the Marbled Clover), Dipsacea and Marginata are not very uncommon, but all the others are rare.

The genus Anarta, In this genus the insects have the antenne slightly pubescent in both sexes. The
fore wings have irregular markings, the hind wings are of some shade of yellow margined with a deeper colour.
The larve are short and smooth. The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon of silk mixed with particles of earth.

Anarta Myrtilli (the Beautiful Yellow Under-wing, No. 3) is among the most common of this pretty group.
The Caterpillar is green, with stripes, and prettily marked with yellowish patches. It feeds on common Heath, and
the perfect insect appears in June and July. It is taken in many places from Lewes to Edinburgh.

The other species of this genus are A. Cordiyera (the Small Dark-yellow Under-wing) and A. Melanopa

(the Broad-bordered White Under-wing), both of which are extremely rare, and apparently confined to the North,

if
bo

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

as they have only been taken in Scotland, more particularly at Rannoch, in Perthshire, a famous locality for other
rare species.

The genus Panemeria. This name, that of Hiibner’s, has been preferred to Heliodes, the name given to this
genus by M. Guénée, on account of its priority. The insects assigned to it have the antenne short, and perfectly
filiform. The body is slender, which distinguishes them from those of the preceding genus. The wings in repose
lie nearly flat, instead of sloping each way. The larva is short and thick, the pupa being of similar proportion,
and subterranean. There is but one British species.

Puneneria Arbuti (the Small Yellow Under-wing, No. 6) is one of the commonest of the group. The
Caterpillar is pale grayish green, with a dark dorsal line bordered with white, and other lines of white. It feeds
on Cerastium arvense, and the Moth appears in May and June, flying by day in open situations. Bristol, York,
Lewes, and many other places are cited as localities where it has been taken in some plenty.

The eighteenth sub-family of the Noctwidew is that of the Acontidi, The distinctive characters of the
group are the slender and simpfe antenne, the smooth abdomen, and the position of the wings in repose, which
completely conceal the under pair and form a very sloping roof. The most marked characteristics are, however,
to be found in the preparatory stage, the larvee having only two pairs of ventral legs, and being, aceording to some,
swollen posteriorly. Only one British genus, Acontia, is assigned to this sub-family in the system I am following,
though some add the genus Emmelia, in which the larve are also furnished with twelve legs.

The genus Acontia is distinguished by the slender and simple antennie of the perfect insect, the smooth
abdomen, and other characteristics of the group ; and especially by the twelve-legged structure of the caterpillars,
a distinctive feature which is absent in one of the two British species assigned to this genus, namely in A. Luctuosa,
an exception, which M. Guénée describes as unique among the Noctwe, and which appears sufficient to cause this
species to be located elsewhere, notwithstanding the characteristics of the perfect insect, which so completely accord
with those of the Continental species of Acontia.

Acontia Luctuosa (the Four-spotted, No. 7) is a rare insect; Brighton and Lewes being the only places
cited for its capture, with the exception of one or two solitary specimens. The Caterpillar is sixteen-legged.
The other species in this genus is A. Solaris (the Pale Shoulder), which has the ground colour of the anterior
wings whitish, especially at the base. The Caterpillar is only furnished with twelve legs, as in the typical insects
of the group.

The nineteenth sub-family of the Noctuidae is that of the Zmmelidi, The character of the markings of the
anterior wings, and the hind wings being devoid of conspicuous bands, form the chief distinctions of the Eimmelidi
from the preceding groups. There is but one British species assigned to this sub-family.

The genus Emmelia. This genus has the antenne simple, and the abdomen smooth, but banded. The
anterior wings are rather narrow, and beautifully spotted ; the hind wings being of a darkish colour and without
maculation. The larvais slender, twelve-legged, and in repose ; the anterior segments are raised, and curved under.
The pupa is enclosed in an earthen cocoon.

Emmelia Sulphuralis (the Spotted Sulphur, No. 8) is one of the prettiest of the small Moths comprised
in the group of sub-families now under description, The larva is brownish green with lighter stripes, and speckled
with yellow. It feeds upon the wild Conyolvyulus. The Moth appears in June and July, and may sometimes
be seen flying about thistle in blossom, in sunny places, but it is very rare. It has, however, been taken in
Battersea fields, and several localities in Kent, as Brighton and Lewes ; Cambridge and other places are also noted
for its capture.

The genus Hyela, the Hydrelia of M. Guenée. In this genus the insects have the antenna short and
slightly pubescent in both sexes, and the abdomen crested. The fore wings are slightly rounded at the tip. The
larva is slender and has fourteen feet. There are two British species.

Hyela Uncana (The Silver Hook, No. 9) is not an uncommon species, especially in the woods near London,

The Caterpillar is said to be pale buff colour striped with darker, and to feed on the Bramble ; but other authorities

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 73

describe that which I have assigned to H. Banksiana as the larva of H. Uncana. It is not uncommon in many
places, especially at Lyndhurst, York, &c., and was once taken in some numbers at Cambridge.

Hyela Bankiana (the Silver Barred), the other species, is very scarce. The Caterpillar is green, darker
on the back, with a lateral stripe, and has fourteen legs. It feeds on grasses. The perfect insect appears in
July, at which season Mr. Haworth was the first to capture it in any number. He discovered it in a boggy
situation in Norfolk among reeds and rushes. It has since been taken at Whittlesea Mere and at Killarney.
These two species are made separate genera by some authors.

The twentieth sub-family of Noctuide is that of the Micradi, containing two genera, Eromene and Trothisa.

The genus Bromene. The insects in this genus have the antennw short, and slightly pubescent in the
male. The fore wings are pointed at the tip, and are marked with distinct lines, but have no stigmata. The
Caterpillars have twelve legs, and are rather thick, but pointed at the extremities. The pupa is found in an
oval cocoon spun among leaves. There is only one British species.

Eromene Ostrina (the Purple Marbled, No. 10) is extremely rare. The larva is unknown, but a specimen
of the perfect insect was taken near Bideford in 1825.

The genus Zrothisa, This genus has the antenne short and filiform in both sexes. The thorax and
abdomen are not crested. The wings are deeply fringed. The Caterpillar is thick, with attenuate extremities ;
and has twelve legs. The pupa is enclosed in a cocoon spun among leaves or moss. The perfect insects fly
by day. The hind wings are somewhat narrow, and but faintly bordered with a darker colour.

Trothisa Haworthana (the Small Marbled, No, 11) is very rare, and has been doubted as a true British
species. The specimen in the British Museum, from which my drawing was made, is said to have been taken
many years ago, but the locality appears uncertain. It is omitted in some British lists.

The twenty-first sub-family of the Noctwide is that of the Zrastridi, containing two genera, Hrastria
and Prothymia,

The genus Erastria, The perfect insects have the antenne simply filiform in both sexes. The fore wings
have some of the ordinary markings of Noctuwide distinctly defined. The hind wings are less narrow than in
the last genus, and are more strongly marked in some of the species. The Caterpillars have fourteen legs, and
the pupa is formed among leaves or moss. There are two British species.

Erastria Fuscula (The Marbled White Spot, No. 12) is a pretty little insect, the white patch at the
posterior angle of the fore wings, and the full unbroken brown tone of the hind wings, giving it a very distinct
character. The Caterpillar (No. 13) feeds on the Bramble, and the Moth appears in June. It has been taken
at Brighton, Bristol, Lewes, Worcester, &c., and is not at all uncommon in many other localities.

The other species, #. Venustula (the Rosy Marbled), is extremely rare. Mr. H. Doubleday, in June,
1845, saw several of this pretty species in a heathy part of Epping Forest, but the next day not a single
specimen was to be found. The larva is unknown. No other places are recorded as having afforded recent
specimens.

The genus Prothymia. The insects assigned to this genus are distinguished from all the nearly-allied
species, according to Mr. Westwood, by the long, ascending, compressed palpi, with a long ensiform
terminal joint ; the antenne are slender and simple in both sexes. The thorax and abdomen are not crested.
The perfect insect flies by day.

Prothymia Enea (the Small Purple Barred, No. 14) is very variable in the colour of the anterior wings,
which are often without the purple tone from which it derives its popular name. The larva has not been
accurately described. The Moth appears in June and July, and is not uncommon on heaths in the southern
counties.

The twenty-second sub-family of the Noctwide is that of the Ophiusidi, containing the British genera
Ophiusa and Ophiodes.

The genus Ophiusa. The insects in this genus are of moderate size. The thorax is smooth, but with

ae |
ERS

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

araised black collar. The wings are not dentate. The larve have sixteen legs, the first two pairs of pro-legs
being rather short. The pupa is formed in a cocoon. There is only one British species.

Ophiusa Pastinum (the Black-neck, No. 15) is a very widely-dispersed species, though far from common.
The Caterpillar (No. 16) feeds on Astragalus glycyphyllus, and the Moth appears in July and August, in moist
places in woods. Cambridge, Teignmouth, Lewes, York, and especially Scarborough, where it has occurred in
abundance, are cited as localities in which it has been taken.

The genus Ophiodes is distinguished from Ophiusa by the more robust character of the perfect insect, and
the distinctness of the lines and stigmata of the anterior wings. In the preparatory stage it is distinguished by
the flatness of the larva beneath, and by the forked tubercle on the back of the twelfth segment. The shell of
the pupa is remarkably strong, and it is enclosed in a roughly formed cocoon among leaves. There is only one
British species.

Ophiodes Lunaris (the Lunar Double Stripe, No. 17) is one of the recent additions to our catalogue of
British Moths. Its large size, and some other distinctive characters, have caused it to be assigned by some
authors to another sub-family ; but on many accounts it finds its place best in its present location. The Caterpillar
is described as elongate, and flattened beneath, like those of the Catocalaw, to the immediately following family of
which, this character serves as a convenient link. It has sixteen legs, the two first pair of pro-legs being shorter
than the others, which unites the genus naturally enough with the sub-family Ophiusidi. According to Sepp, the
colour of the Caterpillar is a brownish grey, with a lateral line of a reddish tone. There are two black spots,
edged with red, on the back of the sixth segment, and there is a forked tubercle on the twelfth segment, which

isred. It feeds on the Oak. The first British specimen was taken in Hampshire, by Captain Chawner.

+1
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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

PLATE XXX,

No, 1.—The Old Lady (Mormo Maura) No. 7.—The Orange Under-wing (Brephas Parthenias).
Yo. 2.—The Caterpillar e ady.

sie HUN CCksteergeill ge a Gita Ole Toes No. 8,—The Caterpillar of the Orange Under-wing.
No. 3.—The Clifden Nonpareil (Catocala Pra.cini).

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Clifden Nonpareil.

No. 5.—The Red Under-wing (Catocala Nupta). No. 10.—The Shipton (Zuclidia Mi).

No. 9.—The Burnet (Euclidia Glyphica),

No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Dark Crimson Under-wing No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Shipton.
(Catocala Sponsa).

Tue twenty-third, and most splendid sub-family of the Noctwide is that of the Catocalidi, containing two
genera, Mormo and Catocala.

The genus Mormo, though located, in the system I follow, with the sub-family Catocalidi, is, in other
arrangements, differently disposed of. The typical insects of that genus present, in fact, many characteristics
which distinguish them pretty widely from the Catocale. In the first place the only English species, M. Maura,
flies by night, while the Catocale are day-fliers. The larve are also distinct, not being flattened beneath, and
having sixteen perfect feet. The perfect insects, however, have the palpi elevated, and the thorax and abdomen
crested. The wings form a deflexed triangle when at rest ; the fore wings being short and broad. The chrysalis,
also, is powdered with a purple bloom as in the Catocale, and is enclosed in a silken cocoon.

Mormo Maura (the Old Lady, No. 1) is one of our most conspicuous Moths, and though of dark aspect on
the upper side, it has a broad light border underneath, which, at a glance, recalls the aspect of the beautiful
butterfly commonly known as the Camberwell Beauty. The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds on lettuce and other low-
growing plants, and occasionally on trees. The Moth appears in July, and frequently enters open windows at
night, attracted by lights. It is very common, and very widely dispersed.

The genus Catocala comprises some of our most magnificently coloured and largest native Moths, the Red
and Lilac Under-wings. The insects assigned to it have the palpi elevated, the antenne slender, and simple in
both sexes. The abdomen attenuated at the extremity, and tufted on the back. The Caterpillars are half-loopers,
having one or more pairs of the ventral feet shorter than the others. They are much flattened underneath, and
have the edges above the legs fringed with a ridge of hairs. The chrysalis is covered with a purple bloom,
and enclosed in a cocoon formed of leaves.

Catocala Fraxini (the Clifden Nonpareil, No. 8) is certainly the most splendid of the British Noctwida, if
not of all our Moths, even including the Sphingide, for it frequently measures above four inches in the expanse
of the wings. The light cool marbled gray of the anterior wings, contrasts very beautifully with the rich lilac,
deeply bordered with intense black, of the hinder pair, and the general effect of the insect when fully expanded
is very striking. When at rest, and the closed upper wings mect over the back, the chief part of the beauty of
the insect is concealed, and from this circumstance it is that the generic name of this handsome group was framed,
the meaning of which is, beautiful underneath, from the Greek words katw under, and kados beautiful. The
Caterpillar (No. 4) feeds on the Ash and other trees, and the Moth appears in August and September. The
first specimen captured in this country was taken at Clifden, on the banks of the Thames, in Buckinghamshire ;
and Mr. J. Stevens has since taken a fine specimen at Hammersmith, by which it would seem that it should be

sought in the neighbourhood of water. Other specimens haye, however, been taken at Birch-Wood, Guildford,

76 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

and Scarborough : and also at Lowestoft, in Suffolk, by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. The places where its capture
has been most recently recorded, are Brighton, Worthing, Burton-on-Trent, and Manchester.

Catocala Nupta (the Red Under-wing, No. 5) is nearly as handsome as the more famous Clifden Beauty, and
has the advantage of being common in all the Southern counties. The Caterpillar is greenish gray with white
lines, and slight pinkish humps, similar to those of the larva of C. Frawxini, on the fifth and twelfth segments ;
the fringe above the feet is white. It feeds on Willows and Poplars. The Moth appears in the beginning of
August, flying by day, and often settling on the trunks of trees; but is very shy of an approaching object.
Brighton, Bristol, and especially Cambridge, are cited as localities where it abounds; and in more northerly
situations, Worcester, Lyndhurst, &c.

The other species, C. Promissa (the Light Crimson Under-wing) and C. Sponsa (the Dark Crimson Under-
wing) are both smaller than C. Nupta, and they are also much less common. They are a very local species, but
tolerably plentiful in the New Forest, occurring much farther north than Nupta. The Caterpillar of C. Sponsa is
represented at No. 6. Some of the numerous exotie Catocale are remarkably splendid.

The twenty-fourth sub-family of the Noctuidae is that of the Phalenoidi, containing only one British genus,
in one of the species of which the males have pectinated antennie, while in the other the antenne are simple in
both sexes,

The genus Brephos. The insects in this genus have the palpi thickly clothed with long diverging hairs.
The wings when at rest are horizontal, the hind wings richly coloured. The larve are sixteen-footed, the two
anterior pair of pro-legs being smaller than the others. They closely resemble in their movements the perfect
loopers of the next great family, dropping from a branch when alarmed, and remaining suspended by a silken
thread spun from the mouth. There are two British species.

Brephos Parthenias (the Orange Under-wing, No.7). The specimen represented is a male. The con-
spicuously bipectinated antenne above alluded to being carefully delineated. The female has the antenne
simple. The Caterpillar (No. 8) feeds on Willows ; the Moth appearing at the end of March when the Willows are
in blossom, about the flowers of which this species delights to hover. It is not uncommon in rather woody
districts, and is very widely dispersed.

The other species, B. Notha (the Light Orange Under-wing), is rarer than the preceding. The antenne are
simple in both sexes ; but the female, though not distinguished from the male by the antenne, is differently
marked, having more of those creamy white patches on the anterior wings which so conspicuously distinguish this
species from B. Parthenias.

The twenty-fifth and last sub-family of the Noctwide is that of the Goniatidi, in which there is only one
British genus, Luclidia.

The genus Euclidia differs from the preceding in the smaller size of the palpi, but is more especially
distinguished by the form of the larve, which are very slender, almost vermiform, and have only twelve feet.
There are two British species.

Euclidia Glyphica (the Burnet, No. 9) is of about the size, and has somewhat of the general appearance,
of the insects in the last-described gente It is a very common species. The Caterpillar is described as dull
ochreous above, and brown underneath, with a white lateral line and a brown head; it feeds on verbaseum,
trifolium, and other herbaceous plants, the Moth appearing about the end of June. It is common, and very
widely distributed ; the neighbourhoods of Brighton, Manchester, Worcester, York, and many other localities
being named as places where it is commonly captured.

The other species of this genus, Huclidia Mi (the Shipton, No. 10), is much more beautiful and conspicuous ;
the striking contrast of its markings, and their peculiar waving forms, making it a very attractive object to the
young collector, who is likely enough to procure specimens during his very first season of collecting, as it is
common everywhere. The Caterpillar (No. 11) feeds upon Medicago falcata, and also on grasses. The Moth

appears in May and June, and may be sought in clover-fields and open meadows, along the hedge-rows.

WIS
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Che Genera

— Dritsh Moths. /

H. NOEL HUMPHREYS.

LONDON:
PUBLISHED BY PAUL JERRARD & SON, 170, FLEET STREET.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

PLATE XXXI.

No. 1.—The Black Mountain Moth (Psodos Trepidaria). No. 9.—The Female of the Bordered White.

No. 2.—The Frosted Yellow (Speranza Limbaria). No. 10.—The Gray Scalloped Bar (Mesia Favillacearia),
No. 3.—The Caterpillar of the Frosted Yellow. No. 11.—The March Moth (Alsophila scularia).

No. 4.—The Netted Mountain Moth (Lupisteria Carbonaria). No. 12.—The Female of the March Moth.

No. 5.—The Common Heath (Fidonia Atomaria). No. 13.—The Spring Usher (Anisopter'yax Leucophearia).
No. 6.—The V Moth (Halia Vauaria). | No, 14.—The Mottled Umber (Erannis Defoliaria).

No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the V Moth. No. 15.—The Female of the Mottled Umber.

No. 8 —The Bordered White (Bupalus Piniarius). No. 16.—The Caterpillar of the Mottled Umber.

Berore entering upon the description of the great family of Geometridae, or Loopers, it will be useful to
take a rapid general survey of that portion of our subject which we have already discussed ; and at the same time
to recal the nature of the leading divisions and sub-divisions into which the insects already described have been
grouped.

It has been stated that the order Lepidoptera is now divided into two grand sections, Rhopalocera and
Heterocera, the former containing the Butterflies (to which I have devoted a separate work), and the latter all the
Moths. This last section has also, as we have seen, its divisions and sub-divisions. The first division,

Lepidoptera Crepuscularia, contains only the Moths of the Sphinx family and its immediate allies, and is

consequently a small division. The second division, Lepidoptera Nocturna, containing a large proportion of the
generally reputed night-flying Moths and others, is, on the other hand, a very extensive one. Its first
sub-division, Lepidoptera Pomeridiana, forms a rather numerous group, of which the family of Bombycide may
be considered the leading type. Its second sub-division (named like the division itself), Lepidoptera Nocturna,
contains the family of the Lithoside, and the great family of Noctwide with its twenty-five sub-families, the
description of which carried my first volume to its close.

The third sub-division of the Heteroceree, upon the description of which I am now entering, is distinguished
as, Lepidoptera Semidiwrna, embracing three families—the Geometride, the Platyptericidw, and the Pyralide.

The first family of this sub-division, the Geometride, is composed of a group of insects which are in many
respects very distinct from the great family of the Noctwide, last described. Nearly all the species have the bodies
comparatively slender, and generally small in proportion to the wings, which are of much larger proportionate
size than in the Noctwide, though not so strong in texture or so robustly veined. Another peculiarity which
distinguishes them from the Noctwide is, that when in repose (with the exception of a few that hold the wings
erect, like those of a Butterfly) the wings are horizontally extended, showing the upper surface of both pairs,
while in the Noctuide the fore-wings are wrapped over the hinder pair, which they entirely conceal. We also
lose sight, in this family, of those characteristic markings, the stigmas and bands, which distinguish the
Noctuide. In the Geometride these entirely disappear, giving place to markings which, if not of so decided and
regular a character, have yet a general family likeness, which can scarcely be mistaken in the most characteristic
species. These consist of a more or less dark and irregular spot near the centre of the front wings, above and
below which several bands or lines run across the nervures from the front to the back of the wing, frequently
forming a series of tolerably regular scallops between each pair of nervures. Two of these bands have sometimes
the space between filled with a darker colour, giving a very marked character to the shading of the wings ; while
in other cases they are almost entirely absent, or very irregular in their form. It is in the larva state, however,
that this family presents the most striking peculiarities. The Caterpillars have only one pair of ventral pro-legs,
and that pair the hindermost, consequently near to the pair belonging to the last, or caudal segment. This

peculiar formation necessitates a curious action in their mode of progression, which is effected by first fixing

78 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

firmly their six pectoral feet to the substance on which they are standing and then drawing close up to them the
two posterior pairs of feet, the intermediate segments of the body being raised into a kind of loop, from which
they are popularly called ‘‘Loopers.” The hind feet are then held firmly fixed while the body is again fully
extended, when the hind feet are brought close up to them as before, raising the intermediate segments into the
loop above described. The repetition of this movement gives these singular Caterpillars the appearance of
carefully measwring the earth, or any other substance, over which they are travelling; and it is upon this idea
that the name Geometre or Geonvtride which distinguishes this group of insects is founded ; the name being formed
of two Greek words, meaning ‘‘ the earth” and ‘‘to measure.” Some few of the species have additional pairs
of ventral legs, but in almost every case they are very minute, indeed altogether rudimental. The great
muscular power of the larve of some of the Geometridae is very curious, enabling them to rest entirely upon the
two hind pair of pro-legs, with the rest of the body stiffly extended ; in which position some of the kinds closely
resemble a dead twig of the branch upon which they are resting. The Chrysalides are rarely subterranean, being
more often found among dead leaves, sometimes in a loose cocoon, and sometimes suspended by the tail, like those
of Butterflies. In the perfect state the females often differ in colouring from the males, and in many species they
are wingless ; in which cases they present a very singular aspect, and the young Naturalist would hardly be
likely to guess that they were Moths. The colour and markings of this family are in general much brighter
and more various than in the Noctwide. Most of the Geometridae fly at various hours of the morning and
evening; and but few of them by night.

The first Sub-Family of the Geometride is that of the Dasydiadi, containing two genera—Psodos and
Dasydia. .

The genus Psodos. In this genus the antenne are simple in both sexes, but the palpi and thorax

i

remarkably hairy. The wings are rounded, and in markings approaching those of the Noctuidae, with which this
genus appears to form a good connecting link, but unfortunately the preparatory stages are but imperfectly
known : when they are better understood, it may be found necessary to change its present position. There
is only one British species.

Psodos Trepidaria (the Black Mountain Moth, No. 1) is a rare species, confined to alpine districts; the ©
only locality where it has been taken plentifully being among the mountains near Rannoch, in the North
of Perthshire. It is very common in Switzerland, and other mountainous parts of the Continent.

The genus Dasydia. In this genus the antenne of the male are pectinated in some species and simple
in others, and slightly thickened. The abdomen is much more slender in the male than the female. The wings
are dark brown, or nearly black. The preparatory stages are but imperfectly known. Two species of this genus
are said to be British, but upon the doubtful grounds of a single capture, in the case of D. Torvaria, and but few
more in D. Obfuscaria. Not having been able to obtain British specimens to draw from, I have not given figures
of these two species ; the following descriptions will, however, enable Collectors to recognise them if they should f
be so fortunate as to meet with them.

Dysidia Torvaria may be distinguished by the dark gray-black of the wings, slightly varied with bands
of darker, and by the cream-coloured band near the edge on the underside of each wing. The antenne of the
male are pectinated in this species, A single specimen was taken, many years ago, at Ballymena, in Ireland,
which Mr. Westwood (Westwood and Humphreys’ ‘ British Moths,” v. ii. p. 67) refers to in the following note :
“My friend, Mr. Templeton, showed me a black Geometridous Moth, much larger than the Minow Cherophyllata,
which he had captured on one of the mountains in Ireland, of which at the time I made a sketch, which I have
unfortunately mislaid,” &e., &e.

Dasydia Obfuscuria is also deep grayish black, sometimes with a greenish tone, with darker marks. The
larva is said to be violet gray, with a spiracular white line, an oblique dark gray streak on each segment, and
haying two small humps on the twelfth segment. Specimens of the perfect insect are said to have been taken at
Ardrossan, in Arran, and in that famous locality for new species of British Lepidoptera, Rannoch, in Perthshire.

The second sub-family of Geometride is that of the Fidonidi, containing six genera.

The genus Speranza. In this genus the antenne are bipectinated in the males. The body is moderately

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 79

slender, The wings are somewhat triangular in form, and have a minute tubercle on the upper side near the base.
The Caterpillars are smooth, slender, and fond of resting stretched at full length along a slender branch. The
perfect insects fly by day, and carry their wings erect when at rest. There are two British species.

Speranza Limbaria (the Frosted Yellow, No. 2) is rather a variable insect, but generally has the wings
of a dull orange, with a broadish dark brown border. It is a common species, often found frequenting placcs
where Broom abounds, in May ; a second brood appearing at the end of June. The Caterpillar (No. 3) feeds
upon the Cytisus Scoparius, or common Broom, and is generally rather more slender than it is here represented.

The other species S. Brwnneata (the Rannoch Looper) has the border of the wings much paler, but has in
addition, three wavy bands rather darker than the ground colour, which is browner than in the other species.

The genus Bupisteria. Tn this genus the antenne are simple in the females and very slightly pubescent in
the males. The wings are finely freckled with a peculiar speckled pattern, not unlike net work when seen at a
little distance. The wings are robust, and held erect in repose. The larva is rather short; and the pupa is
formed in a slight cocoon among dead leaves. There is only one British species.

ELupisteria Carbonaria (the Netted Mountain Moth, No. 4) is the Phalena G. Carbonaria, of Linneus. It
is a very local insect. Perthshire and one or two other places being cited as British localities where it has been
captured. There is but a single specimen in the British Museum.

The genus Fidonia. In this genus the antenne of the males are strongly bipectinated, the pectinations
being long and feathery in some specimens. The females are rather smaller than the males, and have the
antenne simple and extremely slender. The fore-wings are somewhat triangular, but rounded at the tip. The

_ markings generally consist of a general speckling of black or brown extending over both pairs of wings. The
larve are not attenuated at either extremity, nor humped on any of the segments. The pup are subterranean.

Fidonia Atomaria (the Common Heath, No. 5) is a very variable insect, the figure given being taken from
a specimen of medium darkness. I have seen specimens in which the specklings are pale gray, others rich
brown, and others black. The Caterpillar also is said to be very variable, being, when young, of a yellowish
colour, afterwards becoming reddish brown marked with black, and having a pale line at the side, and sometimes
a series of dark markings along the back. It feeds on Centaurea, Lotus, &c. The perfect insect appears in June,
and is very common on heaths; many places, from Brighton in the south to Glasgow in the north, being recorded
for its capture in great abundance.

The other species, 7. Plwmaria (the Bordered Gray), is much more rare.

The genus Halia. In this genus the antenne of the males are pubescent, the abdomen rather thick. The
front-wings have the anterior angle slightly rounded ; the edge of the hind-wings is rather waved than dentate.
The larva is short, with small tubercles and bristly hairs. The pupa is subterranean, There is only one British
species.

H. Vauaria (the V Moth, No. 6) is a very common insect. The Caterpillar feeds on different species of
Currant, or Ribes, and the Moth appears in June and July, being found commonly in gardens in all parts of the
country. :

The genus Bupalus. In this genus the antenne of the males are strongly bipectinated to the tips. The
females are larger than the males, and have the antennze simple. The bodies are slender. The wings have a
small tubercle near the base, as in a preceding genus, and are carried erect when in repose. The Caterpillars are
longitudinally streaked, and are fond of reposing stretched to their full length. The single British species
contained in this genus is placed by some English authors in the genus Fidonia. '

Bupalus Piniarius (the Bordered White, Nos. 8 and 9) is a very pretty and interesting insect. The size
and colours of the male and female differ in a singular manner, as will be seen by reference to the figures, No. 8
the male, No. 9 the female. The Caterpillar is described by Dupouchel as green with white and yellow stripes.
It feeds on fir-trees, and the perfect insect may be seen flying in plantations of those trees in June. It was
formerly considered to be more abundant in the north of England than in the south ; but recently it has been

seen in great abundance in the neighbourhoods of Brighton, Bristol, Lewes, Pembury, and many other localities
of the southern and eastern counties,

80 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The genus Masia. In this genus the antenna are pectinated to the tip, but not strongly. The wings are
deflexed when in repose, and, contrary to the general characteristics of this family, the fore wings are drawn over
the hind ones. The females are much smaller than the males. The larve are thick, and have a pointed
excrescence on the twelfth segment, the last segment being forked. The pup are subterranean.

Mesia Favillacearia (the Gray Scalloped Bar, No. 10). This is a variable insect, and the female is
smaller and darker coloured than the male. The Caterpillar is described by Treitschke as being slightly humped
on the posterior segments, and as being of a bright cinereous tone, paler on the back, with short black streaks
and a black line on the second to the fourth segment. It feeds on various kinds of heaths. The insect is found
from May to July, and must be sought for in repose, as, unlike most of the species of this family, it does not fly
by day, and indeed will not do so even when disturbed. Birkenhead, Edinburgh, Huddersfield, Lyndhurst, and
Glasgow are cited as localities where it has been captured recently ; as also Manchester, in the neighbourhood of
which it has been taken in some abundance.

The third Sub-Family of the Geometridw is that of the Hibernidi containing three genera, Alsophila,
Anysopteryx, and Erannis, all formerly placed in the genus Hybernia of Latreille, (the Erannis of Hubner).

The genus Alsophila. In this genus the antenne of the males are very slender, but delicately pectinated.
Both the thorax and abdomen are weak and slender. The female is entirely wingless. The caterpillar is slender
and twelve-footed, for which reason, principally, the species has been separated from the genus Erannis of
Hiibner.

Alsophila Escularia (the March Moth, Nos. 11 and 12). The male of this pretty species (No. 11),
notwithstanding the slenderness and fragility of the body, has large elongated wings, giving it the appearance of
rather a large insect, to which the wingless female, a minute creature (No. 12), forms a very singular contrast. The
larve, which are described as green with pale longitudinal stripes, feed on the horse chestnut in the autumn.
The perfect insect emerges from the Chrysalis in March, when it may be found at rest on walls or palings, its
closed wings forming an elongated triangle. It is common everywhere, and in some seasons abundant.

The genus Anisopteryx. In this genus the antenne of the males are slender and finely bipectinated. The
females which are perfectly wingless, have the antennz simple and very slender. In the males the wings are long
and of large dimensions in proportion to the body, but of weak texture. The larvie are rather elongate, with the
head round, that is, not flattened as in some of the Geometride. The Chrysalides are subterranean. This genus
has been separated from the genus Hrannis, in consequence of the entirely wingless character of the females.

A. Leucophearia (the Spring Usher, No. 13). This common insect is very variable in its markings ; the
delicate lines and slender bands of ordinary specimens forming in others an irregular but nearly solid border
of brown at the edges of the fore wings, and another mass of the same colour at the base. The female is perfectly
wingless. The Caterpillar is described as yellowish-green marbled with white, the light marks being edged with
deep green ; it has also a sub-dorsal line of yellow. It feeds on the foliage of the oak and other trees. The
perfect insect appears as early as February, and is found throughout the following month. It prefers places where
oaks abound, and is common all over the country.

The genus Zrannis, in the arrangement I am following, is now restricted to three species, in all of which,
except Defoliaria, the females instead of being perfectly wingless have rudimental wings more or less developed,
but in no case fitted for flying. In other respects the characters agree in the main with those of the two last-
preceding genera.

Erannis Defotiaria (the Mottled Umber, Nos. 14, 15, and 16). This is a very variable species, the bands
in some individuals being much darker than in the one represented (No. 14), and the whole of the anterior wings
is suffused with brown in other specimens. The female (No. 15) is nearly wingless. The Caterpillar (No. 16)
feeds on Birch, Oak, and other trees, the Moth appearing in October and November ; being a very widely dispersed
species, and often plentiful. The female, with its wingless body and long legs, has a somewhat spider-like
appearance, and should be sought on the trunks of trees, especially at dusk or after dark, with a light.

The other species of Erannis are LE. Progemmaria (the Dotted Border) and &. Aurantiaria (the Scarce

Umber) ; the last species being found, with #. Defoliaria, up to Christmas, and even in January, in mild seasons.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 81

PLATE XXXII.

Wo. 1.—The Pale Brindled Beauty (Phigalia Pilosaria). | No. 6.—The Brindled Beauty, the Male (Biston Hirtarius).
No. 2.—The Female of the Pale Brindled Beauty. No. 7.—The Peppered Moth (Biston Betularius).
No. 3.—The Belted Beauty (Nyssia Zonari«). No. 8.—The Female of the Peppered Moth.

No. 4.—The Female of the Belted Beauty. No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Peppered Moth.

No. 5.—The Caterpillar of the Belted Beauty. |

Tue fourth Sub-Family of the Geometridae is that of the Bistonidi, strikingly distinguished by their robust-
ness, and the strong character of their wings, in both which respects they bear considerable resemblance to the
Noctwide, the characteristic markings of which are, however, entirely replaced by those common to the Geometridae.
In the preparatory stage of the Bistonidi the family stamp is distinct, the fine large Caterpillars being true
Loopers, and exhibiting all the most remarkable characters of the typical Geometride. There are three genera,
Phigalia, Nyssia, and Biston.

The genus Phigalia is distinguished by the strongly bipectinated antenne of the males, the wingless
females having them extremely slender, but rather long. The larve are thickened towards the head, and
bristly ; the pupa is subterranean. There is but one British species.

Phigalia Pilosaria (the Brindled Beauty, Nos. 1 and 2) is a pretty Moth, having rather a peculiar aspect
from the pilose or hairy appearance of the wings, from which it takes its specific name. The female (No. 2) is a
curious wingless creature, of very diminutive size in proportion to the male. The Caterpillar feeds on the foliage
of several trees, preferring oak. It remains in the Chrysalis state during the autumn and early winter, the
perfect insect often appearing in the commencement of the new year, but more abundantly in February. It is a
widely dispersed and abundant species.

The genus Nyssia. The insects of this genus are of smaller size than those assigned to Phigalia. The males
have the antenne strongly bipectinated; the thorax downy, the abdomen striped transversely; the wings are
semi-transparent, the nervures being clothed with dark scales, giving a striped appearance to the wings. The
female is wingless ; the Caterpillar is long and slender, and free from tubercles or humps; the pupa is
subterranean. There are two British species,

Nyssia Zonaria (the Belted Beauty). This pretty species was unknown to our old Collectors, the late
Mr. F. Stephens having been delighted with its first discovery during the latter part of his career as an Entomo-
logist. The specific name, zonaria, was doubtless conferred in allusion to the alternate zones of black and yellow
of the abdomen. The female (No. 4) has the abdomen transversely striped in a similar manner. The Caterpillar
(No. 5) feeds in preference on common Millefoil, or Yarrow. It appears both in the spring and autumn, there
being two broods a year; and the perfect insect is found from February to April, and again in June and July. It
was first discovered on the banks of the Mersey in 1829, where it has since been found in several neighbouring
situations in some abundance, especially at Black Rock. Birkenhead and New Brighton, Cheshire, are cited
as the most recent places for its capture. The Chrysalides are found buried in the sand at a considerable
depth. It is thought that if the sandy shores of other rivers near their junction with the sea were well searched,

it would be found that the appearance of this pretty insect is not confined to the banks of the Mersey.

82 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The other species, N. Hispidaria (the Small Brindled Beauty) bears a close resemblance to Phigala
Pilosaria, for which it might sometimes be mistaken but for its smaller size. The female is apterous. It is not
a very rare species, but is rather local. Manchester, Lyndhurst, and Scarborough are mentioned as places where it
has been recently captured in some abundance.

The genus Biston is strongly distinguished from the two other genera of this Sub-Family by the character of
the females, which are not only furnished with wings, like the males, but are in two of the genera decidedly
larger and generally more robust. The males have deeply pectinated antenne, the females having them simple
and very slender. The bodies are robust. The wings of the females though larger, are less densely clothed with
scales. The larve are smooth, attenuated towards the head, and having two small humps on the twelfth segment.
The pupa is rather short, and subterranean, There are three British species.

Biston Betularius (the Peppered Moth, Nos. 7, 8, and 9). This handsome and conspicuous insect is the
largest of the Geometride, and the young Collector will be glad to learn that it is plentiful everywhere, that is, in
any situation where Birch or Beech trees abound. The male (No. 7) is very much smaller than the female, but
more strongly marked, and distinguished by its deeply pectinated antenne, The female (No. 8) is generally
paler, and the filiform antenne mostly marked with alternate annulations of black and white. The Caterpillar
(No. 9) is a very handsome and peculiar creature, holding itself perfectly stiff, notwithstanding its slenderness
and length, when supported only on the hind legs. It feeds on Birch, Beech, Elm, and on Fir in September,
passing the autumn and winter in the Chrysalis stage, and the perfect insect appearing in the following May. It
is the last of the group to appear, the whole of them being early spring insects. It is found most abundantly in
woods.

The other species are B. Prodromarius and B. Hirtarius. B. Prodromarius (the Oak Beauty, sometimes
called the Dark Pepper) bears a strong general resemblance to the P. Betularius. It is of nearly the same size,
the most obvious distinction being the darker character of the powdering of dark brown spots which form
themselves near the base of the front-wings and again near the external edge, into two broad and nearly solid
bands of dark brown. The hind-wings are paler brown, whitish, and speckled at the border. It is much more
rare than P. Betularius: but in some places found abundantly ; near Manchester, for instance in some seasons, and
in less plenty near Brighton, Bristol, Plymouth, and other widely distant localities. By some Lepidopterists this
species is placed in Treitschke’s genus Amphidosis. B. Hirtarius (No. 6) is the commonest of the genus, especially in
the suburbs of London, where, at the end of March or in April, wherever poplars abound, specimens may be found
under the trees by hundreds. It is much like P. Pilosaria, but more strongly marked, and may be at once
distinguished by the woolly character of the whole insect ; the surface of the wings being in great part covered
with short and nearly erect hairs. It is on this account a peculiar-looking insect, and the fine brown brindling
renders it very conspicuous and handsome. Some Collectors call it the Cockney, as being found so plentifully
in London, even in crowded streets, if there be but a few poplars in the neighbourhood. It appears, however,
but for a very short time in this abundance, and specimens should therefore be secured on the first opportunity,

or the chance may be lost till the following season.

THE GEN®RA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 85

PLATE XXXIII.

No. 1.—The Feathered Thorn (Himera Pennaria). No. 8.—The Canary-shouldered Thorn (Odoptera Tiliaria).
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Feathered Thorn. | No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Canary Thorn.

No. 3.—The Scalloped Oak (Crocallis Elinguaria). | No. 10.—The September Thorn (Odoptera Erosaria).

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Scalloped Oak. No, 11.—The Caterpillar of the September Thorn.

No. 5.—The Scalloped Hazel (Odontopera Bidentata). No. 12.—The August Thorn (Odoptera Angularia).

No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Scalloped Hazel. No. 13.—The Caterpillar of the August Thorn.

No. 7.—The Large Thorn (Odoptera Alniaria). | No. 14.—The Purple Thorn (Odoptera Illustraria).

Tue fifth Sub-Family of the Geometride is that of the Odopteridi, containing a very homogeneous
series of genera, the most prominent of which are the group popularly known as the ‘Thorns,’ which are
nearly all distinguished by the deeply indented outline of the wings, as implied by the term Odopteridi, formed
of two Greek words signifying indented wings. There are ten genera in the Odopteridi. Himera, Crocallis,
Odontopera, Odoptera, Pericallia, Angerona, Opistograptis, Owrapteryx, Eudalimia, and Ellopia.

The genus Himera. This genus is distinguished by the deeply pectinated, or rather feathered, antenna of
the males. The anterior wings are waved, but not dentate in the outline ; the hind-wings being simply rounded.
The wings of the female are narrower. The larve are of long, but not slender proportion, with a single
hump on the twelfth segment. The pupx are subterranean. There is only one British species. In the robust-
ness of the body this genus exhibits some affinity with the Bistonidi, while in the waved outline of the anterior
wings it approaches the typical Odopteridi, thus forming a link between the two Sub-Families.

Himera Pennata (the Feathered Thorn, No. 1) is remarkable for the length of the pectinations of the
antenne of the male, which have a feather-like appearance that has suggested both the systematic and popular
specific names. The antenne in the female are simple, and the wings narrow. The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds
on Oak and other forest trees, the Moth appearing towards the close of autumn. It is a common and very
widely dispersed species. Bristol, Halton in Buckinghamshire, Plymouth, and other places, are cited as localities
in which it has been taken in great abundance.

The genus Crocallis. This genus presents many of the same characters as the last. The antenne of the
male are pectinated, but not plumose. The body is stout, the wingsa little indented. The larve are ‘ twig-
like,” but slightly clothed with hair, and thickened towards the tail. They devour with avidity other Caterpillars.
The pup are subterranean. There is but one British species.

Crocallis Elinguaria (the Scalloped Oak, No. 3). The Caterpillar of this species feeds on the foliage of
various fruit-trees and also on the Oak. The perfect insect appears in August. It is common everywhere.

The genus Odontopera. In this genus we have the first types of the class with the deeply indentated
wings which give their name to the Sub-Family under description. The larve have two additional pair of
ventral pro-legs ; but they are only partially developed, and are not used in walking. The pup are subterranean.
There is, however, but one British species, most of the species of ‘Thorns’ having been placed in the following
closely allied genus.

Odontopera Bidentata (the Scalloped Hazel, Nos. 5 and 6). In this genus, as illustrated by the present

species, the antenne are still less pectinated than in the last-described genus ; the three genera Mimera, Cro-

84 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

callis, and Odontopera, forming three distinctly graduated steps in the depth of the pectinations, which though
strong, are very shallow in Odontopera Bidentata. The double-toothed projection at the prominent part of the
edge of the front-wings of the insect is expressed in the specific name. The hind-wings also begin to be dentate,
but not to the extent which we shall meet with in the next genus. The Caterpillar (No. 6) feeds on Alder and
other trees. There are two broods of them ; the perfect insect appearing both in April and June. It is common
every where.

The genus Odoptera. In this genus we find the types of the Sub-Family Odopteridi ; the deeply indented
edges of the wings giving them a peculiar and distinct character, such as serves very commonly as the leading
typical mark of a Sub-Family. There are eight British species in this well defined genus, of which five are
represented in the annexed Plate.

Odoptera Alniaria (the Large Thorn, No. 7) is by far the largest British insect belonging to this genus ; but
its right to be considered really a British species, is scarcely as yet sufficiently established. There is, however,
a specimen in the British Museum, captured in England ; and specimens have been taken at Brighton, Margate,
and near the North Foreland Lighthouse ; possibly, stragglers from the opposite shores brought over in a gale,
for the insect. is common on the Continent. The specimen in the Museum is a female, but the Continental
specimen from which my drawing was made, is of the other sex, as indicated by the strongly pectinated antenne.
The Caterpillar is described as brown marbled with whitish, and having a protuberance on the back of the
seventh and at each side of the twelfth segment. It feeds on Alder, Birch, and other trees.

Odoptera Tiliaria (the Canary-shouldered Thorn, Nos. 8 and 9) may be distinguished at once by the colour
of the silky hairs with which the thorax is clothed, and upon which the popular name of this pretty species is
founded. It is the Geometra Canaria of Hiibner. The Caterpillar (No. 9) is one of the most curiously formed
of the genus, though still bearing a strong family likeness to its relatives. The great enlargement of the third
segment from the head, where it joins the last pectoral legs, and the sharp protuberances on the back, increasing
in size as they reach the thickened hinder part of the body, give it a curiously rugged appearance, somewhat
similar to that of the Caterpillar of O. Zwnaria, in which, however, the protuberances are not so remarkable. It
feeds on Birch and Oak, and the Moth appears in August. It is very common.

Odoptera Erosaria (the September Thorn, Nos. 10 and 11). This species has been figured principally on
account of the large size and somewhat distinct characters of the Caterpillar. It appears in September, as its
popular name imports; and though less abundant than some of the preceding, is not uncommon. Lewes, Lynd-
hurst, York, and other widely distant localities, are cited as places of its recent capture.

Odoptera Angularia (the August Thorn, Nos. 12 and 13) has the wings more deeply indented than
others of the species; on which account I give a figure of it, as being in this respect the typical species of the
group in so far as the British species are concerned. The Caterpillar feeds on several trees. The perfect insect
appears in August, and is very common. Worthing, Brighton, Exeter, York, and other places, are Sired where
it is ordinarily abundant.

Odoptera Iitustraria (the Purple Thorn, No. 14). This species is the most richly coloured, and in that
respect the handsomest of the whole group. The Caterpillar feeds on oak, and the Moth appears in May and
June. It is much more rare than either of the species ; being found sparingly in the woods of Kent, in the New
Forest, and in Devonshire.

There are three other species. 0. Fuscantaria has the front-wings narrower and less dentate, and they
are but little variegated, being deep ochre with a nearly solid band of a deeper colour at the external edge,
and two narrower transverse streaks; the hind-wings being dusky-brown. 0. Lunaria closely resembles
Iilustraria, but is smaller and much less richly coloured. O. IlZwnaria is also somewhat like O. I2lustraria,
but has a broadish pinkish stripe down the front of the fore-wings and the hind-wings are only marked by very
pale transverse bands. Many varieties of these last, and of the other species, were formerly ranked as distinct

species under various names which have now disappeared from the British Catalogue, except as synonyms.

THE GENERA OF BRITISII MOTHS. 85

PLATE XXXIV.

No. 1.—The Lilac Beauty (Pericallia Syringaria). No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Brimstone Moth.

No, 2.—The Caterpillar of the Lilac Beauty. No. 8.—The Swallow-tailed Moth (Ourapteryx Sambucaria).

No. 4.—The Orange Moth (Angerona Prunaria). No. 10.—The Cocoon of the Swallow-tailed Moth.
No. 5.—The Caterpillar of the Orange Moth. No. 11.—The Light Emerald (Budalimia Margaritaria).

No. 6.—The Brimstone Moth (Opistograptis Crategata).

\
|
|

No. 3.—The Chrysalis of the Lilac Beauty. | No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Swallow-tailed Moth.
| No, 12.—The Barred Red (Bulopia Fasciaria).

‘Tur genera of Moths represented in this Plate continue the illustration of the sub-family Odopteridi.

The genus Pericallia is well distinguished from the last genus, both in the perfect and preparatory stages,
In the perfect state both sexes have the antenne pectinated, while it is only the males that are so distinguished
in the genus Odoptera. In the Caterpillar state the two slender excrescences on the eighth segment form a peculiar
and sufficient generic distinction. There is only one British species.

Pericallia Syringuria (the Lilac Beauty, No. 1). This is a very pretty insect, very closely resembling
O. Illwnaria, figured in the last Plate, from which, and all the Odoptere, it is however distinguished by the
peculiarities alluded to in describing the generic characters. The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds on Privet, Lilac,
Syringa, and other shrubs, as well as the Clematis, on which it is represented. The Moth is found in gardens and
woods, and is not common, though widely dispersed. Exeter, Halton in Buckinghamshire, and Wavendon near
Newport Pagnel, are recorded as places where it has occurred in some abundance.

The genus Angerona. The insects assigned to this genus are distinguished from those belonging to the
preceding by the greater slenderness of the body, the larger proportion of the wings, and the smooth outline of the
anterior pair, which are free from the irrecular projections which distinguish the ‘‘Thorns.” The antenne are
slender and short, being pectinated, but not deeply, in the males. The Caterpillars are somewhat elongate,
with protuberances on the fifth, ninth, and twelfth, and two small projecting points on the anal segments, The
pupa is enclosed between leaves.

Angerona Prunaria (the Orange Moth, No. 4) is one of the commonest Moths of our woods and copses. It
is extremely variable in colour; the orange ground being sometimes of a pale straw colour, and the darker portion
awarm grey. The wings of the female (which is rather larger than the male) are entirely of the paler colour,
which gives it the appearance of a distinct species. The Caterpillar (No. 5) varies in intensity of colour, like the
perfect insect. It feeds on the foliage of the Plum, from which it takes its specific name, and also upon several
other trees. It is common almost everywhere.

The genus Opistograptis is distinguished by the antenne of the males, which are so slightly ciliated as to
appear simple. The palpi are unusually short, and the margins of the wings are free from indentation. The
Caterpillars have two more ventral legs than those of the last genus, but they are only rudimental, and not used
in walking. The Chrysalis is enclosed in a thick cocoon. The term Opistograptis, adopted by Hiibner in 1816,
has been preferred to that of Duponchel, Rumia, which only dates from 1829.

Opistograptis Crategata (the Brimstone Moth, No. 6). This pretty and common gpecics is abundant

86 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

wherever Whitethorn grows, the foliage of which is its principal food in the larva state. The Caterpillar (No. 7)
yaries in its general tone of colour from fawn to gray. The perfect insect appears in April, June, and August,
there being several broods.

The genus Curapteryx is principally distinguished, as the term implies, by the tail-like projections of the
hind-wings of the insects assigned to it, which give them somewhat the general form of Butterflies, of the genus
Papilio, The insects of this genus are farther distinguished by the pointed form of the anterior wings. The
antenne are simple, or only slightly ciliated in both sexes. The Caterpillars are of long proportions, and have
lateral projections from the posterior joints of the eighth and twelfth segments. The Chrysalis is found ina
cocoon formed of leaves webbed together, and sometimes suspended. There is but one British species.

Ourapteryx Sumbucaria (the Swallow-tailed Moth, No. 8) is one of the largest and most conspicuous of the
eroup to which it belongs. The Caterpillar (No. 9) is dark reddish-brown or nearly red, variegated as represented.
It feeds on various trees, and the Moth appears in June. It is very common in the Southern and Midland Counties
of England, but becomes rarer im more Northern districts, and has not yet been observed in Scotland. The
Chrysalis, contained in the suspended cocoon (No. 10), should be procured for any Collection intended to be
tolerably complete, as it forms a very curious and interesting object.

The genus Ludalinia, The insects assigned to this genus are very nearly allied to those of the last, and
have a slight projection on the margin of the hind wings. They are, however, distinguished by the deeply
pectinated antennie of the males, and also by the form of the Caterpillars, which are slightly flattened beneath,
like those of the Catocalw, with fleshy fringe above the legs, which are twelve in number, the additional pair being
sufficiently developed for use in walking. The pupa is formed in the ground.

The name here used has been preferred to the “‘Metrocampa” of Latreille, as being of anterior date.
There is but one British species.

Eudalinia Margaritaria (the Light Emerald, No. 11). This pretty insect is far from uncommon if sought
in the proper places,—namely, woods, or shady places where large trees abound. Its delicate colouring and
silvery gloss make it a great favourite with Collectors. The Caterpillar is described as brownish-green, with a
black dorsal line and a row of white dots on each side. It feeds on Birch, Beech, Hornbeam, &e. Its appearance
is not confined to the more southerly districts, like the preceding, the neighbourhood of Edinburgh being cited as
one of the localities in which it is found most abundantly.

The genus £iopia. The insects assigned to this genus are closely allied to those of the last, especially in
the preparatory stages, the Caterpillars being flattened in a similar manner. They are, however, distinguished by
the rounded form of the wings and their semi-transparency, and by the Chrysalis, which is enclosed in a web
among leaves.

Ellopia Faseiaria (the Barred Red, No. 12). This pretty insect has received its specific names, both
popular and systematic, from the broad band or fascia of deeper colour which runs across the wings. The
Caterpillar is described as reddish-gray, paler on the back, with a series of brownish dorsal marks, which
are partially divided into a kind of heart-like form by a dark line. It feeds on Fir, and the Moth appears
about the end of June ; but it is rarely found except in Pine plantations, and then not plentifully. The neigh-

bourhood of Brighton, Manchester, York, &e., aro recorded as localities in which it has recently been observed
in some abundance.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 87

PLATE XXXV.

No. 1.—The Large Emerald (Geometra Papilionaria). No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Grass Emerald.

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Large Emerald. No. 7.—The Essex Emerald (Luchloris Smaragdaria).
No. 3.—The Small Emerald (Jodis Vernaria). No. §.—The Blotched Emerald (Comibena Bajularia).
No, 4.—The Caterpillar of the Small Emerald. No, 9.—The Caterpillar of the Blotched Emerald,

No. 5.—The Grass Emerald (Pseudoterpna Cythisaria).

Tu sub-family illustrated in this Plate is that of the Geometridi. It contains five genera : Geometra,
Jodis, Pseudoterpna, Euchloris, and Comibena; and comprises nearly all the Moths popularly known as the
“« Emeralds,”

The genus Geometra. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males pectinated,
the abdomen smooth and small, the wings large, and the hind-wings generally scalloped at the fringed edge.
The larve are short, and generally small in proportion to the perfect insect. The pupa is enclosed in a
transparent cocoon.

Geometra Papilionaria (the Large Emerald, No. 1) is one of the handsomest of the small bodied Moths of
this group, and fresh specimens are remarkably handsome, being of a brilliant grass or emerald green ; but the
brightness of this colour fades very rapidly, and this insect as seen in Collections exhibits but a faint tinge of its
original colour, The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds on Birch, Nut, Beech, and other trees, and the Moth appears in
July. It is rarely found except in woods. The neighbourhood of Bristol is cited for its recent capture in some
abundance ; and it may be said to be very widely distributed, even as far north as Dumbartonshire and Renfrewshire.

The insects assigned to the genus Jodis are of much smaller size than the preceding. They are distinguished
by having the antennz of the males only slightly pectinated and filiform at the points, and by very slender palpi.
The Caterpillars are free from protuberances, and, with their regular longitudinal stripes and bifid head, are very
distinct from those of the preceding genus.

Jodis Vernaria (the Small Emerald, No. 8), This very pretty species is of a bright but whitish green, very
difficult to imitate in a drawing. The Caterpillar (No. 4) feeds on Oak and other trees, and the Moth appears in
July. It is most frequently found on chalky soils, but may be considered rare ; but in recent years it has been
taken commonly near Bristol.

Some English authors describe a second species, smaller, and of a paler and still more delicate green ; this
is J. Lactearia,

The genus Pscudoterpna. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the male slightly
pectinated ; and the abdomen is crested in both sexes on the third and fourth segments. The larva is very rigid,
has two excrescent points on the second and last segments, and the head is bifid. The Chrysalis is green, and
enclosed in a slightly webbed cocoon, There is but one British species.

, Pseudoterpna Cythisaria (the Grass Emerald, No. 5) is a common insect in favourable localities. It is of

88 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

amuch duller green than any other of the group, and sometimes greenish-gray. The Caterpillar feeds on common
Broom, on Heaths or Warrens, and the Moth appears in July. It is found as far north as Ayrshire.

The genus Luchloris. This genus contains a single British species, separated from Geometra on account of
the habits of the Caterpillar, which clothes itself with portions of small leaves, seed vessels, scales of flowers,
or other vegetable fragments, which it binds together so as to form a kind of shell or habitation, which it carries
about with it somewhat after the manner of the singular larve of the Psychide., The larva otherwise resembles
in general conformation that of Geometra Papilionaria, which has caused some English authors to place LZ.
Smaragdaria in the same genus.

Euchloris Smuragdaria (the Essex Emerald, No. 7). This rare species has only been found at present on
the Essex coast. The first specimen discovered was reared from a Caterpillar found by Mr. C. Parsons, near
South Church, Essex, in June 1826. Specimens have since been taken at Southend and St. Osyth, both on the
Tssex coast.

The genus Comibeena, This is another genus established on the conformation and habits of the Caterpillar,
rather than the characters of the perfect insect. Like the preceding, the Caterpillars of this genus’ form for
themselves shells composed of portions of leaves, bark, &e. They are also humped in a similar manner on
several of the segments, and may perhaps eventually, on farther revision of the group, be placed in the genus
Smaragdaria, notwithstanding the existence of minute distinctions, unnecessary to allude to in a work of
strictly popular character.

Comibena Bajularia (the Blotched Emerald, No. 8) is not an abundant species. The Caterpillar (No. 9)
feeds upon Oak, partially covered by its case of bark, lichens, &e. It is represented in the Plate without its
protecting case. The Moth appears in Oak woods in July, and has been recently taken near Brighton, Bristol,

Stowmarket, Tenterden, York, and other places.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 89

PLATE XXXVI.

“No. 1.—The Speckled Beauty (Cleora Viduaria). No, 7.—The Willow Beauty (Alcis Rhomboidaria).
No, 2.—The Waved Black (Parascotia Fuliginaria). No. 8.—The Caterpillar of the Willow Beauty.
No. 3.—Tho Caterpillar of the Waved Black. No. 9.—The Waved Umber (Hemerophila Abruptaria).
No. 4.—The Dusky Carpet (Tephronia Corticaria). No. 10.—The Brindled White Spot (Boarmia Extersaria).
No. 5.—The Great Oak Beauty (Alcis Roboraria). No, 11.—The Engrailed (Boarmia Laricaria).
No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Great Oak Beauty. No, 12.—The Caterpillar of the Engrailed.

Tue seventh sub-family of the Geometride is that of the Cleoridi, containing three genera, Cleora,
Parascotia, and Tephronia.

The genus Cleora. The insects in this genus have the antenne pectinated in the males ; in C. Lichenaria
to the tip, while in C. Viduaria and C. Glabraria the points are filiform. The wings are extended horizontally in
repose, and have the fringe deep, and spotted at the ends of the nervures. The Caterpillars feed on Lichens, and
have humps on several of the segments. The Chrysalis is formed in a slight cocoon, among leaves and moss.

Cleora Viduaria (the Speckled Beauty, No. 1). This elegantly marked species is very variable, some
specimens being much more darkly dappled than the one figured, while in others the maculations are nearly
obsolete. The larva is not well known, but the perfect insect has been taken in the New Forest in May and June,
and more recently at Brighton and Lyndhurst.

The following are the other species of Cleora: C. Glabraria (the Dotted Carpet), closely resembling
C. Viduaria, but smaller. It is comparatively common, but local. Its capture is recorded in the Lake district,
the New Forest, and Edinburgh. C. Cinetaria, by some classed as a Boarmia, has the front-wings whitish-gray,
mottled in a similar manner, but generally darker than the other species. It has been taken at Brighton,
Lyndhurst, and Dalmally. C. Lichenaria has the ground colour of the wings light brown.

The genus Parascotia. The insects assigned to this genus have the body rather small and the wings ample.
The latter are generally of a dark brownish colour, traversed by many waved bands of a somewhat lighter tone.
The larve are without humps, but are covered with bristle-bearing tubercles, The Chrysalis is subterranean.
There is but one British species.

Parascotia Fuliginaria (the Waved Black, No. 2). This insect is very rare. It was formerly taken
occasionally in the neighbourhood of London, at long intervals, but there is no recent record of its capture. The
Caterpillar (No. 8) feeds on Lichens, and the perfect insect should be looked for from July to September.

The genus Tephronia of Hitbner ; the Mniophila of Boisduval. The British insects assigned to this genus
have the antenne of the males pectinated ; the fore-wings oblong, the hind-wings rounded ; their flight is nocturnal.

There is but one British species.

00 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Tephronia Corticaria (the Dusky Carpet, No. 4). This insect is inserted in our catalogues as British on the
strength of a single capture, only one British specimen being known. The larva is said to vary in colour from
dirty white to gray, and greenish, with a paler line on the back, widening at each segment. It is found on Lichens
growing upon walls, generally in a northern aspect. The unique specimen in the British Museum, from which
my illustration is copied, was taken at Tenby, in South Wales, many years ago, by Dr. Leach,

The eighth sub-family of Geometridae is that of the Boarmidi, consisting of three genera: Alcis, Hemerophila,
and Bourmia,

The genus Alcis, The insects assigned to this genus are in general much larger than the preceding, and
have slender bodies but ample wings, very beautifully and regularly variegated. They haye the antenne
pectinated in the males, but not to the tip, which is generally filiform ; and the fringed edges of the wings are
slightly dentated. The Caterpillars are twig-like, but not Jong and slender, and have both humps, and lateral
projections near the joints of the segments ; the head being frequently withdrawn partially within the second
segment. The Chrysalides are subterrancan. ‘There are, according to the arrangement I am following, five
species, The term Alcis, adopted by Curtis in 1825, has been preferred, as anterior to that of Boisduyal, whose
term, Boarmia, only dates from 1840.

Alcis Roboraria (the Great Oak Beauty, No. 5) is by far the largest and handsomest of the genus. The
Caterpillar (No. 6) feeds on the Oak, Beech, &c, ; and the Moth appears in June. It was formerly taken in the
woods of the Southern Counties, but sparingly ; more recently it has been taken commonly in the neighbourhood
of Manchester and Tenterden ; Lewes, Lyndhurst, and West Wickham being also recorded as localities where it
has been captured.

Aleis Rhomboidaria (the Willow Beauty, No. 7) is much smaller than the preceding, and so variable in
appearance, in consequence of the ground being, in some specimens, nearly as dark as the markings, that the
varieties are often mistaken for distinct species. The one figured is a medium specimen. This insect is common
everywhere in England, but rather scarce in Scotland. The Caterpillar (No. 8) feeds on Oak, Plum, and other
trees, and is found in woods, and on hedge rows ; the perfect insect appearing in July.

The other species are the following : A. Consortaria (the Pale Oak Beauty) strongly resembles A. Rovoraria,
but is rather smaller, and the markings are uniformly paler. This species is rare ; Brighton, Lyndhurst, and
Pembury in Kent, being cited as localities in which it has been taken recently, A. Abictaria (the Satin Carpet)
has the front wings grayish-black and glossy, with the markings darker. The female is rather paler, and
sometimes suffused with an orange tone. A. Repandatw (the Mottled Beauty) has the general character of
A, Roboraria, but the ground colour of the wings is reddish ochre, inclining to umber.

The genus Hemerophila. The insects comprised in this genus have the antenne pectinated nearly to the
tip. The wings are moderately large, the hinder pair being deeply dentate in the only British species. The
Caterpillars are not humped ; they have the head sub-quadrate, and feed exposed on the leaves of shrubs. The
Chrysalis is formed in the angle of a stem, and enclosed in a tough cocoon of web.

Hemerophila Abruptaria (the Waved Umber, No. 9). This is a very prettily marked and conspicuous
insect. The Caterpillar feeds upon Lilac and other shrubs, in the spring ; the perfect insect appearing in June,
in gardens, woods, and orchards. It was formerly deemed far from common, but its capture in abundance in
many widely different localities has been recently recorded, especially at Bristol and Stowmarket; and in
somewhat less abundance at Exeter, Lewes, Tenterden, and other places.

The genus Boarmia. The British species assigned to this genus have the antenne pilose beneath, instead
of pectinated. The wings are ample, and dentate. The larve are elongate and devoid of humps, and have several
longitudinal lines. The Chrysalis is generally formed amongst Moss.

Boarmia Extersaria (the Brindled White Spot, No, 10). This pretty species has a white mark left by the
wave of a darkish bar near the external margin of the front wings, from which it takes its name. The Caterpillar

is described by Crewe as being pale gray, clouded with reddish-brown. It feeds on Birch. This species is rare,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, SL

but widely distributed, having been recently taken at Brighton, Bristol, Stowe Wood, Oxfordshire ; and many
other places.

B. Lavicaria (the Engrailed, No. 11) is the largest and handsomest of the genus. It is found in woods in
March and April, The larva, which still remains undescribed, is known to feed on Larch. This fine species may
be considered rare, but has been taken recently at Brighton, Bristol, Lyndhurst, Manchester, Worcester, and
doubtless in other localities. The Caterpillar represented at No, 12 is that assigned by Hiibner to an allied insect
bearing one of the specific synonyms of B. Laricaria, but probably belonging to another species.

The other species are the following: 2B. Consonaria (the Square Spot) resembles in gencral character
B. Extersaria, vut has the engrailed bands broader, darker, and more suffused, and the white mark squarer
inform. It was formerly considered very rare, but has been taken in great abundance recently at Halton, in
Buckinghamshire, and in some plenty in several other localities. B. Crepuscularia (the Small Engrailed) closely
resembles B. Laricaria, but is paler, and the markings aro often less sharply defined; it is also rather
smaller. B. Punetularia (the Gray Birch) is much smaller than cither of the preceding ; and is of a dull gray, the
markings being indistinet, and powdered with blackish specks. It is very common in woods in May. Bristol and
Manchester are recorded as places where it has recently been taken in great‘abundance ; and it is, in fact, plentiful

in all favourable localities.

wy

eo

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 93

PLATE XXXVII.

No. 1.—The Scotch Annulet (Charissa obfuscata). No. 7.—The Gray Carpet (Aleucis pictaria).

No, 2.—The Brown Annulet (@nophos pullata). No. 8.—The Birch Mocha (Ephyra pendvlaria).

No. 3.—The Barred Umber (Anagoge pulveraria). No. 9.—A Variety of the Birch Mocha.

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Barred Umber. No. 9}.—The Caterpillar of the Birch Mocha—Chrysalis of the
No, 44.—The Chrysalis of the Birch Mocha. Birch Mocha (see No. 44).

No. 5.—The Common White Wave (Cabera pusaria). No. 10.—The Dingy Mocha (Ephyra orbicularia).

No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Common White Wave. No. 11.—The Clay Triple-lines (Ephyrea trilinearia).

Tue Gnophidi form the ninth sub-family of the Geometride, and contain but two British genera : Charissu
and Gnophos.

The genus Charisse. The insects assigned to this genus present a peculiarity in the antenne of the male,
the joints of which are, according to Mr. Westwood, ‘* compressed and produced internally.” The palpi are short
and straight, and do not lean together producing the form of a beak. The abdomen is long and slender; the
wings are ample, and the fringed edge of the hinder pair is but very slightly indented ; those insects having the edge
of the hind wings strongly indented, which were formerly classed as Charisse, having been removed to another
cenus. The Caterpillars are short, and have a bifid tail. Only one British species is now assigned to the genus
Charisst.

Charisse obfuscata (the Scotch Annulet, No. 1) is a rare and local insect, being found chiefly in the North,
in the Islands of Arran and Bute, and at Flisk on the Scottish coast. The Caterpillar is not well known.

The genus Gnophos. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the male simple, but slightly
thickened. The hind wings are dentate. The Caterpillar is short, with two small humps on the twelfth segment,
and a bifid tail. The Chrysalis is subterranean,

Gnrophos pullata (the Brown Annulet, No. 2). This insect was formerly included in the genus Charissa as
C. Pullata. Tt is found in August in many places along the south coast, and in some localities it is very abundant
at that time, especially in the Isle of Wight. It is also found in Wales. The Caterpillar is unknown.

There is another species, @. obscwrata, the wings of which are very much darker than those of G, pullata.

The tenth sub-family of the Geometride is that of the Caberidi, containing four genera: Anagoge, Cabera,
Aleucis, avd Ephyra.

The genus Anagoge (the Numeria of Duponchel) contains but one British species. The characteristics of
the genus are—antenn of males bipectinated, except at the extreme tip, and the wings rounded and not dentate.
The Caterpillars are slender, with small dorsal humps on the hinder segments ; and the head is bifid. The Chrysalis
is formed in a cocoon among leaves.

Anagoge pulveraria (the Barred Umber, No. 3). This is rather a common species in woods. The Cater-
pillar (No. 4) feeds on the Sallow. The perfect insect appears in June. The neighbourhoods of Brighton, Bristol,
and many other places as far North as Argyleshire, are recorded as localities in which it has been recently captured

in some abundance.

The genus Cabera, The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males slightly bipectinated

94 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

nearly to the tip. The wings are delicate, rounded, and free from denticulation at the margin. The larvae are of
rather long proportions, and have two minute spines on the last segment. The Chrysalides are formed in earthen
cocoons or under moss. Most of the species appear to be double brooded. There are three British species.

Cabera pusaria (the Common White Wave, No. 5). This species, like Anagoge pulveraria, is very
abundant in woods. The Caterpillar feeds on the foliage of several forest trees, and the perfect insect appears
in May, and again in July and August, there being two broods.

The other species are: C. votundaria, the Round-winged Wave, rather smaller than the preceding, though
very closely resembling it; and C. exanthemata (the Common Wave), larger than either of the preceding, and of a
delicate cream colour instead of gray. In this last species the third band near the base of the fore wings is
sometimes blended more or less with the next, and these varieties were made a species by Haworth, as C.
approwimaria, Specimens more thickly powdered with the dark colour, were by the same author distinguished
as C, arenosaria,

The genus Aleucis, The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne simple in both sexes, and slender.
The fore wings are pointed at the tip, and the hind wings much rounded. The Caterpillar is undescribed. The
only British species was formerly classed as a Cleora.

Aleucis pictaria (the Gray Carpet, No, 7). This is a very rare insect. It was at first found only in Kent,
in the neighbourhood of Dartford, especially on a particular fence on the heath: but Colchester and Lewes have
been lately cited as places where it has occurred.

The genus Ephyra, The insects assigned to this genus are of exceedingly delicate structure. The males
have the antenne bipectinated nearly to the tip. The hind wings are slightly angulated towards the middle, and
both pairs have generally a ring-like mark near the centre. The Caterpillars are slender and have no humps,
the head being slightly bifid. The small Chrysalides are somewhat angulated, and might be taken at a glance for
those of some small butterfly, being attached to a branch by a knot of web at the tail, and a loop round the middle,

Ephyra pendularia (the Birch Mocha, No. 8) is perhaps the commonest of the genus, and is found plenti-
fully in Birch woods, but not everywhere, being somewhat local. The Caterpillar (No. 94) feeds on Birch and
Alder, and the Moth appears in the beginning of June, and again in August, being double brooded. The
Chrysalis (No. 44) is slung to a twig.

Ephyra trilinearia (the Clay Triple-lines, No. 11) is by no means so common as the preceding, but is
occasionally plentiful in Beech woods, in the North of England. The Caterpillar is described by Crew as being of
a reddish brown colour, variegated with yellow, and as feeding on the Beech, At Halton, in Buckinghamshire, it
has lately been taken in very great abundance; and Brighton, Lewes, Plymouth, and other places are named as
good localities for its capture,

The other species are: #. porata (the False Mocha), distinguished by its warm brownish colour, getting
paler towards the edges of the wings. JZ. punctaria (the Maiden’s Blush) is a common species; it is rather
grayish in colour, shading to ochreous, and dusted with blackish. £. omitcronaria (the Mocha) is also among
the commonest species of this genus, It may be distinguished by the colour of the external portion of the wings
up to the outer band being of a much yellower colour than that of the interior portion, and so’ forming a broad
yellowish border. £. orbicwlwria (the Dingy Mocha, No. 10) is the most rare, It may be at once distinguished
by the browner colour of the wings, in which the circular marks in the centre appear conspicuously white ; and
also by the form of the hind wings, which at the fringed edge converge to a point near the centre. This rather

rare species has been found receutly near Brighton, Lewes, Lyndhurst, Tenterden, and Worthing.

1.38

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 95

PLATE XXXVIII.

No. 1.—The Blood-Vein (Bradyepetes ainataria). No. 7.—The Straw Belle (Aspilates gilvaria).

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Blood-Vein. No. 8.—The Grass Wave (Perconia strigillaria).

No. 3.—The Dark-bordered Beauty (Epione vespertaria). No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Grass Wave.

No, 4.—The Caterpillar of the Dark-bordered Beauty. No. 10.—The Belle (Ortholitha plumbaria).

No. 5.—The Scorched Wing (Plagodis dolabraria). No, 11.—The Brown Silver Line (Lozogramma petraria).
No, 6.—The Caterpillar of the Scorched Wing. No. 12,—The Oblique Striped (Mesogi'anina lineolata).

‘Tur eleventh sub-family of the Geometride is that of the Zpionidi, containing three genera : Bradyepetes,
Epione, and Plagodis.

The genus Bradyepetes. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne rather strongly bipectinated
nearly to the tip. The fore wings are sharp at the anterior angle, and rather hooked ; the hind wings being
strongly angulated in the middle of the margin. The Caterpillars are short and dilated towards the head. The
Chrysalides are formed among leaves. There is only one British species.

Bradyepetes amataria (the Blood-Vein, No. 1). This pretty species is tolerably common everywhere.
The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds on Sorrel and other herbaceous plants. The perfect insect appears in June.

The genus Epione. The species of which this genus is composed, have the antenne of the males pectinated
quite to the tips. The front wings are acute at the anterior angle, with the fringed margin extending into a
projection in the middle, and the hind wings are indented in the centre of the margin, The Caterpillars are
slender and attenuated towards the head. The Chrysalides are enclosed in a cocoon among leaves.

Epione vespertaria (the Dark-bordered Beauty, No. 8). This beautiful. species is very rave. The Cater-
pillar is ashy brown, having the anterior segments striped with white, and the rest of the body mottled. It feeds
on the Hazel, and the perfect insect appears in May. It appears to be rather a northern insect, having occurred
principally in Yorkshire and the adjoining counties,

There are two other species. JZ. apiciaria (the Bordered Beauty) is far less rare than the preceding
species, and is found in damp, shady lanes, appearing in July. #. advenaria (the Little Thorn), closely resembles
the other species in form and markings ; but is of light cream colour, the bands and speckles being of pale brown.
In appears in woods in June, but is not common.

The genus Plagodis. The insects forming this genus (the Zurymene of Duponchel) have the antenne
of the male pectinated, and the fore wings oblong, projecting in the middle of the fringed edge. The hind wings
are pointed in the middle of the posterior margin and slightly indented at the angle next the body. The
Caterpillar is twig-like, with a hump on the ninth segment, and the head is rather forked at the top. The
Chrysalis is subterranean. There is but one species,

Plagodis dolabraria (the Scorched Wing, No. 5) is a widely-dispersed, but rather uncommon species.
The Caterpillar (No. 6) feeds on Oak and Lime, and the perfect insect appears about the end of June, It has
been recently taken in some plenty near Halton in Buckinghamshire, and at Tenterden; its capture has been
recorded also at Brighton, Bristol, Plymouth, York, and several other places,

The twelfth sub-family of Geometride is that of the Aspilatidi, containing five genera: Aspildtes, Pers

conit, Ortholitha, Lozogramma, and Mesogramma,

96 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The genus Aspilates, All the species in this genus have the antenne of the males pectinated to the
tip. The fore wings are rather straight at the margin, and have a single transverse bar of a deeper colour
than the ground. The hind wings are rounded and have but a very faint band. The Caterpillars are not
humped, but have two points on the last segment. The Chrysalides are enclosed in an earthen cocoon. There
are two British species,

Aspilates gilvaria (the Straw Belle, No. 7). This pretty insect is extremely local. It is, however, found
in many places in Kent, in some plenty, and in profusion on the downs behind Dover Castle. The Caterpillar
is described as whitish, with a faint rosy tinge, and dorsal and sub-dorsal lines of reddish gray, and two spines on
the last segment. It feeds on Millefoil, and the perfect insect appears in August. New localities frequented by
this insect have been recently discovered, among which Exeter, Ipswich, and especially Box-Hill in Swrey,
may be cited.

The other species is A. citrarvia (the Yellow Belle), distinguished by two oblique brownish bars across
the fore wings, and single bands strongly marked on the hind wings; but it is a very variable insect, and
some specimens have all the wings of a pale straw colour, the hind wings being rather paler than the front pair.
The Straw Wave, which is placed by some authors along with Aspilates, is, in the system I am following,
placed in another genus.

The genus Perconia. This genus contains only one British species, sérigillaria, and the characters which
distinguish this insect from those assigned to the former genus, are principally the dentation of the hind wings,
and some slight differences in the preparatory stages.

Perconia strigillaria (the Grass Wave, No. 8). This common insect varies exceedingly in its markings.
Those with only three equidistant bands were formerly made a separate genus, as Geometra respersaria ; and those
with unequal bands, as Geometra inequaria. The Caterpillar feeds on the Broom, and the perfect insect appears
in June, frequenting heaths, where it is very common.

The genus Ortholitha (the Phasiane of Duponchel). The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne
of the males only very slightly bipectinated, the palpi long, and lying close together in the form of a beak. The
fore wings are pointed at the anterior angle, the hind wings rounded, both pair being free from denticulation at
the margin. There is but one British species.

Ortholitha plumbaria (the Belle, No. 10). This pretty and strongly marked insect is very common, and
widely dispersed, It frequents heaths and woods in May, and again in August, being double brooded. The
Caterpillar is not well known.

The genus Lozogramma. The insects of this genus have the antenne of the male simple, and the abdomen
long and slender ; the fore wings are rather broad at the fringed margin, and pointed at the tip ; and the hind
wings rather rounded. The Caterpillars have not been described. There is but one British species.

Lozogramma petraria (the Brown Silver Line, No. 11) is not a very common insect; but in June, and
again in August, it may be taken in plenty wherever Fern abounds.

The genus Mesogramma. The insects in this genus have the antenne simple in both sexes. The palpi
are short ; the body is also short. The fore wings are rather triangular, the hind wings are small. The Cater-
pillars are smooth, with pale stripes, and have ten feet. There is now only one British species allowed, though
six were formerly assigned to the genus.

Mesogramma lincolata (the Oblique Striped, No. 12). This is by no means a rare species. It is very
variable, one of the varieties having been considered a species, as Phibalapteryx virgata. The Caterpillar is
described as reddish brown, with a broad yellow line on each side, and a brown head. It feeds on Galiwn
verwm, and the perfect insect is found from May to the middle of August, especially on heaths, where it is

in many places abundant.

i.

Oo
=F

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

PLATE XXXIX.

No. 1.—The Manchester Treble-bar (Celma imbutata). No. 6.—The Twin-spot Carpet (Corenia didymata).

No. 2.—The Slender Treble-bar (Anaitis plagiata). No. 7.—The Garden Carpet (Coremia fluctuata).

No, 34.—The Chalk Carpet (Eusebia bipunctaria). No. 9.—The Silver-ground Carpet (Corenia montanata).

No. 4.—The Mottled Gray (Erinobia multistrigaria).

{
|

No. 3.—The Small Mallow (Zubolia mensuraria). | No. 8.—The Caterpillar of the Garden Carpet.
No, 10,—The Green Carpet (Coremia miaria).

No. 5.—The Welsh Wave ( Venusia cambrica).

Tue thirteenth sub-family of the Geometride is that of the Zubolidi, containing seven genera: Cela,
Anuitis, Eubolia, Eusebia, Erinobia, Venusia, and Coremia.

The genus Celma. The insects assigned to this genus (founded by Stephens) have the palpi unusually
scaly, and the antenne simple in both sexes, those of the male being rather pubescent. The anterior wings are
somewhat inclining to the lancet-shape, and the abdomen is short. The females are smaller than the males.
The Caterpillars are rather strong, and the Chrysalides are formed among moss. There is but one species, which
is placed by some authors in Hiibner’s genus Carsia.

Celma imbutata (the Manchester Treble-bar, No. 1) is a very local species. The Caterpillar is described as
reddish yellow, with three violet lines or stripes ; it feeds on one or more species of Vaccintwm. The perfect
insect appears in August ; and was formerly taken occasionally in heathy places in the North of England,
and in Scotland, but considered a rarity. It has, however, been since taken in the neighbourhood of Manchester
in great abundance, and in one or two other new localities.

The genus Anaitis. The insects in this genus have the antennx simple in both sexes, and the palpi close
together or beak-like, The fore wings are rather lancet-shaped ; the females are larger than the males, The
Caterpillars are long and slender, with a velvety surface, delicately striped. The Chrysalides are oblong. There
are two British species,

Anuitis plagiata (the Slender Treble-bar, No. 2) is a common species in woody localities almost everywhere.
The Caterpillar, which is described as reddish brown with a black dorsal line and a yellow line at the side,
feeds on Hypericum perforatum ; and there are seemingly two broods, as the perfect insect appears both
in June and September. Brighton, Cambridge, Exeter, Arran, and Bute are cited by entomologists as localities
where it is plentiful.

The other species is Anaitis preeformata (the Purple Treble-bar). It has the anterior wings less acute, and
is rather brighter coloured. It is placed in the British catalogue on account of one or two doubtful captures ;
but some authors do not consider it British.

The genus Zubolia, The insects assigned to this genus have the antennex of the males either pectinated
or strongly pubescent ; the wings are broad, the fore wings rather pointed. The Caterpillars have ten feet,
and are rather thicker in the last segments. The Chrysalides are subterranean, There are three British species
in the system I am following, which some authors make five by placing our Zusebia bipunctaria and Mesogramma

lineolata in this genps,

98 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Eubolia mensuraria (the Small Mallow, No. 8). This pretty, hut common insect is sometimes called
the Aurelian’s plague, from its excessive abundance, filling his net to the exclusion of rarer and more desirable
specimens, The Caterpillar has not been accurately described ; but it is said to be of a yellowish green colow,
and to feed on Grass. The perfect insect appears in July and August, and is common everywhere.

The other species are :—E. cervinata (the Mallow Moth) which may be distinguished by its somewhat larger
size, and by its much browner colouring, the markings being very similar to the preceding; #. meniatu is
about the size of the first species, but browner, with some of the bands variegated with straw colour. Only one
specimen has yet been captured of this rare insect ; it was taken near Carlisle.

The genus £usebia. To this genus of Duponchel a single British species has been assigned, which
is generally placed in Zubolia, the Lareniia of Treitschke. The wings are more rounded than in the preceding
genus, and the antenme of the males of this genus only slightly pectinate. The Caterpillars are thick, and
striped.

Lusebia bipunctaria (the Chalk Carpet, No. 33) is a very local, but yet abundant species. The Caterpillar
is of a pale brownish gray colow, with darker lines. It feeds on Clover ; and the perfect insect appears in
June, and is very plentiful in lime and chalk districts. Many places are cited where it appears sometimes
in extreme abundance, as Lewes, Cambridge, Eden, Dene, Dover, &c.

The genus Erinobia. A species, formerly placed in Treitschke’s genus Zarentia, has been, for slight
distinctions of character, assigned to this genus; these are the curious dottings on the nervures of the anterior
wings, the nearly simple antenne, &c., &e. Mr. Westwood, as early as 1845, suggested the propriety of
removing Larentia multistrigaria from the genus Larentia,

Erinobia multistrigaria (the Mottled Gray, No. 4) was formerly considered a rare insect. The Caterpillar
is described by Shiel as dark with lateral markings of brown; it feeds on Bedstraw. The perfect insect
appears in March, and used to be taken on heaths near London, and also in Norfolk. It is now found
abundantly at Birkenhead, Bristol, Lewes, Manchester, and Plymouth, and in some plenty in many other places.

The genus Venusic. In the insects assigned to this genus, the antenne of the males are slightly
bipectinated, the pectinations being rather longest at the tips. The abdomen is slender, and the wings rather
rounded and free from indentations. The preparatory stages are unknown. There is but one British species.

Venusia Cambriea (the Welsh Wave, No. 5). This was formerly considered a very rare insect, the
Devil’s Bridge in Cardiganshire being the only locality recorded for its capture. The Caterpillar is unknown ;
but the perfect insect appears in June or July. It is now found in some plenty at Huddersfield, the Lake
Districts, Manchester, Stowmarket, and Sheffield.

The genus Corenia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males either pectinated
or pubescent. They have generally a series of spots at the side of the abdomen. The Caterpillars are ten-
footed. The Chrysalides are subterranean. There are eleven British species.

Coremia didymata (the Twin-spot Carpet, No. 6) is widely dispersed, but was once thought a very
local species. The Caterpillar is, according to Sepp, grass green with a white line at the side. The perfect
insect appears at the end of July, the female being much paler than the male. It now is considered by
practical entomologists to be plentiful everywhere.

Coremia fluctuate (the Garden Carpet, No. 7). This is © common species. The Caterpillar (No. 8)
feeds on several garden plants—Horse-radish, Cabbage, &e. The perfect insect appears throughout the summer
in gardens, and even in houses, in the country.

Coremia montanata (the Silver-ground Carpet, No. 9). This handsome species is abundant everywhere.
The Caterpillar is said to be dull whitish, with several gray-brown stripes, and a white line above the legs.
It feeds on Primrose, in woods, where the perfect insect appears in June.

Coremia miaria (the Green Carpet, No. 10). This beautiful insect is almost as abundant as the preceding.
The preparatory stages are unknown. The perfect insect appears in woods and shady lanes in June.

The other species are the following: @. salicata (the Striped Twin-spot Carpet) closely resembles
C. didymata, Wut is much smaller. C. ferrugata (the Red Twin-spot Carpet) has the dark portions of the

wings much deeper than in the two last-named species, and the light bands clearer ; in size it is less than the

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 99

first and larger than the last. @. wnidentaria (the Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet) is a very variable insect,
but can generally be distinguished at once by the very broad and dark band, bordered with light, which crosses
the centre of the brown ground of the fore wings. @. ligustrata (the Large Twin-spot Carpet) is much like the
preceding in the broad band, but the ground colour is more ochreous in the fore-wings and clearer in the
hind wings, and the insect is considerably larger. C. olivata (the Beech-green Carpet) resembles the two
last in the broad band, but the ground colour is green, the dark bands being bordered with cream colour
or pale ochre, and there is a small patch of ochre in the centre of the dark band. C. propugnata (the
Flame Carpet) is again very distinct, the ground being flesh colour, with the broad band deep olive with
a patch of lighter tone in its centre, the hind wings being entirely of a pale reddish brown or flesh tone.
C. munitata (the Red Carpet) is also very distinct, the ground colour being warm pale brown, with the broad
and strong red-brown, approaching red. All these pretty species are tolerably common, and some very

abundant ; C. olivate is found chiefly in birch woods ; C. salicata, a northern species, is the most rare.

=v

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 101

PLATE XI.

No. 1.—The Northern Spinach Moth (£lectra populata). | No. 11—The Shoulder Stripe (Lamptopteryx badiata).

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Northern Spinach Moth, No, 12.—The Caterpillar of the Shoulder Stripe.

No. 3.—The Clouded Yellow (Harpalyce fulvata). No. 13.—The Barberry Carpet (Articlea berberata).

No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Clouded Yellow. No. 14.—The Caterpillar of the Barberry Carpet.

No, 5,—The Chrysalis of the Clouded Yellow. No. 15.—The Chrysalis of the Barberry Carpet.

No. 6,.—The Purple Bar (Harpalyce ocellata), No. 16.—The Cocoon of the Barberry Carpet.

No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Purple Bar. No. 17,—The Royal Mantle (Anticlea sinuata).

No. 8.—The Pheenix (Steganolophia pruncta). | No. 18.—The Yellow-ringed Carpet (Aplocera flavicinctata)

No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Phoenix. No. 19,—The Autumn Green Carpet (Chloroclysta miata).

No. 10,—The Chrysalis of the Pheenix,

Tue fourteenth sub-family of the Geometride is that of Cidaridi, containing fifteen genera; Electra,
Harpalyce, Steganolophia, Lampropteryx, Anticlea, Aplocera, Chloroclysta, Hydriomena, Polyphasia, Thera,
Cheimatobia, Oporabia, Acasis, Lobophora and Eupithecia.

The genus Electra (the Cidaria of Treitschke). The insects assigned to this genus, are pretty generally
distinguished by the various yellow tints of their wings, the anterior pair having a rather narrower and more
elongate form than in the preceding group, and having also the anterior tip marked by an oblique stripe or patch
of alight or dark colour. The antenne are generally simple in both sexes. The body is rather long, especially
in the males, which have a tuft at the extremity. The Caterpillars are slender, and attenuated towards the
head, which is often of forked or bifid form. The Chrysalides are distinguished as being frequently of various
colours. There are six British species.

Electra populata (the Northern Spinach Moth, No 1). The appearance of this insect was formerly
considered to be confined to Scotland and the North of England, but it has recently been discovered plentifully in
more southern districts. The caterpillar (No 2) feeds on Poplar, and the perfect insect appears in July. In the
neighbourhood of Huddersfield and Edinburgh it is found in great abundance ; and in less plenty in southern
localities, such as Brighton, Darenth Wood, Plymouth, &e.

The other species are Z. sagittata (the Marsh Carpet) having the front wings of pale brown, with a broad
cross band on a basal patch of blue-black, edged with a bright border of white. Z. chenopodiata closely resembles
E. populata, but has the dark band stronger, and the oblique patch at the angle of the front wings reduced to a
broadish streak. #. achatinata (the Broad Chiverned Moth) is very like the preceding, but paler, and has two
brightish cream-coloured bands near the margin of the fore wings, one enclosing the oblique blotch, and the other
at the outside of a partly obsolete dark band. JZ. pyraliata (the Barred Straw) is distinguished by having three
narrow bands across the fore wings, and a row of spots near the edge. Z. marmorata (the Spinach) is very like
populata, but rather larger, and has the band more distinctly defined, and the ground in some places lighter.
It is the handsomest of the genus. These species are all common except the strikingly marked &. sagittata,
which at present has only been found in the fens of Cambridgeshire, and is very rare.

The genus Harpalyce formerly containing eleven British species, is now restricted to six, the others having
been more correctly located in other genera. Those retained in this genus have the antenne of both sexes
simple. The wings are short and triangular, and all four wings are extended, forming a broad triangle when the

insect is atrest. The caterpillars are ten footed, and the chrysalides smooth, and often varied in colour.

102 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

Harpalyce fulvata (the Clouded Yellow, No. 8). This pretty insect is very common. The Caterpillar
(No. 4) feeds on the foliage of the Rose-tree, and the perfect insect appears in July. It is common everywhere
and often abundant. The Chrysalis is represented at No 5.

Harpalyce ocellata (the Purple Bar, No. 6). This is a yery common and widely dispersed insect. The
Caterpillar (No. 7) feeds on Bedstraw ; and the moth appears in June, and a second brood in August.

The other species are H. galiata (the Galium Carpet) which is rather like the preceding, but may be easily
distinguished by the dark patch on the front edge of the fore wings between the broad dark band and the tip, and
by its smaller size. H. picata (the Short Cloak Carpet) has the light ground very much covered by the dark mark-
ings, especially near the margin ; it is rather larger than the last. #H. corylata (the Broken-barred Carpet) has
the cloudy band next the fringe of the anterior wings interrupted by a white patch at the tip and another in the
middle, forming two rather conspicuous pale marks. H. silaceata (the small Phoenix Moth) has the broad dark
band in the centre of the anterior wings interrupted by three delicate white streaks, formed by the white colour
of three of its traversing nervures. These are all common except H. corylata, which is less so than some others,
and H. galiata, which is generally confined to the more southern districts> being abundant at Plymouth.

The genus Steganolophia, To this genus, founded by F. Stephens, the author assigned a single British
species. The males of the species assigned to it have a tuft of hair near the base of the fore wings, beneath. The
palpi are larger and more beak-like than in the allied genera, and the transverse bands of the hind wings are very
remarkable for their distinctness and regularity. The Caterpillar is ten footed, and has the hinder segments
rather enlarged, and the head slightly bifid.

Steganolophia prunata (the Phenix, No 8). This handsome insect is not plentiful, but is very widely
dispersed. The Caterpillar No. 9 feeds on Sallow and Bilbery, Gooseberry, &e., &c. ; and the perfect insect
appears in July and August in lanes and gardens. The Chrysalis is represented at No. 10. Huddersfield and
Edinburgh are cited as localities in which it has been recently taken in great abundance ; but it has also been
taken, though sparingly, at Brighton, Darenth, and other places in the southern districts.

The genus Lampropteryx. The insects assigned to this genus by its author the late Mr. Stephens, have
the antenne of the males rather strongly ciliated. The palpi are very short, and the wings are glossy. The
Caterpillars are ten footed, slender, and naked. There are two British species.

Lampropteryx badiata (the Shoulder Stripe, No. 11). This is a widely dispersed but local insect. The
Caterpillar (No. 12), feeds on the Rose, &e. The perfect insect appears in April.

The other species is Z. swfwmata (the Water Carpet), which instead of the light central bands of the last
species, has a broad dark corresponding band. It is very generally distributed and often abundant.

The genus Anticlea. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males simple, the wings
not dentated, and the front pair rather pointed at the anterior angle; the central band being generally pale.
The Caterpillars are rather long and slender, and have generally the habit of curving under the first segments.
The Chrysalides are generally found in a compact earthen cocoon. There are four British species.

Anticlea berberata (the Barberry Carpet, No, 13). This is a very local insect. The Caterpillar (No. 14)
feeds on the Barberry, and the Moth appears in May, June, and August. It was formerly taken sparingly in
Berkshire and Oxfordshire ; but the neighbourhood of Cambridge is now cited as a locality in which it is
occasionally found in abundance. The Chrysalis and cocoon are shown at Nos. 15, 16.

Anticlea sinuata (the Royal Mantle, No. 17). This is also a rare species. The broad pale central band of
the anterior wings is conspicuously marked in this species. The Caterpillar is said to be green with a broad
yellow stripe on the back, and a purplish line on each side, edged beneath with greenish yellow. It feeds on one
or more species of Bedstraw, and the Moth appears at the end of June. The old localities of its capture are in
Kent, Devonshire, and Berkshire ; but it is now taken much more abundantly in Cambridgeshire.

The other species are the following. A. rubidata (the Flame) has the light portion of the central band
much less broad and conspicuous, and the hind wings nearly covered with thin waved bands, the general colour
being a pinkish brown of different shades, A. derivate (the Streamer) is very like A. berberata, but is larger, and
has the dark bands nearest the body more strongly and sharply marked, and the hind wings are without the

narrow dark border and second band which distinguishes A. berberate.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 103

The genus Aplocera. The insects in this genus have the antenne of the males pubescent or slightly
pectinated ; the wings entire and rounded, but sometimes the fore pair are rather pointed at the anterior angle.
The Caterpillars are attenuated towards the head. There are two British species, both placed by some authors in
the genus Larentia of M. Guénée.

Aplocera flavicinetatu (the Yellow-ringed Carpet, No. 18) is a very local insect, but abundant occasionally
in some places. The Caterpillar is described as being of a dull green colour, with a row of reddish triangular
spots edged with white, along the back. It feeds on Savifraga granulata, and the perfect insect appears at the
beginning of the autumn. It is rare, but has been found as far north as Perthshire. M, Guénée, as I am
informed by Mr. Logan of Duddington, who is studying the group, considers this species distinct from the
Flavicinctata of Hiibner, and has named it Rusieinclata. j

The other species, Aplocerw cesiatu (the February Carpet), is much more common. It may be distin-
guished by the conspicuousness of the central band, which is edged with a distinct white line.

The genus Chloroclysta. The insects in this genus have the antenne of the males entirely simple, or only
slightly pubescent, and the abdomen very long, and tufted in the males, The Caterpillars are rather elongate,
but not attenuated towards the head. The Chrysalides are of various colours. There are two British species.

Chloroclysta miatw (the Autumn Green Carpet, No, 19) is a widely distributed insect. The Caterpillar,
which is described as green, with two projecting points upon the last segment, feeds on Alder, Oak, and Bireh.
The perfect insect appears in September. Brighton, Bristol, York, and Tenterden are mentioned as localities
in which it has been recently taken in abundance—and Edinburgh and Glasgow as places where it has been
seen more sparingly.

The other species, C. psittacata (the Red Green Carpet), may be distinguished by the much darker green
of the fore wings, which haye also interrupted cross bands of white ; and the hind wings are darkish brown,

with paler bands.

+

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 105

PLATE XII.

No. 1—The May High-flyer (Hydriomena implwviata). | No, 7.—The Brindle-barred Yellow (Acasis viretata).
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the May High-flyer. | No. 8.—The Early Tooth-striped (Lobophora lobulata).
No 3.—The Dark Marbled Carpet (Polyphasia immanata). No. 9,—The Caterpillar of the Warly Tooth-striped.
No. 4.—Juniper Carpet (Thera Juniperata). No. 10.—Beautiful Pug (Eupithecia Linaviata).

No. 5.—The Winter Moth (Cheimatobia brumata). No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Beautiful Pug.

No. 54.—The Female of the Winter Moth. No, 12,—The Marbled Pug (Eupithecia irriguata).

No. 6.—The November Moth (Oporabia dilutata).

Tue present Plate contains the remainder of the genera contained in the fourteenth Sub-Family of
Geometride—the Cidaridi—the first portion of which was included in Plate XL.

The genus Hydriomena. This is the genus Ypsipetes of Stephens, Hiibner’s name Hydriomena having
been recently adopted on account of its priority of date. The insects assigned to it have the antenne simple
in both sexes. The abdomen is rather stout ; the wings are of large proportion, and have greenish markings,
with variegated fringes ; the hind wings are silky, and nearly without markings. The insects have a peculiar
kind of flight, generally at a considerable height, from which habit they are popularly known as High-flyers.
The Caterpillars are rather short, with lateral stripes; and they feed on the foliage of trees or shrubs. The
Chrysalis is formed among leaves. There are three British species.

Hydriomena impluviata (the May High-flyer, No. 1). This species is very variable, both in the strength
and distinctness of its markings; but their character may be easily recognised in the palest as well as in the
most strongly-marked specimens. The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds upon the foliage of Birch and Hazel. The moth
appears in May, towards the end of the month. It is found in the woods of Kent, flying at evening in damp
places ; but is said to be more abundant in the north. It has recently been taken in plenty near Manchester,
in the Cotswold Hills, at Halton in Buckinghamshire, and other places.

The other species are H. elutata (the July High-flyer), which may be easily recognised by the greater

irregularity of its transverse bands, which approach, almost, to a rather general mottling of greenish tone,
which varies very much in different individuals; a small variety having the markings much more brown in
colour, and of a dusky effect from their general blending. H. ruberata, the third species, was by some considered
a variety of H. impluviata ; it is, however, now considered a distinct species. It is greenish gray in tone,
having a broadish dark band aboye and below the centre of the front wings, which are tinged with red.
- The genus Polyphasia. The insects classed by Stephens in this genus being exceedingly variable, were
formerly divided into eight distinct species, but these are now reduced to two, which are by some authors
placed in the genus Cidaria. The insects retained in the genus have the antenne simple in both sexes.
The Caterpillars are slender, and have short tubercles on the terminal segment. The Chrysalides are sometimes
variegated in colour.

Polyphasia immanata (the Dark Marbled Carpet, No. 3). This variable insect is common everywhere,
though some of the varieties were once deemed rare. The P. marmorata and P. wmenata of former authors

were varieties of this species. The Caterpillar still remains undescribed. The perfect insect appears in July
and September.

106 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The other species, P. Russata, with its varieties, may be distinguished generally by having the central
portion of the anterior wings light, or traversed by narrow bands, instead of having a broad dark central band
as in the former species. P. Russata was formerly distinguished as P. centwir-notata, and its varieties were
made P. concinnata, P. saturata, P. perfuscata, and P. comma-notata, &e. The typical P. Russata is abundant
everywhere. The larva is described as yellowish green, with a dorsal line darker, and getting pinkish towards
the tail. -

The genus Thera. This is not a very well defined genus, the males of one of the species assigned to
it having distinctly pectinated antenne, while others have them simple in both sexes, or only slightly
pubescent. The abdomen is rather long, and tufted in the males. The wings are not denticulated at the
fringed edge. The Caterpillars are smooth and of rather long proportion ; they feed generally upon the foliage
of the Fir or Juniper. The Chrysalides are formed in a silken web among leaves.

Thera Juniperata (the Juniper Carpet, No. 4). This pretty species is not very abundant, but may often
be taken just after dark in woody situations where the Juniper abounds, in the southern and eastern counties.
The Caterpillar is apple-green, whitish on the back, and getting darker at the sides. It has a broad line
of pale lemon colour at each side of the back, and a purplish line, edged with white, at the sides. It feeds
on the Juniper ; and the perfect insect appears late in the autumn. It has been recently captured at Sanderstead,
Mickleham, and in the neighbourhood of Glasgow.

The following are the other species: 7. variata (the Gray Carpet) is pale brown, with a broad central
band of dark brown, edged with a line of the same colour paler than the ground. This species is abundant
in fir-woods in May. ZZ. stimulate (the Shaded Broad-bar) is much lighter coloured, and more faintly marked
than the last described, and has the antenne of the males pectinated. 7. firmaria (the Pine Carpet) is pale
gvay, with a rather ochreous blotch at the base of the front wings, the broad band being of ochreous brown.
The last species is very plentiful near Manchester, abounding in Fir-woods.

The genus Cheimatobia. This genus is well marked by the nearly apterous character of the females. In
the males the wings are of ample dimensions, though of somewhat narrow proportion ; while in the females they
are extremely short, and in fact merely rudimentary, not being fitted for flying. It would seem to be a more
natural arrangement to place the whole of the species in which this singular peculiarity exists in consecutive
genera, so as to form a distinct group or sub-family ; but the difference of character in other respects, especially
in the preparatory stages, appears to render such an arrangement very difficult. The antenne of the males
are slightly pubescent, and in one species bipectinated. The Caterpillars are slender, rather attenuated at the
extremities ; they feed enclosed in a leaf till the time of change, when they enter the earth in order to pass into
the pupa stage, the Chrysalis being formed in a slight cocoon. The moths generally appear in mid-winter.

Cheimatobia Brumata (the Winter Moth, No. 5). This pretty moth is very common. The female
(No. 5%) is brown, with very short rudimental wings. The Caterpillar is described by M. Guénde as being of
a pale yellowish green, shaded with a blackish tone ; the stripes are of yellowish white, and the head is green.
It feeds on the foliage of various trees. The perfect insect appears in mid-winter, and is common everywhere,
flitting about the leafless hedges in search of the females, which are deprived of the power of flight by the
rudimental character of their small wings.

The two other species are the following: @. rupicapraria (the Early Moth) may be easily distinguished
by the pinkish brown tone of the anterior wings, which have a rather distinct band across the centre of a darker
tone, bordered with lighter. @, Boreata (the Northern Winter Moth) is pale gray, with a slight ochreous tinge,
and a slightly darker central band faintly bordered with lighter. It is found in Birch-woods in September.

The genus Oporabia. The affinity of this genus to the last described is shown in the wings of the female,
which, though not merely rudimental, are yet much smaller than those of the male. The antenne of the male
are slightly pubescent. The Caterpillars are short, and not attenuated at either extremity. They are generally
of a full velvety green, and feed upon the foliage of several trees, burrowing in the ground to undergo the change
to the chrysalis state.

Oporabia dilutata (the November Moth, No, 6) is a very common insect. The Caterpillar is deseribed

by M. Guénée as being green above and bluish white underneath, with a more or less distinet dorsal line of

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 107

reddish brown. It feeds on Oak, Elm, &e., and the moth appears in November. It is abundant everywhere.

There is a pale variety, which has some of the darker marks joined, so as to give it a pied appearance

much more striking than that of ordinary specimens ; and other varieties are entirely of the colour of the darker
markings.

The other three species are, O. neglectata, by many entomologists deemed a mere variety of the preceding ;
0. autumnaria, more glossy than OQ. dilutata, with the front wings rather more pointed and smaller; and 0.
Jjiligrammaria, the wings of which are pale gray, with several transverse wavy lines forming a broad central
band, which is pale in the centre. Both 0. wutumnaria and 0. filigrammaria are northern species.

The genus Acasis, of Duponchel, contains but one British species, which has been detached from Mr.
Stephens’ genus Lobophora, on account of the existence of minute characters which appear to warrant the new
location. The insect is, however, still retained in the genus Zobophora by Mr, Stainton and many other
entomologists,

Acasis viretata (the Brindle-barred Yellow, No. 7). This pretty insect may be considered rare. . The
Caterpillar, according to Hiibner, is dull yellow, spotted with orange on the back. It feeds on the foliage
of the Privet ; and the perfect insect appears in May. It has been recently taken at Lewes, Lyndhurst,
Cambridge, &e.

The genus Lobophora. This genus includes the species popularly known as the Seraphims. The antennse
of the males are simple, or nearly so; the palpi are short and bent abruptly upwards. The hind wings of the
male have a raised lobe at the base, fringed at the edge, which in some of the species is very conspicuous.
The Caterpillars are smooth, with the head flat and the tail slightly bifid. They feed on various trees. The
Chrysalis is subterranean.

Lobophora lobulata (the Early Tooth-striped, No. 8). This species has been selected for illustration
as best exhibiting the lobe of the hind wings. The Caterpillar (No. 9) feeds on the Sallow in August, and the
perfect insect appears in the following month. It has been recently taken in abundance at Manchester, York,
and in districts much farther north. It is generally found on palings and the trunks of trees.

The other species are: LZ, polycommata (the Barred Tooth-striped), which has the front wings grayish,
with the basal blotch rather darker. This is a very local insect. LZ. hewaptera (the Seraphim), which has the
front wings of a pale ochreous tone, with transverse cloudy bands of pale blackish, powdered with darker specks,
L. sexalisata (the Small Seraphim), which is a much smaller and more fragile insect than any of the other
species, and is of a pale buff tone, with delicate, but distinct, bands of a grayish colour,

The genus Eupithecia is one of the most extensive of the great family of Geometride. It contains a large
proportion of the pretty class of Moths popularly known as Pugs. One of the general characters of this genus
is the uniformly small size of the insects assigned to it. The antenne are alike in both sexes, or those of the
males are only slightly pubescent. The abdomen is generally crested. The front wings are narrow, and
the hind wings small in proportion to the front. The Caterpillars are short and stiff, and the back has
generally a series of strongly defined markings. They often feed on the flowers or seed-yessels of plants rather
than on the foliage. The Chrysalis is slender and very pointed. There are thirty-seven described species, and,
with the one newly named by Mr, Doubleday, thirty-eight.

Eupithecia linariata (the Beautiful Pug, No. 10). This beautiful little insect is still rather rare, though
several new localities have been discovered in which it is found in some plenty. The Caterpillar (No. 11)
feeds in spring upon the flowers or on the seed-yessels of the common Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris), and the moth
appears in the following June and July.

Lupithecia irriguata (the Marbled Pug, No. 12), This is another very pretty species, the ordinary chaste
brown tones of which are sometimes beautifully heightened, especially in continental specimens, by a flush of
pink. The Caterpillar is at present unknown. This is a rare species, but it has been recently taken at Lyndhurst
and one or two other places, besides the localities in the mountains of South Wales where it was first observed.

Eupithecia viminata, the species recently named by Mr. Doubleday, is rather obscure in its markings,
but much sought just now by collectors, both on account of its rarity, and as being decidedly a well-defined

new species,

108 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

The other species are—Z. togata, EB. pulchellata, E. rectangulata, E. coronata, E. debiliata, E. pumilata,
E. rufifasciata, E. pusillata, E. Begrandaria, E. plumbeolata, E. palustraria, E. satyrata, E. callunaria,
E. subumbrata, E. subnotata, E. castigata, E. subfasciata, BE. austerata, E, Sobrinata, E. exiguata, E. abbreviata,
E. innotata, E. lanceolaria, E. tenwiata, EB. minutata, E. elongata, E. indigata, E. nanata, E. piperata,
E. centaureata, E. suecenturiata, E. cognata, E. subfulvata, E. consignata, E. venosata. It is manifestly
impossible in a popular work of the restricted extent to which this work is limited to do more than thus
give a mere list of the names of the un-illustrated species of a genus so extensive as Kupithecia. This
pretty group would, however, form an interesting study to a beginner, especially in seeking for the larve,

which are at present but little known.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 109

PLATE XLII.

No. 1.—The Horse Chestnut (Pachycnemia Hippocustanarie). | No, 8.—The Tissue (Triphosa dubitata).

No. 2.—The Streak (Eucestia Spartiata). | No. 84.—The Scarce Tissue (7. certata).

No. 3.—The Caterpillar of the Streak. No. 9.—The Yellow Shell (Camptogramma bilineata).
No. 4.—The Small Waved Umber (Phibalapteryx Vitalbata). | No, 10.—The Scallop Shell (Calocalpe undulata).

No. 5.—The Narrow-barred Carpet (Plemyria gemmata). No. 11.—The Black-veined (Siona dealbata).

No. 6,—The Dark Umber (Philereme Rhamnata). | No. 12.—The Snowy (G@ypsochroa nivecta).

No. 7.—The Broom Scallop (Schidax Sparsaria).

Tue fifteenth sub-family of the Geometride is that of the Chesiadi, containing the nine genera
illustrated in the present Plate.

The genus Pachycnemia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne slightly thickened
and serrated in the males, and simple in the females. The palpi project, in the form of a short straight beak.
The abdomen is slender and rather long. The larva is not well known. There is but one British species.

Pachycnemia Hippocastanaria (the Horse Chestnut, No. 1). This inconspicuous insect appears throughout
the summer, there being probably several broods from March to September. It is found in heathy districts,
especially the open places in the New Forest, about July. The larva has not been accurately described.

The genus Lucestia (the Chesias of Treitschke). In this genus the antenna are simple in both sexes.
The palpi are long, scaly and close together, like a beak. The abdomen is long and rather stout; the wings
are long, narrow, glossy, and rather lanceolate in form; and when at rest, they descend each way from
the ridge over the back like a roof. The Caterpillars are slender and smooth. The Chrysalides have the
yentral protuberance rather prominent. There are two British species.

Eucestia Spartiata (the Streak). This remarkably distinct species receives its popular name from
the white streak which extends from the points of the front wings to near the base. The Caterpillar
(No. 2) feeds on the common Broom, and the perfect inseet appears in October, in places where that
plant is abundant.

The other species is £. obliquata (the Chevron) which has the same lancet-formed wings, but is easily
distinguished by the absence of the white streak, and the more regular transverse bands, especially the
broad dark one beyond the centre, near the external edge.

The genus Phibalapteryxz. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne simple in both
sexes. The body has generally a double row of black spots, and sometimes a black line. The front
wings have the tip somewhat prolonged and in some species rather hooked. The Caterpillars are very
long and slender and rather attenuated towards the head. The Chrysalis is formed in the earth. There
are four British species.

Phibalapteryx Vitalbata (the Small Waved Umber, No. 4). This clearly marked species, with its
transverse wave of rich umber running from the anterior tip of the front wing to the inner side of the
base, is by no means a common insect. The Caterpillar is described by M. Guénée as reddish gray

marbled with black, with black lines on the back, and a flesh-coloured line at the sides. It feeds on the

110 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

Clematis vitalba, from which its specifie name is derived. The perfect insect appears both in June and
October. It has been taken in plenty at Bristol and Cambridge, and more sparingly in other places.

There are three other species: P. tersata (the Fern) is rather larger and of more dusky brown, with
the transverse bands passing evenly across the wings. P. lignata is a smaller and rather more delicately
formed insect, which may be readily distinguished by two short but strong stripes, and three slenderer but
longer streaks on the hind wings. P. polygraminata (the Many-lined) is grayish in tone, with rather irregular
brown bands, one of them running transversely and terminating towards the centre of the wing; and within
the dark bands are others of a whitish tone.

The genus Plemyria of Hiibner has been adopted for the purpose of locating more appropriately two
British species, removed from the last described genus. The insects assigned to the genus under description
have the antenne simple in both sexes ; but the bodies are without the spots which distinguish those
retained in the last.

P. gemmata (the Narrow-barred Carpet, No. 5), formerly Phibalapteryx angusta, is an inconspicuous
insect, and was supposed by sonre collectors to be an imported insect, as the specimens found in the State
of Georgia in North America are identical with those considered British. It has however occurred recently
at Brighton, Bristol, in the Isle of Wight, and other places. The Caterpillar is unknown.

The second species, P. lapidata, closely resembles the last described, but has the wings rather more
pointed and the waved transverse lines more distinct. It is very rare, having only been taken at Rannoch
in Perthshire.

The genus Philereme of Hiibner is now made to contain the insects assigned by Stephens to his own
genus Scofosia, in consequence of the priority claimed for the term adopted by the German Entomologist.
The insects have the antenne simple in both sexes, the abdomen of the male is tufted, the wings are
slightly dentate, and in some species the hind wings have a tuft of scales near the terminal angle. The
Caterpillars are thick, and feed at first in folded leaves. The Chrysalis is formed in the earth, There are
two British species.

Philereme Rhamnata (the Dark Uiber, No. 6), is a much larger insect than any yet deseribed in
this sub-family. The Caterpillar, which is described by Hiibner as variable, is usually dark brown on the back,
and white, speckled with brown, at the sides; or green, with a white line at the side, edged below with dark
reddish brown. It feeds on the foliage of the Buckthorn. The moth appears at the end of May, and is found
in woods; but is not a common species. It has been taken recently near Brighton, Bristol, Lewes, York,
and other places,

The genus Schidav. This genus of Hiibner’s has heen adopted for the reception of a single species,
lately located in the genus Scotosia as Scotosia Sparsaria, The antenne of the male are simple; the body is
rather longer than the wings; the palpi extend beyond the head ; and the hind wings slightly dentate. The
Caterpillar has not been described.

S. Sparsaria (the Broom Scallop, No. 7) is an inconspicuous insect, not likely to be much sought except
by thorough Lepidopterists, especially as it is very rare, having only been taken in the New Forest and near
Cambridge. It appears about June.

The genus Triphosa. The insects assigned to this genus have the antennae simple in both sexes. The
palpi form a short beak, The wings are broad, and generally strongly marked with transverse bands, which
are conspicuously sinuated or sharply dentated. The Caterpillars are robust, and marked with pale stripes.

Triphosa dubitata (the Tissue, No. 8), is a rather large and handsome insect. The Caterpillar feeds
on Buckthorn, and is described by M. Guénée as being green with white lines, and a yellow line at the side.
There are two broods, the Moth appearing both in May and August. It frequents gardens, and is a common
and widely-distributed species.

The other species, 7. certatu (the Scarce Tissue, No. 84), may be known by its rather smaller size, and
deeper and redder colowy, especially in the hind wings, and the lighter band of ochreous tone in the front wings.

The genus Camptogramma. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne simple in both sexes.

The wings are broad, like those of the last genus, and have similar markings ; but their surface is entirely without

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, dil

gloss, and the ground colour is generally dull orange. The tips of the front wings are slighly faleate, and
the margin of the hinder pair rather dentate. The Caterpillar is not attenuated towards the extremities, though
the head is small. The Chrysalis is formed in the earth. There is only one British species.

C. bilineata (the Yellow Shell, No. 9), is one of the commonest of the moths popularly known as the
Carpets. The Caterpillar, as described by Freyer, is greenish white, with a dark dorsal line, and white lines at
the sides. It feeds on grass and other plants. It is common everywhere about the end of June.

The genus Calocalpe—the Eucosmia of Stephens. The insects in this genus agree with those of the
two preceding genera in the denticulation of the hind wings; but the palpi are not arranged in a beak-like
form, and the hind wings of the males have a tuft of scaly hair on the inner margin. ;

C. undulata (the Scallop Shell, No. 10). This elegantly marked insect, the regularly undulating
transverse stripes of which have suggested its specific name, is by no means common. The Caterpillar, as
described by Treitschke, is blackish gray, with paler lines on the back, and a broader pale line at the sides.
It feeds on the Sallow, and the Moth appears in September and October. It has been recently taken at
Oxford, Plymouth, York, and several other places, but only sparingly. This is the only British species.

The sixteenth sub-family of the Geometride is that of the Sionidi, which contains two genera, Siona
and Gypsochroa.

The genus Siona of Duponchel is nearly identical with the Jda¢a of Ochsenheimer and Stephens. The
insects assigned to it have the antenne simple in both sexes; the palpi short and slender, but appearing beyond
the head. The tips of the wings are not acute, and are destitute of markings. The only British species has
the wings white without variation, except the dark lines of the veins.

Siona dealbata (the Black-vein, No. 11). This singular insect forms the type of a very distinct genus,
as may be seen by its generic character, and by the form of the wings, which are very distinct from those of
the genera which precede and follow it. It is taken in July, chiefly in woods in the south of England ; but it is
rather scarce.

The genus Gypsochroa. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne simple in both sexes; the
abdomen long ; the fore wings oblong, the tip narrow, and they are without distinct markings. The hind
wings are short and narrow. The Caterpillar is unknown. There is only one British species.

G. niveata (the Snowy, No. 12) is at present a very rare insect, only two places being cited for its
capture. The representation in the present plate is taken from Hiibner’s figure, as the only specimen I could.

get access to consisted only of a pair of mutilated wings, and part of the body.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 113

PLATE XLIII.

No. 1—The Large Magpie (Abravas Grossulariata). No. 10.—The Caterpillar of the Small Argent and Sable.
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Large Magpie. No. 11.—The Beautiful Carpet (Mesoleuca albicillata).
No. 3.—The Chrysalis of the Large Magpie. No. 12.—The Sandy Carpet (Emmelesia decolorata).

No. 4.—The Speckled Yellow (Venilia maculata). No. 13.—The Least Carpet (Cosmorhoe rusticata),

No. 5.—The Clouded Silver (Corycia punctata). No. 14.—The Purple-bordered Gold (Hyria auroralis).
No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Clouded Silver. No, 15.—The Drab Looper (Minoa Euphorbiata).

No. 7. —The Argent and Sable (Melanippe hastata). | No. 16.—The Caterpillar of the Drab Looper.

No. 8.—The Caterpillar of the Argent’and Sable. No. 17.—The Chimney Sweep (Odezia Cherophyllata).

No. 9.—The Small Argent and Sable (Melanthia tristata).

THE seventeenth Sub-Family of the Geometridae is that of the Zerenidi, the insects assigned to which have
the antenn of the males thickened, but not pectinated. The abdomen is generally spotted with black, and the
wings broad and white, with black or orange-coloured spots. The larva are not attenuated, and are generally
marked in a manner somewhat analogous to the perfect insect. The Chrysalides are short and black, and
sometimes ringed with yellow at the joints. There are three genera, Abrawas, Venilia and Corycia.

The genus Abraxas. The insects assigned to this genus have all a strong family resemblance, and belong to
the Currant-moth tribe. The antenne are short and simple in both sexes, but slightly thickened in the males.
The wings are broad, of slight and delicate texture, and silvery white variegated with dots or patches of black,
gray, or orange. The bodies are generally orange, spotted with black. The Caterpillars are regular loopers,
but of thick proportion, and not attenuated at either extremity. The Chrysalides are sometimes enclosed in a
slight silken cocoon, or attached toa branch by a slight net-work of silken web.

Abraxas Grossulariata (the Large Magpie, or Currant-moth, No. 1). This conspicuous insect is exceedingly
variable in its markings, but yet from its general character it is easily recognised. I have seen specimens in
which the black markings have almost entirely covered the wings and obscured both the orange spots and the
white ground ; and have found others in which the markings, both black and orange, have been so faint as
to leave the wings nearly white ; and yet in these extremes the family character of the moth is so unmistakeable,
that even a very young entomologist would not mistake such specimens for any other species. The Caterpillar
(No. 2) feeds on the foliage of the Currant and other fruit trees in May and June. The Chrysalis (No. 8) is
prettily ringed with yellow. The perfect moth appears in July and August. It is common everywhere.

There are two other species. A. pantaria is considerably smaller than the preceding. The white wings are
only varied by one indistinct brownish-orange patch at the inner angle of the anterior wings, and a few similar
marks on the hind wings. This is a very rare species, only occasionally found in the northern counties, and it is
doubtful even whether it be British. A. Almata is of intermediate size, and is marked in a somewhat similar
manner to A. Grossulariata, but much more faintly, with brown, orange, and gray.

The genus Venilia. The only British species belonging to this genus is assigned by some authors to a
widely different position in the modern arrangement, but in many respects it appears to suit its present location.

The chief characters of the insects assigned to this genus are, antenne slightly pubescent beneath, in the males ;

114 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

the wings rather indented below the tip, and forming a triangle when in repose. The larve are somewhat more
elongated than those of the last genus. The Chrysalis is rather short, and subterranean.

Venilia maculata (the Speckled Yellow, No. 4). The Caterpillar is described by M. Guénée as green, with
a darker dorsal line between two white ones, and with a white line at the sides. It feeds on various Nettles, and
the perfect insect appears in May and June. It is common in woods. Many places, from Bristol to Tenterden,
are cited by entomologists as localities in which it has recently been noticed in great abundance.

The genus Corycia. The characters of this genus are, antenne simple in both sexes; wings rounded,
and of a satiny white, marked with a few irregular grayish or brownish spots. The Caterpillar is rather thick,
and does not burrow to undergo its metamorphosis. There are two British species.

Corycia punctate (the Clouded Silver, No. 5). The Caterpillar (No. 6) feeds on the Sloe and wild Cherry
in the autumn, the moth appearing in the following May and June. It was formerly considered rare, but has
recently been taken at Manchester in great abundance, and at Brighton, Plymouth, and the Cotswold district,
in some plenty.

The only other species, C. taminata (the White-pinion Spotted), may be easily distinguished by the absence
of any markings, except two brownish irregular spots at the front of the anterior wings.

The eighteenth Sub-Family of Geometride is that of the Melanthidi, containing the genera Melanippe,
Melanthia, Mesoleuca, Emmelesia, Cosmorhoe, Hyria, Minoa, and Odezia.

The genus Melanippe. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne simple in both sexes; and the
wings large and strongly marked, having generally a broad irregular band of white traversing all four wings.
The Caterpillars are rather short, and slightly attenuated towards the head, and the Chrysalis is formed in an
earthen cocoon. There is only one British species in the system I am following, but in other arrangements the
genus is made to comprise eight or nine.

Melanippe hastata (the Argent and Sable, No. 7). The Caterpillars (No. 8) of this pretty insect feed on
Birch, and several are generally found together. The moth appears in August. It is rather rare, but widely
distributed, and more common towards the North, having been taken recently at Manchester, York, and several
places in Scotland, especially Dunoon, Arran, and Ben Lomond.

The genus Melanthia, in the system I am following, is made to comprise four species, more or less closely
allied to the last genus, and in some arrangements included in it. They are, however, smaller, though more
robust, and present several minute distinctive characters which it would be impossible to detail in a work of
strictly popular character.

Melanthia tristata (the Small Argent and Sable, No. 9) may be considered the type of this genus, though it
was formerly considered by some authors merely a variety of Melanippe hastata. The Caterpillar (No. 10) feeds
upon the Bed-straws in August and September, and the moth appears in the following May and June. It is a rare
species in many districts, but least so in the North, having been recently taken in the neighbourhood of
Edinburgh in great abundance. The other species are M. Alchemillata (the Common Carpet), M. rivata (the
Wood Carpet), and M. amniculata (the Sharp-angled Carpet). All three belong to the ‘Carpet’ group, and are
small cream-coloured moths, with many bands and streaks of different shades of brown, but none of the species
are marked with black except the one figured.

The genus Mesoleuca. This genus of Hiibner’s is the same as the genus Zerene of Treitschke. The

antenne are simple and very slender in both sexes. The wings are large, and form a triangle when at rest. The

Caterpillars are slender and have the head rather depressed. There are four British species.

Mesolewca albicillata (the Beautiful Carpet, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this pretty species, as described by
Hiibner, is green, with triangular reddish spots on the back from the fourth to the tenth segment, and having a
white line at the side. It feeds on Raspberry and Bramble in August and September. The moth appears in the
following June and July, in woods, and is very widely dispersed.

The other species are—M. adustata (the Scorched Carpet), easily distinguished by the deepened colour of
the wings, which approach a pale ochre. M. procellata (the Chalk Carpet), which is grayer in tone, and has
the broad dark border at the fringe of the anterior wings, interrupted at the external edge by a conspicuous patch

of the ground colour: and dA. rubiginala (the Blue Bordered Carpet), which is much smaller in size than the

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 115

other species, and the ground colour of the wings is of a very pale delicate slate colour, the hind wings being
of the same tone, except the brown border.

The genus Lmmelesia. In this genus the antenne are simple in both sexes. The wings are rather thin
and rounded, and the fore wings marked with several wavy bands and lines. The caterpillars are slender, and
feed on herbaceous plants. The chrysalis is enclosed in an earthen cocoon,

Emmelesia decolorata (the Sandy Carpet). The larva of this species is undescribed, but it is known to
feed on the flowers of Lychnis diurna. The moth appears in June and July, and is very common in hedges,
Janes, and woods.

The other species are—Z. rivulata (the Rivulet), considerably smaller than the last. The wings are pale
brown, and distinguished by a meandering band or rivulet of white, with a dark line in the middle, running
across the front wings, but less distinctly across the hinder pair; also, Emumelesia hydrata (the Small Rivulet),
is much less than the preceding, and has a clear band of white running across all four wings, which are
pale brown. Eimmelesia albulata (the Grass Rivulet), is of cool buff colour, with a broad and a narrow band of
light cream colour running across the front wings, and a large space of cream colour in the hind wings, leaving
a buff border. There are also Z. blandiata, EF. ericitata, E. teniata, and FE. bifasciata, all more or less of
similar character.

The genus Cosmorhoe. The insects assigned to this genus are of very small size ; they have the antenne
pubescent or slightly ciliated in the male, which distinguish them from those of the surrounding genera. The
caterpillars are slender, and slightly thickened towards the tail. The chrysalis is subterranean.

Cosmorhoe rusticata (the Least Carpet, No. 13). This species was formerly included in the Emmelesie, and
is now placed by some authors in the genus Acidalia; indeed, the whole of the last Sub-Families of Geometridae
are at present in a very unsettled state, and await some Entomological Cuvier to determine their definite location.
The larva is unknown, and the perfect insect, which appears in July, is rather rare. It has been recently taken
in the Isle of Portland, and at North Fleet, near Gravesend.

The genus Hyria. In this genus the antenne of the male are ciliated, and furnished with long slender
bristles on each side. The wings, when in repose, form a flattened triangle. The Caterpillars are long and
vermiform ; and are rather stiff, and slightly flattened above. The Chrysalides are subterranean, There is but
one British genus.

Hyria Auroralis (the Purple-bordered Gold, No. 14). The Caterpillar, according to M. Guénée, and the
beautiful figure of Lyonnet, is tawny gray, with a series of paler marks along the back, and paler lines at the
sides. It feeds on the Plantain in June, and the perfect moth appears in July. Ordinary specimens are pale
gold colour, with a purplish band running across all four wings ; but there are varieties in which the gold colour
has a rich gloss of red, leaving a spot of the yellow colour in the centre of each wing. The females are much
rarer than the males. It has been often taken in different parts of Surrey ; and has been recently noticed at
Lyndhurst, and in some plenty at Cambridge and Manchester.

The genus Minow. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males slightly pubescent.
The body slender, the wings silky and without markings. The Caterpillars are thick, with numerous short hairs.
The Chrysalides are formed in an earthen cocoon, There is but one British species.

Minoa Euphorbiata (the Drab Looper, No. 15). The Caterpillar of this species (No. 16) feeds on several
species of Zuphorbia in October, and the moth appears at the end of the following May, or early in June. It is
not a very rare species in woody districts. Brighton, Halton, Stowmarket, Oxford, &c. &c., are cited as places
where it has been recently taken.

The genus Odezia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males simple. The wings
are rather large and rounded, and are carried erect in repose. The Caterpillars are slender, of a velvety texture,
and striped. The Chrysalis is formed in a slight cocoon. There is but one British species.

Odexia Choerophyllata (the Chimney-Sweeper, No. 17). The dark green and velvety caterpillar of this
moth feeds on Cheerophyllum sylvestre in May and July, and the moth appears in June and the following months.
It is found in great plenty in open places in woods in all parts of the country. It has been recently taken in

abundance at Kingsbury (Middlesex), Manchester, and other places.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, alr

PLATE XLIV.

No, 1.—The Clouded Border (Lomaspilis marginata). | No. 11,—The Common Emerald (Thalera Zstivaria),
No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Clouded Border. No. 12.—The Caterpillar of the Common Wave.

No. 8.—The Lace Border (Ptycopoda ornata). | No. 13.—The Small Blood-vein (Timandra imitaria).
No. 4.—The Tawny Wave (Emmiltis rubricata). | No. 14.—The Peacock (Macaria notata).

No, 5.—The Dark Cream Wave (Acidalia marginepunctata). No. 15.—The Caterpillar of the Peacock.

No. 6.—The Latticed Heath (Strenia clathrata). No. 16.—The Tawny-barred Angle (Macaria liturata).

No. 7.—The Dingy Shell (Eucheca separata). No. 17.—The Caterpillar of the Tawny-barred Angle.

No. 8.—Blomer’s Rivulet (Hydrelia Blomeri). . 18.—The Small Scallop (Ania emarginata).

No. 9.—The Small Yellow Wave (Asthena luteata). No. 19,—The Beautiful Hook-tip (Ennomos flexula).

A
°

No. 10.—The Small Grass Emerald (Nemoria viridata),

Tur eighteenth Sub-Family of Geometride is that of the Acidalidi, containing eight British genera. The
antenne of the males in all the genera are pubescent, the body stout, and the wings of moderate size. The
Caterpillars are short, stiff, without humps, and having distinct lines. The Chrysalides are subterranean.

The first genus is Zomaspilis, exhibiting all the leading characteristics above described.

Lomaspilis marginata (the Clouded Border, No. 1), is the Pwcilophasia marginata of Stephens. The
Caterpillar of this species (No. 2) feeds on the Sallow in June and October, the moth appearing in May and July.
It is abundant everywhere.

The genus Ptycopoda. The insects in this genus have the antennz very slender, and ciliated beneath in
the males. The wings when at rest are extended horizontally. The hind tibize are furnished with a long brush of
hair in the males, and from the structure of the feet Mr. Stephens divided the genus into two sections, The
Caterpillars conceal themselves by day, and the Chrysalides are subterranean.

Ptycopoda ornata (the Lace Border, No. 3). The Caterpillar of this elegant species is described by Freyer
as being of grayish colour, with dark reddish lines on the back, and variegated at the sides with short
irregular dark streaks. It feeds on different species of Thyme in April and August, and the moth appears in
June and July. It is far from uncommon in chalky places in Kent and other counties. Tt has recently been
taken in extraordinary abundance at Box-hill. There are five other species.

P. Reversata {the Fan-footed Wave) is smaller than the preceding, of a pale ochreous tone, bordered with
deeper. P. bisetata (the Treble Brown-spot) is somewhat larger than the last, but of the same colour, the dark
band leaving a clear space next the edge. P. scutulata, P. Immutaria, and P. virgularia, are all of similar
character, but none of them have the lacy effect of the border of P. ornata ; perhaps, however, A. virgularia,
with its wings dusted with dark gray, has a somewhat lacy appearance, but the brownish colour is unfavourable
to the effect.

The genus Emmiitis. The single British species now assigned to the genus Zmmiltzs of Hiibner, has been
recently separated from Mr. Stephens’ genus Ptycopoda. The generic distinctions which haye led to this change
of location are too minute to require description in a popular work.

Eminiitis rubricata (the Tawny Wave, No. 4) is placed by some entomologists in the genus Acidalia, The

118 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Caterpillar of this species is unknown, but the perfect moth appears in August, being, however, very rare. Mr.
Stephens took a specimen at the North Foreland Meadow, near Dover; and it has been taken more recently
near York. .

The genus Acidalia, The British species assigned to this genus by Mr, Stephens, were separated by him
from the preceding genus principally on account of differences in the structure of the feet. Their more elongated
wings, free from clouding at the edges, forms, perhaps, a more obvious distinction, Thirteen species were
assigned by this mode of separation to the genus Acidalia of Treitschke. Some English entomologists bring the
number up to twenty-six by adding several species from other genera.

Acidalia osseata (the Dark Cream Wave, No. 5). The larva of this pretty little species is unknown, ‘but
the perfect moth is very common towards the end of June, in woods and old hedge-rows.

The other species are the following : A. marginepunctata (the Dotted-bordered Cream Wave) is much like
the preceding, but dusted with specks, and having some small black dots on the apical margin. A. obsoletaria
(the Obscure Wave) is very dusky, and its marks imperfectly defined, but otherwise resembling the last.
A. Perochraria (the Bright Wave) has the wings pale yellowish, with fonr brownish yellow bands on the fore
wings, and three on the hind wings. It is very rare. A. Holosericcaria (the Silky Wave) is a new species.
A. subsericeata (the Satin Wave) is cream colour, shaded and banded with ochreous tint. There are also
A. inornata, A. degeneraria, A. aversata, A. remutata, A. Ceespitaria, A. fumata, and A. tmmorata, all more or
less resembling each other in general character, A. aversata being the largest and handsomest. It is pale brown,
with the inner dark band shading off gradually to the body, and the two external bands very distinct, the
whole being powdered with darker brown.

The genus Strenia. In this genus the antenne are short and slender, those of the males being slightly
pubescent. The front and hind wings have similar markings, and generally of a tawny colour. The Caterpillars
are short, and flattened beneath, and have spots emitting hairs. The Chrysalis is subterranean. There is but
one British species.

Sirenia clathrata (the Latticed Heath, No. 6). The Caterpillar of this beautiful species is said to be pale-
green, with two white lines edged with dark green along the back, and another similar line at the side, and a white
line above the legs. It feeds on Medicago, the common Trefoil, and other plants, in October and May, and the
perfect moth appears in June and July. It is found on all chalky soils, but more especially in Kent. Brighton,
Bristol, Scarborough, and many other places are cited for its recent capture in some plenty— and at Cambridge it
has appeared in very great abundance.

The genus Lucheca, The principal characters of this genus are, the antenne of the males slightly
pubescent, the wings entire and thick, and held erect when in repose. The hind wings slightly angular. The
Caterpillars are short and rather attenuated in front. The Chrysalides are formed in a slight cocoon, on the
ground. There is but one British species.

ELucheca heparata (the Dingy Shell), The Caterpillar of this species is yellowish-green, with a line of
lemon-yellow at the back, and another at each side. It is also spotted with yellow. It feeds on the Alder and
the common Birch in October, and the perfect moth appears in the following June and July. It is rather rare, but
has often been taken in woods in Kent, Surrey, and Norfolk. It has heen more recently taken in some plenty in
the Cotswold district, and at Tenterden, and more sparingly in many widely distant localities.

The genus Hydrelia. The species assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males pubescent—the
body slender, the wings of delicate texture, and marked by several transverse wavy lines. The Caterpillars are
thickest in the middle and much attenuated in front. The Chrysalis is formed between leaves or moss. There
are only two species.

Hydielia Blomeri (the Blomer Rivulet,No. 8). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown. The moth
is found in June and July. It appears to be a northern species, having been taken at Castle Eden Dene—at
Pickering, and near Preston. The other species H. sylvata (the Waved Carpet), is much like Blomeri, but has
the bands of more equal breadth.

The genus Asthena, The characters of this genus very closely resemble those of Hydrelia, both the species

of which ave placed hy some writers in the present genus, from which their truly generic differences are very slight,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 119

if any, so that for convenience sake it would have been better to allow the two species about to be described, to
be joined to the genus Hydrelia, which seems to have greater claim to them.

Asthena luteata (the Small Yellow Wave, No. 9.). The larva of this pretty little insect is unknown. The
perfect moth appears in June, and is rather common. It has been recently taken in great abundance in the
Cotswold district, at Halton—and in plenty at York, Brighton, and in many other widely distant localities.

The other species is A. sylvata (the Waved Carpet), easily distinguished from Juteata by its gray colouring
and more rounded wings, the markings being very similar.

The nineteenth Sub-Family of the Geometride is that of the Timandridi, containing six genera.

The genus Nemoria. In this genus the antenne of the male are slightly ciliated, the body smooth, the
wings small, and more or less tinged with green, and the hinder pair being slightly angulated. The Caterpillar is
slender with the head bifid, and two low spines on the second segment. The Chrysalis is formed between leaves.
There are two British species.

Nemoria viridata (the Small Grass Emerald). The Caterpillar of this pretty species is flesh-coloured, with
a dark dorsal line, and feeds on Bramble and Hawthorn in October, the moth appearing in the following May and
June. It was formerly taken in the New Forest, and considered rare. More recently it has been taken rather
plentifully in the Lake district, at Lyndhurst, and near Lancaster.

The other species, N. cloraria (the Middle Grass Emerald), has been supposed to be British on the strength
of a specimen captured by Mr. Stephens, but it is omitted in many British catalogues.

The genus Thalera. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males ciliated, the
abdomen slightly crested, the wings dull-green—the hind ones rather angulated and their fringes spotted. The
larva is of long proportion, and rough. The Chrysalis is formed in a cocoon amongst leaves. The only British
species in this genus was formerly placed in the same genus with the two preceding species, but has been
separated and placed in Hiibner’s genus Thalera, on account of some of the characters just described.

Thalera Astivaria (the Common Emerald, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this species (No. 12), feeds on the
Oak and White-thorn, in May ; the moth appearing in June and July. It is a common species in woods ; and
has recently been taken in great abundance at Stowmarket, Cambridge, Kingsbury, and in less profusion at
Plymouth, Manchester, and many other places.

The genus Timandra. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males ciliated like
those of the last genus, but they differ in having the fore-wings more pointed, and traversed by bands—and being
without the peculiar green tints which distinguish the species belonging to the preceding genus. There are three
British species. -

Timandra imitaria (the Small Blood Vein). This pretty species is placed by some entomologists in the genus
Acidalia, The larva is unknown. The moth appears in July and August. It is a common and widely dispersed
species ; Exeter, the Cotswold district, and many other places being cited for its recent capture in abundance.
There are two other species, 7. exemptaria (the Sub-angled Wave), and 7. emutaria (the Dusky Wave).

The genus Macaria. In this genus the antenne of the males are either simple or slightly pubescent ;
the fore wings with the tip slightly hooked, and having a waved indentation below the tip. The hind wings
have a disposition to a caudal angle. The Caterpillar is rather short, but not humped nor attenuated. The
pupa is formed in a cocoon, on the ground, or inclosed in a web among leaves. There are three British species.

Macaria notata (the Peacock, No. 4). The Caterpillar of this prettily marked moth (No, 15) feeds upon
the Sallow, and may be looked for in September. The perfect insect appears in the following June. It should
be looked for in woods, especially in Kent and Surrey, but it is not common. It has, however, been recently
taken near Plymouth, in some abundance, and in many other parts of the country more sparingly.

The other species are the following—M. alternata (the Sharp-Angled Peacock), which very closely
resembles Notata, except in being smaller, deeper coloured, and having all the markings more dusky ; and
A. liturata (the Tawny-barred Angle, No. 16), which is the largest species, and of a general tawny tone, with
deeper tawny bands, and having at the tips of the anterior wings a conspicuous white patch.

The genus Ania. The male insects of this genus have the antenne sub-serrated; the wings are rather

short, and have the anterior pair acute at the angle, and prominent in the middle of the fringed edge ; the

120 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

hinder pair being rather angulated. The Caterpillar is attenuated in the anterior segments, and the Chrysalis
is formed in a slight cocoon. There is but one well established British species.

Ania emarginata (the Small Scallop, No. 18). This pretty species is placed by some entomologists in
the genus Acidulia. The Caterpillar, according to Treitschke, is ochreous, with a broad line along the back,
which becomes fainter towards the anterior segments. It feeds wpon Galium and Convolvulus in July, and the
perfect moth appears in the following summer, about the same time.

The genus Ennomos (the Aveniia of Duponchel). The single British species assigned to this genus is
sufficiently marked in its character. The antenne are pubescent in the males. The fore wings are very sharply
pointed at the tip, the point being followed by a deep undulation, beyond which a prominence projects nearly as far
as the point. The hinder pair are rounded ; and in repose the wings are extended. The Caterpillar is depressed,
has a row of fleshy filaments above the legs, which are twelve in number. The Chrysalis is found in a slight
cocoon. Judging only from the perfect insect, it would seem that this species ought to be placed with, or near
“the Thorns,” but the preparatory stages render it very distinct, and perhaps appropriately located in its
present place, though I believe this position will not remain permanent.

Ennomos flexula (the Beautiful Hook-tip, No. 19). The Caterpillar of this pretty species, the structure of
which has been described above, is often variegated with green, brown, and white, the attenuated head and tail
being orange-brown. It feeds on various Lichens in April and May. The perfect insect appears in June, and
is generally found in woods or old gardens, but is rather rare. It has been recently taken in some plenty near

Cambridge, and sparingly at Brighton, Plymouth, Dorking, and many other places.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 121

PLATE XLV.

No, 1.—Scalloped Hook-tip (Platypleryx lacertinaria). | No. 12.—The Fan-foot (Paracolux tarsicrinalis).

No, 2.—The Caterpillar of the Scalloped Hook-tip. No. 13.—The Lesser Belle (Colobochyla Salicalis).

No. 3.—The Pebble Hook-tip (Drepana fulcataria). | No. 14.—The Small Snout (Sinapha angus/alis).

No. 4,—The Caterpillar of the Pebble Hook-tip. No. 15.—The Dark-lined Snout (Cledeobea costastrigalis).
No. 5.—The Chinese Character (Cilix spinula). | No. 16.—The Marsh Oblique-barred (Schrankia turfosalis).
No. 6.—The Snout (Hypena proboscidalis). | No. 17.—The Tabby (Aglossa pinguinalis).

No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Snout. No. 18.—The Meal Moth (Pyralis farinalis).

No. 8.—The Beautiful Snout (Aypena crassalis). No. 19.—The Gold Fringe (Hypsopygea costalis).

No. 9.—The Dotted Fan-foot (Mucrochila cribralis). No. 20.—The Common Rosy Flounced (Agrotera flammediis).

No. 10.—The Common Fan-foot (Polypogon barbalis). No, 21.—The Long-legged Pearl (Dolycharthria punctatis).

No, 11,—The Caterpillar of the Common Fan-foot.

My last Plate brought to a close the great Family of the Geometride, with its nineteen Sub-Families and
107 genera. The present Plate includes the next family, that of the Platyptericid, containing only three genera :
also a portion of the following Family of Pyralide, to the end of its two first Sub-Families, the erminidi and the

Cledeobidi.*
FAMILY I.—Tur PLatryrrericips.

This Family, the second of the third great Sub-Division, Lepidoptera Semidiurna, contains three genera of
remarkable character, both in the preparatory and perfect stages. In the perfect state, from the singular form
of the anterior wings, with their gracefully-curved hook, they have been thought by some Entomologists to display
an affinity with the group to which the exotic Atlas Moth belongs. In the larva state, on the other hand, the
singular Jacertine, or lizard-like form of the Caterpillars, led the great naturalist Latreille to unite them with the
genus Cerwra, in a group which he termed Aposura. There are, however, certain links of character which appear
to justify Mr. Stephens’ arrangement, in placing them next after the last of the Geometride. Such, for instance,
as the breadth and slight texture of the wings, and the shortness of the legs, in the perfect insect, while the
Caterpillars of the last species of the Geometride, those of Ennomos fiexuola, resemble in character those of the
Platyptericide. The genera contained in this family are Platypteryx, Drepana, and Ciliz.

‘The genus Platypteryz. In this genus the antenne of the perfect insect are bipectinated in both sexes.
The fore wings are strongly hooked at the tip, beyond which is a deep indentation, followed by a corresponding
prominence. They have also minor denticulations along the whole of the fringed edge. The hind wings are
smooth at the edge, and rounded : the wings are extended horizontally when in repose. The Caterpillars have
fourteen feet, the two anal ones being wanting, which allows the last segments to remain raised, giving them the
tail-like appearance in which their general resemblance to the form of a small lizard consists.

Platypteryx lacertinaria (the Scalloped Hook-tip, No. 1). The Caterpillar of this pretty moth (No. 2)

feeds on the foliage of the Birch, and the moth, which appears from March to June, is not uncommon.

* Yor a brief recapitulation of the sub-divisions and families of British Moths, see p. 77, vol. ii., and Iniroducticn, vol. i.

122 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

There is a pale variety, formerly known as P. cultraria, in which the bands across the centre of the wings consist
of two narrow lines instead of shaded bars, as in the true species.

The genus Drepana. This genus is distinguished from the last by having the anterior wings simply
hooked, without any minor denticulations, and they are carried erect when in repose. The males have the
antenne more deeply pectinated than in the preceding genus. The Caterpillar is of similar character, but
without the pointed tubercle on the last segment. There are four British species. ’

Drepana falcataria (the Pebble Hook-tip, No. 3). The Caterpillar of this moth feeds on the foliage of
several trees, such as the Trembling Poplar, the Sallow, Alder, Oak, &c. The perfect insect appears in June and
August, and is not uncommon.

The other species are D. sicula (the Scarce Hook-tip), D. hamula (the Oak Hook-tip), which has the fore
wings full dark brown, with two lighter bands, and a black central mark, and D. waguicula, much smaller, with
a broad dark band across all four wings.

The genus Cilix is strongly distinguished from either of the preceding genera by the form of the wings,
which, instead of being hooked, are bluntly rounded. In the Caterpillar stage, however, the affinity is remark-
ably shown in the form, which ‘is of the same lacertine, or lizard-like character as those of the other genera
assigned to this small and remarkably distinct family.

Cilix spinula (the Chinese Character, No. 5). The Caterpillar of this pretty moth feeds on the Black-
thorn, and the moth appears throughout the summer, being a very common species.

The Tuirp FAmiy of Lepidoptera Semidiurna is that of the Pyralide. The insects comprised in the genera
grouped together in this family are all of comparatively small size ; but several of them present very heterogeneous
features, either in the perfect or preparatory stages. The antenna are generally more or less ciliated in the
males. The wings are placed in a triangle when in repose. The front pair of legs are often very long, and those
of the males frequently furnished with singular brushes of hairs, capable of expansion or retention ; these are the
Fan-footed Moths, as they are popularly called. The Caterpillars are in general long, and slightly hairy, having
sometimes three and sometimes four pair of ventral feet : but they never assume the looping movement in
walking, like those of the Geometride. Some of the species are what are termed Domestic Insects, being found
in dwellings, or out-houses, and feeding upon flour, grease, &c. The Caterpillars of other species feed only on
aquatic plants, some of them living below the surface of the water, and being furnished at the sides with a
peculiar breathing apparatus, formed of filaments, or branchie, which perform the function of extracting oxygen
from the water.

The genus Hypena. This genus is at once distinguished by the elongated palpi, which have the appear-
ance of a forked proboscis, from which this group is popularly known as ‘‘ the Snouts.” The antenne are slender,
and pubescent in the males ; the abdomen is thin, and tufted on the first segment, and the wings are in some species
furnished with raised tufts of scales in the centre. The Caterpillars are slender, hairy, and have three pairs of
ventral feet. The pupa is pointed, and formed in a silken web among leaves. There are three British species.

Hypena proboscidalis (the Snout, No. 6). The Caterpillar of this species (No. 7) feeds on Nettles in July.
The moth appears in the following June and July, and is common everywhere.

The other species, H. rostralis, has the fore wings much more bluntly formed at the fringed edge, and has
a broad central dark band, bordered with lighter, im which is a small ring of white round a black dot. This
is one of the earliest moths of the season.

H. crassalis (the Beautiful Snout, No. 8) has the fore wings dark brown, except a bright dash of cream
colour at the base, and a pale border, in which are cream spots, with central specks of black. It is not uncommon,
but rather local. There are several varieties, formerly deemed distinct species.

The genus Macrochila. In this genus the most marked character is the tuft of hairs on the front feet of
the males. They have also very long palpi, like the preceding. The antennw are either ciliated or pectinated in
the males : the wings are without the tufts of scales of the preceding genus. The Caterpillars have all four pair of
ventral legs perfect.

Macrochila cribralis (the Dotted Fan-foot, No. 9). The Caterpillar of this, the only British species, is
unknown. The moth is taken in fens about the end of July. It has been recently observed in some abundance

at Cambridge, and more sparingly at Wicken Fen and at Ranworth.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 123

The genus Polypogon. The insects assigned to this genus are very like the preceding in general character,
but the Caterpillars have only three pairs of ventral legs. There is but one British species.

Polypogon barbalis (the Common Fan-foot, No. 10). The Caterpillar of this species (No. 11), feeds on the
Oak and Birch in September, and in March, either hybernating or being double brooded. The moth appears in
June and July, and is rather common. Stowmarket and Tenterden are localities in which it has recently
been noticed in great abundance.

The genus Paracolax. This genus differs from the two preceding, in having the long middle joint of the
palpi curved and ascending, and the terminal joint recurved. The antenne are slightly bipectinated in the
males. The head is tufted. The fore wings are slightly elongated. The anterior tibie of the males have tufts of
hair, slightly varying in character in the different species.

Paracolax tarsicrinalis (the Fan-foot, No. 12). The Caterpillar of this species feeds on Trifoliwm
Hispanicum, and the moth appears at the end of June, in woods.

The other species, P. nemoralis (the Small Fan-foot), is much less, but similar in general colour and
markings. P. derivalis closely resembles tarsicrinalis, and is of the same size, but has only two transverse lines
on the fore wings instead of three, and only one on the hind wings.

The genus Colobochyla. This genus appears to group badly with the others of the family, though there
are some general affinities which perhaps excuse its present location. The palpi are short and slender; the
antenne slightly bipectinated in the males. The bands of the front wings do not extend to the hind ones. The
legs and feet are slender, and without tufts of hair. The Caterpillar is fourteen legged, but the front ventral
pair are undeveloped. The pupa is slender and enclosed in a slight cocoon. There is but one British species.

Colobochyla Salicalis (the Lesser Belle). The Caterpillar feeds on the foliage of the Willow in June.
According to M. Guénée, it is entirely green, but yellow at the segmental joints. The moth appears in June,
but is very rare. It has been taken once at West Wickham, and formerly at Bexley and Charlton in Kent.

The second sub-family of the Pyralide is that of the Cledeobidi, containing three genera, distinguished by
the length and slenderness of the bodies ; and by the absence of the maxillary palpi in some of the genera ; the
labial palpi are, however, long, broad, and hairy. The antenne of the males are rather strongly bipectinated.
The legs are slender and simple. The Caterpillars are unknown.

The genus Sinapha has the antenna of the males bipectinated ; and the body longer than the wings.
There is but one British species.

Sinapha angustalis (the Small Snout, No. 14). The female of this species is much smaller than the male,
and the wings are paler and yellower, and the central band dark. The Caterpillar is unknown, but is said to
feed on the Marsh Willow-herb. The Chrysalis was found once under a stone by Professor Zeller, as stated by
Mr. Stainton. The moth was once very rare, and chiefly confined to the southern counties. It has recently
been taken in some abundance at Brighton and Lewes, and also at Plymouth and other places more sparingly.

The genus Cledeobia is very closely allied to Sinapha, but is distinguished by the absence of the labial
palpi, and the antennz are short and slightly ciliated. There are two British species.

Cledeobia costestrigalis (the Dark-line Snout, No. 15). The larva of both the species in this genus is
unknown. The moth appears in June and July, and has been taken recently in some plenty at Cambridge,
York, and other places.

The other species, C. albistrigalis, is distinguished by its white bands, and is rather smaller.

The genus Schrankia has the palpi regularly curved and ascending. The antenne are short and
simple. The fore wings are long, and rounded at the hind margin. The preparatory stages are unknown. There
is but one British species.

Schrankia turfosalis (the Marsh Oblique-barred). I have not been able to obtain a specimen of this
species, but intend giving a representation of it with others in a supplemental plate. It is pale gray, with a
conspicuous blackish blotch, followed by a white spot. It has been taken in Delamere Forest, Keswick, Crewe,
and in the New Forest.

} The third sub-family of the Pyralide is that of the Aglossidi, consisting principally of those moths which
frequent buildings, as the Meal Moth, &c. There are five genera,

The genus Aglossa. The antenne of the male are ciliated ; the labial palpi porrected, and projecting in front

124 yHeE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

of the head. The body is stout, and the wings are shining, and have the markings rather indistinct. The
Caterpillar is slender and horny-skinned, feeding on fatty substances. The Chrysalis is enclosed in a slight
cocoon, There are two British species.

Aglosse pinguinalis (the Tabby, No. 17). The Caterpillar is dull brown, with head and plates darker.
It.has a horny skin, and feeds on greasy substances, especially old and much used horse-cloths. It is abundant
everywhere.

The other species is A. cuprealis (the Small Tabby). This species is much smaller, and of a brightish light
brown, with indistinct bands of deeper.

The genus Pyralis. The antenne of the males are pubescent beneath ; the palpi are short. The wings

are shining,

and rather long and narrow, forming a triangle when at rest. The Caterpillars have sixteen perfect
feet ; they are hard and shining, and feed:on animal substances, or manufactured vegetable matter.

Pyralis farinalis (the Meal Moth, No. 18), This pretty moth is taken about houses and stables in July
and August, and is very common.

The other species is P. glaucinalis, which is much smaller than farinalis, and the wings of which are
of a nearly even brown tone, with two rather straight bands of paler.

The genus Hypsopigia. This genus is by some writers united with the preceding. The only British
species has the antennz of the males ciliated beneath, the palpi short, and the fore wings triangular and glossy,
with the fringe and costal spot of a rich golden colour. There is but one British species.

Hypsopigia costalis (the Gold Fringe, No. 19). The Caterpillar of this pretty species, which is undescribed,
is said to feed on Poplars. The moth appears in July and August, in gardens. It was formerly considered rare,
and only known in the metropolitan districts, but it has been recently taken at Arundel in great abundance, and
at Homerton, Ranworth, &c., in less plenty.

The genus Agrotera. This genus is distinguished from the last by the slightly hooked character of the
front wings, and the slenderness and length of the body, and also the feet.

Agrotera flammealis (the Common Rosy Flounced, No. 20). The Caterpillar of this delicately marked
little moth feeds on Privet, and the moth appears from the end of June to the beginning of July, in woods
and heaths, and sometimes in gardens. This species is placed by some in the genus Endotricha, the other species
only being retained in Agrotera. It has been recently taken at Tenterden in abundance, and at many other
places.

The other species, A. nemoralis (the Rare Rosy Flounced) is a recent discovery. It has the front wings
yellow at the base, and is clouded with shades of rich brown, the fringe having two conspicuous white marks.
It was taken at Holme Bush, near Henfield, Sussex.

The genus Dolycharthria (the Stenia of M. Guénée). The antenne of the males are pubescent ; the palpi
rather thick ; the body slender, and extending beyond the hind wings ; the legs slender and very long. The
fore wings long and shining, and the hind wings short., There is only one British species.

Dolycharthria punctatis (the Long-legged Pearl, No. 21). The preparatory stages of this enrious insect
are unknown. It is very rare, and has only heen taken at present at few places in Devonshire and the Isle of

Wight, and in Cornwall.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 125

PLATE XLVI.

No, 1.—The Lettered China-mark (Diasemia literalis). | No, 11.—The Orange Cloud (Nascia cilialis)

No. 2,—The Beautiful China-mark (Hydrocampa Nympheata). No, 12.—The Rusty Dot (Udea ferrugalis).

No. 3,—The Caterpillar of the Beautiful China-wark. | No. 13.—The Dingy Pearl (Mecyna asinalis).

No. 4.—The Caterpillar in its leaf-case, No, 14.—The Rush Veneer (Nomophila Noctuella).
No. 5.—The Ringed China-mark (Paraponyx Stratiotata). No. 15.—The Mother-of-Pearl (Botys verticalis).
No. 6.—The Garden China-mark (Phlyctania Sambucalis). No. 16.—The Long-winged Pearl (Bolys lancealis).

No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Garden Chiua-mark. No. 17.—The Lesser Pearl (Epicorsia cinctalis).

No. 8.—The Small Magpie (Eurrhypara Urticata). No. 18.—The Sulphur (Si/ochroa palealis).

No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Small Magpie. No. 19.—The Straw Dot (Rivula sericealis).

No. 10.—The Rusty China-mark (Lbulea Verbascalis). |

Tue fourth sub-family of the Pyralide is that of the Nymphalidi, containing three genera: Diasemia,
Hydrocampa, and Paraponyx, all the Caterpillars of which are aquatic or semi-aquatie.

The genus Diasemia may be considered the type of the pretty group of small Moths known to collectors
as the China-marks. The fore wings are slender and slightly falcate. The antenne are short and ciliated. The
labial palpi are close together, in a beak-like form, and pointing downwards. The body is slender, and
extends rather beyond the wings. The Caterpillar is aquatic. There is but one British species.

Diasemia literalis (the Lettered China-mark, No. 1), is taken in June and July in damp places. It has
been recently captured at Lyndhurst, Sanderstead, and other places.

The genus Hydrocampa. In this genus the antenne of the male are simple. The palpi rather short,
close together, and pointing upwards. The hind wings are without a dark spotted margin. The Caterpillar is
thicker in the middle, and is completely aquatic, as the name of the genus imports, being compounded of the
Greek words ddpos (watery), and kaymrn (a caterpillar). It is generally found on the underside of the leaves of
water lilies, enclosed in a flattened case. There are three species.

Hydrocampa Nympheata (the Beautiful China-mark, No, 2). This is perhaps the most delicately marked
of the genus, as the popular name imports; and it exhibits, in the clear brown markings on a white ground,
that porcelain-like delicacy of tone which suggested the name of China-marks to our early collectors. The specific
name, Nympheata, which is transferred by some writers to another species (the Brown China-mark), was no
doubt adopted in allusion to the favourite food of the Caterpillars of some of this genus, the leaves of the White
Water-lily, Nympheaalba. The Caterpillar of this species, however (No. 3), feeds upon the common Duck-weed,
forming for itself a sort of protective case from the leaf of some other aquatic plant (see No. 4). It should
be stated, however, that the Caterpillar here represented is supposed by some authors to belong to another species :
and, indeed, the matter requires investigation, although the Moth itself isso common. It appears about June
and July, and in damp places is common in all parts of the country.

The other species are the following :—H. Potwmogata (the Brown China-mark), which is much larger, and
the Caterpillar of which is the one known to feed upon the leaf of the Water-lily, or upon the Potamogeton, from

which it takes its name; and H. Lemnata, (the Small China-mark), which is less even than H. Nympheata, and

126 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

may be distinguished by the broad and abruptly-terminating dark border, spotted with white, which ornaments
the hind wings.

The genus Paraponyx. The insects assigned to this genus have been separated from the Hydrocampe
chiefly on account of the singular structure of the Caterpillars, which have, in addition to the usual spiracles, a
breathing apparatus composed of branchiw, analogous to those of the larve of the Lesser Dragon-fly and other
aquatic larve. ;

Paraponyx Stratiotata (the Ringed China-mark, No, 5). This pretty species is as common as the preceding.
The Caterpillar is described by M. Guénée as being of a whitish-green colour, with a darker line down the back,
and the head brown, and having minute feather-like appendages connected with the organs of respiration. It
feeds upon the beautiful plant Stratiotes aloides, and the Moth appears in June and July, being common in
marshy places, but rather more local than the other China-marks.

The next, and fourth, Sub-Family, of the Pyralide is that of the Botydi, which comprises most of that pretty
group of small moths popularly known as the Pearls. The antenne are filiform, the abdomen generally long and
slender. The wings are also of narrow proportions, forming a long deflexed triangle when in repose, and they
have generally a pearly gloss, which has suggested the popular name of the group. The Caterpillars are slender,
sixteen-footed, and form the chrysalis in a cocoon of dried leaves or moss webbed together.

The genus Phyctenia. ‘The single British insect assigned to this genus forms a link between the true China-
marks and the Pearls. The antenne are simple in both sexes. The palpi are long and horizontal. The wings are
dark-coloured, with pale blotches. The Caterpillar is not aquatic, and forms a compact cocoon, in which it
undergoes the change to the chrysalis state.

Phyctenia Sambucalis (the Garden China-mark, No. 6). This is a very pretty species. The Caterpillar
(No. 7) feeds upon the foliage of the Elder, in September and October, and the Moth appears in the following
June, being very common in gardens.

The genus Eurrhypara. The typical insects of this genus have the body rather long, and belted with black.
The palpi are short, the antenne long and slender. The wings are moderately long, and are generally white,
strongly marked with dark brown or blatk, from which they haye been termed the Magpies. The Caterpillar is
sixteen-footed, and the chrysalis is produced in a rolled leaf.

Eurrhypara Urticata (the Small Magpie, No. 8). The Caterpillar (No. 9) of this conspicuous insect is a
Nettle feeder, in September. It remains in the chrysalis state through the winter, and the perfect insect appears
in the following June. It is abundant everywhere in lanes and gardens.

The genus Zbulea. The antenne of the insects assigned to this genus are simple in both sexes. The
abdomen is slender. The wings are rather broad, and the tips of the anterior pair rather pointed. The Caterpillars
are short, and attenuated at each end. The Chrysalides are enclosed in a cocoon among leaves. There are two
British species in the system I am following, but some authors also assign the species last described to this genus.

Ebulea Verbascalis (the Rusty China-mark, No. 10) is not a common species ; Darenth Wood, Ranworth,
Chatham, and Charlton, are cited as localities in which it has been recently taken ; and though it is extremely
local, it is sometimes abundant in its favourite haunts. The Caterpillar is unknown.

The other species of Ebulew is E. crocealis, which closely resembles the preceding in form and general
tone of colour; but the front wings are of nearly unvaried pale ochreous brown, without the bands and markings
of Verbascalis, and the hind wings are very pale ochre, with only a faint band near the border.

The genus Nascia. In this genus the antenne are slender and filiform, but slightly pubescent in the
males. The palpi are united, like a beak, and drooping. The fore wings have the apex slightly hooked. There
is but one British species.

Nascia cilialis (the Orange Cloud, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown, and the Moth is
very local and rare. It was first taken near Cambridge ; and Yaxley, and Wicken Fen are localities in which it
has been most lately observed.

The genus Udea. The British species which is now placed in this genus, in the system I am following, was

located by Mr. Stephens in the genus Margaritia, and is now placed by some writers in the genus Scopula, With

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 127

the insects assigned to both these genera it is very closely related, but minute anatomical distinctions' appear to
warrant its separation.

Udea ferrugalis (the Rusty Dot, No. 12). The larva of this species is unknown, and the Moth was once
considered rather rare, but it is now found to be tolerably plentiful in some localities. Plymouth, Brighton,
Ventnor, Malahide in Ireland, and other places have furnished specimens in some plenty.

The genus Mecyna. A single British species, formerly placed in the genus Margaritia, is now removed to
this genus of M. Guénée’s, which corresponds with the genus Mesographe of Hiibner. The wings are sharper and
more hooked than in the species from which it has been separated ; otherwise it bears signs of a very close
relationship with them. It is placed by Mr. Stainton in the genus Botys.

Mecyna asinalis (the Dusky Pearl, No. 13). The first specimens taken of this species were those captured
by Captain Blomer, near Teignmouth, and at Barnstaple by Mr. Raddon. Specimens have since been taken at
Llandudno, in North Wales, and Ventnor, in the Isle of Wight.

The genus Nomophila. In this genus the antenne of the males are filiform, but pubescent underneath,
The palpi are turned upwards. The fore wings are long and narrow, and slightly transparent, especially the hinder
pair. Mr. Stephens removed it from the Tinie.

Nomophila Noctuella (the Rush Veneer, No. 14). The larva of this species, if carefully sought, might be
found in rushy districts frequented by the perfect insect, but it remains as yet undescribed. In marshy places,
where rushes abound, the perfect insect is far from uncommon in many parts of the country.

The genus Botys, of Latreille, accords pretty well with Mr. Stephens’s genus Margaritia, founded by that
author for the location of the Pearls, in 1829, but the priority of the term of Latreille has caused it to take
precedence. The antenne of the males are either simple, or merely pubescent. The abdomen is longer than the
wings. The wings are generally of different shades of brown, the hind wings being similarly marked to the front
pair, and having, more or less, a pearly gloss. The Caterpillars are attenuated at each extremity and often semi-
transparent. The Chrysalides are formed in slight cocoons among leaves. There are nine species.

Botys Verticalis (the Mother-of-Pearl, No. 15). This prettily marked species may be said to be the type of
the genus, as it is the most pearly in its gloss, and in other respects best displays the generic characters, though
its markings are more distinct than in most of the other species. The Caterpillar feeds spun up within the leaves
of the Nettle, in May. According to M. Guénée it is semi-transparent, greenish at the sides, and whitish on the
back, with a dark dorsal line. It becomes a Chrysalis in June, and the perfect insect appears in July. It is
common everywhere.

Botys lancealis (the Long-winged Pearl, No. 16) may be easily distinguished by the length of the wings.
The Caterpillar is unknown.

The other seven species are all congeneric in the leading characters. They are, B. perpendicularis (the
Scarce Mother-of-Pearl), B. Pandalis (the Bordered Pearl), B. hyalinalis (the Scarce Pearl), B. flavalis (the
Gold China-mark), B. silacealis (the Dingy Pearl), B. fuscalis (the Cinereous Pearl), and B. Terrealis (the
Northern Pearl).

The genus Epicorsia. The British insect assigned to this genus has been separated from the genus
Margaritia on account of the much greater depth of the hind wings, and their complete opacity. They are in
fact thickly clothed underneath with white scales, which causes a striking contrast between the upper and under
surfaces, The Caterpillar which feeds on Broom is undescribed.

Epicorsia cinctalis (the Lesser Pearl, No. 17). This pretty species is generally taken in Clover fields about
July, and is not uncommon.

The genus Sttochroa. The single insect assigned to this genus of Hiibner’s is by some authors placed with
two other British species in M. Guénée’s genus Spilodes. It closely resembles the true Pearls in its general
characters, but the front wings are of a sulphureous green.

Sitochroa paleatis (the Sulphur, No. 18). This pretty insect is still a rarity. The Caterpillar is described
by Treitschke as being whitish with a dorsal line of pale grey, and black spots ; the head being yellowish white

speckled with black. It feeds on several umbelliferous plants, such as Wild Carrot, &c. in August and

128 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

September, and the perfect insect appears in the following June and July. It has been taken at Dover,
and in Norfolk, and more recently at Folkestone.

The genus Rivula. The British species assigned to this genus has the antenne short and pubescent ; the
palpi short ; the abdomen slender ; the fore-wings rounded at the hinder margin. The Caterpillar is short and
thick, and speckled with conspicuous black spots ; the skin is shining. It feeds on low plants. The Chrysalis is
attached by the tail and by a belt of web round the middle.

Rivula sericealis (the Straw Dot). The Caterpillar of this species is velvety green, with a darker line down
the back and white stripes at the sides. It feeds on grasses in May, and the Moth appears in June and July, in

woods. It has recently appeared very abundantly at Brighton, Tenterden, Worcester, and other places.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 129

PLATE XLVIL.

No. 1—The Garden Pebble (Mesographe forficalis). No. 10.—The Starry Brindle (Cyne@da dentalis).

No, 2.—The Caterpillar of the Garden Pebble. | No. 11.—The Caterpillar of the Starry Brindle.

No. 3.—The Clouded Yellow Pearl (Evergestis margavitalis). | No, 12.—The Scarce Crimson and Gold (Rhodaria sangut-
No. 4.—The Caterpillar of the Clouded Yellow Pearl. nalis).

No. 5.—The Chequered Straw (Pionea stramentaiis). | No. 13.—The Crimson and Gold (Pyrausta purpuralis).

No. 6, —The Diamond Spot (Spilodes sticticalis). No. 14.—The Purple and Gold (Pyrausta punicealis).

No. 7.—The Pale Straw (Scopula #tialis). No. 15.—The Caterpillar of the Purple and Gold.

No. 8.—The Dusky Brindled (Scopula Prunalis). No. 16.—The Wavy-barred Sable (Ennychia anguinalis).

No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Dusky Brindled. : No. 17,—The White Spot (Anania octomaculata).

Tue sixth sub-family of the Pyralide consists of the Scopulidi, containing six genera—Mesographe,
Evergestis, Pionea, Spilodes, Scopula and Cyneda. The insects located in these genera differ in various degrees
hoth from the China-marks and the Pearls, though some of the species are still placed by some authors in each
of those groups.

The genus Mesographe. The insects assigned to this genus have the body rather short and slender ; the
palpi short, and pointing downwards; the antenne slender ; the wings generally straw colour, with slender
brown transverse bands. The Caterpillar of the only British species is smooth, and sixteen-footed.

Mesographe forficalis (the Garden Pebble, No. 1). This species is placed by some authors in M. Guénée’s
closely-allied genus Pionea. The Caterpillar (No. 2) feeds on Horse-radish in June and July, and again in
September and October. The moth appears in May, and again in August, and is common everywhere.

The genus Zvergestis. One of the Pearls, is assigned to this genus of Hiibner’s in the system I am following,
in preference to the partially corresponding genus Pionea of M. Guénée.

Evergestis margaritalis (the Clouded Yellow Pearl, No. 3). The Caterpillar (No. 4) is said to feed on the
seeds of the Wild Mustard in August, and the moth is found in the following July. It was fermerly considered
rare, but has recently been taken in abundance at Cambridge, and more sparingly at Deal, Ranworth, and some
other places.

The genus Pionea. The genus Pionea, founded by M. Guénée, is made by some English authors to contain
the two species assigned to the two last described genera, as well as the one here assigned to it. It is defined by
M. Guénée as comprising insects belonging to the present group, which have the antenn of the male simple, the
abdomen slender, and rather longer than the wings; the fore-wings have the tips rather hooked, and the hind-
wings with no central spot. The Caterpillars are thick and fusiform, and feed on various cruciferous plants,
sometimes on the leaves and sometimes amongst the seeds.

Pionea stramentalis (the Chequered Straw, No. 5). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown, but the
“Moth is found in considerable numbers in some localities, especially near Brighton, and at Pembury, in Kent.
Itis also found at Shawley Wood, Worcestershire, and in several marshy places in the metropolitan counties.

The genus Spilodes. In this genus of M. Guénée, corresponding to the genus Uvesiphita of Hiibner, the

species described in the last plate, Sifochrow palealis and Epicorsia cinclalis ave placed, in addition to the single

130 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

species assigned to it in the system I am following. According to M. Guénée’s definition of the genus, the
insects to be located in it have the antenne of the male simple, and the palpi short ; the fore-wings are rather
pointed at the tip; the Caterpillars are thick and shining, with warty spots ; and they feed among the flowers
of low plants or shrubs, generally protected by a web. The Chrysalis is enclosed in a slight silky cocoon.

Spilodes sticticalis (the Diamond Spot, No. 6). The Caterpillar of this species, according to Treitschke, is
green, with a dorsal line edged with yellow ; and with yellow lines at the sides. It feeds on Artemisia in July
and August, and the Moth appears in September. It has been recently taken at Birkenhead, Brighton, Pembury,
&c., but is always rather rare. :

The genus Scopula. Three of the species now assigned to this genus were formerly placed by Mr. Stephens
in the genus Margaritia, along with many of the Pearls, and several allied species. The insects at present
assigned to the gents Scopula have the antenne of the male simple; the palpi rather long; the wings silky
and shining ; the stigmata distinct ; and the hind wings have a central spot. The Caterpillars are rather elongate,
and feed between leaves, in a gallery open at both ends. The Chrysalis is formed in a cocoon. There are four
species.

Scopula Atialis (the Pale Straw, No. 7). The Caterpillar of this pretty species is unknown, and the perfect
insect is rare, though very widely dispersed. It appears in July.

S. prunalis (the Dusky Brindled, No. 8) is easily distinguished by the colours of the front and hind wings
being the same. The Caterpillar (No. 9) feeds on Blackthorn, and also on low plants, in April and May, and the
perfect insect appears in June and July. It is abundant everywhere.

The other species of Scopula is 8. Alpinalis, which has the front wings of a rich tawny hue, and the
hind wings of a pale straw colour, deepening towards the edge to a tone of pinkish brown.

The genus Cyneda (the Odontia of Duponchel). The antenne are short, slender, and slightly pubescent.
The palpi, though short, extend slightly in the front of the head in a beak-like form, The wings have a tuft of
scales on the inner margin. The Caterpillars are short, attenuated at each end, and feed within the stems of
various plants. There is only one British species.

Cynceda dentalis (the Starry Brindle, No. 10). The Caterpillar of this pretty species (No. 11) is shown on
the surface of a stem, when about to form its chrysalis. It is nearly colourless, except the head, as are most of
the pith-feeding Caterpillars. It prefers the stems of Echiwm vulgare, the common Viper Bugloss. The Chrysalis
is formed in a compact cocoon of silk among the leaves of the plant. This pretty Moth is very rare, but has been
recently taken at Lewes, Deal, Folkstone, and some other places.

The Seventh sub-family of the Pyralide is that of the Ennychidi. The species of this family are, with
few exceptions, day insects, and delight in the brightest sunshine. The antenne of the males are simple, or only
pubescent. The abdomen slender, generally with pale belts. The wings are silky, and the hinder ones frequently
marked like the anterior pair. The larvee are short, with warty spots, and feed between leaves brought together
hy aweb. There are four genera—Rhodaria, Pyrausta, Ennychia, and Andnia.

Inthe genus Rhodaria, the antenne of the males are pubescent. The abdomen is not belted. The hind
wings are not banded like the front pair, It flies at dusk. The Caterpillar is unknown. There is but one
British species.

Rhodaria sanguinalis (the scarce Crimson and Gold, No. 12). This pretty species was formerly deemed
extremely rare, but it has lately been taken in considerable numbers at Birkenhead, and also in Ireland. It is,
however, very local, and may still be considered rare, though there are thirty fine specimens in the cabinet of the
British Museum. It must be sought among long grass in shady places, and not on short turf in the sun, like
others of the group.

The genus Pyrwusta. The antenne of the males are slender and simple. The palpi are short and straight.
The abdomen is distinctly belted. The wings are generally brightly coloured, and the flight is diurnal. The
Caterpillars are short, and attennated at the extremities, and feed in a web between the leaves of various plants.
The pupa is formed in a cocoon among leaves. There are four species.

Pyrausta purpuralis (the Crimson and Gold, No. 13), The Caterpillar of this conspicuous little insect is,

according to. Hiibner, of a dark gray colour, with yellowish stripes, and dark spots edged with white. Tt is found

“THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 131

in June and July, on different kinds of Mint. The Moth appears both in May and August, so that it would
appear that there are two broods. It is very common, and has recently been taken in great abundance at Kingsbury
(in Middlesex) and in many other places very plentifully, especially in the southern counties.

Pyrausta punicealis (the Purple and Gold, No. 14). The Caterpillar of this species (No. 15) feeds on Origanum
(the common Marjoram) in June and July, and the Moth appears in May and August. Itis very common, and
has recently been observed in great abundance at Lewes, Worthing, and many other places.

The genus Ennychia. The antenne of the males are simple. The palpi porrected. The abdomen has
numerous belts of white, and the wings are dark coloured, with white lines or spots. The Caterpillars are
unknown. The moths in the bright sunshine. There are two species.

Ennychia anguinalis (the Wavy-barred Sable, No. 16). This darkly toned insect is not easily seen when
on the flight, and is therefore not often taken by young collectors, but it has recently occurred in plenty near
Brighton, Bristol, Cambridge, and other places.

The other species, 2. cinguwlata (the Silver-barred Sable), may be distinguished by the absence of the inner
light band, and also of the light central spot.

The genus Anania. The antenne are long, slender, and simple. The palpi not quite so long as the head.
The palpi are joined and beak-like. The wings form a triangle in repose. The Caterpillars are unknown. The
only British species, A. octomaculata, is assigned by some writers to the genus Pyrausta.

Anania octomaculata (the White Spot, No. 17). The Caterpillar of this conspicuous little insect is
unknown. The Moth appears in June and July, but is rare, though widely dispersed. It has been taken

recently in several places in Kent and Sussex ; also in North Wales, and in Ireland.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 133

PLATE XLVIII.

No. 1.—The Double-barred Nettle-tap (Simaethis Pariana). | No. 9.—The Caterpillar of the Scarce Silver Lines.

No. 2.—The Caterpillar of the Double-barred Nettle-tap. No. 10.—The Chrysalis of the Scarce Silver Lines.

No. 3.—The Cocoon of the Double-barred Nettle-tap. No. 11.—The Cream-bordered Green Pea (Earias clorana
No. 4.—The Least Black Arches (Nola Cristulalis). | No, 12.—The Caterpillar of the Cream-bordered Green Pea,
No, 5.—The Green Silver Lines (Hylophila Prasinana). | No. 13.—The Cocoon of the Cream-bordered Green Pea.
No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Green Silver Lines. No. 14.—The Pea Green T. (Tortrix viridana).

No. 7.—The Cocoon of the Green Silver Lines. No. 15.—The Plain Yellow T. (Zortrix Palleana).

No. 8.—The Scarce Silver Lines (Hylophila Quercana).

THE eighth sub-family of the Pyralide is that of the Tortricidi, forming a link between the present family
and that of the Tortricide, the illustration of which we are about to commence. The sub-family of Vortricidi
includes only two genera, Simuaethes and Nola, which while they begin to assume the general form of the true
Tortrices, yet retain in their markings the character of Pyralide. This sub-family would appear, however, to
require a more distinct title, as the same term, Tortricidi, is applied, in the system I am following, to the second
sub-family of the true Tortricidae.

The genus Stmaethis, The antenne of the males are strongly ciliated ; the palpi are porrected obliquely,
and the tips straight. The body is short but not robust. The wings are short and broad, and when at rest form
nearly a triangle and cover the hind wings. The Caterpillars have sixteen legs and feed in a white web on the
leaves of various plants. The Chrysalis is formed in a firm white cocoon. There are four species.

Simaethis Pariana (the Double-barred Nettle-tap, No. 1). The Caterpillar of this species (No. 2) feeds on
the foliage of the Apple and Hawthorn, in June and August, forming its cocoon (No. 3) on the upper surface of a
leaf. The perfect insect appears in July and September, and is abundant everywhere.

The other species are, S. Fubriciana (the Nettle-tap) which is much darker, the hind-wings being as dark
as the front, and traversed by a pale band ; S; Angustana (the Silver-dotted Nettle-tap), easily distinguished by
its metallic spots ; and S. Vibrana (the Scarce Nettle-tap), which has the front wings brown, and towards the
base tawny, with several transverse silvery lines, tinged with a pink or greenish flush. This species is very rare,
but has been recently taken at Hurst, in Sussex.

The genus Nola. The males have the antenne ciliated, the palpi rather long, and pointing downwards ; the
fore-wings have three raised tufts of scales, the hind-wings are rounded and without markings. The Caterpillars
are Lichen feeders. They have only fourteen legs and are thick and rather hairy. The Pupa is enclosed jna
boat-shaped cocoon. Figures ‘of the transformations of this curious genus are engraved in Mr. Westwood’s
Modern Classification of Insects. There are three species.

Nola Cristulalis (the Least Black Arches, No. 4). The Caterpillar of this species, according to Hiibner,
is whitish yellow with black lines, a little reddish at the sides. It feeds on the foliage of the Oak in May, and
the Moth appears in May and June. It has been taken recently near Brighton rather abundantly, and sparingly
in other places, especially in woody localities, but it is not common.

The other two species are N. Strigula (the Small Black Arches), which resembles the preceding but is
much darker, and N. Cucullatella (the Small Cloaked), which has the transverse band of the front wings more
solid and of a darker tone, the entire base of the wings up to the first band being deep brown.

The Tortricide helong to a distinct subdivision, the position of which with reference to the whole order

may be stated as follows :—

134 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. (mrtcro-LerrpopTrra.)
SUB-DIVISION ITV.—LEPIDOPTERA VESPERTINA.
FAMILY I—TORTRICIDZ.

The family Tortricide, though much restricted in modern arrangements. still contains a considerable
number of insects, all of which have a strong family likeness, the chief characteristics being the following. With
the exception of the Green Silver-lines they are all of comparatively small size, and all have the peculiar
waved outline of the front cf the anterior wings (sometimes curiously notched in the margin), which, when they
are closed gives the whole insect a bell-like form which is unmistakeable. The antenne are simple or but slightly
ciliated. The abdomen is both short and slender, the thorax rarely crested. The Caterpillars are smooth and
have the full complement of sixteen fect. They are nearly all leaf rollers, from which the name Tortrix, first
applied by Linnzeus himself, is derived, which corresponds to the Tordeuses of Latreille, who also took this habit
of the group as a family distinction. Some of them, however, feed in the pulpy part of fruit.

The first sub-family of the Tortricide is that of the Cymbidi, containing those species which have green
wings, and which are tolerably distinct from the rest of the family, especially the two large species of Hylophila.

The genus Hylophila. The insects comprised in this genus present many aberrant characters which
distinguish them from the rest of the Zortricide, They are superior in size; and in the preparatory stages, the
peculiar form of the Caterpillar, getting gradually thinner towards the tail, caused Reaumur to distinguish them
as fish-formed Caterpillars, Chenilles en forme de poisson. The Chrysalis isin the form of a reversed boat,
attached, keel uppermost, to a leaf. The green colour of the wings is also a conspicuous distinction.

Hylophila prasinana (the Green Silver-lines). The Caterpillar of this beautiful insect (No. 6) feeds on the
foliage of Oak, Ash, and other trees, in July and August, forming its cocoon upon a leafas shown at No. 7. The
Moth appears in the following May. It is common in well wooded districts near London.

Hylophila Quercana (the Scarce Silver-lines, No. 8). The Caterpillar (No. 9) feeds upon Oak and other
trees in May, and the perfect insect appears in July. The Chrysalis (No. 10) is beautifully tinted with green. It
is much more rare than the preceding species, especially near London.

The genus arias. The insects assigned to this genus are much smaller than those of the genus Hylophila.
They have the palpi shorter and stouter ; the antenne are slightly pubescent in the males, and the fore wings are
not banded with white. The Caterpillar is attennated towards the tail, and feeds among leaves webbed together.
The cocoon is firm and boat-shaped as in Hylophila. There is but one British species.

Earias clorana (the Cream-bordered Green Pea). The Caterpillar of this delicately coloured little Moth
feeds on the foliage of different kinds of Willow, in August, and the Moth appears in the following May, and also
in June and July. It is common in Osier beds. The cocoon is figured at No, 13.

The second sub-family of the Tortricide is that of the Tortricidi, containing the typical Tortrices. There
are in this Sub-Family several genera and sub-genera, some of them containing many species.

The genus Tortriz. In this genus the antenne are pubescent in the males, the palpi are longer than the
head ; the head is thickly tufted. The wings are without the bands or front borders of the two preceding genera.
The Caterpillars are similar in structure to the last described, but the Chrysalides have the abdominal segments
serrated, which is not the case in either of the preceding genera. ‘

Tortriz viridana (the Pea Green T., No. 14). The Caterpillar of this insect is green, getting yellowish
towards the tail, and sprinkled with black spots, the head being brown. It feeds on Oak, Hornbeam, &e. in
May and June, the perfect Moth appearing in June and July. It is abundant everywhere.

Tortriz palleana (the Plain Yellow T., No. 15). This pretty insect is somewhat rare. It has been taken
in July and August near Dover. There are two other species, 7. ieterana (the Jaundiced T.), and 7. viburnana

(the Drab T.).

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 35

PLATE XIX.

No, 1,—The Hazel T (Lozotenia Sorbiana), | No. 11.—The Rusty Rough-wing T (Paramesia ferrugana.)
No. 2,—The Grotian T (Dichelia Grotiana). No, 12.—The Notch-wing T (Teras caudana).

No. 3.—The Gerningian T (Amphisa Gerningiana). No. 124.—The Winter T (Cheimatophila mixlana).

No, 4.—The Vine T (Gnectra Pilleriana). No, 13.—The Chequered Pebbdlo T (Dictyopteryx contami-
No. 5.—The Large Marbled T (Sarrothripa revayana). | nana).

No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Large Marbled T, No. 14.—The Holmian T (Crocsia Holmiana).

No. 7.—The Cocoon of the Large Marbled T. No. 15 and 16,.—The Caterpillar of the Holmian T.

No. §8.—The Chrysalis of the Large Marbled T. | No. 17.—The Conwayian T (Argyrotoza Conwayana).

No. 9.—The Sprigged Green T (Oxigraphe literanc). No. 18.—The Lechean T (Ptycholoma Lecheana).

No. 10,—The Button T (Peronea cristana). No 19,—The Yellow-barred Iron T (E£ulia Ministrana).

Tue genus Lozoteenia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi rather longer than the head ; the
anterior wings long and rather narrow, and, in front, arching strongly from the shoulder. In the males they
have a crease or a fold reaching nearly to the middle. The hind margin is generally indented below the tip.
The antenne are cither simple or very slightly pubescent. In the present arrangement of the genus Lozotenia
of Stephens, there are fifteen British species, among which have been merged a series of insects formerly
assigned to four separate genera; and many of the species now represent numerous varieties formerly described
as distinet species. In two of the species, Z. fulvana and LZ. Rosana, the males and females are so different as
to have been taken for different species. The Caterpillars feed between leaves webbed together, and are generally
smooth and of rather sluggish character. The Chrysalis is also formed between leaves, sometimes in compactly
webbed cocoons. The markings in all the species of this genus yary so much in intensity, in breadth, in
continuity, and in the more or less diagonal direction of the bands, that the great number of species formerly
made of the varieties is easily conceivable ; but it is probable, as the characters of all the varieties become better
known, that the number of distinct species may be yet further reduced.

Lozxotenia Sorbiana (the Hazel T, No. 1). This is the largest species, and in respect to general markings
and character, may stand as the representative of the whole genus. The Caterpillar feeds on Oak, Hazel and other
trees in May, and the moth appears in June, being far from rare. This species and nine others, Z. Forsterana,
L. Dumetana, L, transitana, L. cinnamoneana, L. Heparana, L. Ribeana, L. Corylana, L. unifasciand,
and ZL, piccana ; each of which species is subject to variations many of which formerly ranked as separate species.
The male and female of Z. piceana for instance were made distinct species. The insects in the first section
of the genus represent those agreeing with the character of Hiibner’s genus Pandemis.

The second section of this genus comprises the insects formerly assigned to Hiibner’s genus Cucoecia,
There are five species in this section, L. fulvana, L. roborana, L. Nylosteana, L. Rosana, and “L. semialbana.
The sexes being so different in appearance in roborana, fulvana, and Rosana, as to have been formerly taken for
distinct species, while the yarieties which have received distinct specific names are also yery numerous.

The third section of this genus is represented by a single species according in character with Hubner’s

genus Philedone, namely, Lozotenia costana (the Oblique Bar).

136 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The fourth division also consists of a single species, which accords in general character with Hiibner’s
genus Nephodesme ; this is L. Brandcriana (the Branderian T).

The genus Dichelia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne rather robust, but generally
simple, or very slightly pubescent ; the fore wings are rather less in length than in the genus Zozotenia ; they are
abruptly arched from the shoulder at the front edge, The hind wings are rather small. The Caterpillar is
unknown, There is but one British species.

Dichelia Grotiana (the Grotian T, No. 2). This insect appears in June ; it is rather rare, and local, but
is very widely distributed in the south of England.

The genus Amphisa. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenna minutely pectinated, the palpi
long, the fore wings of long proportion, and more lanceolate in the females than the males. The front of the
wing is less arched at the shoulder than in other genera of this family, The Caterpillar is unknown, There are
two British species.

Amphisa Gerningiana (the Gerningian T, No. 3). The Larva of this species is said to feed on Vaccinium,
the Common Bilherry. The perfect insect appears in Junc, and again in September, and is found in the midland
and northern counties, and in Scotland.

The other species, A. prodromana (the Early T), is easily distinguished by its gray colour.

5

The genus @neetra. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi very much longer than the head ;
the anterior wings long in proportion to their breadth. The front of the wing strongly arched from the shoulder.
There is but one British species.

Grectra Pilleriana (the Vine T, No. 4). The Caterpillar of this species feeds upon the seeds of the
Stinking Iris (/ris fetidissima). The perfect insect appears in July, but is very scarce. It has recently been
taken near Ventnor in the Isle of Wight.

The genus Sarrothripa. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne filiform in both sexes. The
fore wings are of very long proportion, and much arched in front in springing from the shoulder, There is but
one British species.

Sarrothripa revayana (the Large Marbled T, No. 5), is the Tortrix degenerana of Miibner. It is an extremely
variable species, twelve of the most distinct looking varicties having been named as species by distinguished
English and Continental entomologists. | The Caterpillar (No. 6) feeds on the Sallow, forming a cocoon as shown
at No. 7. The Chrysalis is represented without the cocoon at No. 8. The Moth appears in August and October,
and sometimes as early as July, and as late as December. It is found near London, in the New Forest, and in
other localities.

The genus Oxigrapha. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi long and thickly clothed with
scales. The fore wings are much waved at front edge, which is also partially clothed with hairs. The colour of
the wings is gencrally green, or tinted with green, and they have raised tufts of scales. The Caterpillar is
unknown. There are four British species.

Oxigrapha literana (the Sprigged Green T, No. 9). This is a most variable species, six of the varicties
having received names as distinct species, several of these differing again so much as to have received several
different names by different authors.

The other species are O. Scotana, which is of grayish tone ; O. Scabrana, which is also gray, but may be
distinguished hy the greater roughness of the wings caused by the raised tufts of scales ; and O. Boscana, which is
of a much whiter tone than either of the other species. .

The genus Peronca. The insects of which this genus is formed haye the palpi twice as long as the head ;
and the fore wings are more than twice as long as wide, and have generally a light streak along the back edge.
They have also several tufts of raised scales, but have not the hairs along the front edge which distinguish the last
genus. There are thirteen species in this genus, and all of them are so extremely variable, that without figuring
each species, which is not within the province of this work, it is quite impossible to give an adequate idea of the
specifie differences, much more of the character of the endless varieties. I must-therefore be content with giving
a single example, sclecting one which will best represent the general characteristics of the genus.

Peronea cristana (the Button T, No. 10), has a tuft of whitish scales in the centre of the fore wings in

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTIIS.

—
i
=~I

addition to the long dash of the colour at their back edge. It appears in August and November, and is found in
the New Forest, in Epping Forest, and in several woody districts in the southern counties. There are above
thirty varieties that have received names as species. The allied species, P. Hastiana, is nearly as variable,
and both these species are closely related to Hiibner’s genus Lelectis.

The other species are generally divided into the following sections, the first of which, agreeing with
Hiibner’s genus Lopes, contains P. umbrana, P. maccana, and P. rufana. The second contains a single species
(P. Lipsiana), agreeing with Hiibner’s genus Acalla. The third contains six species, agreeing with Hiibner’s
genus Acleris, These are P. favellaceana, P. Schalleriana, P. comparana, P. permutana, P. variegana, and
P. eristana ; all exceedingly variable, and of very difficult definition,

The genus Paramesia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi very little longer than the head ;
the fore wings of elongate proportion, less strongly arched than in Peronea at the front edge as they spring from
the shoulder, and they are slightly concave in the middle. They have raised tufts of scales like the last genus.
The tail of the males is tufted. There are two British species,

Paramesia ferrugane (the Rusty Rough-wing T, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this species is pale green,
with the head and second segment black or brownish. It feeds in curled Birch leaves in July and August. The

There are four

Moth is found from July to October, and sometimes in the spring, being a very common speci
named varieties, once regarded as species.

The other species are P. aspersana (the Red Rough-wing T), which is more strongly marked with brown,
and the female much smaller than the male, and P, Shepherdana.

The genus Zeras. The insects in this group have the palpi rather long ; the head is tufted in front, and
the front wings have the unmistakable character of a semicircular notch or indent at the front edge, which
appears artificially cut out, from which the group has received the expressive popular name of the Notch-wings.
There is but one British species of the genus Zeras now admitted in our Catalogues, all the others being at
present considered mere varieties,

Teras caudana (the Notch-wing T). This curious insect, though rare near London, is tolerably common
in the northern counties. The Caterpillar is pale green, with the head yellow. It feeds on Salloy. The
varieties are numerous, and differ not only in markings, but even in the form and depth of the singular
excavation at the edge of the front wing.

The genus Cheimatophila. The insects assigned to this genus have the wings glossy, the front edge
straight, and are further distinguished by always appearing late in the autumn, or in the winter. There is only
one species, which varies considerably in size.

Cheimatophila mixtana (the Winter T, No. 125). This species is taken in the New Forest and some
other localities, late in the autumn or in mid-winter.

The genus Dictyopteryx. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi short, and the wings
not notched at the front edge, but rather concave at the back. They are generally of a pale buff or yellowish
colour with delicate pencillings.

i Dictyopteryx contaminana (the Chequered Pebble T). The Caterpillar of this prettily chequered species
is green with black spots ; and the head is dark brown, It feeds within the stems of rushes, upon the pith, It
is very abundant.

The closely allied species, D. wliginosana, with the preceding very nearly accords with the characters of
M. Guénée’s genus Peronea ; while the two others, D. Leflingiana and D. Lorskaleana, agree better with the
characters assigned by the same author to the genus Dictyopteryx.

The genus Cresia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi longer than the head; the fore
wings rather long ; the edge of the front wings arched in front, but nearly straight at the back. The Caterpillars
are white, with black heads, and generally feed on the Rose, to the leaves of which they may often be seen
suspending themselves by a silken thread.

Cresia Holmiana (the Holmian T, No. 14). The Caterpillars of this species, Nos. 15 and 16, aro
represented as feeding on the foliage of the Rose, or suspended from it by a web. The Moth appears in June, and

is common everywhere.

138 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The other species, C. Bergmanniuna, is casily distinguished by the absence of the conspicuous whitish spot
at the front of the fore wings; instead of which the whole of the front wings are pale oclreous, with deeper
pencillings, and two diagonal bands of pale silvery gray.

The genus Argyrotoza. The only British species assigned to this genus has the palpi about twice as long
as the head ; the wings not quite so elongated as those in the immediately preceding genera; the front line of
the anterior wings regularly, but not abruptly, arched from the shoulder.

Argyrotoza Conwayana (the Conwayian T, No. 17). The Caterpillar of this species feeds on Privet, and
the perfect insect, which appears in June, is widely distributed, and common everywhere.

The genus Plycholoma. In this genus the palpi of the perfect insect are not longer than the head, and
the antenna also are short. The wings are of more elongated form than those of the last genus. The males
have the front margin of the anterior wings singularly thickened. In My. Stainton’s characters of this genus,
he says the costa in the male is broadly folded to the middle, and then straight ; in the female it is regularly
arched. The wings are also distinguished hy more or less distinct golden or silvery stripes or markings. There
is but one British species, .

Plycholoma Lechcana (the Lechean T, No. 18). The dark wings of this species are distinguished by
markings of a dull tarnished silvery character, which resemble in form the Greek letters I, which, however,
are scarcely traceable in some specimens, especially the females. The Caterpillar feeds on Oak in May, and
the Moth appears in June and July, being very common.

The genus Zulia. The insects assigned ‘to this genus have the palpi projecting slightly beyond the
head; the body rather robust ; the fore wings twice as long as broad, with the front edge regularly arched
from the shoulder. There is but one British species.

Lulia Ministrana (the Yellow-barred Iron T, No. 19). The Caterpillar of this species is green, and is

said to feed upon the Hazel. The Moth appears in June, and is generally common.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 139

PLATE IL

No. 1.—The Short-barred White T (Brachytenia MHart- No. 12.—The Mottled Bran T (Bactra furyurana).
TOMB De), No. 13.—The Double Crescent T (Cartilla bitunana).
No. 2.—The Gentian T (Antithesia gentiananc). No. 14.—The Red Cross T (Hypermecia augustana).
No. 3.—The Caterpillar of the Gentian T. No. 15.—The Red-bar T (Ditula angustiorana),
ING, p= Wieelieriinta is ub (Geteatinw cetteeatto No. 16.—The Oblique-barred T (Pacilochroma profun-
No, 5.—The Black-cloaked T (Pardia tripunctana). dana).
No. 6.—The Caterpillar of the Black-cloaked T. No. 17.—The Solandrian T (Pecilochroma Solandriana).
No. 7.—The Brown-cloaked T (Spilonola roborana). No. 18.—The Single Blotched T (Halonota scutulana).
No. §.—The Caterpillar of the Brown-cloaked T. No. 19.—The White-barred Elm T (Anisolenia
No. 9.—The Beautiful Marbled T (Lithoyraphia nigroma- pmecire ce):
culana). No. 20.—The Woeberian T. (Semasia Weeberana).
No. 10.—The Angle-barred Single Dot T (Phlaodes im- No. 21.—The Caterpillar of the Weeberian T.
mundana). Nos. 22, 23, 24.—The Chrysales of the Webcrian T.
No. 11.—The Lundian T (Anchylopera Lundana).

Tue third Sub-Family of the Zortricid@ is composed of the Penthinidi, containing three genera, Brachytenia,
Antithesia, and Penthina.

The genus Brachytenia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenna slender, but setaceous, and
clothed beneath with scales. The anterior wings are nearly, but not quite, twice as long as broad. The waving
of the bands is very marked, and angular. Some of the larve feed within the shoots of Sallow. There are two
British species.

Brachytenia Hartmanniana (the Short-barred White, No. 1). This pretty species appears in July and
August, and is found on the trunks of Willows, &c., near London, but is considered scarce.

The other species, B. semifasctana, may be easily distinguished by its generally darker colour, and th

nterruption of the principal band, or fascia, which only extends half across the fore wings.

The genus Antithesia. In this genus the perfect insects have the palpi longer than the head, the thorax
tufted, and the anterior wings rather more than twice as long as broad. The front of the wing is arched from the
shoulder. There are fourteen British species, in one ‘of which the sexes differ so considerably in their markings
as to have been taken for distinct species.

Antithesia gentianana (the Gentian T, No. 2). This species belongs to the second division of this
extensive genus, the insects assigned to which correspond closely in character with those of Stephens’ genus
Endothenia, while the first division have rather more affinity with those of Hiibner’s genus Apotomis. The
species (A. gentianoides) gives a fair general idea, however, of the whole of the genus. It is said to be common
near London. The Caterpillar (No. 8) appears in November and March, and is generally found in heads of the

Teazle. The perfect insect appears in July, and is common in the south of England.
The other species are A. corticana, A. Betuletana, A. Capreana, A. ochrolewana, A. prelongana,
sororculanda, A. cynosbatella, A, Pruniana, A. dimidiana, A. swuciana, A. Grevilliana, A. Scllanana, and

A. marginana. The two last, like gentianoides, belonging to the section Endothenia,

140 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The genus Penthina. In this genus the perfect insects have the antenne simple, the thorax tufted, the
anterior wings more than twice as long as broad, and in the front arching from the shoulder, There is but one
British species,

Penthina Satlicella (the White-back T, No. 4). This handsome species is not rare in favourable localities
in the southern counties. The Caterpillar is described as dull reddish brown, with the head and next
segment nearly black. It feeds in folded leaves of the Willow in May. The perfect insect appears in July and
August.

The Spilonotidi form the fourth sub-family of the Zortricide, and contain two genera, Pardia and
Spilonta ; the last-named genus being subdivided into sections nearly.according with Hitbner’s genera, Hedya
and Notocella, and Stephens’ Phaneta.

The genus Pardia. The insect assigned to this genus have the palpi longer than the head, the antenne
pubescent beneath, and the fore wings nearly twice as long as broad. The front of the fore wings is arched at
the shoulder, and those of the males have a fold or crease as far as the middle. The Caterpillars are Rose feeders.
There is but one British species. _

Pardia tripunctana (the Black-cloaked T, No. 5). This species is very common, especially in gardens
and along road-side hedges. The Caterpillar (No. 6) feeds on the foliage of the Rose, and the perfect insect
appears very abundantly in July and August.

The genus Spilonote. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi broadly compressed and longer than
the head ; the abdomen tufted in the males ; the fore wings more than twice as long as broad, and deflexed when at
rest ; the fold of the front wings reaches to the middle. The species, however, differ very considerably, and the
genus has consequently been divided into sections, pretty nearly corresponding with Hiibner’s genera Hedya and
Notocella, and Stephens’ genus Phaneta, as previously observed. The species selected for illustration is taken

from the section edya, as best illustrating the character of the genus in general, the other two sections containing

but one British species each. There are in all ten British species.

Spilonta roborana (the Brown-cloaked 4, No. 7). This species is very plentiful and a great garden pest, the
Caterpillar (No. 8) feeding upon the young shoots and buds of the Rose. The Caterpillar commences its ravages in
April and May, and the moth appears in Jume and July. The other species in the first section (Hedya) are
S. rosecolana (the Rose Brown-cloak T), 8. trimaculana (the Triple-blotched T), S. amanana (the Pretty
Short-cloak T), S. neglectana (the Neglected Short-cloak 1), 8! dealbana (the White Short-cloak T)
S. Alnetana (the Alder Short-cloak T), and S. Aceriana (the Maple Short-cloak T). In the second section
(Notocella) the single species is S. ocellana (the Cream Short-cloak T), and in the third section (Phaneta) the
single species is S. pauperana (the Early Short-cloak T).

The fifth sub-family of the Tortricidae is composed of the Grapholithidi, This sub-family contains the
following genera: Lithographia, Phleodes, Anchylopera, Bactra, Cartella, Hypermecia, Ditula, Pacilochroma,
Halonota, Anisoteenia, Semasia, Coccyx, Heusimene, Panyplusia, Retinia, Carpocapsa, Opadia, Endopisa,
Ephippiphora, Dicrorampha, Eucelis, Hemerosia, Grapholita, and Theodia. Many of these genera containing a
great number of species, often of such divergent character as to render it necessary to divide the genera into
several sections.

The genus Lithographia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi longer than the head, and the
anterior wings remarkably narrow, being nearly three times as long as broad. There are twelve British species,
classed into four sections, all of which are subject to variation, especially Z. nisella (the Poplar Blotch-back T),
of which there are seven or more varieties which have been ranked as species.

Lithographia nigromaculana (the Beautiful Marbled T, No. 9). This pretty insect, with its anterior
wings so brightly mottled with dark marks and specks upon a white ground, is very rare and yet widely dispersed,
having been taken both in Ireland and Scotland, as well as in many parts of England. It appears about the
end of July.

The other species are, in the first section (Notocel?ia) L. Paykulliana (the Paykullian T); Z. nisella (the
Poplar Bloteh-back T); Z. cinerana (the Mottled Gray T); Z. Campoliliana (the Recluse Marbled T), In the

second section (Asthenia) there is but one species, L. minutana (the Brindled Marbled T). In the third section

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 141

(Phiaris) there are four species, LZ. trimaculana (the Elm Marbled T), Z. excructana (the Dingy Red T),
L. Penklevriana (the Variable Red T), and Z. obfusana (the Blunt-winged Bloteh-back T). In the fourth
section (Ludemis) there are two species, Z. nevana (the Marbled Single Dot T), and LZ. geminana (the Twin-
Spot Single Dot T).

The genus Phieodes. The general structural characters of this genus closely resemble those of the last,
but the markings on examination of the species selected for illustration, will be found to be tolerably distinct.
The palpi are longer than the head, the fore wings three times as long as broad, and have a fold reaching
half their length. There are four British species.

Phicodes immundana (the Angle-barred Single Dot T, No. 10), The Caterpillar of this species is
ereenish-gray, with the head brownish. It feeds upon the foliage of the Birch, in rolled leaves ; there are two
broods ; the perfect insect appearing in April and May, and again in September and October. It is rather scarce,
but very widely distributed.

The other species are P. tetraquetrana (the Single Dot T), P. Demarniana (the Blotched Single Dot T), and
P. ercnana (the Notched Single Dot T).

The genus Anchylopera, The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne filiform ; the palpi shorter
than the head ; the fore wings rather more than twice as long as broad, the tip being sometimes rather hooked,
as implied by the generic name.

There are twelve British species, which vary much less than those of many of the preceding genera ; but
they are in some cases so distinct that it has been found convenient to divide the genus into two sections.

Anchylopera Lundana (the Lundian T, No. 11), This pretty and characteristic insect belongs to the
typical section of the genus. It is double brooded, being found in May, and again in September. The Caterpillar,
which feeds upon the leaves of the Meadow Vetch webbed together, is described as being of a greenish gray, with
the head yellowish brown, and the second segment pale. The perfect insect is common, and very generally
distributed.

The other species of the typical section (Anchylopera) are A. Upupana (the Dark Hook-tip T), A.
Mitterbacheriana (the Red Hook-tip T), A. diminutana (the Festoon T), A. derasana (the Hook-tip
Blotch-back T), 4A. Myrtillana (the Myrtle T), A. comptana (the Delicate Hook-tip T), A. biarcuana (the
Double Arched T), A. waeana (the Bridge T), A. waguicella (the Heath Hook-tip T), A. siewlana (the Hook-
tipped Streak T). The other section (Philacea) contains but one species, A. Ramella (the Hooked Marble T),
the markings of which are of a distinct character, and the hook-tip of the anterior wings less marked.

The genus Bactra. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne simple, the palpi longer than the
head ; the fore wings more than twice as long as broad, and the tip acute. The Caterpillars of some of the
species are sap feeders, generally in rushes. Some of the species vary exceedingly, especially B. lanceolana,
four of the varieties of which formerly made distinct species. There are three British species.

Bactra furfurana (the Mottled Bran T, No. 12). This species appears in June, but it is rare and
local; at the same time it is widely distributed, being found in the southern counties, and as far north as
Edinburgh.

The genus Cartella. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi much longer than the head, and
the fore wings of very long proportion, being nearly three times as long as broad. The front of the anterior
wings is arched at the shoulder, and the fold in the wings of the male extends about one third of the
entire length of the wing.

The Caterpillars feed_in the catkins of the Bireh.

Cartella bilunana (the Double Crescent T, No. 18). The Caterpillar has not been accurately described,
but is said to feed in the catkins of Birch in April. The perfect insect appears in June, and is not
uncommon,

The genus Hypermecia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne simple and the palpi
longer than the head ; the anterior wings are of narrow proportion, and they are scarcely arched at their front
edge, at the shoulder. There is but one British species.

Hypermecia augustana (the Red Cross T, No. 14). The Caterpillar of this species is described as pale

142 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS,

yellow with minute specks; the head being black, and the second segment pale brown. It feeds in May and
June upon the foliage of several kinds of Willow, drawing the leaves together by a web. _The perfect insect
appears in June and July, and is common almost everywhere.

The genus Ditula. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi projecting slightly beyond the
head, the antenn of the male pubescent ; the body rather robust ; the fore wings rather more than twice as
long as broad. The front of the fore wings is arched at the shoulder, and those of the male have a conspicuous
‘fold at the base. There is but one British species,

Ditula angustiorana (the Red Bar T, No. 15). The Caterpillar is described as greenish-gray, the
head being dark green, It feeds on various trees and shrubs in April and May, and the perfect insect appears
in July and August. It is common almost everywhere.

The genus Pweilochroma, The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi longer than the head ;
the wings are rather narrow, being about twice as long as broad, and deflexed when at rest. There are, however,
considerable discrepancies in the species now assigned to this genus, and they are consequently arranged in
three sections. The first section (having affinities with the genus Dituda) contains one species only. The second
section (having affinities with the genus Zeiraphera of Curtis) also contains only one gpecies. The third section
(having affinities with the genus Acal/a of Hiibner) contains four species. The fourth section (having affinities
with the genus Astatia of Hiibner) contains four species.

The first section (Ditula), Pwcilochroma profundana (the Oblique-barred T, No. 16). The representation
is that of a typical specimen of this species, of which there are several distinct varieties, ten having been
named at different times as distinct species. The perfect moth appears in June and again in September, being
double brooded. It is common in the southern and midland counties.

The second section (Zeiraphera) contains but one British species: P. corticana (the Cock’s-head T).

The third section (Acalla) contains, P. ophthalmicana (the Black Double-blotched T), P. oppressana
(the Obscure Blotch-back T), P. occudtana (the Dingy Blotch-back T), and P. signatana, (the Black
Blotehed T).

The fourth section (Astatia), contains P. Solandriana (the Solandrian T), represented at No. 17, and
three other species. P. Solandriana, by some writers placed in another genus, is found in July and August.
The larva is described as dirty white, with a tinge of green; the head and second segment black. It feeds on
Hazel and Birch in May. The Moth is common almost everywhere.

The other species in this section are P. Brunnichana (the Brunnichian T), of which there are many
distinct varieties, P. stabilana (the Clouded Willow T), and P. Piccana (the Shining Pitch T).

The genus Halonota. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi longer than the head, the antenne
simple, the fore wings rather more than twice as long as broad, and the front arched beyond the fold, in the male.
This genus contains thirteen species, divided into the sections, 1. (Zpinolia,) containing two species, H.
bimaculana, and H, cirsiana ; 2. (Epiblema,) containing eight species, H. seutulana, IZ. novana, H. Brunnichiana,
H, turridana, H. Fenella, H. trigeminana, H. costipunctana, and H. tetragonana. The third section (Hemimene)
contains three species, H. populana, H. nigricostana, and H. obscurana.

Halonota scutulana (the Single Blotched T, No. 18). 1 have selected this species, belonging to the second
section, to represent the whole genus, which it does very inadequately ; but the space of my work forbids
farther illustration. It appears in June and July, and is widely distributed and rather common. The Caterpillar
is described as bright pink, with the head and second segment black, and as feeding in the stems of Thistles in
October, and in May, being double brooded. i

The genus Anisotenia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne longer than the head. The
wings long and narrow, the anterior pair being more than twice as long as broad; the front arched at the
shoulder, and the front angle rather rounded.

Anisotenia Ubnana (the White-barred Elm T, No. 19). The Caterpillar of this species is, as yet,
undescribed, but the Moth, though not common, is very widely distributed, and appears in June and July.

The genus Semasia. The insects assigned to this have the palpi longer than the head ; the antenne

simple ; the anterior wings twice as long as broad, and their front angle rather rounded. The species are,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 143

however, not very homogeneous, and are, therefore, divided into three sections :—1l. Semasia,; 2. Aspila ;

and 3. £narmonia: the insects assigned to the last section having metallic or gold-like marks on
the wings.

Section 1 contains S. spiniana (the White Triangle T).

Section 2, S. Janthinana (the Purple-shades T), and S. rufillana (the Dark Purple Shades T).

Section 3, S. Weberana (the Weberian T, No. 20). The Caterpillar of this species (No. 21) is found under
the bark of various trees, upon the inner tegument of which it appears to feed. It prefers the Apple, Plum, or
Cherry, but is also found on the Laurel. The perfect insect, which is easily distinguished by the gold-like marks
on the anterior wings, appears in May, and again in September, and is common almost everywhere.

The Chrysalis (Nos. 22 to 24) is attached to the bark in stiff cocoons of a yellowish colour.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS 145

PLATE LI.

No, 1.—Tho Large Dark Silver-striped T (Coccyx Strodi- No. 8.—The Codling T (Curpocapsa pomonella).
Waite). No, 9.—The Caterpillar of the Codling T.

No. 2.—The Brown-bordered T (Heusimene fimbriana). No, 10.—The Plum-tree T (Opadia funebrana).

No. ge =o Silver-striped T (Pamplusia monti- No. 11.—The Black Striped-edge T (Endopisa nigricana).
colana).

No. 12.—The Yellow Blotch-backed T (Ephippiphora ve-
giana).
No. 13.—The Petiverian T (Dichrorampha Petiverella).

No. 4.—The Silver-striped Orange Spot T (Relinia Buo-
liana.)

No. 5.—The Caterpillar of the Silver-striped Orango
Spot T.

No. 6.—The Chrysalis of the Silver-striped Orange
Spot T. No, 16.—The Brown-cloaked T (Grapholita Albersana).

No. 14.—The Double Orange Spot T (Zucelis aurana).
No. 15,—The Rheedian T (Hemirosia Rhezediella).

No, 7.—Moth at rest of the Silver-striped Orange Spot T, ‘ No. 17.—The Lemon T (Thiodia citrana).

The genus Coccyx. The insects assigned to this genus consist in great part of that pretty group of small
Moths popularly known as the Silver-Lines, which are so named from haying several extremely fine silvery lines
running along the front nervures of the anterior wings. The species assigned to the three divisions of the genus
Coccyx have the palpi scarcely longer than the head ; the front wings about twice as long as broad, and the front
slightly arched at the shoulder. There are ten species, divided into three sections,

Coccyx Strovilella (the Large Dark Silver-striped T, No. 1). It is impossible in a drawing to render
distinctly the slight silvery streaks of the front of the fore wings which distinguish this species, like others of the
group. The other markings will, however, render it sufficiently recognisable. The Caterpillar is pale yellow, and
has the head pale brown. It feeds on the seeds of Fir-cones in October and April. The perfect insect appears in
May, and generally found in Fir plantations, but is rather rare. It has recently been taken at West Wickham,
Croydon, and other places near London.

C. Strobilella belongs to the first section of the genus Coccyx (Hemimenc), which contains three other
species of more or less characteristic resemblance to each other. C. cosmophorana, C. splendidulana, C. argyrana,
and C. finitimana. The next section (Astheria) contains but one species, C. pygmeana. The third section,
Evetria, contains four species : C. Hyrciniana, C. ustomaculana, C. nanana, and C. Vacciniana.

The genus Heusimene. In this genus the perfect Moth has the palpi the same length as the head, the
wings extremely long and narrow; the front of the wings nearly straight, and the front angle rather sharp.
There is only one British species,

Heusimene fimbriana (the Brown-bordered T, No, 2). This is an early insect, being generally found in
March and April, in the neighbourhood of Oaks, upon which it is probable that the Caterpillar feeds ; but it
remains as yet undescribed. The Moth is far from common, though very widely distributed.

The genus Pamplusia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne simple, the palpi rather
longer than the head, and the wings very long and narrow, being three times as long as broad, and haying the
front nearly straight at the shoulder. There are two British species.

Pamplusia monticolana (the Faint Silver-striped T, No, 3). This is,a northern insect, being most
abundant in moors and highlands in the North of England, where it is found in July and August. The

Caterpillar is unknown.

146 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The other species is P. Alticolana (the Mountain Silver-striped T).

The genus Retinia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi rather longer than the head, and
the front wings more than twice as long as broad. There are five species divided into two sections.

Retinia Buoliana (the Silver-striped Orange Spot T, No. 4). The Caterpillar of this species (No. 5) feeds
upon the young shoots of the Scotch Fir in May, to which it is very injurious. The Chrysalis (No. 6) is
generally attached to a portion of the shoot which has been destroyed by the Caterpillar. The Moth appears
in July and August, and is very common, and very generally distributed. No. 7 represents a Moth in repose,
in which state the position of the wings is very characteristic.

The other species in the first section (Rhyacionia) of the genus Retinia are, R. Pinicolana, R. Turionella,
R. Pinivorana.

In the second section (£vertria) there is only one species, R. sylvestranda.

The genus Carpocapsa. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi rather longer than the head.
The front wings are more than twice as long as broad, and are slightly arched at the shoulder in front, and
become suddenly concave at the hack, within the posterior angle. The wings of some of the species are
ornamented with small metallic patches. There are two British species, placed in two separate sections of the
genus. All the known Caterpillars of this genus feed in the interior of fruits.

Carpocapsa pomonelia (the Codling T, No. 8). This species is the only one belonging to the second section of
the genus, (Cydia). The Caterpillar (No. 9) feeds within the fruit of the Apple, causing it to fall prematurely,
and thus causing much damage in Apple orchards. The perfect insect appears in June and July, and is found in
gardens and orchards, but not very abundantly except in some districts.

In the first section of Carpocapsa, (Enarmonia) the two British species are C. splendana (the Bright
Marble T), and C. grossana (the Smoky Marble T); both have the metallic markings similar to those of C.
pomonella, though sometimes much more obscurely defined.

The genus Opadia. The general characters of this genus resemble so closely those of the last-described
genus (Carpocapsa) that some writers place the only British Opadia in that genus. The wings however are
narrower, with a stronger indent behind the apex of the fringed edge, and are of more obscure colouring and
markings.

Opadia funebrana (the Plum-tree T, No. 10). The Caterpillar of this species feeds within the pulp of
the Plum in August and September ; it is of a pale red, with a black head, and the second segment pale brown.
The Moth appears in July. It is taken about London, and Cambridge; but this species is scarce in the perfect
state, though Mr. Stainton remarks that in its Caterpillar stage it is exceedingly plentiful in Plum pies.

The genus Endopisa. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenn simple, but rather robust.
The palpi are rather longer than the head. The front wings are rather more than twice as long as broad, and in
the only British species are nearly black, with the exception of a few light orange-brown marks above the front
edge near the external angle.

Endopisa nigricana (the Black Striped-edge T, No. 11). This insect, the glossy black wings of which,
with their silvery fringe, make it very remarkable, is taken in woods and hedges in June, but is not very
abundant.

The genus Ephippiphora. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi slightly longer than the head.
The fore wings are of long proportion, being rather more than twice as long as broad ; and have generally a light
patch on the inner margin of the front wings. There are fifteen British species, divided into five sections.

Ephippiphora regiana (the Yellow Blotch-backed T, No. 12). The larva of this pretty species is dirty
white, with the head pale brown, and the second segment pale orange; it is also speckled with black. It feeds
under the bark of the Sycamore in September and October, and the moth appears in June and July. It is widely
distributed, and rather common in the southern counties.

E. regiane belongs to the second section of the genus (Pammene), the only other species belonging to which
is BE, Trauniana.

The first section of the genus contains Z. Germarana and L. puncticostana.

The third section of the genus, (Aspila) contains 2, nitidana and £. Weirana,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 147

The fourth section of the genus (Hemimene) contains Z. Lathyrana, E. compositella, EB. internana, and
E. perlepidana.

The fifth section of the genus (Selanea) contains #. Leplastriana, E. Heegerana, E. coniferana, B. fissanc,
and £, Dorsana.

The genus Dichrorampha. This genus, established by M. Guénée, contains eleven British species of well-
defined and tolerably homogeneous character. The antenne of the perfect insect are simple, the palpi rather longer
than the head. The anterior wings are twice as long as broad, and have the hind margin indented before the
external angle. The fold in the fore wings of the males is half the length of the wings. The Caterpillars, as far
as known, are root feeders.

Dichrorampha Petiverella (the Petiverian T, No 13). The caterpillar of this pretty species feeds on the
roots of the Millefoil (Achillea millefolia). It is pinkish-white, with the head brownish, and is found in April,
and again in November, The Moth appears in June and July, and is very generally distributed and very
common,

The other species are, D. Sequana (the Silver Blotch T), D. Politana (the Shining Blotch-back T,
D. alpinana (the Gold-fringed T), D. simpliciana (the Plain Silver-fringed T), D. acuminatana (the Dark Silver-
fringed T), D. saturnana (the Dingy T), D. plumbagana (the Leaden-fringed T), D. wlicana (the Furze T),
D. consortana (the Dwarf T).

The genus Eucelis. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi much longer than the head. The
front edge of the fore wings arched at the shoulder, and rather more than twice as long as broad. There is but
one British species.

Eucelis aurana (the Double Orange-spot T, No. 14). This pretty insect appears in June and July, especially
in the bright sunshine, where the common Umbellifere are abundant, such as the Cow-parsnip, &e. It is found
near London, and as far north as Renfrewshire.

The genus Hemerosia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne remarkably robust, and the
palpi long and extending considerably beyond the head. The wings are twice as long as broad, and arched at
the front edge towards the shoulder. There is but one British species.

Hemerosia Rheediella (the Rheedian T, No. 15). The Caterpillar of this species feeds on the foliage
of the Apple and Hawthorn. The Moth appears in May and June, and is widely distributed, though not very
common.

The genus Grapholita. Many of the insects now assigned to this extensive genus were formerly included
in the genus Carpocapsa. They are distinguished by slender and simple antenne, the palpi longer than the head,
the wings twice as long as broad, and by the characteristic markings. There are thirteen British species assigned
to this genus in the system which I am following.

Grapholita Albersana (the Brown-cloaked T, No. 16). The Caterpillar of this species feeds on the folded
leaves of the common Woodbine in August. The perfect insect appears in May and June. It is rarely found in
the middle or more northerly counties, but is widely distributed in more southern localities.

The other species are G. Ulicctana, which flies in swarms about Furze-bushes in May and August ;
G. asseclana ; G. Juliana ; G. Hypericana, the Caterpillars of which feed on Hypericum ; G. Winmerana, which
is rare, and the Caterpillars of which feed on Sea Wormwood ; G. Lacteana ; G. Scopoliana ; G. Hohenwarthana ;
G. Bmulana ; G. cecimaculana ; G. expallidana ; and G. pupillana, the Caterpillars of which feed in the roots
of Artemisia maritima on the south coast.

The genus Thiodia. The insects assigned to this genus have their antenne simple, the palpi rather longer
than the head, the wings moderately broad for this group, and the colour generally of different shades of subdued
orange or yellow. There is only one British species.

Thiodia citrana (the Lemon T, No. 17). This rare insect has been taken at Southend (Essex) and Lytham

(Lancashire), in places where the Rest-harrow is abundant,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 149

PLATE LI].

No. 1.—The Jaundiced Drab T (Sphaleroptera ictericana). | No. 6.—The Brindled T (Eviopsela quadrana).

No. 2.—The Hight-spotted T (Cnephasia Penziana). No. 7.—The Pale Clay T (Capua ochraceana).

No. 3.—The Afternoon T (Syndemis musculana). No, 8.—The Rustic T (Clepsis rusticana).

No. 4.—The Beautiful Rough-wing T (Phtheochroa rugosana | No. 9.—The Dotted Drab T (Ablabia pratana).

No. 5.—The Red-barred Gray T (Argyrotenia politana). | No. 10.—The Clouded Winter T (Tortricodes hyemana).

Tue sixth sub-family of the Zortricide is that of the Sciaphilidi containing ten genera, the whole of which
are illustrated in the present Plate. Among them are some of the commonest of our small Moths, some of which
appear in thousands in their season, but a few are rare. :

The genus Sphaleroptera. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi projecting beyond the head,
and the proportion of the anterior wings is nearly three times as long as broad. The wings of the female are of
shorter proportion, and nearly straight in front, those of the males being curved.

Sphaleroptera ictericana (the Jaundiced Drab T, No. 1). This species, which has been recently separated
from the genus Cnephasia, is very inconspicuous, the colour of the wings being of a pale drab colour unvaried by
any markings beyond a slight mottle of a deeper tone of the same colour. The female is rather more strongly
marked with a pale brown.

The Caterpillar is found upon all kinds of plants, and is abundant in May, June and July. The perfect
insect appears in June and July, and is very common in the neighbourhood of London.

The genus Cnephasia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi rather longer than the head, and
the wings of considerably shorter proportions than those of the preceding genus, being scarcely more than twice as
long as broad. The front of the wings is slightly arched in the male and more strongly in the female. There are
fifteen species, divided into two sections, fourteen being placed in the division ‘‘ Syndemis,” and one in the
division ‘‘ Eudemis,” as approaching in character to those genera as defined by Hiibner.

Crephasia Octomaculana (the Eight-spotted T, No. 2). This is one of the handsomest species, and not
being found in the southern counties has long been considered a choice variety by London collectors. The
Caterpillar is unknown, but it probably feeds upon Lichens, as the Moth is found in rocky places where they
abound. The perfect insect appears in the north of England in July, and has been taken at Edinburgh, at
Ardrossan, and in North Wales.

The other species are, in the first section, C. decolorana, C. perterana, C. obsoletana, C. passivana, C.
subjectana, C. Virgaureana, C. alternella, C. perplenana, C. sinuana, C. cretaceana, C. Penziana, C. incana,
and C. hybridana. Among these, subjectana and Virgaureana occur by thousands, and are far from attractive in
their colour or markings ; but the other northern species, C. Penziana, is very handsome and as conspicuous
as C. Octomaculana (No. 2). In the second division C. Nubilana is a common unattractive insect which is a
perfect pest from its great numbers.

The genus Syxdemis. The single British species assigned to this genus of Hiibner’s is by some English

150 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

authors still retained in the genus Lozotenia, with the general character of which the form of the fore-wings,
strongly arched at the shoulder, give it an apparent affinity, while other characters seem to warrant its being
assigned to its present position.

Syndemis musculana (the Afternoon T, No. 3). This is an extremely abundant species, common every-
where. The Caterpillar feeds in rolled leaves of Bramble in October, and the perfect insect appears in the
following May. c

The genus Phtheochroa. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi of rather long proportions, the
anterior wings about twice as long as broad, with the front nearly straight, but slightly arched at the shoulder.
The margins of the wings of the female are more indented towards the tip than those of the male. There are
tufts of scales on the anterior wings which have suggested the specific name rugosana for the only British species.

Phtheochroa rugosana (the Beautiful Rough-wing T, No. 4). The Caterpillar of this species feeds on the
Bryony (Bryonia dioica) in September ; the perfect insect appearing in the following May and June. It is found
fluttering over hedges in which Bryony is growing, and in the southern counties is far from uncommon. There is
a bright pinkish flush in very fresh specimens which soon fades. This pretty species may be recognised at once
on the wing by its slow flight, and its comparatively large size and light appearance.

The genus Argyrotenia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi scarcely projecting beyond the
head, and the wings scarcely twice as long as broad. In other respects also they differ from the genus Sericoris
with which they were formerly classed, and in which some authors still retain them, There are three British
species.

Argyrotenia politana (the Red-barred Grey T, No. 5). The Caterpillar of this pretty little species feeds
upon Myrica gale ; the perfect insect appearing in June and July. It is found to be widely distributed on moors
and high barren grounds, though formerly only supposed to be taken in the New Forest and at one or two places
in Devonshire.

The other species are A. cognatana and A. fuscociliana.

The genus Eriopsela. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi conspicuously longer than the
head, the fore-wings rather more than twice as long as broad, nearly straight in front, and form a somewhat
acute angle at the external point. The hind-wings are indented within the tip. There are only two British
species.

Eriopsela quadrana (the Brindled T, No. 6). The Caterpillar of this species remains undescribed. The
perfect insect appears in May, but is rare; West Wickham, Stoat’s Nest, &c., being among the few places where
it has been recently taken. The undersides of the hind-wings of this species are whitish, speckled with gray at
the edges.

The other species, Z. fractifasciana, closely resembles the preceding, but may be distinguished by the under
sides of the hind-wings, which instead of being whitish are entirely gray.

The genus Capua. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi short and slender, scarcely longer
than the head ; and the antenne of the males are strongly pubescent. The fore-wings are twice as long as wide,
and in the males have a fold which reaches about half their length. There is only one British species.

Capua ochraceana (the Pale Clay T, No. 7). The Caterpillars of this genus are said to feed on the foliage
of the Hornbeam ; the perfect insect appearing in May and June. It is widely dispersed, and not searce. The
New Forest was formerly considered the best place for its capture.

The genus Clepsis. The only British species assigned to this genus has the palpi slender and twice as long
as the head. The anterior wings are nearly twice as long as broad, and the front edges slightly arched at the
shoulders.

Clepsis rusticana (the Rustic T, No. 8). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown. The perfect insect
appears in June, and is generally found in fens or on marshy commons, where it is far from rare.

The seventh sub-family of the Tortricidae is that of the Aphelidi, which contains but two British genera,
Ablabia and Tortricodes.

The genus Ablubia. The single British species assigned to this genus has the palpi slender and much longer

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTIIS. 151

than the head. The anterior wings are very long and narrow, being in length nearly three times their breadth.
The wings are dark and almost without markings.

Ablabia pratana (the Dotted Drab T, No. 9). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown. The perfect
Moth appears in July and August, and is very common. It is also very widely dispersed, and may be taken almost
everywhere from Dover to Edinburgh. The slight and imperfect markings of the wings vary very much both in
number and intensity.

The genus Tortricodes. The palpi of the insects assigned to this genus are short and pointing downwards.
The anterior wings are of long proportion like those of the last genus, and generally of obscure colour, and have
very indistinct markings, or none at all.

Tortricodes hyenana (the Clouded Winter T, No. 10), The Caterpillar of this obscure species is unknown.

The perfect Moth appears in the early spring in woods, but is not common,

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 153

PLATE LIII.

No, 1.—The Tawney-dotted T (Euchromia fulvipunctanua). | No. 9.—The Servillian T (Cerata Servillana).
No. 2.—The Straight-barred T (Orthutenia striana), No. 10.—The Tessellated T (Chrosis tesserana).
No. 3.—The Udmannian T (Notocella Udinanniana). | No. 11,.—The Scarlet-barred Gold T (Dapsilia rutilana).

No, 4.—The Marbled Dog's-tooth T (Sideria Achatana) . 12.—The Burdock T (Argyrolepia badiana).

No. 5.—The Silver-striped T (Sericoris conchana). No, 13.—The Doubtful T (Zupecilia dubuana).

No. 6.—The Schulzian T (Mixodia Schulziwna). No. 14.—The Orange-barred Pearl T (Aryyridia dipoltella),

2
°

No. 7.—The Arched T (Roxana arcuanda). No. 15.—The Littoral Straw T (Logopera alternana).

No. 8.—The Orange and Black T (Lobesia reliquana). No. 16.—The Zegian T (Xanthosetia Zegana).

The eighth sub-family of the Zortricide is that of the Sericoridi containing seven genera, Luchromia,
Orthotania, Notocella, Sideria, Sericoris, Mixodia and Roxana.

The genus Euchromia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi projecting considerably beyond
the head. The anterior wings are about twice as long as wide; the front edge being regularly arched, and the
apex rather pointed. There are three British species, representing two sections. The first is distinguished by the
title Argyroploce as partially corresponding with Hiibner’s genus of that name, and the second distinguished
by the term Zuchromia as approaching the genus established by Stephens.

Euchromia fulvipunctana (the Tawney-dotted T, No. 1). This species belongs to the second division. The
Caterpillar is dark reddish brown with a black head, and feeds upon the common Bilberry (Vaccinium Vitis idea)
in May. The Moth appears in June and July. It is a northern species, and common on moors in the northern
counties and in Scotland.

The other species in the same section of the genus is Z. purpurana, a scarce insect, so named from the
dull rosy tone of the front wings. In the division Argyroploce the only species is B. arbutella, which like
Julvipunctana may be considered a northern species.

The genus Orthotcenta. The two of the three species now assigned to Stephens’ genus Orthotenia are
by some authors placed in the genus Huchromia, which their characters in some degree justify, while one or more
were formerly located in the genus Sericoris, The characters of the insects here assigned to the genus Orthotcenia
are—palpi twice as long as the head, fore-wings more than twice as long as wide, front edge regularly arched, apex
obtuse.

Orthotenia striana (the Straight-barred T, No. 2). This insect in the perfect form frequents hedges about
the middle of June, and is rather common, being sometimes very abundant in the southern counties. The
other species are, first, O. Hricetana (the Heath T,) originally taken by Mr. Bentley in the north of England, but
since at Shanklin in the Isle of Wight, Bristol, &. Secondly, 0. antiquana, which is widely distributed, but no-
where common.

The genus Notocella. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi very short and bent downwards.
The antenne of the males are slightly serrated. The fore-wings are broader and shorter than in the neighbouring
genera, There is but one British species,

Notocelia Udmanniana (the Udmannian T, No. 3.) The Caterpillar of this species is unknown. The

perfect Moth appears in June and is widely dispersed. It is not uncommon in woods or woody lanes.

154 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The genus Sideria. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi of moderate length, the anterior
wings of long proportion, the front edge regularly arched, and the fringed edge indented behind the tip. There
is only one British species.

Sideria Achatuna (the Marbled Dog’s-tooth T, No. 4). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown.
The perfect insect appears in June and July, and is not searce in the south of England, especially where Hawthorn
abounds, which is probably the food of the larve.

The genus Sericoris. The insects assigned to this species have the palpi rather short and only slightly
projecting beyond the head. The wings are rather broad, but the anterior pair are twice as long as broad, the
body is long, and in the males tufted. The females are smaller than the other sex. There are 14 British species
still retained in this genus, and they are divided into three divisions, the first distinguished as ‘‘ Celypha ;”
the second, Phiaris, and the third HLudemis, respectively so named on account of the insects assigned to
each division approaching in character three genera established by Htibner.

Sericoris conchana (the Silver-striped T, No. 5). This insect belongs to the first division of the genus
(Celypha). The Caterpillar is unknown. The perfect Moth appears in July and is widely dispersed, being found
in many widely distant places, from the New Forest to the north of Perthshire.

The other species in this division are S. Herbana, 8. Lacunana, S. Urticana and 8. alternana. In the second
division (Phiaris) there are S. micana and S. Bistrigana, In the third and last division (Zudemis) there are
S. fuligana, 8S. latifasciana, 8. Dormoyana, S. Euphorbiana, 8. bifasciana, 8. litoralis, and S. cespitana,

The genus Mixodia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi rather longer than the head, and
the wings nearly twice as long as broad ; the front edge being slightly but regularly arched, and the tip rather
pointed. There are three British species.

Mixodia Schulziana (the Schulzian T, No. 6). This pretty insect is by no means rare if sought in the
right localities, namely, the Moors and High Heathy districts of the north of England and Scotland. It has
also been taken near Weybridge, in Surrey. The time of the appearance of the Caterpillar is unknown, but the
Moth appears in June and July.

The other two species are M. palustrana and M. Tenerana. Palustrana may be easily distinguished by
its smaller size and the deeper brown of its markings.

The genus Roxana. In this genus the perfect insects have the palpi longer than the head, and the wings
more than twice as long as broad; the front edge of the wings being very slightly arched and the apex rather
obtuse. There is but one British species.

Roxana arcuana (the Arched T, No. 7). The Caterpillar is unknown. The Moth appears in woods
about the end of June ; but by some it is said to be double-brooded, and to appear in May and again in August.
Greenhithe, Hampstead, New Forest, &c., are mentioned as places where it has been recently captured.

The ninth and last sub-family of the Tortricidw is that of the Cochylidi, containing nine British genera,
Lobesia, Cerata, Chrosis, Dapsilia, Argyrolepia, Eupecilia, Argyridia, Lozopera and Xanthosetia.

The genus Lobesia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi longer than the head, the wings
more than twice as long as broad, the front edge slightly arched, and the tip rather acute. The females are rather
smaller than the males, and have the fringed margin of the hind-wings gradually indented below the tip. There
is but one British species.

Lobesia reliquana (the Orange and Black T, No. 8). The Caterpillar of this brightly coloured little insect
isunknown. The perfect Moth appears in May, and flies in the bright sunshine. The hind-wings of the female
are much darker than those of the male, being of a dusky brownish gray. It is far from uncommon in the
southern counties, but extremely rare in other parts of the country.

The genus Cerata, The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi spread, and pointing upwards. The
fore-wings are of long proportion, but rather blunt at the apex. There are two British species.

Cerata Servillana (the Servillian T, No. 9). The Caterpillar of this insect is unknown, the perfect insect
appearing in woods very early in the spring, where it may be sought as early as March. It conceals itself during

the day among dry leaves, where it is easily secured.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. i 155

The other species of this genus is C. semplana, one of the least of the group popularly defined as the T’s.

The genus Chrosis. The general characters of this genus may be said to be as follows :—the palpi slender
and longer than the head, the fore-wings rather more than twice as long as wide, and rather obtuse at the apex.
The two British species, however, which belong to it vary materially.

Chrosis tesserana (the Tessellated T, No. 10). The Caterpillar of this gaily-marked insect is unknown.
The Moth appears both in June and August, and is very variable in colour. It is found most plentifully in
chalky districts, the chalk downs of Brighton, Dover, &c., being recorded as places where it has been recently
taken. There is a variety described by Stephens under the title Argyrolepia decimana.

The other species is C. Auwdoutnana ; it has the fore-wings brownish-black, with an obscurely defined patch
of orange at the tips. It is found where oaks abound in June and July.

The genus Dapsilia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi longer than the head, and the
anterior wings twice as long as broad, and rather blunt at the tip. There is only one British species.

Dapsilia rutilana (the Scarlet-barred Gold T, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this pretty, and brightly-
coloured species is yellowish-green, with the head bright orange. It feeds on the Juniper, in the foliage of which
it surrounds itself by a thickly-spun web. It is full fed in June. The Moth appears in July and August. It
is not scarce in chalky districts, especially in the chalky downs of Surrey. ;

The genus Argyrolepia. The general characteristics of this genus may be said to be, long and slender
palpi, the fore-wings narrow and elongate in general form, the front slightly arched, and the apex obtuse. But
the species, though only seven in number, vary so considerably that they are divided into three sections, under
separate distinctive titles, to denote their respective affinities with other genera. These three divisions are
arranged in the following order :—Division A., Commophila ; B., Chlidonia ; C., Lozopera.

Argyrolepia badiana (the Burdock T, No. 12). The Caterpillar of this species feeds within the stems and
roots of Burdock. The Moth appears in July. It is widely distributed and plentiful wherever the Burdock is
found in abundance.

The other species, in this, the last division (Logopera), are, A. Baumanniana, A. Cnicana, and A. Dubrisana,
of which last there are several varieties, formerly named as distinct species. In the first division ( Commophila)
the species are A. neana, and A. Schrebersiana. In the second division (Chlidonia) there is only one species,
A. Mussehliana ; of these A. Bawmannia is one of the handsomest. :

The genus Lupecilia. The insects in this genus have the palpi scarcely projecting beyond the head ; the
fore-wings are long and rather narrow, the front edge being nearly straight. There are seventeen species which
differ considerably in their characters, and which are therefore arranged in four divisions, ‘‘ Notocella,”
“ Asthenia,” ‘* Eupecilia,” and ‘* Cochylis,” in allusion to the genera to which these divisions bear respectively
more or less affinity.

Eupecilia dubitana (the Doubtful T, No. 13). This pretty Moth is on the wing in July and August, and
has been recently taken at Bristol, Farnham, and one or two other places. It belongs to the first division of the
genus.

The other species are as follows :—In the first division (Notocella), EB. atricapitana. In the second division
(Asthenia), EF. nana. In the third division (Bupeecilia), EF. maculosana, E. sodaliana, EB. Carduana, EB.
ambiguella, EB. angustana, E. afinitona, B. Griseana, and £. notulana. In the fourth and last division (Cochylis),
there are Z£. rupicola, EB. flaviciliana, E. roseana, E. subroseana, and £. ruficiliana. Many of these, from their
bright yellow or rosy colours, are very attractive little insects.

The genus Argyridia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi longer than the head, the fore-
wings extremely long and narrow, being in length more than three times their breadth. The front of the
anterior wings is nearly straight, and the apex acute. There is but one British species.

Argyridia dipoltella (The Orange-barred Pearl T, No. 14). The Caterpillar of this delicately marked
insect is unknown. It appears in the perfect form in July and August, but is very scarce. Several places in
Surrey have, however, yielded recent specimens.

The genus Lozopera. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi rather slender, and projecting

156 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

beyond the head; the fore-wings, like those of the last genus, are of exceedingly long proportion, sometimes
exceeding in length three times their breadth. The front of the anterior wings is straight, and the apex sharp.
There are five British species.

Lozopera alternana (the Littoral Straw T, No. 15). The Caterpillar of this pretty primrose-coloured
Moth is unknown. The perfect insect appears in June and July. It is widely distributed, but rather local, and
rarely very plentiful.

The other species are L. Franeillana, L. dilwidana, L. Smeathmanniana, and L. straminea ; most of
these are of pale straw colour, and various shades of pale yellow, and sometimes very delicately marked.

The genus Xanthosctia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi extending considerably in front
of the head, the fore-wings about twice as long as broad, the front edge slightly but regularly arched, and the tip
acute. They are generally of a pale lemon colour, but the species are not very homogeneous in their characters,
and although there are but three in the genus, they are separated into two divisions,—A., ‘‘ Zuaanthis,” and
B., “‘ Hysterosia,” suggesting other genera to which they exhibit more or less affinity.

Xanthosetia Zagana (the Zegian T, No. 16). The Caterpillar of this brightly-coloured and conspicuous
insect feeds on the roots of Scabiosa columbaria. The Moth appears in May, and again in August. It is not so
common as the other species’ in the first division, but is widely dispersed, and far from rare.

The other species in the first division (Zuxanthis), is X. hamana, which is rather larger than X. Zegana,
but paler in colour. In the third division (Hysterosia), the only species is X. ¢nopiana, which, instead of having
the anterior wings of a yellow tone like the typical species, is of a dull drab-colour, from which circumstance it

derives its popular name, the Plain Drab T.

REPUTED BRITISH TORTRICES.

In THE Sup-Faminy Torrricipr.

Lozotenia croceana . The large SaffronT., and a | Lozotenia obliquana . The Doubtful Oblique-bar T.
variety known as Tortrix ochreana. Oxigrapha Leacheana . The Leachean T.

Lozotenia subocellana The Eyelet T. Peronea divisana . . The White Pinioned T.

Lozotenia ochreana . The Ochreous Oblique-bar T. Paramesia Modecriana The Modeerian T.

Lozotenia gnomana . The Dial T. Paramesia peregrinana The Peregrine T.

Lozotzenia trifasciana . The Triple Oblique-barred T. Paramesia Steineriana . The Steinerian T.

Lozotenia biustulana The Scorched T. Croesia trileucana . . The Triple Blotched T.

In THE Sub-FAMILY SPILONOTIDI. ‘
Spilonota incarnatana The Rosy Short Cloak T.

In Tor Sup-Famity GRAPHOLITHIDI.

Peecilochroma Schreberiana The Schreberian T. | Grapholita Hastana . . The Hastian T.

Halonota similana . The Middle Double-blotched T. Grapholita aspidiscana. . The Bright Sealed T, and
Halonota rusticana. . . The Rustic Blotch-back T. two varieties known as Tortrix Zachana, and
Retinia Resinella . . . The Resin T. Tortrix Monetulana,

Carpocapsa amplana . . The Full T. Grapholita Vappana . . The Dubious T.

Dichrorampha inquinitana The Large Gold-fringed T.
Ty THe Sus-Famiry ScrAPHiLint.

Cnephasia Wahlbomiana . The Wahlbomian T. Syndemis asinana . . . The Large Gray T.
Cnephasia fwligana . . The Dark-barred Gray 1. Syndemis cinctana. . . The Chalk-hill T.

In THE SuB-FAMILY SERICORIDI.
Orthotenia fasciolana . The Small Straight-barred T. Sericoris Lediana . . The Ledian T.

|
. , | . . .
Sericoris flavofasciana . The Yellow-barred T. | Sericoris penthinana . The Cloaked Likeness T.
Sericoris bipunctana . The Double-spotted T. |
|
In THE Sus-FAmMiLy CocHyLipt.
Chrosis decimana . . The Ten-spotted 'T. | Argyroptera Lathoniana The Lathonian T.

Enpecilia pustulana . The Dull-blotched T.

on

PL 54

~I

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 15

PLATE LIV.

No, 1.—The Wall Gray (Eudorea murana). No. 10.—The Hoary Knot-horn (@ymnancyla canella).

No. 2.—The Pine Knot-horn (Nephopteryx Abictella). No. 11.—The Cinerous Knot-horn (Ephestia elutella).

No. 3.—The Rosy Veneer (Burhodope carnella). No. 12.—The Cloaked Knot-horn (Plodia interpuncetella).

No. 4.—The Birch Knot-horn (Pempelia Betula). No. 13.—The Dingy Veneer (Hypochalcia ahenella).

No. 5.—The Warted Knot-horn (Acrobasis tumidana). No. 14.—The Cast Knot-horn (Arazes Lotella).

No. 6.—The Thistle Ermine (Myelophila cribrum). No. 15.—The Honey Moth (Achroia grisella).

No. 7.—The Porphyry Knot-horn (Myelois suavella). No. 16.—The Honey-comb Moth (Galleria Mellonella).

No. 8.—The Twin-barred Knot-horn (Homeosoma sinuella). No. 17.—The Caterpillar of the Honey-comb Moth.

No. 9.—The Double-striped Red Knot-horn (Cryptoblabes No. 18.—The Green-shaded Honey Moth (Aphomiu sociella).
bistriga). No. 19.—The Double Spot (Melissoblaptes bipunctanus).

Havine in my last Plate completed the description of all the genera of the extensive family of Tortricide,
T have now to commence the illustration of the Crambidae. In the arrangement of the genera belonging to this family
I have followed that finally adopted by the late Mr. Stephens, whose loss is still lamented by all British Entomo-
logists as one which seems at present irreparable. In his arrangement of this group of our native micro-lepidoptera,
Mr. Stephens endeavoured, and as it appears to me very successfully, to arrange these insects according to their
natural affinities, at all events in so far as it is practicable with a collection confined to British species, in which
many gaps must necessarily occur, and many links exhibiting generic affinities be missing. It is the system of
arrangement adopted in the British Museum, for which purpose, in fact, Mr. Stephens’ elaborate revision of the
Crambide was undertaken.

In this system, the family of the Crambide is divided into five Sub-Families, and twenty-three genera ; the
Sub-Families being Zudoridi, Phycidi, Galleridi, Crambidi and Chilidi. One of the most distinctive characters of
the family is the apparent size and width of the wings when flying, and their narrow and slender effect when the
insect is at rest, and they are compactly folded close to the body. They are also distinguished by the length of
the palpi. These characters, however, are not common to the whole family, though they so remarkably distinguish
the typical genera. They abound in cool grassy places, and generally appear between May and September. By
some authors the whole family is simply restricted to the two genera, Crambus and Chilo.

The Sub-Family Zudoridi contains but one genus, Eudorea.

The genus Zudorea is a very extensive one, containing thirteen species, which are distinguished by the
length of the maxillary palpi which project beyond the labial palpi. The fore-wings are moderately broad, and are
not folded in repose as with the typical Crambidae. The Caterpillars are dull coloured, with horny spots, and feed
on lichens protecting their progress by a continuous tunnel of closely woven web.

Eudorea murana (the Wall Gray, No. 1). The Caterpillar of this species is pale brown, the head and
second segment being black. It is found among moss in June. The perfect Moth appears in June and July. It
is a widely distributed species, being found in both southern and northern districts, but more commonly towards
the north, especially in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

The other species are EZ. Cembre, E. Ambigualis, EB. Pyralella, B. truncicolella, E. Crategella, E.
Frequentella, E. Portlandica, EB. resinea, E. lineola, BE. angustea, E. alpina, and E. pallida. All these species
have a great family resemblance. They generally repose during the day on the under side of branches, or on the
sheltered side of some stony ledge. Ambigualis, pyratella and frequentella are common ; the others are more or
less local. They are all rather obscure in colour. They are classed by some authors with the Tinie.

The second Sub-Family of Orambide is that of the Phycidi, which is much more extensive than the last,
and contains thirteen genera : Nephopteryx, Eurhodope, Pempelia, Acrobasis, Myelophila, Myelois, Homeosoma,

Cryptoblabes, Gymnancyla, Ephestia, Plodia, Hypochaleia, and Araxes. The chief characters of these genera are—

158 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

antenne simple in the male, often having a tuft of scales near the base; labial palpi generally long and porrected ;
the anterior wings slightly folded in repose, but not so much as those of the typical Crambide. The Caterpillars
feed either in the stems or on the foliage of plants. Those of a few of the species preferring dried animal substances.
They generally spin a silken gallery to protect the course of their ravages.

The genus Nephopteryx. The general characters assigned to this genus are, antennz of the males curved at
the base, and haying in the curve a tuft of long scales. The fore-wings are moderately narrow with distinct markings
of astriped character ; but the only two British species differ so much that they are placed in two distinct sections
of the genus, A. Dioryctria and B. Nephopteryx. Both these species as well as many others of the Crambidae
are popularly known as ‘‘Horns” or Knot-horns, from the length and conspicuous character of the palpi, and
the knot-like appendage of scales at the base of the antenne.

Nephopteryx Abietella (the Pine Knot-horn, No. 2). The Caterpillar of this species, according to Zeller,
is pale dull pinkish, grayer on the back, or sometimes greenish ; the spots are reddish brown. It feeds in Fir
cones and decayed wood in November and December. The Moth appears in June, and appears to be rather widely
distributed though not common. It has been recently taken at Scarborough, York, and other places. This
species belongs to the division Dioryctria.

The other species, NV. Roborella, belongs to the second division (Nephopteryx). It is a later species than
the other, not appearing before August. There are two very distinct varieties of this genus formerly named
N. legatea and N. cristea.

The genus Eurhodope. The only British species assigned to this genus has the antenne partially clothed
at the base with long scales, and also strongly curved. The palpi are rather long, and point upwards. The fore-
wings are oblong, and partially folded in repose. Some authors place species assigned to this genus in the genus
Pempelia,

Eurhodope carnelia (the Rosy Veneer, No. 3). The Caterpillar of this pretty species is unknown. The
Moth appears in July, and seems to frequent the coasts ; itis however rather rare. It has been taken recently
at Dover, and at Ventnor. There is a variety formerly known as the Phycis carnea of Treitschke, and the number
of synonyms by which the species has been known would fill a page of this work.

The genus Pempelia. In this genus the perfect insects have the labial palpi as long as the head. The
maxillary palpi scarcely visible. The antenne of the males are setaceous, and in some species having tufts of
long scales near the base. The body is rather robust, and the fore-wings are folded when in repose. There are
seven British species.

Pempelia Betule (the Birch Knot-horn, No. 4). The Caterpillar of this species, according to Zeller, is
nearly black, with two pale yellow lines down the back, and a pale line of the same colour at the side. It feeds
on Birch in May and the Moth appears in June and July. It is a rare species. It was formerly taken in
Darenth Wood, and more recently near Manchester, and at Bristol.

The other species are, P. ornatella, P. dilutella, P. hostilis, P. fusca, P. formosa and P. palumbella.
Among these P. dilutella found in chalky places, and the rosy tinged P. formosa are most likely to attract the
attention of collectors ; fusca and palwmbella are found in high and heathy situations.

The genus Acrobasis. The insects assigned to this genus have the labial palpi rather short, and pointing
upwards. The antenne of the males have a large tuft of long scales at the inside of the base. The fore-
wings are folded in repose. There are eight British species, distinguished principally by the different colour
of the basal portion of the wings.

Acrobasis tumidana (the Warted Knot-horn, No. 5). The Caterpillar of this species, according to
Treitschke, is dusky purple with many slender white stripes, and a broad lateral stripe of white marbled with pale
brown. The head and second segment are brown spotted with black. It feeds on the foliage of the Oak in
May and June. The Moth appears in July and August. It is rather rare, but has been taken recently at Bristol,
Lewes, Lyndhurst, and other places. This species may be easily distinguished from the others of the genus by the
orange tone of the basal portion of the anterior wings.

The other species are A. consociella, and A. angustella, the first having the anterior wings reddish gray,

and the second of nearly the same tone as the rest of the wings ; the wings being at the same time narrower than

in the two other species.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 159

The genus Myelophila. The single British species assigned to this genus has been separated from the
genus Myelois principally on account of the peculiar character of the marking of the wings; the rest of the
characters according very closely with those of the following genus, Myelois, to which the reader is referred.
The following distinctive characters may, however, be cited. Palpi four in number, the labial ones long, slender
and erect. The antenn of the males furnished with tufts of scales at the base. The anterior wings elongate-
triangular in form, and folded when in repose. The body long, slender and tufted at the extremity in the males.
In some systems the insect assigned to this genus is retained in the genus Myelots, whilst Godart classed it with
the distant Lithosie, with which at a glance it appears to have some affinity.

Myelophila cribrum (the Thistle Ermine, No. 6). The Caterpillar of this species, aceording to Treitschke,
is grayish, striped with bluish green ; the head and second segment being brown. It feeds inside the stems of
Thistles in October and March, being probably double-brooded ; or, the Caterpillars remain dormant in the
depth of winter and revive to complete their growth early in the spring. The Moth appears in July and
August.

The genus Myelois. The insects assigned to this genus have in some instances, the antennx tufted with
scales at the base, and in other instances simple. The labial palpi are of moderate length, and pointing upwards.
The fore-wings are oblong, with the longitudinal stripy markings very distinct in some species. The two
species, suavella and sanguinella, have been formerly classed with the Lithosice by some writers.

Myelois suavella (the Porphyry Knot-horn, No. 7). The Caterpillar of this pretty insect, according to
Treitschke, is reddish-brown, with a brown head, and the second segment black. It feeds on the Sloe in May
and beginning of June, the perfect Moth appearing at the end of June or in July. It was formerly taken at
Epping, the New Forest, &c. ; and has more recently been captured at Bristol, Lyndhurst, and other places.

The other species are M. Marmorea, M. Advenella, M. Ceratoniella, M. pinguis, and M, Artemesiella.

The genus Homeosoma. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males straight at
base, but much compressed. The labial palpi extend beyond the head and point rather upwards, the fore-wings
are narrow. There are four British species.

Homeosoma sinuella (the Twin-barred Knot-horn, No. 8). The Caterpillar is unknown. The Moth
appears in July. It was first taken in Epping Forest, and more recently at Brighton, &c., &c.

The genus Cryptoblabes. The single British species assigned to this genus has a peculiar character in
the antenne of the males, from which a small tooth-like projection arises near the base. The labial palpi are
short, and the fore-wings narrow.

Cryptoblabes bistriga (the Double-striped Red Knot-horn, No. 9). The Caterpillar of this species is
unknown. The Moth appears in June and July, and has been recently taken near Bristol, Lyndhurst, and
Chesterfield.

The genus Gymnancyla. Like the last, this genus only contains a single British species. The
characters of the genus are, antenne in both sexes curved at the base ; labial palpi thick and moderately long ;
maxillary palpi with a long tuft in the males ; the fore-wings rather narrow, and the stripes indistinct.

Gymnancyla canella (the Hoary Knot-horn, No. 10). The Caterpillar of this species is undescribed, but
is known to feed on Sa/sola (the common Saltwort) ; the Moth appears in June, and has been recently taken
at Hastings, Folkestone, and other places.

The genus Ephestia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males curved at the
base ; the labial palpi short and pointing upwards. The males have a tuft of hair near the base of the fore-
wings. There are two British species.

Ephestia elutella (the Cinereous Knot-horn, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this species is whitish-gray, with
a pink line down the back, the head and second segment being pale brown. It feeds on dry Hazel nuts, Figs,
&e., in January and February, but appears to prefer chocolate, as it is always plentiful in chocolate warehouses.
The Moth appears in June and July. Bristol, Liverpool, and other places, are cited as localities in which it has
been recently taken by collectors.

The other species is 2. semirufa, which is of a much darker gray tone.

The genus Plodia. The single British species assigned to this genus is by some authors placed in

Ephestia. The principal difference in general appearance between this species and those assigned to the last

160 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

genus, is the conspicuous white patch at the base of the fore-wings ; the colour of the basal portion of the fore-
wings being considered a characteristic feature in the present group. The single British species has the knotted
antenne of the related genera.

Plodia interpunctelia (the Cloaked Knot-horn, No. 12). The Caterpillar of a species is of a creamy-white
colour, with the head and second segments brown. It feeds on figs, dried insects, &c., in October and November.
The Moth appears in June and July. It has been taken by collectors in London, Liverpool, and other places.

The genus Hypochalcia, The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne rather thick, those of the
male being compressed near the base. The labial palpi are long; the wings rather narrow, with faint markings.
The females are smaller than the males. There is but one British species.

Hypochaleia ahenella (the Dingy Veneer, No. 13). The larva of this species is unknown. The perfect
Moth appears in May and June. It is taken at Lewes, at Lyndhurst, and in Yorkshire.

The genus Arazes. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males curved at the base.
The labial palpi are rather long, the anterior wings are covered with loose scales, and have the markings very
indistinct. There are two British species.

Araxes Lotella (the Coast Knot-horn, No. 14). The Caterpillar of this species, according to Zeller, is
pale-yellow, with the head brown. It feeds on the roots of Grasses, (especially Festuca ovina, the great Oat-grass),
in April and May. The Moth appears in July. It has been taken at Birkenhead, Stowmarket, Redcar, &c., &c.

The other species is A. Farrella, distinguishable by a clear white streak towards the costa.

The third sub-family of the Crambide is that of the Galleridi, containing four genera, which have received
the distinctive name of the Gadleridi from their habit of burrowing into substances which they make their food
and protecting their progress by a gallery of silk which is spun as they proceed. The four genera are Achroia,
Galleria, Aphomia, and Melissoblaptes. The Caterpillars of all four species feed on honeycomb, in which they
form galleries and commit great ravages,

The genus Achroia. This genus contains but a single British species. The characteristics of the genus
are antenne simple, but with a tuft of scales at the base. The palpi short and drooping, the fore-wings rounded
at the tip.

Achroia grisella (the Honey-moth, No. 15). The Caterpillar of this species has not been accurately
described ; but it is known to feed on honeycomb, and is oceasionally very plentiful, though the Moth is not very
often captured. It has, however, been recently taken in great numbers at Bristol, and specimens have been
taken by collectors in the neighbourhood of Liverpool.

The genus Galleria. The only British species assigned to this genus has the antenne simple, with a
tuft of scales on the underside at the base. The fore-wings are large, and have the fringed edge strongly indented
beneath the tip.

Galleria Mellonella (the Honeycomb Moth, No. 16). The Caterpillar of this species (No. 17), feeds in
May and June on honeycomb, like those of the related genera, making galleries within it protected by a tough
silken lining. The Moth appears in August, and is occasionally common, but young collectors have often long
to wait before they procure specimens. It is often considerably larger than the specimen figured.

The genus Aphomia. The antenne are simple; those of the males with a tuft of scales beneath. The
palpi of the female are longer than those of the male ; the wings are ample. There is but one British species,
which is the largest of the group.

Aphomia sociella (the Green-shaded Honey Moth, No. 18). The Caterpillar of this species is pale buff,
darker on the back, and slightly hairy ; the head and second segment dark brown. It feeds on the honeycomb
in beehives, destroying the comb, and also the young bees in the larva state, forming its galleries in every
direction, which are so stiffly lined with silk as to protect it from the stings of the bees, which attempt, but
in vain, to attack and expel their enemy. The Moth appears in July and August.

The genus Medissoblaptes. In this genus the antenne are simple, the tuft at the basal joint being obsolete.
The palpi of the male are short and drooping, those of the female being large and more porrected. The fore-
wings have the fringed margin not indented.

Melissoblaptes bipunctanus (the Double spot, No. 19). The Caterpillar of this species remains undescribed.
The perfect Moth appears in August, and was originally taken by Mr. Halchett, in the Jews’ Burying Ground at

Stepney, and since at Deal, &e.

.

-
Au

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 161

PLATE LY.

No. 1.—The Dwarf Veneer (Platytes Cerussellus). No. 6.—The Autumngl Dagger (Exapate gelatella).
No. 2.—The Necklace Veneer (Eromene ocellea). No. 7.—The Caterpillar of the Autumnal Dagger.
No. 3.—The Pearl-streak Venear (Crambus Hamellus). No. 8.—The Rosy-day (Dasystoma Salicella).

No. 4.—The Gigantic Veneer (Schanobius gigantellus). No. 9.—The March Dagger (Chimabacche Fagella).
No, 5.—The Wainscot Veneer (Chilo Phragmitellus). No. 10.—The Caterpillar of the March Dagger.

Tue fourth sub-family of the Crambide is that of the Crambidi, containing three genera, namely Platytes,
Eromenes , and the typical genus Crambus. All the genera bear a strong family likeness to each other, and
the whole group are popularly known as the Veneers, possibly from the streaking of the wings having some
resemblance to the veining of rare inlaid woods.

“The genus Platytes. The insects assigned to this genus have the antennz simple in both sexes ; and have
the palpi projecting conspicuously beyond the head. They are generally of smaller size than the true Crambide,
and their wings are rather shorter proportioned, but in repose they are-folded so as to give to the insect the narrow,
elongated appearance peculiar to the whole family. They have not, however, the colours longitudinally divided,
but are generally distinguished by pale transverse marks across the fore-wings. There is but one British species,
which is included by some English authors in the extensive genus Crambus.

Platytes Cerussellus (the Dwarf Veneer) is represented at No. 1. The female of the species is whiter, but
with similar markings. The Caterpillar is unknown, but the moth appears in June and July. Kent and Devon-
shire were formerly notable as places where specimens had been taken, but it has been recently captured at
Lewes, Manchester, Mickleham, &c.

The genus Hromene. The insects assigned to this genus, have the antenne simple in both sexes and the
antenne extending conspicuously beyond the head. They are of the ordinary medium size of the typical Cram-
bide, and the wings are narrowly folded when in repose ; but like those belonging to the preceding genus, they
are not marked longitudinally by different tones of colour, having instead transverse markings, generally near
the edge of the anterior wings.

Evomene ocellea (the Necklace Veneer, No. 2). This pretty species is marked with a transverse row of
head-like spots near the fringed margin of the anterior wings, from which it derives its popular name. It was
formerly placed by Mr. Stephens in his genus Arawes, and described from an unique specimen, from the collec-
tion of Mr. Haworth, taken near London.

The genus Crambus. This genus may be said to form the type round which are grouped, not only the
genera belonging to the sub-family Crambidi, but also those in the whole family Crambidae. The antennz are
simple in both sexes, the palpi long and conspicuous, and joined together like a beak. The front-wings are of
rather narrow proportions, and rather blunt at the fringed edge, but sometimes suddenly curving out at the angle

into an abrupt point. The front-wings are generally marked by a pale central longitudinal streak, but there are

162 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

many variations to this rule, and indeed there are so many other slightly aberrant characteristics in the species
assigned to this extensive genus, that it is divided into eleven sections named in accordance with the features
of the species assigned to the respective sections. The Caterpillars are but little known, but it is ascertained that
they feed generally in moss, constructing silky galleries which help to conceal their progress.

Crambus Hamellus (the Pearl-streak Veneer, No. 3). This species, belonging to the section Argyrotecna,
appears in July. The Caterpillar is unknown. The perfect insect frequents woods and forests in July and has
been recently taken near Manchester, Weybridge, &c.

The other species are arranged as follow :—Section 1, Thisanotia, containing two species, C. chirysonu-
chellus and C. vorellus. The second section, Argyroteuchia, containing but a single British species, C. falsellus.
The third section, Ancylolomia has likewise only one British species assigned to it, C. tentaculella. The fourth
section Argyrotecna, contains seven species, C. pratellus, C. Dumetellus, C. Ericellus, C. Sylvellus, C. Hamellus,
(the one figured), C. pascwellus and C. Uliginosellus. The fifth section, Chrysoteuchia, contains but a single species,
OC. Hortuellus, (the Garden Veneer). The sixth section, Zzoria, contains two species, C. Culmellus, C. Pedriolellus,
The seventh section, Pediasia, contains three species, C. inquinatellus, C. geniculeus and C. aridellus. The eighth
section, Argriphila, contains two species, C. selasellus and C. tristellus (the Common Veneer). The ninth section,
Eucarphia, contains a single species, C. furcatellus. The tenth section, Catoptria, contains three species, C. mar=
garitellus, C. Pinetellus, and C. latistrius. The eleventh section, Selagia, contains three species, C. perlellus,
C. Warringtoncllus, and C. lithargyrellus. Many of these species are subject to great variations of size and colour,
and the most striking varieties of several of them were formerly considered distinct species and named as such.

The sub-family Chilidi contains two genera, Schenobius, and Chilo, both of which have the general cha-
racter of Crambus, except that the wings are generally larger and narrower, and more hooked at tip, from which
they are popularly distinguished as the Hook-tip Veneers.

The genus Schenobius. In this genus the antenne of the males are slightly ciliated, the anterior wings
are very elongate, and extending to a long point at the apex, which is more or less hooked. There are three
British species.

Scheenobius gigantellus (the Gigantic Veneer, No. 4). This elegant and slenderly formed species, is found
in marshy places in June and July, the female differs from the male in having the fore-wings unspotted, and the
hind-wings entirely white. The Caterpillar is described by Treitschke as of a pale-yellow colour tinged with
grayish, the head and second segment being of a bright orange-brown. It feeds in the stems of the reed
Arundo Phragmites; this insect is very rare, it has been taken most frequently in the marshes about
Whittlesea-mere.

The other species are S, mucronellus (the Dark Hook-tip Veneer), and S. forficellus (the Pale Hook-tip
Veneer), which last is subject to great variation in the markings of the fore-wings, and the most striking of the
varieties have been considered distinct species hy Haworth, under the names of Palparia, hirta, P. fumea, P.
caudex, &e.

The genus Chilo is distinguished from Schwnobius principally by the larger size, and still more slender
wings. The males have the antenne slightly hairy, the females simple. There are two British species,
C, Phraginitellus and C, cicatricellus.

Chilo Phragmitellus (the Wainscot Veneer, No. 4). This insect is the largest of all the Crambide. The
wings of the female are less long and acuminated than those of the male. The Caterpillar is described by
Treitschke, as being of a pale bone-colour with five brown stripes, the head and second segment being of a bright
orange-brown. It feeds on reeds, especially the Arundo Phragmites, and is found both in October and March,
The perfect Moth appears in June and July, and is found in the neighbourhood of Whittlesea-mere and other
marshy districts.

The reputed British species of Crambide are the following :—Nephopleryx Rhenella, Eurhodope argy-
vella, Pempella stigmatella, <Acrobasis cristella, Myclois legatclia, Homeosoma binevella, Ephestia Ficella ;
Hypochalcea lignetla, Melissoblaptes ancllus ; Prionapleryx nebulifera, Crambus intervibrellus, Cambrus luteellus,

Crambus combinellus, Crambus deliellus, and Crambus radiellus.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 163

The next sub-division of our Micro-lepidoptera is that of the Tineina; which contains several families and
sub-families, comprising a vast variety of minute but elegantly formed Moths, many ef which are distinguished
by the richest colouring, heightened by metallic touches which give them a very brilliant appearance, and indeed
under a magnifying glass some of them are very splendid objects.

The first family, Zxapatide, contains three genera: Exapate, Dasystoma, and Chimabacche.

The genus Zrapate. In this singular and restricted genus the palpi are short, and the antenne of the

males pubescent. The fore-wings of the male are long and narrow, being remarkably slender towards the be

30.
The females haye much shorter and smaller wings than the male, and in some cases the hind-wings are deficient
altogether.

Exapate gelatella (the Autumnal Dagger, No. 6). The male of this pretty species has the fore-wings
marked with sharply defined black touches similar to those of the well-known Dagger Moth, and from that
peculiarity has been popularly termed the Autumnal Dagger. The female has only rudimental wings. The
perfect Moth appears in November and December, and has been recently taken abundantly near Bristol, also not
uncommonly near Manchester, York, and other places. r

The genus Dasystoma. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males densely ciliated.
The wings of the males are long and narrow, rather arched in front, and having several distended veins ; but in
the females they are very short and the hind pair entirely wanting. There is but one British species.

Dasystoma Salicella (the Rosy-day, No. 8). This insect is taken in woods in autumn, and again in April,
but is not common. Bristol, Cambridge, and other places have yielded specimens lately. The female is much
smaller than the male, the fore-wings being little more than rudimental, and the hind-wings entirely absent.

The genus Chimabacche. In this genus the palpi of the males are densely pilose, and the wings are
very long, lying over each other horizontally when in repose. Those of the female are shorter and more
acute at the tips, the hind pair being perfect though much shorter than in the male, There is but one British
species.

Chimabacche Fagella (the March Dagger). This brightly marked species is found in March and April.
The Caterpillar (No. 10) feeds on the foliage of various trees, drawing the leaves together by means of a silken
web; itappears in October, The Moth appears in vast numbers in certain localities, especially near Brighton,
Plymouth, at Darenth Wood, and in many other places. It is generally found settled on the trunks of the

trees on which the Caterpillar has fed.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 165

PLATE LVI,

No. 10.—The Oehlmann’s (Incurvaria Ochlinanniella),

No. 1.—The Pale Downy-horned (Zaleporia pubicornis).

No, 2.—The Inconspicuous Solenebia (Solenebia inconspi- No. 11.—The Purple Upper-wing (Micropteryx purpurella).

lla). . "7 R
GHD) No. 12.—The Swammerdamian (Nemophera Swammerdain-

No. 3.—The Dotted Border (Diplodoma marginepunctella). mella).

No, 4.—The White-spotted Black (Xysmatodoma melanella). No. 13.—The De Geerian (Adela Degeerella).

No. 15,—The Cocoon of the De Geerian,

|

}
No. 5.—The Spotted Bull (Ochsenkeimeria Vacculella). No. 14.—The Caterpillar of the De Geerian.
No, 6.—The Agaric Bull (Euplocamus Boleti).

No. 7.—The Black-cloaked Woollen (Tinea tapetzella). No. 16.—The Chrysalis of the De Geerian.
No. §.—The Four-dotted Brown (Lampronia Luzella). | No. 17.—The Copper Japan (Nemotois fusciellus).

No. 9.—The Verhuellian (Lamprosetia Verhuellella).

Tue second family of the sub-division 7%ineine is that of the Zineide. For the arrangement and reclassifi-
cation of this, and the whole of the groups comprised in the sub-division 7ineina, entomological science is deeply
indebted to Mr. Stainton, whose system is followed in the arrangement of the collection in the British Museum,
and which will therefore necessarily be followed in the present work. This family, though comprising within its
limits the most minute of our British lepidoptera, may be said at the same time to contain some of the most
splendid, especially those conspicuous insects belonging to the genera Adela and Nemotis, the long antenn of
which, six times longer in proportion to the size of the insect than those of any of the larger Moths or Butterflies,
would render them very remarkable independently of the fine metallic colouring of their wings. Some of the
microscopic species are even more beautiful than these, the front-wings being, in some instances, of the richest
tones, approaching to scarlet, which are rendered still more beautiful by embossed dots of metallic brillianey,
and yarying in tone from silvery-white to the richest gold. The hind-wings have deep silky fringes of unusual
length, and, when magnified, some of the smallest species make a very magnificent appearance. Several of these
resplendent but minute species are extremely rare, others very abundant. -It is not, however, the whole family
that can be spoken of as remarkable for beauty, the common House Moth being among the number.

The genus Zaleporia. The antenne of the males are ciliated, there are no maxillary palpi, and the
tongue is wanting. The larvae are case-bearing, and the case of this species is long and slender. The female is
wingless. There are two British species.

Taleporia pubicornis (the Pale Downy-horned, No. 1). This species appearsin June. The Caterpillar
is unknown, It was formerly taken in woods near London, and in the New Forest. Mr. Stainton cites
Grassington, Yorkshire, as a locality in which it has been recently taken, but it is very scarce.

The other species, 7. Psewdo-Bombycella, is much smaller and much less rare, haying been taken
recently at Manchester and other places in abundance.

The genus Solenobia. The insects comprised in this genus closely resemble those assigned to the pre-
ceding; but they have the labial palpi much shorter, and the cases of the Caterpillars are also shorter. The
wingless females of this class of minute Moths, when kept solitary, lay fertile eges, but such eggs produce only
females. There are two British species, 8. inconspicuella, and 8. Douglasit.

Solenobia inconspicuella (the Tnconspicuous Solenobia, No. 2). This species appears in April. The

166 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Caterpillar is described as gray, with the head blackish, the second segment being also black, and the third and
fourth having cach two black dots. The case is grayish-green, and is three-sided. It is found on palings and
trunks of trees in March. Bristol, Manchester, Plymouth, &e., are cited as localities in which this Moth has
been recently taken.

The other species, S. Douglasi’, is thought by some to be only a-variety of the preceding, but Mr.
Eddlestone, as cited by Mr. Stainton, believes that there is even a third distinct species occurring near
Manchester, which appears in May. The Caterpillars of this supposed distinct species are found under stones on
the Moors.

The genus Diplodoma. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne ciliated in the males, and
slightly toothed in the females. There are no maxillary palpi. The females have perfectly developed wings,
but are generally less than the males. The Caterpillars are case-bearing, as in the two preceding genera, but
the case is distinguished by being clothed in an outer covering. There is but one British species.

Diplodoma marginepunctella (the Dotted Border, No. 3). This pretty species is marked with pale yellow
dots, which in some lights hayé-a golden gloss difficult to represent in a drawing. The Caterpillar is deseribed
as dull-whitish, with the head and second segment brown. It is said to feed on Fungi in September and October,
The perfect insect appears in June and July. It was formerly taken at Ripley, and considered extremely
rare, but many places are cited for its recent capture, as Manchester, Plymouth, York, and many other
localities.

The genus Nysmatodoma. The insects assigned to this genus have the head very hairy, the antenne
of the male strongly ciliated, no maxillary palpi, and the labial palpi short. The female has narrower wings
than the male. The Caterpillar forms a case, but it is without an additional external covering, and is rather
short. There is but one British species.

Xysmatodoma melanclla (the White-spotted Black, No. 4). The Caterpillar of this species is described as
dull-yellowish, and the head and the second segment black ; the third and fourth segments being respectively
marked with four black dots. It feeds on Lichen, and is found on the trunks of trees and on palings, in April
and May. The perfect insect appears in June, and has been recently taken in several places in considerable
abundance, especially in the neighbourhood of Manchester. It is generally found where Elm trees abound.

The genus Ochsenheimeria. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne rather thick, and some-
times clothed with seales to the middle. The fore-wings are oblong, and have a rough appearance from the
semi-erect growth of the scales. The Caterpillars are without cases, and burrow in the stems and roots of Grasses.
There are three British species.

Ochsenheimeria vacculella (the Spotted Bull, No. 5). The hind-wings of this species are devoid of scales,
semi-transparent towards the base. The Caterpillar is unknown. The perfect insect appears in July, and has
been recently taken at Daventh, Manchester, &c. It frequents houses, while 0. Bisontedla is generally found on
heaths.

The second species is Ochsenheimeria Bisontella (the Little Bull), This species has received its popular
name, the Little Bull, from the broad tuft of hair at the front of the head, which at once suggests the idea of a
bull’s head, or rather, perhaps, accompanied as it is by the hairy palpi and the scaly horns of the antenne,
it represents more nearly the miniature head of a Bison, from which no doubt originated the specific name
Bisontellu. O, Birdella, the third species, is found in pastures,

The genus Luplocamus. The insects assigned to this genus are larger than those of either of the imme-
diately preceding genera, The head is hairy, as in the last, and the males have the antenne partially clothed
with tufts of fine hairs, which makes them appear pectinated. The maxillary palpi are folded, and the labial
palpi have the terminal joint erect. The wings are much deflexed in repose. The Caterpillars feed upon Boleti.
There is only one British species.

Euplocamus Bolcti (the Agaric, No. 6). This is a very prettily marked species. The Caterpillar feéds on
Fungi. The perfect insect appears in July, but is very searce. It was formerly found in Birch Wood, Wanstead
Flats, &e. The females generally rest upon the trunks of Aspens, and, if watched, the males may be found

fluttering round them at dusk. This species has heen recently taken in the New Forest, and in Epping Forest.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 167

The genus Tinea. The insects assigned to this extensive genus, which may be called the typical one
of the family, present many variations of general character, but the leading features of the genus are the
following; The head is hairy ; the antenne moderately long and thick, but varying much in different species,
those of the males being in most cases slightly ciliated. The maxillary palpi are generally folded, the labial
palpi hairy, or bristly. The fore-wings are oblong ; the hind-wings are often clothed with scales. The Caterpillars
are frequently burrowers, feeding in cloth, bark, or other substances, in which they form galleries of the sub-
stance’destroyed, joined together by silken web. There are thirty-one or thirty-two British species. It is of
course impossible to illustrate this genus thoroughly by a single species, and yet the extent of the present work
will not allow of more, or it would be impossible to restrict it within the limits originally proposed.

Tinea Tapetzella (the Black-cloaked Woollen, No. 7). The Caterpillar of this species feeds on woollen
cloth under a gallery formed of the portions of the cloth destroyed. It is very common in houses throughout
the summer.

The other species are 7. imella; T. ferruginella; 7. rusticella; T. monachella; T. fulvimitrelia ;
T. arcella; UT. picarella ; T. arcuatella ; T. corticella ; T. parasitella ; T. Granella ; TP. cloacella ; T. rwricolella ;
T. Cochylidella ; T. albipunctella ; T. Caprimulgetla; T. misella; T. fusctpunetella ; LT. pellionella ; T. pattes-
centellu; T. flavescentella; T. lapella; T. bdiselliella; T. simplicella; T. nigripunctella; T. semifulvella ;
T. bistrigella ; T. subammanella ; TL. argentimaculella; and ZT. ochraceclla ; amongst which cloacella, corticella,
Granella and argentimaculella are the most prettily marked, the last haying bright metallic bands running across
the wings, of a silvery tone, and several silvery spots. .

The genus Lampronia. The insects assigned to this genus fly by day; they have the antenne rather
thick, but without pectination, The maxillary palpi are folded ; the labial palpi hairy, or bristly. The Cater-
pillars are either case-bearing, or boring in the stems of plants, There are four British species.

Lampronia Luzella (the Four-dotted Brown, No. 8). The Caterpillar of this pretty species is unknown,
but the perfect insect appears in June, and is taken near London and in the New Forest, also at Teignmouth, and
more plentifully at Chesterfield.

The other species are LZ. quadripunctella, L. preelatelia, and L, Rubiella. The Caterpillars of Z. quadri-
punetella feed in the young shoots of the Roses those of Z. prelatella in a case on the underside of Wild Straw-
berry leaves ; those of Z. Rubiella in the young shoots of Raspberry canes.

The genus Lamprosetia. The insects assigned to this genus have the head smooth on the top, bat
furnished thickly with hairs above the eyes. The maxillary palpi are short, and the labial palpi slender. The
Caterpillars burrow under the fructifications of Ferns, &c., &e.

Lamprosetia Verhuellella (the Verhuellian, No. 9), The Caterpillar of this Moth is described as being
of a pale buff, with the head and second segment black. It burrows under the fructification of Asplenium, Ruta
mururia, Scolopendrium vulgare, and other plants of the Fern family. The moth appears in June, and has
recently been taken at Bideford in Devon, and Richmond and Whitby in Yorkshire.

The genus Jncwrvaria. The insects assigned to this genus have a strong family resemblance to those of
the last, but in some of the species the males have the antenne pectinated ; the hind-wings are generally more or
less clothed with hair-scales, The Caterpillars either feed on leaves, eating away channels in them protected by
a flat case, or burrow in the young stems without a case, There are five British species.

Tneurvaria Ochimannielia (Ochlmann’s Incurvaria, No. 10). The Caterpillar of this species is found in a
flat case under fallen leaves in October, and in February. The Moth appears in June, and has been recently
taken in abundance at Bristol, and other places.

The other species are 7. muscalella, I, pectinea, I. tenwicornis, and T. capitedla. The Caterpillars ot
muscalella ave found in their cases among fallen leaves, those of capitella feed in the young shoots of Currant
bushes,

The genus Micropteryx. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne rather short for this group,
and a space aboye each eye free from the hairiness which is a general characteristic. The wings are rather
transparent, and the hind-wings are furnished with hair-like scales near the base. There are twelve British

species. The Caterpillars are almost entirely unknown.

168 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Micropleryx purpurella (the Purple Upper Wing, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this pretty species is
unknown. The perfect insect appears in April, and has been recently taken in plenty at Plymouth, Teignmouth,
York, and other places.

The other species are M. Calthella ; M. Aruncella; M. Seppella ; M. Mansuetella ; M. Allionella ; M.
Tunbergella ; M. Salopiclla ; M. semipurpurella ; M. unimaculella ; M. Sparmannella. Among these many are
very richly coloured, with golden green and purple hues of a metallic lustre, especially M. Alionella, with purple
wings varied by pale golden bars and spots ; waimaculella has the front wings pale golden suffused with purple.

The genus Nemophora. One of the principal characteristics of the insects of this genus is the length of
the antenne, which is more than double that of the wings. The maxillary palpi are folded ; the labial palpi
short and hairy, The hind-wings have hair-like scales at the base. The Caterpillars have a case of depressed, or
rather flattened form.

Nemophora Swammerdammella (the Swammerdamian, No. 12). The wings of this species have a fine semi-
metallic gloss, The Caterpillar is whitish and semitransparent, with the head and second segment black, and
narrow purplish-brown plates ‘on the third and fourth segments. It forms a case of particles of dried leaves, and
feeds on various plants. It is common and has been recently taken in abundance at Tenterden in Kent,
Plymouth, Bristol, and many other places.

The genus Adela. To this genus, like the last, insects are assigned which are at once distinguished hy
the extraordinary length of the antenne, those of the males being considerably longer than those of the females.
The colour of most of the species is very brilliant. The Caterpillar forms a flat case.

Adela De Geerella (the De Geerean, No, 13). The Caterpillar of this handsome and remarkable species is
yellowish-white, with a black head, and is said to feed in October and March on the Wood Anemone. The Chrysalis
shows the long antenne coiled in a roll at the extremity of the abdomen. The perfect insect appears in June,
and is common and widely dispersed. It has been recently taken in great plenty at Lewes, Plymouth, &c., &e.,
The Caterpillar, the Chrysalis, and the Cocoon are represented at Nos. 14, 15, and 16.

The other species are, A. Pibulella; A. rufimitrella ; A, Sulzlla; A. viridella; A. cuprella ; among
which A. viridella, with its extremely long antenne and front-wings of resplendent golden green, with a brilliant
metallic gloss, is perhaps the handsomest.

The genus Nemotois. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of great length in the males,
but not so long in the females, though sometimes, in that sex, thickened at the base. The eyes in the males are
large and close together ; but in the females, smaller and widely separated. There are four British species.

Nemotois fasciellus (the Copper Japan, No. 17). The Caterpillar of this handsome inseet is unknown ;
the brilliant coppery gloss of the wings, which become greenish-golden at the base, gives them a very brilliant
and attractive appearance. The head of the male is black, that of the female ferruginous. The Moth appears in
June and July, and has been recently taken in Darenth Wood, Kent.

The other species are VN. Scabiosellus, N. cupriacellus, and N. minimellus, all of which are remarkable for
the fine golden or bronze-like gloss of the wings, varying from reddish purple to every shade of orange and green,

but with few markings.

PL.§

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 169

~
PLATE LVI.

No. 1.—The Peacock's Feather (Swammerdamia apicella). No. 6.—The Cartesian (Prays Curtisellus). ‘

No. 2.—The White-horn Bar (Scythropia Crategella). No. 7.—The Messingiellian (Fidophasia Messingielli).

No. 3.—The Allied Ermine (Hyponomeuta Evonymellus). No. 8.—The Annulated (Plutella annulatella).

No, 4.—The Funereal Ermine (Anesychia Funerella), No. 9,—The Chequered Hook-tip (Cerostoma asperella).

No. 5,—The Sooty Ermine (Chalybe Pyrausta). | No, 10.—The Narrow-winged Veneer (Zheristis caudella).

Tue fourth family of the sub-division Tineina is that of the Hyponomeutide. It comprises six generas,
which, collectively, contain nineteen species. Some of these are among our most common and abundant species,
and in their larva state the most destructive to the foliage of our fruit trees. Others are, on the contrary, of
extreme rarity, and among the most beautiful of our Micro-lepidoptera. j

The genus Swammerdamia. The insects assigned to this genus have the head thickly clothed with erect
hairs, and the hind-wings have a transparent patch at the base. The Caterpillars feed in a web on the surface of
leayes, and the Chrysalis is formed in a closely woven cocoon. There are five British species.

Swammerdamia apicella (the Peacock’s Feather, No. 1). The Caterpillar of this species feeds on the
Plum ; the perfect insect appears in April and May. It is very abundant.

The other species are S. cwsiella, S. griseocupitella, S. lutarea, and S. Pyrella.

The genus Scythropia. The insects assigned to this genus have the head rough, the palpi drooping, and
the hind-wings with no transparent patch. The Caterpillars are gregarious, while those of the last genus are
solitary. There is only one British species,

Scythropia Crateegella (the White-horn Bar, No. 2). The Caterpillar of this species is dull reddish brown,
and feeds in groups in a common web, upon Hawthorn, in June. The perfect insect appears in July, and has
been recently taken in sufficient plenty at Bristol, Cambridge, Plymouth, Lewisham, &c.

The genus Hyponomeuta. The insects assigned to this genus have the head smooth, the palpi short and
reflexed, and the hind-wings with a distinct transparent patch. The Caterpillars feed in groups, and form a
cocoon for the Chrysalis. The genus comprises the common though pretty Moths known as the Ermines, from
their whitish gray wings spotted with black. There are six species.

Hyponomeuta Evonymellus (the Allied Ermine, No, 3). This species may be known by the distinctness
of its three rows of black specks. The Caterpillar is of a dusky yellow with black spots, and feeds on Spindle
in May and June. The perfect insect appears in July and August, and is very abundant,

The other species are H. Viginti-punctatus, H. plumbellus, H. irrorellus, H. padellus, and H. Padi. Of
these H. irrorellus, distinguished by the irregularity of the spots and by a large dusky patch near the apex, is
the most rare. H. plumbella has the hind-wings brown, and appears chiefly in the southern counties, but is
nowhere very common.

The genus Anesychia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi moderately long and reflexed,
and the hind-wings are without a transparent patch at the base. The Caterpillars are slightly pubescent and
longitudinally streaked with different colours ; they are solitary, and feed surrounded with web on the foliage of

several plants belonging to the order Boraginacee. There are four British species.

170 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Aiesychia Funcrella (the Funereal Ermine, No. 4). This species once thought extremely rare is now known
to oceur abundantly in some localities. The Caterpillar is lemon colour spotted with orange on the back, and
having a pale black or purplish dorsal line. It is found in August, and the perfect Moth appears in the following
June. It was originally only taken by Captain Blomer, at Clifton near Bristol, but it has since been taken at
Richmond in Yorkshire, and several other places, and plentifully at Cambridge.

The other species are A. pusiella, A. bipunctella, and A. decemguttella. Of these the last is the most rare.
It is beaten from Fir trees in Birch and Combe Woods, and also at Darenth, but it remains very rare. It may at
once be distinguished by the eleven rather large and elongated black spots of the fore-wings, which at once
distinguish it from its congeners, and from the common Ermines of the preceding genus.

The genus Chalybe. In this genus the palpi are conspicuously shorter than in the preceding. There is
only one British species, and of that but one or two specimens have been taken.

Chalybe pyrausta (the Sooty Ermine, No. 5), Ihave not been able to obtain a specimen of this rare
species. There is not one in the collection of the British Museum ; nor is there a figure that I have been able
to find in the illustrations of continental species in the works of Duponchel or Hiibner. It is described by Mr.
Stainton as having the front-wings of a dull sooty black, with three deep black spots placed nearly in a line
longitudinally. The fringe sooty. The posterior wings and fringe dark smoky gray. <A single specimen was
taken in Sutherlandshire, in May, 1853, by Mr. Buxtone.

The genus Prays. The insects assigned to this genus are smaller than those of the precediug. They have
the antenne slender, filiform, and alike in both sexes. The head is smooth. The labial palpi are short, and
hardly attenuated towards the tip. The hind-wings have no transparent patch divested of scales at the base of
the hind-wings. The Caterpillars are solitary. There is only one British species.

Prays Curtisellus (the Curtesian, No. 6). The Caterpillar of this pretty species is dull pale green, marbled
with pale ruddy brown, the markings being darkest along the back. It feeds on the young shoots of the Ash, in
May. The perfect insect appears in June and July, and is very abundant in many parts of the country, both in
the north and south, from Plymouth to York.

The Fifth Family of the Sub-division 7ineina is that of the Plutellidw. There are fowr genera in this
family, comprising collectively eighteen species. Among these are the singular and handsome little Moth, well
known as the ‘‘ Honeysuckle,” the pretty chequered Hook-tip, of extreme rarity, and the narrow-winged Veneer.
Many of the other species are common, and some of them real pests to field and garden culture, especially the
Gray Streak, Plutella porrectella and P. cruciferarum, so destructive to Turnip fields.

The Caterpillars of most of the species appear in May and June, and the perfect insects in most cases
hybernate in the perfect state, and may be driven from thatch, or found sheltering in crevices of old palings
very early in the spring. The four genera are Eidophasia, Plutella, Cerostoma, and Theristis.

The genus Hidophasia, The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne thickened at the base, which
is covered with scales, The maxillary palpi are rudimental, and the labial palpi slender; the second joint

is produced beneath in a slender tuft, the terminal joint pointed. The Caterpillar and its habits are unknown.
There is but one British species.

Eidophasia Messingiella (the Messingiellian, No. 7). This species, the illustration of which has been
drawn from a specimen in the British Museum, is a recent addition to the list of British micro-lepidoptera, though
now found to be plentiful in several localities, as Bristol, Lewes, Plymouth, &e.

The genus Plutella, The insects assigned to this genus have the maxillary palpi short, and the second
joint of the labial palpi produced beneath a slender tuft, the terminal joint being erect. The fore-wings are
of long and narrow proportions, and not indented below the tip. The Caterpillars generally feed on Cruciferous
plants, which comprise a large proportion of our culinary vegetables; and this renders their presence
very undesirable to the gardener, notwithstanding the attractiveness of some of the finer species to the collector,
Some of the species form very elegant open-work cocoons, through which the form of the chrysalis may be very
clearly discerned. There are four British species.

Plutella annulatella (the Annulated, No. 8). This pretty species has recently been taken in great

wbundance at Searborough, at Belfast in Ireland, and other places, but the Caterpillar is as yet unknown.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. ° 171

The other specis are P. cruciferarwm, the Turnip pest, P. porrectella, and P. Dalella, which are all very
prettily marked.

The genus Cerostoma. The insects assigned to this genus, as characterised by Mr. Stainton, have the
maxillary palpi distinct, and the second joint of the labial palpi prolonged beneath into a tuft ; the terminal
joint being erect and pointed. The fore wings are rather long, and sometimes hooked, and the hind wings have
rather long fringes. The Chrysalis is formed in a close cocoon, very distinct in character from the open one of
the last genus. There are twelve British species.

Cerostoma asperclla (the Chequered Hook-tip, No. 9). This is the rarest as well as the handsomest of the
eenus. The Caterpillar feeds on the foliage of the Apple in June, and the perfect insect appears in July, and for
some time afterwards. It was formerly taken at Glanville’s Wootton, near Sherborne, but it appears to be sought
for in vain by recent collectors.

Cerostoma Xylostella (the Honeysuckle, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this remarkable and very handsome
species feeds on the Honeysuckle, in May. It is a pale yellowish green, with a broad dull red stripe along the
back. The perfect Moth appears in July and August, and is very abundant in gardens in all parts of the country,

The other species are—C. sequella, C. vittella, C. radiatella, C. costella, C. sylvella, C. alpella, C. lucella,
C. horridella, C. scabrella, and C. nemorella, several of which are rather rare and very pretty insects.

The genus Theristis. The insects assigned to this genus differ by the larger tuft of the palpi, and by the
more pointed fore-wings, and the much deeper fringes of the hind-wings. There is but one British species.

Theristis cwudella (the Narrow-winged Veneer, No. 10). The Caterpiliar of this conspicuous species is
greenish gray, marbled with a brownish tone, and having a white line down the back, and the third and fourth
segments being distinguished by conspicuous black spots. It feeds on the Spindle in May, and the perfect
insect appears in August and September, after which it appears to hybernate, appearing again in April. It has

been recently taken at Cambridge, Lewes, Bristol, Dartford Heath, and other places.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 173

PLATE LVIII.

No. 1.—The Dark-veined Long-wing (Ortholalia Sparganella). No. 7.—The Powdered Gray (Psoricoptera gibbosella).
No. 2.—The Steinkellnerian (Semioscopis Steinkellneriana). No. 8.—The Sub-cinereous (Gelechia terrella).
No. 3.—The Thunbergian (Enicostoma lobella). No. 9.—The Dingy Straw (Parasia Lappelta).
* No. 4.—The Long-horned (Phibalocera Quercana). No. 10.—The Rare Cleodora (Cleodora Cytisella).
No. 5.—The Rare Exeretia (Exeretia Allisella). No. 11.—The Lobster-clawed (Chelaria Hubnerella).
No. 6.—The Alstroemerian (Depressaria Alstremeriana). No, 12,—The Robertsonian Anarsia (Anarsia Spartiella).

Tue fifth family of the sub-divison Zineina is that of the Gelechide. This is a very extensive family, and
will in all probability be subdivided by future entomologists so soon as more is known of the structure and
habits of the insects comprised within its limits, both in the perfect and preparatory stages. At present it
contains insects of very various characters. Some of the species are of very sluggish habit, while others
exhibit extreme activity both in the larva and perfect state. The larva of Depressaria applana, for instance,
is very remarkable for the celerity of its motions; while others, such as Phibalocera Quercana, are very inert.
The varieties of form are also considerable, both narrow and broad-winged species being comprised in the
group. <A few, as Harpella Geoffrella, are very splendid in their colouring, while others, as most of the
Gelechias for instance, are extremely dull both in colour and markings. Most of the insects of this family appear
in their perfect state between May and September, but as many of them hybernate in the perfect state, they are
often found as early in the year as January or February, in mild weather, especially the common Depressaria
applana.

The genus Orthotelia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne simple and of moderate
length. The labial palpi are short, reflexed, and pointed. The abdomen is long and not flattened. The fore
wings have short fringes. The Caterpillars have sixteen legs, and have the last segment flattened. There is but
one British species.

Orthotelia Sparganella (the Dark-veined Long-wing, No. 1). This species has sometimes a purple tinge
on the fore wings. The Caterpillar is described as dull gray, with a brown head. It feeds on the leaves and
stems of the Sparganium, in May and June. The perfect insect appears in July and August, and has been
recently noticed as very abundant in some localities, as the neighbourhood of Birkenhead, Scarborough, &e.

The genus Semioscopis. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males pubescent.
The palpi are elongate, pointed, and recurved. The anterior wings are rather long and lanceolate, and of dull
colours, with darker markings. The females are winged, but are smaller than the males. There are two British
species.

Semioscopis Steinkellneriana (the Steinkellnerian, No. 2). This species generally appears in autumn, and
is'taken abundantly on hedges and in woods about the end of March.

The other species, S. wvellanella, is much paler, the fore wings being whitish buff varied with darker, and

having a black longitudinal streak. It is rather rare.

* Nore.—Another insect has beon inadvertently figured at No. 4, instead of Phibalocera Qu:rcana,—see page 174.

174 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The genus Enicostoma. The insects assigned to this genus are principally distinguished from allied genera
by the anatomical structure of the palpi, the labial palpi being arched, the second joint scaly, and the point
smooth and ascending. There is but one British species.

Enicostoma lobelia (the Thunbergian, No. 3). The Caterpillar of this species is pale green, with a paler
line on each side of the back. It feeds on the under side of Sloe leaves in August and September. The perfect
insect appears in the following June. It has been recently observed in some abundance at Cambridge, Lewisham,
and other places.

The genus Phibalocera, The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne longer than the wings.
The labial palpi have the second joint scaly, and the terminal one slender and pointed. The Caterpillars form a
flat web on the under side of leaves. There is but one British species.

Phibalocera Quercana (the Long-horned), Another insect having been figured at No. 4, instead of
P. Quercana, it will be necessary to describe the present species in detail. The antenne are nearly a fourth longer
than those of the other species of this genus. The fore wings are rather arched in front and somewhat square at
the fringed edge, and slightly comeave ; the hind wings are rather convex at the fringed edge, and the fringes not
very deep. The front wings are pale rosy gray with obscure darker markings, getting darker near the front edge,
which has a whitish streak at the base, an elongated white spot near the middle, anda white streak at the
tip. The hind wings are pale dusky cream colour with grayish fringe. The Caterpillar of this species is
described as pale green, with a dark dorsal line edged with white. In May and June it feeds in a web on
the under side of the leaves of the Oak, the Apple, and other trees. The perfect insect appears in July
and August, and is very common. It has been recently noticed in great abundance at Bristol, Birkenhead,
Plymouth, Tenterden, &e.

The genus Exeretia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne of the males pubescent. The
labial palpi are peculiar, having the second joint furnished beneath with a small tuft in the form of a brush. The
front wings are slightly sinuate in front, and the fringe short.

Exeeretia Allisella (the Rare Exeretia, No. 5). The Caterpillar of this species is at present undescribed.
The perfect insect appears in July. It is considered rare, but has been taken at Birkenhead, Manchester, and
other places, especially in some localities on the coast of Norfolk. My drawing is made from a specimen in the
British Museum.

The genus Depressaria, This is a very extensive genus, containing no less than thirty-eight species,
several of which differ rather materially from the generic type. The general characteristics are the following :—
Antenne simple, or only slightly pubescent in the males ; the labial palpi have the second joint furnished with a
prush-like tuft of hairs. The abdomen is flat, with projecting scales at the sides. The fore wings are moderately
long and slightly rounded at the tips. The hind wings are sometimes indented at the fringed margin near the
angle next the body. The Caterpillars have sixteen legs.

Depressaria Alstremeriana (the Alstreemerian, No. 6), The Caterpillar of this species is described as green,
with three darker lines along the back. It feeds in July in folded leaves of Hemlock. The perfect insect
appears in August, and has been recently ebserved in great abundance at Scarborough, Neweastle-on-Tyne, and
many other localities. It is found most abundantly in Osier grounds,

The other species are so numerous that in the restricted limits of this work it will be impracticable to do
more than give a list of their names, which are as follows :—D. costosa; D. liturella; D. pallorella; D.
bipunctosa ; D. Umbellana ; D. assimitella ; D. nanatella ; D. atomella : D. arenclia ; D. propinquella ; D. subpropin-
quella ; D. ciniflonelia ; D. purpurea ; D. Capreolella ; D. Hypericella ; D. conterminella ; D. Angellicella ; D. Car-
duella ; D. ocellana; D. Yeatiana; D. applana; D, ciliella; D. granulosella ; D. rotundella ; D. depressella ;
D. Pimpinelle ; D. albipunctella ; D. emeritella ; D. pulcherrimella ; D. Douglasella ; D. Weirella ; D. Cheero-
phylli; D. ultimella ; D. nervosa ; D. Libanotidella (this is the recently discovered species taken at Newhaven) ;
D. badiella ; D. Pastinacella ; and D. Heracliana.

The genus Psoricoptera. The insects assigned to this genus have the labial palpi reflexed, and the

second with a brush-like tuft of hairs, The fore wings are of rather long proportion, and have raised tufts of

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 175

scales, The abdomen is rather depressed. The Caterpillars have sixteen legs. There is but one British
species.

Psoricoptera gibbosella (the Powdered Gray, No. 7). The Caterpillar of this species feeds on Sallow in
June. The perfect insect appears m July, and has been recently observed in the neighbourhood of Manchester,
in Hainault Forest, and near Chesterfield. This species appears to be the same as the Anacampsis Zephyrella
of Stephens.

The genus Gelechia, This genus, established by Zeller in 1839, contains most of the insects formerly com-
prised in Curtis’s genus Anacampsis. The insects assigned to this extensive genus have the labial palpi reflexed,
and the second joint without a conspicuous tuft of hairs in a brush-like form, as in the immediately preceding
genera, being sometimes quite smooth. The fore wings are rather elongate in some of the species, but not in
all. The hind wings are trapezoidal and more or less indented below the tip. In the present state of our classifi-
cation of British Micro-lepidoptera, 101 species are assigned to this genus, many of which, there can be little
doubt, will ultimately be otherwise located.

Gelechia terrella (the Sub-cinereous, No. 8), Though the perfect insect is one of the most abundant
of our small moths, some uncertainty still prevails as to its preparatory stages. The Caterpillar has, however,
been described as having the anterior segments black, with pale rings, and the hind ones pale greenish, with
slender black streaks. The Moth is taken in woods and gardens in June, and is abundant everywhere .

The other species, of which only the names can be given, are :—G. cinerella ; G. rufescens ; G. tnornatella;
G. gerronella ; G. vilella; G. basalis; G. Malvella; G. Populella; G. nigra; G. temerella ; G. lentiginosella ;
G, velocella; G. fumatella ; G. ericitella ; G. mulinella ; G. divisella ; G. palustrella ; G. sororculella ; G. cunea-
tella; G. peliella; G. alacella; G. longicornis; G. diffinis; G. desertella; G. politella ; G. acuminatella ;
G, Artemisiella ; G. senectella ; G. mundella ; G. similis ; G. affinis ; G. boreella ; G. Galbanella ; G. basaltinella ;
G. domestica ; G. rhombella ; G. proximella ; G. notatella ; G. humeralis ; G. vulgella ; G. luculella ; @. scriptella ;
G. fugitivella ; G. Athiops ; G. solutella ; G. distinctella; G. celerella; G. costella; G. maculea; G. trico-
lorelia ; G. fraternella; G. maculiferella ; G. junetella ; G. vicinella; G. Hubneri > G. marmorea ; G. instabi-
lella ; G. Atriplicella ; G. obsoletella ; G. littorella ; G. sequax ; G. aleela, G. leucatella ; G@. albiceps ; G. nanelia ;
G. Mouffetella ; G. dodecella ; G. triparella ; G. tenebrella; G@. tenebrosella ; G. ligulella ; G. vorticella ; G. teenio-
lella; G. Sircomella ; G. immaculatella; G@. nigritella; G. Coronillella; G. Anthyllidella; @. atrella; G.
bifractella ; G. suffusella ; G. lucidella ; G. lutulentella ; G. Cerealella ; G. nigricostella ; G. gemmella ; G. nevi-
ferella; G. Hermannella ; G. pictella ; G. Brizella ; G. ericinella ; G. paupella ; G. inopella, and @. subocellea.

The following are species that have only lately been added :—G. viscariella ; G. leucomelanella ; G. ocella-
tella ; G. albipalpella ; G. arundinetella ; G. subdecurtella.

The genus Parasia. The insects assigned to this genus have the second joint of the labial palpi rather
long and scaly, and the terminal joint short and also scaly, nearly to the tip, instead of being entirely smooth and
elongated, asin the preceding genus. The fore wings are rather long and narrow, and the hind wings distinctly
indented below the tip. There are four British species.

Parasia Lapella (the Dingy Straw, No. 9). The Caterpillar of this species is white, with the head brown.
It feeds within the seeds of the Burdock in October. The perfect Moth appears in the following June and July.
It has been recently observed in abundance at Birkenhead, and also in plenty at Kingsbury, in Middlesex.

The other species are P. Metzneriella, distinguished by asuffusion of brown above the front and hind margins
of the anterior wings, which are rather narrow ; P. Carli@@fla, which may be distinguished by a pale oblique
band formed by the ground colour, and P. Newropterelia, distinguished by the deep brown colour of the veins.

The genus Cleodora. The insects assigned to this genus have the second joint of the labial palpi furnished
with a brush-like tuft of hairs, longer than in other genera, and projecting forward. The wings are long and
narrow, and have long fringes, the hinder pair being deeply indented below the tip. There are two British eden

Cleodora Cytisella (the Broom Cleodora, No. 10). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown. The per-
fect insect appears in July, and has recently been observed in great abundance near Bristol. It is also found in

many other localities.

176 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The other species, C. striatella, has the front wings of a grayish tone. The Caterpillar feeds on the stems
of the Tansy.

The genus Chelavia. The insects assigned to this genus have the second joint of the labial palpi tufted,
the terminal joint partly furnished with scales, but smooth and pointed at the tip, so as to resemble slightly
the claw of a lobster, from which both the generic title and the popular name of the British species are derived.
The front wings are moderately narrow, and the hinder pair acute at the tips, and slightly indented in the fringed
margin. There is only one British species.

Chelaria Hulmerelia (the Lobster-clawed, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this species remains undescribed,
though the perfect insect iscommon. It appears in September and October, and has been recently observed in
great abundance at Bristol, Darenth Wood, and Scarborough, and as Mr. Stainton informs us, at Newcastle, in
July.

The genus Anarsia. The insects assigned to this genus have the second joint of the labial palpi tufted
and scaly, and the terminal joint short and, in the male, nearly concealed in the scales of the long second. The
female has the terminal joint of the palpi long and pointed. The hind wings are slightly indented at the fringed
edge. There are two British species.

Anarsia Spartiella (the Furze Anarsia, No. 12). The Caterpillar of this species is described as dull brown,
with the head and second segment nearly black. It feeds on the young shoots of Broom and Furze in June, and
the perfect insect appears in July. It has been recently observed in great abundance on Wimbledon Common,
and has been taken at many other places.

The other species, A. Geniste, closely resembles A. Spartiella, but is much darker.

PI. 54

“I
|

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. ]

> AT 1
PLATE LIX.
No. 1.—The Long-winged (Ypsolophus fasciellus). No. 8.—The Olivi-rian (Dosycera Oliviella).
No. 2.—The Dingy Streak (Apl ta palpella) No 9.—the Woodian (Geophoru Woodi-lli).

No. 3.—The Durdhamian (Nothris Durdhamella). No. 10.—The Four-spotied (Gyrconi+ quadripuncta).

No 4.—The Parenthesis (Sophronia parenthese la). No. 11.—The Whit: Shouldered (Zadrosis fenestrelia) .
No. 5.—The Light Streak (Pleurota bicostella). No. 12 —The Great Raven-feather (But wis yrandipennis).

No. 6.—The Geoffreyian (Hurpella Geoffrella). . 13. —The Latreillian (Pancalia Latreilielia).

4
°

No. 7.—The Christiernian (Hypercallia Christiernana).

THE genus Ypsolophus. The insects assigned to this genus have the second joint of the labial palpi
formed like a brush, from which the third joint issues, long and slender like a single protruding bristle. The
wings are rather elongate and large in proportion to the body, the fringes being of moderate length. There are
three British species.

Ypsolophus fasciellus (the Long-winged, No. 1). The Caterpillar of this species is described as pale
yellowish gray, with three greenish lines on the back ; the head and second segment dull orange. It feeds on
the Sloe in September, the perfect Moth appearing in the following May. It was formerly taken near London,
at Darenth Wood, New Forest, &c., but was considered rare. It has been recently captured at Lewes and
Cambridge.

The other species are Y. Juniperellus, which is more of a gray tone in the front wings, and Y. marginellus,
which is more buff than /asciellus.

The genus Aplota. The insects assigned to this genus have the labial palpi similar to those of Ypsolophus,
but without the projecting bristle, the terminal joint being concealed in the scales of the second. The fore wings
are somewhat linear with the apical margin, obliquely truncate. There is but one British species.

Aplota palpella (the Dingy Streak, No. 2). The Caterpillar of this species is undescribed. The perfect
insect oceurs in August, and has been taken at Ripley, and more recently in Hainault Forest.

The genus Nothris. The insects assigned to this genus have the labial palpi closely similar to those of the
insects belonging to the genus Ypsolophus. The fore wings of rather narrow proportion, and the fringes are not
variegated. There are two British species.

Nothris Durdhamella (the Durdhamian, No. 3). The Caterpillar of this species has the anterior segments
blackish, the rest of the body being yellowish white, with brown lines on the back. It feeds in rolled-up leaves
of different species of Thyme, in June. The perfect insect appears in July. It has been recently taken at
Teignmouth, Darenth Wood, Deal, and other places.

The other species is N. berbascella, which is much paler in the general colour, and the Caterpillar, which
is dull brown with the head and next segment black, feeds in leaves of the Verbascwm.

The genus Sophronia. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi as in Ypsolophus. The front edge
of the wings has generally a light streak, so that when they are closed in repose, being very narrow, the general
appearance of the insect is that of a short dark line with a white edge on each side. There are two British species.

Sophronia parenthesella (the Parenthesis, No. 4). The Caterpillar of this species, though the moth was
well known in the time of Linnus, still remains undescribed. The perfect insect appears in June and July, and

has been recently taken in great abundance at Manchester, and in sufficient plenty at other places.

178 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The other species, S. hwmerelia, has the front wings of a bright light brown, with a white line down the
front. The Caterpillar feeds between the leaves of Artemisia campestris.

The genus Plewrota. The insects assigned to this genus have the labial palpi rather long and compressed,
the second joint thickly clothed with hair, and the terminal joint short, slender, and smooth. The wings are
narrow and pointed, and the hind wings are indented at the fringed edge near the points. There is but one
British species.

Pleurota bicostella (the Light Streak, No. 5). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown, but the perfect
insect is very plentiful and appears in May and July. It has been recently observed in great abundance at
Birkenhead, Manchester, Scarborough, and several other places.

The genus Harpella. The insects assigned to this genus have the labial palpi long and compressed. The
second joint is scaly, and the terminal one slender and pointing upwards. The wings are ample, and the fringes
of the hind wings rather deep. There are two British species.

Harpella Geoffrella (the Geoffreyan, No. 6). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown. The perfect
Moth appears in May and June and is very abundant in most places. It has been recently observed in great
abundance at Kingsbury in Middlesex, Tenterden in Kent, Bristol, and many other localities.

The other species, H. Bracteella, is only recently established as British, having been taken near Gateshead.
It has the front wings bright yellow at the base, and from the middle to the end dark brown; on the front edge
a dark bluish streak at the base, and a yellow spot in the brown towards the tip. There are also some transverse
bluish streaks in the dark portion of the wing. The larva feeds in decayed wood in February and April. It is
of a dull gray colour with a brown head, and the second segment has two brown plates.

The genus Hypercallia. The insects assigned to this genus have the labial palpi greatly elongated and
bent outward and upward, the terminal joint being perpendicular. The antenne are of moderate length,
and slightly pubescent in the males, the wings are long and angular. There is but one British species.

Hypercallia Christiernana (the Christiernian, No. 7). The Caterpillar of this species is greenish gray,
with a whitish line along the back. The head and second segment are greenish gray. It feeds on Polygala in
May. The perfect Moth appears in June and July. This pretty insect, with its yellow wings delicately
chequered with scarlet, is sure to attract the attention of the young collector by its beauty, but it is not often
met with. Mr. Stephens first took it at Darenth Wood, and it has since been taken at Sevenoaks, Greenhithe,
and Castle Eden Dene.

The genus Dasycera. This genus with the six following, @eophora, Egoconia, Endrosis, Butalis, Atemelia,
and Pancalia, are formed by some authors into a separate family, distinguished as the @cophoride, as the genus
CGcophora alone furnishes more than half the species of which it is composed. I shall, however, follow the
arrangement at present in use in the collection of the Museum, though it is possible that the one just referred
to will be eventually adopted, as it appears to be founded upon sufficient affinities of the genera so grouped
together. The genus Dasycera, here considered as belonging to the family Gelechide, may be characterised as
follows. The antenne thickened at the base with hairy scales. The labial palpi reflexed and very short, with
the terminal joint slender and pointed ; the front wings elongate, and the hind wings having an abrupt angle
next the body. There are two British species. .

Dasycera Oliviella (the Olivierian, No. 8). The larva of this pretty insect is unknown. The perfect Moth
appears in July and August. It has been recently taken at Kingsbury, Lewes, Plymouth, and other places.

The other species, D. sulphurella, has the front wings brown, dusted with yellow, with two yellow
streaks from the base, and a small yellow patch on the inner margin, and a smaller one on the front margin;
the hind wings are pale yellow, brownish at the tips. It is a very abundant species, and several localities are
recorded where it has been recently noticed in very great abundance, as Bristol, Cambridge, Lewes, Manchester,
Kingsbury, &c., &c. :

T he genus @eophora. The insects assigned to this somewhat extensive genus have the antenne of the
males ciliated. The labial palpi are short. The wings vary in form in the different species, but are nearly

all of different shades of yellow. There are seventeen British species,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 179

CEcophora Woodiella (the Woodian, No. 9). This beautifully marked insect is the rarest of the genus to
which it belongs, and indeed may be almost considered unique, as only a single specimen appears to have been
taken—the one described by Mr. Stephens as having been captured by Mr. R. Wood in the month of June, on
Kersall Moor, near Manchester, now some years ago. As the time of its appearance is thus known, collectors
should look out for it at the proper season in likely situations, and other specimens will doubtless reward a
persevering search. It is almost the only species of the genus which is very rare, most of the others, many of
which are very pretty, being sufficiently plentiful, though some few are rather local.

The other species are, @. minutella; @. flavimaculella ; @. tripuncta; C. similella; CG. augustella ;
@. grandis; G. formosella ; @. lunaris; (@. Lambdella ; G2. subaquilea; @. Panzerella ; CG. tinctella ;
G. unitella ; @. flavifrontella ; CE. fuscescens ; and G2. psewdo-spretella. Many of these are very prettily marked
with bright tones of yellow, brown, or ochre, and several of them are very common, as minutella and pseudo-
spretella, for instance ; while formosella, grandis, and one or two others, are comparatively scarce.

The genus (Lgoconia. The insects assigned to this genus have the head tufted at the back, the antenne
rather short and robust, the wings of long proportion, and the hind wings not transparent at the base. There
is only one British species.

Egoconia quadripuncta (the Four-spotted, No. 10). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown. The
perfect Moth appears in August and September. It has been recently observed in the neighbourhood of Bristol
in some profusion, and has been taken near London in houses.

The genus Endrosis. The insects assigned to this genus have the head devoid of the posterior tuft which
distinguishes the last genus. The antenne are rather long and slender, and the wings are long, the hinder pair
being transparent at the base. There is but one British species.

Endrosis fenestretia (the White-shouldered, No. 11). The Caterpillar of this species is nearly white, with
the head and second segment brown. It feeds on decayed wood and other waste substances in December and
January, and the perfect Moth appears near the same time. It is very common in houses.

The genus Butalis. The insects assigned to this genus have the head blunt, broad, and retracted. The
antenne are slightly ciliated in the males. The palpi are short and pointing upwards. The body is short and
thick. The fore wings are long and the hind pair pointed ; in repose they are folded closely over the body which
they entirely conceal. There are nine British species.

Butalis grandipennis (the Great Rayen-feather, No. 12). The Caterpillar of this species is dark olive
green, with a pale line along the back and a darker line on each side. The head is brown and the whole body is
sprinkled with black specks. It feeds on Furze in January and March. It has been recently observed in great
profusion near Birkenhead, Bristol, Manchester, Wimbledon Common, &e., &c.

The other species are, B. fusco-cenea; B. senescens; B. fusco-cuprea; B. Cicadella; B. variella; B.
Chenopodiella ; B. torquatella ; and B. incongruella. Most of them are of a dull, dark greenish or brownish
tone, some of the species having a few white or yellowish marks.

The genus Pancalia. The insects assigned to this genus have the head retracted and obtuse. The palpi
are reflexed, and have the seeond joint smooth, and the terminal joint pointed. The wings are narrow. There
are two British species. -

Pancalia Latreillella (the Latreillian, No. 13). This handsome insect appears in June, but is not common.
It has been recently observed near Edinburgh, and at Epping, Lewes, and Plymouth. The female may be
distinguished by a ring of pure white near the tips of the antenne.

The other species, P. Lewwenhoekella, is much more common than the preceding. It is very like in

colour, but invariably smaller, and both sexes haye the rings of white near the tips of the antenne.

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THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 18!

PLATE LX.

No. 1.—The Granitellian Acrolepia (Acrolepia granitellu). No. 7.—The Ocnerostomellian (Douglasia Ocnerostomella).
No. 2.—The Brown Copper (Roslerstammia Erzxlebella). No. 8.—The Gold I. W. (Argyresthia Brockeela).
No. 3.—The Fuesslian (Glyphipteryx Fisheriella). No. 9.—The Slight-barred (Cedestis farinatella).
No. 4.—The Dentellated Hchmia (Zchmia dentella). No. 10.—The Pine Ocnerostoma (Ocnerostoma Piniariella).
No. 5.—The Small Shining Brown (Perittia obscwrepinctella). No. 11.—The Small Ochreous Zelleria (Zelleria hepariella).

No. 6.—The Satin Pigmy (Tinagma sericiellum).

Tur sixth family of the sub-division Tineina is that of the Glyphipterygide. The insects comprised in
this family when in the perfect state have the head generally smooth, and the maxillary palpi so short as to be
scarcely perceptible. The fore wings are either oblong or elongate ; the hind wings sometimes rounded at the
tip, but in other species very narrow and pointed. Their time of flight is diurnal. In the Caterpillar state they
have generally sixteen legs, but in some species the larvie are nearly maggot-formed, and without any perceptible
feet. Many of the species are gaily coloured and attractive insects, though their small size causes them often to
be overlooked by young collectors. Most of them are common, though two of the species, Acrolepia Betulella and
Roslerstammia Pronubella, are very rare. There are twenty-two British species comprised in the eight genera
belonging to this family.

The genus Acrolepia. The insects assigned to this genus have the extreme crown of the head rough. The
labial palpi are thick, but have the terminal joint pointed. The fore wings are generally elongate, the hind

_ wings being sometimes rounded and sometimes pointed at the tip. The Caterpillar has the full complement of
sixteen legs, and feeds in the interior of leaves. The Chrysalis is formed in a cocoon of open network. There
are four British species.

Acrolepia granitella (the Granitellian Acrolepia, No. 1). The Caterpillar of this species is pale yellowish
green with a dark line along the back. It feeds in June and July in the leaves of Inula dysenterica. The
perfect insect appears in July and September. It has been recently observed in great abundance near
Scarborough, and Chudleigh.

The other species are A. Perlepidelia, having the fore wings orange suffused with black and variegated with
pale yellow markings; A. pygmeana which has the front wings marbled with white and brown; and 4.
Betulella, which has the front wings brown mottled with darker brown. This last species is extremely rare.

The genus Roslerstammia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenue thick and long, and the
labial palpi short and drooping. The front wings are of moderate length and breadth, and the hind wings
rounded at the tip. The Caterpillars of this genus, as far as the indigenous species are concerned, remain
undescribed. There are two British species, one of which is, however, so rare, as to render it doubtful as a
native insect.

Roslerstammia Erelebella (the Brown Copper, No. 2). This pretty insect appears in May and June. It
has been observed recently in some plenty at Bristol, and its presence has also been recorded at Worthing and
other places.

The other species, R. Pronubella, has the front wings of shining golden green, rather yellowish along the

182 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

front edge. The hind wings are yellowish with the margins and fringe brown. This handsome little insect has
only been taken once, in Sutherlandshire, in the summer of 1854.

The genus Glyphipteryx. This genus, the typical one of the family, contains eight British species, all of
which are remarkable for the splendid colours of their wings, the surface of which though so small is rich in the
finest metallic hues, from bright green to the richest red bronze, often enriched with raised bosses of scales of
bright golden appearance. The principal characteristics of the genus are the following. The head is smooth ;
the antennz slender and rather short. The labial palpi are short, drooping, diverging outwards, and having a
tuft of bristly hairs beneath. The form of the wings varies, in both pairs. The Caterpillars have the full
complement of sixteen legs, and feed in the interior of leaves and seed-vessels.

Glyphipteryx Fisheriella (the Fuesslian, No. 3). This pretty insect is one of the commonest of the genus.
It appears in May and again in July, and has heen recently observed in great abundance at Birkenhead, Bristol,
Neweastle-on-Tyne, and many other places.

The other species are, G. fuscoviridella, which has the front wings of shining bronze-like green, with
a white streak along the front edge ; G. Cladiella, which is of a darker mctallic green ; and G. Thrasoncila, which
is of a dark metallic green with bluish silvery streaks ; while G. Haworthana, G. equitella, G. oculatella, and G.
Schenicolella, all very closely resemble the species figured as an example.

The genus Achmia. The insects assisned to this genus have the antenne rather thick, the head smooth,
and the labial palpi short, drooping, and slender. The fore wings are rather bread, and distinguished by a
projecting tuft of scales on the inner margin. ‘There is but one British species.

Aichmia dentella (the Dentellated Achmia, No. 4). This species exhibits conspicuously the protruding
tuft of scales on the hinder margin of the fore wings. It appears in May and June, and has been observed recently
in some plenty at Cambridge, and noticed in several other localities. The Caterpillar remains as yet unknown.

The genus Perittia. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne very slender, the labial palpi
longer than in the last genus and more slender. The fore wings are of long proportion, and the hind wings
narrow and pointed. The Caterpillar, like most others of the family, feeds in the interior of leaves. There is
but one British species.

Perittia obseurepunctella (the Small Shining Brown, No. 5). The Caterpillar of this species is of a grayish
tone verging on green, the head being dark brown. It feeds on the tissue of the leaves of the Honeysuckle, in
July, the perfect insect appearing late in the autumn, after which it hybernates, to reappear early in the following
spring. It has been recently observed at Lewisham in some abundance, and its appearance has been recorded in
many other places.

The genus Antispila. The insects assigned to this genus have the head smooth, and the labial palpi short
and drooping, the antenne being much shorter than in the preceding genus. The fore wings are rather obtusely,
and the hind wings acutely pointed. The main distinction, however, is found in the larva state, the Caterpillar
being apodal, or entirely without feet. Like those of the rest of the family, however, it feeds in the interior of
leaves. There are two British species.

Antispila Pfeifferelia (the Pfeifferian). I have not been able to procure a specimen of this pretty species,
but the following description will enable the collector to recognise it. The front wings are of a metallic golden
brown getting redder at the back; near the base is a narrow angulated band of bright metallic gold colour, and
beyond the middle are two angular spots of the same colour. The hind wings are pale brown, with fringes of a
moderate depth. The Caterpillar is of a pale leaden green, with head and second segment brown. It feeds in
the leaves of the Common Dogwood, in May, and the perfect insect appears in June and July. It has been
recently noticed in plenty at Bristol, Scarborough, and other places.

The other species, A. Treitschkiella, is very like the preceding, but invariably smaller, and the markings
are less sharply defined, and the golden band less angulated.

The genus Z'inagma. The Caterpillar of this genus, like that of the preceding, is apodal, being entirely
without legs, and feeding in the interior of leaves. In the perfect insect the antenne are short and thick ; and
the labial palpi short, slender, and pointing downwards. The front wings have the fringes deepened at the

posterior angle. There are three British species.

A THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 183

Tinagma sericiellum (the Satin Pigmy, No. 6). The Caterpillar of this pretty little species, remains un-
described, though the perfeet insect is very common. It appears in May, and has been recently observed at
Lewes and at Scarborough, in very great abundance, and plentifully in several other localities.

The other species are: 7. Stanneellwm, of a rather paler bronzy gray, with a faint white spot on the inner
margin of the fore wings, and J’, resplendellwm, which may be at once distinguished by the much darker tone
of its bronzy gray and its two white spots on the inner margin of the anterior wings. The Caterpillar of this
species is well known. It is of a dull yellowish green, with a brown head; it is without legs, and feeds in
the leaves of the Alder.

The genus Douglasia. The insects assigned to this genus have the head smooth, and the antennz thick
and rather short. The labial palpi droop and have the tip dlunt. The'fore wings are long and narrow, and the
hind wings are pointed. There is but one British species.

Douglasia Ocnerostomella. The Caterpillar of this species remains undescribed. The perfect insect
appears in July, and has been recently observed at Mickleham, in great abundance. It has also been seen at
Brandon, in Suffolk.

The seventh family of the sub-division Zineina, is that of the Argyresthide. The general characteristics
of the genera comprised in this family, are the following. The back of the head rough, the front smooth, the
labial palpi short, and the terminal joint generally blunt. The front wings are long and narrow, and the hind
wings pointed, with deep fringes. The insects belonging to the most numerous genus of the family, Argyresthia,
are distinguished by the peculiarity of their position when in repose, the head being held down close to the sub-
stance on which the insect is resting, and the body pointing upwards. Most of the species are summer insects,
but the Zellerias generally appear in the autumn, and after hybernation come forth again in spring. There
are twenty-two British species in this family distributed in four genera,

The genus Argyresthia. The insects assigned to this genus have the fore part of the head smooth, and the
hinder part rough. The labial palpi have the terminal joint rather pointed. The fore wings are long and narrow,
the hind wings lanceolate. There are twenty-two British species in this extensive genus.

Argyresthia Brockeela (the Gold I. W., No. 8). The rich silver white of the fore wings of this pretty
insect is so conspicuously marked with golden brown, forming the letters I. W., that it is not likely to escape the
attention of the young collector. The Caterpillar feeds on the young shoots of the Birch, in March and April,
and the perfect insect appears in June and July. It is very abundant, and has been recently observed in great
profusion at Birkenhead, Bristol, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and many other places, generally in or near woods.

The other species are the following: A. Zphippella, with the front wings ochreous brown, with a white
streak at the inner edge. A. nitedella, paler ochreous brown, with a dark streak at the base, and the inner
margin white. 4. purpwrascentella, by some considered a doubtful species. A. semitestacella, with the fore
wings ochreous, and a white line at the inner margin for half the length, then terminating in a dark spot.
A. spiniella, with the fore wings yellowish brown, and the inner margin white, with an indistinct dark band
across the middle, and white spots near the tip. A. Adbistria, with the front wings purplish brown, margined
with white at the inner edge to the middle, where the white line terminates in a dark spot. A. conjugella,
with the front wings purplish tawny, a white streak at the inner edge, and a dark spot “near the middle,
both at the front and back edges. <A. semifusca, dark brownish purple with a white streak half-way up
the inner edge, and white spots near the tip. A. mendica, with the front wings purplish gray, the inner
margin white, and a dusky brown band across the middle. A. G@laucenella, with the front wings grayish
bronze, the usual inner margin of white, and a dull transverse band of dusky brown. A. Retinella, with
fore wings white, shaded softly with tawny in front, and marked with tawny bands and patches. A. abdomi-
nalis, with fore wings white, marked with streaks, and patches of yellow. A. dilectella, with front wings shining
golden straw-colour, with some darker markings. A. Andereggiella, with the front wings white and a
deep gold-coloured mark on the inner margin, and other paler marks. A. cwrvelia, with white fore wings
marbled with grayish brown, and having a transverse band of the same colour. A. Sorbiella, with the front
wings yellowish white, in part marbled and spotted with golden-brown. A. Pygmeclla, with the front wings

shining greenish white, with pale golden spots. A. Gedartella, with front wings white, suffused with several

184 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

golden bands and spots. A. éteredla, which isa great rarity, has the front wings white, with slender golden
transverse bands. A. arceuthina, with the front wings entirely of a shining bronzy green. A. precocella, with the
front wings of a shining pale ochre, flushed with a tinge of violet. A. Awrulentella, with front wings of the same
colour as the preceding species, but having the inner margin white, and the head white, instead of whitish yellow ;
and A, decimella, which is however a doubtful species.

The genus Cedestis. The insects assigned to this genus have the labial palpi short and smooth, thickened
with scaly hairs. In repose the insects do not lower the head and elevate the abdomen, as in the preceding
genus. There are two British species.

Cedestis farinatella (the Slight-barred, No. 9). The Caterpillar of this species is pale brownish green,
with the head and second segment black. It feeds in the foliage of the Scotch Fir, in February and March, and
the perfect insect appears in June and July. It has been recently observed in great abundance near Scarborough,
at Darenth Wood, and in other localities.

The other species, C. Gysselinella, which is very rare, resembles the preceding, but may be distinguished by
the more yellow, or rather golden, tone of the markings.

The genus Ocnerostoma. ~The insects assigned to this genus may be at once distinguished from the pre-
ceding, by the apparent absence of the palpi, which are so short as to be almost imperceptible. There is but one
British species. ,

Ocnerostoma Piniariella (the Pine Ocnerostoma, No. 10). The Caterpillar of this species is deep glossy
brown, the head and second segment black. It feeds in the foliage of the Scotch Fir, in March and May ; the
perfect insect appearing in April, May, and July. It has been recently noticed in great abundance in several
widely distant localities.

The genus Zelleria. The insects assigned to this genus have the head smooth in front, and rough at the
back ; the antenne are short and thick. The labial palpi are short and scaly, and pointed upwards, having the
terminal joint blunt. The fore wings are slightly hooked and the hind wings pointed. There are three British
genera, all more or less scarce, and the larva of all of them remain as yet undescribed.

Zelleria hepariella (the Small Ochreous Zelleria, No. 11). The time of the appearance of the Cater-
pillar of this species is unknown, but the perfect insect comes forth in August and October, being most probably
double-brooded, the insects of the last brood appearing again in the early spring after hybernation. It has
been taken at Pembury, Castle Eden Dene, Mickleham, and Conway.

The other species are the following: Z. insignipennella, which is larger than the preceding, and has the
inner margin paler, is thought by some to be only a variety of the preceding. Z. fasciapennella is very distinct,
having the fore wings of a pale gray-colour, with a darker tone of the same colour, and marked with four

longitudinal rows of yery small black dots. It has been taken on the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh.

————

*

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 185

PLATE LXI.

No. 1,—The Confluent-barred (Gracilaria Syringella). No, 22.—The Simple Dot (Phylloenistis saligna).

No. 2.—The Obscure-strcaked (Coriscium Brongniardelluin). | No. 23.—The Gold Dot (Ceniostoma spartifoliclla),

No, 3.—The White-spotted Brown (Ornix guttea). | No. 24,—The Eared (Opostega auritella). :
No. 4.—The Lead-coloured (Celeophora murinipennclla). No. 25.—The Elm (Bucculatrix Ulnella).

No, 5.—The Sluggish Bedellia (Bedellia somnulentetta). No, 26.—The Pigmy Trifurcula (Nepticula flostactella).
No. 6.—The Nonpareil (Cosmopteryx Diurella). No. 27.—The Creamy Pigmy (Trifurcula immundella).
No. 7.—The Poplar Border (Batrachedra preangusta). | No. 28.—The Plumeless Plume (dAdactylus Bennetii).
ib = BG Yellow V (Ginophila V-fiava). No. 29.—The Rose Plume (Pterophorus rhododactylus).
No. 9.—The Hook-tipped (Chauliodus Illigerellus). No. 30.—The Caterpillar of the Rose Plume.

No. 10.—The Little Black (Laverna atra). | No, 31.—The Chrysalis of the Rose Plume.

No, 11.—The Linnwan (Chrysoctista Linneclla), No. 32.—The Large White Plume (Pterophorus pentadactylus).
No. 12.—The Reesellian (Heliodines Resella). | No. 33.—The Many-cleft Plume (O;neodes polydactylus).
No. 13.—....-- (Anybia langiella). No, 34.—The Caterpillar of the Many-cleft Plume.

No. 14.—The Dalean Asychna (Asychrat terininelta). | No, 35.—The Chrysalis of the Many-cleft Plume,

Nosto.— The Narrow-winged (Chryeocorys sestatielia); No. 36.—The Caterpillar of the Citron Plume (Plerophorus

No, 16.—The Four-spotted Gold (Elachista. Pyeifferella). acanthodactylus).
No. 17.—Albin’s Elachista (Elachista Albinella). No. 37.—The Chrysalis of the Citron Plume.
No. 18.—The Red Feather (Tischeria complanella). No, 38.—The Caterpillar of the Common Plume (Plerophorus

No. 19.—The Hazel Red (Lithocolletis corylifoliclla). | ESRC EES)
No. 20.—The Tawny Treble-bar (Lithocolletis trifasciella). Noy 30s tio | ClirysabsioigtbesCemm ones.

No, 21,—The Clerckian (Lyonetia Clerckelia). |

Tue cighth family of Micro-lepidoptera, of the sub-division Tineina, is that of the Gracilariide. The
insects grouped in this family are distinguished from the neighbouring group of Argyresthide Wy their position
when at rest. In direct contrast to the last named group of insects, the Gracilartidw pose themselves when at
rest with the head considerably raised from the object upon which they are settling. Many of the species are
very common, especially the pretty insect forming my illustration of the genus Gracilaria, which is extremely
abundant in gardens in all parts of the country. With regard to their period of appearance, the group in general
being double-brooded, the first brood of the year appears in summer, and the next brood passes the winter in
the chrysalis state, emerging in the first genial weather of the earliest days of spring. Some few, however, like
G. stigmatella, appear at the close of autumn, the later specimens appearing again in spring, after a season of
hybernation during the severe winter months. There are three genera in this group or family, containing col-
lectively twenty-seven species. Three species of Gracilaria ave considered rare -—G. stramincella, G. Ononidis,
and @. imperialella ; and of Ornizx Devoniella only one British specimen has been taken.

The genus Gracilaria. The insects assigned to this genus have the head without tuft, the labial palpi
pointing upwards, the second joint being scaly, but without ‘‘ pencils” of hairs ; the terminal joint is pointed.
The front wings are rather lance-shaped, and the fringes of both pairs of moderate depth. There are sixteen

British species.

186 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Gracilaria Syringella (the Contluent-barred, No. 1). The larva of this elegant little insect feeds on the
foliage of Lilac, Privet, Ash, &c., and is sometimes so abundant as to be deemed one of our garden pests. The
species is double-brooded, the first Caterpillars being hatched in June, and the second brood in September. The
perfect insects of the first brood appear in July, and of the second not till the following May. The species may
be said to be abundant everywhere.

The other species are G. Swederella ; G. stigmatella; G. stramineella; G. henidaetylella ; G. falconipe-
nella; G. semifascia ; G. populetorum ; G. elongella ; G. tringipennclla ; G. omissella ; G. phasianipennclla ; G.
aurogutella ; G, quadruplella ; G. Ononidis ; and G. imperialella, Several of these are very pretty insects, their
delicately fringed wings suggesting the idea of variegated feathers, from which fancied resemblance many of the
specific names have been founded, as phasianipenclla, &c. Some of the species have the lighter marks of the wings
distinguished by a metallic or golden gloss, as awroguttella, Stigmatella may be at once distinguished by a large
dash of pale cream-colour, of an arrow-headed form, in the centre of the dark brown fore wings, and oiissella by
five delicate diagonal streaks of white on each of the fore wings. Three of the species are rare :—First, straiui-
neclla, which has the front wings pale straw-colow, with brown markings, and has been found in the Lake district,
and in Stirlingshire. Secondly, Ononidis, which has the front wings dark, with nine silvery spots, and has
been taken near Cambridge, Pembury, and Mickleham. ‘Thirdly, imperialella, which is, perhaps, the most
brilliantly tinted of the genus, having the front wings of a bright metallic golden colour, with four silvery
streaks. This last has been taken at Cambridge, and at Glanville Wootton, Dorset, &e., &e.

The genus Coriseiwn. The insects assigned to this genus may be well distinguished from those assigned
to the preceding one by the marked distinction in the structure of the labial palpi, which have the second joint
furnished with a tuft or pencil of hairs. The front wings are suddenly widened at the fringed edge by a slight
projection, which gives them a much less pointed character than in the last species, There are three British
species.

Coriscium Brongniardellum (the Obscure-barred, No. 2). This species is generally described as having the
front wings of a grayish brown, with four whitish oblique streaks ; ut the streaks are so broad in many specimens,
that they give the wings the appearance of having a pale-brown for the ground colour, strongly maculated with a
deepish gray-brown, It has a minute black hook in the apical fringes. The Caterpillar of this species is pale
greenish, with dark green along the back, and the head brown. It feeds on the Oak in June and July, and the
perfect insect appears in July and September. It has appeared recently in abundance near Bristol, and still more
abundantly at Guildford. The other species are C. cuculipennetlum, which has the front wings pale gray, with
four dark bands, and C. sulphurellum, which has the fore wings ef a pale swlphureous yellow, more or less
strongly speckled with brown,

The genus Orniz., The insects assigned to this genus have the second joint of the labial palpi clothed
with scales, without hairs. The front wings are slightly concave in front, and much more lancet-shaped at the
points than in the last species. There are nine British species.

Orniv guitea (the White-spotted Brown, No. 3). The well-defined angular marks of white on a rich brown
ground which distinguish the front wings, make this species one of the most easily distinguished of the genus.
The Caterpillar is yellowish, getting dark green along the back. It feeds in curled Apple leayes, in July, and
passes the winter in the Chrysalis state, the Moth appearing in the following May and June. It is a common
insect, and has recently been noticed at Scarborough and other places in great abundance,

The other species are 0, Avellanella ; O, Devoniella ; 0. A nglicella; O. Betule ; O. scutulatella ; O.
torquilella ; 0. Scoticella ; and O. Logaunella. Most of these species have the front wings of different tones of
grayish, more or less speckled with brown, on deeper gray. Loganella, however, has the front wings very dark
brown, with white streaks and dots; and the rare Devoniella, of which only one specimen has, as yet, been taken,
near Dawlish, has the front wings of an ochreous tone, with a single dark spot.

The ninth sub-family of this division of Micro-lepidoptera is that of the Coleophoridae, This group is a
very distinct one. In the perfect insect the antenne are rather long, have generally a tuft of slender hairs at the

base, and are pointed forward when the insect is in repose. The wings are of long proportion, and yery distinctly

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 187

lancet-formed. The Caterpillar forms a case in which it not only resides during its feeding time, asit eats into the
interior of leaves and seeds, but also remains within it during its change to the Chrysalis state. The form of the
case is often the best guide for determining the species. The perfect insect generally appears between May
and August, and most of them are tolerably common. They are very variously marked, though all but one
belonging to the same genus. Some have the front wings of an almost uniform pale colour, others bright
metallic green, others yellowish or brownish, with brown lines and spots, and others a fine white ground, with
yellow or brown marks. There are fifty-four species, all of which, with one solitary exception, belong to the
genus Coleephora. The single exception, which is newly added to our British catalogue, forms a separate
genus, Goniodoma,

The genus Coleophora. In this numerous genus the antenne of the perfect insect differ in some of the
species, being sometimes only scaly at the base, but in other species furnished with a tuft of hairs. The wings
are lancet-shaped. The Caterpillar forms a more or less cylindrical case, which serves also as a sort of cocoon to
the chrysalis. There are fifty-three British species,

Coleophora murinipenella (the Lead-coloured, No. 4). This insect varies a good deal in the apparent

colour of the fore wings, in consequence of the veins being more or less broadly marked by gray or a deeper

colour, which sometimes nearly conceals the white ground colour. The Caterpillar resides in a stiff whitish
case, and feeds on the seed-vessels of Luzula in June. The perfect insect appears in the following May, This
species has been recently observed in great abundance at Scarborough, and may be said to be generally rather
common.

The other species of Coleophora are:—C. Fubriciella; CO. deawratella ; C. aleyonipennella ; C. Frischella ;
C. paripennella ; C. Wockecella; C. ochrea; C. binotapennella; C. Livella; C. vibicella; C. consprieuella ;
C. -pyrrhulipennelia ; C. albicosta; C. Vulrerarie; C. anatipennella ; C. palliatella; C. eurrucipennella ;
C. nivercostella ; C. discordella; C. saturatella ; C. Onosmella ; C. therinella ; C. troglodytella ; C. Uineolea ;
C. ceespititiella ; C. annulatella ; C. argentula ; C. hemerobiella ; C. juncicolella ; C. Laricella 3 C. albitarsella ;
C. nigricella ; C. fuscedinella ; C. orbitella ; C. gryphipennella ; C. viminetelia ; C. olivaceella ; CO. solitarielta ;
C. lutipennella ; C. badiipennella ; and C. chalcogrammella.

Among the most remarkable of these are, perhaps, the following, Solitariella, with the front wings
shining brownish yellow, with gray fringe, the hind wings being entirely gray ; some of the more darkly coloured
kinds also appear at a glance very distinct, as, for instance, albitarsella, having the front wings of a rich
glossy violet black ; the antenne becoming white at the tip. The bronzy green kinds have also a very distinct
appearance ; and among them may be noted Frischella, with the front wings of brilliant metallic green, and the
antenna white-tipped ; chalcogrammelia is also a handsome species, the front wings being bright yellow, with
deep brown bronzy streaks, The white, and the gray winged species are far less remarkable.

The genus Goniodoma. The solitary British insect assigned to this genus is G@. auroguttella. It is of
extreme rarity ; having only been taken on one occasion, at Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight. The front
wings of this pretty species are yellow, with two silvery longitudinal streaks terminating near the middle ; and
on the broad part of the extremity are several metallic golden spots, bordered with black.

The tenth family of the subdivision 7ineina is that of the ELlachistidw. In the perfect state the head is
generally smooth; the labial palpi slender, recurved, and pointed. The fore wings are moderately elongate ; the
hind wings being narrowly lancet-shaped, or sometimes almost linear, with fringes on both sides. There are
fifteen genera in this family, which include eighty-five British species. This group of small moths generally fly
at, or shortly before dusk. The lary appear early in the year ; those of most of the species as early as March or
April ; and, in most cases, the perfect insect appears between May and August. The Caterpillars of this family,
unlike those of the last group, are without cases.

The genus Bedellia, The insects assigned to this genus have the head rough, and the labial palpi short,
and pointed forward. The fore wings are of the narrow lancet-formed kind, and the hind wings so narrow as to
be almost linear. There is only one British species.

Bedella somnutentelia (the Sluggish Bedellia, No, 5), The larya of this species is pale green, purplish

188 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

towards the head, which is brown. It is also distinguished by two rows of dark violet spots. It feeds on the
leaves of the Convolvulus in August and September, and the perfect insect appears in October. In the perfect
state it is of very retired habit, and not easily found. It has been recently taken at Lewisham, Bideford, and
other places.

The genus Stathimopoda. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne furnished with delicate
long hairs. There is but one British species.

Stathmopoda pedella (the Scarce Stathmopoda). Only a single specimen of this rare species has been taken,
at Brandon in Suffolk. I have not been able to procure a specimen to make a drawing from.

The genus Cosmopteryx. The insects assigned to this genus have the head smooth ; the antenne are
distinguished by a very long basal joint. There are two British species.

Cosmopteryx Drurella (the Nonpareil, No. 6). This is the Gracillaria eximia of Haworth. It is impos-
sible on the minute scale of a drawing of the natural size to do justice to the extreme richness and metallic
enrichment of the colouring of the narrow lancct-shaped wings of this beautiful insect. They are varied with
black, orange, violet, gold and other blending tints, which, among the several splendid species of the minute
Tineinw, render it perhaps the most magnificent. Fabricius named this beautiful species after the well-known
English entomologist Drury, who, it was thought, was the first to discover it ; but this designation seems likely
to be superseded as a specific distinction by the one more generally adopted—eximia, The larva, which is
white, delicately streaked with crimson, feeds on Hop, in August and September, and the perfect insect appears
in the following July. Lewisham, Hackney, and places near London are cited for its capture.

The other species, C. Lincigiella, is dark fuscous, streaked and speckled with metallic markings, but it is
not so rare or so splendid as Drurella.

The genus Batrachedra. The insects contained in this genus, in contradistinction to those of the preceding
one, have the basal joint of the antenne short. There are two British species.

Batrachedra preangusta (the Poplar Border, No. 7). The larva of this species feeds on Poplar and
Willow in May, and the perfect insect appears in July. It is extremely abundant in various localities.

The other species, B. pinicolella, is of more ochreous tone in the fore-wings, marked indistinctly with brown.

The genus Oinophila. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi short and pointing forward, and
the antennee slender and rather long. There is only one British species.

Oinophila V-flava (the Yellow V, No. 8). The popular name of this insect arises from the supposed
resemblance to a V in the principal of the fore wings. The form is, however, very indistinct. The Caterpillar
is whitish with a brown head, and feeds on Fungi, and also in houses on old corks.

At Bristol and in London,
it has been observed in wine vaults in some abundance,

The genus Chauliodus is principally distinguished by the tooth-like projections on the inner margin of the
fore wings. There are three British species.

Chauliodus Iligerellus (the Hook-tipped, No. 9). The front wings of this species are sometimes slightly
sub-faleate, but scarcely enough to justify the specific name of Hook-tip. The Caterpillar is yellowish green, the
head being more yellow. It appears in May and June, and the perfect insect in July. It has been recently
observed in some abundance near Cambridge.

The other two species are C. insccurellus, the fore wings dull whitish with a pale brown band; and @.
Cherophyllellus, which has the fore wings of a light brown, with a broad central band of darker tone.

The genus Laverna. The insects assigned to this genus have raised tufts of scales on the fore wings, and
the hind wings are very slenderly lancet-shaped, and very pointed. There are eleven British species.

Laverna atra (the Little Black, No. 10), The popular name has been conferred on this species because
sometimes the front wings are entirely black ; but these supposed varieties may possibly prove distinct species.
The Caterpillars feed on Hawthorn berries, in October ; those producing the black variety, however, according
to Mr. Stainton, feed on the young shoots of Apple. The perfect insect appears in June and is very common.
The other ten species are—Laverna propinquella ; L. lacteella; L. Staintoni; L. Stephensi; L. Epilobiella ;

L, cchraccella; L. Phragmitella; L. decorella ; L. subbistrigella ; L. Rhamniella; and L. conturbatella,

(2)
©

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 1

Among these, Conturbatella is remarkable for exhibiting very distinetly the generic character of the raised
tufts of scales on the fore wings, which are bluish black, each having six tufts of raised scales and two conspi-
cuous white spots. Propinquella has the head and thorax pure white; and Z. S/evensi, the fore wings gray
varied with tawny. This last species is extremely rare.

The genus Chrysoclista. The characters which distinguish the insects of this genus are nearly the same as
those belonging to the last, with the exception that the raised tufts of scales are generally brightly metallic.
There are four British species.

Chrysoclista Linneella (the Linnean, No. 11), This species has three tufts of silvery black scales near the
inner margin of the front wings. The Caterpillar feeds beneath the bark of the Lime and other trees in autumn
and spring, there being two broods. The perfect insect appears in May and again in July. It is very common
about the suburbs of London.

The other three species are the following. C. bimaculella, which resembles the preceding, but has the
black border of the fore wings broader, except at the front, where the orange reaches to the edge. It is very
rare. €. Schrankella, which has the front wings bright orange, black at the tips and bases, and some silvery
lines. C. flavicaput, which may be at once known by the bright yellow head and face, from which it has derived
its specific name.

The genus Heliodines. In this genus the perfect insects have the abdomen thicker and shorter than in the
immediately preceding genera ; and the wings have much less conspicuous tufts of scales. There is but one
British species.

Heliodines Resella (the Reesellian, No. 12), This is a very rare species, not lately taken. The larva, which
is pale green with a black head, feeds upon Chenopodiv® and other plants in June, the perfect inseet appearing in
July and August. It was formerly taken near London,

The genus Anybia. The insects assigned to this genus have the wings smooth, that is to say, entirely
without the raised tufts of scales of the preceding genera. The palpi are recurved. There is but one British
species.

Anybia langiella (No. 13). The Caterpillar of this species is green, the head being brown and the second
segment black. It appears in July, and the perfect insect in August. It has been recently observed at Linton,

a

The genus Asychna. The fore wings are narrow, and of a metallic bronzy tone. The hind wings exces-

at Exeter, and other places.

sively slender. There are four British species.
Asychna terminella (the Dalean Asychna, No. 14). The six silvery spots on each of the fore wings of this
pretty little insect make it somewhat conspicuous, though the dots in themselves are small. The Caterpillar is

whitish with a brown head. It feeds on Cirewa Entetiana, in September and October, and the perfect insect

appears in the following June. It has lately been noticed at §

arborough in great abundance.

The other species, A. modestella, A. fuscociliclla, and A. eratella, have the front wings nearly unicolorous,
of bronzy green or brownish. A. fuscociliella, which is of a grayish bronze tone, is very rare.

The genus Chrysocorys. The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne thick and short, the front
wings narrow, and the front edge waved, getting convex near the tip. There is only one British species.

Chrysocorys festaliella (the Narrow-winged, No. 15). The Caterpillar of this species is pale green and
slightly bristly, feeding on the underside of the leaves of the Rubus family in August. The perfect insect appears
in June and July. It is common, and in many places very abundant.

The genus Stephensia. The insects assigned to this genus, which is newly added to the British list, have
the palpi pointing downward and the fore wings narrow, with the front edge concave near the middle. There is
only one British species.

Stephensia Brunnichella (the Brunnichean). I have not been able to proenre a specimen of this new
species to draw from, and must therefore be content with a description which Mr. Stainton gives, as follows.
“The fore wings are dark golden brown, with a golden fascia close to the base ; a slender bright golden fascia in

the middle, a golden spot perpendicularly placed at the anal angle, and one beyond it on the costa, pointing

190 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

inwards.” The Caterpillar is greenish white, with a black head. The perfect insect appears in May and again in
July, and has been taken at Bristol in some plenty, and at a few other places sparingly.

The genus Elachistw. The insects assigned to this genus have the palpi slender and recurved ; the fore
wings generally long and narrow, and the hind wings very narrow and pointed. These characters are, however,
subject to considerable modification in the different species, which amount to forty-one in number.

Llachista Pfeiterclla (the Four-spotted Gold, No. 16). The coppery golden tone of the ground colour of
the fore wings of this pretty species cannot be imitated in a representation, Two of the bright gold spots
are sometimes spread into one, This insect is taken in the Kentish woods about the end of May, but little is
known of its habits, and it is very rare.

Blachista albinella (Albin’s Elachista, No. 17). This species is taken in June in woody districts.

The other species of Llachista are :—E. Treitschkiella; E. Gleichenella; E. Brunnichella ; E. magnificella ;
EL. apicipunctella ; E. albifrontella ; B. Holdenella ; E. atricomella; E. luticometia ; E. Kilmunella; BE. alpi-
nella; E. einereopunctella ; EB. trapexiella; BE, nigrella; E. subnigrella; E. occultella; E. consortella; EB.
pulehella ; EB. Bedellella ; E. obscwrella ; E. zonariella ; EB. gungabella ; E. obliquella ; E. abruptella ; E. Meger-
lella ; E. adscitella; E. cerusella ; B. Rhynchosporella ; E. Eleochariclla; EB. biatomella; BE. serricornis; E. triatomea ;
EL, triseriatella ; E. collitella ; E. pollinariella ; E. rufocinerea ; E. ochreella ; and E. eygnipennelta.

This genus has been remodelled by Mr. Stainton since the Museum arrangement which I am following
was adopted, and some of the species have been otherwise located. Many of them are, however, retained, and
among them the following, which illustrate three or four sections of this extensive genus. Z. magnificella is
one of the moderately large species. The fore wings are rich brown, with a pale gold band and gold spots.
E. triatomea is of about the same size, and has the front Wings white with three black dots. Z. cerusella is one
of the largest of the genus, the fore wings being white, with brown and black markings. 2. eygnipennella, the
‘*Swan Feather,” is perhaps the largest of the genus, and is pure white without spot or mark. Z. Bedelleltu is,
on the other hand, one of the smallest species, and has the fore wings gray, with a white band and dots.

The genus Tischeria. In this genus the antenne of the males are short, and furnished with long and
slender hairs ; the palpi are slender and drooping. ‘The legs of the larve are imperfectly developed. They are
leaf-miners. There are four British species.

Tischeria complanella (the Red Feathét; No. 18). The Caterpillar feeds in Oak leaves in September and
October, and the perfect insect appears in the following June. It is an abundant species almost everywhere.

The other three species are—Z. Dodonwa, with the front wings bright straw-colour, clouded with gray ;
7. marginca, with the front wings clear pale yellow bordered with brownish ; and Z. aagusticollella, with the
front wings purplish brown, with a bronzy patch at the base.

The eleventh family of the sub-division Tineina is that of the Lithocolletide. The general characteristics
of the insects located under the present family denomination are—head rough, labial palpi slender and drooping,
fore wings of long proportion, and hind wings very narrow and pointed, with long fringes. The most distinetive
mark is that appertaining to the larva stage, the Caterpillars having only fourteen legs. They are leaf-
miners,

The forty-five species comprised in this compact family all belong to a single genus. But though they are
sufficiently homogeneous in general character to exhibit good generic affinities, they are very various in their
markings and aspects as regards colour and its distribution, and some of them are among the most brilliantly
tinted and prettily marked in the whole range of British Micro-lepidoptera. Most of the species pass the winter
in the chrysalis stage, and are double-brooded.

The genus Lithocolletis, as the only one of the family, necessarily presents the precise characteristics
previously described in defining the distinctive features of the family. There are, as before stated, forty-five
British species.

Lithocolletis corylifoliella (the Hazel Red, No. 19). The Caterpillar of this species feeds beneath the upper
surface of the leaves of Hawthorn, in July and September. The perfect insect appears in May and August. It

is 4 common species, often excessively abundant,

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS, 191

Lithocolletis trifasciella (the Tawny Treble-har, No. 20), The Caterpillar of this prettily marked species
feeds on the under side of the leaves of Honeysuckle, in April and September. The perfect insect appears in May
and November. It is a common species, and is especially abundant in some parts of Devonshire.

The other species are—Z. Roboris ; L. hortella ; L. Ainyotella ; L. Lantanclla; L. triguttella ; L. quingue-
guttella ; L. nigrescentella ; L. irradiella ; L. lautella ; L. pomifoliella ; L. Coryti ; L. spinicolella ; L. Faginella;
L. salicicolella ; L. viminetorwn ; L. carpinicolelia ; L. ulinifoliclla ; L, Spinolella ; L. quercifoliclla ; L. Messa-
niella ; L. Caledoniella ; L. viminiella ; L. Scopariella ; L. ulicicolella ; L. alnifoliella ; L. Heegerielta ; L. Cra-
merella ; L. tenella; L. sylvella; L. emberizepennella; L. Frilichiella ; L. Dunningiella; L. Niceltii; L.
Steitinensis ; L. Klemannella ; L. Schreberella ; L. tristrigella; L. Scabiosella; and L. comparella. Among the
following may be cited as examples of the varieties of marking exhibited by different species. Z. Roboris has the
fore wings white, with a delicate net-work of black lines at the apex, A. Zautella has the front wings bright rich
orange, with delicate silvery streaks. 2. wlmifoliella has the front wings dark saffron, with white streaks and
bands. L. salicicolella has the front wings of glossy but delicate saffron colour, slenderly streaked, and spotted
with white. Only a few of the species are rare, and those not among the most beautiful.

The twelfth family of the sub-division Zincina is that of the Lyonetide. In this family the perfect insects
have the antenne-furnished witha peculiar basal joint, which extends partially over the eyes ; the labial palpi are
drooping, and sometimes only rudimental. The wings are narrow. The Caterpillars differ from those of the last
family in having the full complement of sixteen legs. There are five genera in this family, comprising twenty-
two species. Among these are some of the prettiest of our Micro-lepidoptera—many of those belonging to the
genus Cemiostomea being literally resplendent in their raiment of purple and gold. Most of the species appear in
May and June, but a few in the autumn. These latter hybernate end appear again in the spring.

The genus Zyonetia, The insects assigned to this genus have the antenne long and slender, with a basal
joint of the family character, but not so large as in other genera. There are two British species.

Lyonetia Clerekella (the Clerckian, No. 21). Sometimes the front wings of this species are so much
suffused with the brown tinge as to obscure the markings. The Caterpillar feeds on the leaves of various fruit
trees, making long serpentine mines beneath the upper surface. There are several broods in the year, the
perfect Moth appearing in June, August, November, and March. It is a common and often abundant species.

The one other species, L. padifoliclla, is much more rare. The ground-colour of the fore wings is purer
white than in the preceding species, and there is a dark brown line along the front edge; otherwise the two
species resemble each other very closely. Padifolicila has been taken near Stony Stratford.

The genus Phyllocnistis. This genus is very closely allied to the last. The antenne are howeyer shorter,
and the basal joint less conspicuous, The palpi are slender and drooping. There are two British species.

Phyllocnistis saligna (the Single Dot, No. 22). The Caterpillar feeds on the under side of Willow leaves
inJune and August. The perfect insect appears in July and September, and the hybernating individuals in
April. It is not a common species, but in the neighbourhood of London it is perhaps more frequent than in
other localities.

The other species, P. suffuselia, closely resembles the preceding, but the brown blotch beyond the middle
is not enclosed between two dark lines as in that species. This last species has been recently very abundant
in the neighbourhood of Micklehaim.

The genus Cemiostoma, The insects assigned to this genus have the head smooth; the antenne with
mmoderately sized basal joints extending above the eyes ; and the palpi are absent or rudimental. There are five
British species, all more or less remarkable for their beauty.

Cemiostoma Spartifoliclla (the Gold Dot, No. 23). The Caterpillar of this species is slender, and of a pale
green colour ; it burrows under the bark of the Broom iu April and May. The perfect insect appears in May
and June, The illustration can do no justice to the graceful markings of this elegant little Moth, on account of
its diminutive scale. In the middle of the fore wings, in perfect specimens, are two pale yellow spots delicately
edged with brown, and below is a black spot dotted in the centre with violet—eyen the fringes are minutely

variegated with slender streaks,

192 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

The other species ave C. laburnella, C. Wailesella, C. scitella, and C. Lotella. Among these C. scitella
is the handsomest. The front wings ave full deep gray, delicately streaked with white aud brown, and
ornamented with a rich coppery blotch, aud a well-defined black dot, which has a central speck of glittering
metallic violet.

The genus Opostega. The insects assigned to this genus have the head rough in front; the antenne have
the projecting basal joint or eye-cap very large ; the fore wings are rather blunt at the apex. There are three
British species.

Opostega auritella (the Eared, No. 24). Both the specific and popular names of this species have reference
to the remarkable enlargement of the basal joint of the antenne, the projections having somewhat the appearance
of ears, though better described as eye-caps. The Caterpillar of this speciesis unknown. The perfect insect is
taken in the Fens of Cambridgeshire in June, but it is rare.

The other species are 0. salaciella and O. crepusculella. The first has the front wings white without
spot or mark, but with a faint yellow tinge. The second is also white, but variegated with strongly angulated
cross bars of brown. “.

The genus Bucculatriz. The insects assigned to this genus have the head tufted ; the antennw short, and
rather robust, but with the basal joint less than in the preceding genus. The-palpi are absent. This genus is
the least attractive of the group. There are eleven British species.

Bucculatrix Ulnella (the Elm Bucculatrix, No. 25). The Caterpillar of this species is pale olive-gray, with
a brown head. It feeds on the foliage of the Oak, in July and September. The perfect insect appears in May
and August. It has been recently observed in some plenty at Bristol, Plymouth, and other places.

The other species are B. aurimaculelia, B. cidarclla, B. Crategi, B. Demargella, B. maritima, B.
Boyerclla, B. Frangulella, B. Hippocastanctla and B. eristatella. Among these, B. aurimaculella, with the front
wings bronzy gray, with two yellow spots, and B. cidarella, with the front wings purplish brown, relieved
with two white spots, are the only species at all remarkable. The colours of nearly all the others are dull and
confused.

The thirteenth family of the sub-division Tincina is that of Nepticulide. In this group the head is
hairy, the antenne short and thick, but with the basal joint as in the last family. The maxillary palpi are well
developed, and folded. The fore wings are broad and short. The Caterpillars are nearly maggot-formed, the
rudimental feet, however, exceeding in number those of the most highly developed Caterpillars, and consist of nine
pairs. They are leaf-miners. This family comprises only three genera, but the first and typical genus, Nepticula,
contains alone forty-two species ; the other genus, Zrifureula, only four, and the last, Bohemannia, only one.
Among these thirty-four species are to be found the smallest of known Moths, while some of the most, minute of
these, as if to make up for their microscopic size, are truly resplendent in rich colours, and brilliant metallic
markings of gold, silver, and bronze. :

The genus Nepticula. The characters detailed in defining the main features which distinguish the family,
apply also to this genus, which is the typical one.

Nepticula floslactetla (the Creamy Pigmy, No. 26). The Caterpillar of this minute species is of a pale
yellow colour ; it feeds on the leaves of the Nut and Hornbeam, in July and October ; the Moth appearing in May
and August. It is abundant almost everywhere.

The other species are :—N. atricapitella ; N. ruficapitella; N. pygmeella ; N. Pomella ; N. Oxyacanthella ;
N. viscerella ; N. anomatella; N. cryptella; N. Catharticella ; N. Septembrella; N. intimella ; N. Headleyella ;
N. Weaveri; N. subbimaculella ; N. argyropexa ; N. apicella ; NV. sericopeza; N. trimaculella ; N. quinquella ;
N. Salicis; N. Myrtilella; N. lutzella; N. ignobilella; N. areuata; N. angulifasciclla; N. atricollis; N.
microthericlla ; N. Poterti; N. argentipedella ; N. Acctosa; N. betulicola; N. Plagicolella; N. Malella; N.
Tityrella ; N. Glutinosa ; N. gratiosella; N. Prunctorum; N. Regiclla ; N. continuella ; N. Alnetella ; N. mar-
ginicolella, and N. wurella.

Among these may be particularised for their rich colours and glittering metallic gloss, the following :—

N. ignobilella, with the fore wings light golden brown, with a distinct shining band of delicate straw-colour, the

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 195

tips of the wings shining with a metallic purple gloss, and the head being of richwarm red ; NV. argentipedella with
the front wings of a brilliant black flushed with a violet gloss, and a bright clear transverse band of white; NV.
acctose, with the front wings of a dusky but rich bronze, traversed by a band of dark violet, followed in the same
transverse direction by a delicate streak of clear white ; and, lastly, WV. Plagicolella, one of the most minute of
the genus, perhaps the smallest of known Moths. This species has the fore wings of a dusky metallic brown)
flushed with a violet tinge, and traversed by a glittering light band with a silvery gloss.

Forming a collection of the minute but brilliant little Moths of this class, appears at first somewhat
hopeless, and, in fact, it does require a practised eye to perceive these minute specks of rich colour on the shady
side of old half-rotten paling, or half concealed in some sheltering crevice of the bark of an old tree ; but habit
soon schools the eye to the search. While in the larva state they are very-easily collected in some numbers, a
single leaf of Hazel often containing, for instance, from thirty to forty young Caterpillars of N. mierotherictla,
all of which, by placing a net over the branch, may be easily secured, and when they have attained the chrysalis
stage be removed. Many new species doubtless remain to be discovered, twelve having been added to the list
since 1854.

The genus Trifurcula. The insects assigned to this genus only differ in generic character from those of the

preceding, in the neurations or veins of the wings, which in this genus form a tridented fork, as the name implies,

There are four British species.
Trifurcula immundella (No. 27). The Caterpillar of this species is unknown. The Moth appears in

July and August. It is a common species, and has been recently noticed in great abundance in several localities.

The other species closely resemble the one figured. 7. atrifrontella may, however, be distinguished at
once by its black head, while 7. sgwamatel?a has the head of a dull yellow colour; the head of 7. putveroselia is
of a dull red colour.

The genus Bohemannia. The insects assigned to this genus resemble the two preceding, but the perfect
insects have the hind wings much broader, and the fringe narrower. There is only one British species.

Bohemannia quadrimaculella. This species, which is newly added to our native list, I have not seen.
It is described as haying the front wings of a metallic coppery tone, with a yellowish spot on the inner margin,
and another on the front edge. The head is described as reddish, The specimen described was taken near
Lyndhurst, in the New Forest district.

The sub-division Péerophorina is one of very marked character, the entire structure of the wings of the
insects assigned to it being different to any yet described. Instead of being composed of a thin transparent web
or skin strengthened by a branch-work of veins, or more properly neurations, the neurations in this group form
the stem or mid-rib of a series of feathers. In the front wings these feathers are only divided for a small part
of the distance from the apex of the wing, but in the hind wings nearly to the base ; and from this peculiar
formation arises their popular name, the ‘‘Plumes.” The first genus at present included in this well-defined
group has, however, no such division in either pair of wings. It would appear advisable, indeed, to separate
the genus Adactyla from the group, making it the representative of a separate family—the link between the
Nepticulide and the Plumes. At present, however, Adactyla is located with the Pterophorinee. In some further
remodelling of this group, Adactyla will, in all probability, be separated from it; and a section of the genus
Pterophorus, with hardly any separation or slit in the fore wings, might make at least a distinct sub-genus ; while
P. pentadactylus, the Common Plume, which has the front as well as the hind wings distinctly feather-formed and
split to the base, must necessarily form a separate genus. I am, however, following at present the method now
adopted in the collection of the British Museum.

The genus Adactyla. The insects assigned to this genus are readily distinguished by their plumeless
wings, which have no indication of the slightest division, even at the fringed edge.

Adactyla Bennetii (the Plumeless Plume, No. 28). The Caterpillar of this species feeds upon coast plants,
such as Statice Limonium, &e., &e., in May, and the Moth appears in July. It has been recently taken in the
Isle of Sheppey, and on the Essex coast.

The genus Pterophorus. The insects assigned to this genus, as it is at prescut constituted, have in some

194 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

species the front wings almost without the indication of a division, or slit, at the fringed edge ; but the hinder
pair are invariably divided nearly to the base in three distinet segments, or feathers. There are twenty-eight
British species. "

Pterophorus Rhededactylus (the Rose Plume, No. 29). This is the most prettily marked and richly
coloured of the Plumes. The Caterpillar (No. 30) feeds in the flowers of Roses in June, and forms a compact
cocoon (No. 81), The Moth appears in July and August. It has been recently taken at Kingsbury, Lewisham,
and other places.

The other species are :—P. ochrodactylus ; P. isodactylus ; P. trigonodactylus ; P. Zetterstedtii ; P. Acan-
thodactylus ; P. punctidactylus ; P. parvidactylus ; P. Hieracii; P. Pilloselle ; P. Pheodactylus; P. bipuncti-
dactylus ; P. Loewii; P. plagiodactylus ; P. fuscus ; P. lithodactylus ; P. pterodactylus; P. Lienigianus; P.
tephradactylus ; P. osteodactylus ; P. microdactylus; P. brachydactylus ; P. galactodactylus ; P. spilodactylus ;
P. Baliodactylus; P. tetradactylus, and P. paludum. Most of them have the wings more or less suffused
with tones of brown or pinkish. P. Pterodactylus (the Common Plume) is darker than most other species,
especially the feathery hind wings, which are deep brown. Galodactylus is nearly white, and pentadactylus
(the Large White Plume, No. 32), sometimes popularly called the ‘‘ Phantom,” or the ‘‘Skeleton Moth,” is
snowy-white, though sometimes the front wings are delicately powdered with gray. The Caterpillars and
Chrysalides of some of the above-named species are figured at Nos. 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39.

The sub-division Alucitina forms the last group, of lepidopterous insects, as at present classified. It is at
once distinguished by the structure of both pairs of wings, each being formed of six distinct feathers or plumes,
united at the base. Several species exhibiting this peculiar structure are known on the Continent, but we have
only one British species.

The genus Alucita. The characteristics of this, the only British genus belonging to the group, have been
sufficiently detailed in the definition of the sub-division.

Alucita polydactyla (the Many-cleft Plume, No. 33). This interesting and singular species is also
popularly known as the ‘“‘Thousand Plume” in some districts. The Caterpillar of this species is distinguished
from those of the Pferophori by its smoothness, and by its habit of forming a cocoon, in which it changes to the
Chrysalis state. This species is very common. The Caterpillars feed in the buds of Honeysuckle, in June and
July, and the Moths appear in September and October, after which they hybernate in out-houses or dwelling-

houses, and are on flight again in April or May.

2

PL.

THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS. 195

PLATE LXII.

(SUPPLEMENTAL)
No, 1.—The Reed Leopard (Phragmatecia Arundinis). No. 6.—The Long-horned (Phiialoe.ra Quercana).
No. 2.—The Plumed Prominent (Ptilophora plumigera) No. 7.—The Orange V-Moth (Spatalia bicolor).

No, 2.—The Caterpillar of the Plumed Prominent. 2
No. §&.—The Caterpillar of the Orange V-Moth.

No, 4.—The Dusky Marbled Brown (Giuphisia crenata).

No. 5.—The Figure-of Bight Moth (Diloba coruleocephuia). | No. 9.—The New Scarlet Tiger Moth (Hyperconpa Eeiu).

No. 1. Phragmatecia arundinis (the Reed Leopard). This species, described at page 15, has been
popularly named the Reed Leopard, in consequence of its general affinities with the Wood Leopard, the white
wings of which are beautifully spotted with black, while its own wings are almost entirely without mark.
The Caterpillar, according to Ochsenheimer, is yellowish, with the head and second segment brown. It feeds
within the stems of the Common Reed in April, and the Moth appears in June. The antennex of the male are
strongly bipectinated, as shown in the illustration, but those of the female are longer and only ciliated. The
body of the female is of extraordinary length, greater perhaps in its relative proportion to the rest of the structure
than in any other moth, native or exotic. ‘The body of the male, as represented in our plate, is perhaps rather
too long for the male, but not sufficiently so to represent that of the female. When my first drawing of this
species was made, in 1845, from a fragment of a specimen found by Mr. H. Doubleday floating on a pond in
Epping Forest, there was not a single specimen in the collection in the British Museum, and many thought there
was not sufficient authority for considering the species to be British. But there are now nearly a score of fine
specimens in the national collection, the capture of which has been well authenticated. It is in fact not of
extreme rarity in some seasons in marshy districts, and was once abundant at Whittlesea Mere, Lincoln.

No. 2. Plilophora plumigera (the Plumed Prominent). This singular species, so remarkable on account
of the singular antenna of the male, from which it takes both its popular and scientific name, was not illus-
trated with a figure, for want of a good specimen, when the description at page 19 was published. The present
figure (No. 2) has been prepared to supply that omission, as also No. 8, the Caterpillar.

No. 4. Gluphisia crenata (the Dusky Marbled Brown). This illustration has also been introduced here to
supply the omission in Plate V. In the description of this Moth at page 19, the rarity of this species is not
alluded to. It is, however, very scarce, and has only been taken at Epping, and at Halton in Buckinghamshire.

No. 5. Diloba cwerulcocephala (the Figure-of-Kight Moth). The description of this Moth at page 19 is
unaceompanied by a figure, which the present illustration will supply. It is a common species, and very generally
distributed.

No. 6. Phibalocera Quercana (the Long-horned). This figure is intended to illustrate the description of
the genus Phibalocera at page 173.

No. 7. Spatatia bicolora (the Orange V-Moth). 1 have called this handsome new species “‘the Orange V-Moth’

196 THE GENERA OF BRITISH MOTHS.

in allusion to the strong and angular black mark in the centre of the fore wings, which somewhat resembles a
very widely opened letter V, while the deep rich orange within it gives it the appearance of being illumi-
nated with orange, and so becoming an ‘orange V.” This somewhat too fanciful designation may serve as
the English name of this handsome acquisition to our list of native Moths, till a better is coined for it. As I
stated at page 18, this fine insect was first discovered by the enterprising collector Mr. Bouchard,* in the
autumn of 1858. He discovered it in the west of Ireland, where he has this year (1859) taken another perfect
specimen, which is now in the British Museum, and from which the present illustration was drawn. The
Caterpillar (No. §) is drawn from the description of Gedart. This insect is tolerably abundant in some parts of
the Continent, especially in the neighbourhood of Valenciennes, but it is very local.

No. 9. Hypercompa Hera (the New Scarlet Tiger Moth), This is another splendid novelty recently added
to our list of native Lepidoptera. The first well-authenticated capture of this beautiful species occurred in 1855.
Mr. Reeve, of Newhaven, Sussex, made the following statement in the ‘‘Zoologist” on the occasion :—
“Capture of Callimorpha Herat on the coast of Sussex. I beg to record in the pages of the ‘‘Zoologist,” the
capture of a single specimen of (. Hera on the wing in this town, on the 5th of September, 1855.” This
appeared in the fourteenth volume of the ‘‘ Zoologist,” in 1856. No other specimen was heard of till the present
season (1859), when I received a letter dated August 15th, from Mr. Russell of Monk’s Eleigh, Bilderstone, Suffolk,
in which he says, ‘‘ While on a visit the week before last at Wrexham, North Wales, I took five specimens of
a Moth unknown tome.” A specimen was afterwards forwarded to me at my request, which proved to be
Callimorpha Hera ; and which, at the request of Mr. Russell, I presented in his name to the British Museum,
to be placed in the fine national collection of British Lepidoptera of that establishment. I have since heard of
another specimen being taken this season on the coast of Devonshire, and there are reports of some other

captures, so that this handsome insect may now be considered as fairly on the list of our native Arctiidae,

* Misprinted Bouchone at p. 15.

+ Mr. H. Doubleday’s name of the genus,

THE BEST METHODS OF PRESERVING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS;

AND OF
REARING THEM FROM THE CATERPILLAR OR THE EGG.
—_+——-

To capture Butterflies and Moths in their perfect or winged state, it is necessary that the collector be pro-
vided with a small gauze net, attached to a hoop of strong iron wire at the end of a light cane handle about three
feet long. Nets of this kind are sold at Messrs. Gardner’s, in Holborn, and Messrs. Shepherd’s, in the Strand ;
who manufacture articles of this kind of better quality than can possibly be the result of home fabrication.
Boxes lined with cork for securing the insects when taken, as well as many other entomological conveniences,
are to be purchased at those establishments, and also at many others of the same kind.

The collector will soon find out the hour of the day at which the insects he is seeking generally appear on
the wing ; and it is almost useless to seek them at any other. It is also in vain to attempt collecting insects on
the wing in a cold easterly wind, especially such as fly early in the morning, or towards the hours of evening.

gs, and those imme-

Butterflies, with very few exceptions, will be found more plentiful in the sunny hours preceding,

diately following the heat of the day ; while for a short period, during the sun’s greatest heat, they disappear for a
short time. Some fly principally in half shade of woods and deep lanes, while others seek in preference the
bright open sunlight. Others take their flight high above the tops of the loftiest Oaks, as the Purple Emperor,
and these must either be secured by means of a small light net at the end of a very long rod, or, some little
stratagem must be had recourse to in order to effect a capture. I recollect an experienced Lepidopterist telling
me that he took his two finest specimens of the Purple Emperor in an Oak wood, rather late in the day, after a
morning of fruitless attempts, by watching the trunks of the trees as a storm was coming on. He had heard
that these insects, on the approach of a storm, descended from the region of their lofty flight to seek shelter on
the trunks and beneath the lower branches of large trees; and as the sky darkened, and the thunder began to
rumble in the distance, he found that his information had been correct, for he perceived two magnificent speci-
mens descend with a swoop, and settle upon an old gray trunk close to him, where he was so fortunate as to
capture both.

As an example of what an earnest collector may expect in an excursion of a few days, even without much
experience, I append a letter received this season from a young collector, in which it will be seen that, as far as
Purple Emperors are concerned (from knowing a good locality to go to), he was by far more successful than my
friend of the thunder-storm ; and his other captures form a very tempting list.

“T captured on Friday last, in St. Osyth Woods, Essex, a very fine specimen of Vanessu Antiopa ; the
borders of the wings are a rich eream-colour, the points of the upper wings are slightly marked with blue. I took
it off a bramble. I also took at the same place a female specimen of the Large Copper (Chrysophanus Dispar).
In the neighbourhood of this place (Monk’s Eleigh) and Savenham, I have found this summer a greater number
of varieties than usual; amongst others, Chrysophanus Phileas (female); C. Virgaurce ; Thecla W-album ;
Melitea Cinwia ; Argynnys Adippe; A. Lathonia; A. Paphia; Grapta C-album ; Vanessa Urtiew ; Cynthia
Cardui ; Apatura Tris (of which I also took thirty at St. Osyth) ; Limenitis Sibilla ; Arge Galathea ; Lewcophasia
Sinapis: Papilio Machaon ; Colias Hyale (two taken this morning); and Aporia Crategi. The Vanessa Io is

extraordinarily numerous this year, as much so as Pieris Brassica.”

198 METHODS OF PRESERVING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

To take Moths on the wing, other devices must be had recourse to ; a few, it is true, fly by day in the
bright sunshine like Butterflies, but by far the greater number take their flight at early dawn, in the dusk of the
evening, or during the successive hours of the night, each species having a special period of activity, from which
it does not depart.

The following are a few of the species which may be attracted, in succession, by a lighted candle. Pheosia
Dictea, popularly called the Swallow Prominent, may be easily distinguished ; in its fitful flight, when agitated
by the candle, this insect continually darts towards the ground, and is lost in the darkness, soon again to appear
plaucing swiftly past the light, and then downward into the shade, as before. Agrotis corticca, the Heart and
Club Moth, is less fleet on the wing than the preceding, and instead of flying downwards towards the floor,
invariably rises towards the ceiling, attracted apparently by the mild white light by which it is pervaded.
Cosmia Pyralina (the Lunar-spotted Pinion Moth), if it enter a room attracted by the light, is very wild and
regular in its flight, dashing from,the candle to the ceiling, and from the ceiling to the floor. Though this
insect is by no means common, I have taken it more than once in a lighted room, always, I believe, on a rainy
evening, and towards the end of July. Clisiocampa Neustria, the Lackey Moth, isas abundant as the last described
species is rare, and yet it is seldom seen in the perfect form, as it is a swift night-flyer. This moth, on entering a
room, attracted by a light, has the same wild flight as the species last described, and is rather difficult to capture,
even with the aid of a proper net. Later in the season may be taken Petusia cassinea, popularly known as the
Sprawler, which, like the last, is much more rare in the winged state than in the Caterpillar stage of its existence.
It is however often attracted by a light, when its flight becomes random, dashing heedlessly on all sides through
the flame of the candle up to the ceiling, or down to the floor. This species seldom appears before November, and
is often found as late as December. It is late in the hour of its flight, as well as in the season of its appearance,
often retarding its visit to the expectant candle till one or two in the morning. Still later in the year appears the
remarkably elegant December Moth, Pwetlocampa Populi, which is easily attracted by light, and, if any be in the
neighbourhood, they will make their appearance between the hours of seven and ten on favourable evenings.

Sitting in a well-lighted room, with the window open to the dark garden, a watcher, active with the net,
may capture in succession many species in a single night. But before the shades of evening have sunk into
darkness, the collector should have perambulated, net in hand, the most shady walks of his garden, beating the
shrubs with a stick held in the left hand ; when he is sure, at the right season, to meet with the male Ghost
Moth, flitting white and bright before him, and then vanishing as suddenly, as the dark under side of the wings
meet the eye instead of the snow-white upper surface. Then there will be the Phantom Moth, like the miniature
skeleton of some delicate insect, haunting the spot where it had once flitted in more substantial shape. This is
the ‘*White Plume,” sometimes called the Skeleton Moth. These and many more rare and handsomer species
will reward persevering pursuit on a favourable evening.

A very successful method of capturing night-flying Moths, is that of tempting them to settle in a certain
spot by a bait of sugar. The sugar is reduced to a thick solution by the addition of water, and then brushed
upon the trunks of trees, old palings, &c., in favourable situations. The baited spot must be visited once an
hour or so, or the insect may have paid the visit, and again taken to flight. Some collectors place a light near
the sugared trees as an additional attraction, and some add a large white sheet behind the sugared trees, upon
which the light should be made to fall as brightly as possible.

At dawn of day, on a fine mild summer morning, some of the rarer Sphingidw may be taken fluttering
over their favourite flowers. I took a magnificent specimen of Sphinx Convolvulé hovering above a bed of Petunias,
this season,

The preservation of insects thus taken is very simple, and the best methods are perfectly known to all
experienced entomologists. But I am writing for those who are at present without such experience. The
Butterfly or Moth, while still in the net (which should be allowed to lie close together, so as to prevent as much as
possible the movement of the insect), should he taken hold of by the thumb and finger underneath the chest, and

-suddenly pinched with some little force, which immediately destroys all sensation. Tt may then be dropped

lightly from the net, so as not to injure the delicate scales of the wings. An entomological pin * must then be

* Pins that do not corrode, and which are sold by all vendors of collecting apparatus.

METHODS OF PRESERVING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTIIS. 199

passed through the thorax from the upper side, between the wings, in a perfectly upright position, passing
through to a sufficient extent to allow of the insect being firmly pinned to the bottom of the cork-lined box. The
same process will be followed in all subsequent captures, taking care not to place the specimens too close
together in the box.

Some collectors put each insect, if a particularly fine specimen, or very rare species, into a separate box,
touching the bottom of it witlta single drop of chloroform, which has been found to prevent any return of
sensation, or any fluttering of the wings by which their beauty might be seriously injured.

On arriving at home, the insects should be carefully set out in the form they are intended to retain
permanently, and this should necessarily be done before the insects finally stiffen, or it becomes difficult to
manage them so well, though an exposure to the steam arising from a cup of hot water will generally restore a tem-
porary limpness. The process of “setting out” must, of course, be done with neatness and care, so as not to injure
the wings, or break the antennw. A board covered with a coating of cork mast be provided, in which there
ave grooves running across of greater or lesser deyith. The insect may then be fixed by the pin into the groove
according to the thickness of the body. The body of a Butterfly being generally small, the groove need not be deep.
The wings are then to be spread out on the board on either side, level with the body and fully expanded. They
are to be fixed in that position by means of strips of thin and very smooth cardboard, pinned down over them
sufficiently close to hold them in the position required, but not so close as to injure the delicate scales of the
wings. Ina few days the insect will have stiffened in the position in which it has been fixed as described, and
which it will permanently retain. It should then be removed to the cabinet in which it is to be preserved. In
order to preserve the specimens in a cabinet from the attacks of minute parasitic insects, a small piece of camphor
is generally fixed in the corner of cach drawer. If what is called the grease should attack the insects in a
cabinet, the best mode of restoring the insects attacked to their original condition is the following. The grease
generally appears in large-bodied Moths or Butterflies, giving the bodies the appearance of having been soaked
in oil ; and this appearance soon spreads to the wings, utterly destroying the beauty of the specimens. To
restore an insect thus attacked, fix it on a piece of cork weighted with lead, or something heavy, and place it at the
bottom of a saucer or any similar vessel. Then fill the saucer with benzone,* entirely covering the insect, which
will not be injured by the wetting. After five minutes itmay be taken out, and the benzone, being an absorber
of grease, will carry off the oily matter in the course of its own evaporation, which is very rapid. The insect will
then become as beautiful as when first ‘‘set out,” and may be replaced in the cabinet.

The collection of Caterpillars may be commenced as soon as the leaves begin to appear, and may be
continued till the end of September or October, as there are many double-brooded species, the second hatch of Cater-
pillars of which appears about the time last named, Chrysalides of which remain dormant through the winter.
Detached trees may be well shaken after a white table-cloth has been spread beneath, and a number of Cater-
pillars, difficult to discover in any other way, may be thus secured. Hedgerows may be beaten over an inverted
umbrella for the same purpose. A careful search among low-growing plants will, however, be necessary to secure
other species, and a plant that exhibits symptoms of having been eaten by Caterpillars should sometimes be pulled
up by the roots, and the root well examined, as the night-feeding Caterpillars often take shelter beneath the
surface of the soil during the day, and conceal themselves among the loose roots ; or they may sometimes be found
hidden among the decayed leaves about the base of the main stalk of the plant. The Caterpillars of most of
the Meadow brown Butterflies and many Moths, are grass-feeders, and yet meadow after meadow might be looked
over in vain for a single larva, as in almost all cases they belong to the night-feeding class just alluded to. The
truly magnificent Caterpillar of the Sword-grass Moth is, doubtless, a night-feeder, which accounts for its seeming
rarity, few specimens having been seen by Entomologists. The Caterpillars that feed within the stems of plants,
all belonging to the Moth family, are still more difficult to find, but their internal ravages may generally be
traced by the paler or yellower green of the branch or stem, the sap of which is being consumed by an intruder ;
and on opening the branch he will be discovered at work ; but it is better to leave him till his full growth is
attained, marking the stem in some way so as to recognise it easily. The Leaf-rollers, Leaf-miners, and Bark and

* This remedy was first mentioned in a very charming little periodical, entitled ‘* Recreative Science,” whichis always full
of useful information,

200 METHODS OF PRESERVING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

Lichen-feeders, and those that feed in cases—concealed like those of the Caddis-worm in particles of decayed wood
or dead leaves, will have to be looked for very carefully. When a Caterpillar or a brood of a gregarious kind has
been discovered, it is better to leave them on the branch or plant of their own selection—covering it securely with
a piece of gauze—than to attempt their removal. But if at a distance from home this would be impracticable,
and in that case a ‘‘rearing cage” or box must be prepared. This is easily managed. A strong box, about two
feet long by one broad, should be sunk to about half its depth in the ground in some sheltered part of a garden ;
the lid is to be of wire-tissue such as meat-safes are made of, and above it is to be a sloping board or roof to
shoot off the rain. The box is to be about half-filled with broken bits of tile and garden mould, partially covered
over with moss. The food for each kind of Caterpillar placed in the box should, in ‘order to keep it fresh, be
placed in a glass phial of water in the box ; and in addition to this precaution the food should be changed every
day. If, however, the food he changed every day, the bottles of water may be dispensed with in most cases, though
they are always of advantage. Ina box of this kind, so placed, the Caterpillars have the advantage both of open
air and shelter ; and they either burrow in the ground at the bottom to undergo their change, or suspend them-
selves to some branch which should be fixed for that purpose ; or they attach themselves to the sides of the box.
Care must be taken to watch the box carefully at the time when Moths or Butterflies are expected to emerge from
their chrysalides, as they would otherwise, when prepared to take flight, beat themselves against the wire lid and
injure their wings. I have described boxes of this kind at much greater length in the ‘‘ Butterfly Vivarium.” *

The eggs of Butterflies and Moths may also be placed in this rearing cage, where they will hatch
themselves at the proper season, and if the proper food be provided for the young brood of minute Caterpillars,
they will thrive well. The eggs of Moths and Butterflies may be found by watching the under side of leaves, &c.;
when a mass of small and nearly spherical objects, somewhat less than a pin’s head, are observed attached
together on a leaf, placed in straight or diagonal rows with geometrical regularity, it may in most cases be taken
for granted that they are the eggs in question. They are sometimes found in rings, encircling branches of shrubs,
like double or treble rows of beads. But the collector will soon have an eye to perceive and recognise his game
under very varied aspects and circumstances. Besides this mode of collecting the eggs, there is another. Almost
every female Moth or Butterfly that is captured, will deposit its eggs before dying ; indeed, it appears almost
impossible to extinguish life in the female insect till this main object of its existence —the deposition of its eggs
—has been effected. Rare and beautiful Caterpillars may often be raised in numbers from the eggs of a captured
Moth, which it is difficult to procure in any other way, their natural haunts and habits being unknown.

The great advantage of rearing Moths and hatching Caterpillars in this way is— first, that the specimens of
the winged insect are necessarily much more perfect than those captured during their flight ; secondly, that
the Caterpillars of some kinds of Moths are very common, while the Moth itself is rarely seen, and can only be
procured by rearing it from the larva; thirdly, that some larvee may be obtained in this way from the egg
which are, as stated above, seldom otherwise seen.

T succeeded in procuring some magnificent specimens of the Death’s-head Moth from the Caterpillar in a
rearing cage of thiskind. But an amateur Entomologist writes me that for that species his own method, as
follows, is better:—‘‘ Last year I took three Caterpillars of the Death’s-head Hawk Moth; one I kept in dry
earth, one in a box buried in the garden, and one in a box in my study, which I regularly watered twice a week :
the last succeeded admirably, it emerged in March ; the two others appeared in the beginning of May, and were
almost worthless.” The eggs and chrysalides of many fine Continental species not found in England, may be
procured at Mr. Gardner’s, No. 52, High Holborn—such as the Great Emperor Moth, the handsome Butterfly
Papilio Podalirius, and others, I have found great amusement and interest in rearing some of the finer
Continental Lepidoptera in this manner, and then letting them fly in my garden, where they have sported for
several days, and then disappeared ; for it does not seem possible to naturalise any new species in this way.
Confined to a greenhouse they might, however, exist through several generations, forming a great additional

ornament, and giving quite a new source of interest to an ordinary Conservatory. ENS

* Now published by Mr. Bohu, York Strect, Covent Garden.

INDEX OF POPULAR ENGLISH NAMES

A.
Arternoon T, 150
Agaric Bull, 166
Albin’s, 190
Alder, 58
Allied Ermine, 169
Alstreemerian, 174
Angle-barred Single Dot T, 141
Angle-shades, 67
Annulated, 170
Anoyaalous, 64
Antler, 38
Arched T, 154
Argent and Sable, 114
August Thorn, 84
Autumnal Dagger, 163
Autumn Green Carpet, 103

B.

Bansery Carpet, 102
Barred Red, 86

Barred Umber, 93
Beautiful Carpet, 114
Beautiful China-mark, 125
Beautiful Coronet, 53
Beautiful Hook-tip, 120
Beautiful Marbled T, 140
Beautiful Pug, 107
Beautiful Rough-wing T, 150
Beautiful Snout, 122
Beautiful Yellow Underwing, 71
Belle, 96

Belted Beauty 81

Birch Knot-horn, 158
Birch Mocha, 94

Bird’s Wing, 44

Black Arches-Moth, 25
Black-cloaked T, 140
Black-cloaked Woollen, 167
Black Mountain-Moth, 78
Black-neck, 74

Black Rustic, 38,40

Black Striped-edge T, 146
Black-veined, 111

Black V-Moth, 29

Blomer’s Rivulet, 118
Blood-vein, 95

Blossom Underwing, 42
Blotched Emerald, 88
Bordered Gothic, 50
Bordered Straw, 71
Bordered White, 79
Bright-line Brown Eye, 49
Brimstone Moth, 85
Brindle-barred Yellow, 107
Brindled Beauty, 82
Brindled Ochre, 48
Brindled T, 150

Brindled White Spot, 90

Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing, 37 | |

IN VOLUMES I. AND II.

Broom Scallop, 110
Brown Annulet, 93
Brown-bordered T, 145
Brown-cloaked T, 140
Brown Copper, 181
Brown Feathered Rustic, 38
Brown Muslin 34
Brown Silver Line, 96
Brown Spot Pinion, 43
Brown-tail Moth, 80
Buff Arches, 56

Buff tip, 21

Bullrush, 66

Burdock T, 155
Burnet, 76

Burnished Brass, 70
Buitter-burr, 62
Button T, 136

C.

Campion, 52
Canary-shouldered Thorn, 84
Carpets, 98—115
Cartesian, 170

Cast Knot-horn, 160
Centre-barred Sallow, 62
Chalk Carpet, 98
Chequered Hook-tip, 171
Chequered Pebble '’, 137
Chequered Straw, 129
Chestnut, 43

Chestnuts, 41, 42, 43
Chimney Sweep, 115
China-marks, 125, 126
Chinese Character, 122
Christiernian, 178
Cinereous Knot-horn, 159
Cinnabar Moth 34

Clay Triple-lines, 94
Clerckian, 191

Clifden Nonpareil, 75
Cloaked Knot-horn, 160
Cloaked Minor, 47
Clouded Border, 117
Clouded Brocade, 46
Clouded Buff, 31

Clouded Drab, 42
Clouded Silver, 114
Clouded Winter T, 151
Clouded Yellow, 102
Clouded Yellow Pearl, 129
Coast Dart, 39

Codling T, 146

Common Dart, 39
Common Emerald, 119
Common Fan-foot, 123
Common Heath, 79
Common Quaker, 42
Common Rosy Flounced, 124
Common White Wave, 94

Confluent-barred, 186
Conwayian 1, 138

Copper Japan, 168

Copper Underwing, 44
Coxcomb Prominent, 18
Cream-bordered Green Pea, 134
Creamy Pigmy, 192

Crescent, 46

Crimson and Gold, 130
Crimson-speckled Footman, 35

D.

Dateay, 189

Dark Arches, 46
Dark-barred Kitten, 22
Dark-bordered Beauty, 95
Dark Brocade, 50

Dark Cream Wave, 118
Dark Dagger, 57
Dark-lined Snout, 123
Dark Marbled Carpet, 105
Dark Umber, 110
Dark-veined Long-wing, 173
Darts, 39

Death’s-head Hawk-Moth, 8
December Moth, 24

De Geerean, 168
Dentellated Mchmia, 182
Dew-Moth, 35

Diamond Spot, 130

Dingy Mocha, 94

Dingy Pearl, 127

Dingy Shell, 118

Dingy Straw, 175

Dingy Streak, 177

Dingy Veneer, 160

Dot, 49

Dotted Border, 166

Dotted Chestnut, 43
Dotted Drab T, 151
Dotted Fan- foot, 122
Dotted Rustic, 40
Double-barred Nettle-tap, 133
Double Crescent T, 141
Double Line, 63
Double-lobed, 47

Double Kidney, 60

Double Orange Spot T, 147
Double Spot, 160

Double Spot Brocade, 56
Double-square Spot, 40

Double-striped Red Knot-horn, 159

Doubtful T, 155

Drab Looper, 115

Drinker Moth, 25

Dun-bar, 60

Durdhamian, 177

Dusky Brindled, 130

Dusky Carpet, 90

Dusky Marbled Brown, 19, 195

202

Dusky Sallow, 53
Dwarf Veneer, 161

E.

Eattne’s Glory, 56
Eared, 192

Early Chestnut, 41
Early Gray, 50
Early Tooth-striped, 107
Eight-spotted T, 149
Elm, 192

Emeralds, 86—88
Emperor-Moth, 20
Engrailed, 91
Essex Emerald, 88
Eyed Hawk-Moth, 7

Fr,

Farnt Silver-striped T, 145
Fan-foot, 123
Fan-foot Moths, 122, 123
Feathered Brindle, 44
Feathered Ear, 52
Feathered Footman, 35
Feathered Gothic, 51
Feathered Ranunculus, 53, 57
Feathered Thorn, 83
Fen Wainscot, 67
Festoon, 34
Figure of Eight Moth, 19, 195
Flame, 45
Flame Wainscot, 65
Flax-Moth, 69
Flounced Rustic, 62
Footmen, 35
Four-dotted Brown, 167
Four-spot Footman, 35
Four-spotted (the Small), 179
Four-spotted, 72
Four-spotted Gold, 190
Frosted Orange, 62
Frosted Yellow, 79
Funereal Ermine, 170

G.
GanrpeEn Carpet, 98
Garden China-mark, 126
Garden Pebble, 129
Garden Tiger, 31
Gentian T, 139
Geoffreyian, 178
Gerningian T, 136
Ghost-Moth, 15
Gigantic Veneer, 162
Gipsy, 27
Goat-Moth, 15
Gold Brown-cloaked T, 147
Golden Ear, 47 ’
Gold Dot, 191
Gold Fringe, 124
Fold I, W., 183
Golden-rod Brindle, 45
Gold-tail Moth, 80
Gothic, 44
Grantellian Acrolepia, 181
Grass Emerald, 87
Grass Wave, 96
Gray Arches, 54
Gray Carpet, 94
Gray Scalloped Bar, 80
Great Angle-shades, 68
Great Brocade, 54
Great Oak Beauty, 90
Great Prominent, 20
Great Raven-feather, 179
Green Arches, 53
Green Brindled Dot, 56
Green Carpet, 98

INDEX OF POPULAR ENGLISH NAMES,

Green Forester, 12 :
Green-shaded Honey Moth, 160
Green Silver Lines, 134
Grotian, 'T, 136

H.

Hawx-Morus, 7—12
Haworth’s Minor, 48
Hazel Red, 190

Hazel T, 135

Heart and Dart, 39
Heart-Moth, 60
Hebrew Character, 41
Herald, 62

Hoary Knot-horn, 159
Holmian T, 137
Honey-comb Moth, 160
Honey-Motb, 160
Hook-tipped, 188
Hook-tips, 120—122
Hornet Moth, 13
Horse Chestnut, 109
Humming-bird Hawk-Moth, 11

I.

InconsFrcvous Solenebia, 165
Ingrailed Clay, 40

J.

JAuNDIcED Drab T, 149
July Chi, 53
Juniper Carpet, 106

K.
Kentisn Glory, 20

Knot-grass, 58
Knot- horns, 158—160

L.

Lack Border, 117

Lackey Moth, 25

Lappets, 21

Large Chimuey-sweep, 33
Large Dark Silver-striped T, 145
Large Emerald, 87
Large Footman, 35
Large Magpie, 113
Large Marbled T, 136
Large Ranunculus, 53
Large Thorn, 84

Large White Plume, 194
Large Yellow Underwing, 87
Latreillian, 179

Latticed Heath, 118
Lead-coloured, 187
Lunar Double Stripe, 74
Lunar Marbled Brown, 18
Least Black Arches, 133
Least Carpet, 115
Lechean T, 138

Lemon T, 147

Lesser Belle, 123

Lesser Pearl, 127
Lettered China-mark, 125
Light Arches, 46

Light Emerald, 86

Light Streak, 178

Light Tussock, 27

Lilae Beauty, 85
Linnean, 189

Little Black, 189

Littoral Straw T, 156
Lobster-clawed, 176
Lobster-Moth, 17
Long-horned, 174, 195
Long-legged Pearl, 124
Long-winged, 177
Long-winged Pearl, 127
Lundian T, 141

M.

Mancuester Treble-bar, 97
Many-cleft Plume, 194
Marble Minor, 47
Marbled Beauty, 59
Marbled Dog’s-tooth T, 154
Marbled Pug, 107
Marbled White Spot, 73
March Dagger, 163
March-Moth, 80
Marsh Oblique-barred, 123
Marvel du jour, 55
May Highflyer, 105
Meal-Moth, 124
Messingiellian, 170
Miller, 58
Minor Shoulder-knot, 60
Mother-of-pearl, 127
Mottled Bran T, 141
Mottled Gray, 98
Mottled Rustic, 63
Mottled Umber, 80
Mouse, 44
Mullein, 68
Muslin, 34
Muaslins, 32, 34

N.
Narrow-BarrepD Carpet, 110
Narrow-hordered Bee Hawk-Moth, 12
Narrow-winged, 189
Narrow-winged Veneer, 171
Necklace Veneer, 161
Nettled Mountain Moth, 79
New Leucania, 66
New Scarlet Tiger Moth, 196
Nonpareil, 188
Noteh-wing T, 137
Northern Spinach Moth, 101
November Moth, 106
Nut-tree Tussock, 28

0.
Oak Eggar Moth, 24
Oak Lappet, 20
Oblique-barred T, 142
Oblique Striped, 96
Obscure-streaked, 186
Ocnerostomellian, 183
Oehlmann’s, 167
Old Lady, 75
Oleander Hawk-Moth, 11
Olivierian, 178
Orange and Black T, 154
Orange-barred Pearl T, 155
Orange Cloud, 126
Orange Footman, 35
Orange Moth, 85
Orange Underwing, 76
Orange Upperwing, 61
Orange V-Moth, 195

1

Pate Brindled Beauty, 81
Pale Clay T, 159

Pale Downy-horned, 165
Pale Prominent, 18

Pale Straw, 130
Parenthesis, 177

Peach Blossom, 56
Peacock, 119

Peacock’s Feather, 169
Pea Green T, 134
Pearls, 124, 126
Pearl-streak Veneer, 162
Pease Blossom, 69
Pebble Hook-tip, 122
Pebble Prominent, 17

Peppered-Moth, 82
Petiverian T, 147
Phenix, 102

Plain Yellow T, 134
Plumed Prominent, 19, 195
Plumeless Plume, 193
Plum-tree T, 146
Pigmy Trifureula, 193
Pink-barred Sallow, 61
Pine Beauty, 42

Pine Lappet, 21

Pine Knot-horn, 158
Pine Oecnerostoma, 184
Powdered Gray, 175
Powdered Wainscot, 67
Poplar-border, 188
Poplar Hawk-Moth, 7
Porphyry Knot-hborn, 159
Portland Moth, 55
Privet Hawk-Moth, 9
Prominents, 17, 20
Purple and Gold, 121
Purple Bar, 102
Purple-bordered Gold, 115
Purple Clay, 40

Purple Cloud, 69
Purple Marbled, 73
Purple Shades, 70
Purple Thorn, 84
Purple Upperwing, 168
Puss-Moth, 22

R.

Rare Cleodora, 175
Rare Exeretia, 174
Rannoch Sprawler, 19
Reed Leopard, 195

Red Arches, 34

Red-bar T, 142

Red Chestnut, 42

Red Cross T, 141

Red Feather, 190

Red Sword-Grass, 46
Red-barred Gray T, 150
Red-necked Footman, 35
Red Underwing, 76
Reddish Buff, 63
Reed-leopard, 15,
Rheedian T, 147

Ringed China-mark, 126
Robertsonian Anarsia, 176
Reslian, 189

Rose Plume, 194
Rosy-day, 163

Rosy Marsh Moth, 40
Rosy Veneer, 158
Round-winged Muslin, 34
Royal Mantle, 102
Ruby-Tiger, 32

Rush Veneer, 127
Rustics, 38

Rustic Shoulder-knot, 48
Rustic T, 150

Rusty China-mark, 126
Rusty Dot, 127

Rusty Rough-wing T, 137

8.

Sanpy Carpet, 115
Satellite, 43

Satin Carpet, 59

Satin Pigmy, 183

Scallop Shell, 111
Scalloped Hazel, 84
Scalloped Hook-tip, 121
Sealloped Oak, 83

Scarce Crimson and Gold, 130
Scarce Marvel of Peru, 57
Searce Silver Lines, 134

INDEX OF POPULAR ENGLISH NAMES.

Scarce Tissue, 110

Scarce Vapourer, 28
Searlet-barred Gold T, 155
Scarlet-Tiger, 31
Schulzian T, 154
Scorehed Wing, 95

Seotech Amulet, 93
September Thorn, 84
Servillian T, 154

Shark, 68

Shears, 50

Shining Chimney-sweep, 34
Shipton, 76

Short-barred White T, 159
Shoulder Stripe, 102

Silky Wainscot, 65
Silver-ground Carpet, 98
Silver Hook, 72
Sliver-striped Orange Spot T, 145
Silver-striped T, 154
Silver Y, 70

Simple Dot, 191

Single Blotched T, 142

Six Spot Burnet, 12

Six Striped Rustic, 38
Slender Treble-bar, 97
Slight-barred, 184
Sluggish Bedellia, 187
Small Angleshades, 49
Small Argent and Sable, 114
Small Blood-vein, 119
Small Chocolate-tip, 23
Small Eggar, 26

Small Elephant Hawk-Moth, 11
Small Emerald, 87

Small Grass Emerald, 119
Small Lappet, 20

Small Magpie, 126

Small Mallow, 98

Small Marbled, 73

Small Oak Eggar-Moth, 24
Small Ochreous Zelleria, 184
Small Purple Barred, 78
Small Rufus, 65

Small Scallop, 120

Small Shining Brown, 182
Small Snout, 123

Small Waved Umber, 109
Small Yellow Wave, 119
Small Yellow Underwing, 72
Snout, 122

Snowy, 111

Solandrian T, 142

Sooty Ermine, 170
Speckled Beauty, 89
Speckled Yellow, 114
Spectacle, 69

Spotted Buff, 32

Spotted Bull, 166

Spotted Clover-Moth, 71
Spotted Hawk-Moth, 9
Spotted Muslin, 32
Spotted Sulphur, 72
Sprigged Green T, 136
Spring Usher, 80
Square-spot Rustic, 38
Starry Brindle, 130
Steinkellnerian, 173
Straight-barred T, 153
Straw Belle, 96

Straw Dot, 128

Straw Underwing, 38
Streak, 109

Striped Hawk-Moth, 10
Striped Wainscot, 66
Sub-cinereous, 175
Sulphur, 127

Swallow Prominent, 18

303

Swallow-tailed Moth, 86
Swammerdamian, 168
Sword Grass, 45
Sycamore, 58

mM:

T. Morus, 184—156
Tabby, 124
Tawny-barred Angle, 119
Tawny-dotted T, 153
Tawny-veined Wainscot, 67
Tawny Treble-bar, 191
Tawny Wave, 117
Tessellated T, 155

Thistle Ermine, 159
Thorns, 88, 84
Thunbergian, 174

Tigers, 31—382, 196
Tipped Wainscot, 66
Tissue, 110

Treble Lines, 63

Triangle, 34

True Lover's Knot, 41
Twin-harred Knot-horn, 159
Twin-spot Carpet, 98
Twin-spotted Wainscot, 66
Tussocks, 27, 28

U.
Unpmannran T, 153
Underwings, 37, 38, 42, 44
Union Rustic, 48

Wo
V. Morn, 79
Vapourers, 28
Veneers, 161, 162
Verbuellian, 167
Vine I, 136

W.

Watnscor Veneer, 162
Wainscots, 65—67

Wall Gray, 157

Warted Knot-horn, 158
Waved Black, 89

Waved Umber, 90
Wavy-barred Sable, 131
Welsh Rustic, 40

Welsh Wave, 98
White-back T, 140
White-barred Elm T, 142
White-horn Bar, 169
White Satin Moth, 29
White Shouldered, 179
White Spot, 131
White-spotted Black, 166
White-spotted Brown, 186
White-spotted Pinion, 60
Whittlesea Ermine, 29
Wild Arrach, 55

Willow Beauty, 90
Winter Moth, 106
Winter T, 137
Weeberian T, 143
Wood-leopard Moth, 15
Wood-Tiger, 82
Woodian, 179

Ye
YeELLow-BARRED Iron T, 138
Yellow Blotch-backed T, 146
Yellowed-Horned, 59
Yellow-ringed Carpet, 103
Yellow Shell, 111
Yellow V, 188

Zaartan T, 156

A.

Apraxas, 113
Abrostola, 69, 70
Acasis, 107
Acherontia, 8
Acidalia, 118
Acontia, 72
Acosmetia, 63, 64
Acronyeta, 58
Actinotia, 69
Adactylus, 193
Adela, 168
Aglossa, 123, 124
Agriopis, 55, 56
Agrotera, 124
Agrotis, 39, 40
Alcis, 90
Aleucis, 94
Alsophila, 80
Amphipyra, 44
Amphisa, 136
Anagoge, 93
Anaitis, 97
Anania, 131
Anarta, 71
Anchocelis, 43
Anchylopera, 141
Anesychia, 169, 170
Angerona, 85
Ania, 119, 120
Anisopteryx, 80
Anisoteenia, 142
Anthrocera, 12
Anticlea, 102
Antithesia, 139
Anybia, 189
Apamea, 47
Apatela, 58
Aplocera, 103
Aporophyla, 44
Arctia, 31, 32
Argyrotoza, 138
Aspilates, 96
Asthena, 118, 119
Asyera, 189
Atethmia, 62
Atolmis, 35

Bacrra, 141
Batrachedra, 188
Bedellia, 187
Biston, 82
Boarmia, 90, 91
Botys, 127
Brachytenia, 139
Bradyepetes, 95
Brephas, 76

Bryophila, 59
Bucculatrix, 192
Bupalus, 79

CaBERA, 93, 94
Calamia, 67
Callimorpha, 34
Calocalpe, 111
Calocampa, 45, 46
Calophasia, 69

Camptogramma, 110, 111

Capocapsa, 146
Caradrina, 63
Cartella, 141
Catocala, 75,76
Celma, 97
Celcena, 48
Cemiostoma, 191
Cerapteryx, 38
Cerastia, 41
Ceratopacha, 59, 60
Cerostoma, 171
Cerura, 21, 22
Chalybe, 170
Chauliodus,
Charissa, 93
Charees, 38
Cheimatobia, 106
Cheimatophila, 137
Chilo, 162
Chimabacche, 163
Chloroclysta, 103
Cheerveampa, 11
Chrysoclista, 189
Chrysocorys, 189
Cilix, 122
Cledeobea, 123
‘leoceris, 60
Cleora, 89
Clisiocampa, 25, 26
Clostera, 23
Coeeyx, 145
Ceenobia, 65
Ceenophila, 40
Colephora, 187
Coloboehyla, 123
Comibeena, 88
Coremia, 98, 99
Corsicium, 186
Corycia, 114
Cosmia, 60
Cosmopteryx, 188
Cosmorhoe, 115
Cossus, 15, 16
Crambus, 161, 162
Croeallis, 83
Creesia, 137, 138

INDEX OF GENERIC NAMES.

Crymodes, 48
Cucullia, 68
Cybosia, 35
Cyenia, 32
Cynzeda, 130

D.

Dasycampa, 43
Dasychira, 27
Dasystoma, 163
Deilephila, 9, 10
Deiopeia, 35
Demas, 28
Dendrolimus, 21
Diacrisia, 31
Dianthecia, 52, 53
Diasemia, 125
Dichelia, 186
Dichrorampha, 147
Dictyopteryx, 137
Diloba, 19, 195
Diplodoma, 166
Dipthera, 57
Ditula, 142
Dolycharthria, 124
Drepana, 122
Drymonia, 18
Dypterygia, 44

Darras, 134
Ebulea, 126
Eidophasia, 170
Elachista,*190
Eleetra, 101
Ellopia, 86
Eemmelesia, 115
Emmelia, 72
Emmittis, 117, 118
Endopisa, 146
Endromis, 20
Endrosa, 35
Engramma, 60
Ennomos, 120
Ennychia, 131
Ephippiphora, 146, 147
Ephyra, 94
Epicorsia, 127
Epione, 95
Erannis, 80
Erastria, 73
Eremobia, 53
Erinobia, 98
Eriogaster, 26

Eromene (S. F. Emmelidi), 73
Eromene (8S. F. Crambidi), 161

Kubolia, 97, 98
Tucelis, 147
Eucestia, 109

Tuchaleia, 70
Euchloris, 88
Eucheca, 118
Euclidia, 76
Eulepia, 35
Eulia, 138
Eumichtis, 53, 57
Euperia, 60
Eupisteria, 79
. Kupithecia; 107
Euplexia, 49
Euplocamus, 166
Euproctis, 29, 30
Eupsilia, 44
Eurois, 53, 54
Eurrhypara, 126
Eusebia, 93
Evergestis, 129
Exapate, 163

Fiponra, 79
Fumea, 34

G,

GasTROPACHA, 20
Gloea, 42

Gluphisia, 19, 195
Gnophos, 93
Geometra, 87
Gortyna, 62
Gracilaria, 1$5—186
Graphiphora, 40
Grapholita, 147
Gypsochroa, 111

lf.

Hapena, 50

Halia, 79

Halonota, 142
Haina, 48

Hapalia, 55
Harpalyce, 101, 102
Heliodines, 189
Heliophobus, 51
Heliothis, 71
Hemerophila, 90
Hemirosia, 147
Hepialus, 14, 15
Heterogenea, 34
Heusimene, 145
Himera, 83
Hydrelia, 118
Hydriomena, 105
Hydrocampa, 125
Hydreecia, 46
Hyela, 72, 73
Hylophila, 134
Hypena, 122
Hypercompa, 31, 196
Hypermecia, 141, 142
Hypogymma, 27
Hyponomeuta, 169
Hyppa, 46
Hypsopygia, 124
Hyria, 115

IncurvariA, 167
Ipimorpha, 60

INDEX OF GENERIC NAMES.

Jopra, 61
Jodis, 87

Lampronia, 167
Lampropteryx, 102
Lamprosetia, 167
Lasiocampa, 23, 24
Laverna, 189
Leucania, 66
Leucoma, 29
Limacodes, 34
Lithocolletis, 19)
Lithographia, 140, 141
Lithosia, 35
Lobophora, 107
Lelia, 29
Lomaspilis, 117
Lophopteryx, 18
Lozogramina, 96
Lozoteenia, 135, 136
Lycophotia, 41
Lymantria, 25
Lyonetia, 191
Lythomoia, 45
Lytcea, 38

M.

Macarra, 119
Maerochila, 122, 12%
Macroglossa, 11
Mamastra, 49, 50
Mecyna, 127
Melanippe, 114
Melauthia, 114
Meristis, 63
Mesogramma, 96
Mesographe, 129
Mesoleuca, 114
Miana, 47, 48
Micropteryx, 167, 168
Miltochrista, 34
Minoa, 115

Miselia, 56

Meesia, 80

Mormo, 75
Mythimna, 63

N.

Nascta, 126
Nemophora, 168
Nemoria, 119
Nemotois, 168
Nepticula, 192
Neenia, 44
Nola, 133
Nomophila, 127
Nonagaria, 65, 66
Notodonta, 17
Nudaria, 34
Nyssia, 81, 82

0.

OCHSENHEIMERIA, 166
Odenestis, 25

Odezia, 115
Odontopera, 83, 84

(Enectra, 136
Rnistis, 35
Oinophila, 188
Opadia, 146
Ophiusa, 73, 74
Opistograptis, 85
Oporabia, 106, 107
Opostega, 192
Orbona, 62
Orgyia, 28

Oria, 67
Orneodes, 194
Ornix, 186
Orrhodia, 43
Ortholitha, 96
Orthosia, 42
Ourapteryx, 88
Oxigrapha, 136

Pacwerra, 52
Pachyenemia, 109
Pamplusia, 145, 146
Panemeria, 72
Panolis, 41, 42
Paracolax, 123
Paramesia, 137
Paraponyx, 126
Parascotia, 89
Parasemia, 32
Pardia, 140
Penthina, 140
Perconia, 96
Peridea, 20
Periphanes, 69
Peronea, 136, 137
Perricallia, 85
Petasia, 18, 19
Phalera, 21

Pheosia, 18
Phibalapteryx, 109, 110
Phibalocera, 174, 195
Phigalia, 81
Philereme, 110
Phloodes, 141
Phlogophora, 67, 68
Phyctenia, 126
Phragmatobia, 32, 195
Phtheochroa, 150
Phyloenistis, 191
Pionea, 129
Plagodis, 95
Platypteryx, 121, 122
Platytes, 161
Plemyria, 110
Plusia, 70

Plutella, 170, 171
Peecilocampa, 24
Peecilochroma, 142
Polia, 53
Polyphasia, 105, 106
Polypogon, 123
Prays, 170

Procis, 12
Prothymia, 73
Pseudoterpna, 87
Psodos, 78

Psyche, 33, 34
Pterostoma, 18
Ptorophorus, 194
Ptilophera, 19, 195
Ptycholoma, 133
Ptycopoda, 117
Pyralis, 124
Pyrausta, 130, 151

205

206

Speranza, 79 Trichiura, 24
Sphecia, 13 Trifureula, 192
Retinra, 146 Sphinx, 9 Tricena, 57
Rhodaria, 130 Spilodes, 129, 130 Tripheena, 37
Rivula, 128 Spilonota, 140 | Triphosa, 110
Rusina, 38 Spilosoma, 32 | Trochilium, 13,°14
Speelotis, 40 | Trothisa, 73
Stathmopoda, 188
Stauropus, 17
Ss. Steganolophia, 102 U;
Sterrhopterix, 33 ae aye
Sannoturpa, 136 Stilbia, 64 Unga, 126, 127
Saturnia, 20 Stilpnotia, 29
Schidax, 110 Strenia, 115 Pa
Schcenobius, 162 Swammerdamia, 169 We

Schrankia, 123
Scoleopteryx, 62
Scopula, 130
Scotophila, 44
Seythropia, 169
Semasia, 142, 145
Semiphora, 41
Senta, 65

Sesia, 11, 12
Sigetia, 38
Simaethis, 133
Simyra, 67
Sinapha, 123
Siona, 111
Sitochroa, 127
Smerinthus, 7, 8
Solenobia, 165, 168
Spatalia, 18, 195

INDEX OF GENERIC

Tr.

Tanwzronta, 165
Tephronia, 89, 90
Teras, 137
Thalera, 119
Thalpophila, 38
Thera, 106
Theristis, 171
Thiodia, 147
Thyatira, 56
Timandra, 119
Tinea, 167
Tischeria, 190
Tortrix, 134
Trachea, 55

NAMES.

VALERIA, 56
Venilia, 113, 114
Venusia, 98

Xanruta, 61
Xylina, 45
Xylocampa, 50
Xylophasia, 46
Xysmatodoma, 165

Zeuzera, 15

ERRATA,

Omitted at page 388, after Cerapteryx graminis. ‘The genus Charwas. The insects assigned to this genus have the
antenne pectinated in the males and simple in the females. The palpi are short. There is a tuft at the extremity of
the abdomen in the males. The Caterpillars are root-feeders. ‘There are three British species, C. cespitis, C. lutulenta
and C. Zthiops. C. Althiops (plate 14, No. 10), the species selected for the illustration of the genus, is very rare.
Mr. Stephens knew but one specimen.

For Brephos read Brephas, p. 76.

For Scoliopteryx read Scoleopteryx, p. 61—62.

For Solenebia read Solenobia, p. 165.

For Spilonta vead Spilonota, p. 140.

For Spylosoma vead Spilosoma, p. 32.

For Cartesian read Curtesian, p. 169.

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