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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
| BULLETIN No. 772

Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry
WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief

Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER ~ ‘March 20, 1920

THE GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE
UNITED STATES — |

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ECONOMIC SPECIES

.

| By ;
A. S. HITCHCOCK, Systematic Agrostologist

CONTENTS

Page Paeg

Scope and Plan ofthe Work . .. . . 1 | Descriptions of the Genera—Continued. ;
Poaceae, the Grass Family. . .... 5 7. Chiorideae, the Grama Tribe . . . 171
Descriptions of the Subfamilies and Keys 8. Phalarideae, the Canary-Grass Tribe 199
tothe Tribes»... ...+-.- 6 9. Oryzeae, the Rice Tribe. . . . . 204
Descriptions of the Tribes and Keys to 10. Zizanieae, the Indian-Rice Tribe . 206

BHO NGOMCTA re (ai 680 oo aso clio 8 Rie
Descriptions of the Genera... . 22, i Mechprd sags) vie OnGee a ce

1. Bamboseae, the Bamboo Tribe . . 22 obit) een un OE On
2. Festuceae, the Fescue Tribe . . ¢ 24 12. Paniceae, the Millet Tribe . . . . 213
3. Hordeae, the Barley Tribe . . . . 87 13. Andropogoneae, the Sorghum Tribe 252
4, Aveneae, the Oat Tribe . . .. . 166 14. Tripsaceae, the Corn Tribe. . . » 280
5. Agrostideae, the Timothy Tribe . . 121 | List of New Species and New Names . . 288
6. Nazieae, the Curly-Mesquite Tribe . Index ee. a eo a a 0 Se) whee oe

——* , =~
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WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1920

o

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BULLETIN No. 772 |

Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry
WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief

Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER March 20, 1920

THE GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES,
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ECONOMIC
SPECIES.

Has been reve

By A. S. HitcHcock, Systematic Agrostologist.

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CONTENTS. end

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Page. Page.
Scope and plan of the work.................. 1 | Descriptions of the genera—Continued.

Poaceae, the grass family.................-.. 5 6. Nazieae, the curly-mesquite tribe ..... 165
Descriptions of the subfamilies and keys to 7. Chlorideae, the grama tribe ........-- 171

FAG CESS ae eS 6 8. Phalarideae, the canary-grass tribe ... 199
Descriptions of the tribes and keys to the 9: Oryzeae the rice tribe) -23-s252.4..5 2-5 204 |
SLE GE Scale ERM Eee Ae a 8 10. Zizanieae, the Indian-rice tribe ....... 206 |
Descriptions of the genera..........-.-...--. 22 11. Melinideae, the molasses-grass tribe .. 212 |
1, Bamboseae, the bamboo tribe .......- 22 12. Paniceae, the millet tribe ..........-. 213 |
2. Festuceae, the fescue tribe -.......... 24 13. Andropogoneae, the sorghum tribe... 252 }

3. Hordeae, the barley tribe ..........!- 87 14. Tripsaceae, the corn tribe .-......---- 280)

4. Aveneae, the oat tribe ...............- 106 | List of new species and new names ......... 288

5 Agrostideae, the timothy tripe ....._.- IPA tel pl BG (ap eee yale Sa Sea ES Nec sete aceon eee 289

SCOPE AND PLAN OF THE WORK.

The present bulletin describes all the genera of grasses that include
species that are native, have been introduced, or are cultivated in the
United States. Under each genus are given the species that are
of economic importance, either as useful or harmful grasses. Of all
grasses the grains are of the greatest importance. Chief among: other
useful grasses are those that are cultivated for meadow or pasture
and those indigenous species which furnish forage upon the native
pasture or ranges. Other important grasses are the sugar-producing
species, those used in broom or paper making, and the ornamental
species.

It is intended to give under each genus the botanical information
concerning all our grasses that are conspicuous enough to have at-

tracted the attention of agriculturists. The keys to the tribes and
97769°—Bull. 772—20-—1

9 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

genera should enable the user to identify the genera of all our grasses,
and the text under each genus should enable him to determine the |
species of our economic grasses. Under each genus are given the
type* and the synonyms based upon American species, or the names
that have been used in an American publication.

The following generic names, of which the types have not been
found, are based on American material but are unidentifiable from
the descriptions:

Anthipsimus Raf., Journ. de Phys. 89: 105, 1819.7 Based on A. gonopodus
Raf., ‘‘ Dry hills of the Ohio.”

Dactylogramma Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 248. 1833. Based on D. cinnoides Link,
described from garden specimens. grown from seed from western North
America. ;

Flexularia Raf., Journ. de Phys. 89: 105. 1819. Based on F. compressa Raf.,
“Kentucky and Ohio.”

The tribes have been arranged in a new sequence based on the com-
plexity of the flower structure, the most primitive being placed first
and the most highly developed last. It is impossible to arrange them
in a lineal sequence and at the same time represent their relationships,
as the phylogenetic development has not been along a single line.
The present arrangement is the closest approximation to natural re-
lationships that can be shown in sequence. The highest development
in any given tribe may be far more complex than the most primitive
example of the tribe placed above it, but the relative development of
each tribe is believed to be fairly represented by its position in the
sequence. The bamboos are placed lowest, as certain genera, such as
Arundinaria, show the least differentiation in the floral structure.
The Andropogoneae and Tripsaceae are highly specialized, as is
shown by the great diversity and complexity of the floral structures.
The tribe Oryzeae of most authors includes two groups of diverse
genera, each worthy of tribal rank. Theallies of rice (Oryza) are here

1 The type species of a genus is the species or one of the species the author had chiefly
in mind when describing the genus. Most authors of to-day designate the type species,
but earlier authors usually did not. To make the application of generic names more cer-
tain, old genera are now put on a type basis; that is, one of the original species is chosen
as the type. If, then, a genus as originally established included species belonging in two
or more genera the name of the genus goes with the type species and the species related
to it. It will be seen that the type species of a genus as here given often bears a differ-
ent generic name. (See Miegia, based on Arundinaria macrosperma, p. 22, and Panicu-
laria, based on Poa aquatica, p. 34.) This means that the genus was based on a species
previously described under a different genus. In this work the type species is given for all
generic names, whether valid or synonyms. The reasons for selecting a certain species as
the type are given in each case. Among Several species, the one most familiar to the au-
thor of the genus may be selected as the type. Species described by Linnzus in his flora
of Sweden (Flora Suecica) and in his flora of Lapland (Flora Lapponica) were familiar
to him and are often the types of his genera. (For a further discussion of types, see
Hitchcock, Generic Types with Special Reference to the Grasses of the United States, Amer.
Journ. Bot. 5: 248-253, May, 1918; and Report of the Committee on Generic Types of the
Botanical Society of America, Science, n. ser. 49: 333-336, Apr. 4, 1919.)

? The form for literature citations throughout this bulletin is in the main that used
in publications of the United States National Herbarium.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATSS. 3

retained in the tribe Oryzeae, while the allies of Indian rice (Zizania)
have been segregated as the tribe Zizanieae. Several genera referred
to Oryzeae in current works on the classification of Ane grasses but
not represented i in the United States are evidently not closely allied
to either tribe. Their disposition is deferred, pending further study.

The tribe Nazieae (Zoysieae) also is composed of diverse genera.
Hilaria and Aegopogon should be segregated from Nazia, Anthe-
phora, and their allies. They are more closely related to certain of
the Chlorideae, such as Bouteloua and Cathestecum. For the present
they are appended to the Nazieae, as their final disposition must await
a careful comparison with several genera outside our geographical
limits.

One species of each genus is illustrated. A few of the larger
genera are represented by more than one illustration, especially if
the habit of the species shows considerable diversity. The chief
figure of each illustration shows the habit of the plant, and the ac-
_ cessory figures show the structure of the spikelets and florets. The
habit drawings are usually half natural size; the details of the
spikelet are enlarged from 2 to 20 times. The parts of the spikelet
shown are selected to indicate generic differences and are not uni-
formly of comparable parts, though there is always a figure of a
spikelet and generally of a floret. The habit drawings are by Mary
Wright Gill, and the details of the spikelet are by Agnes Chase.

There are in the United States about 1,500 species of grasses. Of
these about 60 are cultivated. Approximately 140 native species are
important forage grasses and are constituents of our stock ranges or
of wild prairie hay. Many others are occasionally eaten by stock
but are not sufficiently abundant to be included among our economic
grasses. About 60 species are weeds introduced from foreign coun-
tries, chiefly from Europe.

In this bulletin the word grass is used in its botanical sense, that
is, as applying only to plants of the natural family Poaceae (or
Gramineae). Many plants other than grasses are used for forage,
among such the clovers, alfalfa, vetches, peas, beans, and other
leguminous species being the most important. Sedges and rushes
resemble grasses but belong to distinct plant families. The rushes
(Juncaceae) are distinguished by having small green flowers with a
6-parted perianth. The sedges (Cyperaceae) are distinguished from
grasses by having 3-ranked leaves. The stems are often 3-sided.
The leaves of grasses are 2-ranked and the stems are never 3-sided.
The flowers of sedges are small and greenish, like those of grasses,
but there is no bract (palea) between the flower and the rachilla.
Sedges and rushes usually inhabit wet places or marshes, though
some of them (such as the nut-grass, Cyperus rotwndus) are weeds

4 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

in cultivated soil. They are usually of little importance as forage
plants. The sedges and rushes are not included in this bulletin.

The cultivated grasses may be classified according to their use as
erains, forage grasses, sugar-producing grasses, textile ge, soil
binders, lawn grasses, and ornamental erasses,

Grains are those grasses whose fruit or grain is used for food or
for stock feed. The common grains are wheat, corn, oats, rye, bar-
ley. rice, sorghum, and millet.

The forage grasses are those used for meadows, pastures, soiling,
and silage.

Meadow grasses are those cut for hay. The chief meadow grasses
of the United States are (1) in the cool humid region, timothy, red-
top, orchard grass, and meadow fescue; (2) in the warm humid
region, Bermuda grass, Johnson grass, and (in Florida) Natal grass:
(3) in the dry area east of the Great Plains, millet and sorghum
(including its varieties, such as kafir and Sudan grass); (4) in
the northern part of the Great Plains, brome-grass; (5) on the Pa-
cific coast, wheat, oats, and barley for the production of grain hay.

Wild hay is chiefly from three sources: (1) Prairie hay from the
region lying just east of the Great Plains, including various native
species such as big bluestem (Andropogon furcatus), little bluestem
(4. scoparius), Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), and switch-
grass (Panicum virgatum) ; (2) fresh marsh hay from the region be-
tween the Dakotas and Michigan, including chiefly bluejoint (Cala-
magrostis canadensis), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea),
and slough-grass (Beckmannia erucaeformis); and (3) salt marsh
hay used mostly for bedding and for packing, including usually salt-
marsh erass (Spartina patens) and black-grass (a kind of rush,
Juncus gerardi). 3

Pasture grasses are those that furnish forage to grazing animals.
The two most important cultivated pasture grasses of the United
States are bluegrass in the Northern States and Bermuda grass in
the South. The meadow grasses are also used for pasture, and in
the Gulf States carpet grass is of some importance.

The wild grasses used for grazing are commonly called range
grasses. The most important are (1) on the Great Plains, buffalo
grass, curly mesquite, and grama (Bouteloua gracilis and B. hirsuta) ;
(2) in the Southwest, several species of grama (Bouteloua), Hilaria,
and Sporobolus airoides; (3) in the mountain regions, pine-grass,
blue bunch-grass, and.mountain bunch-grass (in Oregon); Arizona
fescue (in northern Arizona); and the wheat-grasses os the Rocky
Mountains).

Soiling grasses, those cut and fed green, include the common small
grains, corn, and the sorghums, and (locally in the South) pearl
millet and teosinte. 3

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 5

Any forage grass may be preserved in a silo, but corn is the one
most commonly used for this purpose.

The most important lawn grasses are (1) in the North, bluegrass,
Rhode Island bent, and creeping bent; (2) in the South, Bermuda
grass, carpet grass, and St. Augustine grass.

The ornamental grasses include the reeds, such as pampas grass
and eulalia; border grasses, such as fountain grass and blue fescue;
and Tarieeatcd grasses, such as ribbon grass.

Soil-binding grasses are species having vigorous rhizomes a
hold sand or other loose soil and prevent erosion by water or wind.
Banks are secured against water erosion by a covering of redtop or
Bermuda grass. The most important sand binder in use in this coun-
try is beach-grass (Ammophila arenaria). 'This is planted upon
sand dunes to prevent wind erosion.

The two sugar-producing grasses are sugar cane and the saccha-
rine varieties of sorghum. No textile grasses are cultivated in the
United States. The esparto grasses (Spartina tenacissima and
Lygeum spartum) of Spain and Algeria furnish fiber for the |
manufacture of paper and cordage.

All these grasses are mentioned in the text under the proper genus.

(See index.)
POACEAE, THE GRASS FAMILY.

Flowers perfect (rarely unisexual), small, with no distinct peri-
anth, arranged in spikelets consisting of a shortened axis (rachilla)
and 2 to many 2-ranked bracts, the lowest two being empty (the
glumes, rarely one or both of these obsolete), the one or more succeed-
ing ones (lemmas) bearing in their axils a single flower, and, between
the flower and the rachilla, a second 2-nerved bract (the palea), the
lemma, palea, and flower together constituting the floret; stamens 1
to 6, usually 3, with very delicate filaments and 2-celled anthers;
pistil 1, with a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, 2 (rarely 1 or 3) styles, and
usually plumose stigmas; fruit a caryopsis with starchy endosperm
and a small embryo at the base on the side opposite the hilum.

Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with usually hollow stems (culms)
closed at the nodes, and 2-ranked parallel-veined leaves, these con-
sisting of 2 parts, the sheath, enveloping the culm, its margins over-
lapping or sometimes grown together, and the blade, usually flat;
between the two on the inside, a membranaceous hyaline or hairy
appendage (the ligule).

The spikelets are almost always aggregated in spikes or panicles
at the ends of the main culms or branches. The perianth is usually
represented by 2 (rarely 3) small hyaline scales (the Jodicules) at
the base of the flower inside the lemma and palea. The grain or

6 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

caryopsis (the single seed and the adherent pericarp) may be free,
as in wheat, or permanently inclosed in the lemma and palea, as in
the oat. Rarely the seed is free from the pericarp, as in species of
Sporobolus and Eleusine. The culms of bamboos are woody, as are
also those of a few genera, such as Olyra and Lasiacis, belonging to
other tribes. The culms are solid in our species of the tribes Trip-
saceae and Andropogoneae. The margins of the sheaths are grown
together in species of Bromus, Danthonia, Festuca, Melica, Panicu-
laria, and other genera.

The parts of the spikelet may be modified in various ways. The
first glume, and more rarely also the second, may be wanting. The
lemmas may contain no flower, or even no palea, or may be reduced
or rudimentary. Rarely, as in species of Agrostis and Andropogon,
the palea is obsolete.

Most of the genera of grasses fall naturally into one of the two
series or subfamilies. The remaining few are rather arbitrarily as-
signed to one or the other series. In the same manner, most of the
genera may be assembled into distinct and well-marked tribes, but
several are not closely allied to the other genera in the tribe to which
they are assigned but are so placed for convenience in classification.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SUBFAMILIES AND KEYS TO THE TRIBES.

SUBFAMILY 1, POATAE.

Spikelets 1 to many flowered, the reduced florets, if any, above the
perfect florets (except in Phalarideae; sterile lemmas below as well
as above in Campulosus, Uniola, and Blepharidachne) ; articulation
usually above the glumes; spikelets usually more or less laterally
compressed.

Key to the tribes of Poatae.

Plants woody, the culms perennial; spikelets several-flowered.
1. Bamboseae (p. 22).
Plants herbaceous, the culms annual.
Spikelets with 2 staminate, neuter, or rudimentary lemmas unlike
and below the fertile lemma; no sterile or rudimentary florets
DOVE 2tt2iis et Ly evashy eae ee ee eae Se 8. Phalarideae (p. 199).
Spikelets without sterile lemmas below the perfect floret (or these
rarely present and like the fertile ones, a dissimilar pair below
and a rudimentary floret above in Blepharidachne).
Spikelets unisexual, articulate below the glumes, 1-flowered,
terete Orimearly: SozL20 1. G2 Sas ee 10. Zizanieae (p. 206).
Spikelets perfect (rarely unisexual but then not as above), usu-
ally articulate above the glumes.
Spikelets articulate below the glumes, 1-flowered, very fiat,
the lemma and palea about equal, both keeled; glumes
Small-orswantine 2 22 ee 9. Oryzeae (p. 204).

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 7

Spikelets articulate above the glumes (rarely below, but the
glumes, at least one, well developed).
Spikelets 1-flowered in groups (short spikes) of 2 to 5
(single in Osterdamia), the groups racemose along
a main axis, falling entire; lemma and palea thin-
ner than ine SlUMess soe a 6. Nazieae (p. 165).
Spikelets not as above.

Spikelets sessile on a usually continuous rachis
(short-pedicellate in Leptochloa; the rachis
disarticulating in Monerma, Pholiurus, Hor-
deum, Sitanion, and a few species of allied

genera).
Spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis; spike
terminal,’ single == = 3. Hordeae (p. 87).

Spikelets on one side of the rachis; spikes usu-
ally more than 1, digitate or racemose.
7. Chlorideae (p. 171).
Spikelets pedicellate in open or contracted, some-
times spikelike, panicles (sessile and distant
in Hragrostis sessilispica).
Spikelets 1-flowered____-- 5. Agrostideae (p. 121).
Spikelets 2 to many flowered.
Glumes as long as the lowest floret, usually
as long as the spikelet; lemmas
awned from the back (spikelets awn-
less in Koeleria and Sphenopholis).
4, Aveneae (p. 106).
Glumes shorter than the first floret (except
in Dissanthelium with long rachilla
joints); lemmas awnless or awned
from the tip or from a bifid apex.
' 2. Festuceae (p. 24).

SUBFAMILY 2, PANICATAE.
Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret (disregarding those of
vne few monecious genera and the staminate and neuter spikelets)
and a sterile or staminate floret below, usually represented by a sterile
lemma only, one glume sometimes (rarely both glumes) wanting;
articulation below the spikelets, either in the pedicel, in the rachis, or
at the base of a cluster of spikelets, the spikelets falling entire, singly,
in groups, or together with joints of the rachis; spikelets, or at least
the fruits, more or less dorsally compressed.

Key to the tribes of Panicatae.

Glumes membranaceous, the sterile lemma like the glumes in texture.
Fertile lemma and palea thinner than the glumes; sterile lemma
awned from the notched summit _________ 11. Melinideae (p. 212).
Fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least firmer than the glumes.

12. Paniceae (p. 213).
Glumes indurate ; fertile lemma and palea hyaline or membranaceous, the

sterile lemma (when present) like the fertile one in texture.
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate below, the staminate above, on the
same inflorescence or in separate inflorescences.
14. Tripsaceae (p. 280).

8 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and
usually staminate or neuter (the pedicellate one sometimes
obsolete, rarely both pedicellate) ; lemmas hyaline.

13. Andropogoneae (p. 252).

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE TRIBES AND KEYS TO THE GENERA.

TRIBE 1, BAMBOSEAE.
The tribe which includes the bamboos is for the most part confined

to the Tropics and Subtropics. One genus extends into the southern
United States. The bamboos have woody jointed, usually hollow

culms either erect or vinelike. Some of the larger kinds are as much ©

as a foot in diameter and 100 feet in height. The common economic
species of the Tropics, such as Bambos vulgaris Schrad. (Bambos
bambos (L.) Wight), because of the large hollow culms with hard
partitions at the nodes found in most large species, can be
used for a great variety of purposes. Many kinds of bamboos
are cultivated for ornament in the warmer parts of the United States,
especially in Florida and California. Arwndinaria japonica Sieb.
and Zucc. with several-flowered spikelets, and a few species of Phyl-
lostachys, are hardy as far north as Washington. They form dense
masses of shoots, usually 8 to 20 feet high. Phyllostachys does not
usually flower in this country, but the plants can be distinguished by
the internodes which are flattened on one side. Bambusa is a modi-
fied spelling of the original Bambos.

TRIBE 2, INESTUCEAE.

Spikelets more than 1-flowered, usually several-flowered, in open,
narrow, or sometimes spikelike panicles; lemmas awnless or awned
from the tip, rarely from between the teeth of a bifid apex; rachilla
usually disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets.

A large and important tribe, mainly inhabitants of the cooler
regions. The lemma is divided into several awns in Pappophorum
and its allies, is deeply 2-lebed in Triplasis and in a few species of
Triodia, 3-lobed in Blepharidachne, several-toothed in Orcuttia, and
slightly 2-toothed in Bromus and a few other genera, the awn, when
single, arising from between the teeth. The paleas are persistent
upon the continuous rachilla in most species of Eragrostis. Sclero-
pogon, Monanthochloé, Distichlis, and a few species of Poa and
Eragrostis are dicecious. Gynerium, Cortaderia, Arundo, and Phrag-
mites are tall reeds. In Blepharidachne there is a pair of sterile
florets at the base of the single fertile floret, and a rudiment above.
In some species of Melica there is, above the fertile florets, a club-
shaped rudiment consisting of one or more sterile lemmas. In Uniola
there are one to four sterile lemmas below the fertile ones. In Welica
imperfecta and M. torreyana there may be but one perfect floret.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 9

Key to the genera of Festuceae.

1a. Plants dicecious, the sexes very dissimilar, the pistillate lemmas with
3 long twisted divergent awns, the staminate lemma awnless
CR TSReTUA US CORN Ge ee ase MODUS Sie AS Wa SSS) hs 30. SCLEROPOGON.
1b. Plants with perfect flowers, or, if dicecious, the sexes not dissimilar
BUTE AYRES Yo eT CAN eee rl gg ce ah pL 7D ASF ENS A eatin .
2a. Lemmas divided at the summit into 5 to several awns or awn-

iw

UK CHOU CSE ete Mie ip VeRO I See ee 3
3a. Awnlike lobes 5; inflorescence a simple erect raceme_ 29. ORCUTTIA.
FADD PACUUTN Siro) OTe TIN OY Ose a ccs De 4

4a. Awns unmixed with awned teeth; all the florets falling
attached, their awns forming a pappuslike crown, only -
the lowest floret fertile; panicles narrow_ 32. PAPppoPpHorumM.
4b. Awns mixed with awned teeth; florets not falling at-
tached, the rachilla disarticulating between them;

pantelesisomewhat; Open ss 31. CoTTrEa.
2b. Lemmas awnless, with a single awn, or, if 3, the lateral awns
POO TUN (So 23 8 8 ht Rls ea ai e122 ie SEN ae A ll OE) CANE SI Ee thes Gea ae 5
oa. Tall stout reeds with large plumelike panicles; lemmas or
rachilla with long silky hairs as long as the lemmas______ 6
6a. Lemmas hairy; rachilla naked__________=______ 19. ARUNDO.
6b. Lemmas naked; rachilla hairy______________ 20. PHRAGMITES.
db. Low or rather tall grasses, rarely over 5 feet tall_-_________ oe:
7a. Plants dicecious, perennial; lemmas glabrous; grasses
Ot Saltivor alkaline (SOUS 52's Ors Se ee cal, 8

8a. Plants low and creeping; spikelets obscure, scarcely
differentiated from the short crowded rigid

BEC AW CSE LS COTS CALS Se ASD eFC 16. MoNANTHOCHLOE.

8b. Plants erect from creeping rhizomes; spikelets in a
narrow simple exserted panicle________ 17. DISTICHLIS.

7b. Plants not dicecious (except in a few species of Poa with
villous lemmas and in an annua! species of Eragrostis) _ 9

9a. Spikelets of two forms, sterile and fertile intermixed ;
panicle dense, somewhat one-sided______________ 10

10a. Fertile spikelets 2 or 8 flowered; sterile spike-
lets with numerous rigid awn-tipped glumes;
panicle dense and spikelike______ 22. CYNOSURUS.
10b. Fertile spikelets with 1 perfect floret, long-
awned; sterile spikelets with many obtuse
glumes; panicle branchlets short, nodding.
23. ACHYRODES.

9b. Spixelets all alike in the same inflorescence________ 11
| lla. Lemmas 3-nerved, the nerves prominent, often
| AYES ga PCE ee yee Pe Meet op ae 12

12a. Inflorescence a few-flowered head or capi-
tate panicle overtopped by the leaves or
partly concealed in them; lemmas toothed

or cleft; low plants of the arid regions__ 13
13a. Inflorescence hidden among the sharp-
pointed leaves, not woolly; plants

annual (Chiorideae)_-_-____ 97. MUNROA.
13b. Inflorescence a capitate woolly panicle,

not concealed; plants perennial_____ 14

10 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Key to the genera of Festuceae—Continued.
14a. Lemmas cleft either side of the midnerve to near the
base, the lower two sterile, the third floret fertile, the
fourth reduced to a 3-awned rudiment_ 28. BLEPHARIDACHNE.
14b. Lemma 2-lobed but not deeply cleft, all fertile but the
uppermost, 2.22. SS ee EEG PTONEAG
12b. Inflorescence an exserted open or spikelike panicle____________ 15
15a. Lemmas pubescent on the nerves or callus (except in Tri-
odia albescens), the midnerve usually exserted as an awn

OT! TOU CT Oe ee a et ete 16

16a. Nerves glabrous; callus densely hairy; lemmas firm;
paniclé large, diffuse: 2 wi. te baer a ale: 15. REDFIELDIA.

16b. Nerves hairy at least below, the lateral ones often
conspicuouslhy,--S0_ Sess . 4 lhe. heelae site ee ae Leg
17a. Palea long-ciliate on the upper half______ 27. TRIPLastis.

17b. Palea sometimes villous but not long-ciliate on the
upper’ half: perennials: iba, Senhe eae oie 26. TRIODIA.

15b. Lemmas not pubescent on the nerves nor callus (the inter-
nerves sometimes pubescent), awnless_________- 18

18a. Glumes longer than the lemmas; lateral nerves of lemma
marginal, the internerves pubescent___ 14. DISSANTHELIUM.

18b. Glumes shorter than the lemmas; lateral nerves not
marginal, the internerves glabrous__________________ 19

19a. Lemmas chartaceous; grain large and beaked, at
maturity forcing the lemma and palea open_ 13. DIARINA.

19b. Lemmas membranaceous; if firm, the grain neither

large, nor. beaked =. 62 22 tenn eee ee ee 20 7
20a. Spikelets subterete; palea longer than the
lemma, bowed out below____________ 12. Mortnta.
20b. Spikelets compressed ; palea not longer than the
lemma, not bowed out below_____—_-="=—- = 21

21a. Lemmas truncate; spikelets 2-flowered.
11. CATABROSA.
21b. Lemmas acute or acuminate; spikelets 3
to many flowered; rachilla continuous,
the paleas usually persistent after the
fall of the lemmas______ _____ 10. ERAGROSTIS.
lib. Lemmas 5 to many nerved, the nerves sometimes obscure____-_____ 22
22a. Spikelets with 1 to 4 empty lemmas below the fertile florets;
nerves obscure: lemmas firm 222422 == 3 eee 18. UNIOLA.
22b. Spikelets with no empty lemmas below the fertile florets; nerves |
usually prominent; lemmas membranaceous (firm in a few

species ‘of Bromus and Pestucay {2.2 ee eee 23

23a. Lemmas flabellate; glumes wanting; inflorescence dense,
eylindric> low-annual<- 22. = eee eee 25. ANTHOCHLOA.

23b. Lemmas not flabellate; glumes present; inflorescence not
@ylindni@: $22.46 cons alate te eee ae 24

24a. Palea winged on the lower half of the keels; spikelets
linear, in .a)-loose; raceme: 225 = Sees 5. PLEUROPOGON.

24b. Palea not winged on the lower half of the keels; in-
florescence. mostly paniculate__________=_=2- == = = 25

25a. Lemmas as broad as long, the margins outspread ;
florets closely imbricate, horizontally spreading. 9. Briza.

25b. Lemmas longer than broad, the margins clasping
the palea ; florets not horizontally spreading______ 26

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. JOE

Key to the genera of Festuceae—Continued.

°6a. Callus of florets bearded ; lemmas erose at the Ssummit______ 7. FLUMINEA.
26b. Callus not bearded (lemmas cobwebby at base in Poa) ; lemmas not
eroscmashehthy in buccimelita)) 222 = 8 oe eee ee 27
27a. Lemmas keeled on the back (Somewhat rounded in Poa scabrella
SUS DAB Ty SY 4 SS MT SISI)) ES SO lf le aS we SD a a DS 28

28a. Spikelets strongly compressed, crowded in one-sided clusters
at the ends of the stiff, naked panicle branches__ 21. DActyris.

28b. Spikelets not strongly compressed, not crowded in one-sided
CEU NS RET SL ape are ys TS hp ge oa eg Mela a tp ale bap, stealer paca A 29

29a, Lemmas awned from a minutely bifid apex (awnless or

nearly so in Bromus unioloides and B. brizaeformis) ;

Spikelets lame Gs sees ctl fin ee) Nae A 2. BRoMUS.
29b. Lemmas awnless; spikelets small_______________--__ 8. Poa.

27b. Lemmas rounded on the back (slightly keeled toward the summit
BV ES SEG LIV EL CS TO TNM UTS) Nae PN EI ed ae ea 80

30a. Glumes papery ; lemmas firm, strongly nerved, scarious-mar-
gined ; upper florets sterile, often reduced to a club-shaped
rudiment infolded by the broad upper lemmas; spikelets

tawny or purplish, usually not green______________ 24, MELICA.

30b. Glumes not papery; upper florets not unlike the others____ 31
3la. Nerves of the lemma parallel, not converging at the sum-

mit or but slightly so; lemmas awnless mostly obtuse_ 32
32a. Nerves prominent; plants usually rather tall, grow-

ing in woods or fresh-water marshes_______ 4, PANICULARIA.

32b. Nerves faint; plants low, growing in saline soil.
6. PUCCINELLIA.
31b. Nerves of the lemma converging at the summit; lemmas
awned or pointed (upper florets only minutely awn-
LIDVCC IM A LOMLS OTL CAC/OLTIVUS ness ee Se 33
33a. Lemmas entire, awned from the tip or pointed
(minutely toothed in Festuca elmeri and F.

SUG ILTC Cate wea ocd Tine eee a cna © MnO UT ere OOS rs 3.. FESTUCA.
383b. Lemmas awned or awn-tipped from a minutely bifid
Bee ses TA A cS WEAMDLS? Sch MEAN hed 2 BR WAAR 2. Bromus.

TRIBE 38, HORDEAE.

Spikelets 1 to several flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a jointed
or continuous axis forming symmetrical (not one-sided) spikes.

This small but important tribe, found in the temperate regions of
both hemispheres, includes our most important cereals, wheat, barley,
and rye. The rachis is flattened or concave next to the spikelets, or
in some genera is thickened and hollowed out, the spikelets being
more or less inclosed in the hollows. In Triticum and its allies there
is one spikelet at each node of the rachis; in Hordeum and its allies
there are two or three at each node. In Lolium and its allies the
spikelets are placed edgewise to the rachis, and the first or inner
glume is suppressed except in the terminal spikelet. The rachilla of
the spikelet disarticulates at maturity in several genera. In some
species of Elymus and especially in Sitanion the glumes are very

12 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

slender, extending into long awns, in the latter genus sometimes
divided into several slender bristles. In this tribe the blades of the
leaves bear on each side at the base a small appendage or auricle.

Key to the genera of Hordeae.

1a. Spikelets solitary at each node of the rachis (rarely 2 in species of

Agropyron,; but_nevyer: throughout) ee 2
2a. Spikelets 1-flowered, sunken in hollows in the rachis; spikes
Slender, cylindric: low annuals: 9 ee eee 3
3a. Lemmas awned; florets lateral to the rachis_.__._ 36. ScRIBNERIA.
- 3b. Lemmas awnless; florets dorsiventral to the rachis_________ =
4q. First slume wanting - 8 2 28 eee 42, LEPTURUS.
4b. First glume present, the pair standing in front of the
Spikelete.t. 27 295 Ee he ee ieee 43. PHOLIURUS.
2b. Spikelets 2 to several flowered, not sunken in the rachis________ 5
5a. Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis; first glume wanting
except in the terminal spikelet____________________ 41. LoLium.
db. Spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis__________-__ 6
Ga.-Plants- perennial). “22ers oes ie ee 33. AGROPYRON.
Gb: Plants “annual 24s ee EE eee 7
(a. ‘Glumes: Ovate:-'5-Nenyed ss eee ene ee o4. TRITICUM.
tb. Glumes ‘subulate, I-nerved) == os 35. SECALE.
1b. Spikelets more than 1 at each node of the rachis____________________ 8
Sa. Spikelets 8 at each node of the rachis, 1-flowered, the lateral
pair pediceled, usually reduced to awns____-__-_____- 40. HorpDEUM.
Sb. Spikelets 2 at each node of the rachis, alike, 2 to 6 flowered____ 9

9a. Glumes wanting or reduced to 2 short bristles; spikelets hor-
izontally spreading at maturity; spikes very loose__ 89. Hystrrx..
9b. Glumes usually equaling the florets; spikelets appressed or

RSCOTNCLTTN ee re eS nea 10
10a. Rachis continuous (rarely tardily disarticulating) ;
glumes broad or narrow, entire___.___________ 37. ELYMUS.
10b. Rachis disarticulating at maturity; glumes subulate,
extending into long awns, these and the awns of the
lemmas making the spike very bristly______ 38. SITANION.

TRIBE 4, AVENEAE.

Spikelets 2 to several flowered in open or contracted panicles, or
rarely in racemes (solitary in Danthonia unispicata) ; glumes usually
as long as or longer than the first lemma, commonly longer than all
the florets; lemmas usually awned from the back or from between
the teeth of a bifid apex, the awn bent, often twisted, the callus and
rachilla joints usually villous.

A rather small tribe widely distributed in both warm and cool
regions. In our genera the rachilla is prolonged beyond the upper
floret as a slender stipe (except in Aspris). The lemma is awnless
or nearly so in Sphenopholis and in our species of Koeleria. These
genera are placed in this tribe because they appear to be closely
allied to Trisetum with which they agree in having oblanceolate
glumes about as long as the first floret.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 13

Key to the genera of Aveneae.

1a. Spikelets awnless or the upper lemma mucronate (rarely short-awned
TRANS) Fh CST CO TEL Sp pecan wl ee

2a. Articulation below the glumes; glumes distinctly different in
shape, the second widened above__________-_____ 46. SPHENOPHOLIS.

2b. Articulation above the glumes; glumes similar in shape. 44. Korrerra.

1b. Spikelets awned (awnless in Trisetum wolfii) ____________-___-____-

iw)

w

3a. Florets:-2, one perfect, the other staminate_____________________ 4
4a, Lower floret staminate, the awn twisted, geniculate, ex-
SOT GE Ge a Mie See F Bis es BAG ite SE eh 9 48. ARRHENATHERUM.

4p. Lower floret perfect, awnless; awn of upper floret hooked.

51. NoTHOLcus.

3b. Florets 2 or more, all alike except the reduced upper ones_____- 5
da. Awn arising from between the teeth of a bifid apex, flat-
tened, twisted; inflorescence a simple panicle or reduced

to a raceme or even to a single spikelet________ 52. DANTHONIA.
5b. Awn dorsal, not flattened ; lemma often bifid at apex________ 6
6a. Spikelets large, the glumes over 1 cm. long________ AT. AVENA.

Gbis spikelets less rihaninls Cm. Monee wl ee es (
7a. Lemmas keeled, bidentate; awn arising from above
LE) ONS es 0 OO EG eve aot aie ON UM Raat A a rey 45, TRISETUM.
7b. Lemmas convex; awn from below the middle______ 8
8a. Rachilla prolonged behind the upper floret; lem-
mas truncate and erose-dentate at summit__ 49. Arra.
8b. Rachilla not prolonged; lemmas tapering into 2
Slemder tee tla 8 ot seg ee ea 50. ASPRIS.

TRIBE 5, AGROSTIDEAE.

Spikelets 1-flowered, usually perfect, arranged in open, contracted,
or spikelike panicles, but not in true spikes nor in one-sided racemes.

A large and important tribe, inhabiting more especially the tem-
perate and cool regions. The articulation of the rachilla is usually
_above the glumes, the mature floret falling from the persistent
glumes, but in a few genera the articulation is below the glumes, the
mature spikelet falling entire (Alopecurus, Cinna, Polypogon,
Lycurus, and Limnodea). The palea is small or wanting in some
species of Agrostis. In a few genera the rachilla is prolonged
behind the palea as a minute bristle, or sometimes as a more pro-
nounced villous stipe (Brachyelytrum, Limnodea, Cinna, three species
of Agrostis, Gastridium, Calamagrostis, Ammophila, and Lagurus).
In some genera the rachilla joint between the glumes and the lemma
is slightly elongated, forming a hard stipe which remains attached
to the mature fruit as a pointed callus. The callus is well marked
in Stipa (especially in S. spartea and its allies) and in Aristida, the
mature lemma being terete, indurate, and convolute, the palea wholly
inclosed. In many genera the lemma is awned either from the tip
or from the back, the awn being trifid in Aristida.

14 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Key to the genera of Agrostidece.

4a. Glumes”“ wanting $a: lows anndal eee 58. CoLEANTHUS.
1b. Glumes present (the first obsolete in Muhlenbergia schreberi and
sometimes in Brachyelytrum and Phippsia) = ==" 9 ae
2a. Rachilla articulate below the glumes, these falling with the
Spikelets See eR EE eee ee 3

3a. Spikelets in pairs in a spikelike panicle, one perfect, the
other staminate or neuter, the pair falling together_ 63. Lycurus.

lo

SD. Dpikelets-all, alike? 228 Se 2 ee eee +
44. Glumes ione-awhed =~ 8 =* “2 ene See ee 62. PoLYPocon.
4p>" Gumeés -awitless. oot os SSS Soe ee ee ee ee ee 5

da. Rachilla not prelonged behind the palea; panicle
dense and spikelike;: glumes united toward the
base, ciliate on the Kee]__-___________ 61. ALOPECURUS.
5b. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea; panicle nar-
row or open, not dense; glumes not united, not

ciliate’ on ‘the: keel 2 ae es eee 6
6a. Panicle narrow; lemma with a slender bent

twisted awn from the bifid apex_________ 60. LimNopea.
6b. Panicle open and drooping ; lemma with a minute

straight awn just below the entire apex____ 59. CINNA.

2b) Rachilla’ articulate above the clumes > {sits i eee 7
7a. Fruit dorsally compressed, indurate, smooth and shining,

TWHLCSS AE ee Sa ee he a ee 74. Mirtum.

7b. Fruit laterally compressed or terete, awned or awnless_____ 8
8a. Fruit indurate, terete, awned, the nerves obscure; callus

well developed, oblique, bearded____________________-_ 9

9a. Awn trifid, the lateral divisions secmetimes short,
rarely obsolete (when obsolete no line of demar-
cation between awn and lemma as in the

THE KG oe ce as Eas Sa ee ee 77. ARISTIDA.
9b. Awn simple, a line of demarcation between the awn
and ‘the lemmac:<: 24) 0 ose eee 10-5

10a. Awn persistent, twisted and bent, several to

many times longer than the slender fruit; callus
sharp-pointed =... 2 ae PE aS et 76. STIPA.

10b. Awn deciduous, not twisted, sometimes bent,

rarely more than 3 or 4 times as long as the
plump fruit; callus short, usually obtuse_ 75. OryzopsIs.

8b. Fruit thin or firm, but scarcely indurate, if firm, the

nerves prominent or evident; callus not well devel-
Ci) O, 2: | een ee eRIS Om Tiles UEP 2 Ly Bae a mn 11

lia. Glumes longer than the lemma (lemma equaling

the glumes in Agrostis spica-venti, A. aequivalvis,

and.(A. thurbertana) 22222 eee ee 12
12a. Panicle feathery, capitate, nearly as broad as

long; spikelets woolly 2 =~ 66. LAGURUS.

12b. Panicle not feathery; spikelets not woolly__-- 13

13a. Glumes compressed-carinate, abruptly mu-
cronate, stiffly ciliate on the keels:
panicle dense, cylindric or ellipsoid_ 64. PHLEUM.

13b. Glumes not compressed-carinate, not ciliate 14

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 15

Key to the genera of Agrostideae—Continued.

14a. Glumes saccate at base ; lemma long-awned ; inflorescence

contracted: iShining. ee ee 65. GASTRIDIUM.
14b. Giumes not saccate at base; lemma awned or awnless ;
panicles open. Orr conUbacled= 222. Le ee 15

15a. Florets bearing a tuft of hairs at the base from the
short callus, the hairs at least half as long as the
lemma; palea present_______----__ 53. CALAMAGROSTIS.
15b. Florets without hairs at the base or with short
hairs rarely as much as half the length of the
lemma (Agrostis hallii) ; palea usually small or

TUVALA 56. AGROSTIS.

11b. Glumes not longer than the lemma, usually shorter (the awn tips
longer In Miunlenbvergiasnacemosd) es: Soler = en ee 16

16a. Lemma awned from the tip or mucronate, 3 to 5 nerved (lateral
nerves obsolete in Muhlenbergia repens) _-___--___-_-_-_____-_- 17

17a. Rachilla prolonged behind the palea; floret stipitate.
73. BRACHYELYTRUM.
17b. Rachilla not prolonged; floret not stipitate___ 68. MUHLENBERGIA.

16b. Lemma awnless or awned from the back______________________ 18
18a. Florets bearing a tuft of hairs at the base from the short

callus; lemma and palea chartaceous, awnless___________ 19

19a. Panicles spikelike; rachilla prolonged_______ 54. AMMOPHILA.

19b. Panicles open; rachilla not prolonged______ 55. CALAMOVILFA.

1b: Hlorets without shalrsiat DASC 222 Se Sa ea ee 20

20a. Nerves of lemma densely silky________ 70. BLEPHARONEURON.

20b-.4Nervessof lemma, notesilkycoc 2. eter ee 21

21a. Caryopsis at maturity falling from the lemma and
palea; seed loose in the pericarp, this usually

opening when ripe; lemma 1-nerved____________ 22
22a. Inflorescence capitate in the axils of broad
DRA Ch SM isad 2 Se amor Ve et ee i EO 71. CRYPSISs.

22b. Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle.
69. SPOROBOLUS.
21b. Caryopsis not falling from the lemma and palea,
remaining permanently inclosed in them; seed
ddnatvestoe the pericarp 22 26 eee en eee 23
23a. Panicles few-flowered, slender, rather loose;
glumes minute, unequal, the first often want-
ing; a low arctic alpine perennial__ 57. PHIppsia.
23b. Panicle many-flowered, spikelike; glumes well

developed, about equal____________________ 24
24a. Panicle short, partly inclosed in the sheath ;

LONE! “VOIR EE. A) SESE ING A 2 BT 72. HELEOCHLOA.
24b. Panicle elongate; perennial_____ 67. EPICAMPES.

TRIBE 6, NAZIBAE.

Spikelets subsessile in short spikes of 2 to 5 (single in Oster-
damia), each spike falling entire from the continuous axis, usually
1-flowered, all perfect, or perfect and staminate together in the same
spike; glumes usually firmer than the lemma and palea, sometimes
awned, the lemma awnless.

This small and unimportant tribe is known also as Zoysieae. In
Osterdamia the spikelets are single and have only one glume, this

16 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

coriaceous, much firmer than the lemma and palea, the palea some-
times obsolete.
Key to the genera of Nazieae.
Ja. Spikelets single; first glume wanting___-___-____-______ 79. OSTERDAMIA.
ib. Spikelets in clusters of 2 to 5; first glume present___________________ 2
2a. Spikelets bearing hooked spines on the second glume, the group
fOrmMiNn ga VICCS Ws eee ee 78. NAZIA.
2b. Spikelets not bearing hooked spines, mostly cleft and awned____ 3
3a. Groups of spikelets erect, the spike not one-sided_____ 80. HILARIA.
3b. Groups of spikelets nodding along one side of the delicate
CURDS 2 ee Ee Se, ees ee eee ee eee 81. AEGOPOGON.

TRIBE 7, CHLORIDEAE.

Spikelets 1 to several flowered, in 2 rows on one side of a con-
tinous rachis forming one-sided spikes or spikelike racemes, these
solitary, digitate, or racemose along the main axis.

A large and rather important tribe, confined mostly to warm
regions. The group is heterogeneous, the only common character
of the genera (aside from the characters that place them in Poatae)
being the arrangement of the spikelets in one-sided spikes. Chloris
and the allied genera form a coherent group, in which the spikelet
consists of one perfect floret and, above this, one or more modified

or rudimentary florets. Leptochloa, Eleusine, and their allies, with ~ |

several-flowered spikelets, are more nearly related to certain genera
of Festuceae. The spike is reduced to two or three spikelets or even
to one spikelet and is sometimes deciduous from the main axis in
Cathestecum and in some species of Bouteloua. In Campulosus
there are two sterile florets below the perfect one.

Key to the genera of Chlorideae.

la. Plants monecious or dicecious; a low stoloniferous perennial_ 98. BULBILIS.

Ib-Plants- with. perfect flowers 2 3=. = = eee Appeal ne See et wc 2
2a. Spikelets with more than one perfect floret_____________-______- 3

3a. Inflorescence a few-flowered head or capitate panicle hidden

among the sharp-pointed leaves; a low spreading an-

TOU a ct a OE ee eae 97. MUNROA.
3b... Inflorescenee. exsented = 2s aia a eee er eee 4
4a. Spikes solitary, the spikelets distant, appressed, sev-
eral-flowered 2s Ba ee ia ee 83. TRIPOGON.
4b. Spikes::more (han) 1s ses eae ee ee eee 5.
5a. Spikes numerous, slender, racemose on an elongate
ORAS) oh al ee eee 82. LEPTOCHLOA.
5b. Spikes few, digitate or nearly so__-...____-_-_____-_- 6
6a. Rachis of spike extending beyond the spike-
hets2 eS ee ones ---- 85. DACTYLOCTENIUM.
6b. Rachis not prolonged______._--____-_- 84. ELEUSINE..

2b. Spikelets with only 1 perfect floret, often with additional imper-
fect florets, aboves.2522 2 8 bt ee ee ee a

|

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 17

Key to the genera of Chlorideae—Continued.

7a. Spikelets without additional modified florets, the rachilla sometimes
jOGCON OHA Ea, I SiS RYE 2 EeePC ea , M 8
8a. Rachilla articulate below the glumes, the spikelets falling entire_ 9
Cae Giumes Uunequala: ManroOw scowl ae ek ee 90. SPARTINA.
9b. Glumes equal, broad and boat shaped_-_-_---__ 89. BECKMANNIA.
Sb) -Rachilla articulate above) the glumes. 2.22 le i 10
10a. Spikes digitate; rachilla prolonged____,___________ 86. CAPRIOLA.
10b. Spikes racemose along the main axis; rachilla not prolonged_ 11
lla. Spikes slender, divaricate, the main axis elongating and
becoming loosely spiral in fruit_______ 88. SCHEDONNARDUS.
11b. Spikes short and rather stout, appressed, the axis un-
CHAN ay HE se ere Fe eee ae lies 87. WILLKOMMIA.
7b. Spikelets with 1 or more modified florets above the perfect one______ 12
12a. Spikelets with 2 sterile florets below the perfect one; second
glume bearing a squarrose spine on the back; spike single,

|B Wh) 0 ge Mm ue RA gS CHa IS aL EMD 91. CAMPULOSUS.

12b. Spikelets with no sterile florets below the perfect one; second
glume without a squarrose spine; spikes usually several______ 13
HOAs SPIKES CISIEAEC VOR MEAL] yi Sis eS a a a a 14
14a. Fertile lemma 1-awned or awnless_____________ 93. CHLORIS.
i4py Mertile lemma) ‘s-awned = ya2 aie nea ee en 94. TRICHLORIS.
13b. Spikes racemose along the main’ axis.2 22 3.3 a es 15

15a. Spikelets distant, appressed; spikes slender, elongate. ~
92. GYMNOPOGON.
15b. Spikelets contiguous or crowded, not appressed; spikes
usually Shorpeandy rath erSto Udi = ele te 2 ea ee eal 16
16a. Spikelets 3 in each spike, the 2 lateral staminate or
rudimentary ; spikes falling entire___ 96. CATHESTECUM.
16b. Spikelets 2 to many (rarely 1) in each. spike, all
alike; spikes usually persistent, the florets falling.
95. BOUTELOUA.

TRIBE 8, PHALARIDEAE.

Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret and, below this, a pair of
staminate or neuter florets. |
A small tribe of about six genera, only three of which are found
in the United States. In Phalaris the lateral florets are reduced to
minute scalelike lemmas closely appressed to the edges of the fertile
| floret. In Torresia the lateral florets are staminate and as large as
the fertile floret. |

| _ Key to the genera of Phalarideae.
la. Lateral florets staminate; spikelets brown and shining______ 99. TORRESIA.
1b. Lateral florets neuter; spikelets green or yellowish ____________-_._.___ 2
2a. Lateral florets reduced to small awnless scalelike lemmas; spike-
lets much compressed laterally oe oleh 101) (PH ALARKS.
2b. Lateral florets consisting of awned hairy sterile lemmas exceed-
ing the fertile floret ; spikelet terete__________ 100, ANTHOXANTHUM.

97769°—19—Bull. 7722

18 BULLETIN (72, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TRIBE 9, ORYZEAE.

Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, strongly laterally compressed, panic-
ulate; glumes reduced or wanting; palea apparently 1-nerved; stam-
ens 6.

A small tribe whose affinities are not evident. It includes rice, the
important food plant.

Key to the genera of Oryzeae.

Glumes minutes lemma :often: awned = 2255) sete es eee eee 102. Oryza.
Glumes wanting; lemma awnless_____- = te 108. HoMALOCENCHRUS.

TRIBE 10, ZIZANIEAE.

Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate terete or nearly so; glumes
shorter than the lemma, usually one or both obsolete, the pedicel dis-
articulating below the spikelet.

A small tribe of uncertain affinities; the species aquatic or sub-
aquatic, of no economic importance except the Indian rice (Zizania).

Key to the genera of Zizanieae.

la. Culms slender; plants low; staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in
Separate “Infloresceénee@s =.) ee ee See ee eee Z
2a. Inflorescence a few-flowered spike; plants not stoloniferous.
107. HyDROCHLGCA.

2b. Inflorescence a panicle; plants stoloniferous____________ 106. LuzioLa.

1b. Culms robust; plants tall; staminate and pistillate spikelets borne in

EIN@* Servi aT Cle eI Uae ats 2S RE COO Bae ee ep 3

3a. Plants annual; pistillate spikelets on the ascending upper
branches, the staminate on the spreading lower branches of the
DOEUTU LC a No pl gs 105. ZIZANIA.
3b. Plants perennial; pistillate spikelets at the ends, the staminate

below on the same branches of the panicle_______-_ 104. ZIZANIOPSIS.

TRIBE 11, MELINIDEAE.

Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, these very unequal, the
first minute, the second and the sterile lemma equal, membranaceous,
strongly nerved, the latter bearing a slender awn from the notched
summit; fertile lemma and palea thinner in texture, awnless. ©

A tribe of about a dozen genera, none of which is represented in
the United States. The only economic species is Melinis minutiflora
(see p. 212).

TRIBE 12, PANICEAE.

Spikelets with one perfect terminal floret and below this a sterile
floret and two glumes; fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least
firmer than the glumes and sterile lemma; articulation below the
spikelet.

A large tribe, confined mostly to warm regions, and containing few
economic species. The first glume is wanting in some genera, such
as Paspalum, and rarely the second glume also (Reimarochloa).

Ee ie Fd eee

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 19

The spikelets are usually awnless, but the glumes and sterile lemma
are awned in Echinochloa and Oplismenus, and the second glume and
sterile lemma in Tricholaena. In Eriochloa and in some species of
Brachiaria the fertile lemma is awn-tipped. In Chaetochloa there
are, beneath the spikelet, one or more bristles, these representing
sterile branchlets. In Pennisetum similar bristles form an involucral
cluster, falling with the spikelet. In Cenchrus. the bristles are
united, forming a bur. The spikelets are of two kinds in Amphi-
carpon, aerial and subterranean. The culms are woody and perennial
in Lasiacis and Olyra. |
Key to the genera of Paniceae.

LF FS YeTd ACEH ibaa ca Wise ys pe gt 0 Kae eas a te el aN ld pa len 2
2a. Spikelets all perfect, but those of the aerial panicle not perfect-
ing grains; the fruitful spikelets borne on subterranean
| PEE GG) GY E}S RES Labatt Selle aa bee WS lg, Bl eee A tice Pha 127. AMPHICARPON.
2b. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate above, the staminate below on
the branches of the same panicle; blades broad, elliptic.
OLYRA. (See p. 252.)
Eig) SPOTS KE SGD Np ee ONG VE) ed 26 Lear gs et LH a i NN 3
3a. Spikelets sunken in the cavities of the flattened corky rachis.
112. STENOTAPHRUM.

SDS SOIKeleLS NOG SUINKEM In! Tne) Fae sn ie ew ne Sen Nh alae oe 4
4a. Spikelets subtended or surrounded by 1 to many distinct or

more or less connate bristles, forming an involucre______ 5

5a. Bristles persistent, the spikelets deciduous_ 124. CHAETOCHIOA.

5b. Bristles falling with the spikelets at maturity_________ 6

6a. Bristles not united at base, slender, often plumose.
125. PENNISETUM.
‘6b. Bristles united into a burlike involucre, the bristles
LEULOLSelY WALNCO a= 0 a 2 ls 126. CENCHRUS.
Abe Spikelets net) subtended: by bristles. 2222 220 Se ale a ene 7
7a. Glumes or sterile lemma awned (awn short and con-
cealed in the silky hairs of the spikelet in Tricholaena,
awn reduced to a point in Hchinochloa colonum) _—___ 8
8a. Inflorescence paniculate ; spikelets silky_ 123. TrRIcHOLAENA.
8b. Inflorescence of unilateral simple or somewhat com-
pound racemes along a common axis; spikelets
SMOOtHAOT MS PLG an OL Silky Bese Oe SE Cae 9
9a. Blades lanceolate, broad and thin; glumes 2-
lobed, awned from between the lobes.
121. OPLISMENUS.
9b. Blades long and narrow; glumes awned from
LS) AS Nnd | 0th of yc Sa a eR aa la 122. ECHINOCHLOA.
tb. Glumes and sterile lemma awnless_________-_- 5 10
10a. Fruit cartilaginous-indurate, flexible, usually dark
colored, the lemma with more or less prominent

white hyaline margins, these not inrolled________ 11
lla. Spikelets covered with long silky hairs, ar-
ranged in racemes, these panicled____ 109. Vanora.

11b. Spikelets glabrous or variously pubescent but
zi) cif) C0 pa Ee Cy keh yl Pa ar a Pe ents ey eacae open GEREN A Pe

20 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Key to the genera of Paniceae—Continued.

12a. Spikelets in slender racemes more or less digitate at the
Summit ofathe* culms]! 42 Ue eee 110. SYNTHERISMA.
12b... Spikelets, in pPamicles es 4a! A ee ee ee 18
13a. Fruiting lemma boat shaped; panicles narrow.
108. ANTHAENANTIA.
13b. Fruiting lemmas convex; panicles diffuse__ 111. LEptTotoma.

fOby Erurt chartaceous-indurate, Tigid=2 43a She aS eee 14
14a. Spikelets placed with the back of the fruit turned away from
the rachis of the racemes, usually single (not in pairs)______ is
15a. First glume and the rachilla joint forming a swollen ring-
like callus below the spikelet_________________ 113. ERIocHLoaA.
15b. First glume present or wanting, not forming a ringlike
callus. below the ‘spikelet==> 2 2 2 Su ee eee 16
16a. First glume present; racemes racemose along the main
Gk: ee Reed POMPE OMAN ew ere wt OT heres eer ge CET Oe 114. BRACHIARIA.

16b. First glume wanting; racemes digitate or subdigitate.
115. AXONOPUS.
14b. Spikelets placed with the back of the fruit turned toward the

rachis of the spikelike racemes, or pedicellate in panicles____ ne,

17a. Fruit long-acuminate; both glumes wanting. 116. REIMAROCHLOA.

17b. Fruit not long-acuminate, at least one glume present______ 18
18a. First glume typically wanting; spikelets plano-convex,

subsessile in spikelike racemes____________ 117. PASPALUM.

18b. First glume present; spikelets usually in panicles______ 19

19a. Second glume inflated-saccate, this and the sterile
lemma much exceeding the stipitate fruit.
120. SACCIOLEPIS.

19b. Second | glume not inflated-saccate________________ 205
20a. Culms woody and bamboolike; fruit with a
tuft. of down at the apex.2 22-223 119; BAsIAcISs=
20b. Culms herbaceous; no tuft of down at the apex
Od: Ee PT AN eka ies 118. PANICUM.

TRIBE 13, ANDROPOGONEAE.

Spikelets in pairs along a rachis, the usual arrangement being
one of the pair sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate and staminate
or neuter, or rarely wanting, only the pedicel present; fertile spike-
let consisting of one perfect terminal floret and, below this, a stami-
nate or neuter floret, the lemmas thin or hyaline, and two awnless
glumes, one or usually both firm or indurate.

A large tribe, confined mostly to warm regions. The rachis is
usually jointed, disarticulating at maturity, with the spikelets at-
tached. In a few genera it is thickened. Sometimes the racemes are
shortened to 1 or 2 joints and borne on branches, the whole forming a
panicle (as in Holcus and Sorghastrum) instead of a series of
racemes. In a few genera the spikelets of the pair are alike. In
Trachypogon the fertile spikelet is pedicellate and the sterile one
nearly sessile.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 2h

Key to the genera of Andropogoneae.

Ja. Spikelets all perfect, surrounded by a copious tuft of soft hairs__-__— 2,
2a. Rachis continuous, the spikelets falling; spikelets of the pair un- |
PORT SAUD Spat UT CUT EA eek Ne a EERE EM ag a 33 |
8a. Racemes in a narrow spikelike panicle, spikelets awn-
HSI oC Y ACS A CARAT i 0S Mh ER a 128. IMPERATA.

3b. Racemes in a broad fan-shaped panicle; spikelets awned.
129. MISCANTHUS.
2b. Rachis breaking up into joints at maturity with the spikelets at-
tached ; one spikelet sessile, the other pedicellate_____________ 4
AMEN TCE VCE A VV LES So to tae Ds ee SUR sa ed EE ae aL ITAA 3 aN 130. SACCHARUM.
‘ Ale Spikelets: vel yyiIe Geen tal tne MeN RENO UN A Nal 131. ERIANTHUS.
1b. Spikelets unlike, the sessile perfect, the pedicellate sterile (sessile
spikelet staminate, pedicellate spikelet perfect in Trachypogon) ___~ 5
5a. Pedicel thickened, appressed to the thickened rachis joint (at
least parallel to it) or adnate to it; spikelets awnless, ap-
PRESSE (et Oopy. Cla e| ssh COLT as aii ee DTA Ys AI EO 6
6a. Rachis joint and pedicel adnate, forming a short flat joint,
this sunken in the open side of the globose first glume of
the sessile spikelet; sterile spikelet conspicuous__ 140. Ryvimrx.
6b. Rachis joint and pedicel distinct, the sessile spikelet ap-
pressed to them, its first glume lanceolate_______________
7a. Racemes subcylindric ; rachis joints and pedicels glabrous,
much thicker at the summit, the spikelets sunken in the
hollow below; sterile spikelet rudimentary_____ 139. MANISURIS.
7b. Racemes flat ; rachis joints and pedicels woolly, not much
thicker at the summit; sterile spikelet staminate or neu-
UIE) RR A A BNaa MANES Ra eS NT 138. ELyYoNuRUS.
5b. Pedicel not thickened (if slightly so the spikelets awned), neither
appressed nor adnate to the rachis joint, this usually slender ;

=]

SPIKelets MIS U alll yaaa wae ek nL ee Dc NL AL nods age 8
8a. Fertile spikelet with a hairy-pointed callus, formed of the
attached supporting rachis joint or pedicel; awns strong__— 9
9a. Racemes reduced to a single joint, long-peduncled in a
SUMO LES OP CI ap HC) ee NN EOI UTE RTE Ms 135. RHAPHIS.
9b. Racemes of several to many joints, single AR peso A eND 10

10a. Primary spikelet subsessile, sterile, persistent on
the continuous axis after the fall of the fertile pedi-
cellate spikelet, the pedicel forming the callus.
137. TRACHYPOGON.
10b. Primary spikelet sessile, fertile; pedicellate spike-
let sterile; lower few to several pairs of spikelets all

SLAMIMATE OL MEULET 20. Hau ne Mie ee 136. HETEROPOGON.

8b. Fertile spikelet without a callus, the rachis disarticulating
immediately below the spikelet; awns slender__________ iit

lia. Racemes of several to many joints, solitary, digitate,
CON is Ca Eto if eae ay SD aR eT lo I ee 132. ANDROPOGON.

lib. Racemes reduced to one or few joints, these mostly
peduncled in a subsimple or compound panicle______ 12
12a. Pedicellate spikelets staminate____________ 133. Hotcus.

12b. Pedicellate spikelets wanting, the pedicel only
PO BESCMiG Set Sires eee RN IES AAD bi 134. SORGHASTRUM.

22 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Tripe 14, TRIPSACEAE.

Spikelets unisexual, the staminate in pairs, or sometimes in threes,
2-flowered, the pistillate usually single, 2-flowered, the lower floret
sterile, imbedded in hollows of the thickened articulate axis and fall- |
ing attached to the joints, or inclosed in a thickened involucre or
sheath or, in Zea, crowded in rows on a thickened axis (cob) ; glumes
membranaceous or thick and rigid, awnless; lemmas and palea
hyaline, awnless. Plants monecious.

This small tribe of seven genera is scarcely more than a subtribe
of Andropogoneae. It is also known as Maydeae.

Key to the genera of Tripsaceae.

la. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate inflorescences, the first

in a terminal tassel, the second in the axils of the leaves________ 2

2a. Pistillate spikes distinct, the spikelets embedded in the hardened
rachis, this disarticulating at maturity_______________ 142. EUCHLAENA.

2b. Pistillate spikes grown together forming an ear, the grains at
maturity much ‘exceeding the glumes: 2 2 ee Sie 148. ZEA.

1b. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate portions of the same
spike; the pistillate “pelo iets ee ee eee ee ee 3

3a. Spikes short, the 1 or 2 flowered pistillate portion inclosed in
a‘: béadlike' sheathing “practi 232 Ue 625k aa ee 144, Corx.

8b. Spikes many-fiowered, the pistillate portion breaking up into
several 1-seeded joints; no beadlike sheathing bract___ 141. TrRripsaAcum.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENERA.

1. BAMBOSEAE, THE BAMBOO TRIBE.
1. ARUNDINARIA Michx.

Spikelets few to many flowered, large, compressed, the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes un-
equal, shorter than the lemmas, the first sometimes wanting; lemmas
acute or acuminate or mucronate, faintly many-nerved; palea about
as long as the lemma, prominently 2-keeled.

Shrubs or tall reeds, with woody perennial branching culms, flat
blades with petioles articulate with the sheaths, and loose racemes
or panicles. Species about 25, in the Tropics of both hemispheres;
2 species in the southeastern United States.

Type species: Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.

Arundinaria Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 73. 1803. One species described.

Miegia Pers., Syn. Pl. 1:101. 1805. <A single species, based on Arundinaria
macrosperma. Michx., is included.

Macronax Raf., Med. Repos. ser. 2. 5: 353. 1808. Based on ‘The Arundi-
naria of Michaux.”

Our two species, Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. (fig. 1) and A.
macrosperma (Pl. 1), are the only native representatives of the tropi-
cal tribe Bamboseae, or Bambuseae, the bamboos. Our species are
known, respectively, as small and large cane. Both flower infre-

PLATE I.

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

LEAVES, FLORETS,

INFLORESCENCE

LARGE CANE (ARUNDINARIA MACROSPERMA)

AND RIPE GRAINS

|

PLATE I1:

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

MEADOW FESCUE (FESTUCA ELATIOR) IN FLOWER.

23

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

/
cy
yee:
AN AN é
Sas
me
r } i
\)
st itt. (
4] Gat \, A,
mW SSS ‘ A
Hate f
t \ f ;
\\ \3 ‘ i)
yx Ke i
Hai is A
jG RA \
AZ \\\ BRE pr.
= : Ly
— SEES LM Z =
_ = > H \ -
-_ = — a A “
a uC i
\
\ Co
mn \S—

Fig. 1.—Small cane, Arundinaria tecta. Flowering shoot and leafy branch, X 3;

spike-

|
|
|
|

let and floret, X 2.

e

\

24 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

quently. The first is rarely over 6 feet tall, with drooping blades,
the inflorescence on leafless or nearly leafless shoots from the base of
the plant. This is found from Maryland southward. The other
species grows to a height of as much as 25 or 30 feet and forms, in
the alluvial river bottoms of the Southern States, dense thickets
called canebrakes. The racemes are borne on leafy branches, the
species flowering less frequently than the small cane.

Stock are fond of the young plants and of the leaves and seeds, and
both species furnish much forage in localities where they are abun-
dant. The young shoots are sometimes used as a potherb. The
stems or culms of the large cane are used for fishing rods, pipestems,
baskets, mats, hight scaffolding, and for a variety of other purposes.

2. FESTUCEAE, THE FESCUE TRIBE.

2. Bromus L., the brome-grasses.

Spikelets several to many flowered, the rachilla disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, acute, the
first 1 to 3 nerved, the second usually 3 to 5 nerved; lemmas convex
on the back or keeled, 5 to 9 nerved, 2-toothed at the apex, awnless or
usually awned from between the teeth; palea usually shorter than
the lemma.

Annual or perennial, low or rather tall grasses, with closed sheaths,
flat blades, and open or contracted panicles of large spikelets. Species.
about 100, in temperate regions; about 43 species in the United
States, of which 17 are introductions, mostly from Europe.

Type species: Bromus secalinus L.

Bromus L., Sp. Pl. 76, 17538; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 33. 1754. Linneeus describes 11
species, all but the last 2 of which are still retained in the genus. The cita-
tion given after Bromus in the Genera Plantarum is ‘“‘ Mont. 32.” This refers
to figure 32 in the plate accompanying Monti’s Catalogi Stirpium Agri Bononiensis
Prodromus, published in 1719. This figure represents a spikelet of Bromus
secalinus, or of a closely allied species. As Bromus secalinus is the first species

- described in the Species Plantarum and was described in the flora of Sweden,

this species is chosen as the type.

Ceratochloa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 75, pl. 15, f. 7. 1812. A single species in-
cluded. Festuca unioloides Willd., which is the basis of Bromus unioloides
(Willd.) H. B. K.

Zerna Panz., Denkschr. Baier. Akad. Wiss. Miiench. 4: 296. 1818. (Ideen
Gatt. Graser 46, pl. 11, f. 3.) Eleven species are included. Bromus sterilis
L., the one figured, is taken as the type.

Serrafalcus Parl., Rar. Pl. Sic. 2: 14. 1840. Six species are included. Bro-
mus racemosus lL., on which the first species is based, is taken as the type.

Forasacecus Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 4: 380. 1901. Proposed for Bromus L., not
Bromus of the ancients, which is said to be wild oats.

The section Ceratochloa has large compressed spikelets with com-
pressed-keeled glumes and lemmas. One species, Bromus unioloides
(Willd.) H. B. K., is cultivated as a forage grass under the name
of rescue grass or Schrader’s brome-grass. This is an annual or bi-
ennial grass 1 to 2 feet tall, with pubescent sheaths and narrow pani-
cles of smooth spikelets as much as an inch long, the lemmas acumi-

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 25

nate or awn-tipped. Rescue grass is a native of South America and
is ¢ultivated occasionally in our Southern States for winter forage.
Thé other species of this section are natives of the western half of
the United States. They are all perennials and have large awned
spikelets. Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn. and B. marginatus
Nees are common on the Pacific coast. They have pubescent or

- scabrous spikelets, the first with an awn longer than the lemma, the

second with an awn shorter than the lemma. Lromus carinatus often
appears like an annual, flowering the first year.

The species of Bromus in which the spikelets are not compressed-
keeled fall into two rather well-marked groups, perennials and an-
nuals. The most important species of the first group is Bromus
inermis Leyss., a European species known also as awnless brome-
grass, Hungarian brome-grass, smooth brome-grass, and brome-grass.
It is erect, 2 to 3 feet tall, with creeping rhizomes and narrow, many-
flowered panicles with erect or ascending branches and smooth nar-
row spikelets about an inch long, the lemmas acute, awnless, or nearly
so. Awnless brome-grass is cultivated for hay and pasture in the
northern portion of the Great Plains from northern Kansas to
Minnesota and Montana. It is more drought resistant than timothy
and in the region mentioned can be grown farther west than that
species, but does not thrive south of central Kansas. All the other
perennial species are natives except 4. erectus, occasionally intro-
duced from Europe, and all have distinctly awned lemmas. Bromus
purgans L. is a common woodland species in the Eastern States.
This has an open drooping panicle with nearly terete spikelets, the
lemmas pubescent over the back. The closely allied and equally com-
mon B. ciliatus L. (fig. 2) differs in having lemmas glabrous on the
back and pubescent on the margins only. Several species are found
in the Western States, B. portert (Coult.) Nash, with close drooping
panicle and softly pubescent aay being common in the Rocky
Mountains.

The group of annuals Lapel weedy species introduced mostly
from Europe. The best known of these in the Eastern States is
Bromus secalinus (fig. 3), chess or cheat, a weed of waste places and
sometimes infesting grain fields. Formerly it was believed by the
credulous that under certain conditions wheat changed into chess.
Chess in a wheat field is due to chess seed in the soil or to chess seed
in the wheat sown. Chess is a smooth grass 1 to 3 feet tall, with flat
blades and open drooping panicles of smooth turgid spikelets, the
lemmas broad and inrolled above, the awn about as long as the lemma.
Bromus commutatus Schrad. differs in having pubescent sheaths.

On the Pacific coast the annual species of Bromus have become
conspicuous. They thrive on all open ground at lower altitudes in

26

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Ca

ae
a

Fic. 2.—Wild brome-grass, Bromus ciliatus, Plant, X 3; spikelet and floret, X 5,

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fie. 3.—Chess (cheat), Bromus secalinus, Plant, X 34; spikelet and floret, x 5,

27

28 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
spring and early summer, and on the approach of the summer dry
season they ripen their seed and turn brown. They often cover
vast areas and have become a great pest. The commonest species are
B. rubens L., with contracted panicles of narrow usually purplish
spikelets; B. hordeaceus L., with compact panicles of short turgid
usually pubescent spikelets like those of B. secalinus; B. villosus
Forsk., with open rather few-flowered panicles and narrow spike-
lets with awns as much as 2 inches long; and B. tectorum L. (fig. 4),
a rather small softly pubescent species, with drooping panicles of
narrow spikelets. Bromus trinii Desv., found chiefly in the desert
regions of California, introduced from Chile, is peculiar in having
a bent awn twisted below. Bromus arenarius Labill., a recent intro-
duction from Australia, is becoming common. This has an open
panicle with capillary curved pedicels and short, pubescent spikelets.

The perennial species of Bromus are important forage grasses on
the mountain ranges of the Western States. The annual species are
good forage grasses when they are young, but they are rather eva-
nescent. The fruits of B. villosus and B. rubens and their allies are
injurious to stock, the sharp-pointed florets working their way into
the eyes and nostrils. Bromus secalinus is grown for hay in Wash-
ington, in Oregon, and in Georgia.

For a revision of the species of Bromus found in the United States,
see Shear, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 23. 1900.

3. Festuca L., the fescue grasses.

Spikelets few to several flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes and between the florets; glumes narrow, acute, unequal.
the first sometimes very small; lemmas rounded on the back, mem-
branaceous or somewhat indurate, 5-nerved, the nerves often obscure,
acute or rarely obtuse, awned from the tip or rarely from a minutely
bifid apex.

Annual or perennial low or rather tall grasses of varied habit, the
spikelets in narrow or open panicles. Species about 100, in the tem-
perate and cool regions; about 40 species in the United States, 7 of
which are introductions from Europe. :

Type species: Festuca ovina L.

Festuca L., Sp. Pl. 73, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 33. 1754. Linnezeus describes 11
species. Festuca ovina is chosen as the type, as it is the first of the original
species that is economic and is described in the flora of Sweden. Most of the
original species are still retained in Festuca but F. decumbens is now placed
in Sieglingia, F. fluitans in Panicularia, and F. cristata in Koeleria (CK.
phleoides).

Vulpia Gmel., Fl. Badens. 1: 8. 1805. One species, V. myuros, based on
Festuca myuros L., is described, and two species of Festuca having a single
stamen are mentioned in a note. Festuca MYUTOS 38 taken as the type.

Schedonorus Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 99, pl. 19, f. 2. 1812. The first of the 25
species included and the one figured is ‘“‘ Bromus elatior” (L.) Koel., based on
Festuca elatior. The figure shows a floret with a short awn below the minutely
bidentate apex, as found in occasional specimens of fp. elatior, which species is

taken as the type.

29

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

att:

\ WA inl |
WN ES \
SEN

\

lA dy Z NM
W297

4

4 f Yi Yy yy fy f AZ
A | Yi GAY, If Yi 44 f
‘ \ 7 GK Z WGK VANE 5 /

, \ \\ SY
\

aN ly :
WN SS \
SASS ~

aN Nes SN :

oA,

Plant, X 4%; spikelet and HOret;., 5. 1b.

Fig, 4.—Downy brome-grass, Bromus tectorum.

30 BULLETIN 1772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Dasiola Raf., Neogenyt. 4. 1825. ‘Type Festuca monandra” Ell., renamed
D. elliottea Raf. This is F. sciurea Nutt.

Chloamnia Raf.,
Neogenyt. 4. 1825.
Two species are in-
cluded, Festuca _ te-
nella and F. bromoti-
des. The first, which
is F'. octoflora Walt.,
is taken as the type.

Hesperochloa (Pi-
per) Rydb., Bull.
Torrey Club 393: 106.
1912. Based on Fes-
tuca subgenus Hes-
perochloa Piper, the
type and only species
of which is F’. confinis
Vasey.

Wasatchia Jones,
Contr. West. Bot. 14:
16. 1912. A single
species is included,

VILL
fila
<E

SS —

Amer. Midl. Nat. 4:
224. 1915. A new
name proposed for
, Festuca L., not Do-
donaeus, 1551.

The subgenus.
Vulpia, including
annuals with most-
ly narrow panicles |
and flowers with
but one stamen, is
represented in the

United States by
13 species, 2 of
which, Festuca
myuros L. and F.
bromoides L., are
introductions
from Europe.
Festuca octoflora
W alte... (ens.o)):
with spikelets usu-
ally more than
5-flowered and

N Y}
Ny Aisa re
Ay Y W. kingii (Watson)
\ Wa V4 Wh Jones, based on Poa
Wy q Wi We kingit Watson, which
Vy Vy Wi 5
y | vr \e is the same as F’. con-
\ Wy Shi finis Vasey.
fi ‘\ if | Gnomonia Lunell,

Wig. 5.—Festuca octoflora. Plant, x 4; spikelet and floret, hard terete gla-
ce brous or scabrous

lemmas with no scarious margin, is common throughout the United
States. Several native species of this subgenus are found on the
Pacific coast.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 31

The subgenus Hesperochloa includes a single species Mestuca
confinis Vasey, a stout tufted perennial with creeping rhizomes, firm
flat blades, and narrow panicles of awnless spikelets.

The remaining species, all perennials, are placed in the subgenus
Eufestuca. Mountain bunch-grass (/. viridula Vasey) with nar-
row flat or loosely involute blades and awnless spikelets is common
in the subalpine meadows of the northwestern mountains where it
constitutes an important part of the forage. Festuca subulata Trin.,
a common woodland species of the Northwestern States, has flat thin
blades and very open panicles of long-awned spikelets. Much re-
sembling this is /. subuliflora Scribn., which is peculiar in having
a stipelike elongation at the base of the florets. An allied Califor-
nian species, /. edmerz Scribn. and Merr., has spikelets like /’. subulata,
but the awn arises between the two minute teeth of the lemma. /es-
tuca obtusa Spreng. is an eastern woodland species with very loose
sparingly branched panicle and few awnless spikelets. The largest
species of the genus in the United States is /. californica Vasey,
found in dry woods of western California and Oregon. This grows
in large tufts, with culms as much as 5 feet tall, hard flat or loosely
involute blades, pilose on the collar, and large panicles.

The type species, /estuca ovina, is the representative of a large
eroup of varieties or closely allied species in Europe. Festuca ovina
itself is cultivated as a lawn or pasture grass under the name of
sheep’s fescue. It is a tufted grass 6 to 18 inches tall with firm, short,
involute blades, crowded at the base of the slender culms, and narrow
panicles of short-awned spikelets. This grass is used in mixtures
for sterile or stony scil. Three allied European species are used in
the same way but especially in mixtures for lawns. These are F.
duriuscula L., hard fescue (a species rare in America), with blades
about 1 mm. broad; F. heterophylla Lam., with flat stem blades; and
F. capillata Lam., with very fine blades and awnless spikelets. Red
fescue, /'. rubra L. (fig. 6), differs in the loosely tufted culms with
decumbent usually red bases. This is native in both Europe and
America. Two species allied to /. ovina are native in the Western
States and are both important range grasses. These are /’. idahoensis
Elmer (/. ingrata (Hack.) Rydb.), blue bunch-grass, with pale
narrow stiff harshly scabrous blades 6 to 15 inches long, and awned
spikelets, common from British Columbia to Colorado and Cali-
fornia; and /’. arizonica Vasey, Arizona fescue, with nearly awnless
spikelets, found in northern Arizona and southern Utah.

The most important cultivated species of the genus is Festuca
elatior L., meadow fescue (PI. IT; fig. 7). This is a smooth perennial,
1 to 4 feet high, with flat blades and a narrow but rather loose panicle
4 to 8 inches long, the awnless spikelets about half an inch long.
Meadow fescue is cultivated for hay and pasture in the humid region,

32 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

especially in Tennessee, Missouri, and eastern Kansas. There are two
agricultural varieties of this species. The taller form with larger
more open panicle is distinguished as tall fescue. The form more

Fig. 6.—Red fescue, Festuca rubra. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. oo

Fic. 7.—Meadow fescue, Festuca elatior. Plant, * 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

commonly cultivated, usually called meadow fescue, is 2 or 3 feet

tall and has a nearly simple panicle, sometimes racemose above and

slightly branched at the base. In eastern Kansas the-incorrect name

English bluegrass is sometimes applied to this species.
97769°—19—Bull. 772-3

34 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

For a revision of the species of Festuca found in North America,
see Piper, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10:1-48, pl. 1-15. 1906.

Scleropoa Griseb., Spicil. Fl. Rumel. 2: 431. 1844.

The one species, Scleropoa rigida (u.) Griseb., a native of southern
Europe, is sparingly introduced in the United States, mostly as a
ballast plant. It is a low annual with racemes of spikelets resembling

those of Puccinellia. The glumes are 1-nerved, the lemmas convex

on the back and obscurely nerved. The type is Poa rigida L

Brachypodium Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 100, 155. 1812.

One species, Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Beauv., of Europe,
has been found on ballast at Portland, Oreg., and Camden, N. J. It
is a low tufted annual, with stiff culms ending in a raceme of 1 to
few short-pediceled, many-flowered cylindric spikelets, the awned
lemmas rounded on the back, the paleas stiffly ciliate on the keels.

4, PANICULARIA Heister.
(Glyceria R. Br.)

Spikelets few to many flowered, subterete or slightly compressed,
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes unequal, short, obtuse or acute, usually scarious, mostly 1-
nerved ; lemmas broad, convex on the back, firm, usually obtuse, awn-
less, scarious at the apex, 5 to 9 nerved, the nerves parallel, usually
prominent.

Usually tall aquatic or marsh grasses, with flat blades, closed or
partl y closed sheaths, and open or contracted panicles. Species about
35, in the temperate regions of both poe heree 16 species in the
United States.

Type species: Poa aquatica L.

Panicularia Heister; Fabr., Enum. Pl. Hort. Heimst., ed. 2, 373. 1763. The
genus is based on the species that Linnzeus named Poa aquatica.

Festucaria Heister; Fabr., Enum. Pl. Hort. Helmst., ed. 2, 374. - The
genus is based on the species that Linnzeus named Festuca fluitans.

Glyceria R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 179. 1810. Based on Festuca fluitans L.

Nevroloma Raf., Journ. de Phys. 89: 106. 1819. ‘Type, le Briza canadensis
de Michaux.” This is Panicularia canadensis.

Our species are divided into two rather well marked groups. One
group, consisting of five species, has linear spikelets usually as much
as 1cm. long. These species are represented by Panicularia fluitans,
the type of Festucaria and Glyceria. The group to which P. aquatica
belongs has ovate or oblong spikelets usually not over 5 mm. long.

The commonest species is Panicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze
(fig. 8), with small prominently 7-nerved spikelets in open panicles.
Panicularia canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze has larger less prominently

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fig. 8.—Manna grass, Panicularia nervata. Plant, X 25 spikelet and floret, x 5.

30

36 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

nerved spikelets. Panicularia grandis (S. Wats.) Nash has very large
panicles of oblong spikelets, the lemmas prominently 7-nerved. Pani-
cularia paucifiora (Presl) Kuntze, found in the western mountains,
has 5-nerved lemmas and rather small panicles.

The species are sometimes called manna grass and fowl meadow
grass. They are all excellent forage grasses, but usually form no
very important part of the grazing because they are limited to
swampy regions. Hydrocyanic acid has been found in Panicularia
nervata, and some cases of cattle poisoning have been ascribed to it.1

5. PLEUROPOGON R. Br.

Spikelets several to many flowered, linear, the rachilla disarticu-
lating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal,
membranaceous or subhyaline, scarious at the somewhat lacerate tip,
the first 1-nerved, the second obscurely 3-nerved; lemmas membra-
naceous, 7-nerved, with a round indurate callus at base, the apex en-
tire or 2-toothed, the midnerve extending into a short mucro or into
an awn; palea 2-keeled, the keels winged on the lower half.

Soft annuals or perennials, with flat blades and loose racemes of
rather large spikelets. Species three, one in the arctic region and
two on the Pacific coast of the United States.

Type species: Pleuropogon sabinii R. Br.

Pleuropogon R. Br., Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 189, pl. D. 1823. A singie
species described and figured.

Lophochlaena Nees, in Taylor, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 283. 1838. Type L. ue
fornica, the only species described.

Our species are found in bogs and wet meadows. One, Pleu-
ropogon californicus (Nees) Benth. (fig. 9),an annual with ascending
spikelets, is confined to California. The other, P. refractus (Gray)
Benth., a perennial with drooping spikelets, is found from northern

California to Washington. They are palatable grasses, but occur too

infrequently to be of economic value.

6. PUCCINELLIA Parl.

Spikelets several-flowered, usually terete or only slightly flattened,
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes unequal, shorter than the first lemma, obtuse or acute, rather
firm, often scarious at the tip, the first 1-nerved or sometimes

3-nerved, the second 8-nerved; lemmas usually firm, rounded on the |

back, obtuse or acute, rarely acuminate, usually scarious and often
erose at the tip, glabrous or puberulent toward the base, 5-nerved,
the nerves parallel, obscure or indistinct, rarely rather prominent;
palea about as long as the lemma or somewhat shorter.

Annual, or usually perennial, low pale smooth cespitose grasses,
with narrow or open panicles. Species about 25, mostly along coasts

1 Alsberg and Black. Journ. Biol. Chem. 21: 601. 1915.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fic. 9.—Pleuropogon californicus. Plant, X 4; spikelet, X 3; floret, x 5.

37

38 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and on interior alkali soil of the cool and arctic regions of the
Northern Hemisphere; about 12 species in the United States, on
the Atlantic coast south to Delaware, on the Pacific coast south to
Point Reyes, and in the western interior south to New Mexico.

Type species: Poa distans L.

Puccinellia Parl., Fl. Ital. 1: 366. 1848. Parlatore describes 4 species, P.
distans (1L.) Parl., P. festucaeformis (Host) Parl., P. gussoni Parl., and P.
maritima (Huds.) Parl. The first is selected as the type.

Atropis Rupr., in Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 388. 1853. Based upon Poa,
section Atropis Rupr.,’ of which the type and only species is Poa distans L.

Puccinellia differs from Poa in the rounded lemmas with indistinct
and parallel nerves. The species are mostly confined to the brackish
marshes of the coast. One species, Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schult.)
Hitche. (P. airoides (Nutt.) Wats. and Coult.) (fig. 10), is common
in alkaline soils of the interior from Minnesota to Washington and
south to New Mexico. This species furnishes considerable forage
where it is common.

7. FLUMINEA Fries.
(Scolochloa Link.)

Spikelets 3 to 4 flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets; glumes nearly equal, somewhat scari-
ous and lacerate at summit, the first 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved,
about as long as the first lemma; lemmas firm, rounded on the back,
villous on the callus, 7-nerved, the nerves rather faint and unequal,
extending into a searious lacerate apex; palea narrow, flat, about
as long as the lemma.

Tall perennials, with succulent rhizomes, flat blades, and spread-
ing panicles. Species two, one in eastern Siberia, the other in north-
ern Eurasia and northern North America, extending south to Iowa.

Type species: Festuca borealis Mert. and Koch. ;

Scolochloa Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 136, 1827, not Seolochloa Mert. and Koch.
1828. Based on Arundo festucacea Willd. (Scolochloa festucacea Link), the
only species described. Scolochloa Mert. and Koch is based on Arundo dona L.

Fluminea Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 247. 1846. Based on Festuca borealis.

A single species is included, its name being given as ‘“ Festuca borealis
or Fluminea arundinacea.” This is the same as Scolochloa festucaced.

Our single species, Fluminea festucacea (Willd.) Hitche. (Arundo
festucacea Willd., Graphephorum festucacewm Gray, Scolochloa fes-
tucacea ( Willd.) Link) (fig. 11), is a marsh grass found from Iowa
and Minnesota northward. It has some value for forage and is often
a constituent of marsh hay.

8. Poa L., the bluegrasses.
Spikelets 2 to several flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above

the glumes and between the florets, the uppermost floret reduced or
rudimentary; glumes acute, keeled, somewhat unequal, the first

1 Beitr. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reich. 2: 61. 1845 (Fl. Samoj. Cis.).

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 39

Fic. 10.—Puccinellia nuttalliona. Plant, x 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

40

OL LLL A PT

Plant, X 3; spikelet and floret, x 5.

Fic. 11.—Fluminea festucacea.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 41

1-nerved, the second usually 3-nerved ; lemmas somewhat keeled, acute
or acutish, awnless, membranaceous, often somewhat scarious at the
tip, 5-nerved, the nerves sometimes pubescent.

Annual, or usually perennial, species of low or rather tall grasses,
with spikelets in open or contracted panicles, the narrow blades
flat or folded, ending in a navicular point. Species probably over
200, in the temperate and cool regions; about 90 in the United States,
being especially numerous in the western mountains.

Type species: Poa pratensis L.

Poa L., Sp. Pl. 67, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 31. 1754. Linnzeus describes 17
species, 8 of which are still retained in the genus. Poa pratensis is chosen as the
type because it is an important economic species and because it is among the
species described under Poa in the Flora Lapponica. The first of the original
species, P. aquatica, is now referred to Panicularia ; P. fava to Triodia ; P. pilosa,
P. amabilis, P. eragrostis, P. capillaris, and P. tenella to Eragrostis; P. mala- :
barica to Centotheca ; P. chinensis to Leptochloa.

Paneion Lunell, Amer. Mid]. Nat. 4: 221. 1915. Proposed for Poa L., the word

poa being a Greek common noun, meaning herb, the author regarding it “ unfit
as [a] generic name.”

The base of the lemma sometimes bears a tuft of loose cottony hairs.
A group of western species, including Poa scabrella (Thurb.) Benth.
of California (fig. 12), P. nevadensis Vasey of the Great Basin, and
P. sandbergii Vasey of the northern Rocky Mountain region, have
narrow, nearly terete spikelets, in narrow panicles, the lemmas
rounded on the back, glabrous, scabrous or minutely pubescent below.
Several species, such as mutton grass (P. fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey)
and its allies, P. douglasti Nees, and P. arachnifera Torr., are
dicecious. A few species, such as P. annua L., P. bigelovii Vasey and
Scribn. of Arizona, P. howellii Vasey and Scribn., and P. bolanderi
Vasey of California, are annual. Some of the perennial species,
such as P. scabrella, are bunch grasses, and some like P. pratensis and
P. compressa produce creeping rhizomes. Poa macrantha Vasey, a
dicecious sand-dune grass of Oregon, has spikelets as much as half
an inch long. |

The bluegrasses are of great importance because of their forage
value, some species being cultivated for pasture and others forming
a large part of the forage on the mountain meadows of the West.

The most important species of the genus is Poa pratensis L. (PI.
IIT; fig. 18) commonly known as Kentucky bluegrass, or simply blue-
grass. This is a smooth perennial, with creeping rhizomes, erect
culms 1 to 3 feet high, soft flat or folded blades and open pyramidal
panicles 2 to 4 inches long, the lower branches in a whorl of usually 5,
the spikelets mostly 4 to 6 flowered, the florets cobwebby at base, the
._ keel and marginal nerves villous. Bluegrass is a native of Europe,
but is widely naturalized in the cooler parts of this country and is
cultivated for pasture and for lawns. It is the standard pasture grass
in the humid regions of the United States where the soil contains
plenty of lime.

=~

42 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

|
.
f

Fic. 12.—Poa scabrella. Plant, X 33 spikelet and floret, X 5. ot nea

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.

KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS (POA PRATENSIS).

Bu

. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. > PLATE IV.

CANADA BLUEGRASS (POA COMPRESSA) IN FLOWER.

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

ANNUAL BLUEGRASS (POA ANNUA).

PLATE V.

PLATE VI.

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

*“{UOULVILIO IOJ UOTPCAT}TND JO AyWAOM Sofdods oATVCU Vy “uodo oY} UT poydessojoyd puv spoom fq,

“VITOAILVT VIOIN(G,

-ICOU OY} WIOIJ POAOTIOI 4JNI VY

43

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

<n R: 3 y d ,
= == =—- =a Yl
= 2 ——\\ WEA

—u

hy 2 eX
tama

spikelet and floret, X 5.

Fic. 13.—Bluegrass, Poa pratensis. Plant, * 1;

a4 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The name Kentucky bluegrass has been used because in Kentucky
the bluegrass pastures have been a prominent feature of the agricul-
ture of the State. In the northern portion of its range it is usually
called June-grass. Bluegrass flourishes as far west as eastern Ne-
braska and as far south as Virginia and in the mountains to northern
Alabama. In the valleys of the western mountains and in the humid
region of the Pacific coast, from northern California to British
Columbia, bluegrass is the common pasture grass. In the regions
where bluegrass is used for pasture it is the standard lawn grass.
By liming the soil and by artificial watering bluegrass may be grown
for lawns beyond the limits outlined above, but it can not be made
to thrive in the warmer parts of the Southern States or in the arid
regions of the Southwest.

Poa compressa L. (Pl. IV), cultivated under the name of Canada
bluegrass, is of some commercial importance, being grown in the
region that is adapted to the growth of Kentucky bluegrass, but it
is used chiefly on sterile sandy or clay soils where the latter species
does not thrive. Canada bluegrass differs from Kentucky bluegrass
in its blue-green color, distinctly compressed stems, and narrow less-
branched panicles. It produces abundant rhizomes that throw up
numerous scattered stems, mostly 6 to 15 inches tall, these being
usually solitary rather than tufted. On account of its wiry, com-
pressed stems it is called in some localities wire-grass and flat-stem.

Two other species of Poa occasionally grown but of little agricul-
tural importance are Poa trivialis L., rough-stalked meadow grass, a
species lacking rhizomes, but resembling P. pratensis in its panicle,
distinguished easily by its backwardly roughened sheaths; and Poa
palustris Li. (P. triftora Gilib., P. serotina Ehrh.) known to seedsmen

as fowl meadow grass, a smooth, rather tall, tufted grass, differing —
from bluegrass in the absence of rhizomes, in the larger more open

panicle, and in the smaller, 2 to 4 flowered spikelets.

Poa arachnifera Torr., Texas bluegrass, has been used in some of the
Southern States as a winter pasture grass and as a lawn grass. It is
an erect dicecious grass, 1 to 2 feet high, with strong rhizomes and
narrow panicles, 2 to 4 inches long, the staminate spikelets glabrous,
the pistillate spikelets with a copious tuft of woolly hairs at the base
of the florets. Texas bluegrass is a native of Oklahoma and Texas.

Poa annua L., annual bluegrass (Pl. V), is a low, soft, ight-green,
annual grass that is frequently found as a weed in lawns and gardens.
It thrives in the spring or even in the winter in southerly regions,
forming fine light-green patches, which die out later in the season,
leaving unsightly spots. Poa annua is a native of Europe, but is
widely introduced in America.

Several species are important range grasses. Malpais bluegrass
(Poa scabrella), a bunch grass, with slightly roughened sheaths and

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 45

narrow panicles of cylindric spikelets, the lemmas pubescent below, is
common at lower altitudes in California. Mutton grass (P. fendleri-
ana) is important in the Southwest. Little bluegrass (P. sand-
bergiz), differing from malpais bluegrass in having smooth sheaths, is
common at medium altitudes (2,000 to 8,000 feet) throughout the
Northwest.

9. Briza L., the quaking grasses.

Spikelets several-flowered, broad, often cordate, the florets crowded
and spreading horizontally, the rachilla glabrous, disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets, the uppermost floret re-
duced; glumes about equal, broad, papery-chartaceous, with scarious
margins; lemmas papery, broad, with scarious, spreading margins,
cordate at base, several-nerved, the nerves often obscure, the apex
in our species obtuse or acutish; palea much shorter than the lemma.

Annual or perennial, low grasses, with erect culms, flat blades, and
usually open, showy panicles, the pedicels in our species capillary,
allowing the spikelets to vibrate in the wind. Species about 20, the
greater number South American. The three species found in the
United States are introductions from Europe and occur here as
occasional weeds in waste places.

Type species: Briza media L.

Briza L., Sp. Pl. 70, 17538; Gen. Pl, ed. 5, 32. 1754. Linnseus describes 4
species, B. minor, B. media, B. maxima, and B. eragrostis. The first three were
familiar to Linneeus as cultivated plants in the Hortus Cliffortianus, and the
second, which is selected as the type species, was described in his flora of Swe-
den. The first three species are now retained in Briza, the last is referred to
Hragrostis.

Of the three species found in this country, one, Briza media (fig.
14), is perennial, and two, B. minor and B. maxima, are annual. The
spikelets of B. maxima, a species sometimes cultivated for ornament
under the name quaking grass, are large and showy, half an inch long,
drooping on slender pedicels. Briza minor, with smaller upright
spikelets, is rather common on the Pacific coast.

10. ERaAGrRostis Host.

Spikelets few to many flowered, the florets usually closely imbri-
cate, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the
florets, or continuous, the lemmas deciduous, the paleas persistent ;
glumes somewhat unequal, shorter than the first lemma, acute or
acuminate, 1-nerved, or the second rarely 3-nerved; lemmas acute
or acuminate, keeled or rounded on the back, 3-nerved, the nerves
usually prominent; palea 2-nerved, the keels sometimes ciliate.

Annual or perennial] grasses of various habit, the inflorescence an
open or contracted panicle. Species more than 100, tropical and tem-
perate regions; 33 species in the United States, in all except the cool
or mountain regions.

46 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Type species: Briza eragrostis IL.

Eragrostis Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 14, pl. 24. 1809. One species is described,
but no generic description is given. The genus Eragrostis was first diagnosed
by Beauvois, the type being
Hragrostis eragrostis, based on
Poa eragrostis L.

Hrochloé Raf., Neogenyt. 4,
1825; Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 221.
1830. Rafinesque first proposed
the name in 1825 but mentioned
no species. In 1830 he gives the
hame to ‘Poa _ spectabilis seu
amabilis,’ (Hragrostis pectina-
cea and EH. amabilis, respec-
tively, not the same species, as
Rafinesque implies).

Acamptoclados Nash, in Small,
Fl. Southeast. U. S. 139. 1908.
The type, indicated on page 1327,
is Hragrostis sessilispica Buckl.,
the only species described. The
genus is placed in Chloridez on
account of the sessile spikelets
distant along the paniele
branches.

Neeragrostis Bush, Trans.
Acad. St. Louis 13: 178. 1903.
The type species is indicated,
Poa weigeltiana Reichenb. The
genus includes also NV. hypnoides
(Hragrostis hypnoides).

Erosion Lunell, Amer. Midl.
Nat. 4: 221. 1915. Proposed for
“ Hragrostis Beauv... . The
name to be avoided, as built on
another grass name.”

Fig. 14.—Quaking grass, Briza media. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, X 5.

In many species the rachilla is continuous and does not disarticulate
as in most species of the tribe Festuceae. The grain is free and falls
with the lemma, leaving the palea upon the rachilla. To this group

1 Ess. Agrost. 70, pl. 14, f. 11. 1812.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 47

belong two common annual weeds, “’ragrostis cilianensis (AIL) Link

(E. megastachya (Koel.) Link, £’. major Host), a disagreeable smell-
ing grass (fig. 15) with rather compact panicles of large spikelets
(3 mm. wide), the keels of the lemmas glandular dotted, and /’. caro-
liniana (Spreng.) Scribn., with open panicles of small spikelets
(about 1.5 mm. wide).

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees (fig. 16) is a perennial with
handsome purple open panicles, which at maturity separate from the
plant and tumble before the wind.

Eragrostis hypnoides (liam.) B. 8. P. is a spreading dicecious
annual found on sandy river banks. Hragrostis ciliaris (.) Link
(fig. 17) and Z. amabilis (L.) Wight and Arn. (/. plumosa Link)
are tropical annuals that extend into the Gulf States. They have
conspicuously ciliate paleas and disarticulating rachilla. A common
perennial species in sandy soil from Kansas to Texas is 2’. secundifiora
Presl (2. oxylepis Torr.) with contracted purple panicles, the rachilla
disarticulating and the florets falling separately.

In general, the species of Eragrostis have little forage value.

11. CATABROSA Beauv.

Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, the florets somewhat distant, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes unequal, shorter than the lower floret, flat, nerveless, irregu-
larly toothed at the broad truncate apex; lemmas broad, prominently
3-nerved, the nerves parallel, the broad apex scarious; palea about
as long as the lemma, broad, scarious at the apex.

Aquatic perennials, with creeping bases, flat soft blades, and open
panicles. Species seven, in northern Eurasia and North America,
extending south to New Brunswick and Colorado; one in Chile.

Type species: Aira aquatica L.

Catabrosa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 97, pl. 19, f. 8. 1812. The species illustrated
is C. aquatica. Another name mentioned is a nomen nudum.

Catabrosa aquatica (l.) Beauv. (fig. 18) is found in mountain
meadows around springs and watercourses. It is an unimporcant

forage grass.
12. Mouinta Schrank.

Spikelets 2 to 4 flowered, the florets distant, the rachilla disarticu-
lating above the glumes, slender, prolonged beyond the upper floret,
and bearing a rudimentary floret; glumes somewhat unequal, acute,
shorter than the first lemma, 1-nerved; lemmas membranaceous, nar-
rowed to an obtuse point, 3-nerved; palea bowed out below, equaling
or slightly exceeding the lemma.

48 BULLETIN

=e NS a. ‘
NYAS ihic<omee N YY Rd
SS yy
SSS
=
—~ oo
ISS
\

aS
Wa
\ wb ie
N <= ,
CS

Fig, 15.—Stink-grass, Hragrostis cilianensis.

Plant,

< 43 spikelet and floret,

x 5.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 49

Fic. 16.—Love-grass, Eragrostis pectinacea. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, « 5.

97769°—19—Bull. 772-4

50 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Slender tufted perennials, with flat blades and narrow, rather open
panicles. Species five, Europe and Asia; one sparingly introduced
in the United States.

= e Kee
5 SMURF

Fe Ppa Ape ONIN ony,
Eg alle SOM hin he cana

BEA dietitian

‘ v3
es: ey
“3 a
. u
<8
xf Z

fg Ler

Ae
Slo

Se. nee
SS
————a<

ne bef NOP 7
dy if x
Hey SA

f ——$=

Fig. 17.—E£ragrostis ciliaris. Plant, X 34; spikelet and floret, x 5.

Type species: Aira caerulea L.
Molinia Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 336. 1789. <A single species described, WM.
varia, of which Aira caerulea L. is given as a synonym.

Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench (fig. 19) is introduced in a few loeal-
ities in the Eastern States from New England to Pennsylvania. In
Europe this is considered to be a good forage grass. A form with
striped leaves is cultivated for ornament, being used for borders.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 51
138. DIARINA Raf.

Spikelets few-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating abeve the
glumes and between the florets; glumes unequal, acute, shorter than
the lemmas, the first 1-nerved, the
second 3 to 5 nerved; lemmas char-
taceous, pointed, 38-nerved, the
nerves converging in the point, the
upper floret reduced; palea char-
taceous, 2-nerved, obtuse, at ma-
turity the lemma and palea widely
spread by the large turgid beaked
caryopsis with hard shining peri-
carp.

Perennials, with slender rhi-
zomes, broadly linear, flat blades,
long-tapering below, and narrow,
few-flowered panicles. Species
two, one in eastern Asia and one
in the eastern United States.

Type species : Festuca diandra Michx.
Diarina Raf., Med. Repos. 3: 352.
1808. Rafinesque bases a new genus on

d ~
——$—
a

iP

Fig. 18.—Catabrosa aquatica. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

\

Festuca diandra Michx. (not Moench, 1794). He renames the species D. festu-
coides. Beauvois* spells the name Diarrhena, crediting it to “‘Shmal” | Rafin-
esque-Schmalz] and renames the single species D. americana.

1Ess. Agrost. 142, pl. 25, f. 1. 1812.

52 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Koryearpus Zea; Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 4. 1816. The only species described
is K. arundinaceus Zea, which is the same as Diarina festucoides. Lagasca cites
f the reference ‘Ac. Matr. 1806,” but
M there seems to be no evidence that the
| name Korycarpus was published earlier
/ than 1816. 7
Our single species, Diarina
jestucoides Raf. (fig. 20), is
found in rich woods through
the eastern United States. It is
of little importance as a forage

Orass.

14. DISSANTHE-
LIUM Trin.

Spikelets
mostly 2-flow-
ered, the ra-
chilla_ slender,
disarticulating
above the

Fic. 19.—Molinia caerulea. Plant, x 3; spikelet and floret, xX 8.

glumes and between the florets; glumes firm, nearly equal, acumi-
nate, much longer than the lower floret, mostly exceeding all

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 53

the florets, the first 1-nerved, the second 8-nerved; lemmas strongly

compressed, oval or elliptic, acute, awnless, 3-nerved, the lateral
nerves near the margin; palea some-

\)
what shorter than the lemma. WZ
. e i

Annual or perennial grasses, with Y

narrow panicles. Species two, one

in Mexico and South America, the
other in California.

Fic. 20.—Diarina festucoides. Plant,

<x 4; spikelet and floret, xX 5.

54 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Type species: Dissanthelium supinum Trin.

Dissanthelium Trin., Linnewa 10: 305. 1836. One species described.

Stenochloa Nutt., Journ. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 189. 1848. One species described,
S. californica.

Our Californian species, Dissanthelium californicum (Nutt.)
Benth. (fig. 21). is an annual with fiat blades and a narrow somewhat
‘$ open panicle. It isa rather
rare species found in
southern California and
the islands off the coast
and has no economic value.

The second species of
the genus is Dissanthelium
supinum Trin. a low
tufted perennial, with nar-
row, folded or convolute
blades and short, densely
flowered panicles. This is
found on alpine summits
in Mexico, Bolivia, and
Peru. It has been calied
Deschampsia matthewsii
Ball and Dissantheliwm
sclerochloides Fourn.

15. REDFIELDIA Vasey.

Spikelets compressed,
few-flowered, mostly 3 or
4 flowered, the rachilla
disarticulating above the
glumes and between the
florets; glumes somewhat
unequal, 1-nerved, acumi-
nate: lemma chartaceous,
3-nerved, the nerves paral-
lel, densely villous at base ;
palea as long as the
lemma; grain free.

A rather tall perennial,
with rhizomes and a large
panicle with diffuse capil-
lary branches. Species
one; sand hills of the

Fie. 21.—Dissanthelium californicum. Plant, X 3; :
spikelet and floret, X 5. Great Plains.

Type species: Graphephorum flecuosum Thurb. ;
Redfieldia Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 14: 1383. 1887. One species described,
R. fleruosa .(Thurb.) Vasey.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 55

Fic. 22.—Redfieldia flecuosa. Plant, X 43 spikelet and floret, x 5.

Redfieldia flecwosa (fig. 22) is a gregarious sand-hill grass, one
of the few species found growing in the drifting sand, which it tends

56 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

to hold in place with its numerous creeping rhizomes. The species
is found from South Dakota to Kansas. It has little value for
forage but much value as a sand binder.

16. MoNANTHOCHLOE Engelm.

Plants dicecious; spikelets 3 to 5 flowered, the uppermost florets
rudimentary, the rachilla disarticulating tardily in pistillate spike-
lets; glumes wanting; lemmas rounded on the back, convolute, nar-
rowed above, several-nerved, those of the pistillate spikelets like
the blades in texture; palea narrow, 2-nerved, in the pistillate spike-
lets convolute around the pistil, the rudimentary uppermost floret
inclosed between the keels of the floret next below.

A creeping wiry perennial, with clustered short subulate leaves, the

spikelets at the ends of the short branches only a little exceeding the.

leaves. Species two, one on muddy shores of the ocean in tropical
America, one in Argentina.

Type species: Monanthochloé littoralis Engelm.
Monanthochloé Engelm., Trans. Acad. St. Louis 1: 1436. 1859. Only one
species described.

Monanthochloé littoralis (fig. 23) is found within our limits only

in southern Florida, southern Texas, and southern California, on —

tidal fiats, sometimes covering extensive areas. Owing to the incon-
spicuousness of the spikelets, the flowering stage can be determined
only on close examination. The species has no economic importance
except as it tends to convert mud flats into permanent soil.

The leaves next the spikelet are reduced, but always present a
short though well-marked blade or foliaceous tip with a distinct
ligule. The branches bearing the spikelets are short and clustered.

The uppermost leaf, the one nearest the spikelet, usually has no bud.

or branch in its axil. The leaf next below bears a bud or short
branch and a well-developed prophyllum. The prophylla of
branches somewhat lower may be as large as the sheath of the leaf,
and the two nerves may extend into prominent foliaceous tips. As
the branch develops, the prophyllum usually sphts down the middle
and the two halves stand one on each side. The uppermost leaf
sometimes has in its axil a- thin membranaceous nerveless obtuse
bract which clasps the spikelets like a second (upper) glume, but
probably this is to be interpreted as a prophyllum, subtending a
branch which failed to develop.

17. DistTicHtuis Raf.

Plants dicecious; spikelets several to many flowered, the rachilla
of the pistillate spikelets disarticulating above the glumes and
between the florets; glumes unequal, broad, acute, keeled, mostly

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 57

3-nerved, the lateral nerves sometimes faint or obscured by stria-
tions and intermediate nerves; lemmas closely imbricate, firm, the
pistillate coriaceous, the margins bowed out near the base, acute or

Ne)
x
ny
ov
al
ie)
jem
bo)
q
3S
~»
vo
rer
o
px.
os
Q
n
feb)
»
as]
a
om
eri)
n
oe
jon
Pals
x
45
=|
Gs}
a
a

Pic. 23.—Monanthochloé littoralis.

acutish, 3-nerved, with several intermediate nerves or striations;
palea as long as the lemma or shorter, the pistillate coriaceous, in-
closing the grain.

58 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Low perennials, with extensively creeping scaly rhizomes, erect,
rather rigid stems, and short, dense, rather few-flowered panicles.
Species about six, in salt marshes of the coast and interior in America,
one extending to Australia; three species in the United States, one
widely distributed and two confined to Texas and northern Mexico.

Type species: Uniola spicata L.

Distichlis Raf., Journ. de Phys. 89: 104. 1819. Distichlis maritima is indi-
cated as the type by Rafinesque, who gives Uniola spicata L. as a synonym.

Brizopyrum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 280. 1830. Pres] describes five species, of

which the first two belong to Distichlis. None is figured. The first species,
B. boreale (Distichlis. spicata), is selected as the type.

The common species, Distichlis spicata (.) Greene (fig. 24), is
found along both coasts and in salt or alkali spots in the interior,
and extends southward to South America and to Australia. It is an
erect, gregarious grass usually not more than a foot high, with pale
spikelets, the staminate having a softer texture than the pistillate.
The common name is salt or alkali grass, though these names are some-
times applied to other species. In general it has little value for
forage but in the interior basins, such as the vicinity of Salt Lake, it
is utilized for grazing when better grasses are not available. The
large amount of salt or alkali may cause digestive disturbances.
This species is variable, and two forms have been distinguished as
species, D. stricta (Torr.) Rydb. and PD. dentata Rydb., both from
the Western States.

The two species of the Southwest are not well known. Distichlis
texana (Vasey) Scribn., a larger grass than PD. spicata, with less
compressed spikelets and a long, narrow, loose panicle, is found from
Texas to Durango. Déistichlis multinervosa (Vasey) Piper is an
anomalous species from western Texas known only from the type
collection. It differs in having a villous rachilla and 7-nerved mem-
branaceous lemmas, rounded on the back and villous on the lower |
part, and in the 2-lobed palea.

18. Unitoxra L.

Spikelets 3 to many flowered, the lower one to four lemmas empty,
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes compressed-keeled, rigid, usually narrow, nerved, acute or
acuminate, or rarely mucronate; lemmas compressed, sometimes con-
spicuously flattened, chartaceous, many-nerved, the nerves some-
times obscure, acute or acuminate, the empty ones at the base usually
successively smaller, the uppermost usually reduced; palea rigid,
sometimes bowed out in the winged keels.

Perennial, rather tall, erect grasses, with fiat or sometimes convo-
lute blades and narrow or open panicles of compressed, sometimes
very broad and fiat spikelets. Species nine, all North American.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 59

six being represented in the United States, these inhabiting the
Southeastern States, some species extending as far north as Long
Island and as far west as Kansas and Texas.

Fig. 24.—Salt-grass, Distichlis spicata. Staminate plant and a pistillate panicle, Xx 25
pistillate spikelet and floret, xX 5.

Type species: Uniola paniculata UL.

Uniola L., Sp. Pl. 71, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 32. 1754. Linnzeus describes two
species, U. paniculata and U. spicata. The first species is selected as the type.
The second is now referred to Distichlis.

60 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Trisiola Raf., Fl. Ludov. 144. 1817. A single species, 7. paniculata, based
on Uniola paniculata L., is included.
_ Nevroctola Raf., Neogenyt. 4. 1825. ‘Type Uniola maritima or paniculata.”
Uniola maritima Miechx. is U. paniculata L.

-_ Chasmanthium Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 159. 1829. <A single species, C. gracile,
based on Uniola gracilis Michx., is included. This is the same as U. lawxa (1.)
Bs Ss) Pe

Uniola paniculata, seaside oats, common on the coastal sand dunes
from Virginia to Texas, is a stout, pale grass, with extensively creep-
ing rhizomes, long-attenuate, firm blades, and large, drooping, heavy,
rather compact panicles of large, flat, stramineous spikelets. It is an
excellent sand binder. Uniola latifolia Michx. (Pl. VI; fig. 25) is
a woodland grass with broad flat blades and handsome, open, droop-
ing, rather few-flowered panicles of large, very flat green spikelets.
The species is worthy of use in landscape gardening. This and the
remaining species of Uniola are of minor importance as forage
grasses, as they are not sufficiently abundant. The seeds of U. pal-
meri Vasey are used for food by the Cocopa Indians.

19. ARUNDO L.

Spikelets several-flowered, the florets successively smaller, the
summits of all about equal, the rachilla glabrous, disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets; glumes somewhat unequal,
membranaceous, 8-nerved, narrow, tapering into a slender point,
about as long as the spikelet; lemmas thin, 3-nerved, densely long-
pilose, gradually narrowed at the summit, the nerves ending in
slender teeth, the middle one longer, extending into a straight awn.

Tall perennial reeds, with broad linear blades and large plumelike
terminal panicles. Species about six, in the warmer parts of the
Old World; one introduced in America.

Type species: Arundo dona L.

Arundo L., Sp. Pl. 81, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 35. 1754. Linnzeus describes six
C) represents the spikelets of Arundo donaz, which is fully described on page
Genera Plantarum is “ Scheuch. 3: 14, 3.” Scheuchzer’s figure 14 (A, B, and
C) represents the spikelets of Arundo donax, which is fully described on page
159 of Scheuchzer’s work, Agrostographia. Hence, Arundo donaz, the second
species described by Linnus, is the type species of the genus. The other
original species are now referred as follows: A. bambos to Bambos, A. phrag-
mites to Phragmites, A. epigejos and A. calamagrostis to Calamagrostis, A. -
arenaria to Ammophila.

Arundo donax, the giant reed (PI. VIT; fig. 26), is cultivated as an
ornamental grass for lawn groups or borders. In tropical America
it is frequently used for hedges, and the stems are utilized for a
variety of purposes, such as the making of lattices in the construction
of huts. The giant reed has become naturalized in the Southwestern
States and sometimes forms a dense growth along irrigation ditches.
There is a cultivated ornamental variety with white-striped blades
(A. donax versicolor (Mill.) Kunth). This was mentioned in Miller’s
Gardener’s Dictionary in 1768 as Arundo versicolor.

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.

Se.

GIANT REED (ARUNDO DONAX). CULTIVATED FOR ORNAMENT. |

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

ORCHARD GRASS (DACTYLIS

GLOMERATA) IN FLOWER.

PLATE VIII.

61

GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

GENERA OF

" ay
— a
K ty on SF Po 9
WS

~

; spikelet and floret, « 8.

1
2)

x

Fiant,

Fic. 25.—Uniola latifolia.

| 62 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

gv ZZ
—~

‘

ry

Ly

> Sy)
E-

MCE
LEE FLE

Ze,
p

Fig. 26—Giant reed, Arundo dona. Rhizome, leaves, and panicle, X 3; spikelet and
floret, <3.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 63

The giant reed is one of the largest of the herbaceous grasses, its
stem being as much as 20 feet tall. Ordinarily it grows in cultiva-
tion to a height of 6 to 10 feet. The rhizome is thick and knotty.
The blades are flat, 2 to 3 inches broad (smaller on the branches),
and distributed rather equally along the culm, the distichous ar-
rangement being conspicuous. ‘The handsome feathery panicle is 1
to 2 feet long, the spikelets being about one-half inch long. In
the Southwest this is sometimes called by the Mexican name carrizo.
The stems of the giant reed are used for making clarionet and organ-
pipe reeds.

Two large cultivated grasses or reeds allied to Arundo are Gyne-
rium and Cortaderia.

Gynerium Humb. and Bonpl., Pl. Aequin. 2: 105, pl. 115. 1809.
The single species described and figured is G. saccharoides Humb.
and Bonpl. This species, now called G. sagittatwm (Aubl.) Beauv.,
is a giant dicecious grass as much as 30 or 40 feet tall, with culms
clothed below with old sheaths from which the blades have fallen,
sharply serrulate blades, commonly 6 feet long and about 2 inches
wide (forming a great fan-shaped summit to the sterile culms), and
pale, plumy, densely flowered panicles 3 or more feet long, the main
axis erect, the branches drooping; spikelets several-flowered, the
pistillate with long-attenuate glumes and smaller long-silky lemmas,
the staminate with shorter glumes and glabrous lemmas. This grass,
found along streams in tropical America, is cultivated occasionally
in greenhouses under the name of uva grass.

Cortaderia Stapf, Gard. Chron. III. 22: 396. 1897. Stapf in-
cludes five species in the genus, the first of which is C. argentea.
The genus is technically designated on the page indicated in the
citation, but on a preceding page (p. 378) he says, “ Taking Gyne-
rium argenteum as representative of the Cortaderas, ...”. Hence
Gynerium argenteum is selected as the type. This species, called
C. argentea (Nees) Stapf, is an erect dicecious perennial reed, grow-
ing in large bunches, with numerous long, narrow, basal blades, very
rough on the margins, and stout flowering culms 6 to 10 feet high,
with beautiful feathery, silvery white or pink panicles or plumes 1 to
3 feet long; spikelets 2 to 3 flowered, the pistillate silky with long
hairs, the staminate naked; glumes white and papery, long and
slender; lemmas bearing a long slender awn. This grass, called
pampas grass, is a native of Argentina. It is cultivated as a lawn
ornamental, being hardy in the warmer parts of the United States.
Pampas grass is cultivated commercially in southern California for
the plumes, which are used for decorative purposes. The plants
grow here to enormous size, as much as 20 feet in height.

64 BULLETIN 772, U..S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ©
20. PHRAGMITES Adans., the reeds.

Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla clothed with long silky hairs,
disarticulating above the glumes and at the base of each joint between
the florets, the lowest floret staminate or neuter; glumes 3-nerved, or
the upper 5-nerved, lanceolate, acute, unequal, the first about half
as long as the upper, the second shorter than the florets; lemmas
narrow, long-acuminate, glabrous, 3-nerved, the florets successively
smaller, the summits of all about equal; palea much shorter than the
lemma. 7

Perennial reeds, with broad, flat linear blades and large terminal
panicles. Species three, one in Asia, one in Argentina, and one cos-
mopolitan.

Type species: Arundo phragmites L.

Phragmites Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 384, 559. 1768. Adanson cites “Arundo

Scheuz. 161,” which Linnzus also cites under Arundo phragmites. Adanson
cites besides four other pre-Linnezean references, two of them queried. The other

two, which may refer to sugar cane or to sorghum, are to be excluded because .

the few generic characters given, especially that the spikelets have several per-
fect flowers, do not at all apply to them, but do apply to Arundo phragmites.
Trinius* publishes Phragmites as a new genus based on Arundo phragmites L.,
changing the specific name to P. communis.

Trichoon Roth, Archiv Bot. Roemer 1°: 37. 1798. Based on Arundo karka
Retz., an East Indian species of Phragmites.

Miphragtes Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 8: 332. 1914. The name suggested for
Phragmites Trin. not Phragmites Adans. in case Trichoon Roth and Oxyanthe
Steud., to each of which Nieuwland transfers the specific name ‘‘ Phragmites,”
should not “be applicable.”

Our single species Phragmites communis Trin. (P. phragmites (L.)
Karst.) (fig. 27) is a tall reed with creeping rhizomes, leaves about
an inch broad, and panicles commonly a foot long. It grows in
marshes, around springs, and along lakes and streams throughout the
United States. Besides the rhizomes it produces extensively creep-

ing leafy stolons. In the Southwest this species, in common with

Avundo donax, is called by the Mexican name carrizo and is used for
lattices in the construction of adobe huts.. The stems were used by
the Indians for the shafts of arrows, and in Mexico and Arizona for
mats and screens.

PA Sisl DYCHIN abs” 4 Up

- Spikelets few-flowered, compressed, finally disarticulating between
the florets, nearly sessile in dense one-sided fascicles, these borne at
the ends of the few branches of a panicle; glumes unequal, carinate,
acute, hispid-ciliate on the keel; lemmas compressed-keeled, mucro-
nate, 5-nerved, ciliate on the keel.

Perennials, with flat blades and fascicled spikelets. Species two
or three, in Eurasia; one, Yactylis glomerata, a native of Europe, cul-
tivated and naturalized in the United States.

1 Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.

695

THE UNITED STATES.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF

leaves, and panicles, x 4; spikelet

Rhizomes,
and floret, x 3.

Fic. 27.—Reed, Phragmites communis.

97769°—19—Bull. 7725

66 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fic. 28.—Orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata. Plant, X 3; spikelet and floret, xX 5.

|
;

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 67

Type species: Dactylis glomerata L.

Dactylis L., Sp. Pl. 71, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 32. 1754. Linnzeus describes two
_ Species, D. cynosuroides from Virginia, and D. glomerata ee Europe. The

’ latter species being described in his flora
of Sweden is chosen as the type.

Dactylis glomerata, orchard grass
(Pl. VIII; fig. 28), is a well-known
meadow and pasture grass, cultivated
in the humid region of the United
States. It is a rather coarse, erect,
perennial bunch-grass, soon forming
large tussocks, with culms 2 to 4
feet tall, flat blades as much as one-
third of an inch wide, panicles 3 to 8
inches long, with a few stiff branches,
spreading in flower, appressed in
fruit. In England this is called

cocksfoot grass. Orchard grass is

recommended for shaded situations,
as it withstands shade better than our
other meadow grasses.

22. Crnosurus L.

Spikelets“of two kinds, sterile and
fertile together, the fertile sessile,
nearly covered by the short-pediceled
sterile one, these pairs imbricate in a
dense one-sided spikelike panicle;
sterile spikelets consisting of two
glumes and several narrow, acumi-
nate, 1-nerved lemmas on a continu-
ous rachilla; fertile spikelets 2 or 3
flowered, the glumes narrow, the
lemmas broader, rounded on the back,
awn-tipped, the rachilla disarticulat-
ing above the glumes.

Species four, in the Mediterranean
region; one occasionally cultivated in
the United States and sparingly es-
caped into waste places.

Type species: Cynosurus cristatus L.

Cynosurus L., Sp. Pl. 72, 1753; Gen. PL,
ed. 5, 38. 1754. lLinnzeus describes nine
species. The first species, C. cristatus, is
chosen as the type because it is an eco-
nomic species and is one of three species
described in his flora of Sweden. Of

Fie. 29.—Crested dog’s-tail grass,
Cynosurus cristatus. Plant, X 33
fertile spikelet and floret, X 5.

the remaining Linnean species, one, O. echinatus, is now retained in Cyno-
Surus; C. lima is referred to Wangenheimia; C. durus, to Scleropoa; C. coeru-
leus, to Sesleria; C. aegyptius, to Dactyloctenium; OC. indicus, to Eleusine; C.
paniceus, to Polypogon; C. aureus, to Achyrodes.

68 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The only species in the United States is Cynosurus cristatus L. (fig.
29), known as crested dog’s-tail grass. This is occasionally sown in
mixtures for meadows, but has nothing especially to recommend it.
It is a tufted perennial 1 to 2 feet tall, the panicles 2 to 4 inches long.

25. ACHYRODES Boehmer.
(Lamarckia Moench. )

Spikelets of two kinds, in fascicles, the terminal one of each fas-
cicle fertile, the others sterile; fertile spikelet, with 1 perfect
floret, the rachilla produced beyond the floret, bearing a small awned
empty lemma or reduced to an awn; glumes narrow, acuminate or
short-awned, 1-nerved; lemma broader, raised on a slender stipe,
scarcely nerved, bearing just below the apex a delicate straight awn;
sterile spikelets linear, 1 to 3 m each fascicle, consisting of 2
glumes similar to those of the fertile spikelet, and numerous distich-
ously imbricate, obtuse, awnless, empty lemmas.

A low, erect annual, with flat blades and oblong, one-sided, compact
panicles, the crowded fascicles drooping, the fertile being hidden, ex-
cept the awns, by the numerous sterile ones. Species one, a native of
southern Europe, naturalized in southern California.

Type species: Cynosurus aureus L. ,

Achyrodes Boehmer, in Ludw. Def. Gen. Pl. 420. 1760. The genus is based on
a phrase name of Tournefort, which Linneus cites under Cynosurus aureus L.

Lamarckia Moench, Meth. Pl. 201. 1794. A single species is described, L.
aurea (Cynosurus aureus L.).

Chrysurus Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 80. 1805. <A single species, C. cynosuroides,
based on Cynosurus aureus L., is included.

The single species, Achyrodes aureum (l.) Kuntze (fig. 30), is
abundantly naturalized in southern California. It is called golden-
top because of its beautiful golden yellow panicles.

24. Merica L.

Spikelets 2 to several flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes and between the florets, prolonged beyond the perfect
florets and bearing at the apex two or three gradually smaller empty
lemmas, convolute together or the upper inclosed in the lower;
glumes somewhat unequal, thin, often papery, scarious-margined,
obtuse or acute, sometimes nearly as long as the lower floret, 3 to 5
nerved, the nerves usually prominent; lemmas convex, several-nerved,
membranaceous or rather firm, scarious-margined, sometimes con-
spicuously so, awnless or sometimes awned from between the teeth of
the bifid apex.

Rather tall perennials, with the base of the culm often swollen
into a corm, with closed sheaths, usually flat blades, narrow or some-
times open, usually simple panicles of relatively large spikelets.
Species about 60, in the cooler parts of both hemispheres; 18 in the
United States, mostly woodland grasses.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 69

Type species: Melica nutans L.

Melica L., Sp. Pl. 66, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 831. 1754. Linnzeus describes three
species, M. ciliata, M. nutans, and M. altissima, all species of Hurasia and all
now retained in the genus Melica. In the Flora Lapponica, where the generic
name was first used, the only species described is referred by Linnezeus in the
Species Plantarum to M. nutans; hence this species is selected as the type.

Bromelica Farwell, Rhodora 21: 77. 1919. Based on Melica, section
Bromelica Thurb., of which the type is M. bromoides Gray (M. geyeri Munro).

Wha
SY Ay J

Fig. 30.—Golden-top, Achyrodes aureum. Plant, * 343 fertile spikelet and floret, x 5.

In our eastern species, Welica mutica Walt. (fig. 31) and M. nitens
Nutt., the sterile lemmas form a rather prominent truncate or hood-

70 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

}
:
}
}

Fic. 31.—Melica mutica. Plant, X 3; spikelet and fioret, X 5.

Yatra ley

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. Tt

shaped body back of the upper floret, and the glumes and fertile
lemmas are conspicuously scarious. In many of the western species
the sterile lemmas are small and narrow, forming an inconspicuous
body at the top of the rachilla, and the glumes and fertile lemmas are
either broad or rather narrow with less conspicuous scarious margins.
In M. imperfecta Trin., of California, there is but one fertile floret.
One group of species with narrow, scarcely flattened spikelets and
little-differentiated upper florets has been segregated as a section
under the name Bromelica. The awned species of the genus, d/. aris-
tata Thurb. (fig. 82), WM. smithia (Porter) Vasey, and M. purpu-
rascens (Torr.) Hitche., belong to this group. The inflorescence of
Melica is usually narrow, a simple panicle or even a raceme, but in
M. smithii, M. geyert Munro, and WM. nitens it may be an open but
rather few-flowered panicle. The corms produced by many species
are characteristic and have suggested the name onion grass often
applied to them. The genus is distinguished from allied genera by
the scarious margins of the glumes and lemmas. The awned species
of the section Bromelica approach closely to Bromus.

The species of Melica, commonly called melic grasses, are in gen-
eral excellent forage grasses. They are, however, not gregarious,
and do not ordinarily furnish any large proportion of the forage of
the ranges. The two most important species on the ranges are J/.
bella Piper and MW. spectabilis Scribn. They have broad spikelets,
bulbous bases, and narrow panicles, the first with erect pedicels, the
second with slender recurved pedicels.

25. ANTHOCHLOA Nees,

Spikelets few-flowered, subsessile, on a simple axis and imbricate,
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes (in our species) wanting; lemmas thin-membranaceous, flabel-

liform, whitish, petallike, many nerved; palea narrower than the

lemma, hyaline.
Low annuals or perennials, with close spikes. Species three; two
in the Andes, one in California.

Type species: Anthochloa lepidula Nees.

Anthochloa Nees; Meyen, Reise um Erde 2: 14. 1835. One species men-
tioned. The description is meager and scarcely constitutes technical publica-
tion. It is as follows: ‘‘ Wir sammelten hier ein sehr kleines aber Husserst
schoénes Gras, das die neue Gattung Anthochloa bildet und von Herrn Nees v.
EKsenbeck Anthochloa lepidula genannt worden ist (Anthochloa genus proximum
Melicae, differt glumis brevioribus, valvula superiori quadrifida!).” The genus
is first described by Endlicher’* but no species is mentioned. Remy?” describes
the genus and one species (A. rupestris).

Stapfia Davy, Erythea 6: 110, pl. 3, 1898, not Stapfia Chodat, 1897. One
species described, S. colusana.

Neostapfia Davy, Erythea 7: 43. 1899. A new name for Stapfia Davy.

Davyella Hack., Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 49: 133. 1899. A new name proposed
for Stapfia Davy, not Chodat.

1Gen. Pl, 99. 1836. 2Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot, III. 6: 347. 1846.

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

12

spikelet and. floret, X 5.

Fig. 32.—Melica aristata. Plant, « 3;

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. To

Our species, Anthochloa colusana (Davy) Scribn. (fig. 33), 1s
known only from the type collection, from Colusa County, Calif. Tt
is an annual, with broad flat leaves with no distinction between
sheath and blade, and dense cylindric spikes, the upper part of the
axis bearing, instead of spikelets, lanceolate-linear empty bracts.

\
>

md
Ata

ie

ite

2

ARSE RS
SRL SOON

BOL
a4

Fig. 33.—Anthochloa colusana. Plant * 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

26. Trropta R. Br.

Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and between the florets; glumes membranaceous, often thin,
nearly equal in length, the first sometimes narrower, 1-nerved or the
second rarely 3 to 5 nerved, acute or acuminate; lemmas broad,
rounded on the back, the apex from minutely emarginate or toothed
to deeply and obtusely lobed, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the
margins, the midnerve excurrent between the lobes as a minute point
or as a Short awn, the lateral nerves often excurrent as minute points,
all the nerves pubescent below (subglabrous in one species), the lat-
eral ones sometimes conspicuously so throughout; palea broad, the
two nerves near the margin, sometimes villous.

Erect, tufted perennials, rarely rhizomatous or stoloniferous, the
blades usually flat, the inflorescence an open or contracted panicle,
or a cluster of few-flowered spikes interspersed with leaves. Species
about 25, mostly in America; 15 species in the United States.

74 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Type species: Triodia pungens R. Br.

Triodia R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 182. 1810. Six species are described,
the first of which is selected as the type. In this the lemma is firm, rather ob-
scurely 3-nerved, villous along the lower half of the back and margins, 2-toothed
at the summit, the midnerve excurrent between the acute teeth as a short awn
as long as the teeth, the lateral nerves extending into the teeth.

Tricuspis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 77, pl. 15, f. 10, 1812, not Tricuspis Pers., 1807.
The figured species is 7’. caroliniana, discussed in the following paragraph.

Tridens Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 34. 1817. Under the description of
the genus is a reference to a figure of Beauvois.t— Beauvois describes the figure
(which represents Triodia flava) under the name Tricuspis caroliniana. Under
the description of the genus (p. T7) Beauvois mentions two species, Poa caerules-
cens Michx. and Tricuspis novaeboracensis Beauv. Both are nomina nuda, the
first never having been published by Michaux, and Beauvois giving no descrip-
tion of the second. Roemer and Schultes on a later page (p. 599) describe the
single species referred to Tridens, under the name 7. quinquefida, based upon
Poa quinqueyida Pursh, which is Triodia flava. _

Windsoria Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 70. 1818. Two species are described, W. poae-
formis Nutt., which is Triodia flava, and W. ambigua (Hll.) Nutt. The first is
selected as the type.

Rhombolytrum Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 296. 1833. The single species described
is R. rhomboidea from Chile. Bentham and Hooker’? state that two North Ameri-
can species, Triodia. albescens and T. trinerviglumis, are allied to this. Nash *
recognizes the genus Rhombolytrum and transfers to it Sieglingia albescens
(Vasey) Kuntze.

Erioneuron Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. 8S. 148. 1903. The type, Uralepis
pilosa, is indicated on page 1327 of the same work. Only one species included.

Dasyochloa Willd.; Rydb., Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 100: 37. 1906. (Flora
of Colorado.) The name first appeared in Steudel’s Nomenclator * as a synonym
of Uralepis (Uralepsis), where two species are listed, D. avenacea Willd. and D.
pulchella Willd., both being herbarium names. The type and only species men-
tioned is D. pulchella (H. B. K.) Willd.

Some authors have referred our species to Sieglingia Bernh.® The type of
Sieglingia is Festuca decumbens L. This species seems to represent a distinct
genus, differing in having 5 to several nerved lemmas. The single species, S.
decumbens (l.) Bernh., a native of Europe, is found in Newfoundland, but does
not occur in the United States.

The species of Triodia are diverse in habit and in floral characters,
but it does not seem practicable to segregate any of them as distinct
genera. TJ'riodia flava (the type of Tridens) and 7. pulchella (the
type of Dasyochloa ) represent the two extremes, but they are con-
nected’ by a series of intergrading species. The type species of
Triodia, 7. pungens, of Australia, in the form of its spikelets, stands
about midway between our two extremes. Its spikelets, though less
pubescent, are much like those of 7. avenacea, with the midnerve of
the lemma excurrent between the teeth, the lateral nerves not ex-
current but extending into the teeth. Triodia pulchella HB. Bais
(fig. 34) differs in habit from all the other species. It sends
up from the basal cluster of leaves slender branches with
elongate internodes, which produce at the extremity a cluster
of short leaves and short, few-flowered spikes. Later from these
clusters are produced diets branches, which in their turn form
clusters of leaves and spikelets. The clusters bend to the ground and
take root, so that ultimately there is formed a colony of these clusters

1 Beauv. Ess. Agrost. pl. 15, f. 10. 1812. 4Nom. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 484. 1840.
*Gen, Pl. 33 1476. ; S88: 5 Syst. Verz. Pflanz. Erfurt. 40. 1800.
’In Britton, Man. 129. 1901.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 5

of leaves and spikelets connected by the slender internodes. This
species and two others, 7’. avenacea H. B. K. and 7. nealleyt Vasey,

Plant, <X 3; spikelet and floret, x 5.

Fic, 34.—Triodia pulchella.

4

agree in having deeply 2-lobed lemmas, the midnerve excurrent be-
tween the lobesasanawn. The last two species and 7. pilosa (Bucki.)
Merr. have short, spikelike panicles, but the last species differs in

76 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

having acuminate lemmas. These four species and 7. mutica (Torr.)
Scribn. agree in having woolly lemmas, the lower part of the three
nerves being long-villous, and in having paleas villous on the wings.
Triodia mutica has a somewhat elongate panicle and differs in having
very obtuse, broad, sometimes minutely notched, awnless lemmas, the
lateral nerves disappearing before reaching the margin. The afore-
mentioned species might be set off under Erioneuron, but they would
not form a coherent group.

Triodia flava (L.) Hitche. (Poa flava L.) (fig. 35) nae an open.
elegantly drooping panicle of purple spikelets, the nerves of the
lemmas pubescent below, extending into 3 mucros. This is common
in autumn through the Eastern States in meadows and open wood-
land and is sometimes called purple-top. It exudes a sticky sub-
stance on the culm below the panicle and on the main branches of
the inflorescence, to which dirt adheres. One species, 7. drwm-
mondii Scribn. and Kearney, produces rhizomes.

Three species (besides 7’. mutica mentioned above) have a spike-
like panicle. These are 7. albescens Vasey, with glabrous lemmas;
T. elongata (Buckl.) Secribn., with glumes nearly as long as the
spikelet; and 7’. stricta (Nutt.) Vasey, with shorter glumes but mu-
cronate lemmas. The other species have more or less open panicles.

In general the species of Triodia are of little importance agricul-
turally. Triodia pulchella is often abundant on the ranges, but is
not relished by stock, the little dry plants being seldom eaten.

27. TRIPLASIS Beaty.

Spikelets few-flowered, the florets remote, the rachilla slender,
terete, disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes nearly equal, smooth, 1-nerved, acute; lemmas narrow,
3-nerved, 2-lobed, the nerves parallel, pubescent or villous, the lateral
pair near the margin, the midnerve excurrent as an awn, as long as
or longer than the lobes; palea shorter than the lemma, 2- keeled, the
keels densely long-ciliate on the upper half.

Slender tufted annuals or perennials, with short blades, short, open,
few-flowered purple panicles terminating the culms, and cleistoga-
mous narrow panicles in the axils of the leaves. Species three; south-
eastern United States.

Type species: Triplasis americana Beauv.

Triplasis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 81, pl. 16, f. 10. 1812. The single species,
T. americana, is figured.

Uralepis Nutt., Gen. Pl. 62. 1818. Nuttall deseribes two species, U. purpurea,
based on Aira purpurea Walt. (Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm.) and U.
aristulata, which is the same species. The first is selected as the type. The
name is spelled Uralepsis, but this is a typographical error. Nuttall states
that it is based on the Greek words oura and lepis. ;

Diplocea Raf., Amer. Journ. Sci. 1: 252. 1819. One species described, D. bar-
bata, which is the same as Triplasis purpurea. :

Merisachne Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 117. 1854. Contains one species,
M. drummondii Steud., Drummond 330, from Texas (Triplasis purpurea).

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 77

Fig, 35,—Purple-top, Triodia flava, Plant, x 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

78 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The three species are found in sandy soil in the Eastern States,
Triplasis purpurea (fig. 36) from Maine to Florida and from the
Great Lakes to Texas. Triplasis intermedia is confined to Florida;
T. americana is found from North Carolina to Florida. All the spe-
cies, besides the small panicles of cleistogamous spikelets in the upper
sheaths, have additional cleistogamous spikelets, reduced to a single
large floret, at the bases of the lower sheaths. The culms break at
the nodes bearing these cleistogenes, the ripe seed remaining attached
to the internode. The species are of no importance except as they
tend to hold sandy soil.

For a revision of the species of Triplasis, see Nash, Bull. Torrey
Club 25:561-565. 1898. |

28. BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack.

Spikelets 4-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes
but not between the florets; glumes nearly equal, about as long as
the spikelet, compressed, 1-nerved, thin, acuminate, smooth; lemmas
deeply 3-lobed, 3-nerved, the first and second sterile, containing a
palea but no flower, the third fertile, the fourth reduced to a 3-awned
rudiment.

Low annuals or perennials, with short, congested, few-flowered ©

panicles scarcely exserted from the subtending leaves. Species two;
one in Argentina, one in Nevada.

Type species: Hremochloé kingtt S. Wats.

Eremochloé 8. Wats., in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Par. 382, pl. 40, 1871, not

Eremochloa Btise, 1854. Two species are described, one H. kingit from Nevada
and the other, in a footnote, H. bigelovii, from southern New Mexico. The two
specimens are to be referred to the same species.

Blepharidachne Hack., in Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 27: 126. 1887. Ina
footnote the name Blepharidachne is substituted for Eremochloé 8S. Wats.,
because of the earlier Eremochloa Biise. The author of Blepharidachne is given
as “ Hook.,” a typographical error for Hack.

Blepharidachne kingti (S. Wats.) Hack. (fig. 37), found on the
plains and foothills of Nevada (and New Mexico according to
Watson), has been collected only a few times.

A second species, Blepharidachne benthamiana (Hack.) Hitche.
(Munroa benthamiana Hack.') grows in dry regions of Argentina.
Tn habit it resembles our Munroa squarrosa, but in floral structure it
agrees with Blepharidachne, having two sterile florets, one fertile
floret, and a 3-awned rudiment.

29. ORCUTTIA Vasey.

Spikelets several-flowered, the upper florets reduced; rachilla per-
sistent, continuous, the florets falling away or tardily disarticulating;
glumes nearly equal, shorter than the lemmas, broad, irregularly 2 to 5

1In Kuntze, Rey. Gen. Pl. 3?: 357. 1898.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATHS. 19

SaaS ae

———— ee
a a

ee =
“> : — a ae

a

i

|

Fic. 36.—Triplasis purpurea. Plant, X 33 spikelet, floret (above) showing beard on the
_ nerves of the palea and cleistogene (at left), a cleistogamous fertile 1-flowered spikelet
from the axil of a lower leaf, all x 5,

| 80 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

toothed, many-nerved, the nerves extending into the teeth; lemmas ©
firm, prominently 13 to 15 nerved, the broad summit with 5 long |

M1)

Fig. 37.—Blepharidachne kingii. Plant, X 1; spikelet and perfect floret, the latter
| showing the rudiment behind the palea, x 5.
teeth or with numerous short teeth; palea broad, 2-nerved, as long as _
the lemma. |
Low cespitose annuals, with short blades and terminal spikelike
racemes, the spikelets rel-
atively large, appressed,
the upper aggregate, the
lower more or less remote.
Species two; California
and Lower California.

Type species: Orcuttia cali-
fornica Vasey.

Orcuttia Vasey, Bull. Tor-
rey Club 18: 219, pl. 16. 1886.
The one species described was
collected by C. R. Orcutt at
San Quentin Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia.

Our species, both in
California, are Orcuttia
greener Vasey, from Chico,
of which only the type .
| WWE Wy collection ‘is known, and
| =< . O. californica (fig. 38),
Wig, 38-—Orewtile caljorniom Plant, x 4: spikeict WORCD Map aeen collected

and floret, the latter without a joint of the at Goose Valley. The lat-
ie rachilla, this not disarticulating, X 5. ter species is distinguished
| by having 5-toothed lemmas; O. greenei has truncate lemmas, the

ii nerves extending into short points.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 8l
30. ScLEROPOGON Philippi.

Plants dicecious. Staminate spikelets several-flowered, pale, the
rachilla not disarticulating; glumes about equal, a perceptible inter-
node between, membranaceous, long-acuminate, 1-nerved or obscurely
3-nerved, nearly as long as the first lemma; lemmas similar to the
glumes, somewhat distant on the rachilla, 3-nerved or obscurely 5-
nerved, the apex mucronate; palea obtuse, shorter than the lemma.
Pistillate spikelets several-flowered, the upper florets reduced to
awns, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes but not separat-
ing between the florets or only tardily so; glumes acuminate, 3-
nerved, with a few fine additional nerves, the first about half as long
as the second; lemmas narrow, 38-nerved, the nerves extending into 3
slender, scabrous, spreading awns, the florets falling together forming
a cylindric many-awned fruit, the lowest floret with a sharp-bearded
callus as in Aristida; palea narrow, the two nerves near the margin,
produced into short awns.

A perennial stoloniferous grass, with short flexuous blades and
narrow few-flowered racemes or simple panicles, the staminate and
pistillate strikingly different in appearance. Species one; Chile to
southwestern United States. |

Type species: Scleropogon brevifolius Philippi.

Scleropogon Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile $6: 205. 1870. Only one species de-
le ate Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 27: 102, pl. 3, 4. 1880. Two species
are proposed, L. multiflora and L. karwinskyana, both referable to the same
species, Scleropogon brevifolius.

This species (fig. 89) is found on semiarid plains and open valley
lands from southern Colorado to Texas and Arizona and southward.
The mature pistillate spikelets break away and with their numer-
ous long spreading awns form “ tumbleweeds” that are blown before
the wind. The pointed barbed callus readily penetrates clothing or
wool, the combined florets acting like the single floret of the long-
awned aristidas. As a forage grass, this is inferior to grama; but on
overstocked ranges, where it tends to become established, it is use-
ful in preventing erosion. It is called burro grass.

31. CoTTEaA Kunth.

Spikelets several-flowered, the uppermost reduced, the rachilla dis-
articulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes two,
about equal, nearly equaling the lower lemma, with several parallel
nerves; lemmas rounded on the back, villous below, prominently 9 to 11
nerved, the nerves extending partly into awns of irregular size and
partly into awned teeth; palea awnless, a little longer than the body
of the lemma.

97769°—19—Bull. 772——-6

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

82

N
Phe
—

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—_
SE pyres

_

hh
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Jf

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Wales
/ He
: WY ea a
Al
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4
WZ

SS a TT aE az PPPS RD <P
; 1h OSE SAN Teas Cilp By okra ae —w . ie ‘os ~*~
SS EI ISDE aI ie ria ing er .
: ~ be ’ - at 4 be

xX 3; pistillate spikelet, x 2; pistillate and staminate floret, X 5.

Fig. 39.—Burro grass, Scleropogon brevifolius. Pistillate (left) and staminate plants

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 83

An erect tufted branching perennial, with oblong open panicles.
Species one; western Texas to southern Arizona and southward to
Argentina.

Type species: Cottea pappophoroides Iunth.

Cottea Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 84. 1829. A single species mentioned, from
Beru:

This genus is allied to Pappophorum and very closely related to
Anthoschmidtia of Africa. It differs from the first in the several-
flowered spikelets that separate between the florets and in the awns
interspersed with awned teeth. Anthoschmidtia differs in having
glumes longer than the florets and in having lemmas with five awns
alternating with four lobes.

Cottea pappophoroides Kunth (fig. 40) is not abundant enough to
have agricultural importance in the United States. Cleistogenes are
produced in the lower sheaths.*

32. PappopHoruM Schreb.

Spikelets 2 to 5 flowered, the upper reduced, the rachilla disarticu-
lating above the glumes but not between the florets, the internodes

very short; glumes nearly equal, keeled, thin-membranaceous, as long

as or longer than the body of the florets, 1 to several nerved, acute;
lemmas rounded on the back, firm, obscurely many nerved, dissected
above into numerous spreading scabrous or plumose awns, the florets
falling together, the awns of all forming a pappuslike crown; palea
as long as the body of the lemma, 2-nerved, the nerves near the
margin.

Erect, cespitose perennials, with narrow or spikelike tawny or
purplish panicles. Species 20, in the dry parts of the Old World, in
Australia, and from Texas to Argentina; 3 species in the United
States, from Texas to Arizona.

Type species: Pappophorum alopecuroideum Vabl.

Pappophorum Schreb.; Vahl, Symb. Bot. 6: 10. 1794. Only one species de-
“ay Sah Desv.; Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 81, pl. 16, f. 11. 1812. Beauvois men-
tions Hnneapogon desvauzcit, Pappophorum gracile, P. nigricans, P. pallidum,
and P. purpurascens. The first one, being figured, is selected as the type.

Polyrhaphis (Trin.) Lindl., Veg. Kingd. 115. 1847. Based on Pappophorum,
section Polyrhaphis Trin., under which a single species, P. alopecuroides Vahl,
is included.

Pappophorum bicolor Fourn., with purplish, rather loose panicles,
is found in southern and western Texas; P. vaginatwm Buckl. (fig. 41),
with pale, slender, spikelike panicles, and P. wrightii S. Wats. (fig.
42), with plumbeous short spikelike panicles and 9-nerved lemma, the
nerves extending into 9 equal plumose awns, are found from western
Texas to southern Arizona. Pappophorum wrightii produces cleis-
togamous spikelets in the lower sheaths. The cleistogenes are larger
than the normal florets, but the awns are almost wanting. As is the

1 Chase, Amer, Journ. Bot. 5: 256. 1918.

84 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

)\ ¥/ YY Y] E>
\ WA ! Ve ZU
tener
TONS)

VW)

Fic. 40.—Cottea pappophoroides. Plant, X 4; spikelet, floret, and cleistogene (Jeft) from
axil of lower leaf, all x 5B. ;

85

STATES.

OF THE UNITED

GENERA OF GRASSES

= eS ae OE
ee ee __

ee

ESS OSE

%; spikelet and perfect floret, x 5.

z
2

Plant, (><

Fie. 41.—Pappophorum vaginatum.

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

86

case with other grasses producing cleistogenes in the lower sheaths,

the culms disarticulate at the lower nodes.

Our species are of minor.

a

—

——_——
—..

=e
2

x

Plant,

Fic. 42.—Pappophorum wrightii.

; spikelet, perfect floret, and cleistogene

(below) from axil of lower leaf, all xX

5.

agricultural importance, the second and third sometimes constituting

a fair proportion of the forage on sterile hills.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 87

3. HORDEAE, BARLEY TRIBE.
33. AGROPYRON Gaertn.
Spikelets several-flowered, solitary (or rarely in pairs), sessile,

placed flatwise at each joint of a continuous (rarely disarticulating)
rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the

florets; glumes two, equal, firm, several nerved, usually shorter than

the first lemma, acute or awned, rarely obtuse or notched; lemmas
convex on the back, rather firm, 5 to 7 nerved, usually acute or awned
from the apex; palea shorter than the lemma.

Perennials or sometimes annuals, often with creeping rhizomes,
with usually erect culms and green or purplish, usually erect spikes.
Species about 60, in the temperate regions of both hemispheres; about
25 species in the United States.

Type species: Agropyron triticewm Gaertn.

Agropyron Gaertn., Nov. Comm. Acad. .Sci. Petrop. 14: 539, pl. 19, f. 4. 1770.
Gaertner describes two species, A. cristatum, based on Bromus cristatus 1..,
and a new species, A. triticeum. The second species is figured. The species
are referred by some authors to Triticum. Some adopt the spelling Agropyrum.

The two original species of Agropyron are annuals, but all the
North American species are perennials. Nine of our species produce
creeping rhizomes. One of these is the well-known quack-grass or
couch-grass (A. repens (L.) Beauv.) (Pl. IX; fig. 48), introduced
from Europe. On account of its rhizomes, it is a troublesome weed
in fields and meadows. Quack-grass can be distinguished by the
glabrous, awnless or short-awned lemmas, awn-pointed glumes, thin,
flat, usually sparsely pilose blades, and the yellowish rhizomes. An
allied native species, A. smithdi Rydhb., differs in its pale rhizomes
and its firm glaucous blades, soon involute in drying, the nerves
prominent on the upper side. This species, called western wheat-
erass and bluestem, is common west of the Mississippi River, where
it is one of the most important native forage grasses. Another com-
mon species of this group is A. dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. (in-
cluding A. subvillosum (Hook.) E. Nels.), found along the Great
Lakes and westward,

Of the species without rhizomes seven have awnless or short-awned
lemmas. The commonest species of this group is A. tenerum Vasey,
called slender wheat-grass. This is an erect grass 2 to 4 feet high,
with flat blades and slender spikes, the broad glumes nearly as long
as the spikelet. It ranges from New England to Washington, and
southward in the Western States to Mexico. Slender wheat-grass
is an excellent forage grass and produces a good quality of hay. The
seed is offered by a few western seedsmen. This species is the only
native grass that has been successfully cultivated and whose seed is
on the market.

88 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

One of the long-awned species, Agropyron spicatum (Pursh)
Scribn. and Smith (A. divergens Nees), called bunch-grass, or more
distinctively blue bunch wheat-
grass, is of especial value as a
forsee grass. Itiscommon in the
Columbia Basin, where it is one of
the chief range grasses. The spe-
cies is distinguished by its erect
bunchy habit and by the spread-
ing awns of the lemmas, giving
the spike a bristly appearance.

Fic. 43.—Quack-grass, Agropyron repens. Plant, X 3; spikelet, x 3; floret, xX 5.

Two of our species have disarticulating spikes, thus approaching
Sitanion. These are Agropyron saxicola (Scribn. and Smith) Piper,
of Washington, and A. scribneri Vasey, a spreading mountain species

|
|

PLATE IX.

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

QUACK-GRASS (AGROPYRON REPENS).

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE X.

BoTTLE-BRUSH GRASS (HYSTRIX PATULA).

A native species worthy of cultivation for ornament,

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 89

found at altitudes of 12,000 to 14,000 feet. In some species there are
two spikelets at the nodes of the rachis. This is especially frequent
in A. smithi and allies it with Elymus.

In general, all the species of Agropyron are forage grasses. They
form an important part of the forage on the western range and in
the valleys often grow in sufficient abundance to produce hay.

For a revision of the species of Agropyron found in the United
States, see Scribner and Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
4395-36. 1897.

34, TRiITIcuM L,

Spikelets 2 to 5 flowered, solitary, sessile, placed flatwise at each
joint of a continuous or articulate rachis, the rachilla disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets or continuous; glumes rigid,
3 to several nerved, the apex abruptly mucronate or toothed or with
one to many awns; lemmas keeled or rounded on the back, many-
nerved, ending in one to several teeth or awns.

Annual, low or rather tall grasses, with flat blades and terminal
spikes. Species about 10, southern Europe and western Asia; none
in the United States except Z’riticwm aestivum, the cultivated wheat.

Type species: Triticum aestivum lL.
Triticum’ L., Sp. Pl. 85, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 37. 1754. Linnzeus describes
@ . . °

seven species, 7’. aestivum, T. hybernum, T. turgidum, T. spelta, T. monococcum,
T'. repens, T. caninum. The citation in the Genera Plantarum is to Tournefort’s
figures 292 and 293 which represent, the first, beardless wheat, and the second,
bearded wheat. These two forms, beardless and bearded, are named by Lin-
neus 7. aestivum, the bearded wheat, and 7’. hybernum, the beardless wheat.
Triticum aestivum is chosen as the type because it has priority of position in
the Species Plantarum. Linnzeus divides the genus into two groups, ‘ annua ”
and “ perennia.” The latter group, including Triticum repens and T. caninum,
is now referred to Agropyron.

Zeia Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 225. 1915. Based on “Triticum spelta
Linn.” Agropyron Gaertn. is included in the genus proposed.

The most important species of Triticum is the cultivated wheat,
LT. aestwum L. (T. vulgare Vill., 7. sativwn Lam.). A large
number of varieties are in cultivation, some with smooth lemmas,
some with velvety lemmas, some with long awns (fig. 44), some awn-
less (fig. 44, 4). Durum wheat and club wheat are races, each with
several varieties. Triticum monococcum J.., einkorn or 1-grained
wheat, is grown sparingly in Europe. Triticum dicoccum Schrank,
emmer, is cultivated in this country as a forage plant. In emmer the
axis breaks up into joints, each joint bearing a spikelet which re-
mains entire, each floret permanently inclosing its grain.”

1in the Species Plantarum the word appears in the plural, Tritica, probably inadvert-
ently.

*¥For a classification of wheats, see Jessen, Deutschlands Griiser 191, 1863; Kérnicke,
Handb. Getreidebaues 1: 40, 1885; Hackel in Engl. and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. II, 2: 80,
1887; True Grasses, translated by Scribner and Southworth, 180, 1890; Schulz, Mitt.
Natf. Ges. Halle 1: 14. 1911. For an account of 7. dicoccoides Kérn., recently found by
Aaronsohn on Mount Hermon, Palestine, see Aaronsohn, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 59:

485, 1909; U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 180: 38, 1910; Cook, U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 274. 1913.

90 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fig. 44.—Wheat, Triticum aestivum. Plant with awned spikes (bearded wheat) and
(A) a nearly awnless spike (beardless wheat), both X 3; spikelet and floret, X 3.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 91
2D. SECALE L.

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, solitary and sessile, placed flatwise
against the rachis; the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and
produced beyond the upper floret as a minute stipe; glumes narrow,
rigid, acuminate or subulate-pointed ; lemmas broader, sharply keeled,
5-nerved, ciliate on the keel and exposed margins, tapering into a
long awn.

Erect, mostly annual grasses, with flat blades and dense terminal
spikes. Species five, in the temperate regions of Eurasia; one species
cultivated in the United States and frequently escaped along way-
sides.

Type species: Secale cereale U..

Secale L., Sp. Pl. 84, 1753; Gen. Pl. 86. 1754. Linnzeus describes four species:
S. cereale, S. villosum, S. orientale, and S. creticum. The second species is now
referred to Haynaldia, the third to Agropyron. The first species is chosen as
the type, as it is a well-known economic species.

Secale cereale (fig. 45), common rye, is cultivated extensively in
Europe and to some extent in the United States for the grain, but
here it is frequently grown as a forage crop. Rye is used for winter
forage in the South and for fall and spring pasture in the inter-
mediate region, and for green feed farther north. It is also used for
green manure and as a nurse crop for lawn mixtures, especially on
public grounds when it is desired to cover the ground quickly with a
green growth. Cultivated rye probably has been developed from the
wild perennial European species S. montanum Guss. In the wild
species of Secale the rachis disarticulates, but in S. cereale it is con-
tinuous.

36. SCRIBNERBIA Hack.

Spikelets 1-flowered, solitary, appressed and lateral to the some-
what thickened continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes, prolonged as a very minute hairy stipe; glumes equal,
narrow, firm, acute, keeled on the outer nerves, the first 2-nerved, the
second 4-nerved; floret with short hairs at the base; lemma shorter
than the glumes, membranaceous, rounded on the back, obscurely
nerved, the apex shortly bifid, the lobes obtuse, the faint midnerve
extending as a slender straight awn; palea 2-nerved, about as long as
the lemma.

Low annual, with slender cylindric spikes.. Species one.

Type species: Lepturus bolanderi Thurb.
Scribneria Hack., Bot. Gaz. 11: 105, pl. 5. 1886. One species described, based
on Lepturus bolanderi Thurb.

The single species, Scribneria bolanderi (Thurb.) Hack. (fig. 46),
is found in sandy sterile ground in the mountains from central
California to Washington. It is too small and rare to be of economic
importance.

92 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fig. 45.—Rye, Secale cereale. Plant, X 3; spikelet, X 3; floret showing rudiment back
of palea, X 5.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 93

ot. ELYMUS L.

Spikelets 2 to 6 flowered, sessile in pairs (rarely 3 or more or soli-
tary) at each node of a continuous rachis, the florets dorsiventral to
the rachis; rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the
florets; glumes equal, usually rigid, sometimes indurate below, nar-
row, sometimes subulate, 1 to several nerved, acute to aristate, some-
what asymmetric and often placed in front of the spikelets; lemmas
rounded on the back or
nearly terete, obscurely
5-nerved, acute or usually
awned from the tip.

Erect, usually rather tall
grasses, with flat or rarely
convolute blades and ter-
minal spikes, the spikelets
usually crowded, some- \
times somewhat distant.
Species about 45, in the
temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere; 25
species in the United
States, most of them in
the Western States.

Type species: Elymus sibiri-
cus L.

Hlymus L., Sp. Pl. 83, 17538 ;
Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 36. 1754. Lin-
neus describes five species, H.
arenarius, EH. sibiricus, E. can-
adensis, EH. virginicus, and EH.
caput-medusae, all of which

are still retained in the genus. (
The first use of the name Ely- Fig. 46.—Scribneria bolanderi. Plant, X 3; spike-

mus by Linnzeus was in his let with joint of rachis, X 5; the same, front
Hortus Upsaliensis (1748), view, X 5. :
where two species are de-
scribed, the first being cited in the Species Plantarum under FH. virginicus
the second under H. sibiricus. Hlymus sibiricus is chosen as the type because
it is the first of the five species in the Species Plantarum that is described in
the Hortus Upsaliensis.

Terrellia Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 227. 1915. Proposed for Elymus L.,
not Elymus of various ancient authors.

The asymmetric glumes, in many species standing in front of the
spikelet instead of strictly distichous and in some species united at
the very base, have been the object of investigations as to their
morphological identity. Schenck? considers them to be developed
from lateral branches at the base of the spikelet. Schuster? states
that the first or outer glume originates as a single organ but soon

1 Bot. Jahrb. Engler 40: 97-113. 1907.
2Flora 100: 213-266, pl. 2-5. 1910.

94. BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

divides into two parts, which stand side by side below the spikelet,
the second glume being suppressed.

In the group of Llymus virginicus L. and its allies the glumes are
indurate at the base and bowed out. They stand in front of the
spikelet rather than at each side, so that the contiguous glumes of
the pair of spikelets are not back to back but side by side. In
EL. arenarius L., L. glaucus Buckl., and allied species, the glumes are
less distinctly in front of the spikelets. The rachis of the spike is
usually continuous but in F’. sawnderst Vasey, and, to a less extent, in
EE’. macount Vasey, the rachis disarticulates, showing a transition
to Sitanion. In many species, such as /’. stmplew Scribn. and Merr.,
and £. salina Jones (named from Salina Pass), the middle spikelets
are in pairs, but those toward the base and apex of the spike are
single at the nodes. Such species are a transition to Agropyron.
On the other hand Agropyron smithiu often has one or more pairs

of spikelets and may be considered a transition to Elymus. But in |

the former species the glumes are narrow or almost subulate, which
shape is to be found in Elymus rather than in Agropyron. The
spikelets are usually not more than two at each node of the rachis,
but in 2. triticotdes Buckl. there are often, and in 7. condensatus
Presl. usually, more than two spikelets at each node. Sometimes in
the latter species (rarely in the former) the spike is branched so
that the inflorescence is a condensed panicle instead of a spike.
Elymus caput-medusae L. is an annual introduced from Europe; the
other species are native perennials. Some species form extensively
creeping rhizomes, such as Elymus mollis Trin., of the sandy sea-
coasts of northern North America, 2’. flavescens Scribn. and Smith,
of the interior dunes of the Columbia River basin, and £. triticotdes
Buckl., of alkaline soil of the Western States. Elymus canadensis L.
(fig. 47) and #. virginicus, usually called wild rye, are common in
the eastern half of the United States. The first has a bushy nodding
head; the latter an erect, stiff head.

The species of Elymus are for the most part good forage grasses,
and in some localities form a part of the native hay. In the wooded
areas of the Northwest, #. glawcus Buckl. is one of the valuable sec-
ondary species on the ranges. It has flat, thin leaves, erect awned
spikes, broad glumes, and no rhizomes.

38. SITANION Raf.

Spikelets 2 to few flowered, the uppermost floret reduced, sessile,
usually 2 at each node of a disarticulating rachis, the rachis break-
ing at the base of each joint, remaining attached as a pointed stipe
to the spikelets above; glumes narrow or setaceous, 1 to 3 nerved,
the nerves prominent, extending into one to several awns, these
(when more than one) irregular in size, sometimes mere lateral

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Pic. 47.—Wild rye, Elymus canadensis. Plant, X 43 spikelet and floret, xX 3.

96 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

appendages of the long central awn, sometimes equal, the glume being
bifid; lemmas firm, convex on the back,,nearly terete, the apex
slightly 2-toothed, 5-nerved, the nerves obscure, the central nerve
extending into a long, slender, finally spreading awn, sometimes one
or more of the lateral nerves also extending into short awns; palea
firm, nearly as long as the body of the lemma, the two keels serrulate.

Low or rather tall cespitose perennials, with bristly spikes. Spe-
cies about six, in the dry regions of the western United States.

Type species: Sitanion elymoides Raf.

Sitanion Raf., Journ. de Phys. 89: 103. 1819. One species is described, which
is the same as Aegilops hystrix Nutt.

Polyanthrix Nees, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1. 1: 284. 18388. <A single species
based on Aegilops hystrix Nutt., which is Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith.

This genus is closely related to Elymus, and until recent years has
been almost universally included in it. The characters which sepa-
rate Sitanion are the disarticulating rachis, together with the slender
glumes and long-awned lemmas.

There are three groups of species. Sztanion planifolium J. G.
Smith and its allies have lanceolate rather than setaceous glumes,
which are usually 1-awned or occasionaily 2-awned. The awns are
less spreading and the rachis disarticulates rather tardily. These
species are found from California to Washington.

A second series, including Sitanion jubatum J. G. Smith and its
allies, has glumes cleft nearly to the base into three to several

setaceous lobes. These species also are confined to the Pacific Coast
States. |

The third series includes Nuttall’s original species, Sttanion hys-
tria (Nutt.) J. G. Smith (fig. 48) and several allied species, found
from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast. In some, the glumes are

setaceous and entire; in others, some of the glumes are cleft into

two equal, or usually unequal, awned lobes.

The species of the three groups differ among themselves by only
slight characters, and each group may represent several closely allied
species or a single species with several forms or varieties.

When young all the species furnish forage, but at maturity the dis-
articulated joints of the spike, with their pointed rachis joints and
long-awned spikelets, are blown about by the wind and often cause
injury to stock, penetrating the nose and ears, working in by means
of the forwardly roughened awns, and causing inflammation. The
species are generally known as squirreltail or foxtail grasses.

For a revision of the genus, see Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 18. 1899.

89. Hystrrrx Moench.

Spikelets 2 to 4 flowered, sessile, 1 to 3 at each node of a
continuous flattened rachis, horizontally spreading at maturity;

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 97

glumes reduced to short or minute awns, the first usually obsolete,
both often wanting in the upper spikelets; lemmas convex, rigid,

ON, ——
f “7
- S |W B he
y ZS
i Va
i

b BAM meg Ais

Foe

spikelet with rachis joint attached and floret,
iS:

Pic. 48.—Sitanion hystrir. Plant, * 1;

tapering into long awns, 5-nerved, the nerves obscure except toward
che tip; palea about as long as the body of the lemma.
97769°—19—Bull. 772-7

98 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Erect perennials, with flat blades and bristly, loosely flowered
spikes. Species four, in temperate regions; one in the Himalayas,
one in New Zealand, and two in the United States.

Type species: Elymus hystri« L.

Asperella Humb., Magaz. Bot. Roem. and Usteri 7: 5, 1790, not Asprella
Schreb., 1789, a typonym of Homalocenchrus Mieg. A single species, A. hystriz,
based on Hlymus hystrix L. .

Hystrix Moench, Meth. Pl. 294. 1794. One species described, H. patula,
based on Hlymus hystrix L.

Gymnostichum Schreb., Beschr. Gras. 3: 127, pl. 47. 1810. One species de-
seribed, G. hystrix, based on Elymus hystri« L.

Our species are both woodland grasses, one, Zystrix patula Moench
(ZT. hystriv (.) Millsp.) (Pl. X; fig. 49), in the Mississippi Valley
and eastward; the other, 7. californica (Boland.) Kuntze, in western
central California. They have little forage value, as they are no-
where abundant. The first species mentioned, sometimes called

bottle-brush grass, is worthy of cultivation for ornament.

40. HorpEuM L.

Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 (sometimes 2) together at each node of the
articulate rachis (continuous in Herdeum vulgare), the back of
the lemma turned from the rachis, the middle one sessile or sub-
sessile, the lateral ones pediceled; rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and, in the central spikelet, prolonged behind the palea as a
bristle and sometimes bearing a rudimentary floret; lateral spikelets
usually imperfect, sometimes reduced to bristles; glumes narrow, often
subulate and awned, rigid, standing in front of the spikelet; lemmas
rounded on the back, 5-nerved, usually obscurely so, tapering into a
usually long awn.

Annual or perennial low or rather tall grasses, with flat blades and

dense terminal cylindric spikes. Species about 20, in the temperate

regions of both hemispheres; 10 species in the Wnited ee 3 being
introduced from Europe.

Type species: Hordeum vulgare L.

Hordeum L., Sp. Pl. 84, 1758; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 87. 1754. Linneus describes
six species, H. vulgare, H. hexastichon, H. distichon, H. ceocriton, H. murinum,
and H. jubatum. The citation given in the Genera Plantarum is to Tourne-
fort’s plate 295, which represents Hordewm vulgare. This species is therefore
the type. All the Linnean species are retained in the genus at present, but the
first four are usually considered to be forms of one species.

Zeocriton Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 114, pl. 21, £ 2. 1812. Ten species. o&
Hordeum having staminate or sterile lateral spikelets are included ; H. distichum,
the species figured, is taken as the type.

Critesion Raf., Journ. de Phys. 89: 103. 1819. <A single species is described,
C. geniculatus Raf. This is Hordeum jubatum L.

The most important species of the genus is Hordeum vulgare (fig.
50), the cultivated barley. This is an annual, resembling bearded
wheat, the awns as much as 6 inches long. In common or 4-rowed
barley the 8 spikelets of each cluster are fertile, the lateral spikelets of

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 99

the opposite sides of the spike being imbricate in a row, so that the
spike appears to be 4-rowed. In 6-rowed barley (ZZ. hewastichon L.)

Fic. 49.—Bottle-brush grass, Hystriv patula. Plant, « 4; spikelet and floret, < 3.

the lateral spikelets form rather distinct rows. In 2-rowed barley
(1. distichon L.) the lateral spikelets are all infertile and reduced,

100

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

aS

a ee

TT

te
29
group of three spikelets and a floret, the latter showing the rudiment back of the ;

palea, X 3.

A, a spike of beardless barley, X

29

Hordeum vulgare. Plant, X 3;

50.—Barley,

FIG.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 101

so that only the row of central spikelets on each side of the spike is
prominent. Naked barley is a kind of 2-rowed barley in which the
grain is free from the lemma and palea. Rice barley (/. zeocriton
L.), with spreading spikelets and divergent awns, is not grown in this
country and but sparingly in Europe. Beardless barley (Z7. vulgare
trifurcatum Wenderoth) (fig. 50, A) is a variety of 6-rowed barley
in which the awns are suppressed or converted into irregular short
lobes or teeth. Schulz? divides the cultivated barleys into two
eroups. The first group, derived from H. spontanewm Koch, in-
cludes the 2-rowed varieties. The second group, derived from Z.
ischnatherum (Coss.) Schulz, includes the 4 and 6 rowed varieties.
The glumes of Hordeum are thought by Schenck to be sterile spike-
lets or branchlets. (See footnote under Elymus, p. 93.)

Three common species of Hordeum are annuals. One of these,
H. pusillum Nutt., with glumes broadened above the base, is a native
species. The other two, introduced from Europe, are common weeds on
the Pacific coast. In 2. murinum L. a part of the glumes are ciliate;
in H. gussoneanum Parl. the glumes are setaceous, smooth below.
Hordeum nodosum L. (fig. 51) is similar to ZZ. pusillwum but differs
in being perennial and in having uniformly subulate glumes. This
species is abundant throughout the western half of the United States.
Another perennial species, H. jubatum L., called squirreltail grass
because of its soft brushlike spikes, is common in the Western States,
where it is not infrequently a troublesome weed in alfalfa fields.
This species is called foxtail in Wyoming, barley grass in Utah, and

tickle grass in Nevada. Hordeum murinwm, mentioned above, is

called barley grass, foxtail, and wild barley in different localities.

The species of Hordeum furnish forage during the early stages of
growth before the awns are produced. The mature spikes break up
into sharp-pointed joints that become a serious pest to stock. These
joints with the forwardly roughened awns work into the eyes and
nostrils of animals, causing inflammation.

For a revision of the species of Hordeum found in the United
States, see Scribner and Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
4323-25. 1897.

41. Lotium L.

Spikelets several-flowered, solitary and sessile, placed edgewise to
the continuous rachis, one edge fitting to the alternate concavities, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; first
glume wanting (except on the terminal spikelet), the second outward,
strongly 3 to 5 nerved, equaling or exceeding the second floret ; lemmas
rounded on the back, 5 to 7 nerved, obtuse, acute, or awned.

1 Mitt. Natf, Ges. Halle 1:18. 1911.

a ee ee

ee TS ae

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

102

group of three spikelets with rachis joint

' attached and a floret, the latter showing the rudiment back of the palea, x 83.

Fig. 51.—Hordeum nodosum. Plant, X 2;

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 108

Annuals or perennials, with flat blades and simple terminal flat
spikes. Species about eight, in Eurasia, four of these being intro-
duced in the United States.

Type species: Lolium perenne L.

Lolium L., Sp. Pl. 83, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 36. 1754. Linnzeus describes two
species, L. perenne and L. temulentum. The first is chosen as the type, as it is
an economic species. Both were described in the flora of Sweden.

Two species are of agricultural importance. Lolium perenne, Eng-
lish or perennial rye-grass, was the first meadow grass tc be culti-
vated in Kurope as a distinct segregated species, the meadows and
pastures formerly being mixed native species. This and the next are
probably the most important of the European forage grasses. Eng-
lish rye-grass is a biennial or short-lived perennial, 2 to 3 feet tall,
with glossy dark-green leaves and a slender spike as much as a foot
long, the spikelets 8 to 10 flowered, somewhat longer than the glume,
the lemmas awnless. Italian rye-grass, L. multiflorum Lam. (L. ttali-
cum A. Br.) (Pl. XI; fig. 52), differs from the preceding in having
awned lemmas and usually a greater number of florets to the spikelet.
Both species are used to a limited extent for meadow, pasture, and
lawn. They are of some importance in the South for winter forage.
Lolium multifiorum is common in the humid region of the Pacific
coast, where it is often called Australian rye-grass.

In the Eastern States the rye-grasses are often sown in mixtures
for parks or public grounds, where a vigorous early growth is re-
quired. The young plants can be distinguished from bluegrass by the
glossy dark-green foliage. |

Lolium temulentum UL., darnel, is occasionally found as a weed in
_ grain fields and waste places. It is in bad repute, because of the pres-
ence in the fruit of a narcotic poison, said to be due to a fungus. Dar-
nel is supposed to be the plant referred to as the tares sown by the
enemy in the parable of Scripture. It is an annual, with glumes as
much as an inch long and exceeding the 5 to 7 florets.

42. Leprurus R. Br.
(Monerma Beauv.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, embedded in the hard, cylindric, articulate
rachis, placed edgewise thereto, the first glume wanting except on the
terminal spikelet, the second glume closing the cavity of the rachis
and flush with the surface, indurate, nerved, acuminate, longer than
the joint of the rachis; lemma lying next the rachis, hyaline, shorter
than the glume, 3-nerved ; palea hyaline, 2-nerved, a little shorter than
the lemma; rachilla not disjointing, the spikelet falling entire, at-
tached to its rachis joint.

Low annuals or perennials, with hard cylindric spikes. Species
three, all from the Eastern Hemisphere, one introduced in California.

eee ee ee

‘a

104 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

WZ
y aa ZA
i IZ
WW
Vy y) (LE
QS
1 WW
Nob v GRE
Wy a=
&
{ WY}
VW, i
Wy

NN

SS
SS
SS

—=—S=S==
- SS
aw — N

Fig. 52.—Italian rye-grass, Lolium multifiorum. Plant, X 3; spikelet, X 3; floret, X 5.

PLATE XI.

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

ITALIAN RYE-GRASS (LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM).

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

TALL OAT-GRASS (ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS),

PLATE XII.

seemed maa a

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 105

Type species: Rottboellia repens Forst.
Lepturus R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 207. 1810. One species described, L.
repens, based on Rottboellia repens Forst.

——_-

eS) SSS

Monerma Beauv.,
Hss. Agrost. 116,
pl. 720; -f Oy 18st)
The species figured
is M. monandra,
which is Lepturus
cylindrica.

Leptocercus Raf.,
Amer. Monthly
Mag. 4: 190. 1819.
In a review of Nuttall’s
Genera Rafinesque changes
the name Lepturus R. Br. to
Leptocercus because of a
genus of insects by the name
of Leptura.

Our one species, Lep-
turus cylindrica ( Willd.)
Trin. (fig. 53), is intro-
duced in salt marshes
from San Francisco to
San Diego. At matur-
ity the spike breaks up
into the 1-seeded joints.
The species has no eco-
nomic value. For other
species that have been
referred to Lepturus. see
Pholiurus.

as SE

43. PHoLiurvus Trin.
(Lepturus of authors, not
K./Br.)

Takuma Tent Bei dk Spikelets 1 or 2 flow-
IG. .—Lepturus cylindrica. BEC BA) | OMI yt ln ;
spikelet with a joint of the rachis, x 5; spike- 1 ed, embedded in the

let, front view, X 5. articulate rachis and
falling attached to the joints; glumes two, placed in front of the
spikelet and inclosing it, coriaceous, 5-nerved, acute, asymmetric,

ete i

+ ogee

= I co. ee oer eee ee eee ee

3 eo

106 BULLETIN 772, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

appearing like halves of a single split glume; Jemma lying next to the
axis, smaller than the glumes, hyaline, keeled, scarcely more than
1-nerved; palea a little shorter than the lemma, hyaline, 2-nerved.

Low annuals, with cylindric spikes. Species four, in the Eastern
Hemisphere, one introduced into the United States.

Type species: Rottboellia pannonica Host.

Pholiurus Trin., Fund. Agrost. 131. 1820. Based on a single species, Rott- —
boellia pannonica Host. This species has 2-flowered spikelets.

Lepiurus Dumort., Obs. Gram. Belge 140, pl. 15, f. 57. 1828. <A single species
based on “ Rottbolia incurvata L.” fils.

The species of Pholiurus have been referred by most recent authors
to Lepturus, the type of which was, by
the same authors, referred to Monerma.

Our species, Pholiurus incurvatus (L).
Hitche. (Aegilops incurvata L.,1 Lep-
turus filiformis (Roth.) Trin.) (fig. 54),
has 1-flowered spikelets. It is intro-
duced along the borders of salt marshes

Fic. 54.—Pholiurus incurvatus. Plant, X 4; spikelet with a joint of the rachis, x 53
spikelet, front view, x 5.

from Maryland to Virginia and from Marin County to San Diego,
Calif. It has no economic value.

4, AVENEAE, THE OAT TRIBE.

44, KOELERIA Pers.

Spikelets 2 to 4 flowered, compressed, the rachilla disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets, prolonged beyond the per-
fect florets as a slender bristle or bearing a reduced or sterile floret at
the tip; glumes usually about equal in length but unequal in shape,
the lower narrow and sometimes shorter, 1-nerved, the upper some-
what broader above the middle, wider than the lower, 3 to 5 nerved;

1Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 2:1490. 1768.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 107

lemmas somewhat scarious and shining, the lowermost a little longer
than the glume, obscurely 5-nerved, acute or short-awned, the awn,
if present, borne just below the apex.

Annual or perennial, slender, low or rather tall grasses, with nar-
row blades and spikelike panicles. Species about 20, in the temperate
regions of both hemispheres; two species in the United States, one
native and one introduced.

Type species: Aira cristata 1.

Koeleria Pers., Syn. Pl. 1:97. 1805. Persoon describes five species, K. gra-
cilis, K. cristata, K. tuberosa, K. phleoides, and K. villosa. Of these, K. cristata
and K. phleoides were described by Linnzeus, the first under Aira, the second
under Festuca. The first of these is selected as the type, as it has priority of
position in the Species Plantarum.

Airochloa Link, Hort. Berol, 1:126. 1827. Six species are included. Koeleria
cristata, upon which the first species is based, is taken as the type.

Brachystylus Dulac, Fl. Hautes Pyr. 85. 1867. Based on “ Koeleria Pers.”

Recently a monograph of Koeleria was published by Domin?* in which many
species were described. Several of these were based upon material from the
United States but appear to be only forms of the widely distributed K. cristata.

Koeleria cristata (l.) Pers. (fig. 55) is the only species native in
North America. This is a common constituent of grassland on prai-
ries, plains, and in open woods from Ontario to British Columbia and
south to northern Mexico. It is a cespitose perennial, with slender,
erect culms a foot or two high, with a pale, shining, densely flowered
panicle 2 to 5 inches long. The species varies much, but the forms,
except X. cristata longifolia Vasey, of California, with longer blades
and larger, more open panicles, can not be distinguished as varieties.
The slender form, of the semiarid plains and foothills of the West,
is held by some as distinct and called XK. gracilis Pers. The
spikelets of XH. cristata are mostly 2 or 3 flowered, with a slender
prolongation of the rachilla, and the lemmas are acute or mucronate,
but not awned. The habit suggests a species of Poa, from which
genus it is distinguished by its mostly 2 or 3 flowered spikelets, acute
lemmas, and the culm puberulent below the panicle. A second
species, XH. phleoides (Vill.) Pers., a low annual with short-awned
lemmas, is introduced from Europe in a few localities. Hackel (Nat.
Pflanzenfam.) places Koeleria in the Festucese, but South American
and Old World species of Koeleria, with lemmas awned below the
apex, as well as the shining culm and spikelets of X. cristata, show
clearly an affinity to Trisetum. For this reason the genus is here
placed in Aveneae, although the glumes do not exceed the florets as
they do in nearly all the Aveneae.

Koeleria cristata is a good forage grass and is a constituent of
much of the native pasture throughout the Western States.

45. TRISETUM Pers.

Spikelets usually 2-flowered, sometimes 3 to 5 flowered, the rachilla
prolonged behind the upper floret, usually villous; glumes somewhat

1 Monographie der Gattung Koeleria. 1907.

108

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

unequal, acute, awnless, the second usually longer than the first
floret; lemmas usually short-bearded at the base, 2-toothed at the

by Co,
ere

RE

¥

Ni) ”
XY

Fic. 55.—Koeleria cristata. Plant, X 33;
spikelet and floret, X 5.

narrow but rather loose panicles.

apex, the teeth often awned, bear-
ing from the back below the
cleft apex a straight and in-
cluded, or usually bent and ex-
serted, awn.

Tufted perennials with fiat
blades and open or usually con-
tracted or spikelike panicles.
Species about 65, in the arctic
and temperate regions of both
hemispheres; eight species in the
United States, mostly in the
mountains.

Type species: Avena flavescens L.

Trisetum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1:97. 1805.
Persoon describes 11 species. . The
seventh species, J’. pratense Pers.,
based on Avena fiavescens L., is chosen
as the type, because it is historically
the oldest species.

Graphephorum Desv., Nouv. Bull.

Soe. Philom. Paris 2: 189. 1810.
Based on Aira melicoides Michx.

The name Trisetum refers to
the three awns on the lemma of
many of the species, one from the
back and one from each of the
teeth. In two of our species, 7.
melicoideum (Michx.) Scribn.
and 7. wolf Vasey, the awn
from the back is included within
the glume or is wanting. Tvise-
tum spicatum (L.) Richter (fig.
56) is found at high altitudes in
all the western mountains and is
widespread at high altitudes and
in the arctic regions of the North-
ern Hemisphere. It is an erect
grass with a spikelike, often
dark-colored panicle, the awn
exserted and bent. TZvrisetum
canescens Buckl., of the Western
States, is a woodland grass with
Trisetum cernuum Trin., of the

Northwest, has broad flat blades and a loose open penicle, with lax

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 109

drooping branches, the florets distant in the usually 3-flowered spike-
lets. Zvisetum pennsylvanicum (L.) Roem. and Schult. (Sphenopholis

palustris (Michx.)
Scribn.),, 7. hall
Scribn., and 7’. inter-
ruptum Buckl. have
been referred to
Sphenopholis. In
the first, the upper
lemma is slightly
bearded at base, the
lower glabrous; in
the other two, the
lemmas are glabrous.
In these three species
the articulation is be-
low the spikelet, as in
Sphenopholis, for
which reason Scrib-
ner placed them in

‘ Wi that genus, but their
WV : awned, relatively
Na thin lemmas and

their glumes alike in
shape place them
more naturally in
Trisetum.

~ =< TS <= = = S= > = :
S “ ~ ~ = SS — S
SS SoS =

Fie. 56.—Trisetum spicatum. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

The species of Trisetum are all valuable for grazing. Trisetwm |

spicatum constitutes an important part of the forage on alpine slopes.

110 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

46. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn.
(Hatonia of authors, not Raf.)

Spikelets 2 or 3 flowered, the pedicel disarticulating below the
glumes, the rachilla produced beyond the upper floret as a slender
bristle; glumes unlike in shape, the first narrow, acute, 1-nerved, the
second broadly obovate, 3 to 5 nerved, somewhat coriaceous; lemmas
firm, scarcely nerved, awnless, the first a little shorter or a little
longer than the second glume.

Perennial grasses, with usually flat blades and narrow panicles..

Species four, in the United States, extending into Mexico and the
West Indies.

Type species: Aira obtusata Michx.

Reboulea Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1; 341, pl. 84, 1830, not Rebouillia Raddi, 1818.
R. gracilis, the only species described, is the same as Aira obtusata Michx.

Colobanthus (Trin.) Spach. Suites Buff. 18: 163, 1846, not Bartl., 1830.
Trinius applied the name to a section of Trisetum. The type is Koeleria penn-
sylvanica DC. (Sphenopholis pallens), the first of two species mentioned by
Trinius, the other being Aira obtusata Michx.

Sphenopholis Scribn., Rhodora 8: 142. 1906. A new name is proposed for the
group of grasses then known as Eatonia, and the type species is designated.
Scribner showed that the original description of Eatonia Raf. could not apply
to the genus as later described by Endlicher.*. The type species of Hatonia Raf.
proves to be Panicum virgatum.? The genus Sphenopholis was revised by Scrib-
ner in the above-mentioned paper.

One species, Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. (fig. 57), is
widespread, but not very abundant, throughout the eastern half of
the United States. In the western portion of its range the panicle is
condensed and spikelike (var. dobata (Trin.) Scribn.). All the
species are forage grasses, but they are usually not abundant enough
to be of much importance.

47. AVENA L., oats.

Spikelets 2 to several flowered, the rachilla bearded, disarticulating ~

above the glumes and between the florets; glumes about equal, mem-
branaceous or papery, several-nerved, longer than the lower floret,
usually exceeding the upper fioret; lemmas indurate, except toward
the summit, 5 to 9 nerved, bidentate at the apex, bearing a dorsal bent
and twisted awn (this straight and reduced in Avena sativa). ~
Annual or perennial, low.or moderately tall grasses, with narrow or
open, usually rather few-flowered panicles of usually large spikelets.
Species about 55, in the temperate regions; only a few in the Western
Hemisphere; 7 species in the United States, only 2 being native.

Type species: Avena sativa L.

Avena L., Sp. Pl. 79, 1758; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 84. 1754. Linnzeus describes 10
species, 3 of which are now retained in Avena. These are A. sativa, A. fatua,
and A. pratensis. The other species are now referred as follows: A. sibirica to

1Gen, Pl. 99. 1887. 2 Hitchcock, Contr, U. S. Nat. Herb. 15:87. 1910.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 111

Stipa, A. elatior to Arrhenatherum, A. pennsylvanica to Trisetum, A. flavescens
to Trisetum, A. fragilis to Gaudinia, A. spicata to Danthonia. In the Genera

Plantarum, Linnezeus cites
Tournefort’s figure 267 ~
(error for 297), which is
Avena sativa. . Hence
this is the type species. -

The most impor-
tant species of the
genus is Avena sativa,
the familiar culti-

vated oat. In many
of the varieties the
awn is straight, often
reduced, or even want-
ing. The spikelets
contain usually two
florets that do not
easily disarticulate.
The lemmas are
smooth or slightly
hairy at the base, the
apical teeth acute but
notawned. The grain
is permanent ly in-
closed in the lemma
and palea. Two other
introduced species are
known as wild oats,
because of their close

- = ——= = =
= = =
——

AW resemblance to the
| I , cultivated oat. Avena
Be fatua L. (fig. 58) dif-
) iil fers from A. sativa

i WH in the readily disar-
AHS ticulating florets, be-

set with stiff, usually

brown hairs, and in

Iie. 57.—Sphenopholis obtusata. Plant, * 34; spike- the well-developed
let and floret, x 5. ‘ ‘
geniculate and twisted

awn, A variety of this (A. fatwa glabrata Peterm.) has glabrous

112 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

florets. In our other species of wild oats, A. barbata Brot., the
pedicels are more slender, the spikelets pendulous, and the teeth of

Fic. 58.—Wild oats, Avena fatua. Plant, X i; spikelet and floret, X 2.

the lemma are prolonged into delicate awns. These species of wild
oats are common on the Pacific coast, where they are weeds, but are

|
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|
|
|
|

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 113

utilized for hay. Much of the grain hay of that region is made from

either cultivated or wild oats.

The varieties of cultivated oat are derived from three species of
Avena. The common varieties of this country and of temperate and
mountain regions in general are derived from A. fatwa. The
Algerian oat grown in North Africa and Italy and the red oat of our
Southern States are derived from A. sterilis. A few varieties
adapted to dry countries are derived from A. barbata'.

Avena sterilis L., animated oats, is sometimes cultivated as a
curiosity. When laid on the hand or other moist surface the fruits
twist and untwist as they lose or absorb moisture.

Our two native species, found in the Rocky Mountain region, are
perennials, with narrow few-flowered panicles of erect spikelets
smaller than those of Avena sativa. They are excellent forage
grasses, but occur only scatteredly.

48, ARRHENATHERUM Beauv.

Spikelets 2-flowered, the lower floret staminate, the upper perfect,
the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes, produced beyond the
florets as a slender bristle; glumes rather broad and papery, the first
1-nerved, the second a little longer than the first and about as long
as the spikelet, 3-nerved; lemmas 5-nerved, hairy on the callus, the
lower bearing near the base a twisted, geniculate, exserted awn, the
upper bearing a short, straight, slender awn just below the tip.

Perennial, rather tall grasses, with flat blades and rather dense
panicles. Species about six, in the temperate regions of Eurasia;
one species introduced into the United States.

Type species: Arrhenatherum avenaceum Beauv.

Arrhenatherum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 55, pl. 11, f. 5. 1812. Beauvois figures
one species, which he calls Arrhenatherum avenaceum. This is Avena elatior
L., and is now called Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. and Koch.

Arrhenatherum elatius (Pl. XII; fig. 59) is occasionally cultivated
in the humid regions of the United States as a meadow grass under
the name of tall oat-grass. It is a fairly satisfactory forage grass,
but the seed is expensive and often of poor quality. This species is
often found growing spontaneously in grassland and along road-
sides in the Northern States.

A variety, Arrhenatherwn elatius bulbosum (Presl) Koch, has ap-
peared recently in some of the Atlantic States. It differs from the
ordinary form in having at the base of the stem a moniliform string
of 2 to 5 small corms 5 to 10 mm. in diameter.

1See Journ. Hered, 5: 56, 1914, a translation of an article by Trabut. Also see Norton,
Amer. Breed. Assoc. 3: 281. 1907.

97769°—19—Bull. 772-8

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4

114 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

49. ArrA L.
(Deschampsia Beauv.)
Spikelets 2-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the hairy
rachilla prolonged behind the upper floret as a stipe, this sometimes
u- bearing a reduced floret; glumes about equal, acute

\ or acutish, membranaceous; lemmas thin, truncate
Wy > and 2 to 4 toothed at the summit, bearing a slender
: vi (7 awn from or below the middle, the awn straight, bent,
‘ i ‘or twisted.
ess Wy ) Low or moderately tall
\ QW, y annual or usually peren-

nial grasses, with shining
x pale or purplish spikelets
y XS in narrow or open pani-
ING cles. Species about 35, in
VA ~ the temperate and cool
g/ regions of both hemispheres, 6 of these
being in the United States,
Type species: Aira caespitosa L.
Aira L., Sp: Pl. 63, 153; Gen.. Pi, ed.5,3E

1754. Fourteen species are described. The
name was first used for a genus by Linnzeus

OLE
bP SZ
LE,

tS

BZ

describes four species. These four species
are named in the Species Plantarum: 7. A.

A. montana. The first of these, A. spicata,
is referred to Trisetum; the other three be- |
long to Deschampsia, as recognized in most |
American botanies. The genus Aira, as

Genera Plantarum and by Hackel in the
Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, is based upon —
the last two of the original Linnean

s,

Fic, 59.—Tall cat-grass, Arrhenatherum elatius.. Plant, X 3; spikelet and fertile floret,
Sb:

in his Flora Lapponica in 1737, where he |

spicata, 8. A. caespitosa, 9. A. flexuosa, 10. | |

- accepted by Bentham and Hooker in the —

115

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

spikelet and two yi

Fig. 60.—Tufted hair-grass,

Eelam, 2s

OLety XD;

116 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

species, A. praecox and A. caryophyllea, which are found in southern Europe
and are not described by Linnzus in his Flora Lapponica nor in his Flora
Suecica. Linnzeus’s generic idea of Aira is evidently represented by the four
species first included in the genus. From these Aira caespitosa is arbitrarily
selected as the type. ;

Deschampsia Beauv., Ess, Agrost. 91, pl. 18, f. 3. 1812. The figured species,
the type, is D. caespitosa.

Lerchenfeldia Schur., Enum. Pl. Transs. 753. 1866. Three species are in-
ciuded. Aira fleruosa L., on which L., fieruosa is based, is taken as the type.

Aira danthonioides Trin. of the Pacific coast is an annual. A7ra
caespitosa Li. (Deschampsia caespitosa Beauv.) (fig. 60) is common
in moist or wet soil from Newfoundland to Alaska and south to New
Jersey, Illinois, and, in the western mountains, to New Mexico and
southern California. It is a tufted perennial 1 to 4 feet high, with
smooth, narrow, folded blades and open drooping panicles, 4 to 12
inches long, of shining pale-bronze or purplish spikelets. This spe-
cies, sometimes called tufted hair-grass, is often the dominant grass
in mountain meadows, where it furnishes excellent forage.

50. AspRis Adams.
(Aira of authors.)

Spikelets 2-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
not prolonged; glumes about equal, acute, membranaceous or sub-
scarious; lemmas firm, rounded on the back, tapering into two slender
teeth, the callus with a very short tuft of hairs, bearing on the back
below the middle a slender, geniculate, twisted, usually exserted awn,
this reduced or wanting in the lower floret in one species.

Low, delicate annuals with small open or contracted panicles. Spe-
cies about nine, in southern Europe, three being introduced in the
United States.

Type species: Aira praecor L.

Aspris Adans.. Fam. Pl. 2: 496, 522. 1763. The references cited are also
cited by Linnzeus under Aira praecoz.

Caryophyllea Opiz, Seznam 27. 1852. Based on Aira caryophyllea.

Fussia Schur., Enum. Pl. Transs. 754. 1866. Three species, F. praecoxr, F.
caryophyllea, and F. capillaris, are included. Aira praecor, upon which the
first species is based, is taken as the type.

Our three species are Aspris caryophyllea (L.) Nash (fig. 61), A.
praecox (L.) Nash, and A. capillaris (Host) Hitche. (Aira capdlaris
Host). They are found frequently on the Pacific coast and occasion-
ally in the Eastern States. The species are of no economic importance.

Weingaertneria canescens Bernh. has been found upon ballast at
Philadelphia and on Marthas Vineyard. This is a low, tufted annual
with pale, contracted panicles, differing from the species of Aspris in
having club-shaped awns.

51. NotHoLcts Nash.
(Holcus of authors.)

Spikelets 2-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating below the glumes,
the rachilla curved and somewhat elongate below the first floret, not
prolonged above the second floret; glumes about equal, longer than

bet al \

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 117

the two florets; first floret perfect, its lemma awnless; second floret
staminate, its lemma awned on the back.

wy

N

3, /

2S sm
SNEEENSE SS
AGO

Fig. 61.—Aspris caryophyllea. Plant, X 4; spikelet and two views of floret, X 5.

Perennial grasses, with flat blades and contracted panicles. Species
about eight, Europe and Africa; two introduced into the United |
States. |

Type species: Holcus lanatus WL.

Ginannia Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 4: 321, 1901, not Scop., 1777, nor Dietr., 1804.
Based on ‘ Holcus L. et Auctor.,” the two species included, G. pubescens and G. ;
mollis, showing that it is to the species congeneric with Holcus lanatus L. that |
the name is applied. |

118 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Notholcus Nash; Hitch., in Jepson, Fl. Calif. 3: 126. 1912. Only one species
described. Notholecus is derived from the Greek nothos, false, and Holeus, the
generic name formerly applied to this group. Nash* spells the name Nothoholeus.
For a discussion of the reasons for the change of name, see page 266. The ge-
neric hame Holeus is there applied to the sorghums, necessitating a new name
for the velvet grass.

The common species in the United States is Notholcus lanatus
(L.) Nash (Holcus lanatus L.), known as velvet grass (fig. 62).
This species is introduced in various places in the Eastern States
and also on the Pacific coast, where it is abundant. It is an erect,
grayish, velvety-pubescent grass 2 to 3 feet tall, with a contracted
pale or purplish panicle 2 to 4 inches long. Velvet grass is some-
times recommended as a meadow grass, but for this purpose it has
little value except on moist sandy or sterile soil where other grasses
will not thrive. It has been used with some success in sandy fields
around the mouth of the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon.

A second species, Votholcus mollis (.) Hitche., with creeping
rhizomes, has been introduced in California, where it is rare.

52. DANTHONIA Lam. and DC.

Spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla readily disarticulating
above the glumes and between the florets; glumes about equal, broad
and papery, acute, mostly exceeding the uppermost floret; lemmas
rounded on the back, obscurely several-nerved, the base with a strong
callus, the apex bifid, the lobes acute, usually extending into slender
awns, a stout awn arising from between the lobes; awn flat, tightly
twisted below, geniculate, exserted, including three nerves of the
lemma.

Tufted, low or moderately tall perennials, with few-flowered, open,
or spikelike panicles of rather large spikelets. Species about 100, in
the temperate regions of both hemispheres; especially abundant in
South Africa; 12 species in the United States, about equally divided
between the Eastern and the Western States.

Type species: Avena spicata L.

Danthonia Lam. and DC., Fl. France. 3: 32. 1805. The work cited is a local
fiora in which the two French species are described, D. decumbens (which is
the same as Sieglingia decumbens) and D. provincialis. The authors, however,
mention in the paragraph preceding the one devoted to the generic description
that ‘besides the species described below one ought to refer to this genus, 1st,
Avena spicata L. or Avena glumosa Michx.; 2d, Avena calicina Lam. not Vill.”
Of the four species mentioned, three are congeneric with Avena spicata and —
correspond with the generic description better than does Danthonia decumbens,
which is the first species described under Danthonia. Avena spicata is se-
lected as the type of Danthonia.* Piper*® has selected Festuca decumbens L.
(Danthonia decumbens) as the type of Danthonia because it is the first species
_described under Danthonia, and takes up Merathrepta Raf. for the species
generally referred to Danthonia. Nelson and Macbride* take up Pentameris
Beauv. in place of Merathrepta.

1 Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl., ed. 2, 1: 214. 1913.
2See Hitche,, Bot. Gaz. 57: 328. 1914.
2 Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 11: 122. 1906.

4Bot. Gaz. 56: 469. 1913.

{

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 119

Fie. 62.—Velvet grass, Notholcus lanatus. Plant, < 4; spikelet, florets with glumes
removed, and mature fertile floret, all x 5.

120 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Pentameris Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 92, pl. 18, f. 8. 1812. P. thuarii is the type,
as this is the single species mentioned and figured. This is a South African
species and represents a group in
which the lateral teeth of the lemmas
are 2-awned. The group is considered
to be generically distinct from Dan-
thonia by Stapf... The name is taken
up by Nelson and Macbride in place of
Merathrepta Raf.”

Merathrepta Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe
1: 221. 1830. The genus is described
briefly and Avena spicata mentioned.
This species is, therefore, the type.

One species of Danthonia, D.
spicata (L.) Beauv. (fig. 63), is
common on sterile hills and in
dry, open woods in the Eastern
States, where it is sometimes |
called poverty grass. It can be |
recognized, even when not in
flower, by its small tufts of curly
leaves. In the Western States
the species are found in grass-
land and contribute somewhat
toward the forage value of the
range, but usually they are not
abundant. All our species pro-
duce cleistogenes (enlarged fer-
tile cleistogamous spikelets) in
the lower sheaths,? and the culms
finally disarticulate at the nodes
below these.

Fie. 63.—Wild oat-grass, Danthonia spicata. Plant, X 3; spikelet, floret, and a cleisto-
gene from the axil of a lower leaf, all x 5.

1Thiselt. Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 512. 1898.
2See following paragraph on Merathrepta.
3Chase, Amer. Journ. Bot. 5: 254. 1918.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. qa |

5. AGROSTIDEAE, THE TIMOTHY TRIBE.
58. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
usually prolonged behind the palea asa short, commonly hairy bristle;
glumes about equal, acute or acuminate; lemma shorter and usually
more delicate than the glumes, the callus bearing a tuft of hairs,
which are often copious and as long as the lemma, awned from the
back, usually below the middle, the awn being delicate and straight,
or stouter and exserted, bent and sometimes twisted; palea shorter
than the lemma.

Perennial, usually moderately tall or robust grasses, with small
spikelets in open or usually narrow, sometimes spikelike panicles.
Species over 100, in the cool and temperate regions of both hemi-
spheres; 26 species in the United States, mostly in the western moun-
tains.

Type species: Arundo calamagrostis L.

Calamagrostis Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 31, 530. 1768. Adanson describes no
species but in the index there is given under Kalamagrostis Diosk., three names
or citiations, Negil. Arab., Gramen. Sheuz. t. 3. f. 5., and Arundo Lin. The
reference to Scheuchzer is found in Linnzeus’s Species Plantarum under Arundo
calamagrostis (1: 82), which consequently is the type of Calamagrostis.

Deyeuxia Clarion; Beauv., Hss. Agrost. 48, pl. 9, f. 9, 10. 1812. Type, D.
montana, the first of the two species figured.

Amagris Raf., Princip. Fondament. Somiologie 27. 1814. A new name pro-
posed for Calamagrostis, because that is formed of two other names.

Athernotus Dulac, Fl. Hautes Pyr. 74. 1867. Based on “‘ Calamagrostis Ad.”
Lunell* uses this name for Calamovilfa, but Dulac bases the genus on Cala-
magrostis Adans., and the three species he includes belong in Calamagrostis,
not in Calamovilfa.

By some authors the species with prolonged rachilla are segregated
as a distinct genus, Deyeuxia, the name Calamagrostis being retained
for those species in which the rachilla is not prolonged. The Ameri-
can species all belong to the section Deyeuxia.

Four Pacific coast species have loose, open panicles. In all the
other species the panicle is rather compact, in some cases spikelike.
The commonest species in the United States is Calamagrostis cana-
densis (Michx.) Beauv. (fig. 64), growing in swamps and low ground
from New England to Oregon, and southward in the mountains and
northward to the arctic circle. It is an important source of wild hay
from Wisconsin to North Dakota, but is of only medium value for

grazing. Much of the marsh hay of Wisconsin and Minnesota be- |

longs to this species, which in that region is called bluejoint. This is
the dominant grass in the interior of Alaska. The species is distin-
guished by having flat blades, a somewhat lax, usually nodding
panicle, the hairs at the base of the floret copious and as long as the
lemma, the awn straight, delicate, not exserted beyond the glumes, the
latter 3 to 5 mm. long.

1 Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 218. 1915.

122 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

LEG]
PS

Ss
me 4

ASS
oe : .

Fic. 64.—Bluejoint, Calamagrostis canadensis. Plant, X 33; spikelet and floret, xX 5.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 123

Calamagrostis scabra Presl, closely allied to the above, but with
somewhat larger spikelets, is abundant along the coast from Oregon
to Alaska. This has been incorrectly referred to C. langsdorfii
(Trin.) Link, of Siberia. In general, the species of Calamagrostis
are important forage grasses. Pine-grass (C. rubescens Buckl.) is |
common in the mountains of Oregon and Washington, where it forms
an important part of the forage.

For a revision of the species of Calamagrostis found in the United
States, see Kearney, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 11. 1898.

54. AMMOPHILA Host.

Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes, produced beyond the palea as a short bristle, hairy above;
glumes about equal, chartaceous; lemma similar to and a little shorter
than the glumes, the callus bearing a tuft of short hairs; palea nearly
as long as the lemma.

A tough, rather coarse, erect perennial, with hard, scaly, creeping
rhizomes, long, tough, involute blades, and a pale, dense, spikelike
panicle. One species is found on the sandy seacoast of Europe and
northern North America as far south as North Carolina and on the
shores of the Great Lakes, a second species around the Baltic.

Type species: Arundo arenaria UW.

Ammophila Host, Gram. Austr. 4: 24, pl. 41. 1809. Only one species de-
scribed, A. arundinacea Host, based on Arundo arenaria UL.

Psamma Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 143, pl. 6, f. 1. 1812. The one species, P.
littoralis, is Ammophila arenaria.

Ammophila arenaria (.) Link (fig. 65) is an important sand-
binding grass in Europe, being used there to hold the barrier
dunes along the coast. In this country it has been tried with success
on Cape Cod and at Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.t It is called
beach-grass and less frequently marram grass and sea marram.

55. CALAMOVILFA Hack.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
not prolonged behind the palea; glumes unequal, acute, chartaceous;
lemma a little longer than the second glume, chartaceous, awnless,
glabrous or pubescent, the callus bearded; palea about as long as the
lemma.

Perennial, rigid, usually tall grasses, with narrow or open panicles,
some species with creeping rhizomes. Species four, confined to the
United States and southern Canada.

Type species: Calamagrostis brevipilis Gray.

Calamovilfa Hack., True Grasses 113. 1890. The True Grasses is a transla-
tion by Scribner and Southworth of the article on grasses in Engler and Prantl’s
Nattirlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Scribner has added bracketed notes. In a para-

1 For a full discussion, see Hitchcock, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 57; Westgate,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 65. 1904. i

; spikelet and floret, X 5.

Zh
2

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fig. 65.—Beach-grass, Ammophila arenaria. Plant, X

124

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 125

graph quoted from Hackel (‘‘ Hackel in MS.’’) is a statement that two species,
Calamagrostis brevipilis Gray and C. longifolia Hook., may best be considered a
separate genus, Calamovilfa. Scribner adds a note formally describing the genus
Calamovilfa and mentions the two species, Calamovilfa brevipilis and C. longi-
folia. The first is selected as the type.

The genus differs from Calamagrostis in the chartaceous lemma,
from our species of Calamagrostis in the absence of a prolonged ra-
chilla, and from Ammophila in the more open panicles and in the
absence of the prolongation of the rachilla.

The four species are Calamovilfa brevipiis (Torr.) Scribn., in the
pine barrens from New Jersey to North Carolina; C. curtissii
(Vasey) Scribn., confined to Florida; C. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn.
(fig. 66), of the Great Plains and the dune region of Lake
Michigan; C. gigantea (Nutt.) Scribn. and Merr., also of the
Great Plains. The first two species are without creeping rhizomes;
the other two have numerous stout rhizomes and are excellent sand
binders. Calamovilfa longifolia and C. gigantea are closely re-
lated. They are differentiated by the less expanded panicle and
glabrous florets of the first and the spreading panicle, larger spike-
lets, and villous florets of the second.

Calamovilfa longifolia, the commonest species, is of some value for
forage, but is rather coarse and woody.

56. AcrostTis L., the bent-grasses.

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the rachilla
usually not prolonged; glumes equal or nearly so, acute, acuminate,
or sometimes awn-pointed, carinate, usually scabrous on the keel and
sometimes on the back; lemma obtuse, usually shorter and thinner in
texture than the glumes, awnless or dorsally awned, often hairy on
the callus; palea usually shorter than the lemma, 2-nerved in only
a few species, usually small and nerveless or obsolete.

Annual or usually perennial, delicate or moderately tall grasses,
with glabrous culms, flat or sometimes involute, scabrous blades, and
open or contracted panicles of small spikelets. Species about 100,
in the temperate and cold regions of the world, especially in the
Northern Hemisphere. About 25 species are found in the United
States, some of these being found also in Europe.

Type species: Agrostis stolonifera L.

Agrostis L., Sp. Pl. 61, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 30. 1754. Linnzeus describes
12 species, dividing them into two groups, Aristatae and Muticae. The descerip-
tion of the genus refers to the lemma as being awned and to the presence of
a palea (“Cor. bivalvis ... altera majore aristata”’). If the type species

must agree with the description in the fifth edition of the Genera Plan-
tarum,’ it must be chosen from the first group, Aristatae, and from those

*See American Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Bull. Torrey Club 34:174. 1907. The
Statement is made that “the genera of Linneus’s Species Plantarum (1753) are to be
typified through the citations given in his Genera Plantarum (1754). There is no
citation given for Agrostis and the code dces not definitely require that the genera must
be interpreted by the descriptions here given; hence the type species may be chosen inde-
pendent of this description.

ae
~~ —

=

or et ae

pe)

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

126

; spikelet’ and floret, x

a
=

66.—Calamovilfa longifolia. Plant, X

Fie.

(

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 12

species possessing a palea. Irom this standpoint the type species would be
Agrostis spica-venti, which is referred by many botanists to Apera but
which is here included in Agrostis. However, the description of Agrostis in
the fifth edition was not written by Linneus for that edition. It was copied
f-om the first edition, published in 1737, at which time Linnzeus’s concept of
Agrostis was chiefly based on Stipa calamagrostis. By the time the Species
Plantarum was prepared his concept of the genus Agrostis had changed, but he
did not make the corresponding change in the description in the fifth edition
of the Genera Plantarum which he prepared at the same time. It seems best,
then, to ignore this description and select the type species from the economic
species. Therefore A. stolonifera* has been selected as the type species of
Agrostis. Several of the original species are now referred to other genera:
A. miliacea and A. paradoxa to Oryzopsis; A. arundinacea to Calamagrostis ;
A. minima to Mibora; A. virginica and A. indica to Sporobolus.

Vilfa Adans., Fam. Pl..2: 495. 1763. Adanson cites ‘‘Gramen canin. supin.
C. B. Theat. 12” and in the index, “ Gramen canin. supin. minus C. B.” Lin-
nus” gives under Agrostis: stolonifera the citation, ‘*Gramen caninum supinum
minus Scheuch. gram. 128.” Scheuchzer® credits the citation to C. Bauhin.
Therefore Agrostis stolonifera L. is the type of Vilfa Adans.

Apera Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 495. 1763. Adanson refers directly to “Agrostis 1.
Lin. Sp. 61.” The first species of Agrostis described by Linnzeus in his Species
Plantarum (p. 61) is A. spica-venti, which becomes the type of Apera.

Trichodium Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 41, pl. 8. 1803. Two species are de-
seribed, 7. laxiflorum and T. decumbens. The first species, illustiated in plate
8, is the type. This is the same as Afrostis hiemalis. Trichodiwm decumbens
is the same as A. perennans. Michaux distinguished the genus from Agrostis
by the absence of the palea.

Agraulus Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 5, pl. 4, f. 7. 1812. Two species, based on
Agrostis canina L. and A. alpina Willd., are included, the first being figured and
therefore the type.

Anemagrostis Trin., Fund. Agrost. 128. 1820. Two species, based on Agrostis
spica-venti L. and A. interrupta L., are included, the first of which is taken as
the type.

Notonema Raf., Neogenyt. 4. 1825. A single species is included, Agrostis
arachnoides Ell. (A. elliottiana Schult.)

Podagrostis Scribn. and Merr., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 58. 1910. Based
upon Agrostis, section Podagrostis Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 43 436. 1853.
A single species, Agrostis aequivalvis Trin., referred here in each case. A. thur-
beriana Hitche. also belongs to this group, which forms a section of Agrostis.

In Agrostis spica-venti, A. aequivalvis, and A. thurberiana the
rachilla is prolonged behind the palea as a minute bristle or stipe,
and the lemma and palea are nearly equal and about as long as the
glumes. The palea is obsolete in many species (which have been
separated by some authors under the generic name of Trichodium),
and is much shorter than the lemma in several other species. The
awn, when present, may arise from the back of the lemma just above

1See Hitchcock, Bot. Gaz. 38:141. 1904. On the basis of the specimen in the Lin-
nean Herbarium and of the synonymy, the name A. stolonifera was there applied to the
species called A. verticillata Vill. But on reconsideration it seems best to accept the
hame cs applied by Swedish botanists. Linnwus was most familiar with the Swedish
grass, and cites as the first synonym under A. stolonifera the phrase name he had applied
to it in his Flora Suecica. He confused with this the South European species, A. ver-
ticillata, a specimen of which in his herbarium he marked “ A. stolonifera,’? but we may
assume that he intended to apply the name A. stolonifera to the grass from Sweden. In
the latter work Linneus states that the plant is known popularly as Kryp-hwen. Dr.
Carl Lindman, who has kindly sent a series of specimens of the Species in question, states
in a letter that the grass in Sweden called Krypven (the modern spelling) is the species
described by Swedish botanists as A. stolonifera. This has a long ligule, an open panicle,
and an erect culm decumbent at base or producing stolons.

aS pe el, 1 G2s)) Leas. 2 Agrost. 128. 1719.

128 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the base (A. howellii Scribn.) or from about the middle (A. exarata
microphylla (Steud. ) Hitche.) or from just below the apex (A. spica-
venti, A. elliottiana).
The hairs on the callus
are usually minute, but
are half as long as the
lemma in A. hallii Vasey.
Three of our species are
annuals, A. spica-venti
L., introduced from
Europe; A. exigua
Thurb., of California;
and A. elliottiana Schult.,
of the Southern States.

The genus furnishes
several species that are
Important forage plants
either under cultivation
or in the mountain mead-
ows of the Western States.
The most important is
Agrostis palustris Huds.
(A. alba of authors’)
(PL: XCEPE: Wate Ge)-
known usually as redtop
because of the reddish

+The name Agrostis alba L.
(Sp. Pl. 63. 1753) is of doubtful
application. In the original
publication the name is founded-
Solely on the citation ‘“ Roy.
lugdb. 59” (Royen, Flora Ley-
densis). Royen’s citation of
syncnym refers to Poa (appar-
ently P. nemoralis). There are
several sheets in Linneus’s
herbarium, one of which bears
the name, Agrostis alba, in
Linneus’s script. These speci-
mens are the Agrostis alba as
generally understood, but.

Fig. 67.—Redtop, Agrostis palustris. Plant, X 3; spikelet, open and closed, and floret,
SC a5:

aaa Si ED PID ON

PLATE XIII.

REDTOP (AGROSTIS PALUSTRIS)

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

PLATE XIV.

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(PHLEUM PRATENSE)

TIMOTHY

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 129

color of the panicle. This species is an erect plant 2 to 4 feet
high, producing rhizomes, and often decumbent at base, with flat
blades, prominent, somewhat pointed ligule, and an open, usually red-
dish panicle, 2 to 12 inches long, contracted in fruit, the branches in
whorls. Redtop is cultivated as a meadow and pasture grass in the
Northern States, especially upon soils lacking in lime and upon soils
too wet for timothy. In Pennsylvania and some other localities this
species is called herd’s-grass.

Agrostis capillaris L. (A. tenuis Sibth., A. vulgaris With., A.
alba vulgaris Thurb.), Rhode Island bent, differs from red-
top in its smaller size, more delicate culms and foliage, short truncate
ligule, smaller, more open, and fewer flowered panicle, not contract-
ing after flowering. Stolons are usually absent but may be as much
as 4 to 8 inches long. Rhode Island bent is often used as a lawn
grass, especially in the Northeastern States, where the soil is lacking
in lime and bluegrass does not thrive. In some botanical works the
name Agrostis canina has been incorrectly applied to Rhode Island
bent. Agrostis canina L., a European species occasionally introduced
into the Eastern States, is a frequent constituent of the commercial
seed of creeping bent. It is called velvet bent and gives promise
of being a fine lawn grass.

Carpet bent, also called creeping bent, is a form of A. stolonifera.
This produces stolons from 1 to 4 feet long and is also used as a
lawn grass in the same region as that described for Rhode Island bent.
' The seed has been imported from southern Germany.

Fiorin is a name that was applied in England to a coast. form with
stoloniferous habit, long hgule, and narrow dense panicles. This
form is found along the northern Atlantic coast of Europe and
America and along the Pacific coast from British Columbia to north-
ern California. It has been called A. maritzma Lam. and A. alba
maritima (lam.) Meyer. It is apparently indigenous in America,
while A. capillaris and A. palustris appear to be introductions.

Several native species of Agrostis are found in the western part of
the United States, especially in mountain meadows. One of the
commonest of the western species is A. exarata Trin., with contracted,
sometimes spikelike, panicles and awned or awnless spikelets, found
at all altitudes throughout the western portion of the United States.

according to Jackson (Index to the Linnean Herbarium, Proc. Linn. Soc. London,
124th Sess. Suppl. 1912), these specimens were added to the herbarium after 1753 and
can not, therefore, have weight in determining the original application of the name. Lin-
neus did not refer, under Agrostis alba, to his flora of Sweden. It would appear that he
did not intend to apply the name originally to a Swedish plant. The species usually
known as Agrostis alba is common in Sweden, but apparently was included by Linneus
under A. stolonifera, to which it is closely allied. It was not until later that he applied
the name to the species as now represented in his herbarium. Under these circumstances
it seems best to drop the name Agrostis alba, as has been done by Piper (U. S. Dept. Agr.
Bull. 692, 1918) and by Stapf, as indicated in a letter to Piper.

1See Piper, The Agricultural Species of Bent Grasses. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 692. 19:8.

97769°—19—Bull. 7729

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> Ser Se

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130 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

This is an important range grass. Common on the Pacific slope is
A. diegoensis Vasey, with creeping rhizomes, spreading panicles, and
often awned spikelets.

Two native species belonging’
to the group in which the palea
is lacking are common in the
eastern United States. Agrostis
perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. is
a woodland species with open
panicle. Agrostts hiemalis
(Walt.) Bo S. Py Gites seSy nico
delicate open-ground species
with very diffuse capillary pani-

\\ 3 cle, which at maturity breaks |
Fes | away from the plant as a tumble- —
ve TRO E oe This Hous called hair- —
Fic, 68.—Tickle grass, Agrostis grass and tickle grass, is found q

aah eee eee 23 spikelet_ throughout the United States.
Agrostis spica-venti L. (fig.

69), a European species, sparingly introduced in the Eastern States,
has been made the type of a distinct genus, Apera, being distinguished —
by the prolongation of the rachilla and the long delicate awn from

|
i
» |
:
|
all

\Y | Xi i)

‘

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. LST

Wie. 69.—Agrostis spica-venti. Plant, X 34; glumes and floret, x 5,

132 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

just below the apex of the lemma. These characters are not deemed —
sufficient to separate it from our species. The rachilla is prolonged |
in A. aeguivalvis and a similar awn is found in the annual A. elliot- |

tiana Schult.

For a revision of the species of Agrostis found in the United States, |

see Hitchcock, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 68. 1905.

57. PHippsia (Trin.) R. Br.

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes, the rachilla —
not prolonged; glumes unequal, minute, the first sometimes wanting; |
lemma thin, somewhat |
keeled, 3-nerved, acute; |
palea a little shorter

than the lemma, dentate.
A dwarf, tufted per-

few - flowered panicles
of small spikelets. Spe-
cies one, in the arctic
regions of both hemi-
spheres; also on the al-
pine summits of Colo-
rado.

A

i 2) PC Bye SS
SV KRIS ANG
; Type species: Agrostis
Fic. 70.—Phippsia algida. Plant, X 4; spikelet and a@lgida Soland.
branchlet of inflorescence with the glumes of lower Colpodium subgenus

spikelets remaining, and floret, all x 5. Phippsia Trin., in Spreng.
Neu. Entd. 2: 37. 1821.

Phippsia R. Br., Suppl. App. Parry’s Voy. 184. 1824. A single species de-
scribed, P. algida, based on Agrostis algida Soland.

Phippsia algida (Soland.) R. Br. (fig. 70) is known in the United
States only from a few localities in the alpine regions of Colorado.
It was first described as Agrostis algida by Solander.*

58: CoLEANTHUS Seidel.

Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes wanting; lemma ovate, hyaline,
terminating in a short awn; palea broad, 2-keeled.

A dwarf annual, about an inch high, with short flat blades and
small few-flowered panicles. Species one, northern Eurasia, intro-
duced in America.

Type species: Schmidtia subtilis Tratt.

Schmidtia Tratt., Fl. Oesterr. Kaiserth. 1: 12, pl. 10, 1816, not Schmidtia
Moench, 1802. Only one species deseribed. ~

Coleanthus Seidel; Roem. and Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 276. 1817. Only one
species described, C. Subtilis, based on Schmidtia subtilis.

1In Phipps Voy. 200. 1810,

ennial, with narrow, |

PRB ie tes:

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 133

Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidel (fig. 71), introduced from
Europe, grows on mud flats along the Columbia River, where it was
collected by Howell (on Sauvies Island, Oreg.) and by Suksdorf
(western Klickitat County, Wash.).

Mibora minima (.) Desv. has been found at Plymouth, Mass.
This, the only species of the genus, is a low annual, differing from
Coleanthus and Phippsia in having glumes longer than the lemma,
the very small spikelets in simple spikes. Introduced from Europe.

59. Cinna L.

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulting below the glumes, the rachilla
forming a stipe below the floret and produced behind the palea as a
minute bristle; glumes equal, 1-nerved; lemma similar to the glumes,

Fic, 71.—Coleanthus subtilis. Plant, X 1; lemma and palea and two views of spikelet
with ripe caryopsis, < 20.

nearly as long, 3-nerved, bearing a minute, short, straight awn just
below the apex; palea apparently 1-nerved, 1-keeled.

Tall perennial grasses, with flat blades and paniculate inflorescence.
Species three, North America and northern Eurasia, two in the
United States and one in Mexico and southward.

Type species: Cinna arundinacea UL. :

Cinna L., Sp. Pl. 5, 1753; Gen. Pl, ed. 5, 6. 1754. <A single species is
described.

Abola Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 31, 511. 1763. Based on ‘ Cinna Lin.”

Ginnastrum Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2:90. 1886. Two species are given, CO. miliaceum
and C. poaeforme, both referable to Cinna poaeformis (H. B. K.) Scribn. and
Merr.

The prolongation of the rachilla is less than 0.5 mm. in our
species, but in Cinna poaeformis of Mexico it is half as long as the
palea. The palea is 1-nerved in C. arundinacea. In C. poaeformis
the 2 nerves are close together but distinct. In C. latifolia the palea
is apparently 1-nerved, but the 2 nerves separated when the palea is
split along the keel.

$%% ] ERR

a

134 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Cinna arundinacea (fig. 72), with somewhat contracted panicle and
spikelets 5 mm. long, grows in moist, usually shaded places in the
eastern United States; C. latifolia
(Trev.) Griseb., with open panicle
and spikelets 4 mm. long, grows in
damp woods across the continent in
the northern part of the United States,
mostly at medium and high elevations.

PSN .
ENS t)

Both species furnish ex-
cellent forage, but are usu-
ally not abundant enough
to be of much importance.

60. Limnopesa L. H. Dewey.

Spikelets 1-flowered,
disarticulating below the —
glumes, the rachilla pro-
longed behind the palea as —
a short, slender bristle; —
glumes equal, firm; lemma _
Fie. 72.—Wood reed-grass, Cinna arundinacea. membranaceous, smooth; } |

Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, x 5. nerveless, 2-toothed at the % x

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 135

apex, bearing from between the teeth a slender bent awn, twisted at
base; palea a little shorter than the lemma.
A slender annual with flat blades and narrow panicles. Species

Fic. 73.—Limnodea arkansana.

one, Florida to Texas.

Type species: Greenia arkansana
Nutt.

Greenia Nutt., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
5: 142, 1837, not Greenea Wight and
Arn., 1834. Type G. arkansana, the only
species described.

Sclerachne Torr.; Trin., Mém. Acad.
St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.’ 47: 273; 1841),
not Sclerachne R. Br. and Benn., 1838.
Two species are described, S. arkansana
Torr. and S. pilosa Trin. The first,
based on Greenia arkansana Nutt., is
the type.

Thurberia Benth., Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 19: 58, 1881, not Thurberia A,
Gray, 1854. Type Greenia arkansana
Nutt., the name Thurberia being substi-
tuted for Greenia. ;

Limnodea L. H. Dewey, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 2: 518. 1894. Only one spe-
cies described.

Limnodea arkansana

g (Nuit.) L. H. Dewey

yA (fig. 73), has probably
j icultural val

no agricultural value.

A form with pilose

Plant, < 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

136 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

glumes has been named
L. arkansana pilosa (Trin.)
Scribn.

61. ALopEcURUS L., the meadow
foxtails.

Spikelets 1-flowered, disar-
ticulating below the glumes,
strongly compressed laterally ;
glumes equal, awnless, usually
united at base, ciliate on the
keel; lemma about as long
as the glumes, 5-nerved, ob-
tuse, the margins united at
base, bearing from below
the middle a slender dorsal
awn, this included or ex-
serted two or three times the
length of the spikelet; palea
wanting.

Low or moderately tall per-
ennial grasses with fiat blades
and soft, dense, spikelike pan-
icles. Species about 25,in tem-
= perate regions of the North-

Fig. 74.—Meadow foxtail, Alopecurus pratensis. Plant, X 4; spikelet and fioret, X 5.

ern Hemisphere. Of the eight North American species, two
are introductions from Europe and two are widely distributed in

|]
ry
yt
ye
;

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 137

Eurasia. Some of the European species with a distinct palea have
been segregated as the genus Colobachne.

Type species: Alopecurus pratensis L.

Alopecurus L., Sp. Pl. 60, 1753; Gen. PL, ed. 5, 30. 1754. Four species are
described, A. pratensis, A. geniculatus, A. hordeiformis, and A. monspeliensis.
The third and fourth species do not agree with Linnzeus’s generic description
and are now referred, the third to Pennisetum and the fourth to Polypogon.

The other two were well known to Linnszeus and were described in his flora of
Sweden. The first, being an economic species, is chosen as the type species of
the genus.

Alopecurus pratensis L. (fig. 74), meadow foxtail, is sometimes
used as a meadow grass in the eastern United States. It 1s recom-
mended for mixtures on moist soil, being nutritious and producing
early forage. Meadow foxtail is an erect grass, 2 to 3 feet tall, with
short rhizomes, loose, often inflated, sheaths, and spikes or heads 2
to 4 inches long and about one-fourth of an inch thick. Introduced
from Europe, where it is favorably known as a meadow grass.

Alopecurus geniculatus L. is a low, pale, soft grass, usually 6 to 18
inches high, with decumbent rooting bases and slender panicles 1 to
3 inches long and about one-eighth of an inch thick, the delicate awn
bent and protruding about twice the length of the spikelet. Found
in moist places across the continent. An allied and more common
species, A. aristulatus Michx. (A. geniculatus aristulatus (Michx.)
Torr.), is distinguished by the scarcely exserted awns. Alopecurus
alpinus J. KE. Smith (A. occidentalis Scribn.), a northern species
extending into the Rocky Mountains of the United States, has a
short, thick spike with spikelets woolly all over. Alopecurus cali-
fornicus Vasey, of the northwestern Pacific coast region, has slender
spikes, 1 to 3 inches long and one-fourth of an inch thick, the spike-
lets 3 mm. long. The species of Alopecurus are all palatable and
nutritious, but usually are not found in sufficient abundance to be of
great importance.

62. PoLtypocon Desf.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the pedicel disarticulating a short distance
below the glumes, leaving a short-pointed callus attached; glumes
equal, entire or 2-lobed, awned from the tip or from between the
lobes, the awn slender, straight; lemma much shorter than the glumes,
hyaline, usually bearing a.slender straight awn shorter than the
awns of the glumes.

Annual or perennial usually decumbent grasses, with flat blades
and dense, bristly, spikelike panicles. Species about 10, in the tem-
perate regions of the world, chiefly in the Eastern Hemisphere, three
species being introductions into the United States.

Type species: Alopecurus monspeliensis 1.
Polypogon Desf., Fl. Atlant. 1: 66. 1798. Only one species described, this
based on Alopecurus monspeliensis L.

owas

TY FF Pee Ag

ae

z. ees ae
— oe

“oe.

ae

138 ° BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Polypogon lutosus (Poir.) Hitche. (Agrostis lutosa Poir., P. lit- |
toradis J. E. Smith, based on Agrostis littoralis With., 1796, not Lam., |
1791), a perennial Wy = o

with awns_ scarcely
longer than the
glumes, is frequent

‘
on the Pacific coast. i Z
Polypogon monspeli- VF i
e if Y Aa
ensis (L.) Desf. (fig. N/ wy
(5) is an annual with WE Wt \
NG XS / a
soft, bristly, green or Wy * Wy
. . WY | be! Ry //-
yellowish spikes 1 to , \ WZ Wii tf

6 inches long, the aie Fs
awns much longer |
than the glumes.
This is a common
weed on the Pacific
coast and is occa-
sional in the Atlantic

‘eae

—
|

WH ZZ
Zz.

\\J
= wWNkesS =

FRR
TERRA
IN
GY RNS
iS i cet z ~X

Fic. 75.—Polypogon monspeliensis. Plant, X 34; spikelet and floret, X 6.

States. Polypogon maritimus Willd. is a rare species found in
Georgia and California, and differs from the preceding in having
deeply lobed lemmas, the lobes ciliate. Our species are relished by |

‘
a
~
=

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 139

stock, and P. monspeliensis is sometimes sufficiently abundant on low
meadows to be of importance.
63. Lycurus H. B. K.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the racnilla
articulate above the glumes; glumes
awned, the first usually 2-awned;
lemma narrow, firm, longer than the
glumes, terminating in a slender awn.

Low perennial grasses, with dense
spikelike panicles, the spikelets borne
in pairs, the lower of the pair sterile,
the short branchlets deciduous. Spe-
cies two, in arid regions from the
southwestern United States to north-
ern South America.

Type species: Lycurus phleoides H. B. K.

Lycurus H. B. K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1:
141, pl. 45. 1816. Two species are described,
L. phleoides and L. phalaroides. 'The first
species, being figured, is chosen as the type.

Pleopogon Nutt., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. II. 1: 189. 1848. A single species,
P. setosum, is included. This is Lycurus
phleoides. :

Lycurus phleoides (fig. 76), the
only species in the United States, is a
low bunch-grass with slender erect
culms about a foot high, with a dense,
narrow, lead-color panicle 1 or 2
inches long. The species, sometimes
called Texas timothy and wolftail, is

common on the Mexican Plateau and

Fig. 76.—Wolftail, Lycurus phleoides.
Plant, X 4; group of two spikelets,
glumes of fertile spikelet, and two
views of fertile floret, x 5.

extends north to Texas, Colorado, and Arizona. It is often an im-
portant constituent of grazing areas.

140 BULLETIN 1772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

64. PHLEUM L.

Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, disarticulating above

| the glumes; glumes equal,
ih membranaceous, keeled,
a abruptly mucronate or
awned; lemma _ shorter
than the glumes, hyaline,
broadly truncate, 3 to 5
nerved; palea narrow,
nearly as long as the
lemma.

Annuals or perennials,
with erect culms, flat
blades, and dense, cylin-
dric panicles. About 10
species, in the temperate
. regions of both hemi-
\ spheres.

eee

Li

Type species: Phlewm ora-
tense L.

Phleum L., Sp. Pl. 59, 17538 ;
Gen: PLS veda ow 29.2 Ao
Four species are described,
P. pratense, P. alpinum, P.
arenarium, and P. schoe-
noides. The first’ species
is chosen as the type because
it is the only cultivated spe-
cies in the genus. The first
three species are still re-
tained in Phleum; the fourth
is referred to Heleochloa.
a Stelephuras Adans., Fam.
Pl. 2: 31, 607. 1763. Based
on Phieum L.

Four species of Phleum
are found in the United
States. Our only native
species is P. alpinum L.,
mountain timothy, a per-
ennial with short spikes,
two or three times as
long as wide, found in
the northern regions of
Eurasia and America and
extending south in the
mountains of New Eng-
4] AOS. land, in the Rocky Moun-
y Aw S— tains te Mexico, and in

(Ore 7 the Sierra Nevada and
Fic. 77.—Timothy, Phleum pratense. Plant, X 4; Coast HESS fone San
spikelet and floret, x 5. Jacinto Mountains.

S\ By, Lh B=

Ny A \ TRARY 77

\ y

A eR —
ies »
oii

‘Y
?

—

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 141

Mountain timothy produces a fair amount of nutritious forage,
which remains green till late in the season and is considered a valu-
able late sheep feed. It is an important constituent of mountain
meadows. This species is distinguished from common timothy by the
shorter, broader heads and by the absence of the swollen base of the
stem or so-called bulb. Two species, P. graecum Boiss. and Heldr.
and P. bellardi Willd., are annuals introduced from Europe and
found here only at a few coast points on dumping grounds for ballast.

The fourth species is timothy, Phlewm pratense L. (PI. XIV; fig.
77), an erect, short-lived perennial, 2 to 4 feet tall, with elongate
eylindric inflorescences or “ heads” several times longer than broad.
The stems are swollen at the base, and the glumes, like those of moun-
tain timothy, are ciliate on the keel. Timothy, a native of Europe
and northern Asia, is now commonly cultivated in this country and
in Europe as a meadow grass, and is found growing without culti-
vation in waste places, roadsides, and old fields throughout most of
the United States. It is the most important meadow grass grown in
America, and timothy hay is the standard for all grass hay sold on
the market. The region of the United States favorable for the grow-
ing of timothy is the crop area known as the cool humid region, which
includes the northeastern portion west to the Great Plains and south
to Virginia and Missouri, or farther in the mountains. Another
timothy area is found on the Pacific coast from northern California
to Puget Sound. Much timothy is grown in favorable localities in
the western mountains. In some localities timothy is known as herd’s-
grass. |

See Evans, U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 502, 1912; McClure,
U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 508, 1912; Williams, U. S. Dept.
Agr. Yearbook, 1896: 147, 1897; Scribner, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div.
Agrost. Bull. 20: fig. 47. 1900.

65. GASTRIDIUM Beauv.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
prolonged behind the palea as a minute bristle; glumes unequal, some-
what enlarged or swollen at the base; lemma much shorter than the
glumes, hyaline, broad, truncate, awned or awnless; palea about as
long as the lemma.

Annual grasses, with flat blades and pale, shining, spikelike pan-
icles. Species two, in the Mediterranean region; one introduced into
the United States.

Type species: Milium lendigerum L.

Gastridium Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 21, pl. 6, f. 6. 1812. Beauvois mentions
only one species, Miliwm lendigerum, but the description of the plate bears the
name Gastridium australe.

ee er ee ee ee

2249 5a

Se eas oe

Fe eee ee fe ee a ee

>. > -. a. wae

ae
Tima =

oe we

142 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz and Thell.t (G. lendi-
gerum (l.) Gaud.) (fig. 78), with an awned lemma, a common weed
on the Pacific coast, appears

\ i e
WY to have no economic value.
NZ
Ne 66. Lacurus L.
WY Wy a
W, VE Spikelets 1-flowered, the
Wi \\ We . ree . .
eG NY rachilla disarticulating above
Wiig ANY) // .
¥ % AN |Z the glumes, pilose under the
We WZ floret, produced beyond the
RNG MWY .
Ny NW alea as a bristle; glumes
NS y WY : Ue)
NY NG equal, thin, 1-nerved, villous,
\) WZ Nie = ze . .
Ry 4 gradually tapering into a
WY plumose aristiform point;
W lemma shorter than the

glumes, thin, glabrous, bear-
ing on the back above the
middle a slender, exserted,
somewhat geniculate, dorsal
awn, the summit bifid, the
divisions delicately awn-
tipped; palea narrow, thin,
the two keels ending in
minute awns.

An annual grass, with pale,
dense, ovoid or oblong woolly
heads. Species one, in the
Mediterranean region and in-
troduced sparingly in Cali-
fornia. |

Type species: Lagurus ovatus L.

Lagurus: 3 -Sp) PISS tas
Gen. Pl.. ed. 5, 34. 1754. Only
ohe species described.

Lagurus ovatus (fig. 79) is
sometimes cultivated as an
ornamental, the woolly heads

being used for dry bouquets.

67. EPICAMPES Presl.

_ Spikelets 1-flowered, the
rachilla disarticulating above

iThis name is based on Agrostis
ventricosa Gouan, Hort. Monsp. 39, pl.
1, f. 2, 1762, which was published
earlier in the year than Milium lendi-
gerum I.., Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 91, 1762, as

shown by lMLinnzus’s. reference to *
Pig. 78.—Gastridium ventricosum. Plant, X 4; Gouan’s work in the preface to the sec- %
spikelet- and floret, x 5. ond edition of his Species Plantarum.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 143

the glumes; glumes about equal; lemma equaling or longer than the
glumes, 3-nerved, often bearing a slender awn just below the tip.

Wy
, \ DU

»
WY
SS
ee

Fic. 79.—Hare’s-tail grass, Lagurus ovatus. Plant, x 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

Tall cespitose perennials, with open, narrow, or spikelike panicles.
Species 15, northern South America to Mexico, 5 extending into the
southwestern United States.

a

2 SF Fee

~
7

fa

(oS age ee eee

ae ae ok

{

144 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Type species: Hpicampes strictus Presl.
Epicampes Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 235, pl. 39. 18380. Only one species de-
scribed.
Crypsinna Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 90. 1886. Three species are mentioned,
C. stricta, C. macroura, and C. setifolia. In the generic description the panicle
. is said to be densely
YW a spiciform. This applies
\ best to the second spe-
| cies, C. macroura, which
is chosen as the type.

Ww . -

i One species, £'pi-
Y campes rigens Benth.

vf (fig. 80), with long,
v slender, cylindric,
Ny pale, spikelike pan-
\G

y icles, the glumes

a shorter than the |

oa
—
—

OA

~—s

lemma, is found from
western Texas to
southern California.
This species, called
deer-grass, and the
four other species, F.
Uigulata Scribn., £.
berlandiert Fourn., F.
subpatens Hitche.,
and EH. emersleyt

PEA,
— —
—P

es

——

a
A
2 Ey,
Fea
——
—

se
SS

a
’ »

ZL

Ni I, H| 1Epicampes subpatens, n. sp.
iy Wie Fo By Culms erect, glabrous, 50
to 100 cm. tall; sheaths
glabrous, slightly scabrous,
compressed-keeled, especially
those of the innovations; —
ligule softly membranace-
ous, 1 to 2 cm. long; blades
flat. or folded, scabrous, 1
to 3 mm. wide, the lower
as much as 59 cm. long;
panicles narrow but rather
loose, mostly 20 to 40 cm.
long, the branches ascend-
ing, more or less fascicled —
or whorled, naked below;
spikelets about 3 mm. long,

Fig. 80.—Deer-grass, Epicampes rigens. Plant, X 4; spikelet and floret, X 5.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 145

(Vasey) Hitche. (Muhlenbergia emersleyi Vasey, WM. vaseyana
Scribn.), are forage grasses. A Mexican species, 2’. macrowra Benth.,
is of considerable economic importance, the roots being used in the
manufacture of scrubbing brushes.

68. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.

_ Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes;
glumes usually shorter than the lemma, obtuse to acuminate or
awned, the first sometimes small or rarely obsolete; lemma firm-
membranaceous, 3 to 5 nerved, with a very short, usually minutely
pilose callus, the apex acute, sometimes bidentate, extending into a
straight or flexuous awn, or sometimes only mucronate.

Perennial or rarely annual low or moderately tall grasses, tufted
or rhizomatous, the culms simple or much branched, the in-
florescence a narrow or open panicle. Species about 80, mostly in

Mexico and the southwestern United States, a few in the eastern part

of the Old World; 40 species in the United States.

Type species: Muhlenbergia schreberi Gmel.
Muhlenbergia Gmel., Syst. Nat. 2: 171. 1791. Only one species mentioned.
Dilepyrum Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 40. 1803. Two species are described,
D. aristosum, which is Brachyelytrum erectum, and D. minutifiorum, which is
Muhlenbergia schrebert Gmel. They are equally eligible as the type. The
second is chosen, in order to conserve the generic name Brachyelytrum.
Podosemum Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 188. 1810. The type is
Stipa capillaris Lam. (P. capillaris Desv.), the only species mentioned.
Clomena Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 28, pl. 7, f. 10. 1812. The type is C. peruviana,
the only species mentioned. This is Muhlenbergia peruviana (Beauv.) Steud.
Trichochloa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 29, pl. 8, f. 2. 1812. The type and only
species is 7. purpurea. This has not been identified. Roemer and Schultes
say it is Trichochloa expansa DC. (Muhlenbergia expansa (DC.) Trin.).
Tosagris Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 29, pl. 8, f. 8. 1812. The type is 7. agrostidea,
the only species mentioned. This has not been identified, but it appears to be

a species of Muhlenbergia.

Sericrostis Raf., Neogenyt. 4. 1825. ‘Type Stipa sericea Mx. or diffusa
Walter.” This is Muhlenbergia capillaris (lam.) Trin.

Calycodon Nutt., Journ. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 186. 1848. The type is C. mon-
tanum (Muhlenbergia montana Hitche.), the only species described.

Vaseya Thurb., in Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1863: 79. 1863. The type is
VY. comata Thurb., the only species described. This is Muhlenbergia andina
(Nutt.) Hitche. (Calamagrostis andina Nutt.).

often tinged with purple; glumes about as long as the lemma, papery, acutish,
scabrous; lemma narrowed and scabrous above, villous below, awnless, or occasionally
those of a few of the spikelets with a flexuous awn about 1 cm. long.

Type, U. 8. National Herbarium no. 905799, collected in a rocky ravine, Guadeloupe
Mountains, near Queen, N. Mex., altitude 7,000 feet, Sept. 5, 1915, by A. S. Hitchcock,
no. 13541.

This species is closely allied to Epicampes emersleyi, from which it differs in the awn-
less spikelets and larger, looser, and more spreading panicles. The writer examined the
two forms in the Guadeloupe Mountains, southern New Mexico, and concluded from these
field observations that the awned and awnless forms represented two distinct but closely
allied species. The delicate awns are not noticeable at a distance but the more open
panicle was always found to be associated with the awnless spikelets.

Other specimens in the U. S. National Herbarium.—Texas: Limpia Canyon, Nealley
133. Chisas Mountains, Bailey 392. Guadeloupe Mountains, Bailey 739. Western Texas,
Wright 729. New Mexico: Socorro, Plank 53. Silver City, Greene 439. ARIZONA:
Patagonia, Hitchcock 3719. Chiracahua Mountains, Towmey 15a. Santa Catalina Moun-
tains, Griffiths 7149.

1 Syst. Veg. 2: 884. 1817.

97769°—19—Bull. 772——10

Mes =
Ls:

\ a “a ee re eed SO) mn eee ee ea ES ae

:
:

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S coe

146 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Chaboissaea Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 112. 1886. A single species, C. ligulata, is
included. This is Wuhlenbergia ligulata (Fourn.) Scribn. and Merr.

Muhlenbergia is a somewhat artificial genus, including species of
very diverse habit. It differs from Sporobolus in the 3-nerved awned
or mucronate lemma, and from Agrostis in the firmer lemma, usually
longer than the glumes. One group, including /. squarrosa (Trin.)
Rydb. (fig. 81), If. vepens (Presl) Hitche., and their allies, has been
usually referred to Sporobolus. The species of this group are in-
cluded in Muhlenbergia because of the 3-nerved mucronate or awned
lemmas, but they form a distinct section or possibly a distinct genus.

Fic. 81.—Muhlenbergia squarrosa. Plant, X 3; spikelet and floret, X 5.

=

nitetdisameasbiataadie eh as atten nae

In I/. repens the lateral nerves of the lemma are commonly obsolete,
and the apex is sometimes scarcely mucronate. |

Of the species found in the United States two are annuals, I/. de-
pauperata Scribn., with acuminate or awned glumes, and J/. mécro- —
sperma (DC.) Kunth, with obtuse glumes, both growing in the ex-
treme Southwest. The latter species produces cleistogenes in the axils
of the lower sheaths. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. and its
allies have branching stems and numerous panicles. The glumes are

» —_

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 147

reduced in I/. schreberi (fig. 82), the type species, the first being
obsolete and the second not over 0.5 mm. long. In M. montana
(Nutt.) Hitche. (Calycodon montanwm Nutt.; Muhlenbergia trifida
Hack.; I. gracilis
of authors, not
H. B. K.) the sec-
ond glume is 3-
toothed. J/uhlen-
bergia capillaris
(Lam.) Trin. (fig.
83), of the South-
ern) States, 1s) a
handsome peren-
nial with diffuse
purple panicles.
There are nine
species in the
Eastern States;
the others are
western or mainly
southwestern.
Many of the west-
ern species are
important range
grasses and often
form a consider-
able proportion of
the grass flora of
the arid and semi-
arid regions. The
commonest of
these are M/. mon-
tama and — i.
wrightiti Vasey.
The second has a
spikelike leaden-
hued panicle.

Fic. 82.—Nimble Will, Muhlenbergia schreberi. Plant, X 34; branchlet showing both first
anil second glumes of two spikelets, spikelet with obsolete first glume, and floret, ali
Os

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

148

SSE re ee
mo : ——- =

==.

= ——

7

Fic. 83.—Muhlenbergia capillaris. Plant, X 33 spikelet, x 5.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. TAS
69. SPoROBOLUS R. Br,

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes;
glumes awnless, usually unequal, the second often as long as the spike-
let; lemma membranaceous, 1-nerved,
awnless; palea usually prominent and
as long as the lemma or longer; seed
free from the pericarp.

Annual or perennial grasses, with
small spikelets in open or contracted

Ee | :
Laks —.
BS ecg

——————
=

S
jee

Pic. 84.—Smut-grass, Sporobolus berteroanus. Plant, X 4%; spikelet and floret, « 5.

:

BIKE

Se ee Soe ae oe nee Cat

=e 0 eS ee ee oe eee eee

:
b-
:
R

150 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

panicles. Species about 95, in the warm regions of both hemispheres.
most abundant in America; 36 species in the United States.

Type species: Agrostis indica L.

Sporobolus R. Br., Prodr. Fl, Nov. Holl. 169. 1810. Three species are de-
scribed, S. indicus, S. elongatus, and S. pulchellus. Brown states that Sporobo-
lus includes Agrostis species of Linneus. Of the three species described by
Brown only the first was known to Linneus and included by him under Agrostis.
Hence the first species is chosen as the type.

Agrosticula Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 33, pl. 1, f. 2. 1823. Type A. muratlis, the
only species described:

Bennetia Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 220. 1830. Agrostis juncea Michx. is
the only species included. This is Sporobolus gracilis (Trin.) Merr.

Crystostachys Steud.. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 181. 1854. The type is C. vaginata.
the only species described. From the description this appears to be Sporobolus
vaginaejflorus.

Bauchea Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 87. 1886. Type B. karwinskyi, the only species
described. This is Sporobolus wrightii.

The fruit is free from the lemma and palea, and falls readily from
the spikelet at maturity. Because of this character the species have
been called drop-seed grasses. The genus differs from Muhlenbergia
in having 1-nerved awnless lemmas and from Agrostis in having
lemmas as long as the glumes or longer and as firm.

Four species of the United States are annual. One of them,
Sporobolus vaginaefiorus (Torr.) Wood, is called poverty grass,
because it grows in sterile soil. This has narrow panicles, partly or
wholly inclosed in the sheaths. Several of the perennial species have
creeping rhizomes. One of these, S. virginicus (L.) Kunth, is a
common seashore grass in the Southern States. It has erect stems
6 to 10 inches tall, with spikelike panicles of pale spikelets. The
other species of the genus are erect bunch-grasses. Sporobolus ber-
teroanus (Trin.) Hitche. and Chase (fig. 84), with long, slender,
spikelike panicles, is common in the Southern States (S. indicus.
of the manuals, not S. indicus (L.) R. Br.). This species is_
called smut-grass, because the inflorescence is frequently affected
with a black fungus. The glumes are about equal and much
shorter than the lemma. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray
(fig. 85) is common on sandy soil, especially in the interior of
the country. This has very small spikelets in panicles sometimes
partly inclosed in the upper sheath, only the upper portion
spreading, or even entirely inclosed in the swollen sheaths. There
is a conspicuous tuft of hairs at the summit of the sheaths. In
winter the leaves and stems become fibrous and much frayed out by
the wind.

Two species of the Southwest are important forage grasses in the
arid and semiarid regions. Sporobolus airoides Torr. (fig. 86),
growing in dense, tough clumps, the stems 1 or 2 feet high, and with
large spreading panicles, is found on somewhat alkaline soil and is
called bunch-grass or alkali saccaton. It ranges from Nebraska to

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. MPa

Montana and Texas. Sporobolus wrightii Munro, saccaton, is much
taller, with a large but narrow panicle. This is found from Arizona
to western Texas.
Most of the per-
ennial species of
Sporobolus are pal-
atable forage
grasses, but few of
them are abundant
enough to be of 1m-
portance. On the
Arizona Plateau, S.
interruptus Vasey
isanimportant
range grass. It is
called black sporo-
bolus, because of
the dark, narrow,
loosely flowered
panicle.
70, BLEPHARONEURON
Nash. .
Spikelets 1-flow-
ered, the rachilla
disarticu lating
above the glumes;
glumes subequal,
eacher broad;
lemma _ 3-nerved,
the nerves densely
pilose; palea
densely pilose be-
tween the two
nerves.

os
SS

i

SS

A perennial grass aK a
with an open, nar- ry Y
row panicle. Spe- . \ WIE A
cles one ; south west- | Aj My?
em United States WN fa
and northern Mex- { Fy Gd
. Vall Ag
1C0. D You

‘Type species: Vilfa Bigs). S| Seas
tricholepis Torr. -X aN SA

Blepharoneuron \ MAAR \ NE
Nash, Bull. Torrey | \

Club 25: 88. 1898. Lc VSN
Only one species men-
tioned, B. tricholepis 1e. 85.—Sand dropseed, Sporobolus cryptandrus. Plant,
(Torr.) Nash. X 4; spikelet and floret, the palea splitting, x 5.

q

- + eee

3}

i
?

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

152

1

:
Ee
big

Plant, X 34; spikelet and floret, x 5.

{

Fria. 86.—Alkali saccaton, Sporobolus airoides.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 1538

The single species (fig. 87) is a tufted grass about a foot high,
found on open or rocky soil at middle altitudes from Colorado to
central Mexico. It is a palatable grass, sufficiently abundant in places
to be of importance. Until recent
years the species was included in
Sporobolus.

71. Crypsis Ait.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla
disarticulating below the glumes;
glumes about equal, narrow, acute;
lemma broad, thin, awnless; palea
° similar to the lemma, about as long,
- 2-nerved, readily splitting between
the nerves; fruit a utricle, the seed
free from the thin pericarp.

A spreading annual, with capitate
inflorescences in the axils of broad-
bracts, these being enlarged sheaths
with short rigid blades. Species
one, in the Mediterranean region;
| sparingly introduced into the United
States.

Type species: Schoenus aculeatus L.

Crypsis Ait., Hort. Kew. 1: 48. 1789.
A single species is mentioned, with two
varieties or forms, a (the equivalent of
the species), based on Schoenus aculeatus
L., and 6, based on Phlewm schoenoides
L. The first is the type.

Bentham and Hooker? state
that the spikelet has four
glumes and no palea. Hackel?
states that the palea is 1-nerved.
Our specimens show an evi-
dently 2-nerved palea.

Fic. &87.—Blepharoneuron tricholepis. Plant, X 2; spike-

let and floret, X 59.

1Gen. Pl. 3: 1139, 1883. 2Bngl. and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 27: 48. 1887.

i ee ee ee ee

154 BULLETIN 1772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Crypsis aculeata (L.) Ait. (fig. 88) has been introduced in a few
places in California.

72. HELEocHLOA Host.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes;
glumes about equal, narrow, acute; lemma. broader, thin, a little
longer than the glumes; palea nearly as long as the lemma, 2-nerved,
readily splitting between the nerves; caryopsis free from the lemma
and palea. — ; i

Low. perennial spreading grasses, with oblong, dense, spikelike
panicles, terminal and on short lateral branches, the subtending leaves

Fie. 88.—Crypsis aculeata. Plant, x 4; spikelet and floret, the palea splitting, x 5.

with inflated sheaths and reduced blades. Species about seven, in
the Mediterranean region, one introduced into the United States.

Type species: Heleochioa alopecuroides Host.
Heleochloa Host, Gram. Austr. 1: 23. 1801. Two species are described,
H. alopecuroides and H. schoenoides, both of which are figured. The first is

chosen as the type.

Heleochloa schoenoides (.) Host (fig. 89) has been introduced
into the eastern United States at several points from Massachusetts
and Delaware to Illinois.

73. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
prolonged behind the palea as a slender naked bristle; glumes very
short, unequal, the first sometimes obsolete, the second sometimes

awned; lemma firm, narrow, 5-nerved, the base extending into a pro-

Mey Ye

}

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 155

“nounced obligue callus, the apex terminating in a long straight
scabrous awn.

Perennial erect, slender grasses, with short knotty rhizomes, flat
blades and narrow, rather few-flowered panicles. Species one, North
American.

w WL Z
: NWS
UNS Za

Qos

at fi iy) LSS
Tpees
SS

mS

Tic. 89.—Heleochloa schoenoides. Plant, X 34; spikelet and fioret, the palea splitting, x 5.

Type species: Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb.
Brachyelytrum Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 39, pl. 9, f. 2. 1812. The type:is the
figured species, B. erectwm, based on Muhlenbergia erecta, -

ae Ss eee ee Tae ee a ee

jo WITS
oe

156 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. (fig. 90), found in
rich rocky woods in the northeastern quarter of the United States, is
of no economic importance. It has been known also as B. aristatum
Beauv.

74. Mititm L.

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes: glumes
equal, obtuse, membranaceous, rounded on the back: lemma a little
shorter than the glumes, obtuse, awnless, obscurely nerved. rounded
on the back, dorsally compressed, in fruit becoming indurate, smooth,
and shining, the margins inclosing the lemma, as in Panicum.

Moderately tall grasses with flat blades and open panicles. Spe-
cies about six, in the cooler parts of Eurasia, one of which is found
also in northeastern North America.

Type species: MWilium effusum L.

Milium L., Sp. Pl. 61, 1753; Gen. PL, ed. 5, 30. 1754. Two species are de-
scribed, VW. effusum and M. confertum. The first species is chosen as the type
as it was the one best known to Linnezus, being described in his flora of Sweden.
The second species is now reduced to a variety of V/. effusum. Milium is an
ancient Latin name for the common millet of Europe (Panicum miliaceum L.).
Linnzus applied this name to the genus above described.*

Milium effusum L. (fig. 91), millet grass, the only representative of
the genus in America, is a slender erect perennial 3 to 4 feet tall.
found in cool woods from Nova Scotia to Illinois. It is of no

economic importance.

75>. Oryzopsis Michx.

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulating above the glumes: glumes
about equal, obtuse or acuminate; lemma indurate, usually about as
long as the glumes, broad, oval or oblong, nearly terete, usually
pubescent, with a short, blunt, oblique callus, and a short, deciduous,
sometimes bent and twisted awn; palea inclosed by the edges of the
lemma.

Perennial, mostly low grasses, with flat or often involute blades
and terminal narrow or open panicles. Species about 20, in the north
temperate regions of both hemispheres; 13 species in the United
States.

Type-_species: Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. (fig. 92).

Oryzopsis Michx.. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:51. 1803. A single species described.

Dilepyrum Raf., Med. Repos. 5: 351. 1808. Rafinesque here announces a new —
work and gives the names of several proposed new genera and species. One of
these is “ Dilepyrum, the Orizopsis of do [Michaux].” The type, then, is Ory-—
zopsis asperifolia Michx,

Piptatherum Beauy., Ess. Agrost. 17. pl. 5, f. 10. 1812. Beauvois mentions
five species and figures two, P. coerulescens and P. punctatum. Milium coerules-
cens, the basis of the first species, is chosen as the type.

Eriocoma Nutt.. Gen. Pl. 1: 40. 1818. The type is £. -cuspidata Nutt., the
only species described. This is the same as Oryzopsis hymenoides.

+ For a discussion of Milium and Panicum, see Hitchcock and Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb, 15: 11. 1910.

157,

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Plant, X 343 branchlet, with glumes of two spikelets,

and floret, < 5.

Fig. 90.—Brachyelytrum erectum.

158 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Urachne Trin., Fund. Agrost. 109. 18206. Trinius cites Beauvois’s two figures
mentioned above, which represent Piptatherum coerulescens and P. punctatum,
and at the end of his generic description lists three species, U. coerulescens
(Milium coerulescens Desfi.), U. virescens
(Milium paradozum Secop.), and U. parviflora
(Agrostis miliacea L.). The first of these is
chosen as the type.

Fendlera Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 13419. 1854.
Type, F. rhynchelytroides Steud., the only
species described. This is the same as Ory-
copsis hymenoides.

The commonest species is Oryzopsis
hymenoides (Roem. and Schult.)
Ricker, found throughout the region
west of the Rocky Mountains on dry
soul. This has an open divaricate pani-
cle and densely long-silky lemmas.

The species of Oryzopsis are grazed by
stock, but usually are not in suffi-
cient abundance to be of impor-
tance, except Indian mountain
rice (O. hymenoides).

The allied Mexican and South
American genera, Nasella Desv.
and Piptochaetium Presl, differ in
having an obliquely obovate fer-
tile lemma, the apex gibbous, and
the awn eccentrically attached.

76. Stipa L., the spear-grasses.

Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticu-
lating above the glumes, the artic-
ulation oblique, leaving a bearded,

-sharp-pointed callus attached to —
the base of the floret ; glumes mem-
branaceous, often papery, acute,

Fig. 91.—Millet grass, Wiliwm effusum. Plant, X 33; spikelet and floret, X 5.

acuminate or even aristate, usually long and narrow; lemma narrow,
terete, firm or indurate, strongly convolute, terminating in a usually
bent ancl twisted, prominent, persistent awn; palea inclosed in the ©
convolute ice

RENE SITAR ERE OE hs, egein HS

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 159

Perennial grasses, with usually convolute blades and narrow pan-
icles. Species about 100, in the temperate regions of the world,
especially on plains and steppes; 30 species in the United States,
mostly in the western part.

; spikelet and floret, x 5.

4

Plant, X

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Fy

Type species: Stipa pennatu L.

Stipa L., Sp. P1..78, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 34. 1754. Linnzeus describes three
Species, S. pennata, S. juncea, and S. avenacea. The first two are from central
Be ourern Europe, the third from Virginia. The first species is selected as

e type.

. ~“-* >. 22 Sr a ae

— ee

i —_— —_— ©

PE ae, ae

ZL
Z a
if F SS
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g SSS, SS
“a SSS SS oan er — ra a
S77 ’ SSSR I NE a a pe Z SA Z>
ae SSS Stee . a ee seee eae Pr yer El ee RENE Ss

4 SSS SSS Se er Oe mee
Na

Plant, X 4; glumes and floret, X 2.

Michx., both belonging to the same species.

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Podopogon Raf., Neogenyt. 4. 1825. Two names are given, “ Stipa avenacea” —
Fic. 938.—Porcupine grass, Stipa spartea.

L. and ‘“ barbata”

160

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 161

Some of the western species have plumose or feathery awns, those
of Stipa neo-mexicana (Thurb.) Scribn. being 4 to 8 inches long,
plumose to the second bend, those of the handsome 8. speciosa Trin.
and Rupr. plumose below the single bend. A striking species of the
upper Mississippi Valley is Stipa spartea Trin. (fig. 93), called
porcupine grass and devil’s darning needles. The rigid indurate
fruiting Jemma is about three-fourths of an inch long, tapering be-
low into a very sharp hairy point, which acts like a barb, and termi-
nating above in a stout awn as much as 6 inches long. At maturity
the awn bends twice near the middle and becomes tightly twisted be-
low the first bend. Variations in moisture cause the awn to twist
and untwist, by which movement and by the aid of the sharp callus
it can penetrate the soil. Several other species have elongate awns,
such as S. avenacea L. of the eastern half of the United States and S.
comata Trin. and Rupr. of the western half, the latter species being -
called needle-and-thread grass, because of the long flexuous upper
portion of the awns. Stipa viridula Trin. and its allies have a nar-
row compact panicle and comparatively inconspicuous awns 1 or 2
inches long. One of these species, S. vaseyi Scribn., is called sleepy
grass, because of the narcotic effects sometimes produced upon horses
when they have fed upon it. Sleepy grass, found in New Mexico
and Colorado, is a stout grass 3 to 5 feet high, with a narrow panicle
as much as a foot long, the sheaths hairy at the throat. In S. ¢enwis-
sma Trin. (fig. 94) of New Mexico the fruit is very small, less than
3 mm. long.

The species of Stipa are for the most part valuable forage plants.
The most important species on the ranges are S. viridula, S. minor
(Vasey) Scribn., and S. lettermant Vasey. They are known as porcu-
pine grasses. All have narrow panicles. One of the Old World
species, S. tenacissima L., furnishes a part of the esparto or alfa
grass of Spain and Algeria that is used in the manufacture of paper

and cordage.

77. ARISTIDA L., the needle grasses.

Spikelets 1-flowered, the rachilla disarticulating obliquely above
the glumes; glumes equal or unequal, narrow, acute, acuminate, or
awn-tipped; lemma indurate, narrow, terete, convolute, with a hard,
sharp-pointed, usually minutely bearded callus at base, terminating
above in a usually trifid awn.

Annual or perennial, mostly low grasses, with narrow, frequently

convolute blades and narrow or sometimes open panicles. Species

about 150, in the warmer regions of the world; 36 species in the
United States; especially abundant in the Southwestern States.

97769°—19—Bull. 772 unl

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

162

Ss

<a PA ay aca Pos mA a RI ==
2 —— = : = a

= Se

; Spikelet, X 2; glumes and- floret, X 5. ;

Fig. 94.—Stipa tenuissima, Plant, X 3

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 163

Type species: Aristida adscensionis L. ;

Aristida L., Sp. Pl. 82, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 35. 1754. <A single species is
described. i 4

Streptachne R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 174. 1810. A single species, S.
stipoides, is included. In this the lateral awns are obsolete.

Chaetaria Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 30, pl. 8, f. 5, 6. 1812. Twenty-five species
are listed, two, C. stricta (based on Aristida stricta Michx.) and C. capillaris,
are illustrated. Aristida stricta (fig. 5) is taken as the type.

Curtopogon Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 32, 159, pl. 8, f. 7. 1812. The only species
included is based on Aristida dichotoma L.

-Trixostis Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 221. 1830. <A single species, “ Aristida
gracilis” [Ell.], is included.

Moulinsia Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 221. 1830. A single species, “Aristida
lanosa”’ Muhl., is included.

Ortachne Nees, in Seeman, Bot. Voy. Herald 225. 1857. A single species,
based on Streptachne pilosa H. B. K., is included.

In one group of the genus the lateral awns are reduced to mere
points or are entirely absent. Two species of this group (section
Streptachne) are found in Arizona, Aristida scabra (H. B. K.) Kunth,
with a curved but not twisted awn, and A. schiedeana Trin. and Rupr.,
with a twisted awn. The former is found also in southern Florida.
In three species the awn is articulate at base, A. desmantha Trin.
and Rupr., with short neck, A. tuberculosa Nutt., an annual with a
slender, twisted neck, and A. californica Thurb., a perennial with a
slender, twisted neck. Avistida dichotoma Michx., a small annual
with a coiled central awn, is common in the Eastern States. Two
other annuals are common in the eastern part of our country, A. gra-
cilis E\l., with the central spreading or reflexed awn less than half
an inch long, and A. oligantha Michx. (fig. 95), with awns 2 or 3
inches long. The type species, A. adscensionis L. (A. bromoides
H. B. K.), has a wide distribution in warm countries and extends
into the southwestern United States. This is a low annual, usually
much branched at base, with contracted panicle, the first glume about
half as long as the second, and awns about one-third of an inch long.
A common perennial species in the semiarid regions of the West is
A. longiseta Steud., called dog-town grass, because it is especially
abundant on the new soil of prairie-dog communities. Aristida fend-
leriana Steud. is an allied species of the same region. The first has
a long second glume, about four-fifths of an inch long, and awns as
much as 8 or 4 inches long. The second has a shorter second glume,
about three-fifths of an inch long, and awns less than 2 inches long,
and grows in dense tufts with curly leaves crowded at the base of
the plant. Aristida purpurea Nutt. differs in having slender curved
pedicels. These species are troublesome when the fruit is ripe, be-
cause this with its spreading awns becomes detached at maturity and
is blown about by the wind. These fruits are sometimes scattered
in vast quantities, the wind hurling them across the plains with the
Sharp-pointed callus in advance. They work their way into the
wool of sheep and into the nostrils and eyes of all classes of stock.

_—

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

164

Fig. 95.—Needle grass, Aristida oligantha. Plant, X 3; glumes and floret, X 2.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 165

The species of Aristida are of distinctly minor importance for for-
age except in the Southwest, where several species, such as A. long?-.
seta, are eaten by stock before the flowers are produced. The annual
species of the Eastern States are often found on open sterile soil,
and hence are called poverty grass, a name applied also to annuals of
other genera.

6. NAZIEAE, THE CURLY-MESQUITE TRIBE.

78. Nazra Adans.
(Tragus Hall.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in small spikes of 2 to 5, the spikes sub-
sessile, falling entire, the spikelets sessile on a very short zigzag rachis,
the first glumes small, thin, or wanting, appressed to the rachis, the
second glumes of the two lower spikelets strongly convex with 3
thick nerves bearing a row of squarrose, stout hooked prickles along
each side, the two second glumes forming the halves of a little bur,
the upper 1 to 3 spikelets reduced and sterile; lemmas and palea thin,
the lemma flat, the palea strongly convex.

Low annual grasses, with flat blades and terminal inflorescence, the
burs or spikes rather closely arranged along an elongate, slender axis.
Species three, in the tropical regions of both hemispheres; two species
being introduced in the southern United States.

Type species: Cenchrus racemosus UL.

Nazia Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 581. 17638. The genus is based on Cenchrus
racemosus L. ;

Tragus Hall., Stirp. Helv. 2: 208. 1768. Haller cites pre-Linnsean authors
who connect Tragus with Cenchrus racemosus L.

Lappago Schreb., Gen. Pl. 55. 1789. A new name is proposed for Tragus

all.

Echisachys Neck., Elem. 3: 228. .1790. No species are given. The author
cites ‘‘ Cenchrus Lin.,” but his description shows that it is Linnzeus’s first species,
Cenchrus racemosus, that he is renaming.

Nazia racemosa (L.) Kuntze, with 3 to 5 spikelets in each cluster,
the lower about 4 mm. long, is found in open ground from Texas to
Arizona, and J. aliena (Spreng.) Scribn. (fig. 96), with two spike-
lets in each cluster, the lower 2 to 3 mm. long, here and there through
the Southern States to Arizona. They are somewhat weedy grasses
of no economic importance.

79. OSTERDAMIA Neck.
(Zoysia Willd.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, appressed flatwise
against the slender rachis, glabrous, disarticulating below the glumes;

first glume wanting; second glume coriaceous, mucronate, or short-.

awned, completely infolding the thin lemma and palea, the palea
sometimes obsolete.

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2297S

166 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Perennial low grasses with creeping rhizomes, short, pungently
pointed blades, and terminal spikelike racemes, the spikelets on short
appressed pedicels. Species about five, southeastern Asia to New —
Zealand.

Type species: Agrostis matrella L.

Osterdamia Neck., Elem. Bot. 3: 218. 1790. In a note appended to the para-
graph on Agrostis, Necker states, ‘“‘Agrostis matrella Lin. species distincta,
agrostidis proxima, quam osterdamiam appellamus, char-
actere sequenti.” Although Osterdamia, Agrostis, Milium, and
many other groups are called by Necker species of his genus
Achyrophyton, these so-called species are the equivalent of
the genera of his contemporaries and are usually so recog-
nized by botanical writers.

Zoysia Willd., Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin, Neue Schrift. 3:
440, 1801. Type and only species, Z. pungens Willd.

Matrella Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 78. 1805. Type species, Agrostis
juncea Lam., the only species described.

Several years ago a species
of this genus was introduced
into the United States as a
lawn grass under the names
Korean lawn grass and Jap-
anese lawn grass. It was
recommended for the South-
ern States and was said to be
hardy as far north as Connecti-

cut.1 The species then intro-

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Fic. 96.—Nazia aliena. Plant, X 3; group of spikelets (spike) and single spikelet, X 5.

duced appears to be Osterdamia japonica (Steud.) Hitche. (Zoysza
japonica Steud.). Recently a fine-leaved species, Osterdamia tenui-
jolia (Willd.) Kuntze, has been introduced into Florida and has
given favorable results. The original species, O. matrella (L.)
Kuntze (fig. 97), manila grass, is common in the Philippine Islands.

>

A REO RRS Soe eta easel dulled

1 Scribner, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 3: 95. 1896.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 167

80. HinArtia H. B. K.

Spikelets sessile, in groups of 3, the groups falling from the
axis entire, the central spikelet (next the axis) fertile, 1-flowered, the
2 lateral spikelets staminate, 2-flowered; glumes coriaceous, those of
the 3 spikelets forming a false involucre, in some species connate
at the base, more or less asymmetric, usually bearing an awn on

Fig. 97.—Manila grass, Osterdamia matrella. Plant, X 4; spikelet, x 10; floret with
caryopsis, the palea obsolete, x 10.

one side from about the middle; lemma and palea hyaline, about

equal in length.

Perennial low grasses, the groups of spikelets appressed to the
axis, in terminal spikes. Species five, in arid regions, southwestern
United States to Central America, all but one found within the limits
of the United States.

Type species: Hilaria cenchroides H. B. K.
Hilaria H. B. K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 116. 1816. Only one species described.

ST

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168 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Pleuraphis Torr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1: 148, pl. 10. 1824. Type species P.
jamesit Torr., the only one described.

Hexarrhena Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 326, pl. 45. 1830. Type species H. cen- |
chroides Presl, the only one described. This is the same as Hilaria cen-

chroides.

Fie. 98.—Curly mesquite, Hilaria belangeri. Plant, X 34; single spike, X 1; group of q

spikelets seen from front or outside, showing staminate spikelets in front and top of

fertile spikelet behind, X 5; same group from behind or next the axis, showing the |
fertile spikelet in front and the two staminate spikelets behind, xX 5; fertile spikelet

as seen from the inside, < 5; fertile floret, x 5; staminate spikelet, xX 5.

¢

Schleropelta Buckl., Prel. Rep. Geol. and Agr. Surv. Tex. App. 1. 1866. A

Single species is included, S. stolonifera Buckl., which is the same as Hilaria —

belangeri Steud.

Hilaria belangeri Steud. (fig. 98) is a common grass on the Great i

Plains of Texas and northern Mexico. In Texas it is called curly

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 169

mesquite. It is a low grass, forming wiry stolons that in favorable
soil produce a close, firm sod. The flowering culms are a few inches
high and terminate in a short spike. Curly mesquite is an important
grazing grass of the uplands of Texas. Our species has commonly
been referred to the related, H. cenchroides, of Mexico.

Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth. (fig. 99), an erect grass about ai
foot high, with glumes narrowed above, is found from Wyoming to
Texas and southern California. This is called galleta grass in New
Mexico. Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth., found from Texas to Ari-
zona, differs from the preceding in having some of the glumes broad-
ened above. This species is sometimes called tobosa grass. Hilaria
rigida (Thurb.) Benth., with felty pubescent branched culms, is
found from Utah to southern California. This also is called galleta
orass. All the species of Hilaria are important range grasses. The
last three species, with scaly rhizomes instead of stolons and with
glumes bearing an awn on one side, compose Pleuraphis, held by
some as a genus distinct from Hilaria.

81. AEGoPpoGcoN Humb. and Bonpl.

Spikelets short-pedicellate, in groups of 8, the group short-
pedunculate, spreading, the peduncle disarticulating from the axis
and forming a pointed stipe below the group, this falling entire;
central spikelet shorter pedicellate, fertile, the 2 lateral ones longer
pedicellate and staminate or neuter; glumes membranaceous, notched
at the apex, the midnerve extending into a point or awn; lemma and
palea thinner than the glumes, extending beyond them, the lemma
3-nerved, the central nerve and sometimes also the lateral ones extend-
ing into awns, the palea 2-awned.

_Annual low, lax grasses, with short, narrow, flat blades and loose
racemes of delicate flower clusters. Species three, Arizona to Bolivia,
one within the United States.

Type species: Aegopogon cenchroides Humb. and Bonpl.

Aegopogon Humb. and Bonpl.; Willd. Sp. Pl. 4: 899. 1806. Only one species
is described.

Hymenothecium Lag., Elench. Pl. 7. 1816. In the Hlenchus, a list of seeds,
occurs Hymenothecium tenellum Lag. based on Cynosurus tenellus Cav. The
genus was published as new by Lagasca in Genera et Species Plantarum, a
work appearing in the same year as the preceding but supposed to be some-
what later. In this work (p. 4) four species are given, H. wnisetum, H.
tenellum, H. trisetum (Cynosurus gracilis Cav.), and H. quinquesetum. COy-
nosurus tenellus Cav. is accepted as the type.

Schellingia Steud., Flora 33: 231, pl. 1. 1850. Type, S. tenera Steud., the
only species described. This is Aegopogon cenchroides.

The only species in the United States is Aegopogon tenellus (Cav.)
Trin. (fig. 100), a Mexican species extending into southern Arizona.

It is a pretty little grass, but is of no economic importance.

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BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 5 Brel

7. CHLORIDEAE, THE GRAMA TRIBE.

82. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.

Spikelets 2 to several flowered, sessile or short-pediceled, approxi-
mate or somewhat distant along one side of.a slender rachis, the
rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets;
glumes unequal or nearly equal, awnless or mucronate, 1-nerved,

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Fie. 100.—Aegopogon tenellus. Plant, X 2; group of spikelets, X 5; lateral spikelet,
x 10; central (long-awned) spikelet, x 10.

usually shorter than the first lemma; lemmas obtuse or acute, some-
times 2-toothed and mucronate or short-awned from between the
teeth, 3-nerved, the nerves sometimes pubescent.

Annual or perennial grasses, with flat blades and numerous spikes
or racemes scattered along a common axis forming a long or some-

172 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

times short panicle. Species probably 20, in the warmer regions;
10 species in the United States, mostly in the Southern and South-
western States.

Type species: Cynosurus virgatus L.

Leptochloa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 166, pl. 15, f. 1. 1812. Beauvois includes
three species, Cynosurus capillaceus, Eleusine filiformis, and EH. virgata, all of
which appear in the index under Leptochloa. The third species is figured and
hence is selected as the type.

Diplachne Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 80, pl. 16, f. 9. 1812. The type is Festuce
fascicularis Lam., the only species mentioned. This is figured by Beauvois.

Rabdochloa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 84, pl. 17, f. 3. 1812. Beauvois includes
Cynosurus monostachyos, C. virgatus, C. domingensis, C. cruciatus, and C.
mucronatus, the last two with question. The species figured, C. domingensis,
in the explanation to the plates called Rabdochloa domingensis, is selected as
the type.

Oxydenia Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 76. 1818. Only one species included, O. ai-
tenuata, which is Leptochloa filiformis.

Some authors’ recognize Diplachne as a distinct genus, including Leptochloa
fascicularis, L. floribunda, and L. dubia. In this group the spikelets are some-
what pediceled and are less distinctly arranged in one-sided spikes. Those
who recognize the genus place it in the tribe Festuceae.

Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. (fig. 101) is an annual with
papillate-pilose sheaths, small spikelets, the awnless florets shorter
than the glumes, and numerous very slender spikes 3 to 6 inches long
arranged in a panicle as much as a foot long. This is a weed in
cultivated soil from Virginia to Florida and California; common
also in the Tropics; sometimes called red sprangle-top.

Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray is a smooth, erect or pros-
trate annual with several-fiowered spikelets, the awned florets longer
than the glumes; found in ditches and brackish meadows from
Massachusetts to Florida and New Mexico.

The other'species are more local. Two perennials, L. domingensis
(Jacq.) Trin. and Z. virgata (.) Beauv., are tropical species which
reach the United States in southern Florida and southern Texas,

respectively. Leptochloa dubia (H. B. K.) Nees, a perennial with

comparatively few spikes and broad lemmas notched at the apex, the
nerves glabrous (the margin pubescent), is found in Florida and
from Texas to New Mexico. In the Southwest it is called sprangle
or sprangle-top and Texas crowfoot, and it is USES EL as a forage
erass.

For a revision of the species of Leptochloa found in the United
States, see Hitchcock, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 33. 1903.

83. Trrpocon Roth.

Spikelets several-flowered, nearly sessile, and appressed in two rows

along one side of a slender rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above

the glumes and between the florets; glumes somewhat unequal, —
acute or acuminate, narrow, 1l-nerved; lemmas narrow, 3-nerved,

t Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 145, 1903; in Britt. and Brown, Illustr. Fl., ed. 2,
1:236. 1918.

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173

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES

spikelet and floret, X10,

ngle-top, Leptochloa filiformis. Plant, X 2;

Fie, 101.—Red spra

174 BULLETIN 772, U. S.. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

bearing at the base a tuft of long hairs, bifid at the apex, the mid-
nerve extending as a short awn.

Our species is a low, tufted perennial, with capillary blades and
slender solitary spikes, the spikelets somewhat distant. Species about
nine, East Indian and African except one American.

Type species: Tripogon bromoides Roth.
Tripogon Roth; Roem. and Sehuit., Syst. Veg. 2:
600. 1817. Only one species described.

The American species, 77ipogon spica-
tus (Nees) Ekman (Leptochloa spicata
Scribn.) (fig. 102), is found on sterile hills
in Texas and northern Mexico, Cuba,
and South America. It is of no im-
portance agriculturally.

84. ELEUSINE Gaertn.

Spikelets few to several flowered,
compressed, sessile and closely im-
bricate, in two rows along one side
of a rather broad rachis, the latter
not prolonged beyond the spikelets;
rachilla disarticulating above the

Fic. 102.—Tripogon spicatus. Plant, xX 4; spikelet and floret, x 5.

glumes and between the florets, glumes unequal, rather broad, acute,
1-nerved, shorter than the first lemma; lemmas acute, with 3 strong
ereen nerves close together forming a keel, the uppermost somewhat
reduced; seed dark brown, roughened by fine ridges, loosely inclosed
in the thin pericarp.

- Annual grasses, with two to several rather stout spikes, digitate
at the summit of the culms, sometimes with one or two a short dis-

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. iyi

tance below, or rarely with a single terminal spike. Species about
six, in the warm regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, one a common
introduced weed in America.

Type species: Hleusine coracana Gaertn.
Eleusine Gaertn., Fruct. and Sem. 1: 7, pl. 1, f. 11. 1788. Two species are
described, H#. coracana and FE, indica, The first, being figured, is selected as the

type.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (fig. 103) is a common garden and
roadside weed throughout the warmer parts of America, extending
northward to Illinois and Massachusetts. It is usually spreading or
prostrate, with two to several spikes, or rarely one. This species 1s
sometimes called goose-grass and yard-grass.

The type species of the genus, HJewsine coracana Gaertn., is culti-
vated in the Tropics of the Old World for the seed, which is used for
human food by the poor or primitive people. It differs from
E. indica in its larger size, stouter, often incurved spikes, and uae

seed.
85. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd.

Spikelets 3 to 5 flowered, compressed, sessile and closely imbricate,
in two rows along one side of the rather narrow flat rachis, the end
projecting in a point beyond the spikelets; rachilla disarticulating
above the first glume and between the fiorets; glumes somewhat un-
equal, broad, 1-nerved, the first persistent upon the rachis, the second
mucronate or short-awned below the tip, deciduous; lemmas firm,
broad, keeled, acuminate or short-awned, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
indistinct, the upper floret reduced; the palea about as long as the
lemma ; seed subglobose, ridged or wrinkled, inclosed in a thin, early-
disappearing pericarp.

_Annual or perennial grasses, with flat blades and two to several
short thick spikes, digitate and widely spreading at the summit of
the culms. Species three, in the warmer parts of the Eastern Hemi-
sphere, one a common weed in tropical America.

Type species: Cynosurus aegyptius L.
Dactyloctenium Willd., Enum. Pl. 1029. 1809. Willdenow describes but one
Species, D. aegyptiacum, based on Cynosurus aegyptius L.

Our only species is Dactyloctentwm acgyptiwm (.) Richt.
(D. aegyptiacum Willd.) (fig. 104), a tropical weed which extends
northward to New York and Illinois. It is a prostrate annual with
2 to 5 spikes, often forming mats rooting at the nodes. Sometimes
called crowfoot grass.

86. CAapriota Adans.
(Cynodon Rich.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows along one side of
a slender continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes and prolonged behind the palea as a slender naked bristle,

aa

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. -

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Goose-grass, Eleusine indica.
pericarp), X 5.

Fig. 103.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. Nels

this sometimes bearing a rudimentary lemma; glumes narrow, acumi-
nate, 1-nerved, about equal, shorter than the floret; lemma strongly

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and seed (without pericarp), x 5.
compressed, pubescent on the keel, firm in texture, 3-nerved, the
lateral nerves close to the margins.
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178 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. —

Perennial, usually low grasses, with creeping stolons or rhizomes,

short blades, and several slender spikes digitate at the summit of
the upright flowering stems. Species six, of which three are Aus-
tralian, one species widely dis-

tributed in the warmer regions —
of the globe.

4 LE Type species: Panicum dacty-
a lon L.

Capriola Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 31,
daz. 17638. The genera are indi-
cated and distinguished by Adanson
in a much abbreviated and often un-
satisfactory manner. The tabular
arrangement of the genera of Phal-
arides, his first section of the grass
family or Gramina, includes Cap-

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Fic, 105._-Bermuda grass, Capriela dactylon, Plant, X 2; spikelet and two views of
floret, >G.9:

riola, with the following diagnosis, interpreting the table: Summit of leaf sheath
hairy ; flowers in digitate spikes; glumes laterally. compressed ; lemma awnless.
In the index there is given as a synonym under Capriola, ‘“ Gramen dactylon
Offic.” The last phrase appears in the first edition of the Species Plantarum ?*
in the synonymy under Panicum dactylon as ‘‘ Gramen dactylon, radice repente.
s. oOfficinarum. Scheuch. gram. 104,” thus connecting Capriola Adans. with
Panicum dactylon.

Cynodon Rich.; Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 85. 1805. Only one species described, C. dac-
tylon, based on Panicum dactylon L. .

The only species in North America is Capriola dactylon (U..)
Kuntze (fig. 105), commonly known as Bermuda grass. This is a ~

TaD. bls 8. Milos:

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 179

native of the Mediterranean region, but is common in the southern
United States, extending north to Maryland, southern Kansas, and
the interior valleys of California.

Bermuda grass is the most important pasture grass of the South-
ern States, and is also widely utilized there as a lawn grass. On
alluvial ground it may grow sufficiently rank to be cut for hay. It
propagates readily by its rhizomes and stolons and on this account
may become a pestiferous weed in cultivated fields. This grass is
known also as wire-grass (especially the weedy form in fields), Ba-
hama grass in the West Indies, and manienie in the Hawaiian
Islands.

A larger form, Capriola dactylon maritima (H. B. K.) Hitche.
(Cynodon maritimus H. B. K.), is found along the seacoast of
Florida.

87. WILLKoMMiA Hack.

Spikelets 1-flowered, dorsally compressed, sessile in two rows on
one side of a slender rachis and appressed to it, the rachilla some-
what lengthened below and above the second glume, disarticulating
just above it, not prolonged above the floret; glumes thin, the first
narrow, about two-thirds as long as the second, nerveless, obtuse,
the second 1-nerved, subacute; lemma about as long as the second
elume, awnless, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the margin, the
back of the lemma sparingly pubescent between the nerves, the mar-
gins densely covered with silky hairs; palea 2-nerved, the nerves
densely silky hairy.

Annuals or perennials, with several short spikes scattered along a
main axis; our species a low, tufted perennial. Species four; three
in South Africa, one in Texas.

Type species: Willkommia sarmentosa Hack.

Willkommia Hack., Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenburg 30: 145. 1888. Hackel de-
scribes two species, W. sarmentosa, a perennial, and W. annua, an annual, both
from German Southwest Africa. The first species is selected as the type.

Willkommia tecana Hitche. (fig. 106), confined to a few localities
in Texas, in alkali spots in prairies and openings in woods, has no
agricultural importance.

88. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud.

Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile and somewhat distant in two rows on
one side of a slender, continuous 3-angled rachis, appressed to its
slightly concave sides, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes,
not prolonged; glumes narrow, stiff, somewhat. unequal, acuminate,
1-nerved ; lemmas narrow, acuminate, a little longer than the glumes,
d-nerved.

A low, tufted perennial, with stiff, slender, divergent spikes ar-
ranged rather remotely along a common axis. Species one, on the
Great Plains of the United States and in Argentina.

i=

ee.

or.

"Sk,

ee ee eS a
SS. a

180 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Type species: Schedonnardus texanus Steud.

Schedonnardus Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 146. 1854. <A single species de-
scribed, S. texanus, based on Drummond’s no. 360 from Texas. This is S.

——

i

ae
———————

Se
———- FLIES

=
SS:
SESS

=
———

Fic. 106.—Willkommia texana. Plant, X 4; two views of spikelet and two views of — 7

floret, X 5.

paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. (Lep-
turus paniculatus Nutt.).
Spirochloé Lunell, Amer.

‘ Midl. Nat. 4: 220. 1915. Pro-

posed for ‘ Schedonnardus
Steud ... not thought per-
missible, being built on
Nardus.”

Schedonnardus panicu-
latus (fig. 107), the only
species of the genus, is
found on prairies and
plains from Montana and
Illinois to Texas. The axis
of the inflorescence elon-
gates after flowering, be-
coming 1 to 2 feet long,
curved in a loose spiral.
The whole breaks away at
maturity and rolls before
the wind as a tumbleweed.
The species is a forage
grass, but the plants are
low and in the main form
only an inconsiderable pro-_
portion of the total forage.

89. BECKMANNIA Host.

Spikelets 1-flowered,
rarely 2-flowered, laterally

compressed, subcircular,

nearly sessile and closely
imbricate, in two rows
along one side of a slender
continuous rachis, disartic-
ulating below the glumes,

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 181

falling entire; glumes equal, inflated, obovate, 3-nerved, rounded
above but the apex apiculate; lemma narrow, 5-nerved, acuminate,

about as long asthe

7 glumes; palea 2-

| / werved, nearly as

4 Tf: ' long as the lemma.
: } ;

An erect, rather
stout annual, with
flat blades and nu-
merous short ap-

_ pressed spikes in a

} narrow more or less
f interrupted panicle.
f Species one, in the
cooler parts of
America and Eur-
asia.

Type species: Phalaris erucae-
formis L.

Beckmannia Host, Gram.
Austr. 3: 5, pl. 6. 1805. Only
one species described.

Beckmannia erucaeformis
Ve (L.) Host (fig. 108) is a
Sew

WSs we marsh plant, found from
HN Se - Iowa to California and

a)
G7
Co

av 4 (F 1 XY ;
/ LAS = = ‘
SL Ps MINN called slough-grass. It is

Fie. 107.—Schedonnardus paniculatus. 1 a
ene Ae avcictcid seen Oe palatable to stock, is some

Alaska where-it is often ©

:
‘

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se

Sa
a ee,

sy”

1p
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| d

SSSI <a S S SOus

Plant, X 3; spikelet and floret,

SISO) Nee Ss ON ip:
SHO enh Me EE ES —
SST A LITE ———_— - :
DILL

BULLETIN 172, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Slough-grass, Beckmannia erucaeformis.

times sufficiently abundant locally to be an important forage
grass, and is not infrequently used for hay. The European

leanne U ~ ee

ee Se eo eS Oe ots

= S) On Gaeta eg aS 2 ;

2 oS So De isle! Bs

eH aff os 5 Mave o 5

te Os I oles 3 fC Oe

N Ea Rey ola f= ele gal oe Dent. ee

See Se Saal (SSS oe) ay er S

a ww a gat Te Sa oO So

a 0 w OES a es - aS Co ie eas ae rr
aA = 4 meres 0 FB2SOg SS TO :
00 Se 2 Bete Oem ee ca pee eo g
re cus yep SP @=— > Cf2ooQorony Fy

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 183

acute or short-awned, the first shorter, the second often ex-
ceeding the lemma; lemma firm, keeled, the lateral nerves obscure,
narrowed to a rather obtuse point; palea 2-nerved, keeled and flat-
tened, the keel between or at one side of the nerves.

Stout, erect, often tall perennials, with usually extensively creep-
ing, firm, sealy rhizomes, long tough blades, and two to many ap-
pressed or sometimes spreading spikes racemose on the main axis.
Species about 14, all North American except two or three along the
coast of Europe, Africa, and South America.

Type species: Spartina schreberi Gmel.

Spartina Schreb.; Gmel., Syst. Nat. ed. 13. 2: 123. 1791. The genus was first
described by Schreber in his Genera Plantarum,’ but no species was mentioned.
Gmelin merely assigns a specific name to the description given by Schreber.
Spartina schreberi is not recognized by European botanists, but it doubt-
less is the common European species, S. maritima (Curt.) Fernald (S. stricta
Roth).

Trachynotia Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 63. 1803. Type species T. cyno-
suroides. Michaux describes three species, 7. cynosuroides, T. polystachya, and
T. juncea. The first species described is what is now ealled Spartina michausi-
ana Hitche., but the synonym, Dactylis cynosuroides L., from which the specific
name is taken, shows that Michaux had misapplied the name. The second spe-
cies, 7. polystachya, is Dactylis cynosuroides L., now called Spartina cynosu-
roides (L.) Roth. Michaux remarks that this may be only a variety of the first
species. It appears then that to Michaux the first species typifies the genus,
and hence is selected here as the type species,

Limnetis Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805. Four species are described, LZ. pungens,
L. juncea, L. cynosuroides, and L. polystachya. The first species, which is the
same as Spartina maritima, is selected as the type, as that is a native of Hurope
and is indigenous from the standpoint of the author. The other three species
are American.

There are eight species in the United States. All but two are found
on or near the coast. Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth, a stout grass
as much as 9 feet tall, is found along the Atlantic coast. The com-
monest coastal species is S. patens (Ait.) Muhl. (including S. juncea
Michx.), which covers vast areas of salt marsh from Newfoundland to
Texas. This isa slender wiry species usually less than 3 feet tall, with
only a few somewhat spreading spikes. Spartina alternifiora Loisel.
and its two varieties, glabra (Muhl.) Fern. and pilosa (Merr.) Fern.,
also of the Atlantic coast, have stout stems and closely appressed
spikes, forming a cylindric inflorescence. A somewhat local species,
S. spartinae (Trin.) Merr., is found on the Texas coast. Another
local species, S. foliosa Trin., is found on the coast of California. The
only species without well-marked rhizomes is S. bakeri Merr., of the
fresh-water marshes and low savannas of Florida and coastal Georgia.
Two species are found in the interior of the United States: One, 8S.
michauaiana Witche. (fig. 109), is common in marshes and sloughs
from New England to the Great-Plains. <A second, S. gracilis Trin., is
found in alkaline grassland in the Western States. The first of these

is used for thatching sheds and covering hay stacks. The leaves of

1Schreb. Gen. Pl. 1: 43. 1789,

Far.

4
4
a
:
i

- — a

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

184

spikelet and floret, x 5.

Marsh-grass, Spartina michauxiana. Plant, X 33

Fig. 109.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 185

S. bakeri and S. patens juncea (Michx.) Hitche. are used for making
brooms. The marsh hay of the Atlantic coast, much used for bedding
and packing, often consists largely of S. patens. The species of
Spartina are too coarse for forage.

For a revision of the species found in the United States, see Mer-
rill, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl. Ind. Bull. 9. 1912.

_ 91. CamPuLosus Desv.
(Ctenium Panzer.)

Spikelets several-flowered but with only one perfect floret, sessile
and closely imbricate, on one side of a continuous rachis, the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes; glumes unequal, the first small,
hyaline, 1-nerved, the second as long as the lemmas, firm, 3 to 4
nerved, bearing on the back a strong divergent awn; lemmas rather
papery, 3-nerved, villous on the lateral nerves and on the callus,
bearing a short straight awn on the back just below the apex, the first
and second lemmas empty, the third inclosing a perfect flower, the
upper 1 to 3 empty and successively smaller.

Erect, slender, rather tall perennials, with usually solitary, often
curved spikes. Species about 12, in the warm regions, three being
in the Eastern Hemisphere and the rest in America; two species are
found in the southeastern United States.

Type species: Chloris monostachya Michx.

Campulosus Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 189. 1810. Two species
are mentioned, C. gracilior Desv. (based on Chloris monostachya Michx., which
is Campulosus aromaticus), and C. hirsutus Desy. (based on Chloris faleata
Swartz). The first is selected as the type. The second is now referred to
Harpechloa.

Ctenium Panzer, Denkschr. Baier. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen 4: 288, pl. 18. 1813.
(Ideen Gatt. Griser, 38.) Only one species is described, Chloris monostachya
Michx., to which Panzer gives the name Ctenium carolinianum.

Monocera EHll., Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 176. 1816. A single species, based on
Aegilops aromaticum Walt., is included.

Monathera Raf., Amer. Month. Mag. 4: 190. 1819. ‘“Monocera Elliott...
must be changed, because there is already a genus of shell of the same name.”

Our two species are confined to the Southeastern States, one of
them, Campulosus floridanus Hitche., to Florida, the other, C. aro-
maticus (Walt.) Trin. (fig. 110), called toothache grass, extending
from North Carolina along the Coastal Plain to Louisiana. Both
Species are rather infrequent and neither is of importance agri-
culturally.

‘

92. GYMNOPOGON Beauv.

Spikelets 1 or rarely 2 or 3 flowered, nearly segsile, appressed and
usually remote in two rows along one side of a slender continuous
rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and prolonged
behind the one or more fertile florets as a slender stipe, bearing a
rudiment of a floret, this sometimes with one or two slender awns;

i

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eS ea

Se vee fae ee

ry:

LES AES
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=

=
se

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=

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eam.» 2
aS ————- — -

Se oe a oh ee ee Ve
ae * =e

TS
-

186

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

glumes narrow, acuminate, l-nerved, usually longer than the floret;
lemmas narrow, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves near the margin, the

ow
Lh
SX

cu
WAS

Ws
NS

wy
RNA
AS

WO
SS

Wy Ly -

NV
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Fie. 110.—Toothache grass, Campulosus aromaticus.

Plant, < 2; spikelet and fertile q
floret (palea side up), X 5.
apex minutely bifid, bearing between the teeth a slender
rarely awnless.

ve

awn, OFM |

= rie

Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with short, flat, stiff blades,
numerous stiff, slender, divergent spikes loosely scattered along the
upper part of the culm, or sometimes aggregate toward the summit,
the spikes often deflexed at maturity. Species 10, nearly all Amer-
ican; 3 species in the southeastern United States.

Type species: Andropogon ambiguus Michx. ;

Gymnopogon Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 41, pl. 9, f. 8. 1812. Beauvois mentions one
species, Andropogon ambiguus. Michx., which is figured. In the description of
the plate the name given is Gymnopogon racemosus.

Alloiatheros Ell., Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 146. 1816. This name is casually
mentioned by Elliott in the description of Andropogon ambiguus: “I once in-
tended to insert it as a distinct genus under the name of Alloiatheros, from the

dissimilarity of its awns, not only in position but in figure.”

Anthopogon Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1: 81. 1818. Based on Andropogon ambiguus
Michx., which name Nuttall changes to Anthopogon lepturoides.

The spikelets are usually 1-flowered and awned, but in Gymnopogon
chapmanianus Hitche., of Florida, they are 2 to 4 flowered and awn-
less. This species shows in its spikelet characters a transition to
Leptochloa, but in habit it closely resembles the other two species of
the United States. In G. foliosus (Willd.) Nees, of Porto Rico and
South America, the rudiment bears two long awns. Our species are
perennials, with an inflorescence of scattered spikes.

Our commonest species is Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) B.S. P.
(fig. 111), found in sandy soil from New Jersey to Missouri and south
to Florida and Texas. Another species, G. brevifolius Trin., grows
from New Jersey to Florida. This species differs from the preced-
ing in having the rachis spikelet bearing only along the upper half.
The species have no agricultural importance.

93. CHLoRIS Swartz.

_ Spikelets with 1 perfect floret, sessile, in two rows along one
side of a continuous rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above the
glumes, produced beyond the perfect floret and bearing 1 to several
reduced florets consisting of empty lemmas, these often truncate, and,

if more than one, the smaller ones inclosed in the lower, forming a

usually club-shaped rudiment; glumes somewhat unequal, the first
shorter, narrow, acute; lemma keeled, usually broad, 1 to 5 nerved,

often villous on the callus and villous or long-ciliate on the keel or

marginal nerves, awned from between the short teeth of a bifid apex,
the awn slender or sometimes reduced to a mucro, the sterile lemmas
awned or awnless.

Perennial or sometimes annual, tufted grasses, with flat blades and
two to several often showy and feathery spikes aggregate at the
summit of the culms. Species about 60, in the warmer regions; 15 in
the southern United States.

Type species: Agrostis cruciata L.
Chloris Swartz, Prod. Veg. Ind. Oce. 25. 1788. Swartz describes five species,
C. cruciata, C. ciliata, C. petraea, C. polydactyla, and C. radiata, all from the

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 187

hes ae
as pe ‘2 ce

= Se,
> S

he

RE ES A ce
TSS. =
7 a. . ae

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

188

A 8 DN I MR OS Oe

spikelet and floret, X 5.

23

Hs

Plant, X

Fig. 111.—Gymnopogon ambiguus.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 189

West Indies. The second and third are described as new; the others are based
on Linnean species, the first on Agrostis cruciata, the fourth on Andropogon
polydactylon, and the fifth on Agrostis radiata. The first species is selected as
the type.

Eustachys Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 188. 1810. One species
is described, H. petraeus, based on Chloris petraew Swartz. Eustachys, recog-
nized by some American botanists as distinct, forms a section of the genus
Chloris and includes four species, C. petraea, C. glauca (Chapm.) Vasey, C.
floridana (Chapm.) Vasey, and @. neglecta Nash. The group differs from
Euchloris in having the lemmas short-awned or mucronate, brown, and rather
firm in texture.

Chlorostis Raf., Princip. Fondament. Somiologie 26, 29. 1814. Proposed
change of name for Chloris Swartz, because of Chlora L. (an animal).

Several species are found on the plains of Texas, where they form
an unimportant part of the forage for grazing animals. Chloris
verticillata Nutt. and its allies are known as windmill grasses. The
mature inflorescence, consisting of several slender, divergent spikes,
breaks away from the plant and rolls before the wind as a tumble-
weed. In the Southwestern States is found (. virgata Swartz (C.
elegans H. B. K.) (fig. 112), a tufted annual, 1 to 2 feet high, with
several pale or purplish, erect, feathery spikes 1 to 2 inches long. This
species invades cultivated fields and sometimes becomes a rather
common weed, especially in alfalfa fields.

One species, C. gayana Kunth, a native of South Africa, is culti-
vated to a limited extent as a forage grass. This species, called
Rhodes grass, has been shown to have value as a meadow grass in
the Southwestern States. In the Hawaiian Islands it is used on some
of the ranches in the drier regions. Rhodes grass is a perennial, 2
to 3 feet high, producing long, stout, creeping, propagating stems or
stolons and bearing at the summit of the flowering stems a close fan-
shaped cluster of numerous spikes 2 to 4 inches long.

For a revision of the species of Eustachys and Chloris found in the

United States, see Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 432-450. 1898.

94. TrRicHLorIs Fourn.

Spikelets 1 to few flowered, nearly sessile, in two rows along one
side of a continuous slender rachis, the rachilla disarticulating above
the glumes and prolonged behind the uppermost perfect floret, bear-
ing a reduced, usually awned floret; glumes unequal, acuminate, or
short-awned, the body shorter than the lower lemma; lemmas nar-
row, 3-nerved, the marginal nerves sometimes pubescent, these and
the midnerve extending into awns, the central long and slender, the
lateral often much shorter.

Erect, slender, tufted perennials, with flat blades and numerous
erect or ascending spikes, aggregate but scarcely digitate at the
summit of the culms. Species two or three, in the dry regions of

Texas and Mexico and also in Argentina.

e

~

Pe ee

w
a=

ae eS ar

Pees we
Wn 7 tc ee, See

=

EE ELI OOS SL
, a

190 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Type species: Trichloris plurifiora Fourn. ;
Trichloris Fourn., Mex. Pl. 2: 142. 1886. Fournier includes two_ species,
T. fasciculata and 7. plurifiora, both described as new. In the generic descrip-

tion occurs the statement “ flore summo tabescente mutico.” Under the second
: species one finds “flore summo mutico.” From this it would appear that
T. pluriflora represented Fournier’s idea of the genus; hence this species is
Selected as the type. :

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 191

Chloropsis Hack.; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 771. 1891. The name was men-
tioned by Hackel* as a synonym under Trichloris. Hackel also mentions
Chloridopsis, both names having been used by gardeners for Trichloris blan-
chardiana Hack. of Argentina. Kuntze changes the name Trichloris to Chlor-
opsis, because of the earlier Trichlora Baker. Both Trichlora and Trichloris
may be considered valid, since they have different derivations and slightly
different spellings. Since Kuntze adopts Hackel’s name and since Hackel
mentions Chloropsis blanchardiana, this species is selected as the type of
Chloropsis.

_ The two species of the United States, 7richloris mendocina (Phil.)
Kurtz (7. fasciculata Fourn.) (fig. 113) and 7. plurifiora Fourn.,
are found in the arid regions of northern Mexico and extend into 4
western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern Arizona. The

Ba

i

|
}

——

z

first has spikelets with one perfect floret and a rudiment, each with
three long awns; the second has spikelets with 3 to 5 florets, the
upper one or two reduced, the lateral awns reduced or sometimes
wanting. Neither is of importance agriculturally. “

95. BouTELOUA Lag., the grama grasses.

Spikelets 1-flowered, with the rudiments of one or more florets

t
above, sessile, in two rows along one side of the rachis; glumes un- K
equal, 1-nerved, acuminate or awn-tipped, the first shorter and nar- f
rower; lemma as long as the second glume or a little longer, 3-nerved, i
the nerves extending into short or often rather long awns, the in- :
ternerves usually extending into teeth; palea 2 ened sometimes ‘
2-awned; rudiment various, usually 3- Satie a second rudimentary i
floret sometimes present. , i

Perennial or sometimes annual, low or rather tall grasses, with two t
to several or many spikes racemose on a common axXis, or sometimes :

solitary, the spikelets few to many in each spike, rarely solitary,
pectinate or more loosely arranged and appressed, the rachis of the !
spike usually produced beyond the insertion of the spikelets. Spe. f
cies 38, all American and chiefly North American; 18 species found |
in the United States, mostly in open grassland of the southwestern
States. | ,

Type species: Bouteloua racemosa Lag. t

Bouteloua Lag., Varied. Cienc. Lit. and Art. 2*: 184. 1805. Lagasca gives i

five species, B. racemosa, B. hirsuta, B. barbata, B. simplex, and B. prostrata.
All are briefly described, except the last, which is mentioned by name only. The \

first species (which is the same as B. curtipendula) is selected as the type. In i
this work Lagasca spells the name of the genus “ Botelua”’ and states that he i
hames the genus in honor of the two brothers Boutelou. In a later work? i
Lagasca describes the genus under the name Bouteloua, and includes 10 species, I
the first of which is B. hirsuta. The spelling Bouteloua is retained because it )
Was corrected to this form by the author to correspond to the spelling of the
personal name of the brothers Boutelou, and because this second spelling has }

been universally accepted by botanists.

__Atheropogon Muhl.; Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 937. 1806. A single species is described,
A. apludioides M whl., which is Bouteloua curtipendula.

_ ‘Triathera Desyv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 188. 1810. Based on
Aristida americana W., which is Bouteloua americana (.) Secribn., a West
: Indian species.

errr a et EY eT Sve Ee oe ee ee ee ee

1In Engl, and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 2?: 59. 1887. 2Gen. and Sp. Nov. 5. 1816,

yo

wt eae ree oe OS

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

192

i
eeepc

Re Rag a ne

‘saa Mee MA |
- . —

Plant, X 3; glumes and fioret with rudiment, X

Fic. 113.—Trichloris mendocina.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 193

Heterosteca Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris 2: 188. 1810. Based on
H. juncifolia, which is Bouteloua heterostega (Trin.) Griffiths, of the West

Indies.
Chondrosium Desv., Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 188. 1810. Based on

Chloris procumbens Durand (Bouteloua procumbens).

Polyodon H. B. K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 174, pl. 55. 1816. Based on a single
species, P. distichum H. B. K.

Triaena H. B. K., Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1: 178. 1816. A single species described,
T. racemosa, which is Bouteloua triaena (Trin.) Scribn.

Eutriana Trin., Fund. Agrost. 161. 1820. Trinius includes two species, H.
curtipendula and LE. bromoides. 'The first is selected as the type.

The species fall into two rather well marked divisions, those in
which the spikelets are crowded and pectinate and the spikes persist-
ent on the main axis, the florets falling, and those in which the
spikelets are less crowded, ascending rather than pectinate on the
rachis, and the spikes falling entire. Bouteloua gracilis and its
allies are examples of the first group and B. fiiformis (Fourn.)
Griffiths and its allies, B. curtipendula and B. aristidoides of the sec-
ond. The genus is important, since many of the species are the
chief ingredient of the grazing lands of the Southwestern States.

Bouteloua gracilis Lag. (B. oligostachya Torr.) (fig. 114) is
found on the Great Plains from Manitoba to Mexico and even south-
ward to South America. It is the blue grama of the ranchmen and,
along with buffalo grass (Bulbilis dactyloides) and curly mesquite
(Hilaria belangert), constitutes most of what is known in the Middle
West as “short-grass.” Blue grama is a tufted perennial, with
numerous short leaves and a flower stalk about a foot high with 2
‘or 3 spikes about an inch long. These spikes, one at the end of the
stem and the other one or two a short distance below, turn with the
wind like weather vanes. An allied species, B. hirsuta Lag.,
called black grama, is found over about the same region, but is con-
fined chiefly to rocky hills. This species differs in having shorter,
more fuzzy spikes and in the prolonged end of the rachis, which
forms a distinct point beyond the spikelets.

Another widely distributed species is Boutelowa curtipendula
(Michx.) Torr. (B. racemosa Lag.) (fig. 115), called side-oats
grama. It extends farther east than the other species, being found
even as far as Connecticut. Side-oats grama is the tallest of the
species, sometimes as much as 3 feet, and is further distinguished
by the numerous (35 to 50) short, reflexed spikes.

In Arizona and New Mexico other species become prominent.
Bouteloua eriopoda Torr., called here black grama and woolly-foot,
is a low creeping species with woolly stem. Bouteloua rothrockii
Vasey is the most important range grass in many parts of Arizona.
It grows about a foot high and has five or six spikes to each culm.
In B. texana S. Wats., of the Texas plains, the short triangular
spikes fall from the axis entire.

97769°—19—Bull. 1(2—13

2

-
a

a.

eit aa 2

194 BULLETIN 1772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Three species are annuals, B. aristidoides Thurb., B. procumbens
(Durand) Griffiths (B. prostrata Lag.), and B. barbata Lag. (B.
polystachya Torr.). These are found from Texas to Arizona, where
they are called six-weeks grama. They furnish forage when young,
but are of secondary importance.

PY For a revision of the spe-
eles of Bouteloua and its
allies, see Griffiths, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 14: 3438-
494, 1912. Economic notes
and synonymy are included.

96. CATHESTECUM Presl.

Spikes consisting of 3
spikelets, the upper or cen-
tral perfect, the 2 lateral
staminate or rudimentary,
the spike falling entire;
central spikelet with one
perfect floret below and one
or more reduced florets
above; glumes unequal, the
first a short, thin, nerveless
scale in the central spikelet,
narrow and acuminate in
the lateral spikelets, the
second about as long as the
lemma, acuminate, all usu-

A. “

Ne

Ko.
ei

Fig. 114.—Blue grama, Bouteloua gracilis. Plant, K 3;
glumes, floret with rudiment, and floret alone, x 5.

~aA VS wi
! nt é
‘|

ally villous; lemma 3-nerved, or rarely 5 to 7 nerved, the nerves
extending into awns, and the internerves into teeth; palea 2-nerved,
the nerves extending into short awns; second and third floret with

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 195

a fairly well developed lemma and palea, the fourth floret, if
present, usually reduced.

Low cespitose or stoloniferous
annuals or perennials, with short
blades, and several or many short
deciduous spikes scattered along
the main axis. Species four, on the
Mexican Plateau, one extending
into western Texas.

by’ \ a
Cae %

Fic. 115.—Side-oats grama, Bouteloua curtipendula. Plant, x 4; spikelet and floret
with rudiment, xX 5.

; Type species: Cathestecum prostratum Presl.
Cathestecum Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 294, pl. 42. 1830. Only one species de-
seribed.

I=
We

Sa. a ee

a
eee See

= vise

196 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The only species found in the United States is Cathestecum erec-
tum Vasey and Hack. (fig. 116), a stoloniferous perennial with the |
aspect of Bouteloua texana but more delicate. This species is known ~
in western Texas from a very few collections, but is more common _

a >
Fig. 116.—Cathestecum erectum. Plant, X 4; group of spikelets (reduced spike), central
spikelet, and fertile floret, x 5.

in northern Mexico. Cathestecum is placed by Bentham? doubt-
fully in the tribe Zoysieae, and by Hackel? in the tribe Festuceae.
Griffiths? shows its affinity to Bouteloua and places it in the tribe
Chlorideae. | q

1 Benth. and Hook, Gen. Pl. 3: 1122. 1883.

2Hngl. and Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 22: 65. 1887.
3Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 14: 358. 1912.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 197

97. Munroa Torr.

Spikelets in pairs or threes on a short rachis, the lower one or two
larger, 3 or 4 flowered, the upper 2 or 3 flowered, the group (reduced
spikes) inclosed in the broad sheaths of short leaves, usually about
3 in a fascicle, forming a cluster or head at the ends of the
branches; rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the
florets; glumes of the lower 1 or 2 spikelets equal, 1-nerved, narrow,
acute, a little shorter than the lemmas, those of the upper spikelet
unequal, the first much shorter or obsolete; lemmas 3-nerved, those
of the lower spikelet coriaceous, acuminate, the points spreading, the
midnerve extended into a mucro, those of the upper spikelet mem-
branaceous; palea narrow, 2-nerved, inclosing the oval, dorsally com-
pressed caryopsis.

Low spreading, much-branched annuals, the short, flat, pungent
leaves in fascicles. Species three, plains of America; two in Argen-
tina, one in the western United States. 7

Type species: Crypsis squarrosa Nutt.

Munroa Torr., U. S. Rep. Expl. Miss. Pace. 4: 158. 1856. One species de-
seribed, MU. squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. ‘Torrey spells the genus Monroa, naming it
in honor of Munro, whom he refers to erroneously as Major “ Monro.”

The prophylla are prominent in the fascicles of leaves, the two
nerves extending into long, green tips. The lower spikelet is bulged
out on the lower side, throwing the glumes forward; thus they
_ appear somewhat asymmetric. This genus has hitherto been placed

‘in Festuceae, but the structure of the spikelet and spike show closer
affinity to genera of Chlorideae.

Munroa squarrosa (fig. 117) is common on the Great Plains from
Montana to northern Mexico, usually in new soil and open ground.
It has little or no importance as a forage grass. It is sometimes
abundant on recently broken sod. Munroa mendocina Phil., of
Argentina, has been referred to M. squarrosa, but it is a distinct
species.

98. BULBILIS Raf.
(Buchloé Engelm.)

Plants unisexual. Staminate spikelets 2-flowered, sessile and
closely imbricate, in two rows on one side of a slender rachis forming
a short spike; glumes somewhat unequal, rather broad, 1-nerved,
acutish; lemmas longer than the glumes, 3-nerved, rather obtuse,
whitish; palea as long as its lemma, 2-nerved. Pistillate spikelets
mostly 3 to 5 in a short spike or head, this falling entire, usually
2 heads to the inflorescence, the common peduncle short and
included in the somewhat inflated sheaths of the upper leaves, the
thickened somewhat woody rachis and the 2 or 8 outer (second)
glumes appearing like an involucre; glumes very unequal, the first
inside relative to the cluster, thin, 1-nerved, keeled, the nerve extend-

i ae

= s —

ae ee

198° BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ing into a point or awn,-as long as the lemma or reduced in some of
the spikelets or wanting, the second glume firm, thick and woody, —
almost surrounding the remainder of the spikelet, rounded on the |
back, white or yellowish, obscurely nerved, the margins inflexed, thin,
ciliate, the upper part greenish, acuminate, spreading, with one or
two teeth at the sides; lemma firm-membranaceous, 3-nerved, dor-
sally compressed, broad below, narrowed into a 3-lobed green summit,
the middle lobe much the larger; palea 2-nerved, broad, obtuse, about
as long as the body of the lemma, enveloping the caryopsis.

la \

WH =

\ IG
WA Zz 7

Fie. 117.—Wunroa squarrosa. Plant, X 34; group of spikelets (reduced spike), spikelet, — |
and floret, x 5.

A low stoloniferous perennial, with short curly blades, the |
staminate flowers in two or three short spikes on slender, erect culms,
the pistillate in sessile clusters partly hidden among: the leaves.
Species one, on the Great Plains from Montana to Mexico.

Type species: Sesleria dactyloides Nutt.
Bulbilis Raf., Amer. Month. Mag. 4: 190. 1819. Rafinesque gives a review
of Nuttall’s Genera of North American Plants. The part relating to Bulbilis is,
“ Sesleria dactyloides must form a peculiar genus by Mr. N’s own account, it
may be called Bulbilis.” : |
Calanthera Kunth, in Hook. Kew Journ. 8: 18. 1856. A single species in-
cluded, ‘‘C, dactyloides Kth.—Nutt. Sesleria ... Buffalo grass.”

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 199

Buchloé Engelm., Trans. Acad. St. Louis 1: 482. 1859. Based on Sesleria
dactyloides. Engelmann gave the first description of the genus. Nuttall’s de-
scription of Sesleria dactyloides was based on the staminate plant.

The species is usually described as dicecious* because the staminate and pis-
tillate flowers are found on different individuals. Experiments in growing the
plants from seed show that they are moneecious, the two kinds of flowers aris-
ing from distinct branches which propagate vegetatively, each branch produc-
ing its own kind.? Plank * observed that seedlings were moncecious.

Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. (Buchloé dactyloides Engelm.)
(fig. 118), commonly known as buffalo grass, is one of the chief
constituents of the sod on the Great Plains. It forms, when unmixed
with other grasses, a close, soft, grayish green turf. Buffalo grass
is dominant over large areas on the uplands, colloquially known as
the “ short-grass country,” and is one of the most important grazing
grasses of this region. The sod houses of the early settlers were

made mostly from the sod of this grass.
8. PHALARIDEAE, THE CANARY-GRASS TRIBE.

99. TorresiA Ruiz and Pay.
(Hierochloé R. Br., Savastana Schrank.)

Spikelets with one terminal perfect floret and two staminate flo-
rets, disarticulating above the glumes, the staminate florets falling
attached to the fertile one; glumes equal, broad, thin and papery,
smooth, acute; sterile lemmas about as long as the glumes, mostly
somewhat appressed-hispid, sometimes awned from between two
lobes; fertile lemma somewhat indurate, about as long as the others,
smooth or nearly so, awnless; palea 3-nerved, rounded on the back.

Perennial, low, erect, sweet-smelling grasses, with small panicles of
bronze-colored spikelets. Species about 17, confined to cool and
alpine regions; 3 species in the United States.

Type species: Torresia utriculata Ruiz and Pav.

Savastana Schrank, Baier. Fl. 1: 100, 337, 1789, not Savastania Scop., 1777.
Type, S. hirta Schrank, the only species described.

Torresia Ruiz and Pav., Syst. Veg. Peruv. Chil. 251. 1798. <A single species

described.

Hierochloé R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 208. 1810. Type, Disarrenum
antarcticum Labill. upon which is based the only species described (H. antarc-
tica). Later authors have often spelled this Hierochloa.

Dimesia Raf., Amer. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818. Based on “ Holeus fragrans
of Pursh’s Flora.” This is the same as TJorresia odorata.

The common species, Torresia odorata (l.) Hitche. (Hierochloé

odorata Wahl., 7. borealis Roem. and Schult.) (fig. 119), called holy
grass, vanilla grass, or Seneca grass, grows in Canada and the north-
ern part of the United States. Like all the species of the genus and
the allied genus Anthoxanthum, it is sweet scented, owing to the

1 Pilger discusses this and other species in a paper on monecious and diccious grass

genera. Bot. Jahrb. Engler 34: 377. 1904.
? Hitchcock, Bot, Gaz. 20: 464. 1895. © 3 Bull. Torrey Club 19: 803. 1892.

—————

Tass S.

a |

5
— -

200 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Wig. 118.—Buffalo grass, Bulbilis dactyloides. Pistillate plant (above), X 4; group of
pistillate spikelets (reduced spike), and floret, X 5; staminate plant (below), X 433
staminate spikelet, x 5.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 201

presence of coumarin. The Indians use the grass to make fragrant
baskets.

Torresia alpina (Swartz) Hitche., with small, condensed panicles
and awned staminate florets, is arctic and extends to the alpine peaks
of New York and New England; 7.
macrophylla (Thurb.) Hitche., with
broad blades, is Californian.

100. ANTHOXANTHUM L.

Spikelets with 1 terminal perfect
floret and 2 sterile lemmas, the rachilla
disarticulating above the glumes, the
sterile lemmas falling attached to the
fertile floret; glumes unequal, acute
or mucronate; sterile lemmas shorter
than the glumes, empty, awned from
the back; fertile lemma shorter than
the sterile ones, awnless; palea 1-
nerved, rounded on the back, inclosed
in the lemma.

Sweet-smelling annual or perennial
orasses, with flat blades and spikelike
panicles. Species about four,
Europe and Asia; two intro-
duced into the United States.

Type species: Anthoranthum
odoratum L.

Anthoxanthum L., Sp. Pl. 28,
1753 3-Gen. Pl. ved:; 5, 17. ara!
Linnzus describes three species,
A. odoratum, A. indicum, and A.
paniculatum. The first is chosen
as the type. The second species is
now referred to Perotis and the
third to Festuca.

Fic. 119.—Vanilla grass, Torresia odorata. Plant, < 4; spikelet, florets with the glumes
removed, and fertile floret, * 5. -

Anthoxanthum odoratum, sweet vernal grass (Pl. XV; fig. 120), is
sometimes included in meadow mixtures to give fragrance to the hay.

Fe
Per.

bs Fi
a

| if
$a

Bt 6) ae =
a

902 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The grass has no forage value. It is now common along roadsides
and in grassland throughout the Eastern States. Like the species of

4) ‘Lorresia it has an aromatic odor due to the
y presence of coumarin. Sweet vernal grass

i
WY is an erect perennial, about a foot high. An-
WZ other species, A. aristatum Boiss. (A. puellii
Ve Lec. and Lam.), a low annual, is introduced
Wa at a few localities.
Wg
W 101. PHaxarts L.

Spikelets laterally compressed, with 1
terminal perfect floret and 2 sterile lemmas
below, disarticulating above the glumes, ar-
ranged in usually dense spikelike panicles;

the keel; sterile lemmas reduced to 2 small
scales (rarely only 1); fertile lemma coriace-
ous, shorter thai. ce glumes,
inclosing the faintly 2-nerved
palea.

Annual or perennial erect
grasses, with flat blades.
Species about 20, in temper-
ate regions of Europe and
America. Nine species are
found in the United States,
four being introduced from
Europe.

Type species: Phalaris canari-
ensis Li.

Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 29. 1754. Five
species are described, P. canari-

Fic. 120.—Sweet vernal grass, Anthoxanthum odoratum. Plant, X 4; spikelet, two |

sterile lemmas, and fertile floret, < 5.

glumes equal, boat shaped, often winged on ~

Phalaris’ 3 Sp: - PL 54 s%oaca

oe

a |
a |
|

F
rnd

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XV.

SWEET VERNAL GRASS (ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM). ofl

PLATE XVI

Iture.

cu

Dept. of Agri

Sp

U

ih;

Bu

“AJOL 1B (270/170) DILDINHDG’) JCoTMOIIV PUL YYSTI 4B (DpopL09 H1LIPIUOT) PIA JoleyoId oie Mojoq sjuvtd oy, *O ‘qf ‘MOIZUTYSe MA SIOATY VIYSOORUY 944 SUOTY
"“(SIULSNTVd VINVZIZ) S0IW NVIGN]

SC. hl CrCrh CFC

4 GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 203

ensis, P. phleoides, P. arundinacea, P. erucaeformis, and P. oryzoides. The
second species is now referred to Phleum, the fourth to Beckmannia, and
the fifth to Homalocenchrus. The first species is chosen as the type, be-
cause this is tlre one that best corresponds to the description of the genus

in the Genera Plantarum
(e. g., gluma obtusa) and
is moreover the only one
of the five species men-
tioned above that was
known by the name of
Phalaris to the older au-
thors, such as Bauhin.

Typhoides Moench,
Meth. 201. 1794. A single
species, 7. arundinacea,
based on Phalaris arundi-
nacea L., is included.

Digraphis Trin., Fund.
Agrost. 127. 1820. A
single species, D. arundi-
nacea, based on Phalaris

a arundinacea L., is in-
cluded.

Endallax Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe
1: 220. 1830. Phalaris arundinacea
is the only species given.

The most important species of
the genus in the United States is
Phalaris arundinacea L., reed
canary grass, a native perennial
found in wet ground in the
cooler parts of the Northern
Hemisphere. The inflorescence
is a rather loose spikelike panicle
2 to 6 inches long. It is an im-
portant constituent of lowland

Fie. 121.—Canary grass, Phalaris nay ma the Me uO Mon:
canariensis. Plant, X 3; spikelet tana to Wisconsin. A vari-
and fertile floret with the two ety (pecta L.) with blades
sterile lemmas, xX 5. : f -

striped with white is grown for
ornament in gardens under the name of ribbon grass or gardener’s
garters.

ia:

aS =
a a Bey

~~ > ete,

as ae
ee oe ee”

pee? ane d

204 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Phalaris canariensis L. (fig. 121), canary grass, is an annual with
ovoid heads, the large spikelets white with green nerves. This species
is introduced from Europe, where it is grown for seed, which fur-
nishes the canary seed of commerce.’ Phalaris caroliniana Walt., a
perennial of the southern United States, with oblong compact heads,
is sometimes cultivated for winter eves

9. ORYZEAE, THE RICE TRIBE.

102. Oryza L.

Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, disarticulating be-
low the glumes; glumes 2, much shorter than the lemma, narrow;
lemma rigid, keeled, 3-nerved, sometimes awned; palea similar to the
lemma, narrower, keeled, but with no midnerve on the back, 2-nerved
close i the margins.

Annual or sometimes perennial swamp grasses, often eal with flat
blades and spikelets in open panicles. Species about seven, one in
tropical America, the others in tropical Africa and Asia.

Type species: Oryza sativa L.
Oryza L., Sp. Pl. 388, 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5,155. 1754. <A single species, O.
sativa, is described.

The only important species is Oryea sativa L. (fig. 122), or rice.
This is cultivated in all tropical and warm countries and is one of the
important food plants of the world. There are a large number of
varieties, some with awned, some with awnless spikelets. In the
United States rice is grown under irrigation on the lowland along
the Atlantic coast of the Southern States, especially in South Caro-
lina and Georgia, and more extensively along the Mississippi River
in Louisiana and on the prairies of southwestern Louisiana and
southeastern Texas.

103. HomALOCENCHRUS Mieg.
(Leersia Swartz.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, strongly compressed laterally, disarticulating
from the pedicel; glumes wanting; lemma chartaceous, broad, ob-
long, boat shaped, usually 5-nerved, the lateral pair of nerves close
to the margins, these and the keel often hispid-ciliate, the interme-
diate nerves sometimes faint; palea as long as the lemma, much nar-
rower, usually 3-nerved, the keel usually hispid-ciliate, the lateral
nerves close to the margins, the margins firmly held by the margins ~
of the lemma; stamens six or fewer. i

Perennial grasses, usually with creeping rhizomes, with flat, sca- —
brous blades and open panicles, the spikelets nearly sessile ee one —

tThe commercial seed may also contain seed of Panicum miliaceum. The seed of
Phalaris canariensis is pale yellow, equally convex on both sides, compressed, and some-
what pubescent. The seed of Panicum miliaceum is brownish or reddish, much more
plump, dorsally flattened on one side, smooth, and faintly nerved. :

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 205

side of the branchlets. Species ten, tropical and temperate regions;
five species in the United States, mostly swamp grasses.

Type species: Phalaris oryzoides UL.

Homalocenchrus Mieg, Act. Helv.
Phys. Math. 4: 807. 1760. One spe-
cies is referred to the genus with cer-
tainty, another being doubtfully re-
ferred to it. No specific names are
used, but under the first there are two
citations which appear in the Species
Plantarum under Phalaris oryzoides.

Leersia Swartz, Prod. Veg. Ind. Occ.
21. 41788. Three species are de-
scribed, L. monandra, L. hexandra,
and L. oryzoides. Phalaris oryzoides

————— “
ZN

rig. 122.—Rice, Oryza sativa. Plant, < 4; spikelet, x 5.

L., the basis of the third species, is selected as the type, as this is the oldest
historically.

206 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Endodia Raf., Neogenyt. 4. 1825. Based on Leersia tenticularis, the only
species mentioned. ff

Aplexia Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 220. 1830. A single species, Leersia
virgata (probably a misprint for L. virginica) is included.

All the species of the United States except Homalocenchrus monan-
drus (Swartz) Kuntze, a plant of rich woods in scuthern Florida and
southern Texas, have creeping rhizomes. Most of them are marsh
grasses. Homalocenchrus monandrus difiers from the other species
also in having small glabrous spikelets in which the palea is rounded
on the back and lacks the midnerve, as in rice. In the other species
the palea is strongly compressed-keeled and appears to represent a
bract rather than a prophyllum.

Hlomalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.) Britton and H. oryzoides
(L.) Poll. (fig. 123) are common throughout the eastern United
States in moist soil, the latter often forming distinct zones of vege-
tation in marshes. The first has spikelets about 3 mm. long and the
main panicle branches solitary; the second has spikelets about 5 mm.
long and the lower main panicle branches more than one at the node.
These species, because of the very scabrous, adhesive blades, are
called rice cut-grass. The species have no economic importance.

10. ZIZANIEAE, THE INDIAN-RICE TRIBE. >
104, ZIzANIopsts Doell and Aschers. 4

Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel,
mixed on the same branches of the panicle, the staminate below;
first glume wanting; second glume 7-nerved, short-awned in the
pistillate spikelets; lemma 3-nerved; palea wanting; stamens six;
styles rather long, united; caryopsis obovate, free, coriaceous,
smooth and shining, beaked with the persistent style.

Robust perennial marsh grasses, with stout creeping rhizomes,
broad flat blades, and large open panicles. Species three; two in
South America, one in the United States.

Type species: Zizania microstachya Nees.
Zizaniopsis Doell and Aschers.; Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 12, pl. 3. 1871.
A single species described.

The only species in the United States is Zizaniopsis miliacea
(Michx.) Doell and Aschers. (fig. 124), growing in swamps from Vir-
ginia to Florida and Texas. Like Zizania palustris, which it some-
what resembles, this species may be gregarious over wide areas. It
has no economic importance except as it may furnish shelter and food
to water birds.

a be RL ane Ae RP i otic TN

105. ZIZANIA hy:

Spikelets unisexual, 1-fiowered, disarticulating from the pedicel;
staminate spikelet soft, the first glume wanting, the second 5-nerved,
membranaceous, linear, acuminate or awn-pointed; lemma about as _
long as the glume, 3-nerved; palea wanting; stamens 6; pistillate

. GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 207

amas

ac By
ee i a ey | e

‘
es a oe a ee 28, aaa, ee

Va sae

ie

eh
Fie, 123.—Rice cut-grass, Homalocenchrus oryzoides, Plant, * }; spikelet, xX 5, : ‘a

208 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fig. 124.—Zizaniopsis miliacea. Plant, X 3; staminate spikelet, pistillate spikelet, and |
ripe caryopsis, xX 5. id

.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 209

spikelet terete, angled at maturity: glumes wanting; lemma charta-
ceous, 3-nerved, tapering into a long slender awn; palea 2-nerved,
closely clasped by the lemma; grain cylindric, as much as 2 cm. long.

Tall annual or perennial aquatic grasses, with flat blades and large
terminal panicles, the lower branches spreading, bearing the pendu-
lous staminate spikelets, the upper branches ascending, at maturity
erect, bearing appressed pistillate spikelets, the staminate spikelets
early deciduous, the pistillate spikelets tardily deciduous. Species
three, one in eastern Asia, two in North America.

Type species: Zizania aquatica L. :

Zizania L., Sp. Pl. 991, 1753; Gen. Pl, ed. 5. 427. 1754. lLinneeus describes
two species, Z. aquatica and Z. terrestris. The citation in the Genera Plantarum
is to Gronovius, ‘“ Zizania Gron. virg. 189” is given as a synonym by Linnzeus
under Z. aquatica; hence the latter is the type species. The second species, from
Malabar, does not belong to Zizania. The director of the Kew Royal Botanic
Gardens states that the plate upon which it is based (Rheede, Hort. Malab. 12:
pl. 60) represents Scleria elata Thwaites.

Fartis Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 37, 557. 1763. Based on Zizania L., which was
not Zizania of the ancients.

Hydropyrum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 252. 1827. A single species, H. esculen-
tum, based on Zizania palustris L., is included.

Melinum Link, Handbuch Erkenn. Gewiichse 1: 96. 1829. <A single species,
M. palustre, based on Zizania palustris L., is included.

Ceratochaete Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 214. 1915. A new name proposed

for Zizania L., “not Zizanion lof the New Testament,” which is the tares of
Scripture.

Zizamea palustris L. (Pl. XVI; fig. 125), Indian or wild rice, is an
annual marsh grass growing in the Eastern and Northern States,
often over extensive areas. The seeds were used by the aborigines for
food and are still used to some extent by some of the northern
tribes of Indians. Wild rice is important as a food and shelter for
water birds. It is sometimes planted for this purpose in marshes on
game preserves. Zizania aquatica L. differs in having narrower
blades, shorter culms, and less spreading panicles. This form, found
from Maine to Minnesota, may be a variety rather than a distinct
species. At first Linnzeus did not distinguish between the narrow-
leaved and broad-leaved forms, but based the name aquatica on a
specimen ? of the narrow-leaved form. Later (1771) he described the
broad-leaved form as Zizania palustris. The Asiatic Z. poe
Turcz. is a perennial with rhizomes and stolons.

106. LuzioLa Juss.

Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, disarticulating from the pedicel,

the staminate and pistillate flowers in separate panicles on the same

plant; first glume and palea wanting; second glume and lemma about
equal, thin, several te many nerved, lanceolate or oblong ; stamens
several (“6 to 18”); stigmas Tene plumose; grain free, globose,
smooth.

1See Smiths. Misc. Coll. 68%: 35. 1918.
2 See Hitchcock, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, 12:.124. 1908.

97769°—19—Bull. 77214

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BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

210

view, X 5; staminate spikelet, X 5.

Fig. 125.—Wild rice, Zizania palustris. Plant, X 3; pistillate spikelet, x 2; a second

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. Dial:

Perennial, creeping, low or delicate grasses, with narrow, flat blades
and terminal and axillary panicles. Species about six, in tropical
America; two species in the southern United States.

Type species:. Lusiola peruvianda Gmel.

Luziola Juss.; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 687. 1791. The genus is first described
by Jussieu in his Genera Plantarum (1789), but no specific name is mentioned.
Gmelin assigns a specific name to the species described by Jussieu.

There are two species in the United States, Luzzola peruviana
(fig. 126), with fruit 2 mm. long, and ZL. alabamensis Chapm., with
fruit 4 mm. long, the former from Florida to Louisiana and the latter
from Alabama. They have no economic importance.

107. HyprocHLosa Beauv.

Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, awnless, disarticulating from the
pedicel, the plants monecious; staminate spikelets with a thin
7-nerved lemma, a 2-nerved palea, and 6 stamens, the glumes want-
ing; pistillate spikelets with a thin 3-nerved second glume and 5-
nerved lemma, the first glume and the palea wanting, the stigmas
long and slender.

A slender, branching, aquatic grass, probably perennial, the leaves
floating; staminate flowers in a small few-flowered terminal spike;
pistillate flowers in few-flowered spikes in the axils of the leaves.
Species one, in the southeastern United States.

Type species: Hydrochloa carolinensis Beauv.

Hydrochloa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 135, pl. 24, f. 4. 1812. Beauvois figures one
species, which he names H. carolinensis. The species was first described as
Zizania fluitans Michx., but this name can not be transferred to Hydrochloa
because of H. fluitans Host.

The spikelets of each sex possess but two bracts. From the ap-
pearance and nervation it is assumed that the palea is present in the
staminate spikelets and wanting in the pistillate.

Hydrochloa carolinensis Beauv. (fig. 127) is found in streams and
ponds from South Carolina to Florida and Louisiana, sometimes in
sufficient abundance.to become troublesome. It has no economic im-
portance.

Pharus L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2:1269. 1759. <A tropical American
genus, one species of which, P. /atifolius L., was included by Chap-
man in his Flora of the Southern States. The locality given is
“Orange Lake, Florida (Herb. Thurber).” This West Indian spe-
cies has not been observed by others in Florida and it should be
credited to the United States with doubt.

Rather tall monecious perennials, with broad elliptic or oblanceo-
late, petiolate blades and terminal panicles, the large terete pistillate
spikelets: appressed along the rather few stiffly spreading branches,

212 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

these disarticulating at the base and easily detached, the uncinate —
fruits acting like burs. | |

Fig. 126.—Luziola peruviana. Plant, X 4; pistillate and staminate spikelets, X 5. :
11. MELINIDEAE, THE MOLASSES-GRASS TRIBE. .
Melinis Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54, pl. 11, f. 4. 1812. A Brazilian

genus. IJelinis minutiflora Beauy. (molasses grass) is cultivated in |

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. Oe

the Tropics for forage. It has been tried in the warmer parts of the
South. Molasses grass is a rather stout perennial, with viscid-pubes-
cent foliage, and narrow many-flowered panicles of very small
awned spikelets.

Fic. 127.—Hydrochloa carolinensis. Plant, X 43; two views of pistillate spikelet, x 5;
staminate spikelet, x 5.

12. PANICEAE, THE MILLET TRIBE.

108. ANTHAENANTIA Beauv.’

Spikelets obovoid; first glume wanting; second glume and sterile
lemma about equal in length, broad, 5-nerved, villous, the sterile
lemma with a small palea and sometimes with a staminate flower;
fertile lemma cartilaginous, boat shaped, 3-nerved, subacute, chest-

1 For a discussion of this and the following genera of this tribe, see Chase, Proc. Biol.
aS Washington, 19: 183-192, 1906; 21:1-10, 1908; 21: 175-188, 1908; 24: 103-160,
#911.

914 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

nut brown, as long as the glume, the pale margins very narrow, in- |
folding the palea its entire length.

Perennial erect grasses with short |
creeping rhizomes, narrow, firm, flat —
blades, the uppermost much reduced, and
narrow panicles, the slender branches
ascending or appressed. Species two, on
the Coastal Plain of the southeastern
United States.

Type species: Phalaris villosa Michx.

Anthaenantia Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 48, pl. 10,
f. 7. 1812. Phalaris villosa is the only species
mentioned.

Aulaxanthus Ell., Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1: 102.
1816. Two species are described, A. ciliatus and
A. rufus. The first, which }
is the same as Anthaenantia |
villosa, is accepted as the |
type. ]
Aulaxia Nutt., Gen. Pl. 1:
47. 1818. Nuttall changes
Elliott's name Aulaxanthus
to Aulaxia.

Anthaenantia villosa
(Michx.) Beauv. (fig. #
128), with comparatively |
short, spreading blades
and usually pale panicle,
and A. rugag wale
Schult., with long erect |
blades and usually pur- |
ple panicle, are of no —
economic importance. |

Fic. 128.—Anthaenantia villosa. Plant, X 4; spikelet and fertile floret, xX 10.

109. VALoTA Adans.

Spikelets lanceolate, in pairs, short-pediceled, in two rows along —

.
one side of a narrow rachis; first glume minute, — glabrous; —

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 915

second glume and sterile lemma about as long as the fruit, 3 to
5 nerved, copiously silky; fertile lemma cartilaginous, lanceolate,
acuminate, usually brown, the flat white hyaline margins broad.

Perennial grasses, the slender racemes erect or nearly so, aggregate
along the upper part of the main axis, forming a white or brownish
woolly panicle. Species about 12, in the warmer parts of America
and in Australia; 3 species in the southern United States.

Type species: Andropogon insularis L.

Valota Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 495. 1768. The citation given by Adanson is to
* Sloan. t. 14. f. 2.” which is also given by Linnzus under his Andropogon in-
sularis, which fixes this species as the type.

Trichachne Nees, Agrost. Bras. 85. 1829. Nees describes five species, the first
of which, 7. insularis, based on Andropogon insularis, is taken as the type.

Valota is closely allied to Syntherisma, differing chiefly in the
acuminate fruit and the silky spikelets.

Valota insularis (L.) Chase (Panicum lanatum Rottb., P. leuco-
phaeum H. B. K.) (fig. 129), common in the American Tropics, with
brown or tawny inflorescence, is found in southern Florida. Valota
hitchcockiz Chase, with short blades and short-pubescent spikelets is
a rare species from Texas and Mexico. Valota saccharata (Buckl.)
Chase (Panicum lachnanthum Torr.), with copiously long, silky
white spikelets, is common in the Southwestern States on rocky soil.
The first-mentioned species is not relished by cattle and in the West

Indies is called sour-grass. The third species is a constituent of the

ranges of the Southwest, but furnishes only fair forage.

110. SYNTHERISMA Walt., the crab-grasses.
(Digitaria Hall., not Heist.)

Spikelets solitary or in twos or threes, subsessile or short-pedi-
celed, alternate in two rows on one side of a three-angled winged or
wingless rachis; spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, plano-convex; first

glume minute. or wanting; second glume equaling the sterile lemma

or shorter ; fertile lemma cartilaginous, the hyaline margins pale.

Annual or sometimes perennial, erect or prostrate grasses, the slen-
der racemes digitate or somewhat scattered, but aggregate along the
upper part of the culms. Species about 60, in the warmer parts of the
world; 12 species in the United States, mostly in the southeastern
part.

Type species: Syntherisma praecox Walt.

Digitaria Hall., Stirp. Helv. 2: 244, 1768, not Adans., 1763, nor Heist., 1759.
Haller describes two species. No specific names are used, but the first species is
associable by citation with Panicum sanguinale L. (Syntherisma sanguinalis)
and the second with Panicum dactylon L. (Capriola dactylon). The first is
chosen as the type.

Syntherisma Walt., Fi. Carol. 76. 1788. Walter describes three species, S.
praecor, S. serotina, and S. villosa. The first of these is selected as the type.
This is the same as S. sanguinalis.

1 Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1304. 1759.

\
Y

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

216

Plant, X 4; spikelet and fertile floret, x 10.

Sour-grass, Valota insularis.

re. 129:

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. ONT

Syntherisma is included in Panicum by some botanists and in Pas-
palum by others. It differs from both in the cartilaginous rather

=
SS

Fic. 130.—Crab-grass, Syntherisma sanguinalis.
Plant, < 4; two views of spikelet and fertile
floret, x 10.

the flat, white, hyaline

margins of the lemma.
Our commonest species

is Syntherisma sanguinalis

(L.) Dulac (Digitaria -

sanguinalis Scop.) (fig.
130), usually called crab-
grass. This is a decumbent
or prostrate annual, usually
more or less purple, with
hispid sheaths, flat blades,
few to several slender digi-
tate or subdigitate spikes
or racemes, and a narrowly

"winged rachis, the first

glume minute. Crab-grass
is a native of the Old
World, but is now widely
distributed in tropical
America, and is common in
cultivated soil throughout
the eastern and southern
part of the United States.
It is often a bad weed in
lawns. In the Southern
States, where crab-grass
produces an abundant
growth in the late summer
on the fields from which
crops have been gathered,
it is utilized for forage and
is sometimes cut for hay.

than indurate fruit and in

218 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Syntherisma ischaemum (Schrad.) Nash (Digitaria humifusa
Pers., Panicum glabrum Gaud.), also introduced, is darker green and
glabrous, and has dark pubescent spikelets, the first glume wanting.
This is a common weed in lawns. Syntherisma filiformis (L.) Nash
is an erect native annual with erect racemes, the rachis not winged.
Several other species are found in Florida. Nearly all the species of
Syntherisma are weedy grasses or tend to kecome weeds.

For a revision of the species of Syntherisma found in the United
States, see } ee Bull. Torrey Club 25: 289-303. 1898.

111. Teper ones Chase.

Spikelets on slender pedicels; first glume minute or obsolete; sec-
ond glume 3-nerved, nearly as long as the 5 to 7 nerved sterile lemma,
a more or less prominent stripe of appressed silky hairs down the
internerves and margins of each, the sterile lemma empty or inclos-
ing a minute nerveless rudimentary palea; fertile lemma cartilagi-
nous, elliptic, acute, brown, the delicate hyaline margins inclosing
the palea.

Perennial branching grasses, with brittle culms, felty pubescent
at base, flat blades, and open or diffuse panicles, these breaking away
at maturity, becoming tumbleweeds. Species four; one in the United
States, the others in Australia.

Type species: Panicum cognatum Schult.

Leptoloma Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 19: 191. 1906. The type is
designated.

The only species found in our country is Leptoloma cognatum
(Schult.) Chase (Panicum autumnale Bose, P. divergens Muhl.)
(fig. 131) growing in sandy soil from New England to Florida and
from Minnesota to Texas. This genus differs from Syntherisma
chiefly in the form of the inflorescence, being an open panicle rather
than an aggregation of slender spikes. It is of no economic impor-
tance. gas

112. StenoraPpHRuM Trin.

Spikelets embedded in one side of an enlarged and flattened corky
rachis disarticulating at maturity, the spikelets remaining attached;
first glume small; second glume and sterile lemma about equal, the
latter with a palea or staminate flower; fertile lemma chartaceous.

Creeping stoloniferous perennials, with short flowerimg stems,
-rather broad and short obtuse blades, and terminal and axillary
spikes. Species about five; eiucs of die Pacific; one in the southern
United States.

Type species: Panicum dimidiatum L. :

Stenotaphrum Trin., Fund. Agrost. 175. 1820. <A single species is mentioned,
S. glabrum Trin., based on Rottboellia dimidiata L., which in turn is based on
Panicum dimidiatum L.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 919

Our species is Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze (S.

SASS

Sx
SSS

——<

SS
—

—

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—

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SS Sen
SA

Fic. 131.—Leptoloma cognatum.
Plant, X 4; two views of spike-

let and fertile floret, xX 10.

americanum Schrank) (fig. 182), found near the coast from North
Carolina to Florida and Texas, and southward, growing especially

in alluvial or mucky soil. It is culti-
vated as a lawn grass in the coastal
cities under the name of St. Augus-
tine grass. The lawns of this grass
have a coarse texture but are other-
wise satisfactory. The grass is prop-
agated by setting out cuttings or
pieces of the stolons bearing shoots.

113. Ertocuioa H. B. K.

Spikelets dorsally compressed,
more or less pubescent, solitary or
sometimes in pairs, short-pediceled
or subsessile, in two rows on one side
of a narrow, usually hairy rachis,
the pedicels often clothed with long,
stiff hairs, the back of the fertile
lemma turned from the rachis; lower
rachilla joint thickened, forming a
more or less ringlike, usually dark-
colored callus below the second
glume, the first glume reduced to a
minute sheath about this and adnate
to it; second glume and sterile lemma
about equal, acute or acuminate,

the lemma usually inclosing a hya-
line palea or sometimes a stami-

920 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

nate flower; fertile lemma indurate, minutely papillose-rugose,
mucronate or awned, the awn often readily deciduous, the mar-
gins slightly inrolled.

Annual or perennial, often
branching grasses, with termi-
nal panicles consisting of sev-
eral or many spreading or
appressed racemes, usually
rather closely arranged along
the main axis. Species about
15, in the warmer parts of the
world, mostly in America; 6
species in the United States, in
the Southern and Southwest-
ern States.

Type species: Eriochloa distachya ~
HH: BK

Eriochloa H. B. K., Nov. Gen. and
Sp. 1: 94, pls. 30 and 31. 1816. Two
species are described, H#. distachya
and H. polystachya, and both are
figured. The first is chosen as the

type.

Helopus Trin., Fund. Agrost. 103,
pl. 4. 1820. The only species men-
tioned is H. pilosus, which is the

Fig. 132.—St. Augustine grass, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Plant, X 4; two yiews of
spikelet and fertile floret, x 10.

same as Friochloa punctata. Trinius incorrectly cites Milium ranosum Retz.
as a synonym of Helopus pilosus. ; :

Oedipachne Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 51. 1827. The only species mentioned is
Milium punctatum L. (Eriochloa punctata (L.) Hamilt.), upon which Oedi-
pachne punctata is based.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. PAA |

Our commonest species is H’viochloa acuminata (Presl) Kunth, an

annual, 1 to 2 feet tall, with spikelets about 5 mm. long, the fertile.

lemma apiculate. This is found from Kansas to Texas and Arizona,
in open ground, often a weed in cultivated soil. In some books this
is called £. polystachya H. B. K., a species described from Ecuador.
A West Indian species, #. punctata (.) Hamilt. (fig. 183), extends
into Louisiana and Texas.

Our species appear to be of no agricultural importance. One
species of the West Indies (2. subglabra), called in Porto Rico
malojilla, is used for forage. This has been tried along the Gulf
coast from Florida to southern Texas, and has given excellent results
in southern Florida and at Biloxi, Miss. Carib grass, as it is pro-
posed to call this species, is similar in habit to Para grass, producing
runners, but less extensively, and is suited to grazing and will
furnish a good quality of hay. It will not withstand either cold or

drought.
114. BracHuiArta (Trin.) Griseb.

Spikelets dorsally compressed, solitary, rarely in pairs, subsessile,
in two rows on one side of a 3-angled, sometimes narrowly winged
rachis, the first glume turned toward the axis; first glume short or
nearly as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma about
equal, 5 to 7 nerved, the lemma inclosing a hyaline palea and some-
times a staminate flower; fertile lemma indurate, usually papillose-
rugose, the margins inrolled, the apex rarely mucronate or bearing a
short awn.

Annual or perennial, branching and spreading grasses, with linear
blades and terminal inflorescence consisting of several spreading or
appressed racemes along a common axis. Species about 15, in the
warmer regions of both hemispheres; 3 species in the United
States, 2 native along our southern border, 1 introduced.

Type species: Panicum erucaeforme J. KE. Smith.

Brachiaria Griseb., in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 469. 1853. Only one species is
mentioned, B. erucaeformis.

From those species of Panicum with spikelets in one-sided spike-
like racemes, this genus differs in having the spikelets in the reverse
position relative to the rachis, that is, with the first glume toward the
rachis.

The three species, none of which has economic importance, are
Brachiaria erucaeformis (J. E. Smith) Griseb., an annual, with
pubescent spikelets, occasionally introduced from Europe, B. platy-
phylla (Griseb.) Nash (fig. 134), an annual, with glabrous spikelets,
growing in Louisiana and Texas, and B. ciliatissima (Buckl.) Chase
(Panicum ciliatissimum Buckl.), a perennial, with silky spikelets,
growing in Arkansas and Texas.

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

222

Fig. 133.—Eriochloa punctata. Plant, X 4; two views of spikelet and fertile floret, X 10.

: GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 223

115. Axonopus Beauv.
(Anastrophus Schlecht. )

ee es Se anal
Vipers

Spikelets depressed biconvex, not turgid, oblong, usually obtuse,
solitary, sessile, and alternate, in two rows on one side of a 3-angled
rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned
from the axis; first glume wanting; second
i glume and sterile lemma equal, the lemma
R without a palea; fertile lemma and palea
¥ indurate, the lemma oblong-elliptic, usually
\ obtuse, the margins slightly inrolled.

Stoloniferous or tufted perennials, rarely
annuals, with usually flat or folded, ab-
ruptly rounded or somewhat pointed blades,
and few or numerous, slender, spikelike
racemes, digitate or racemose along the
main axis. Species about 30, tropical

{ America, 1 or 2 introduced into the

| Tropics of the Old World; 2 species in
CG) the United States, in moist
\ / soil in the Southeastern
i 7” States.

Type species: Milium compres-
sum Swartz.

Axonopus Beauv., Ess. Agrost.
12, 154. 1812. Beauvois mentions
several diverse species that be-

long to his new genus, the first
being Miliwm compressum, which

Fic. 134.—Brachiaria platyphylla. Plant, xX 3; two views of spikelet and fertile floret,
>< AKO

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ee

924 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

is chosen as the type, Since it is the only species that agrees with his de-
scription of the genus in having solitary spikelets. The other species
that he mentions are now referred to other genera,
Milium digitatum to Syntherisma, J/. cimicinum to
y Coridochloa, M. paniceum to Syntherisma. In a

subsequent paragraph the author briefiy describes
; a new species, A. aureus, which he thinks ought
to belong to this genus. Nash* selects A. aureus
as the type of Axonopus.

p type is C. chrysoblepharis Lag., the only species
i mentioned. To this group belongs Aronopus aureus
Vf 4 mentioned above. .

AW Anastrophus Schlecht., Bot. Zeit. 8: 681. 1850.
i! y The type is Paspalum platyculmum Du Petit-Thou.,
M the first of several species referred to the genus.

f This is probably the same as Aronopus compressus, —

|P or at least closely allied to that species.

M Lappagopsis Steud., Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 112. 1854.
The type is L. bijuga Steud., the only species de-
scribed. |

The most important species of the genus
in the United States is Avonopus compres-
sus (Swartz) Beauv. (fig. 135),
usually called carpet grass in the
South. Thisisastoloniferous per-
ennial, with compressed stems,
comparatively short, flat, broadly
linear, abruptly pointed blades,
and slender spikes somewhat digi-
tate at the summit of the culms.

Tropics and extends in the United
States from Virginia to Florida
and Texas in the lowland along
the coast. It thrives particularly
in alluvial or mucky open ground,
where it becomes the dominant

‘Fic. 135.—Carpet grass, Aronopus compressus. Plant, X 34; two views of spikelet and
fertile floret, x 10.

grass. Carpet grass is the predominant pasture grass in the region

mentioned, but is of little importance on sandy soil and does not thrive

on the uplands. In the region where it thrives as a pasture grass

iN. Amer. Fl, 17:165. 1912.

Cabrera Lag., Gen. and Sp. Nov. 5. 1816. The

Carpet grass is common in the

\

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 925

it may be utilized as a lawn grass. For this purpose it 1s propa-
gated by setting out pieces of the stolons. It soon spreads and
occupies the space between.

A second species of the genus, A. furcatus (Fliigge) Hitche., is
found over about the same range as the preceding, but conned to
the United States. This is infrequent and is usually of no economic
importance, but is a valuable pasture grass in the Kissimmee region,
Fla. It is distinguished by its larger spikelets, 4 to 6 mm. long.

116. ReriMARocHLOA Hitche.
(Reimaria of authors.)

Spikelets strongly dorsally compressed, lanceolate, acuminate,
rather distant, subsessile, and alternate in two rows along one side
of a narrow, flattened rachis, the back of the fertile lemma turned
toward it; both glumes wanting, or the second sometimes present in
the terminal spikelet; sterile lemma about equaling the fruit, the
sterile palea obsolete; fertile lemma scarcely indurate, faintly nerved,
acuminate, the margins inrolled at the base only, the palea free nearly
half its length.

Spreading or stoloniferous perennials, with flat blades and slender
spikes, these subdigitate or racemose along the upper part of the culm,
stiffly spreading or reflexed at maturity. Species about four; in the
American Tropics, one extending into Florida.

Type species: Reimaria acuta Fliigge.

Reimarochloa Hitche., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 198. 1909. The type is
designated. The genus includes most of the species that have been assigned to
Reimaria Fltigge, the type of which is R. candida, a species of Paspalum.

Only one species 1s found in the United States, Reimarochloa
oligostachya (Munro) Hitche. (fig. 186), confined to Florida and
Cuba. It has no economic importance.

117. PASPALUM L.

Spikelets plano-convex, usually obtuse, subsessile, solitary or in
pairs, in two rows on one side of a narrow or dilated rachis, the back
of the fertile lemma toward it; first glume usually wanting; second
glume and sterile lemma commonly about equal, the former rarely
wanting; fertile lemma usually obtuse, chartaceous-indurate, the
margins inrolled.

Mostly perennials, with one to many spikelike racemes, these single
or paired at the summit of the culms or racemosely arranged along
the main axis. Species numerous, probably as many as 200, widely
distributed in the warmer parts af both hemispheres; Aout 50 spe-
cies in the United States, mostly in the Southeastern States.

Type species: Paspalum dimidiatum L.

Paspalum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 855, 1759. Four species are described, P. di-
midiatum (of which “ Panicum dissectum sp. pl. 57 n. 6” is cited as a syno-

97769°—19—Bull. 772 —-15

eer at ae

a ee

226 BULLETIN 1772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

nym), P. virgatum, P. paniculatum, and P. distichum. The first is selected as
the type. All are still retained in the genus.

S
3; two views of spikelet and fertile i

Fic. 136.—Reimarochloa oligostachya. Plant X
— i

floret, X 10.
Ceresia Pers., Syn. Pl. 1:85. 1805. <A single species, C. elegans Pers., is }

included. This is one of the species having a broad-winged rachis.
Reimaria Fliigge, Gram. Monogr. 213. 1810. Three species are included,

R. candida Humb. and Bonpl., #. The first two are ©

elegans, and R. acuta.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. DpAtl

species of Paspalum in which both glumes are wanting, the third, to which the
generic description less aptly applies, is a species of Reimarochloa. Reimaria
candida is taken as the type.

Cymatochloa Schlecht., Bot. Zeit. 12: 817, 821. 1854. Two names, “C. flui-
tans (Ceresia fluitans Ell.)” and “C. repens (Paspalum repens Berg.)” are
given. Both names apply to the same species, Paspalum repens Berg.

Dimorphostachys Fourn., Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 80: 441. 1875.
The type is Panicum monostachyum H. B. K., the first of four species men-
tioned.

Paspalum is closely allied to Panicum, differing chiefly in the
strictly racemose inflorescence and the plano-convex spikelets in
which the first glume is wanting. In a few species (section Dimor-
phostachys, in Paspalum distichum and in P. bifidum (Bertol.)
Nash) the first glume is present on at least a part of the spikelets.
In P. pulchellum Kunth of tropical America and a few other species
both glumes are wanting. |

In spite of the large number of species in this genus, very few
are of economic importance. Most of the species make a sparse
growth in moist pine barrens and old fields and are not grazed to
any extent. A few species inhabiting meadows and savannas fur-
nish a limited amount of forage. Among these may be mentioned
P. laeve Michx. (fig. 187) and P. ciliatifolium Michx., and the allies
of these species. Paspalum laeve, with 2 or 3 racemes and spikelets
2.5 mm. long, is common from Maryland to Florida and Texas.
Paspalum ciliatifolum and its allies, besides the one to few slender
racemes on the main culm, have several naked branches from the
upper sheaths, each branch usually bearing a single raceme.

Paspalum distichum 1., with creeping stolons and racemes in
pairs at the summit of the culms, is widely distributed along muddy
coasts and ditch banks from Virginia to Florida and thence across
the continent to California and Washington. Where abundant it
furnishes some forage.

Paspalum dilatatum Poir. has been tried as a forage grass in the
Southern States, where it has been cultivated under the name of
water grass. It has little to recommend it here, but in the Hawaiian
Islands it gives much promise as a pasture grass. In tropical Amer-
ica species of Paspalum form an important element in the grazing
land of the savannas, P. notatwm Fliigge being one of the most
abundant.

118. Panicum L.

Spikelets more or less compressed dorsiventrally, arranged in open
or compact panicles, rarely racemes; glumes 2, herbaceous, nerved,
usually very unequal, the first often minute, the second typically
equaling the sterile lemma, the latter of the same texture and simu-
lating a third glume, bearing in its axil a membranaceous or hyaline
palea and sometimes a staminate flower, the palea rarely wanting;

a

a a a ie

= A

———

2.

228 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

fertile lemma chartaceous-indurate, typically obtuse, the nerves
obsolete, the margins inrolled over an inclosed palea of the same tex-

—

a
a
= ——— ets

eS

erste
gen

"WEEE 3s
LOIN
ay, g :

_—
J - 4
‘ X Si
;

Fig. 187.—Paspalum laeve.

Plant, X 3; two views of spikelet and fertile floret, x 10.

ture, a lunate line of thinner texture at the back just above the base, :
the rootlet protruding through this at germination, |

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 229

Annual er perennial grasses, of various habit. Species probably
about 500, mostly confined to the warmer regions of both hemi-
spheres, about 150 species being found in the United States.

Type species: Panicum miliaceum L. .

Panicum L., Sp. Pl. 55, 17538; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 29. 1754. Twenty species are
described. The first ten and the fifteenth are now referred to other genera. Of
the species considered typical by Linnzeus, as indicated by the description in
his Genera Plantarum, Panicum miliaeeum is the only one cultivated and is
therefore chosen as the type.”

Eatonia Raf., Journ. de Phys. 89: 104. 1819. A single species, H. purpura-
scens, which is the same as Panicum virgatum, is included.

Steinchisma Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 220. 1830. “ Panicum divaricatum, P.
hians”’ are cited, both names applying to the same species, P. hians Hl.

Phanopyrum (Raf.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. 8. 104. 1903. Based
on ‘ Panicum, subgenus Phanopyrum Raf.,” with a single species, P. gymnocar-
pon (Hll.) Nash.

Chasea Nieuwl., Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. A new name proposed for
“Panicum of the authors not of Linnzeus or only in part,” the name Panicum
being applied to Chaetochloa.

Among the species of the United States two subgenera are recog-
nized, besides Panicum proper.

Subgenus Paurochaetium Hitche. and Chase. Perennials with
tufted culms, erect narrow blades, narrow, more or less spikelike
inflorescence, the ultimate branchlets produced beyond the uppermost
spikelets as a bristle 1 to 6 mm. long, the apiculate fruits transversely
rugose. There are four species within our limits, one from Florida,
three from Texas. This subgenus shows a transition to Chaetochloa.

Subgenus Dichanthelium Hitche. and Chase. Perennials forming
a usually well-marked rosette of winter leaves, having a vernal phase
of simple culms and terminal panicles of small, perfect, but usually
sterile spikelets, and an autumnal phase produced by the branching
of the culms after the maturity of the primary panicles, the sec-
ondary leaves and panicles usually much reduced, the spikelets cleis-
togamous and fruitful, sometimes hidden in the sheaths. There are
105 species within our limits, the species being especially abundant
on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. <A representative of this subgenus is
Panicum dichotomum L. (fig. 188). A common species in the East-
ern States is P. clandestinum L. (Pl. XVII), one of the most robust
representatives of the group. This has bristly sheaths and-cordate
clasping blades as much as an inch wide. It grows in moist soil and
furnishes a moderate amount of forage.

The remaining species belong for the most part to true Pale
cum, called by some the subgenus Eupanicum. The more important
of jee are the following: Panicum barbinode Trin., Para grass, a
perennial with stout stolons as much as 15 feet long, culms 3 to 6 feet
tall from a creeping base, bearded nodes, and panicles 4 to 6 inches
long, consisting of several spikelike racemes of glabrous spikelets

1¥For a full discussion of the type species of Panicum, see Hitchcock and Chase, Contr.
EeswiNat. ELerb, Lo: 13. 1910,

——— Pe a = oe

230 © BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

8 mm. long. It is com-
monly cultivated in tropi-
cal America for forage
and has been introduced
for this purpose in Flor-
ida and southern Texas
and also into the Tropics
of the Old World. In
Porto Rico it is called
malojilla. This species
has been incorrectly re-
ferred to P. molle Swartz.
A field of Para grass ©
soon becomes a tangle of
stolons and the decumbent
bases of the stems, and for best results it
must be renewed by plowing or disking.
Panicum maximum Jacq., guinea grass, |
is a perennial erect bunch-grass, 4 to 6
feet tall, with open spreading panicles
of elliptic spikelets about 3 mm. long,
the fruit rugose. This is a native of
Africa, introduced into tropical America,
where it is cultivated for forage, fur-
nishing pasture and green feed. It is ©
said to have been introduced into Ja-
maica from west tropical Africa in 1774.
These two species, Para grass and guinea
grass are the only grasses that are ex- —
Fie. 188.— Panicum dichoto- tensively cultivated for forage in tropi- —
mum. Plant, xX 2; two cal America. Panicum miliaceum L.,
views of spikelet and fertile ¥ : :
floret, X ‘10. proso millet, broom-corn millet, hog |
millet, an erect annual 2 to 3 feet tall, —
with a drooping panicle, is cultivated in Europe for the seed, which —
is used for food. It is sparingly cultivated in this country for forage. —

i

PLATE XVII.

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

a Ee ee ER ee “ee eS oe ee SSE ET

Fm ans

PANICUM CLANDESTINUM.

Common in moist woods.

Useful for forage and for ornament.

PLATE XVIII.

GROWN FOR ORNAMENT

EULALIA (MISCANTHUS SINENSIS).

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

€ ye
Ye

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES, 231

Panicum virgatum L. (fig. 139) switch-grass, an erect perennial 3 to
5 feet tall, with open spreading panicle, is common in the eastern half

Fig. 139.—Switch-grass, Panicum virgatum. Plant, X 14; two views of spikelet and
fertile floret, x 10.

of the United States. It is a constituent of prairie hay. Panicum

_ bulbosum H. B. K., of the Southwest develops well-marked corms

——

pe ts a eee

eee.

—_ a —

232 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

at the base of the culms. Panicum texanum Buckl., Texas millet,
Colorado grass, is an annual rather weedy grass of Texas that has
been utilized for hay. It has been called Colorado grass because it
grows in the valley of the Colorado River. Panicum dichotomi-
florum Michx. is a smooth, annual, much-branched, rather succulent
weed, common in the eastern United States in the autumn. The
first glume is very short and truncate. Panicum capillare L. (fig.
140), old-witch grass, is an annual weed, with hirsute sheaths and a
relatively large open capillary panicle with small spikelets... At
maturity the panicle breaks away and is blown about by the wind
asa tumble grass. Panicum geminatwm Forsk. (fig. 141), a common
tropical species, extends into Florida and Texas.

Besides the two subgenera there are a few species that can not be
- included in true Panicum. Two of these within our range are of
some importance. Panicum obtusum H. B. K. (fig. 142), a forage
grass of the Southwest, producing long wiry stolons with bearded.
swollen nodes, and short, erect, fertile culms with narrow panicles of
obtuse spikelets, is emed grapevine mesquite, because of the long,
tough stolons, and adobe grass, because it is found on slightly alka-
line soil. This species differs from Eupanicum in the long first
glume and the racemose branches of the inflorescence. Panicum
hemitomon Schult., maiden cane, is found in moist soil, often in
the water, from Texas to Florida and Delaware near the coast. It
produces extensively creeping rhizomes and numerous sterile shoots.
The panicle is narrow, with short appressed branches. On account
of the rhizomes it becomes a troublesome weed in cultivated soil,
especially in Florida. This species differs from Eupanicum in the
less chartaceous fruit with the palea free at the tip. The’seeds of
Panicum sonorum Beal are used for food by the Cocopa Indians.

See Williams, U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bull. 101, 1899; Scrib-
ner, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 20, fig. 28, 1900; Hitch-
cock and Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15, 1910. The last work
is a revision of the genus Panicum in North America and gives full
descriptions and synonymy of all the species.

119. LAstAcis (Griseb.) Hitche.

Spikelets subglobose, placed obliquely on their pedicels; first glume
broad, somewhat inflated-ventricose, usually not over one-third the
leneth of the spikelet, several-nerved; second glume and sterile
lemma about equal, broad, abruptly apiculate, papery-chartaceous,
shining, many-nerved, glabrous, or lanose at the apex only, the lemma
inclosing a membranaceous palea and sometimes a staminate flower;
fertile lemma white, bony-indurate, obovoid, obtuse, this and the
palea of the same texture, bearing at the apex in a slight crateriform

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. = = 23838 a

=
=

PN Ee a SF 47 SZ B.S

me
ca If.

it MH
|

Zs

¥
Fie. 140.—Old-witch grass, Panicum capillare. Plant, x 2; two views of spikelet and p|
fertile floret, x 10. #

J |

Be

234 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

depression a tuft of woolly hairs, the palea concave below, gibbous
above, the apex often free at maturity. ane

t

)

i

cS

jeraaen

F:g. 141.—Panicum geminatum. Plant, X 43; two views of spikelet and fertile floret —
oe 10:

Large branching perennials, with woody culms often clambering 4
several feet high into shrubs or trees, the blades firm, flat, usually

a ie

235

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

ae 4

lanceolate and narrowed into a petiole, the spikelets in an open

in the American Tropics, one extending

’

20;

Species about

into southern Florida.

panicle.

SS a ee eee ee eee
Sete > See =

Cp ew

22” Sa 4a Pe ees Bel

SS x
ROSTER
So ae Z.

Plant, X 4; spikelet and fertile

Fig. 142.—Grapevine mesquite, Panicum obtusum.

floret, < 10,

236 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Type species: Panicum divaricatum L.
Panicum, section Lasiacis Griseb, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864. Five species
included, the first of which is P. divaricaium.
Lasiacis Hitche., Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15:16. 1910. The type is desig-
nated. This genus was previously
included as a section in Panicum,
from which it differs in habit, the
woody culms resembling those of
bamboos, and in the oblique spike-
lets with the woolly apex of the
fruit and the gibbous fertile palea.

The only species in the
United States is Lastacis di-
varicata (.) Hitche. (fig.
143) of southern Florida. It
has no economic value.

120. SacctoLePpts Nash.

Spikelets oblong-conic:
first glume small, much
shorter than the spikelet; sec-
ond glume broad, inflated-

Fic. 1438.—Lasiacis divaricata. Fascicle of branches,
X %; spikelet and fertile floret, x 10.

saccate, strongly many-nerved; sterile lemma narrower, flat, fewer
nerved, its palea nearly as long, often subtending a staminate flower; —
fertile lemma stipitate, elliptic, chartaceous-indurate, the margins in- —
rolled, the palea not inclosed at the summit. 7

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 23,7

Annuals or perennials, of wet soil, usually branching, the inflores-
cence a dense, usually elongate, spikelike panicle. Species about

YU GA
RUAN

ie SX

12; in the Tropics of both hemi-
spheres, 1 extending into the south-
eastern United States.

Type species: Panicum gibbum Ell.

Sacciolepis Nash, in Britton, Man. 80.
1901. Only one species is deseribed.

Sacciolepis striata (.) Nash
(Holcus striatus L., Panicum gib-
bum Ell.) (fig. 144) is a stolonifer-
ous marsh grass found from Vir-
ginia to Oklahoma and southward.
It has no economic value.

121. OPLISMENUS Beauv.

Spikelets terete or somewhat lat-
erally compressed, subsessile, soli-
tary or in pairs, in two rows
crowded or approximate on
“~ one side of a narrow scabrous

or hairy rachis; glumes
about equal, emarginate or
2-lobed, awned from between
the lobes; sterile lemma ex-
ceeding the glumes and fruit,
notched or entire, mucronate

Fic. 144.—Sacciolepis striata. Plant, x 34; two views of spikelet and fertile floret,

XL:

or short-awned, inclosing a hyaline palea; fertile lemma elliptic, acute,
convex or boat shaped, the firm margins clasping the palea, not inrolled.

a fo

SRT ed BB

ri 4
ca “ae

238 - BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Freely branching, creeping, shade-loving annuals or perennials,
with erect flowering shoots, flat, thin lanceolate or ovate blades, and
several one-sided, thickish, short spikes rather distant on a main axis.
Species about 10, in the Tropics of both hemispheres, 1 extending
into the Southern States.

Type species: Oplismenus_africanus Beauv.

Oplismenus Beauv., Fl. Owar. 2: 14, pl. 58, f. 1. 1809. A single species is
described.

Orthopogon R. Br., Prodr. Nov. Holl. 194. 1810. Four species are described,
O. compositus, O. aemulus, O. flaccidus, and O. imbecillis. Panicum compositum
L. is chosen as the type, this being the basis of the first species of Orthopogon.

The only species in the United States is Oplismenus setarius
(Lam.) Roem. and Schult. (fig. 145), found in shady places from
Florida to Texas. This is grazed by stock, but is not sufficiently
abundant to be of importance.

122. EcHINOCHLOA Beauv.

Spikelets plano-convex, often stiffly hispid, subsessile, solitary or
in irregular clusters on one side of the panicle branches; first glume
about half the length of the spikelet, pointed; second glume and sterile
lemma equal, pointed, mucronate, or the glume short-awned and the
lemma long-awned, sometimes conspicuously so, inclosing a mem-
branaceous palea and sometimes a staminate flower; fertile lemma
plano-convex, smooth and shining, acuminate-pointed, the margins
inrolled below, flat above, the apex of the palea not inclosed.

Coarse, often succulent, annual, or sometimes perennial, grasses, ~
with compressed sheaths, linear flat blades, and rather compact pani-
cles composed of short, densely flowered racemes along a main axis.
Species about 10, in the warm and temperate regions of both hemi-
spheres; 4 species in the United States.

Type species: Panicum crusgalli L.

Echinochloa Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53, pl. 11, f. 2. 1812. The species figured is
selected as the type.

With the exception of Echinochloa colonum (.) Link, the species
of Echinochloa have distinctly awned or awn-pointed spikelets. In
that cosmopolitan species the spikelets are merely apiculate or mucro-
nate, and the racemes are simple and rather remote.

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. (fig. 146), barnyard grass, is
a common weedy annual found throughout the country except at
higher altitudes. The panicles vary much in the size and length of
the awns, and in color vary from green to dark purple. In fields and
waste places the plants are usually spreading, but in water or wet
places may be stout and erect. An erect short-awned form, with
short, ascending racemes, found in the Southwestern States, is the
Mexican £. crusgalli zelayensis (H. B. K.) Hitche. (Oplismenus
zelayensis H. B. K.). EF. erusgalli edulis (Panicum frumentacewm
Roxb., 1820, not Salisb., 1796) is a form that has been cultivated in

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 239

tropical Asia for the seeds, which are used for food. It differs in
having short, compact, appressed, somewhat incurved racemes and
nearly awnless spikelets. This form has been advertised by seeds-

mt
“|,
a
ian
a
i 4
qi
4 \\EAN
fi \ ;
i MY )
BAAN 331)
Ag Ny
Na Hh bi
2 HN
BN Mi
i
Hy) i i
Sail] pi
qi
\ He
NGC
f Wr

Fig. 145.—Oplismenus setarius. Plant, * 4; two views of spikelet and fertile floret, a
yar 10: oe

men in this country as billion-dollar grass and recommended for
forage. It has some forage value, but requires considerable moisture
_ to produce abundantly, and is rather too succulent to make good hay. §
4

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

240
In these forms the sheaths are smooth. Echinochloa walteri (Pursh)

Heller is a closely allied native species with hirsute sheaths and long-
i F

awned spikelets.
All the species of Echinochloa are

grazed by horses and cattle, but
usually grow in situations where they

can not well be utilized.

“US

hy £
th apie Se.
Ss,

Se

So.

Vie
Plant, X i; two views of spikelet —

%
Fig, 146.—Barnyard grass, Hchinochloa crusgalli.
and fertile floret, x 10.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 241

123. TRICHOLAENA Schrad.

Spikelets on short capillary pedicels; first glume small, much
shorter than the spikelet, villous; second glume and sterile lemma
equal, raised on a stipe above the first glume, emarginate or slightly
lobed, short-awned, covered, except toward the apex, with long silky
hairs, the palea of the sterile lemma well developed; fertile lemma
shorter than the spikelet, cartilaginous, smooth, boat shaped, obtuse,
the margins thin, not inrolled, inclosing the margins of the palea.

Perennial or annual grasses, with rather open panicles of silky
spikelets. Species about 15, in the Eastern Hemisphere, mostly in
Africa, one cultivated in the United States.

Type species: Tricholaena micrantha Schrad.

Tricholaena Schrad.; Schult., Mant. 2: 163. 1824. Three species are de-
scribed, but the second and third are included in the genus with a question.
The first species is taken as the type. e

Tricholaena rosea Nees (fig. 147), Natal grass, is becoming an
important forage grass in the sandy lands of Florida, where it has
been recently introduced. It is an upright, rather slender perennial,
2 to 4 feet tall, with beautiful purple panicles, 4 to 10 inches long.
The color varies from light purple or pink to wine color. Although
a perennial, it is usually cultivated as an annual, as it will not survive
temperatures below freezing.

124. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn.
(Setaria Beauv.)

Spikelets subtended by one to several bristles (sterile branchlets),
falling free from the bristles, awnless; first glume broad, usually
less than half the length of the spikelet, 3 to 5 nerved; second glume
and sterile lemma equal, or the former shorter, several-nerved; fer-
tile lemma coriaceous indurate, smooth or rugose.

Annual or perennial grasses, with narrow terminal panicles, these
dense and spikelike or somewhat loose and open. Species about 65,
in the tropical and warm temperate regions of both hemispheres; 18
species in the United States.

Type species: Panicum viride L.

setaria Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, pl. 18, f. 8, 1812, not Acharius, 1789, nor
Michaux, 1803. Fourteen species are listed, S. viridis being illustrated. Pani-
cum viride L., on which this species is based, is taken as the type.

Chaetochloa Scribn., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:38. 1897. Scribner
proposes the name Chaetochloa for Setaria Beauv., stating that the name Setaria
was first used by Beauvois (Fl. Owar. 1809)* for a species of Pennisetum.
Scribner himself applies the name Chaetochloa to the species allied to Panicum
viride. Hence it seems that he wished to substitute Chaetochloa for Setaria
as used by Beauvois in his Essai (Ess. Agrost. 51, pl. 18, f. 8, 1812). The figured
species, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., becomes the type.

The name Ixophorus Schlecht. was applied to this genus by Nash,? but that
is based on a Mexican species not congeneric with ours.

1 According to Dr. J. H. Barnhart the part containing Setaria (Fl. Owar. 2: 80) was
~ not published until 1818.
2 Britton and Brown, Illustr. Fl. 1: 125. 1896.

97769°—19—Bull. 772 16

ie aS Dl —— ee

) aA) 2

712, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BULLETIN

242

kelet and fertile floret, x 10.

spi

Natal grass, Tricholaena rosea. Plant, X 3;

Fic. 147.

FDS: ae

——

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 248

Beal* applied the name Chamaeraphis R. Br. to American species of Chae-
tochloa, but that is an Australian genus in which the articulation is below the
spikelet-bearing branches, as in Pennisetum.

One group of this genus, section Ptychophyllum, has broad, often
plaited, blades and loose or open panicles, the bristles solitary and
at the base of only the uppermost spikelets on the short branchlets.
This section has usually been referred to Panicum, but shows a closer-
relationship to Chaetochloa. Two species of this group, both per-
ennials, are cultivated in greenhouses or in the open in the Tropics
for ornament, chiefly on account of the broad plaited blades that
resemble those of young palms. Chaetochloa sulcata (Aubl.) Hitche.
(Panicum suleatum Aubl.) has narrow, rather dense panicles, 1 to 2
feet long, and blades about 2 inches wide. Chaetochloa palmifolium
(Willd.) Hitche. and Chase has large open panicles and broader
blades. This has been known in cultivation as Panicum plicatum,
but is not P. plicatum Lam. It is sometimes called palm-grass.

Of the species of Chaetochloa proper? (Setaria Beauv.) several
are weeds in cultivated soil. Two annual species are common in the
eastern United States, where they are known as foxtail or pigeon
grass. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn., green foxtail, has a green,
somewhat pointed head, with untwisted blades. Chaetochloa lutes-
cens (Weigel) Stuntz (Setaria glauca of most authors, not Panicum
glaucum L.) (fig. 148), yellow foxtail, has cylindric yellow obtuse
heads and blades twisted in a half ell so that toward the end the
upper surface is beneath.

Another annual species common in waste places is Chactochloa
verticillata (.) Scribn., in which the bristles are backwardly rough-
ened, the heads thus sada readily to clothing. Chaetochloa geni-
culata (Lam.) Millsp. and Chase is a perennial species resembling
yellow foxtail. This is common in the Southern States and through-
out the Tropics. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn., a robust
annual as much as 9 feet high, with a dense panicle or head as much
as a foot long and 2 inches in diameter, is found in marshes from
Maryland to the West Indies.

Chaetochloa macrostachya (H. B. K.) Scribn. and Merr. (here-
tofore commonly confused with the South American C. composita
(H. B. K.) Scribn.), is of some importance as a range grass from
Texas to Arizona. It is a pale perennial, with somewhat pointed
spikelike panicles. The two annuals, C. viridis and C. lutescens, are
often sufficiently abundant to furnish considerable forage.

The most important species of the genus is Chaetochloa italica (.)
Scribn. (Setaria italica Beauv.). This is called millet, or, to dis-
tinguish it from other kinds of millet, foxtail millet. Millet is an

1Grasses N. Amer. 2: 150. 1896.

2The genus was revised by Scribner and Merrill, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrost. Bull.
21. 1900. E

Do SS See See

ee eT OS oO, |) |

le

244 + BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

=. erect annual, 2 to 4 feet tall, with a dense, bristly, yel- —
low or purple head. There are many varieties in culti-
vation, differing in the size and lobing of the head, the
length and color of the bristles, and the color of the
seed. Small forms resemble C. viridis, but may be dis-
tinguished by the articulation of the seed. In C. viridis
the seed (fruit, that is, the fertile fioret) falls from the
pedicel inclosed within the glumes. In C. italica the
seed readily separates from the
elumes by an articulation above
the sterile lemma. A ripe head
of C. italica rubbed between the
palms yields free seed. A head
of C. viridis will yield entire
spikelets.

Fic. 148.—Yellow foxtail, Chaetochloa lutescens. Plant, X 343; two views of spikelet
and fertile floret, xX 10. 4

The varieties of Chaetochiloa italica cultivated in the United States — i

have been classified as follows! (under Setaria italica) :

Fruit dark colored (reddish or orange to blackish or brownish black). |
Fruit, reddish ‘or orange 22-28) <" +t! UR eee eee —rubrofructa. —
Fruit blackish, brownish black, or purplish black with pale yellowish a

straw lines intermingled, these sometimes predominating_nigrofructa. i;

—_———..

+See Hubbard, Amer. Journ. Bot. 2: 187. 1915. — 4

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. DAH

Fruit pale (yellowish to straw or light brown).
Bristles green.

Panicle more or less open-lobulate_____-___-___----_~- stramineofructa.
Panicle dense or slightly lobulate at base_________-_________ germanica.
Bristles brown or purple.
ES TLS TI Ser TO Will ese ee pee oermemeee ee be de brunneoseta.
Bristles purple.
Panicle: more or lessslobulat@s. == 4 2s Ne he hostu.
Panicle dense or slightly lobulate at base______________- metzgert.

Subsp. rubrofructa Hubb.: The only forms cultivated in the United States
are var. purpureoseta Hubb., Turkish millet, with purple bristles and a large
lobulate head; and subvar. violacea (Alef.) Hubb., Kursk millet or Siberian
millet, with purple bristles and a smaller dense head.

Subsp. nigrofructa Hubb.: The common form cultivated in the United States
is var. aira, or Hungarian grass. This has small dense heads 1 to 3 inches long
with purple bristles.

Subsp. sétramineofructa Hubb., German millet: Plants robust with heads 4
to 12 inches long and as much as 2 inches wide, the bristles noticeably longer
than the spikelets. Forma breviseta (Doell) Hubb., Golden Wonder millet,
differs in having bristles shorter than the spikelets or barely exceeding them.

Subsp. germanica (Mill.) Hubb., common millet: Heads mostly 2 to 3 inches
long, one-fourth to one-half an inch thick, the bristles noticeably longer than
the spikelets; forma mitis (Alef.) Hubb. with bristles shorter than the spike-
lets or barely exceeding them. ‘There has been an unfortunate misapplication
of the name German millet. The forms cultivated under this name are not
the subspecies germanica as one would suppose (see the preceding subspecies).

Var. brunneoseta Hubb., Aino millet: Head large, lobulate, brown. Subvar.
densior Hubb. has a compact scarcely lobulate head.

Var. hostii Hubb., German millet: Head large, lobulate, purple; differs from
the other form of German millet (subsp. stramineofructa) in having purple
bristles.

Var. metzgeri (Kornicke) Hubb., common millet: Bristles noticeably longer
than the spikelets; differs from the other form of common millet (subsp. ger-
manica) in having purple bristles; sometimes called Hungarian grass, a name
which should be applied to subsp. nigrofructa.

125. PENNISETUM Rich.

Spikelets solitary or in groups of two or three, surrounded by an
involucre of bristles, these not united except at the very base, often
plumose, falling attached to the spikelets; first glume shorter than
the spikelet, sometimes minute or wanting; second glume shorter
than or equaling the sterile lemma; fertile lemma chartaceous,
smooth, the margin thin, inclosing the palea.

Annual or perennial, often branched grasses, with usually flat
blades and dense spikelike panicles. Species about 50, in the tropical
regions of both hemispheres; 1 species in southern Florida.

Type species: Pennisetum typhoidewm Rich.

Pennisetum Rich., in Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805. Five species are described,
P. typhoideum, P. setosum, P. cenchroides, P. orientale, and P. violacewm. ,
eee Seti, typhoideum, being a well-known economic species, is chosen as the

ype. ;

246 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Penicillaria Willd., Enum. Pl. 2: 1036. 1809. A single species, P. spicatus,
based on Holeus spicatus L., is described.

Gymnothrix Beauv., Ess, Agrost. 59, pl. 13. f. 6. 1812. The type species is
G. thourii, the one figured. Beauvois distinguished Gymnothrix from Pen-
nisetum by the glabrous (not plumose) bristles.

& The most important species of the genus is Pennisetum
% glaucum (L.) R. Br. (P. typhoideum Rich., P. ameri-
Se canum (L.) Schum., Penicillaria spicata (L.) Willd.),
Wie e ° = ° . .
S28 called in this country pearl millet (fig. 149). This isa

ae

63 robust annual, 4 to 8 feet tall, with broad blades like
a those of corn or sorghum, and a dense, erect, cylindric
248 spikelike panicle as much as a foot long, the stem woolly
3% below the spike, the involucre containing usually two
Ss spikelets about as long as the bristles. Pearl millet dif-
a fers from the other Paniceae in having an enlarged cary-

S33 opsis bursting through its lemma and palea. The cary-
See opsis, or “seed,” is deciduous by an articulation above |
aoe the fertile lemma, the bristles and the floral bracts re- |
4 maining on the spike. Pearl millet is widely cultivated —
“aig in tropical Africa and Asia, the seed being used for hu-
= man food. The species has been cultivated since pre-

Fic. 149.—Pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum. Inflorescence, X 3; two views of spikelet 3
and caryopsis, X 10. e |

historic times, its wild prototype being unknown. In the United |
States pearl millet is used to a limited extent in the Southern States _
for forage, especially for soiling. : .

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. DAT

Panicum glaucum L. (Sp. Pl. 56. 1753), on which was based Pen-
nisetum glaucum, was itself based on a citation from the Flora Zey-
lanica (Panicum spica tereti, involucris bifloris fasciculato-pilosis L.
Fl. Zeyl. 18. 1747), which refers to the species afterwards described
as Pennisetum typhoideum. Linneeus described two varieties of
Panicum glaucum, these being now called Chaetochloa viridis and C.
lutescens. Through an error the name Panicum glaucum has been
applied by nearly all botanists to the latter species. When the
species was transferred to Setaria and to Chaetochloa the error was
perpetuated. Robert Brown transferred Panicum glaucum to Pen-
nisetum but used the name in the erroneous sense, as is shown by his
description. Nevertheless, Robert Brown must be credited with the
name Pennisetum glaucum even though he described the wrong
species. The only species of Pennisetum found native in the United
States is P. setosum (Swartz) Rich. (fig. 150), of tropical America,
which extends into southern Florida. Two species are cultivated
for ornament. Pennisetum villosum R. Br. (P. longistylum of flor-
ists, not Hochst.) is a slender perennial 1 or 2 feet tall with a pale
feathery head 2 to 4 inches long, the bristles 1 to 2 inches long.
Pennisetum ruppeltzi Steud., fountain grass, with beautiful pink or
purple nodding spikes, longer and more graceful than those of the
preceding, is used for borders. An African species, Napier grass
(P. purpureum Schum.), has been tested recently in the Southern
States as a forage plant. It is a coarse perennial 8 to 12 feet tall.

126. CENCHRUS L.

Spikelets solitary or few together, surrounded and inclosed by a

spiny bur composed of numerous coalescing bristles (sterile branch-
lets), the bur globular, the peduncle short and thick, articulate at

base, falling with the spikelets and permanently inclosing them, the
seed germinating within the old involucre, the spines usually
retrorsely barbed.

Annual or sometimes perennial, commonly low branching grasses,
with flat blades and racemes of burs, the burs readily deciduous.
Species about 25, in the warmer parts of both hemispheres, but chiefly
in America; 7 species in the United States, chiefly in the south-
ern portion.

Type species: Cenchrus echinatus L.

Cenchrus L., Sp. Pl. 1049, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 471. 1754. Linnseus describes
five species, C. racemosus, C. capitatus, C. echinatus, C. tribuloides, and C. fru-
tescens. The reference in the Genera Plantarum is to Panicastrella Mich. 31, that
is, to plate 31 of Micheli’s Nova Plantarum Genera, published in 1729. The ac-
count of the genus Panicastrella is on page 36. The two species here described
are cited as synonyms by Linneeus, under Cenchrus echinatus and C. tribuloides,
both being based on descriptions in Sloane’s History of Jamaica. The first
species, C. echinatus, is chosen as the type. Cenchrus racemosus is now referred
to Nazia; C. capitatus to Echinaria. Cenchrus frutescens, of which there is no
specimen in the Linnzean Herbarium, is uncertain. It is stated to come from
America, but this is a misprint for Armenia, as is shown by the second edition of
the Species Plantarum.

———-

So) Sa4_eee 5
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——

248

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 249

Rarum Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 35, 597. 1768. Of the four pre-Linnean citations
two are given by Linnzeus under Cenchrus echinatus, which is taken as the type.

Cenchropsis Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast. U.S: 109. 1903. Cenchrus myosu-
roides H. B. K. is designated as the type.

Nastus Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 214. 1915. The name is ascribed to

Dioscorides and “ Cenchrus frutescens Linn.” given as the type. Lunell intends
to apply the name to Cenchrus, but the designated type is unidentifiable and
certainly is not a grass.
Most of the species.of the United States are annual. Cenchrus
myosuroides H. B. i. differs from our other species in the involucre,
or bur, with bristles united only at the base. Were it not for certain
species of Australasia which are intermediate, this species might be
segregated under a distinct genus, as was done by Nash.’ The original
C. tribuloides L. (fig. 151) is a dune grass of the Atlantic coast, with
large villous burs. The common sand bur of the interior found in
sandy fields across the continent is C. pauciflorus Benth. This was
formerly confused with (. tribuloides and more recently has been
called C. carolinianus Walt., which proves to be a different species.
Cenchrus echinatus, a common tropical species extending into the
Southern States, has a less prickly bur, with a ring of slender bristles
at the base of the stout prickles. The species of Cenchrus, especially
the last two, are excellent forage grasses before the burs are formed.
The genus has been revised by Nash.?

127. AMPHICARPON Raf.

Spikelets of two kinds on the same plant, one in a terminal panicle,
perfect but not fruitful, the other cleistogamous on slender leafless
subterranean branches from the base of the culm or sometimes also
from the lower nodes; first glume of the aerial spikelets variable
in size, sometimes obsolete; second glume and sterile lemma about
equal; lemma and palea indurate, the margins of the lemma thin
and flat; fruiting spikelets much larger, the first glume wanting;
second glume and sterile lemma strongly nerved, subrigid, exceeded
at maturity by the turgid, elliptic, acuminate fruit with strongly
indurate lemma and palea, the margins of the lemma thin and flat;
stamens with small anthers on short filaments.

Annual or perennial erect grasses, with flat blades and narrow
terminal panicles. Species two, in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region
of the United States.

Type species: Milium amphicarpum Pursh.

Amphicarpon Raf., Amer. Month. Mag. 2: 175. 1818. Ina review of Pursh’s
Flora of North America, Rafinesque indicates that Milium amphicarpon should
be a new genus, Amphicarpon Raf. Kunth?’ published the genus Amphicarpum,
based on the same type, apparently ignorant of Rafinesque’s proposed name.

'1Censhropsis myosuroides (H. B. K.) Nash, in Small, Fl. Southeast, U. S. 109. 1903.
2 Bull. Torrey Club 22: 298-301. 1895.
SRey. Gram, 1: 28. 1829.

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. —

250

The two species are Amphicarpon purshii Kunth (4. amphicarpon
(Pursh) Nash). an annual (fig. 152),-with hirsute blades, found

two views of spikelet and fertile floret,

23
x 10.

Pink x 22:

Fic. 151.—Cenchrus tribuloides.

from New Jersey.to Florida; and A. floridanum Chapm., a tokens E

erous perennial, with glabrous blades. confined to Florida.

latter often provides abundant pasture.

alae

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. Dra

Iie. 152.—Amphicarpon purshii.

Plant, X 24; two views of aerial spikelet and floret

and the subterranean spikelet and fertile floret, « 10.

ee ES

See > eae aT aS SR BR 8 a ee a, Ree = —

QF 2s

ea,

952 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Olyra L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 221261. 1759. A tropical American
genus, one species of ‘which, O. latifolia L. (fig. 153) is credited
to Florida by Small in his Flora of the Southeastern United States.
The record is doubtful.

A glabrous perennial, bamboolike in aspect, as much as 15 feet
tall, the branches straggling over shrubs; blades petiolate, asym-
metrically lanceolate-oblong, as much as 8 inches long and 2 inches
wide; panicles 4 to 6 inches long, the branches stiffly ascending or
spreading, each bearing a single, large, long-acuminate, pistillate
spikelet at the thickened summit and several small slender-pediceled
staminate spikelets along the branch.

13. ANDROPOGONEAE, THE SORGHUM TRIBE.

128. IMPERATA Cyrillo.

Spikelets all alike, awnless, in pairs, unequally pedicellate on a
slender continuous rachis, surrounded by long silky hairs; glumes
about equal, membranaceous; sterile lemma, fertile lemma, and palea
thin and hyaline.

Perennial, slender, erect grasses, with terminal narrow woolly pani-
cles. Species seven, in the oneal regions of both hemispheres; two
species in the United States, three others in tropical America.

Type species: Lagurus cylindricus UL.

Imperata Cyrillo, Pl. Rar. Neap. 2: 26. 1792. <A single species is described,
I. arundinacea Cyrillo, but the genus is based upon Lagurus cylindricus L.*

Our species are Imperata brasiliensis Trin., in southern Florida,
and J. hookert Rupr. (fig. 154), from western Texas to southern
California. They are not found in sufficient abundance to be of
agricultural value.

129, MiscAntHus Anderss.

Spikelets all alike, in pairs unequally pedicellate along a slender
continuous rachis; glumes equal, membranaceous or somewhat coria-
ceous; sterile lemma a litle shorter than the glumes, hyaline; fertile
lewime hyaline, smaller than the sterile lemma, extending into a deli-
cate bent and fiexuous awn; palea small and faee ;

Robust perennials, with long flat blades and terminal panicles of
aggregate spreading slender racemes, our species with a tuft of
silky hairs at the base of the spikelet, surrounding it and of about
the same length as the glumes, the palea of the short-pedicellate spike-
let about one-fourth as long as the lemma, the palea of the long-
pedicellate spikelet obsolete. Species about eight, in southeastern
Asia and South Africa; one cultivated in the United States.

1Cyrillo gives the generic heading thus: ‘“Imperata. Lagurus cylindricus Linn., Sp.
ie 120; nS

- GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.
/ IS : fi
() Y Z BQ , |g
y ly ‘ kira
YZ, = 1\ & <

|

Fie. 153.—Olyra latifolia. Plant, « i; pistillate spikelet, fertile floret, and staminate

spikelet, x 5

253

4 SS se 3a
— — = + <

a ro

See

2° "tee, seen moe

So SS SS Se SS

—— ef

a SS) =
as ee

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

254

Miscanthus japonicus Anderss.
Miscanthus Anderss., Ofv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1855
son describes five species, J7. capensis, M. japonicus, M. lu

Type species:

1856. Anders-

5.
onensis, M. sinensis,

16

eA
~

and If. purpurascens.

Andersson states that WM. capensis is a transition from

: Sx

SIN SSS SS

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=

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—— ase aa SS cal ot ; ae
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— = — Ag es = ie S

i Wa
ae /

Plant, X 3; spikelet, x 5.

Fig. 154.—Imperata hookeri.

this group to the other genera of the tribe; hence this species may be excluded _

from consideration in selecting the type of the genus.

japonicus, is therefore selected as the type.

r

The second species, M,

ie
:

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 955

Xiphagrostis Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9: 399, pl. 69. 1905. Two
species are included, X. floridula (Labill.) Coville and X. japonica (Thunb.)
Coville. Saccharum floriduluwm Labill., on which’ the first species is based, iS
designated as the type. Coville assumed M/. capensis to be the type of Miscan-
thus, as it was the first species described (see Miscanthus, p. 254), and referred
Miscanthus sinensis and its allies, which were not congenerie with J/. capensis,
to Xiphagrostis.

Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. (P1. XVIII; fig. 155) is cultivated in
the United States as an ornamental. Commercially it is known as
Eulalia japonica or merely eulalia. This is a reedy grass 4 to 8 feet
high, growing in large bunches, with flat mostly basal blades, 2 to 3
feet long and about half an inch wide, gradually narrowed to a
slender point, the panicle somewhat fan shaped, consisting of nu-
merous silky racemes 4 to 8 inches long, aggregate at the summit of
the culm. Eulalia has escaped from cultivation and is found grow-
ing wild in some localities. There are two varieties of Miscanthus
sinensis with variegated leaves, var. variegatus Beal, with striped
blades, and var. zebrinus Beal, with banded blades. <J/iscanthus
sinensis gracillimus is a variety with very narrow blades. Another
species, I. nepalensis (Trin.) Hack., is occasionally cultivated under
the name of Himalaya fairy grass. This has spikelets about one-

fourth as long as the hairs at their base.

130. SaccHaRuM L.

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, both perfect,
awnless, arranged in panicled racemes, the axis disarticulating below
the spikelets; glumes somewhat indurate, sterile lemma similar but
hyaline; fertile lemma hyaline, sometimes wanting.

Perennial grasses of tropical regions, including about 10 species.

Type species: Saccharum officinarum L.

Saceharum L., Sp. Pl. 54, 1753; Gen. PL, ed. 5, 28. 1754. Two species are de-

scribed. The first is chosen as the type, because it is a well-known economic
species. The second species, S. spicatwm, is now referred to the genus Imperata.

Saccharum oficinarum (fig. 156), the sugar cane, is cultivated in
Louisiana and to a limited degree in some of the other Gulf States.
It is a tall stout grass, 8 to 15 feet tall or even taller, with solid juicy
stems, broad flat blades, and large plumelike panicles 1 to 2 feet
long, with numerous small spikelets about 3 mm. long, each sur-
rounded at the base by a tuft of silky hairs two or three times as
long as the spikelet. The glumes and the delicate sterile lemma are
about the same length, the fertile lemma and palea being absent.
Sugar cane is cultivated chiefly for the production of sugar and
molasses; but, especially in the Gulf States outside of Louisiana, it is
also used for forage.

131. ERIANTHUS Michx.

Spikelets all alike, in pairs along a slender axis, one sessile, the other
pedicellate, the rachis disarticulating below the spikelets, the rachis

2956 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Lan
U7 NAN
| ty) Z Za, .
iy |

MWA EZ AS:

Fic. 155.—Eulalia, Miscanthus sinensis. Sketch of several stems, much reduced; branch ©
of panicle, X 4; spikelet, x 5. *

al .

*
i

.

:

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 257

ty
4-

iff
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1 OG 7
NA! ¢£GB

Py,

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\ y Mig . yy

BE PO 0

Mi;

Fic. 156.—Sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum.

- YY, ae :
OP ly
i

Zs

Sketch of three stems, much reduced;

a few branches of panicle, X 4; spikelet with pedicel of second spikelet (the shorter)

and joint of rachis, x 5.

97769°—19—Bull. 77217

258 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

joint and pedicel falling attached to the sessile spikelet; glumes
coriaceous, equal, usually copiously clothed, at least at the base, with
long silky spreading hairs; sterile lemma thin and hyaline; fertile |
lemma hyaline, the midnerve extending into a slender awn; palea _
small and hyaline. ;

Perennial reedlike grasses, with flat blades and terminal oblong,
usually dense silky panicles. Species about 20, in the warmer regions
of both hemispheres; five in the United States, mostly in the Atlantic
Coastal Plain.

Type species: Hrianthus saccharoides Michx.

Erianthus Michx., Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:54. 1803. Michaux describes two species,
#. saccharoides and EH. brevibarbis. He derives the name of the genus from
two Greek words which mean hairy flower, because of the very densely villous
involucre below the spikelets, and he remarks that the genus is closely allied
to Saccharum. The first species, with long involucral hairs, he names

saccharoides, and the second, with short hairs, brevibarbis. The first species,
better representing Michaux’s idea of the genus, is chosen as the type.

The commonest native species 1s Erianthus saccharoides (fig. 157),
with straight awns and woolly panicles. Hrianthus divaricatus (L.)
Hitche., with pale panicles, and £. contortus Baldw., with dark
panicles, have flat, twisted awns. Lrianthus strictus Baldw. has
naked spikelets, and 2’. brevibarbis Michx. has short hairs at the base
of the spikelets. The plants are too coarse to be of value for grazing,
but some of our native species might well be cultivated for ornament.

One species, /’. ravennae (L.) Beauv., a native of the Mediterranean
region, is occasionally cultivated for ornament because of the silky
plumes. It is called Ravenna grass and also by the less distinctive |
names, plume-grass and hardy pampas grass. The culms are several
feet high, growing in large clumps, with blades about half an inch
wide, tapering into a long slender point, the plume being as much as
2 feet long.

132. ANDROPOGON L.

Spikelets in pairs at each node of an articulate rachis, one sessile
and perfect, the other pedicellate and either staminate, neuter, or re-
duced to the pedicel, the rachis and the pedicels of the sterile spikelets
often villous, sometimes conspicuously so; glumes of the fertile spike-
let coriaceous, narrow, awnless, the first rounded, flat, or concave on
the back, several-nerved, the median nerve weak or wanting; sterile
lemma shorter than the glumes, empty, hyaline; fertile lemma
hyaline, narrow, entire or bifid, usually bearing a bent and twisted —
awn from the apex or from between the lobes; palea hyaline, small
or wanting; pedicellate spikelet awnless, sometimes staminate and
about as large as the sessile spikelet, sometimes consisting of one or
more reduced glumes, sometimes wanting, only the pedicel present.

Rather coarse perennials (in the United States), with solid culms,
the spikelets arranged in racemes, these numerous, aggregate on an

= Zee $

Bie. 157.—Plume-grass, Erianthus saccharoides.

259

; spikelet with pedicel (at

right) and joint of rachis, < 5.

|
|
h
i"
i
i

wee ce —<—

=

260 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

exserted peduncle, or single, in pairs, or sometimes in threes or fours,
the common peduncle usually inclosed by a spathelike sheath, these
sheaths often numerous, forming a compound inflorescence, usually
narrow, but sometimes in dense subcorymbose masses. Species about
150, in all warmer parts of the world; about 30 species in the United
States, mostly in the South.

Type species Andropogo. virginicus L.

Andropogon L., Sp. Pl. 1045, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 468. 1754. Linnseus de-
scribes 12 species. The reference in the Genera Plantarum is to ‘* Roy. lugdb.
52.” In this work, Flora Leydensis, published in 1740, Royen describes two
species, the first of these is later (Species Plantarum) named Andropogon hirtum
by Linneeus, and the second A. virginiceum. The type should be chosen from these
two. The two species appear to be equally familiar to Royen and to Linnzus,
though A. virginicus is more fully described and has priority of position in
the Species Plantarum. Andropogon virginicus is chosen as the type, as this
choice retains the generic name for its usual signification. Of the 12 species
originally described. 4 are retained in Andropogon, A. distachyos, A. vir-
ginicus, A. bicornis, and A. ischaemum. Andropogon contortus is now referred to
Heteropogon, A. divaricatus to Erianthus, A. nutans to Sorghastrum, A. alope-
curoides to Erianthus, A. schoenanthus, A. hirtus, and A. nardus to Cymbopo-
gon. Andropogon fasciculatus, the last species, is unidentifiable.

Schizachyrium Nees, Agrost. Bras. 331. 1829. The type species is Andro-
pogon condensatus H. B. K., upon which is based 8. condensatum, first of the six
species described. Nees states, in # paragraph at the end of the generic descrip-
tion, that besides the species he enumerates Andropogon brevifolius belongs to
Schizachyrium. Because of this statement Nash’ chooses the latter species
as the type. This group includes the species of Andropogon with racemes
single at the ends of the branches.

Dimeiostemon Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 221. 1830. “Andropogon vaginatus
Ell., A. sessiliflorus [nomen nudum]. A. macrurus, A. vaginatus [repeated], A.
tetrastachys” are listed. Andropogon vaginatus Ell., which is the same as
A. virginicus L., is taken as the type.

Amphilophis Nash, in Britton, Man. 71. 1901. Only one species described, An-
dropogon torreyanus Steud. This group includes the species of Andropogon
with numerous racemes in a naked panicle. Amphilophis was first used by
Trinius* as a section of Andropogon. :

Our species are divided into three groups: One (constituting the
genus Schizachyrium of some authors) with the racemes single on

each peduncle; two, with the racemes in pairs, or sometimes in threes"
or fours, on each peduncle; three, with the racemes aggregate toward

the naked summit of the culms and branches. The commonest repre-
sentative in the United States of the first group is Andropogon scopa-
vius Michx. (fig. 158). This is an erect bunch-grass 2 to 4 feet high,
the racemes scattered along the upper part of the stem. It is common
throughout the eastern half of the United States. It is a fairly good
forage grass and forms a part of the wild prairie hay in the eastern
portion of the Great Plains, where it is called little bluestem. The sec-
ond group is represented by numerous species in the Southern States.

One of these, A. virginicus L. (fig. 159) is found in old fields, open
woods, and sterile ground from Massachusetts to Texas and Florida. —

This is called broom sedge, though the name is also applied to some

of the other species of Andropogon. Andropegon virginicus is a

tN. Amer. WE i32100:> 19 t2.-
*Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. 2: 285. 1832,

*

j GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 261
i
a
i

_ bunch-grass with tall slender culms, the feathery racemes in pairs,
the rachis flexuous, the short common peduncle and usually the lower
part of the racemes inclosed in the inflated sheathing bract,

these bracts scattered
¥ along the culm on short
\%- branches. An allied spe-
Y cies, A. elliottiza Chapm.,
found in the Southeast-

ern States, is distin-
guished by the conspicu-
ously inflated upper
foliage sheaths, the blade
being often reduced to an
appendage. Another im-
portant species, belong-

Fig. 158.—Little bluestem, Andropogon scopa- ing to this group but dif-

ris. Plant, X 4; pair of spikelets with “ “
joint of rachis (at left), x 5. fering in aspect from the

262 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Wp
Ke
\
Nt

=e Wath.
i Y

n
L\ :
KEN YI\

Vey ik\
\
Yi

Sh |\

z = =

Fic. 159.—Broom sedge, Andropogon virginicus. Plant X 3; pair of spikelets with Ss
joint of rachis (at left), the second spikelet obsolete, the hairy pedicel only present,
x Oe

—
Z ny

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 263

last, is A. furcatus Muhl. (Pl. XIX; fig. 160). This grows through-
out the eastern half of the United States and is an important forage
grass in the western portion of its range. Here it is the chief con-
stituent of prairie hay and is known as big bluestem. It is a
tall, usually purplish bunch-grass, the racemes only slightly hairy,
borne in twos to fours at the ends of the culms and the short
branches, the rachis strict. In the Great Plains, grasses are popu-
larly divided into tall grasses and short grasses. The former, of
which A. furcatus is the most important, are found chiefly in the
valleys and draws; the latter, including buffalo grass and grama
grass, are found on the uplands. The third group of Andropogon
is represented in this country by only three species, all extending
northward from Mexico into the Southwestern States. The very
hairy or feathery racemes are crowded in an oblong or somewhat
flabellate white panicle terminating the main culm and its branches.
One of these, A. saccharoides Swartz (fig. 161) (A. argenteus DC.,
A. barbinodis Lag.), is distinguished by the bearded nodes. Andro-
pogon saccharoides laguroides (DC.) Hack. (A. torreyanus Steud.),
with more slender culms and smooth nodes, is found as far north as
Kansas. Another species of the group, A. perforatus Trin., of
Mexico, rare in this country, differs 1 in having a little pinhole or pit
in the fa st glume.

An alhed group of grasses is of importance in tropical parts of

the Old World because of the essential oils obtained from them.

They are included in Andropogon by some authors, but are referred
by others to Cymbopogon. A full account of these grasses is given
by Stapf. The most important are citronella grass (Andropogon

—nardus L.; Cymbopogon nardus Rendle) and lemon grass (Andro-

pogon citratus DC., Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). These are robust
grasses with large compound inflorescences, the small racemes in
pairs, each pair partly included in a sheathing spathe.

An allied genus, Anatherum Beauv., is represented by a single
species, A. zizanioides (L.) Hitche. and Chase (Andropogon muri-

catus Retz.; Vetiveria zizanioides Nash). This Old World grass is

frequently cultivated in tropical America for hedges and for the
aromatic roots, which are used for making screens and mats to per-
fume the air of houses. These roots readily impart perfume when
wet. The grass is called vetiver, khus-khus, and khas-khas. It has
escaped from cultivation in Louisiana. Vetiver is a robust grass
with a large erect panicle, the slender whorled branches ascending,
naked at the base, the awnless spikelets muricate.

1 Bull. Misc. Inf. Kew 1906: 297. 1906.

BOS hea See i ne ees ee ee

=a

=

Daca

964 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fic. 160.—Big bluestem, Andropogon furcatus. Plant, X 4%; pair of spikelets with

joint of rachis, X 5. e

ee

Bul. 772, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE XIX. t

be ag

we

“>. Be Wari ieee

a ae

ay

BLUESTEM (ANDROPOGON FURCATUS).
Rocky banks of the Potcmac. <A valuable forage grass on the prairies of the Mississippi Valley. oj

PLATE XX.

Iture.

gricu

Bul. 772, U:-S. Deptor A

NEAR WASHINGTON, D. C.

GAMA GRASS (TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES).

Se a

265

UNITED STATES.

THE

GRASSES OF

GENERA OF

Fic. 161.—Andropogon saccharoides. Plant, <* 3; pair of spikelets with joint of rachis
(at left), the pedicellate spikelet showing a little at right, * 5.

266 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Arthraxon Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 111. 1812. Type species, A.
ciliaris Beauv. This Old World genus is represented in North
America by A. quartinianus (A. Rich.) Nash, introduced into Ja-
maica and Guadaloupe, and by A. ciliaris eryptatherus Hack., estab-
lished in the vicinity of Washington, D. C. The latter is a creeping
slender grass with thin cordate-lanceolate blades, the inflorescence
of several slender racemes in a cluster.

133. HoLcus.L.
(Sorghum Pers.)

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate,
sterile but well developed, usually staminate, the terminal sessile
spikelet with two pedicellate spikelets.

Annual or perennial, tall or moderately tall grasses, with flat
blades and terminal panicles of 1 to 5 jointed tardily disarticulating
racemes. Species about six, one Mexican, the others in the Old
World; two cultivated or introduced into America.

Type species: Holcus sorghum UL.

Holeus L., Sp. Pl. 1047, 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5, 469. 1754. Linnzeus describes
seven species, H. sorghum, H. saccharatus, H. halepensis, H. lanatus, H. odo-
ratus, H. laxus, and H. striatus. The selection of the type species is of
particular importance in this genus, because it affects the generic name of
the group containing the cultivated sorghums. The first three of the original
seven species were segregated from the others in 1763 by Adanson, who applied
to them the old name sorghum, used by Bauhin and other pre-Linnzan authors
for the cultivated sorghums. This name was accepted by most of those subse-
quent authors who recognized the group as a genus distinct from Andropogon,
and as a subgeneric name by those who held it to be a subgenus of Andropogon. |
Of the remaining four of the original seven species of Holcus all but A. lana-
tus were early assigned to other genera, leaving H. lanatus in possession of the
generic name and in effect making this residual species the type of the genus.
Linnzeus, however, in all the editions of the Genera Plantarum and in the
Hortus Cliffortianus and the Hortus Upsaliensis used the name Holcus for
sorghum only. The description and the synonymy in all cases apply only to the
first three of the seven species included in the Species Plantarum. Moreover, in
all the editions of the Genera Plantarum Linnzeus cites “ Sorgum Mich.” While
Micheli* gives no description or figure of the genus, we know from Bauhin
and others that Sorgum or Sorghum was in common use for the group in
question. Linnéeus uses the old name Sorghum for the trivial or specific hame
of the first species, and cites Sorghum of Bauhin as a synonym. It is clear |
that the Holcus of Linnzeus is the old Sorghum, the other four diverse species
(which do not agree with the generic descriptions in any of the works cited),
evidently being appended for want of a place to put them. According to the
American Code the genera of Linnzeus’s Species Plantarum are to be typified
through citations given in his Genera Plantarum of 1754. The reference to
Micheli, the use of sorghum as a specific name, and the descriptions all point
to H. sorghum as the type of the genus Holeus. Holcus lanatus is now referred
to Notholeus, H. odoratus to Torresia (Hierochloé, Savastana), H. larus to
Uniola, and H. striatus to Sacciolepis. By many authors the genus Holeus as
here understood is included under Andropogon.

Blumenbachia Koel., Descr. Gram. 28. 1802. <A single species, “ B. halep-
pensis,” based on “ Holeus Haleppensis Linn.” is included.

Sorghum Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805. Four species are included. Holcus
sorghum U.., upon which S. vulgare Pers. is based, is taken as the type.
Reese ee ree ten Lots ee Om

1Nov. Plant. Gen. 35. 1729.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 267

Holcus sorghum L. (Andropogon sorghum Brot.; Sorghum vul-
gare Pers.) has been cultivated from prehistoric times* for the seed,
which has been used for food, for the sweet juice, and for forage. In
the United States it is cultivated under the general name of sorghum
or sorgo. There are many races and varieties, the chief of which are
sorgo, kafir, milo, broom corn, shallu, kaoliang, and durra. Sorgo
includes the varieties with sweet juice, these varieties often being
known collectively as saccharine sorghums.

In this country, sorgo is cultivated, chiefly in the region from Kan-
sas to North Carolina, for the juice which is made into sirup and
for foliage which is used for fodder in the Southern States, especially
in the region from Kansas to Texas, where it is often called “ cane.”
The other races of sorghum are often classed together as non-
saccharine sorghums. The large panicles of one race, broom corn,
grown especially in Illinois, furnish the material for brooms. The
other races are used for forage or for the seed, which is used for
feed. Kafir, milo, and a recently introduced variety, feterita, are
of especial value in the southern part of the Great Plains and other
semiarid regions where dry-land farming is practiced. Kafir, or
Kafir corn, is a rather low form with compact cylindrie heads and
awnless spikelets. Milo, or milo maize, is a usually taller form, with
ovate heads, a straight or recurved peduncle, awned spikelets, and
larger seeds. Durra differs from milo in having densely pubescent

grayish or greenish glumes (instead of brown or black and slightly ~

pubescent), and strongly flattened seeds. Some of these forms are
called Egyptian corn, chieken corn, and Jerusalem corn. The name
chicken corn should be restricted to a variety spontaneous in Louisi-
ana and Mississippi (olcus sorghum drummondii (Nees) Hitche.,
Andropogon drummondii Nees, A. sorghum drummondii Hack.).
A recently introduced variety, Holcus sorghum sudanensis (Piper)
Hitche. (Andropogon sorghum sudanensis Piper), is now extensively
cultivated for hay in the semiarid regions under the name of Sudan
grass. This is a rather slender annual, 6 to 9 feet tall, the panicle
open and spreading. The absence of rhizomes shows its aflinity to
sorgo. Tunis grass is an allied variety (Holcus sorghum exiguus
(Forsk.) Hitche., Zolcus exiquus Forsk., Andropogon sorghum ex-
iguus Piper) that has been tried in our Southern States.

The second species of Holcus found in the United States is HW.
halepensis L. (fig. 162), known as Johnson grass. This is a perennial
with stout creeping rhizomes. The panicle is open and spreading,
the spikelets awned or awnless. Johnson grass is not so tall as the
open-panicled forms of sorghum, being usually 8 to 5 feet tall, and

1¥For a history and classification of sorghum, see Ball, U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Pl: Ind.
Bull. 175. 1910. i

ee ee

ens

EES LS ee

268 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

va WN

5s

\
VN

Fic, 162.— Johnson grass, Holcus halepensis. Plant, X 34; two views of terminal raceme, r
one of the pedicellate spikelets fallen, X 5. -

re’ |

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 269

has narrower blades than plants of sorghum of the same height.
The characteriscic difference is the presence of the creeping rhizomes
in the former. Johnson grass is a native of the Mediterranean
region, but is now widely distributed in the warmer parts of
America. In the United States it is common throughout the
South, where it is often a troublesome weed. It is an ex-
cellent and much-used forage grass, but the difficulty of eradicating
it from ground that it has once occupied offsets its forage value.
Johnson grass has become an especially pernicious weed on the
Black Lands of Alabama and Texas.*

The sorghums and Johnson grass sometimes produce hydrocyanic
acid in sufficient abundance, especially in second growth, to poison
grazing animals.

134. SorcHAastrumM Nash.

Spikelets in pairs, one nearly terete, sessile, and fertile, the other
wanting, only the hairy pedicel being present; glumes coriaceous,
brown or yellowish, the first hirsute, the edges inflexed over the
second; sterile and fertile lemmas thin and hyaline, the latter ex-
tending into a usually well-developed bent and twisted awn.

Perennial, erect, rather tall grasses, with narrow flat blades and
narrow terminal panicles of one to few jointed racemes. Species
about 10 in the warmer parts of the Western Hemisphere, and a
few in Africa; 3 species in the United States east of the Rocky

Mountains.

Type species: Andropogon avenaceus Michx.

Poranthera Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 221, 1830, not Rudge, 1811. ‘“Andro-
pogon nutans [L.] et ciliatus [Ell.])” are cited. These names apply to the
same species, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash.

Sorghastrum Nash, in Britton, Man, 71. 1901. Only one species described.
S. avenaceum (Michx.) Nash.

Chalcoelytrum Lunell, Amer. Mid]. Nat. 4: 212. 1915. The name proposed to
replace Sorghastrum Nash, which, being built on Sorghum, is considered unde-
sirable.

The units of the inflorescence are racemes reduced to one or two
joints, or in Sorghastrum nutans sometimes four or five. The slen-
der, villous rachis disarticulates at the top of each joint, the spikelets
falling with two villous stalks attached, one the rachis joint, the
other the pedicel of the obsolete sterile spikelet. The articulation is
more or less oblique, leaving a bearded blunt callus or, in some South
American species, a long, sharp callus. In S. nutans the racemes not
infrequently occur in pairs with a sessile spikelet in the fork, that
is, the pedicel of the sterile spikelet of the lowest joint has been re-
placed by a short raceme of one or two joints.

1¥For methods of eradication, see Cates and Spillman, U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bull,
279. 1907. :

-

& 2° . ae,

\ ee ~ pe Re Rk ee eT a

Ply

ae

270 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The commonest species of the genus in the United States is Sor-
ghastrum nutans (L.) Nash (fig. 163), sometimes called Indian reed
or Indian grass. This is a tall, erect grass with handsome bronze-
colored panicles as much as a foot long, the awns about half an inch
long, the anthers brilliant yellow. The species is found in prairies
and open woods throughout the eastern United States and south-
westward to Arizona and Mexico. It is a common constituent of
prairie hay in the eastern part of the Great Plains region.

Two other species are found in the Southern States, both with
awns about an inch long, Sorghastrum elliottit (C. Mohr) Nash, with
pedicels villous only at the very tip, and S. secundum (Chapm.) Nash,
with a one-sided panicle and pedicels villous along the upper portion.

135. RHaApPpHIS Lour.

Spikelets in threes, one sessile and perfect, the other two pedicellate
and sterile, or sometimes a pair below, one fertile and one sterile;
fertile spikelet terete, the glumes coriaceous; sterile and fertile
lemmas thin and hyaline, the latter long-awned.

Perennial grasses, or our species annual, with open panicles, the
three spikelets (reduced racemes) borne at the ends of long, slender,
naked branches. Species about 20, all in the tropical regions of the
Eastern Hemisphere except the 1 found in the southern United States.

Type species: Rhaphis trivialis Lour.
Rhaphis Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 553. 1790. Only one species deseribed, which

is the same as Andropogon aciculatus Retz. Some authors have thought the -

name Rhaphis was invalidated by the earlier Rhapis L. f. (1789), a genus of
palms. The names have a different derivation and a different pronunciation,
and the one does not invalidate the other.

Pollinia Spreng., Pugill. 2: 10, 1815, not Pollinia Trin., 1832. Type species,
P, gryllus Spreng. (Andropogon gryllus L.). Several species are described,
but the generic characters are given under the first species.

Centrophorum Trin., Fund. Agrost. 106, pl. 5. 1820. Type species, C. chinense
Trin. (Andropogon aciculatus Retz.), the only one described.

Chrysopogon Trin., Fund. Agrost. 187. 1820. Type species, Wqgxenegon
gryllus L. Two species are mentioned, C. gryllus and C. aciculatus, but an
illustration of the first is cited. ;

The only species occurring in the United States is Rhaphis pauci-
flora (Chapm.) Nash (fig. 164), an annual found in Florida and
Cuba. This has the aspect of a species of Stipa, the spikelets with
their long awns and barbed callus resembling the fruit of Stipa
spartea. The long slender branches of the few-flowered panicle bear
a terete, brown, sessile fertile spikelet and two slender sterile pedicels,
each with a slender glume. The peduncle disarticulates by a long
oblique line through the thickened villous end, the portion separating
with the spikelet being densely brown-villous, this forming a long
sharp callus. The glumes are coriaceous and at maturity separate
somewhat, the spikelet gaping at the apex. The palea is present, but

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 271
) &g !
WZ

AS Soe
SS 3
nr gn Pee Ke
> GTe a OE
na iim 13 Oo ci R
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Fic, 163.—Indian grass, Sorghastrum nutans. Plant, * 4; spikelet with pedicel at
: left and rachis joint at right, < 5.

272 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

i
|
i)

Fig. 164.—Rhaphis pauciflora. Plant with old spikelet still attached to roots, X 3;
fruiting fertile spikelet, x 5. * |

, nl:
SBI:

}

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 213

much shorter than the very thin sterile and fertile lemmas. The
awn is about 6 inches long, twisted and bent. The species before
maturity furnishes forage on the grassy pinelands of southern
Florida.

1386. HETEROPOGON Pers.

Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pedicellate, both of the
lower few to several pairs staminate or neuter, the remainder of the
sessile spikelets perfect, terete, long-awned, the pedicellate spikelets,
like the lower, staminate, flat, conspicuous, awnless; glumes of the
fertile spikelet equal, coriaceous, the first brown-hirsute, infolding
the second; lemmas thin and hyaline, the fertile one narrow, extend-
ing into a strong bent and twisted brown awn; palea wanting; glumes
of the staminate spikelet membranaceous, the first green, faintly many
nerved, asymmetric, one submarginal keel rather broadly winged,
the other wingless, the margins inflexed, the second glume narrower,
symmetric; lemmas hyaline; palea wanting.

Annual or perennial, often robust grasses, with flat blades and soli-
tary racemes terminal on the culms and branches; rachis slender, the
lower part, bearing the pairs of staminate spikelets, continuous, the
remainder disarticulating obliquely at the base of each joint, the joint
forming a sharp barbed callus below the fertile spikelet, the pedicel-
late spikelet readily falling, its pedicel remaining, obscured in the
hairs of the callus. Species about seven, in the warmer regions of
both hemispheres; two in the United States, from Florida to Arizona.

Type species: Heteropogon glaber Pers.

Heteropogon Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 533. 1807. Persoon describes two species, H.
glaber, of which he gives as synonyms Andropogon alliont DC. and A. con-
tortus All., and H. hirtus, of which he gives as a synonym Andropogon con-

tortus L. The first is selected as the type.

Spirotheros Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1:221. 1830. A single species, “ Stipa
melanocarpa Muhl., Andropogon melanocarpus Hll.,” is given.

The two species in the United States are Heteropogon contortus
(L.) Beauv. (fig. 165), a perennial, 1 to 3 feet tall, the first glume
of the staminate spikelets papillose-pilose, sometimes sparsely so,
and H. melanocarpus (Ell.) Benth., an annual, 4 to 7 feet tall and
often much branched, the first glume of the staminate spikelets bear-
ing a row of glands along the back. The first species is found in
rocky places from Texas to Arizona. The second is found in Florida,
Georgia, and Alabama; also in Arizona. The oil glands on the in-
fiorescence of the latter give the plant an odor like that of citronella
oil.

Heteropogon contortus is an important forage grass but does not
extend far into the United States. In the Hawaiian Islands, where
it is called pili, it is an important range grass on the drier areas. It
was used by the natives to thatch their grass huts. The mature fruits
are injurious to sheep.

97769° —19—Bull. 77218

274 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Fic. 165.—Heteropogon contortus. Plant, X 4; fruiting fertile spikelet, x 5.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 275
137. TRACHYPOGON Nees.

Spikelets in pairs, along a slender continuous rachis, one nearly
sessile, staminate, awnless, the other pedicellate, perfect, long-awned ;
the pedicel of the perfect spikelet obliquely disarticulating near the
base, forming a sharp barbed callus below the spikelet; first glume
firm-membranaceous, rounded on the back, several-nerved, obtuse;
second glume firm, obscurely nerved; fertile lemma narrow, extend-
ing into a stout twisted and bent or flexuous awn; palea obsolete;
sessile spikelet persistent, as large as the fertile spikelet and similar -
but awnless.

Perennial, moderately tall grasses, with terminal spikelike racemes,
these single or clustered. Species about seven, Mexico to South
America, one extending into the southwestern United States.

Type species: Andropogon montufari H. B. K.

Trachypogon Nees, Agrost. Bras. 341. 1829. The first of the 13 species de-
scribed, 7’. montufari, based on Andropogon montufari, is selected as the type.
The first five species are all that are now retained in Trachypogon.

Our only species is Trachypogon montufari (H. B. K.) Nees (fig.
166), found in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico, an
erect slender perennial with solitary. racemes, the feathery awns
about 14 inches long. It is an important constituent of the grazing
areas of Central and South America.

138. Eryonurtus Humb. and Bonpl.

Spikelets in pairs along a somewhat tardily disarticulating rachis,
the joints and pedicels thickened and parallel, the sessile spikelets
appressed to the concave side, the pedicellate spikelet staminate,
_ similar to the sessile one, both awnless, the pair falling with a joint
of the rachis; first glume firm, somewhat coriaceous, depressed on
the back, the margins inflexed around the second glume, a line of
balsam glands on the marginal nerves, the apex entire and acute
or acuminate, or bifid with aristate teeth; second glume similar to
the first; sterile and fertile lemmas thin and hyaline; palea obsolete.

Erect, moderately tall perennials, with solitary spikelike, often
woolly racemes. Species about 15, in the warmer regions of both
hemispheres; two species extending into our Southern States.

Type species: Elyonurus tripsacoides Humb. and Bonpl.

Elyonurus Humb. and Bonpl., Willd. Spec. Pl. 4: 941. 1806. Only one species
is described.

Elyonurus tripsacoides (fig. 167), with inconspicuously hairy
spikes, extends from Florida to Texas, and #. barbiculmis Hack.,
with conspicuously woolly spikes, is found from western Texas to
Arizona. The species of Elyonurus are important grazing grasses in
the savannas and plains of tropical America.

BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

276

GY OO

; fruiting fertile spikelet, x 5.

a
2

x

Plant,

Trachypogon montufari.

Fic. 166.

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. PAG ti

Fic. 167.—E£lyonurus tripsacoides.

Plant, X 33 two views of a pair of spikelets with a

joint of the rachis, X 5.

ee ee ee ee

ae ae ee ee ee ee ee ee ee

~~ Ses S35

278 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

139. MANiISsuRIS L.
(Rottboellia L. f.)

Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened articulate
rachis, one sessile and fertile, the other pedicellate and sterile, the
pedicel thickened and appressed to the rachis, the sessile spikelet
fitting closely against the rachis, forming a cylindric or subeylindric
spike; glumes obtuse, awnless, the first coriaceous, fitting over the
hollow containing the spikelet, the second less coriaceous than the

first; sterile lemma, fertile lemma, and palea thin and hyaline, in-

closed within the glumes; pedicellate spikelet reduced, often rudi-
mentary.

Perennial slender, moderately tall, or tall grasses, with usually
numerous smooth cylindric or flattened spikes, single on the culms
and branches. Species about 30, in the warm regions of both hemi-
spheres; 5 in the southern United States.

Type species: Manisuris myuros L.

Manisuris L., Mant. Pl. 2: 164. 1771. Only one species described.

Rottboellia L. f., Nov. Gram. Gen. 22, pl. 1, 1779 (Amoen, Acad. 10. 1790),
not Scop., 1777. In a note appended to the description of the genus is the
statement, “ Huc pertinent Aegilops Incurvata & Exaltata S. N., p. 762, aeque
ac Panicum Dimidiatum S. N., p. 90.” The second species, being the one illus-
trated, is the type.

Stegosia Lour., Fl. Cochinch. 1: 51. 1790. Type, S. cochinchinensis Lour.,
the only species described.

Hemarthria R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 207. 1810. Two species described,

H. compressa and H. uncinata. The first species, based upon Rotiboellia com- —

pressa L. f., is chosen as the type.
Lodicularia Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 108, pl. 21, f. 6. i812. A single species is

included, ZL. fasciculata, based on Rottboellia fasciculata Desf. (R. fasciculata

Lam. evidently intended).

Coelorhachis Brongn., in Duperr. Bot. Voy. Coquille 64. 1829. The type is
Aegilops muricata Retz., on which is based Coelorhachis muricata, the only
species described.

The species of Manisuris found in the United States are nowhere

abundant and are of little economic importance, though they may ©

furnish some forage. MJanisuris fasciculata (Lam.) Hitche. has
flattened spikes. The other three species have cylindric spikes.
In these the first glume is variously marked, being somewhat pitted
in If. cylindrica (Michx.) Kuntze (fig. 168), tessellate in IZ. tessel-
lata (Steud.) Scribn., and transversely wrinkled in I/. rugosa (Nutt.)
Kuntze.

140. Rytinr Raf.
(Hackelochloa Kuntze, Manisuris of authors.)

Spikelets awnless, in pairs, the rachis joint and pedicel grown
together, the two clasped between the edges of the globose alveolate
first glume of the sessile spikelet; pedicellate spikelet conspicuous,
staminate.

A much-branched annual with flat blades, the numerous spikes
single and more or less inclosed in the sheathing bract, these some-

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 279

Fic. 168.—Manisuris cylindrica. Plant, 24; sessile spikelet and joint of rachis, x 5;
joint of rachis with sterile pedicel and rudimentary spikelet, the fertile spikelet at
mieht, vo:

VSS. SS NSE ee SE

Pa Gee a oe

a iS

=.

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41
|
Al

i

280 BULLETIN 172, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

what clustered in the axils of the foliage leaves. Species one, in
the tropical regions of the world.

Type species: Manisuris granularis Swartz.

Rytilix Raf., Bull. Bot. Seringe 1: 219. 1880. Rafinesque cites “ Manisuris
granularis et Myurus Auct.” and lists one species Rytilix glandulosa. The first
species cited is chosen as the type.

Hackelochloa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 776. 1891. Kuntze restores Manisuris
to its Linnzan sense and, overlooking Rytilix Raf., proposes Hackelochloa for

: Manisuris Swartz, with AH. granu-
laris, based on Cenchrus granularis,
as the type.

Rytili« granularis (L.)
Skeels (fig. 169) is a tropical
weed which extends into the
United States from Florida
to Arizona. The little pitted
globose spikelets are very char-
acteristic.

Fic. 169.—Rytilic granularis. Plant, X 3; a single raceme, X 2; two views of a pair

=

of spikelets with joint of rachis and pedicel grown together, xX 5.

14. TRIPSACEAE, THE CORN TRIBE.
141. Tripsacum L,
Spikelets unisexual; staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs on one

side of a continuous rachis, one sessile, the other sessile or pedicellate,
similar to those of Zea, the glumes firmer; pistillate spikelets single

%
.

ee =e =

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 981

and on opposite sides at each joint of the thick, hard articulate lower
part of the same rachis, sunken in hollows’in the joints, consisting of
one perfect floret and a sterile lemma; first glume coriaceous, nearly
infolding the spikelet, fitting into and closing the hollow of the
rachis; second glume similar to the first but smaller, infolding the
remainder of the spikelet; sterile lemma, fertile lemma, and palea
very thin and hyaline, these progressively smaller.

Robust perennial grasses, with usually broad flat blades and
monececious terminal and axillary inflorescences of 1 to 3 spikes, the
pistillate part below, breaking up into bony, seedlike joints, the
staminate above on the same rachis, deciduous as a whole. Species
about seven, all American, extending from the middle United States
to northern South America; three species in the United States.

Type species: Coir dactyloides WL.

Tripsacum L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1261. 1759. Type the first of the two
species described, 7’. dactyloides, based on Coiz dactyloides L., and 7’. hermaph-
roditum. The second species, based on ‘‘Cenehrus 2, Brown. Jam. 367,” is
now referred to Anthephora.

Dactylodes Zanoni-Monti; Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 772. 1891. Two species
are included, D. angulatum, based on Coir angulatus Mill., and D. fasciculatum,

based on Tripsacum fasciculatum Trin. Coix angulatus, which is the same as
Tripsacum dactyloides, is taken as the type.

The common species in the United States is 7ripsacum dactyloides
(Pl. XX; fig. 170), a robust perennial, 3 to 6 feet tall, with broad
blades, the terminal spikes mostly in threes, the axillary spikes mostly
solitary. This species, called gama grass, is found in moist places
from Connecticut to Texas and Florida. It is a good forage grass,
but is usually not abundant enough to be of much importance. A
second species, 7’. foridanum Porter, with narrow blades, is found in
southern Florida, and a third species, 7. lemmoni Vasey, with pilose
lower sheaths, is found in Arizona.

142. EUCHLAENA Schrad.

Staminate spikelets as in Zea; pistillate spikelets single, on oppo-
site sides, sunken in cavities in the hardened joints of an obliquely
articulate rachis, the indurate first glume covering the cavity; sec-
ond glume membranaceous, the lemmas hyaline. Spikes infolded in
foliaceous bracts or husks, 2 to several of these together inclosed in
the leaf sheaths.

The one species generally recognized is E'uchlaena mexicana
Schrad., a tall annual with somewhat the aspect of corn (Zea mays),
a native of Mexico.

Type species: Huchlaena mexicana Schrad.

EKuchlaena Schrad., Ind. Sem. Hort. Goettingen. 1832. Only one species
described. The specimen was collected by Dr. Miihlenfordt in Mexico.

The genus is little known. Several species have been proposed,
but they are doubtfully distinct from Huchlaena mexicana. An un-

— > oae !. =e. - oo eC me ue CO oR we ee) a ee oe eee

es

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282 BULLETIN 1772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

i

WY oy\

QYy y \\
\\ \\\y

\\ .\

—

—e
aa orene PASS

WZ
Be
JE

ahi or
BO 1,

Hy

Fie. 170.—Gama grass, Tripsacum dactyloides. Rhizome, leaves, and inflorescence, X 3; x |
pistillate spikelet and joint of rachis, X 5; pair of staminate spikelets with joint of ~
ra CHUSe Ginos

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 283

described species from Mexico is a perennial with simple culms and
creeping rhizomes. A form which is supposed to be the original
E. mexicana is cultivated occasionally in our Southern States, where
it is known as teosinte (fig. 171). This is a tall, stout grass, usually
branching at the base and forming large jiniaareet The tassel is hke
that of corn, and the fascicles of Guiles, inclosed in husks with the
long styles or silk hanging from the apex, bear a superficial resem-
blance to the ears of corn. ‘Teosinte is cultivated chiefly for soiling.
It has sometimes been called Reana luxurians Durieu.

148. Zea L., maize, Indian corn.

Spikelets unisexual; staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in pairs, on
one side of a continuous rachis, one nearly sessile, the other pedicel-
late; glumes membranaceous, acute; lemma and palea hyaline;
pistillate spikelets sessile, in pairs, consisting of one fertile floret
and one sterile floret, the latter sometimes developed as a second
fertile floret; glumes broad, rounded or emarginate at apex; sterile
lemma similar to the fertile, the palea present; style very long and
slender, stigmatic along both sides well toward the base.

A tall annual grass, with broad, conspicuously distichous blades,
moncecious inflorescences, the staminate flowers in spikelike racemes,
these numerous, forming large spreading panicles (tassels) terminat-
ing the stems, the pistillate inflorescence in the axils of the leaves,
the spikelets in 8 to 16 or even as many as 30 rows on a thickened,
almost woody axis (cob), the whole inclosed in numerous large
foliaceous bracts (husks), the long styles (silk) protruding from the
top as a silky mass of threads. In the common varieties of corn the
floral bracts are much shorter than the kernel and remain on the cob
when the kernels are shelled.t_ Species one.

Type species: Zea mays L.

Zea L., Sp. Pl. 971, 1753; Gen. Pl, ed. 5, 419. 1754. Zea mays is the
only species described.

Mays Tourn., in Gaertn. Fruct. and Sem. 1: 6, pl. 1. 1788. The single species,
M. zea Gaertn., is the same as Zea mays L.

Mayzea Raf., Med. Fl, 2: 241. 1830. Two species included. Zea mays L., on
which the first species, 1/7. cerealis, is based, is taken as the type.

In the United States Zea mays L. (figs. 172, 173) is usually called
corn; in Europe and sometimes in America, especially in literature,
it is called maize. Corn is one of the important economic plants of
the world, being cultivated for food for man and domestic animals
and for forage. It originated? in America, probably on the Mexican
Plateau, and was cultivated from prehistoric t times by the early

1 For note on the structure of fe maize ear as indicated in Zea-Euchlaena hybrids, see
Collins, Journ. Agr. Res. 17: 127-135. 1919.

For a note on the origin of maize, see Collins, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci, 2: 520.
1912.

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—— 5

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Sa

172, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BULLETIN

284

Sketch of plant, much reduced; pistillate in-

Fic. 171.—Teosinte, Euchlaena mexicana.

h portion of bract removed (6), X 1; lateral

florescence inclosed in bract (a) and wit

X 2; dorsal view of same, show-

view of joint of rachis and the fertile spikelet (ce),

ing first glume (d),

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fic. 172.—Corn, Zea mays. Sketch of plant, much reduced.

285

286 BULLETIN 172, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
>]

Fie. 173.—Corn, Zea mays. Pistillate inflorescence (ear) and two branches of staminate
inflorescence (tassel), X 3; pair of pistillate spikelets attached to rachis (cob) with
mature caryopses (grains), the second glume showing, X 2; single pistillate spikelet
soon after flowering showing first (at left) and second glumes and young grain, X 2;
staminate spikelet, X 2.

tile spikelet consisting

anda palea; glumes sev-

GENERA OF GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 287

races of American aborigines, from Peru to.middle North America.
Several races of corn are grown in the United States,‘ the most im-
portant being dent, the common commercial field sort, flint, sweet, and
pop. Pod corn (Z. mays tunicata Larr.), occasionally cultivated as a
curiosity, is a variety in which each kernel is enveloped in the
elongate floral bracts. A variety with variegated leaves (Z. mays
japonica Korn.) is cultivated for ornament.

144.. Corx L.

Spikelets unisexual; staminate spikelets 2-flowered, in twos or
threes on the continuous rachis, the normal group consisting of a pair
of sessile spikelets with
a single pedicellate
spikelet between, the lat-
ter sometimes reduced
to a pedicel or wanting;
glumes membranaceous,
obscurely nerved;
lemma hyaline, nearly
as long as the glumes,
awnless, 5-nerved; palea
hyaline, a little shorter
than the lemma; sta-
mens 3; pistillate spike-
lets 3 together, 1 fertile
and 2 sterile at the base
of the inflorescence; fer-

\ L) \ : / \
LN \/ NaN

of 2 glumes, 1 sterile
lemma, a fertile lemma,

eral-nerved, hyaline be-
low chartaceous in the
upper narrow pointed Fic. 174.—Job’s-tears, Coix lachryma-jobi. Upper por-
part, the, first ‘very HO OE Ue he hac

broad, infolding the spikelet, the margins infolded beyond the 2

lateral stronger pair of nerves, the second glume narrower than the
first, keeled ; sterile lemma about as long as the second glume, similar
in shape but a little narrower, hyaline below, somewhat chartaceous
above; fertile lemma hyaline, narrow, somewhat shorter than the
sterile lemma; palea hyaline; narrow, shorter than the lemma; sterile
spikelets consisting of a single narrow tubular glume as long as the
fertile spikelet, somewhat chartaceous.

1See Montgomery, The Corn Crops, 15, 1913: Sturtevant, U. S. Dept. Agr., Off. Exp.
Sta. Bull. 57. 1899. ‘

——- . ..

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Sr <> ee SS ecw cS

ee as ee

oo; Rete. Le
—

288 BULLETIN 772, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Tall branched grasses with broad fiat blades, the monecious in-
florescences numerous on long, stout peduncles, these clustered in the
axils of the leaves, each inflorescence consisting of an ovate or oval,
pearly white or drab, beadlike, very hard, tardily deciduous involucre
(much modified sheathing bract) containing the pistillate lower
portion of the inflorescence, the points of the pistillate spikelets and
the slender axis of the staminate portion of the inflorescence pro-
truding through the orifice at the apex, the staminate upper portion
of the inflorescence 2 to 4 em. long, soon deciduous, consisting of
several clusters of staminate spikelets. Species about four, one
widely distributed in tropical countries, the others in the East Indies.

Type species: Coir lachryma-jobi L.

Coix L., Sp. Pl. 972, 17538; Gen. Pl., ed.-5, 419. 1754. Linnzeus describes
two species, C. lachryma-jobi and C. dactyloides. The reference in the Genera

Plantarum (above cited) is to Tournefort’s plate 302, which represents the first
species.

Coix lachryma-jobi L. (fig. 174), known as Job’s-tears and some-
times as Christ’s-tears, 1s cultivated in all tropical countries for orna-
ment and has escaped into waste places, especially around dwellings.
It is also cultivated in greenhouses and sometimes in the open in
warm temperate regions. The name Job’s-tears comes from the fan-
cied resemblance of the fruit to tears. The fruits, or so-called seeds,
are used for a variety of purposes, such as beads, and for rosaries.

LIST OF NEW SPECIES AND NEW NAMES.

Page. Page.
Aspris eapillaris (Host) Hitche. Epicampes subpatens Hitche.
Aira capillaris Host_---- 116 SP2'HOV fe CS ee 144
Blepharidachne benthamiana Fluminea festucacea (Willd.)
(Hack) ~hitche 2. Sevens 78 ICRC. e 2 ee eee 38
Munroa benthamiana Hack. Arundo festucacea Willd.
Braeniaria ciliatissima Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.)
(Bucki.)) (Chase 2 22s eee 221 Hitches (2 ve ee 145
Panicum ciliatissinum CalamagroSstis andina
Buckl, Nutt.
Capriola dactylon maritima — | Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.)
eX) a 179 Hitche 4, eee 146
Cynodon maritimus H. B. AA. Ca ly codon montanum
Echinochloa crusgalli edulis Nutt.
Hitche____--_--_--~---_-____ “38 | Osterdamia japonica (Steud.)
Panicum frumentaceum Hitche. cee 166
ae 1820, not Salisb., Zoysia japonica Steud.
: as t Pholiurus ineurvatus (L.)
Echinochloa crusgalli zelayen- Hitche 106
BS UE Le Ge See reise eee 238 Pe See Nene rms em se
se 5 : Aegiiops incurvata L.
Oplismenus zelayensis :
Wp Kk. Eulyorser lutosus (Poir.) oe
° ° 1t@h@s2 32 tS er aS
pecans emersleyi (Vasey) 144 Agrostis lutosa Poir.
Muhlenbergia emer sleyt Triodia flava (L.) Hitche-___- 16

Vasey. Poa fiava L.

INDEX.

{Synonyms are in italic type. The page numbers of the principal entries are set in heavy-face type. ]
Page. Page
JANG QTR ONES EERE a a LS op ACTOSbIS) exata bare cs: yume inne 129
PA COMUDLOCLAAOS <2 -.-15 aise «5 <iminin se 46 microphylla. 1223 ase 128
PNG HVEOMESs 22 sccc asec uss ois a eyunlal 68 ORITUA SANS La UN ML 128
UUIME UMM eee ee as 7e, eye a bare 68, 69 | aie Ia ROD eke aS ea a eR AG 128

VA CHINO PY EO Te re any a, ts hn el 166 hivemialigies ees es 127, 130
ENGODEMSRASSE sehen oaicto iets aie 232 MO we lame fsa A AE Aun 128
FACOULOPS\ONOMALICUNY = 1-j2)= -b=-jausie 6c 185 PILAUCH SEE Oe gti he De ia ae 127, 150
CH MULOLON arenes 22 Scns) tO 278 RINGER UL Las area ay ee 127
LD A ESE R SSS SORE EY ST ei 96 UL TECE Ct USANA DLN ak) anne 150, 166
BIC UN UOU se Mets sph Ue ey 106, 278 Lottonales es a nace esa UN ed, 138
IRATE CCHIT NNO Bch SPOR aE 278 PUtO SQW UG AGL UDG ie 138

J ANCGTEX GS OX0Y2 0) 01 NIE ie a Rhamany LOO TOV ATU GTI Se) ia eee ee 129
CENCHTOIMES et See op 5 ee eee ae 169 ah aL AN KOA aes Ree Ml i oe SE ty 166
12723 0021 I USER ee lyr AE ey Det 169, 171 TUULDIUCE GE ae eh 52 Ay nL ag 127, 158
PAOTOULUS tae esata Soe ba Sele ee 127 TIUUTOUTIOGLE SS aU Ne aN as ay NSS AE ada 127
/a\{ at (9 OYA RO) Ses aes RN NA 87-89 j OR WR OES) tat SRE Mea Mad eg EH ALA 128, 129
Chisba GUmMe ss ee one Bias 87 PON GU OLG sy reiei RE Se ENE ye ete 127
dasystachyqaimMs a. o5 ss o5 see 87 PEreMMANS en sees es Lee 127, 130
CNUCRO CUS ant cease here eR 88 POG UALO Svat iiei pas al bol oes a 189
TOPCMAS Beye = Arie aalaw lars ker emcee 87, 88: spica-ventl......-- 127, 128, 130-131

SEE 110) be AMG a al AR RA 88 stolomifera 25.2022 125, 127, 129
SCHUMER es Sua ce ia ants 88 Dai OIE AN SRS AD UCR TAL IONE Fe ae 129
(SIT a (ol OE SEN a a ee RN 87, 89, 94 thunberana ice. 2 gla. hee yeas 127
SGA LUM Neh 2 oe anc a 88 DENTACOSO MS aI ONS anal Maa as 142
subvillosum...........--++-- 87 VeEEtLetMa ta sy Wut yuu ae Seu 127
[N21 e) eT 00 Pa eel Bee Em Tees 87 DURGUIUCE WARES a aay cap ada 127
ERMC EMI 2p Sus a ee ie 87 UG CRUSE aes ele dA ay cea Liao 129
PROTOD VUNG lL Sai ie Sa ee CHAN MON ovoys oawlll esata unary Mian gota ia pula 2s 245
PANG OSLICULER ai Pale a2. = a cis ian acer @ RESO PAI VANS 2 ee A OE Se Me se a 114-116
(LONG HOL SES ea eres eH ee 150 CONT CONES «cin NE LI pene yan aa 47
PMSTOSIIGEACA. gh aseo st. 45. 13-15, 121-165 CLETUUC CIE ae ape ee Ahan 50
PMOTOSDIS ease fo leh) 3 le 13, 125, 127-132 CASS PULOSA 1 eye a ts yaaa ale 114-116
BOQ UAV ALVIS. <5. <..)5 a eidioin) isis 127, 132 CORYOMMYUC Maan atta ton. are ate 116
CHAR EARS AEN NE eR ERIE 128 CHUSUAUALRE Nea iy INL aHt sl aaa MOI
PTE rap 2 as sala te ote 129 danmthonlordes iy) ake ee 116

CHG OTS Bo ie a RE INS 129 HE ATOR AMA NHL ei Milage 114

TOUT Cece Sa Beep ae aici 132 IMELICOVMes ry Hig LAL Sa a 108

2M oT Oe Re A Aer oe Pena eI ID 127 SUNOS NO Yn eee Atm eta 114

UT OCITUGIOCS ee ces oa cla a ace 127 OOLUSALD tee ase ai uie ie Ses ae 110

QIU OUNOCLO Se ee A in aoe nls whe 2 127 PRCLCOM Heol Lacey iene eater eta 116
OMIT Be eet Ae eh ye ashes Lies 127, 129 Hi{Viif VIRAL AE pt aang tel met a Ayia A 76
expillanice Pees! 28 2) ee. 129 SICAL ee a eee 114
LESTE TE OE Se ee SS OM eA Trochlod. sie ueee ys ach relies a cialioes 107
GICSOCNSISS oe eae) es hea se OOM Alia erage. fO8 Reb) ey ase ee 161
elnGuhiama aos 22 Pepe Seo MA Wut 0s Nas Oe Eh Se cm ia 3

97769°—19—Bull. 772——19

289

See
ee

of ee So ae Toe ee a
ee

290 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Alice Orage isu eae te Ae ae eee 58 | Andropogon nardus......---..-- 260, 263
BACCALON. 26) Vaccines Gee a leuass 150, 152 TOULOTS Sarah ere eects reer 260, 269
ALLOUDERETOSE 35 eine 15a ee a eee 187 Perloratus 16 lel cies shee eae 263
AIOPECUTUS {32222 ss eee 13, 136, 137 poly dactilane seen ass: ese 189
alpinus? ra. ve ie ee 137 paccharoidess: = 434. see eee 263, 265
PAIS RICH AISA Rene ena ween cers MS y/ laguroldes sss. eae eee 263
CalifOrmicusiies ..25 eeu 137 SchOENONINUSE site Sune aes 260
Semiculatuses ss. 8849-2 eee a on BCOPaTIUss: ©: Sea. eee 260, 261
GRISTULOLUS ee tevaeeis roe 137 SESSULU/LOTUS sass ee ea ee 260
hordevfornises 9 pe" a oe 137 SOTQMUM es chase Ses eee 267
MONS PCMVCRS Sarat eee eee 137 CUMIN ONG 42 ce eee 267
OCCUDCTHLAN US a ee soe 137 CLG UUS iat ce oo can epee 267
pratensissacce. <soe- anes 136, 187 SUAONCNSISA ee eee 267
AMGQTIS Sate Sonat fede ts oe 121 LOU ASTACHYUS: eee eet ee seen 260
ATMO philasscce sss ce es ise eee 123 LOPTCUONUS 05.52 fone ee 260, 263
SEMANA, s75 ven oS ise wees 123, 124 DUGUILALUS 2 0008 er ee erence 260
OTUNGINOLEO S82 25 la 123 VITSIMICUS] -- 22 See eee 260-261, 262
Jeo 0) OOK e010) Os SE 19, 249-251 | Andropogoneae..--.-... 2, 20-21, 252-280
CIM PUUCOT PON Ss: ses ee ee ee eae 25011 SAnemagnostis: = 22s eee 127
pLOMIGAMUTN ss Seo se ee 250), Anthaenantiass._ 76 eset ee 213-214
Purshtit2 sore ec se eee coco Tea a 2/208 ae eee oe eee 214
DATTUDNULO PUSS ee as ele eee ele a, ae 260 villosa) c/j5215 02H tna Wo leeeemene 214
VATVOSULO PINUS: cae) =o oye he Oe ke 2235 2244) Act ni PSII WSs sje ae ae eee 2
INTACT UM: See ey. on ele ele 263 SONOPOdUS.2 00>. 2 se oe eee 2
ZATANMVOVGESH es 62 ante oe nee 2634| Anthochloa e222: oe ea eee 71, 73
AANOTO DORON ss sores e ee: -e 258, 260-263 colusamae: 85° 262¢../)5 28 eee 73
GUICINOLUS Se 0 © arto Stel ete 270 lepiduilafo so) ne eee 71
HYCO SNS GP eo 8 SERS 273 TUPeStrs. 2 SLI oer (Bk
CLO PCCUTOIMES. = sae ee Nie 260 Amtho pogon. 00) see eee 187
GMUDUGUUS Osea kee eh Ne Sle 187 lepturoides: 25. eee eee 187
CRG CTCCUS ng Were Napte. Scene os 263:|" Anthoschmadtia. 22-22 40sec 83
QUCNMMCCUS Hace eS esas Ae 269 | Anthoxanthum. .-..----..----.- 201-202
DOP DUNOGISi ama oe se Ni Sees 263 | aristatiine) 3) cece eee 202
biconnisss. se ea Stern ae ea 260 | indicdm. <2). 42 Bee oe eee 20d
brevilolUshy: eee ee a0 odoratum: ase oer 201-202.
OUUMEL ES escapee ne 2 cee 269 PUNICLlAtUIMN 2 ee ee 201
CUUTOUUS age ts 3 ne nya 263 pueliice ee. Be ce eee eet 202
Cond ensatuse 2-338 ee ee 260 |\WA pend gewee Ss ees eee 127, 130
CONLOTEUS eae eae are 260, 273 SPUCO-VENLUs a: foo ee ee eee 127, 131
distachyoss. i cen Sage. eee 260:)| A pleria. "3. ee Oe ee 206
GUVOTICULUS eee eee ee 260 |) Aristidaeh: tee as eee ee 161, 163-165
CRUTMON Gt ai ae eae ee 267 ACSCEDSIONIS!: 22 = eos eee 163
elhobti: 275s xe ere eee: 261 ONVELUCONUA 32s oN See ae ees 191
WASCLOUNOT USO esos eee cet teres 260 OTOMOIGES 6 ees ee 163
PUPCAGIS ee gem eater 263, 264 califormicas. | moos eee 163
Grylls re le een ete 270 desmanthan 225 oe aa eee 163
DAT EUS UES Oe Ne Se Lee ante 260 dichotoma-222 30545" eres 163
GNSULATUSAe wee eeine 2 28) opel 215 fendleriana.: 225 28S ae eee 163
ISCHAe MUN) ye eee eee 260 OTACHISSS.-./Sa coe sUaNneN ee eek 163
IMNOACTUTUS 0 Nees ets ye Then e ene ea ee OU) laniosae! 252 DE aes eee ee 163 —
ANeLONOCOT DUS. ns ee eee 273 longisetas. =: See sae 163,165
MONTUJONV 2 OUR ee ee NL) oligantha. ..--.-- mee eye i Te 163,164
TVUTUCULUS «0 Bee gee ee 263 purpurea... 220 ae eee

163

INDEX. 291

Page. Page.

PMETSELG AEGGAGIA Cee ac tLe ee ROOD tA VENG, SEDITUCO: 02 caaine TUN Lt ee 110
BEMMeG@edMaAare. «souk ok aces 163 Spica A. 5% 1) Sess A, W138. 120
BbrtOtaie (oo LLIN NS SRY 8 163 Sterrlise Mista be us mee eee 113
PIMDerC MIMOSA Sea a Ss eee HGS MA veneaes= 285 20s . 12-13, 106-120
Arizona fescue..--.--- ey ry tay. 31 | Awnless brome-grass.....--....--.: 25
Avrbenatwerum .../ 02... 0. Bure ee UL313 29) 7345.40) 00) 01) IS eae Ra aya, ft 823-225
QUICNUCCUIDS > Sots aso 2 om A Re 113 UTC USE ON vale le i aR ane 224
ICHAT eee Seer AE AeA 113, 114 COMUPTESSUS 5.2 2.20 ee 224
pUlbestmis.c 2222S 118 PTC AGUS US ek ee em Se 225
i:NTaL | uh TneC OTE NN a ae AA 3 EN 266) wibalamaiorags =|) So... eyes ie eee 179
GHIARISR se des oe ce as eee 266: |\MBamilbooseribe: <2). 5225 ay ee 22-24

Cry ptabherus..-.22e2 ses Z0G Bat @Os 25 50k So ae ae 8, 22
quanhimiantisy.s4e2 525. eat) ee 266) MB ATUUOS! DaIMDOS :92-,.2 eee eae 8
FAMUINGMM ATI as oes ss er Ren Cue 22-24 | AV ON (Sef ar Fe pa ena MUP en G22 2 8
japonicas ss. -2.%30 22. tielyeu 8 liBanitiosedes 6551.1 ieee 8, 22-24
MACKOS PSHM! 2. 2} aN: PAP IOXOH FENDI S USE cep AA AI aed me EA a 8

| ST CURR re a es air OTT Bec aL Papen 31 BH CE a la an a NET 98, 100, 101
NTU Gee eee se as PN 60, 63 Ibeardlessiiiatens: 0) sees 101
GRENOMUG = 55524 ee Rae ENA IAL 60, 123 TIGGS Soe et i ego 101
DOTNDOS ae ans sss SL Ee 60 (Want oye ies meee aaa eS Lr 87-106
calamagrostis.22-.. 2.2 9240": GOF2ih) iiBarnvard erage ui ache 238, 240
Gomaxes ey iose Ue 8 Se BSF CON OZ MS OUCHCO cas BN) ey Sa 150
VEESIEOLOD..- 5 Shoe eEE 60 OP UISK YU a hae Ee ees 150

CMUGejO8e22 228352. 2-) a RE ut 60 iBedeh-grase. 2) hi.) pu: paekete 123, 124
WeSUNCILED aha ns sa2 es Ae Oe ana! OS afi CANIS nays 2 oat ae a oa J a ml 3

Tear Ake ae eles ee NR rela Male being 4 82 64: iNBeckmannia.. 2.2 sh aoe 180-182
“plnagmiites: 027.2. aenltnn Very .i 64 ERUCAGIOFMMIS ss se oi.) eee 181-182
DETSICOLOl nase ee ne Fone: a INS GO: (WB enn eta 5 sete SG es 150

BAS ROCREU UC aston oe gn foto MS RGSS 98 Bent, carpet: jos G2 2 2 ee 129
DO SUT NN eS ht a 98 Creeping 28 So). 5 Us he ee 5, 129
LS) OLD Sete ee ee aN OP pet elf 12, 116 STARSES HLS <3 Syl Se aes 125-132
Capillanis: 2034-2 Buel 116 Rhodemsland: 222 eens: 129
caryoph yllea. 22292... 888% 116, 117 WVE Vie esa eta a te 129
PLAC COmet as taxes o a ee ee 116 | Bermuda grass.......----- 4,5, 178,179

PAT EMLOLUS 62 na ssece oe eo RE TaiZE bibio bluestemec ces lac see 263, 264
VATRETOPOGOW yas) Sn) 0 2 ee 191 | Bilhion-dollar grass. 052-2232 oL 222% 239
CPUs. 2s: bossa See OM eB lacks eramia< coe) 2h \eaetaers snes 193
AO LOMINUSS 152 52 RR ae 214 PTASS ee eau a CCMA a a 4
LIU QUUS Tass S20 btn Ss La 214 Sporoboluss: 2.00.02 7 aay ae 151
FUPUS sa aoa soa ssc eee ZA AY S EAC ats, tera ahd at Nhe cancel Nes oy cea 5
PATE yee) SS 2 os 2 REN SGU 214 | Blepharidachne. +222 2.2 Bes ya hs) 6, 8, 78
BE ANE actor Tay sicne eS ole ye I OES ae ae 110-118 benthamiana. 52.50 eGNand 78
DALpataseee sagas oes Leas 112, 113 ected rst he oe Eg ES
Calicina, (Calycynd)=. . Yasser iNSoeBlepharoneuron: 6.20222. 22558 151-153
CLULIOR So erieieia 5 55 5 5, S ee eee 111, 118 Eichalepis. Wel yee 151, 153
TApUA ees Sry eS 110 Aly Ws eBlue buneh-erass. . 2:5... 208 4,31, 88
elapragas 2 ieee ay Rela 111 bunch wheat-grass...........- 88

PUL UCSCON Sa ere dé ae MEET 108, 111 ig: ho0T: ea a MMPI 193, 194
PREG ULIS afore eine Seton == Ee 11 DPASS Hee ee in i Lani 4, 38, 41-45
GUITTOSOA Sane re o. 2 See ne 118 ANIMAL, Se ee 44

MC RSYLMGNICHG: 4). Bie 111 Canada. 6 eee 44

PTA LETISTRE SE: Rit co's 110 Bnglish 2/2) 32s bee 33
SCLC pea Sin, Mee ame Re 110, 111, 113 ‘Kentucky io. 0.2 2 eee 41,44

eS 2 BAS oe ae
IP tal, FR ee es

2a Sa

en ee eee ee ee ee i So ee eo ae

pe a ae

sewee-4

SE

Se SEA 2 SE SS ee or ee

292 INDEX.

Page. Page.

Bluegrass, little. 270. 2 eee se 45 | Brome-grass, wild ..............-- 26
Mal paises ee eee 44-451 -Bromelted. <2. 2 5 eee 69

Texaso. oC oe ese hn 44 (section of Melica) .........-. 7A

HOMNG Seek ee ee eee 124,129) Bromus. - 22. Se ee 24-28
Stes foe ULES: wet eye ae 87 ATEMATUB: 2-2. ee Oe 28

DIG ene eee 263, 264 CaTINaLUs.. o> eae eee 25

Mites a ee 260, 261 ciliatus.2 0.235. see 25, 26
Blamenbachia= © \. 2222. Sayers 266 commuta tus! 955s 25
BOGCLUM SG oes feo ates as eee 191 CRISUQUUS Soc = 1. Hee nos 87
Bottle-brush grass:2 222. eee 98, 99 CLOW ORs Fe. to ee 28
Boutelouae os saa.te.. 4,191, 193-194 CreCOUS 2 Oe cnn 5 Vea eee 25
aMAETICAM A. Oi. 4c. ee eae 191 hordeaceus: 243 te eee 28
aristidoides... .\..- S2eee eal O3 eI oF IMETINYS. = 1.2). 2 eee eee 25
aromas G sok Oc. 191, 194 Marginatus. . 072) o4 eee 25
eurtipendulac 5. o scene 191, 193, 195 porter.) 05 2.2 a eee 25
CHIOPOd a as 456 yc Sse eee 193 DUTZANS =). 1.05 hy ee 25

JOU ETT LOO Sha evden Tee SU CY 193 TACEMOSUS..60 542 ek ee 24
STacilise cess. cis Se 193, 194 TWOENS.:: Woe 5 oee Cees 28
neberosteta ceils lo veka 193 BECAIMUISS ses eerste 24, 25, 27, 28
HRSA sees se ees ac a ees 191, 193 stertlis: 1-32-0520. 6- 5 ee 24
OUGOSLAChYG. 22°... | a 193 ‘eCLOrUME... 2. 2s. 2. Eee 28, 29
MOUISLACHYOS 2. 2 Scene eee 194 {AarHeT0 RM stp seen nem aaNR ENE OC or). 5 28
procumbens... -.: Seine 193, 194 | unioloidéss <2. eee eer eee 24
PROSURGLOS Oe ee Oui 191, 194 | villosus:) | 2 - i422) 2 eee 28

RO CEMOSM eer. ee pa 1995193) | Broom,com. -.. 52.40 eee 267
rothrockaiee:.". .t2). 4. mane 193 | Sedveme c5 20's UUs 0 eee 260, 262
(SPUUUH 0) ep Chat ges ae rc Tye ta NC a 191 | Broom-corn millet... ...22s2s86a: 230
lemanae ease: 25 eco ae es 19S 196 |RBuchlot. 2202 =o) 2 eee 197-199

ERI AOM a spe So) es ene 193 daciyloudes =o.) ie eee 99
Braehiaryiaes. see ci) i Aa anes 221 | Buffalo grass. ....... 4,193, 198, 199, 200
cilliatissimas 902. 4a ae 220 |PBulloilis: 7.6 so ees eae 197-199
erucaelormis. 20 1a be Ales POA dactyloides........... 193, 199, 200
Play mlaydae es AN eee 221,.223° | Bunch-grass. 2 2). yaa ee 150
Brackyelytruml 2% +-5 2. Saat 154-156 bitiese 2: 2. see ee 4, 31, 88
OLUSUOUUTL set 3 eas ey 156 mountain. 0245.23.23 eee AS
CLecuune oer 149, 155,456; 157 | Burro grass.---_. 22-2222 eee 81, 82
iBrachy podimm.cs) 22.5 Sayers 34 \iCabrerd.s. | o. 2 2 Zc See 224
distachyouss. 22): onal 34 chrysoblepharis..........-+--- 224
PSROCIUSIYLUS = S210 eA hie Renee 107 |: Calamagrestis.. 2-2-5. =. see 121-123
SWZ ee ese te chia cs Oa ieee 45 GNING- bs eS a 145
COnadensis) ub pee he 34 brevipiliss, 22. ee ee 123, 125
CLAGTOSLUS v0 A Sunes epee Atay 45, 46 Canad ensiS:. 2) U ssn eee eee 121, 122
a0. 11 Wa RR pre 0st 45 langedoriit: . 355. cheer 123
Meas. o 20s ae Nag 45, 46 longijolia. 2. 1 eee 125
MOTOR! hee. ess, a ae 45 rubescens: 2 -22ies8 oe 123
BTEZOPYTUTMN so. eae eae gene 58 Sea brat scl scc kits 2 eee 123
Doredle 2. Ua Se a a en ete 58 | Calamowiliae = 3. 2 ane eee 123, 125
BTOMG-CTARS stk Ae eee ae 4, 24-28 brevipilis. 2. 2°2 eee 125
AWMICSS yee 25 Curtiss 205.2222 Se ee 125

Co wnny oes 2 ete pant ens 29 gigantea... 5. 5ea ees ree 125
Hungarians!) 00): ae os 25 longifolia: -....) 5: aeeeeaes 125, 126
Schradenjs 2 70. eat ea 24 \-Calanthera. oss se sos 198
smooth 215.055... Mase ae ae 25 dactyloides. 3.222. aan 198

INDEX. 293
Page. Page.
AN CS GL ENS RP ts SAE ERA Se 145 | Chaetochloa geniculata..........- 243
MUGTILOMUU S58 Ce oNexhn 2-2 Ne 145, 147 mbalineas eye ae baat he 243, 244
MAMEPIVOSUS s 2). 2-14 0 eos 25 ae 6, 16, 185 varietal key (under Setaria)
AROUMALCUS sie chests ech as alas 185, 186 SS AND tests ca De Pea eT 244-245
PLGVETCL ATU USS 2) yee cs cylescicres os SSS 185 MUGESCENSey acetic evo 243, 244, 247
TOMO ROSE te aR mee 185 mackostachiyaenc. asso eee 243
PU SRUGTES cree AB cy sy NU eS 185 TOAST id ox cietsrs cit) er 243
Canada bluegrass... 2.23220 44 palmifoliar 2 200.3... esas 243
MAMAN OTASS oy eis eco 3) 2 ial 203, 204 SUC a ra Ge OEe cj eee ea 243
STEKO ECU Na SA AD pal pene Ba 204 WELCH Matar ee es Se ot 243
Sanary-CbTass, tribes. 4.05 2 = {ewe 199-204 SVTEN GLAS) ay tee Nees ea are 243, 244, 247
EATEN LEW ego Ze Chalcaclyinumss. 2) eee 269
IAT OOM ae Searels silts, aI 232) Chamaeraphis.)22 2 12s See 243
STATE A YRS AS Osh OD Cay 8 ZEN ZOMNACTASCOM aS cr Nl tl 4 ee) ana 229
SORE UI Sige ee foes ees ZO Oh asnantthvumrey ieee. eee 60
OEE ALG eet ai NS Oe 175-179 GOLETA EON is RAN Dn BN GRILL S52 60
AACE YOM ate. eo i254 SNe Seaham Cheat ss anveee eos 08) hol lynne 27
ViOE | 008 Rea RE Cy sip ETS LOAN CO esas Nera AR tO ae Di
Panmib erases oso oo oie cole DRE ZAMAN ChiCkenveorms hehe 244-65 2 Ae che 267
BAW CU STASS sate eee acne oye Zs i ede OW OIL BOHN QTL OR ENN arse aE een 30
CEI EETU(0 Nn EN ARS RE Ve 63;\64)) Chiondede sei. 2 ose. 3, 16-17, 171-199
GOO DIY. vis Ns on sala oe cE MODE Monidopsis iia I. ic fea a A 191
AB HbA TOSS stars xsi aco, Fa TN ATT ly Con reais isl pe eels ene L NT see ats 187
ACA LUCA eri Ae ee, a 47,51. enilmarbamen lets Mees. he XS ae 187
athesteCUMis sc). o 2 2 aes 194-196 CnC aM So agape) 2) 5 ele 187
CKECHUM : Seca eee a Seeee 196 CLEGOWS ae) aaa ees os REO 189
PEOS TALIM <5 25/3 HEE 195 HOLE CORT MS SSA ke ee ME ANY 185
BCMENT OD SIS co soe, sisieie/e ays 2 ES 249 HORIG ATMA Ve ea 189
BemeMEUS essa oie Sad Seiad 247, 249 Bavenmay ee Se Tae Le 189
PUPLOUES oi ola ye i) Se par yey oN 247 fod ESOC? es ae ae EE EVENS 0S AL 189
COLOMTACIVUS 2) > 1 airs AMEN 249 MONOSIOChY Ges) es ee 185
echimatusy = 2562.42.42 ee 247, 249 MEGIEChaR ee) csr s a uaa ee 189
WRULESCETUS asec ss BONNE 247, 249 j OX 2 eS: Pa ag Re eS 187, 189
GROIULOTUS a3). Oi) Lis sae 280 polydactylac. 0 ous) tear 187
MEVOSUTOLMES.: 2 oe dees 249 DROCUINO EN Sta jie nee yo 22141 193
PAUGIMOLUS S23 33-305 +-./. S ee 249 PACS hap peer e hi cal 187
TUCCNVOSUGS 5) 8 Lio.cteps eds eM 165, 247 VertlCillatay ss jcc 52 cde anes 189
PEUDIMOIGES sis os. cs 2 247, 249, 250 VITAL AES eect al oh SS 189, 190
ILO PUONUDY 6.6 ais torsos 4 id SESE DONC RLOTO pais Hiss shims Oo Lise ena 191
UN TET OS ARNG 5 Te ND a Nice EM 270 blanchardiana:: 22325222. eniae ESI
ICEOLOCHOCEC Pee cise eri unice oo POOR MAC TOR OSHS eis sas 4 an A Reman ee 189
PLO CULO 28 se pte iB ick? nape ON DAN OH ORETOSHUT 4 43 2a ork as 193
(section of Bromus)...-....... 2A @hrist s-tearsus 130.2524 2s seers eee 288
2 TESTES SO oe ee eR DAGAIMChrysopogonanesh poh )nre ya stint. ee 270
PLEO ONS eats ices ere niaraie) AE 226 COTEULOLUS leh ass Ren RT Re hae 270
MUSES cick pater cercld ik ch ond 227 TLCS Sadia 8 02s 270
BRU OTS SOC ier ho cre ii en wine HAGA Wrap SULrtis tase fa 2 Ah yal) 2 68
PPO LO hor hrs tsran ct a 52/5 NS 146 CUNOSUMOIES: 2) 1S 242355524 see 68
ELON p25 pene op 2 9 GSP GUMS Paha Cpt RB 13, 133-134
COP ATIS Meee). 4 92), SOY 163 arundinacea. 525-24 S 22258 133, 134
STITUTION Ss OPES 8, VatiioWais die py hak enh Ree 133, 134
misetochlod.). ocd. ceil. = 4 241, 243-245 poaciormisiWats sy. 4S eS 133
GaN DORs eine ceedseviurvese BAS) | CONNASITUN a ciacusinucarboue see 133

CGT ie sea ae 6 ore Pa

CAS

To eed

oS Bee Se Se a Pe ee ES SO a Oa

Orr ee

294 | INDEX.

Page.
Cinnastrum miliaceum ...-.------ 133
POCLOTUUCE Es So ooo ye a pe 133
Citronellajerass x Gan) ase ones: 263
UOT CREO SUL he Cis ay Nera 145
DORUUVENO Sk es a 145
CIONGr eee et Oh eae eb alien 3
‘Wockslootjerass: 23-44-2700. 2 345 5s 67
Goclorhachis. 29000223 Man, epee 278
TIVULR) COLO) eee ee 2 5S 2c Ss a 278
Coie esse es) ae RTS
GNGUIGIIS 202). Soto, 2 a Zo
Gaciylandesas oo a ae 281, 288
lachnyma-|O O02. 52... aeae 287, 288
Coleaniti nus lee Gs sie sae 132-1338
Bulb tilige nse ee nee 139.138
Cotobanthuss == 384 i ie eee 110
@oloradajerasses. south eee ae mae 232
Corns nda mee ee s.2 os. 283, 285, 286
‘eNOS Gaps oy a Meares 280-288
Contadenias: yng ee Acie sa ee 63
AIPCMECAMEE 2. 2-2/2 te sales 63
CRONE eke al #8 et es RE 81, 83
pappophoroides: -2c2:.-. 2525-2 83, 84
Wouehsonasss ese 020.0 oo ae 87
@rab-orasses¥a eee. 2 se. 215, 217-218
Creepimewbent soe fe see 129
Crested dog’s-tail grass...... pees 67, 68
Ciitesioriee se Ge Ros aaa 98
ERICULOTUSes 22a Se ae Seas 98
G@rowioot erasse...2 2 <= 52 <3 ssi. 175, 177
Pema sates Soa ee iets ie
CHYUMSINMNG@es Sia. cass boss SE SERIES 144
NUGCRO UNC tre Se Leena se Seen 144
SCL O UCase are aks 2 ale Rees eee 144
SURUCLE esi Poca = Ok eae 144
Oaypsiseaee sone ee es 153-154
SCuleatase ye Coke ae Tecktrel54
SQUONTOS@.-.:--- +32 - sicidd see 1 OT,
CRUEOSIOCHY See en Aas ee oe 150
WOGITGLO ese Fe gee 150
CRON GUTOR GS Fa Nea Ts ne ae epee ge 185
COTOUNUCTUUMY sens ene, Mee eua 185
GUUS a TS Ay Sep Ra aie OCR a SAM 5
Curby mesquite: ss. 2.5.00 5 2) AGS aos
Curly-mesquite tribe........... 165-170
CUTEO DOGO WN, EN ee 163
CuG-orass sic os ae! sence saya 206, 207
Cymatochlodien pf Sonia. aie ee 227
LAAT CHOSE SS ANU on AOS FOR 2 227
REPOS Wes ot ee na age 227
Cynibapogome ss) fe as ae 263
Citra tye. Pe ON ees eee GS

MOTUS T Uru a wie « s ecb ecbtaiey elieOo

Page.
SY MORO Ma. hk a ole aa eye ae Cae A Wad )al yes
Gachylan.. (poi. Sn 2 rane 178
MOTELS) ns ee eae 179
Cymosunmgs:: ooo ee eee 67-68
CEGYUDEVUS coe eS ee ean 67, 175
QUTeUS-.--- A UE ROS |, 67, 68
capellaceus=). \ 202. aa 172
COCTULEUS. (nsesnnk oa cee SO 67
Cristatsie ved cobs eee 67, 68
CRUCIOLUS 2 tee co Sea eames 172
GOMINGCENSIS «= = aio nee L72
GUTUS I oo ce sa eee 67
COhinGtUSs Me oe ee 67
GRUCHISS Soh 5 eae WU ee eee 169
PNALCUS 21 ees ue Pe ee 67
{RET (1d Reena ee mea retati eL R 2— 67
MONOSIAChYIOS.-- 4S ee ee 172
TUUCTONULUS = <5 55a ee 172
POTACCUSS: 6.58 ho ees eee 67
LONOHUS. StS. eee eee 169
DERGOLUS Scie dae aya ee 172
Cyperacese «2.2254 ogee eee 3-4
Cyperus irotundus): 22 o2-peeeeees 3-4
DaCtyas: ood Mes. oe ee ee 64, 67
CYUNOSUTOIGESS 5... 2 Fe 67, 183
clomeratactee ener eee 64, 66, 67
Dactyloctenium.\..- 22. ease 175
Cequpliacum 2) 22 se. ee 175
2eey tM Se ees 175, 177
Duaekylodes sce. 2 3 os 281
ongulatum.-... 22. = Seemesee 281
jdsevculotum 2.025. eee 281
Dactylogramma!... 223. ie
cinnoidess.- 22: see 2
Damthonian 5.322) .222 eee 118,120
decumbens =: 25. aa 118
PLrovincialis.2-2 72.25 -5 eeeeee 118
spicatabe. 0). Skea 1206
unispicata......2.3-. eee 12
Darnell «ole 2 Seen eee 103
Dasiola «9. 20. $262 eee ee 30
ellotieds ee ee e 30
Dasyochlod....... >. eee eee 74
QUENACEGS! oo. 2. eR eae ee 74
pulchella ss nso 74
Daye az sete a a ee ek:
Deer-grass sc. 3' te eee es 144
Deschampsya ses: soe nee ene 114, 116
COESDULOSG): = sch eee Cee 116
matthews 2.22 0e eee 54
DeHOURIO. ooo So 121
MONtANG . ois. Woe chee 121

Diarvina.. 2.4. sind eewd Cate be eee 51-52

INDEX. 295

Page. Page

Diarina festucoides.........-- 51, 52,53 | Elionurus. See Elyonurus.......- 275
APT CTEU tae PRS RS BL ie ED) Ve ee 5 Se Peis Nl ae 93-94
ROTI COTUD Sm es nas 2 /UR Baer aes 51 ATEMALIUSS hes 2 Rens 93, 94
Dichanthelium (subgenus of Pani- CANAGeNSIS 14 Shyer Here 93, 94, 95
CCITT ROL a eg teat trap te At leh bah 229 caput-medusaes. 223 24a 93, 94
DETOUR LLCS Borer ese a ee os eyeineetan h 215 Condensatuss <2) 2.2 yee an nme 94
PU TIUP USCS 2 2 20-8 Bs Fe 218 Hlavescensys +223): 04 beh ae 94
SANGIN ALISE esos nace ture eli Slaweus csc sles Se ee ae 94
[DIKGT RNS SISOS aS aR Aa a 203 Wiystria shes = vos 231 A ne 98
arundinacea... .-. - 2a, Saray sree 203 MACOUDM o 56s 252 32252 2k eee 94
JOA DO PON DEA Renter Pa ere ee seice et 145, 156 TMOMISi ner 4: ish pt hee 94
ORISTOSTU TIE ea ee oe 145 Salimas vows Pye ens 4 coal 94
RCE LOTUMN Ss te” = Ses 145 BAUNGERSIs +5222 524 oes Oe 94
DMamerostemones sso 6 f-<2. ReA Se: 260 StbilCUs x) )2 Sek 5 2 93
ID ATUASUE Ss a AE ae ted tl EER 199 simples anes s sy skint Lee 94
Dimorphostachys:-..-2.2222222222%- Di OREPTCOLG ES: bata: tee nds 94
Dicecious grasses.. 8, 41, 44, 56, 63, 81, 199 Vareinicus: + .*4 52.4.1 s ee 93, 94.
LD ji LATO ONG isl eels Salt ie ae 72 ML VOUUUS Hi or eas aed et 275
Diplocea aot PO dad oe Wee alt ACA mee eae 76 barbiculmis. wee eee eee eee 275
RArvUtare wees ek 8h a ee 76 tripsacoidess..-2 = -.-44s= ++ 275, 277
Disarrenum antarcticum.-.....---- 199), Hammer 22 ve os 22's eine oaes ee 89
Dissantielmme: ste 22242 bt Shen: Bm || mda tla ssc) = ra 6 2 ety ae 203
Calmormeumert tA teks: Shee BA MENG OGIO swe 80 Hades Poe else se oe 206
sclerochloides..........--.---- 54.) Emelish bluegrass: 2-2 .222222ta- 33

‘SLU OYUN Baba Alen ea age 54 || Hinneapogon s2-222-2:222522-eaoee 83
Drstichiligeres: hres ys <2 Vee 56-58 CLESU GU terete las etree 83
Genito ee Pk ee Onl MpIGAMUPeS six: 4:26 Gs ie =tere se ee 142-145

FA LOH SOLANA Ua Rapa Me hed, See a eg 58 iberlandiert . 525.42 ¢e.cuo522 25 144
MMe VOsaAs sere ee 58 emersleyie 26 322) PRP oe 144
SIC bane eek Reem et eS eae 58, 59 ligulatais < (322.222. 6e ee 144
SURTCLOS A rye tie arene e Rie ee 58 TMA CKOUT EA eis, Shale a = Berne eae 145
HED N Oh Pell ga ita 58 YISEMS reise hui se ele ewe ele 144
Dog’s-tail grass, crested-.-.-.:-.-.- 67, 68 Subpacensae: cnet sR eben 144
Doestowmlerass: +2252 45 dx hoes ere Ee 1637) Bragrostisue! {hens ak nels ee eee 45-47
Bropsecams sees tise se tes cee ee 151 ama pilten’ sii 4220 2s 23 nae ee 46, 47
STO boc es one eRe chet gst pbb 151 COPOMMUAINA 4 shse eee hee ee ee es 47
Wamraeyae Rete bs 2 beh) as eS ERY 267 Ciliamensigs Ss esh esse We ae nee 47,48
atonias 2 s8te secs keteccl.t} 110, 229 Ciliavisse ssi eck eee see aes 47, 50
PAG DUT OSCETUS = ooh Sanita g 229 CROGTOSUISIS S 22% Sake heey ahs tye eae 46
Riehmniweh logs sai. 2s A, ures AG 238-240 hiypnovdes? {hess kee rman sea 46,47
COLONIE Beye ase eras eer 238 TUL OPN Bin ie ses Ses SA ae 47
ChUSe AIMS ss ee cee wee Ks aud 238, 240 MCOOSHICHYO-6 a2 2222 x ae He sib 47
CCHS! = sled eons false S55 ae 238 OLYLE PISA Es nee te ES Lan eee 47
Zelavensigeas 2 Sie ee 238 pectimaceals str s82 hs san aM 46, 47, 49

clberbersicepet sb clace o> «APMC ee 240 DIRUIROSCR wh \ 0 neo 5 Neer eka 47

CH ISUCIYS ap mete tn sist 8 rot. AN ee 165 Becumdufloraey: =: 2-2 432 sae ae 47
Bey puiaine ornare. tees oh 5 Ue 267 Bessilispreaies tis 1.2 22s eee 46
BiemsOrniae As Sees Se ee has hr ss 2 A Sommeremochilone:s% 22h 21 irs ps Gee 78
BiletisinGs ss Sa Pe a ok GP isi eremochiaes: + hss 2 ses ns eee hee 78
COnneAIaeens ese ek Lo eyes 175 bigelovigs ss 4538s 5s eta ee aston 78
PLUGINS ne 22305 Ss ees 172 RUG TE See Geet cake” Ne ae Lateh anaes 78
TIGLC He ese sas ss Aa ese es arts Priarthuss 2252725 22 Vers en oe 255, 258

Of 1 Se ee eae Bree levata Cateye 172 |

brevabarbiseyi 22ct ev oa eer 258

296 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Erianthus contortus.......------ 258 | Festuca idahoensis..-............ 31
GUVAPICA TUS os eee eee ee ee 258 INGTOLOS: 22S DAR Na eee 31
FaVennaes= Sisko he eee 258 IY UTOs== 2-2 5225 be ee 28, 36
snecharoides: «04.7 oe eee 258, 259 ob tusaee y3cc) hse a er 31
SUERCD US ices Sites pee ieee 258 OCbOHORA: 2025 See ee eee 30
Wreochloa 225.24 2-22 eee 219-221 CORN Bae hemes ag ociekes 28, 31
acuminata. aoc ts SMe eee 221 Pub |} er yes eal ee ee 31, 32
distachiyns!2.!85 55.50.55. oer 220 Senirea te eno eee 30
pohystach yar .. 22222. oe 220, 221 subulatats-5/s ceo tee eee 3
punctata: 2250.52 .25.2 220 pee 222 siipulitlors. 226 ¢= eet eee 31
subolabra 222362422 eee 221 Lenellaih ot pen Ci Ro ae 30
SETRPOCOMULSe erat s 26 ha i Ee 156 UNTOLOIES Tino ha eee 24
CUSTOMS se ye ei 156 wanidiilan. 2. 322 Unie ee 31
ESO NCUROTEME Me Fire eae 2 eee WAG? |: Pestiearints Sos oo ie 2 ee ee 34
ROCINOG Hee Se i wean eae 46 | Festuceae-: -....--.-.---. 8-10, 24-28, 196
5 DDSI Co see SE eh me aT 46), Pebertta sek. ciss 22) oo es 267
Hspariowmass: +2.) 2 ane 5 | Fiber grasses <4. > 24.42 een 4,5
Pehlacnas tele eo a PSI 283e) TOR ANAT IRN 52 a ee 129
MEKICAMA 25524 65.558 2812283 ,284')| ‘Plat-stemoeee soe ns see ok eee ae AA
Bybaligeee. oo ee ed ee anal | PM lexulomiaeee 2 = JS Ss eee 2
HOPOUICH. 8S 8 kee See 255 COM Pressed ..- 2232 6. eee 2
Pupstachise sc. oe 3 woos 22 SOD) | Ploreteeee es cet n es ee 5
CETACUS ORE ice ANT GON 190). Plummea. secur ee 38
UDSV AST) eee Beals UME cette Peck 0 a 193 OTUNM NEC! 2) on ss ee 3
BrOMOMCS oe ae Nee eee 193 festucacea. ss2524.9<s2 see 38, 40
CUTE PENMUO o>. oa Sete 193+] Forse srasses) ie 2.22 si so ee 3,4
DREARY eee Va eet A ge Mie, 900% POrusaccus2 tse i Fo ee eee 24
ondleras oak ae hos to oa Nid all 588] PROERLAIMORasS 2.2.2 Sate eee 247
rhynchelytroides...-....------- 158 | Fowl meadow grass..........-=-:- 44
Rescue sArizoma.. 2522 2.0 ae Ai 31:.| Hoxtail@rasss 6.7.) Abe 96
PTASSOS She hee ioe < cee oe eee 28-34 PEON s.25 0k Jo te ee 243
EGE Me AR Sls pee bee peg rapa Rae enn 31+] 2 gsmeadow es oi. 3 aes ee 136
FNCAC OW ae Coe ie ee ee 31.33 Miletus {PAs 26 oe ee 243 ©
POC oe eae = 31, 32 yellowliee 1 toch eee 243, 244
BRCED Sa en weet es eee obi Pussia terete Teese ae dee Speebie
(EZ ES Eis Si peeeeaieaet aeiaenges Peas 32 COPULOTIS oo ee 116
LET OY 2 Weal ee Rg cee er te 24-86 caryophyllea..- 22... ae 116
esheets reek ee I naa 28-34 PROLCOT Se. pee pen aS ss 116
REIZGMICQUR Eh a. sete Nee Sl) Galletaorass.. - 432 eee 169, 170
BOrer see 8 Cy ee 38°] Gama: ofass)s20.. 525 2-e ee 281, 282
hromord es fe. 52a eo ele ae 30 | Gardener’s garters..2.).2-- see 203
Caliiomicac: nasi .% Sete 31°) Gastridium. 6.12.35 see 141-142
Caprlatate eke 2) eer Lae 31 qustraless. 23. ee 141
ConGnig: 22.25 2 tes eee ee 30, 31 lendigenimm .. 2s. eae 142
CEISIOLOA SE ie ie ee 28 ventricosum 3. 22) de eee 142
decumbens: (32 2 Sek. 5. ees 28-74.4118 |: Germanognillet. 3. 2c ee eee 245
ANAT oe ee 51 | Giant reed.....- Emami sete 60, 62
durusculas 2 = eee eee sola! Ginanniawes..<2 222. 62 ee 117
ElabiOr. Saat ees ere 28, 31, 33 MOLES REL 22 leek eee 117
elimerise eRe eae 31 pubescens >. 4. 2 ssc 222s eee 117
[OSCICILLOTIS 2 eee ee en eee W725) Glycerias eestor = ee 34
SP UREANSS AS J ae ence hae Lane 28. 344)\ Glumewia!) os L225 oem 5
heterophylla. cco se. ie ee 31'| Gnomonia. sia. 2. 612 ee ee 30

INDEX. 297
Page. Page
POGSN-COP ses -cn os ase. 2. 5 oS 2. GSV69) | eteropaqzonsy. a2 eae etna 273
Golden-wonder millet..........--- 245 CONUHOPEUSS = 2.35 scien sears 273, 274
GOOSE-OTAES 137-2) os bs Ke 175, 176 QUAD eR a as eae tenes O aa tee 273
Parana ar ng ate Ue eee lie 4 TUREUS sito ciate. 3 2 sR 273
fepama< placks coe ay ou AOS 193 melanocarpus!--4.2+ 22 scenes 273
[BUI US SARS ae EE Tay ope ea MOS Osa WLICLETOSLECH | oH isla 4. ao Gas oy cena 193
PTAsses aos dt oN ou. 4,191, 193-194 WUMCHOUG =.) 3\2 50 Ui aoa 193
STC CaO aL ee ee ens eh ne AOS INGO) | WH eranrhenas <3. 3 5s Sy 2 ee eGS
PSY eA /2(E) ks a gee 194 CONGHTOTAES!. 12.512 yams 168
ini Mesure esse eee cia asain OOM SEM erOChlOe. 4 yiate! (Ll) /52 2 eg oe ee 199
SPAMMING AC eels nue eis 2k ae ete 3 CTL OT GLICO W053i 5, aN eS 199
Grapevine mesquite..........--. 282, 235 DORE Was Poe Cia, Ae LOS
Grephephorwinc: 0222). /55-5ee Ie 108 OM ORAL Mey ck Rae LAN eee 199
WAC STRICULCUMUS «came e ayes te 3.5 SO SOM wu T As ops. easels ee aun at 4, 167-169
LCL ULOSTLMU Hap ha sci haoe S a ES 54 bela Cert cy Ae is es 168,193 _
Grass defmitlome «22/2 2)\s)08.5, So 3 CENChTOIGES. 45 22144 See ee LON OS
Grasses distinguished from sedges. 3 JAMDOSHT EY Sas cel ua eit na apt 169, 170
Green TOR al hee eye ee el MIDAS MEGA ates CE UNO ENE 169
GREERUTE ep ree ie ee lege NY 135 uta eae RS Papa Meeps 169
OnkONSANG ee Slee 8s ate a aloop | Elimalayva fairy oragsi:. 204). baa Oo
Gurimeniorasse sys ne cts = 2 oy ND 3 Oia || Mogemilletee cys Shed ooa's ste ae 230
Gyan poston! Sine oe eet BOIS! ole uss ssa). 0). ae 20, 116, 117, 266-269
ANAND SUIS eet Astro giy at c 187, 188 CLAGUUS has SeMeea ss a A a eE
Inrewat@liust! =! 325 2a Nass 2 187 LOGTANS sian sane al aoe vain 199
CHapMaMaTaMUs se - 2 ks ae 187 halepensis.......-..-. 266, 267, 268
OVS SUS eA ee a ee 187 LOTS IS Saloni. 117, 118, 266
TCEMLOSILS hme FFF 8 oA ONY Ne 187 (iBT Big yes OE OR ILA ACN tT! AAS
GUINNOSIICIUNG 00% ese a os 98 OMONGULS Suse's RR) Sits aie a 266
LYSE A ese eet Ca 98 Baccharatusiy)s situa) Ae uaa 266
Guminothninens Vee os vite Vara eb aie 246 BOre Huan 2) = ay Sa Re 266, 267
TROUTID ens Co hep) eR TS DAG sorghum drummondii..--..-... 267
GoOMeriunihs S50 yas eo 8 ET YE 63 CRAG UUS Sc esse i Le 267
QUOTE Shr hes wale SATE St 63 SuUdaNeNsiss, 3/50. / eee 267
SUCENOTOLUCS® Wx.0.0ct arma sa 81s 63 SPVUCHUUS Hei ahd aay se aay av a 246
; BASED bA MUM S254 MK ee Shs wg 63 SUTUQUUS Hes) S23 een ola 2 Aenea 237, 266
ICERELOCMOG. 50.8 2 soe as PTSOOSO al Oly OT ASS 0s.) 00) steele) o 29 2 ee OD
GEOTUGTAS era 19 S52 2 ee SUR 280i, Homalocenchrus! 221492 aie 204-206
Eorr-orass: tuited:- 2202224642225.) 6 MODAMGTMS fee va naa 206
Eleine? Stall OPassey nts oe TP eS 143 OLY ZOUMCS i cue ie eo ae 206, 207
TOR DCCINOU Ve this Le SES 185 WALCAMTCUS|) 0.415 Mane Saray se 206
15 pes oO) a Ce EAT TG Ain OPA CAC Hg fs. sh ee aa - 11-12, 87-106
EAU Re Sapa see iat es PN Ama ECOL e Wms s S225 218, vat fe cla hae 98-101
WML Hipenets is Seis ai sn oe Sra 4, 89, 121 MISEVCH Ops ss Ste eon lara 98, 99
13 1G) era / wl Koy: Rapti ee nO ea 154 Crissoneaiml -/ 4.) aa eae 101
alopecuroides: $2. ...2) "IN. Vo. e Ww Alb hexastichon.).):0.2 Uae 98, 99
Behoenoidess. joss. 2 1 ANT 55 ischmatheruma 14) 2)) 2 sa 2h oe 101
PALO MUS UR Sec RAE oie cies sats, Le 220 Jubatum S:2.5-,/5' 20) ane ae 98, 101
PLOSUS 2 sa PRI Hy emake Nes 220 TUVUTIMCI Ss goo hy age 98, 101
ACTNOTURT UE) to hs or SS ON 278 TOG GSU s oye) a pes Oeepae 101, 102
EONUDTESSU UME NN aaa Moe Un 278 posal Tiaras oy SN eee NA he 101
RETLCBIUE LOSS HMI ye Bron fe IS ae 278 spontameuma. 22.5 Seay 101
BPeLOre OLAS RRS ee coe See ks A 129 Wulleametentssc cere sie 2 ene peo a 98, 100
HACE DET OCILOU t 8) Be eek a Re. 30 pribuTnca pen... e/ eee 101
(subgenus of Festuca)......... 30, 31 VBOCTLUOL bs a ale discs aves /ermuaiaee 98, 102

298 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Hungarian brome-grass.....-.-..-- Bola: Kany pak wens 972 Rojec ce Sek 127
ORAS sso NCP ees el ere PAD Sry ven. 55) 5a ee eee 127
Hiygrochioa.( <2. 252. ces Saas S| Wurslcmlllets. Soh ee 245
CaTOlnmMensis- 6 622 582 2 Le RAE NS) Mae UTUsS Ss 2 SossGs wae 2 ee 142
DURES pes + ese eesees 211 CYVNATICUS 3 oP, BEE 252
PELOPYTUMN =. 22s eo ee ee 209 OMAIUIB EE ae eo rece ee eee 142, 143
CSCULETINM is es eee 209 | Lamanckia ler =...) 0). eee 68
EIR CNOLNLE TU ate ie = a Sa 169 CONTE 89 ots ee se 68
GUINGUESCLUM - i. eee 169) Leppagor. 2s.) ou. oe ee 165
LETTS se ek ONS Ne a IG9s| Lappayapsrs a)... 4 Se eee ee 224
TISCLULIN 2 es 2 ss ae 169 ONE: 33 ee ee 294
DUIDISELIN Ue pe, Ss oe ee 169 :| LAsIACISES 5 Ase pee 232, 234-236
TRA nKe es AL (Se 96-98 Givaricatac.. cr ae 236
eato rye 2 98 | Lawn grass...-.- 4,5, 44, 129, 225
WYSTGA= 8e as oe es eee 98 Japanese: 2... 22-222 eee 166
patilas. <6 52020 e 2. eae 98, 99 Korean. 2.2 - chlo see eee 166
hanperatas sos ho eee 202. |' Leersa@o testes ees. eee eee 204, 205
arundinacea 4-222 52-2... 252 NeLANGi G25. eee eee 205
ibrasilaensig=§ ps). | 252 lenivGulans: =. due ee 206
HOOKERS 26 ec ee apenas 252, 254 INONONGTG§ 3. Teed Ce ee 205
Pua (CORN Hs ie 283, 285, 286 OTY ZOU ES: 22 ose ors OD
Preps eet OF) 5 ose WAGMGLGS 2 20 50S ee ee 206
MOUMiAIN TICEH oS 5s. Ee 158 DT GINUCE 5 2 2's Sosy 206
PEC Oe Saas.) oe eae ae 270 | Lewimgs) 228 oo. ee 5
TIiCSer ee ee oo 5 ates 3209) | Wemion erass| 24.2 2hs ey eee 263
dudtan-rice itibess.:. 25255... .<2 ZOGZ20E |) He piirusee ons S eee ee ee 106
fingurious Srasses=2-2 5520.6 Jee 28; | See plOCercus- oe 5.4 ee so ee 105
965.101, 103; 161, 163;263;273.| Heptochloa----:-- 2. 16, 171-172
ixophoris! = s5 5.3. .<... euteied 241 domingensis! : - 2-2-2. ee 172
Japanese lawn-grass...-...--------- 166 GUDia ky ee L772
Jerusalem corn .- 12s2ossiee bees 267 TASCICUIATIS...< . 5256s eee 172
Wolpe-teatase.) 5 kom Ah ees =.-- 287, 288 | hiliiormis soo) ee ee 172, 173
Johmson grass... 22... 4, 267, 268, 269 Horibunds. =< Sasa eee 172
jumeacede ts 2. SPs. SP ae 3 SPICE: 2 20560 See 174
WiaMGus erargd 2s ee ae Oe 4 ViTgata no bce Ss See 172
SUNG ST ASS! 72 ys ee ee AA") Leptolomia: 2 ¢s.522 522 eee 218
Kenney: 5 san al 253 seine 4, 267 eornatuml)s. 5-2. Sse eae 218, 219
COTES 22 os Sy) YS eae 267 | Lepturts.< 2. S29 eee 103, 105
Kiiolanes nS. 5.2 2 eats 267 bolandert... .- 222). 322 Sea 91
Kentucky bluegrass......--.-...-- 4] | cylindrica: . 2 523 eee 105
Kilda chase 2 6 ys 2 ee 2637) filiformis!<... 2.2 ee 106
aT BS oes DADS SR 263 | paniculatus. <. Voi. See 180
K@eleriaw ssn eee 12, 106-107 | TEPeNS.< 2:23.25 ee sear 105
Cristatacwe! fae 2 ON Seer ena 403-108") Lesourdig 22 2 eee eee 81
longifolia: =. - 2. Zeer 107 | karwinskyand. =. 2 ..s2seb sees 81
graclas.332- 502 2.) ae eer 107 | MU flora... os 2223 eee 81
pennsylvanica..-----2--.--22-! 110 |? Gigwle Weve sh ee eee 5
phicoides?)) Sie 202s 5 ee 28407 |: Vaninetis.. 2. 2525) Slee 183
Lieerosa is 22224550. 4's Aue 107 | cynosuroides.........-.--+-- soc keeps
Willosa eee No S65 Soe ae ese 107 UNCED...) 2 oS Pe ee 183
Korean lawn grass.-..-- 2). .2s2 522 166 polystachya..:. 220: Sie 183
IOTY CORPUS. 9-h eo 25222 Ae eae 52 PUNRGENS 5s). 22 eee eee 183
OFUNMDINACEUS 6 Sis. eae wd ees 52 | Limmnodeasscccetls cee ene 13, 184-136

INDEX. 299

Page. Page.

Limnodea arkansana....--------- 139, || Melicatbyomoides) +22 Toe 52S: 69
yO ose Ree eM san tele eS Ss. 136 ciliata 2s554.c8 see ee 69

etile bimesbent.. 23).5 4s eae 260, 261 SEVEN Ys ake ks SO 69, 71
PR OUPCULOTUG, 420 eee Ww cis meher ne OER 278 imperiectass/. 5242 cuua es. 8, 71
POSCLEULCO. = 255 4 SEO EE as aaenaiae 278 LG EOYs Sarl Soe ah 69, 70
Iuedicules. .....-.- ALAA eB ST 5 Mitens <4 2045 Shee a ee 69, 71
TE-aTb eid sep eps Aiea emma 101, 103 PMU GATES. «cil la eA ee 69
“2 CULE eee BASS 103 purpurascens. -2 451-25, 07 71
109 11 [rb C0 es Oe ee 103, 104 STACEY ses es) Ph lle 71

BUM TUNG oy fh a yapcy oocyst ch ry 103 Specta pihiss!so52.n. ssa yee if
GemlUlemtuMe ss pss ace cra eee 103 TOME VANa- 2s J2552 48 eh eens 8
anhochlaend: 2) 0. se 361 Melimideae. 0b o6 2) 1c: 18, 212-213
Ci OIL UC I Soe ee SEE NS SO Mies Ts bee Slee 212-213
MOM PTASHA A. lec =,5)4,sp2etyoercecas 49 MInUtiMoras + =22 2-05 te ee 212-213
rola mets a ase ae ee PALE SPAM UCI ATH a nO Moe sn Nal ee al elspa 209
alabamensise.. a. .13..0. Teas 211 GLASER ee UE in ini CRIN Ak alae 209
PELUNAaae: se see te ae PAM ZI Meratine pide Sees 2 118, 120
NEGUBUR er ee kee ee: TOSS em sachie sith ane alysis alae 76
Ta AOL es seers se 139 CFUMIMMONGi ar ish y lH 76
PMCOLM es ae eee plese 139 | Mesquite, grapevine.........-..- 232, 235
Tyeeuml spartum:...0.04.. oo Oo) Mibora, mamima. 2 ps Ss see 133
ROMO eo Pee ee ee ae PAPAS WLS LOG 0s a UN Lag GN etd ged 22
Mordentcane. 2002 os aes 232 | Milium ea Hoe 156
Jr rhea ol le aI A eae an es SS 283 CNUPRUCOR POW. sa: Hoo eee 249
MalGiilaeseet ope cre nae 221, 230 CLINTCUTUI = SG ER 224
Malpais bluegrass. .....--...----- 44-45 COCTULESCENSY Seat ee 156, 158
IManienl ere. sce eerie clicks See m= 179 COTUPTESSULTUN Ae ai am ae 223
Meanilamerass 22). sce las - Be 166, 167 CONPERUUM a Ana hr tA eats 156
MEMMISURISS oe oe ee ene ee 278, 280 Gyguiatwm sss sop ee 224
eylindwicay es ee) ose ee ee 278, 279 CMUSUML A+ ike bene Ane 156, 158
fasere ulate, ee 2 2k BRN 278 lendigerun-..22h20-222 2) AL A?
RONIULOTTS = soe) sash oe ae 280 DONUCEUMIN THs rnb la) nine nee 224
AMLVUTOS 2.2. Oke Yai diets ees 278 POTUMO GUN: Mus thas 2 ee ae Were 158

\<i1 12g’ haa aaa A a 278 DUN CLOG ase ete nine Sacre 220
BeBSCMAbA 2 odes are eco ye 278 TONLO SUNT Siwy eines mth V2) Mee 220
Menem aorass. Ae ise ke teins 39) (Mable tres awe esc s/n ee 243
(Meverams OTasa ys 2) rie he). 2 acini 123 broom=eornases seer oem aa 230
Moreh crass: 3.2.22... S5eaetE 258 184 fom Calas s Seen ye eee 243
ML TPALGES DIES ETAT Ea 166 BTASBN ser nm istic ein ee ea ole SMa re 158
ICME len os ciel oe auspones oro VSO 22 TOG Ami etn eae is Ake MEINE We 230
AEG Ses OSE sae aN aa ES 283 POC OT AS ai maya ts oboe acs, Wale He Siamese 246
AI hE Se SOO EUNEE, SAE Ce 283 J OVO{S 0) ear ge aca ogni AY Lf 230
ROI ZEO o ate, are ote ic elec axe LO 283 ANC ENSIOS Ue RSE eM Mal Mabey 232
PEF COUIS See Sats ate wither inn WEL 283 {6511 0,5 ie eli pe Rea ay he each il 213-251
Menlo fesciie nee e222 ve ANG 4 [Sipe al DOING (0) 40012 HX Pi hee ae i 267
ROsapaNL eee eee ee oss suas S HSGet a Any pRragtests: <2 ahi Hence eee 64
CORABSP ORE Peete ie lo ono ALS AG Mascamthus sere. oe 2 205 . 252, 254, 255
Melic grasses.........- 2 D 71 COPENSISH SINE THs Ce Sele ep 254, 255
MICH ccc CEE ARE Cig oh. eae 68-71 FAPONICUSE Nea hwo es tee 254
PASEESCTA TANS 22 Seyics VC eS S, 2 iw PR 69 UZONETISIA 2 Ait eae ess eee 254
CUNEO Deltas ic sci laa > 2 5a oo 2572 NEPAlensisy it wey ash? cee ae ~ 255
ae coe e nee aren nee gil DUP pUPASCens ehh tac cers 254

SSeS SSS

ee eee

& seen

in RE
pane -

SS ye ee ORE be ee ep eee

bee tr.

~

weeS Sees

300 INDEX.
Page. Page

Miscanthus sinensis. .-...-- 264, 255, 256 | Needle-and-thread grass.........-.- 161
sraciilimuses: 2 es. wee 200)" PNeeragrostis.. ics oe ee 46
Vanleratusse |. o-/keiee 255 hyproides® (0.00 oe 46
ZebrMis: 2 ou 5. eee 250) CNCOSLEPfiGe res 8 se ee 71
Molasses @rass:): 22.02 255.58 & Zi oNS 3 NeDrOCtOle Pas, 2 e845 ee 60
Molasses-grass tribe..-..-..----- DET SANCVTOLOMGs=.hp veer eee 34
Molimiae re oe is Be ee AG O07 Nae TVA See aoe eae 147
CaerUledtse tel 2s hee hee 00; 02.) i Nothoholcus>.---2--2 =. 8 ee Saetis
Wallac ME wee ee Lule Saas 50/'| (Notholetss 22.542. eee ae 116-118
Monantheras 2s oles fe. hee 185 lanabuss: ese ere ee 118, 119
Monanthochloé 5-222 22: 2 aide 56 MONS eee eee eee 118
Littoralisew ose: kui es ae SOOT NOLEN GS-1 eae eee 127
IMOTERNIGS eS eis eo) 0 ss 103; 105,062): Niuit-orass: 2-24 4 eee 3-4
MONANURGs oe o 5 2.02 1 aalia LOS IO at ere nsec oe ees 110, 1114, 113
MGHOCERGs ate en aes 28 ee ne 185 PNIIPOTIA I .croey ice ete ee 113
Monececious grasses....------ 22, 199, 206, animated .s2.c)2 2.5.40, 1 Aes i138
209, 211, 280, 281, 283, 286, 287 stam Way 2).o oc se eee 4
MOT TOOm een hs OCs 282 SL 197 1 6 ete Sl SN UR ess ea 8) 113
Mowlinsigne soa s tos 2 Ls eal 163 TEC. 2c. ee Eek eee 106-120.
Mountain bunch-grass.......--.-- 31 WAL Go cist eee ale ee 111, 112
TICE, MNGIANE So. 2 Saye ae 158) Oat-grass; tall. 2. os.) eee 113, 114
Mulhlenibersiae <2). Ps. 145-148 WAG eat ance Chae eee 120
SP OUG UE OE ae ea RE rea 14d Oedipachne See a eee 220
Capearis A! oie See 145, 147, 148 PUNCLUU Saji ee ey ee eee 220
depauiperatas 2. -\.. 2. geiee a 146 | Oilerasses: 223 20 2555 Jae sce eeerae 263
CIMENSLEUD OR ee ok 2 ees a 145 | Old=witch grass. -...--- Berea 232, 233
CTECLO Ses rae rss 2. Ss amb iee ete 150) Olina, Aci see's, ayo ces eee ce ene 252
SXPANGA eee os ere eee 145 lataiolias. 2220, 4 ee ee 252, 253
GROUCULUS EE sie sete ays es ie 147 | Onionterass: 22 oe ee eee 71
Mireille bar eee es ak YS eee ey 146 |: Oplismenus:.2220 222 -eeeoee 237-238
MOXMCATAL Ses ow) oo. see 146 OPTUCONUS es = oS 238
IMTCTOSPELM Ass oe 2 St ee 146 Setanluss 2222522 0. seas 238, 239
PHOMCAM AL Meer ee ee eta 145, 147 VelAYENSTS. 3 5. ee 238
Peruvians le eee 145.) Orchard \etass..42. 38. 20es nee 4, 66, 67
TOMOM Se ee aa A ee Le 146} ‘Oretittia id 225322 eee 78, 80
SChTEberie Gee Tere we 145, 147 caliiomica.ca. 22 =. ci. see 80
BG MaTOsae yo So. bk eee ae 146 greenel.-....-- jel ohio RS 80
“Hi (EOL ieieay alle 5 seen a Ree 147 | Ornamental grasses. - .....------ 4,5, 60
BOSCHOMGS ei Nail nse. ese cre 14D | Ortathne occ. 2s) ie ce Se eee 163
Wwiaehitiissstercc se. la. eke 147 | Orthopogon «2.22 5.2 eee 238
Maumrodemre at tees ee eee 197 Gem lus. soso ee 238
DENIhOMIANG see oA. eee 78 CONUPOSUTUS eae ee eee 238
mendocina. .--.- Sign at ea 197 WIACCIGUS 215 see hu eee 238
SQMATTOSA). =e Bee = oes 78, 197, 198 PMUECIIIS coo. wee eee 238
Muriiom.grass:222 02222082 2252 eA A Onesies oR ce ey oe ee 2, 204
ING PIEtiorass: Sa NOs. Saale a 247 Sabiva ns. co sc wee uae eee 204, 205
INaisel Perera ae hee eae ISOM Ory Zere,.oa4s ce eee 2-3, 18, 204—206
Nataltorasa ei Scones Sen 4, 241,242 | Oryzopsis. 2... j.2 222 0-ee ee se oe aS
SIN ca lege Oe ROD eater aC ara 165 asperiiolia: -. 72) 2 ee eeeeen 156
RUTCTIAN AEE Neer tay he Var ee 165 hymenoides.....-.......----- 156, 158
PACEM Osa Hat eee ae 165.) ‘Osterdamiay: 0) Semen a emeee 15, 165-166
Nazieae.............-~. 3, 15-16, 165-170 Japonica sant scan Oscars eae 166
Needle grasses: -. 2.22005 20. 161, 163-165 matrellas Jcujjo cc a0 web eee 166, 167

eA Fa reo

INDEX. | 301
Page. Page
Osterdamia tenuifolia...........- 66" Pentcum sulcotum sy ee es 243
CU BHOMIN GE 2. fire aj cctoe oie, =| op NSE 64 LOMA, 22-4 sri I 232,
(SOLO ES Ege IEE 8 ee 172 MAP eat 45 4 4 - pha eae 229, 231
GUECRILGLA os ea RD) UIE UAC ain A arco 2 (aa 241
[EET CE OS Oe sere Ec KAS Ou Pap poOPHoOriumc + 552444 20 o wee 83, 85-86
REUUIMTIE OTA SS oo ae 22 oc 8 SE 243 Alopecuroideum.. -..- =: 352978 83
PARAS, STASS 60. .5 5 (Sere RE 63 Ibreolone ic ae Cea Re Ne 83
aT iyie sts, eit 2 ye ac a te eae 258 practle ibis) 28 ft a a eae 83
ERO sey hay Ne en ee 41 MMOTUCATG 2 vs hh en AN ae 83
OR ICOSIPON cy Mo at ahs) = Hardee ae 247 pa llndeinns Y)iy se i n ea 83
Panicatae (subfamily)........2:.:. 7-8 PuULpUrascensiae! 0/4442 eee 83
IBAmiCene sees ae Sealy. 18-20, 213-252 Pep eRRn eA GUM hone a tea ae 83, 85
Baniculanias. 5 4222.2 gene ue 34-36 spunea oho a a 8 i, a AAO 83, 86
CAMaAGensis. os) 5. 5 hee S4 (Mare STAs sae. 2 Siu ean as 221, 229, 230
HUT GAMS SS let) s) 32) so Ne By dll eg Fo) Oe) LOW Ma AC asa eS EOD ne Be 18, 225-227
SEAT ASA yaa 2) she, 0 ey oa 36 Forfa Ys bas lL Depa
Ney ata seen en ee OU SG Gilratrioliima?g 3795.22 a 227
Pall Clilorars . 3.942 ee aa 36 dilatabuma 2445 h 001. nN 2211
1 PY gH UCL T 1 DUR Pepa aa ea ll 221-232 QUNAGLOLUD | oe a 995
MTOR SS SOROS ERO ae fc 218 distichiam 5202 Nh 5s ieee te 22 Oo 22g
barinodes..s) ss bea ias Beh a. 229 THEV Eolas gS Lh Ss ins eden 227, 228
elbOsumMs fea chock ee 231-232 Notatumas sees yeh ssa eA ae! 20m
Gapillaress.-. sth es seine ee 232, 233 Panicula cumay: seo, eae 226
CULMCUUISSUITULLTIV See seney Ak ena 221 platy culm ims se 224
clandestinum!. 32 92555. 2eaane 229 pulchellumssyS) ooo hehe va 22h
COGMOBUNG: oh = 355. -sas = ia in HE 218 TWN See eee 44 sea 227
COMUPOSCUITUA A) sey eRe ae 238 VATA LUI 2 Nees secs a 226
CHES UT oe a) 3. es 238))|) ASbUTe: PTABSeS 742 55:5 f) eee nas es 4, 44
ICH OU Se ee Beet tay Pees 178, 215 | Paurochaetium (subgenusof Pani-
dichotomiflorum! 2220 ane 2a? (CL) 10 0 Ts ARMIN AR BOESTLE UAL AVL ait 229
duchotommume = 4527 aa 2290230) Wwhearl millet: oslo eo ga 246
CUAL a ee ee WAV OMOMO TST Peas. ica Oy) Vite ehh ARO 3
GISSCOU IM ee a a 22a eC MiCcrl Lamia: Hers” Nunn.) 7 ea 246
CIVOTICATINM 22 202 =. 2g. 2 RE 290236 SPICOUG. soi es BS a RN 246
CRIGLFOLMCD = ne saeegeety, 221) MPenmiseh unis. 00 iio Nan cae 245-247
OM UIIECIDUOCEUT = Paes i Vee 238 CUVET UCT NUT sae NaN RS 246
Sema mM hee 43 72 Pe 232, 234 Cenchroides 3: 4s wejynoe sy sayeam 245
GLOOM as se LR EEE Se eed 237 SIAM CUM ee SEEN Aly irae 246, 247
GUD TUTE ees eae aie Ree 218 longistylimics= sanju aaa Brak SME
GLAUCUTT ASN OEE Py igeyed 243, 247 Orlentales 245 2 ieee howl ime mi 245
eniitonioms 4.2012 32 65. een 3 2 PUbpUTeUMAs yes oe TATA 247
EAS eyo 2 te 229 1104] 0) O18) 9) Ga eka NLA tna 247
SE OY Of VOT ee ee Bt ce is 215 BeLOsu may ice Ae ie Au hey 245, 247, 248
LETLOWALTI Tet NT RL 215 CY MNOLdeUmy sewn ah! 245, 246, 247
lencoplaciing 25) sos: Sera 215 SUA cys aa eho cc PP 247
IDG pala D115 10k elt eae ea I 230 Wiolaee uae: Nis vie ye Wane ae 245
mm aGetns es os ees ZOANZ2O ZAO We CRUMMVCE IS aaa! 2 Mae Cl 9 Rae EN 118, 120
molleseie tea. ah2 2 ee ee aS 230 AUT OCS EE eo mem IE Sitio 3). 120
MLOTLOSHOCIY UL sts se teaie s SL RENN 2am Ni ehalaridede = 0222222502555 6, 17, 199-204
SOURS ee eet Rt att 2azZoo | ehalarigesss 222.052 522 0 ee O20
ULEAD dee pe to. Be 243 arundimaceas 2.2). 2 vAneeieem 203
SENGUINGIE 3). 228022 50 a aoe 215 Pictas 2.45 2,20 043 LE ee 203
BOMORUMIT Ott hss col Pet ALi MN 232 canariensis..-.-.......- 202-203, 204

= === == —=—==>= pees = = = = = —— = =— — — ~~ J E = ey
eee

——-s

——

ee

ee

a

i
I}

302 INDEX.

Page
Phalaris carolinianas:2e335-0 8 204
CTULIL{ONMIS 22s oes Bee ee 181, 203
ONYCOUCS ee sean eee 203, 205
phileordesks JH) oy vers. s. sven a epee 203
BUULOSO. oa ican, eee 214
PNG O PYM 20) ois i ype eye ener 229
OYMNOCOGPON we. eee 229
SEATS oa ees fay ch ae nes op 3 ee Ea 211-212
Tatnolius. Si 2 5/02 ayers meets PAA
Pha psig sie 4 2. Lean aii 132
Fr (ca ob: ee A eter 132
Phe wmise es oe Pee hares 140-141
avlp imu) ee ea 140
ATONATIUM <2. 66672) eee 140
foellardie sso. eles camels 141
STACC UTM. meee en = eee 141
pratense. .25-)-22-- cine ae
SCHOCNOIACS a8 ne. he ed ah 140, 153
HOMUTUSs ss. 20228.) sweet 105-106
aM CURVALUS a2 1 Meal eee 106
ehrsomites: 252 so505 8. eee 64
COMMITS: Ne ee 64, 65
PUTOQMUCS 2222. 2 rash are 64
pb lHostach ys= <2). +... t pn ae 8
ETN DS ees Meas ean, ese SURE 273
PaO“ 0 TASS eh So Nees a cee, VE 4,123
JE ORG LOG IE SEP EA FES Fy ALT 156
COCTULESCEN Sr = os. aia oy 156, 158
PUNRCLOCUMbe As sak se, Cys fhe 156, 158
ali PLOCHAELEUIM se) 22 ee 158
ERTCO POGOIU se Wao 2 nines oS ee BES ence y)
SCLOSUM eee meateicy Vee oles ie iaveye ne 139
PE MCURED IS sete ceri cs See aL 168
ONUESUDS ioe a nell 2 ey eM 168
Fleuropogonia: Leslee repel hs 36
Calton CUses 2.52 eyelets 36, 37
TEMACTUSE.: ciok cine: Hebe ays 36
Sabra cece Ie. Leo usin 36
iPhume-erass..0 02.0200) ede 208, 259
1 ECP a lk AANA a A See RAN 38, 41-45
CIVTOU LIS Sh) cl A eset eae 41
AMANDA ro CN oS A 41, 44
EQUANCO O28 ie 0. 65d eee 34, 41
arachwatera. es 60. So Ge eae oe Al, 44
bolanderi eyes tooo Poesy Al
COCTULESCENS: Wo 2 anaes 74
CO DULOTUS | Su ts Oe i soe ana 4]
CHAN EN SISO SIME ses A aaa 4]
COMpressa. 205 0s eS 41, 44
GISCAN Se Vom g G5 Lae Oe aie 38
douglasH 0 )252 08 acs en 41
ENAOTOSIAS SA ily 2 ae aa ya epee 41, 46
fendlenanac ee tales 41,45

: Page
OG flGug sc... EUR aaa 41,76
howellit.c. 222222). 2528 Ouse 41
kang 2 cae ys eee een 30
macrantha 02/2 402) 41
malabartca 1S... 2a 22 41
memoraliss.. 2: 12)4/02.. oan 128
nevadensis. ....-:-.. 5 = Nas wes 41
palustrisa:. 2.222222 i220 44
PUOSO. ico5o! 1 Na yal el ee 41
pratensis. 22.25.22.) Dae 41,43
quinguefida: £1; ANN hii. Eaene 74
MEQUON 622 hake eee 34
sand bergid...0)2.2 22/24. 41,45
scabrella, 2.02 22/4. 41, 42, 44
SCrOUNG...... vo 2us aoa ae ls
LEneulas. oy. es Sys oe 41
PRULOTO 0 3 oe 44
trivialis, (2 o3..52 2 eee 44
WevGelwanG: <2 4445 vas seceee 46
PO&CCQE 42 iver nore oe ee 3, 5-6
Poatae, (subfamily). 2. 2.220 ses ete 6-7
Bodoni. 6005 e255 287
POGGGrOSU SH 4 is io ee 127
(section of Agrostis) .......... 127
Podopogon. Sk... - . eae 160
Podosemumess. 12505 12552 ee 145
COpUlaris. 2... 2 aia ame ee 145
Poisonous grasses.-...--.---- 36, 161, 269
POU 2 Se ei 270
GTYLLUS 2 25.5) SEE EE os a as 270
iPolyanthrige..) acc. eae 96
\ePolyodon:.... 0.3 13 l eg ee 193
distichum 22. Sono 193
Polypogon. - ... 52 soe ase 13, 137-139
liltoralis® 2852528 Se ee anes 138
Jutosus-\.../- 2.2.22 [ong 138
MATILIMUS: 2 0 138
monspeliensis. _/e-.2 2. tee 138
Polyrhaphis ss.) 2228 eae een 83
(section of Pappophorum). -.- 83
Poranthera .\. 22 25.4. 72 Se ee 269
Porcupine grass. : )o..6 es eee 160
Poverty grass. !. 2.22. eee 120, 165
Brairte hay 020.5. 42 se eee 3
'Proso millet.) -- 2) 7.2 ees 230
PSOMMO Soe 20S LES ee eae 123
Littorqlises ss sceee i Oe ie 123
Ptychophyllum (section of Chae-
tochloa) 2 22.4525. se 243
Puceinmellia. 2. 5.0.0 0a ee ote 36, 38
GUTOLES «5 2 sa) ee 38
distans..2 2:3 {3.42 ee es 38
festucaeformis. .... Lat Se ee ove! 38

INDEX. 303

Page Page.

Puccinellia gussonii . .....-------- SSritEvye-Clags.! 22. ele ue Base 103
AEE oO eet gees 38 Atustralian 2%. oc 205. eee 103
MGA amas fees Ne Cees 38, 39 Rmglish i... 2 2s ae ni) 103
BrrpletOpiccs acs ee eee) kG Mba eile ta eee 103, 104
@iel-oracs.... <3)... AAO 87, 88 Pereniial sys vs see 103
Minis oTagse: ret. a. ee A AG cay tallsxameteeds See SOU eS TH 278, 280
BUOUCQCH DOs peewee cc 2. tee 2 a 172 GLOMAUUOSG® (ue\ foc) oe 280
AGIVULGENSIS a: sa semc oe 172 gramUlarion 22.5250 2s sce 280
Prachillavs ssh. oe Woo eae eae DMS ACCALOM es ne or se xe yccycike nye ee 151
anee erassed.4= 22. o-.- eels +} BN covlis Save panha sess Oks EAS iba 150, 152
RUT eee LA ee aie 249 | Saccharine sorghums............-- 267
Ravenna erass. 55.44... esse PH Sh wSaC CMA RUM yo ha02 Seiya) ass aE 255
Reana luxurians......---..-.---+--- 283 I KOTMECIVHIDTTON, cies A ete satan 55 255
Wicheniled. ec: cose. - cin Sane 110 Oficinarum +). Lease eee. 255, 257
GHAGU Se fee etiam tes So 110 SPUCQLUIN vrei aa ke celal ian 255
fied sprangle-top---------.#2242¢ TSTMS AC CIOS ISU a ely yaw a en nal er 236-237
Beatieldisse.:,c.5 22k ewe eee 54-56 SGT UCED 2 eich Seen epi gunn ee Mun tae 237
HERMOSA yy ee ey eo ene 54,55 | Saint Augustine grass. ....... 5, 219, 220
Btedloper nena sa set AMPS ITI) Salt-erasss ise hee ee ... 68,59
eed ora’. jase 82 beatae 60, 62,63 | Sand-binding grasses. ........ £50123, 125
Tieed-crass) WOOd..4s-5-- +2058 Lee HSA) poand Wor okt) ce eee UN 249
Dee Sees, Nae eee GINGA, Cy (WS AVGSIATLA. @ UN 0 2D) eRe Serene 199
WRCUTLUT UD a So bo 3 Ria EE Ne 225 ATED Se ICRI, Ee nee KARR Re 199
TECLUED eevee Eick feels Sh yee 995,296) )nschedonmardus:j-14- 2225s. 179-180
PUNOLGO es elans 4 UNO 225, 226-227 pamiculabuse {752-2 sues 180, 181
CLEGONS . 2 saree 3 2s ee 226 LELONMUS oe a\2) hfe Dae hattat aces oe vette a 180
ecimarochioa....0-----2)-+-4 42258 1S 225i WS ChedOnOnUs® yeu n soa see 28
olivostachiyae=..osa2 e108 225,226 | Schellingia......-.-.--------.--- 169
Rhaphis......---00--.-.-- 01270) 272-273 LETLCEO = eps. re se Nap eae 169
PAUCIMONa yn ed eek NTRS 970,272 | Schizachyriwm............--.-.--. 260

Fra AGUAS sou aos Ae 270 CONAENISOLUNI Hest ETE NE DR IGan 260
BMAVISG, Wes) ss. 22 ee cs UNE 270 SICHIEFO Pella: ume = Yalan ile nA en 168
M@ehode island bent... 2... a0 129 SOLON Ch Ms\=) 08 Sis 8 aaa 168
hodesierass 24 by S22 ae SED ne ASO | SCI COL UO) 4 mate le vic) alc) elo t= eee By
RRombolirwm 2st ee ee es 74 SUDCLU Step ayes a iirc aerate et 132
HOMMDOUICA ss wt aR 7A || Sichoenus acwleatus:.)0 6. 22 ele 153
ribbon Orass-.-.4suSe- ns esse 903 | Schrader’s brome-grass...-..--..-- 24
cette we ee Celera, ete 205 IS GLERGGh ie Neyo epAe celeste eae ae 135
SUE a ae es 206, 207 arkansana......--.-.-------- 135
Nina 542595 see Oe ae 209 PIUOSGier = 22/932 22 hal a Sa 135
Ere a oak aera a 5 nan ON OZONE | clere elaia_ 222-2 225222 2222 sae 209
roma eile em eae 3) Yih Aa 209,210 | Scleropoa............------------ 34
Rofiiocllids ssa eT ae 278 TCA apne meses 92 ee aera 34
COU MF OSSOn etek aS 978 | Seleropogon.---..--.---.--:-+---2.- 81
CMGI iGeen hee 218 Prevaloluse.2) 2164 ally hee ee 81, 82
Wasciculaiares 6. ap) tee PQA WSCOLOCHLOG ah oats sere onl L Ts'o samen 38
AMCUTDOLD EAE ck See ROS 106 GRESU COCO 5.52 hk 14 Wi pak ene 38
PONMONIGE ce Lessa lots seas HOG AMI COUOMCTIA 222.40) \22.25 5/24 <1) 2 cena 91
AINE aT EEE Be eta 105 poland ent e) 55. tie ae: ere 91, 93
Rushes distinguished from grasses. 3-4 | Sea marram.......-.-.-.-.-------- eR
PEE Cccp is 5 5 8 nk PLUS CA Gip97) | eeasideroats.%.-\--/-).).).). tenes 60
WAL see aie ae ce Ss uiniegy nem GHA SOCA OM ssa ho aso cid te che’ dare een 91

804 INDEX.

Page
Secale'cereale 22:2 22 22 Sep 91-92
creticuim 2. | 402245 ees 91
MGMLAMUMS eS Se ee 91
OMENEGLC sect ce cea. 2 ceca 91
willostim se AA eee alee 91
Sedge distinguished from grasses. 3-4
Seneca prasssc oo ok Aa eae 199
IS CRECTOSEISE aye kk ee Sek NEL AG 145
errapalctesn es es oo enh eine 24
Sesleria dactyloides.......------- 198, 199
AS QALT RC Od a ORE Ae RA RS ye 241, 243-245
GUAM CIE Se NA a ONO So SAS ee 243
CUOLECO ee i Ne 2 ea oie 243-245
varietal key. 2 )s38Ge 244-245

DERUDUS Pa oe NEA Ss 902 IL eee eae 241
wired une ester otek ooh A 267
Sheath eee ty 2 oo Vee 5
wheep sitescue:!- “ea-m ws) kee Se 31
SIROEL-OFASs ese te oe. oe ee 193
COUMUBY a8 Se AC eee oes ener 199
Siberianmilllet ye.) a Nee 245
Side-oatseramao fos: 2 te ee pe 193, 195
PSO (ital D5 01.72 Ros Ae ee SPN Soe 74
MUDESCENS she SS PY 74
Gecumbens 220). “2 see 74, 118
SiLAMION swe eee la a Aaa 94, 96
CLYTLOUMES Werte 2 8 A a pe 96

| OT\i {519 is Si aI eg ey et eae Pe 96, 97
qubacummetee: CAs oe 96
planiiolum = 20025. eee 96

SEX Weeksierama ey. 22h. soe 194
Sleepy orassesi< 8... 22k tele 161
Slough erase. 22220 a eee 181-182
Sal-oracst is cae sles nee 149, 150
Sonsoimedersae.<--- 22.0 Be wes 45
Noting prasses2- Sse 4
Sorehasheur a. YA. hie ieee 20, 269-270
OVCNACEUNE 3. os Se a ee 269
Clo Thies SLs oe 270
PUAN Sora see ea 269, 270, 271
BecuUMe ume Se slo. Et Le 270
SOnghumnise Nose cele ee ae 266-269
EPO Nas ROL <r a Ces 252-280
DUQUE ice toa eos 2 Ne Sakae 266, 267
SORSO we se Nee nes Jc ane Es 267
SORQUME Son cn testate yee Cla eee ete 266
Roum eracs en) ee. eae 215, 216
Spartina ese er Go eee rae 182-185
alternifiora.2 6205.52 eae 183
pelalbrary seth al a7 eevee 183

pilosa Be eh Oe ene 183

Dakerrect ae cuneye smecas yee 183, 185
cynosuroidessaiys 2 Ces na tne 183

Page
Spartina, foliosa=: .- Sues gee eee 183
graciis.§ (sso. .i 292 eee 183
UNCED Dec 5.5 35 hte ee 183
MATADOR: Ye ee ea yee OE es 183
michaxaana os) 454s eee 183, 184
patens:.32i2504 Sao eee 183, 185
qunceatsc: 3424-5 eee 185
schreberts +. 250.5. 5a; eae 183
spartinae 5.57 5 24eh sees 183
Strictas. 2 .n2. | tte eee 183
CEnACISSTMIA oe) EAs eee 5
Spear-erasses: ¢ 220. Se 158-161
Sphenopholiss25) sii See 12, 109, 110
Obblisata <0 Sa) Aaa ee 110-111
lobatas: 22) eee 110
pallenss.:2 02 5220)7 gee eee eee 110
POLUSUTUS 0. Ba ECs eae eee 109
Spikelet 22. .0i 252.2 ees 5
IS PireChloe se ees See eee 180
Spiroiheros 222.5 62 Sy ee eee 273
Sporobolus! 2.0.2.1. 1s hehe ae 149-151
aITOId es. 0208 SS ae 4, 150, 152
berteroanus?.. 25.2 coe 149, 150
lack a) 2 Uae CNUs: a eee 151
eryptandrus: -2o2) 20 see 150, 151
elongatus? 2.2... 22) eee 150
STACHis. |. 02. 025. eee 150
SnOICUS. --.- 22.72.0382 eee 150
interruptus. .22- =. 2s- senses 151
pulchells:. ==. 2.23. 3=5e ees 150
varinaenorus.<. 2... 5 sees 150
VITPINICUS. 22 5:5, 222852 eee 150
wright: 5.2250) See ae 150
Sprangle-top.¢: 2s. 2022 i. 2 sae 172
TCO... sete ee 173
Squirreltail grass:-<.. 22. ses3seye 96
STOP fi eS ae eee Seen 71
COUUSONG. 2 552 Das ee ea 71
SUCQOSTO. 2 ie at ee 278
cochinchanensts. -) =) 32> See 278
Stein chisma 3 2274.0 oh ea eee ~ 229
Stelephuras:.:.-- se Soe see 140
Stenotaphrum....-... Diyas ort 218-219
OMETICONUMN 5222 Ee Eee 219
GlavrUuny... css eee eee 218
secundatum....... = See 219, 220
Stink-erass 2.22. 23.22. Sa ae 48
Dlipa.. 2.25.8 ee Ge
AVENACER. a5. Soe 159, 160, 161
barbatasss ske03s CURR RG ene ee 160
calamagrostis. =) oS ees os oe 127
capullars... . 222202 Sere eee 145

COMata. 2. 4. 3.5: 2 eae 161

en eee

INDEX. 305.

Page

Pippa) {UHEEAct asec sed fee 0 Se 159
; letionManbess fsicsGes0. 6K aeee 161
THA ONROLONPO oe oa oa ES Se 273
TOUHOR: aeee ees ee ARR 161
HEOAMEXICANA has 5 TSB SA 161
ponnatas se as3 ss 159
BORICEDN S358 8si esas ee SEI A 145
““gpartea.< 7.2... se bo Wd viacieting 160, 161
SHECIORA 45.35 S29 254s aE 161
TOMUMISSIMNA! Sw cjocks oa aS OES 161, 162
NASGWILU ESS oro ¥e a Meno saul 161
MTL AS ee ce PTS 161
ISITE DIAGN GBs a1 4o tombs ecm weit ne dU NGO
DUONG eso Soe <ievcet 2 a ce 163
SUIPOUES /35 ra 34 22S 2 ON STITT SS 163

(section of Aristida) .....- 163 |
SUG PTASS ck dos ki BA AIS 267
UCAT CONG aa ckee cous eee eS 255, 257
Sugar-producing grasses.......--- 4,5
Sweet vernal grass..........---- 201, 202
SIWECH-PRASS Oo < Goer ec 2 ae eee oere 231
SV HtNeCTISMA=. C8555 522 ws 215, 217-218
FUEGO PULLS ao ans hore eli ne ROT 218
Ischacniumaty SUS Sle Bie 9 218

DPEGCCOR sx 552-5 iz AO SSPE IEE 215 |
HANS WIN ASS os aS os . 215, 217
HELOUMNA ee sae a ose aser as oe 215
SUL IED cera 4 Shs oo ase ss Na cE 215

RE ADOSS: OLASSen cas oosa > VE 169 |
all Oat-Grasse 22s. 502524.. ARR 113, 114
Mares. (or Scripture), 2... 232! 103, 209
“LQG ISTAV 1 ey Ree So eine pee ge 15 283, 284
NCI TCUE snp eo 8 3 De ei = pete eS 93
Memes DlUderrags....1. cash see eeu Bee 44
MEOWIOOU Sse ean mE 172
PLUG Pesca wanna rae Skee roe Don
Mextile prassess...< - tan x. SiN 4,5
PNUT DOT s nace et te 2c cre ose BU 135
Mickle-prass-:S2-8-2252 2.0000 eeT! 130
Timothy~-::-2:::. eens 4, 140, 141
MAG UN tains 2 A751 F2 ER 140-141
pL perenne snes ae s8 121-165
Toothache erass:-2 225.2055) 05 185, 186
MOLTCSIY = cece ns sere IOS 199, 201
BL pIBAs 25-22 2s stray ne PSUR 201
mactophyllasss..s IPR See E8201
CGAGEAA Ress ita ra sore > S 199, 201
morewlatasc t sins se PIE DESY 199
PROSUGTIS S toch Oc dade eat OL 145
AGT OSUGCO s oporn a2 an es SHUR IY 145
RACH MOLU = Sass ak DIRS 183
CYNOSUTOLAES. (ss cx Sic NISOGS 183

97769°—19—Bull. 772——20

Page.
Prachypnotiajunceas «. 5 04 <0 0 -gh:i: 183
MOLSIGCNY Macon: 45. ae eee 183
(rach ypoponhtrsec.,...46 4a 20-275
THOMM MTA Ge kl 275, 276
RR ROGUSSe pees Sioa oe 165
SOL OIE LS Snare NOE neo raiee Ck RAL 5. 193
RULEMOSO Rs 5 shal ts 3 oS SE 193
PET LOUN ERO ee Ose ee Oh. 191
Pribes; sequence... -2--.-.24ast2e 2
RP UChach nes eee ea ea 215
UASULALUS gai ec Se 215
Mrichloris.y 225 oie scythe: 189, 191
blanchardiana, /Atwaccs2eeis st: 191
JOSCICULAG ns 522s 5 Se SSE 190:
MCN AGEING. 205. 5.c ee 191, 192
plumilora 32.2505 es 190:
PET ACHOCNIOU enn t9e oie be a1 ae ea 145
CU POMNSG, i seo) cio. ainda EEN 145
PUT DUT CD oe ie a oa eonyah ie 145
EMGNOOMUM =. ig Nace nk i 2 EEA 127
GECUNUD ENS as os Sa 127
laxiflorumis S23) 35 eae 127
Mricholaemaccs. -- oe aes BGS. 241
micrantha: 22222... jae 241
TOREAS ae S eee Eee 241, 242:
MER ChOON soy ccc ees oe aE 64
WEICUSpIS(G A ofc. 74
COROUMAONOS- 2B on 2 Se 74
MOVGCOOTOCENSIS ... 2 <7 AOE 74
ens 6 li cis ak ace ow 74
GQUUAG MEAG. @ care Ope ee 74
‘Biss Co IIE: es i URNA erg gee Nt Be 73-76
BIDESECOS! ceca as oe ena. 74, 76
ANCONA COM rola hs se nn ee Ae 74, 75.
drummond@iiss st sa Ses oe 76:
elongatasss.xaseshe os Se 76
LAN Bie vins acheter eee 74, 76, 77
TUNEL CAA: fo, Soars money Me auc 76-
MCAULE WA Sess cnce ew kd oa ox eA NOE 75:
MOM OS Ass eas cps yea ues ot GR 75
pulehelinge: 2A escent 74, 75, 76
PUN SESHSS as-yet ae 74
SEC baw pu iia ol TOS 76.

TAMER VIUGUUINAS xe = cn - BABS OEE 7
PUTO LASTS ay 5 oh eas ecel encore hs A 76, 78
PN CAY2) CANS, Mai lets eae sy ON 76, 78
INGeWMEdIA: =... sc SSE 78
DUEPUTC2 5-2 accici te a RIO IS 48, 79
PI POPODE SS 15s ve 25 Oe 172-174
|6):1018010) 70 (2): eee OUTS 174
SPICATUSS 4-1 cio ei Oe 174
PPrIPSACCACS = cieo clare ene 2, 22, 280-288.

Re rr rr i

306

INDEX.
Page. Page
‘PripsacwMs. 6s hen See 280-281. HO falepsis <.. oss sot se eee 74, 76
dactyloides.c...2. =. asso R61, 282 | iva grass..= 25. .a.22 224 ee 63
OSCICULOUMs-o- << ee 281) Malota. = v5.) co-% oo. Seen 214, 215
AoridanUiM.-..-- 52. -ass eee 281 init chcoeksiie. 27 ae ee 215
hermaphroditum. < .. =. i-~--=% 281 Insularis...::---2>-,.ee ene eee 215, 216
JEMMONE eens ee 281 saccharata:: =. .20 2° 2% eee 215
Prisetuim <2. oss -oeei-2 Sa 1OK—109 5) eWanillavorass: 225600 ae a ee 199, 201
CANESCENS ah sc sans es Ae HOS | Waseyue co acon oe ee 145
COMMUN 32 26s a eS 108 COMM. o oan 5 hee ee 145
Wa Hae oon sae eo ccsner eee 109 || Melvet bent:..2. 20... 3. eee 129
Interrupt CUM ....--- 6-2 ee 109 STAG: Yo cen oe oe ee eee 118, 119
melicoldeums «2. = 2s ee 108 | Vernal grass, sweet..........--- 201, 202
pennsylvanicum..-+...2...-.. 109 4) Wietch: <os5-cd cose s oo eee 3
MQLENSE 6 airs os oS 1O3 | Wieti Ver: 2.06205 occ te ae 263
SPlCAtuUIMes . 2 ayes ep £108,109 | Vetiveria zizanioides..........------- 263
WOE a sccG ets we .ssad as oe Oe 108.4) SVilja:. is... al teed ae eye 127
LET ISIOUM 5 soe 28 fees bas © 8 a 60 tricholepis.<. 32.25.02 eee 151
PONUCUOLOE ns sa 2 2 ee 60 Walp. 2S eS eee 28
Priticums.cc sss S. - e 89 MYUTOS.... . WSR No Ee 28
ACSUEVUN 2 6. 62 ace ee 89, 90 (subgenus of Festuca) .... 30
CONUNUM rie ec 1 3 ee SO Wasatchias 220s a eee 30
GICOCCOIdES su. Be ee 89 Win Guin 30
dicoccum..5-.j\.... 12-2 e een 89 | Water.crass. =). =). 22505 See 227
RUDERNUTM. 2. - 2. - Pea 89 | Weingaertneria canescens ........ 116
AMMONOCCOCUMN., . 2: see 89 | Western wheat-grass...........-.-- 87
TOPO Sere weneree << /= a) aisles joe ae 89.) SWiheat. -2 02.0.2 2 os eee 89, 90
SGLUULUI nen = ce es ee 89 Glib. ee ee See 89
speltasco . .6.c2es Sa 89 Guru. 0 Se ee 89
turgidum Sle pin ee eR ee 89 praim hay 2° .. 2-020 eee 4
(UHL D 8 SB ee Be 69: 2 Wheat-orass.-......-.-.= eee 4, 87
DVL OSEVS eohite soars estes ee 163 slender. 2.5 os See ae 87
Muited hain-erass: 5-02. £0cce ee 116 WOSLOI 1 (8. a eee 87
duns grass..-°.------- 2 25a 267 | Wild oat-prass...2-.--2.52-. 2 mee 120
Turkish mutlet.os. 2s. 0. ee eee 245 ONS. a ae 111, 112
Type species, definition..........- 2 Tee. a 209, 210
My PROCS soon woes oc sc ee 203 ty@ii. 2... dS 95
OQUNVAINGCCO <2 oo ee 203° | Wallkommia. ..00..° aes 179
Mio ae es ol SS So ee ee 6, 8, 58-60 QnA Se eee 179
QT ECS a inate cto eee eee 60 Barmentosa...-.-5 222 seer 179
lafiioliane ss oa ee 60, 61 texanac (2.35 4ccc eee 179,180
axa coe ne eee 60 |; Windmull:prass:-2:. 2 24> 5 sae 189
MOMMG. 658 fae 60. |S Windsorig 1! so) ee ee . 4a
Spalmere san) 8" ue eee 60 Qinbiguia. 55. s20 25 re ay 74
paniculata’ 9-2 .:- sensei, 60 poaeformis. ss 5.1 ee 74 —
SNUCULO ee yc ae eh Se 58,59 | Wite-erass.. .22. -.. 22 Sige seese 44,179
UR AChe 2 fh Oe Sei 158) | Witch-erass, old:.:-. ashes aee. 232, 233
COCTULESCENS 3. As Be Ee 158: | Wolittaila2 2s < thos oc see aes 139 =
POT VOLO Geren on en eee 158 | Wood reed-grass...-...---+------- 134
DUR CSCON So. Salo eon era ie oe 158" (2, Woolly foot. 2 sa:6 5255 areca soa 193
Ur alepis..” oi ssa as os Baers 74,16 |c2Xiphagnostis: 22 2-2 = 5-5 eee 255
CRUSLULUGEC 22 5 Sie tee oe ee 76 jfloridula: 202 te ee ee 255
PU OSO eas en oe eee eS 74 FOPOTACGS. 623 ©2532 EER ee 258
DUTDUR CO cee es ee 76 | Yardeerass 08> 05ore see seen 1758

INDEX. 307

Page. | Page

Nell ows Oxtallic. setae acas.ctaceeata.s Rad, 2445) Zazania, Lavitolig;. <5. «este 209
THEE oS oie a aR 22, 283, 287 MIGROStOCIYO ence) eee OG
BAY asses se Ria ie 283, 285, 286 Palustrishaass 52 ao eee 206, 209, 210

RA OULCA ome eer sie 2 oc. = 287 LETT ESTP AS ooo, Sie oa o's SE 209
CUMMMCR tA sa SS Se eee aah Sie AAZADNCAC 2 sei). one. 3)5 2) ee 3, 18, 206-211

PRCT See ie aia oi celdiaie esate nis Ubed SOM ZicantOnismsiccico.ac's Se - th Cee 209
ENOMON ie a olds ashe eis Sen « Gate 98.) Zizaniopsrs=.\ 2.2 3. - .. Soe 206
LONNIE, 5. SE See ee EE Oe 24 MIP ACE Ags. 2: se das ee 206, 208
ZA A SEE helo ses sf eos’ S200 209H| ZOYStOe. S seas at sh) eee 165-166
ACUaAti Cae. oc'/< 2 fotos ot. Slee 209 UNG CWSI = 42% 2 £11), ot eae Ee LG,
AUIGANIG Soo 22S 2/8 Ge sels ess ZAM ZOU SUC) v's svt eic os oo ol5/sieiey teem 3, 15, 196

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