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'

1

i

1

.THE

GENERA

OF

^loRTH AMERICAN PLANTS,

AND

A CATALOGUE

OF THE

SPECIES,

TO THE YEAR 1817.
BY THOMAS NUTTALL, F. L. S.

S^ELLOW OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,

AND OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA, 8tC.

VOLUME I.
PHILADELPHIA:

PRINTED FOR THE AtlTHOR BY D. HEARTT.
/ 1818.

/

^X^

<^.V ^

3^T

^'■^

District of Pennsj-lvania, to wit:

♦K*»***^ EE IT REMEMBERED, That on the third day of
^ SEAL. ^ April, In the forty-second year of the Independence of
^■^i^'^'^'k--^ the United States of America, A. D. 1818, Thomas Xut-
tall of the said district, lias deposited in this office the title of a
book, the right whereof he claims as author, in the words follow-
ing-, to wit:

" The Genera of N'orth American Plants, and a Catalogue of
the Species to the year 1817. By Thomas Nuttall, F. L. S.
fellow of the American Philosophical Society, and of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, &c."
In conformity to an act of the congress of the United States,
intitled, " an act for the encouragement of learning, by securing
the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprie-
tors of such copies during the times therein mentioned,'* — And
also to the act, entitled " an act supplementary to an act, entitled
** an act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the co-
pies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of
such copies during the times therein mentioned," and extending
the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etch-
ing historical and other prints."

D. CALDWELL,
Clerk of the District of Pennsylvania.

TO HIS EXCELLENCY

JOSEPH CORREA DE SERRA,

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, OF THE >IATIONAL IN-
STITUTE OF FRANCE, &C., &C. AXD MINISTER OF
H. M. F. M. OF PORTUGAL, BRAZIL AND AL-
GARVES, TO THE UNITED STATES.

SIR,

The active interest which you have ever
taken in the promotion of Natural Science, both
in Europe and America, and your desire to ele-
vate it to the rank of Philosophy, demands
the gratitude of all its votaries, and inspires the
feeble acknowledgments of your humble ser-
vant, the

AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

A DESIRE to advance the science of Botany by any
additional remarks and facts which might be in my pos-
session, connected with an endeavour to instruct the
ignorant, in this engaging science, are the motives
which have induced the author to the prosecution of a
laborious but gratifying task.

How much he has drawn from every popular source
of information and thus advanced the merit of this little
publication by the labours of others almost every page
can testify.

The tacit evidence of Botanists to the accuracy of
the prevailing definitions of genera and species, affordj
as it were, an almost inviolable sanction to the la-
bours of their authors, and appear to stamp with te-
merity every attempt at subversion. The limits of ge-
nera, however, since the times of Linnaeus, reverting in
a measure to their former simplicity, have now been
greatly reduced, and more particularly so, since Botany,
assuming a philosophical character, lays chaim to a
classification by natural affinities. In this interesting
and now prevailing view of the subject, a reduction of
heterogenous materials to their natural types, has led
the way to the construction of genera better according
with the plan of nature.

One of the strongest, and perhaps most important ob-
jections urged against these improvements is the confu-
sion v;hich they are innocently the means of introducing

vi PREFACE.

into Botanical nomenclature, and indeed it must be ac-
knowledged that the concussion of revolution whe-
ther in science or politics, even to fulfil the most im-
portant object, but little accords with our natural de-
sire of harmony. And yet the same love of revolu-
tion might also have been urged with equal force
against the great Linnaeus, who in the zenith of his fame,
but seldom spared the labours of his predecessors or
contemporaries when they stood in the way of his dar-
ling system.

But we are at length inclined to believe, that the
last and most perfect of systems, perfect because the
uncontaminated gift of Nature, is about to be confer-
red upon and confirmed by the Botanical world. The
great plan of natural affinities, sublime and extensive,
eludes the arrogance of solitary individuals, and requires
the concert of every Botanist and the exploration of
every country towards its completion. Can we deny
the perception of a prevailing affinity throughout the
vegetable kingdom, and carp at the anomalous charac-
ter of a few individuals? But even here the science
begins to triumph, when we perceive that the anomalies
diminish by the accession of objects.
* # * *

Whatever might have been my impression in favour
of the system of arrangement by affinities, the conve-
nience and prevalence of the artificial system of Lin-
naeus, still almost exclusively taught throughout the
United States, rendered some deference to public
opinion due from the author of a treatise like the pre-
sent, addressed merely to tho5^e who read the English
language.

PREFACE. vti

A considerable portion of new matter is also intro-
duced, which ought perhaps rather to have been ad-
dressed to the world through the medium of the uni-
versal language of natural science, yet in conformity to
the principal intention of the work, and incompliance
with the public to whom it is addressed, an uniform
language appeared necessary.

It will readily be perceived that a Synopsis of the Ge-
nera is what is chiefly intended by the present publica-
tion. And to assist the student more fully in the know-
ledge of genera, the essential character has sometimes
been extended, after the manner of the celebrated
Sprengel's recent Introduction to the Study of Botany.
I have also considered it of importance to give a sketch
of the habit or mode of vegetation assumed by the
generic group in imitation of Xussieu's Genera Planta-
rum, from which important assistance on this subject
has been perpetually derived throughout the work.

A view of the Geographical distribution of each ge=
nus is also added, not always perhaps sufficiently accu-
rate for the existing state of the science, and the rapid
progress of modern discovery.

A brief Catalogue of the species is offered, which
maybe considered as supplementary to the recent and
extensive Flora of North America by Frederick Pursh,
Occasional remarks are added, and new species also pro-
posed and introduced, the result of personal collections
and observations made from the year 1809 to the pre-
sent time, throHghout most of the states and territories
composing the Union.

To the names of species or genera proposed by the
author, will be found an asterisk (*) prefixed. To a

>iii PREFACE.

very few obscure species is added the following
mark, (-f) r. v. Occasionally added, signifies that
such plant had been seen alive by the author. And
7'. a. In a dried state.

Anxious to restrain the limits of this publication
within the bounds of a portable manual for the student,
and to confine myself as much as possible within the
sphere of actual observation, the lower orders ofCryp-
togamia, now becoming a partial and particular study,
have been omitted, and the rather as they have been
minutely attended to by Z. Collins, Esq. and the late
Dr. Muhlenberg in his Flora Lancastriensis, which will
shortly be published.

Philadelfihiay 7
I, 1818. 3

May 27th3

Class I.— MONAjSI^RIA.

Order 1. — Monogtnia.

1. CANNA. LinncEiis, (Indian-shot, Flowering
Reed.)

Calix double; exterior short, trifid, persist-
ent; interior (corolla. Lin.) 6-parted; 5 of the
divisions erect, the 6th reflected. Staminiferous
filament (nectary L.) petaloid, 2 lobed, the su-
perior lobe bearing tlie antlier. Style also re-
sembling a petal, ensiform, gi-owing to the tube
of the inner petaloid calyx. Capsule iTiiiricate,
3-celled, many-seeded; seeds globular.

Habitus. Flowers produced in loose terminal leafy
panicles.

Species in North Ameri a. 1. C. migiistifolia}
(('oublful.) 2. faccida In Carolina and Georgia

Observation. A g-enus of the order Scitaminex of
LtXN^us, the Ca7mceoSJnssien, with splendid flowers, ex-
isting- chiefly within tlit trojjics. Most of the species known
have been found in the two continents ol America. The
divisions of the inner oi petaloid calix vary in forn) and
magnitude; in the Carina Jiacci da of Carolina and Geor-
gia the 6 seg-ments are ail reflected, — the 3 ex't-riop
lanceolate, — the 2 inner obovate, and undidated, the 6th
or innermost lamina largest, expanding- circularly, undu-
lated, and nearly rourid.

2. THALIA. Lin.

Calix double; exterior small 5-leaved; t??/e-
r?or deeply 5-parted (5-petalIed, Persoon) the 2
inti^rior divisions nsuHiiy smaller. Jluiuer sim-
ple, ova^% attached to its proper filpm-nt. Stijle
siioit, doficcted tVom the anther. Stigma rin-

B

MOxVANDRIA. MONOGTNIA.

gent and perforate. Capsule 1 -celled, 1
seeded.

Habitus. Flowers produced in a scattered flexuose
panicle, which is eltlier terminal or radical, singly, or by-
pairs in spathaceoiis 2-valved bractes.

Species. 1. T? dealbata, in South Corolina and Georgia
(scarce.)

Observation. With all that has been done in arrang-
ing- the Scitmniywce by the celebrated Mr. Koscoe, there
still appears to prevail some confusion in this order,
Avhich perhaps tlieir various individual structure has
been a principal means of retaining. The present plant
exhil)iis several anomalies, considered as a genuine species
of 7'Aa/ia. Jussieu and Persoon, describe the Thalia of Lin-
naeitu as having a deeply divided petaloid calix, or 5-pe-
talied corolla. The T. dealbata, and the T. caimceformisy 2
of the 3 known species, have a 6-parted petaloid calix.
Jussieu also describes this genus as producing a drupe
with a 2-seeded nut, or rarely (by abortion?) 1-seeded.
Persoon likewise bpeaks of this genus as having a drupe
with a 1-celIed nut. Mr. Roscoe describes the Thalia with
a 2-celled capsule; according to Mr. Elliottf the present
species produces a globose 1-ceiled capsule? or flexible
shelled nut, if such a phrase can be admilted.

5. SALICORNIA. L, (Glass-wort.)

Calix 3 or 4 -sided, somewhat ventricose, en-
tire. Corolla 0. Stamina 1 or 2. Style bifid;
stigmata 2; seed 1, covered by the inflated ca-
lix.

Habitus. Stem herbaceous or suffruticose, generally
destitute of leaves; branchinif, branches opposite, round,
and articulations bidentate above; terminal branches flow,
er-bearing; flosculi mmute and sessile, growing in threes.
(Tile habit of this genus is similar to that of the Gnetum, a
tree of India.)

Species. 1. S. herbacea. 2. virginicGt 3. ambigiia. Near
X\\Q sea-coast. — Sometimes burnt for soda, and also pre-
served in vinegar as an aliment.

Obs. Mr. Elliott observed 2 stamens in the S. herba-
cea and the S. ambigua, which corroborates the remarks
of Jussieu made in Kurope. Desfontaines in his Flora At-

t See his " Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia," p. 2.

MONANDRIA. DIOYNIA. 3

Ifintica, p. 2. observes also that there are 1 or 2 stamens
in this genus.

4. HIPPURIS. L. (Mare's-tail.)

Calix obsolete, entire, above the seed. Corol-
la 0. SUjle received in a groove of the antlier!
(stamen seated upon the style?) Stigma simpkv
Seed 1.

Habitus. Stem cvlindric, simple; leaves verticillate,
entire; flowers around the axill.

Species. 1. }J. viiJgaria? but the leaves are mostly by
sixes in the European plant, not by eights (in fresh watei*
ponds and diiches; rare). The //. marilima of Sweden and
Finland grows on the sea-cuast.

Obs. The Hii^puris appears to be the simplest ph^eno-
garrtotis pb.nr m nalui-c; and stands ^'ilbout any dislinct
affinities to other genera.

Order 2. — Digyxia.

5. CALLITRICHE. L. (AYa tor- star.)

Calix inferior, 2-Ieaved. Corolla 0. Seeds 4^
naked, compressed.

Leaves opposite, flowers axillary, (In C. verna monoi-
cous.)

Species. 1. C. verna. 2- aiitiimnaUs? The C. verna\% re-
markably polymorphous, the leaves vary from the places
where they grow; sometimes it produces 2 stamen:j, and
in some instances the flowers are hermaphrodite. The
leaves of the calix are described by Desfontames as be-
ing concave, and iunate, v.'ith the filament as long as the
calyx; in the American plant, fC. heteropJuUa of Pursh,)
the stem is compressed, and bifistulous, for floatincr; -hf.
lower branches with narrower and oft<-n emarginated
leaves, producing only male or female flowers, the central
branches wiih retus«=', spa'huiate oval, o-nerved leaves,
bearing tliose which are i.ermaphrodite, with the stamena
much exserted.

6. CORISPERMUM. L. (Tick seed.)

Calix a-parted. Corolla 0. Seed 1, plano-con-
vex, oval, and naked, with an acute circular
margin.

MONANDRIA. DIGTNIA.

Flowers axillary, solitarj-, sessile, commencing' near the
summit of the hranches, upper flowers rnonandrous, lower
ones, sometimes with 2, 3, 4 or 5 stamens!

Species. 1. C. HijssopifoUvm. */3 Americannm, spikes ap-
proximating-, axillary antl terminal, squarrose; leaves linear,
narrow, and nervose, with a subulate mucronulate point.

On tiie study alluvions of the Missouri; apparently
pi'opag-ated down the river Platte^ as it ceases to be found
above the confluence of that river. Q- ^^h' '^- "'•

Obs. The spontaneous plant, generally smooth, under
cuhure somewhat tomentosc, the pubescence, through a
lens, stipitate, multifid; stem striate, herbaceous, caly-
cine squamae rhomboid-ovate, acuminate, gradually shorter;
h} pogynous scales chaflTy, minute, eroded.

BLITUM. jL. (Strawberry-spinage.)

Calix 3- parted. Corolla 0. Seed 1, covered by
the calix, which enlarges and generally becomes
a berry.

Flowers and berries in capitate clusters; the capituli
resembling strawberries, and are both terminal and axil-
lary.

Species. 1. JB. capitatum. A doubtful native. 2.* Cheno-
podioides? Leaves almost hastate-triangular, somewhat
dentate, at either end attenuate; glomeruli all axillary,
leafy; seeds distinct, punctate, not berried.

Hab On arid soils near the banks of the Missouri. O.

Obs. Stem erect, virgate; seeds naked, imbricated, sur-
rounded by a few linear leaves longer than the seed;
proper calix, apparently none, style 1, deeply bifid. Seed
coated, covered with impressed punctures, oboval, slightly
mi^rgined, beneath tl:e outer envelope dark brown, a little
ruuose, emarginate below. CorcMhim curved round tlie
perispeim, paiallel with the margin of the seed; perisperm
partly farinaceous and partly corneous.

Class II.— DIANDBIA

Order I. — Monogtnia.

A. Corolla inferior. *^

f Fruit a drupe or nut,

8. OLEA. Z. (Olive.)

Calix small, 4-t()othed; tube of the corolla
short, border 4-cleft, lamina more or less ovate.
Lobes of the stigma emars^inate. Drupe 2-
seeded; one of the seeds usually abortive. f

Leaves evergreen, very rarely alternate; flowers race-
mose or paniculate, axillary or terminal, in O.fragnms thg
flowers simply ai^;-gregate .

Species, i. O. .imericana. Flowers dioicous. Grows
near the sea-coast. Fruit acerb.

9. CHIONANTHUS. L. (Frin^etree.)

Calix 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted.. la-
mina long ar.d linear. Anthers nearly sessile
on the tube. Drupe 1 -seeded, ^ut striated.

Small trees with simple leaves, flowers resembling
those of the Ornus^ panicled, or more rarely corymf ose;
panicles sometimes bracteate, axillary and terminal, tri-
fid, or trichotomous, sometimes triandrous. Fruit and
flowers pendulous.

Species. 1. C. Virginica Most abundant near the sea-
coast, where it arrives at acouslderable maefnitude. Near
Port Elizabeth, New-Jersey, my friend, Z. Collins, esq. saw
a tree of the Chionmitluis near 30 feet hi<^h. Persoon re^
ma.^ks that the corolla of this species varies from 4, 5, to
6 cleft, and with 4 stamens!

t Nut bilocular, one of the cells often obliterated. Gtertner,
B2

6 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

10. ORNUS. Persoon. (Flowering-ash.)

CalLv 4-\)ii\'t{^(\. Coro//a 4 -parted; petals long
and ligulate. Filaments long. J\!ut winged.

A tiee with opposite, and unequally pinnated leaves,
(like the ^sh to which it is nearly related. ) Flowers in
terminal panicles.

Species. 1 O..???^^?/^^??^, (scarce) not very distinct from
the Ormis Kiivopcea^ (or Fraxiuus ormis of Lin.)

II Fruit a capsule. Corolla moiiopetalous, irregular,

11. VERONICA, i. (Speedwell.)

Calix 4 -parted. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed, une-
qual, the losver segment narrower. Capsule 2-
celled, obcordate; seeds few.

Herbaceous, or more rarely sufPruticose; many species
have opposite and sometimes ternate leaves, rarely entii'e,
inostly crenate, toothed or deeply serrate, also pinnatifld
or rarely digitately divided; flowers in spikes or corymbose-
racemes, which are either axillary or terminal: a smaller
number of species have alternate leaves, and sohtary ax-
illary flowers; very rarely the calix is 5-parted. hi the V.
rotundifoUa of Peru the flowei-s are sometiines 5-cleft,
with 4 stamina; in the V- iiudicauUs of the European Alps
the capsule is ovate and entire!

A genus cliiefly confined to Kurope, many of the spe-
cies are entirely alpine, others have become natural-
ized throughout that continent, in Northern Asia, and now
profuse ly spread over North America. A s ngle anomalous
species is described as growing in Peru- The V. decussata
of Linnxus, discovered by Commerson at the straits of
Magellan, a shrub with evergreen leaves called Hebe by the
discoverer, and described by Jussieu with an ovate capsule,
can scarcely be conceived as a legitimate species of Vero-
nica. 5 other species of this genus were discovered in
2^e\v -Zealand by Forster,

Species. I. V. officinalis. '2. * renifff'i'^is. 3. serpiUiJoUa.
4. Beccabunga. 5 Annagallis. 6. sciitellata. — (Peduncles
1. flowered — ) 7 . agreatis- 8- arvensis. 9.ptregrina. As\et
there has not been a single genuine species of this genus
discovered in N. America that is not also common lo Eu-
rope and Nortlicrn Asia, if we e\ce})t the V. reniformis of
Pursh, which if distinct, may probably also exist in Sibe-
ria. Of the 9 species here enumerated; No.'j. 1, 3, 7, 8; and

BIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 7

9, are merely naturalized, the rest nalives, common to
Europe and America.

3. ^LEPTANDRA. (^Veronica Virginica, L.)
Calix 5 -parted, segments accuminiite. Corolla
tubular-caiiipamilate, border 4-l()bed, a little
ringent, uneq'uil, the lower lamina narrower.
Stamina and at length tlie pistilUun much ex-
serted; JiUiments below, and tube ot* the ror(jlla
pubescent. Capsule ovate, acuminate, 2-celled^
many-seeded, opening at the summit?

JS*atural Order. — xAntirrhine.e.

Root perennial; stem angular, (sometimes pentangular)
tall. Leaves verticillate in 4S, 5s, and 6s, never simply op-
posite or ternate. Flowers in very lonii and dense spikes;
spikes aggregate, nearly terminal. Calix 5-parted. Flowe^^s
tubular, somewhat caiipanulate, pubescent within; border
4-lnbed, the upper lobe somewhat laterally deflected to-
wards the filaments of tlie stamina, the three lower lobes
coimivent, the central division narrower. iS'f^?72maexserted,
regarding the upper lobe of the corolla, the lower part of
tlie filaments pubescent, at lengtli divaricate; anthers cor-
date-oblong, 2-celled. Style at first shorter than the sta-
mens, persistent on the fruit, and then exserted longer
than the stamens; stigma somewhat capitate, flat, perfectly
entire. Capsule ovate, acuminate, a little compressed at
the summit, with 2 marginal nerves contrary to the disse-
piment, valves with inflected margins contiguous to the
seminal placenta, which occupies the place of a dissepi-
ment, valves 2, only opening about half way down; seeds
numerous, ovate?

From this examination it will be evident that the pre-
sent plant does not appertain to the same order as
Veronica, but arranges directly with the Antirrhine.s
and immediately before the genus Pcederota, from which
it is readily d'stinguished both by habit and charac-
ter, not having a distmctly labiated corolla. In Paderota
also, the corolla is somewhat rotate, the upper lobe gen-
erally emarginate, the filaments shorter than the corolla,
and the anthers converging as in many didynamous flow-
ers.

Species. 1. i.wr^/vj/ca, (common also to Japan, ormore
probably a distinct species of the same genus. A variety

» DIANDRIA. MOXOGYNIA,

ofthis plant menti«)ned by Mr. Pursh, Vol. 1. p. 10. with
purple flowers, may perhaps prove distinct. There is ano-
ther species called Veronica Sibiricay inhabitinj^ Dauria,
in which the stamina and pistillum are double the length
of the corolla.

13. MICRANTHEMUM. Michaux.. Globi-
FERA. Gmelin,

Calix 4 -parted. Corolla 4 -parted, almost bi-
labiate; tbe upper lamina smaller than the rest.
Filaments incurved, shorter than tlie corolla,
(append iculate at the base?) Caj)sule nearly
globular, 1-ceIled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds
striate.

Small, subaquatic, herbaceoiis plants, with filiform
creeping stems; very small, soltary, axillary flowers, al-
ternately disposed; with opposite, entire and somewhat
orbicular leaves, longitudinally nerved. (A North Ameri-
can genus.)

Species. 1. Jll. orUcidatum. 2. * emarginatntn- Leaves
larger, oval or obovate, somewhat emarginate, flowers ses-
sile. Elliott.

Obs. This genus has considerable affinity to Centun-
ciihis, but the capsule does not divide hemispherically,
and it belongs to a distinct Natural Order.

14. GRATIOLA. L. (Hedge-hyssop.)

Calix 5-parted, often bi-bracteate at the base.
Corolla tubulose, resupinate, and sub>bilabiate;
the upper lip, 2-lobed or emarginate; the lower
3-cleft and equal. Filaments 4, — 2 fertile, the
other 2, for the most part, sterile. Stigma 2-
lobed, or bi-labiate. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-
valved, many-seeded. Dissepiment contrary to
the valves.

Hebaceous, leaves opposite; peduncles solitary, axilla-
ry, 1 -flowered. Character drawn from G. officinalis. In
jyionjiiera, now a distinct genus, the coruUa is nearly
equal, and the dissepiment parallel widi the valves. In
some of the spc-cies, (as die G. sphcerocarpa and the G.
'■ aurea oi Mr. Klliot., ',lu 2 barren filamtnts are want-

ing; and in the G. me^alocarpa of E. as well as the G.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.. 9

sphcerocarpa, the capsule is nearly globular; moreover, the
G aciiminataha.s 4 fertile stamens!

Species. § 1. v.'ith 2 bracies at the baseof the calix. — 1.
G. vir^^liica. 2. aiirea. S.piiosn. 4. aphcerocnrpa — § 2. without
bractes. — 5. qiiadridentata. 6. acuminata. 7. tetragona. 8.
jnegalocarpa*

Obs. Of 22 species of this genus now described, 8 are
natives of the United States. — 1 of Europe, neariy allied to
the G. anrea and G. virginica. — 1 in Peru. — 2 inihe West
Indies, and 10 in India. A majority of the North Ameri-
can species are confined to the warmer states; so that the
genus Gratiola, almost equally divided betwixt India and
North .\merica, originates apparently within the tropics,
and in the latter continent extends chiefly to the 40ih
degree of north latitude.

-io, LIN DERMA. L.

Calix 5-[)arted, nearly equal. Corolla tubu-
losp, bi-labiate; upper lip short, emarginate;
lower trifid, unequal. Filarnents 4* the 2 lon4i;er
forked, and sterile. Stigma bilamellate. Cap-
sule 2-ceIIed, 2-vaived; seminiferous dissepiment
parallel with the valves.

Herbaceous plants with opposite leaves, and generally
solitary, axillary flowers, gieatly resembling the preceding
genus, to which it is very closely allied; though well dis-
tinguished by having 2 of the Jilaments hijid and for the
most part sterile^ except perhaps in the L. Pyxidaria the
Linnaean type of the genus, which is described as having
the 2 inferior filaments terminated by a tooth or process
passing beyond the anther which is almost laterally in-
serted (or more probably situated upon another shorter
stipe.) The Lindernia is also distin^^uishedfrom the preced-
ing genus by its parallel dissepiment. There is indeed
already a L. dianthera, discovered by Swartz in the West
Indies; and Mr. Elliott remarks that there are only 2 an-
thers in the L. dilatata and L. attemiata of Muhlen-
burgh's Catalogue, and ihat in the latter species the infer-
tile filaments are villous. Besides these, there is another
species; viz. the L. vionticola of the hills of New Hamp-
shire.

Oes. The genus IJndemia, except the L. Pyxidaria of
Europe, appears eniirely confined to North America. The
X. Japonica of Thunberg, described as having terminal
racemes, cannot certainly appertain to this genus. The

10 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

genus Lindernia extends from the mountains of New
Hampsliire to the West India islands.

16. CATALPA. Jussicu, Bigno^ia Catalpa, Lin,
(Catalpa-tree.)

Calix S-parted. Corolla campanulate, tube
ventricose, border 4-lobed, unequal. Stamina 2,
fertile, filaments 3, sterile. Stigma bilamellate.
Capsule siliquaeform, lon.i^, cylindrir, 2-valved;
Dissepiment opposite to the valves. Seed mem-
branaceously margined and tufted at the extre-
mities.

Trees with simple leaves, verticUlate in threes; flowers
paniculate.

Species. 1. C. cordifolia^ (said also to be anative of Ja-
pan.) liarely to be met with decidedly indig-enous in the
United States, and appears to have been introduced by
the aborigines-, hence its name of " Catatvba,^* derived
from a tribe of Indians residing on the Cataw ba river. In
most of the habitats of this tree given by the younger
IMichaux in his *' ^rbres Forestiers," which I have vi-
sited, if existing at all, it had evidently been introduc-
ed. 1 am informed, however, by Governor Harrison, of
the indubitable existence of this tree in very considera-
ble quantities in the forests of the Wabasli, Illinois Terri-
tory, where its wood is even split for rails; still even here
it is extremely local, and 1 have never once met with it
eitiier on the banks of the Ohio, the Missisippi, or the Mis-
souri, rivers which 1 have ascended or descended thou-
sands of miles. In the warmer states it does not appear
to grow with any degree of vigour.

There is another species of this genus in the West In-
dia islands, viz. the Bignonia longissima, a tree producing
very hard wood, which is not liable to be destroyed by
worms or insects. Perhaps the same properties may be
common alsj to the C.-cordifoUa.

17. ELYTRARIA. Michaux. Tubiflora. Gme-
lin.

Calix coriaceous, 4-parted; the anterior divi-
sion cleft. Corolla 5-cleft; lamina nearly equal.
Two of the filaments without anthers. Stigmata
ligulate. Capsule oblong^ 2 -celled, G-valved^

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA^ 1 1

valves half-septiferoys, or half of the dissepi-
ment adhering to each valve after the opening
of the capsule, and thence seniihilocular; one of
the most reniaikahle characters of the Natural
Order Jicanthi of Jussieu.

Stemless perennials, producing' scapes entirely vested
with subulate coriaceous and almost imbricate bractes;
bearing- flowers towards the summit: flowers imbricate,
and bibracteolate, a little ringent. A genus nearly allied
to Justicia.

Species. 1. E. Caroliniensis. There are also 2 other
species in India. In the E. imbricata the bracteal scales are
S-toothed. ,

18. JUSTICIA. i.

Calix .5 -parted or 5-cIeft, often with 3 bractes.
Tube of the Corolla gibbous; border bilabiate;
the upiier\\\i eniarginate, the lower trifid. Fila-
ments 2, each with a single or double anther.
Stigma 1. Capsule attenuated, below opening
with an elastic spring from the summit to the
base. Dissepiment contrary, growing from the
centre of each valve. Seeds few, lenticular.

Herbaceous or shrubby, leaves rarely verticiilate, end
still more rarely alternate; a few have axillary spines;
flowers solitary or spiked, axillary or terminal. The spe-
cies in the United States ha'-e opposite leaves, with short
spikes upon long-, axillary, peduncles, and are subaquatic,
usually along the margms of the larger rivers, or in ditches
in their vicinity.

Species. 1. J. pedunaihsa. 2. hnmilis. 3. brachiata of
PuRSH. All the North American species produce 2
anthers upon each filament, each anther 1-ceiled; hence
mjtny species of this extensive genus were thrown into
another called Dianthera by Linnaeus and Jussieu. They
are, however, at present united.

Obs. Not a species of this extensive genus exists in
Eunpe; they are, in general, tropical plants, many of them
spiendid. Of luO species 3 only are as yet discovered in-
digenous to the United States, — 35 in India and its islands
— 8 m Arabia Felix — 3 in Cnina, of which one is also com-
mon to Arabia — 1 in Japan — 5 m Africa, 4 of them at the
Cape of Good Hope and 1 at Sierra Leone— 1 in New Hoi-

12 DIANDRIA. MOXOGYNIA.

land — and 44 in the tropical regions of America, princi-
pally in the West-Indies, Carthagt-na, Cayenne, and Peru.
Many of these latter species are highly ornamental.
Thus attain we perceive a tropical g-enus almost equally di-
vided between India and America.

19. UTRICULAR! A. Lin. (Bladder-wort.)

Calix 2-parted, the lower division often einar-
ginate, rarely cleft. Corolla scarrely tubulose,
irregularly bilabiate, upper lip erect, entire or
cniarginate, stamiijiferoiis; lower liwj^ev, entire,
o-lobed, or crenate; palate more or less cordate,
rather prominent on the inner side, calcarate at
the base. Filaments of the stamina incurved;
anthers connate. Stigma bilamellate. Capsule
globular, I -celled, many-seeded (oj)ening by a
lateral foramen?) receptacle of the seed, cen-
tral, unconnected.

An evanescent plant of ponds and stag-nant waters,
rooting-, and rarely producing setaceous kaves; or loosely
floa'in.y, producing leaves which resemble roots, alternate,
demersed, and much divided; beset with numertjus in-
flated vesicles; also with proper radical leaves, v/hich are
alternate, more rarely opposite or verticillate, entire, or
dissected; flowers produced on a scape furnished with a
few squamula or scale-like bractes, racemose, or more
rarely inclined to be one flowered; the U. minor scarcely
produces a spur.f

f Species, 1. cera^opA^/Z/a, the largest North American species,
producing inflated leaves at the base of the scape, dividt-d and
capillary branched at their extremities, 6 parted verticil laie;
racemes producin,y;6 — 10 flowers, lower iip ofthe corolla wiui 3
retuse lobes, the upper entire, spur compressed, deeply emargi-
nate, half the length o\ the lower lip. tlowers yellow, larger liian
tho&e of U. vulgaris, which they, however, in some measure,
resimble. Calix persistent.

Ic begins to appear in the lower part of Delaware, near Leu-is-
town, and C(jntinucs to Florida, being more particularly abun-
dant iu he warmer siates. Floating.

2 fbrosa oi Walter and F.Uiott, "the U. fibrosa of i'u'sh, ap-
pears to be son-e other species; so calleil from occasionally
striking out fibres -vhen g!-o\vmg noar the rnaigins of ponds a
circumstance at the same time common to several eiiier spe-

DIANDKIA. MONOGYNIA, l3

£0. PINGUICULA. L. (Butter-wort.)

Calix bilabiate, upper lip trifid, lower bifid.
Corolla irregular, calcarate at the base, limb

cies; described by Mr. E. as producing- a scape 6-8 inches long",
bearing 2 to 3 large yellow flowers. The upper lip lai-ge,
rounded, and obscurely 3 1obed, the lower lip sn.aller, about
the length of the spur, which is said to be subulate (or as some
would perhaps say conic) and emarginate. From ail which we
may, 1 think, here perceive a plant not very widely distinct
from the U- vulgaris of Pursh and others, considered as equally
indigenous, like many other aquatics, to the two continents of
Europe and North America.

3. Longirostrisy of Mr. Le Conte. Floating; scapes 1, 2 (or
5) flowered, the spur a little longer than the lower lip, (some-
what compressed) ascending and emarginate. Flowers yellovv',
labia: obscurely 3-lobed, scape 3 to 4 inches long. This species
also approaches to the U. vulgaris, but is a much smaller plant,
with the flowers rather large.

4. purpurea. Walter, U. saccafa of Le Conte.

Scapes 1, 2, or 3 flowered; lower lip of th.e corolla 3-lobed,
lateral lobes cucullate on the under side; palate large and pro-
minent; nectary compressed, a little acuminated, cloLely appres-'
sed to the resupinate corolla and entirely covered by its reflected
margins; upper lip nearly round.

Floating stem 2 or 3 feet long, utriculate leaves digitate, ses-
sile, segments pinnatifldand setaceous; scapes axillary, 1 or 2 to-
gether. Flower about the size of U. -c^w/§-a?7s, violet-purple; calix
persistent. Grows in the ponds upon the Blue-ridge, in the state
of New-York, and on the Broad mountain, Pensyivania. In 1809
1 collected it in a pond near to Lewistown, Sussex countv,
Delaware, from whence it appears to extend as far south as Ca-
rolina and Georgia.

5. Gibba floating.

6. Bipartita. EUiott. Taking root on the marsrins of ponds. Co-
rolla nearly entire; spursliortjscarceh halfaslo'ng as the corolla,
very obtuse. Lower division of the calix biHd.

7. bijora. La Marck. Floating: scape about 2.flowered, corolla
entire, spur subulate, obtuse, as long as the lower lip. Le Conte,

Obs. Fa/*/ describes the neciarv as straight, nearly equalling
the upper lip, and with setaceous leaves. South Carolina.

8. Personata. Le Conte.

Floweis small, in a long setaceous raceme (1 to 2 feet high,
4-10 tlowerea) fui-nishtd with small scaly bractes; upper lip of
C

14 IblANDRIA. MOyOGYXIA.

bilabiate, superior S-lobed, inferior 2-lobe(3
shorter; faux (or juncture of the labise) contrac-
ted. Stamina 2 very short. StijU short. Stigma
bilamellate covering tlie anthers. Capsule 1-

the corolla emarginate, lower obtuse with an abrupt point; spur
siraig-ht, subulate and acute, a little incurved, and about the
length of the corolla; the root fibrous. South Carolina.

9. Cornuta. I'aking- root in the grounds scape rigid, 1 to 2 feet
high, 2 to 3-flo\vered, flowers large, the lower lip 3 lobed,
very wide: spur longer than the corolla, porrected, nearly verti-
cal, subulate, and acute.

Abundant on the Table rock, at the Falls of Niagara, and
throughout Canada and the Alleghany mountains to Virginia,
jn calcareous soil.

10. seiacea. Michaux.

Scape minute, rooting, and without leaves, slenderly seta-
ceous, distantly 2 to 3 flowered; flowers upon longish pedicells;
apur rather long.

Mr. Le Conte says, scape many-flowered (4 to 7 on short pe-
"^uncles. El.) upper lip of the corolla ovale, lower strongly 3-
!obed; spur subulate, as long as the lower lip of the corolla.

Lower division of the calix slightly emarginate. El. This de-
scription does not appear to accord with Michaux's plant, and
still appears to be nearer it than any other. It cannot possibly
be the U. subulata of Pursh, and the synonym of Gronovlus ap-
plies probably to the U. setacea of Mich.— Persoon adds, that
the flowers of the subulata are white; a circumstance entirely
improbable.

The whole of this genus appears in confusion, scarcely ex-
cepting the European part of it; and none of the smaller and am-
biguous species which are now greatly multiplied, can be under-
Stood but by a monograph accompanied with accurate deline-
ations.

Besides the above 10 species, there are 6 others growing
within the tropical regions of America. A blue flowered species
in Ceylon, with 2 others in India, one in China, doubtful appa-
rently as to the genus, and 3 species in Europe, .\merica has,
then,' 16 species out of 2.3; of which one, in Martmique, is said
to p oduce large white flowers, and entire ovate leaves! The U.
nnifolia of Peru raLher appears to belong to the family of the
Orchidea, having a single radical lanceolate leaf, a solitary flow-
er, and a large coixlale callx; it possesses, in short, all the ha-
bits of a Cambidlum or Arethusa.

DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 15

celled, many-seeded; receptacle of the seed, cen-
tral, unconnected.

Habitus. Leaves radical, stellately disposed, thick,
soft, and as it were greasy to the loach, composed of an
almost diaphanous, distinctly cellular parenchymatoiis
substance; scapes 1-flowered; flowevs inverted. Nearly
allied to the preceding- genus.

Species. 1. P. elutior. 2. lutea. 3. pumila. 4 aciiti'
folia.

Obs The American species have the corolla o^cleft,
with all the segm^ nts 2-lobed or emarginate; in tiie P.
lutea the corolla is campanulate and yellow, with each of
the lobes bidentate Of 11 species enumerated in tins
genus, ihe United States have 4, Peru 1, and the other 6
are confined to -lie aipme and colder morassy regions of
Kurope. The Noiih American species grow nearly on a
level with the ocean, in moist pine bai'reus.

Labiate.

Iff Four naked seeds,

SI. LYCOPUS. L, (Water-horehound.)

Calix tubular 5-cleft (or 5-toothed, acute op
acuminate). Corolla tubular, 4-lobed, nearly
equal; the upper segment broader and emargi-
nate. Stamina iMstsint, Seeds 4, retuse.

Flowers small, axillary, crowded, vertlcillate and ses-
sile, generally bibracteate, leaves toothed orsinuated. In
the L. Virginicns the calix is 4-cleft and shorter than the
seed; and there are the rudiments of 2 abortive stamens
in the L. vulgaris.

Species. 1. L. vulgaris? 2. Virginicus. 3.pumiliis. 4. ob-
iusijolius. 5. exaltaUis. 6. angustifolius. 7- sinuatus. .\re
not several of these varieties? (With the exception of the
L. vulgaris this genus is thus far entirely confined to the
United States.)

22. CUNILA. i. (xMountain Dittany.)

Crtiioc cylindrical, 10-striate, 5 toothed. Co-
rolla ringent, with the upper lip crecr, flat and
emarginate. Stamens 2-sterile. The 2 fertile
stamens with the style exserted nearly twice

16 DIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

the length of the corolla. Stigma unequall)»
bifid. Seeds 4.

Flowers sometimes axillary, mostly in terminal dicho-
lomous corymbs. Leaves opposite, punctate. Bractes in-
conspicuous.

Species. 1. C. marimia. An American genus; growing
chiefly in rocky, and, to the south, in mountainous situa-
tions. The second species of this p^enus, the C capitataoi
Vahl, more probably belong-s to ZizipJiora. The common
generic remark, of the calix being- villous at the faux, is
scarcely ^vorth repeating-, so many different genera hav-
ing- the same character; for example, the /fef/eoma, Ziii-
phora, Thymus^ and Calamintha.

23. HEDE(3MA. Persoon. (Wild Pennyroyal.)
CalLv bilabiate, gibbous at the base, uppep
lip 3-toothed, lower 2; dentures all subulate.
Corolla ringent. Stamina 2-sterile. The 2 fer-
tile stamens about the length of the corolla.

Small herbaceous plants possessing the scent of the
Jifentha Pulegium. Leaves opposite; flowers verticillate,
bracteate; calix internally ciliate-vilious at the base of
the cal}cine indentions. (An American genus, with the
exception of the H. tJnnnoides of ,Montpelier.)f

f Species- 1. H. glabra. Perennial, smooth; stem surculose;
radical leaves nea.-ly oval, stem leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, alj
entire and without veins; flowers upon longish peduncles, bi-
bracteate at the base, towards the upper part of the stem most-
ly verticillate in 3s.

Obs. Stem six inches to a foot high, acutely angular, branch-
ing from below; leaves nearly obtuse, conspicuously beset with
diaphanous glands, entirely smooth, without veins, and closely
sessile. Flowers rather large, violet purple, somewhat campa-
nulate and ringent; infertile stamens very short; calyx subcy-
lindric oblong, internally ciliate at the faux.

Hab. Principally upon the banks of the St. Lawrence and
the upper lakes; at the falls of Niagara: on the Ohio and ia
Tennessee; — always on calcareous rocks.

2. Pulegioides. Pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, ser-
rate, veined; verticilli many-flowered; flowers smaller than the
calix. From Canada to Carolma. O

3. * hirta. Dwarf, and branching near the base, pubescent;
leaves linear sub-lanceolate, acutisli at both extremities, entire^

DIANDRIA. MONOGYMA. IT

24. MONARDA. L, (Mountain-balm.)

Calix 5-tootlied, cylindnc, striate. Corolla
rlng;enl, with a loii^ cyli^idric tube, upper Ii|j
linear, nearly straight and entire, involviuj^the
filaments; lower lip reflected, broader, 3-lobcd,
the middle lobe longei*.

Flowers axiUary-veilicillate, or terminal and capitate,
with involacrate bractes; colour scarlet, crimson, violet,
or white, and m two species yellowish and spoited, witli
hi.^hly coloured hructes. .(A'Xorth \merican ^enus )

Species I. M. didyma. 2 Kcdmiana. S.rvs^osa. 4. claw-
podia 5. gracilis. &. purpurea 7. oblongata. 8. mollis. 9-Jistii<-
losa. 10. punctata. 11. ciliuta, 12. hirsuta.

25. SALVIA. L. (Sago.)

Calix subcamnanulate, striate, and S-Iipped,
above 3 toothed, below bifid. Corolla, tube
widening at the faux, limb bilabiate, the up-
per lip arched and emarginate, the lower 3-
lobed, the lateral segments narrower, the inter-
mediate one larger and nearly round (some-
times crenate). The 2 fertile filaments trans-
versely pedicellate.

Herbs or suffruticose shrubs; flowers with 1 to 3
bractes or axillary leaves, often spiked. Fiiament> of the
stamina variously stipitate, sometimes in the middle, at
Other times above or belcw it, terminated at only one,
or more commonly at botli ends, by 1-ceIled anthers, one
of which is always infertile; there are also considerable
variations in the lip of the corolla.

Species 1. S. azurea. 2. coccinea. 3'! * tricftosfemoide-?.
(Missouri). 4. urticifoUa. 5. ly^ata., 6. Clni/tani. f. obo-
rata.

Obs. a very numerous .^enus, and widely disseminated
over ihe world; flowers large and of very brill. ant colours

and veined; verticilli many-flowered, flowers minu e, :thorter
til an the calix; bractes ciiiate, calix strigose. O // huspida,
Puvsl., 2. p. 414.

On "he open all'ivions of the Missouri. 0. June. FrOilQ 4 A^
6 mches high, nearly allied to the //. Pulep-ioiil^i.
C 2

18 DIANDRIA. MONOOYNIA.

in the warm regions of India, of Peru, Mexico, and th©
West- Indies. About 47 species are natives of JSox'th and
South America.

£6. COLLINSONIA. Z. (Knot-root, Horse-
weed.)

Calix bilabiate, above 3-toothecl, below bifid.
Corolla much longer than the calix, somewhat
funnel-formed, unequally 5-lobed; the lower
lobe longer, lacerately fimbriate (or fringed).
Stamina 2, sometimes* 4. Seeds 4, 3 of them
mostly abortive.

Leaves large. Flowers in terminal panicles, yellowish
or inclining to violet, with the 2 fertile stamina es*.
tended beyond the corolla.

Species. 1. C.Cayiadensis. 2.tuberosa. o.scubra. As.ova-
lis. 5. miisata. 6 pimctata. E. 7. verticillata.

The C. punctata has 2 barren filaments, and the C-
ariisata is tetrandrous. (a North American genus.) In thi»
genus the stamens are observed alternately to approacti
the style.

B, Corolla superior.
ff ft Flowers complete*

27. CIRCJEA. L. (Enchanter's Nightshade.)
Calix shavtf 2 parted. Petals 2. Stigma eniar-
ginate. Capsule ovate, hispid, 2-celled, not
opening; cells 1 -seeded.

Herbs; with opposite leaves; flowers alternate, in ter-,
minal spikes.

Species. 1. C. hctetiana, ^ canadensis 2. alpina? This
does aot well agree with the European species.

If If f Flowers incomplete^

j88. X.EMNA. L, (Duck-weed,)

Calix t)f one entire leaf. Stamens alternately
developed, seated upon the ovarium at its base|
9tyle cylindric, stigma funuel form. CapsuU 2
to 4 -seeded.

©lANDRIA. MOI^OGTNIA. 19

The Lemnas are minute aquatic plants, of an extremely
simpl;; structure, composed, at most, of 3 or 4 lenticular
leaves, laterally adnaie and proliferous, rarely fiovering.
Each leaf as a perfect plant, in aggregation, produces a
single floating radicle, or, in some species, a small bun-
dle of fibres.

Species. 1. minor. 2. o-ibba. 3. thermalis, of Beauvois.
4? triiulca. (The genus of this plant is doubtful.)

Obs Like many other aquatic plants the Lemnas are
common to almost every country and cliraate; they eve«
vegetate in the warniest thermsd springs.

CLASS III.— TRIANDEIA.

Order 1. — Monogynia.
f Flowers sicperiort complete,

£9. VALERIANA. L, {Valerian,)

Calix 0, or minutely marginal, at length
evolved in a plumose pappus. Corolla mono-
petalous, tubular, somewhat tunnel form, cal-
carate or gibbous at the base, limb 5-c!eft.
Seed I, usually crowned with the calj^ine pap-
pus. (^Stamens exserted I, 2, 3, and 4.)

Flowers for the most part in terminal corymbs or pani-
cles.
Species. 1. F. paucifora.\

30. FEDIA. Goertner,

Calix 3 or 4 toothed. Corolla tubular, 5»
cleft. Capsule crowned with the perisient ca-

f Radical leaves entire, cordate crenate petiolate; stem-
leaves pinnate, somewhat toothed; uppermost leaves trifoliate,
oval, acute; panicle scattered, corymbuli few-flowered.

Obs. Stem 3 feet or more hig-h, smooth, sulcate, simple and
fistulous. Leaves smooth; foliola of the pinnate leaves 5 — 7,
gradually enlarging, oval, acuminate; flowers rather long,
(near an inch,) pale pink, triandrous, with a short spur or gib-
bosity near the base; bibracteaie, border 5-parted, lamina oval,
obtuse, stamens exserted; seed elliptic, flat, on either side
marked with 3 longitudinal strix near the centre; at lenj^th
comose. This species appears to be nearly allied to F Phu,
but distinct in V Phu the radical leaves are oblong, and ge-
nerally entire, the stem-l^-aves pinnatifid, the pinnula lanceo-
late, and very entire; the lanui.se of the corolla also are crenu-
late; and the stigmata 3. (There are many species of this^e^
§us ID South America.)

TRIANDRIA. MONOGTNIA. SI

lix, 3-celled; only one of the cells usually fer-
tile.

Flowers in fastlglate panicles.
Species. 1. F radiata.

31. PHYLLACTIS. Ptrsoon.

Flowers involucrate; involucrum of t-leaf,
sheathing. C«/ix consisting of a minute margin.
Corolla trifid. Seed I. (Style and stamina ex-
serted.)

Stemless or cespitose plants with fusiform roots, entire
leaves stellately disposed, and producing- almost sessile
flowers collected together in involucrate umbells.

Species. 1, P?. *Qbovata. Stemless, root fusiform;
leaves radiating, linear-spathulate, obtuse, hirsutely-pi-
lose. (Flowers not seen; time of appearing-, October?).

Habitat. On bare hills around the Arikaree village,
on the banks of the Missouri. (I give this with hesitatioH,
not having seen a perfect flower, merely a flower bud.)—
There are 3 other species of this genus in Peru.

ff Flowers superior, incomjdete.

32. TRIPTERELLA. Michaux. V^gelia.
Gmelin?

Calix tubular and prismatic, with alated
martj^ins, and a venticose base; ^imft 6-cleft, the
alternating segments or teeth internal, minute
and horizontal, covering tlie stamina. Corolla
0. *SYi^??ias 3, capitate. Capsule 3-sided, 3-celled,
many-seeded. Stamina included within tlie
tube.

Minute plants with simple stems, almost destitute of
distinct leaves. Flowers in short bifid cymose spikes,
distinct or crowded like a capitulum

Species. 1. T- capitata. Stem setaceous; leaves remote,
amplexicaule, and subulate; flowers disposed in a crowd-
ed bifid cyme, as if capitulate, each flower furnished
with a lanceolate acute bracte, angles of the calix without
margins.

On the borders of sandy ponds in Carolina. (Also in
Cayenne ) Flowers from May to July. The segments
of the tube yellowish, the rest of the ilower whitish. O?

rtr»

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

2. Ccsrxilea. Stem setaceous; leaves minute, subu-
late; flowers disposed in a bifid spike or cyme, some-
times* simplv in i;airs, or in still sn)aUer plants solitary^
coloured blue; tlie winged ma; gins of the capsule partly
cuneate, truncate at the summit.

Burmannia bifiora. L. Tripterella ccerulea of Muh-
lenberg's Catalogue, and M Elliot's "Sketches of the
Botany of South Carolina anc Georgia,*' p. 43.

Obs. Tliis genus appears to be scarcely distinct from
Smincmnia, but seems to dilier in the defect of 3 of the
stamens, and the situation of the capsule below the calix.

Near the margin of sandy ponds, from Florida to Vir-
ginia. (Scarce.) Flowering nearly the whole year.

33. IXIA. i.

Spatha 2-3 valved, ovate, short. Corolla 6-
parted tubulose; tube somewhat slender, with the
style and stamina straight; border nearly sal-
ver-shaped, divisions sub-elliptic, flat. Stig^
ma almost iilitorm. (Filaments including the
style; mostly connate.)

Species. 1. / calestina. A very scarce plant, and of a
doubtUil genus; discovered in Florida by Mr. Barlram.

Obs. The whole of this genus, with the exception of
the present species, the /. Chine7isis, and the /. JBulbocd^
(hum of Europe, is peculiar to the Cape of Good Hope.

34. IRIS. (Flag, Flower de luce.)

Corolla 6-parted, large; three of the lamina
erect; the other 3 reflected, with or without a
crest or beard on the inner side, and bearing
the stamina at their base. Stijle short; stig-
mata 3 petaloid, oblong, large, usually arched.
Stamina incumbent, covered by the stigmata.
Capsule 3-celled, 3-vaIved, many-seeded. Seeds
flat, triangular; (in some species nearly round
or spherical.)

Flowers terminal, solitary, or alternately disposed upon
a scape; spatha 1 or more flowered; scape often com-
pressed. Root a simple or double bulb; mostly an hori-
zontal tuber. The genus Ms is remarkable for producing
^t, ensiform or sword-stiaped leave» with sheathing mi^r*

TllIAyDRTA. MONOGTXIA, 23

gins; several species, however, have linear and almost
grassy foliajje. Tiie /. tuberosa has 4-sided leaves.

Species. 1. /. cristata. i?. ha.vagona. 3. ver.Hcolov. 4. cti-
prea. 5. tripetala. 6 vernaP^ Root tuberous, reddish; leaves
radical, linear-ensiform, rig^idly conacecfus, very acute,
margined, dark g-reen "omevviiat spirally twisted at the
base, about 6 inche long; young shoots and scapes
sheathed with linear-lanceolate stipules of a pink red
colour; scape 1-flowered, nearly radical; tube of the co-
rolla triangular, (about 2 inches long); germ attenu-
ated, triquetrous; lacini?e appearing articulated upon
the tube; inner and outer divisions nearly equal, ob-
loner-obovate, pale blue, the 3 exterior marked with
an oblong orange-yellow maculate stripe, having a cen-
tral, slightly villous, raised line; stigmata linear-oblong,
deeply bifid. (This is certainly a distinct plant from
the / verna of Pursh; but agrees with JMichcmx ex-
cept in having, in common with the generality of this
genus, a tuberous, and not a simply fibrous root.
This species is nearly allied to the /. cristata, but
the flower is smaller, without the crest or beard, some-
what sweet-scented, and of finely contrasted colours. The
root, like the /. cristata, leaves a burning sensation on
the palate after mastication, a circumstance, however,
common to several other species. T-sibirica 8 pnsmatica,
9. *lacustri.9; flowers -without a bearded crest; leaves short,
ensiform; scape much shorter than the leaf, 1-flowered;
petals nearly equal? attenuated on the tube; capsule tur-
binate, 3-8ided, margined; seeds somewhat round, and
smooth; roots tuberous.

Obs. Roots laterally produced to a considerable extent
so as to form wide and dense tufts; leaves rarely more
than 6 inches long, scapes generally 1-flowered and still
shorter flower p?le blue.

Habitat. On the gravelly shores of the calcareous
islands of lake Huron, near Michilimakinak. (I have seen
no perfect specimens, and therefore recommend the exa-
mination of this plant to future botanisis.) It appears to
be allied to J. cristata.

Many species of this genus have been discovered
at the Cape of Good-Hope, a few in Barbary, 1 or
2 species in China, ami as many in Japan, the rest
have been found in East Asia (Siberia,) Europe, and
North America. Not a single species has vet been
discovered in South America, or any other portion of the
southern hemisphere, except the southern promontary of
Africa. The species in the United States, with the excep-
tion of the /. rerna, (as described by Mr. Pursh) have

24 TRIANDEIA. MQNOGYNIA.

the tube of the corolla short, as in most of the European
species, and nearly all have compressed, obtusely triangu-
lar seeds, and tuberous roots. Many of the African species,
with bulbous roots, have the tube of the corolla remark-
ably long-, seeds more or less round, approaching to sphe-
rical, and linear grassy leaves.

35, DILATRIS. Tcrsoon. Lachnanthes. EU
liotL (Red-root.)

Calix superior, petaloid, externally hirsute,
deeply 6-parted, nearly equal, erect, and persis-
tent. Stamina erect, a little unequal. Style
declining; stigma minutely trifid. Capsjile
round, 3-celled, few-seeded; (3-6 in each cell.)

Leaves considerably like those ofthe/Ws; sheathing, on
tlie stem sessile; flowers paniculate, corymbose, exter-
nally pubesftent, internally coloured and petaloid, nearly
equal, but the style somewhat declined and thus ap-
proaching to the genus WacheJidoi-Jia. The D. Heritiera
of the United States, although a very distinct species from
the other 4 described as natives of the Cape of Good
Hope, can hardly be considered as constituting a distinct
genus: it is true, that the stamens are more nearly equal
than in the Cape species, but scarcely so, absolutely, with
the presence of a declining style. As to the structure of
the flowers, they are both merely furnished with a peta-
loid calyx, divided down to its base; the Gape species, at
least one examined by Jussieu, had a hirsute capsule,
crowned by the persistent calyx, of 3-cells, S-valves, 3-
seeds, the valves naked in the inside, or without a recep-
ticular placenta, with a central 3-sided receptacle, the
seeds flat, and peltate. In the Heritieruy there are asjmany
as 6 or 7 seeds in each cell, and of a somewhat diiferent
form, being round and compressed. It appears, however,
probable from the globose form of the capsule in Dilatris,
thai there must be a roundish seed, or seeds, as there is no
succulent receptacle. The Heritiera has also a roundish,
obsoletely triquetrous, capsule. Are there not two spe-
cies confounded as the I). Heritiera in the United States?

36. SISYRINCHIUM. L. (Blue-eyed grass.)
Calix petaliod, tube short, border divided

like 6-flat petals. Stamina, for the most part,
united below. Capsule roundish, triquetrous,

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 25

pedicellate beyond the spathe; (laminse in seve-
ral species aristate.)

Root fibrous; stem compressed, ancipital, divided; flow-
ers both terminal and axillary; spatha many-flowered,
compressed-carinate. Flowers white, yellow, or blue.

Species. 1. miicronatinn. 2. anceps. o. Bennndianion?

Obs. Of 9 species now enumerated, 4 inhabit the tropi-
cal regions of America, (Peru, Guiana, and the West-
Indies) having white and yello.w flowers; 3 belong" to the
United States, producing blue flowers with aristate petals;
X with yellow flowers to the Cape of Good Hope, and
another of a doubtful genus, resembling Ixla^ was dis-
covered by Forster in New Zealand.

56. BOERHAATIA. L.

w

Calix tubulose with an entire margin. Co-
rolla mon(>petah)us, campanulate, plaited. Seed
1, invested by the persistent calix, naked or tu-
berculate, 5-furro\ved, obconic. (^Stamina 1, 2,
S, 4, and 10.)

Stems herbaceous or shrubby, leaves opposite, one of
the leaves often less than the other; flowers mostly um-
bellate; umbels slender, axillary, pedunculate, some-
times branching, involucrate; involucrum simple, or many-
leaved; flowers also, in some species, disposed in corym-
bose panicles. (Jussieu says, that the seed is small, and
covered by the angular bane of the calix ^ and in this he is
confirmed by the observations of Defontaines; but to or-
dinary observers the seed will be considered as interior.
The same remai'k also applies to the folio wmg genus,
Cahimenia.')

Species. 1. erecta. (South Carolina.) 2. diffusa?

Obs. This genus is ciiiefly confined to the tropical re-
gions of America, there is also 1 species in Guinea (Afri-
ca), 1 in Spaiti, 1 conmion to India and China, and ap.other
in the Society islands of the Pacific.

37. CALYMENIA. Tersooiu (Allioxia. Mi-

chaux,)

Involucrum caliciform, 5 -parted, persistent,

enlari^ini^, and then p( Itacp-campanulate, 1 to

o or 5 flowered. Proper calix none. Corolla

siib-canipanulate, plaited, 5 -parted, lamlnte

c

S6 TRIANDRIA MONOGYXIA.

eniarginate, tube persistent, calicine. Stamina
exsertcd. Seed 1, coriaceous)^ coated, obconic,
with 5- furrows.

Annual or perennial; stem lierbaceous, leaves opposite;
flowers axillary and dichotomously paniculate, or corym-
bose, from 1 to 5 in a common expanding- campanulate, or
almost peltate involucrum, extremely evanescent, and ge-
nerally small, 5-parted, laminx deeply emarginate, the
base persistent and calicine, investing- the seed. Stami-
na 3, 4 and 5. Stigma capitate. — Xearly allied to the pre-
ceding genus, and also to J firabHis.

Species. 1. mjctagiiiea. Mich.

Obs. Entirely smooth; stem jointed, leaves broad cor-
date, acute; flowers for the nio^t part corymbosely ag-
g-regate, and terminal, also axillary; in stems imperfectly
developed, all axillary; involucrum 5-cleft, 3-5-flowered,
(and as in all the otlier species, at length much larger
than the fruit.)

Hoot large and tuberous, probably medicinal. — On the
alluvions of the Missouri, common-

2- Albida. Walter. O, 3. * pilosa. Stem nearly erect,
hairy; leaves oval or lanceolate-oval, obtuse, entire; flow-
ers sub-paniculate, axdlary and terminal; involucrum
about 3-flowered.

Obs. Leaves sometimes hairy; nearly allied to tlie C,
vyctaginea. Flowers pale red, stamens exserted, root pe-
rennial.

Habitat. Near the Missouri^ — around the Arikaree
village, 8cc.

Allionia ovata. Pursh, vol. i. p. 97. The C. avata of
Peru appears to be but 1-flowered.

4. C. hirsuta. Pursh, perhaps a variety of the above.
5. C *angustifolia. Stem round, erect, smooth; involu-
crum and peduncle pubescent; leaves linear, sessile, rare-
ly subdenticulate; flowers aggregate, paniculate, and ax-
illary; involucrum mostlv 3-flowered

Obs. Root perennial, tuberous as the preceding; leaves
smooth; stem erect, a little branched above; seeds as in
all the i-est clavate, obconic, rather rugose, with 5 fur-
row s. Flowers pale red. Stamens exseited On liills
near the confluence of 1 eeton river, Missouri, and from
thence probably to the mountams.

C. ungmtifolia. T. Nultall in Fraser's Catalogue. 1813.

C.linearisy I'ursh, in Supplement, vol. ii. p. 728.

6.*dccumbens. Stem round, decumbenti low; leaves en-

tkiandtiia. monogtxia. $7*

tjre, narrow, sessile, and linear; peduncles all axillary, a
little pubescent; involucrum 3 -flowered.

Obs. Perhaps only a variety of the preceding; still it
preserves the same habit under cultivation; the stems come
up several from tiie same perennial root, alwa} s inclining
to be decumbent, n(it above 6 inches high, the preced-
ing 2 feet; flowers axillary, peduncles short; leaves rather
thick, without veins, not more than 2 lines wide and 2
inches long, perfectly smooth and rather obtuse; flowers
very small, pale red, and so evanescent as rarely to be
seen open, -,^'ruit and involucrum as in the other species.
On high, bare, gravelly hills near Fort Mandan, on the
Missouri. Flowers in June and July.

This genus, now contain. ng about 13 species, is
thus far confined to Peru, Nev/ Spain, and the Lnited.
States, being entirely an American genus. There ap-
pears to be but one species of Cnhjinenia m New Spain,
the C a^-gregat(iy having more than a single flo.-. er in
the involucrum, while in the United States, in atl the
specits it produces three or more floweis. The cali-
cine, peltate involucrum, the deep emargination of tlie
5 divisions of the corolla, and the absence of the minute
marginal calix, are apparently all tlie essential generic
distinctions subsisting between the Calymenia and Boer-
haavia.

Iff Flowers inferior, ■
\. COMMELINA. L.

Calix 3-Ieaved. Corolla Spetalled, mostly
unequal. Stamina 6, sometimes all fertile, but
for the most part 3 or 4 are sterile. Stigma
simple. Cajjsule sub-globose, S-celled, 3-valv-
ed, 2 of the cells 2-seeded, the third with its
proper valve, often abortive.

Stem herbaceous, and often branching; leaves almost
gramineous, alternating at the nodes of the stem, the
sheath of the leaves long and entire, nearly cleft; branches
sheathed at the base; peduncles axillary or terminal, one
or many flowered; spatha cordate, persistent, closing and
enveloping the flowers; rarely wanting.

Sp£cie3. 1. cojiimunis. 2. erecta. 3. hirtella. 4. Virgi'
men.

Obs. The genus Co?jmeIina, with the exception of the^
species in the United States, and 2 others in J.^pan, is pe-
culiar to the tropical regions of India and America: there

S8 TRIANDRIA, MOXOGYNIA.

is aJso a single species described as African, and another
discovered by Loureiro in Cochinchina. The genus now
consists of 23 species. Most of" them produce blue flowers;
the North American species of a bright azure, but ex-
tremely evanescent. It is said that -the Japanese possess
a metliod of extracting the colour from the flowers of the
Commelina.

39. SYENA. mild Mataca. Jluhlet.

Calix deeply 3-parted, acute, persistent. Pe-
tals S, roundish. Anthers oblon.^^ 2-celled. Stig-
ma irifid. Capsule acuminated with the style,
l-cel)ed, 3-valved.

A small sub-aquatic, repent herb, resembling moss; the
leaves alternate, crowded, linear, subulate, (somewhat
5-nerved, Aublet.); flowers solitary, axillary and re-
mote, the peduncle bending downwards after flowering,
(pedicell bibracteate, Aubl.) In the Syena, as it appears
in the United Slates, ihe stem is bi-fistulous (for floating)
as in the Calitriche^ the leaves each with a single nerve;
the peduncles without bractes, but furnished at the base
with a single valved scariose spatha; filament and an-
ther united, the latter shortly obovate, 2-celled, emitting
the pollen by 2 terminal oblique pores; style simple; stig-
rna entire, persistent; capsule oblong-ovate, 1-celled, 3-
valved; seeds 9, attached by 3s to the centre of eachk
valve, spherical, acute at one of the ends, longitudinally
traversed by elevated scabrous lines, of a hard and brit-
tle consistence, and a dark brown colour.

This IS probably distinct from Aublet's plant. Existing
as far to the North as Virginia.

40. LEPTANTHUS. Michaux.

Spatha 1 to 4-flowerod. Corolla^ tube long
and slender; border 6-parted. Stamina seat-
ed upon the segments of the corolla. Anthers
linear, or of 2 different forms, the other trian-
gular. Capsule inclosed in the spatlia, and in-
vested with the marresent tube of the corolla,
S-relled, many-seeded, opening at the angles;
dissepiment contrary.

Aquatic herbs, nearly allied to the genus Pontederia,
having alternate leaves witli a sheathing base. i'lower»

TRIANDRIA. MOXOGTNIA. S9

spathulate, 1 or more in the same spatha, axillary in L.
gramneiisf in all the others, bursting- as it were from the
base- of the petiole. Hov/ers extremely evanescent, ia
all the species white, except the L gramineits which ap-
pears to be scarcely of the same gvnus, all the others
appertam to Meter anthera^ and the L. gramineus is now
called ScHOLLERA, being- farther generically distin-
guishrd by haviriji' a capsule of one cell.

Species. 1 o-ya/w, Mich, (spatha 2 or 3-flowered? v.
V.) Heteranthera limosa of Be kwois. 2 renifoi^mis,MicH.
H. acuta of Reuuvois This appears to be the same plant
witn the H. reniformis^ of the Flora Peruviana.f o. gra-
mineiis; (now 'icnoi.h'ERA. graminea.) Found in almosc all
the rivers of the United States from tiie D&laware south,
and in the Oiiio, to the west.

41. STIPULICIDA. Mkliaux.

Calix 5-parteil, persistent. Corolla 5-petal-
letl, petals entire, and as \ons; as the calix.
Style short, stigmata 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-
vaived. Seeds few, each attached to tiie recep-
tacle by an umbilical filament.

A small perennial herb, v^^ith a leafless, dichotomnus, ar-
ticulated stem; the base of each branch subtended by 3
opposite, lacerated stipula. Flowers minute, *erminal, al-
most sessile, growing- from 3 to 6 together. Radical
leaves minute, spathulate.

Species, l.setacea. Very nearly allied to the genus Po-
lycarpon.

42. POLYCNEMUM. L.

Calix 3 -leaved. Petals 5 caliciform. Cap-
sule l-seeded, nienibranaceoiis, not opening:, co-
vered by the calix. (Stamina 1,2, 3, and 5.)

stem herbaceous, brancning, diffuse, leaves crowded,
linear, suhnbte, or filiform, and carnose; flowers cahcine.

f 'I he leaf ouds of this species are large and involute, including
an extraordinary quantity of embryon foliage, enveloped like
the Bracenia in a gelatinous fluid. It is also extremely locaU
in Penrsylvania it is scarcely known beyond the viciiuty of Phi-
ladelphia, anr' is not noticed by Mr. Elliot as exisiing in the
Southern states.

C3

50 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA,

axillary or terminal; (growing chiefly in arid and saline
wastes.)

Species. 1. *.^me7'ica7nim-\. There are of this g-enus 5
other species, 4 in Siberia, the 5th near the Caspian sea.

4S. XYRIS. L. (Yellow Flowering-Rush.)

Flowers in an ovate-cylindric capitnliun. —
Calix glumaceous, 3 valved, valves unequal,
the outer coriaceous. Corolla 3-petalled, equal.
stigma trifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved. Seeds
very numerous, and minute.

Leaves all radical, gramineous, or like those of the Iris,
linear, or ensiform-subulate, sometimes tortuose, intimate-
ly sheathing- at their base; the vaginae of the leaves often
enveloped in a gelatinous fluid. Scapes simple, round,
ancipital, or contorted, terminating in a dense spike or ca-
pitulum. Flowers closely imbricated; of very short du-
ration, generally yellow, (in the X. amencana of Guianne,
blue, but the leaves triquetrous, and the outer glumes
acute!) Petals retuse, often crenate. Outer glumes of the
capitulum concave, rounded, and obtuse, frequently abor-
tive below.

Species. l.Indica. 2. Carolmiana (X- Jnpicai. Mich.
-Y.^exwvsa of Muhlenberg's Catalogue.) o. Jimbriata, El-
liott. 4. brevifoJia. S.jtincea.

Obs. Of this genus there are 2 species in India, 1 at
the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Peru, and another in Gui-
anne (South America,) the rest in the United States, of
vhich the A'. Indicu is common to India and North \m^
rica as far as tiie 4Uth degree of north latitude.

tttt Flowers glumaceous,

44. KYLLINGTA. L.

Flowers distinct, disposed in a roundish, ses-
sile, subimbricated spike, or umbellate, the

I Perennial; stem cespitose, leaves opposite, connate, crowd-
ed, subulate, triquetrous, rather pungent; flowers triandrous?
terminal.

On the arid hills of the Missouri.

Obs. This species greatly resembles the P. arvense of Eii.
rope, but is distinctly j^erennial; I have not, however, had the
opportunity of e;!ti\mining good specimens, seeing it only ii>
i'ruit.

TRIANDRIA. MONOGTNIA. 31

spikelets constantly subimbricate. — Calix 2-
valved, 1-flowered, the valves unequal. Corol-
la 2vaIve(U lai\^er than the calix. Seed tri-
quetrous. (^Stamina 1, 2, and 3; stigmas 2,
and 3.)

Flowers capitate, or umbellate-capitate, terminal; in-
volucruin of the head or umbell 3, 4, or many-leaved;
culm ofien triangular. (According to the observations
ofMr. Elliott, in his Sketches of the Botany of South Ca-
rolina and Georgia, the X. pnvnla of iVIicH. has no calix,
and the K maculata of M. a calix of only 1 leaf)

Species. 1. monocepliala. 2. piimila. 3. maculata.

Obs. With the exception of tne species indigenous to
the United States, the genus Kylliyig^ia is confined to the
tropical regions of India and America.

45. MAP AN I A. JluUet

Flowers capitate, subtended by a large, 3-
leaved involucrum. — Calix 0. Corolla 6-vaived,
valves toothed, and imbricated. Stigmata 3.
Seed intimately enveloped by a chaffy 6-parte(l
perisporium (or involucellum.)

Culm triquetrous, sheathed at the base with short squa-
mose lanceolate leaves; flowers in a terminal involu-
craie capitulum, the involucrum consisting of 3 large
white? leaves

Species. 1. sylvatica. It is extremely doubtful wh.e-
ther this singular grass of Guianne has ever yet been found
in the United States Mr Kinn, said to have been the dis-
coverer by Mr. Pursh, on being ques.ioned regarding it,
by my friend Zaccheus Collins, t'.sq. produced the C«-
rex Fraseri aa the identical plant shown to Mr. P.; I have
been, however, induced to insert it for future examina-
tion, as it may probably yet be discovered in some extre-
mity of the Southern states.

46. DICHROMA. Persook.

Spike capitate, involucrate, squamae or glu-
maceous scales on all sides imbricated into ses-
sile crowded spikelets, the lower scales empty.
^-Corolla 0. Style setaceous, bifid. Seed with-
t)Ut set» (or involucellate filameiits;) somewhat

32 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

lenticular, rather rujs^ose, terminated by the
triangular persistent base of the style.

Culm obtusely triangular, somet mes nearly terete,
sheathed by the carinate leaves at the base, terminating in
a single involucraie capitulum. leaves of the involiicrum
rathe)- large, discoloured at the base, for the njost part
white, (.sometimes red!) sred (in I) latifoliii) roundish-oval,
scabrous and indurated, convex on both sides, margined,
and crowned with a black, dilated, triangular tubercle.

Species 1 lencocephala. 2 latifoUa. A lar.t:er plant,
but nearl\ allied to No. 1 Grows ui Georgia, Florida, and
also in North Carolina, near Wilmington. This spi cies
appears to be perennial, and the other not. — 3. ciliata.

Obs. The Dichroma is so very nearly allied to Scirpus, as
to be almost destitute of any important discriminative
character; the ibi-m of the seed, and the lunate tubercle
\vith which it is terminated, the absence of the setae, and
the sterility of the outer glumes, as Mr. Klliott very just-
ly remarks, ai e all circumstances more or h^ss fi'equent in
the genus Scirpus. I- is merel\ tlien b\ h?.bit that we are at
present to distinguish the Dichroma. (Peculiar to Ame-
rica.)

47. SCIRPUS. L. (Club-Rush.)

Calix scales chaffy, imbrirated on all sides
in a spike. Corolla 0. /Style filiform, un-
bearded, deciduous. Seed 1, naked, or sur-
rounded with involucellate setse or threads.

Culm naked, round, or angular, with a solitary termi-
nal spike, or with several spikes, subtended by an invo-
lucruni, and in some .-.pecies furnished with a leafy culm.

Species. §1 v. itii one terminal spike. — 1 S aciciilaris.
2. capill'iceus. 3. trichodes 4. simplex. S.Jiliformis 6. ova-
tus. 1 . pahtstris \6. genicvhitiis 9 capitatus- 10 titberculo-
siis. 11 qvadvangtilatus \2. equisetoides. — § 2. vv it h seve-
ral spikr s, and wiihout leaves. — IC debilis. 14 America'
mis. 15. mvcronatns. 16. lacvstris. I7.vcduhts. — § 3. culm
leafv at tl'e base — IB minimus. 19. autumnalis 20. cilia-
iifolius.2l. stenopyhlhis. 2 coarciaius. 2'3- stilcatiis. — §4.
cuhi) le. fj — 24. mi.ntimus. 25. exaltucvs. 26. nii.ens 27.
linedtus. 28. divaricatus. 29. polyphillus 30. Shoeuoides.

Tl.is vt ry numerous i^eiuis appears to be predominant
in the varmer and northern parts of America, in India,
and at the Cape oi" G-iod Hope, as well as Europe; a tew
species are found in Baibary, aiso in the warmer regions

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 33

of Africa. There are apparently none in New-IIoUand
and Northern Asia.

48.FIMBR1STYLIS. VahL Scirpus. L. (Club-
Rush.)

Scales of the calix on all sides imbricated
in a spike. Corolla 0. Style ciliate, decidu-
ous, and bulbous at the base. (^Seed generally
destitute of involucellate filaments.)

Species. 1. F. puberulum. 2. castaneiim. o. cyUndricum,

4. spudiceum. Ail species of Scirpiis of other authors, and
might probably with propriety rerrain so; as independent
of the very arbiti'ary and insufficient character of this ge-
nus, if such it can be called, there is not even the advan-
tage of any peculiar habit, that should indicate the ne-
cessity of such a separation. The ciliation of the style
appears to be the only discriminative character, a cir-
cumstance, which upon other occasions would scarcely
be considered as a sufiicient groundwork for a separate
section.

49. RliYXCHOSPORA. VahU Schoenus. L.

Scah^s of the calix collected into a spike^
the inferior ones empty. Corolla 0. Base of
the stifle persistent. Involucellate filaments at
the base of the seed.

This genus is well distinguished from Schcemis by the
persistent base of the style, often in the form of an acu-
minated conic tubercle, and in some instances the whole
style remains, becoming enlarged and mdurated as is
remarkabl) conspicuous in the R. lon^irostris. It appears,
also, that the nivolucellate filaments are always present.

Species. 1. 7?. alda. 2- rari/lora. ^.pliiniosa. 4. cymosa.

5. longirostris. 6 dhians. 7 . punctata. Q.fascinilaris, 9.glo-
merata. 10 capitellata. 11. inexpansa. 12- caduca. 13. sparsa.
14 ciliata.

50. SCHCENUS. L, and ValiL (Bog-rush.)
Scales of the calix collected into a spike, the

inferior ones empty. Corolla 0. Stijle deci-
duous.

In this genus, as it now stands, it appears that there are
no involucelliite filaments.

34 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA,

Species. 1. S. -fetaceus. 2. hispiduhis. o.efftisus. Thlsrfe-'
markable grass, discovered in the West India islands by
Swartz, extends a considerable distance northward beyond
Wilmington, (North Carolina) often almost exclusively oc-
cupying considerable ponds. The leaves are almost as
sharply serrate as those of a BromeUa, and hence it is very
properly called saiv-grass. The genuine species of this ge-
nus are principally confined to Europe and northerh Afri-
ca (Barbary). Of the liJwnchospora there are many species
at the Cape of Good Hope as well as in North America
and the West India islands; scarcely more than 1 or 2
distinct species in Europe, none in the East Indies, Aus-
tralia, Northern Asia, and Northern Africa.

51. MARISCUS. Vahl.

Spikelets few-flowered, almost imbricately
aggregated in roundish or subcylindric lieads.
— Common calix of the spikelets £-valved, (3
to 6, or 8-flowered). Flowers 1-valved, sub-
imbricate. Style trifid. Seed triquetrous.

Culm triquetrous, leafy at the base, terminating in an In-
volucrate umbell; capitulum, ovate, roundish, or cylindric,
composed of aggregated compressed or subcylindric spi-
cuU, from 3 to 8-iiowered, the spikelets generall}' squar-
rose or reflected when in fruit. The involucellate fila-
ments appear to be wanting. This genus, confined to
America, seems to be very nearly allied to CyperuSy dif-
fenng principally in habit.

Species. 1. *fX retrofractus.2- ci/Undric2is. 3. echiiiafU^*
4. umbellatus.

52. CYPERUS. Lin, (Cyprus-grass.)
Spikelets compressed, distijict. Calix scales

imbricated in two rows. Corolla 0, Stigmata
mostly 3. Seed 1, naked. (Stamina 2, and 3.)

Ciilm usually triquetrous, rarely terete, terminating in
an involucrate umbell; spikes many -flowered, distinct,
fasciculate, and generally pedunculate. The lower calix
scales are sometimes empty or sterile. The roots of
some of the species possess an aromatic odour, (particu-
larly the C. longva.) and a few others produce tubers at
their extremities, said to be esculent. From the integu-
men;s of the C'.P<i/'^?-t/s of Egypt the ancients first obtain-
ed a convenient substitute for' skins, to write upon, since

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. S5

fabricated from other substances, but which all still retain
the name of paper, derived from Papiinif!.

Species. — § 1. culm terete.~l. C. whiimiis? This in-
teresting' and extremely small species, first found in Ja-
maica and Africa by Sloane and Thunberg-, has recently
been discovered by Dr. Isaac Cleaver, both in Penn-
sylvania and New-Jersy, not far from Philadelphia. —
2. articulains. (found also m Jamaica, Egypt and India.)
— § 2. culm triquetrous. — 3. fasciculatiis. 4. pOitfonnis. 5.
hylUngoeoides. 6. uncinatus, of Pursh (a jyiariscusP) 7. au-
tiimnalis. 8. compressus. Q. bvizceus. 10. vegetus. 11. for-^
mosiis. 12. virens. ^o-JiUcuhnis. 14:.inariscoides. \5.Jilicinns.
IQ.favescens. 17. gracilis. IS. Ilijdr a. 19. repens. 20. iubero-
siis.2\. teiiuiflorus. '22. odoratus. ^o. stngosns. ^4. tetrago-
mis. 25.Jlavicomiis. 26. diatn-ns. 27- speciosiis. 28. Ejislenii.

The genus Cyperus appears to be widely dispersed
over the world, no countries, however, are so rich in this
^enus as the United States, the West India islands, and
the continent of India; there are also 9 species in Barbary,
most of them common to Europe. The C. fares ceiis, C.
tirens and the C.fuscus, are the only species in the north
of Europe; of which, the first is also common to the Unit-
ed States. Northern Asia and Australia appear to afford
no species of this genns, thongh there are many species
at the Cape of Good Hope. Upon the whole, it appears
that the principal habitat of the Cyperus is North America
and India within the tropics. A considerable number of
species are common to very distant regions.

53. DLLICHIUM. Richard,

Spikes somewhat racemose, axillary. S-pike-
lets linear-lanceolate, ratlier compressed. Ca-
licine scales subulate, almost distichally sheath-
ing. Sfijle very long, bifid. InvohicelhUe setse
long and scabrous. Seed acuminated by the
base of the style.

Culm simple, round and leafy; leaves nearly equal,
closely approximating, almost spirally divaricate, but
generally spreading in 3 directions; the stipules (or och'
rece) cylindric, every where embracing the stem; spike-
lets di.sposed upon a sessile or pedunculate raceme aris-
ing from the sheathing stipules in the axills of the leaves;
spikele's and glumes linear and subulate, erect or patu-
lous, few-flowered, (6, or 10.)

This genus, though very peculiar in habit, has by some

S6 TRIANDRIA. MOXOGYNIA.

been considered a Scirpus (Michaux), by many a Cyperus
(Willdenow), and Vahl has decribed it as a Schceiu/.s,- it
certainly approaches the genus Cyperus, but is disnn-
g-uished from it by the presence of tlie germinal fila-
ments, and its subulate glumes. In habit it very widely
recedes from Scirpus and Schcemis, and all the glumes, be-
sides tlieir very peculiar form and mode of aggregation,
are uniformly fertile.

Species. 1. D. spathaceim. 2. Canadense. (This genus
is peculiar to the United States.)

54. TRICHOPHORUM. Persoon.

Spikelets nearly ovate; Calix scales imbri-
f ated on all sides. Corolla 0. Germinal setse
(invohicelliim) capillary, mostly 6, in the ripen-
ing seed, growing out very long.

Culm triquetrous, leafy, terminated by a paniculate
umbell; or naked, with a single spike; involucellum of the
seed capillary and definitely parted, (seiae about 6) not
woolly and indefinite as in Eriophorum, to which genus
the T. alpiimm and T- Hiidsonianum have hitherto been
referred. The T. cyperhunn has a very near affinity to
the genus Scirpus, where it was placed by Michaux, and
from its great dissimilarity of habit with the Eriophorum
a /pi num, now referred to Trichophorum by Persoon, we are
obliged to consider the present genus as very arbitrary
and artificial. All the species'of Trichophorum, naturally
belong to the genus Scirpus, and there is no line of sepa-
raiion, except we are to consider the elongation of the se-
71 'ludji laments or involucellum, as a solitary character, suf-
ficient to constitute a genus; for the number of the setae,
6, so carefully inserted in the generic character, is the
prevailing number in the genus Scirpus. (Mr. Pursh adds
setis 6-9.)

Species. 1. T. cy peri num. 2. Hndso7iianum, (nearhal-
lied to the Erinphorum alpiiium — only 3 or 4 inches high,
with a solitary spike.)

Considered as a genus, the most remarkable of its spe-
cies is the T. cyperinum, confined to North America, but
extending from Canada to Florida; the T\ Hudsonianum,
if merely a variety of tlie T. alpinum, is common to the
sub-alpine regions of Europe, and North America.

55. ERIOPHORUM. (Cotton-grass.)

Scales of the calix chafTy, imbricated on all
sides in a spike. Corolla 0. Sad surrounded

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 37

with a very long, dense, and woolly involucrum.
Seed sub-ovate without angles.

Culm generally round and leafy; spikes terminal, soli-
tary or aggregate. Stamina mostly 3, rarely 2.

Species. 1. E- cespitosum. 2. poJystachyum. 3. angtistlfo-
liwn. 4. virgiiiicmn. A genus equally common to the
sphagnous morasbcs of Europe and North America; there
is, as yet, but one species, the E. Tirgi7ucum, peculiar to
tlie United States. From Fei-soon it does not appear that
any other portions of the world afford a single species of
this curious genus.

56. VAGINARIA. Persoon.

Spike ovate, calyeine scales imbricated on all
sides, acutely acuminated. Corolla 0. Stig-
mata 3. Involucellum of the seed formed of 3
chaffy awnless scales alternating with 3 slen-
der setse.

Koot creeping. Culm round, simple, without distinct
leaves, distantly invested with obliquely truncated ocli-
reae or vagina (sheathes) having small subulate points;
spike ovate, terminal, generally solitary, sometimes in
threes. In habit this plant appears distinct from tlie ge-
nus Fuirena^ to which, liowever, it is very closely allied.
But the scales of the spike are not properly awned, only
acutely acuminated; the scales of the perisporium are also
said to be furnished with alternating filaments or setse,
and destitute of awns.

Species. 1. F. i?icAar<:&' (The only species known.— In
Florida.)

57. FUIRENA. L,

Spikelets composed of mucronate scales im-
bricated on all sides. Corolla 0. Seminal iiivo-
lucellum broad, chaff-like, scales cordate, (sti-
pitate) often awned. Stigmata 2 and 3. (Seed
triangular.)

Culm round and leafy, terminating in an umbellate pa-
nxle, or aggregation of spikelets. Calicine scales abrupt-
ly awned, the awn erect or patulous. Root ini*^. sqjmrro-
sa resemialing a concatenation of bulbs.

Species. 1. F. squarrosa. ((ieorgia and Carolina). Of
this genus there are 2 other species in America v/iihin the

S8 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

tropics; one, the F. wnbellata, is also coftimon to India; lite
4th species, F. caiiescensy is a native of Africa.

68. CENCHRUS. (Bur-grass.)

Involucrum\?iC\\\mief echinate, 3 to 4-flower-
ed. Calix S-valved, S-flowered, 1 fertile the
other sterile. Style bifid, (sometimes 2.)

Culm round, in some species branched; flowers in-
spikes or racemes; proper involucrum caliciform, spiny or
hispid, sometimes roundish with a laciniate margin, in
other species setiform, or more or less deeply divided.

Species. 1. C. echinatus. 2. fribidoides.

Of this genus there is 1 species in India, but doubtful
as a Cenchnis, 3 in Barbary, besides the C. echinattis equal-
ly indigenous to the United States; the C. capitaiits of
Barbary, exists also in France and Italy, and the C. hor-
deiformis is found also in Asia. There is another species in
Babao, one of the Friendly islands; another in Montevideo
in South America; 2 others at the Cape of Good Hope;
and lastly, a shriibbi/ species in the mountains of Ar-
menia.

This genus is very nearly allied to Pennisetum.

59. LIMNETIS. Richard. Trachynotia. M-
chaux, Spartina. Schreber. (Marsh-grass.)
Flowers in unilateral spikes almost imbri-
cated in 2 rows. — Calix 2-valved, carinate, and
conipressed; one of the valves much smaller
than the other. Corolla 2-vaIved, awnless. Styles
long, 1 or 2, Ferisporium 0. Seed cona-
pressed.

Culm round, rarely hollow, often tall, ([.he JL. pofi^sta-
chya from 3 to lO feet high); leaves large and long; spikes
in a simple appressed or expanding panicle, long, and
many-flowered; valves of the calix very unequal, the larger
valve acutely carinate; the carina almost aculeate or
sharply ciliate. Seed compressed, oblong.

Notwiilistandirg the great disparity of habit, this ge-
nus is very nearly allied to the Daciylis, at least to the D.
glomerata, which occurs sometimes 1-flowered.

Species. 1. Z.jw??cea. 2. cynosiiroides. S polifstacht/a.4.
glabra. Tliis last species grows up the Missouri as far as
the great Northern Bend, around Fort Mandan. The ge-
^us LimJietis, w^th the exception of the f^. piingens of

TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. ^9

France and England, is confined to the United States* and
principally to the marshes of the sea-coast.

60. NARDUS. L. (Mat-grass.)

Calix l-flowerc(l, l-vaivcd. CoroZ/a l-valved,
included within tlie calix. Stigma 1. (Flowers
spiked, alternate, and sessile.)

Species. 1. JV* stricta. (On open hills near the banks
of the Missouri.) This g-enus, with the exception of the
..V. ciUariSy of India, is confined to Europe.

61. MIEGIA. Persoon. Aruxdinaria. Jlichaux.
(Cane.)

Flowers polygamous, paniculate. — Calix 2-
valved, nriany flowered, short and unequal. Co-
Tolla 2-valved, unequal, the larger valve acumi-
nate. Style very short, trifid, and plumose. Pe-
risporium (nectary) S-parted, lacinise lanceolate
acute, as long as the germ; present in both the fer-
tile ai\d infertile flowers. Seed naked, large, acu-
minated witli the persistent base of the style.

Culm g-igantic, perennial. Flowers paniculate; spike-
lets distichous, 7 to 10-flowered. — Very nearly allied to
the genus JBambos, us particularly described by Jussieu
under the name of Aastus, from which it principally dif-
fers in having- 3 instead of 6 stamina, and a bifid in place
of a trifid style; their separation is thus merelyj artificial.
Ihe J\ast7is has also a 2 to 4-parted perisporium, and
spikelets with flosculi which are alternately abortive.

Species. I. JM. macrof-penna. Culm 3 to 15 feet high.
2. gigantea? " Perhaps only a variety of tlie former. Culm
SO to 35 and sometimes 40 feet high. This species is sup-
posed to flower but once in 20 or 25 years: the ^i. macroe-
perma, flowers much oftener. — The Ji. gigantea grows ia
most abundance on the alluvions of the Mississippi, where
it presents the most impenetrable brakes. The external
varnished epidermis of the cane is found to be a siliceous
deposition.

62. ORYZOPSIS. Michaiix.

Calix l-flowered, 2-valved, valves loose, obo-
val about the length of the corolla, awnless. Co-

40 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

7'olla coriaceous, subcylindric-ovate, 2-vaIvcd,
SHrroundeil at the base with a line of pubes-
rence, the exterior valve awned at the summit,
Fetnsporium 2- parted, linear.

Culm nearly leafless. Flowers rather large, in a small
raceniose panicle; leaves almost rigidly erect, flat, rough,
somewhat pungent at the point, and on the lower part of
the culm very short. Corolla glume a little hairy. Mi-
chaux adds that it has'the habitus of Oryza.

Species. 1. O. asperifoUa. The only species hitherto
known, and confined to the northern mountains of Cana-
da and the United States. It appears to be consider-
ably allied to the genus JMilium, but is well distinguished
from it by the very different form of the valves of the ca-
lyx, and the single style. Mr. Pursh remarks his having
found it on the Broad Mountains of Pennsylvania, and
says, that the grain it produces is large, and affords a fine
and abundant farina, deserving the attention of agricul-
turists.

63. * ERlOCOMA.f (Silk-grass.)

Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered; valves gibbous
and coarctate above, longer than the corolla,
both 3-nerved and cuspidate. Corolla 2-valved,
roundish; valves coriaceous, vested with a silky
>vooK the outer valve terminated by a short tri-
quL'troijs deciduous awn. Anthers bearded. Seed
large, somewhat splierical.

Flowers dichotomou^ly paniculate, peduncles flexuose,
capillary, and clavulate. Leaves very long, involute and
subulate, nodes oftke culm distant, entirely sheathed.

Stipa membranacea. Pursh, vol. ii. in Supplement, p.
728.

1 . Cunpidata^ C.

Description. Root perennial; culm 2 to 3 feet high,
simple; panicle spreading, dichotomous, flowers by pairs,
peduncles capillary flexuose, clavulate at the summit.
Leaves very long, filiform and convolute, a little asperate
on the margin, (often more than a foot in length); vagina
half a foot, entirely sheathing the stem and the panicle

•j- From £^<ov, ivod, and ko/^oj, « head of hair. A grass pro-
ducing a fastigiate tuft of silky hair, upon the glume of the
corolla.

TKIANDRIA. DIGTMA. 41

before evolution; llgula entire, conspicuous. Calix 2-
valved, 1 -flowered, valves membranaceous, about twice
the leng-th of the corolla, ventricose and g-ibbous, above
the corolla contracted; both 3-nerved, the lateral nerves
only about one third the length of the glume, the central
nerve ending- in a cusp or short awn margined by the
glume at its base, nerves a little pubescent. Corolla 2-
valved, short, nearly oval, in fruit almost splierical, valves
coriaceous, vested with an exserted silky villus, extend-
ing bevond the corolla, the dorsal valve teraiinated by a
triquetrous pungent deciduous awn scarcely the length
of the calix, at first perfectly erect, afterwards a little
bent; the inner valve entirely enclosed by the outer and
witliout awn. Stamina 3, scarcely exserted beyond the
valves of the corolla; anthers small, brown, bifid at both
extremities, above terminated by small pubescent tufts.
Stifle 1. Siio-mas 2, short, hirsutely villous. Ovarium
sheathed by a 3-leaved perisporium (or nectary). Seed
nearly spherical.

This genus is very nearly allied to Ori/zopsis, but at
tlie same time sufficiently distinct both in habit and cha^
racier; having a culm with remarkable long sheathing
and almost filiform subulate leaves, a dichotomous spread-
ing panicle, a ventricose, coarctate, awned calix twice the
length of the coiolla, which last is furnished with a deci-
duous awn, and a long silky villus.

Habitat. On the grassy plains of the Missouri,
from the Arifcaree village to the Northern Andes? Flowers
in June and July,

Order 2. — Digyma.

f Calix 1 -JI 07V ered 9 flowers scattered,

64. MUHLENBERGIA. Schrcber. Dilepy-

RUM. Michaux,

Calix very minute, truncated, 2-va1ved, un-
equal. Corolla 2-valved^ hairy at the base, ex-
terior valve terminating in a slender awn.
(^Style 1?)

Culm slender, leafy, terminating in a compounded
racemose appresscd panicle. Calix persistent, as in
.i^rostis, but extremely minute; like an obtuse unequaiiy
bifid scale in the J[. dijfusa; in the .V. erecta one of the
valves is rather long and acute, according to the olser-
E 2

42 TRTANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

vations of Mr. Elliott. The dorsal glume of the corolla
is terminated by a long- and straight awn; the sfi/le appears
to be single at the base, but bifid above. This grass has
imich less the habit of Jigrostis ihan the following genus,
and certainly no affinity to Leersia.

Species. 1. M. diffusa. A very common grass in the
western, as well as most of the eastern states; round Lex-
ington in Kentucky it grows in such abundance as almost
to exclude every other grass, and affords a tolerable pas-
turage, 2. erecta. Not quite so common as the preced-
ing.

65. TRICHODIUM. Mchaux.

Calix 2-valved, valves nearly equal, acute j
carina a little hispid. Corolla shorter than the
calix, 1-valved, avvnless. /S^%mato almost ses-
sile, rather hirsute.

Flowers in capillary trichotomous panicles, mostly in
loose terminal fascicles. — Very nearly alhed to the genus
Agrostis with which it almost agrees in habit and charac-
ter, differing, however, essentially in the glume of the
corolla consisting of but a single valve. The carina of the
calix described as spinulose by Persoon and Richard, is
entirely a microscopic character, and even then can
scarcely be called more than a very short hispid ciliation,
■which in T. laxiforum more distinctly invests the rachis,
jbeirig very sensibly asperate.

Species. 1. T.laxiforum. 2. decumberis. 3. elahim. This
last species, probably appertaining to some other genus,
is not recognized by Mr. Elliott under any other name
^an Agrostis dispur, with the same characters as given
by M'chaux, adding that he had never seen it.

Thus far the Trichodium is an American genus, not hav-
ing been found indigenous in any other country. Like
several species of Agrostisy the Trichodium^ particularly
the T.decumbens, has been greatly recommended to foreign
agriculturists, more, however, apparently from sinister
■motives than any sensible conviction of its positive utility.
Empiricism apart, its cultivation may perhaps at some
future period be considered as important in the northern
states: it i« scarcely to be supposed that it could ever be so
far acclimated in any part of Europe, and particularly in
Great Britain, as to supercede the important varieties of
the Agrostis stolonifera, and particularly that which has
received the name of f iorin-grass^ which, however, it
greatly resembles.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 43

66. LEERSIA. Swart^, (Rice-grass.)

Calix 0. Corolla 2-valved, closed: valves
compressed, boat-sliaped, without awns. (Sta-
tnens 1, 2, 3, and 6.)

Flowers in appressed or spreading- panicles, alternate
and nearly sessile; receptacle of the g'lume concave and
somewhat margined; glumes of the corolla apparently
growing together after flowering. Leaves more or less
scabrous; in the L- Virginica the channels betwixt the
strixof the leaves are thickly set with sliort hooked pri-
des, extremely acute and tenaceous, but most conspicu-
ous upon the shea'.hes. This genus is verv considerably
allied to Oryza; it does not even altogether differ in the
number of siami. ns, there being in Jamaica an hexandi'ous
species of Leersiuy there is also a bifid perisponum (or
nectary) in this genus as well as in Oryza, their inflores-
cence and glumes are of the same remarkable character;
but the Oryza is furnished with a short chaffy acute calix,
not, however, one third the length of the coriaceous
glumes, and is described as being furnished wit h an awn,
though none cultivated in America ever produce it, and
some rice also which I have seen from India considered
as spontaneous was equally destitute of awns- It is pro-
bable, as Loureiro imagines, that the awned rice is a dis-
tinct species. In Tournefor's Institutes there is a figure
ef a panicle of rice with awns as long almost as a Stipa.

Species. 1. L. Virginica. 2. lendcidaris. 3. oryzoides.
Besides these 3 species there are 2 others in Jamaica,
and another in New Holland so nearly allied to the O.
liexar.dra, thav Mr. Brown scarcely conceives them dis-
tinct. The valves of the O. lenticnlaris are said to
possess a degree of irniability, and retain small insects;
it is more probably the singular construction of the corol-
la which produces this phenomenon; the insect venturing
too far is retained as in a trap by the proboscis, and the
hooked ciliatures of the valves, assist in ensnaring the in-
truder.

^7. MILIUM. Z. (Millet-grass.)

Calix 2-valved, 1 -flowered, tumid. Corolla
2-valved, much shorter than the calix, with op
without an awn. Stigmas plumose or villous.

Flowers paniculate (or spiked.) This genus is scarcely
distinct from AgrosHsi if it possess any distinguishing

44 TRIANDRIA. DTGYNIA.

character It is the form and proportion of the calix,bt'in^
tumid and almost venlricose, nearly equal, and consi-
derably, sometimes, much larg-ertlKin the corolla g-lumes;
that there can be any g-enuine species of" JMilinm produc-
ing" spikes is extremely doub ful, yet 4 and now 5 species
with this anomalous habit are enumerated. One species,
tlie J\I. nigricans^ is used as an article of diet in Peru.

Species. 1. M. .Jlmplucarpon. The only g-enuine species
of this genus appear confined to Europe, those of the
West Indies producing- spikes can have no distinct rela-
tion to the genus Milium so nearly allied to Agrostis.

68. AGROSTIS. L, (Bent-grass.)

Calix 2-valved, I -flowered, valves acute.
Corolla 2-vaIved. Stigmata longitudinally his-
pid or plumose.

Flowers paniculate, spreading, with or without an awn,
small. Corolla glumes smaller, equal to or exceeding the
calix, in many species there are 2 minute hairy tufts near
the base of the inner valve. The A. Bromoides, A. aviin-
cUnacea, A. Calamagrostis, and A. Mexica7ia. with seve-
ral single flowered species ot Arundo ought with proprie-
ty to be restored to the genus Galamagrostis of Roth
and Withering, a name, at least significant, to all who are
acquainted witli the species which it embraces, and much
less exceptionable than many others which have been
employed in Natural Science.

Species. § 1. awned. — 1. A. Spica venti (introduced).
2. tenuiftora. 3. paiicijlora. 4. strict-i 5. canina (introduc-
ed.) 6. sericea. fStipa sericea, Micn.^ 7. tinchopodes, E. 8.
arachnoides, E. (nearly related to the genus Trichodinm).
— § 2. without awns. — 9. decumbens. 10. vulgaris. 11. aspe-
ra. 12. cdba. 13. dispar. 14:. juncea. 15. indica. 16. clan-
destina. 17. latevifora. 18. * brevifolia--\ 19. glmica. If

t Culm solid and compressed, somewhat cespitosely branch-
ing at the base, erect; leaves narrow subulate and erect, much
shorter than the culm: panicle composed of alternate appressed
and interrupted racemes; calix equal, shortly acuminate, much
shorter than the corolla, valves of the corolla glume nearly
equal, somewhat terete, coloured, the dorsal glume shortly mu-
cronate.

Nearly allied to the A. indica, but the stem is not terete,
liut solid and ancipital.

Obs. branches deeply cleft, leaves 2 to 3 inches long, culm
compounded, about a foot high, calix chaffy, about half the

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 45

these may all be considered as distinct, the United
Slates produce half as many species of this genus
as all the rest of the world besides, there being only
40 enumerated by Persoon. In India there are 6 species,
of which 2 produce spikesVike Faspalum or Big-itati a, ^nd
another species with the same anomalous habit in the isle
of St. Helena; there is 1 species in Japan; 1 in Senegal;
1 in Teneriffe; 1 at the Cape of Good Hope; 3 in Arabia;
1 in New Zealand; 4 in the West India islands; and all the
rest in Europe; of which, several of the southern species
are equally common to Barbary. Not one species from
South America, Northern Asia, or New Holland.

This genus affords to the agriculturist some ©f the
most important objects of cultivation both for pasturage
and artificial meadows, among these the ^1. stolonifera
with its numerous varieties is considered as the most
useful.

69. CINNA. L,

Calix 2.valved, compressed, nearly equal.
Corolla linear, compressed, shortly stipitate,
naked at the base; dorsal valve including the
inner, with a small awn near the summit.
Stamen 1; style 1. Seed st)mewhat oblique.

Panicle large, reed-like, branches crowded, waving;
flowers compressed, approximating so as almost to ap-
pear imbricated, smooth, with conspicuous scariose mar-
gins, leaves broad.

The Cif77ia differs greatly in habit from Agrostis as well
as character; its habit is that of AmndOy and the base of
the corolla, which is shortly stipitate, is destitute of the
minute pubescent tufis which characterize the Jgrosiis.
The awn of the corolla is also extremely small.

70. CALAMAGROSTIS. Roth. (Species of
Arundo and Agrostis. L.) (Reed Bent*
grass.)

Calix 2-valved, 1 flowered, valves acute or
acuminate. Corolla 2-valved, mostly shorter

length of '.he corolla, which is of a leaden purple» sometimes
subj« ct to monstrosity, forming a nut like a Scleria!

Hab. In sterile naked plains and arid argillaceous soils, near
Fort jNIandan on the Missouri.

46 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

than the calix, surrounded with a pubescence
or long wool at the base, the dorsal valve with
or without awn,

^ Flowers paniculate, panicles often contracted, some-
times conglomerately lobed. Calix mostly acuminated,
and exceeding the corolla. Glumes of the corolla of-
ten lacerate, generally surrounded at the base with a
woolly involucellum, sometimes merely pubescent near
the base; the dorsal valve usually embracing the inner
one, andawned very often below the summit.

Species. l.Mexicayia. Panicle erect, capillary branch-
ed, branches approximating, leaves glabrous, with a sca-
brous margin; calix acuminate, nearly equal, much lon-
ger than the corolla; valves of the corolla unequal, the
inner valve embraced by the outer, very small, and lace-
rate, the dorsal valve producing a straight awn from about
the middle; woolly involucellum longer than the corolla.

Obs a grass aboi i 2 or 3 feet high, points of the calix
bluish purple. This plant is described as destitute of an
awn; the awn is indeed short and very slender, and rea-
dily confounded with the long wool arising from the base
of the corolla. Agrostis Mexiccma? Persoon. Arundo
dgrostoides. Pursh.

2. Color at a, Sibthorp. Phalaris arundinacea, Lin.
Amndo colorata. Smith. Flor. Brit. Phalaris Americana?
of Mr. Elliott, who considering the 2 feathered ap-
pendages at the base of the corolla (" basi penicillis duo-
bus lanse flosculo longe brevioi-ibus." Smith.) as auxil-
liary glumes of the corolla, which probably they m^y be,
conceived it to be distinct from the European plant. —
This species is indeed very nearly allied to Phalaris. —
5. canadensis, fAnmdo canadensis. Mich. J As this is
justly considered a dubious plant, I hope the reader will
excuse any additional remarks.

Panicle oblong, appressed, branched near the base;
flowers conglomerate, partly inclined to one side; calix
glumes lanceolate, somewhat carinate, nearly equal,
sharply acuminate, and a little longer than the corolla;
outer glume 3-nerved, inner^glume with only a single
nerve, the carina of both scabrous; valves of the corolla
nearly equal in length, acute, entire at tlie points, and
scariose on the margin, the dorsal valve obscurely 5.nerv-
ed, awned a little below the summit; awn straight, scarce-
I3' half the length of the valve; inner corolla glume nar.
row, with a deep dorsal channel, near the base of which
arises a neutral stipitate tuft of pappus, similar to tliat

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 47

which invests the base of the corolla; true pappus about
half the leng-th of the corolla; seed villous, with a hairy tuft
at its extremity; nectary (perisporium) bifid, acute. What-
• ever this plant and the Anindo colorata may be consider-
ed, they are proximate species. In the latter there are
2 stipitate pappose tufts, in the present species but 1; the
resemblance of these to that species of pubescence which
invests the base of the corolla is so exact, that I can scarce-
ly think it improper to consider them as any thing- else
than neutral abortions, and if ever these imperfect rudi-
ments should even produce an empty or staminiferous
flower, they might then be almost considered as species
of Hrjlcus.

4. confnis^ {Ariindo conjinis. Wilid.) To this genus
also appertains the Ariindo epigejos, the A. Calamagrostis,
and the A. stricta of Europe, probably also the A. cojispicna
of New Zealand.

n. ANTHOXANTHUM. i. (Sweet-scented,
Vernal Grass.)

Calix 2-valved, 1 -flowered. Corolla 2-valved,
valves unequal, acuminate, awned from near
the base. Stamina 2.

Flowers spiked, bracteolate, spike terminal, somewhat
lobed, glumes of the calix very unequal, sheathing and
scariose. Flower glumes much 'smaller than the cahx,
obtuse, nearly equal, each awned nearly from the base,
one of the awns longer and geniculate. Stamens much
exserted, bifid at either extremity.

Species. 1. A. odoratum. (naturalized. — From Europe.)
Of this genus there are only 4 species, 2 of which are na-
tives of India, and the 3d was discovered by Forster iH
New Zealand, but appears to belong to some other ge-
nus.

72. AULAXIA. ArLAXANTHUs. Elliott,

Calix 2-valved, l -flowered, with the rudi-
ment of a second; valves equal, furrowed, the
furrows villous. Corolla 2-valved, valves near-
ly equal.

Flowers disposed in a narrow appressed panicle, re-
sembling a raceme; calix and corolla nearly equal. Seed
roundish obovate. Stigmas plumose.

Species. 1. A. ciUata. El. {Phalans villosa? MieH.)- %

48 TRIANDKIA. DIGTNIA.

rvfa. El. This genus appears to be very closely allied to
Piviicum, and somewhat to Milhim, particularly to the
M. awphicarpon of Parsh. The JMilium viUosum of Ja-
maica may probably belong to this genus.

73. PHALARIS. Z. (Canary-Grass.)

Calix 1 -flowered, 2-vaIved; valves subovate
or lanceolate, carinate, equal and nerved, in-
cluding the corolla. Corolla 2-valved, mostly
hairy at the base.

Flowers generally in terminal cylindric or ovate spikes.
In P. canariensis, the corolla consists of 4 valves, in P.
aquatica of 3.

Species. 1. P. maritima {Aninda arenaria. Lin.) This
species may be considered as intermediate between Arim-
da and Phalaris. — On the coast of New- Jersey. Z. Col-
U71S, Esq. In Europe considered of great importance for
arresting and consolidatmg the movable sands of the sea-
coast. The rest of this genus is chiefly confined to the
south of Europe and Northern Africa (Barbary.)

74. BRUCHMANNIA. Jacquin, Phalaris eru-
cmformis. L»

Calix 2-valved, 1-2-flowered, valves semiob-
cordate, inflated, equal. Corolla 2-valved, includ-
ed within the calix, valves unequal, the dorsal
valve setaceously acuminatej one of the flowers
often abortive or wanting.

Culm erect, panicle irregularly spiked, spikelets inter-
rupted and subdivided; flowers disposed in 2 rows on
onesideof therachis. (Valves of the cahx somewhat mar-
gined or slightly carinate, gibbous, and abruptly acute,
with scanose margins, in the American plant generally
l-flowered, corolla glumes unequal, the dorsal valve con-
vex, terminated by a short setaceous mucrone; smaller
Talve flat, rather acute; stigmata long, filiform and hir-
sute.)

Species. 1. JB. enicaformis. Around Fort Mandan, on
the Missouri, in alluvial soil. Flowers in July. There
is only as yet one species of this curious genus discover-
ed, there being no apparent distinction observable betwixt
the American plant and the one figured and described
by Jacquin in his Hortus Schoenbrmmensis, It is equally

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 49

common to Siberia, the south of Europe, Hudson's Bay,

and the Missouri.

'5. CRYPSIS. Lamarck. (Thorn-Grass.)

Calix 2-valved, oblong, l-flowercd. Corolla
2 valved, longer thati the calix. Stamina 2 or
3. (Spike surrounded at the base by the sheath
of the leaf; or the flowers collected into a leafy
capitulum.)

Culm decumbent or procumbent, extremely branched;
leaves rig'id and pung-ent; flowers collected in squai rose
heads, or short and dense irregularly involucrate, lobed
spikes.

Species. 1. C. * sgimrrosa. Stem decumbent, much
bratiched; leaves shoir, all I'lg-id, and sharply pm.g'ent; ca-
pituli squarrose, few flouered; dorsal valve of ihtr coi*Oila
coriaceous, somewhat cleft at the point, with a shortish
subulate central cusp.

Oil arid plains near the *' Crand Detour" of the Mis-
souri, almost exclusively covering- th .usands of acres,
and as pungent as thorris. O Not more than 3 or 4
inches iii.tfh; the flouers not collected into heads, as ill
the European species, but merely in. squarrose terminal
fascicles; the outer g-hime of the corolla is likewise cleft
so as to present 3 shori coriaceous s.bulate points.

2 Virginica Spike oblong, thick and lobed, .e^enerally
sheadied by the inflated va.o^ins of 2 short leaves; stem
procumbent, -g-enicu ate, nodes nunierous, approximat-
ing; leav s involute, rigid, and pungent; cahx carinate,
shorter tha tlie corolla.

Agrostis virginica. \\ illd Sp. Plant. Jigrostis pnngene,
Schreber. Ciiam.

Lea\es short, filiform subulate, rig-id and divaricate, al-
most entirely smooth, and somewhat glaucous; culm decum-
bent branched from the base; spikes closely sheathed, axil-
lary and terminal, about an inch long-, sometimes oblong--
ovate, laternl sjjikts often veiy short and roundish, raciiis
thick and angular at the base; calix nearly equal, compiess-
ed caiinate, acute, shorter than the corolla, ciliate on the
-carina (seen througli a lens); corolla \:alves often rather
unequal, inner valve somewhat obtuse, naked at the base;
style exserted, long.

Grows in the streets of Philadelphia. Dr. W. Barto?:.
In Virginia. Pur-h.
It appears to be allied to Phleiimi but more distinctly

5^ TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

to Phalaris; its habit is that of Crijpsis. To Agrostis It has
no affinity whatever.

Of this genus there are only 2 other species, the
C. andeatay common to the south of Europe and Bur-
bary, and like the C. sguarrosa annual The 2d bpe-
cies, C. Schoenoidos, grows in Italy, the south of France,
Spain and Smyrna. These 2 specit^sare nearly related to
the genus PUemn. The C. squarrosa in the structure of
the corolla glume, appears much more nearly allied to the
genus- Cenchrus.

76. PIILEUM. L. (Cat's-tail Grass. Timothy-
Grass.)

Calix S-valved, 1 -flowered, valves linear with
a retuse point, prominently carinate, each ter-
minating in a cusp (or short awn). Corolla in-
cluded within the calix.

Flowers in dense cylindric spikes, simple, or partially
dividtd, calix indurated, generally rough, ciliate or his-
pid, flat and truncate, with the mid-rib going out into a
shortish awn.

Species. \. P. pretense. (Introduced, now naturalized in
the United States, and ol great importance in agriculture.)
Tne few species of this genus (7) i-re all natives of Eu-
rope, with the exception of the P. dentatiim of the Cape
of Good Hope, which evidently belongs to some other
genus.

77. rOLYPOGON. Desfontaines,

Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered, each of the valves
awned. Corolla 2-valved, shorter than the calix,
the exterior valve terminating in an awn.

Culm simple or branched, flowers in spiked panicles,
awns of the calix Jong and straight (being properly an
: elongation of the mid rilj,) awn of the corolla slender,

also ternrdnal and en'cK

Species. I. P crimtum? {Phlenm crinitiim, Sii-iiTn.) Vhe
Phleum dfscnbed hy Mr Elliott, must either be this
plant, or a new species, as he describes tt,e spike to be
compotmd, and the mid-nb of the calix cxie-id d into an
awn twice its length- with a coroUa " mucii smaller than
the culix." Mr. E. found it upon .Sidlivan's 'shmd, appa-
rt ntly naturalized, and not more han 6 to 10 inc! es high
Of tlio P. pratensCf Sir J. E. Smith, in Flor. Bnt. says'

TRIANDRIA. MONOGTNIA. 51

"aristis brevibus, subdivaricaiis.'* Desfontaines remarks
in his ^ Flora Atlantica' of the same pi int as growing in
Northern \irica "ghiniae — mucroiiai?e, mucrone brevissi-
mo, horizontahter conniveiites;" — 2. * )acemosumf-\ {Jigros-
tis rucemosa, Mich.) Of this genus tiere aie now 5 spe-
cies described. Tiie P. mons})eIiense {ov crinUutn) on tlie
sea-coasts of France and England, and probably in the
United 8tati s; 2 the /*. maritlmnm discovered by Bon-
pland, near Koc'.ielle in France, 3 the P. vaghiatimi
found by Pallas m the Crimea, and lastly, the P. fascicu-
latum near Estremadura in Spain.

78. ALOPECURUS. L. (Foxtail Grass.)

Calix 2-vd\ved, 1 flowered. Corolla 1-valved,
awned from tlie base.

Culm generally simple, terminating in a dense and usu-
ally cylindric, simple or iobed spike. In the ^. pratensis
and the A. agrestis, the glumes of the calix are connate

f Culm very tall, compressed, branched, and somew hat de-
cumbent; panicles interruptedly spiked, both axillary and ter-
minal; many-flowered; flowers conglomerated in approxi-
mating lobes; calix glumes nearly equal, narrow lanceoia'e, 1-
nerved, each nerve terminating in a very long scabrous seta
(after the manner of /^s/^ica); corolla glumes nearly equal, al-
most terete, much shorter than the calix (the exterior valve
terminating m a straight awn, nearly its length) pilose belowj
seed cylindric.

Ha::Itat. On the alluvions of the Missisippi and Missou-
ri; abundant around St. Eouis, (Louisiana.)

Obs. Arista of the calix more than its length; leaves smooth
and linear, culm much branched, often 8 feet high, and decum-
bent upon the neighbouring plants. Pubescence of the corolla
hairy, principally near the base, but not as long as the coroUai
the awn of the flower appears to be often wanting. This spe-
cies seems to be somewhat allied to the P. fascicidntum of
Spain, but differs very essentially in the nearly equal length of
the calix valves, and indeed from the genus in the rather rigid
structure of the awns, and the entire but membranaceous mar-
gins of the calix; (m P. Monspelieme the calix is cleft at the
point;) the pubescence also near the base of tlie coroila, but not
absolutely so, and much shorter than it in length, separates it
from Calamagrostis; neither is this pubescence disposed in 2
lateral tufts as in Agrostisy at the same time it is in this genus
an anomalous circumstance.

&2 TRIANDRIA. MONOGTNIA.

(or united near the base). In most of the species the
awn is g-eiiiculated or bcni at an obtuse angle.

Species. 1. prate/isis. (Naturalized; frequently assuming
the dt cunibent habit ot J. genicidatus. According- to Des-
fontaint.-s tliis species is subject to the parasitic allection of
Jiiicroscopic finigi, called in France Ergot) 2. snbansia-
tus'^ Mich,

Nearly all ihe genuine species of this genus are con-
fined to Kurope, also extending- into Barbary in Afri-
ca. There are 10 species described, of which there are 2
at the L'ape of Good Hope, and 1 at the straights of Ma-
gellan,

79. PANICUM. L. (Panick-grass.)

Calix 3 valved, exterior valve often very
small, 1 -flowered, (nir)stly with the rudiments
of a sessile, neutral or masculine floret.) Corol-
la (hermaphrodite) 2-valved, cartilaginous and
persistent.

Flowers densely or loosely paniculate, the panicle some-
times recemosely divided, with lateral conglomerations up-
on an angular rachis; but for the most part diffuse or spread-
ing, pvramidal, divaricate, or dichotomous, every where
teimmated by single flov/er-^, approximating by pairs. In
many species, the accessory, now considered the outer
glume of the proper calix, is very minute, in these spe-
cies the calix is often oval, or obovate, pubescent, with
the imperfect flower always destitute of sexual rudi-
rr.ents, and the panicle divaricate. Some odier species

•|- Culm about a foot high, and as well as the sheathes
glaucous, repent at the base, or geniculate. Leaves smooth, 2
or 3 inches lung on the culm; stipula elong-ated, semicylindrjc.
Spike 1 to 2 inches long, somewhat attenuated above, cy-
lindric, a little lobed or divided near the base. Flowers ovate
obtuse, a little dilated. Calix connate at the base, conspicu-
ously ciliate on the carina and margins. Corolla obtuse,
smooth, edged with green as well as the calix; awn a little
exserted, straight, originating somewhat below the middle of
the valve. Stigmata white, filiform, exseried more than the
length of the corolla, scarcel}- plumose.

In the waters and on the margins o<^ ponds, in Upper Canada.
JJ/r. Whitloxv In New-Jersey, near Philadelphia, Nearly allied
to A. geniculatiis, but the flower is not awned from the base,,
and the awn is also straight.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 53

have the valves of the calix approaching to equallt)',
mostly acuminated; in these there is generally, if not
constantly, an imperfect floret producmg stamens, and
they are usually furnished with a dichotomous pani-
cle] either appressed, or dflTuse and pyraniidal.f

The generic character of Panicum is now described by
Schreberas follows:

Calix of 2 very unequal valves, containing 2 flowers,
the outer one male or neuter Corolla of 2 unequal valves,
finally cartilaginous and investing the seed.

Schreber remarks, that the inner glume of the imper-
fect flower being overlooked, its outer glume was con-
ceivedto belong to the calix: hence the calix was tliouKdit
to consist of 3\alves, of which the third was much the
least.

Species. .§ i Paniculate; flowers in dense racemes.
— 1. Crus-galli. 2. Walteri. 3. gibbnm. El. 4. moUe, (calix
only 2-valved? but 2-flowered, one of the flowers stam-
niferous only, allied to Milium? MicH.^ 5. gymnocar-pony
El. (a very remarkable species, with the valves of the
calix somewhat carinated, and nearly all equal, with an
imperfect neutral rudiment attacl)ed to the base of the
perfect flower; the Mhitish indurated corolla in seed al-
most resembles a Scleria, and is scarcely half the length
of the calix. Tiiis specjes is closely allied to the genus
Orthopogon Oi BvQ\vn,hai the valves aiv only acuminated,
not awned ) 6. genicidahim. El. 7- anceps 8. hfaiis, El.
(^P.tUvaricatvm. Mich.) 9.fusco-rxibens.—§ ii- Flowers in
panicles. — 10. virgatum. 1\. nitidum. l2. dichotomum. 13.
capillare. 14. /at/folium, lo.scopanum. 16 pavciforiim, Kt,.
17. amarum, (of an extremely bitter taste! El.) 18 scabrius.
cnhan 19. nervosum, E. 20. multijlorum, E. 2 1, ovahy E,
22. lamiginosum, E. 23. vL^cidmn, E. (remarkably viscid
or glutinous near the nodes of the culm. Several other
species in the United State, have glandular exudations.)
24. vUlosum, El. 25. pubescens. 26. spluerocavpon, E. 27.
ciliatum, E. 28. ensifctlium, V.. 29 barbulatum. 30. microcar-
pon> E. 31. JyJeUcnrinm. 32. debile, E. oZ. angustifoUum.
34. divergens, E. 35. elongatunh Pursh.

The soulh-rn and middle states of North .\merlca
now aflTord about one third as many species of this ge-
nus as are at present discovered in the world. About 110
•genuine species of Pan'.cum are described, independent
of thosi,- with involucellate spikes, which are now placed
in the genus PemiiseUim, and a few others in Orthopogrya.

t This habitus merely describes the .\merican species.
r 2

54 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

i Of these, besides what we have enumerated, New Holland
affords 32 new species, according- to Mr. Brown, besides
several others common to various quarters of the world.
In Great Britain it is doubtful if there be a single indige-
nous species of this genus, if we except the P. Cnis-galUy
which may, however, have been introduced from the con-
tinent of Europe Desfontaines describes 8 species in
Barbary, of which only 2 are pecuharly indigenous, the
P. debile and P. J\''tanidia7mm, the other 6 are equally
common to the Soudi of Europe, but of these there are
only 3 which correctly appertain to the present genus.
Nearly all the other Panicums ai"e pretty equally divided
betwixt India and America within the Northern tropic,
particularly the West India islands. In Jamaica there is
a shrubby species, the P. divancatum, and in India 2
' other'-, viz. the P. arborescens and the P. ciirvatimi. The
p. Milium or Millet, now cultivated in the South of Eu-
rope, is also from India. From this view, it is evident that
the genus Paidciim, generally speaking, belongs to the
tropical regions; hence we find this genus to increase
upon us in America, as we proceed through the southern
states, where they are often in such abundance as locally
to exclude almost every other grass; still we find many
species of this genus in the United States, extending to,
and some even greatly beyond, the 40th degree of North
latitude.

80. PENNISETUM. Richard, (Some species
of Faniaim of L.) (Bristly Panick-grass.)

Inrolucrum composed of many setae (or bris-
tles.) Calix 2-valved, valves unequal, 2-flowcr-
ed; one of the flowers hermaphrodite, the other
masculine (or rarely neuter) both sessile.
(Flowers spiked, polygamous.)

Spikes simple or compounded; partial involucrum, com-
posed of several deeply divided or separate bristles, in-
cluding 1 or 3 flowers, many of the flowers abortive; in
some species apparently a bristle at the base of each em-
bryon flower whether perfect or abortive. Most of the
foreign species, on which the name was founded, have an
involucrum of two kinds of setx, a few of the lower ones,
(as in P. orientale) being longer and plumose.

Species. 1. P. pungens. (Pa)ncum Cenchroides of Mr.
Elliott, but this name being already adopted in the pre-
sent genus, a change becomes necessary: very neai'ly al-

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 55

Hed to Cenchrus, and furnished with a spiny involucrum.)
2. loevigatinn^ El. o. glaiicum. 4. viride. 5. verticillaUun.
(These two last appear to have been introduced.) 6. cor-
rugatiim. 7 . Italicum. (This species is supposed to be the
true Punicum of the ancients, and its drooping- panicle is
described by Pliny, who speaks of it as not so much used
as the Millet {Panicum miliacetim) in making bread, but
weighing more than any other grain, as well as increasing
more in bulk when cooked. It is still cultivated in Italy
and other parts of Europe, and from the vast size of its
spike must be very productive. Mr. Elliott remarks, that
in Carolina it sometimes attains the height of lO feet. Of
this genus, though not numerous, there are species in
Europe, India, the West Indies, Africa, andNew Holland.

81. ORTHOPOGON. Mr, R. Brown.

Calix 1 -flowered, with 3 nearly equal valves,
all awned, the awn of the exterior valve much
longer than the others; awns straight, and
smooth.

With the exception of the present species, these are
tropical grasses, growing in shady places. Their leaves
flat, and broadish. Spike composed of alternate spikelets
directed all one way, and sometimes consisting of very
few flowers.

Species. 1. O. hirtelhnv. {Panicum hirtelhnn, Lix.) In
Florida and South Carolina. In this species, as it appears
in the United States, the spikelets contain from 5 to 8
flowers, the partial and general rachis often smooth as
well as villous, sometimes the valves of the calix are mul-
tiplied to 4, of which the external ones whether above or
below are furnished with very long, smooth, straight, and
viscid awns; the neutral rudiment at the base of the inner
valve of the indurated perfect flower is very minute and
bifid, constantly attended with an oblique and imperfect
lateral valve, ciliate at the upper edge as are all the alves
of the calix, whether the other pubescence be present or
not. Of this genus Mr. cJiown describes 4 species in
New Holland, the P. compositum of Ceylon as well as the
present plant are also included in this genus by its foun-
der, and there appears to be some other species in India
and the West India islands-

£2. DIGIT ARIA. Ffl//er. Richard. (Crab-grass.)

Calix 2 or 3-valved, concave; exterior valve

minute, or none, second variable, the innermost

56 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

as lorij^ as the corolla. Corolla 2-valvetl, ob-
loii^-ovate, terete, and awnless. Style very long.
A'^ectary cleft.

Spikes dig-itate, linear; flowers by pairs -alternately sub-
sessile. Species o'" Panicwn of Linnaeus and others; with
which they nearly agree in structure, but possess the hst,-
hit oi' JPaspalu?n.

Species. 1. D. sangulnalis. 2- rillosa. o.Jilifortnis. 4-
paspalodes.

Except the D. sangninalis and the D. hnmifusa of Eu-
rope, the few other species of this genus, about 12, are
confined to India and North America.

83. CYNODON. Richard (Bermuda-grass.)

Calix 2-valved, spreading, lanceolate. Co-
rolla larger tlian the calix, 2-valved; the exte-
rior valve large and ovoid. *Kectary truncate.

Spikes dig-itate, flowers imbricated in a single series,
solitary.

A remarkably creeping grass, growing very luxuriantly
in the sands of the sea-coast, as well as the poorest loose
soils, and were not its extirpation so difficult, might be
of importance for forming pastures where scarcely any
other vegetable could exist.

There is only 1 species, the C. Dactylon, common to
Europe, North America, and the West India islands.

84. PASPALUM. i.

Calix 2-valved, equal, mostly orbicular. Co-
rolla 2-valved, of the same figure and magni-
tude. Stigma plumose.

Flowers in digitate spikes arranged on one side; mostly
in 2, '6, or even 4 rows; rarely altei'nating in a single roW,
in some species ovate as well as orbicular. Spikes ge-
nerally digitaie and definite, in a few species allied to the
genus Ceresia, \'iz. P. membranaceumf^Ceresia Jluitans oi-
Mr. t,lliott ) and the P. stoloniferum^ the spikes are very
numerous, and disposed almost verticillately upon a ra-
ceiTie, in these also the flowers are ovate, and the rachis
membranaceous. This genus, as Mr. Brown very justly ob-
serves, is closely allied to Panicum, at least to Ihe species
which produce spikes.

TlllANDElA. DIGYNIA. 57

S»ECiES. 1. P. setnceian. 2. debile. 3 ciUatifolUtm. 4.
dasiiphyllinn, Ki,. 5 prcecox. 6 Icevc 7 Floridaiuim. 6. pli-
catuhiin. 9.purpu7'ascens, r], \Q. distichum. 11. va^iiiat'im-—
§11. Spikes in racemes.— 12 membnmaceinn. 13- stolonife-
riim. In New-Jersey, Pursh. Near Xew Orleans abundant.
I Suspect these 2 last marked as --peoies, are varieties of
the same plant. This species, orig-inally discovered in
Peru, has been g-reatly recommended to agriculturists.
In warm, maritime situations, it continues growing^ and
flowering- throug-hout the year, and is ui.doubtedly pro-
ductive and important in south America; but in Kurope
it is entirely desu-oyed by the ea'licst frosts of the au-
tumn, being- quite a tropica! annual

This genns, w.th the exceptKm of the above species, is
confined to the West I idies and the tropical portions of
the American continent; tliere is at the same lime, 1 spe-
cies in Japan, 2 in Inda, 1 -n Surinam (Africa), and ano-
ther in China The P. conjugatiim is common both to Ja-
maica and Surinam. There are also a few species in
Kew Holland. Europe produces no species of this ge-
nus.

S5. ARISTIDA. Z.

CaZia^ 2-Talved, 1 -flowered. Corolla 1-valved,
terminated by 3 awns.

Culm paniculate; panicle sometimes contracted like a
dense spike, or elongated into a compound raceme, in
others spreading- or divaricate, in some species tricho-
tomous, in oth.ers dichotomous. Flowers commonly-
approximating by pairs; calix as in Avena and Siipa,
longer or shorter than the corolla. Corolla genei-ally de-
scribed as cons's'ing of a s'ngle glume; Mr. F.lliott de-
tects the rudiments of a minute inner glume in .?. spici-
formis and A lanosa- The corolla of all the species is
terminated by 3 awns, sometimes of very unequal length,
scabrous or plumose, inclined in various directions, the
central awn often horizontal, sometimes all equal and
then divaricate, the awns very rarely contorted.

Species. 1. A. spiciformis. El. 2. stricta. 3. Imioso, El.
4. gracilis, E. 5. oliguntha. 6. dichotoniUr (the larger con-
torted awn of this species is hygrometric.) 7. pallens, (in
depressed situations, near Fort Mandanon the Missouri.)

8. *tuberculosa Culm rigidly erect, dichotomous, with
tumid articulations and small tubercles or callosities in
the axillae of all the branches; panicle rigid, rather short,
ramuli approximating towards the summit of the culm.

58 TRIANDRIA DIGTNIA.

distinct at the base; calix valves carinate, with very long
subulate points, and twice the length of the corolla; co-
rolla cylindric, st pitate; awns smooth, nearly equal, very
long-, spirally convolute, and growingf together towards
the base.

Culm with very few articulations, (2 to 3 feet high.)
Sheaths of the radical leaves mostly lomentose; leaves
smooth, very long and subulate. Branches erect, remov-
ed from the culm, and the flowers often from each other
by the interposition of small callosities at tlieir base.
Valves of thecalix subulate, often more than an inch long.
Flowers distinctly stipitate, siipe villous; awDS twis ed
to.uether at the base, nearly equal, more than 2 mches
long.

In the sandy pine forests of Georgia, a few miles from
Augusia.

Of this genus there are 5 other species described as
growing in the West Indies and South \merica, 1 in the
island of renerifte, 7 in India or the nrighbouring islands,
2 at the Cap*- of Good Hope, 1 in New Holland, I in
Spain, and 3 in Barbary, of which the *4. pungens is a
shrub with plumose awns.

S6. STIPA. i. (Feather-grass, Lorig-avviied
grass.)

Calix 2-valved, 1 -flowered. Corolla shorter
than the calix, 2-valved; valves invtdiite and
truncate. Jwn terminal, very long, deciduous,
and contorted at the base.

The iiabitus of this genus is so very similar to that of
the preceding that we shall omit the repetition. Here,
however, the corolla glume is only terminated by a single
awn, but often of prodigious length, in some species ele-
gantly plumose, frequently contorted near the base. It
is described as deciduous though apparently often with-
out any good reason.

Species. 1- S. avenacea. 2. CanadeJisis. S.juncea (of Eu-
rope as described by Linnaeus with tlie " awns (nearly)
straight and withon* ^^ubescence." The African variety
figured by Desfonta^.i^a, has twisted pubescent awns, and
blunt seeds; the Missouri plant has a nerved chaffy loose
calix, filiformly acuminated to more than double the
length of the seed, which last is acutely stipitated about
one third of its length, the stipe pubescent, the seed ra-
ther obtuse, distinctly articulated to the awn, which is

TRIANDRIA. DIGTNIA. 59

smooth and slender, scarcely contorted, and near half a
toot in length. This species grows very commonly on
the grassy plains of the Missouri, as well as the 6'. Virgi-
mca, and are very troublesome when in setd, adhering by
the pungent stipe to every thing which comes in their
way. 4. bicolor. {S. barbatay Mich ) Also in Brazil. 5.
expansa. 6. stricta. 7. *parx'iJ^orn.-\ There are now about
18 species of this genus, ot which 5 are Kuropean; there
are 2 species at the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Siberia, 3 in
the warmer parts ot America, (many more probably dis-
covered by Humboldt an.i Bonpland), the rest exist in
North America and Barbary; of these the S. juncea is
common to this pari of Africa, Europe, and North Ame-
rica, the S- pm-rijlora of Burbary also grows on the plains
of the Missouri, and is pi obably the same plant as the S.
aristella of Europe.

Not a single species of this genus is useful in agri-
culture. In K-urope the species are thinly scattered,
in Barbary and Upper Louisiana they appear in many
places the prevailing herbage, communicating to the de-
sert plains in autumn the colouring of harvest, called />a^=
jonalhy the American Spaniards.

87. SACCHARUxM. L. (Sugar- Cane.)

Flowers all herinaplirodite. — Calix with a
lonj^ woolly involucrum at the base, 2-valved.

f This species is ii. ured and described by Desfntaines in
his Flora Atlaiitica, 1 . p 98. t. 29 as growing in Barbary. The
Missouri plant appears, however, to be a distinct variety, though
assuredly not a distinct ^pecies.

Stem from 1 to 2 teet high, smooth. Leaves smooth*
sheathing the stem and the panicle, filiformly attenuated, but
not rigid. Panicle long, appressed, many-flowered Pedun-
cles filiiorm. Calix about one half longer than the corolla,
Glumt s compressed canna'e, partly 3-nerved, nearl}) equal,
abruptly and capilliar} acuminated, corolla somewhat villous,
sessile, or nearly without stipe, awn sr^ooth, becoming capil-
la<y towards the extremity, somewhat flexuose, about an inch
and a half long.

Grows abundantly with the other species on the plains of
the Miss »uri DflTers fr< m the African plant in the leaves not
being rigid, and the se< ds villous, also by the capillary acumi-
nrtion and cfimpressiou ot the calix, and ab well as the obtuse
form of the seed.

KD TRIANDniA. DtGTNIA.

Corolla 1 or 2-valved, with or without a termi-
nal awn. Stamina 1 to 3.

§ II. FiRiANTHus, JMichcmx. Panicles appressed, al-
iBosi in the form of a spikt ; imerior glume of the corolla
always terminated by a long" awn Stamina 2. (Nearly al-
lied to Amlropogon )

Culm tall and solid, terminated by an appressed spike-
like panicle; invohicrate villus, of various len.e^ihs; inner
glume of the corolla always awned, awn straight; (m E^
contortiis spirally twisted, and the flowers alternately pe-
dicellate: perhaps an Jlndropogon;) leaves expandir.g-; calix
1-flowered.

Species. \. alopecuroidetim. (The trivial name of ^Z-
gantevm given by Walter and retained by Persoon, can
only be used wih propriety relative to the genus with
which Walter at first associated it; as a Sacchamm, which
it is, althoui'h indeed tall, it is alm(;st every way iiiferior
in size to the other species of tiie genus ) 2. brevibarbe.
3. stric.tmn. El. 4. contorUmi. F-l.
This genus, with the exception of the North American
^ section, is confined to the tropics. There is 1 species in

Teneriffe, 1 in Japan; the S. officiriarum or true sugar-
cane, with four other species are natives of India; there
is another species in tlie \A'est Indies, 1 in Guinea, and 1
in Italy, with the S. cylmdriciim common to the South of
Europe and Barbary.

88. ANDROPOGON. L, (Beard-grass)

Flowers in paiis, polygamous; the herma-
phrodite sessile: the masculine or neutral flow-
er, without awn and pedirellate. — Hermaphro-
dite. Ca/ix 2-valved, 1-flowered. Corolla ni' 5
valves: the second valve smaller and axMunl, the
tliird interior minute. Stamina 1 to 3. Recepta-
cle or rachis mostly villous. Involucrum^ a fas-
ciculate villus at the hase of the flowers. (In
many species the leaves are boat-shaped, or like
i;umid sheathes.)

Culm tall, generally cleft into numerous flat branches,
terminating usually in proliferous or concatenated branch-
lets (called spikes), disposed by pairs, by threes, or
more, antl then digitate aiismg from the summit of sin-
gle lateral or terminal peduncles, either naked, or more

TRIANDRIA. DIOYNIA. 6'1

frequently sheathed by c}mbif()rm acute or acuminated
leaves, in some species so closely as not to admit the ex-
pans on of the spikes; flowers alternate and sessile, with
lateral abortive pedicellae florets, someiimes mere bar-
ren pedicells, arising- near their base. In the American
species, the involucrate villus is often short, sometimes
inconspicuous-

Species. 1. ^1. wttans. 2. avennceum. 3. ciliaUim, El.
A. melanocarpnSy t'-L. 5. scoparium. &. macroumm. 7.terna'
riiiin 8. virghiicum 9. bicorne. 10. argente'cm^ Eu. 11.
dhsitifioriim 12. vaginatum, El. 13. tetrastachyum^ El.
\4:. fnrcatnm.

In India there are 11 species of this g-enus, 2 of which,
the A- J\'ar(kis and Jl. mnricatum^ are every where culti-
vated for their aroma* ic odour. There are also 3 species
in Japan, 5 in the sojirh of Europe, most o/' which aie also
indi.e^enous to Harbaiy, 1 spcc;ts pr^culiarto that country,
and 1 at the (Jape of Good Hope, 2 in the West India-^
islands, and now 14 species enumerated in the United
States, of wh'.ch, several are also com uon to the tropical
reg'icns of the American continent. Excepting- the con-
tinent of India, there appears not to exist a sii'^gle genu-
ine species of Andropogon, wilhin the southern hemis-
phere.

§ Ti. Calices ^-flow2red, dispersed.

89. TRISETUM. Persooiu (Tliree-awned Oat-
grass.)

Calix 2 to 3-flowered, acuminate and cari-
nate. Corolla, (outer valve) terminated by 2
shorter, almost tooth like awns (or the apex of
the .^lume setareously hi lid,) and 1 longer
straight dorsal awn, not contorted.

Sjjecies of Ave n a of other authors, distinguished chief-
ly by a deeply elf ft acuminate and carinate dorsal valve,
a central struicfht awn, wiih compressed pale coloured
spikelets, and flosculi which are generally smooth.

Species. 1 T pratense, {Avena favescens, L.) The rest
of this genus is chiefly confined to the ijouth of Europe,
Barbary, and the Cape of Good Hope.

90. AIRA. Z. (Hair-grass.)

Calix shining, 2-valved, 2 flowered. Corolla,
awnlcs.s, or awned from the base, 2-vaIvetU

G

62 TRIANDRIA. DIGTNIA.

Florets without a third rudiment between
them.

Flowers scariose and shining-, disposed In capillary pa-
nicles. In many species the valves of the calix or the
corolla are obtvise. From Avena the awned species are
clisting-uislied by prodncin.ir straight or geniculate awns,
arisinir from tlie base of the flower.

Species. 1 pwnilaP 2. aqiiatica, (this -pecies is nearly
allied to Poa.) 3. obhisuta- 4 brevifoUa? 5 ccipillacea. 6.
preecox. 7 • Jlextiosa. 8. cespitosa. 9. mollis.

'IMiis genus is almost exclusi\el\ confined to Europe
and North Amer ca; some specit-s, however, are common
to Barbary, and t!»e South of Europe.

91. =^LRALEPSlS.t

Calix scariose, 2-va]ved, 2 or S-flowered,
sojnewhat terete, much shorter than the outer
valve of the corolla, acute at the base. Floivers
alternate, distinct. Corolla 2-valved, sti[)iiate,
valves \ery oneqiial, the owfer tricuspidate, cen-
. tral cusp much 1 »nger, terminated by a straight
awn, nerves all pubescent; inner glume short,
arched inwards. Seed somewhat gibbous, en-
larged above, aiiliate.

Grasses with the habit of Andropog-on, and partly the
structure of Aira. Culm siuiple, leaves and sheathes
short; racemes fe w-flower^ il, remote, nearl\ s.mple, and
solitary, axillary and lerniinal, sheathed; sheatiies deci-
duous; (flowers and culm purple )

S p E c I Ks 1 . U. prtrp urea . (Air a pjirpurea, Walter and
Elliot r.) Cuhn terete and son.ewhHt hairy below the
commencement of flowers, senucv lindric ahove; racenies
shorter than the internodes, fcw-flowered, flowers nt aily
sessile. Leaves flat, very narrow, above almos; filiform.
Calix 1 or 2-flovvereu, valves nearly equal in lengih, each
with a single nerve, somewhat acute, rarely lacera;e. Co-
rolla acutely stipitate; outer valve more thai, twice the
leiv;\h of the • alix, in seed dee])ly S-parted, 3-nerved, and
reflected, dentu- es acuminate, tlu- central one terminating
in itn nun as long as lite vaive, !-'erves al piitiescent; in,

+ Fjom oupoc cuuiia, anil AfTf?, squama, pulen '>i g-li'mUf in-
tended to indic:;te the smguiarly caudate appearance of the
outer corolla valve-

TRTANDRTA. DTGYXIA. 0S

ner valve about the len^ith of the calix, 2-Ti=rved, arched
ovt r the seed, nerves mariii.>ed above with inier.upied
tiift.s of dt use villus. Seed subiere.t-, enlarged .and iniifCt-
ed abt)\e. \t the base ot ihe iniier vaive in the upper-
ni si flovver there isei iiera barren ;)e(i.ced wi.h an obtuse
point, or a durd iiiiperleci av.nt-J flower.

2. 'arisiulata. Yatves of ti.e caiix uneqiial, obtuse, and
lacer. ic, about S-floweted; lateial teeth of the outer co-
PoHu vuUe obtuse, and tiie awn very siiort.

Kear Wilmingion, Delaware, — Dr. Ralclwin.

Obs. Perhaps only a variety of the former. Ipper leaves
«nt.rtly sheaihtiiir; spikelcts aimosts terete, 3 flowered,
doi sal awn nierelv visrble, lateral teeth obi use, nervt-s pu-
bescent; inner valve inflecte'i.f; ing-ed to the suir.m i. — - a-
lix very acute at the base, purple, va bath species pctsist-
enu coi-ollus'ipitate, villous at tlic b:ise.

Near as th'S g-envs aproaches Trisetmn in its artificial
character, it is still widely separated by habit, and would
never probably be referred to Avenn, bein.sr distinguished
from both ih(»se genera by ilie remarkable snrall.iess of
the calix, its trimcate appearance, and want of nerves, as
well as the singular inequali'.y or gibbosily of the corolla.

92. MEI.ICA. L. (Menc-gras.s.)

Calix coloured, 2-valved, 2 flowered; glumes
loose, obtu.se, membrauaceous, and unequal.
Corolla 2-valved, ventricose, smaller than the
calix; the rudiment of a third flower betwixt
the flosculi.

Panicle in the form of a spike or raceme, rarely more
compound; flowers large. In the M iniifio'ra the calix is
but 1-flowered; and in the M uspera 3-flowered. To the
g-eneric character of Melica, Schrader adds *' stamens
dilated and combined at their b;tse; nectaiey of 1 leaf"

Species, \. M. glabra. 2. diffusa? (1 have seen a third
species from the Northern states collected by Mr. Big-e-
low, in which the corolla glumes are obovate and villous,
a little shorter than the scariose calix, disposed on a ra
cemedike panicle.) Of this genus there are species ia
Africa, I'.urope, and South America. It is, however, a ge-
nus neither numerous nor common.

93. HOLCUS. Z. (Soft-grass.)

Calix 2 flower^Hl, 2 valved, (opaque and ner-
vose.) Corolla smaller, 2-valved, the exterior

<64 TRIANDRIA. DlGYNrA.

Talve awned. A^ectary linear, 2-parted. Stig-
mata ricaily sessile.

Flowers polygamous, one masculine, the other herma-
phrodite, paniculate.

Species. 1. //. hinatus. 2. striatus? o. fragrans, (called
Sw'eet-iJ:rass, and Seneka-j^-rass, nearly allied lo the Holcus
odorutne,- ceitainly not a cong-ener with the H. kmatus und
H. mollis^ but upj^arently a J\ieUca.)

Grass.es of Europe, with the exception of the U. fra-
grans. The H. lunatus is now naturalized in the United
States.

94. SORGHUM. Z. (Broom-grass.)

Flowers polvi^amous, by pairs, the herma-
phrodite flower sessile, (he masculine or neuter
pedicellate. — Hermaphkodite. Catix 2-valv-
ed. Corolla S-vaived; the 2d valve awned. the
3d connt.ctinij^ wiih the villous nectarv. Corolla
of the male ilower awiiless. Seedld^v^Q,

Culm tail, flowers diffusely paniculate, leaves expand-
ing. Seed sutiiciently lari^^e to be cultivated for food
somewhat resen.bllna: millet.

Species. 1 U.bicoh'^. (By Pei soon considered a varie-
ty of ihe .S'. vnlgare; cultivated aroimd l,anc;;sttr, accord,
ing to Dr. W. Ifarton, wl.o has been induced to recommend
it to public economy, as a substitute for chocolate or cof-
fee, when parched.) 2. saccharahim. (Exttnsively culti-
vated in the United Stales, tlioug-h no wliere naturalized.
Its large panicles are used for brooms; the seed is i^iven
to poultry, and niig!)t probably answer the same purposes
as that of the .5. bicolor. Tlie whole plant is hgidy sac-
charine, und attempts have been mude in France and
elsewhereto extract sug-ar from it; but without sufficient
success.)

Of this genus there are only 4 species deschbed by
Persoon; 2, if not 3, in India, and 1 in Syria; — the S. bico^
lor is a native of Persia.

95. SESLERIA. L. (Moor-grass.)

Calix^ to 5-il(.wered. Corolla 2-valved, valves
tf>otiied at tlie point. Stigmata somewhat glan-
duloiis. — Flowers spiked, ot'ien jmrplish, basQ
of the spike bracteate, or involucrate.

TRIANDUIA. DIGYNIA. 65

Early flowering subalpine grasses, gi-owlng in calcare-
ous mountains.

Species. 1. 5. * Dactyhides. Culm setaceous, leafy;
leaves short, flat, subulate, and somewhat hairy; stipules
bearded; spikes 2 or 3, few- flowered; flowers in 2 rows,
disposed upon an unilateral rachis, calix mostly 2-flower-
ed, and with the corolla acuminate and entire.

Hab. On tiie open grassy plains of the Missouri; abun-
dant. Flowers in .May and June. v.v. Root after flower-
ing resembling a bulb.

Culm siTooth and round, furnished with 2 or 3 leaves,
&l)out 4 or 5 inches high. I^eaves flat, subulate, and
somevvhat hairy, 1 to 2 inches in length, and about 2
lines wide; sheathes shorter than the internodes, very
hairy around the stipules. Spikes 2 or 3, somewhat oval,-
subtended by a sins^le leaf with which they are at first
sheatlied; rachis compressed, margined, spikeiets 6 to 8,
by pairs, inclined to one side. Calix 2-valved, 2 or 3-flow-
ered, valves very unequal, each with a single nerve and
carinate, the larger oblong-ovate, mucronulate. Outer
valve of the covolla oblong-lnnceolate, entire, 3-nerved,
smooth, and membranaceous, longer than the calix; inner
2-nerved, nearly the length of the outer. Anthers linear,
entire, fulvous, exsei-ted- Styles filiform, pubescent.

This species appears on the one hand, allied to Athc'
ropogoTiy and on tlie other to Dactylis. Though rather a
Sesleria ihan any other genus, it recedes from it in hav-
ing the valves of the corolla entire at the apex, and thus
it approaches Dactylis, at least, th.e D.glomerata.

With the exception of tlie present species, the genus
Sesleria is'' confined to the alpine regions of Northern
Europe.

§ III. Calyces manyjlowered, scattered.
96. POA. Z. (Meaciow-grass.)

Calijo 2-Viiivc(l, many llf)\vered. Sjnkelets
more or less ovate, witliout awns, valves some-
what acute, discoloured, with scaiiose mar-
gins.

Flowers paniculate, panicles many-flowered, branches
often semiverticillate, one sided, coarctate, or spreading;
in several species the flower glumes ai-e connected at the
base by a tomentun^; or villus

Species. 1. P. trivivJis. "2. prat€7isis. 3. viridis, (distin-
guished from F. pmimsis by the remarkable compres-

66 TRIANDRIA. DIGTNIA.

sion and almost pung-ent acuteness of the calix and co-
rolla; valves connecied ai their base by a very copious,
long- tomenuim; panicle semiverticillate and coarctate.)
4. iiemorulis. 5. uyinita. 6. ulpina? 7- co7npressa. 8. nervate.
9. aiitumnaUs, KL.f 10. angnstifolia. 11. aquatica. Vi. Jiui-
tans. 13. rigida. (These are nearly all introduced species,
or common to Europe as well as America, and of great
importance in ai;r:culture.) 14. capillaris. 15. tenuis^ El.
16. hirsKta. 17. subverticillnta. 18. crocatei.\

§ II. Brizoma. II Spculi erect, closely imbricated, flow-
er glumes ofstn arigularly 3-nerved; without a connecting
villous; Valves short, ovate, obliquely pointed, (sometimes
producing the a])pearance of marginal serratures,) inner
valve small, seeds more or less spherical.

f Piingens would perhaps have been a better name for this
early flowering vernal grass.

Obs Root somewhat cespitose and perennial; culm partly
ancipiial, about a foot high. Radical leaves ertct, long, and
narrow; leaves on the culm generally 2, flat, oblong, lanceolate,
scabrous only on the margin, the lower about an inch long, ^he
upper just visible; all erect and carinate, with a coarctate pun-
gent point; stipula truncate, lacerate, sometimes abruptly acu-
minate; sheathes long, but a little shorter than the nodes. Pa-
nicle suiall, semiverticillate, alternate, horizontally spreading,
terminating in an almost simple raceme; branches capillary,
mostly by twos or tlu-ees; fasciculi 3 or 4. Spiculi crowded to-
wards the extremities of the ramifications, cuneate-ovate, or
lanceolate, before flowering somewhat acute, 3 or 4-flovvered.
Caliy smooth, inner valve acute. Corrlla ovate lanceolate, a lit-
tle obtuse and scariose at the point, villous at the base, obso-
letely 5-nerved, 3 of the lesser nerves ciliately pubescent below.
Stamina exserted, tremulous, bifurcate at either extremity-
Styles sessile, compllcately plumose, white.

Hab. Around Pluladelphia in rocky situations, on the banks
of the Schuylkill, &c. Flowers in April.

i:Culm leaf\ , round, 18 inches or 2feet high. Leaves smooth,
flat, acuminated. 4 to 6 inches long; stipula elongated. Pani-
cle elongated, semiverticillate, branches apprtssed, numerous,
many-flowered. Sp.kelets in attenuated racemes, small, nearly
sessile, acutely ovate, generally 2-flowered, pale green, with
yellowish, and sometimes purplish scariose points. Calix acu-
minated, nearly as long as the floscuh, obsoletely 3-nerved, and
carinate. Flowers oblong, rather obtuse, with a dorsal line of
pubescence near the base.

ilAB. Ill Canada. — Mr. Whitlow. Poa JujdropUla? Persoon

I) Species of Poa allied to the genus Briza.

TRIANDRIA* DIGTKIA. 67

Panicles lateral and terminal, splkelets often crowded,
flowers numerous; stipula ol^solete, densely ciliate.
* Floivers entirely deciduous.

19. conferta, El. (panicUs lonp: and very erect, axil-
liaiy and teem nal; branches in coi'glomerate sessile clus-
ters, crowded wiih membranaceo-is floners, spikelets
appearing- pectinate or serrate.) 20. nitida^ F,l.
** Inner valve of ihe corolla and rachis persistent.

21. parvifora, (branches of the panicle dichoiomously
divaricate; flowers distant, terminal, a})P'Oximating' by
pairs upon unequal pedicells, inner valve of the corolla
and rachis p*^rsistent; seed nrai-ly spherical, rugose. The
spikelets of this plant are somewhat glutinous. This is cer-
tainly not th> P. striata of Lamaik.) 22- tenella. (Culm
slender, leaves short and subulaie, panicle somewiiat ver-
ticillate, erect, branches capillar}, flexuose and appres-
sed, flowerinj^ towards their extrem.tit s. Spikelets few,
linear, somewhat acute, closely and incumberMly imbri-
cated. (Jalix unequal and very short; flowers ertct, ap-
pearing" alternate, short ovate, with an oblique apex,
and almost obtuse, obscurely nerved, with a purple
marg-in, and a whie scariose line at the point. Pos-
sessing-considerably the appearance of a Briza.)

23. peciinacea. 24. erugrostns 25. megastachya, KoE-
LER (Briza EragrostiSy Lin ) 26. *obtt[sa.\ '27.spectubilis.

f Panicle elongated, almost siniph biariched at the base,
branches erect; spikelets compressed, oblong-ovate, obtuse, up-
on very short peduncles, 8 to 15-flowered; valves of the calix
acute, nearly the leng-th of the 3nei ved flowers, inner valve with
1 nerve, the outer with 3; culm rather weak and compressed?
leaves flat and smooth, stipula obsolete, softly bearded.

Obs. Culm simple, about 18 inches high; leaves few, rather
long, flat, and smooth, a little asperate on the maigin; panicle
about 4 or 5 inches long, simply branched near the base, run-
ning out almost into a raceme above; floscuh closely imbricated,
compressed; outer valve 3-nerved, truncate at the point; sta-
mina 3, short; styles slender, .-imply pennate.

Briza vire7is? Walter. Fior. Car. 79.

Closely allied to t.Se B. Eragrostis, (Poa meg as t achy a) but
readily distinguished by its unbrynched, weak, and compressed
stem, the length of its leaves, which are not mvolute and rigid,
the scattered few-flowered panicle, and particularly the obtuse
points of the flower glumes, and lastly by the cafix, in which
the larger valve is 3-nerved, and consequently similar to the
corolla, while the calix glumes of the Ppa megastachya have
each but a single nerve, a character which not only distinguish
es it well from the present species, but also from the P. Era-

6S TRIANDllIA. DIGYMA.

28. reptons. Ambiguous species. — $9. 7neUcoides.\ 50.
Jliroides.^

Of the 78 species of this g^enus in Persoon, there are
28 in Europe, the rest in North America, Barbary, India,
the tropical islands of America, a few species at the Cape
ol Good Hope, and some in the isle of New Zealand. As
yet there are only 2 species described as growing in the
whole continent of South America.

A genus of the utmost importance in agriculture.

^7, BRIZA. X. (Quakiii^^-grass.)

Calix S-valved, many -flowered. Spikeleis

^r^ostis, in which the larger valve of the calix is also 3-nerved,
similar to the corolla.

Hab. Collected in the neiglibourhood of Philadelphia, by Dr.
W. Burton, professor of Botany.

■\ Panicle small, composed of a few simple racemes; calix
unequal, obiuse, shorter than the corolla, 2 or 3-flowercd; flow-
ers oblong-obovate, obtuse, nerved, connected to the rachis by
a -omentose villus; culm long and slender; leaf short, smooth,
attenuated

»iz>a melicoi.'es, IVIicH. ^i. trifora? El.

t Culm 4 or 5 feet high, erect, leaves with very lon^ sheathes,
short and acute; panicle erect, attenuated; branches semiverti-
cillate, few and capilla;-} ; spikelets oblong, obtu.se, nearly ses-
sile, or u])on short peduncles, 4 to 6-t^o\\ered; calix very un-
equal, shorter than tlie corolla; flowers distinct, somewhat cy-
lindric, obtuse, shining', } U:j:)li8h, scariose, and often lacerate at
the point, obsoletely 5-nerved, inner val\ e scabrous on the
margin.

Hab, In depressed si'uations around the Mandan village, on
the Missouri, v.v.

Scarcely distinct from Poa distans, except in habit; being 4
or 5 feet high, with leaves sometime^ embracing the culm for
8 inches, scabrous on the mArgisi acute, and scarcely more
than an inch, or an inch and a half long. The panicle is also
attenuated, the branches capillaiy, loose, b\it erect, never re-
fracted. In most of which characters it differs from the P.
di^aits, ai;d does not at all agree with Curiis's figure. It is
another of those ambiguous grasses, which, (like the P.aistans
and Mra aquntica now considered the same plant,) combines
the characters of 2 gener;.; it has 'he artificial character of Poa,
but it is in fact an .izra, alth'.ui^h prod • icing 4, 5, and 6 flowers
in a sp'.kelet. It is probably ail important meadow-grass, like
the ^iira aquatica.

TRIANDKIA. DIGTNIA. 69

distichous, valves ventricose, cordate, obtusej
interior valve minute.

Flowers usually in capillary panicles; spiculi, g-enerally
nodding- and tremulous. A .trenus nearly allied to Poa.

Species. 1. ^. Canadensis.-^ viretis?

There are but 8 species i,i' this g-enus described by
Persoon; of which, besides the above, there are in Eu-
rope 4 species, 1 in India. 1 at Montevideo, ( South Ame-
I'ica^. and 1 confined to the Cape of (iood Hope. Three of
the European species are also common to the Cape.

98. UMOLA. Z.

Spikelets many-flowered, ovate, compressed,
an< ipital. Calix of 3 to 5 glumes. Corolla 2-
valved, awnless; ivterior valve smaller. Stam-
ina 1 to 3. wYedariujn 2 leaved, emariiinate.
Stigmuta long, muricate. Seed ovate, com-
pressed.

Panicle various; in U. Spicata nearly a simple raceme*
in U. latifoUa the spiculi are very lavj^-e and trenu)lous»
as in the European species o^ Briza; in the U gracilis ihe
spikeh ts are onl\ 3-flowered, in the other species the
spiculi have 7 to 10 flowers, in U spicata sometimes as
many as 15, and the corolla glm^.ts often numerously
nerved This g-enus, apparendy intermediate betwixt
JPoa and Festnca^ is readily distinguished by its large,
flat spikelet--, antl abortive flowers, both at the base and
extremity of the spike, hence described as having a calix
of more than 2 valves;- though in the U. spicata, referred
to Festiica by Michaux, there is seldom more than that

f Culm erect, thick and leaf\ . Leaves flat, attenuated, from
6 to 12 inches ionar, smooth; stipula truncate. Panicle semiver-
ticillate, rather Knig-, loose, and erect, branches decompound,
eoarctate, racemiform; pedicells capillary, flcxuose. Spiculi
cunnate-ovul, obtuse, 4 to 6-flowered. (alix very small, nerve-
less. Flosculi lurgid obovaie, prominentlv 7-nerved, terete,
sometimes purplish at the point; inner valve concave, flat, larg-e
as the outer, with an indurated nerved margin, inflected, and
extended a little beyond tlie edg-e of the outer valve; nerves
somewhat scabrous. Stam.ens generally 2i not exserted? Styles
short; stigmata plumose.

Hab. In Canada and Pennsylvania. Scarcely belong"ing to
this g'enus; apparently couneciing Poa and Briza.

7% TRIANDRIA. DICYNIA.

number. The perisporium appears almost precisely th«
sane as that of many spcCit-s o\' Fesiuca.

Species. 1. U.pajiimlata. 2 spLcata. o. ladfoUa. Af.niti^
da. 5. gracilis. (An American genus )

99. ^WINDSORlA.f

Calix carinate, man} -flowered, 2-valvecl;
valves rather lare^e, scari'-.sc, uninei'vial, acute
or enspi'tate. Spikelets tliirk; fliwers closely
Inrinubent., and (Usti( haiiy nsihii-attd; nerves of
the dfjrsal xMw inJirrunatc, witli intermf^diate
densuies, ciliate below: inner valve mostly na-
lit'tl, emariL':inn!e. iStifles si* nder, with simply
pe( linated stign-as. Seed (altife.rn!, ( orrujj'ate,
impressed with a flat, central, oval hilujii near
its base.

Flowers paniculate, b^-ancbes frw, decompound, spread-
ing, and fl. xnose, stipules always pilose; spikelfls nearly
sessde, iiimid, gfeneraUy pur; le; corolla g^lumes short,
indurated, somewhat catilag-inous; nerves ending- \v short
cusjjs or minu'e awns; fiowers villous at the base, and
alouii- the lover margin of the nerves in the outer valve;
the inner valve impressed, smooth, or when seen throntrh
a lens obsoletely marg-ijied with a slender cilia'e pui^es-
cence, (never conspit uous as in Bi-omus,) die lower in-
flected marp;ms projeriing-. Stamina 3. Styles 2. Germ
antiularly truncate. Seed short, nearly in 'tl)e form of a
shpper, on the external side obliquely compressed, on the
other convex., Perisporiun. 2-leaved, ohtr.se, entiie.

Species. 1. fV. Po.eformisy {Poa Se-ileroides, Mich.
p. qinnqitefida, Pursh. Spikelets mosll\ 5-flowered, exte-
rior valve of the corolla ov.te, convex, trlcuspklate, with
2 intermediate tteth, inner vaive with 2 setaceous lioints,
smoo-h.) 2. atnl/igua, (Poa a7nbigita, Ei.1^1 oil ) Panicle
small, naked, ramuli nearly simple, alternate; spikelets
ovate, tiiick, sessile, 5 to 6-fiowered, dorsal valve 5-tooth-
ed, interior valve deeply impressed, smooth. In both
these species the stig-masare purple and plumose.

This g-enus apj)ears to be coJisiderably allied to J9ro-
miis, possessing", Itowever, much more the habit of Poa.

-j- In respect to my earliest Botanical triend, J)!m Windsor,
M. D, F. I.. S., an assiduous Knglish Botanst, not unknown to
the president of the Linnsean Society, as a humble thoug-h not
a popular contributor to his classical Flora of Britain.

TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 71

From Divithonia of Decandolle, {Festitca decumbens,
LiN.) it IS scarcely dsiing-lshable exctpt by liubi, pro-
ducing lii bv ti: s[jecits a sj.readiiig' and rannfied parucie,
wuh a cuiiu or' 3 or 4 i'eet elevation, in place of a simple
ract.nie, and a ci-lm of 6 inches or a toot, it is al.so desti-
tute of tne lai\ue tolliculose calix of Uanthonia, which in-
chides, and indeed exceeds in leni,th ail the floscu-
li of the spTkelet- The cal;X ot IViiulsoria is, iiowever,
lai'ger than the glumes of the corc^Ua, taken singl},and
also of a very diherent structure, b»it the spikelet is at
the same time about twice the lenjfihoi the calix.

100. DANTHOMA. Dcandolle,

Calix 2-vaIve(l, many flowered, very large,
equal lo or exceeding tlie inrlud?d spikelet.
Exterior valve of tlie corolla c«>ncave, with the
points emarginate, mucronate, awned, or un-
armed and tlien trifid.

Small grasses, producing- for the mo-t part, a simple
raceme of spikciets, (usually troin 4 to 13); clix conflii-
enriy nerved, fblliculose, exceednig or equaiing (he apike-
le ; spicuh from 4 to 9 flowered. dor>ai \alve acute or
acui> inate, (not obtuse or almost truncated as in Wind'
soria,) bifid, with a central, membranaceous, and flat-
tened awn, contorted at the base, or siniply trifid, (ne-
ver quadrifid or o-toothed); mner valve oliaie.

S p F ci F.s. 1. D. spicata, {Avenu spicata L. ) Culm about a
foot niirh.slmder, erect, decumDeni at ihe first and second
Hide; leaves subul?te, short, those of the root often hairy
on the upper suriacp; stipula obs'lete, cibate; laceme
simple, or subdivided ne.r the buse; spikelels 4 to 9; calix
longer than the .spikelet, confluenlly 5-nerved, cons ex,
acute, witi! scariose purple niar;<ins; flosculi 6 (jr 7; uu.er
valve oval, convex, acumina e, seiaeeously bifid. With an
intermediate, flat, exst-i-fd, smooth awn, discoloured and
contorted at its base, obsoietely many-nerved, nerves pili-
ferous, margin scario.Ne; inner vaive deeply appres^ed, ci-
liate styles sessile, sin>ply pi imose, slender, while; pe-
risporium 2-lcaved, obiu»e.

Tois species is very nearly allied to Bromus.

2. *sericea. Culm erect; fact- me conpounded, branches
2 and 3-flowered; spikelevs 9 to 13, 8 and 9-flowered,
somewh t shorter than the calix; corolla valves very un-
equal, outtr lanct olatf, denselv vni-ms on the margin,
seioscly b fid a^ the point, wiih'a cenu'ai contorted awjl;
inner valve ciliate, much shorter.

T2 TRIANDEIA. DIGYWIA*

^vena spicata, Elliott, p. 174.

Culm erect, often more than 2 feet higli, nodes distant.
Leaves shurt, flat, and subulate, smooth or pubescent oa
the under side; sheath very lons^, sometimes Iiau-y: sti-
pulcD a nunute, silky fringe, with 2 lateral hairy luf's.
Panicle 2 or 3 inches long", branches several, (3 or 4) 2
and 3-flowered, Calix striate, scariose (as in Jlvertu), lon-
ger than the spikelet. Corolla, dorsal valve oblong-danct o-
late, with a long- sijimn^ vdus particularly conspicuous
aloni^the margin, terminating' m 2 setaceous points nearly
its length, awn coiitoried, and discoloured at the base,
more ii)an twice the length of the valve, and (seen through
a iens) scabrous; inner valve about half the length of the
outer, distmctly ciliate as in Bvomus.

From Carolina to Florida. Closely allied but very dis-
tinct from D. spicata, particularly in the panicle, and the
conspicuous silk\ villus of the corolla, as well as the form
and ])roporiion of tiie vahes. Tliese 2 species are scarce-
ly coiV-T^neys with the Danthonla decumbens; they appear
to foi m a distinct genus, ap]:)roximating to Jirojnus.

Id thiS genus are referred by Decandolle Festuca de-
cumbens and Avena calycina, of Europe.

101. FESTUCA. L. (Fesrue-gi-ass.)

Calix 2 valvrd, many-ll )\vered. Spikelcts
compressed, distirhal, acure at either extremi-
ty. Outer valve of the corolla entire, generally
terminatin.e; in an awn. ** Seed growing to the
cor* lia," Schrader.

Culm paniculate, rigid, or flpxuose and expanding;,
spikelets eiect or nodding; flowers sometimes awnless,
niostiy terete, inner valve of the corolla with a smooth
margin Nectarium "of 2 ovate-lanceolate acute leaflets,
gibbous at their has;", or of 1 rather concave hor'zontal
notched leaf,"ScHREEER. Seed oblong, slender, acute at
each end, marked wMli a long-i.udinal furrow.

Species. 1. spicata. Panicle spiked after the manner
of Uniola spicata, to which it is nearly related, spikelets
rather lari;e, about 5 flowered; glumes of the calix and
those of the co'olla in the lower flowers very long, and
pungent ly acuminated, but not distinctly awned; valves
linea- -lanceolate; leaves very short, and with the whole
plant glaucous. On the banks of the Missouri, not afoot
high, covering cxtei.sive tracts. 2 tenella. 3. myur^is 4.
duviuscula. 5. clatiov. 6. pQbjstachya. ?. diandva. Culm

tRiandrta. digtma. 73

I'ciTiarkabl}- naked, rather compressed, asperate above,
with 3 or 4 broad flat leaves near the ba-e, from 3 to 4
feet high, terminatins" in an ahnost simple, few-flowered
raceme. Leaves about a foot and a lialf long", near three
quarters of an inch wide, with the sheath a little pubes-
ceMt. Spikelets compiessed, flowers divaricate- Calix
extremely unequal, valves scute, 2 to 5-flowered. Exte-
rior valve oi' the corolla some v/hat coriaceous, and much
longer than tiie cali.x; inner valve much shorter than the
outer. Seed partly coated, with an indurated, cartilagi-
nous arillus. — Considerably allied to Umola gracilis. 8.
graiidifora 9. fnituns 10. Po<eoides. 11. Unioloides. 12.
nvtan^ 13. parrifora, F.llio rr.

The genus Festiica is almost pecidiar to Europe and
Nortii America; a few species exist m Barbary, (Africa)
and inNortiiern Asia.

102. BROMUS. L. (Brome-grass.)

Cal'ix 2-valved, many fl«>\vere<j. Spikelets ob-
long, disticlial. Outer vaives of tl»e rorolla of-
ten bifid at the point, and awned below the
sum. nit; interior .^Imne pectinately ciliate.

The habit of this genus is entirely similar to the pre-
ceding; the spikelets are, lu.wc ver, generally more or less
terete and tumid; the valves of the corolla often furnished
with a scariose margin, and m tiie in;iei valve, tlie flexures
of the nerves are ciliate; in many species the panicle is
nntant, and in some the seed so large as to have been
cultivated for the use of horses and other cattle.

Species. 1. B.secaUnun. 2. mc///s, (''Oth introduced) 3.
piirpcanfi. In this species, the leaves, which are alternate,
approach so near to each oiher as to appear almost disti-
clial. 4:. ciliatus. 5. altissimus, Pursh. Near Fort iVIan-
dan, on the .Missouri, very large; scaicely distinct from the
Ji. canadensis of M i c h a t x'

This genus is chieflv confined to Europe, and Barbary
in Africa, there are also, 2 species in South America.

103. DACTYLIS. L. (Orrhard-grass.)

Calix 2-valved, many-flovvered, compressed,
one of the valves larger, arid ("aiinate, some-
what awned. Corolla 2 valved. — Spikelets ag-
gregate and capitate.

Species. 1. D. glomerata. (Introduced.)

T^ TRIANDRIA. DTGYNIA.

Tlie g-emis f)actif//s, as it now stands in Persoon, ap^
pears to exist chiefly in tiie milder regions of AtVica, the
Cape of Good IJope, and Barbary; there are also 2 or 3
species in India. These species appear, however, to pos-
sess little or no affinity w,th the Li. glomerata of Europe.

104. KOELERIA. Persoon.

Calix irree^uliuly 2 or 3 flowered, 2-vaIve(l,
valves comiJiessetl-carinate. Corolla acuminate-
oblong, 2 valved, sliortlj avvned, longer than
the calix, glumes neivose. (Spike composed of
compressed spikelets, often pubescent and sub-
sessile.)

Flowers in a simple lobed spike, almost as in PJile-
urn; spikek ts ciested; culix 2 or more flowered, resem-
bling' Dacti'lis glumerata, to wliich some of the species of
this genus are nearly allied.

Species 1. K.criatata. 2-*iutida. Spike elongated, lob-
ed; lobes crowded appressed, approximate; spikelets ob-
loug-ovate, smooth and awnles, lower 2-flowered, up-
per 2), both with an additional setaceous rudiment; pedi-
ceils very sliort, and with tlie leaf and sheath somewhat
pubescent; stipule hairy.

Obs O? Culm about a span, smooth, and sti-iate; leaf
very short, sheat!. long, spike al-out 2 incites; spikelets,
gieenish, sc: ri-.se, sliininj.', connpre-sed; calix uiitqiial,ca-
rinate,, acnle; largfr valve !inear-{)blong, smooth, (;ni-ough
a lens) cil ate ontiie keel; coioUa similar to ihe calix, m-
ner vahe included in the outer.

On the plains of the Missouri, t; r. Very nearly allied
to the Aira cristata of Smitii, and in the structure of its
flowers lo the Dactylis glomerata!

This genus, now c(»ntain.ng 8 species, indigenous to
Europe, to North America ui << Ba? bary, thout;,b perfectly
ratural, is not at present siiffic.eiuly defined, except by
habit; at the same lime it ought never to have been con-
founded withPofl, witii Aira^ or Aveiia.

105. AVENA. L, (Oat-grass.)

Calix 2-valved, 2, S, or many -flowered. Co-
rolla^ exterior valve lanreolate, somewhat te-
rete, furnislu'd with a dorsal awn. Awn geni-
culate^ and contorted. »< Seed tor the most part

^ TRIi^DRIA. xMOXOGYXIi. iJ

Invested by the corolla." Schrader. (Glumes
of the calix membranaceous, resembling foUi-
cles.)

Flowers in spreading- or contracted panicles, valves of
the covolia often becoming- coriaceous.

J^PECiES. 1. A. peMiflvcaiica 2. pnhistris, (nearly allied
to the genus Aira) 3. striata. 4. mo('^is.

Of this genns there are muny species in Europe, m Har-
bary, and at the Cape of Good Hope. A single species
has been found at the extremity of South America.

106, ARUNDO. L. (Reed.)

Calix 2-valvod, maiiy-flowered. Corolla
smooth, surrounded at the base by a long vil-
lous wool.

Subaquatic: culm tall, in some species perennial; pani-
cle large, diffusely branchinj^; calix 2 to 5-fiowered; g-e-
nerally long-, smooth, and membranaceous, with flowers
of nearly the same form, alternately ag-gregated, often
sliortly and straig-htiy awned, and always surrounded at
the base with a persistent, conspicuous villous involu-
C!um The genus Arwido is nearly related to Saccharum,
but in the latter the calix, instead' of the corolla, is sur-
rounded by a villus.

Species. I. .^. Phra^mites. 2. airoides.

The genus Crunch, exists in Furope, in Barbary, in In-
d"a, and North America. The A. I)o7iax, and A. mauri'
tunica qf Algiers, are shrubs, and the laiter is there made
use of to construct hedges for gardens.

ffff Flowers collected into spikes; common recep-
tacle viostly scrobiculate,

lOr. ELF.USINE. G(trtner. Lamark.

Spikes digitate. — Flowers awnless, disposed
on one side of the rachis (or recepta( le.) Calix
carinate, many-flowered, dorsal valve larger,
5to9-nerved. Coro//a 2-valved, awnless. (Flow-
ers all hermaphrodite.)

Low decumbent grasses, growing in the sands of the
sea-coast, or in arid wastes. Culm simple, many from the
iame root, terminated by disjitaie clusters of' one-sided

i b TRIAXDRIA. MONOGYATA.

spikes; spikele!s many-Howered, (5 or 6) ova^e, or lau-
ci"(^la,e, somewhat leseiTibiing- those of Poa, but more
comi'.ressed; vulves of ihe calix and corolla similar, and
nearly equal, persis'eiit; outer valve of the calix about 9»
nerved, seed 3-sided, ariliate, gibbous, ti-ansversely ru-
gose, and grooved on one side. (Character Irom E In-
(ilea )

Species. \. E. Tmllca.

Ti-e very few g-enuine sj)ecies of this g^nns are found
in India, Barbarv, and Xonh America. The C'l/nosurits
clurus of Europe, is also referred to this genus by La-
mark.

108. *()XYDENIA.t

Spikes panirtjlate, filirorm; spiculi 3 to 4-
flo\Nercd, alternatini^ on a 1 -sided raciiis. —
Cotnmon calix 2 valved, suhulately acuiiwiiaie,
longer than tlsc ilosculi contained, persistent;
valves nninervial. Corolla a-vaived, minute,
deciduous, valves obtuse, witli or vvithoiit a ter-
minal awn. Setd roundish, naked, smootli, and
somewhat giijbous.

An American genv.s of g-ras-es existing chiefly witliin
the tropics; nearly allied to E'euslne, but producing- l;ng
filiform spikes, dispos.*d in panicles; leaves, in some spe-
cies, scattered with glandular hairs; ll.e calix and flowers
-of different forms, and the latter decidous with the seed,
which is naked, nearly spbenca! and smooth.

Species. 1. O. ^atitviiiata. Punicle simple, spikes very
long-, numerous and attenuated; sum.ewhat subdivided
near the base; snikelets about 3-flowered; flowers includ-
ed in the culix; leaves fla*^, subulate at the point, and with
the slieaths scaUered with g'.andulons hairs.

E/ensine mncronatG? AJicH. 1. p. 62. Pursh, 1. p 87-
Kr.r.ioTT, 1. p. 175.

Root annu:d. Culm erect, round, 2 to 3 feet high.
Leavf 9 8 to 12 inches long-, 3 to 4 lines wide, slightly
hairy, the sheath more conspicuously so tovva;ds the
nodes; tlie pubescence exmliiig a viscous and somewlial
acid fluid; panicle simple, 12 to 18 inches long; spikes
nuneous, (30 or 4u) filiform, alternate, 3 to 5 inches
long, a linle subdivided near the base; calix about 3-flow-

•j- From o|y5, cicid, <\nd x^r^v, a q-land,- because the pubesi
cence exudes an acid fluid.

TRIANDRfA. DIGYXIA. 77

erec!, vaUes linear, subulate, awiiiess, each with a single
nerve, larger than tlie flosculi; corolla valves, small, ovate,
obtuse, smooth, the outer o-nerved, the inner 2. Stamens
and styles very short, purple.

On the banks of the Missisippi, near Xew Orleans.

This is probably the Eleusiiie 7nucro7iata of Mr. Elliott;
but he remarks that tiie glumes of the corolla are hairy,
and the stipules beaiikd, neither of which particulars ap-
pear to exist in the present plant. As the valves of the ca-
lix are not mucionaie it cannot but be improper to apply
Michaux's name to this species, which may be probably
distinct. To this genus belongs the E'eufiiiie JiUformi-s of
Persoon, growing in ihe tropical regions of America, and
nearly allied to the present species, having also the same
kind of glandular pubescence, and we may probably add
the Eicusine vivgata of Jamaica.

109. CllLORIS. Sivartx.

Flowers poIyganKjiis. Spikes di^^itate, iini-
laterai. — Calix S-valved, 2 to 4-llowered; valves
carinate, with or without an awn: (flowers dis-
similar, the aborcive llorets pedicellate.)

The habit of this genus is similar to Eleushie, but the
ft-i tile flowers, particularly in C. pefnea are coriaceous,
and gibbouslv carinated, so as to appear transversely seat-
ed in the calix; the fiower glum.es when in seed, greatly
exceed the calix in Lngth, and are of a dark brown co-
lour, the heruiaphiofiite terminated by a shoi-t cusp, tlie
neuter or male flower being inflated and obtuse, like the
rudiment in J\ielica; the outer valve of the calix from its
eniargmation, has a cuneate obcordate appearance, with
the n iddle neive terminated by a short awn; the seed is
naked, triquetrous, and smooth.

Spfcies. 1. C pett'ita. 2. mitcronata. In this species
tlie fiovvvrs are a^so transversely seated in the calix, but
not distinctly coriaceous; the seed is very unequally 3-
sided, scabrous, naked, and compressed. This structure
oftl-.esefd appears to indicate some ainnuy to Eleusine
Indica, but the habit is widely distinct.

110. ATHEROPOGON. Muhknhcrg,
Flowers polygamous, in unilateral spikes. —

Calix 2-valved, 2-fl'»wered, inner valve almost
setitbrm. Hermaphrodite corolla 2-valved, ex-
H 2

78 TRIANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

terior valve tricUiitatc or 3 awned, interior bi-
dentate. *ycutrcd corolla of 1 valve, with 3 ex-
serted awns. Seed naked, oblong, compressed,
with a longitudinal furrow.

Spikes alternately disposed In a long or short raceme,
definite or numerous:; glumes by pairs, opposite, appear-
ing- pectinate; rachis acuminated beyond the spikes; valves
of the calix narrow, riefid. mucronate, of a bluish purple,
persistent. Nerves of the corolla mucronate or awned;
awns short, long-est in the neutral flower, 2 of the 3 near-
ly unconnected, arising- from the base of the neutral valve.
Anthers o, linear, fulvous. Styles 2, filiform, siigma plu-
mose. (A genus nearly allied to Sesleria.)

S p E ci ES. 1. A- aphidoides, ( Chloris airtipetidula, IVI ic H.
Cynoaunis senmdiis? Pursh, Appendix, p. 728.) Spikes
short, numerous, (30 or 40) reflected downwards, alter-
nately disposed upon a long raceme, each containing
from 4 to 10 glumes, disposed by pairs upon a compress-
ed rachis, mucronately terminated; outer valve of the ca-
lix oblong lanceolate, rigid, shortly mucronate, without
pubescence, generally with a single cartilaginous nerve,
which is a little liispid, (seen through a lens); inner valve
adhering to the rachis, nearly the length of the outer,
very narrow, l-nerved, resembling a bristle. Corolla
smooth, outer valve of the hermaphrodite S-toothcd, in-
ner 2. Neutral flower of one folded valve, 3-awned, the
central awn exserted beyond the calix, the 2 others in-
cluded, arising nearly from the base of the valve, (im-
properly considered, and described by Michaux, as the
rudiments of 2 other flowers.) — This grass begins to ap-
pear in the Western parts of Pennsylvania, and continues
to be met with tlirough Ohio, Illinois, Louisiana, and up
the Missouri, probably to its sources. Like the Seslena
aerulea, it appears to be confined to calcareous soil.

2. Ji. *oligostachywr.. Spikes 2 or 3, nearly terminal,
many floweied; calix and corolla pilose; outer valve of the
corolla distinctly 3-awned, the 2 lateral awns shorter, aris-
ing near the middle of the valve; neutral valve 3-awned.
On tl)e plains of the Missouri with the above. Common.
Culm round, filiform, nearly naked, or with a single
kat", o to 12 inches high, smooth and erect. Leaves very
short, smooth, and subulate, stipule and base of the spikes
shortly bearded. Spikes 1, 2, or 3, about an inch long,
usually curved backwards, unilateral, compressed, and
pectinate, the second spikes bibracteate, rachis Semite-
lete. Glumes in a double row, opposite; each 2-floweredi

TUIANDRIA. DIGYATLA. 79

calix bluish-purple, exterior valve lanceolate, mucronate*
with a single nerve; tlie nerve beset with a few scattered
hairs arisnig- from so many tubercles; inner valves shorter,
very narrow. Corolla, outer valve lanceolate, carinaie, 3-
awned, pilose along tlie margins of the nerves, and at tiie
base; inner valve smoo'.h, shortly bi-cuspidate. Neutral
flower 1-valved, obtuse, with 3 awns, and pubescent at
the base.

This species, though certainly a congener of the pre-
ceding, is very considerably allied to Chloris, appearing
to unite that genus and Seslerio, agreeing partly with the
latter in the structure of the flowers, and with the former
in its habitus. ( .\ North American genus.)

111. MONO CERA. Elliott,

Flowers polygamous, disposed by 2 rows, in-
an unilateral pectinate spike. — Calix 2-valved,
rigid, fixed, many -flowered; valves unequal, the
inner very small, the outer obtusely carinate,
and cuspidate, sending out an horizontal awn
above the middle, tuberculate at its base. Flow-
ers within the common calix, 3 to 4, neuter,
and 1 hermaphrodite; the upper neutral rudi-
ments pedicellate, a\\nless, the lowest neutral
flower sessile, with a long awn: herrnaphrodite
2-valved, with a Sd. accessory valve, dorsal
valves awned; awi.s all arising below the sum-
mit, unequal, and erect.

Culm pubescent, erect, and solid, terminated by a sin-
gle recurved, appressed spike; calix smooth, nerves glan-
duhferous; corolla membranaceous, sessile flowers villous
at the base and midway along the margin, awned from
below the summit. The whole plant' aromatic when
bruised; aroma gramineous, (resembling Anthoxanthwn
odoratum, Holciis odoratns, &c.)

Species. \. J\I. aromatica. ( Chlons monostachya. Mich.
l.p.59)

Culm terete, 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves long, glabrous
below, scabrous above; stipules hairy. Spike terminal,
solitary, one-Sided, spikelets opposite,' in 2 rows. Rachis
semi-cylindric, margined; receptaculum grooved. Calix
rigid, fixed, 2-valved, attached to a callous tubercle at its
base; outer valve oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, a httle ob-
lique, obtusely cai-inate, 3-nerved, with a broade;- mexa-

80 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

branaceous margin on one side, and a lateral tooth on tlie
other, lateral nerves set with 2 rows of g"lobular resinous
glands, the central one, a little pubescent, (seen through
a lens) sending out fiom above the middle, a straight,
• horizontal aw n, tuberculate at its base! rigid, and inclined
inwards; inner \alve acute, 1 -nerved, awnless, about one
fourth the length of ihe outer valve. Flosculi deciduous,
various, 4 or 5, valves lanceolate, membranaceous, cari-
nate, 3 or 4 neutral, only I hermaphrodite, flowers all bi-
valved; fertile and lowest neutral sessile flower villous on
the margin about mid- way, the lowest florets also villous
at the b; sc; the perfect flower sheathed by an auxiliary
valve simdar to that of the corolla; sessile dorsal valves
all awned below the summit, that of the lowest neutral
floret the length of tlie valve; awns straight: lerminal neu-
tral florets pedicellate, smooth, uppermost very small and
entirely awnless. Stamens 3. " Styles 2, shorter than the
corolla. Stigmas plumose, purple. Nectaries 2, obovate,
shorter than the germ." Ki.i.iott. Seed aiillate, trun-
cate at ihe apex, oblong, subtriquetrous, smooth, corcu*
lum merely attached to the separated farinaceous peris-
perm. — (Seen persis'ent in winter, and in a dried state with
Dr. Baldwin, of Savannah.)

Although I have not been able, with Mr. Elliott, to ob-
serve a 3 valved calix in this singular grass, there still
appears to be sufficient reason to separate it from an}' ge-
nus which can iiiclude the Chloris petrieoy and C mucro'
nata. The form and character of the calix, the singular
abortion of the flosculi, in which one side of the spikelet
is neutral, the membranaceous consistence of all the
valves, a large .sessile accessory valve or single glumed
rudiment applied to the dorsal valve of the only herma-
phrodite flower, and tlie awns all arising from beneath
the summit of the valves, are circumstances combined
which perhaps no other known genus possesses .

It exists only, with many other North American plants,
in the primitive maritime soil, and in depressed situations.
Its glandulous aroma is so powerful as to create pun-
gency on being masticated.

112. MANISURIS. X.

Flowers j)o!yg;imous, spiked. — TIermaphrodite
calix l-fl«fwercd, 2-vaIved, valves unequal, ex-
terior conaceous, roundish, tiie base emarginate
on either side. Corolla 2- valved, smaller, in-

TRIAXORIA. DIGYxMA. 81

cludod by the ralix. Masculine and neutral ca-
lix, uniform or leguliir.

Flowers imbiicaf^d in an articulated, unilateral, com-
pressed racliis; the nhiscuiine and hermaplirodi e flowers
intermixed.

Species. 1,M. ^rojitikvis. (On the sea-coast of Caro-
lisia and iieoi-.t(,a. Mich.)

A genus oi Iiulia and America within the tropics, con-
sisting of 2 species.

113. LEPTLRLS. /2. Z?roYtJ?i. (Rotbollia, spe-
cies, friud.)

Flower's poly.i^amous. spiked. Rachis articu-
Jateil, filiform; aiticulatioiis singK-tiijwcred. —
Ccdix fixed, or growiiiji^ to J he rachis, 1 or 2-
valved, the valve simple, or hiparted.

With the precise characters of this genus, as described
by Ml'. R. lirowiij 1 am unacqiiainted, but satisfied with
the pr.jprirty of separating plan;s of such dissimilar ha-
bits, as .ave been iiilherto refeifed to BotboUia, I have
ventured to give it, however imperft^cvly.

SpECTEs 1. J,. *paniculatns. Uachis incurved, com-
pounded, acu'el\ triangular, branches and summit flower-
beaiing; spikes on one side, subulate, compressed, unila-
teral; calix 2-vahvd, acuminate, l-flowered; flowers all
hermaphrodi'e, 2-v^^lved.

Obs. Annu.i. Culm scarcely a foot high, roundish,
compressed, le^tves siiort, rij^id, sheaihing tlie base of
the panicl- ; panicle or naked rachis, slender, rigid, angu-
lar, bearing 6 to 10, com[)i-essed, subulate, spikt^s on one
side, not soluble or fragile at the articulations, each 1 or
2 inches Icng; flowers remote, on one side ot the rachis.
Calix rigidly fixed, of 2 unequal parallel valves closing
the scrobiculum; flower 2-valved, the exterior valve re^
sembhng the calix, the interior membranaceous.

On dry saline plains, near Fort Mandan, on the Mis-
souri. Flowering in June.

114. =5«=ANTH0P0G0N.t (Andropogon amhi-
guniHn Mich.)

Flowers polygamous, irrcgidarly alternating

■f From XV 6 Oi,, a. Jl'jiver and TT My &)v, a beard. The ncairal
rudiment going out into a long awn

82 TRIANDKIA. MONOGYWIA.

upon setaceous spikes disposed in a panicle.—
Calix 2-valve(l, S-ftaweied, one of the flowers
in the for-m of an aboitive pedicellate seta,
valves iigi<i, subuhite, and unecpial. e;?'o\vin,a: to
tlip impressed angular i-achis. Corolla^ ' ima-
phrodite, 2 valved, outer valve terminated by
a long and straight awn. JVeiitral rudiment
pedicellate, of one minute valve going out into
an awn. Seed linear-oblong, internally marked
with a longitudinal furrow.

Allied to the genus Lepfurus^ of Mr. R. Brown; differ-
ing-, however, much in habt, and coiisiderably in charac»
ter, but destitute of all affinity with Andropogon.

Species. 1. A. Leptwoides. Rooi perennial. Culm 18
inciies to 2 ftei, decumbent at \he bas-.^, upwards assur-
gent and erect, ifatV, with shoi-t and nvnnerous articula-
tions. Leaves short, (1 ai d a luilflo 2 inches hnig-) ovate-
lanceolate, very acute, smooth, flat, rig-idly spreading",
and uisiichuUy approximate, perceptibly nerved on the
under side, and exquisitely striate, near half an inch
broad; siieaths bea.ded externally at the summit, stipula
obliterated. Panicle subverticillate; spikes or racemes
numerous (20 lo oO) simple, se'aceous, and very long-, (4
to 6 inches;) racliis angular, f-cai)r(jus. Flowers inier-
rupler!, approximating tow ardsthe extr.nuties, appressed
to the lacliis. Calix 2-valved, 2-flo\vered, (one of the flow-
ers always imperfect and neutral,) growing to the rachis,
persistent, valves unequal in length, very narrow, cari-
nate, rigid and pungentiy subulate, each with a single
nerve; the inner vnlve shorter, appressed to superficial
depressions in the rachis; racliis and calix purplish. Co-
rolla hermaphrodite, 2-valved, dorsal valve linear lanceo-
late, obtusely carinate, 3-nerved, terminated by a slender,
straight, scabrous awn, nearly 3 times its own length, a
little villous on tiie margin, and at the base; inner valve
flat, membranaceous, 2-nerved, acute. Neutral rudimei^t
pedicellate, very minute, 1-valved, with an awn somewhat
longer than the pedicell. Stamens o, exserted. Styles 2;
9'igma plumose. Seed naked, liner.r-oblong, with a de-
pressed furrow on the inner side, and an obtusely angular
ridge on the other.

On the banKs of the Potomac, near Harper's Ferry,
Virginia, and in the pine barrens of Carolina and Georgia.

This plant is in many respects very closely allied to

TRIANDRIA. MONOGTNIA. 83

Lepturns *panicidati/s, and ought perhaps to be united
with that genus as a subgeneric section.

115. ROTBOLLIA. L,

Flowers polvj^amous. Rcichis aftiriilated, ry.
liridiic, ()tt< n filiform; articulations 2 or more
flowered. — Calix ovate-lanceolate, flat, 1 or 2-
\alved. Corolla smaller. 2-valved.

Spike mostly sohtary, terminal; rarely axillary, or fasci-
culated, in a panicle. Flowers alternaun^- on a flexuose
or sinuated rachis. Hermaphrodite cahx 1 -flowered, 1
or 2-valved; the exterior valve indirated, and cai-tilag'i-
nous, or coriaceous, gi-owing- fir'^Jy to ilie rachis, often
emarg'inate at the base, and closin,^ the depressed sinus
of the jointi or scrobiculum hke a lid; tiie cavity itself
often answering" the purpose of a second calicine valve.
In this g-enus there is always more than a single flower
on each joint of ihe rachis, which is fragile.

Species. 1. Ji. dimidiatu? On the sea-coast of Carolina
and Georgia.

§11 Apogonia. Articulations 2-flowered; flowers
awnless; tlie hermaphrodite sessde, with a 2-valved calix,
the male or neuter pedicellate — Grasses considerably
allied to Andropogon^ but with awnless ;<lumes, and col-
lected into C}liiidric or filiform spikes ujjon a scrobicu-
late or alternately excavated rach.s.

2. * ciliata. Culm er ct, tall; spikes terete, upon long pe-
duncles, pedicellate flowers on one side of the rachis, pe-
dicells and margin of the rachis villousi calix and corolla
each 2 valved.

Culm erect, solid, compressr-d, very smooth, son^etimes
with a few scattered' hairs near the jomfs, 3 or 4 ieet high,
not fragile at the joints, ab^ ve and contiguous to the
branches, deeply grooved. Leaves long, vtry narrow,
subulate, and acute, sharply and conspicuou!^ly serrulate
towards the point; sheathes much shorier thivu the inter-
nodes; stipules minute, smooth. Axillary bianches ter-
minating in a single spike- spkes 4 or 5, more or less, 3
or 4 inches lon,!<, subcylindnc, a litiie compressed, with
thf pedicellate male or neuter flowers on one side; rachis
slender, flat, and externally villous, fragile at the joints.
Calix 2-valved, l-flowt- red; the hermaphrodite stssne, the
mascidine or neuter pedicellate; outer valve oi' the her-
iTK-p'irodite calix linear-ianc oiate, acute, scribrous on the
ttaigi.i, cartilaginous and polished, often minutely bitid

84 TRIANDRIA. MOXOGTNIA.

or emarginate, inner marcfin closely inflected, including
the corolla, and the shorter membranaceous inner valve
(almost after the maimer of J\'ardus stricta). Corolla 2-
valved, ver\ thin and membranaceous. Masculine or neu-
tral flower and calix smaller. Stamens 3. Styles 2, brown,
plumose, and exserted.

Collected by Dr. Baldwyn, on the sea-coast of Georg-ia.
■». s. This species has very much tlie habit, and indeed
the character oi Andropojoii.

3. *rugosa. Culm erect, leafy; spikes cylindric, solitary,
axillary, and proximate; joints of the rachis smooth, sub-
semic}lindric, tumid; ouLer valve of the heimaphrodite
flower transverse!}' rug"ose, 3-valved; accessory flow'ep
mostly neuter, upon an emarg-mated pedicell.

Culm erect, tall, smooth, and solid, deeply grooved at
the commencement of the branches. Leaves rather short,
scabrous on themarg-in and midrib; sheathes compresstd,
shorter than the internodes, in the stem leaves nearly
open, and cloven to the base, with membranaceous mar-
g-ins. Spikes 2 to 3 inches long-, axillary, solitary, cyhndric,
approximating, turnishtd witli cymbit'orm sheathes, as in
tite genus .lndropo^o?i; perfect and imperfect flowers in-
clined to difterent sides of the spike, the latter pedicel-
liiie, mostly neuter; flowers and rachis euireiy smooth,
articulations deeply excavated, closed conjointly by the
com])iessi,'d neutral pedicells, and the valve of the perfect
flower. Outer valve of the hermaphrodite calix obliquely
ovate, acute, cartilaginous, externally marked with 2 or 3
transverse rugose elevations, inner valve acute, coriace-
ous, covered by the excavated arch of the rachs, and la-
terally impressed by the contiguous pedicell of the neu-
ter flower; corolla 3-valved, exterior auxiliary valve, or
neutral rudiment? nearly the length of the cahx, proper
corolla valves oval obtuse, considerably shorter than the
calix; valves of the neutral calix smooth and even, scarce-
ly l-fourth the size of those of the perfect flower. Sta-
mens 3. Styles 2, very short.

Collected by |)r. Baldwyn, on the sea-coast of Florida.
V. s. This species appears to be less allied to .indropo-
g-on by character than the former, but possesses at the
same time much of the habit of that genus, having axil-
lary pt-dicellate, solitary spikes, of which there are fre-
quently 2 in the same shrath of the leaf; each of the
spikes are also partly closed in a proper spathose acu-
minate leai with membranaceous margins. This species
appears to be very considerably allied to the B fascicn-
hita, of Desfontaints as figured and described in the

TRIANDRIA. DIGTNIA. 85

Flora Atlantica. To the present section of this t^enus ap-
pertains the R. hivsuta of ^'g"ypt, and the R. Coaloru'
chis of the isle of Tanna in the J'acific. The R. monayu
lira of Spain, appears to be almost an Andropogon, from
the diagnosis.

The genus Rotbolliuy though not numerous in species,
appears to have been dispersed upon every known sea^
coast; they are found upon all the coasts of Europe, of
Northern Africa, of America, of India, and of Australia,
as well as upon the remotest shores of the latest disco-
vered islands in the Pacific

116. TRIPSACUM. X.

Masculine calix S-valved, 2-flowered. Corolla
2-valved, membranaceous, imperforate- at the
base. Female calix 1 -flowered, 2-valved, ex-
terior valve indurated, resembling an involu-
crum of one leaf, with 2 small pci forated sinu-
ses at its base. Corolla valves numerous, very
thin and membranaceous. Stijles 2, exserted.
Seed large, ovate, arillate.

Nearly allied to many species of the preceding" genus.
Flowers monoicous, disposed in spikes, which are simple
or aggregated, upper ones masculine, brought together
by pairs, each 2-flowered; female calix 2-valved, the exte-
rior valve indurated, firmly closing the scrobiculum, but
perforated by 2 small sinuses at its base, and an emargi-
nation, or bifid apex for the egress of the styles which are
plumose and exserted; valves of ti)e corolla involute, mem-
branaceous, about 6, extremely thin, 4 of them probably
rudiments of flowers which are constantly abortive for
want of space. Seed large, roundly ovate, arillate, and
somewhat gibbous. Perisperm large, corneous and fa»
rinaceous: corculum laterally attached, naked Necta-
rium of the male flowers 2.ieaved, truncate and emargi-
nate.

Species. 1. T. dactyloides. On the sea-coast, and also
in the vast prairies of the western states. Z. Colhns,
Esq. informs me of its existence near the banks of the
Schuylkill, 25 miles above Philadelphia 2. monostaehymi.

A North American genus.

il7. ^GILOPS. L,

Calix lateral, 2-valved, mostly 3-flowered,
1

•6 TRIANDIMA. DIGYNIA.

valves coriaceous, broatl, with many awns;
awns rigid and divergent. Corolla 2 valved,
outer valve terminated by 2 or 3 awns. — Flow-
ers spiked, intermediate masculine; lateral, her-
maphrodite, sessile.

Small grasses, allied to FJymuSy valves of the calix re-
markably rigid and truncate, deeply divided inio many
flat and long scabrous awns; valves of the corolla also si-
milarly divided and awned.

Species. 1. ^£. *Hystnx. Spike squarrose, with very
long recurved and divergent awns: calix smooth, gene-
rally 4-parted to the base: segments mostly bifid, un-
equally i2-awned; spikelet about 4 flowered, the 2 mascu-
line or neuter pedicellate, and intermediate; dorsal valve
of the corolla terminated by about 2 or 3 unequal awns.

Considerably allied to Elymiis. Culm 4 to 6 inches
high. Leaves scabrous, str ate, pungently acute, about
2 mches long. Spike 1 or 2 mches, sheathed at the base.
Rachis flexuose, compressed, narrow, articulations dis-
tinct. Spikelets alternate, about 4-flowered, lateral her-
maphrodite flowers 2, sessile; intermediate, pedicellate,
the lower masculine, the uppermost smaller, abortive.
CaliX as in ElymxiSy mostly 4-cleft to the base; segments
usually bifid, striate, divergent, terminating in very long"
unequal awns, exterior awn more than 2 inches, subulate,
and i ecurved at an obtuse angle, interior awn shorter and
more slender. Corolla, dorsal valve terminated by a long
awn arising from betwixt two slender and unequal setae;
inner valve somewhat ciUate, terminated also by 2 short
cap diary awns.

On the arid plains of the Missouri.

Of tliis genus there are 2 species in the South of Eu-
X'ope, one of them also conrimon to Barbary, and the other
to Candia, there are likewise 2 other species peculiar
to those two places.

118. ELYMUS. L. (Lyme-grass. Wild Rye.)
Calices lateral, 2-valved, many-flowered, ag-
gregated by pairs, in the manner of a 4-leaved
invol>JCi*mn. Corolla 2-valved.

Flowers in simple spikes, alternately imbricated around
a common axis; spikelets 2, 4, oi 6.flowered, by pans, or
more rarely by thi'ees in eucii mdeiuure of the axis; valves
of the calix or common inrolucrum, very narrow and ri-

TRIANDRIA. DIGiNIA. 87

gid, often setlform, mucronate or diminishing into a mere
awn. Exteror valve of the corolla generally awned.

Species. 1. E. pMlade'phiaisP Q. canadensis. These
2 are probably the same species. 3. gJancifohus. A very
imperfectly defined species, and very nearly allied to
No. 2. 4. villosus. 5. virg-hu'cus. 6. striatus. 7. curop^e^is.
— § II. AsPERELLA. CulixU. CorolU 2-valved. F.xterior
Valve larger, mucronate. — Humboldt. 9. Hystrix? Spike-
lets 4-flowered; involucrate calix 0, but corresponding-
callosities in its place.

A genus of but ^^^^ species, existing- in Europe, Ame»
rica, Northern Asia (Siberia), and Northcn Africa (Bar-
bary). Except in North \merica where 8 ouj- ot 11 spe-
cies exi-.t, this genus is confined »o the sea-coast. ^ The
E. areyiarijis, is one of hose grasses which assist in ar-
resting the progress of moveable sands.

119. HORDh:UM. L, (Bailey.)

Culyces lateral, 2 vaiveJ, iriosily l-uowereu,
a£!:gr< gated by tlirccs. s;» as to resembie a seta-
ceous 6 leaved iuvolucrum; the central flower
sessile, the lateral ones stipitate, usually sterile.
Corolla 2-valved. acute; exterior valve awned.

Very nearly allied both by habit and character to the
preceding genus. Flowers spiked, imbricated mos'lyin
2 rows; calycine involucrum setaceous, 6-leaved, divisions
approaching by pairs. In the H hexastichon, the flowers
are imbricated in 6 ranks, because all the flo-weis are
hermaphrodite; probably a mere effect of cultivation.

Species. 1. H vu'gare. Cultivated. Flowers all her-
maphrodite; probably the effect of culture? Still found
wild about Margamen in Sicily. 2. *pusilhim. Lateral
masculine or neutral flowers awnless, acute; four internal
calicine glumes, coriaceous and dilated, those of the her-
maphrodite sublanceolate; internal valve of the lateral
masculine flower, subsemi-ovate.

Culm 4 to 6 inches, decumbent,or somewhat geniculate
at the base. Leaves rather glaucous, a little pubescent on
the under surface, s'riate, about one and a half inches
long, and almost obtuse; uppermost sheath tumid and
very smooth, embracing the spike. Spike linear; about
one and a half inches long. Glumes by threes, dis.-
tichally imbricated. Lateral imperfect flowers awnless,
acute; central sessile flower awned, the awn almost ex-
actly the length of that of the subtending calix; awns

"^8 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

scabrous. Calix smooth, nerveless, exterior valve in the
oukr flowers setaceous from lis base, the inner valves ob-
liquely dilated, and rigidly coriaceous, all awned, the in-
ner divisions of tiie lateral flowers, appearing- nearly se-
mi-ovaie, the central ones sublanceolate. Corolla nerve-
Jess, the inner valve furnished with a short awn, arising
from its base. Nearly allied, apparently, to the H. mari^
timum.

On the arid and saline plains of the Missouri.

3 jubatum. On the calcareous islands of Lake Huron
and Michigan, also on the hanks of the Missouri.

The genus Hordeinn exists chiefly In Kurope, extend-
ing" into Northern Africa, and Tartary In Asia. The 2
species above described are natives of North America,
and the F. jiibatwn Is also common to Smyrna.

120. SECALE. L. (Rye.)

Calix S-valved, valves opposite, or 1-valvecl
and many-flowered; giurijes linear-lanceolate,
smooth, or channelled on either side; exterior
valve terminated by a long awn. — Flowers
spiked, racliis toothed.

PpEciEs. 1. S.cereale, Cultivated, No where natu»
rtliztd or indig-eaous la the United States. Native in the
isle of Crete.

i21. TRITICUM. Z. (Wheat.)

CnlLx 2-valved, solitary, many-flowered;
valves parallel to the rachis. Flowers some-
what obtuse, glumes unarmed, or interruptedly
awned. Spikelets rather short, approximating
,on the sides of a flat rachis.

Species. 1. T. sativum. Cultivated. Of this Impor-
tant species there are 3 well known varieties, as x. (csti.
viim (Spring-wheat). /3. hybermim (autumnal or winter-
wheat), y. dunon, with the culm solid, and the seed hard,
and afTording but little farina. This worthless variety is
the only one cultivated throughout Barbary. The native
place of this species, as well as the T. polojiicum and T.
SpeUa, can now no longer be ascertained; still it appears
probable that the T, sativum originated in Egypt, the era.

TRIANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 89

die of agriculture and the arts. With the exception of a
variety of the T. caninum discovered in South America,
this genus appears ahiiost peculiar to Europe.

122. LOLIUM. L. (Darnel.)

Calix of une leaf, fixed to the rachis, many-
flowered. Flosculi distichally imbricated. Seed
coated by the corolla. — Spike simple.

Species. 1. L. perenne- 2. temuleiitum. Introduced,
now naturalized. In this genus there are species which
sometimes produce an inner valve, in which case the Lo-
Hum approaches very near to Triticiim.

Order 3. — Trigynia,

123. HOLOSTEUM. L.

Calix 5-leaved. Petals 5, eroded, orbiparteil.
Capsule 1-celled, subcylindric, bursting at the
summit.

Leaves opposite; flowers axillarj' and terminal, in di-
chotomous corymbs, in H. wnbellatwn, umbellate, some-
times with 4 or 5 stamens, and 4 styles.

Species. 1. H. succulentum. Probably nothing more
than Arenaria peploidesy which grows on the sea- coast
of New-Jersey, as this /ro/o*/e?(7« cannot now be found.

A genus of but 6 species, of which there are 2 in the
West Indies, 1 in Malabar, and another in Europe.

124. POLYCARPON. L.

Calix 5-leaved. Petals 5, very short, emar-
ginate and persistent. Capsule ovate, 1 -celled,
2-valved.

i: Leaves opposite, or verticillate in fours, furnished with

scariose supules; flowers in a dichotomous terminal co-
rymb.

Species. 1. P. tetraphylbim. Around Charleston,
(South Carolina) abundant.— Elliott. Probably intro-
duced.

12

90 TRIANDUIA. TRIGYNIA.

125. MOLLUGO. L.

Calix 5-leaved, coloured inside. Corolla 0.
Capsule 3-celled, 3-vaIved.

Leaves mosUy verticillate; flowers axillary and ter-
Jininal.

Species. 1. M. verticillata. A ^enus consisting of 6
species, inhabiting India, Africa, and America.

126. LECHEA. Kalm. L.

Calix 3-leaved. Petals 3, linear. Styles 0,
sti.^mataS, plumose. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved,
with as many other interior valves. Seeds 1 in
each cell.

Herbaceous or sufFruticose plants, with the habit of
Linum; leaves alternate or opposite; peduncles many-flow-
ered, either axillary or in terminal panicles. Stamens
sometimes 4 or 5,

Species. 1. L. villoma (L. major, Mich.) 2. mijior.
3. racemulosa. 4. thymifolia. 5. tenuifoUa.

An American genus, with the exception of the L. ver-
cillata of India.

127. ERIOCAULON. L. (Pipe-wort.)

Common calix many-leaved, many-flowered;
proper calix superior of 2 or 3 leaves. — Malt
flowers central. Corolla monopetalous, cloven.
"-^Female flowers marginal; corolla of 2 petals.
Stigmas 2 or 3. Capsule of 2 or 3 cells, cells
1-seeded.

Scapes angular, sheathed at the base; leaves radical *
gramineous; flowers imbricated in an hemispherical capi-
tulum within a common calix, (as in Syngenesious plants)*
the central flowers masculine, marginal feminine.

Species. 1. E. decangulare. % gnaphalodes. 3. pellu-
cidum. 4. villosum. S.Jiavididum.

A genus confined to India, Australasia, South and North
America. Tiiere is also 1 species in Europe. Mr. R. Brown
has ascertained about 30 species of tliis genus, many
which are indigenous to New Holland.

TRIANDRIA, TRIGYNIA. ^1

128. PROSERPINICA. X.

Calix superior, 3-parted, persistent. Corolla
0. JSTut triquetrous, 3-celled.

Subaquatic; leaves alternate, under water plnnatifid
above lanceolate, serrate; flowers axillary, sessile. '

Species. I. P. palustns. 2. pectinaia. Probably only
a variety of the preceding.

A genus peculiar to the United States.

CLASS IV.— TETEANDKIA,

Order 1. — Monogynia.

§ I. OVARIUM INFERIOR.

f Moiiopetalous.

129. CEPHALANTHUS. L. (Button- wood.)
Common calix 0; proper superior, small and

angular, 4-cleft. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-
cleft. Stamina exserted; stigma globose. Cap-
sule mostly bipartile, (2 to 4,) 2-celled, 2-seed-
ed; cells semi bivalve; exterior valve angular,
indurated, interior flat and flexile. Seed soli-
tary, sheathed at the apex with a suberose cal-
lus. Receptacle globose, hairy.

A shrub with entire leaves, which are opposite and tep-
nate; producing^ flowers in a pedunculate globose capitu-
lum. Seeds 2 lo 4.

Species. 1. C. occidentalis. From Canada to Florida;
near stagnant waters. The bark is considered to be a to-
nic. A variety, or perhaps a distinct species, with pubes-
cent leaves, is said by Dr. Baldwin, to exist near Ricebo-
rough in Georgia.

Pecidiar lo North America; but scarcely diifering from
the JVmiclea of India and Africa, excepting in the number
of its pans, which are 4 in place of 5.

130. DIPSACUS. L. (Teasel.)

Flowers collected into an ovate or roundish
capitulum. — Common calix many -leaved, folia-
ceous, (involucrum): proper superior, of 1 leaL
CoroWa 4 -lo bed. Receptack paieaceous; chftffn-

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 93

§i(l, mostly longer than the flowers. Fappiis
cup- shaped.

Herbaceous, prickly or asperate; leaves of the stem
often connate at the base; capitulum teiminal.

Species. 1. D syh-estns. Introduced; now becoming
naturalized.

A genus indigenous to the South of Europe. The D.
fuUonum with hooked chaff is used in dressing woollen
"cloth.

131. GALIUM. L, (Bed-straw. Cleavers.)
Calix 4 toothed. Corolla monopetalous, 4-

clel't, flat. Seeds 2, nearly round.

Smooth or asperate: flowers terminal, often corymbose-
ly paniculate, or axillary. Leaves verticillate. Flowers
rarely 3-cleft^ with 3 s'amens.

Species. 1. G. trifid'im. 2, latifolium. 3. iiniforum. 4.
iinctorium. 5. asprellum. 6. Apariue- 7. uliginosxim? 8.
brachitUiim, Pursh. 9- tri/Ionim. 10. hispididum. 11. Ber-
mmlianiim. 12. pilosiim. 13. circeza?is. l^-. boreale 15.
cmpidatim\f Elliott, (with the segments of the corolla cau-
date.)

The principal part of this numerous genus, exists in
Europe, several ai-e alpine, there are also species in Sibe-
ria, Barbary, and at the Cape of Good Hope; 7 m Peru,
and 1 at Montevideo; 1 in the forests of Arabia, described
by Forskall, and another around the ruins of Jerusalem;
in the isle of Crete there are 2 species whh shrubby stems.
Several species of Galium, Hke tlie Madqler {Riibia tine-
torinn) to which they are nearly allied, afford scarlet or
orange dyes. Of these the G. ^//^c/ori//??i and G. boreale?
are made use of by the aborigines of North America, in
the same manner as the Peruvians did of the G. carymbO"
sum. (V. Flor. Peruv. i. p. 59.)

132. RUBIA. L. (Madder.)

Calix 4-toothed. Corolla campanulate, 4 or 5
cleft. Berries 2, roundish and smooth, single-
seeded. {Stamina 4 or 5.)

Habit similar to Galium.

Species. 1. i?. Broumel. From Carolina to Florida.

Of this genus, besides the above, there are 2 species
indigenous to the continent of Europe; 1 to Chili, 1 to
Madrass in India, 1 to Minorca, and 2 to Majorca, of

94 TETRANDRIA. MONOGTNIA.

which the R cordifolia is also common to Siberia, China>
Japan, and lie Cape ot" Good Hope; \n the Isle of Tene-
rifie there exists a shrubby species of Rubia.

133. SPERMACOCE. L.

Calix 4 -toothed. Corolla funnel-formed, 4-
cleft. Seeds 2, each bideritite.

Flowers axillary, ver;icillate, more rarely corymbose
or terminally cap'tate.

Species. 1. *S'. temdor. '2. glabra. 3. Diodina. 4. in-
vohicrata.

Of this genus there are 6 species in India, and 20 in
Korvh and South America, chiefly within the tropics Tiie
S. verticidata is a shrub common to Jamaica and Africa.

r34. DIODIA. Gronovius. L,

Calix bifid. Corolla tubular, funnel-formed;

Mostly procumbent; rarely scandent; stem herbaceous
or su frulicose, flo. ers usually ^(jliLiry and axiliary.

Species. 1 D virginica. 2 te.ragona. 3 hirsiUa.

An American genus, of wljicti 5 other species are indi-
genous to the West India islands.

135. OLDENLANDIA. L.

Calix 4 parted, superior. Corolla 4.cleft, (4-
petalled, Pers'iox.) scarcely tubulose. Capsule
2-celled, many-seeded.

Mostly herbaceous, many species annual; flowers axil-
lary or terminal, sessile or pedunculate, peduncles 1 or
many.flowered; in some species the flowers are umbel-
late.

Species. 1. O. glomerata. 2- wujlora. Probably a
mere variety of No. 1.

This genus appears to be almost equally divided be-
twixt India and the tropical regions of America. The
genus Hedyotis to which Mr. Elliott is inclined to refer
the O. glomerata is also almost equally divided betwixt
India and South America.

136. HOUSTONIA. L,

Calix 4 -toothed. Corolla of 1 petal, funnel

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 95

form, 4-cleft. Capsule S-celled, many-seeded,
half superior, opening transversely.

Flowers terminal, rarely axillary; stem dichotomous,
mostly quadrangular.

Species. 1. ff. patens^ El. {pvsilla.) The smallest
and earliest flowering' species of the genus. Leaves pe-
tiolate, ovate, acute, marg-in and angles of the stem a
little scabrous; segments of the corolla short, rounded,
obtuse. 0. 1 to 2 inches high. Flowers saturate blue.
2. caerulea. Smootn; radical leaves ovate, spalhulate; stem
dichotomous, pt-duncles 1-flowered, very long; segments
of the corolla oblong oval, with acute points. 3. serpyllU
folia. 4. tenella^PvnsH. 5.roUmdifolia. Peduncles axillary.
6. long-ifoliaf (H. ang-iistifoUa, Mich.)

7. *ten'afolia. Smooth; stem erect, divaricate, extreme-
ly branched; leaves very narrow and linear; ramuli sub-
trichotomous, flowers terminal, subfastigiate, corymbu-
!ose, long and seiaceously pedunculate.

Stem about 6 inches high, dichotomously subdivided 4
or 5 times. Leaves an inch long, scarcely a line wide,
nearly of an equal breadth, and somewhat acute. Pe-
duncles setaceous; from half an inch to 1 inch long, 1 to
3 and 4-flowered Calix 4-cleft, setaceous Flowers smalL
— Near the confluence of Pidgeon river, and the French
Broad, Tennessee, on dry gravelly hills.

S. purpurea. Flowers subcan'panulate, stamens exsert-
ed beyond the tube of the corolla

With the exception of the splendid Houstonia cocchiea,
of Mexico, this genus is thus far confined to the United
States.

137. POLYPREMUM. L.

Calix 4 parted. Corolla 4-cleft, rotate, beard-
ed at the orifice, t^tamina included. Capsule
compressed, 2-celIed, many-seeded.

Herbaceous, erect, or procumbent, dichotomous; leaves
©pposite, membranaceoush connate; flowers small, di-
chotomal and terminal, each surrounded by a bracteal
involucrum.

Species. 1. P. prociimbens. A genus consisting of
but a single species., peculiar lo the United Statfs, and
extendmg from Virginia to the Gulf ot Mexico; nearly al-
allied to JSoustoniUi differing principally in habit.

96 TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

138. MITCHELLA. X. (Partridge- berry.)
Flowers by pairs upon the same gtM-m, supe-
rior— Calix 4-t()(»(hed. Corolla fiiiinel form,
tube eylimlric; limb 4 parted, spreading viil us
on the inner side. Stamina 4, scarcely exserted.
Stigma 4 cleft. Berry, by the union of the 2
germs, didymous, 4-seedpd.

An herbaceous repent evergreen; flowers by pairs ter-
minal or axillary, berry scarlet, hibernal, edible, but in-
sipid.

Species. 1. M- repens. The only species known;
extending in the shade of forests from Canada to Georgia.
The gi nus JVIitchella appears to be somewhai allied to
^iegiphila or JVuxia, and also to Symphoricarpos.

139. LINN^A. Gronovius. L.

Calix double: that of the fruit Sleaved, of the
flower 5-parted, superior. Corolla turbinate,
subcanipanulate, 5-lobed. Stamina somewhat
di'lynamous. Stigma globose. Berry sniall>
ovate, dry, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded.

Herbaceous, creeping, and semperrirent; leaves oppo-
site; surculi erect, the upper part naked and 2-flowered>
fruit crowned by the permanent calix.

Species. 1. L. borealis. A small plant dedicated by
Gronovius to the name of Lmnseus, who discovered it in
the wilds of Lf.pland: it was afterwards found in Sweden,
in Germany, and in Scotland, where it had been overlook-
ed or neglected, and it is now also met with in all the
northern regions of the American continent, from the
mountainous banks of the Susquehannali, to the arctic cir-
cle: (abundant in the shady pine forests of Lake Huron.)
In America, the Lifmaa is confined to the dark forests of
the cities canadensis, A. nigra, and .i. bahamea, accom-
panied by the THoitalisy Polygalu paitcifolia, Jllitchella,
and Gaultliena. Unchanged by the vicissitudes of cli-
mate, it always apparently presents the san.e character,
whether grow. ng in the fortsis of A.merica or of Europe,
and in every system it stands alone, without distinct af-
finity to any other genus. Bauhin, indeed, after the man-
ner of the older botanists, jud.aing from the mere form of
the corolla, referred it to Ca?npa7iula, and called it C ser-
pylUfolia.

TETKANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 9/

ff Jpdalons.
140. EL.EAGjSUS. Jv. (Oleaster.)

Calix 4 cleft, ranij)anuliite, coloured on th©
inner side. Stamina alternating with the divi-
sinns (.f the calix; anthers subsessile. Style
short, Dni2}e dry, 1 -seeded, marked with 8 fur-
rows.

Trees or shrubs; flowers axillary, solitary or apfpfreg-ate,
somelimes polygamous. In ;he E. angiist'folia,cu\U\,.ted
in Kurope and Africa, for tiie fine oiior of its flowers, the
calix occtirs sometimes from 5 to 8 cleft, wi'.h the s ime
irretiular number of stamens. V. De^foiit. Flor. Atlunt. i.
p. 144.

Species. \. E. *argentea. Una'-med; leaves undulated,
oval oblong, ratiier a<-me, on eitlier side smooth, and co-
vered with silver} scale s; flowers aggrep ate, noddmg, ber-
T\ railiei- lai-ge, sub;^lohose, covered with silvery scales.

Obs. Drupe cartilaginoMS, roundish-ovate, willi 8
grooves; nucleus subcyl;ndric, stirrounded by a tenaceous
woolly inte.cument.

Hab. At Hudson's Bay, and on the argillaceous broken
banks of the Missouri, near Fort Mandan. \ shrub from
8 to 12 feet high, apparently dioicous, producing a dry
farinaceous edible drupe, about the size of a small
cherry.

This genus is so neaily allied to Jlippophae, as well as <o
another which I am about to propose, that it is to be re-
gretted any artificial s} stem sliould ever sepai-ate them.
Th^-y are, however, distinctly die icons, having male and
ttmale flowers of different structure. Of this g( nus, be-
sides the ah(jve, (wliich appears lo be more nearly related
to the E. macropl.vUa of Japan, tlian the £. lati folia') y\\\i-x&
are 10 species; 1 in the South of pAirope, anotiier in Rus-
sia and the Fast, another in Egypt, and a 4th in Ceylon,
with 6 m Japan.

fff Polijpetalous,
141. LUDMIGIA. /..

CalLv 4 parted, persistent, snperinr. Corolla
4-]}etalled. oi- o. Capsule 4 sided, 4 -celled, in-
ferior, many-seeded.

A genus chiefly consisting of herbaceous plants, with
K

98 TETRANDRIA. MONOGTNlAf

alternate or opposite simple leaves, and flowers which are
solitary and axillary, or tending- to be terminally aggre-
gated. Petals generally yellow and caducous.

Species. § i. Petaliferous. — 1. L. macrocarpa. 2. ala-
ta, Kl. 3. sphecrocurpa E. 4 cylindrica, E. 5. lunceolata.Vj.
6. fiirsnta. 7. aiiyustifAia. 8. virgata 9.Jussiceoirles. 10 ca-
pitata. 11 pedtniculosa. — ^ ii. Apetalous. — 12. microcarpa.
13. mollis.

A genus confined to the United States, with the excep-
tion ot 2 species in India, growing principally in the
Southern Slates, on the margins of ponds and swamps,
the L. macrocarpa being the only species which extends
beyond the 38th degree of north latitude, except perhaps
the L, Idrsuta m a few peculiar localities.

142. ISNARDIA. L,

Calix caMjpanulate, 4-rleft. Petals 0, or mi-
mite. Capsule suriounded by the base of the
calix, 4-sided, 4-celle(J, many-seeded.

A creeping aquatic herb; leaves opposite; flowers mi-
nute, axillary, opposite and sessile. — With the habit of
JPeplis, but more closely allied to Jjiidivigin.

Species. 1. I pahistris. {lAidxvigia mtida, MicH.)
Common to Europe and Ameiica, from Canada to the
West liides. Of this genus there is only another species
jn Peru.

143. CORN US. L. (Cornel. Dog wood.)
Flowers sometimes ai^giegated in a 4-lcaved

involiicriim. — Ca/i^ 4-toolhed. Petals 4, small,
broader at tiie base. Drupe inferior, not crown-
ed by the calix; nut 2-celled, 2-seeded.

Small trees or shrubs; leaves opposite, without stipules,
in one species alternate; flowers in some species disposed
in terminal corymbs, commg out later than the leaves, in
others earlier, collected in umbells or capituli subtended
by a common 4-leaved involucrunt, which is sometimes
large and coloured, as in C Jiurida, C- suecica^ and
C. canndenMs.) Corculum of the seed long, involved in a
carneous perisperm.

Species. 1. C. canodenfiis. %fovida. 3. circinata. 4.
sericea. 5. asperifolia. 6. stricta. 7 ■ sanguiiiea. 8. alba.
(The fruit of ih-s pecies, thouiih bitter and unp.-iUitsible,
is eaten bv the savages of tht Missouri, fi-om v. hence it
seems to extend across the continent, and appears again

TETRA?iT)RIA. MONOGTNIA. 99

in Siberia.) 9 paniculnta. 10. alternifoUa. Of this genus
there are 2 otlier si^ecies in Kur<>pe, and 2 whicharc cum-
mun to tliat Coiiiincut, .\s'ia, and America.

§ II. OVARIUM SUPERIOR.

f. »}Ionopct(ilous,

144. CEVTUNCULUS. L. (Bastard Pimper^
iiel. C.'iaffvveed.)

Calix 4-clort. Corolla 4-lobed, tiibulose, per-
sistfiit, border spn^adi/ji^. Stamina short, na-
ked. Capsule 1 -ceiled, dividing liemispberical-
ly, many -seeded.

Annual; leaves altornale, rarely opposite; flovvers soU-
tiiry, axdlnry, Sessile, or miniittly peunncMiate, frequently
5-cltft, and with 5 stamens. Scarcely distinct from ^tia-
galtis.

Species 1. C lunceolnUis. {^inagalUs ovalis, Flor.
Peruv vol. ii. p. 8. t. 115 f. a.) Stem irreg"ularly ano-ular,
3 to 5 inches Wigh, simple, or alternately branched, the
lower joints often sending out roots. Leaves oval or oval-
lanceolate, acute at either extremity. Mowers minutely
peduncnlaie, (peduncle about half a line. ) Calix as well
as the corolla often 5 parted, segments linear and acumi-
nated. Corolla tubular, scarcely ever expandin.q, divisions
lanceolate, acute, tube wide at the base. — In Caiohna. 2.
'^/ninimiis. Stem simple, or sometimes with a single
branch from near the base, obsoletely anii^ular. Leaves
alternate, spatlv.date-ovate, acute; flowers nearly sessile,
often 5-cleft and pentandrous. — In depressed, and inun-
dated situations on the mai-gins of ponds, near Fort -Man-
dan on the Missouri. — Abundant. 4 to 6 inches high; flow-
ering in July. Probablv both these plants are mere va-
rieties of the same species, wliich ntay then be considered
indigenous to Europe and both the continents of Ame-
rica.

145. PLANTAGO. L. (Plantain.)

Calix 4-cleft. Corolla 4 -cleft; border reflect-
ed. Stamina mostly exserted, very long*. Cap-
sule 2-celled, opening transversely.

Leaves all radical; flowers in densely spiked scapes,
each subtended by a bracte.

100 TETRAXBRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Species. 1. P. major. 2. lanceolata, (introduced, now
every where naturaiized.) 3. cordata. 4. cucuUcUa. 5. in-
tervupta. &. mariiima. 7 . caro'lniana. § ii. Slamiiia nut ex-
serted. Capsule 2-celIed, 2-seeded. Stemiess. ( \ilieu to
Psyllium.) 8. xivginica. be.umcnts of the corolla rcs-
tiately conrilvent. 9. *gnaphaloides {P. L:igopus, FvnsH.
a name already applied to a vc ry d sdnct species). Every
where coveied with a silky villus; leaves linear-oblong",
entire; stamina included; calix iig<].--On die suinniiis of
hig'h and gravelly hills; commciicing- to appear near the
confluence of the river Juuke, and the Mis^tniri. 10. *pu-
Sula. Minutely pubesceni; leaves Lnear, entire, narrower
towards the base, and a liitle carnose, shorter than the
scape; scape round, filiform; spike, subcyiindric, inler-
rupteci; calix rigid; brac;es ovate, acute; slaniina included.
— On arid sahne liilis near tiie M.ssouri. Flowers in May.
Only 1 to 3 inches high. O-

P. aristata, Mich. (One or two plants only out of many
others which 1 obtained from seeds, gathered in Upper
Louisiana, produced the long subulate bracles dtscnbed
by Michaux, from whence his specific n.ime is derived.)

P. e^ongata, Puish, in Suppl. ii. p. 729. P. paucijiora, of
the same, i. p. 99. On all the bea-coasts from Labrador
to Florida.

11 * glabra. Leaves ovate, denticulate, smooth; scape
slender, somewhat compressed, nearly equal to the leaves;
flowers scattered; bracles ovate, acuminate. — In arid soils,
near Fort Mandan.

About two-thirds of this extensive genu.s, as enumerat-
ed by Per.soon, are indigenous to Kiuope, (niore particu-
larly to the south,) and Northern Africa, (B.trbarv, &.c.)
there are also species at the Oape of Good Hope, in Peru,
Uiid other parts ot South America, also in Siberia. To the
subdivision PsijlUian, constituted a genus by Jussieu, ap-
pertain several branching, shrubby, and one arborescent
species.

146. CALLICARPA. i. (Berraudian Mul-
berry.)

Calix 4 -cleft. Corolla tubular, borJer 4 -cleft.
Stamina exserted. Berry 4-seeded.

Mostly tomentose shrubs, with opposite leaves, and
axillary subverticillate flowers; peduncles dichotoinous or
cymose, many-flowered; cymes in souie species terminal,
as well as axillary.

TETRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 101

Species. 1. C americana. (Calix 4-tootbed; berries
purple, edible; but scarcely wholesome.) Of this i^enus,
besides the present species, there are 2 others in the
island of Jamaica, 1 in Carthagena, 2 in Peru, 1 in Japan,
and 5 in India.

147. LYCIUM. L, (Box-Thorn.)

Calix urceolate short, 4 or 5-cleft, or 4 to 5-
toothed. Corolla longer, tubulose, border erect,
4 to 5-lobcd, or flat, and 4 to 5 parted; orifice,
(or margin of the tube) closed by the beard of
the filaments. Stamina exserted. Bemj round-
ish, 2 celled, many-seeded; seeds reniform.

Shrubs for the most part spiny; ramuli pung-ently ter-
rr.inated; leaves alternate, Sometimes fasciculated; floor-
ers axillary, solitary, or by pairs.

Species. 1. L. caroUnianum. (Without thorns.) — Of
this genus there are 3 species indigenous to the South of
Kurope, 2 of them at the same time common to Northern
Africa, with two others peculiar to this portion of Africa;
4 to the Cape of Good Hope; 1 species and a permanent
variety were discovered by Pallas in the deserts of Tar-
tary, contiguous to the shores of the Caspian sea; 2
if not 3 other species appear to be peculiar to Chiaa; and
6 to Peru.

148. CENTAURELLA. Michaux. CEJfTAURt-
UM. Per soon,

Cij/f.u 4- parted, appreFsed. C'oroZZa subcam-
panulate, 4 -parted; segments somewhat erect.
Stigma thick, glandulous, and ;)arlly bifid. Cap-
sule 1-celied, 2-vaIved, many seeded, surround-
ed by the persistent calix and corolla.

Sm.all annuals; appearing almost leai^ess: leaves minute,
opposite, sessile, subulate. Flowers subpaniculate.

SpECicS. 1. C. verjia. 2. aestiva'e,T'vKSH. Probably
a mere variety of the following. S. panicukua. {Bartonia
tcnella, Muhlenberg'.)

A North American genus, nearly allied to Gentiana,

149. EX A CUM. L.

Calix deeply 4-parted. Corolla 4-ckft; X^JiU-

K2

102 TETRANDRIA, MONOGYNIA.

globose. Capsule bisulcate, 2-celled, many-
seeded, opennig at the summit; cells S-seeded.

Flowers axillary, or dichotomously corymbose and ter-
minal, with a single flower in the bifurcations. Se\eral
species have a 5-cleft corolla, with 5 stamens.

Species. 1. E. pidchelliim, Vnrsh. Is not this plant a
Sabbatia? — Of this genus there are 4 species described
by Persoon, as existing within the tropical regions of
America, 1 in Europe, with 11 others in India and Africa,
principally at the Cape of Good Hope.

150. SWERTIA. L, (Felwort.)

Calix 4 or 5-parted. Corolla rotate, tube
very short, border flat, 4 or 5-parted, segments
lanceolate, with 2 nectariferous ciliate pores at
the base of each. Germ attenuated into a short
style, terminated by 2 stigmas. Capsule 1 -celled,
2-valved.

Habit similar to Gentiona. Flowers axillary and ter-
minal, peduncles ofteii many-flowered.

Species. 1. S. fastigiata, Pursh. 2. pusilla, P. {S.
tetrapetala^ of VaWsLS ) — § ii- Ceratia. Corolla subcam-
paniilale, calcarate at the base. — 3. coniiculata.

Of Swertia, besides the above, there are but 7 species
described in Persoon, and of these, the S. difformis ap-
pears referable to Sabiatia. Europe produces 1 species,
(the S. perewiis,) Arabia Felix, another, Siberia 2, as well
as the S. corniculata, but almost specifically distinct Irom
the American plant; there is 1 species also in the Andes
of Peru. All the species of this genus appear to be al-
pine.

151. FRASERA. Walter, Michaux.

Calix deeply 4 -parted. Corolla 4-parted,
spreading; segments oval, with a bearded orbi-
cular gland in the middle of each. Capsule com-
pressed, partly marginated, l celled. Seeds
few. (8 to 12) imbiicated, large, elliptic, with a
membranaceous margin.

Biennial; stem tall; leaves verticillate? segments of the
corolla furnished wi;h very conspicuous ciliated glands.

TETRAXDBIA. MOll^OOTNIA. 103

Species. 1. F. Walteri. From Canada to Carolina.
In the dry and open woods of western Pennsylvania and
New-York, in certain localities abundant. It is ti.ere
called Cohimbo-root, and appears to be a tonic no way in-
ferior to the Gentiana lutea.

A genus peculiar to the United States.

152. OBOLx\RIA. L.

Calix 0, or in the form of 2 bractcs. Corolla
campanulate, 4-clet't, segments entire, (the mar-
gin sometimes crenately torn.) Stamina equal,
proceeding from the clefts of the corolla. Stig-
ma emarginate. Capsule ovate, 1 -celled, 2-valv-
cd, many-seeded; seeds minute.

A very small vernal plant, with a simple stem, and op-
posite leaves; flowers sessile, terminal and marcescent,
collected by pairs or by threes towards the summit of the
stem; stigTna minutely bifid. (Bitter, and probably tonic )

Species. 1. O. virginica. Perennial? about 3 or 4
inches high, with a small branching root; leaves thick,
g"reen, almost carnose, frequently purplish on the un-
der side; flowers bluish-while, subtended by foliaceous-
bractes.

Peculiar to North America. — In the neig-hbourhood of
Philadelphia, rare. — Ur. W. P. Barton. Near West Ches-
ter, (Pensylvania.) — Dr, W. Darlington. Abundant in
the shady forests of Lake Erie, (Ohio.) In the revision
and arrangement of this genus, which distinctly apper-
tains to the Natuial Order Gentianece o^ ixxasx^n, I amhap-
py to have been corroborated by the interesting remarks
of Ur. W. Darlington, who for four years in succession
I has been in the habit of examining the Obolaria.

ff Flowers tetrapetalous*

153. AMMANNIA. Z.

Calix 1 -leaved, striate, 8-toofhed, inferior.
Corolla of 4 petals, or none, inserted upon the
calix. Capsule 4-celled, many=seeded.

Siibaquatic herbs with opposite leaves; flowers very
small, axillary, sessile, or shortly pedunculate, opposite,
and sometimes almost verticillate. In ^1. indica, and ^.
vertkillaiay the calix is 4-toothed, and shorter than the
capsule.

104 TETRANDRIA. MOXOGYXIA.

Species. l.A.ramosior 2. humilis. — Of 9 species now
enumerated, including the above, 3 are indigenous to In-
dia, 1 to Italy, 1 to Seneg-al, and 2 to tlie West Indies.

154. PTELEA. L,

Calix 4-parted, inferior. Petals 4, spreading.
Stigmata 2. Capsule (samara) compressed,
membranaceous, with a broad and circular
margin, 2-celled, 2-seeded.

A shrub with alternate leaves; mostly ternate, rarely
5-leaved; flowers almost corymbose, axillary and tern^inal,
odorous. Each cell of the germ 2 seeded, one of the seeds
habitually abortive; sthinina sometimes 6, with 5 petals,
and the samana 3-celled, o-winged.

Species. 1. P tnfoliata. — A North American genus,
now reduced to a single species, nearly allied to the
Blackburnia of the island of Norfolk in the Pacific. The
P. monophijlla of Lamark, appears to be the JMulocarimn
ligustriniim! Probably a bad specimen in fruit and with-
out fiouers.

Iff Jlpetalous.

155. RIVINA. L.

Calix 4-parted, persistent. Petals 0. Berry
1 -seeded. Seed lentif'orm, scabrous. (^Stamina
4, 8, and 12.)

Stems somewhat shrubby; leaves entire, often acumi-
nated; flowers in axillary racemes. (Stem in Ji. lavis, her-
baceous )

Species. 1. P. Icevis. v. s. in the Herbarium of Z.
Collms, Esq. communicated by Muhlenberg, and said to
be collected in Peinsylvania. Possessing very much the
habit of Phytolacca decaiulra.

There are 5 sjjecies of this genus enumerated by Per-
soon, all indigenous to the tropical pans of America on
either side the equator. Of the R. Icevis there is, on ihe
authority of Lamark, a distinct variety hi the island of
IMadagascar.

156. CAMPIiOROSMA. Z.

Calix urceulate, 4 parted, alternate segments
larger. Corolla^, >S^^fl?/mifl exserted. *S7t/^e bifid.
Capsule I -seeded, covered by the calix.

Stem slirubby or hsfbaceous, branching and diffuse,

TETRAXDRIA. MoNOGTNIA. 105

tliickly covered with minute linear leaves; flowers axil-
lary

Species. 1. C glabra? Said to have been found on
the American sea-coast. — A g'enusof^ species, (Persoon)
inhabiting- arid soils in Spain, Tartary, Iiuly, Hehetia?
and the (>ape of Good Hope.

157. SYMPLOCARPUS. Sallsburij. Pothos/oj-
tida, Mich. (Skunk-cabbage.)

Spatha ventrirose-ovate, acuminate. Spadix
roundisii, covtred with liermajdinxilte fliuer.s.
Calix deeply 4-pai*tt*(h persi.stent, sej^ments cu-
culLit'', truncate, becoming thick and spongy.
T'eUdsn, Style pyramidal, 4 HhW(\; stigma sim-
ple, minute. Seeds solitai-y, immersed in the
spijngy receptacle.

Stemless and subaquatic; leaves very large, strongly
Vt-ined and enth'e, preceded by conspicuous sheathing
Stipules; scapes radical, appearing before tlie leaves; s[)a-
tha discoloured cahx, s'yle, and filum' nis persistent, en-
larging with the spongy receptacle.

Root verticillately fibrous, iruncate. Leaves smooth,
and green, ovate-cordate, enlarging, proiected by large
glaucous, spatlmlatc-linguiforni, veinless bractes. Spa-
tha ovoid, roundish, cucullate, obliquely acuMunate, point
coarctate, plaited, involutely auiicuhitt ai the liase, lick
and spongy, livid purple, blotched and spotted witii pale
green. SpaJix pedunculate, simple, almost spherical. Brac-
tes none. Flowers tessellaiely imbricate, adnate. Calix 4-
parted, dvided to the base, segments cucullate, compres-
sed at the apex, emarginated, at length becoming very
thick. Petals none. Stamina 4, opposite the dlvis.ons of
the calix; filaments subulate, flat; anihers exserted, short,
oblong-oval, 2-celled. St) le thick, quadrangular, acumi-
nated; stigma minute, pubescent, snorter than the sta-
mina. Germ immersed, 1-seed-d. Seed naked, large,
round, inclosed in the common receptacle. Corculum
small, involute, erect, umbilicately attached to a large so-
Ih.I, carneous perisperm.f

t The seed of the Symplocarpus does not appear to possess
any thing like a proper cotyledon, the embryo formed in the
exact posture of the growing plant, (with the radical down-
wards), differs not from it in any pariicuUir but that of size. In

106 TETRANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

Species. 1. S. fcsfida. Well known as a rank and
clfeiisive weed thnxigiiout the Uniied States, fronn (Janu-
da to Carolina. 'Ihe gc-nus Pothon to which this plant i8
ailed, though very distinct, exists almost exclusively
wahm the tropical parts of America.

158. ALCHEMILLA. L, (Ladies-mantle.)

Calix tnliulous, border spreading, 8-cleft,
segments alternately smaller. Petals^, Stami-
na very small. Germ 1; style 1, lateral, tVom
the base of the germ. Stigma 1. Seed 1, covered
by the ronnivent calix.

Herbs with palmate or subdif^itate leaves; flowers co-
P} nibose axillary and terminal.

Specjes. 1. ^. a'piiia. On the mountains oi New
Hampshire. A plant common to the alpme .eg-ions of Eu-
rope. This genus, containing- 6 species, with tlie excep-
tion of 1 at tlie Cape of (iood Hope, and another in New
Granada, is confined to Europe.

Order II. — Digy^ia.

159. APHANES. L. (Parsley Piert.)

Calix 8-cleft. alternate segments minufe.
Petals 0. Stamina minute. Styles 2. Seeds 2,

place of acotjledon there is a sheathing stipule similar to that
which is ever after produced; in fact it is vivip.trous. The em-
bryon is seated in a small umbil.c;il or hemispherical depres-
sion, in the upper end of what may be called a vitellns rather
than a perisperm, judging- from its functions; this callus, or
seminal tubercle is roundish and turbinate, nearly as large as
a filbert mit, very solid and carneous, possessing in a high de-
gree the adiaceous tcetDr of the yrown plant; the mutual point
of attachment sul)s. sting betwixt this body and the embryon is
at first a minute and nearly central funiculus which enlarges
and becomes more distinct during the progress of germination;
but what appears to be mos« singular in it, is the length of time
which It continues attached to the growing plant, apparently
inert at the base of the caudex for twelve or even eighteen
months.

TETTIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 107

covered by the connivent calix, 1 of them some-
times abortive. (Stamina 1, "2, and 4.)

Small herbs with trifid or hiternateU" cUvided leaves,
sheathing- at their base; flowers sessile, in axillary clus-
ters, or terminal and dichotomously c<)r\mbOiie. In Ji. or-
biculata the leaves are round and lobed.

Species. 1. ^9. anensis. In llie fields of Virginia,
Clayton. (I ;troduged?)

Besides tiie preceding- European species there are 3
others indigenous to the alpine mountains of Peru.

160. HAMAMELIS. L. (Witch-hazel.)

Calix 4-( left, ])ei sistent. with 3 bra( tes. Pe-
tals 4, long and linear, ^^ ith a short dilated fila-
nient at the base of each. Filaments and anthers
united: anthers 2 celled, ea( h cell haxing a ver-
tical valve. Capsule coriaceous, (nut) 2-celled,
2-lf)hed, 2-awin'd, apex 2 valvtd, valves cleft.
Seeds 2, arillate.

A small tr-^e with the habit of ,/}Imf.<t; leaves alternate,
stipulate, oblique at the base; flowers sessue, by threes,
in axillarv or laitial pedunculate clusters; cahx pubescent,
loliaceous, and pt-rsisent; petals lig'ulaie, alternating with
the stamina; capsule indurated, half inclosed in tlie base,
of the per&istent calix, bursting tkstically; seeds arillate,
black and shining; corculum flat, inclos-^d in a carnfious
perisperm, radicle de-cendant, opposite to the hilum.

Species. 1. H virginica. From Canada to Florida.
^. macrophyllu. leaves suborbicnlate cordate, with elevat-
ed scabioiis .-^potsonthe under Side — In Georgia, Phrsh.
Catabaw mountains, (North Carolina) j\\ y. * pai^-ifoliaj
leaves smaller, oblong obovate, upper pan undulately atid
grossly crenate, the under side pubescf nt, s ))t.ewhat hir-
sute; segments of the calix oblong, stamens and perigv-
nous filame'ts often nearly equal. — A shrub eveijway
smaller than ihe common H vrg-ijiica. with the branches
neai-U erect, calix somewhat c:)loured and dia])hanous,
pe.als bi-i.chi yellow. From the mountains of Fensylva-
nia, i>. T' in Hort. Landretn, Philadelphia.

Tt efio\\ers of the Hamcmehs, like those of the Natural
Order ^imciilacex, 'o wbicli it is souiewliut allied, appear
cither in the winter or very earlv in the spi in;:, and in
som.e^ of the varieties thev are odorous. Tr-t under side
of the leaves, and more sparingly tue upper, as in Father'

laS TETRAXDRIA. DIGTNIA.

giUa, is clothed with a very short stellate pubescence.
The fruit of the Fotltergilla, as was long ago sat^aciously
rerrarked by the ctlcbiated \. L Jussicu, is almost ex-
actly similar to that of the U a mame lis, hui in the flowers
there ex sis a sTang-e disparity; by the intervention of the
J'ac/wsayidra, hov.'evei, wliich appears more properly re-
ferable to tlie ^hneiitaceiC, tlian the Ei/phorhiaceie, and at
the same time allied bodi to HamameUs and Fothergilla^
We have S(*methin<^ like a connected seiies. In these 3
genera, the antheis and filaments are united, the anthers
also become papyraceous, and are for a considerable
Icneih of time persistent, not deciduous as in the Bei-ber-
rides. From the Amentaceae, ih'^y differ in possessing a
perisperm, and the HamameUs is excluded from the 15th
class ot Jussieuby the existence of petals, but this excep-
tion is scarcely universal, as tiie order in quest i'>n in-
cludes Coniptonia^ described as having 6 petals, at all
even;s, an interior and dissimilar calix. Wherever these
3 coniiguors genera may be placed, either as a distinct
order, (Fo x hergillea) or as a neig' bouring section,
th' y cannot but be con.s.dered as ch sely allied to the
Amaitucea, notwithstandin.g t:he Singular construction of
the anthers in the genus HamameUs, wnich is indeed the
Sole character by which it is in any manner allied to th.e
Jierberides, tie carreous perisperm being equally com-
mon to the E.iphorbiacece. There is son)e reason to sus-
pect that tleg'en> s HuiruimeUs'is polygamous, independent
of the mistake of L.nnseus m confounding this genus wi'li
FotheygiUa. The variety, for instance, which I have ele-
signated, y. *pa)'vifoUa, although fiowenn,:,- freely every
year, lias never produced se^ii since transplanted into a
garden out ot contact with o her individuals Tiiis sub-
ject, however, requires more general and accun^te exami-
nation. The thr' e genera proposed are thus far exclu-
sively confined to North AniCiica.

161. SANGLISORBA. L. (Great Bwrnrt.)

Calix 2-]paved, inferior, resembliiij^ brartes.
Corolla 4-r!tft, superior. Capsule, between the
caiix and corolla, 2 seeded.

Herbaceous; leaves uneqtially pinnate, stipules growing
to tliebast of the petiole; flowers capit^ite terminal.

SPEcifs. 1. .S'. cavadtusis. 2. media. Probabh a mere
var e ly ot No. 1 Of this gun s the:e are but 2 other spe»
cies, 1 in Europe and the other in Algiers (Africa.)

TETKANDRTA. TETRAGTNIA. 109

Order 4. — Tetragynia.

162. MYGINDx\. Jacqnin. L.

Ciillx small. 4-parte(]. Corolla deeply 4-part-
ed or of 4 petals. Stigmas 2 or 4. Drape glo-
bose, 1 seedt'd.

Shrubs with opposite leaves; peduncles axillary, 2 or 3-
flowered; flowers minute.

Species. 1. 3/ Myrdfolia- (I'ex myrsinites, Vvrsh.)
Found on the Xoriii-west coast, and on the Rocky moun-
tains, by Captain \i. Lewis. »

A .seen us confined to the tropical parts of America, with
the exception of the present species.

163. ILEX. L. (Holly.)

Calix minute, 4 or 5-toothpd. Corolla rotate,
4-partcd. Style 0; stigmata 4. jBerrz/ 4-seeded.

Small trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, mostly ever-
green, often spitiosely or punfcently toothed or serra':td;
peduncles ax liary, manv-flowered; flowers often polys^a-
mfiKs; berries a long- time persisien*, usually scarlet.

Species. 1. / opaca. /3. lar'Jiora, (/. la.viflora^ ap-
peal's to be a mere variety of/, opnca.) 2. Cassme. 3. vo-
mitoria. (Used sometimes as a substitute for Tea; also
by the savages in their superstitious ci-remonies.) 4 an-
g-^istifolia. Leaves mostly entire and mucronute. F'oni
10 to 15 feet high. 5. Dahoon. Leaves mostly entire. — § ii.
Leaves deciduous 6. prinoides. Leaves deciduous, eliptic-
lanceolate, acute at bo-h extremities, from about the mid-
dle to the poin' 1 ghtl- senaie, the under side pubt scent;
berries large, and nearly solitary, nuts grooved. — Closely
allied to Pnwos. 7- canadensis (ienus doubtful!.

hurope affords but 1 species of this genus, the /. Jiquu
folium, common also to Japan, but certainly not to Ame-
rica as remarked by P rsoon, as it is even very difficult
to cultivate; in Japan there are 7 other species, 1 at he
Cape of Good Hope, 1 in India, 2 in the island of Madeira,
1 in the isle of Mauritius. 3 in the West Indies, a d-iubt-
fuli species in Guianne, and another {Paltoria) in the high
mountains ot Peru, allied to Myginda.

164. SAGINA. L, (Prarl-wort.)

Calix 4-leaved. Petals 4. Capsule 4-celled, 4-
valved, many-seeded.

110 TETRANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA.

Small herbs; flowers nearly solitary, terminal and axil-
lary, upon long peduncles, petals often caducous.
Species. 1. S^procwnbens. — An European genus.

165. TILL^A. L.

Calix 3 or 4-parted. Petals 3 or 4, equal.
CapsiUes 3 or 4, two or many- seeded. Stamina
sometimes 8, 4 sterile.

Small succulent herbaceous plants, allied to Crassiila
and Sedvm; leaves opposite, r u'ely ternate; flowers mi-
nute, axillary, cymose, or umbeilate.

Spcetes. 1 T?*cymosa (SedumpusiUnmy Mi cn.)'Evecti
stem verticillately or trichoiomoubi'- branched from the
base; leaves aliernate, almost cylindric, oblong-; flowers
subdiciiotomously cymose, altt mate and pedicellate, oc-
tandrous; capsules connate, 2 to 4 seeded, opening ex-
teriially.

Annual. Two to 4 inches hi.^h, ** flowers white, octan-
drous," Mich. Capsules 4, united, never separablt- , with
subulate and at length long mucronate ponts, opening on
the under side. Seeds germinating as soon as they fiill,
the young plants remaining green throughout the winter,
in these tne leaves are oval-oblong and succulent. Branch-
es about 4 from the same point — Collected in winter on
the " Flat-Rock,*' above Camd n in Nortli CarwUna, grow-
ing with mosses in the wet and graveliy excavations of
the rock, in the same place where it was discovered by
Michaux. and hitherto found in no other spot, as Mr.
P ■••■ih evidently confounds this plunt W"th the S pidchel-
lum, when he speaks of its growing on the east banks of the
Shenandoah river m Virginia, the laiter being there suf-
ficiently abundant, and vet he quotes the remote habisat
of Michaux, ''on rocks around rsnowille,** (Tennessee)
and indicates by his mark (-^ ) that he has never seen S.
p7//cAe^/?/7n, notwithstanding its prevalence around Har-
per's Ferry, &c. &c. in Virginia.

Having never seen this plant in flower, I am unable to
ascertain its genus; it is, however, at he same time much
more near'y related to Tilliea, than to Sfdum In the struc-
ture of the capsule it eut.relv differs .torn every other
plant in the Natural Order Sempervivce

Or TiUxa there are m America ^^esides the above, 1
species m Peru, 4 also in Europe, and 4 at tlie Cape of
Good Hope.

TETRANDRTA. TETRAGTNIA. Ill

166. POTAMOGETON. L. (Pond-weed.)
Caiix 4~Ieave<J. Corolla 0. Style 0. Seeds 4.

Leaves sheuihing, those of the stem often alternate, flo-
ral leaves mostly oppositt-; fi >uers spiRed, terminal or
axillary; rac uli and bpikes having frequently 2 sheathes
at :he base. Nut 1-seedeci, cochleate; enibryon erect,
cxaibuminous, curvt d or involute.

Species. 1. P. nutans. i.Jlxdians. 2. heterophyllum. 4.
setaceum. 5. perfoliatiim. 6. lucens. 7 • crispim. 8. grami-
ncnm. 9. pectinatum.—\ genus of aquatic plants, appa-
rently confined to Europe and North America; those of
the latter continent at the same time common also to Eu-
rope.

167. RUPPIA. L. (Tassel Pond-weed.)

Calix none. Corolla none. Seeds 4, pedicel-
late.

A maritime aquatic plant with capillary branches; leaves
gramintous, sheathing-; on the stem alternate, towards tlie
flower nearl} opposite; flowers in a spikelec or spadix, so-
litary, mostly terminal, distichal, peduncle convolute,
stretching or contracting accordmg to the depth of water,
after the manner of Valisneria-, "calix 2-valved, aecldu-
ous," JussiEu. Fruit subulate, when mature incurved at
the point. Nut gibbous, containing one seed; embryon
erect, attached (as in many other plants of the same natu-
ral class,) to a germinal body apparently of tiie nature of
tlie loot.f

Species. 1. R. maritir.ia. Common probably to every
part of the world.

t Being distinct from the ordinary cotyledons, albumen or
perisperm, to distingish it fi-om them I propose the name of
eomarliize, i^somarhizai or a radical inactive oody affording a
temporary nourishment to the embryon with which it possesses
a simple vascular connection, but without producing any spe-
cies of radicles or leaves, often in the form of a cohering cal-
lous tubercle, it exists longer than ordinary cotyledons, and dif-
fers from an extraneoas perisperm in its vascular connection
wiih the embryon.

VLASS v.— PENTANDEIA

Order 1. — Monogynia.

f Flower monopetalous, inferior; seeds 4, naked,

ASPLRIIOLI-E.

168. RELIOTKOPiUM. L. (Turnsol.)

Calix tubiilous, 5 toothed. Corolla salver-
sLaped, 5-clelt, with 5 inteimediate teeth or
plaits; orifice of the tube naked. Stigma emar-
ginate.

spikes recurved, flowers inclined to one side.

Species. 1. //. indicum. Apparently native, in the
warnrier siates. 2. cicrassavicum. 3. europienm? Around
Harper's Ferry, (Viri^in-a.) On the banks ot" the Stienan-
doah. Flowers w lute. Leaves hoary. This genus exists
principally in the warmer parts of" South America, (Peru
and the West Indies) and Jnd a, there are also some spe-
cies in Africa, a, id 2 in Europe. A few oi the species are
ornamental and odorous.

169. MYOSOTIS. L. (Scorpion-grass.)

Calix 5-clert. Corolla saiver-formed, tube
sliort, border flat, 5-lobed, lobes subemarginate;
orifice closed wiih 5 convex, connivent, squa-
mnlre (or small scales.) Stigma 1. Seed sinooih
or scabrous.

Flowers mcs'ly disposed in terminal one sided spikes.

Species. 1. J\f. scorpioides. 2. arvensls. 3. virginiana.
4. Lappula. 5. *gIome)'ata. Seeds rugose; leaves spathu-
late-hnear, on the stem rather acute, hu'su'e; spikes pe-
dunculate, axillary, cong-lomerate, bihd, sessile above; ca-
lix extremely hispid; lobes of the corolla entire.

pentandhia. monogyma. 11:>

Cynoglossim glomeratiimy Pursh. Flor. Am. 2. p. 729. T
N. n Fras. Gaiui. 1813.

Hoot biennial, stem erect, entirely simple, 6 to 12
inches hij,^h. Kidieal leaves villous, spatluilate-obovatej
obtuse, somewhat hoary; one to one and a half inches
long-; stem leaves spathulate-linear, rather hispid and
somewhat acute, sessile. Spikes very short, axillary, bi-
fid, pedunculate, peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves,
flowers crowded, appearing- almost in heads, approximat-
ing together towards the summit. Calix deeply 5-parted,
villous^ and also thickly set with sharp hispid hairs. Co-
rolla Vvhite, orifice closed, lobes rounded, entire, nearly
flat, rather large; tube constricted near the base. Stami-
na sessile, included beneath the arched protuberances of
the orifice. Stigma entire, capitate. Seeds narrow, ovate,
acute, with an elevated scabrous or minutely crenate
ridge in the centre.

On arid agillaceous hills around the Great Bend of the
Missouri. Flowering in June.

The genus Alyosotis is chiefly European, at the same
time tliere are species in Peru, at tiie Cape of Good
Hope, in Siberia, 1 species in New Zealand, 1 in Chili,
and another in the isle of Bourbon.

iro. LITHOSPERxVlUM. L. (Giomwcll.)

Calix 5-parted. Corolla fufiiiel-form, 5-Iobed,
orifice optn, naked. Stigma bifid. Seed indurat-
ed, sliiniiii*. (Stamina and st,>ie included with-
in t!)e corolla.)

Flov.-ers solitary, axillary, or in terminal bracteate
spikes; floral leaves sometimes by pairs.

Species. 1. L. arvense. 2- laiijhtium. o.angusti folium.
4. apulum.

Of this ^enus there are 5 species in Peru and the v/arm*
er parts or Spanish Aniericii, 2 at the Cape of Good Hope,
5 in Fgypt and the East, 1 on the mtr^ so banks of the
Volga, (Siberia) 1 around ancient Bagdid in Persia, and
anolhf^r m the isle (.f Teautea m the Pacific; the resc ni
Europe and \oi tii Amecica. The roots of several spec. .'3
afford a lac for dying and painting.

171. BATSCHIA. Gmtlin. Michaux.

Calix o-paiti'd. Corolla salverform, rather
lurge, tube sn aigbt, nuich linger than the ca-
lix, closed at the base by a bearded ringj ori-

114 PENTANDRIA. MONOSYNIA.

fice naked or partially closed; border orbicrj-
late, nearly flat, segments rounded. Seed indu-
rated, shining, (as in Lithospennum.)

Flowers yellow or fulvous, axillary, almost fastigiate, in
short bracteate spikes; leaves narrow, without collateral
nerves.

Species. 1. B. Gmelini. 2- canescens. Flowers fulvous.
3. *lo7ig>Jiora. Hirsutely viLous, erect; leaves approxi-
mating-, long and linear, margin reflected; flowers in a
fastigiate fascicle; tube of the corolla somewhat pentan«
gular, (often from 10 to 15 lines long) border flat, seg-
ments fimbriate-crenate. — Flowers sulphur yellow. In
open plains; around the Prairie du Chien, Missisippi, and
on the banks of the Missouri to its sources. 4!.*cleciimbens.
Hirsutely villous; stem decumbefit; st-gnients of the calix
and leaves linear; flowers scattered; lobes of the corolla
fimbriate-crenate, shorter than the tube — Around the
Mandan village. Nearly allied to the preceding. In both,
these species the orifice is partly closed by 5 arched pro-
tuberances.

All the species of this genus aflTord a crimson lac from
the root.

172. CYNOGLOSSUxM. L. (Hounds-tongue.)

Calix S-parted. Corolla funnel-formed, 5-
lobed, orifice closed by 5 connirent convex pro-
cesses. Stigma emarginate. Seed depressed, af-
fixed to the style on the inner side.

Flowers spiked or clustered, axillary or terminal; leaves
villous or hirsute; seeds echinate, muricate or scabrous,
' rarely if ever smooth.

Species. 1. C officinale. 2. sylvaticiim. 3. amphxi'
caitle. 4. pilosnmP Erect and hairy; radical leaves spathu-
late-oblong, the rest lanceolate-oblong, nbtuse; flowers ax-
illary, almost spiked, unilateral (or secund); stamina very
fchort included; seed scabrous depressed, oblong, acute,
muricate on the margin. — On arid hills above Ra])id river,
Missouri. Flowering in May; flowers while, small.

Apparently a mere variety of the Peruvian plant; judg-
ing from the plate in the Flora Peruviana.

Of the genus Cynoglossum there are 9 species, chiefly ia
the South of Europe, several of which are also common to
Barbary, besides these tliere are 4 at the Cape of Good
Hope, 6 in Peru and Chili, 5 in Armenia and the East, i

PEKTANDRIA. MOXOGYNIA. 115

peculiar to Arabia, 1 to Japan, 1 to Siberia, and another to
the summit of mount Lebanon, m Syria.

IT 3. PULMONARIA. X. (Lungwort.)

Calix prismatic-ppntaj^onal. Corolla funnel-
formed, somewhat 5-lobed, orifice open. Stig-
ma emarginate.

Flowers almost disposed in terminal corymbs, some-
times racemose. Leaves in the American species and m
the P. maritima smooth and glaucous, calix short, about
halftlie lengih of the corolla tube. (Mertensia Per-
soon.)

Species. 1. P . xii^iniccu '2. panieulata. Z. * marginata .
Small, glabrous, erect; leaves hispid on the margin, on the
lower part of the stem oblong'-spaihulate op ^)blong'-ovate,
upper leaves ovate, acute, semiamplexicanle; flowers sub-
paniculate; fasciculi few-flowered, axillary and termmaU
calix acute, ab'ut half ihe length of the corolla tube.

P. lanceolata. Pursh, Flor. Am. 2. p. 729-

Perenniah b:em nearly erect, and somewhat branched,
scarcely a foot ligh. Radical leaves peciolate, atem leaves
sessile, uppermost semian.plexicaule, all glabrous, glau-
cous, and somewhat carnose. Fascicles or ramuli, pedi-
cellate, a little longer than the lea^xs, 4, 5. 8, or more
flowered. Cahx 5-parted, smootl-, acute, segments some-
what hispid on the margin. Corolla funnel rormea,.mucli
like that of P. virgi7iica, and of the same colour, but
smaller, lobes entire. Stamina seated around the orifice
of the tube.

Nearly allied to P. virginica, and also probably to the P.
paniculatUy but the leaves are never acuminated or hairy,
but perfectly smooth, except ©n the margin where there
are afew scattered hooked» hispid bans, often oiilv visible
in a dried state. The name of lanceolata is so very inap-
plicable that it appeared 'o me necessary to alter it.

Oi and hills n^ ar the confluence of Teeton river, Mis=
souri. Flowering in June.

4. panicxdata. 5. sibirica.

The only 3 genuine species of P ultnonaria described
are confined to Europe; the American ^pecics all arrange
under the subdivision Meriensia of Persoon.

174. ONOSMODIUM. Mkhaux.

Calix deeply 5-parted. Corolla somewhat tu^
bular-cacipanulate; orifice naked; border vea-

116 PETANDRIA. MOXOGYNIA.

tricose, lialf 5-cIeft, sej^ments ronnivent, acute.
Jintliers sessile, included. Style much exserted,
entire, acute.

Leaves long-itudinally nerved; flowers in recurved, leafy
spikes.

Species. 1. O. hispichim. 2. moUe. A genus peculiar to
the United States, but very nearly allied to Oiiosma Flow-
ers }ellowish-\\hite, somewhat like those oi Si/mphijtwn.

175. LYCOPSIS. L, (Small Bugloss.)

Calix 5-cleft, inflated or ventricose. Corolla
funnel-formed, tube incurved; orifice closed with
convex protubeiances. Stigma bifid.

Flowers solitary or collected into a raceme or spike, ax-
illary or terminal. In some species the tube of tlie corolla
is strai.f.ht.

Species. 1. /,. arvensis. ^.Tirginica.

This g-enus exists cluefly in the South of Europe, in
Barbaiy, and in the East, there is also 1 species in Egypt,
1 in Crete, 1 in Chio, and another in Tartary.

ire. ECHIUM. X. (Viper's Bugloss.)

Calix 5-parted. I'uhe of the corolla short;
orifice naked: border wider than the tube, cani-
pannlate. unequal, and obliquely 5-l(jbed. Stig-
ma bifid.

Flowers in simple or paniculated spikes, spikes unila-
teral. Mosi oiibe African species are bhrubby.

Species- 1 E. I'ldgare. Very common in Virj^inia
where it is now but too generally naturalized, and there
called " Blue-weed"

The srenus Echinm appeals to exist chiefly in the more
temperaie parts of Africa, particularly at the Cape of
Good Hope, in Barbar} , in the isle of Tenenffe, and m
Egypt; there are a few species also indigenous to the
South of Europe. According to Gu'clin the v\onien of the
Don (in Russia) colour their cheeks widi the root of the
Eclunm riibrnm. The same use is also made of the root of
0/ios77ia Echioldes by the v\ omen of I'artary.

If Flouoers monojictaloiis, inferior^ fruit cover-ed.
177. PHACELIA. Jiissieu,

Calix 5' parted. Corolla subcampanulate, 5-
clelt, with 5 longitudinal maigined melliferous

PENTANDRIA. MOXOGTNIA, 117

grooves on tlie inside. Stamina exserted. Style
filiform, stigmata 2. Cajysule 2-cell(d, 2-valvfd,
4-secded, each of the valves septit'erous in the
centre.

Pubescent, leaves alternate, pinnatifld; flowers in unila-
teval spikes ni- lact-mes, simple or bifid, axillary and tei mi-
ral. In P. bipivinutifida the nlaniei-ts ot llie staminsi are
bearded in the iT.iud!r,as in Hydrophylhim.

Species. 1. P. bipiiinatijida. 2 hetei-ophyUa. o.Jimbri-
ata. Conimon in alluvial sods, throug-liou the wes.ern
parts o[ Penns} Ivania and Oi.io. 4. parvijloruy Pursh. Pro-
bablv an ElUsia.

A i^tnus confined to North America. The P.fimbriatei
is jirobably an F.Uisia.

178. HYDROPHYLLUM. L. (^Yater-Ieaf.)
Calix o parted. Coro//a canipanulate, s-rleft,

with 5lon,situ(linHl mai-gined meilifprous grooves
on the inside. Stamina exsi-rted, filaments heai-d-
ed in ^he ini'idie. Stigma bifid. Capsule globose,
1 -celled, 2-valved, 1 -seeded, 3 other seeds most-
ly abortive.

Leaves palrrate, or pinnatifld; flowers corymbose, co-
rymbs reciii'VLd, pedunculate, terminal, or opposite the
leaves. The i^enus Phacelia is too nearly allied to Hydro-
phylhim to admit of separation; m an early state there is
even no difference in their fruit.

Species. 1 H. appjendicu'ati'm. 2. virgimcum. 3. ca-
nademe. 4P liusare, Hu.sb. Probably not of this genus. —
With the exception o\' H. magellanicumy this genus is con-
fined -k) North America,

179. ELLISIA. L,

Calix deeply 5-parted. Corolla smaller, fun-
nel-form, 5 cleft, internally naked. Stamina nnt
exserted; filaments smooth; anthers roundish.
Stigma bifid. Capsule 2-ceiicd, 2-va)ved, seated
in tiie stellate or spi-eading ralix, cells 2seeded5
seeds one upon the other? punctate.

Herbaceous, diffuse, and dichotomous; leaves pinnatifld;
solitary peduncle or ractme, for the most part opposits
the leaf.

118 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Species. 1 E. J^yctelea. ^. *ambigua. Decumbent,
and branching-; stem glabrous, somewhai glaucous; leaves
hirsute, Ixrate-pinnatifid, subses ile. segnrients siiblanceo-
late, angularlv toothed or lobed; racemes opposite ihe
leaves, both lateral and terminal; flo'^ ers small, scarcely
loiig-er than the calix, segments eniarg;inate.

Annual. Stem spreading, 4 to 6 inches hig-h. Calix 5-
parted, segments lanceolate-ovaie, persistent. Corolla
subcampanulate, shoi-t, 5- cleft, laminae short, roundish-
oval, emarginat°, tube cylindric, upper pai t angular, with
10 nectarifer us pores al its base. Sianiina from the base
of the tube; filaments stiort, not exserted; anthers cordate.
Style very sliort, bifid. Ovarium conic-ovoid. Capsule
compressed, rounded-oval, 2-valved, 4-celled, 4-seeded;
' Valves septiferous, dissepmients, intersecting, crossing
each valve in iwo directions. Seed roundish, punctate.
Peduncles reflected, wi.en m fruit.

Fn alluvial soils on the banks of the Missouri; common;
flowering in April and May.

A North American genus,

ISO. ANDROSACE. L.

Flowers in an involuorate nmbelK — Calix S-
cleft, persistent. Corolla salverforni. 5 lobed,
tube ovate, orincf J2;]iindul;iiis. Cavsuk 1-ceiietl,
ovate-.^Iobose, 5 valved, m my-sveded.

Annual or perennial Leaves radical; scapes num.erous;
calix often angular; flo vei- usuali. small, and white.

Species. 1. ^- occUlentuiis. Annual. Leaves ovate,
smooth, rather thick, and entire. Scapes so'itar}, or se-
veral from the same rooi, 1 lO 3 inches li'.gii, minutely pu-
bescent. Leaves of the involucrum oval, pedicells long,
1-flowered. Culix smooth, acute, angular, membranace-
ous betwixt the segments. Corolla a little shoiter than
the calix, salverform, white, orifice open, tube (A-ate, seg-
ments oblong, obuise. L:a[>sule globular, 1-celled, 5-valv-
ed. Seeds numerous, angular.

On dry and elevaU d plains, from the Maha village to
the mountains, near t!ie river Missouri; flowering in April.
Probably a niere variety oWi. elongatu, but the leaves are
entire, and the umbell oi the same length both in flower
and fruit.

The genus Androsace is almost exclusively confined to
Europe, and most of the species are alpine; there is at the
same time, out of 12 species, 1 in Siberia, 1 in Cappado^

PENTANDRIA. MONOGTNIA. 119

cla, and a doubtful species as to the genus in the tropical
parts of America.

181. PRIMULA. L, (Primrose. Prime-veref or
First flower of the Spi-ini^.)

Flowers in an involurrate umbell. — Calix in-
bular, 5-toothed. persistent. Tube of the corol-
la cylindrir, orifice spreading, border 5 lobed,
lobes emarginate. Stigma globose. Capsule 1-
Gelled, summit lOvalved.

Habit as the preceding-, but perennial; flowering- early;
most of the species alpine, withstanding' and thriving- in
the most rii^corous clinaates, to the very limits of perp'-tuai
snow. Amongst these, more interesting- than the rest, is
the P. auricula of the Austrian and Helvetic alps, origi»
naliy yellow, it is now to be seen m gardens of the most
diversified colours; the calix and corolla of th.s species
and the under side of the leaves in the P. farinosa is sin'
gularly decorated wiih a white and deciduous powder.

Species 1. P. tnistassimca 2 *farinosa> Leaves cre-
nate. smoo'h, under sule pulverulent, border of the co-
rolla flat, — segments obcordate, Smith, Flor, Brit. i. p.
2'«4. (!^ird's-eye Primrose.) On the calcareous gravelly
sh -res of the islands of Lake Huron; around Michihniaki-
nak, Bois Blanc, and St. Helena, in the outlet of Lake Mi-
chigan: abundant, v. v. sine fi.

This interesting genus is almost exclusively confined
to the cold or alpine regions of F.urope, there are also 3
or 4 species in Siberia, and 1 in the Levant.

182. DODECATHEON. L. (American Cowslip,)
Calix 5-' loft. Corolla rotate, reflected, 5-cleft.
Stamina 8 s.tf'A in the tube. Stigma obtuse. Cap^
side 1 -ceiled, oblong, op^'ning .^t the hpex.

Leaves radical; scapes umbellate, flowers noding; se-
minal receptacle Jui-ge,ova^e acuminate, silpiiate.

Species, 1 DMeadia. 2. integrifolium Leaves sub-
spat liulate-orate, short, nearly entire; umbell few-flower-
ed; lioweis erect; bracles linear; segmenis of the calix li-
neai- acute. — A much smaller plant than the preceding.

This genus is peculiar to North America, and extt-nds
westward to th' mountai, ou-, sourct s of the Missouri,
where Captain Lewis collected specimens.

120 PENTANDRIA. MOXOGYNIA.

183. MENYANTHES. L. (Buckbean. Marsh
Trefoil.)

Calix 5-parted. Corolla fuunel- formed; bor-
der spreadiiis^, 5-lobe(h equal, densely villous
on the tipper side. Stigma bifid. Capsule \-
cellcd, 2 valved; a seminal receptacle attached
to ea( h valve.

Herbaceous, aquatic, leaves ternate, alternate, petiole
sheitthintc.

Species. 1. M. trifoliata. A erenus of a single spe-
cieti, coronion boih to Em-ope and North Ameiica. "Bit-
ter and sudorific." Smith. Flor. Brit. i. p. 226.

184 VILLARSIA. Gmdin.

Calix 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 1( bed, seg-
ments bearded at the base, with the foargins
inflected. Stigma 2-lobed. Glands 5, alternating
with the staniin;«. Cajisule 1 -celled, valveless.

P^Ioatini* .iquatic herbs; with alternate entire leaves, nnd
chisiers of pedunculate fioweis, apparently bursting from
the sheatliing petioles.

Species. 1 V. lucunosa, {Menyanthes tracht/spermei,
Mich.) 2. cordalUy Elliott.

185. HOTTONIA. L, (Water- feather.)

Calix 5 parted. Corolla salverform, 5-lobed.
Stamina seated upon the tube of The corolla.
Stigma globular. Capsule 1 -celled, globose, acu*
iBiinute.

Aquatic herbs, leaves verticillate, pecinately pinnatifid,
multifid or si ' ply se. rate; flowers solitary, axillary, or
termit.al, and veriicillately .spiked, involucrunn under each
veiticil, niauv-ieavt'd. lioes this plant really germinate
with 2 cotvledons?

Species. 1. ff. infata, Khh. Verticilli about 4-floW-
ered; floweis siiortiy pechuiculate; corolla white, some-
whiit sliortertiian liie calix; sc;ipc sliort, art'Ciiaterl, iiiter-
nodts and lower p.rt uifiaiecl; leaves aUeniaie, crowded,
peciinately pinnatifid.

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYXIA. 121

Of this singular genus there are 4 other species; viz. 1
In Europe and 3 in India.

136. SAMOLUS. L. (Brook- weed. Water Pira-
pernei.)

Calix 5-cIeft, semisuperior, persistent. Corol-
la salverforin, 5-lobetl; with 5 intermediate
scales. Stamina included in the tube, and oppo-
site the lobes of the corolla. Capsule half-infe-
rior, 1 -celled, 5-toothed, many-scededj recepta-
cle unconnected.

Leaves alternate; flowers racemose, axillary and termi-
nal, pedicells mostly by pairs, geniculate, a single bracte
at the ariiculation.

Species. 1. S. Valerandi.

A genus of but a single species, excluding the >S'. repens,
which is the Sheffiehlia repens of Linnaeus. The Samoliis
is found in marshes near the sea-coast in every part of the
world.

187. LYSIMACHIA. L. (Loosestrife.)

Calix 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5 -cleft. Stigma
1. Capsule 1 -celled, globular, mucronate, 5 or
10-valved, few or many-seeded.

Leaves opposite and verticillate; flowers axillary or ter-
minal, solitary, spiked, or corymbose. Staminiferous fila-
ments, in most of the American species glandulous.

Species. § i. Stamens unequal, 3 long and 2 short,
united into a short tube. — 1. L. angustifoUa. 2. recemosa.
Probably a mere variety of the preceding. 3. HerbemorJi,
Elliott. '^. quadri folia. Stem, under side and margin
of the leaves conspicuously hairy; leaves verticillate, in
fours and fives, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, opaquely
punctate; nerves lateral, confluent in a marginal linej
peduncles mucti shorter than the lower leaves; seg-
ments of the corolla ovate, obtuse, often emarginate;
capsule 5-valved, about 5-seeded, 2 or 3 of them often
abortive; seeds convex, angular, punctate. — § ii. Sta-
mina equal, segregate, with intermediate dentures. — 5.
a'liata. 6. hijbrida. 7 . heteropliylla? Upper part of the stem
hexangular; radical leaves lanceolate-ovate, upper leaves
linear -lanceolate, subsessile, often obliquely and undu-
lately reflected towards the base, petiole subciliate; floral
leaves verticillate; peduncles opposite aud verticillate: s^g-
M

122 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

mentsof the calix ovate-lanceolate, acute; divisions of the
corolla roundish, aristate, crenulate; 5 sterile filaments al-
ternating with the stamina; capsule (as in L. ciliata) 5.
valved, many-seeded. — On the miry strand of the Delaware,
&c. 8. *revo'hita. Six to 8 inches high, smooth; stem quad-
rangular., simple, leaves opposite, all linear, sessile, some-
what oblong, being attenuated at either extremity, revo-
lute on the margin, opaque and very entire, slightly
pubescent at the insertion of the stem; only a single pe-
duncle often in th e axill of each pair of leaves, about the
length of the leaf, cernuous, flowers sometimes all ter-
minal, calix lanceolate, very acute; segments of the corol-
la roundish-oval, abruptly acuminate, and often irregular-
ly crenulate; stamens separated at the base by interven-
ing dentures. — On the banks of the St. Laurence, Lake
Erie, and in the state of Ohio, always in calcareous soil.
9. longifolia. 10. mimimdaria? On the calcareous banks of
Lake Michigan. 11. thyrsifiora. In the state of Ohio, near
the shores of Lake Erie, &.c.

The genus Lysimachia exists chiefly in Europe and
North America; at the same time there are 2 species in
the Levant, 1 in Media and Siberia, 1 in Japan, 1 in New
Holland, near Port Jackson, and another (Z. decurreiis) in
the isle of Tanna; these 2 are the only species yet disco-
vered within the Southern hemisphere. The L. thyrsi-'
Jlora^ L. quaclrifolia and L. JViimmidaria are common to
Europe.

188. ANAGALLIS. L, (Pimpernel.)

Calix 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, S-Iobed. StamU
na^ filaments hirsute. Capsule globular, open-
ing hemispherically, many-seeded.

Leaves opposite; flowers solitary, axillary.

Species. 1. .-!?. arvensis. (Introduced; now commonly
naturalized.) This plant, probably without much reason,
has been at various periods recommended as a specific
for Hydrophobia.

This small genus is chiefly confined to the South of Eu=
rope; there is also 1 species peculiar to Barbary, 1 to Ja-
maica and another to Cluli. The A. ovalis of Peru appears
to be a Centuncnlus.

189. DIAPENSIA. L.

Calix 5 -parted, subtended by 3 bractes. Co-
rolla salverform, border 5-cIeft, flat, Sta^.nina

PENTANDRIA. MOXOGYIVIA. 123

from the summit of the tube, alternating with
the segments of the corolla. Stigmata 3. Cap-
sule S-celled, 3-valve(l, many-seeded.

Species. 1. B. lapponica. A small cespltose herb
with the aspect of Sedum, and the leaves crowded around
the root; (as in most alpine plants), peduncles scapiform,
l-flo\vered. Allied to .h^e tie. 2. barbulata. (Pvxidan-
THERA, Midi.) A small sempervirent cespitose iierb,
vith erect surculi, and sessile, tt'-minal flowers; anthers
somewhat globular, caudate at the base, opening- trans-
versely. Probably distinct from the present genus.

Excluding- the 'Pijxidanthera^ there exists but a single
species of Biapejisin, con»mon to the Lapponic alps, and
the White Hills of Ne^v Hampshire.

190. CONVOLVULUS. L. (Bind-weed.)

Calix 5-pai'ted. Corolla campanulate, plaited.
Stigmas 2. CajJSide 2 or 3-celIed, cells 2-
seeded.

Lactescent and mostly twmin,^ herbs; peduncles axil-
lary or terminal, one or many-flowered, flowers mostly bi-
bracteate. A few of the tropical species are shrubby.

Species. 1. C. tenellus. (C. tricho smithes, Mich. C.
Sherardi, Pursh.) 2, aquaticus. 3. Sephtm. 4. stems. 5. spi-
tJiamea. 6. paradoxiis. P. (3, 4, 5, and 6, are referred by
Pursh to Calystegia of R. Brown, a genus not suffi-
ciently characterised, without Mr. P. has suppressed
something- important in abridging it.) 7. Batatas. (Sweet
Potatoe. Gultivated. No where indigenous probably in
America; but spontaneous in India.) 8. obtusilobas. 9- sa-
gittifoUus. 10. pariduratns. 11. arveiisis. 12. pur pur eiis. 13.
macrorhizon. (Supposed to have been the Cjalapa of the
shops by Persoon and others, but as a medicine, proves
inert, and on the autliority of Dr. Baldwyn might rather
be used as an article of dietl) 14- tamnijolius.

This extensive genus of near 140 species appears to be
almost equally divided betwixt India and the warmer re-
gions of America, there are also many species in Africa,
some in Australasia, only 3 in England, and an equally
small number in the Xorth of Europe, yet there are not
species entirely wanting in Siberia; some of those within
the tropics are remarkably splendid, whilst others in
colder countries are obscure and inconspicuous weeds
usually occupying neglected wastee.

124 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

191. IPOMCEA. L. (Bind-weed.)

Calix 5-cJert. Corolla funneirorm or campa-
nulate, 5-plaited. Stigma capitate, globose.
Capsule S or 3 celled, many-seeded.

Scarcely to be distinguished from the preceding genus
by any other character than the simple and capitate stig-
ma, and the absence of bractes.

Species. 1. T. Qiiamoclit. Leaves pennate pinnatifid,
segments linear, flowers bright crimson, capsule ovate 2-
seeded? seed subcylindric-oblong. Cultivated. Indigenous,
or more decidedly naturalized in the hotter parts of Ame-
rica. 2. coccinea. In the Southern states, and westward
in Tennessee- 3. dissecta. 4. Carolina. 5. lacunosa. 6. or-
Ocularis, Ell. 7. £oiia A''ox. 8. trichocarpa. 9. JVil. 10-
ciliosa.

This genus of about 60 species is likewise almost equal-
ly divided betwixt India and the warmer parts of Ameri-
ca. /. coccinea, I. tammifolia and /. jVil, appear by some
means to have been introduced, — probably by the abori-
gines, as they are never to be met with but in the vicinity
of settlements. By most, the species of the preceding
genus with lobed but capitate stigmas are admitted in
Jpomoea, but I have followed Mr. EUiott in retaining to
this genus such species only as have a simple capitate
stigma.

192, IPOMERIA. Ipomopsis, Michaux,
Calix subcampaiiulate, membranaceous at the

base, border 5-cleft. Corolla funnel form, 5-
lobed, segments entire. Stamina nnequal,
emerging from the tube of the corolla. Stigma
trifid. Capsule superior, S-sided, 3-celled, and
o-valved, many-seeded. Seeds in 2 rows, an-
gular, naked.

Biennial or annual and herbaceous plants, with pen-
nately pinnatifid leaves; flowers aggreg-ated in a racemose
panicle, or solitary, axillary and terminal; seeds naked
and angular. (In CanUia the seeds are winged or margi-
nated.) At present this genus is scarcely distinguished
from Gillia, except by habit.

Species. 1. /. coronopifolia. (Cantua coronopifolia'.
Willd.) 2. aggi^egata, Pursh, imder Cantiia. Is this a

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 155

variety or a species? 3. incoiispicua. Ipomopsis i^iconsplciia^
Smith' Exot. -Bot. i. t. 14. Altered to 1. parvijlora by Mr.
Piirsh.

Of this g"enus, confined thus far to America, there is a
fourth species, J. albiila^ with white flowers, and bipinnati-
fid leaves, discovered by Dombey, near Lima in Peru.

I have, in restoring this genus of Micliaux, altered his
name merely for the sake of euphony, but retained the al-
lusion, without ve^ituring to criticise its exceptionable
composition as formed in part from the name of the pre-
ceding genus, Ipoyncea, with the addition of o-^k;, as in-
dicative of their common resemblance, sufficiently apt
when we compare the /. coronopifolia with the Ipomcea
Quumoclit, deducting, indeed, the diversity of habit. That
Michaux's name has been independently derived from the
Greek, without any reference to Ipomcea^ and founded
upon its striking appearance, as supposed by the editor of
this article in Rees's Enc) clopccdia, seems altogether im-
probable.

Nearly all the genera composing the Natural Order PO'
le:irmi(ki^, are peculiarly indigenous to America.

193. PHLOX. L.

Calix deeply 5-clcft, prismatic. Corolla sal-
verform, border 5-lobed, flat; lobes cuneate;
tube more or less curved. Filaments unequal.
Stigma trifid. Capsule roundisli ovate, 3-celled,
cells 1-seeded.

Herbaceous, perennial; in P. speciosa suffruticose;
leaves opposite, simple and entire, those of the corymb
often alternate; flowers fastigiate or corymbulose, termi-
nal; calix more or less foliaceou3, subulate or mucronate.
Corolla various shade of red or purple, accidentally white.

Species. 1 P. acuminata. 2. pamculata. 3. undulata,
4t. pifranna'alis. (P. latifoUa, Mich.) S-cordata^^i,!.. 6. ma-
culata. {P. siiaveolens, no where to be found wild, and ap-
pears to be nothing more than a white flowered variety of
this species, probably raised from seed, as the spotted
stem of P. maculata is by no means invariable.) 7. Caroli-
na. 8. nitida. Ph. 9. glaberrima. \^. speciosa, Ph. 11. pi-
losa. (/3. aristata, Mich, a smoother variety of P. pilosa,
not distinct.) 12. nmmna, Sims. Bot. Mag. No. 1308. P.
pilosa, of Waller, Michaux, and Pursh; but an irregular,
cult'vated variety. 13. divaricata. 14. ovata. 15. reptan^^
Mich. (P. stolonifera, Bot. Mag. 563.) 16. siibxilata. 17»
siiacea. The flowers of this species are cemmonly vihli^
M 2

1S6 PEXTANDRIA. MONOGYNlA.

This hardy and ornamental genus, within its proper 11-
limits, is entirely peculiar to North America, with the so-
litary exception of P. sibirica of Northern Asia.

194. ^COLLOMIA.f

Calix cy athiform, rather large, border 5-cIeft,
acute. Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed, lobes oval-
oblong, very short, tube straight, long, and slen-
der. Capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, 3-valved, 3-
seeded, valves obcordate. Seed oblong, angu-
lar, enveloped by a tenacious mucilaginous in-
tegument, (visible when moistened.)

Annual, leaves alternate, simple, and entire; flowers
small and inconspicuous, conglomerated in a terminal fas-
cicle, resembling a capitulum, subtended by several brac-
tes which are broader than the leaves.

A genus appertaining to the Natural Order Polemq-
afjDEiE and intermediate with PA/o:rand Polenmihim.

Species. 1. C. linearis. Minutely and pulverulently
pubescent; leaves oblong-linear, or sublanceolate; involu-
crate leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute; bractes and calix
liscid.

PJilox linearis? Cavan. ic. 6. p. If. t. 527.

Root fibrous, annual. Stem round, simple, somewhat
more pubescent than the leaves, from 4 to 12 inches.
Leaves alternate, the lowest pair sometimes opposite, li-^
near-oblong, sessile, with the margin scabrous and some-
times revolute, rather thick and opaque, without distinct
lateral nerves, after the manner of Phlox, from 10 to 15
lines long, 2 or 3 lines wide, and attenuated towards the
point, upper and floral leaves wider at the base, somewhat
amplexicaule, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, with the base
near the capitulum diaphanous, and distinctly nerved,
proper bractes ovate, about the length of the calix, viscid
and pubescent. Calix cyalhiform, (or in the shape of a
wine-glass) rather large and membranaceous Jaelow the
incisions, border 5-parted, green, segments semi-lanceo-
late, acute, each equally 3-nerved. Corolla monopetalous,
slenderly funnelform, 5-lobed, lobes oval-oblong, obtuse,
short and s])reading, (only about a line long), tube
straight, slender, subcylindric and erect, about twice the
length of tb.e calix, widening towards the border, open

From Kc^?af£lut€?ii in allusion to the character of the seed

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 127

above, constricted at the base. Stamina 5, inclosed in
the tube of the corolla, unequal, anthers roundish. Style
filiform, about the leng'th of the tube; stigma very short,
trifid. Capsule obovate, shorter than the calix, with 3
obtuse angles, and as many intermediate salient furrows,
cells 3, seeds 3, valves 3, obcordate, carthaceous; recepta-
cle 3.sided, margined, margins parallel to the dissepiments
of the valves. Seed cylindric-oblong, coated with a mu-
cilaginous, insoluble, fibrous, and tenacious integument,
only visible after immersion in water.

Hab. Near the banks of the Missouri, about the conflu-
ence of Shian river, and in the vicinity of the Arikaree vil-
lage, in moist places. Flowering in June; flower violace-
ous. It appears to be the same plant figured by Cavanil-
les, and first discovered in Chili. In upper Louisiana, or
above the confluence of the Platte and the Missouri, we
no longer meet with any species of Phlox. To this genus
probably also belongs Phlox biflora of Chili, which is also
annual, but the habit appears to be different.

195. POLEMONIUM. L, (Jacob's ladder.)
Calix subcampanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla some-
what rotate, 5-Iohed, tube short, dosed at its
base by 5 staminiferous valves or scales. Stig-
ma trifid. Capsule 3 celled, superior.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, pseudo pinnate; flowers
somewhat corymbose, terminal, blue, varying to white.

Species. 1. P. reptans. Stem leaves 3 and 4 pair
(from 7 to 9) margin of the common petiole subciliate; par-
tial leaves elliptic-ovate, 3-nerved, flowers nutant, capsule
^ (by abortion) mostly 3-seeded. — The seeds of this piant,

after maceration, exhibit something analogous to that of
the preceding genus, but the mucilaginous fibres are at-
taclied only to one extremity.

This genus appears as yet to contain but 2 genuine spe-
cies; the other is common to Europe and Asia.

196. SOLANUM. Z. (Nigbt-sbade.) .

Calix 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla rotate, or
campanulate, 5-lobed, plaited. Jnthers partly
united, emiting the pollen by 2 pores at the
point. Berry 2-celied, many-seeded.

Stem herbaceous or shrubby, naked or aculeate, rarely
spiny; leaves simple, often siimately Ipbed, sometimes un-

128 PEXTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

equally pseudo pinnate, in many species growing" by pairs;
peduncles solitary or several, one or many-flowered, above
the axill, scattered or terminal. Pubescence stellate.

Species. 1 S. riignun, variety virifmicum. 2. Dulca-
mara. Becoming nauiralized. 3. mammosnm. 4. virginia-
mim. 5. caroIincTise. 6. *triJlonnn. Stem unarmed, herbace-
ous and procumbent; leaves dentately-])innatifid, smooth,
segments acute, somewhat undulated, wiih the margin
more or less revolute; peduncles opposite the leaves, 2
or 3-flowered. — Flowers small and white, revolute; fruit
about the size of a cherry, green Avhen ripe. Stem a lit-
tie hirsute, spreading and procumbent, about a foot long;
leaves somewhat runcinate. This species, though very
distinct, appears to have some affinity with the .S". rmicina-
turn of Peru and Chili. — Hab. As a tveed in and about the
gardens of the Mandans and Minitarees, and in no other
situations. Near Fort Mandan. Flowering from June to
August.

Of this last genus there are now no less than 140 spe-
eies described, besides what have been recently added
fiom New Holland and other places. Some of the species
have become highly important in human economy, sticii
are the Potatoe (6*. tuberosum) introduced into Europe
from the mountainous parts of Peru in the year 1590, ac-
cording to Bauhin; the Melongena sometimes called egg-
plant {S. Melongena) of Asia, Africa, and America, cul-
tivs.ted for food in the warmer parts of the continent of
Europe, as well as in the United States; the Tomatoe {S.
J^ycopersiann) of India and the warmer parts of America,
its iruit affording an agreeable and uell known condiment;
to these we may add the S. anguhi of Madagascar, fur-
nishing also an esculent truit; the ^S*. scabrum of Peru
producing a fruit like an orange, answering the purpose
of a saponaceous abstergent for washing; with the P.
Pseudo- capsicum of Madeira every one is familiar, an
elegant shrub cultivated for the appearance of its fruit,
resembling scarlet cherries.

In its geographical distribution the genus Solaiiiim is
principally confined to the tropical parts of America, and
no where more abundant than in Peru and Mexico; there
are also a few species in India and Africa, but in Ameri-
ca there are no less than 100. With the exception then
of S. Dulcamara and S. nigrum this genus is principally
indigenous to the Nvarmer parts of America, extending also
into Asia and Africa; the *S'. nigrum is found apparently
spontaneous in every part of tiie world, in North Vmerica
it exists westward to the souices of the Missouri. The
,S. J)tilcaniara is now also becoming naturalized in the

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 129

■ United States. It is scarcely probable that these two in-
sulated species originated in Europe.

197. ^ANDROCERA.f (Solanum species.)

Calix veiitricose, border 5-cieft, at length
deciduous. Corolla monopetalous, rotate, sub-
rin,e;ent, o-clef't. Stamina unconnected, un-
equal, declined, the fifth corniform and much
larger than the rest: anthers opening by two
terminal pores. Style simple, declined; stigma
0. Berry dry, included in the valvular base of
the calix. Seed immarginate, rugose.

Habit similar to Solanum; flowers in erect lateral ra-
cemes, irregularly rotate, yellow; anthers separate, one of
them remarkably produced; seeds resembling those oi
Datura.

Species. 1. A. lobata^ aculeate, hirsute, and herbace^
ous; leaves by pah's, pinnatifidly lobed, segments obtuse,
cbsoletely crenate, and undulate; racemes lateral, many-
flowered.

Solanum heterunJrum, Pursh. Flor. Am. i p. 156, and
Suppl. ii. p. 730. tab. 7.

Root annual, fibrous. Stem thorny, branched, and pu=
bescent as well as every other part of the plant; pubes-
cence stellate. Leaves petiolate, by pairs, nerves beset
with prickles, for the most part simply pinnatifid, and
somewhat ovate. Racemes lateral, many-flowered, flowers
pedunculate. Calix small, w;th a ventricose base; limb
5-cleft, segments linear, acute, deciduous after the en=
largement of the spherical base. Corolla large, irregularly
rotate, plaited, externally hirsute, the two lower segments
divaricate and acuminate. Stamina short, separated, an-
thers declim^d, one of them twice as large as the rest.
Style declined, mcurved, obtuse; stigma indistinct. Berry
dry, l-celled? included in the spherical spiny base of the
ealix, the base dividing at length into 5 valves. Seeds
numerous, nearly black, rugose, angular, compressed, and
somewhat reniform, but without m.argin.

Habitat. Near the banks of the Missouri, in arid,
denudated soils, from the confluence of the river Platte

f From stve^, a man, (also the anther, or masculine organ of
plants), and ^.s^ot?, a horn; in allusion to the corniform appear-
ance of one of the anthers.

ISO PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

to the mountviins. Flowering in July and August. Nearly
allied, though apparently distinct from the Solanum cornn-
turn, so well figured in the Annales du Museum. To this
genus, if such it may be considered, this latter species
may also be added, and probably the Solanum Vespertilio,
of Alton.

198. PHYSALIS. L. (Ground-cherry. Winter-
cherry.)

Berrij ^-celled, covered by the inflated ealix.
Corolla campanulate-rotate; tube marked with 5
diaphanous concave impressions. Stamina con-
nivent.

Annual or perennial, some of the species shrubs; leaves
for the most part by pai" s; flowers lateral, solitary, or se-
veral together.
^ Although the fruit of this genus has generally been con-
sidered narcotic, the berries of all the species indigenous
to the United States, are commonly eaten with safety if
perfectly ripej they are sweetish and subacid, and are
every where known by the name of "ground-cherries."

Specie3. 1. P.ruiscosa. 2.obsciira. 2. lanceolata. 4. pen'
sylvanica. 5. migulata. 6. philadelphica. 7 ■ pubescens.

This genus is almost exclusively indigenous to India
and America; in Europe there is but 1 species, the P. Al-
kekengi^ there is also 1 species at the Cape of Good Hope,
and the P. somniferciy a shrub indigenous to Mexico, is nov/
naturalized in Crete, and Spain.

199. NICANDRA. Manson.

Calix 5-parted, with 5 angles, anerles com-
pressed, segments sagittate. Corolla campanu-
late. Stamina incurved. Berry 3 to 5-celled,
covered by the«calix. ^

Habit similar to the preceding genus. Flowers blue.

SjPECiES. 1. J\r. Physalodes. Not naturalized, found
merely about the rejectments of gardens. Originally from
Peru, and the only species of the genus.

200. DATURA. Z. (Thorn-apple. Jamestown-_
weed.)

Corolla funnel form, plaited. Calix tubular,
angular and deciduous, the base orbicular, and

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 131

persistent. Cajmile 4-celled, 4-valvetl, smooth
or spiny.

Herbaceous and annual plants; extremely foetid and nar-
cotic, leaves by pairs; flowers solitary, lateral, and dicho-
tomal, ope n in, ^ towards sun-set.

Species. 1. D. stramonium. Overrunning wastes and_
g"ardens from the coast of the Atlantic to the sources of
the Missouri; but originating probably in South America,
or in Asia, it is novv' also naturalized throughout Europe.

Parkinson in his Paradisius, p. 362, says, that the Datu-
ras (including the present species) were brought from
Turkey and Egypt, and that Garcias and Christopher
Acosta with others, affirmed that they grew in the East
Indies. From Boerhaave, the physician and botanist, we
also learn that the Datura Stramonium is indigenous to
the East Indies, and called Datura in the vernacular lan-
guage of the country, he also adds, that acquainted with
its narcotic properties, the natives sometimes employed
it as a poison, Sec the same account in part has been re-
cently corroborated by the testimony of Colonel Hard-
wicke, an interesting botanical traveller. Has then the
Datura StramGnium been introduced into America from
India, and by what means?

Of Datura Persoon enumerates 7 species, forming a
distinct genus of the D. arborea under the name of Brttg-
mansia,- of these 7, 1 is indigenous to China, I to Egypt,
the foetid D. Metel to Asia, Africa and the Canary islands,
the D. Levis to Abyssinia, and the D. ceratacaula to the
isle of Cuba, the real habitat of the D. tatula and the D,
Stramonium^ can now no longer be ascertained.

Tne D. Stramoninm, lately introduced into medical
practice, appears to operate specifically upon the optic
nerve when taken in any considerable quanti;y, producing
a remarkable ddatation of the pupil of the e}e, and when
taken inadvertently in dangerous quantities, it has been
known to induce temporary blindness.

01. HYOSCYAMUS. L, (Henbane.)

Calix tubular, border 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-
form, 5-lobed, irregular, lobes obtuse. Stami-
na inclined. Stigma capitate. Capsule oper-
culate, 2-celled.

Herbaceous; floral leaves often by pairs; flowers soli-
tary, axillary, often inclined to one side of the stem

Species. 1. H.niger. Naturalized in Canada and the

13g PEXTANDRIA. MOJfOGYNIA.

Northern states. The whole plant is poisonous and nar-
cotic, excepting- the oil expressed from its cotyledons,
which is innoxious.

The genus Huoscya7mi3 appertains principally to the
South of Europe, and the East, there is also 1 species in
Siberia.

202. NICOTIANA. Z. (Tobacco.)

Calix urceolatc, 5-cIef1. Corolla funnel form,
border plaited, 5-cleft. Stamina inclined. Cap-
side 2 to 4-valved, 2-celled.

Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose, flowers terminal, ra-
cemose or paniculate, seg'nients acute or obtuse. Capsule
in most of the species partly 4-valved.

Species. 1. J\^. Tabacum. Cultivated. No where de-
cidedly indigenous. Introduced into North America ap-
parently by the aborigines. Near the confluence of Pid-
geon river with the Tennessee, and in some other parts
of the state of Tennessee, I am assured by the earliest
settlers, that Tobacco came up spontaneous around the
ruins of the ancient aboriginal stations. The genuine ha-
bitat of the jK'icotiana Tabanim, though so confidently re-
ferred to America, still appears to be involved in obscu-
rity; in Europe it was first made known about the year
1560 by Nicot, a French ambassador, who had received
seeds of it froip Florida during his residence at Lisbon,
and it was in honour of him that the genus acquired its
name; about the same time also the Spaniards received it
from Tobaco, a province of Yucatan, hence its common
name. The learned Savary, however, asserts that the
Persians have cultivated Tobacco (now) more than 400
years, and that they received it from Egypt. 2. rustica.
According to the observations of tlie late Dr. B. S. Bar-
ton, cultivated and introduced by the indigenes. Still na-
turalized near the borders of some of the smaller lakes in
the western parts of the state of Ne^ York. Cultivated
also by the aborigines of the Missisippi, and by some of
the tribes on the IVIissouri. J\\ 3. qiiadrivalvis, Pursh.
Annual; stem low, erect, and diflTusely branched; leaves
lanceolate, rather short, acute and sessile, sometimes au-
riculate at the base; calix campanulate, a little shorter than
the tube of the corolla, somewhat inflated, closed, seg-
ments acuminate; limb of the corolla expanding, nearly
flat, segments acute; capsule roundish, 4-valved.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high; flowers white, in a scattered pa
nicle, opening about sun-set, calix viscid.

PESTTANDRIA. MDNOGYNIA. 133

CiiUivated b}' the aborigines of the .Missouri from the
river Platte to the mountains, also by the natives who in-
habit on the banks of the Columbia river. I have no where
seen it spontaneous, but am informed of its existence as
such on the banks of the Columbia. The Tobacco most
esteemed by the Indians of the Missouri is that which
they obtain from the flowers, preserving- the viscid calix
and rejecting the corolla.

This genus now consisting of 13 species is for the most
part indigenous to South America; there is however 1 spe-
cies in China, the jV. fniticosa, and another around Port
Jackson in New Holland.

It is doubtful whether all the benefits which have ac-
crued to Europe from the discovery of America, have not
been counterbalanced by the introduction of this univer-
sal luxury, produced at tlie expense of human liberty, and
of a soil which could otherwise be employed h\ augment-
ing the necessaries of life, independent of the diseases in-
separable from the use of so powerful a narcotic.

203. YERBASCUM. L. (Mullein.)

Calix 5- parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, un-
equal. Stamina declined, bearded. Stigma sim-
ple. Capsule £-celled, valves inflected, many-
seeded.

Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose, mostly bieHnlal;
leaves often decurrent on the stem, entire, deeply tooth-
ed, or more or less pinnatifidly lobed; pubescence stellate
or simple and glanduliferous; flowers densely spiked or
racemosely paniculate. Anihers 1 celled.

Species. 1. J- Thapsus. Introduced. Now natural-
ized. Pubescence ramified, and proliferously articulated.
The cap-:ules of this plant, about the period of maturity,
are said to possess a degree of irritability, suddenly clos-
ing with crepiialion after being forcibly struck. Accord-
ing to the observations of Dr. Smith in Flor. Brit. 1. p.
2o0, the whole herb is mucilaginous, emollient, and some-
what narcotic. 2. Lychiiitis. 3. Blattaria. Both these
species have been introduced. Now naturalized. 4.
Clai'toiii.

This genus is chiefly indigenous to the South of Eu-
rope, there are a few species also in the Levant, and a
shrubby and spiny species in the isle of Crete. V. Clav-
toni appears to be a mere variety of V. Blattaria,

N

134 PENTAXDTIIA. MONOGYNlAe

204. SPIGELIA. L. (Carolina Pink-root.)

Calix 5 -parted. Corolla funnel-form, border
5-cleft, equal. Anthers convergent. Capsule
didymous, 2-celIed, 4-valved, many-seeded.

Herbaceous or suffruticose; leaves opposite; flowers
bracteolate, in a terminal unilateral spike or cyme.

Stecies. 1. S. marilandica. Well known as an an-
thelmintic. Flowers, externally brilliant crimson, inter-
nally greenish, corolla somewhat club-shaped campanu-
late, style fusiform, exserted- This plant was formerly
found near Baltimore, in Maryland; it is now rare in Vir-
ginia.

Of this g-enus there are 2 other species in Brazil and
Cayenne.

£05. OPHIORRIZA. X.

Calix 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form, 5-cIeft.
Germ bifid. Stigmata 2. Capsule mitre-form-
ed, 2-lobed, 2-celled, many-seeded.

Herbaceous or suffruticose; leaves opposite; flowers
bracteolate, in lateral and terminal cymes.

Species. 1. O. Miireoki. 2. lanceolata, Elliott.
{Cynoctoimm petiohiiimi, Gmelin, Syst. Veg. 443.)

Of this genus there are but 2 other species; the O.
J^ungos of the East Indies, and 0. subwnbellata of the
island of Otaheite, in the Pacific.

206. SABBATIA. Manson.

Calix 5 to 12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 to 12-
parted. Stigmas 2, spiral. Jlnihcrs at length
revolute. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded.

Annual and perennial; leaves opposite, entire; flowers
diciiotomal and terminal, often fastigiate. (Citter and
tonic.)

Species. 1. .S*. gracilis, (S- steUaris, Pursh.) 2. cin-
gidaris. 3- cnli/cosa. 4. bracldata. Ell. 5. gentianoideSf
Ell. &. chloroides 7- panicidata. ^. corymbusa.

A North American genus, nearly allied to Chirojiia.

3.07, AZALEA. L. (Swamp Honeysuckle.)

Calix 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, or cam-
panulate, o-cleft^ unequal. Stamina declined^

fENTANDEIA. MONOGYNIA. 135

inserted upon the torus or receptacle. Style de-
clinedj- stigma obtuse. Capsule 5-celled.

Shrubs with alternate entire leaves; commonly more oi'
less striffose on the margin and nerves; flowers bracteo-
late, solitary (in .2. indica, he.) more commonly in ter-
minal fastigiate clusters, appearing before the expan-
sion of the leaves, or more rarely after (as in ^. viscosa,
&c.) colour white, red, scarlet, and yellow.

Species. I. A. calcndukicea. This plant appears to be
now considered as nothing more than a variety of.?, poii"
//ca of the Levant. 2 canescens. o. bicolor. A.niuUjiora. 5.
fiscosa. Of this species the most remarkable spontane-
ous variety, is the A. viscosa, glcmca, very unnecessarily
made a species by Mr. Pursh; in this plant the leaves are
constantly glaucous on botli surfaces, in other respects it
is not distinguishable from A. viscosa. 6. procumbens. On
the White Mountains of Xew Hampshire.

This fine genus, so much esteemed by horticulturists
and florists for the beauty and fragrance of its flowers,
exists chiefly in North America. There is, liowever, L
specles in India, which has been long cultivated by tlia
Chinese; another in Lapland, but scarcely of tiie same ge-
r.us any more than the .2. procumbens of tlie European
alps which has opposite leaves; Uie Azalea rosmamiifoUa.
of Japan appears to be equally dubious considered as a
congener of the A, pontica and the American species.

208. BUMELIA. Swartx.

Calix 5-parted. Corolla salver- form, deeply
5-parted. JK^ectarunn (or inner corolla) 5 -leav-
ed. Drupe 1-seeded.

Shrubs or small trees, often spinescent, branches flex-
uose, much divided; leaves simple, alternate, entire, most-
ly sempervirent; flowers in lateral or axillary clusters;
wood more or less foetid.

Species. 1. H. Lticioides. 2. lanngiyiosa. 3. Chryso-
philloides. 4. recUnata. 5. *oblongifolia. Spiny, leaves
smooth, oblong, obtuse, deciduous; flowers conglomerate,
nearly sessile, very numerous; segments of the nectariuiu
trifid.

A small tree about 18 feet high, with numerous flexu-
ose or tortuous branches. Segments of the calix ovate,
concave. Nectarium nearly equal with the corolla, divisions
trifid, connivent, opposite the stamina. Drupe carneous
purple, at length blackish brown, wood foetid. First no-

136. PENTANDRIA. MOIfOGTXTA.

ticed by Mr. .1. Bradbury, near the lead mines of St. Louis
on the Missisippi; it is also abundant as far down the ri-
ver as Natchez.

The B. serrata, inadvertently described by Mr. Pursh,
was nothing more ilian a young- branch of the Prnnus ca-
roliniana without flowers, which 1 had collected near the
town of Natchez on the Missisippi. 1 have thought it no
less than my duty to the public to rectify this mistake,
without, I hope, intending any personal reflection, as we
are all equally liable to prevailing error.

Tiie rest of this genus, exclusively American, is confin»
ed to the West India islands.

Iff Flowers monopetalou^f superior,

209. CAMPANULA. (Bell-flower.)

Calix mostly 5-cIcft. Corolla campanulate,
the base closed with 5 staminiferous valves.
Stigma 3 to 5-cleft. Capsule inferior, 3 or rare-
jy 5-celled, opening by latpral poros.

Lactescent? herbaceous or rarely suffrutlcose; flowers
bracteate, axillary, solitary or fasciculate, sometimes in
terminal spikes or panicles; in a few species the corolla is
nearly rotate.

Species. 1. C.rotundifoUa. 'KV &\\ n^xneCi de dpi ens hy
Persoon, as there are very seldom any round leaves to be
seen on the plant. 2. divaricafa. 3. americana. 4. acumina-
ta. S.iiitida. 6. Krinoides. {C. Jlexuosa? Mich. C. apari'
noides, Purs'^..) § ii. Legousia. Corolla salver-form.
Stigma 2 or 3-cleft. Capsule prismatic-cylindvic, 2 or 3-
celled, many-seeded. — 7. amplexlcauUs. (C. bijlora.^ Fior,
Peruv.)

This vast genus of more than a hundred species is in
great part indigenous to Europe, extending into Barbary
in Africa, and Siberia in Asia, as well as the Levant, a
considerable number of the species are rare and alpine; in
the soulhei-n hemisphere there are scarcely any but what
are afforded by the Cape of Good Hope; in the whole con-
tinent of South America tlicre are but 2 species described,
viz. the C. ^/i /if ormis oi' Ch'iVi, and the C. infiora oi' i^tvu,
apparently the same plant as the C.amplexicanlis of North
America.

£10. PINCKNEYA. J\hchaux.

Calix 5-partcd, 1 or 2 of the segments very

PE-VTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 137

large, resemblingcoloured bractes. Corolla long
and tubulons, border recurved. Stamina ex-
serted, inserted near the base of the tube. Cap-
sule roundish, at length opening with 2 valves
in a contrary direction to the double dissepi-
ment. Seeds winged, transversely arranged
upon the receptacle.

A small tree, with entire, opposite and stipulate leave?;
panicle terminal, fascicles from 4 to 5-fiowerecl; fiowers
rather larg-e. Nearly allied to Cinchona, difiering more
by the habit than tlie character of tlie fruit, which whem
quite mature is distinctly bipartile in the line of the dis-
sepiment, after the manner of Cinclioua, the partition is
therefore not contrary to the valves, but a continuation
of their margin, proceeding inwards to the receptacle oi*
axis of the capsule; ti.e fru.t oi Pincknei'a is in fact 2-cel!-
ed and 4-val\ed, the seed-vessel ncAcr completely open-
ing' before the destruction of the tcnaceous integument
which surrounds it.

Species. 1. P. pubens. In Spiiagnose swamps from
Carolina to Florida. Near Savannah in Georgia, &c. usu-
ally not far from the sea-coast — Hitherto there is but 1
species discovered. Its bark appears from the taste and
appearance altogether similar to that of Cinchona^ and is
probably medicinal. The monstrous and finely discolour-
ed bracteiform segments of its calix, of a pink red, ren-
der it highly ornamental, but it does not long survive its
transplantation in Europe; it would probably thrive bet-
better in bog-soil, on the ma.-gin of an aquariun^ supplied
with artificial heat.

211. CHIOCOCCA. Brown, L,

Ca/icT 5-toothed. Corolla tunnel-form, equaL
Berry compressed, didymous, 2-sccdcd, iiMferior.
Seed oblong, compressed.

Erector scandent shrubs; leaves opposite, entire; flow-
ers axillary, racemose or solitary.

Species. 1. C. racemosa. On the sea-coast of Flori-
da.— Of this genus thej-e are 2 other species; 1 in Peru,
and another discovered by Furster in the Society and
Friendlv inlands of the Pacific.
N 2

13S PENTAKTDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

212. CAPRIFOLIUM. Tournefort. Juss. (^Cov^l-

Honey-suckle.)

Calix 5-toothed, bracteate at the base. Co-
rolla loii]^ and tubulous, 5-cleft. Berry 3-celled,
many-seeded, distinct.

Shrubs with twining stems; leaves connate at the base;
flowers sessile, terminally capitate, or axillary verticillate,
verticills 6-flowered.

Species. 1. C. sempervirens. "2. gratum. (C Jlaviim is
probably a variety of this species.) o. pawiflonun. This
species I have observed as far westward as Fort Mandan
on the Missouri, and am inclined to believe the C. ciliosiwi
of Pursh a mere variety of it.

Of this g-enus, so much esteemed in the gardens for its
beauty and its odor, there are besides the above species,
the C. Penchjmenum or Woodbine of Europe, and the C.
japoniciLTn.

213. XYLOSTEUM. TournJ, Juss.

Flowers by pairs on the summit of the same
peduncle. — Calix 5-toothed, bracteate at the
base. Corolla 5-cleft or 5-!obed, nearly equal,
or irregular and bilabiate. Berries by pairs,
united entirely, or only at the base, 2-celled,
many-seeded.

Krect shrubs; peduncles 2-(lowered, axillary, solitary.

Species. 1. X. ciHatum. Pursh. Very distinct from
X- tataricum; the variety /3. album, of Mr. Pursh bearint^'
^vhite berries is Symphona racemosa of Michaux,'now cul-
tivated in several gardens near Philadelphia from seeds
collected by the late governor Lewis. 2. villosum.

Of this genus there are five species in Europe, one in
Tartary, one in Barbary, one in Asia Minor, and another
in Japan.

214. SYMPHORIA. Persoon, Juss.

Calix small, 4-toothed, bracteolate at the base.
Corolla tubular, short, 5-cleft, subequal. Stig-
ma globose. Bory ovate, small; crowned with

I

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYKIA. 139

the persistent calix, 4-celIed, 4-seedeiI, 2 of the
cells sometimes abortive.

Erect shrubs; flowers small, conglomerate and axillary^
or in siiort terminal, racemes, smooth or internally pube-
scent as in Mitchella.

Species- 1. ^S*. fflomerata. {Lonicera Symphoncarpos.
Willd. Spec. Plant. 1. p. 989.) Partial racemes axillary,
crowded, imbricated in four ranks; flowers cylindric-
campanulate, bractea 3-leaved.— Flowers greenish-red;
berries bluish-purple. From Virginia to Florida; in
Tennessee and up the Missouri to its sources. Com-
mon. 2. racemosa. Berries large, opaque, and white. —
In Upper Canada, not far from Queenston on the Xiagara
river; near the outlet of Lake Huron, and on the banks
of the Missouri. Not rare. This genus is confined to
North America. Allied to Mitchella?

215. DIERVILLA. Tournefort Juss.

Calix oblong, 5-cleft, bracteate at the base.
Corolla double the len.i^th of calix, funnelform,
5-cleft, spreading. Stigma capitate. Capsule
oblong, naked, acute, 4-celled, many-seeded.
Seeds minute.

A shrub with entire serrated leaves; peduncles axillary
and terminal, dichotomous, mostly 3-flowered; flowers
yellow-

Species. 1. J)- Toitmeforti. The only species of the
genus* and exclusively indigenous.

£16. TRIOSTEUM. L. (Fever-wort)

Calix 5-cleft, persistent, nearly the length of
the corolla; segments linear, acute. Corolla
tubulous, 5-lobed, subequal, base nectariferous,
gibbous. Stigma somewhat 5-lobed, capitate^
Beinj 3-celled, S-seeded, crowned with the caliXo

Herbaceous; stem simple; leaves opposite, entire, most-
ly connate; flowers axillary, sessile, usually by threes,
rarely solitary, calix bibracteate.

Species. 1. T. perfoliatum. Leaves undulated on the
margin and hirsute above. Calix, corolla and younger
Stems, viscQsely-pubescent. 2. angustifoUum.'^ThiQ genus

140 PENTAXDRIA. MONOGYNIA,

is confined to North America, with the exception of a 3d
species said to grow in Madaijascar? The root is emetic
and cathartic.

ffff Flowers pentapetalouSf superior.

9A7. RIBES. L. (Currant and Gooseberry.)

Co/ix superior, campanulate, 5-cleft. Petals
and stamina inserted upon the calix. Stijle bi-
fid. Berry many-seeded.

A genus of shrubs, with alternate lobed leaves, con-
sisting of two natural sections. First, Grossularia
(Gooseberry) with simple or divided axillary thorns; pe-
duncles few -flowered, fruit larger. Second, Ribesia
(Currant), without axillary thorns; flowers in racemes.
•^Fruit mostly edible and subacid.

Species. § i. Ribesia. — 1. J?, albinerviwn. 2. trijldum.
^.rigens. A. prostratwn. 5.resiiiosu7n. Q.viscosissiinum. Ph.
7. sanguincuin. 8. aureutn. Flowers highly odorous in one
of the varieties; berries larger or smaller, red, fulvous,
and black, the latter of these colours is that which is natu-
ral. 9 recurvatum. \0. pensylvanicvin. Apparently a per-
manent variety of H. nigrum. — § ii. Grosstilaria.
(Gooseberry.) W. rotwidij^tium. 12. hirteUwn. 13- gracile.
14. trijioriwi- 15. oxycanthoides. 16. lacustris'^ Axillary
spines none? Stem very hispid (as in Robinia hispida)
leaves deeply cut, Slobed, smooth, segments unequally
cleft, and toothed; racemes few-flowered, rather long and
pendulous; berries roundish-ovoid, hairy, black. — Pubes-
cence ferruginous, berries sour, rather insipid. Hab. In
dark and swampy forests amongst rocks, on the islands
of lake Huron, near Michilimakinak. \7- Cynosbati.

Nearly all the species of this interesting genus are al-
pine. In the north of Europe there are 6 species (all of
them spontaneous in Britain;) 5 in Siberia, 2 of them in
Dauria, 1 upon the granitic mountains of Songaria, and 2
others also discovered by Pallas upon the loftiest summits
of the Mongolian chain; there are 6 other species of this
genus indigenous to the Andes of Peru and Chili.

Scarcely any of the American species ofRibes produce
fruit in England,

I

I

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYJTIA, 141

If Iff Flowers poda-petalouSf inferior,

^218. DROSERA. L. (Sun-dew.)

Calix 5-clert, persistent. Petals 5. Anthers
52-I()bed. growing to tlje filaments. Germ supe-
rior. Stijle 1. Stigmas 3 or 4 divergent, deeply
bifid. Capsule 1 -celled, 3 or 4-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds attached to the middle of each
valve.

Herbaceous; leaves radical, alternate, stipulate, lamina
discoid or elon.2;ated, denticulately ciliated and covered
with glandulous, capitate filaments, somewhat resemblin^^
the tentaculi of some marine animals, and capable of slow
contraction in order to retain and destroy irritating insects;
flowers in cymose racemes; scape at first circinately invo-
lute, petals marcesent A genus very nearly allied to
DioHcea.

Species. 1. D.rotundifoUa. Obs. Leaf suborbiculate,
dilated, petiole elongated, hairy on the upper side; ra-
cemes frequently bifid. Segments of the cahx hnear-ob-
long, obtuse, smooth; petals oblong; stigmata 3 or 4, deeply
bifid, apex clavate, capsule 3-valved; seeds very nume-
rous, subulately alated, imbricate, longer than the breadth
of the valves.

2. longifolia. Obs. Caudex elongated 4 or 5 inches
after the manner of a stem. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long»
obovate, d:sk and ciliate margin glandular; slipules about
10-cleft, capillaceous; raceme simple^ flowers secund;
segments of the calix oblong-ovate, obtuse. Seeds ob-
long, obtuse, short. Hab. Both these species are com-
mon near Philadelphia, but principally in New Jersey.

2>.brevifGlla, Pursh. Obs. Scape 2' or 3 inches high,
simple; leaves cuneate, suborbiculate, denticulately ciliate,
disk glanduliferous, marked with an obcordate nerve (as
in all the preceding); petiole scarcely longer than the
lamina, smooth on the upper .side; stipules scariose, 3 or
4.cleft; segments of the calix, which is smooth, and petals
oblong-oval, obtuse; stigmata 3, deeply bifid, apex linear,
capsule 3-valved; seeds black, minute, shorter than the
breadth of the valves, oblong-ovate, obtuse at each extre-
mity.— Hab. From North Carolina to Georgia, on the
margins of sandy ponds; often in dry and arid situations.
Nearly allied to />, Burmanni of Ceylon and Cochinchina.

142 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA,

4. JiUformis. Leaves filiform and subulate, very long
(6 to 9 inches), covered from the base to the summit with
tentaculoid, glandulous filaments, smooth on the under
side, circinately involute, or rolled inward from the base
to the point, (similar to tlie unexpanded frond of a
Fern). Stipule complicately-dissected, resembling a lanu-
ginous web. Scape smooth, about the length of the leaf,
racemosely cymose, simple or bifid, few-flowered; bractes
subulate, longer than the pedicells. Calix 5-parted, seg-
ments unequal, short, the larger oboval, very obtuse, ex-
ternally covered with a short viscid pubescence. Petals
numerously and longitudinally veined, oboval, pale purple.
Stamina 5, anthers bilobed, oblong, yellow, pollen large
in twin globules. Style sessile, stigmas 3, deeply bifid,
summit somewhat incrassated, viscid. Seeds black, mi-
nute, ovate, acute, punctured. This singular species of
Mrosera was first discovered in New Jersey by INIr. Rafa-
nesque and described in the second volume of the New
York Medical Repository. It appears to be nearly allied
to D. lusitanica with which it ought to be compared, j

Of this singular genus there are 4 species in Eu-
rope; the D. lusitanica appears lo be almost a distinct
genus, having subumbellate decandrous flowers and con-
sequently very nearly allied to Dioncea,- there are 4 species
at the Cape of Good Hope, of which the D. cistijlora seems
to be also a separate genus; and one species in Cey-
lon nearly allied to the JJ. hrevifoUa; the D. indica also
appears inadmissible as a Drosera^ having a branching
stem; the very singular D. peltata! and />. pedataf of
New Holland are indubitably distinct from the European
JJrosera

Besides the botanical aflinities existing betwixt Drosera
and Diojicea, there is also a similarity in their physical
properties. Both give out by expression a yellow and
partly resinous fluid, which to the taste is sweet and
somewhat astringent, but quickly succeeded by a transient
pungency.

£19. VITIS. L. (Vine.)

Calix miiuite, 5-toothed or entire. Petals 5,
mostly cohereing above in the manner of a
calyptrum, coming off at the base, and tben deci-
duous. Style 0. Stigma capitate. Berry 5-
seedcd, superior, round or rarely ovate. (Flowers
mostly dioicous.)

I

PEXTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 143

Leaves simple and cordate, angularly or slnuately lohed,
rarely digitate or pinnate (Cissus?) flowers numerous, in
compound racemes, not uncommonly producing 4, 6 and
7 petals, with a corresponding number of stamens, calix
mostly entire, or obsoletely crenate; a glandulous disk
surrounding the germ; tendril dichotomous, sometimes
producing 'flowers, therefore analogous to a sterile ra-
ceme.

Species. 1. V. Lahnisca. 2. astivalis. Under side of
the younger leaves spread with an arachnoid tomentum,
o. cordifolia. 4:. rip aria. S.rotundifoUa. &. palmat a? AW \\\e
North American species of VitiSi are polygamous and di-
oicous; the male flower mostly contains an abortive germ.
It is probable that hybrids betv.'ixt the European vine,
{Vitis vinifera) and those of the United States would bet-
ter answer the variable climates of North America than
the unacclimated vine of Europe. When a portion of the
same industry shall have been bestowed upon the cultiva-
tion of the native vines of America, as that which has for
so many ages and by so many nations been devoted to the
amelioration of the Vitis vinifera, we can then no longer
imagine the citizens of the United States indebted to Eu-
rope for the luxury of wine. It is not, however, in the
wilds of uncultivated nature that we are to obtain vines
worthy of cultivation, were this the case Europe would to
the present have known no other Malus than the worth-
less and austere crab in place of the finest apple, no other
Pyrus than the acerb and inedible Pyraster or stone pear,
from which cultivation lias obtained all the other varieties,
It is from seed that new and valuable varieties are invari-
ably to be obtained. There is, however, at the present
time, a variety of one of the native species cultivated under
the name of "Bland's grape," an hybrid? no way, in my
-opinion, inferior to some of the best European grapes.
According to the observations of Z. Collins, Esq. who has
long cultivated it in_a garden, it far exceeds in producing,
every other vine in the United States, and is perfectly
hardy.

Of this genus there are besides the Vitis vinifera of
Europe, 2 species in India, one of them said to be com-
mon to the West Indies, 2 species in Japan, and 2 without
any assigned habitat.

220. CISSUS. L, Ampelopsis. Mich.

Calix minute, 4 or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5,
unconnected above, spreading, deciduous. Germ

144 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYMA.

surrounded with a gland ulous disk. Berry 2-
celled, 2 to 4 seeded. (Stamina sometimes 4.)

Sarmentose or twining- shrubs similar to the preceding,
but brittle or soluble at the joints; leaves simple, ternate,
quinate, or pinnate; ilowers in di or tricliotomous, com-
l^ound racemes, often corymbose.

Species. 1. (^. Ampelo'pis. 2. hederacea. Articulations
and petioles tumid; racemes cymose, flowers by 2's or 3's,
petals 5, cucuUate, unconnected; stam.ina 5, seated upon
the petals, anthers horizontal, connected to the subulate
filaments about the middle; glandular disk none. Germ
conic, 4seeded. Style 0. Stigma minute, glandular. Can
this be referrible to the genus Cissus? 3. bipinnata. (C.
:$tans. Persoon.)

The genus Cissvs, with the exception of the above, is
entirely tropical; tliere are 10 species in Peru and the
West Indies, 11 in India and the neighbouring islands, 1
in Arabia Felix, and anotlier common to India and Arabia,
2 at the Cape of Good Hope, and 2 in Japan, and 1 ac-
cording to Lamark in the Levant.

No species of this genus appears to afford edible fruit,
notwithstanding its near affiiiity to Vicis. I have never-
theless been informed that the fruit of the C. bipinnata
becomes agreeable when perfectly matured; to my taste
they are always nauseous like the berries of the genus
Caprifolium.

221. ITEA. L.

Caiix small, S-clcft. Petals 5, linear, reflexly
spreading, inserted upon tiie calix. Stigma capi-
tate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved many-
seeded; the seeds attached to the inflected mar-
gins of the valves.

A shrub with alternate, minutely bistipulated leaves;
spikes solitary, terminal; bractes deciduous. (Flowers
vhite and odorous.)

Species. 1. 1\ virginica. Like the following grow-
ing exclusively on the margins of swamps and stagnating
rivulets.
The only species, and peculiar to North America.

222. CYRILLA. L.

Calix minute, subturbinate, 5-parted. Fe-
tals 5, stellately spreading. Stigmas 2, (rarely

PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 145

5.) Capsule 2-cclled, 2-seeded, not opening.
Seed ovate, attached to the summit of the recep-
tacular axis by means of an umbilical filament*

Shrubs with subverticillated branches, verticills distant;
leaves alternate, entire, without stipules; racemes terminal,
clustered; flowers small and white, pedicells bibracteolate.

Species. 1. C. curoliidana. Of ihis genus tliere is ano-
ther species described by Michauxor Richard as growing
in the islands ot the Antilles.

223. GALAX. L, Ertthrorhiza. Mich. So-

LANANDRA. Fcrsooiu (Beetlc-wecd.)

Calix 5-parted, persistent. Coro//a twice the
length of the calix, 5 petalled: petals affixed to
the base of the stamina. Anthci^feroiis tube 10-
cleft, the 5 shorter segments bearing the anthers.
Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 3-cellcd, 3-valved,
valves septiferous in the centre. Seeds many,
affixed to a central axis.

Herbaceous, perennial and sempervircnt; leaves coria-
ceous, all radical, reniform, and crenate on the margin;
scape naked, many flowered; flowers small and white,
disposed in a long spike ^ (Is not Gvnnera inagellanica
and the Laupanke of Feuil'ee, 2. t. 31. allied to this genus?)

Species. 1. G. aphylla. A subulpine plant, abundant
on the margins of running springs, beneath the shade
of Kalmia latifoUa or Jihododemh^um maximvm, through-
out the high mountains of Virginia, Tennessee, Carolina,
and Georgia. The root is red and astringent. The
whole plant spontaneously exhales a stercoraceous odor,
which is not sensible in the bruised leaf! It is from
this singular property that it has obtained the name of
. Beetle- weed, or a vulgarism equivalent to it by the inha-
bitants and hunters in the mountains of North Carolina.

There is but one species of this genus and peculiar to
North America.

224. IMPATIENS. /.. (Balsam, Touch-me-not.)

Ccdix 2-leaved. Corolla 4-petaliod, irregular;
the 2 interior petals unequally bilobed^ lopan-
thiura (nectarium L.) hooded, calcarate. Jin-

146 TENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

thers at first cohering. Ciqisuh superior, 5-
valved, elastic.

Tender and herbaceous plants with succulent stems;
leaves alternate or rarely opposite, without stipules; pe-
duncles axillary, 1 or many-fiowered.

Species. 1. /. * paUida, peduncles solitary, 3 or 4-flower-
ed; lepanlhium (petaloid nectary) obtusely conic, dilated,
pjiorter than the petals; spur recurved, very short; flower
Citron yellow, sparingly punctate; leaf rhombic-ovate,
mucronulately toothed.

/. j\yjUtangere. Pursh- Flor. Am. \. p. 171.

Obs. Stem tall and much branched, tumid at the joints,
diaphanous. I.eaves of an unifoim green, rather acute,
Jovver ones upon longish petioles; Racemes from 3 to 5-
flowered; bractes ovate-acuminate. Leaves of the calix
roundish, dilated. Petals 4, including: the lepanthium;
2 lateral petals very unequally bilobed, larger lobe dilat-
ed, retuse, sparingly maculated with brownish red to-
wards the base. Lepantliium obtusely conic, broader than
long, spotted; spur of the galea sliorter than the calix.
Seeds elliptic compressed. — Flower considerably larger
than that of No. 2. and of /. J\'oUtangere, and very diffe-
rently formed. In the vicinity of Philadelphia it is much
rarer than the following, and flowers nearly a month later;
in July and August.

2. * fuiva, peduncles solitarj', 3 or 4-flowered; lepan-
lhium acutely conic, longer than the petals; spur resupi-
nate, emarginate, nearly as long as the galea; flower ful-
vous, crowded with spots; leaf rhombic-ovate, obtuse,
mucronulately toothed. /. bifora. Willd. sp. pi. 1. p.
1175. Pursh, Flor. AiD. 1. p. 171. /. maculata. Muhl.
Catal. As several species are spotted I have not adopted
the last name, and clianged the former because it was de-
ceptive. /. JW.itangerey ^. Mich. 2. p. 149. which spe-
cies it more nearly resembles than the preceding.

Obs. Plant glaucous, and diaphanous, smaller than I.
pallida, which it, however, closely resembles, excluding
the specific character. Ca])sule 5-angled, 3 to 5-seeded,
seed subprismatic with 4 angles. Cotyledones flat, cari-
nate, cupreous green. Perisperm none. Hab. Extremely
common on the alluvions of streams.

Tliis species is sometimes used for dying Salmon-red.

The other species of this genus, with the exception
of /. A'oIita?i,fere of F>urope, are indigenous to Cliina,
India, and the Cape of Good Hope-

TEXTANDRIA. MOXOGTNIA. 147

C25. VJOLA. L. (Violet.)

Calix 5-leaved, pi'oduced at the base. Corolla
5-petalle(l, irregijlar, the lower jietal cornute
beliiiid. Jlnthers connivent, cohering at the
membranaceous apex. Capsule superior, 3-
valvcd, 1 -celled.

Herbaceous, rarely shrubby; leaves alternate, stipulate;
peduncles radical or axillary, l-flowered, flowers often
inverted. (Capsule cartilaginous, obtusely triang-uiar,
valves seminuerous in the middle, contractiiig- when open,
and ejecting- the seeds with elasticity; seeds in 3 rows,
covered with a fragile coloured shell; hilum carunculate;
corculum erect and flat, in the centre of a carneous peris-
perm; cotyledons roundish-oval, radicle cylindric. — All
the North American species of Viola, like the V. cmiinciy
continue throug-h the summer to produce apetalous flow-
ers and fruit; (with the exception of the anomalous V.
ooncolor.) in the stemless species the fruit thus produced
is generally near the root and not unfrequently beneath
the soil. The V. striata, which continues flowering" in the
vicinity of Philadelphia until June, begins to produce
apetalous flowers in July in consequence of the elevated
temparature. The genus Viola then belongs to the tem-
perate zonr, where it continues to flower as long as it
produces leaves )

Species. §. i. Stemless. — 1. V. peclaia. Stigma large,
compressed at the sides, apex obliquely truncate, perfo-
rate.— Uhave never seen any other violet with a stigma
similar to this.

2. palmata. Leaves always more or less pubescent on
both sides; during the period of infloreucence, palmate or
lobed, before and after flowering, entire, cordate or re-
niform, and only then to be distinguished from V. cu-
cuUata by the constancy of the pubescence; stigma capi-
tate, recurved, rostrate, depressed, margined all roundj
segments of the calix acute.

3. sagittata. Leaf, nearly smooth, or sometimes slightly
pubescent on the upper side, often hastate; flower scarcely
to be distinguished from that of V. cucullata. /3. *emargina''
ta. Leaves similar to those of V. sagittata, almost triangular-
ly cordate, or hastate, lacerately toothed near the base and
decurrentin a narrow margin on the petiole, always smooth
beneath, often pubescent above; scape longer than the
leafj petals obovate, all emarginateor bi-dentate, the lo\y-

148 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

est cucullatr, the 3 lower and sometimes the 2 upper
pubescent, segnntnts of" the calix g-labrous, lanceolate,
acute; stij^rna rostrate, depressed horizontally, distinctly
margined around. Flowers of a fine deep blue. — In the
sar.dy fields of New Jersey near Philadelplua, and also on
the banks of t'le Schuyltill. In hundreds of living plants
presenting- i}-^ same characters. The V. dentuta of Mr.
Fursh appears also a mere variety of V. sagittata.

4. ovata* Leaves ovate, subcordate, crenate, rather
acute, often laceiately toothed at the base, equally and
for the most part conspicuously pubescent on either side,
petiole marginated; scape shorter than the leaves; seg-
ments of the calix subciliate; petals obovate, the two
lateral opes bearded. — V.prlmiilifoUa, of Pursh, notof Lin-
nxu3. On dry hilis, as correctly remarked by Mr. Pursh.
Flowers bright blue, flowering in April and May. Abun-
dant near Philadelphia on the shelving rocks which bor-
der on the Schuylkill and also in the sandy fields of New
Jersey.

5. ciccullata. Smooth, leaves reniform-cordate, acute,
sinuously serrate, cucuUate at the base; peduncle often
as long as the leaf; lateral petals bearded.

6. viUosa. Walter and Elliott. (V. sovoria. Willd. Hort.
Berol. 1. 1. 72.) Leaves roundish-cordate, crenate-serrate,
obtuse, upper side almost hirsutely pubescent, under side
smooth, peduncle about the length of the flowering leaves,
petals oblong, the lateral and lowest one bearded. — Leaves
rather thick, mostly incumbent on the ground, often pur-
plish on the under side. /3. * cordifolia- Leaves small,
cordate, acute, crenately serrate, flat with a very small
sinus, hirsutely pubescent above, smooth beneath; scape
always longer than the flowering leaves, segments of the
calix smooth, short, rather obtuse, scarcely produced at
the base; pe als short, obovate, — the 2 lateral and the
lower thinly bearded, multistriate.— Leaves thickish, al-
most of an equal length and breadth, elegantly cordate
and subacute, mostly incumbent on the ground, about an
inch long, and equally broad; stipules minute, subulate;
segments of the calix short and narrow, somewhat oblong;
petals rosaceous blue; capsule smooth, stigma small, ros-
trate and depressed, not margined all round. About 3
or four inches high; growing in dry woods on the banks
of the Schuylkill near Philadelphia. Flowering in May.
My friend Z. Collins, has long known this plant and con-
sidered it as a distinct species; it appears, however,
allied to V. villosa of Walter, and is decidedly the V.
sorotia figured in the IJortus Berolinensis, although the
leaf is said to bo pubescent beneath instead of above.

PENTANDRIA, MOXOGYNIA. 149

The V. papiUo7iacea, and V. asaiifolia of Pursh, are
probably ambig-uous varieties of V. cucuUata and V. pal-
mata. \Vhether V. clandesti?ia of the same author be really
a distinct species is also equally uncertain, it appears to
me nothint^ more than a smoother variety of V-villosa,
if the petals of this plant were indeed ** chocolate brown,"
that alone would be a sufficient character, but such ano-
malies are scarcely to be expected.

7. rotundifolia. Michaux, excluding- the S}Tionym of
Pursh's V. clandestina. In this species, so accurately de-
scribed by Michaux, the leaves are unusually thick, large,
and round, constantly appressed to the ground, with a
pubescent petiole, and the sinus more closed than in any
other species; the flowers, which are of a pale yellow,
appear before the complete expansion of the leaves, upon
short peduncles; the segments of the calix are oblong;
obtuse; the 2 lateral'petals are a little bearded and striate;
striae, 3 upon each, the uppermost interrupted by the line
of pubescence; the lowest petal is imcommonly small,
and also striate, the striae bifid and crossed by 2 yellow
callous converging lines near the base; nectary almost
obliterated; style short and thick, capitulum of the stig-
ma small and smooth, recurved at the apex, but without
rostrum. Hab. On the shady and rocky banks of Wisha-
hikon creek, about 8 miles from Philadelphia, where it
was also found by Mr. Rufinesque; always under the shade
of Abies canadensis; in similar situations I have also seen
it in the mountains of North Carolina.

8. blanda. Leaves nearly smooth, or slightly pubescent
on the upper side, petiole and under side entirely glabrous,
nerves pinnate, also smooth; flowers white, and odorous,
segments of the calix linear-obJong, obtuse; stigma capi-
tate, depresse.d, recurved, acutely margined around, pe-
tals all smooth.

9. primulifolia. Linn. Persoonj Elliott, excluding the
synonym of Mr. Pursh, which appertains to another spe-
cies. This plant is very nearly allied to V. lanceolata, and
as such has probably been considered by Walter, Michaux,
and Pursh; both of them are indigenous to Siberia as
well as North America. It also makes a near approach to
V- hlayida. Leaves oblong, subcordate, crenaie, obtuse, the
base remarkably and abruptly decurrent on the petiole,
so as to resemble the leaves o{' Primida veris; nerves pin-
nate, mid-rib on the upper side of the leaf with a few scat-
tered hairs; petiole on the under side as well as the nerves
on the same side, and the scape hairv; segments of the
calyx obtuse, the 2 lateral petals a litUe bearded, flovrers
odorous.

0 2

150 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

10. lanceolnta. Leaves perfectly smooth, acute and sub-
serrate, .^i-adualij attenuated down the petiole; segments
of the calix acute; petals all beardless; stigma recurved,
distinctly rostrate, capitulum roundish almost without
margin. Flowers inodorous.

§11. Prodiiciv^- stems.

11. canadensis. Style short, compres.sed, stjg-ma capi-
tate, without rostrum, on either side somewhat pubescent.

12. striata. Nerves of the leaves somewhat pubescent
on the under side, calix ciliate, t^.ectary rather large, 2 late-
xal petals densely bearded; stigma tubular, recurved, a
little pubescent on the summit. Flower yellowish white.

lo. debilis. V^wvsh. T. ca?/?';2ff, Walter. Stem decumbent,
leaves renlform-cordate, sei-rulate or crenate, smooth on
the under side, base cucuUate; petiole short; stipules
ovate- lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, peduncles very long; seg-
ments of the calix linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth; petals
oblong, pale blue, the 2 lateral ones bearded; stigma
small, tubular, recurved, rostrate, with scabrous papilla;
on the summit. Nearly allied to the preceding.

14. rosfraia. Nectarium longer than the corolla, petals
all beardless; stigma smooth, erect, attenuately clavute,
v/ithout rostrum. Leaves smooth on the under side.
Flowers })ale blue, externally purplish.

15. pubescens. V. periSviva?i?ca. Mich. Leaves either
very pubescent, or nearly smooth, subserrate; stipules
ovate, mostly entire; style compressed, stigma roundish,
almost spherical, v/ith 2 lateral tufts of pubescence, and
without rostrum. Fruit smooth. /3. eriocarpon. Fruit
densely villous; stipules smaller. In fruit this would be
taken for a distinct species, as the character is constant;
in any other respect it does not materially differ from V-
pubescens; both these varieties are abundant near Phila-
delphia.

16. tripartita. Elliott. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed, pubescent,
lobes subserrate; sti))ules ovate, entire oi- serrulate; pe-
duncle rather long and slender; flowers yellow; stigma the
same as in V. pubescens, to which it appears very closely
allied.

17. hastata. Leaves commonly cordate-ovate, acute,
rarely hastate, (or a distinct variety) margin subserrate;
petiole very short, peduncle 2 to 3 inches long; petals
yellow, externally purphsh, the 2 lateral ones bearded;
stigma as in V. pubescens^ to which this species also is
not inconsiderably related; this plant is however always
smooth with elongaTetl Icavssj often marked with disco >
loured pale blotches.

PBNTANDRIA. MOKOGYNIA. 151

18. JVuttalU. Pursh. Perennial. Stem simple, erect and
leafy, 4 to 6 inches high. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, entire,
atienualed down the petiole, opaque, margin and nerves
minutely pubescent, leaf and petiole 3 to 4 inches long,
scarcely half an inch wide. Stipules long, linear lanceo-
late, entire. Flowers small, yellow, petals purplish on the
>mJer side. Segments of the calix linear lanceolate, acute.
Stigma capitate, erostrate, nearly smooth. Flowering in
May. Near the confluence of Rock river and the Mis-
souri, and from thence to the mountains. This is the
only species of Viola on the plains of the Missouri, from
the confluence of the river Platte to Fort Mandan.

19. bicolor? Hoffman. Flor. German. 2. p. 170. Pursh.
1. p. 175. V' arvensis. Elliott, p. 302. Annual. Stem
simple, erect, acutely triquetrous. Radical leaves spa-
thidate-oval, with a few denticulations, upper leaves
spathulate-lanceolate, or ovate, smooHi. Stipules large,
cristate-palmate, ciliate, deeply 7 to 9 lobed, segments
linear -oblong, terminal one much larger. Peduncle long,
quadrangular. Calix divisions ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, ciliate. Petals much larger than the calix, oboval,
rather flat, bluish-white, the 2 lateral ones, cristately
bearded, the lower petal dilated, marked with 5 blue
stride, at the base a yellow spot. Style short, nearly cen-
tral, articulated at the base; stigma turbinate-capitate,
erostrate, slightly pubescent at tlie sides, foramen large.
Capsule nearly round. Closely allied to V. tricolor. Ap-
parently native.

20. concolor Forster. Calix nearly equal with the petals,
naked, or not produced at the base, divergent; petals all
emarginate and connivent, the lower one bilobed, and not
produced behind into a spur or nectary; anthers connate;
capsule large; seeds pale, subglobose. Stem erect, round-
ish; leaves erect, numerous, scattered, sessile, cuneate-
lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, irregularly toothed on
the upper part, attenuated below so as to appear subpe
tiolate; nerves strong, irregular or alternate; stipules
subulate; peduncles very short, about 3-flowered; flowers
greenish, appearing in April and May. Hab. From Penn-
sylvania to Upper Lousiana. Probably a distinct genus?

Of this genus there are 21 species la Europe; 2 at the
Cape of Good Hope, one of them suffruticose, and both
very doubtful as genuine species of Viola,- 1 in the island
of Lufon, one in Teneriffe; another in the island of Ma-
clovian, another in India; 2 shrubby species in Chili, 1 in
Tierra del Fuego; 3 doubtful species (as Viola,) in the
tropical parts of America, one ©f them a scandent thorny
sbrub, with peduncles bearing many flowers! In the

152 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

subgenus Ionia of Persoon there are 6 species in the
tropical parts of America, including among them the
/. Ipecacua7iha, said to produce the 7oMte Ipecacuanha
of commerce, there are also two other species in lodia.

The genus Viola, within its proper limits, is almost
equally divided betwixt Enrope and the temperate
parts of North America; the few other species in India
and the tropical parts of America appear to indicate
more than one distinct genus; it is even probable that
Viola heretofore very unnaturally associated with the
Cisti/ will at last become the type of a natural order.

226. CLAYTONIA. Gronovius, L.

Calix bipartcd. Petals 5. Stigma tv'iM, Cap-
sule 1-celled, 5-valved, 3 to 5-seeded. Seeds
reniform.

Herbaceous and somewhat succulent plants; roots most-
ly tuberous and perenjiial, rarely annual and fibrous; leaves
radical; scape producing a single pair of opposite leaves,
the upper part racemose, many-flowered, petals emargi-
iiate or bifid (Germ in C. virginica, mostly 5-seeded.)

Species. 1. C. virginica '2. spathdcejolia. (C. caroUmana?
Mich. C. lanceolata? Pursh ) Abundant round Pittsburgh,
and appears to supercede C. xnrginica as we proceed west,.
ward. 3. alsinoides. 4, perfoliata.

A North American genus, with the exception of C.
sibirica; C. lanceolata of Pursh extends into Siberia,
and C. perfoliata, whicli is annual, exists also in the isl-
and of Cuba within the tropic.

227. RHAMNUS. L. (Buck -thorn.')

Calix iircrolate, 4 or 5-cIeft. Petals 4 or 5,
jiiinute, in the form of scales opposite the sta-
mina (sometimes 0.) Stigma 2 to 4 -cleft. Ber-
ry 3 or4-seeded. (Flowers mostly polygamous
and dioicous.)

Small trees or shrubs, with the lesser branches of-
! ten terminating in spines; leaves somewhat opposite, fre-
quently alternate. Flowers axillary, lateral, and termi-
nal; peduncle one or many-flowered, flowers obscurely
coloured and inconspicuous.

Species. 1. R. alnifolms. 2. caroliniamts. 3. lance olatus.
Plentilul around Kew-Orleans. 4. mimuijlorus. Flowers

PENTRANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 153

in terminal panicles. This species by the habit can
scarcely appertain to the genus.

Of Rhan-.nus there are 11 species chiefly in the south of
Europe, 2 in Siberia, 5 in Africa and its islands, 10 in the
warmer parts of America, 1 in New-Zealand, 1 in the
Azores, 2 in China, one of which is common to India; of
these the Ji. theezans passes as a substitute for tea
among the indigent Chinese.

228 ZIZYPHUS. Tournf. (Supple-jack.)

Calix 5-cleft. Petals 5, resembling scales
inserted into the glandulous calycine disk.
Styles 2. Drupe 2-ceIled, one or two seeded,
one of the cells and seeds often abortive.

Small trees or shrubs with alternate leaves; flowers
axillary and terminal. Nearly allied to Rhamnus.

Species. 1. Z. volubilis. {(Enoplia volubilis. Persoon.)
Stem shrubby, twining, racemes many-flowered, axillary
and terminal; flowers dioicous.

Of Zizyphus, there are 6 species in India, 1 in China,
3 in Africa, I in Europe, 1 in the Antilles, and another in
Peru. The fruit of Z. Lotus is eaten by the AfricanSj
and that of Z. Jujuba by the natives of India.

229. CEANOTHUS. L, (New-Jersey tea. Red-
root.)

Calix turbinate, 5-cleft. Petals 5 squami-
form, with long claws. Stigmata 3. Capsule
3-angled, 3-celled, S-seeded, tripartile, opening
on^the inner side.

SuffViJticose or shrubby; leaves alternate; flowers copi-
ous, axillary and terminal in pedicellate panicles corym-
bosely or dichotomously divided; calix coloured, persis-
tent, segments arched inwards, glandulous disk 10-toothed-
Flowers while. Roots large and very thick, reddish and
astringent. Nearly allied to the genus Poinaderris of
New-Holland.

Species. 1. C. americaJius. 2. intermedius^ Ph. 3. sangui-
neus. Ph. Suflruticose; leaves oblong-obovate serrate,
under side pubescent, panicle short and axillary; flowers
crewded, subfastigiate. — On the banks of the xVlissouri,
abundant b-olow the confluence of the river Platte- Near
the Rocky Mountains. — M. Leiins. A much larger plant
than C. americanus, which it considerably resembles; the
leaves are eq;ually large, but speaking from recollection

154 TENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

only, 1 think they are nearly sessile, and remarkably oblong-,
the brandies reddish, surviving the v inter, and forming
a shrub ubout 3 feet high. 4. microphiiUus. Stem rigid
and much branched, leaves fasciculated, smooth and
lucid, scarcely larger than those of Thtfmus serpyllum.
ChieHy inhabiting the sandy and open pine forests of
Georgia. 5. *SerpiillifoUiis. Decumbent and suffruticose;
branches filiform; leaves small, elliptic-ovitte, serrulate,
obtuse, petioles and nerves on the under side strigose;
panicles pedicellate, axillary, few-flowered; flowers con-
glomerated. Hab. Around the town of St. Marys, in Flo-
rida.— Dr. Baldwyn. By much the smallest species of
the genus. Leaves and stems not much exceeding those
of I'hyme, early leaves somewhat crowded, oval, or round-
ish, succeeding leaves distant, all obtuse and nearly
smooth; flowers white, partly capitulate at the summit of
a pedicell, 1 and a half to 2 inches long, only about from
12 to 15 together.

The genus Ceanothus appears peculiar to America; of
which there are 5 other species besides the above; viz.
1 in New-Spain, 2 in Peru, 1 in the mountains of Jamai-
ca, and another species of uncertain locality. The C
asiaticuSf C. circumsclssa of India and C. africanus do
not appear to belong to this genus, and C. capsularis
of the isle of Talieiti in the Pacific, seems to be a Foma-
derns.

2.30. EUONYMUS. i. (Spindle-tree.) |j

Calix 5-parte(l, or 5 cleft, its base inside, co-
vered with a flat peltate disiv. Petals 5, spread-
ing, inserted on the outside margin of the glan-
dular disk. Capsule 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valv-
cd, coloured, septiferous in tlie centre, cells 1 or
2-seeded. Seeds calyptrate (or arillate?)

Erect or rarely subsarmentose shrubs, with quadran-
gular branches; leaves opposite, minutely stipulate; pe-
duncles axillary, solitary, opposite, 3-flowered, or tricho-
tomous and many-flowered. — Flowers often tetrandrous
and tetrapetalous, greenish or brown; capsule sometimes
3 or 4-celled, crimson; seeds covered with a scarlet pul-
py urillus.

Species. 1. E. americanus. /3. sannentosus. Subsemper-
virent; stem sarmentose, often radicaiit, acutely quad-
rangular; leaves subsessile, opaque, ovate-lanceolate
acute, obtusely serrate, serratures fur the most part undu-

PEXTANDRIA. MOXOGYMA. 155

lated; peduncles about o-flowered; flowers 5-petalled;
fruit scabrous — Leaves somewhat shinmg-, and remarka-
ble for tlieir opacity; fruit of tlie usual brilliant colours;
theca bursting from the centre. — Generally in shady
moist forests, among-st rocks. The singular habit of this
plant almost indicates a specific distinction, for the pre-
sent, however, I cannot consider it as any thing- more
than a permanent variety.

2.* obovatiis Stem prostrate radicant; surculi erect,
obtusely quadrangular, marked with 4 distinct lines;
bark and calix inflated, leaves broad obovate, obtuse,
acute at the base, subsessile, margin acutely serrulate,
flat; peduncles 3-flowered; stamina 4 and 5. — A very
distinct, species, though proximately allied to E. ameri-
canus. Obs Stem about a foot high, nearly simple, or with
a few short and opposite branches appearing truncated
at their extremities, by the inflation of tiie bark; leaves
nearly opaque, cuneate-obovate, often dilated so as to ap-
pear nearly as broad as long, margin finely and acutely
seiTulate, serratures and nerves on the upper side mi-
nutely hispid (seen through a lens), marginal nerves of
the petiole decurrent on the stem, forming the sole
ligatures of attachment bet'vixt the inflated bark and the
wood; calix inflated, nearly entire, or crenate, membra-
naceous; petals 4 and 5, roundish, green, with a tinge of
purple; anthers sessile. I have not seen the fruit. — Hab.
In- shady fir swamps betwixt' Franklin and Waterford,
Pennsylvania. Flowering in June.

•3. angustif(jUvs. 4 afropurpureus- Theca smooth,
opening marginally.

Of this genus there are 2 other species in Japan, and 3
in Europe.

31. CELASTRUS. L. (Staff-tree.)

Calix 5 lobed. Corolla 5-petalled. Stamina
situated around a 5-tootlied glandulous disk.
Style thick, perforate; Stigmas 3. Capsule (the-
ca) 3-sided, 3-celled, S-valved, valves septife-
rous in the centre; cells 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds
semiarillate, arillus 4-cleft.

Small trees or shrubs, erect or scandent, unarmed, or
spiny; leaves alternate, entire, minutely stipulate, sti-
pules sometimes divided; peduncles solitary or aggre-
gated 1-flowered, also racemose, paniculate'or c^mose,
axillary or terminal. Some of the species are polygamous-
dioicous. (Two or three genera are probably confounded
in Cel(isStnis').

156 PENTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA,

Species. 1. C. buVattis. No where to be met with in
North America. 2. scandens. Obs. Dioicous; racemes ter-
minal; pedicel! s circularly articulated. Male flowers
in a compound racemei the pedicells mostly 3-flowered;
calix shortly companulate; stamina alternating with the
petals. (Flowers odorous.) Female raceme simple, pedi-
cells bracteate, bractes setaceous, minute; flowers lar-
ger, turbinate-campanulate, with 5 very short infertile
stamina seated around the glandulous disk; style about
the length of the calix, thick, cylindric and perforate;
stigmas 3, reniform; capsule roundish-obovate, slightly
marked with 3, 4, or 5 furrows, with tJie same variable
number of valves; valves semiseptiferous in the middle,
2-seeded, septum not continued to the centre; seeds aril-
late, attached to the base of the capsule; arillus pulpy, 3-
sided, produced at the base, open at the top, entire, con-
nivent over the seed, when mature scarlet, seeds often all
abortive but one. Leaves alternate, stipules 3 to 5-cleft,
minute, setaceous. This species is also indigenous to
Japan, according to Ihunberg.

Of this genus there are 6 species in Chili and Peru, 17
in Africa, chiefly at the Cape of Good Hope, 4 in Japan,
2 in Arabia Felix, 1 in the < anary islands, and another in
the Marquis islands of the Pacific ocean.

jffffi Flowers incomplete,

232. HAMILTONIA. WiUd, (Oil-nut.)

Dioicous. — Hermaph. Calix turbinate-cam-
panulate, 5-rleft. Corolla 0? Germ immersed in
the 5-toothed giandiilous disk. Style 1; stigma-
ta 2 or S, sublentiform. Drupe* pyriform, 1-
seeded, inclosed in the adhering; base of the ca-
lix. Male flower nearly similar to the herma-
phrodite.

A shrub with the habit of Celastrns, to which it is inti-
mately allied. Leaves alternate entire, stipules none? ra-
ceme terminal, flowers apetalous?

Species. 1. H. oleijera. Rare. On the margins of the
mountain rivulets; in the central and hig'hest chains of
mountains, from Pennsylvania to Georgia. — Root, surculose
penetrating very deep; leaves oblong-obovate, acummate,
2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 1 1-2 wide, petiolate, pubescent
and strongly veined on the under side. The young leaves
within the bud appear silky. Pedicells circularly articula-

TENTANDRIA. MONOGTMA. IST

ted at the base. Calyx of the male flower shortly campa-
nulate; glandular disk penetrating- and filling' the tubular
attenuated base of the calix. Hermaphrodite, calix tur-
binate-campanulate, 5-deft, se^^ments ovate, reflectedp
glandular disk more conspicuous; stamina opposite the
divisions of tlse calixj and alternating with the dentures
of the di-k. Nut depressed globular, 1 -celled, 1-seeded,
inclosed in the carneous base of the calix, appearing" in-
ferior, from its immersion in the disk, adhering- calix con-
spicuously veined; shell of ihe nut whitisli, thin, a little
verrucose, sharply acuminated by the persistent base of
the style, as in i\\e capsule of Celastrits scandens. Peris-
perm laige, very oily, acrid to the laste (probably cathar-
tic,) its substance somewhat lameliated; corculum minute,
at the base. The germ has probably more than one seed.
The whole plant is more or less oily, in consequence of
which the deer and domestic cattle devour it with avidity.
C'e/a?i'r//.9 ;?mcrocar/*HS of Peru appears to be a second
species of tns genus.

2S3. ^COMAXDRA.f Thesium. L.

Calix ang'ular, tdbular-campamilate, cqales-
Qiw^ with an Internal S-toothed, glandulous
disk. Petals 5, ovate, inp^j-afted upon the mar-
gin of the raiix. jj'^'rsistcnt. Anthers attached
to the petals by a tuft of (ilaments! Germ 3-.seed-
ed^ immersed in the gland ulous disk. Capsule
valveloss, 1- seeded, coated b^ the base of the
calix,

Percnni;il, root ligneous, stem lierbaceous; leaves sim-
ple, alternute, stipules noi^.e; radical gemmaceous scales
numerous, persistent; flowers in a corymbulose terminal
panicle.

Species. \. C.innbeVota.

Thesium imibeUatum. Linn. Willd. Sp. Plant.

Stem round ar.d erect, sending out 2 or 3 infertile
branches below the panicle. Leaves approximating, erect,
oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth, reflected on the margin,
and reticulateiy veined. Panicle simrt, ramuli axillary,
corymbulose, corymbs about 5-flo\vered, with 4 invol'u-
crate brac;es, uppermost peduncles fewer flowered. CaliX

t From y-of^ti^ a head of hcdr^ and «ev;jo, a man^ by analogy,
the masculine organs of plants, or stamina; — in allu.-sion to the
singular structure oft.be aniliers.
P

158 PENTANDRIA. MONOGINIA.

unltint^ with the g-laiululous and nectariferous j^erminal
disk; disk 5-toothed, obtuse. Petals 5, calycine, often 4
and 6, with the sanne number of stamina, ovate, acute, per-
sistent, growing to the margin of the calix, white, internal-
ly villous (seen through a lens), before expansion parallel.
Stamina seated at the base of the petals, alternating with
the dentui-es of the glandulous disk; filaments subulate,
about half t lie length of the petals; antliers oval, 2-cel}ed,
connected at tlieir summits to the ])etais near their base
by a fascicle of yellow filaments — Style terete, simple;
stigma round, entire; germ about 3-seeded, ovula pendu-
lous, attached to the apex of a filiform contractile funicu-
lus arisiii;;' fi-om the base of the capsule. Capsule nearly
globular, and angular, 1-seeded, not opening, thin and
brittle, not osseous, coated by the base of the calix. Seed
round, about the size of a small pea, consisting almost
entirely of a large carnose and oily perisperm, embryon
inverted, small, flat, nearly in the axis of the perisperm;
radicle superior, thick and obtuse; cotyledons linear and
acute.

Obs. The connecting fibres of the petals, appear to be
a separation ot a portion of the central vessels, for at that
point the petal is greenish and callous, and the central
nerves there commencing* trichotomously, disappear above
the connectile fibres, and the rest of the petal is then
white.

This plant has son)e relation to the preceding, and they
both appertain to the Natural Order Santalace^ of R.
Brown, approaching at the same time very nearly to the
llHAMNii of Jussieu. 'i'he genus here proposed may
probably include some of the species of Thesium indig'C-
nous to the Cape of Good Hope.

234. QUERfA. L. Anychia. Jlichaux.

Calix connivent. 5-j)artcd, segments oblong,
apex subsaceate (or furnished with an arched
callosity.) Corolla no]\Q, Filaments uH the nn-
Ihers distinct; internjcdiate, stix, none. Stigma
subcapitate. Capsule utiicular, not opening.
Seed 1, subrenit'orm.

Herbaceous and dichotomous; leaves opposite, stipu-
late; stipules scariose, fiowers minute, bracteolate, dicho-
tomal and terminal; stamina 3 to 5- A genus scarcely
distinct from Paronychia^ intermediate with it and HeV'
?iiana.

Species. 1. Q. canadensis. Stem erect or spreading,
dichotomous, much branched, retrorsely pubescent; leaves

I

PENTANDKIA. MONOGYNIA. 159

nearly glabrous, ciineate-oblong, acute; flowers erect*
siiorter tlian the stipules. — Stamina 3, rarely 5; leaves
(throug-h a g'lass) subciliate.

2. *capillaceu. Erect and glabrous, dichotomously and
diffusely branched, brandies capillary; leaves ovate, very
smooth, attenuated towards tlie l)ase, ratiier obtuse; flow-
ers spreading, longer than the stipules. — Stamina 3, rarely
5- Both these species are annual.

Of this genus there are 2 other spec'es enumerated by
Persoon, namely tlie Q. Illspartica and Q.? trichotoma of
Japan.

.55, PARONYCHIA. ToiirnefoH and Jussieu.
Anychia. Jlkhaux,

Calix 5-parted, segments acumin.ate from
below the iiitei-nal apex, (or subsaccate) and co-
loured on the inner side. Corolla none. Five
iilaments alternating with tlie stamina. Style
bifid j stigmata capitate. Utnmlus 1 -seeded,
summit hemispherical, sometimes valvular? co-
vered by the connivent calix.

Herbaceous, cespitose or procumbent plants; leaves
opposite, and stipulate; flowers cymose or terminal,
greenish or calycine, lined vvidi a petaloid membrane
separating from the calix at its summit.

Species. 1. P. Hemiaroides. 2. *dichotoma. Cespi-
tose and procumbent, glabrous, leaves acerose, linear,
acute, on either side marked with two grooved lines; sti-
pules bifid, bractes shorter than tlie flowers; cyme dicho-
tomous; segments or" the calix minutely mucronate.

Achyranthes dichutoma. Linn. lUecebmm dichotomum.

WlLLD.

Leaves about an inch long, half a line wide, somewhat
thick ami flat; stipules bifid, a little s'.iorter than the
leaves, white, chaffy, with subulate capillary points.
Leavt-s on the infertile branches imbricately crowded, on
the flower stems remr.te. Flower stellate; segments of
the calix fiu-nished internally v.ith arched scales near the
summit, points pungently acute. Sterile setae, short;
style bifid. Utriculus not spontaneously valvular, smooth.
Seed reniforn.; perispei m farinaceous; cotyiedones linear,
iiicurved, green.— 'I'he habit of this plant is somewhat like
Sedum refexmuy but not succulent.

Habitat. On slaie rocks, by the margin of the river
Shenandoah, A'irginia, in the vicinity of Harper's Ferry.

160 PExYTANDRIA. MONOGTXIA.

. Flowering' from Aii^e^iist to November. A very elegant
pereiinial, but not suft'rutlcose, as described by Linnaeus.

3. argyrocoma. Cespitose, procambent and pubescent;
leaves lintar, pim^e^endy acute, viii6us, and nerveless; sti-
pules entire; braci es equal with the flowers; cyme dicho-
toiiious, crowded, interior apex qf" the calix bearded, ex-
terior setaceoubly acuminate.

Smaller than the preceding- to which it is very nearly
related; the cyme in tins species resembles a capitu-
lum, being- almost obscured by the numerous and crowd-
ed bractcs; the points of the cahx are nearly its length.
Sterile setjc short; style bifid; utriculus pubescent at the
summit, and without valves.

On rocks, in the mountains of upper Carolina, and on
the banks of French Broad river, in Tennessee, near the
thermal springs.

4. *sessi!(fiora. Cespitose and diffusely branched; leaves
glabrous, very short, linear, reflected and acute; stipules
.subulate, irregularly lacerate, nearly equal with the leaves;
iiowers terminal sessile, internal points of the calix arch-
ed, external capillary attenuated.

Densely cespitose and smooth, leaves without visible
nerves. Flowers irregularly crov/ded at the summits of
the branches, not cymose. Style bifid; utriculus not
valvular; sterile setae 5.

On the highest lulls of the Missouri, near Fort Mandan.
Flowering from June to September. Nearly allied to
IIer}iiaria.

'I'o this genus is referrible lilecebrum Paronychia of
the south of Europe, said to have a capsular utriculus of
5 valves? several other species of that genus also probably
belong to this.

236. GLAUX. L. (Black Salt-wort.)

Calix campanulate, 5-lobed, coloured, infe-
rior. Corolla none. Capsule globular, suri'ound-
ed by the calix, 1-cclled, 5-vaIvcd, 5-sceded; re-
ceptacle rounded, marked n\ ilh favulose punc- ,
tures.

An herbaceous, creeping, maritime plant with opposite '
oblong leaves, and small axillary subsolitary sessile '
faQwe^s.

Species. 1. G.mantimn. A genus consisting of a single
species found on every sea-coast of the northern hemis-
phere within the temperate regions.

PENTANDRIA. DIGTNIA. 161

II. DIGYNIA.

f Flowers monopetalous, inferior,

237. ECHITES. Jacquiu. Linn,

Contorted. — Calix 5-parted, sraall. Corolla
salverlbrm, border S-clel't, orifice naked. An-
thers rigid, acuminate, convei-gent into a cone,
<< cohering to the stigma by the middle." R.
Brown. Style 1; stigma anniilate, capitulum
2-lobed. Follicles 2, very long and straight.
Seed comose.

Shrubs, mostly twining-, some species exuding* a lac-
tescent sap; leaves opposite; pedunclfS axillary or termi-
nal, one or many-flowered; flowers umbellate, corymbose
or spiked; corolla as in J\Wium, Vinca, .Jlmscjiiia, Penploca,
he. contorted, or spirally involute before expansion.

Species. 1. E. difformis. Flowers small and g'reenzsh-
j'ellow. Caiix angular at the base. Corolla lined with
a silkj^ villus around the orifice. Antliers simple, seated
around the mouth of the tube, linear-sagittate, very acute
and rigid. Style 1, as long- as the stamens; stigma annu-
late, 2-lobed, viscid. Germ surrounded at tlie base by
a glandular 5-toothed torus.

This genus of 29 species, according to Persoon, is pe-
culiar to the tropical parts of A'Tierica, with the excejmon
of2 species in india, and 2 of a doubtful genus at the
Cape of Good Hope, being succulent and furnished willi
axillary thorns.

238. APOCYNUM. L. (Indian-Hemp.)
Calix \Gvy small, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla

campanulate, half 5-clcft, lobes revolute, fur-
nished at tiie base with 5 dentoid glands alter-
nating witb the stamina. Jlntlicvs connivent,
sagittate •'• cohering to the stigma by the mid-
dle.'* R. Brown. >S^^i//e obsolete; stigma thick and
acute. Follicles long and linear. Seed comose.

Erect and herbaceous plants, or shrubby and twjm ig,
■with opposite leaves; flowers corymbose or panic.- iate,
axillary or terminal. Corolla with 5 nectariferous degres-
sions near its base.

]P 2

162 PENTANDRIA. DIGYXIA.

Species. 1. A. androscemifui'aim. 2- cannabimim. S,
hypericifolmjn. 'I hese 3 species are very nearly allied to
each other, and mijjht almost be taken for so many varie-
ties. They have all l.kewise the property of mechanically
entan.^ling- fiies by the proboscis which is retained in the
acute fissui-e of the aniheis. 'Ihey afford by incision a
lactescent fluid, which when sufficiently dried exhibits all
the properties of Gum Elastic or Kaoutchouk, supposed at
one time to have been the exclusive property of the Urce-
ola elustica, but common, probably, to most of the lactes-
rent A PociNEJE, and perhaps many more of the Etiphor-
BiACE./K than the Sipho7iiu elastica, of Brazil and Guiana.

Of this genus there are several otlier species in South
America, India, and the Cape of (iood Hope, and 1 species,
A. venetiimy said to be indigenous to the islands of the
Adriatic.

239. PERIPLOCA. X.

Calix minute, S-cleft, persistent. Corolla ro-
tate, flat, 5-parte(J, orifice surrounded with an
iirceolate 5-cleft crown, terminatini; in 5 fili-
form appendices or awns. Style 1; stigma capi-
tate with 5 angles. Follicles 2, ventricose. Seed
comose.

Shrubs, many of them climbing; leaves opposite; flow-
ers subcorymbose, axillary ov terminal.

Species. 1. P. gr^eca. Naturalized or indigenous in
the western part of the state of New York. Flowers
brownish, sometimes 7-cleft, segments of the corolla each
marked with a villous oblong central spot; stigma with
10 crenatures.

TliC rest of this genus belongs to India and Africa.
The P. grxca exists in Syria and Siberia, as well as in
Korth America.

240. GONOLOBUS. Michaux,

Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Lepantliium] (op
nectary) simple, rylindrir, subchrnose, 5-lobed,

■J- Literally, in the plural, Jlo^ver-sca/es, (from Af 5r/$, a scale,
and «v^«5, ft flower,) intended to designate generally, the inte-
rior corolla or petaloid nectarium of Linnsrtis. In this place it is
the sarre as the corona stamineay '• stamineous crown," of R.
Brown; but used only by him to point out the very singular
iepanthiujn which exists in the order Asclepiadeje.

PENTANDRIA. DIgTMA. 16S

depressed, exactly equal with the antlieri
dium (antlieroid cells) discoid, pentangular,
without alated lateral niarj^ins or terminal mem-
branaceous cusps. PoUinia (masses of pollen)
5 pail-, even, transverse. Follicles 2. Seed co-
mose.

Herbaceous and twinlnt^ plants, with opposite leaves;
flowers axillary, umbellate. Nearly allied to Cynaiichuvi
in some respects; and particularly to the North Ameri-
*;an species, but very distinct in the parts of fructifica-
tion, having- a depressed or discoid antheridium, with-
out either lateral or terminal produced mar^^ins, and re-
ceiving- the pollinia transversel\ , but still attached as is
usual in Cijnanchum and AscJepias, by pairs to the upper
ang-les of the stigma.

Species. 1. G'. macrophylbis. 2. Idrsutns. Flowers
brown, segments of the corolla linear-oblong, follicles
muricute, w ith soft spines; the whole plant pubescent; sar-
ments and petioles hirsutely hairy; leaves cordate-oval,
distinctly acuminate. 3. caroliiiensis. Stem twining and
with the petioles hirsutely hairy, the whole plant pubescent;
leaves ovate-cordate, acute, somewhat acuminate; seg-
ments of the corolla ovate-obtuse; flowers yellowish, um-
bellate.— The leaves are not hirsute but covered on both
sides with a minute pubescence. Pollinia transverse It
is nearly allied to the preceding, but very distinct in the
flower; with the fruit lam unacquainted. — In the vicinity
of Savannah. — JJr. Bahhvyn.

4.* viridjiorus. Every where smooth; stem twining;
feaves subreniform-cordate, acuminate upon longish pe-
tioles, ba^e auriculate; segments of the corolla linear-
oblong, oblique, obtuse, greenish, follicles ribbed Had.
On the banks of the Mississippi, near St. Louis, £tc.
r. .?. in Herb. Lambert. London.

Hitherto an American genus. ^*

241. CYNANCHUM. L. (Dog's-bane.)

Calix 5-toothed, very small; and persistent.

Corolla rotate. Lepanthiwn simple, cylindric,

« 5 to 20-lobed," (R. Brown,) surrounding the

orifice of the tube. Stamina as in Asclepias.

Stigmata 2. Follicles 2. Seed comose.

Habit similar to GonolobuSj but many of the species
are sbiubby.

164 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

Species 1. C. Ixvc? stem erect, subsarmentose, mark-
ed v\ ith an alternating pubescent line; leaves smooth,
subcordate-ovate, acutely acuminate, sinus at the base,,
nearly closed; margin and nerves on tlie under side, mi-
nutely pubescent; petiole very short; peduncle long; um-
bell interrupted, compound, unjbelluli few-fiowered; seg--
ments of the corolla, oval-oblong, ob use; follicles smooth?
— Lepanthium cylindric, retusely 5-toothed, nearly entire.
Possessing all the habit of Asclepias Vincetoxicnm. Flow-
ers small, greenish white.

Probably Gonolobns Uvis. Mich. 1. p. 119,

2. august I folium. Stem twining, smooth; leaves smooth,
narrow, and linear, thickish; umbell upon a long peduncle;
segments of the corolla lanceolate. — 1 epanthuim cylm-
dric, obtusely 5-toothed. Follicles — ■ Flowers small and
greenish.

Ceropegia pnhistris. Pursh. 1. p 184. From Carolina
to Florida twining rouna rushes and other marsh plants.

The genus Cynanclmm appertains principally to the
warmer regions of America, a smaller number to India
and Africa, 2 to the south of Europe, exclusive of Vince-
toxicnm so closely allied to this genus; and 1 species even
extends to Siberia. Cynanchum is not altogether desti-
tute of medical economy; tiie root of C Ipecuaianha of
Ceylon and the isle of France is Ui>ed as an enu'tic in
doses of 24 grains, and it has receiitly b'.-en discovered in
France that the Senna of the sliops was in realit} the
leaves of a species of Cijnanchum disguised by an useless
admixture ot those of the Cassia Soma.

:24^. * ENSLENlA.f

Ciilix small, 5-pai'ted, persistent. Corolla 5-
parted, se.^'inents cormivent, erect. Lepanthium
simple, 5-parted, petaloid, divided to its base,
se^ir-^nts truncate, Hat, eacii terminated by 2
central filaments. Stamina as in Asclepias. Pol- m
liniuin, lohrs subcylindrif , laterally stipitate. ^
Style 0. Stigma conic, subbilamellate. Fol-
licies 2. swiaii?

t In meuio y of the late Mr. \ioysius Fnileri. an assiduous
and practical oofanist patronised m his rt searches in the United
States by I'rince Lichtenstein of Ausiria, and to whom Mr.
Pursh was fiequently indebted for many of the rarer plants of
the Southern Stales.

rSNTAXDRIA. DIGTNIA. 165

A genus approaclilng- Ct/tianchum and Asdepias.

Stem herbaceous, twining, leaves opposite; tiowers axil-
lary, corymbose.

E. atbida.

Descriptiox. Root perennial. Stem herbaceous, twin-
ing, n^arked with an alternating pubescent Ijne. Leaves
opposite, smooth, cordate-ovaie, acute, somewhat acumi-
nate, sinuate at the biise, sligh ly pubescent on the mar-
gin, and sometimes along the nerves, from 1 to 2 inches
long, and 1 to 2 wide, petiole about an inch. Corymbs
axillar}-, many flowered, upon long peduncles, several
often from the same axill; pedicells and calix pubescent.
Calix 5-parted, segments lanceolate-ovate. Corolla 5-
parted, greenish or yellowish-white, divisions connivent,
erect, linear oblong, somewhat obtuse. Lepanthium (nec-
tary, L.) 5.parted,^petaloid, segments divided down to the
base, flat, oblong, and truncated, sometimes 4-toothed,
the 2 central dentures or incisions terminating in filiform
awns. I'ollinia (masses of pollen) 5 pair, pendulous, and
even as in Asdepias, suspended to the angles of the stig-
ma, cylindric-oblong, much sliorter tlian the antheri-
dium, diaplianous, above united together by a small black
cloven tubercle, alternating in the antheroid cells, each
pair being common to 2 antheroid bodies. Antheridium
(antheroid bodies) short and crustaceous, with salient
margins, each lobe terminated by a broad, ovate, white,
chaffy cusp. Style none. Stigma conic, subbilamellate,
seated upon the disk of the antheridium. Follicles 2,
short, ovate? not more than a few lines long? seed comose?

Habitat. Near Shepherdstown, on the gravelly banks
of the Potomac, Virginia. Abundant in certain localities,
on the high sandy banks of the river Scioto, &.c. also near
Cincinnati, (Ohio) ascending to the height of 8 or 12 feet.
Flowering in July and August. An occidental plant, or
confined to the vrestern side of the Alleghany mountains,
always on alluvial soil. Flowers ochrof ucous, with a
melliferous scent. Stem like most of the Apocine.e,
aflbrding flax.

243. ASCLKPIAS. L. (Wild-Cotton, Swallow-
wort.)

Calix small, S-parted, persistent. Corolla
rotate, tnostly reflected. Lepanthium (nectary,
L.) simple, 5-parted, segments ovate, cucullate,
eacii producing from ifs base an interna! subulato
averted awn. Jinthmdinm 5-parted^ cruslac«-

166 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

ous, sessile, an.i^Ies opening by 5 longitudinal
chinks. Fo//ic/es2,ventricose, acuminate, smooth
or muricate. Seed comose.

Shrubby or herbaceous, stems erect; leaves opposite, or
alternate, rarely verticillate; peduncles axillary and termi-
nal, solitary; flowers in umbells, numerous. — Antheridinm
(antheroid cells, anthers, of some) conic-cylindric, (resem-
bling- the 5 united anthers in Syngenesious florets,) sessile,
or subsessile, crustaceous, separable only by five longitudi-
nal chinks, into 5 lobes, connected to the stigma both above
and below, lobes antheroid, 2-celled, cells open, margin
reflected, salient, terminating above in membranaceous
ovate cusps. Poliinia (concrete masses of pollen) 5 pair,
even, suspended from the angles of the stigma, clavate,
compressed, diaphanous, solid and concrete, of a yellow,
waxy substance, united together by a small, black, cloven
tubercle; alternating in the cells of the antheridium, each
pair being common to 2 lobes. Style none. Stigma dis-
coid, pentagonal. Follicles smooth, or muricated with
soft and flexible spines (as in Jl. syriaca. Sec) Seeds
pendulous by the coma, obtusely obovate and compressed,
or subelliptic, surrounded by a double winged margin;
perisperm thin and carnose; embryon fiat; radicle in-
verted. Receptacle free, with lateral, imbricated, longi-
tudinal lamella for the reception of the seminal coma. — The
flowers of the larger species of this genus have the pro-
perty of mechanically detaining small insects. The Mus-
ca (iomestica or common house-fly is in general the subject
of this cruel accident, and may frequently be seen tor-
tured by the flowers of Asclepias synaca, and A. in-
caniata; they are uniformly held by the tarsi, which
get hooked into tiie minute clunk existing in the con-
necting tubercle or clasp of the pollinium. — All the spe-
cies of this genus afford a silky flax, and generally a lac-
tescent sap.

f Leaves opposite.

Spbcies. 1. a. syriaca Lepanihium bidentate. Follicles
muricate. 2. hhytolaccoides. Lepanthium truncate, internal
margin bideiitatt-; petals pale greer), lepanthium whitish,
umbels both lateral and terminal. — New York to Carolina,
and on the banks of the Ohio. Near Philadelphia on tUe
rocky banks of Wishahikon creek. 3 debilis. -i. par-
vifora. S.nivca. 6.incarnata. T.amoeiia. Leaf oblong-
oval, with an acute point, under side minutely pubescent,
petiole very short; umbells terminal, erect; flowers pur-
ple; segnients of the lepanthium ovate-oblong, entire, twice
the length of the antheridium, central process flattened

PENTANDRIA. DIGIXIA. 167

and gibbous, terminating in a subulate awn; margins of
the antheridium triangularly produced.

8. pnrpurascens. 9. viridifiora. Described in the New
York Medical Repository, Mexade II. p. 36o. No. 18. by
Mr. C. G. iiafinesniie Schmaltz, since the year 1808, under
tlie same name. lO. variegata. Stem simple, erect, leaves
elliptic-ovate, petiolate, smooth, margin pubescent; pedi-
cells pubescent; root horizontal. — Segments of the lepan-
thium loundish, longer than the antheridium, central pro-
cesses flattened, falcate, point aristate, tube purplish.
11. GbtiisifoUa. 12. ampleocicaulis. Leaves glaucous, re-
miirbably veined; flowers whitish. A low but elegant
species.

13. PeripJocoefoUa. {^2. laurifoliai Mich. ..i. acumi'
fuita,VvviS\i. ^i. cordataP V/ai.t. ^. car. 105.) leaves
subsessile, somewhat distant, ovate-lanceolate, narrowing
upwards, very acute, smooth on both sides, margin aspe-
rate; umbells mostly 2, naked, lateral; root an arrounded
tuber, (almost similar to that of the spiked species of
JAatris.) — Corolla greenish on the under side. Segments
of the lepanthium oblong-linear, a little longer than its
awn, which is simply subulate, and about twice the length
of the antheridium. " Apocynum ('scaoilens' by mis-
take) Florida7iinn, Periplocae foliis, longius ab invicem
distantibus, floribus ochroleucis, in umbella positis."
Pluk. amahh. fol. 18. t. 358. f. 2. Hab. From New Jer-
sey to Florida, in the swamps of the sea coast.

14. pavpercula. {A.foyndann, I aniaick.) Segments of
the lepanthium spreading, much longer tiian the antheri-
dium, internally bidentate, awn simply subulate, tube as
long as the antheridium. Leaves very long and remote.
Pluk. amalth. 18. t. 359. f 4? the leaves in this figure are,
however, alternate. 15. virldis. Probably not an Ascle-
pias? 16. quudrifolia. Lepanthium linear-ublong, nearly
flat, internally bidentate, twice tiie lengti) of tiie antheri-
dium, awn very short. " Apocynum umbellatum album,
latiore foliis tetraphyllon ex Terra Mariana.''^ Piuk. Mant.
p. 46-

17. cinerea. Stem simple, marked with an alternating
pubescent line; leaves smootli, very narrow and lineal',
margin revolute, umbells lateral, erect, very few flowered;
flowers whitish, segments of the lepanthium truncate, in-
ner margin conspicuously bidentate, nearly equal with
the antheridium, central awn erect, very short.

A. cinerea. Walter. Flor. Carol.

A very slender, herbaceous species, with the habit of
A. verticillata. About a foot high. Leaves few, 3 to 4
inches long, scarcely a line wide. Umbells only 4 or 5-

168 TEKTANDRIA, DIGTNIA.

flowered? Petals oblong'-oval, white, externally cinereoxit-
greeii, near tlie points. Lepanthiura white, -luiih'mt tube!
jjcrfectly sessile. PoUinlum short, lobes even, angularly
iniracted, bt^les 2, long-. flAB. From Carolina to Florida.
Specimen collected by Dr. Baldwin, from whom I receiv-
ed it, under the name of ».?. cinej^ea.

f f Leaves scattered, or verdcillate.

18. rerticilluta. Stem erect, often branching", marked
■witii pubescent lines, leaves smooth, narrow linear, crowd-
ed, mostly verticillate; tube of the lepanthium con-
spicuous, segme?its very short, awns lonjj- and falcate.
19. longifolia. Flowers greenif,!). — In Carolina, Ceorgia,
Illinois, and Louisiana iN early allied to A. viridijlora
of Piirsli, if not the same.f 20. *hiJuiglnosa. Plant very
low, decumbci.t, and partly lanuginous; leaves ovate, scat-
tered, umbell solitary, tenninid. Obs. 4 to 6 inclies high;
root tuberous, flowers greenish. iM} specimen was very
imjicrfect. iHAB. About 30 miles below the confluence
of White river with the Missouri, on dry and gravelly
hills. It is the only species wliich I met with in the up-
per part of Louisiana. 2\. txiberosa.

The United States already afford about half as many
species of this genus as the rest of the world, thus far
explored. The tropical paits of America, according to
Persoon, produce only 5 species. At the Cape of Good
Hope there are 9; 5 in India and Ce}lon; 1 in Persia,
besides A. -np-iaca, 1 in China, 2 in Arabia Feiix, 1 in
Dauria, and 1 in Sil^eria. The 2 European species ap-
pear eitiiCr re Terrible to Ci^nanchiim or to const.tute a dis-

I This plant, according to R. l^rowm, is a species of hi.s genus
Gomphocnrpns, if the mere abserice of the corniculum or arista,
usually arising out of the coi.cave loljes of ti.e lepanthium, can
be considered of generic importance; tiie single denture or
"auricle" as it was called b\ Linnjeus in his descrijjtion of .is-
.:!epiasfri{ticosa{Co?up/iGcar'pufifniticosKS, of It. iirown) termi-
nating either bide ol' tlie lobe, we have already shown to be
eonmion to several genuine species of Asciepias, (such as .^.
sm^aca, A .phiiolaccoidts, &.C. and remarkably in A. cinerea.') The
armature of the foilicle, its being smooth ov muricated, is like-
wise an unimportant character, tliere being indubitable species
of Asch'piiis, both witli one and the other. Tbere arc also spe-
cies of Gonolobus with costate, murlc:;te, and smooth tblliclcs.

It is nothing less than a duty to the public, which prompts
me to these observations on the ingenious labours of a man so
eminently indefatigable, so accurate, and so justly celebrated.
It is also highly probable, that this very revision has already
been made by Mr, II. Brjwn liimseif.

PENTANDRIA. DIGINIA. 169

tinct genns (viz. Vinceioxicim, of Persoon) ,/lscJepiaCi
as it formerly stood, and as it stdl in part remains,
under the sanction of popular compilers, constitute.-^
rather an order, than a particular genus. Several of
the genera, however, which were included in A^clepia^^^
Cynmichiun, and Periploca, have been very judiciously
separated bv Robert Brown, Esq. who properly con-
siders ^isclepias a» the type of a Natural Order, Ascle-

PIADEiE.-j-

244. *ANANTHERIX4

Caliv and Corolla o-parted. Leyanthium sim-
ple, 5-parted, segments compressed, fistulous
and impervious, incurved, unconnected with the
antheridiinn. t.5?'isf« or cornirnjuni none. Sta-
mina as in Asclepias. Lateral \vin2;ed margins
of the anthcridlmn broad and membranaceous.
Lobes of the pollinium even, minute, stipe ter-
minal, very long. Follicles 2. Seeds comosc.

Similar to Asclepias in habit. Stem erect, leaves oppo-
site; flowers umbellate. Nearly allied to the genus Cato-
trdpis of \i. Brown.

jG. viridis. Jhclepias vindis? Walter. Flor. Car. p. 107.

Descript. Root perennial. Stem simple, erect, (about 2
feet high.) Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, mucronulate,
sessile, rather thick and minutely pubescent on either side,
(2 inches long, and about half an inch broad.) Umbells few-
flowered, lateral, nearly sessile; pedicells pubescent. Ca-
lix 5-parted, persistent, divisions oblong-ovate. Corolla
5-parted, connivent? § Lepanthium sessile, 5-pai-ted, some-.

f I regret, that Mr. Brown's publications on this subject are
not to be seen, that I know of, in the United States, so that I
am obliged, rather than culpably omit any genera peculiar to
North America, to propose the 2 following, without being able
satisfactorily to ascertain how far they may accr^rd with genera
already published by Mr. R. lirovvn, except what appears in
the lute edition of the tlortus Kewensis, vol. ii.

- ± From es, ■ivithout,2ind <>iv6spi ^, anuiu??,' the sc^^ments of the
lepanthium being, amongst other peculiarities, destitute of awns.

§ Judging by the only specimen which I have of this plant,
the corolla seems never to expand! or very imperfcctlv, hence
Dr. Baldwyn, fiOm whom 1 obtained it, called it Asclepias cou-
7Ui'ens.

170 rENTANDltlA. DIGTNIA.

T\hat long-er than the antherkllum and arising' separately
from its base; segments compressed, connivent, incurved,
fistulous, but impen'ious, intei-nally marginated, margin
double, membratiaceous, coalescing at the summit, and
there including a minute lamella. Antheridium 5-lobed,
winged lateral margin of the lobes broad and membrana-
ceous, membrane margined and continued to the summit,
tlierc forming a double sinuous pbcature from the centre
of which arises the usual cusps of the lobes; cusps con-
cave, margins reflected. Lobes of the pollinium minute,
alternating in the cells of the antheridium, stipes of the
lobes straight, capillary and very long. Stigma discoid,
concave, margin 5-toothed. Styles 2, minute. Follicles
2. Seeds comose?

Collected near St. Marj-'s in Florida, by Dr. Baldwyn.

245. *STYLANDRA.t

Calix 5-parte(l, minute. Coro//a \vithout tube,
o-parted, segments long, erect, and connivent
Lepanthium simple, 5 -parted, segments saccate,
and compressed, with operculoid, rigidly re-
curved points; tube reversed, styloid, very long,
supporting the parts of fructification. Stamina
as in Asciepias. PoWmia pendulous, even. Fol-
Hchs £, long and slender. Seeds comose?

Stem erect, leaves both opposite and scattered; umbells
axillar}^, very few flowered.

S. pinnila.

.Isclepias pedicellata. Walter, Flor. Carol, p. 106. A.
moschata? Jjartram.. Fls. odorous.

Descript. lioot perennial. Stem simple, erect, mi-
nutely pubescent, slender, (about from 6 to 12 inches high.)
.TiCaves opposite and alternate, sessile, linear, acute, mi-
nutely pubescent, and somewliat scabrous on the margin.
Umbells solitar;-, axillary, 3 or 4-flo\vered, peduncle short;
pedicells longer than tlie peduncle. Calix 5-parted, very
minute, segments acute. Corolla 5-];arted, lacinise erect,
connivent, obl(jni>-ovate, yellowksh-grecn, points deeper
coloured. Lepantiiium 5-parted, segments about one third
the length of the c(>rolla, sessile, saccate, compressed or
carinate, reciprocally confluent at the base; point rigidly
inflected, resembling a deflected lid, with a subulate

I From r^wAo? « ro/«7/j7?., and <5'>';;^, a man, (by analogy, the
masculine organs of plants,) the antheridium bemg gup)>orted
\ipon a conspicuous style or column.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 171

point, and emarglnate behind; saccviliim empty; tube
i-evei-sed, (compared with Asciepias, Sec ) appearini^ Ukc a
slender ])entag-onal column, supporting the external parts
of fructification, its summit 5-toothed. Antheridium very-
short, wings cnistaceous; cusps of the lobes inflected.
Polliiiia even, 5 pair; lobes nearly sessile, short, compress-
ed, and clavate.
Hab. From Carolina to Florida, in dry and sandy soil.

246. AMSONIA. Walter,

Calix 5-parted. ra?-o:/a funnel form, orifjcc
closed. FGlilcles 2, ^lect Seed terete, naked,
and obliquely truncated. (^Stigma annulate.)

Leaves alternate; fiowers in fustigate or corymbose pa-
nicles, mostly blue.

Species. 1. A. IcJifolla. 2. aalicifolla. o. migustlfjUa.
A Noith American genus.

2A7, GELSEMIUM. Jimie^i. (Carolina Jcssa-
mine.)

Calix 5-Ieaved, very small. Corolla Ainnel-
form, border spreading, 5-Iobed, nearly equal.
Capsule compressed and flat, bipartile, biiocu-
lar. Seeds flat, attached to the margins of t!ie.
valves.

A twining evergreen shrub, not lactescent, leaves oppo-
site; flov.'ers in small axillary and terminal fascicles, yel-
low; calix subtended by imbricated gemmaceous bractes-

Species. 1. G. nitidum. Flowers fragrant. Anthers
oblong-sagittate; style short, bifid; stigmas linear-oblong,
bilobed, pubescent. /3. *inodoriim. Calix leaves obtuse;
fiowers inodorous. Neur Savannah in Georgia.

A North American genus.

C48. GENTIANA. Z. (Gentian.)

Calix half 5-cleft, or half 5-parted. Corolla
tnbulous at the base, campanulate, border 4 or
5-cleft; divisions ciliate or entire, spreadijig,
erect or connivent, sometimes furnished with
intermediate plaits. Stamina 4 or 5, distinct or
connate. Capsule 2-valved, l-celledj receptacles
2, longitudinal.

172 PEXTANDKIA. DIGTNIA.

Leaves opposite, entire, flowers axillary or terminal,
solitary, fasciculate, or verticillate; (colour mostly blue,
often intense.) — Seeds subelliptic compressed, surrounded
with an alated mari^in.

Species. 1. G. crinita. Seed subcylindric, brownish,
hispid! Generally in open marshes, (kear the Falls of
Schuylkill in the' vicinity of Philadelphia ) 2. Pneumonav.'
the. 3. Saponaria. 4. ochroleuca. Stem smooth, and te-
rete; leaves smooth; flowers terminal, segments of the
corolla acute; interior plait contlueitt, with a single tootii.

5. Catesbcei. Stem terete, miMutely pubescent and some-
what scabrous; leaves short, elliptic-ovate, acute, mar-
g'in scabrous; flowers terminal, fasciculate; corolla 5-
cleft, campanulate, somewhat ventrlcose, segments sub-
acute, interior plaits lacerately toothed. — Nearly allied to
G. Sapoiiaria, and also to G. lijiearis. Flowers paleisliblue,
open; leaves closely sessile, aiTounded at the base. Root
perennial. Flowering time, September to December.
Hab. in open grassy swamps in North and South Carolina.
8 to 10 inches high Leaves about an incli long, and three
fourths of an inch wide. — Geiitiana Catesbcei? Walter.

6. aZ6a. Muhl.Catal. Flowers white. 7-lineaHs. 8. ama-
relloides. From New York to Kentucky, and in Louisiana.
Flowers pale obscure blue. Root annual.

9. acvta? Annual: stem quadrangular, branched; leaves
subamplexicaule, 3-nerved, ovate, acute; flowers mostly
solitary, axillary and terminal, upon longish peduncles;
calix nearly divided to the base, 2 of the segments smaller;
corolla campanulate, 4 and 5-cleft, segments semi-ovate,
acute, orifice ciliate. Obs. Stem about a foot higli; pe-
duncles often an inch long; calix 4-cleft, unequal, 2 of
the segments oblong-ovate, often nearly twice the size of
the others; corolla cylindric, campanulate, rarely expand-
ing, greenish-purple; beard of each segment about 5 fila-
ments; anthers unconnected; intermediate plaits none.
Hab. In depressed situations, on tlie plains of the Mis-
souri, near Fort Isiandan. Flowering time August and
September, It appears to be somev/hat allied to G. cam,'
pestris, but slender, and much smaller flowered, it may
be G. acuta of Michaux.

10. angusvJUia. Stem mostly simple, sometimes 2 or
3-flowered; leaves linear, spreading, smooth; corolla 5-
cleft; se.ij^ments ovate acute, interior plaits lacerate; cap-
sule clavate, upon a very long stipe. — Obs. A species con-
siderably allied to G. pn&xuv.onanthe. Perennial; stem 6
to 12 mches, slender; flower blue, often 2 mches long;'
stipe of the capsule near an inch and a half.

The genus Gentiana, consisting of near 60 species, is
confined pi-incipaliy to the alpine regions of northern Eu-

PENTRANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 173

rope, and East Asia, (Siberia, &c.) here they continue to
occur to the very limits of perpetual snow; several of the
Siberian species will no doubt be discovered in Lower
Canada and Labrador. 2 species were discovered by Fors-
ter in New Zealand, and a species of doubtful genus is
said to exist in the Azores.— All the species of this genus
are bitter and tonic; but the root of G. lutea is that which
is most esteemed in medicine.

249. HYDROLEA. L.

Calix 5-parted. Corolla rotate, or cam[)ami-
late. Filaments oi the SLnthevSf cori]d.tG at the
base; anthers cordate. Style long and diver-
gent; Stigmata capitate-peltate. Capsule 2-
celled, 2-valYed.

Herbaceous; flowers bracteate; terminal or axillary,
solitary, corymbose or paniculate; some of the species
produce axillary spines.

Species, l'. U. carolinicma. Capsule not 4-valved.

A genus of six species, (sec. Persoon) indigenous to the
tropical or warmer regions of America, vvitli the excep-
tion of H. Zeylanica of India.

Obs. In H. spinosa, so nearly allied to H. caroUniana,
according to Jussieu the flowei's are sometimes 6-cleft,
with 6 stamens, 3 styles, and a capsule of 3 cells.

250. DICHONDRA. Forster.

Calix 5-parted; segments spathulate. Corolla
shortly campanulate, 5-parted. Stigma peltate-
capitate. Capsule subcumpressed, didymous,
2-celled, cells 1 -seeded. Seed globose.

Small perennial creeping plants; nearly allied to Evol-
vulns. Leaves reniform, alternate; peduncles 1-flowered;
flower small and cernuous-

Species. 1. I). caroHnensis. Leaves reniform and
emarginate; under side covered with a tiiiu silky villous;
upper side also })ubescent, but greener ihan tlfe under;
calix villous externally. Obs. Peduncle 2 or 3 inches
long, and 1 or 2 from the same axiii; calix reticulalely
veined. Leaves sometimes suborbicular and entire.-^
Probably J), repeiis.

This genus, apparently consisting of but a single spe-
cies, exists from South Carolina to the West India Islands,
and continuing to Peru extends as far as New Zealand \\\
the southern hemisphere. (Ord-Nat. Coi* volvu lacei.j
^ 2

174 TENTANDKIA. DIGYNIA.

Q51, EVOLVULUS. i.

Calix 5-i)arted. Corolla rotate-campaniilate^
lobes snbemarginate. Sttjles 2, deeply bifid;
segments capillaiy and divergenf. Stigma sim-
ple. Capsule £-ceIled, 4-valved, 2 to 4 seeded.

Stejn creeping", procumbent, or erect. Leaves alter-
nate entire; flowers pedunculate, small; peduncles soH-
tary, bibracteate, capsule perfecting- 1, 2. or 4 seeds.

Species. 1. E. m/imnvlarius. On the banks of the
Mississippi, near Ne\y Orleans. 2. sericeusP Stem diffuse
and procumbent? Leaves remote, sessile, oblong-lanceo-
late, sublinear, acute at both extremities, under side,
somewhat silky villous; peduncle l-flo\vered, shorter than
the leaf, bibracteate, bracces seated in the axill. Obs.
Stem almost filiform, somewhat villous; leaves 5 to 10
lines lonj^, 1 to 2 lines broad, peduncles 2 to 3 lines long-;
flower V. hite, convolvulaceous, plaited, external margin of
ihe plaits villous; segments of tlie calix ovate, acuminate;
capsule 2-celkd, 4-valved, 2-seeded. II ab. Around St,
Vlary's, in Florida, Ur. Baldwyn v. s.

3. argcnteuS) P«. (piloi;i/s.) Perennial; stems simple,
erect, and low, many from the same root: the whole plant
densely hairy and sliining: leaves cuneate-oblong", acute,
crowded; peduncles 1-floweied, subsessiie; bibracteate,
bractes sessile in the axill; segments of tlie calix linear —
Obs. Allied to E. Conmier-soni. Stems 4 to 6 inches high':
leaves 6 to 8 lines long-, 2 to 4 wide, extremely hairy as
well as the stem; flowers solitar} , appearing- sessile, pur-
ple, edge of the plaits hairy, capsule 4-valved, often per-
fecting- only a single seed. — Hae, On and gravelly hills
j-sear the coiifiuence of Rapid river and the Missouri;flow-
cring in May. This genus, with the above exceptions,
exists exclusively within the tropical regions of India,
Australia, and America.

ff Flowers pentapetalojis, infenor,

25£i. HEUCHERA. L, (Allum-root.)

Calix 5-cIeft. Petals 5, small. Capsule hiroS'
trate, bilocular, many-seeded.

Leaves radical; flowers small, in a thyrsoid panicle.

Species. 1. // americaiia. 2. v/llosa. On tlie moun-
tains of North Carolina^ Virg-lnia, and Tennessee. 3-
cnuhscens, Vii.

PETVTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 17^

A North x\mericun genus, with the exception of H.
canlescens discovered also in Kamschatka by the late pro-
fessor Pallas.

UMBELLATE.

fit Flowers pentajietalous, sitperior, Q-seeded,
^253. ERY^NGIUM. L. (Eryns^o. Sea-Holly.)
Flowers capitate. Inxohicruv.i many-leaved.
Proper calix 5-parted, superior, persistent. Co-
rolla of 5 petals. Receptacle foliaceous, seg-
ments acute or cuspidate. Fruit bipartile.

Herbaceous; leaves entire, digitate or pinnatifid, often
spiny, almost after the manner of Cardnus. Inflorescence
irregular, mostly dichotoinal. Cupitulum imbricated, pro-
ducing bracteal or minute leaves.

Species. \. E. vivginiunum. 2. virr-aturi. Capitulum
whitish. 3. foetidum. 4. agiuitictim. Stem rather low;
leaves sword-shaped, distantly margined with setose
spines, set?e frequently by pairs; in^olucrum shorter than
the capitulum; segments entire or tricuspldate. Flowers
greenish-white. Fluk. Phyt. t. 175, f. 4. 5. * gracUe.
AVithout spines; stem slender, dichotomous: leaves with
very lew serratures, radical oblong-ovate, upon long pe-
duncles, caulu^.e digitate or trifid, subsessile, segments
linear-oblong; capitula solitary, lateral and terminal, upon
long filiform peduncles; involucrum none, or similar to
the bractes; bracles cuspidate, entire.-^OBS. Siem very
slender, scarcely a foot high, g?-ooved; radical leaves often
with 4 serratures; stem leaves digitate or ternately divided,
central segmeiits often bidentare, lateral ones entire or
unidentate, linear-oblong, and attenuated downwards;
segments of the uppermost leaves entire; capitulum blue,
roundish, and very small, (scaroely bigger than an ordi-
nary grain of shot.) Hab. In West Florida. Dr. Baldwyn.

Of this numerous genus tiiere are 8 other species in
Mexico and South America, but Fryngium exists ciiieHy
in the sou.ii of Europe, Barbary, Syria, Persia, and the
Levant. Many of the species are submaritime, others exiist
in inland depressions, and a considerable number grow
on arid wastes.

:254. PANAX, i. (Gin-seng.)

Flowers polygamous; iimbell simple.— Cfirto
5-toQthcd. Corolla, of 5 petal?. Bcrnj inferior

176 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

subcordate, 2, sometimes 3- seeded. Calix in the
male flower entire.

Herbaceous or arborescent. Stem of the herbaceous
species simple, verticillately terminating in 3 leaA'es, with
a solitary, central, pedunculate umbell; leaves digitate;
umbell involucrale; flowers frequently producing 3 styles
and 3 seeds.

Species. 1. P.trifolhim. Dioicous. Pluk. Amalth. t.
435. f. 7. the male plant; referred through mistake to
Dentaria (Nasturtium.) 2. quinquefolium. Gin-seng. In-
digenous also to Tartary.

Of this genus there are 5 other species; viz. 2 in the
West Indies, which become considerable trees, with co-
mose summits, an herbaceous species in New Holland, of
doubiful genus, 1 also which is arborescent in New Zea-
land, and a shrubby species in India, said to be diuretic.

255. HYDROCOTYLE. i. (Marsh Penny-
wort.)

Umbell simple. — Calix none. Fetals entire,
spreading. 6'^?//es short; stigmas capitate. FniU
suborhicular or reniform, laterally! compress-
ed. Seed tricostate, and flat, dorsal rib some-
times obsolete; commissure flat, linear, and im-
marginate. Involucrum various.

Umbells axillary, sessile or pedunculate, many or few-
flowered, frequently proliferous; flowers bracteate, brac-
tes often resembling an involucrum. Plant herbaceous,
mostly creeping; leaves simple, peltate or reniform.

Species. 1. //. americima. Fruit suborhicular. 2.
inilgaris. 3. vmbellata.. Fruit reniform.

Of this genus there are 12 other species in South Ame-
rica, chiefly in Peru, besides H. mnbellata also indigenous
to Chili, 2 in Europe, 1 in India, 2 in the Isle of France,

-f The direction in which the seeds of umbelliferous plants
are compressed, is doubtlt- ss in most instances of more generic
importance than the simple existence of pressure. I hi»ve
therefore for the sake of distinction, divided the species of
compression into Zo^era/ and Jor^a/. Hy lateral coinpression is
meant, that the seed is elevated on the back and compressed on
the sides. By dorsal compression, is intended that form of ap-
pression familiar in the seeds of the Parsnip {Pastinaca sativa,)
the back of the seed being flat and the sides dilated, in fact, a
form almost precisely opposite to the preceding.

TENTANDRIA. DIGTNIA. 177

1 in New Zealand, and 7 at the Cape of Good Hope; (ac-
cording 10 Pel soon.)

256. '^GLYCEPaA.f

Umbcll sim])le. — Calix none. Petals entire,
ovate, acute, incurved. Styles very short, subu-
late; stigmas obsolete. Fntt^ reniform, laterally
compressed, fiat and truncate. Seed quinque-
costate, covered with an indurated bark: com-
missure lineaj-, immarginale and flat. Livolu-
crum 2 -leaved.

Herbaceous and repent; leaves entire, cordate or re-
niforin, sheathing- tit the base, often pubescent; peduncles
axillary; umbell 3 to 6-flowered, fieqiiently proliferous,
trlfid; 'Uowers without bractes, subimbricated in a lateral
row. Episperm thick and indurated, almost nuciform.

Species. 1. G. vepanda. Leaves roundedi-cordate,
angularly repand, and truncate at the base; petioles, pe-
duncles, and younger leaves pilose; umbell pedunculate,
mostly 3-flowered.

Ilydrccotijle repmida. Persoon.

Obs. Petiole often very lon.g (4 to 6 inches,) on the
flagellate stolons scarcely half an inch, pubescence at
length deciduous. Flowers white. Stamina shorter than
the petals, anthers brown. Grooves of the fruit marked
with interrupted, secondary, (or internal) lines. Hab.
On the dry margins of ponds and rivulets in South Caro-
lina and Georgia.

To this genus appertains Hydrocotyle triflora of Peru/
JI. asiatica of India, and probably H. Sibikorpicides, and
//. Ficarioides of the isle of France.

257. ^CRANTZIA4

UmbcU simple Calix none. Fetals entire,

roundish, and obtuse. Styles minute, stigmas
obtuse. Fruit subglobose; commissure exca-
vated, nearly orbicular. Seeds unequal in size,

•j- From y/yjcff 06 , s-meet; the whole plant possessing a sac-
cliarine taste.

± In memory of Professor Crantz the celebrated author of a
monograph on the umbelliferous plants. The genus previously
fco named by Vahi having been referred to Tvicera.

178 PENTANDllIA. DIGTNIA.

each with S marginated dorsal ribs, and 4
obtuse-angled grooves. — Inrolucnim about 5-
leaved.

A small succulent, repent plant; peduncles axillar}', uni-
bell many-flowered; leaves sessi!e> cuneate-linear, with
5 transverse nerves (or dissepiments.) Nearly allied to
AzoreUa, but of a very different habit.

C. Ihieata. Hydro cot ijle lineata. Mich. 1. p. 162. // si-
'iiensh? L.

Descript. Stem creeping-, terete, filiform. Leaves 2or
3 hues wide, and about 2 inches lont^, succulent, smpoth,
erect, cuneate-linear, obtuse and sessile, each marked
with 5, rarely 6, transverse lines, approximatin^e; up\<ards.,
longitudinal vessels obsolete. Umbells simple, solitary,
axillary, 8 to 12 flowered, peduncles a little longer tliau
the leaves. Involucrum 5, rarely 6-leaved. Flowers pe-
dicellate, uniform; calix marp'inal or obsolete; petals
roundish-oval, obtuse, rosaceous. Stamens much shorter
than The petals; anthers roundish. Styles very short, re-
curved, each with an elevated roundish base, forming
almost lialf the germ, which thus appears as if cut round,
about the middle. Fruit nearly spherical; commissure
(or interior surface of junction) suborbicular, and de-
pressed, with a thick suberose, connivent margin. Seeds
convex, unequal, one of them often abortive? internally
concave, having 3 margined dorsal ribs or elevated lines,
exclusive of the commissure; intervals smooth.

Hab. From Nfew Jersey to Florida, in salt marshes?
(Abundant near Egg-harbour, New Jersey, in a &7i\\.-
msivsh with Limiietisjiuiceay Sec.) Flowering time, from
May to September.

To this genus probably appertains Jlydrocotyle linifolia^
and H. virgata, which are certainly distinct from the pre-
sent species, considered, however, the same with //. sinen-
sis by the editor of Kees' Cyclopedia: see Uy drocotyle.

£58. SANICULA. X. (Saiiide.)

Umbell nearly simple, capitate. — Calicx: 5-part-
cd. Petals and stamina inflected. Fruit niuri-
cated, with uncinate setse. Flowers of the disk
numerous, abortive.

Imperfectly umbelliferous: radii or branches 3 or 4 un-
equal, lateral ones ternately subdivided, subbibracteate;
partial umbells crowded, hemispherical, male flowers nu-
merous, pedimculate, unarmed; hermaplu'odile 1 to 4,

PENTANDRIA. DIGTNIA. 1*9

central, sessile; involucell multipartite. Styles filiform,
simple. Leaves digitate. (Character taken from 5". mar/-
landica; in S.Emopcea, the central Howers are masculine.)

Species. 1. <S'. marylamUca. 2. canadensis. Both spe-
cies g'ro^v in the vicinity of Philadelphia.

Of this genus there are but 2 other species at present
enumerated by Persoon; viz. S.ewopceaj and S. crith-
mifoUa, of Russia.

259. DAUCUS. i. (Carrot.)

Fruit oblong, partly solid, ribs ciliated with
Iiispid hairs or barbed bristles. Involucrum i>in-
iialifid.

Umbell many-rayed, while in flower flat, in fruit partly
contracted into the form of a funnel. Petals coidately in-
flected; 5 primary ridges of the seed scarcely prominent,
nearly smooth; 4 secondary muricate.

Species. 1. -D. carota. Commonly naturalized. 2.
pusilhis. Probably only a variety of D. carota.

The genus Daucus, now containing 15 or 16 species, ex-
ists exclusively in Barbary and the south of Europe, ex-
cepting I), copticus of Egypt.

260. AMMI. L, (Bisliop's-weed.)

Flowers radiated, all hermaphrodite. Petals
cordattly inflected. << Fruit oblong, corticate,
angular, ridges 5, obtuse, intervals convex."
SpRENGEL.f Involucrum pinnatifid.

Somewhat allied to Daxicin in habit; umbell loose, sub-
divaricate.

Spectes. 1. ^.? eapillacenm. Q) About 1 foot high.
Leaves almost capdiary divided, smooth, bipinnatifid, pin-
nule: trifid or unequally bifid; peduncle of tlie umbell 4
to 8 .nclies long, angularly groo\-ed. Umbell spreading,
imequal, 4, 6, or 8-rayed. Involucrum about oleavod,
leaves simple or trifid. Umbellet about 4, 6, or 8-fiov>er-
ed, central peduncles as v.ell as pedicells being the shor-
test. Involucell consisting mostly of one trifid leaf. Calix
minute, 5-toothed. Petals oval, entire, with the points in-
flected, white. Style very minute, with the base elevated.
Fruit partly globose and solid, somewhat ovate, or pointed
above, smooth. Seed roundish-ovate, raerabranaceously

j Plantarum umbelliferarum denuo disponendarum Prodro-
mus, auctore Curtio Sprengel, Sic. IBIS-

180 PENTANDRIA. DiGYNtlA.

corticate, very convex, with a thick margin, and tln-ee
primary, whitish, and some\\hat acute ridges, intervals
convex. — The 2 other primary ridges of the 5 are conflu-
ent in the suberose margin, but can still be distinguished
from it.

In open swamps from New York to Georgia. Plentiful
in New Jersey, near to Philadelphia. The habit of this
plant is tliat of Aciluist-i.

I'his small genus of about 6 species, is witli the present
exception, confined to 'die south of Europe, Barbary and
the Levant.

£61. CONIUM. Z. (Hemlock.)

Calix entire. Petals unequa], cordately-in-
ilcctetl. Fnu^ ovate, gibbous. Seeds 5 -vihhei]^
ribs at first crenatc; intervals flut. Involiicell
on one side, mostlv 3 leaved.

Involucrum 3 to 3-ieaved, leaves complicately pseudo-
pinnate.

Species. 1. C. manilatujn. Fruit ovate, smooth and
gibbous; stem spotted. ^.*crispatv.lii.m. Leaves crisp, ulti-
mate segments subsetaccously scumina ed. — Katlier rare;
f'hiefiy on inhabited sites, and therefore probably intro-
duced, but altered by climate? A well known poisonous
plant at preseiU used in medicine.

Of tills genus there are not probably more than 2
genuine species, and those indigenous to Eui-ope.

£62. SELINUM. L. (Marsh Parsley.)

fi Fruit roundisii, emarginate at tlie base,
margin alated, dorsal ridges 3, obsolete, inter-
vals somewhat convex. Involucrum universal
and partial many-leaved.'* Sprengel.

SpECii^s. S. ccmadense. Ferula ccmadensis? L.
An European genus, excepting l!ie above species, which
requires furtl>er examination.

£6S. IMPERATORIA. /.. (Mastcrwort.)

« Fruit roundish-oval, a little compressed,
emarginate at the bnse, ridges (on each seed) 3
dorsal, o])tnse, intervals fiatly convex, margin
alated. //ir{>///cr?c7Ji universal none." Sprengel.

PENTAXDUIA. DIGYNIA. 181

Leafes ternate; (involucellum in /. ostruthium 1 or 2-
leaved, minute.)

Species. 1. 1. lucida. Sp. Angelica lucida. L. Selimon
tanadeiise? Mich.

The plant quite smooth, and scarcely inferior in size
to Heracleum SphoiuhjUum. Leaves primarily 3-parted,
and decompound, the segments confluent in o's, of which
the more complete are ohlong-ovate, acute, mucronately
and deeply sen-ate; sheaths remarkably large and ventri-
cose, towards the summit of the stem nothing- is produced
but these large and membranaceous sheaths, and no
other kind of involucrum; the flowering umbell consist-
ing of many rays is so dense as to appear nearly he-
mispherical; partial involucrum minute and setaceous;
flowers white and regular; with the seed I am unac-
(juainted; advanced germ truncated, roundish, somewhat
gibbous and compressed, slightly striated. Whether^this
be vSprengel's plant or not, J 'have not the means of
ascertaining, being unacquainted with the mature fruit,
in the absence of which the definition becomes an insol-
vable riddle.

A genus now, according to Sprengel, including 6 spe-
cies, chiefly separated from Angelica and Selinum.

564. HERACLEUM. i. (Cow-Parsnip.)

Calix nearly entire. Petals emar^inately in-
flected, often of 2 forms. Fruit elliptic, dorsally
compressed, flat, apex emarginate, mari^in mem-
branaceous. *S'ee(/ with 3 strire, «< intervals ma-
culate halfway down, — 'Commissure flat, bima-
culate." Sprexgel. — Livolucrum none.

Umbell and umbellet many-rayed; involucell 3 to T-
leaved, outer leaves longer; central flowers sometimes
abortive, radial ones in JI. angustifolium not differently
formed.

Species. 1. 11. tanatnm. A genuine species, and
scarcely distinct from H. Sphondulium. 2. * Sphondylium.
On the banks of the river Missouri. Inner part of the
\oung stems eaten by the savages of Columbia river.

Chiefly an Kuropean genus, of about 16 species.

265. PEUCEDANUM. i. (Sulphur-wort.)

Calix minute, 5-toothed. FctaU oblong', in-
curved, equal. Fruit oval, dorsally and flatly

B

182 PEMANDRIA. DIGYXFA.

compi'essed, surrounded with an alated margin,
striated, strife 5 on each seed; intervals ele-
vated, lined; commissure ilat.

Involiicrum few -leaved, very short, rare'y 1 to 5-leaved;
InvoUicell many-leaved, shorter; flowers mostly yellow.

Species. 1. i-*. *tcvvatvm. Jxaves all ternate, i)j)0!i
very long common petioles; partial leaves entire, long-,
linear, acute, and attenuated below; involucrum nearly
wanting; involucell very short, 5 or 6-leaved; fruit oblong--
eiiiptic.

Descript. Perennial. Fvery where smooth. Stem 3
feet hig-h, striate and slender. Leaves very few, 5 or 6;
peduncle of the lowest near 2 feet long! dividing- above
into 3 linear leaves, either petiolated or filiformly attenu-
ated downwards, from 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, perfectly
entire, and scarcely 3 lines wide. I'mbells 1 or 2, termi-
nal; involucrum none, or 1 or 2 minute leaves, radii elon-
gated, 6 to 9. Segments of the involucell subulate, 2 or
3 lines long; pedicelis filiform more than an inch. Flow-
ers ? Calix marginal, entire, or none. Styles sliort,

reflected; fungous base elevated. Mature seed oblong-
elliptic, large as that of a parsnip, flatly compressed, but
convexly incurved, suiTounded with a thick, alated fun-
gous white margin, continued internally entirely over the
commissure. Seed tliin, longitudinally scored with 5
equidistant paler lines, and 5 dark striated intervals.

Hab. On the brushy margins of swamps, in the pine-
forests of North and South Carolina. 1 have not seen the
flower.

Of this genus there are in Europe about 4 species, 2 at
the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Japan, 1 in the Canary islands,
1 in Crete, and a heteromorphous species in New Zea-
land.

266. FERULA. Z.

Cato entire, or minute. Petals oblong, sub-
equal. Fruit suboval, dorsally compressed,
flat and marginated. Seals marked with 3 dor-
sal lines; ♦< intervals and commissure striate."
Sp. — Universal involucrum caducous; involucell
many-leaved.

stems for the most part very tall; umbell and umbcllet
globose, many-rayed, many lateral umbells growing from
one terminal peduncle; leaves coroplicately pseudo-pinnate.

rENTANDRIA. BIGYXIA. 18S

Species. 1. F. villosa. An active poison. 2. *fa-iii-
culacea. Stemle.ss and pubescent; leaves radical, sii;:,i'a--
(lecompouncl, sul)biteriiritely j pseudo-]/i!ui;ite, praDary di-
visions decussating; at the base, seg'ments ratiicr short,
narrow-linear and subacute, ultimate lacini;c trlfid; invola-
cram none; involucell dimidiate, membranaceous, 5 to 7
iobed; flowers yellow. '

Descript. Root perennial, fusiform. Leaves partly
resembling- those of the Carrot (Daucus Carola) but more
numerously divided, and with shf)iter segments. Scape
about 1 foot hig-h, grooved and sm.cotii, bearing- a slng-le
umbell. Kxternal rays about 5, 10 to 15 lines long-, witii
several internal ones which are abortive. Involucell oa
one side, consisiing of a sing-le memln-anaceous Iobed lent'
nearly equal with the flowering- imibellet; peduncles short.
Calix minute, o-toothcd Petals yellow, equal, oval, invo-
lute. Styles long- ar.d persistent; sti.gmas capitate. Fruit
compressed, suborbiculate-eiliptic, surrounded with an
alated margin, on eitiier side slenderly striate; strire 5,
3 more conspicuous than the rest; commissure flat, naked,
the marginal membrane of the seed, not extending- over
the centre. I'he seeds somewhat res.emble those of Pus-
iinaca saliva and are nearly as large.

Allied to Pastinaca. Hab. On the high plains of the
Missouri, commencing- about the confluence of the rivei-
Jauke. Flowering in April and May. This species pos-
sesses somewhat the scent of Fennel.

3. nudicaule. Nearly stemless, smooth and somewhat
glaucous; leaves supradecompound, subbiternately pseu-
do-pinnate, pimary divisions decussating at the base,,
segments confluent, narrow-linear and acute; ultimate
lacinae irregularly subtrifid; involucrum none; involucell
dimidiate, membranaceous, 7 to 9-parted; flowers white.

Simjriiium nudicaule. Pursh, Flor. Am, 1. p. 196. v. s.
under this name in Herb. Lanibert.

Obs. Nearly alhed to the preceding, but producing a
minute stem or elevated caudex; in this also the segments

I This word, which will be hereafter used, is analogous to
pinnate of others; though, slricdy speaking, iheie is not perhaps
a single instance of this kind of leaf in the whole order of th^
UMBELLAT.E. .\ true pinnate leaf, has the partial leaves or
leaflets articulated to the common midrib, from wiience they are
spontaneously soluble at the peiiod of defoliation; such are the
leav^es of Fraxinus, liolmiia, AnorpJia^ Bignonia, he. On the
other hand, the pseudo-pinnate leaves are always! more or less
confluent at their cxfremitic-'t.

184 FENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA,

of the involucell are more numerous, acuminated, and
divided down to the base; the seeds are elliptic-ovate,
surrounded witlv a narrower marg^in; the petals white,
oblong and involute at the point — Hab. With the above;
also on the plains of the Columbia river. J\f. Lewis.
Flowering in April. Both these species exude a resinous
aromatic gum on incision, and also spontaneously in mi-
nute quantities. I have been induced to refer these 2
])lants to this genus rather than any other with which 1
am acquainted, though they differ considerably in habit,
but agree with the Ferula pumila of Pallas, indigenous
to Siberia.

267. PASTINACA. L. (Parsnip.)

Fruit oval, apex emarginatc, flatly (and dor-
sally) compressed, marginated, ridges (on each
seed) 5, obsolete, intervals striate, commissure
also bistriate. Iiivolncnim universal and par-
tial, none. Sprengel.

Flowers yellow; leaves pinnate. P. sativa sometimes-
produces invoiucells.

Species. 1. P. sativa. /3. arvensis. Tn Pennsylvania.

A g-enus of about 5 species, indigenous to Europe and
the Levant.

268. THAPSIA. L,

«-Fr?(t'^ sublinear, ecostate; (seed) 4-\vinged,
v;ings 2 doi'sal and 2 marginal. Inrolucrum
none." Sprkkgei..

I'etals entire ii^.curvcd; flowers yellow or white; leaves
twice ortlirico pseudo-pinnate.

Species. 1. T. *gIornernia. Nearly stemless; leaves
smooth und flitt,cruciately subbipinnatifid, segments linear-
oblong, obtuse, ultimate lobes confluent, sidnrifid; umbells
pol} 5::iimous, shorter than the leaves; involucrum none;
involucell dimidiate; flowers numerous, subsessile.

S'linvm acan^c, Pursi), 2. p. 732, in Suppl. v. s. in Ileib.
Lambert, under this name.

Descript. Root tuberous, pereimial. Plant smooth,
very low, almost stenikss and depressed, sendiiig up seve-
ral stalks from the same root; stem simple, or subelivided
from the base, subdeciimbent, only 4 to 6 inches liigli.
Leaves partly op[)osite,subbiternately divided, lobes short
and obtuse, decussatijig at the base; petiole as long as

PENTANDRIA. DlGYMA. 185

the lamina, and nearly the leng-th of the peduncle. Jnvo-
lucrum none liadii 4 to 6, very sliort; (so as to render
the umbell in appearance simple or con^lomeratcc) In-
volucell 5 to 7 parted, on one side, segments lanceolate.
Central flowers of the umbcl'.et pedunculate, small and
masculine; fertile flowers white, equul, subsessile, scarce-
ly longer than tlie involucell. Petals roundish oval, apex
inflected. Callx minute, 5-toolhed. Styles nUfornij per-
sistent. Fruit large, subeiliptic and compressed, with 7
or 8 conspicuously alated ridges. Perfect seed sublinear,
with 4 secondary wings, huptrfect witli 3. Al?e \mdu-
lated, intervals flat, commissure naked, (tlie margin not
extending to the centre, so us to cover tiie seed) marked
with 3 nearly central longitudinal lirics- Axis insepara-
ble from the friiiti — JIab. On tl,e open plains of the Mis-
souri, comir.encirig 4U miles below the confluence of
White river. Flowering lime May and June.

A genus of 6 or 7 species, indigenous to the south of
Euroj)e and Northern Africa.

'2C9. LIGU5TICUM. L, (Lovagc.)

Fr/iif obloijg, corticate Heed "with 5 acute
ridi^os and 4 grooves.''! JrssiEU. Sprengel.-
* Involucrum universal and partial, many-leav-
ed." Sp.

Leaves decompounded, f(ir the most part ternately di-
vided. Calix often 5-tootiied?

Species. 1. L. scoticum. In Canada.
Almost exclusively an European genus.

270. ANGELICA. Z.

'<Fru?Y ell iptir, compressed, somewhat solid,
and corticate, ridges 5, dorsal acrite, intervals
grooved, mai-gin alated. Inrohicrum universal
none." Spuengel.

t Many authors describe the seed, as having 5 grooves, which
is impossible in the nature of umbelliferous seeds, as ihey are
all referribie to a structure of 5 primary ridges, viz. 1 dorsal,
2 lateral, and 2 mal'giria!; when inlaid witli secondary v'A^c^s the
grooves are either obliterated, or produced comparatively by
the depression or obliteration of the primary elevations; as
these never exceed 4, so the intervening grooves, must ever be

5 or 4, or if the grooves were double, their number would be

6 or 8, but never o.

»2

186 TENTANDRIA. DIGYNI A.

Umbell large, many-rayed, spreading-; umbellet dense,
subhemisphei-ic; involucell about S-leuved. Leaves large,
often biternalely pseudo-pinnate. (Seed with longitudinal
alated margins, extending int>.rnally over the wiiole sur-
face of the commissure in Jl. triquinata.) Calix 5-toothed;
petals inflected.

Species. 1. A. triquinata. Oes. Leaves sharply and
incisel}' serrate, very smooth, lateral leaflets oblong-ovate.
Involucrum none. Peduncle, pedicell, and immature
seed, minutely pubescent. Jnvolucell 7 or 8-leaved, leaves
almost filiform and subulate, long'er on one side. Umbel-
let unequal, dense; flowers white. Petals oval, obcor-
dately -inflected, inflected point long and subulate. Styles
long and deflec;.ed. Seeds roundish-elliptic, dorsally com-
pressed; margin alated, ancipital; dorsal or approximat-
ing ridges o, acutely margined, alm.ost rectilinear. — Hab.
'From Canada to Carolina- Common aroimd Philadelphia.
Certainly a genuine species, and admirably accordijig
with the improved generic character of the ingeniotis
bprengel, '^

2* atropvrpvrea. 3. lucida.

of this genus there are about 8 species enumerated,
which, excepting the above, are all indigenous to Europe.

sri. SIUM. X. (Water- Parsnep.)

Calioc obsolete, v. Petals cordatcly inflected.
Fruit siibovate, laterally compressed, and
striate.

Involucre and involucell many-leaved; leaves mostly
pseudo-pinnate, and serrated on the margin. Styles rather
long, persistent and deflected; stigmas capitate. Fruit
small; oblong or oval, laterally or obversely compressed,
giving a narrow oblong commissure. Seed ovate, gib-
bously convex, equally scored with 5 elevated ridge.';, and
4 intervening grooves. (Character from Siiun latifoUum ^
as it appears in America.) Nearly allied to Canarii which
produces an involucrum of a single leaf.

Species. 1. S- latifoliinn. (Calix obsolete, and not
5-toothed in the American plant-)

2. lineare. Stem deeply grooved; leaves pseudo-pin-
nate, 2 to 4 pair; uppermost ternate, terminal leaflet
petiolate; leaflets long, sublanceolate -linear, margin sub-
ciliately-serrate, serratures nearly equal, small and some-
times rather distant, umbells terminal, (involucre and
involucell many-leaved.) — Obs. Stem various in height,
generally .tall; m the smaller plants, the strrutures

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. ISr

(which arc alwaj-s mucronate) are nearly equal and ele-
g-anily approximate. Leaflets from 2 to 7 or 8 inches
long; not more than 2 to 4 liiies wide, attenuated at both
extremities. Involucre of few or many leaves (6 to 12)
according' to the magnitude of the plant, segments acu-
minated, entire or lacmiate. Flowers white; petals cor-
dately inflected. Calix obsolete. Styles long, persistent
and defected, having capitate stigm.as (after tiie manner
of the genus?) Fruit small, oval, laterally compressed,
so as to produce a narrow commissure. Seed partly ovate,
with 5 equal ridges and 4 intermediate grooves.

This plant is unquestionably the S. loii^ifo liv7n of Puvsh,
Flor. Am. 1. p. 194. and also S. temtifoUiim of Muli-
lenberg's Catalogue, as I have examined a specimen
which lie had so named.

Of this genus there are 9 genuine species in Europe
(1 in Greece with yeliow flowers); 7 at the Cape of Good
Hope; 2 in Japan, and 1 in China, 1 or 2 in North Africa.
Vttw of them probably accord with the European and
North American part of the genus.

2. SISON. L. (Hone-wort.)

'• Fruit ovate, solid, (seed) dorsally tricos-
tate, intervals convex, contracted at the sides
(laterally compressed); commissure excavated.
Iiirolucrum iew-leavcd or none.'' Spuengel.

Involucrum 3 or 4 leaved or wanting; umbellets slender,
few flowered, involucell about 4-leaved. Leaves ternate
or pseudo-pinnate, often witii t!ie ultimate segments trifid.

Species. 1. S. pud Hum. lAgusticuin pusillnm. Persoon's
Synopsis, l.p. 315. ^Ethusa divaricatu? Sp. Probably a
Buniiim? 2- trifoliauim. 3. margimitum. Slum rigidiusl^

3. ^ERIGEMA.f

Ca^ix none. Coro//a uniform. Pe^a/s obov ate,
sprcadiug, entire. Stijles persistent, subulate,
very lonj^. Fr?iif oval, somewhat laterally com-

t From 'tipiyivetcty a name of Aurora, the harbinger of day
or of the spring, as derived from ^ccp^ or sjfj the spring, and
yiyvof^x I, I exist, or come forth. This plant is so called ia
allusion to its early appearance in the spring; being the first
conspicuous flowering plant in the United States, blooming often
amidst the snow, about the ISth or 15th of March.

188 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

pressed. Seed gibbously convex, marked with
3 striae; commissure narrow, immarginate, flat.
Involucrum none.

Umbell imperfect; umbellulae about 4, 3 to 5-flowered;
involucell unequal, 3 to 5 or 6-parted; leaf solitary, radi-
cal, biternate, seg-ments multifid; scapes furnishing a corv-
similar involucrate leaf; flowers stellate; root a globular
tuber.

E. biildom.

SisG7i huHiosum, Mich. 1. p. 169. Jlydrocotyle composita,
Pursh, Flor. Am. 1, p. 190. //. arnb/gua, of the same, 2.
p. 732. H. bipinnata. Muhlenberg's Catalogue.

Obs. Candex ascendant, about an incli high. Leaf soli-
tary, emitting 2 and sometimes 3 scapes from its sheath;
lamina biternately divided, partitions subteniate; seg-
ments subrhomboidal, cleft, ultimate lobes ti-ifid, obtuse,
with minute points. Scapes round, 4 to 5 inclies higli,
terminating in an irregular umbell of 3 or 4 rays, subtend-
ed at the base by a sessile ternate leaf subdivided simi-
larly to that of the root. Leaves of the involucell entire,
simple, linear-oblong. Flowers white, slcllately expand-
ing. Petals obovate-oblong, or attenuated downwards so
as to a]:)pear unguiculate. Calix obsolete, marginal. Sta-
mina, filaments erect, exserted long'er tiian the petals,
anthers oval, deep brown. Styles subulate, persistent,
twice the length of the germ; stigmas obsolete. Germ
turbinate, laterally compressed, truncated above. Seed
gibbously convex, marked, with 3 curved lines, (my spe-
cimens were not sufficiently advanced to determine the
ultimate character of the seed) 2 lateral and 1 dorsal, the
margin of the commissure being inconspicuous and form-
ing nearly a right line.

Mab. lu shady alluvial soils, std)ject to inundation.
Near Lancaster, Pennsylvania; near Pittsburgh; on the
Ohio, Missouri, 'I'ennessee, 8;c.

Of tins genus there are probably 2 species, but tlie
second has not been indicated; Mr. Pursh's Hifdrocotyle
amlicrua 1 have now before me, which is unqucstionabiy
the i)iant described by Michaux tmder Sison, and uhicii
he liimseif has also given as H. composita. A second spe-
cies? of which I have merely an accurate drawing made
by C W. Short, M.D. from a living specimen found on
the banks of Kentucky river the loth of March, has to ali
appearance leaves which are simply ternate, with the di-
visions 3-parted, the lobes subrhomboidal with dentures
Avhich are a little cleft. And althougii the specimen ap-

rENTAXDHIA. DIGINIA. 189

pears to liave been very complete, and collected also by a
botanist, 1 dare not for the preserit announce it as a dis-
dinct species. This genus appears to be somewhat allied
to Sison, but certainly distinct. To Hydrocotyle it can
have no pretensions.

274. (ENANTHE. i. (Water Dropwort, Fili-
pendula.)

" Fruit ovate-obloni^, corticate, solid, apex
denticulate, crowned with tlie persistent style,
ridges (or striae) (on each seed) 5 or 5 obtuse.
Universal involucium scarcely any."SpRENGEL.

Umbell formed of few rays; umbellets subglobose, with
the flowers often sessile. Involucell many-leaved. Poi-
sonous plants, mostly aquatic, having- roots with pendu-
lous tubers, fistulous striated stems, and pseudo-pinnated
leaves, commonly twice compounded near the root, often
laciniated, segments mostly entire on the margin.

Species. 1. (E. carolinensis. -f- 2. Fhellavdrium. Lam.
DecandoUe. Fliellandrium aqxiaticnm. L. Hab. On the
Hocky Mountains? Ph. 3. rigida. Leaves all? pseudo-
pinnate; leaflets sessile, oblong-lanceolate, entire or in-
cisely toolhed; involucrum none; styles peltately dilated
at the base, extremely short; fruit subelliptic. Obs.
Stem erect, rigid, terete, even, striate, and fistulous.
Leaflets 4 or 5 pair, all sessile, circumscribed by a whitish
and somewhat scabrous margin. Involucell about 8-
leaved, subulate. Calix 5-toothed, acute. Petals cor-
dately inflected; many of tjie central sessile flowers ste-
rile. Styles persistent, pcl'alely dilated at the base,
scarcely a line in length, divaricate, obtuse or rather
truivcutc, and distinctly grooved on the upper side. Fruit
elliptic-ovate, dorsally compressed, flat, (as in Pastinaca
sativa.) Seeds rather large, with a suberose prominent
subalated margin continued inwards so as to cover the
seed, slenderly striated on the back; stri?e 5.

Shim rigidius. Willd. sp. pi. 1. p. 1433 Pursh, Flor.
Am. 1. p. 194. Probably Sisoii marginatum. Mich. Fl.
Am. 1. p. 163.

3, *atnbigua. Stem even, v.'ith ^cw leaves; leaves all
pseudo-pinnaie, leaflets three to five pair; narrow-linear,
long and entire, all sessile and acute, under side glau-
cous; involucrum 2 or S-leaved; umbells terminal, near-
ly solitary. Obs. Root perennial, tuberous? Stem tall,
smooth, striate, fistulous and c\lindric. Leaves dis-
t^ntji. with small sheaths, only about 4 or 5 on the whole

190 PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

stem; leaflets 5 or 6 inches long, and about 2 lines wide,
thickish, perfectly entire, or now and tlien, but rarely,
bifid, circumscribed by a white and somewhat scabrous
maig-in. Umbeli rather small, with elongated rays. Um-
bellets roundish, with sessile abortive flowers, involucell
many-leaved, flliform-subulate. Calix dislinct, 5-toothed.
Petals cordately-inflected. Styles very short, peltately
dilated at the base. Fruit smooth, flat, and subelliptic. —
Nearly allied to the preceding- species, and probably to
(E. peucedanifoHa of Europe. Hab. On the marshy banks
of the Delawaie, near Philadelphia. My friend Z. Col-
lins, Esq. informs me, that this plant attains the height of
6 to 10 feet in the marshes of New Jersey, and that the
lower leaves are extremely long and furnished will) nu-
merous leaflets, uniformly narrow like tliose of the Dela-
ware plant. — These 2 species do not well accord v, ith tiie
genus, and appear allied somewhat to Peiicedanumy by
the flatness of tiie seeds. I am satisfied that the celebrated
Sprengel could not possibly have refei-red our (E. ri^idins
to his genus Slum; one of us must be in an error as to
the identity of the plant.

Of tiiis noxions genus there are about 12 species in Eu-
rope, 1 in Barbary, 1 in tropical America {HuujiacaacauUsf
Cav.) 6 at the Cape of Good Hope. According to Per-
soon the tuberous roots of (E. peiicedanifoUu arc eaten by
children in some parts of France.

a.75. ^THUSA. L. (FooPs-parsIey.)

<"< Fruit ovate, somewhat solid, corticate,
ridges (on each seed) 5, acute and turgid, in-
tervals acute-angular, commissure flat, siriate.
Jnvolucrum 1 -sided or wanting." Sprengel.

Leaves ternately divided, slender and compoundly dis -
sected.

Species. 1. ^E.divaricata. Sp. Oes. Annual; stem erect
and slender; iea^■es biternate, segments narrow and linear;
umbells terminal without either partial or general involu-
cruvn; umbellets 3 to 5-flowered, flowers wliite, fruit
subglobosc, somewhat hispid, v. s. in the herbarium of
Z. Collins, Ksq. but not sufiiciently advanced to as-
certain the ultimate character of the seed. Is it not
r Either a Jiumu7)i? {^Ammi divaricatnm. Persoon. Daiiciis.
Waller.) !n Carolina. 2. /eptop/n/Ua? Sp. Leaves biter-
nately dissected, margin of the acute segments entire;
umbeli trifid, sessile, umbellets naked, few-flowered.
rimpincUa lelHophyUa? Persoon, 1. p. 324. Has. In the

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 191

vicinity of New Orleans, from whence it was acciden-
tally imported to Philadelphia, in a box of earth, with
other plants, by Mr. Li. E. Griffiths who favoured me with
living- specimens.

Descript. Root slender, fusiform, annual. Stem nearly
simple, or dividing into 2 or 3 branches towards the base
or the middle, smooth, even and slender, about a foot
high, and neai-ly floriferous Irom the base. Leaves rather
■^ distant, petioiate, having small membranaceous abrupt
sheaths, larger leaves subtriternately divided, ultimate
segments bifid and trifid, very smooth, linear and acute.
Umbell entirely sessile, arising from the sheath of the
leaf on tlie opposite side of the stem, bifid or trifid without
any vestige of a proper general or partial invohicrum.
Umbellet 10, 12 to IS-flowerecl, more or less; pedicells
short. Calix none. Petals subovate, acute, erect, equal
and entire, with the points a little incurved, externally
rosaceous, within whitish. Styles rot visible, stigmas
in all stages like so many subcapitate sessile points. Sta-
mina shorter than the corolla, anthers purplish. Fruit
roundish-ovate, corticate, and laterally subconipressed;
commissure flat and striate, oblong-elliptic. Seed green-
ish-grey, scarcely larger than that of Mignionette, gib-
bously convex, scored with 5 converging, angular and
turgid ridges; intervals acute-angular, and striate. Sen-
sible properties and structure of the seed not very dissi-
milar to that of Cictita ynaculata, the primary ridges are,
however, less obtuse and interlaid with striae not with tu-
bercular granulations.

276. CICUTA. L, (Water-Hemlock, Water-
Cowbane.)

Fruit corticate, roundish, and laterally com-
pressed^ commi-ssure obionj^-elliptic, flat. Seed
gibbously convex, scored wiih 5 converging ob-
tuse ridges, and 4 intermediate tuberculate
grooves.

General involucrum wanting, or at most of 1 or 2 leaves;
partial involucrum 5 or 6-leaved. Flowers regular. Calix
obsolete, 5-toothed. Petals cordately-inflected. Styles
persistent, spreading; stigmas subcapitate. Leaves biter-
nate, serrated. Poisonous plants.

Species. 1. C maculata. Ods. Lower leaves ternate,
with the partitions unequally 5-leaved; upper ones simply
biternate, floral leaves ternate, leaflets lanceolate, almost

192 PENTANDRIA. DIGYMA.

perpendicularly serrate, serratures mucronate, lateral leaf-
lets oblique at the base. Umbells axillary and terminal.
Involucrum of 1 or 2 minute leaves, but mostly wanting.
Involucell 5 and sometimes 6-leaved, ^acuminated. Um-
bellets numerous, many-floweied. Calix acute. Seeds
agreeably aromatic, with paler coloured ridges, and a
Suberose epispevm, intervals tuberculate. Hab. Abun-
dant around Philadelphia, in the marshes of the Delaware.

2. brdbifera. Leaves various; in bulbiferous stems biter-
nate and very thin, in bulbiferous and umbelliferous stems
simply ternate, leaflets thicker, upon shorter peduncles,
linear sublanceolute, lacerately serrate; umbell terminal,
solitary, lateral branchlets bulbiferous. Obs. Stem low,
smooth, simple or trichotomous. Leaves in infertile bul-
biferous stems, more compound and slender, with very
long petioles, ultimate divisions sublanceolate-linear, with
very few serratures, in fertile stems the leaves have very
sliort petioles, petioles of the leaflets more than an inch
long. Primary umbell often opposite a leaf, the rest soli-
tary, terminal; lateral branchlets sliort and bulbiferous,
bulbs ovate axillary, covered by the dilated sheaths of the
leaves, often approximating so as to appear oppositely
imbricated, but where more distant, distinctly alternate.
General involucrum of the umbell I or 2-leaved, partial
about 5-'eaved. [I ab. On the banks of the Delaware near
Philadelphia; but rare. A genuine species, the fruit
scarcely distinguishable from that of C. muadata.

Of this genus theie are but 3 species, the 3d. C. viroscy
is indigenous to Kurope.

QTT, MYRRHIS. Jlorisoii. (Chervil.)

<' Fruit sublinear, solid and angular, ridges
. a little acute, apex attenuated or crowned

with the style. Universal involucrum none.'^

Sprengel.

Species. 1. JI. canadensis. (Si'son canadense. L.)
Leaves ternate, leaflets ovate-acute, incisely and doubly
serrate, peduncles by pairs; umbells small and unequal.
2. bifida, Muhl. Spr.

A genus of 16 sjiecies, according to Sprengel, chiefly
indigenous to Europe.

278. =*URASPERMUM.t Myurhis. Michcmx.
Fruit sublinear, solid, acutely angular, cau-
date, and witliout striae; angles subsulcate, his-

f So called trum the seed being caudate.

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 193

pill; commissure sulcate; reccptacular axis se-
rnibifid; style subulate, persistent, terminating
the fruit. Universal inyolucrum none.*

Umbell compound, with 5 or more rays. General in-
volucrum wanting. Partial involucrum 5-leave I, entire;
, umbellets many-flowered; masculine florets often double
the number of those which are fertile. Calix obsolete.
Petals oblong-, emarginately inflected. Leaves biter-
nate, somewhat pseudo-tripinnate, margin incisely-toothed;
young- plants canescently pilose, at length nearly smooth.
Sweet and aromatic, Odor anisate; seed tasteless.

Species. 1. U. CJaytoid, Scandix Claytoui, Mich.
Obs. Root perennial. Stems about a foot high, striated,
always more or les pubescent, but at first of a hoary white-
ness. Leaves only about 2 on each, stern; ternate, with
the subdivisions from 3 to 5-leaved; ter.innal leaflets
rhomboidal, acute, lateral ones more irregular and ob-
long, sometimes subpinnatifidly lobed, but generally in-
cisely toothed, dentures mostly obtuse with a small point.
Umbells axillary and terminal, rays about 5. Involucrum
wanting, or of 1 or 2 small leaves. Umbellets small, ex-
terior hermaphrodite flowers about 5, males about 10,
all pedunculate, peduncles of the male-flowers capillary;
involucell 5-leaved, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, soon
after flowering deflected. Styles filiform, as long as the
germ, erect and divaricate, with inconspicuous stigmas.
(Jerm distinctly villous towards the base. No vestige of
a calix. Fruit linear-lanceolate, black and shining, subu-
lated, but without rostrum. Seed caudate, (an inch in
length, including the cauda. which is about 3 lines long)
acutely quadrangular, without ei: her r:bs or stris; inter-
vals flat and even, cuticle minutely punctate, cauda, and
more sparingly the angles of the seed aculeately hispid. —
Hae. Near Philadelphia, on the shady banks of the Schuyl-
kill. The whole plant, excepting tlie seed which is per-
fectly tasteless, possesses nearly the same sweet and aro-
matic odor as Afi/ryhis odorata, to which it bears some
resemblance. — If Sisorr canadense is to be considered a
genuine JMyrrlds, and Scmidix pvocnmhens and S. cerefo'
Hum as examples of Chxrophyllum , I could not for a mo-
ment hesitate to separate from both these genera, the
Myrrhis Claytoni of Michaux, not however without a sus-
picion of its affinity to JSI. odorata.
S

194 pentandria. digynia.

279. CHtEROPHYLLUM. L.

'f Fruit oblong-Iinear, terete, ecnstate, gla-
brous, commissure sulcate.*' Sprengel.

Universal involucrum none. Leaves pseudo-triplnnate,
or bipinnate, ultimate seg-ments divaricate, variously and
incisely lobed or toothed.

Species. 1. C pvocumbens. Obs. Young- stems, and
particularly the sheatlis of the leaves hairy. Umbells op-
posite the leaves, naked, 3-rayed. Umbellets about 5-
flowered; involucell short, about 5-leaved, ovate, erect.
Flowers all fertile; petals oblon(j-oval, entire, scarcely in-
flected. Styles very minute. Seeds linear-oblong-, 3 or
4 lines long, brownish, even, very smooth and distinctly
lined; striae 5, intervals angularly elevated. Hab. Near
Philadelphia, on the banks of the Schuylkill. Leaves
somewhat resembling- J)mtcus Caruta.

A genus now including scarcely more than 5 or 6 spe-
cies, indigenous to Europe, America, and Barbary.

280. SESELI. L, (Meadow-Saxifrage.)

« Fruit ovate-lanceolate, solid, (seed) 5-rib-
bed, ridges somcNvhat obtuse, intervals partly
grooved. Universal involucrum none; partial
many-leaved." Sprengel.

Partial involucrum 3 to 5-leaved, small; umbells sub-
globose, often rather rigid. Leaves simply or doubly
pseudo-pinnate, segments Unear.

Species- 1. S. triteniatum. Ph. ~\- 2. (Uvancatum. Ph.
Stem short, procumbent, branched; leaves subopposite,
shining, short and bipinnatifid, segments toothed, termi-
nal ones obtusely tridentate, petiole decurrent in the alat-
ed midrib; unibells upon long peduncles, hemispherical,
dichotomal and terminal; involucrum none, involucell
about 5-leaved, lanceolate, unilateral: flowers yellow. —
Obs. Root perennial. Proper stem procumbent, divided
from the base, scarcely 4 inches long, angularly grooved.
Leaves all, except the radical ones, opposite, 3 or 4 inches
long, partly with an ovate outline, flat and shining, secon-
dary divisions about 3 pair, pinnatifid, segments 2 to 4
lines long, obtuse, and toothed, each terminating in 3
nearly equal dentures; teeth with minute points; petiole
confluent in the alated midrib. Peduncles naked, rigid,
4 or 5 inches long, nearly of equal thickness with the
stem. Umbell naked, roundish, 18 tp 30-rayed; rays thick

I'ENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 195

and unequal, 5 to 8 lines long;. Umbellets crowded, more
or less, 20-flo\vered, of wlilch the half are abortive; invo-
lucell 5-leaved, lanceolate-acuminate, meinb;-anaceous,
unUateral, a little shorter than tlie flowering' nmbell. Ca-
lix 5-toothed, acute, distinct. Petals oval acuminate,
involute, yellow. Styles filiform, divaricate. Fruit ob-
long-ovate, angularly striate; about the size of Caraway-
seeds. Hab. ' On the arid and denudated plains of the
Missouri, commencing about 30 miles below the conflu-
e)ice of White river. Flowering in May. — S. lucidum.
T. N. in Fraser's Catalogue, 1813. It appears io be allied
to Smyrnium, but of a very different habit, and the fruit
accords wit'i this genus.

281. SMYRNIUM. L. (Alexanders.)

Fniit roundisli tuid solid, somewhat late-
rally compressed, angularly ribbed. Seed (black-
ish), gibbously convex, marked with 3 angular
elevations.

Flowers yellow, in the centre of the umbell abortive.
Calix obsolete; petals incurved, acuminate. Involucre
always and involucell mostly wanting. Stem leaves sim-
ple pseucio-ternate or biternate.

Species. l.S. integerrhnum. Obs. Leaflets oval and
entire, with a point. Radii of the umbell divaricate,
filiform. Involucell 3-leaved or 3-toothed, very small
and often deciduous. Calix minutely 5-toothed; petals
oblong, acuminate, involute. Styles divaricate, longer
than the germ, stigmas subcapitate. Fruit large, about
the size of a lentil, suborbicular, laterally compressed,
blackish; seed gibbous, angular elevations inconspicuous.

Hab. Chiefly on the principal range of the Alleghany
mountains; plentiful in the mountains of Pennsylvania.
Flowering ii> May and June.

2. S. trifoUatiim Leaves crenate, radical subcordate,
uppermost 3-parted; flowers yellow. Obs. Involucell
3-leaved, unilateral. Calix 5-toothed. Petals oval, acu-
minate, involute. Fruit small, blacklsli, somewhat late-
rally compressed; seeds gibbous marked with 3 immar-
ginate angular elevations, exclusive of the inner mar-
gins; intervals substriate, commissure flat. — Thapsia tri-
foliata, LiXN. Cnidium trifoliaUnn, Ctisson. Smyrnium
cordatiim, Walter. All these synonyms as well as that
of Michaux, excepting Walter's, as far as they regard the
fruit, evidently apply to some other species, probably to
.-S". oAropurpurexany or S. aureum

J 96 PENTANDRIA. DIGIKIA.

A genus indigenous to Europe, Northern Africa and
Nortli America.

282. * THASPIUxM.f

Fruit subelliptic. Seed convex with 5 alated
ridges, alie subequal; intervals grooved. Invo-
lucre none. Involucell about 3-leaved, unila-
teral?

Flowers mostly yellow, many of them infertile. Stylesf
divaricate. Calix 5-toothed; petals involute, acuminate.
Leaves pseudo-ternate or biternate, radical ones some-
times entire, marijin serrated or toothed, rarely entire.
Each of the umbells usually coming- out opposite a lea.f,
in some species terminal.

§ I. Umbells opposite the leaves; stems nearly simple.

Species. 1. 'V. anretim. Leaflets ovate -lanceolate, acute,
serrate, lateral divisions of the upper leaves subsessile; in-
volucell 3-leaved, unilateral; calix 5-toothed, all the ridges
nfthe seed winged. Smyrtmnn aureum. Ph. 2. atropurpu-
reum. Leaves serrate, radical often subcordate, uppermost
ternate, middle leaflet conspicuously petiolate, leaflets
ovate-acute; flowers dark purple. Oes- Radical leaves
mostly entire, upon long peduncles; involucell 3-leaved,
unilateral, often wanting. Calix 5-toothed, obvious. Pe-
tals oblong acuminate, involute, at first greenish. Styles
iiiiform, divaricate, long as the fruit. Fruit small elliptic,
witli 10 v/hitish alated ridges. — Leaves often elegantly ma-
culated with angular palei* coloured blotches. Smyrnium
tttrupurpureiim. Ph. Hab. Not uncommon in the vicinity
of Philadelphia.

§ II. Umbells terminal; stem dichoiomojis.

3. T. barbitiofle. Lignsticum barhinodey Mich. Fl. Amcr,
p. 167. Lower leaves subtriteriiate, upper biternate;
leaflets ctineate-ovate, acute or acumi.*.ate, unequally and
incisely serrate, entire towards the base; umbells dichoto-
mal and terminal; involucell subulate, unilateral, 3-ieaved;
fruit elliptic, 7 of the ridges alternately broader. — Obs.
Eoot perennial. Stem 3 feet high, diciiotomous, angular,
and grooved, smooth, excepting a minute pubescence at
the nodes, common in this and other genera. Leaves
smooth, floral ones subopposite, all upon longish petioles, a
little scabro\is and whitish on the margin, serratures deep,

■\ From t!ie isle of 7'/^f/-7«(7, v/hich gave name to the Thapsia
of the ancients, in allu.sion to its .affinity with that genus. It is
the Cnidium of C:us!;un, a name now more properly employed
for another genus.

PENTATVDRIA. DIGYNIV. 197

large, unequal, and acute, commencing usually a little be-
low the middle of the leaflet (leaflets 10 to 15 lines long).
Teduncles oftiie umbells rather sljort. Involucrum none.
Umbellcts about 20-fiovvered, more ttiun h:ilf of them abor-
tive. Calix distinct, 5-toothed. Petals deep yellow, acu-
minate, obliquely involute. Styles persistent, liliform,
erect, about twice the length of the petals, with distinct
but small stigmas. Fruit nearly as large as that of the
p:v:snip, ellipt'c in the outii.-ie. Seeds elliptic, convex,
one ot't'iem with 2 broader aiated lateral ridges, and the
oiher With one dorsal, alated ridge, margins alated, con-
nivent, intervening elevations much lower. Seeds aro-
ma'ic, and liighly camphorated, Hab. On the shady
banks of the Sclmylkill i;ear Piiiladelphia. 4. aciuninatum.
Kees" Cyclopedia, under Smynuuin. — ['.\ Pennsylvania?
5. actceifjlium {Ligusticiim uctisi folium, Mich. Plor. Am. 1.
p. 166.) "mvokiceil setaceous; fruii obh^ng-oval, with 10
p u-tly alated ribs; leaflets oval, equally toothed." Many
of the flowers sterile. Involuci-um none, -f-

■fllf Fio'ivtvs liicomvltte,

>3.3. ATUIPLEX. L, (OracJic.)

Flowers ])i)\\g;?Ar\m\^:, — Calix 5-])arte(l. Co-
rolla \\in\^. *S'n/£e liifid. Femimiie iiower; calix
,^-pai'ted, compre.ssed. Seed VLMtical.

Fiov. ers glomerate, paniculate; bisexual; masculine
anci feminine iiowers intermixed, or on sejiarate plants;
ieaves alterna.e, rardy suboppositc. Mostly annual, rarely
siirubby.

Species. 1. A. *cauescens. {Calligoiium cavescciiSt
Piirsh, Flor. Aiii. Sept. 2. p. 370.) Dioicou.s: pulverulently
furfuraceous and canesceii;; stem shrubby, diffuse; leaves
linear-oblong, entire, obtuse, attenuated towards the base,
younger leaves acute. — Obs. Stem much branched, and
diifuse. about 3 or 4 feet \\V^\i, with round grey branches.
Leaves alternate, 15 to 20 lines long, abou" 3 wide, some-
limes cuneate-oblong, obtuse and now and then emargi-
nate, very entire, covered with the white branny scales
common to this and the preceding genus. Flowers dioi-
cous, with 4, 5, and 6 stamens, conglomerated towards
the ends of the branches; male clusters (at least the lower
ones) pedunculate. Cahx of liie female flowers 2-j)arted,
becoming indurated, acute, Vv-iih 4- unequal cristated or
dentated angles. Style 1, deeply bifid, ex:erted.
S 2

198 PENTAKDRIA. DIGYXIA.

"Scsirly s^y\ed to .^. pvrtiilacoidt's. Hab, On the der.i;- ,
dated saline hills of the Missouri; commencing about 15
miles below the confluence of White river, and continu-
ing- to the mountains. Flowering^ in May.

2. hortensLs. 3. patula. Both of these introduced, now
naturalized. 4. laciniata.

5. * argentea. Stem herbaceou.s, erect; leaves deltoid,
siibcordate, somewhat obtuse, entire, on both sides ca*
nescently furfuraceous and shining; fruit subpedunculate^
oval, corripressed, and obluse, margin acutely toothed.
Obs. About a foot high and considerably branched.
Leaves a little attenuated on the petiole, uppermost sub-
sessile. Fruit axillary, nearly naked on the back. Allied
to A. sibirica? Hab. On sterile and saline places near the
Missouri. O

6. * arenuria. Stem herbaceous, spreading; leaves very
entire, oblong-ovate, subsessile, on the under side argen-
teous, upper ones acute or acuminate; flowers axillary,
glomerate; fruiting calixmuricate, dentate, retuse. — Obs.
Stem reddish, angular, about a foot high, much branched
and spreading, annual. Lowermost leaves often cuneate-
oval and very obtuse; uppermost ovale-lanceolate, acutely
acuminate, whitish and furfuraceous on both sides, but
jnore particularly on the under; about 10 or 12 lines long,
and 5 wide. Male flowers mostly running out into a short

- glomerate spike at the ends of the branches; female
flowers crowded, axillary- Fruiting* calix cuneate, or
letuse, with a 3 or 4-toothed double margin, disk, or back
of the fruit, on either side furnished with 2 short dentated.
crests or angles not more than half its length. Hab. Oit
the sandy sea-coast of New Jersey. Flowering in .August,
This plant has long been known to my friend Z. Collinfc;^
Esq. as a distinct species.

Chiefly an European genus, the above excepted, witli
1 species at the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Barbary, 1 in
Liberia, 2 in Tartary, from whence A. hortensis is said
to have originated, and 1 in Bengal.

S84. CHENOPODIUM. L. (Goosefoot.)

Calix 5-parted, with 5 angles. Corolla none.
ShjhhiM, (rarely trifid.) Seed 1, lenticular,
liorizontal, covered by the closing calix.

Leaves alternate, often angular in tlje outline. Flowers
glomerate, paniculate.

TENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. l99

Species. 1. C. Bonus Heririctis. I have, as yet, nei-
ther seen tliis plant indigenous nor naturalized, in the
United States. 2. mxirale. 3. album. 4. hybridum. Com-
iTion around Philadelphia. 5. Botrtja. Indigenous on the
banks of the Missouri and Mississippi. Common in Penn-
sylvania in gardens and wastes. 6. ambrosioules. Much
more common arouwd Philadelphia than the following.
7. anthelminticiim. 8. *subspicatum. Stem herbaceous,
sabquadrangular; lower leaves hastate-ovate, bidentate,
acute, upper leaves sublanceolate; glomeruli approximate,
subspicate, naked. Obs. Leaves and stem whitish and
somewhat furfuraceous; racemes glomerate, simple, ter-
minal; leaves with a single indention on either side, near
the base, which is cuneaie. Hab. In sahne soils around
the Mandan village, Missouri.

Chiefly an European genus, occupying wastes and gar-
dens. Of the above species enumerated, as now common
in the United States, Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8, only, are indi-
genous.

285. SALSOLA. L. (Salt-wort.)

Calix 5-partcd, with a capsular base. Corolla
none. Style bifid. Seed 1, horizcjntal, cochle-
ate, covered by the connitent calix. (Fruiting
calix in many species surrounded by a membra-
naceous df)rsal margin.)

Stem shrubby or herbaceous; leaves alternate, very
rarely opposite, terete or flat, often succulent, sometimes
spinescent; flowers terminal or axillary, frequently tri-
bracteate.

Species. 'i.9).Kali. Herbaceous, decumbent; leaves
subulate, canaliculate, spinose; calix marginated, axillary.
|3- carolima7ia, leaves dilated, shorter, terete, nerveless,
spinose; stem smooth or pube«icent; calix with a broader
margin. Obs. Stem diffusely decumbent; flowers tri-
bracteate, solitary, axillary; calix unequal, in fruit car-
tilaginous, orbicularly depressed and connivent, with
subulate points, segments unequal, 2 much smaller, sur-
rounded with a membranaceous alated dorsal margin,
reddish and elegantly veined. Seed cochleate,or resem-
bling a small univalve shell, covered with a membrana-
ceous episperm; perisperm none. Hab. On the strand
of Egg-H.rrbour, New Jersey. Certainly, according to
the suggestions of Mr. Pursli, a mere variety of S. .Kali,

2. sal^a. Obs. About a foot high, stem at "first nearly
simple and erect, with longish succulent linear un^nn-

200 rENTANDllIA. DIGYNIA.

ed and somewhat glaucous leaves; flowering branches at
length commencing from the base to the summit, simple
and alternate, appearing distichal; floral leaves about one
third the length of the othei-s and dilated at the base;
axills 3-flovvered, lateral flowers tribracteate; brucies
very minute, paleaceous. Segments of the calix very
unequal, succulent, diaphanous, and dorsally gibbous;
inner margin connivent over the seed. Stamina 3, rarely,
if ever, 5. Style 1, scarcely visible, minutely bifid. Seed
brown and shining, perfectly even; roundish -reni form.
^Joi E. Sometimes when the simple stem is much elon-
gated, the flowering plant becomes decumbent as de-
scribed by Micliaux. The seed much more resem.bles
that of Chenopodium than Salsola. Hab. In the salt-
marshes of New Jersey and New York, never on the
sandy strand with S. Kali. This plant is probably the
Cheiiopodium maritiimnn of Pursh. Af^er a scrupulous
comparison also of this plant, now before me, with the
Salsola depressa of Pursli, 1 find them to be the same
species; so that Xhe range of this plant is from t!je Atian-
tlc sea-coast, probably, to the sources of the AlL^-aourij
in arid and saline tracts.

With the exception of a few species in Sib-ria, and
Barbary, 2 at the (Jape of Good Hope, and 2 in ludiaj thi^
extensive genus of near 40 species is confined to t!ic sea-
coasts of the south of Europe. Several of the species are
burnt to obtain Soda.

286. KOCIIIA. Roth,

Calix monophylloiis, campantilate, S-cIefi: in
fruit producing a dorsal inar4^in in tlie form
of 5 petals; orifice closed with 5 triangular den-
tures. Corolla none. Style shart; siigmas 2
or 3. long. Caysule 1 -celled, 1 or 2-seededJ
Seed incurved.

Habit similar to Chenopodium.

Species. l.K. deniaia. '2. * Uioica. Annual: stem low^
branches axillary; leave:, sessile, very entire, ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, somewhat succulent and glaucous; flov/ers
(male) terminal, conglomerate; calix subgiobose-campa-
nulate, dorsal dentures small and obtuse, ir.ter;^,al ones
membranaceous, acute. — Obs Stem. 6 to 12 i.:!ciies high,
smooth and angular; branches simple, axil.ai'v. Lower
leaves oblong-lance„']ate, upper ones ovate-lanceohite,
acute, younger leaves and flowers at first scattered with

PENTANDRIA. DIGYNIA. 201

white and furfuraceous scales. Male flowers naked,
terminal. Calix inflated, whitish, and membranaceous,
somewhat g'lobose-campanulaie, entire to the orifice; ex-
ternal dentures greenish, small and obiuse; internal
ionrer and acute, at first incumbent upon the stamens,
afterwards nearly erect, deltoid and acute. Stamina 5,
exserted, partly combined at the base, filaments capil-
lary; anthers at first fulvous, at length, after dehis-
cence, bifid at either extremity. Hab. In sterile and
saline places, near the Missouri; abundant near Fort
Mandan, &c. Flowering in May. I have never seen
any but male plants, and am unacquainted with the seed.
It resembles a small Atriplexov Chenopodiumy in its leaves,
and terminal conglomerated flowers.

To this genus have been referred by its founder some
of the species of Salsola.

2S7. ULMUS. X. (Elm.)

Calix campanulate, 4 orS-cleft, Corollanone,
Samara \ compressed, encompassed by a mem-
branaceous alated border. (^Stamina sometimes
4 and also 8.)

Trees or rarely shrubs; leaves retrorsely asperate, often
oblique at tlie base; flowers fasciculate, conglomerate,
appearing before the leaves.

Species. 1. U. americana. 2. nemoralls. 3. fulva.
(Slippery Elm.) 4. alata. Leaves much smaller than
those of any other American species. Hab. In Tennessee
on the banks of the French Broad river, and in Carolina
and Virginia.

Of this genus there are 3 species in Europe, 1 in Sibe-
ria, 1 in C.'^iina, and a species of doubtful genus in India.

2^8. PLANERA. Gmdin,

Polygamous. — Calix membranaceous, sub-
campanulate, 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla none. Stig-
mas Si, oblonj^, glandulous, divergently recurv-
ed. Capsule (nut?) subglobose, membranace-
ous, 1 -celled, not opening, smooth or squamu-
lose (not winged) 1-seeded.

Masculine flowers intermixed with the others; stamina
4 to 6. Leaves and flowers resembling those of Uhmis,
to which genus it is very nearly allied. Michaux.

I The Elm affords a genuine example of this species of fruit.

202 PENTANDUIA. TRIGYNIA.

Species. 1. P. aquatica. Princ'pally confined to the
western side of the Alleghany mountains.

Of this eenus there is another species on the borders
of the Caspian sea.

289. CELTIS. L. (Nettle-tree, Hackberry.)

Polygamous. — Calix 5-parted. Corolla none.
Styles thickish, divaricate. Drupe l-seeded<
Masculine flowers (inferior) calix 6 -parted, with
6 stamina.

Trees or rarely shrubs; leaves mostly oblique; flowers
subsolitary or racemose. Filaments of the bark elastic?

Species. 1. C. occidentalis. Calix of the male flower
^.parted; stamina 5. The biirk of this species is often
remarkably rimose. ^ . integrifolia. Leaves entire; bark
of the tree not rimose — On the banks of the Mississippi,
near to St. Louis. 2. crassifoUa. Is not ihis a mere vari-
ety of C. occidentalism in which the young plants have al-
ways leaves that are scabrous oh either side. 3. temii-
folia. C. pumiloy Pursh 1. p. 200? A low bush, in the
mountains of Virginia, flowering ai the height ox 2 feet.
Leaves nearly as broad as long, now and then without
serratures, often cordate-ovate, verv little acuminated and
almost perfectly smooth on both sides. Berries solitary,
brown and glaucous.

Of this small genus there is 1 species indigenous to
Barbary and the south of Europe, 1 to the Levant, 1 to
the East Indies, 1 to China, and 2 to the West Indies.

Order III.— TRIGYNIA.
290. VIBURNUM. L.

Calix small, 5-parted, superior. Corolla
small, campanulatc, 5-cleft. Berry or drupe
1-seeded.

Shrubs with opposite leaves, naked at the base; flowers
terminal cymose.

Species. 1. y . prwiifolium. 2. pyri folium. 3. Lentag9.
4. nufluTn. 5. obovatiim. 6. cassinoides. 7- lavigatnm.
8. niiidum. 9. dentatum. 10 pubescens. 11. Lantanoi-
des. 12. acerifoUum, 13. molle. 14. Oxjjcoccus. 15. erlule..

PBNTANDRIA. TRIGTNIA. 205

Of this genus there are in Europe 4 species, 1 in the
Canary islands, 2 in tropical America, 1 in Siberia, 1 in
Imeretia and 8 in Japan.

291. SAMBUCUS. L. (Elder.)

Calix small, 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat urce-
olate, 5-lobed. Berry roundish, 3-seeded.

Shrubs or small trees; leaves opposite, simply or doubly
pseudopinnate, in a few species bistipulate, in others bi-
glandular at the base, glands stipitate; flowers cymose.

Species. \. ^. canadensis. Leaves on either side not
unfrequenily more or less minutely and hirsutely pube-
scent. Fruit not ealen, nor agreeable. The first leaves
of young plants, after the cotyledones,are simple and cor-
date- 2. piibescens.

Of this genus, besides the above, there are 3 species
in Europe, and 1 in Japan where the S. nigra is also indi-
genous, of tliis species tJiere occurs a variety with re«
markably laciniated leaves.

292. RHUS. L. (Sumach.)

Calix 5-parted. Fetah 5. Berrij small, with
1 nuciform seed.

Small trees or shrubs; leaves pinnate or ternate, in 2
species of doubtful genus, entire; flowers paniculate or in
terminal compounded and dense racemes; often polyga^
moiis. Several of the North American species are poison-
ous to the touch.

Species. 1. R. typhimim. 2. glabrum. 3. viHdiforum.
\. pximilum. Extremely venomous. 5. Vernix. also indi-
genous to Japan. 6. Copallimim. 7- Toxicodendron.
8. radicans. Certainly distinct from No. 7- Both these spe-
cies are venomous. 9. aromaticiim. Dioicous; leaves ter-
nate; this is the only species to be met with in Upper Lou-
siana, the berries of which, as in some of the other
species, afford an agreeable and wholesome acid

Of this genus there are 3 species in tropical America,
2 in the southern extremity of Europe, and 1, R. Cotiims,
extending into Austria, Helvetia, and Siberia; 2 species
in Java, one of them common also to China, another com-
mon to China and Japan, 1 in the island of New Caledo-
nia; 2 in Northern Africa, and no less than 20 at the Cape
of Good Hope.

204 PENTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA.

293. STAPHYLEA. L.

Calix 5-parte(l, coloured. PefMs 5, inserted
upon the margin of a pentauglar glandulous
disk. Capsules 2 or 3; inflated, growing toge-
ther. A^nts about 2, globose with a cicatrice.

Small trees, with opposite stipulated leaves; which are
ternate or unequally pinnated, eacii leaflet furnished with
a stipule; flowers racemose, terminal.

Species. 1. S. trifolia. Obs. Filaments of the stami-
na pubescent. Germ 3-celled, cells many-seeded, but by
abortion perfecting cnly 2 or 3 seeds.

Of tills genus there is 1 species in the West Indies, 1
in the Andes of Peru, and 1 in Europe. *

294. TURNERA. L.

Calix 5-cleft, funnelform, usually bibracteate
at the base. Petals 5, uuguiculatc, inserted
upon the calix. Stigmata many-cleft. Capsule
1 -ceiled, 3-valved.

Suffruticose or herbaceous; leaves alternate, petiole in
some species biglandelous; flowers axillary or seated
upon the petiole, solitary; in 2 species the flowers are
i^acemose.

Species. 1. T. cistouks. Near Savannah in Georgia?
Pursh.

This genus, except the above species, is exclusively
confined to tropical America.

295. SAROTHRA. Lamarck,

Calix 5-partcd, connivent. Petals 5, linear-
oblong. Capsule oblong, acute, coloured, 1-
celled, 3-valved, margin of the valves semini-
ferous.

A small plant with the Inflorescence of an Hvpencum,
much branched, branches erect and subtrichotomous;
leaves scarcely visible, linear; flowers solitary, axillary
and terminal, sessile. — Peculiar to North America.

SpECi ES. 1. S. Hypericoides. {Hypericum Sarothva. Mich,
and Pursh, 2. p. 378.) The stamina vary from 5 to 6.
As this plant is closely allied to Hypericum, and scarcely
in any respect like a Ce7Uian, I see no reason why :t

\

PENTANDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. 205

sliould be called S. ^eritianoides, a comparison whlcli must
tend to misleail, as its affinity, if any, to tUat genus, is
entirely fanciful.

Order IY TETRAGYNIA.

£96. PARNASSIA. Z. (Grass oC Parnassus.)
C^/ieT 5-parte(l, persistent. Petals 5, Lepan-
thia (nectarys) 5. inserted upon the claws of the
petals, ciliate^ filaments witli glohose. lips. Cap-
sule 2-celIed, 4-valved. Receptacle in the mid-
dle of each valve. Seeds membrasiaceously
margined.

Leaves radical, cordate, nerved; <;cape unifoliate about
the middle, l-flo\vered; flowers whiiv, with pellucid veins.

Species. 1. P. pahistris. 2. carolinimia. 3. asari-
ffjlia.

A North American genus with the exception of 7*. pa-
lustris, which is also common to Europe.

Order V.— PEXTAGYNIA.
£97. ARAUA. i.

Umbelliferous. — CalLx 5-toothcd, superior.
Fetals 5, Berry 5-celled, 5-seeded. — Umhells in-
volucellate.

Arborescent, shrubby, or herbaceous; leaves entire,
lobed, dig"itate, or repeatedly pseudo-compoimded.

Species 1. A. riudicmdis. 2. racejnosa. (called Spike-
nard.) 3- hispida. 4. spinosa. ( Ang-elica-tree.)

The remaining species of this genus are indigenous to
tlie tropicul parts of America; there are also 3 species in
Japan and 1 in China.

!98. STATICE. L.

Calix 1 -leaved, entire, plaited, scariose. Pe-

tals 5. Seed 1, superior.

Subgenera. — \rmeria. Scape simple, flowers capi-
tate, common calii many -leaved.
T

206 PENTANDRIA. TENtAGYNIA.

Species. 1. S. Arineria. (Thrift, Sea Gilliflower.)

LtMONiuM. Floweis scattered, upon a panicuiated
or spiked scape, or leafy stem.

Species. 2. caroliiiicnm. (American Sea Lavender.)
Apparently a mere variety of .S'. IJ?7witwm. The leaf is
obovate-laiiceolate, miicronate below the apex, entire and
veinless; the scape alternately and numtrously branched,
ramuli corymbose, teeth of the calix acute, flowers of an
eleg-ant blue, each siibiended by 2 very unequal bractes.

This numerous genus of near 50 species is principally
indigenous to the sea-coasts of the south of Europe, ex-
tending into Barbury, Egypt, Siberia and Lesser Asia,
there are also 5 species at the Cape of Ciood Hope, in the
southern hemisphere.

299. LINUM. L. (Flax.)

Calix 5-i)arted, persistent. Petals 5, iingui-
ciilate. Capsule superior, 10-valved, lO-ceiled.
Seed solitary. (Filaments of the stamina united
at the base.)

Herbaceous and sufTruticose; leaves mostly alternate;
flowers solitary, axillaiy, or; i arely coming out opposite
the leaves, at the summit corj'mbose, racemose or dis-
persed.

Species. 1. L. vsitatissimum. Scarcely naturalized.

2. peveime. (L. Xe-u'/w, Pursh.) On cultivating both in
the same garden, 1 liave not been able to detect any spe-
cific difference betwixt the European and American
plant. I'hat of the Missouri was, however, smaller, and
the seeds of a paler colour. Hab. Commencing about
Eoi't Mandan, and becoming more abundant towards the
jnountains; growing on the declivities of water courses.

3. virginf'cum. Throughout the Atlantic states, and i:i
Upper Louisiana. 4. ngidu'm. Obs. Stem rigid, angular,
grooved; leaves subsetaceous, short, and erect; margin
cf the calix leaves glandulously ciliate; petals cuneate-ob-
2onsr; seed pale brown. — Hab. Around Fort Mandan.
About 6 inches high, flowers pale yellow. 5. atriatum.,
Carolina.

The remainder of this extensive genus, with the excep-
tion of 3 species in troi)ical America, 1 in New Zealand,
and 3 iit the Cape of Good Hope, is indigenous to Europe,
principally to the south, extending also into Barbary and
:.!ie Levant.

PENrANDlil-l. rOLlGYMA. £j07

300. SIBBALDIA. L.

Calix 10-cleft, alternnte segments narrower.
Tetals 5. Siijlts pj-oceediiii? Jatenilly (Vom tlie
germ, (as in jKosa, Fokntllla, 6cc.) Seeds
about 5.

Herbaceous alpine plants, with ternatelydividedleaves,
leaflets simple ur subdivided; flowers axiUai-y and termi-
nally ag-gregated, styles sometimes 10.

Species. 1. S. erecla. ^. parvifiora. Oas. Biennial;
pilose. Stem eivct, 4 to 6 inclies hiij|i, numerously brancli-
td towards the summit. Leaves collected in a rosette,
on the stem alternate and sessile, radical somev/iiat twice
trifid, segments subdivided, caiiline leaves subbipinnatifid,
laciniae linear, obtuse; flowers sessile In terminil iascicles.
Petals white, suboviite, obtuse, scarcely longer than the
calix. Hab. On the liighest gravelly hill's, 10 to 15 miles
from tlie Mandan villages. — 2. procumbens.

S. procumbens is also a native ot" the F^uropean Alps,
and S. erecta is equally indigenous to Siberia. In Pal-
lass's herbarium, now in the possession of A. B.Lambert,
Esq. there are 2 very distinct varieties of this plant, 1 with
petals which are considerably longer than the calix; nei-
ther of these are, however, so small flowered as the Mis-
souri plant. Of this genus there is likewise another spe-
cies indigenous to the Altaic Alps of Siberia, and a fourth
discovered by Tournefort in Cappadocia.

Order VL— POLYGYNIA.
301. ZANTHORHIZA. L, (Yellow-root.)

Calix none. Petals 5. Lepanthia 5, pedicel-
late. Capsules 5 to 8, l-seeded, semibivalve.

Suffi'uticose, root yellow; leaves simply or doubly pseu-
dopinnate, partly sheathing at the base; flowers termi-
nal, in divided racemes, bracteolate. (Styles about 6 ot
8. Germs 2 or 3-seeded. Capsules by abortion l-seeded;
hence it is distinctly related to the second section of the
RanuxculacejE of Jussieu.)

Species. 1. Z. apiifoUa. Abundant on the banks of
the river Ohio, as well as in the southern Atlantic states,
where it chiefly aflTects the mountains.— The only species.

Class \ L— HEXANDRIA.

Order I.— ISIONOGYNIA.

J Flowers caliculaie,

S02. TILLANDSIA. /.. (Long-moss.)

Calix trifid, subconvolute* persistent Corol-
la trifid, canipanulate, (or tubulous). Capsule
1 to 3. celled. Seed comose.

Leaves mostly radical, scapes simply spiked or panicu-
late. Mostly parasitic plants presenting the habit of Jgave^
vi\^Ioe, or of Bromelia. {\ small section of the genus^
including T. Us?ieoiiles of the United States, presents a
filiform and diffusely dichotomous stem with alternate
and filiform leprose leaves, accompanied by peduncle*
\vhich are 1 or 2-Howered, and a capsule of 1 cell. Scarcely
congeners with those splendid species of the tropics,
which depending for parasitic nourishment on the boughs
and trunks of trees, have their leaves convolutely im-
bricated so as to retain as in a vase supplies of water
v»hich endure for several days together; these produce
scapes of flowers of the most diversified and vivid colours,
comniunicating an incidental splendour to the sombre
forests in which they are indigenous.)

§ 2. SrREPsiA.f Calix double, exterior (bractes?) 2-
leaved, interior 3-rleft. C.ipsule l-celled, 3-valved, about
9-5eeded — Stems hliti>rni and dichotomous; flowers soli-
tary, or by pairs.

Species. 1. T.^'ecirrvata. -}-■ 2. Usneoides. Obs. Root
evanescent. Stem filiform, elastic, diffusely dichotomous,
pendulous (from tiie branches of trees) intorted, hoary
and furfuracenusly squamose. Leaves filiform, subsemi-
cyLndvic, curved, covered with a pubescence similar to
that of the stem. Flowers inconspicuous. Capside linear,
3 sided. Seeds comose, pendulous — The presence of this
plant generally indicates an atmosphere of extraordinary
and tmiiealtjiy moisture- Mr. Pursh states its northern
limits to be the borders of the Dismal Swamp in Virginia.
Cross iig North Carolina and proceeding towards Charles-
ton, I have observed its western limits, in this direciion,

•j-From ^pe<p*i>, I ttim, or twsi,m allusion to it-s conlortfiil
appearance.

UEXAXDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 209

to be at Camden in South Carolina, from which point
Cotton is more profitably cultivated and sickness more
general. — Us central, black, elastic and curled fibres,
which remain after maceration, are not much unlike horse
hair, and are used for similar purposes, such as stuffing
mattrasses, &c.

The venerable W. Bartram informs me of the existence
of a Hromelireform species of Tillamlda, near the mouth,
of the Altamaha. Tliis is probably T. polustachia of Aluh-'
lenberg-'s Catalo.cf'ue.

This interestin.if and sing-ular genus, consisting of 2^
species, is, with t!ie above exceptions, exclusively indige-
nous t ) tropicul America, forminpr w'ith many other para-
sit'C planisone of the most singular features of its vege-
tation.

303. TRADESCANTIA. /.. (Spider-wort.)
Calix 3 -leaved Petals 3. FlUnneuts villous.

Capsule 3-celIed, fcw-sccded.

Habit similar to Comiueliiia, differing, however, in the
disposition of tl^.e flowers wliich arc produced in unequal
terminal umbells, subtended by a long, 2 or3-leaved invo-
lucrum, and in tlie filaments which sue hcui-ded.

Species. 1. 'J', virg-inica. Tlu-oughout the Atlantic
Stales, and westward into Upper I ouiiiana. 2. rosea.

This genus is almost, exclusively indigenous to India
and tropical America, tiiere being, besides the above, but
a single species hitherto discovevcd in tlie rest of tiie
worltl, viz. at tlie Cape of Good H(3pe (xA.frica.)

304. DIPHYLLEIA. .Michanx.

Calix 3-lcavrd deciduous. Petals 6, opposite
tlie calix. Anthers .^rowiiii^ to tlie filaments,
cells openiriji^ from the base to the summit by so
many veitical elastic: valves. Bcrrij 1 -celled.
Seeds 2 or 3, roundisli.

Stem 2-Ieaved; leaves excentricnlly peltate, palmately
lobed and semibifid; flowers in a terminal, solitarv, um-
bellate cyme. (Petals obsolete 3-nerved. Valves "of the
anthers conspicuous, spreading horizontally, persistent;
germ ovate, exceiuric, 2 to 4-seeded; style none; stigma
sessiK transverse, sinuately curved, lipformed, lacunose.
This plant, though proximately allied to Canlophyllumax\Ci
distinctly appertaining to the Xutur:;! Order Berb£riues,
T 2

210 UEXAISDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

is at liie same time, by its affinity, as well as comiTion fc-
semblance to Podophyllum allied in some measure to the
Fapaverace.^; to which this last genus ought to be
referred.

Species. 1. T). cyviosa. An American genus of a sin-
gle sjjecies, indigenous to the high mountains of North
Carolina.

305. CAULOPIIYLLUM. Michaux,

Culix S to 6-leaved, leaves small, unequal;,
and caducous. Petals 6, uns^uiculate, opposite
the calix. LepantJda 6, seated upon the claws
of the petals, carneous, subreniform, margin
.glutinous. Anthers growing to the filaments,
cells opening by so many vertical elastic valves.
Drupe stipitate, by abortion 1 -seeded.

Scarcely distinct from Leontice. Stem 2-leaved, leaves
twice or thrice pseudo-ternate, ultimate segments 3-lobed;
flowers in a small racemose panicle. (Calix bracteiform,
3 to 6-leaved. small and unequal, 2 or S of the Jeaves
often wanting. Petals ovaie-lanceolate, unguiculate, mar-
gin reflected, 3 to 5-nerved. Lepanthia about one third
the length of the petals, unguiculate, narrow reniform,
with a carneous and glutinous margin. Anthers as in all
ihe Berberidks, having the cells closed by vertical
membranaceous valves, which oj)ening elastically Irom
the base, spring upwards in an erect or horizontal posi-
tion remaining attached to the summits of the antlicrs.
Style cxcentric, short; stigma like a crooked transverse
pubescent line. Germ ovate, ventricose, 2-seedtd, seeds
seated upon the base of the ovarium; mature fruit dru-
paceous cartilaginous, 1-secded; drupe stipitate.)

Species. 1. C. Thnlictr aides. In shady woods through-
out the Atlantic and western states. Near Philadelphia,
but rare.

A genus of a single species.

306. BERBERIS. L. (Barberry.)

Calix 6-lcaved. Petals 6, each bearing 2
glands upon the claw. Stijle none. Stigma
umbilicate. Berry 1 -celled, 2 to 4-seeded. (Fi-
laments of the stamina sensitive; springing
forward with elasticity on being touched near
the base.)

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 211

Shrubs with alternate leaves, often collected in fasci-
cles, surrounded at the base by imbricated gemmaceous
scales, and subtended by a simple ortrifid spine; flowers
issuing- from the middle of the fascicles, racemose, subco-
rymbose or solitary. (The sensitive property existing- in
the filaments of this genus appears to be mechanically
accounted for by Fersoon, who remarks, that the filaments
at first adhere to the glands, and afterwards rise up with
elasticity; in the following genus, however, where no
glands exist, the character of sensibility alone must be
admitted.)

Species. 1. B. canadensis. Older branches covered
with small verrucose punctures; spines trifid; leaves
rather small, oblong-obovate, distantly serrate; racemes
simple, recurved, subcorymbose; leaves of the calix very
unequal, 3 interior, oboval, twice the length of the exte-
rior; berry subglobose. — Obs. A smaller and later flower-
ing species than B. vulgaris, from which it is sufficiently
distinct. Stems and roots yellow; spines tnfid, divaricate.
Racemes partly corymbose, horizontal or recurved, not
pendulous, lower pedicells often near an inch long, p'low-
ers mostly bibracteate, and of an agreeable odor; leaves
of the calix paler than the corolla, yellow, conspicuously
unequal, exterior oval, about half the length of the inte-
rior, inrerior cuneate-oboval, longer than the corolla. Pe-
tals cuneatc-oval, bifidly emarginate, deep yellow, bi glan-
dular near the base. Filaments of the stamina iri-itable.
Cerm 2 to 4-sepded. Berry subglobose, seldom oblong,
miniate, 2 rarely S-seeded. — Hab. On the Alleghany moun-
tains, from Canada to Georgia; also in Tennessee, wliere
it appears almost sempervirent.

Of this genus, which like Jiibes may be considered sub-
alpine, there is 1 species in Europe, extending to the Le-
vant, and as far as Lebanon in Syria, a second indigenous
to the isle of Crete, and i?. sibirica to the Altaic Alps;
but the mountains of South America already afford no
less than 12 species of this interesting genus, several of
them peculiar to the frigid climate of the Straits of Ma-
gellan, and the rocks of Terra del Fuego.

307. *MAHONIA.t

Calix 6-leaved, unequal. Petals 6. JVeda-
riferous ^^lands none. Filaments ivvitMGi each

I In memory of the late Mr. Bernard McMahon, whose ar-
dent attachment to Botany, and successful introduction of use-
ful and ornamental horticulture into the United States, lavs
Claim to public esteem.

212 tIEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

filiformly bidentate; anthers (as in Berberis)
growing- to the filaments; cells opening by so
many vertical elastic valves. Berry many-
seeded*

SuflTruticose plants with pinnated leaves and terminal
agg^reg'ated racemes; berries purple.

Species. 1- M. Aqvifolium. Leaves unequally pin-
nate, about 3 pair, leaflets oblong-oval, acute, repandly
and mucronately toothed, veined, obliqueJy truncate at
the base; petals bifid at the points. Berberis JiqiiifoUiiiUy
Pursh, Flor. Am. 1. p. 219. t. 4.

Obs. Surculose; stem sufFiuticose, 6 to 12 inches high;
leaves and flowers terminal. Leaves sempervirent, shin-
ing, dark green. Racemes aggregated, terminal, erect,
many-floweredi pedicells bracteate at the base, sometimes
with an additional bracte near the extremity, Calix 9-
leavedj leaves in 3 series, exterior bracteiform and small,
the 3 interior longer than the corolla, nearly three times
the length of the other calix leaves, cUneate-oval, obtuse
and nerved. Petals connivent over the stamina) oblong-
lanceolate, bifid at the point, destitute of the glands of
Berberis, but nectariferous at the base. Stamina, fiUi-
ments linear, flat, about the length of the anthers, with a
short filiform process on eitlier side of each, arising froni
the base of the anther; valves of the anthers erect, conspi-
t'uous; cells margined on one ^ide. Style none. Stigma
entire, orbicular, flat, and umbilicate. Gei'm ovate, gib-
bous or excentric, immature seeds 9, or more, oblong-
cylindric, attaclied to the base of the berry. Flowers sweet-
scented, conung out in iMay, (in .Mr. McMahon's green-
liouse.) Cultivated for several years by Mr. McMahon from
seeds collected in the Rocky xMountains by tiie late gover-
uour Lewis.

2. 7ierv6sa. Leaflets 6 pair, ovate-oblong, repandly ser-
rate, somewhat 5-nerved, petals entire.— i/c/v^em nervosa.
Pursh, l.p. 219. t. 5.

A third species of this genus is indicated by Mr Pursh
as indigenous to the kingdom of Napaul in India; probably
in a mountainous country.

308. TRINOS. 7>. (Winter-berry.)

Calix small, 6-cleft. Corolla monopetaloiis,
subroiate, 6-partcd. Bcrrij 6-seededj seeds iiii-
ciform.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 215

Small trees or shrubs with alternate deciduous or eem-
pervirent leaves; peduncles lateral or axillary, usually
many-flowered; flowers small, sometimes 5, 7'or 8-cleft,
with a similar number ot" stamina and seeds.

Species. 1. P. verticillatus. Dioicous. 2. ambigtms.
Michaux. Leaves deciduous, oval, entire, with a mucro-
nulate point, petiolate, smooth on both sides; feminine
flowers solitary, upon long- peduncles. Obs. A small tree
with a smooth whitish bark; leaves betwixt oval and el-
liptic, always entire on the margin, about one inch and
a h?ilf long-, and one inch wide, petioles near half an inch;
peduncles of the fruit often 2 inches in length. This is
not P. ambiguns of Mr. Pursh, which seems to be little
more than a variety of No. 1.

3. Lsvigatus. Ph. 4. lanceolatns. Ph. 5. glaber. (Tnk-
berries.) 6. coriaceous. Ph. 7. *atomarius. Leaves sem-
pervirent, cuneate-oval, acute, coriaceous, apex subser-
rate, under side atomiferous; younger branches subvis-
cose; pedlcells lateral, 1-flowered; berries tuberous.—
Obs. Nearly allied to P. glaber, but evidently distinct;
perhaps more nearly related to P. coriaceus of Pursh, but
by no means reconcileable with his description. It is a
shrub much higher and larger as well as broader leaved
than P. glaber; the leaves 1 and a half to 2 inches long,
and from 10 to 12 lines wide, serratures mucronate, not
exceeding 2 pair, situated towards the point, often want-
ing; under side scattered with minute blackish atoms;
younger branches or shoots brown and viscid, in P. glaber
minutely pubescent. Berry 6-seeded, large. Hab. In
Georgia (around Savannah), South and North Carolina;
rather rare.

An American genus, of which 4 other species are indi-
genous to the West Indies.

If Flowers spathaceous,
309. PANCRATIUxM. L.

Corolla superior, funnelform, with a long
tube. Lepanthium (nectary) 12-clel"t, bearing
the stainina.

Spatha 1-leaved, opening laterally, 1 or many-flowered.

Species. 1. P. mexicanum. 2. rotatum. 3. mari-
timum.

The greater part of this splendid genus is indigenous
to tropical America, there are at the same time 2 species
in India and 3 in Europe.

214 HEXANDRIA. MONOGTNIA.

310. CRINUM. Z.

Corolla superior, funnelform, half 6-cIeft;
tube filiform, border spreading and recurved:
segQients subulate* chanelled. Filaments in-
serted upon the orifice of the tube, separate.

Spatha 2-parted, many-flowered, in some species bulbs
are produced amongst the capsules.

Species. 1. C. americanum. Plentiful in the marshes
around New Orleans, Louisiana.

A tropical genus of great splendour, of which there are
2 species in India, 1 in Africa, and 3 in America; the na-
tive place of C. bracteatiim is unknown.

311. AMARYLLIS. L.

Corolla superior, liexapetaloid^ irregular.
Filaments of the stamina originating from the
orifice of the tube, declinate, (or straight,) un-
equal in proportion or direction.

Spatha 1 or many-flowered, opening laterally-
Species. 1. A. Atamasco. In Virginia and Carolina.
A very splendid and numerous genus, chiefly tropical,
and principally indigenous to America and the southern
extremity of Africa; a few species exist in India and
China, 1 in Kurope, 1 in Siberia, and 1 on the borders of
the Caspian sea.

312. ALLIUM. L. (Garlick, Leek, Onion, &c.)
Corolla 6 -parted, spreading. Spatha many-
flowered. Umbell crowded. Capsule superior,
3-celIed, 3-valved, many-seeded.

Flowers capitate or umbellate; leaves flat or fistulous;
umbell in some species bulbiferous; in some the fila-
ments are tncuspidate, with the central cusp bearing the
anther.

Species. 1. A. vi?icale. Naturalized. Now a preva-
lent and injurious weed. 2.fragrans. S. striatum. 4. an-
^ulo»um. Two varieties, one with white and another with
purple flowers. On the banks of the Missouri, abundant.
5 cernuum- 6. stellatnm. Sims, Dot. Mag. Obs. Scape 10
to 15 incnes high. Leaf linear, channelled, under side
carinate, about a line and a half broad, and 10 lines long
Scape subtriquelrous, umbelliferous, umbcli fastigiate,

HEXJLNDRIA. MONOGTNIA. 215

many -flowered, before flowering reflected, afterwards
erect. Spatha acute. Three exterior petals shorter,
ovate, subcarinate, rather obtuse, interior petals oblon-
gated. Stamina subulate, simple. Capsule turbinate,
triquetrous, angles bidentate above, cells 5-seeded. 7.
triflorum. Ph. Described by Mr. Rafinesque under the
same name in the New York Medical Repository, 2. p. 362.
No. 39. in 1808. 8. caimdense. 9. tvicoccon. In this
species the flowers only appear after the decay of the
leaves.

This vast genus of more than 60 species is almost ex-
clusively European, extending, however, into Siberia and
northern Africa, many of the species are alpine, or sub-
alpine. Several have ranked amongst condiments or arti-
cles of diet from the remotest antiquity.

313. B ROT) LEA. Smith.

Corolla inferior, campanulate, 6-parted. Fila-
ments of the stamina inserted around the orifice.
Germ pedicellate. Capsule 3-celled^ cells many-
seeded.

Habit somewhat similar to AUium,' umbell many-flow-
ered.

Species. l.'B. grandlfora. On the plains of the Co-
lumbia and Missouri. M. Lewis. The only species of
the genus,

314. HYPOXIS. L,

Spatha 2-valved. Corolla superior, 6-parted,
persistent. Capsule eh)ngated, narrower at the
base, 3-celled, many- seeded. Seeds roundish,
naked.

Root fibrous; leaves gramineous; scapes 1 or few-
flowered.

Species. l.Vi.erecta. 2. grarniv.ect. o. juiicea.

The rest of this genus of 14 species, with the excep-
tion of //. (Ieciunbe7if< of Jamaica, is exclusively indigenous
to the Cape of Good Hope.

315. PONTEDERIA. L,

Corolla inferior, 6-cleft, bilabiate; under side
of the tube perforated with 3 longitudinal fora-
mina, lower part persistent, calicine. Stamina

216 HEXANDRIA. MOXOGYNIA.

unequally inserted, S of them upon the summit
of th« tube. Utriculus miiv'iciite, 1-seeded.

Aquatic plants; leaves partlj^ radical, of a form betwixt
cordate and sag-ittate; scapes uiiifoliate; flowers agi^re-
gated in s|)ikes, or fastigiated in unequal umbells, colour
blue, upper lip marked with a discolotired spot.

Species. l.F. cordata. Hab. Cluefly within the limits
of tide-water, throug-hout the Atlantic coast. Obs. Leaves
sheathing-, sheath entire; petiole about one third the
length of the leaf. Spike at first protected by an ovate
spathe, pubescent. Flowers aggregated by 3's and 4's,
sessile, bilabiate, upper lip flat, 3-toothed, blue with a
greenish variolate spot in the centre; lower lip 3-paried;
tube curved, about equal in length with the limb, marked
with 6 longitudinal strix, and on the under side singularly
perforated with 3 gashes or longitudinal foramina. Sta-
mina 6, 3 near the base and 3 towards tlie summit of the
tube; the 3 exserteil stamina of the lower lip variable in
length. Style filiform, blue, niarcscent with the corolla
and usually about its lengih, shortest when tli^ stamina
are most exserted; stigma entire, minute. Germ rather
gibbous, ovate, 1-seeded. Fru'* a 1-seeded, greenish, mu-
ricated 'Uriculu? fo^-m^ ..e persistent calicine base of

the coro /li- cvlsiated ages of the fruit 6. Perisperm
ovoid,.conic, very white, sweet and farinaceous, (probably
nutritious.) Corctilum in the axis of the peri.sperm, cylin-
dric, inverted, (or with the radxal upwards); gemmala f
oval, conspicuous.

2. angustifolia. Pu -sh. lior. Am. 1. p. 224. Leaves
acute, elo^'-ated-triangular. base trui. -ic^-'Subcordate, seg-
ments of tne lower lip o'"ti)e corolla linear-lanceolate- — In
subalpine lakes on the Alleghany mountains. New York,
&c. jP. miicronata? Kafinesque New York, Med. llepos.
2. p. 3.V.

3. * lunceolata. Leaf narrow, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
base entire, petiole very short; spike short. Hab. Near
Savannah in Georgia — i3i. W. Baldw)n. Also in South
Carolina. Scape less than a fooL ^ .g; spathe very obtuse.
Loaf iicarly a span long, about an inch wide, very opaque,
in P- curduta the leaf is diaphanous vrhen held to the lighi.
Corolla blue, segments of tlie lower lip linear, longer than

t JAttle bndy this word is used here to distinguish betwixt
true and ajiparent cotyledones, in the present plant there is no
proper cot} ledones, merely a minute bud .*»imilar to the per-
fect plant.

HEXANDRIA. MOXOGTNIA. 217

the tube, upper lip marked with a broad g-reenish spot,
unexpanded flowers and filaments of tlie stamina thickly
covered with round, blackish, glandular? atoms; tube
perforated with 3 g-ashes. Three lower stamina some-
times longer than the corolla.

Of this singular genus of aquatics there are 3 species
in India and 2 in tropical America. The P. limosa belongs
to the genus Heteranthera, having a capsule of 3 ceils, a
character very erroneously retained to Pontederia in which
there is no capsule at all.

f If Flowers naked,

316. CONOSTYLIS. ^. ^rottK, Flor. Kov. Hol-
land. 1. p. 300.

Corolla semisuperior, 6-cleft, persistent, wool-
ly. Anthers erect. Stifle conic, tripartile. Stig-
ma simple. Capsule opening at the summit,
S-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.

Leaves gi'amineous or caricinc; scapes corymbiferous;
flowers tomentose.

Species. 1. <^'. -"'??v>a?m. Ph. Capsule triquetrous,
half-inferior, valves l, ~ ^-o'/.s in the '^middlc; seeds
small, whitish, oblong-subc_, mdri'c, lon^'. dinally striated,
attenuated towards the base, seated near the bottom
of the capsule. Pubescence simple, not ramulose.

Probably not exactly a congener with the New Holland
species of this genus. It has been called Lophiola aurea
by the editors of the Botanic^:! Magazine.

317. ALETRIS. L. ^►•: ar-wort.)

Corolla tnbulous, ovate, summit 6-cleft, ru-
gose, persistent. Stamina inserted upon the
margin of the orifice. Style triquetrous, tri-
partile. Capsule semisuperior, 3-celled, many-
seeded.

Root preemorse, tuberous, bitter; leaves radical, dis-
posed in a stellate rosette; scapes simple; flowers spiked.
(Capsule opening horizontally all round?t seeds minute,
subcylindric.)

"i" I am not satisfactorily acquainted with the mode by which
the capsule opens; it certainly does not open above, the sum-
mit being firmly closed and indurated.
u

218 HEXAKDIilA. MONOOYMA.

Species. 1. A. fnrinosa. 2. avrea. Mr. Le Con re
distinguishes several species of this genus confounded
■with A.fannosa.

An American genus, exchiding the gigantic A? fragrans
of Africa, which must indeed have been very negligently
referred to Aletris, according to the description of it by
Jussieu.

318. YUCCA. X. (Adam's Needle.)

Corolla inferior, catppanulate, segments not

nectariferous. Filaments of the stamina sub-
' davate. Style none. Cajisiile oblong, with 3

obtuse angles, S-celled, opening at the summit.

Seeds flat.

Proper stem none; caudex inconspicuous or assure, ent
and shrubby; leaves comose, (or crowded and terminal)
ensiform, spiny at the point, sometimes with a sphacelate
fdamentiferous margin; fiowers in a terminal irregular
panicle, each protected b} 2 spathes; corolla white, round-
ish campanulale.

Species. l.Y.^filamentosa. '2- ang-vstifolia. Stemless;
leaves glaucous, long, linear and mucronate, margin fila-
mentose; capsules large and dry, oblong-obovate. — Hab.
On the banks of the Missouri, fiom the confluence of the
river Platte to the mountains. Flowers large and white;
leaves scarcely half an inch wide.

3. 7^ecurvifUia. In sandy fields, "IVorth Carolina, r. r.
4. gloriosa. Capsule ii.temull) filled with a sweetish
pulp of a purple colour. TbiS plant is culled petre, by the
Mexican Spaniards, and used for cordage, ropes, S^c. as
well as for packing-cloih, and is extremely durable. 5.
aloifoUa. There is also a 6th species of lliis genus dis-
covered by the late Mr. John Lyons, improperly calk d
Y. angiistifolia by the gardeners around London; it is
nearly allied to Y.Jilameiiioso, but much narrower leaved;
with its specific characters I am unacquainted.

An American genus, affecting the sundy sea-coasts.

319. AGAVE. L.

Corolla superior, erect, tubulous or funnel-
form. Staminiferous filaments longer than the
corolla, erect. Cai)sule (inferior) triangular,
many-seeded.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 519

Caiulex sometimes I'.g-neous and ascending; leaves radi-
cal, or comnse, rigid, and channelled, with the point and
often the margin spiny, yoiingei- leaves obvolute, or rolled
around each other spirally; panicle ascending from the
caudex, very large and pyramidal. A genus scarcely dif-
fering genericall'y from J/se except in the situaUon of the
capsule, which is inferior.

Species. \. A. virgi7iica. From Virginia to Florida,
also in Upper Louisiana.

An American genus, chiefly tropical. ^. americana is
probably the larj^est of all herbaceous plants, its panicles
of flowers are of the magnitude of small trees. In Peru
and AJIexico it has long been cultivated by the indigenes
and colonists for various and important economical pur-
poses. It affords an abundant vinous liquor and by dis-
tillation alkohol, of the fibres of its enormous leaves are
made tliread and paper, &c.

520. HEMEROCALLIS. L. (Day Liiy.)

Coro//a campanulate; tube cylindric. Stami-
na declinate. Stigma rather small, sijnple, and
partly villous.

Roots fasciculated; scape corymbose.

Species. l.H.fiilva. Leaves broad linear, carinate,
petals flat and acute, nerves of the petals undivided.
WiLLD. Sp. 2. p. l9r. Naturalized in moist meadows
around Piiiladelphia, and also in secluded situations on
the banks of the Schuylkill. I have introduced it into
the American Flora to mark its future progress, wliich is
already such, as easily to impose upon a stranger for an
indigenous plant.

I'he H.fava and H. graminea, are said to be natives of
Siberia, and H. fulva of the Levant; there are also 3
other species of this genus indigenous to Japan.

321. PHALANGIUM. Tournefort,

Corolla of 6 petals, spreading. Filaments
naked or smootli. Capsule owsite. Seeds singii\2LV,

Roots often fibrose or fasciculate. Leaves fiat. Flow-
ers mostly white or purplish.

Specie's. 1. P. esculentnm. T. N. in Fras. Catal. 181:3.
Scilla esculenta. Bot. Mag. 1596. P. Qua7nash, Pursh,
Flor. Am. 1. p. 226. In the spring of the year 1810, I
discovered this plun; near the confluence of Huron river
and Lake Erie, I have since found it abundantlv in alluvial

220 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

situations a few miles froir. St. Louis, Louisiana, and more
recently very plenliiul on the lowest banks of the Ohio.
The late g-overnor Lewis brought specimens of this plant
from tlie valiles of the Kock)- Mountains, and informs us
that the roots form a favourite article of diet amongst the
aborig-ines of the mountains. The distribution of this
plant from east to west is over an extent of more than
2000 miles, but from north to south not more than 300,
if so much. — This species appears to be somewhat allied
to P. glaucwn of Peru,

2. croceum. Obs. Leaves arid, gramineous; raceme
few-flowered (10 to 12 or more), lower flowers half an
inch apart; bractes very obtuse and membranaceous,
about a line long, ohvallate; pcdicells erect, filiform,
nearly an inch; flower about tiie size and colour of JVor-
tJieciiim americmium, or saffron yellow, the centre of the
petals, particularly on the exterior, being deeper coloured
^ or brov.nish; petals, {or rather segments persistent,)
ovaie-oblong, rather narrow, spreading; filaments of the
stamina subulate, smooth, somewhat shorter than the pe-
tals; anthers pale, oblong; style subulate, distinctly trifid
at the summit; stigmata subulate, connivent. As the
inflorescence diflfers so materially from Michaux's plant,
which he describes as producing "a pyramidal spike,'*
it may j;jstly he doubted whether these remarks apply to
it, or to a distinct species; at all events I am fully satis-
fied that it is a Phalanginm.

This extensive genus is principally confined to the Cape
of Good Hope; there are, however, a few species in the
south of Europe, and 4 in Peru.

322. NARTHECIUM. L.

Corolla inferior, petals 6, spreading, persis-
tent. Filaments filiform, hirsute. Capsule pris-
matic, 3-celled, many-seeded. Seeds filiformly
subulatcd at each extremity. Calix none.

Root fibrous; leaves small, ensiform; scape nearly naked,
flowers spiked, yellow.

Species, l.'N. americanntn. Capsule subulate, twice
the length of t))e persistent corolla; seeds slender, sub-
terete, as long as the capsule, caudately subulatcd at
N each extremity.

Of this genus there is but another species, indigenous
to the turf morasses of the north of Europe.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 221

S^2S, ORNITHOGALUM. L. (Star of Bethle-
hem.)

Corolla of 6 petals* erect, persistent, above
the middle, spreading. Filaments dilated at
the base or subulate. Capsule su[)ei'ior, round-
ish^ 3-celIed. Seeds roundish, naked.

Roots bulbous; scapes few-flowered, subumbellate, co-
rymbose, or racemose.

Species. 1. O. umbellatinn. Introduced; becoming a
troublesome and inextinguishable weed in moist meadows,
forming- exclusive plats. In the vicinity of Philadelphia.

This extensive and polymorphous genus of near 50 spe-
cies is chiefly indigenous to the south Europe, to Barbary,
Siberia, and the Cape of Good Hope. The bulbs of some
of the species, though not probably very palatable, have
been used for food in times of scarcity, and during the
existence of barbarous society. The roots of Omitho^a-
him pilosian? are siill eaten by the Greeks of the Crimea,
according to Pallas.

324. LILIUM. L, (Lily.)

Corolla 6.petal!ed, campanulate; petals most-
ly reflected, marked witii a longitudinal necta-
riferous line. Stamina shorter than the style.
Stigma undivided. Capsule superior, valves
connected by cancellate hairs. Seeds flat.

Roots bulbous, bulbs squamose; scales soboliferous;
stems simple, leafy, leaves alternate or verticillate; flow-
ers subumbellate cr pvramidally racemose, mostly cer-
nuous.

Species. 1. L. Catesb.ti. 2.pi(fUciim-PH. Apparently a
Fritilluria. 3. peiisylvanicum. l^robably a hybrid of the
gardens, as 1 have understood it to bear Imperfl-ct flow-
ers. 4. *andijium. T. V. in Fras L'atal. 1813. Leaves
scattered, somewhat linear-oBlong, acute, floral leaves ver-
ticillate; flov.ers 1 to 5 terminal, erect, peduncles smooth;
corolla campanulate, petals lanceolate, unguicuiate, alter-
nately narrower, spotted. — Obs. />. ambellaium, Pursh, Fl.
Am. 1. p. 229. it has not the smallest affinity with L. con-
color of Salisbury, Parad. Lend. 47- The flower is of the
size and form of L. philadelphicinn to which it bears a
near affinity, being of a deep scarlet, spotted with brown
towards the claws which are long and narrcw, the
U 2

222 HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

5 Inner ones, as is usual, cliannelled, with an involute
margin; germ and stigma ve. y dark brown, longer than
the stamina. Flo\\evs commonly in 5's. Fiowering in
June. Hab. In moist situations, on the margins of small
streams and vallies, abundant, from Fort Mandan to the
mountains. 5. phikulelphi cum. 6. canadenst. 7. caroli-
vianum. Xevy nearly allied to L. superhiun. I have only
seen it in ihe mountains of North Carolina, and with the
stem 1-fiowered; by cultivation, 1 am well assured, that it
produces many flowers on the stem in proliferous stages,
and is tlien apparently L. svperhitm. 8. superbum.

Of this beautiful genus there are 3 species in the south
of Europe, one of which extends to Siberia, 2 in the Le-
vant, 1 in Kamschatka, 6 in Japan and 2 in China, of which
the L. tignnnm is the most splendid of the genus, and has
been, with others, cultivated by the Chinese from time
immemorial. It is now also introduced into the garden of
Mr. Landreth, near Piiiladelphia.

(^25. FRITILLARIA. L. (Checquered Lily.)
Corolla 6-petalled, campanulate with a necta-
riferous cavity above tlie claws. Stamina tlie
lengtii of the corolla. Capsule superior. Seeds
ilat.

Roots bulbous, bulbs solid, generally two, one upon
the other; fiovvers terminal, solitary, naked, or alternated
in a loose raceme, white or purplish, and sometimes
checquered.

Species. 1. F. lanceolata. Pursh. 2. *alba. Glau-
cescent; leaves somewhat remote, all alterni,te, oblong-
linear, oblique and sessile, nearl} flat and obtuse, under
side substriated; flowevs axillary and terminal, 1 to 3,
rather large and white. Hab. In vallies and declivities,
from Fort .Mandan to the mountains; flowt-ring in April.
Obs. Koot small, bulb subsquamose as in JJlinm! Stems
sohtaiy, about a foot high; leaves near 2 inches long,
about 2 lines wide. Flowers sometimes in a raceme of
5. Capsule subturbinate, with 3 acute angles, tridentate
below. Seeds large, triangular, flat, and pale coloured.

Two of the species of tliis small genus incliidii.g F.im-
periahs, are indigenous to Persia, 1 to the Pyrenees and
Kufesia, 1 to the Levant, the F. latifuUa to Caucasus, F.
JMelagris to the south of Europe, and F. zerticiliata to
Siberia.

HEXANDRIA, MONOGYNIA. 223

$26. ERYTHRONIUM. L. (Dog's-tooth Vio-
let.)

Corolla subcampanulate, petals 6, reflected,
the 3 interior usually furnished with a callous
denture on each side near the base, and a nec-
tariferous pore. Capsule superior, roundish, or
elliptic, substipitate. Seeds ovate?

Root bulbous; leaves a single pair, sheathing, macu-
late; scape 1-flovvered, flower cernuous, yellow, rarely
white, or violaceous.

Spectes. 1. E. americannm. Kex, in Bot. Mag. 1113.
Hortus Kewensis, 1. p. 248. E. lanceolatinn. Purshj 1. p.
230. Leaves thickly covered with superficial punctures;
petals oblong-lanceolate, points obtuse, interior ones bi-
dentate near the base; style clavale, stigma entire, inter-
nally pubescent. Hab. Throughout the Atlantic states,
on ilie lowest alluvial banks of streams. Oes. Root a
small tunicated, brown, ovate bulb. Leaves elliptic-lan-
ceolate, with somewhat acuminated callous points, mar-
bled with green and brown (after the manner of the ge-
nus). Petals spotted near the base, reflected, inner ones
ovate-lanceolate with a longitudinal groove on the inner
side communicating at the base with a minute nectariferous
cist, on either side of these petals there is an auriculated
crisp tooth embracing the filaments, (nothing like a gland
or callosity at the base.') Style attenuated downwards,
clavate, 3-sided, tubular or perforated; stigma entire,
mar-rin crenulate. Germ elliptic. Capsule substipitate.
2. grandiforwn^ Pursh. A species not satisfactorily de-
fined.

3. * albidum. I^eaf impunctate; petals linear-lanceolate,
points obtuse, inner ones without dentures, subunguicu-
late; style filiformly attenuated downwards; stigma' trifid,
lobes reflected, internally papillose. Hab. Throughout
the western states and territories into Upper Louisiana,
and on the banks of the Missouri, where no other species
appears to exist. Dr. VVray of Augusta informed me of
the existence of a white Erythromum in the vicinity of that
place, which is also probably the present species; the colour
is cons' antly white, sometimes with an external shade of
blue; the leaf rather short; petals often near an inch and
a half long, scarcely 2 lines wide, with the germ elliptic.
There appears to be another yellow flowered species con-
founded with E. amcricanum, and nearly allied to the pre-

£24 HEXANURIA. MOXOGYNIA.

sent, having" lancc()late-oblong petals, all without dentures
but I have not now specimens wliei-eby to define il.

Of this genus there is but a single species out of Ame-
rica indigenous to Siberia and the souih of Europe.

^^7. UVULA RI A. L.

Corolla inferior, 6-petalle(l, erect; claws of
the petals each furnished with a nectariferous
cavity. Filaments very short, growing to tlie
anthers. Stigmata reflected. Cflpsiz/e 3-angled,
3-ceIled, 3-vaived; valves septiferous in the
middle. Seeds many, subglobose, arillate at
the hilum.

Roots ramose and carneous; leaves sessile or amplexi-
caule; peduncles l-iiowered, axillary.

Species. 1. U. perfoliata. 2. Jiava. o. grandiflora.
4. sessilifolia- 5. pubenila.

A North American genus with the exception of 2 spe-
cies in Japan.

328. STREPTOPUS. Michaux.

Corolla inferior, 6-peta!led, subcampanulate.
Stigma very short. Berry subglobose, smooth,
3-celled. Seeds few, hilum naked.

Roots perennial, fibrous; leaves sessile or amplexicaule;
flowers axillary and terminal, pedicells 1 or 2-flouered.

Species. 1. S. distortus. 2. roseiis. Obs. Stem dicho-
tomous; flowers axillary and terminal, soliiai } or by pairs,
upon the same pedicell and horizontally divaricate. 4.
lannginosus. Flowers by pairs terminal, upon a very short
pedicell.

An American genusi with the exception of S. distorhiSy
which is also indigenous to the mountains of Europe.

329. CONVALLAR(A. i. (Lily of the Valley.)
Corolla inferior, 6 cleft, campanulate. Sta-
mina shorter than the corolla, inserted upon its
base. Berry globose, 3 Crlled; cells 1 to 2-
seeded.

liifohate; scape racemose; flowers nodding.
Species. 1. C. viajalis. Common also toEuropej flow-
ers fragrant.

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 225

There are but 2 other species of this genus as it is now
constituted, indigenous to Japan,

330. SMILACINA. Dcfontaines,

Corolla inferior, 6-partec], spreadin,^. Fila-
ments divergent, attached to the base of the la-
ciniai. Berry globose, S-celled.

Flowers terminal, subumbellate, racemose or panicu-
late. Stems bifoliate or foliose. (Filaments and anthers
distinct.)

Species. 1. S. umbellata. Flowers white, spotted with
brown. 2. borealis. Leaves radical. Roots fibrous, sto-
loniferous. FloMers greenish, nodding. Bt-rnes of both
these species azure blue, and opaque. The whole plant,
as well as the preceding, sweetish and gramineous to the
taste. 3. canadensis. Flowers tetrandrous. Stem 2, rarely
3-leaved. Berries red; punctate, pellucid. — Almost uni-
formly occurring under the shade of the Abies canadensis
or Spruce. " A mere variety of S. bifolia? 4. trifoUa. v. v.
Near Green-bay, Lake Michigan. 5. stellata. v. v. Abun-
dant on the banks of Lake Erie (Ohio,) and on the Mis-
souri to the Mandans. 6.ciliata. -f-. T.racemosa. Berries
scarlet, pellucid,

A North American genus, with the exception of 5. bifo-
lia, also indigenous to the shady forests of Europe.

331. POLYGONATUM. Desfontaines (Solo-
mon's-Seal.)

Corolla inferior, 6-cleft, cyliudric. Filaments
inserted on the upper part of the tube. Berry
3-celled; cells 3-seeded.

Stems simple, angular, or terete. Flowers axillary, se-
cund; peduncles 2 or more flowered, nodding.

Species. 1. P. angustifoUum. 2. canalicrdatum. 3.
pubescens, A doubtful species. 4. hirtiim. Stem angu-
lar, hispid, 5. multifionim. Peduncles many-flowered,
stem round. (Cells of the germ mostly 4-seeded.) 6. la-
tifolium. Stem angular; peduncles 1 or many-flowered.
The largest species called " Wild Asparagus," and eaten
with safety.

Of this genus there are 4 species in Europe, and 2 of
them common to the United States, viz. Nos. 5 and 6.

226 HEXANDRIA. MONOGTMA.

532. ASPARAGUS. L.

Corolla inferior, 6 parted, erect; the S inte-
rior segments reflected towards the points.
Style very short. Stigmata 3. Berrij 3-celled,
many-seeded.

Leaves fasciculated, usually subulate or setaceous.
Stems branched, herbaceous orfrutescent; flowers mostly
solitary and axillary; spalha 2-valved. In some species
the branchlets and fascicles of leaves are each subtended
by a spine.

Species. 1. A- officinalis. Scarcely yet naturalized in
the United States.

The principal part of this genus is indigenous to the
Cape of Good Hope, there are also a few species in India
and in the south of Europe.

tttt Flowers incomplete,
^33. ORONTIUM. L. (Golden Club.)

Spadioc cylindric, covered with florets. Corol-
la about 6-petal!ed, naked. Style and stigma
scarcely any. Utriculus 1 -seeded.

Spatha radical; spadix pedicellate; flowers hermaphro-
dite; the lowest with 6 stamina, the upper with 4. Leaves
entire, the lamina vertically coalescing with the petiole.
Species. 1. O.aquaticiim. From Canada to Carolina,
almost exclusively within the limits of tide-water? in river
marshes. Obs. Pedicell of the spadix nearly semicyhn-
dric, upper part wh'te, flowering portion bright yellow,
cylindric-conic; lower flowers with 6 or 5, hooded, and
dilated flower scales, and as many stamina disposed under
them; upper flower scales generally 4, with 4 stamens.
Filaments about the length of the anthers, flat, disposed
around the base of the angular germ. Anthers S-celled,
adnate to the filaments, at first large, bursting by almost
terminal scars or oblique cicatrices, at length appearing
like short poliniferous cups, which are persistent and
marcescent. Style none, s'.igma obsolete, in the form of a
small and, at length, somewhat prominent, umbilical punc-
ture or variolus. Utriculus naked, green, roundish, 1-
eeeded, the size of a large pea. Gemmula viviparous, or
coinmencing to vegetate as soon as mature, (cotyledones
none,) primary vaginute leaves 2 or 3, linear, and subu-
Jate; the 4th leaf usually exhibiting a small lamina. Pri-

HEXANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 227

mary radical conspicuous, conic. Somorhize f roundish,
larpfe, dark green, umbilically depressed at the summit,
having a small concealed internal cavity, and a lateral
shallow groove for the reception of the gemmula which
is appressed to it and curved over the greater part of the
somorhize.

Of this genus there is a second species in Japan.

334. ACORUS. L. (Calamus, Sweet-Flag.)

Spadix cylindric, covered with florets. Co-
rolla 6-petalled, naked. Style none; stigma a
mere prominent point. Capsule 3-celled, S-
seedcil?

Spadix coming out laterally upon the middle of the
leaf, which is produced beyond it in the form of a sword
blade. Leaves ensiform. Rout aromatic.

Species. 1. A Calamus. Common and indigenous.
Stamina varying from 6, to 5 and 4, on the same spadix.
Flowers tessellately aggregated, greenish.

Common to Europe and North America, there is also a
second species in China.

i35. JUNCUS. L, (Rush.)

Caliv inferior, 6-parted, equal, persistent.
Corolla none. Stigmata 3. Capsule 1 -celled,
3-valved. Seeds numerous.

Stem simple, gramineous, without nodes, and leafless,
or nodose with the leaves sheatliing the nodes, fiowers
terminal or lateral, corymbose or paniculate, branchlets
sheatlied at the base-

Species. 1. J. acutus. 2- crj7iglQmeratns. 3 ejffusus.
At- filiformis. 5. bicomis. 6. setaceus. 7- marginatna. 8.
nodosiis. 9. polycephatus. 10. Sfjlvaiicus. 1\. verticilkitus.
12. acuminatus. 13. aristaiiis- 14 bulbosus. 15. temiis.
16. buforiius. 17 ■ campestns. 1^. melano carpus. 19. ripens.

Chiefly an European and North American genus, with
the exception, iiovvever, of a few species in Barbary,
South America, and tlie Cape of Good Hope.

j 1 1 this cabe a large round, ingerminative body laterally
conntrcted by a vascular system to the gemmule and forming
the principal part of the seed.

228 HEXANDRIA. MONOGTNIA.

336. PEPLIS. Z. (Water Purslane.)

Ctt/to: campanulate; border IS-cleft, segments
alternately reflected. Petals 6, (or none,) in-
vserted upon the calix. Capsule superior, 2-cell-
ed, many-seeded, covered by the calix^ disse-
piment seminiferous.

A creeping plant, with opposite leaves, peculiar to
marshes and the margins of ponds; flowers small, axil-
lary, solitary and opposite; petals fugacious, often wanang;
capsule membranaceous. I*, indica appears to be a spe-
cies oi' Amannia; and P. portula of Europe the only ge-
nuine species of this genus ought also to be compared
with .imannia, from which it is scarcely distinct.

Species. 1. P. americana- Pursh, 1. p. 238. Probably
the plant which 1 have published in the Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of,Philadelphia. Vol. !. Xo.
6. p, 117. t. 6. f. 1. under the name of Crypta minima, but
this being a matter of uncertainty, 1 have inserted tlie
genus for future examination. I must, however, here re-
mark, in addition to that publication, the affinity which
evidently exists between Crypta and the genus Elatir.e.
The seeds of JS. Alsinastrnmy as well as the disposition of
the capsule, are abviously similar, and the farmer equally
discrepant, apparently with the character of the Caryo-
PHYLLEJE; the essential differences of these 2 genera con-
sist in the number and disposition of the parts of %icti-
fication, and the absence or presence of styles; in Crypta
the petals and stamina are equal in number; in Elatine die
stamina are double the number of the petals, but the sta-
mina themselves appear similar, in this genus tiiere are
also 3 or 4 cloven styles sufficiently visible, in Crypta 2 or
3 minute and microscopic points in place of siv les and
stigmas. To these distinctions we may add the deficiency
of number in Crypta which would not, however, other-
wise have proved any thing essential. The diftlrence of
liabit between these 2 genera is also considerable.

SSr. FLGERKEA. Willdenow.

Calix 3-leaved. Corolla of 3 petals, shorter
tlian the calix. Style bifid. Pericarp none.
Seeds 2 or 3, ni^mbranaceously coated, superior.

A somewhat succulent plant, growing in alluvial marshes,
but not aquatic. Annual, and decumbent; leaves alter-
nate, trifid and pinnatifid, marcescent; peduncles solitaiy,

MEXANDRIA. DIGTNIA. 22^

axUlary, deflected and incrassated durin,^ the maturinjj
of the fruit. — Calix persistent, conspicuous, petals and
stamina minute; fruit di or tricoccus, naked, (vorculum
erect, flat; cotyledones convex, peltate; radical inferior.
Perisperm none.

Species. 1. F, palustris. (F. prosc!rpi7iacoides,Wi\\d.y
Obs. Stem tere'e. Leaves somewfiat succulent, alter-
nate, pseudopinnate; sej^ments mostly 5, narrow, oblong"-
lanceolate, simple, ultimate divisions confluent at the
base, latcM'al ones 2 or 3-iobed, somewhat obtuse, di or
trichotomously and numerously nerved, (when held to the
lli^ht;) petiole long-, semic}lindric, channelled. Peduncles
axillary, at first short, but g-radually elongated nearly to
2 inche^j. Calix 3-parted, segm^mLs ovate, acute, thiclcish
and green. Petals 3, white, alternating with the calix,
and much sinaller, oblong, somewhat obtuse, and persis-
tent> pubescent at the base fseen through a lens), insert-
ed upon the calix. Stamina 6, minute, irregularly dis-
posed, arising from the base of the calix; filaments capilla-
ry, alternately articulated upon 3 glands near their base;
anthers roundish. Style 1, inserted between the fruit, and
unconnected with it in every direction, apex bifid, stigmas
2, small, roimdish. Fruit within the persistent calix, con-
sisting of 2, and rarely 3, romdisli, naked, but membra-
naceously coated seeds; integument papillosely rugose.

XoTE. The seed appears readily divisible into 2 ellip-
tic, convex, fleshy lobes, a little acrid to the taste; but the
singular disposition of the embryon, immersed, and includ-
ed, near the base of the lobes, in a small cavity, so as to
render the cotyledones very excentrlcally peltate, are cir-
cumstances which lead me to doubt the validity of these
apparent seed-lobes, and I must recommend it to further
examination.

Hab. In Pennsylvania, (on the banks of the Schuyl-
kill near Philadelpliia; rare.)

It is not easy to decide upon the natural affinities of this
singular genus, for the present, it can only be placed to
some order witliout any distinct relation; as such, it may
be referred to the end of the PoRTULACE-i. With J^ectris
it appears to have no affinity whatever.

Order II.—DIGYNIA.
538. NECTRIS. Willd,

Calix 6-parted, inferior, the 3 inferior sei^-
ments petaloid, smaller and obtuse. Corolla

X

230 HEXANDRIA, TRIGVNIA.

none. Ca;?s?//e (utriculus?)subcarnose, 1-celled,
1 to 2-seede(], crowned by the i)ersistent style.

An aquatic plant; leaves without sheathing petioles;
those of the stem detmersed, opposite, digitate, complicate-
ly and trichotomously divided, segments Imear; floral
leaves floating, alternate, orbicular, peltate, entire; flow-
ers solitary, axillary.

Species. 1. "S. agnatica. The only species of the genus,
indigenous to the warmer parts of the U. S. and tropical
America. The J^'. pinna ta of Mr. {*ursh is probably a va-
riety, but certainly a very different plant from Fioerkea.

Order III.— TRIGYNIA.
339. SABAL. Jdanson, (Small Fan-palm.)

Flowers hermaphrodite. — Spathes partial.
Filaments of the stamina unconnected, thickish
at the base. Drupe spherical, dry and cartila-
ginous, 1-seeded. Seed indurated. Embryon
lateral.

Stemless, orwith a caudex sometimes a little elongated-;
frond palmate, fanshaped, stipe unarmed; flowers pani-
culated (or the spadixj branched.)

Species. 1. S- .idnnsojii. In troublesome abundance
aroimd New Orlf-ans; but less frequent than otlicr species
in Georgia and Carolina. — The friut is about the size ajid
form of" black pepper, and almost of a horny consistence.
The strips of the leaves are h.andwove or platted into va-
rious utensils by the indigenes. There can be no reason
to suppose that' the Ironds of this species can be less ser-
viceable for platting' into hats than those of C/uancerops
palmetto, a very durable manufacture, and justly esieemed
in London.

2. Uistrix. Pursh, Flor. Am. 1. p. 240. under Chamarops.
The fronds undistinguishable from those of the preceding
species by any other character than the appearance of
long axillarij spines; the iiiflorefecence has not yet been
con pared; its rare occurrence aniidsi so much of S. ^idan-

•j- There is, however, nothing similar to the spadix of the
Aroidex eitlier in this or the fbllov -i.g genus; a sophistical
circumstance with which many of my readers will doubtless be
unacquaiiited.

HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 231

$oni, leads to a suspieion of its validity as a distinct spe-
cies. V. V. In the vicinity of Savannah pointed out to me
by the kindness of Dr. Baldwyn. — The only species oftiie
genus,

340. CHAMiEROPS. L. (Fan-palm, Palmetto.)
Polygamous. — Spathe compressed. Spadix

branched. Cuhx S-parted. Corolla of 3 petals.
Filaments of the stamina partly united. Drupe
3-celled, by abortion 1-seeded. Masculine flow-
ers on a distinct plant.

Caudex arborescent or inconspicuous; fronds palmate,
flabelliform; stipes spiny or naked. (Germ 3-called, cells 1-
seeded, 2 of the seeds abortive. Mich.) Drupe solitary
in the American species; probably not congeners with C.
hunuUs.

Species. 1. C. Palmetto. Cabbage-palm. 2. serrulata.
The central part of the caudex is more edible than that
©f the preceding. — Dr Baldwyn. Margin of the stipe ser-
rated with short spines; drupe solitary oblong, nearly
twice the size of that of Sabal Adansoni, which it resem-
bles in every other respect.

Of this genus there is 1 species common to Spain and
Barbary, and another to Japan.

341. NOLINEA. Michaux.

Corolla 6-parted, spreading; segments sub-
equal. Style very short; stigmas recurved.
Capsule 3-sided, membranaceous, 3-celled, open-
ing by the bipartile dissepiment; cells 1-seeded,
Seeds incurved, convex, 1 or 2 of them abor-
tive.

Root bulbous; leaves surrounding the base of the scape,
coriaceous and gramineous; flowers paniculate, small.

Species. 1. N. georgiana. Allied to Helonias. The
only species of the genus. Abundant towards Augusta
in Georgia. t». v.

342. CALOCHORTUS. Fursh.

Coro//a6. parted, spreading, the 3 interior seg-
ments larger with the upper side woolly, and
marked aear the base with a roundish smooth

i^- IIEXA.\DRiA. THIGYMA.

spot. Filaments very short, inseitcd upon the
bat>e of the petals. Jiiikcrs sai^ittate, erect.
Stigma rellected. Capsule 3-cel!ed.

Bulb siibglvibose, solid. Leaf subsolilar)', radical, gra-
mineous; scape about 3-fio\veied; flowers wliiie, the inuei*
petals wkh a purple spot. Apjjarently allied to Hypoxis.

Species. 1. C elegans. l^ur^k, Hor. Am. 1. p. i^40.
Within the Northern Andes or liocky Mountains. The
only species.

'43. MELANTHIUM. L.

Polygamous. — Calix none. Corolla rotate,
6- parted: segments unguiculate, biglandulous
at the base, claws staminiferous. Capsule cx-
serted, subovate, apex partly trifjd, 3-celled.
Seeds many, membranaceously alated.

Root (in the American species) truncate and horizontal
<ii- i-av:-];,' bi;ir(:j;s; leaics; ; r:ur<i!eous, flaccicl; sc.pc- oficM
t^n, and p;. raiaidauy puiiiculate; petals co; spiciiouoh u;;gii-
iculaie, cahcine, progressively changing colour, bimacuiaie.

Species. 1. Jif. virginicnm. 2. monoicum. 3. hybrldum.
Nearly allied to Veratrtim. Leaves elliptic-oblong, some-
what plaited. Upper part of the panicle feminine in an
•^iongated raceme; petals unguiculated, but without the
characteristic glandular spots, interior ones roundish ovate»
acute in the male, obtuse, and a little undulated in the
female, both nearly smootii. Styles uncinate, a little short-
er than the germ.* Capsule large, appearing like 3 uni-
ted by the inner margins, cells 3, 5, and probably some-
times 6 seeded, seeds imbricated, flat, subelliptic, with a
double alated margin, about the size of the seeds of some
species of Pinus. v. v. In the mountains of North Caro-
lina. 4. *gla'iicwn. Root a tunicated bulb; leaves glau-
cous, gramineous, marginal ed; raceme mostly simple,
few-flowered; flowers hermaphrodite, petals roundish, un-
guiculate, bimaculate; seeds subulately alated. Hab. On
the gravelly banks of the St. Laurence in calcareous soil;
around the Cataract of Niagara, on the borders of Lakes
Erie, Huron and Michigan and up the Missouri to Fort
Mandan. It appears to be considerably allied to Antheri-
cum in habit; scarcely a foot high; leaves almost similar
to Jlf. virginicnm; flowers whitish, raceme sometimes a
little divided at the base. Flowering ia July and Au-

KEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 233

The principal part of this genus is indigenous to the
Cape of Good Hope, there is 1 species also in Siberia and 1
in India, J\I. piniulum of Tierva del F;iego, JM. gravimeum
and JM. puncfaium of Barbary, cannot certainly belong to
this genus.

344. ZIGADENUS. Michaux.

Corolla 6-])Mrted, spreading; segments sub-
equal* above the base narrower and biglandu-
lous. *Sto??ii/ia inserted in contact with the germ.
Styles 3, ])artly united at tlie base. Capsule in-
rluded in the persistent corolla, sub-ovate, acute,
3-celled, cells many seeded. Seeds iinear-ob-
iong, apterous.

Nearly allied to ^Teiantltiwn witli which it also partlv
agrees in liabit, but t!ie flowers are all hermaphrodite, and
the panicle alternately branclied.

Species. 1. Z. glaberrir.uis. 2- elegans. Pursh, Flor.
Am 1 p. 2-ll. The only species of the genus.

S4 5. VFmATUUM. L. (Green and White Hel-

leboi-e.)

Polygamous. — Corolla 6-parted, spreading^
soginents sessile and without glands. Stamina
inserted upon the j'cceptacle. Capsules 3 united,
many seeded.

Root fibrous or brandling; leaves ovate or elliptic, plait-
ed, and numerously nerved, rarely (as in V. angi'stijoliurn)
gramineous; flowei-s pyramidally paniculate, gi*eenish.

Species. 1. V. viride. In the vicinity of Philadelphia,
on the banks of the Schuylkill, but not common; growing
nearly 6 feel higli. Peduncles and branches of the pani-
cle pubescent, upper part of the branchlets filiform witJi
masculine flowers, the lower part fructiferous. 2. par-
xiforum. 3- angufitifoliwiP. Pursh, 1. p. 242. Raceme com-
pound, lateral branchlets illlform masculine, upper part sim-
ple, hermaphrodite; petals sessile, linear-lanceolate, acu-
mmiite; leaves flattish gramineous, rather obtuse, v. v. Not
uncommon in the grassy prairies of Ohio, Tennessee and
Louisiana. 2 to 3 feet high, root bidbous? leaves linear»
semiamplexicaule, rather arid, striated, 6 to 10 inches
long; raceme long, with a few short filiform male branch-
lets on the lower part; male flowers nearly sessile, her-
maphrodite pedicellate, bractes subulate, nearly the length
X 2

234 HEXAXDRIA. TRIGYNlA.

of the pedicells; petals greenish white; subulately acumi-
nated. Stamina very short in the male, in the herma-
phrodite as long as the germ; styles distinct, 3i reflected.
4. luteum. Helonias liitea. Bot. Mag. 1062. but much more
a Vevatrtim than an Helonias, as might be supposed by its
being ilioicous; and if the paucity of seeds is to be consi-
dered of importance in Helonias, this species with t cap-
sule of many seeds may very well be restored to the ge-
nus with which Linnaeus more properly associated it. The
- root is so far from being bulbous, that almost every one
in the United States knows it by the improper name of
•* Devil's-bit," originally applied to a species of Scabiosa;
the root is truly prsemorse and very bitter, as is usual
with this genus.

Of this genus there are two other species, indigenous to
Europe and Siberia.

S46. HELONIAS. L.

CoroUa 6-parted, spreading; sec^meiits sessile
and without glands. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule
3-celled, S-liorned, cells few-seeded, (seeds 1
or 2.)

Nearly allied to the preceding genus, but having the
flowers all hermaphrodite; roots mostly fasciculated, some-
times solitary; leaves narrow, often gramineous and arid,
surrounding the bsse of the stem; raceme simple.

Species. 1. W. lati folia, no where so common as the
following. 2. erythrosperma. Bractes short and obtuse;
capsule short and turgid, lobes divaricate; leaves cari-
cine. 3. aTigustifolia. Leaves caricine, very long; scape ob-
tusely angular, naked; bractes lanceolate, acute; germ
acutely conic; styles contiguous. 4. diibiu. o.pumilo. These
two last species doubtful, as Helonias.

A North American genus.

347. XEROPHYLLUM. Mich.

Corolla subrotate. Filaments of the stamina
contiguous at the base. Stigmas 3, levolute,
partly united below. Capsule subglobose, open-
ing at the summit by 3 chinks, 3-celled, cells 2-
seeded.

Root partly bulbous, leaves arid and tenaceous, very
narrow and numerougj surrounding the base cf the scapej
hiwme simple.

HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. fiS5

Species. l.X. asphodeloides. Hab. In New Jersey, and
also very abundant on the summit of the Catawba ridge.
North Carolina. The dilaiion of tlie filaments towards the
base, the disposition of the stjles, or rather stig-mas, and
the opening- of the capsule by 3 external sutures in the
centre of each cell, in place of the internal margins of the
cells or capsules, are characters of much more importance
than those which separate tlelonias and Veratrum. 2. tenax.
Pursh, 1. p. 243 — In the Northern Andes or Rocky Moun-
tains. 3. gramineum, {Helonias graminea, Bot. Mag. 1559.)

A North American genus, somewhat allied to Jinphode-
his?

348. TOFIELDIA. Hudson,

Calix triful. Petals 6. Capsules 5, superior,
united at the base, many seeded. Seeds naked,
(angularly grooved?) Stifles vertical, very short.

Hoots aggregate, partly horizontal; leaves irideous;
spike short and dense; pedicells solitary, minutely bruc-
teate at the base.

Species. 1. T. * glabra, leaves equitant,iiideous; scape
terete, smooth; spike short, dense, and oblong, bracies
acute, very small; peduncles solitary, angular, about the
length of the flowers; petals oblong-ovate, subacute; styles
none; capsules distinct, membranaceous, equal in length
with tlie corolla. — Hab. In swamps near Wilmington, N.
Carolina. Obs. Much more robust than T. pidustris, and
the scape not so far exceeding the leaves. Hoots fascicu-
lated horizontal; leaves lineur, ensiform; scape 8 or 10
incbes high, solid, rather thick than slender, nearly naked,
or with a single leaf; spike 10 to 15 lines long; flowers
crowded, nunaerous, (30 or more); bractes extremely mi-
nute; raciiis exca%ated opposite the pedicells. Calicle o-
toothed. i'etfiis greenish white, like those oi' Helonias in
their form and disposition. Filamentsof the stamina equal
with the petals and germ, subulate, flat, and cons derubly
dilated; anthers oblong, cleft at the base. Siyles none;
stigmas flat and circular, sessile. Capsules 3, distinct to
the base, whitish, membranaceous, soniewiiat gibbously
cynibiform, internal margins closed tind bordered, points
entire; 6 to 8 seeded. Seeds linear-oblong, a little curved,
small and brownish-yellow^, marked with 5 or 6 longitu-
dinal and angular ridges.

§11. * TRiANTHA.f Ca/>4?//e coriaceous, subglobose,
trilncular, valves 3, bifid at the apex. Styles contiguous,

t From the flowers bein^- aggregated upon llis spike by os.

236 HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA.

persistent, spreading-, ^^iithevs compressed. Steels very
nunnerous, terete, caudate. (Near!}- allied to J\'artkechim.)

Roots hoiizonlal, ag-gregate; leaves ensiform j^ramine-
oi!s, arid; scapes naked, often pubescent and scabrous,
spike lobed, flowers mostly ap^g-reg-aled by 3s.

2. piisilln. 3. pnbescens. v. v. in Sussex corinty, Dela-
vare. Obs. I'etals .^-reenish-white, linear-obovate, obtuse;
scape scabious and pulverulently pubescent; flowers aj^-
grepi^ated in 3s, subtended by as many minute bractc-s;
anthers rotmdish-cordate, flat, grayish-purple; capsule
brown and indurated, margin of the valves inflected, se-
miniferous above, summit-; bifid. Seed caudate. 4. ^luii-
nosa. V. V. Abundant ai'ound Detroit, Michigan territory.
Nearly allied to the preceding; but the petals are oblong-
oval.

Of the genus Tofelma, besides the above, there is 1
species in Europe and another in the Andes of Peru. — Tiie
section here denominated 'I liantha is unquestionably a
genus distinct from the European T-fehUa, as well as from
the plant of Carolina, T. glabra; it approaches to JWirthe-
ciitm by the seed, but the flowers are caliculate, and the
filaments of the stamina smooth.

349. SCHELCHZERIA. L.

Callx 6-partct]. Corolla none. Anthers linop.r.
Sf}g<nas sessile, lateral. Capsules inflated, dis-
tinct, mostly 2-seeded. Seeds sniootii, cylindric-
ovate. with a longitudinal carinate suture,
(black.)

A plant indigenous to sphagnose morasses, with some-
wlvit horizontal roots, or a lateral mode of growtli; leaves
distichally sheathing, tlmse of the infertile shoots v^ry
long and attenuated, convex and carinate; on feitlle stems,
short; sheaths distinct; lowering stem flexuose, fi-cnciose,
- numerously jointed; ])eduncles distant, solitary, sheathed;
ilowers greenish and inconspicuous.

Species. 1. S. pahistris. v. v. In sphagnose cranberny
swamps, New Jersey, near Pliiladelphia, plentiful, but I
have not seen it in any other part of America. Obs. Leaves
of the infertile shoots near 18 inches long, very narrow
and linear. Hoots loaded with persistent vestigia;; raceme
5 to 7-fiowered, lowest peduncles longest and subtended
by sheathmg leaves, which diminish upwards into short
bractes. Capsules 3, oval, inflated, with compressed mar-
gins. Seeds almost uniformh 2 in each capsule, as large
Sib those of Garden Balsam {Impatiens chinensia) black and

HEXANDRIA. TKIGVNIA. 2i>7

shining". Integument coriaceous; episperm white and mem-
branaceous. Nucleus greenish, consisting of an ovate cy-
lindric and homogenous somurhize, marked at its inferi-
or extremity (oi- contiguous to the umbilicus) with an al-
most imperceptibly minute gemmule, in the form of a
diaphanous point.

The only species of the genus, common to morasses in
*Jie nortli of Europe. From the singularly isolated occur-
rence of this plaiU in the milder stales of America, I am
inclined to believe it on the decrease in such situations.
In ihe turf morasses, or moors as they are called, in the
northern parts of Yorkshire, (Craven) in England, I have
commonly seen tiie singular vestiges of this plant inlared
through spongy or more recent turf, obtained where none
of the plant exists at the present day.

350. TRIGLOCHIN. L. (Arrow-grass.)

Calix- double, each 3-leaved, the interior more
petaloid. Corolla mm^. Stamina 3 ov 6, Styles

*^\';nv; stif^sijas 3 or G. luibt'scriii. Capsules 3 !»r
5, united above to a receptacuiar axis, separat-
ing at the base, each one-seeded, not spontane-
ously opening.

Marsli plants with fibrous roots and grassy sheathing
leaves; scape naked, flowers spiked, numerous, inconspi-
cuous; anthers sessile, disposed in 2 series of 3 each (at
least in T. maritimiim); stigmas 3 to 6.

Species. 1. T. * ekitiim. Persistent styles and capsules
6; fruit angular; capsules linear, dorsally depressed, with
acute margins; scape much longer than the leaves. Hab.
In fresh, and probably also in salt-water marshes, in the
state of New York. Ceriainly a very distinct species from
T. maritimum, the fruit bearing no sort of resemblance,
Obs. Scape about 2 feet high; "leaves very narrow; stami-
na 6, in 2 series, each subtended by a calix of 3 leaves,
maturing at different times. Spike nearly a foot long;
fruit subcylindric, attenuated towards the persistent styles,
6-angled; capsules obtuse at the base, acutely compressed
on the margins, and dorsally channelled, united above to
a common persistent axis (similar to that which exists in
umbelliferous plants), constantly 1 -seeded, not spontane-
ou;-.ly opening, thoui^h furnished with a distinct internal
cari'iated suture. 2. mantiminn. 3. pahistre. Flowers tri-
androiis, capsules linear. 4. triandrum- Fruit roundish.—
In South Carolina.

238 HEXANDfelA. TRIGYNIA.

Nos. 2 and 3 are indig-enous to Europe as well as Ame-
rica; there is also 1 species at the Cape of Good Hope,
and 2 of doubtful genus in Peru.

351. ^GYROMIA.j Medeola. L. (Indian Cu-
cumber.)

Corolla 6-parted, involute. Calix none. Fila-
ments and anthers distinct. Stifles none; stigmas
3, filiform and divaricate, united at the base.
Berry 3-celled, cells 5 or 6-seeded. Seeds com-
pressed, 3-sided.

Root an oblong fleshy tuber; stem simple, erect; leaves
verticillated; flowers terminal aggreg-ate.

Species. 1. G. virghnca. Called " Indian Cucumbei'"
from a far fetched idea of resemblance either in the form
or flavour of the root. Germ and berry always many-seed-
ed, the latter dark purple when ripe; stigmas long, fili-
form, horizontally divaricated, almost imperceptibly glan-
dular, and grooved on the upper side. Stem with a single
sheath near the base, deciduouslylanuginous. Leaves ver-
ticillated in the middle of the stem, 6 to 9, elliptic-lanceo-
late, acuminate; at the summit of the stem in 3s, vei-y
rarely and then unequally in 4s, oval-lanceolate. Flowers
aggregated from 3 to 6.

^. * picta. Floral leaves in 5s or 6s, oval acute, crim-
son-red near the base; flowers numerous, 9 to 12;ierries
tuberous, many-seeded, (12 to 15.) — Hab. On the shady
banks of Laurel creek, near Morgantown, North Carolina.
I have given it merely as a variety, not being in posses-
sion of satisfactory specimens, seeing it merely in fruit.

A North American genus, confining Medeola to the 2
African species which are said to have a berry of 3 seeds.
The present genus, with a berry of 3 cells and many
seeds, approaches consequently to Trillium and Paris.

f From ywfof, a circle, in reference to its verticillated leaves;
a habit which lead the celebrated A. L. Jiissieu justly to doubt of
its genuine afllinity with the 2 African species oi Medeola upon
which the genus has been evidently founded, having a berry
containing 3 cordate seeds. Changes of names, though doubtless
unwelcome, must in these cases continue to be adopted, so long
as we shall be inclined to prefer truth to error. Michaux has
long ago asserted that the Medeola asparagoides did not belong
to the same genus as M. invginicaf without^ however, pointing'
oul a distinction.

HEXANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 239

352. TRILLUM. Z. (American Herb Paris.)
Calix 3-leave(], spreading. Corolla of 3 petals.
Filaments and terminal anthers adnate, opening
on the inner side. Styles none. Stigmas 3, dis-
tinct, or approximate. Berry 3-celled, cells ma-
ny-seeded.

Hoots prsemorsely tuberous, horizontal; scape low, 3-
leaved, leaves verticillate, subtending' a solitary peduncle,
(or sessile flower in 7'. sessile,-) petals white, or dark pur-
ple. Germ in one species styliferous; style 1.

Found generally in umbrageous forests attached to recent
vegetable soil,

Species. I. T. sessile. Flower sessile. Almost the only
species in lower Louisiana. 2. petiolatiim. Ph. Near the
sources of the Columbia. 3.trythrocarpu?n. (.T.pictum, Fh.

I. p. 244.) Petals undulated and recurved, having a crim-
son spot at the base of each. Hab. Subalpine, pretty con-
stantly associated with evergreens, such as Kalmia latifo-
iia, Rhododendron maximum, or Mies canadensis^ and j^row-
ing in their shade. 4. ovauim. Northern Andes. S-pusillum.
Petals nearly equal with the calix, leaves obtuse. 6. cer-
nmim. Peduncle recurved, petals lanceolate, acuminated,
leaves dilated. 7. erecium. Peduncle inclined; flower nu-
tant; petals ovate acuminate, white or deep purple; leaves
dilated. 8. obovatum. Ph. Peduncle erect, petals obovate,
scarcely longer or broader than the calix; leaves sessile,
phombic-ovate acuminate. 9. pendidum. Peduncle inclined,
flower pendulous, petals flat, ovate, shortly acuminate,
nearly equal witli the calix, which is ovate-acuminate;
leaves roundisli-rhomboidal, acuminate, subsessile. 10,
grandiftorwn. Petals large and very obtuse, much exceed-
ing the calix, generally white, but varying with rosaceous
flowers, and with the germ green or dark purple. Both
this and the preceding are closely allied to 7. erectum.

II. * stijlosrim. Plant small and slender; peduncle much
shorter thin the flower, recurved; petals undulated,
spreading, larger than the calix, <jblong, obtuse; germ
styliferous, style 1, as long as the stigmas; leaves subpetio-
late, ellipCiC-lanceolate, acute at both extremities. T. cer.
nuum, Mich. Flor. Am. 1. p. 216. Hab. In the mountains
of upper Carolina and Georgia. Oes. Scape attenuated
upwards, becoming almost fil.fonr:, 8 or 10 inches high.
Leaves about an inch wide, and 2 indies long. Peduncle
rigidly recurved under the leaves, little more than half
the length of the calix. Stgments of the calix iinear-oblong,
somewhat oDiuse and distinctly margined. Petals merely

240 HEXANDRIA. TETRAGYNIA.

spreading-, pale rose colour, undulated, obtuse, a liule
longer and nearly twice the bre:idtii of the calix. Germ
with a distinct soliiary style, as in no other species of the
genus, and 3 smoothish stigmas somewhat shorter than
the style.

A North Anieiican genus, with the exception of T. uho-
vatiim, which grows also in Kamtschaika according to
Failas.

S53. RUMEX. L. (Dock.)

Calix 6 parted.. j)ersistent, the 3 interior di-
visions petaloid, ronnivent. Seed 1, 3-sided, su-
perior, naked. Stigmata nuiltifid.

Flowers paniculate, terminal or axillary, mostly fascicti-
lated; in many species the petaloid segments are exter-
'.Yally gland uliferous. Some of the species are monoicous
or dioicous.

Speoes. l.'R. savghineits. 2. cvispiis. o. verticillatus.
C. bntaniiiciis. 5. persicarioides. 6. crispahilvs. 7 ■ obuisi-
Julius. 8 aqnaticus. 9. iligynns, (Sorrel). 10. Acetosella
(Sheep's sorrel). Introduced j abundantly naturalized.
il. venf*fus. Pa. Flowers Hermapluodite, valves very
large, reniform-cordate, entire and witjiout glands, red;
leaves suboval-lanceolate, small. Uab. Near the conflu-
ence of the river I'laite, on the sandy bunks of the Mis-
souri. Flowering in April. Stem scarcely a foot high.
Flowers pt ndulous and fasciculated, valves about 5 lines
wide. It differs sulliciently from /s'. a-mcarz'ws by having
the petaloid valves only large; it is also perennial.

Tl)is extensive genus of more than 40 species is almost
equally divided betwixt Europe and the temperate parts
of Africa (Baibary, Egypt and the Cape of Good Hope.)

Order IV.— TETRAGYNIA.

354. SAURURUS. L. (Lizard's-tail.)

Floxvcrsin an amcnt, or crowded s])ike, scales
l-ll(i\vered. Corolla none. Filamenis and anthei's
adnate. Capsules 4, each 1 or rarely 2-seeded,
not opening.

Stem leafy, many-spiked, leaves alternate cordate.
Species. 1. S. cenuais- A North American genus of a
single species.

HEXANDRIA. rOLYGYM.l. 241

Order V.—HEXAGYNIA.

555. WENDLANDIA. Willdenow.

Calix 6-Ieaved. CoroZ/a of 6 succulent? petals.
Stifles reclined. Germs 6. Berries each 1 -seed-
ed. Seed a compressed nut.

A climbing dioicous slirub; leaves alternate; racemes
superaxillary. Scarcely distinct from Menispermum, with
which it ought a^ain to be compared.

Species. 1. W. caroUniana. (Jfdm'spermum coroUnia-
num of Walter and Michaux, Fl. Am. 2. p. 242.}

Order VI.— POLYGYNIA.

956. ALISMA. L. (Water-plantain.)

Calix 3-leaved. Petals 3. Capsules many, 1-
seeded, not openin.^.

Aquatic plants with cordate, sagittate, ovate, or lance-
olate leaves; panicle simple or compound, branches and
branch lets ternately verticlllated. (In ^. natans, the leaves
are elliptic, the peduncles 1-flowered opposite the leaves,
and the fruit striated.) Nearly allied to, and scarcely dis-
tinct from Sagittaria.

Species. 1. A. Plantago. "2. nutans^ Ph. Both species
also indigenous to Europe. There are of this genus also
3 otlier species in Europe, 2 in tropical America, and 1 ia
Guinea. Mr. Pursh's A. trivialis and A. parvijiora appear
to be only varieties of A. Plantago, For A. subiilfitii see
Sasrittaria.

Class VII.— HEPTANDHIA.

Order I.—MONOGYNIA.

357, TRIENTALIS. i. TournJ, (Cliickweed
AVintergreen.)

Calix 7-leaved. Corolla rparted, equal, flat.
i5errt/ I -celled, juiceless. /Seeds many. {Stamina
5, 6, 7 and 8.)

Flower varying in the number of its parts. Stem simple,
low; leaves collected at the summit of the stem; pedun-
cles terminal, aggregated, 1 flowered.

Species. 1. '1". eiirop<ea, (S,. americana. Leaves lanceo-
late, acup»inate. Obs. The leaves of the American plant,
on comparison, are longer, the flowers more frequently
8-parted with 8 stamens than less, it consequently ap-
proaches to the genus Chlora.

A genus of a single species, indigenous to Europe and
North America.

S58. jESCULUS. L. (Horse-chesniit. Buck-,
eye.)

Calix 1 -leaved, ventricose. Corolla of 4 or 5
unequal pubescent petals inserted upon the ca-
lix. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds large, resembling
chesnuts.

Trees or rar^^ly shrubs with digitate leaves; flowers
racemose and terminal, articulated upon the r.ichis.

Species. 1. iE. Pavia. Indigenous also to Brazil. 2.
discolor, V\\. o.Jiava. A. glabra. 5. pallida. (5- macrosta-
chya. The smallest and most ornamental of the American
species.

A North American genus with the exception Qi JE. Hip-
pocastaniim oi novihQin A.sia. •

Class VIIL— OCTANDRIA.

Okder I.— MONOGYNIA.

f Germ inferior,

559. RHEXIA. Z.

Calix urceolate, 4 to 5-cIeft. Petals 4, oblique,
inserted upon the caiix. »^«f/iers declinate. Cap-
side setigerous, 4-ceUed, included in the ventri-
cose ca]ix. Receptacles subulate. Seeds nume-
rous. (Stamina sometimes 10.)

Annual or perennial, rarely suftruticose; stems mostly
quadrangular; leaves very entire, longitudinally nerved,
opposite; flowers by 3s, dichotomal and terminal, often
trichotomously compounded and subcorymbose or glo-
merate, rarely, if ever, axillary, by defection sometimes
solitary and terminal; petals primarily convolute in a cone,
caducous, violaceous or purple, rarely yellow. — Anthers
very long and curved, at first deflected and equally ar-
i-anged round the tube of the calls, 1-celled, adnate to
the filaments, emitting the pollen by a sing-le clandes-
tine pore, situated^ at the junction with the filament, the
pore guarded by a single seta. Seeds subreniform and
angular.

Species. 1. R. mariana. Stem subterete, hirsute. O.
2. virginica. Stem with alated angles, nearly smooth. 3.
ciliosa. Stem subquadrangular, smooth; leaves small, sub-
petiolate, oval-acute, beneath smooth, a little hairy^above,
margin conspicuously ciliated; flowers conglomerated by
.Ss, sessile, invoiucrate, anthers short; calix acute, fruiting
base subglobose, smooth. Pursli, Fl. Am. 1. 1. 10. A very
imperfect specimen. Pluk. Amalth. p. 138. t. 425. f. 4.

4. * serrulata. Stem quadrangular, smooth: leaves small,
subpetiulate, roundish-oval, acute, smooth on both sides,
jnargin serrulate, base subciliate; flowers pedunculate,
very large, growing by 3s; calix glandularly hirsute, bor-
der very short and obtuse. Hab. In the open swamps of
Georgia and Florida, communicated to me by Dr. Baldwyn,
who considered it as a dwarf variety of the preceding, to

244 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

which it is nearly allied, but cannot possibly be the same
species, being- by the calix much more nearly related to li.
glabella, but the leaves, habit, and an.a^u'.ar stem, separate
it from that species; in li. ciliosa the border of the calix is
remarkably iarg-e, the seg-ments expanding- nearly to the
length of the ventricose base, and not coalescing into a
tube as is usual in this genus. Obs. About 6 to 10 inches
high; leaves nearly as broad as long, about 5 lines; reg-u-
larly and mucronulaiely serrulate, the radical leaves nearly
round, and with the margins more entire; flower purple,
as large as that of R. glabella, solitary and terminal, or
simply in Ssj never subcorymbose.

5. glabella. The largest and most ornamental of the
species indigenous to the United States. Stem nearly cy-
lindric, and very smooth, as well as the whole plant, with
Ihe exception of the calix; leaves lanceolate, sessile, and
entire; calix glandularly hirsute, border minute, flowers
subcorymbose. Hoot tuberous, perpendicular, and very
large, with a spongy bark, stems 2 to 3 feet high, and con-
siderably branched. 6. stricta^ Ph. Apparently a variety
of R. glabella.

7' lutea. Every where glandularly pilose, but particular.
ly the stem, which is obtusely quadrangular; lower leaves
oblong-obtuse, the upper much smaller and acute; calix fun-
nelform, with a conspicuous and acute border; petals yel-
low, rather small, as well as the stamina, which are erect.
Obs. Root perennial, fibrous. Stem about 12 inches, quad-
rangular, branchlets approximating towards the summit of
the stem, 1 and rarely 3-flowered, petals oval and obtuse;
flowers about the size of Oenothera simiata.

8. linearifoda. Stem c} lindric pubescent, leaves alternate,
linear-oblong, obtuse, sessile, every where pubescent; flow-
ers solitary.— Lamark, Encycl. 6, p. 2. In Carohna. Bosc.
rlowers yellow. A variety of the preceding?

9. * aiigvstifolia. Stem subterete, hirsute, leaves linear-
lanceolute, somewhat oblong, hirsute, axills foliose; flowers
cymose, cyme bifid; calix cylindric, short, and very smooth.
Stamina declinate. 7^. /tnzceo/a/a, Walter. R.marlana, y.
exalbUla, Mich. Flor. Am. l.p. 221. Hab. Aroimd Savan-
nah, in Georgia, also in Carolina. Obs. Stem one and a h;df
lio two feet high, leaves numerous and narrow, scarcely
3-nerved, subpetiolate; flowers constantly disposed in a
naked, bifid cyme, never in a trichotomous panicle as in
R. mariana; calix very smooth; in R. maviana twice as long
and hairy; flowers smaller, nearly white.

This genus of about 30 species, excepting the above, is
exclusively indigenous to the tropical parts of America.

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, 245

reo. (ENOTHERA. L. (Tree-primrose.)

Calix tubulous: 4-cleft, segments deflected,
deciduous. Petals 4 inserted upon the calix.
Stigma 4-cleft. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. in-
ferior. Seeds naked, affixed to a central 4-sided
receptacle.

Herbaceous, biennial, annual and perennial; leaves aL
ternate; flowers solitary, axillary, at length elongated into
a spike, generally yellow, rarely white or violaceous, ex-
panding about sun-set. (Leaves in most of the species,
when sufficiently diaphanous, linearly punctate.)
§ I. Fndt elongated, sessile.

Species. \. CE. biemiis. (Tree-Primrose.) v. v. On the
banks of the Missouri up to Fort Mandan; the flowers are,
however, smaller than usual, and the leaves somewhat
glaucous. 2- rmtricata. o. parvijlora. 4:. grandijtora. 5. si-
jiuata, |8. mhnmai Ph. A mere variety of this species, and
not uncommon in New-Jersey.

6. * /tumifusa. Stem prostrate, branching, villous; leavess
linear-lanceolate, subdentate or entire, silky villous as well
as the calix; flovv'crs axillar}-; tube of the calix a little longer
than the germ; petals obcordate about the length of the
anthers; capsule prismatic, Hab. Near Cumberland isl-
and, Florida, on the sea-coast. — Dr. Baldwyn. Resembles
CE. sinuata somewhat in general habit; but is soft and
silky, not hairy as that species; the flowers also seem to
have been white; the leaves are an inch long and scarcely
two lines wide, irregularly and remotely toothed, lower
leaves apparently always entire; flowers small

7. * albicaulis. Pttrennial; stem simple, erect, white and
polished, upper part branching; leaves linear -sublanceo-
late, rarely subserrulate, under side a little villous; flow^ers
axillary, middle-sized, white; capsule prismatic; petals
entire. — (E. albicaulis. Fras. Catal. 1813. Pursh's sv-
nonym wrong, 2. p. 734. See the Herbarium of A. B.
Lambert, esq. Hab. From the river Platte to the North-
ern Andes. Flowering in July and August. Stem about
3 feet high, calix somewhat villous; capsule about an inch
lang.

8. * pinnatijida. Minutely pubescent; stem low and de-
cumbent; radical leaves nearly entire, stem leaves pinna-
tifid, segments linear and acute; flowers ^t.w, axillary,
large and white; petals obcordate and dihted. much
longer than the stamina; style filiform, very slender, stig«
zaas filifonn and divaricate as long as the aathers.'j cap"

Y2

246 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

sule prismatic, grooved. — CE. albicauUs, Piirsh, Flor. Arri.
2. p. 734, Allied to CE. tetraptera, but very dilferent in the
capsule and style. Hae. On the banks of the Missouri
near White river, in denudated argillaceous tracts. An-
nual, and flowering in AJay and June. P'iowers large and
white, becoming reddish on withering. In arid situa-
tions not more than 4 or 6 inches high, in other places 1
or 2 ieet, but alv/ays decumbent; tube of the calix longer
than the germ; capsule an inch long, not more than a line
and a half wide, quadrangular, and slightly margined,

9. * ccespiiosa. Cespitose and stemlcss; leaves lanceolate,
slnuately or repandly toothfid, smooth, petals very large,
dilatediy subbilobed; lube of the calix very long; capsule
subconic-ohlong, sessile, margin of the valves cristately
rouricate. Hab, On denudated and arid argillaceous hills
on the banks of the Missouri, from White river to the
Mpndans, and in all probability to the commencement of
the mountains. Obs. Segments of the calix carinate, ap-
pearmg prismatic before flowering; seeds cylindric-ovate;
plant 3 or 4 inches higi), tube of the calix two and a half
inches, flower often 3 inches in diameter. This species
is considerably allied to <£. acauUsy which produces pin-
natifid leaves and alated capsules, m this the leaves
are entire, and the capsules considerable like tiiose of
(E. biennisf cylindric-conic, and tuberculately crested
along the margins of the valves; the flowers are white, of
imcommon magnitude, and become tinged with red in
withering: where its diu'ation is long continued it produ-
ces numerous cespitose tufts, but from appearances of
this kind its existence is seldom continued through more
than 5 or 7 years.

10. • serrulata. Stem low, slender and suffruticose, mi-
nutely pubescent, as well as the under side of the leaves
and capsules; leaves oblong-linear, irregularly serrulate;
flowers distant, axillary; calix sessile, angular, funnel-
form; capsule prismatic, slender; petals roundish, entire;
stamina and stvle very short; stigma almost undivided, 4-
toothed. Hab. From the river Platte to the mountains,
on dry hills; flowering in June. Somewhat allied to tE.
dentato, but appears very diflferent on inspecting the figure
of that species in the Flora Peruviana. Obs. Stem simple,
slender, 8 to 12 inches high, foliose; leaves a little more
than an mch long, 2 to 3 lines wide, attenuated downwards,
distinctly serrulate, not toothed; flowers a little larger
than those of CE. sinuato, bright yellow; calix quadran-
gular, sessile, funnelform. segments ovate, and carinate,
stamina and style scarcely exserled beyond the calix; germ
hoary and pubescenti capsule quadrangular, closely 8es«

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 247

sile, more than an inch long-, about half a line wide; seeds
naked. This species, in every respect but the seed, makes
a near approach to Epilohium.

§ II. Capsules veniricose, angular, mostly pedicellate.

11. glanca. Leaves broad-oval, very smooth and glaucous.
12. fruticosa. Partly villous; leaves iinear-lanceolate, sub-
denticula:e, acute; petals ubcordate, as broad as long; calix
acuminaie; capsule quadrangular, pubescent, oblong-cla-
vate. pedicellate; raceme naked below. Bot' J\Iagaz 332.
Stem simple, leaves when held betwixt the light, punctate
(throug-h a common lens,) punciures very numerous and
linear, similar to those of J^ysimachia giiadrifolia, but co-
lourless and diaphanous.

]S. * ambigua more or less pilose; stem simple; leaves
lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, subdenticulate, pe-
tals obcordate, long-er than broad; points of the calix very
short; capsule subsessile, always smooth, oblong, and 4-
winged; raceme naked below. Hab. Common around
Philadelphia with the preceding; apparently a distinct
species. Stem simple, leaves linearly punctate (through a
lens,) stem moie slender, flowers smaller and usually of
a brigliter yellow. In dry and exposed situations, this
species, if such it may be considered, becomes very hairy,
in wet places often perfectly smooth. — My attention has
"been directed to these discriminations through the polite-
ness of professor Barton.

13. * incana. Stem low, slender, and erect; leaves fiat,
hoary and tomentose, very eniire, elliptic-ovate, acute; ra-
ceme few-flowered, naked, capsules subsessile, oblong and
quadrangular. Had. In dry woods, Maryland. — Dr. W.
C. Barton, r. s. in Herb. Barton. Stem 6 or 8 inches high,
flowers bright yellow. Allied to ffi. frtisticosa^ /3. ambi-
gua.

14. Fraseri, Ph. 15. pumila.

16. *riparia. Nearly smooth; stem erect and virgateiy
branched; leaves linear-lanceolate acute, distantly subden-
ticulate, flat and rather thick; capsules spiked, distmctly
stipitate, obovate, 8-groovecl, valves dorsally ridged. Hab.
on the banks of Cape Fear river, Wilmington, North Car-
olina, in sittations subject to inundation; often attacned
to drift-wood. Obs. Biennial. Stem about 2 feet high,
muck branched above, almost entirely smooth^ except in
an early state, branches brown. Root leaves lanceolate,
distantly denticulate, as are also those of the stem, smooth
and lucid, rather thick; stem leaves attenuated at both
extremities, linear-lanceolate, almost imperceptibly and
g^andularly denticulate, a little perbescent on the margin,
opaque betwixt the light, two to two and a half mches

248 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

long-, only 2 or 3 lines wide; flowers produced towards
- the summits of ihe brawches, yellow, capsules racer.iose
octang-uhir; marg-ins alaied, dorsal angles obtuse, corru-
gate; dissepiments very thin and membranaceous, stipe a
little shorter than the fruit; racemes 4 to 6 inches lon.^.

17 hiibrida. 18. linearis- Obs. Koot lie^neous, stem
slender/flexuosc, rarely exceediiig a span, often branched,
the wliole plant conspicuously pubescent; leaves linear,
somewhat oblont^; radical leaves spatiuilate-oval; flowers
britjht yellow nearly the size of those of (E. fruticosa, for
a dwarf variety of which it might almost be mistaken; tube
of the caiix much longer tlian the germ; capsules subco-
rymbose or terminal, very few, roundish-obovate, with 8
grooves, usually shorter than the stipe. Hab. From Vir-
ginia to Georgia, in open low and sandy woods. 19. chr>j-
sa7it/ta. 20. pusilla. probubl}'^ a variety of ffi. linearis, the
capsules of which are sometimes nearly sessile, and the
fruit of this is described as clavatc.

21. * alata. (E. macrocarpa. Ph Obs. Root perennial,
perpendicular, caudex dividing into several simple and
decumbent stems, 6 to 12 inches long. Leaves linear-lance-
olate acute, upon long petioles, in an early state minutely
villous and hoar} , margin sometimes distantly and glandu-
larly denticulate, always pubescent as well as the nen-es,
opaque betwixt the light, 5 or 6 inches long and about
half an inch wide. Flowers sessile, produced below
the summit of the stem, axillary; tube of the calix 3
or 4 inches long, (and by cultivation, at the expense of the
germ, 6 or? inches!) segments of the calix sublanceolate,
acuminate, flat, externally spotted with purple, and co-
vered with a short silky villus; petals very large, obcor-
dately dilated, nearl)- entire. Pollen triangular, connectmg
at its angles by a line web of arachnoid filaments. Stigma
4-lobed. Capsule oval, of extraordinary magnitude, com-
pressed, coriaceous and sluning, producing 4 very broad
alated margins, but without any intermediate dorsal
ridges, as is usual in this section of the genus, there is
consequently no dissepiments, the separation of the 4 cells
being produced by the dorsal depression. Seeds gibbous
and corrugate, with a lacunose margined depression, dis-
posed in 2 rows in each cell; length of the capsule about
2 inches, breadth one and a half! This splendid and sin-
gular species appears to indicate the existence of some
distinct and proximate genus. Hab. On the elevated sum-
mits of the calcareous and petrosiliceous hills in the vici-
nity of the lead-mines of the river Meremeck, 30 miles
from St. Louis, Louisiana. Discovered by Mr. J. Brad-

OCTANDRIA. MONOGTNIA. 549

bury, F. L. S. Flower by cultivation nearly 6 inchesin dia-
meter, and the leaves then become lanceolate.

An American genus, extending through Peru and Chili
into Patagonia, with the exception of 2 species at the Cape
of Good Hope.

361. CLARKIA. Pursh.

Calix 4-cleft, tubulous. Corolla of 4 petals,
unguiciilate, cruciately 3-Iobed. Stamina 4 im-
perfect, with roundish anthers. Stigma peta-
loid, 4-lobed. Capsule 4-celled.

A biennial or annual and herbaceous plant, with the en-
tire habit of (Enotheva. Leaves alternate, narrow; flowers
altemate, subsessile, purple.

Species. 1. C pulchella. v. s. Discovered in Northern
California by the late governor Lewis, on the banks of two
of the principal branches of the Columbia.

362. GAURA. L,

Calix 4-cleft, tuhular. Corolla of 4 petals, as-
cending towards the upper side. JV\if quadran-
lar, 1 to 4-seeded.

Habit similar to (Enothera, to the last section of which
it closely approaches. Leaves alternate, flowers spiked,
mostly rosaceous. Germ 4 or more seeded; capsule by
abortion 1-seeded. (Leaves impunctate.)

Species. 1. G. biemiis. 2. ujigiistifolia. 3. * cocdnea.
Perennial; stems simple, decumbent, several from the
same root; leaves linear-lanceolate, repandly denticulate,
canescent and partly villous; raceme lax, many-flowered,
petals roundish, filiformly unguiculate, a little longer than
the calix; stigma 4-toothed; fruit acute at both extremi-
ties, 4-seeded. Hab. On the declivities of bare gravelly
hills, from the Maha village to the Mandans. About a foot
high, covered with a short and hoary villous pubescence,
leaves crowded; flowers at flrst tose colour, at length be-
coming pale scarlet. Flowei'ing in May.

Of this genus there are 2 other species in Mexico and
1 in tropical America.

363. EPILOBIUM. L. (Willow-herb.)

Calix 4-cleft, tubulous. Corolla of 4 petalsJ
Capsule oblong inferior. Seeds comose.

250 OCTANDRIA. MONOGTNIA.

Herbaceous; leaves opposite or alternate; fiowers red-
dish, towards the summit of the stem, solitary and axil-
lary, or in terminal bracteate spikes: stamina in a few spe-
cies declinate.

Species. I.Ta. spicatnm. Commonly called -E. an^ifs/z-
folivm, but the leaves are comparatively more broad than
narrow, 2. latifoliiim. 3. luteiim. Ph. 4. tetragonnm. 5.
* sqiiamatiim. Subcanescently pubescent; root squamose,
bulbous; stem terete, branching' above; stem leaves oppo-
site, those of the branches alternate, linear and entire, re-
vohite on the margin; flovrers pedunculate; petals bifid;
stamina unequal; stigma clavate undivided. Hab. In wet
meadows, common around Philadelphia. E. rosmarinifo-
Uum. Pursh, Flor. Am. 1. p. 259. but this name has been
already applied by Maenke to a very different species.
Obs. Root in winter an imbricated squamose bulb, with
succulent reddish scales! Stem about 1 foot high, slender;
flowers small, few and terminal; petals small, white, and
veined, bilobed, longer than the calix; stamina unequal,
4 shorter opposite the petals, and 4 longer alternating
•with them; capsulevery long, 4-sided, b.coloraliun. Leaves
with linear and round diaphanous punctures (tlirough a
lens) after the manner of (Enotheray excepting that the
punctures are of ^wo forms. Y.palustre. S. alpi?ium> Pro-
bably E. oUganthum. Mich. 1. p. 223.

A genus principally indigenous to the north of Europe,
extending as far as Greenland; there is also 1 species in
Chili, 2 in New-Zealand, and 1 at the Cape of Good Hope.
Have not all the species indigenous to the colder regions
roots which assume the form of bulbs in winter?

364. OXYCOCCUS. Fersooii, (Cranberry.)

Calix superior, 4 -toothed. Corolla 4 -parted;
segments sublinear, revolute. Filaments conni-
vent. Anthers tubulose, semibifid. Berry many-
seeded.

Small prostrate creeping shrubs with evergreen leave.?,
growing in sphp.gnose morasses; branches filiform, proli-
ferous; flowers produced at the base of the vernal ramuli,
in short gemmaceous racemes, peduncles conspicuous
bibracteate; berries red, or rarely white, acid.

Species. \. O. macrocarpns. Obs. Repent; leaves oval-
oblonu, nearly flat and obtuse, distantly subserrulaie, un-
der side somewhat glaucous, younger ones pubescent a)
the points; segments of the corolla lineurlanceolate. —
Branches sometimes flexuose and adscendent, serruln-

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 251

tions of the leaves about 4, points of the younger leaves,
peduncles and tke marg-in of the calix and bractes pu-
bescent; flower-bearing- branches proliferous and erect,
the rest becoming prostrate and radicant; pedicells bi-
bracteate, bractes acute. Berries immaculate red and
spherical, often persistent throughout the winter. Hab.
In sphagnose swamps or overgrown ponds, from liabra-
dor to Carolina. — 1 he fruit an article of commerce as well
as domestic consumption.

2. hispidulus, Vac cinium hi s pi dulum, yi'xch. 1. p. 228. tab.
23. Wiild. Sp. pi. 2. p. 355. Gcndtheria Serpyllifolia, Pursh,
1. p. 283. The whole habit of tliis singular plant, as well
as its being octandrou?;, is certainly in favour of this ge-
nus, rather than Gaidtheria, although it possesses occult
qualities similar to G. procnmbens, having the same aro-
matic taste and smell. The berries of this species are
small, white, and produced in very inconsiderable quan-
tities, they are aromatic, not very acid, and rather insipid
than agreeable, certainly not "very sweet." Hab, I have
observed this pLnt north-westward as far as the outlet of
lake Michigan, and as Mr. Pursh very justly remarks,
abounding where evergreens are predominant, keeping
pretty constant pace with the boreal forests of Pines, Lar-
ches and Firs. It is not uncommon on tiie mountains of
Pennsylvania, growing always amidst Sphagnum. 3. erv-
throcarpiis. Vaccininvi ei^throcarpum Mich. 1. p. 227-

A North American genus, with the exception of O. en-
ropcens: {Vacciniwn Oxycoccus, Willd.) whicli has not, I
believe, yet been found in America.

If Germ superior,
365. MENZIESIA. Smith.

Calix of 1 leaf. Corolla monopetalous, ovate.
Filaments inserted upon the receptacle. Capsule
superior, 4-ceHet!, dissppiments produced by the
inflected margins of the valves. Seeds numerous,
oblong.

An heteromorphous genus, J\l.ferrugi7iea and M.globu-
lans possessing the habit and fruit of .Azalea, but the
flov ers of Andromeda; the firvvers and Ciliated oblariceo-
late leaves termi-ially fasciculatt-d; — M. empetriformis, M.
caridea with oecandrous flowers, and .M . poll foliar having
leafy stems, linear or minute leaves wi;h revolute mar-
gins and conspicuous red flowers, are sc;u-cely distinct
from Erica.

252 OCTANDRIA. MONOGYI^IA.

Species. 1. M./<?rrt/^m<?a. In North California. %gl(}bu-
lavis? Obs. Brandies subverticillate. Leaves obovate-lan-
ceolate, acute, petioles and margin as well as the younger
branches pilose, under side of the leaf glaucous, covered
with a minute pubescence, upper side sometvhat scabrous;
under side of the midrib lined with about eight to ten
distant tubercles, each terminated by an appressed pa-
leaceous process, and respectively situated near the base
of each pair of lateral nerves. Flowers terminally fas-
ciculated, peduncles glandularly pubescent, an inch and
a half long. Calix crenate, minute, crenatures 4, ciliate,
retuse. Capsule cylindric-ovate, short, 4-valved, coria-
ceous, receptacle with 4 alated angles, each angle semi-
niferous and embraced by the 2 inflected margins of each
valve. Seeds minute, linear-oblong, acute. 3. empetnfor-
7ms. 4. citnilea. These 2 last resemble Erica. No. 4.
was the Erica carulea of Willdenow. — There is but an-
other genuine species of this genus, which is the J\l. poli-
folia of Jussieu, in the north of Europe, almost peculiar to
the mountains of the west of Ireland, extending also into
France and Portugal.

366. ACER. L. (Maple.)

Flowers mostly polygamous. — Calix about 5-
cleft. Petals 5, or none. Samane 2, sometimes
S, alated, united at the base, by abortion 1-
seeded.

Large or small trees ^ leaves palmately lobed (in v-?.
JS'egundo, simply or doubly pseudo ternate); flowers lateral
and terminal, subcorymbose, racemose, or aggregate, and
then subtended by an imbricated gemmaceous involucrum,
with the pcdicells 1-flowered. Calix sometimes petaloid.

Species. 1. A. rubrum. Ons. Dioicous; culix peialold
red, 8 to 12 parted; stamens about 5, in the male exsert-
ed, having a globular gland at the base of each; segments
of the hermaphrodite calix shorter and broader, stamens
also shorter. Styles 2, long, recurved and pubescent on
the upper surface. Flowers aggregated in 5s, surrounded
by a gemmaceous involucrum. 2. dasycarpum. Obs. Dioi-
cous; hermaphrodite calix membranaceous, nearly entire,
or with 5 crenatures; petals none; stamina mostly 5, rarely
4 or 6. Germ lanuginous, 4-seeded; no glands at tJie base
of the corolla or germ, as in A. mbrimi; gemmaceous clus-
ters about 5-flowered, internal base of the involucrum
woolly. Hab. Westward into Upper Louisiana. — These
2, and several otiiers, are scarcely congeners with the

OCTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, S53

Kuropean maple. 3. barbatnm. 4- saccharinum. (Sugar-
maple.) 5. nigmm. Scarcely distinct from the preceding.
Confined almost exclusively to the v/est side of the moun-
tains. 6. macropliuUioriyVK. v. s. Somewhat resembling X
Pseudoplatarifis. 7- circinatum, Ph. Both indigenous to
North Califorr.i<i, on Columbia river. 8. striatum. Persoon,
1. p. 417. Pursh, I. p. 2or. Obs. Racemes pendulous.
Calix 5-cleft, petals 5, oblong; stamina 8, anthers pale,
oval, small. l"his.is certainly a correct type of the genus,
as well as t!ie following. 9. montanum.

Neguxdo. Dioicous. — Calix minute, 5-toothed. Pe-
tals none. Male, with 5 stamina, anthers linear, sessile,
and acuminate. Suinarie similar to Acer.

A tree, with pseudoternate or imperfectly bitemated
leaves (somethin^g like those of Fraximis), racemes aggre-
gated, filiform.

10.*- Fraximfolinm. Hab. Xorth-westv/ard on the banks
of the Missouri to the mountains?

Of this genus there are 5 species on the continent of Eu-
rope, 1 in the isle of Crete, which is evergreen, with leaves
like Anemone hepatica, 1 in Turtary, and 6 in Japan.

o67. DIRCA. L. (Leather-wood.)

Calix none. Corolla tubiilous, border obso-
lete. Stamina unequal, exserted. Style filiform.
Berry 1 -seeded.

A low shrub, virgateiy branched; bark tenaceous; buds
3-flowered, axillary; flowers small, pale yellow.

Species. 1. D, paiust.is. The only species of the
genus.

>6S. JEFFERSONIA. Barton,

Calix 5-leaved, coloured, deciduous. Corolla
of 8 petals, incurvately spreadin.;^. Stamina ve^
ceptacuiar. Capsule obovate, substipitate, i-cel-
led, opening below the summit by a lunate fora-
men. Seeds many, oblong, arillate at the base.

Steinless; leaves binate; scapes naked, l-flowered; flow-
ers caducous, white. Natural order Pupaveracece.

Species. 1. i.cUphylla. The only species of the gcnus.

254 OCTAKDEIA. TRIGYNIA.

Order II DIGYNIA.

!69. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. L. (Golden Saxi-
frairo.)

Calix snpcrior 4 or 5-cleft, coloured. Corolla
none. Capsule birostrate, i-cclled, many-seeded.

Herbaceous, suhaquatic, leaves simple, thickish, oppo-
site or alternate; flowevs small sessile, often terminal and
surrounded with floral leaves, mostly 4-cleft and oclan-
drous, the primary flower sometimes decandrous.

Species. 1. C. oppositifoliv.m. Obs. Leaves both oppo-
site nnd alternate. Stamina seated in the indentioi's of
the margined and sinnated receptacle, indentions 8. — A
genus probably of a single species indig-enous to Europe
and America.

Order IIL—TRIGYNIA.

370. POLYGONUM. /.. (Persicaria, Buck-
wheat, 6cc,)

Calix 5-parted, petaloid, persistent. Seed 1,
superior, 3-sided, covered by the connivent ca-
lix. (The number of the stamina and styles un-
certain.)

A polymorphous and divided genus? nearly all the
species herbaceous; leaves alternate; linear, spathulate,
lanceolate, ovate, cordate or sag-ittate, sheathing at the
base, sheathes or ochreic cylindric, embracing the stem;
flowers axillary, or spiked, in a few species disposed in
paniculatcd racemes, color reddish or white. Peduncles
articulated, as in EHogomnn and perhaps in other genera
of Polygoiiece] Stems and branches, often nodose, but, in*
articulate.

§ I, Ochrete, manyfioiveredi (3 — 5.)

Species 1. P. uviadave, flowers octandrous, styles 3,
peduncles shorter tli^n the flowers, seeds granulated.
tc. aiigiistij'olium. Mich. 1. p. 237, leaves small, Janceolate-
oblong, acute. /3. latifoUum, L-aves broad oval, obtuse,
flowers pentandrous, stem adscendent. 2 *glmicvm Flow-
ers octahdrous, styles o; stem diflruse, piostratc, leaves
ovate-lanceolate, tiuck and glaucous; pediceJls as long as
tJie flowers; seeds acuteangular, acuminate, even, and

OCTANDRIA. TRIGYNIA. 25-5

shining-. IIab. On the sandy beach of the sea, around
F.g'.q,- Harbour, New Jersey; possesses much the aspect of
P. uviculare, but produces flowers which are conspicuous
and elegant, and occurs in situations which pronounce it
native; not nat urahzed as aviculare, the seed is also remark-
ably distinct. -2. tnaritimum of Europe has never yet been
found on the American sea-coast. Ons. The vvnole
plant g-biucoas, very diffuse, [jianches with numerous
nodes, stipules laceiate, 3 to 5-tlowered, flowers white
and ex.serted, set^ments obtuse; fikmenis of the stamina
very short arid dilated. 3. ramosissimvm. 4. tenue. 5. Ily-
dropiperofdes. 6. mite. 7-fdrsutum. The wliole plant hirsute-
ly pubesceui; leaves lanceolate. 8. idrginianum. 9. bistjr-
toides. Fh. This species is probably a variety of bistorta.
10. viviparum. 11. coccineiim. Sparingly met will) in liie
vicinity ot' Philadeipi^ia. l2. fiemijhanicuin. 13. Pers^tft-
ria. 14 orienUde. Partly naturalized.

— Leaves sagittate or cordate

15. sagittatum. 16. arifolium. 17. Fagopyrvm- T^^ick-
wheat, merely cult.vated, not naturalized. 18. Coiiv/ml-
lus. Introduced. 19. cillnode. 20. scanderis.

§ II. PoLYCOXELLA. Calix 5-leaved. Och^^ce \'fl'>i'.<er-
ed; racemes dichotomously paniculate; leaves spaitiuiale,
small, (flowers often dioicous.) — Stamens 8. Stigmas 3,
subcapitate.

21. articidatum. Annual; flowers hermaphrodite, nutont,
as long as the capillary peduncles; peduncle articulated
near its base; fruit acute-angled, as long as the spreading
calix; flowering stems nearly naked; leaves spathulate-
iinear obtuse. Hab. Canada to Virginia, in sandy and
barren soil: also on the banks of Fox Kiver and Lake Mi-
chigan (Michigan Territory.) A very elegant species
with spreading rosaceous flowers, sometimes white. Obs.
Stem about a foot, in flower mostly naked, much branch-
ed, branches erect, copiously floriferous. Flowers spread-
ing and obtuse, antiiers purple; styles none; stigmas 3,
subcapitate as in the 2 following species; ochreae of the
flowers truncate, unidentate also as in the 2 following,
but larger.

22. * gracile, Dioicous: glaucous, annual; racemes very-
slender, filiform; flowers deflected, at first minute, much
longer than the peduncles; peduncle articulated to the
calix; fruit acuminated longer than the connivent calix;
flowering stems nearly naked; leaves spathulate-linear,
obtuse. Hab. In Georgia? Dr. Bahhvyn. Very similar
to the preceding in habit, although a very distinct spe-
cies, about a foot high, much less branched than P. ar-
ticidatum, branches very slender, somewhat spreading,
coming out abuve the ochres, perfectly lateral, unaccom-

&56 OCTANDRIA. TRIGTNIA.

panied b}- nodes. Leaves very few, small and dlstuii*.
racemes as in the Sotljer species dichotomous. Flovvtrs
greenish white, at first minute, gradually aiigmentirg in
the fruit after the manner of Jiiwiex; segments unequal,
the larger cblong-ovate, the 2 sinaikr often horizontal in
fruit.

23. parr'ifoUn DJoicous; stem shrubby; much branched,
leaves cuneate-linear, or spathulate-obovate, retuse, tor-
tuously-spreading; racemes spreading, very numerous, pe-
duncle minute, articulated with the calix; the 2 smaller
divisions of the calix reflected in the fruit; fi'uit included.
Hab On the sand-hills of Lynch creek, and around Wil-
mington, North Carolina, abundant. Obs. A small shrub,
about the size and form of Erica vvlgarisi rarely ever 2
feet high; branches brittle, brown, covered with the ves-
tiges of rejected stipules, innumerably branched; leaves
almost imbricately approxim.ating and tortuous, variable
in breadth, opaque; iiowers minute.

The principal part of this genus, excepting the above,
is indigenous lo Europe, ar.d extending into Siberia (Asia).
There are also a few species in the East Indies, Japan,
China and New Holland.

371. BRENICHIA. Gctrtner.

Calix at length coriaceous, tubular and ven-
tricose, 5-cleft, angular at the base, and decur-
rent in the dilated peduncle. Corolla none.
Styles short; stigmas bifid. Seed 1, triquetrous,
inclosed by the calix. Perisperm hihci\. (Stami-
na 8 or 9,' rarely 10).

A climbing shrub with alternate, cordate, acuminated
leaves; racemes, panicuhited, bractes many flowered; ca-
iix enlarging and becoming suberose, elongated into a iiat
and arclied peduncle, attenuated and articulated at its
base, deciduous at the articulation .-^tlcr the manrier of the
whole order of Polygonex? The stem and leaves hiaru-
culate. Embryon inverted.

Species. 13. cirr/iosa. The only species indigenous to
Georgia, Florida, and the Bahama islands.

372. CARDIOSrERiMUM. L. (Heart seed.)
Calix 4-lcaved. Fetals 4. Lepantkium 4-leav-

ed, unequal. Capsule membranaceous, iufiated*
3-lobed, 3-celled. Seeds round, marked at tlic
hilura willi a iieart-.shaped spot.

OCTANDRIA. TRIGYMA. 257"

Herbaceous climbers; leaves biternately divided; pe-
duncles lonj^-, solitarj', and axillary, producing- 2 tendrils
below the summit, and terminating in a many- flowered
corymb.

Species. C Ualicacabum. A doubtful native, but indi-
genous to India.

A small tropical genus of 4 species, 2 others in Ameii-
ca, and 1 in Guinea-

"3. SAPINDUS. (Soap-berry.)

Calix 4-leaved. Petals 4, glandiilous at the
base. Capsules 3, carnose, connate, and ven-
tricose, 2 of them often abortive. Seed spheri-
cal.

Trees; with pinnated leaves; flowers paniculated termi-
nal and axillary.

Sfecies. S. Saponaria. Yvxixt globose, terebinthinace-
ous. — Hab. Sea-coast of Georgia.
A tropical genus of 10 species, 5 indigenous to Ameri",
■ »a, and 5 to India.

Cla&s IX.— EN^EANDRIA

Order I.— MONOGYNIA.

ST4. LAURUS. L, (Spicevvood, Sassafras, kc).
CalLv mostly 6-parted. JS^cctarium consist-
ing of 3, bisctose glands, surrounding the germ.
Filaments 12, 6 interior, 3 of them sterile and
gland ulifiM-ous. Berry 1 -seeded. (Stamina va-
riable in number. Flowers often dioicous.)

Small trees or shrubs with entire, and seraperviienl
leaves, in some species partly opposite and longitudinal-
ly nerved; flowers paniculate or racemose axillary and
terminal, (a few species have solitary flowers, but are not
jjrobably of this genus.)

Species. 1. L. Catesbcci. 2- caroHnerisis. Flowerinj^ iji
July. 1 have met with this plant as far to the north as
'Che Great Cypress Swamp, in Sussex country, Delaware,,
but very rare. The whole plant is aromatic and spicy.

This extensive genus which afToids the Cinnamoii, the
Cassia, and the Camphor of commerce, is with the above
exceptions, 5 species in Japan and 1 in Europe {L.nobills)^
entirel)' tropical; India affords 3 of the most important
species, long celebrated as spices; in the Canary islands
there are 2, the tropical regions of America afford no
less than 21, amongst the most remarkable of which is-
L. canstica of Chili, being poisonous, and the L. Persea, .
called avocado, and alligator-pear, producing a large and
very grat^etul fruit formed like a pear.

The deciduous leaved species of tiie United States ap-
pear to constitute a subgenus, which I propose as follows; .

* EuosMus.f Flowers polygamous or dioicous — Ca-
lix 6-paited. JVectanum none. Stamina 9, fertile; 6 ex-
terior, naked, the 3 interior augmented by 6 infertile
short stamina, attached by pairs; anthers of the sterile
stamina glanduloid. Berry 1-seeded.

Trees or shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves, en-
tire or lobed; flowers appearing before the leaves in small

f From iuo^y.oCf odorous.

ENNEANDllIA. MONOGYNSA. 259

cong-Iomerate umbclis, or contjlomerate bracteate ra-
cemes in E. Sassafras and L". * albida. — (Filaments and
anthers adnate; anthers 2%r, unequally, 4-celled, cells
closed by so many vertical valves, which opening- elastt-
cally often carry up the pollen in a mass. Stamina al-
ways 9; to the base of the 3 interior fertile stamina are at-
taclied 3 pair of short glanduloid infertile ones, destitute
of pollen. Cotyledones of the seed, excentrically peltate,
or laterally attached to the embryon a little above their
base, after the manner of all the Laurinje, according to
the observations of H. Brown.")

§ I. Floivers umbellate, leaves entire.
Species, o. E. aestivalis, folyg^amous: Leaves venose,
oblong- acuminate, every where smooth. 4. Benzoin,
(Spictvbush.) Polyg-amous: Leaves cuneate oboval, under-
side whitish and partly pubescent; buds and pedicells of
the umbells smooth. 5. Diospyrus. Dioicous; Low, surcu-
lose, and virgate; leaves oblonj^-oval, under side veiny and
pubescent; buds and pedicells villous; fruit large. Obs.
A running twiggy shrub, 2 or 5 feet high, growing in
swamps; leaves opaque, attenuated towards the base;
bud scales purple, and as well as the younger branches
villous; umbellate clusters sessile, 3 to 5-flowered; per-
fect stamina 9; glanduloid anthers of the imperfect sta-
mens large, orange yellow; berries upon thick and dis-
tinct pedicells, oblong-ovate, scarlet, larger than those of
E. Benzoin; cotyledones large, thick and oily, embryon
small, laterally attached nearly at the base of the seed-
lobes. 6. geniculata. Polygamous; Branches divaricate
and flexuous: leaves small, cuncatc-oblong, mostly ob-
tuse, smooth except on the under side near the base', um-
bellets terminal, conspicuously pedicellate, smooth; an-
thers unequally 4-celled. Hab. Uniformly in sandy-
swamps, and on the margins of lagoons from Virginia
to Florida. From 8 to 12 feet high; Branches grey and
smooth, remarkably divaricated, so as to communicate a
characteristic appearance to the ponds which they bor-
der; leaves about an inch and an half long, often less than
half an inch wide.

§ II. Buds producing both leaves andJlo7i>ers; racemes con-
glomerate, corymbose; leaves lobed.
7. Sassafras, Dioicous; arborescent; buds, younger

branches and the under side of the leaves pubescent;
leaves entire, or 2 or 3 lobed, under side prommently

\eined. (Red Sassafras.) — Anthers unequally 4-celled.

Tiie female flower produces the 6 iirfertlle stamina only.
U. * albida. Dioicous; arborescent; buds and younger

Dranch?s smooth and glaucous; 'leaves entire, os 2 or 3

260 ENNEANDRIA. TRIGYNIA.

lobed, every where very smooth and thin, under side ob-
soletely veined, petiole long-er. (White Sassafras.) Hab
In North and South Cai^hna abundant, from the Cataw-
ba mountains to the east bank of the Santce; growing
with the common species, which is in North CaroHna less
abundant. I have not seen it in flower, therefore the
eomj-jarison is incomplete, but all the inhabitants distin-
guish them perfectly by the names of white and red Sas-
safras, this species is also sometimes denominated Smooth
Sassafras; the root is much more strong-ly camphorated
than the oi'dinary sort and nearly white; it is also better
calculated to answer as a substitute for Ochra (llibiscvs
esciilenius) than E. Sassajras, its buds and young bran-
ches being much more mucilaginous.

The genus Ocotea of Aublet appears to be very nearly
related to the present, but the flowere are paniculatexl;
and the filaments of the anthers are described as broad
and truncate.f

Order II.—TRIGYNIA,

375. ERIOGONUM. Michaux,

Calix subcyathiform, tubulous at the base^
border 5-cleft, segments unequal, externally
villous. Corolla none. Seed 1, triquetrous,
without margins, covered by the calix. (Flow-
ers involucrate. Stipules none.)

Herbaceous or sufTruticose plants, mostly stemless and
cespitose, with alternate leaves, more or less tomentosej
flowers involucrate; involucrum cup-shaped or campanu-
late, many-flowered (15 to 20;) flowers circularly articu-
lated to the peduncles, many of them deciduous. {E. to-

f This is the Porostema of Schreber's genera, and apparent-
y fictitious, so far as it varys from the account of Aublet. It
is described as having a 6-parted calix; 9 filaments called nec-
taries, arranged in 2 series, 3 of them being internal and furnish-
ed with glands, each of these filaments is said to produce 4
pores (evidently the 4 polliniferous cells of L. Sassafras, and
L. geniculata) but monstrous to relate, there arises from all
these 36 pores, so many filaments supporting peltate anthers!
and instead of a drupe containing 1 seed, as described by the
accurate and celebrated Jussieu, we have to learn that it pro-
duces a capsule with several cells, ancl many seeds!

ENNEANDRIA. TRIGYKIA. £61

.nentosum produces an erect and dicholonious stem, and
verticillated leaves.)

Species. 1. JE. ?omen?&5ww7. Called wild Rhubarb. 2.fa'
viwi. Fras. Catal. 1813. E. striceum. Ph. 1. p. 277-
3. paivijlorum. {E. pajiciforam. Ph. 2. p. 735.) A.parvi-
folium. Calix naked; leaves petiolate, alternate, ovate, re-
volute; stem suilruticose — Rees Encyc!. under Eriogo-
.'iiim, with the following. Hab. Collected on the N. "A est
coast of America, by A. Menzies, Esq. Involucram very
many flowered, proliferous; peduncles smooth, o. latifoU'
um. Calix naked; leaves peiiolaied alternate, cordate,
undulated, petiole amplexicaule; stem suffruticose. Hab.
North West coast of America — Menzies. Obs. Leaves
2 inches long, tomentose beneath, often aggregated to-
wards the summit of the divisions of the caudex.

A North American genus, allied to Jiheumf and also to
tlie Plegorhiza adstriyigeiis of Molini.

376. PLEEA. Mkkaux,

Calix none. Corolla 6-parted, stellately
spreading; segments linear, acute. Capsule
roundish, with 3 angles, S-celled, dissepiment
obsolete. Seeds numerous, minute, subterete
and caudate, attached to the margins of the
valves.

Roots cespitose, fibrous; leaves irldeous, compressed
and attenuated, sempervirent, very narrow, furnished
with distinct sheathes and diuichally imbricated. Scape
sheathed, nearly naked; fiowers few, racemose, pedun-
cles solitary, separately sheathed, about the middle bl-
bracteate. Stamina 9 to 12.

Species. 1. P. f(f?r?/it/b/ia. Rare. Abundant in a single lo-
cality, a few miles south of Wilmington, N. Carolina, near
the entrance of an extensive and open swamp. Obs. Fi-
bres of the root nearly scarlet, sheathing base of the
leaves of a fine pink red, leaves deep green, tenaceous and
arid; racemes 6 to 9 flowered; flowers nearly saflTron yel-
low, persistent. This plant is very closely allied to the
section oi'Tofeldia, which I have called Triantha^ but dif-
iers much in the form of the flower as well as in the habit
and number of stamina.

Class X.— DECANDRIA.

Order I.—MONOGYNIA.

f Flotvers monopctalous.

577. ARBUTUS. L. (Bear-berry, 5cc.)

Calix minute, 5-parted. Corolla ovate, dia-
phanous at the base, border small, 5-cleft, revo-
lute. Berry superior, 5-celledj ceils 1, or many-
seeded.

SufTruticose or shrubby; leaves alternate; flowers axil-
lary or terminal subracemose. ^

Species. 1. A. Imerifolia. 2. JMenziesii, Ph. 3. tomen-
tesa. Ph These 3 species are indigenous to the North
West coast of America only. 4. atpina. 5. Uva vrsi.

A small and widely dispersed genus, there being 4 spe-
cies in Europe, one of them also indigenons io Candiaand.
mount Ida, 2 others are common to North America, there
is likewise 1 in the Levant, 1 in Acadia, 1 in some unknown
part of America, 1 in Peru and 2 in Tierra del Fuego.

578. GAULTIIERL\. L. (Mountain-tea, Par-
tridge-berry, Sec.)

Calicc 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, bibracteate at the
base. Corolla ovate, border partly 5-cleft, revo-
lute. Filaments of the stamina hirsute; Torus
or receptacle 10-toothed. Capsule superior, 5-
celled, invested by the calix which becomes a
berry.

Very low and sufTi-uticosc; leaves allerna'e or facicula-
ted, sempervirent; flcnvers axillary, solitary or racemose.
Speci Es. 1. G. procumbens. Hab. Usually in the shade
• of other evergreens, particularly A'a/»J««5 a.ud jRhododen-
dro7is from Canada to Georgia. Sometimes used as an
indifferent substitute for tea. Obs. Stem procumbent,
repent, sufTruticnse; flowering surculi very short, erect
and pubescent; leaves of each shoot 4 or 5, crowded at
the summit, obovate, ciliate-denticulate. Flowers axil-
lary and solitary, nutant. Calix 5-tootiied, bibracteale at
the base. Corolla ovate, 5 angled, apex 5-toothed, inter-

DECAXDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 263

nally pubescent. Stamina included; filaments hirsute,
equal in length with the anthers opening- by 2 terminal
pores, eacli pore bicornute. Torus, internally 10-toothed,
dentures alternating with the stamina. Style cylindric
tubulous, the base immersed in the germ; stigmas 5, in-
ternally adnate. Germ roundish, 5-angled, 5-celled, cells
about 20-seeded. Seeds attached to the 5 lobes of the
central axis. — Very nearly allied to Pyrola.^ although mono-
petulous. 2- Shallon. Ph. Apparently an Arbutus; the ca-
iix is not caliculate, the peduncle appears to be merely
bibracteolate below the middle.

or tills small genus there appears to be 4 other species
Indigenous to the mountains of tropical America, and 1 in
New Zealand.

'9. YACCINIUM. Z. (Whortle-berry, Huckle-
berry.)

Calix superior, 4 or 5 -toothed. Corolla ur-
ceolate or campanulate, 4 or S-cleft; border re-
llccted. Filaments inserted upon the germ.
Berry 4 or 5-celicd, many-seeded. (Stamina
sometimes 8.)

Suffruticose or shrubby, gemmaceous; bud scales often
persistent, on the base of the small branches; leaves alter-
nate in some species sempervirent; ofien scattered with
resinous atoms; flowers pedicellate, solitary, axillary fas-
ciculate, or racemose. Berries edible, mostly dark pur-
ple.

§ I. Leaves deciduous.

Speci ES. 1 . V. staminenm. Berries large, partly pyriform
and green when ripe; bitter and scarcely edible. 2. aibicm.
5. ardoreum. The largest species of the genus in North
America; branches divaricated; flowers partly as in V. sta-
mineum; berries rather dry but sweet, with a granular
pulp. 4. dumosnm. Very low, and running profusely; ber-
ries perfecdy black, to appearance, conspicuously crown-
ed by the persistent calix. 5. frondosum. Berries and
under side of the leaves glaucous; fruit large and rarely
copious; agreeble, bui quickly deliquescent and subject
to be infested by the larva of insects. 6. paUidum. 7- rest-
voaum. Flowers reddish, angular. Fiuitnot much esteem-
ed. 8. corymbosum. Fruit subacid, and agreeable, as uell
as diat of th following. 9. amoetiim. 10. xir gat um. H.
Juscatum. 12. galezaiis. 13. ligiistHnum 14. tenetltim^
■ Sometimes called " Sugar Huckleben-ies/' small and ra-

264 DECAXDRIA. MOXOGYXIA,

ther too saccharine, but a very agree able fruit, brought ir.
great quantities to the t^hiladelphia market. 15. uligino-
sum. The European Whortle-berry. 16. miirtilloides. 17.
acspitosum.

§ II. Leans sejnpervirent .

18. Vitisldoea. Berries scarlet, farinaceous and insipid.
A small subalpine species, indigenous also to the north of
Europe. 19. myrtifoUum. 20. crasaifoUum. A variety proba-
bly of the following. 21. nitidnm. Branches procumbent and
repent. — From Virginia to Georgia. '22.myrs'i7iites. 23. bux-
ifoliinn. 24. ovafinn. 25. obtvsum. These 2 last are indi-
genous to the North West coast.

A North American genus, with the exception of 3
species in Europe, 1 m Jamaica, 1 in the island of Tahei-
li in the Pacific, 1 indigenous to Madeira and Cappado-
cia, and 3 in Japan.

580, ANDROMEDA. Z.

Cfl/ia; 5-parted« minute, inferior. CcfrallamoY^.
or less ovate, or siibcylindric, smooth; border
5-cleft, reflected. Capsule 5-celled, 5-vaIved;
valves producing dissepiments from the middle,
margins naked.

A genus not altogether natural, including species of
various aspects; they are mostly shrubs, in A.arborea and
A. pyrifoliay bordering upon trees, 4 species indigenous
to Siberia and the coldest parts of Europe, with 2 near
the extremity of South America, resemble the genus
Erica, and are amongst the most humble suffrutices; the
leaves of most are alternate and sempervirent; flowers ax-
illary and terminal, rarely solitary, more commonly aggre-
gated, or racemose, in 2 or 3 species paniculated, pro-
tected by gemmaceous and proper bractes. (Seeds nu-
merous, angular, usually tnmcate at one extremity,
transversely attached to a 5 lobed pendulous receptacle,
septa of the valves bipartile in A. caUculaiu.)

Species. 1. A. teti^ugona. In Canada. 2. hypnoides.
North West coast. S-polifoha. Common also to Europe.
5. caliculata. Obs. Flowers unilateral, axillar}, solitary,
approximating towards the end of the bi-anches in the
manner of a raceme; calix bibracteate; capsvde roundish,
coated; septa spontaneously bipartile in a longitudinal
direction, exhibiting 5 distinct capsules primarily at-
tached to a common axis openmg externally, and con-
nected by a 5-parted external envelope, seeds n4i-
imerous, truncatei angular, transversely accumulated.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 265

(The capsule of Clethra alnifoHa possesses a similar struc-
ture, excepting- that the capsules are but 3 in place of 5,
and do not separate spontaneously in consequence of be-
ing inseparably united at the base.) Indigenous also to
Siberia. Almost the only species in upper Louisiana. 5.
aiigustifoUa. Fh. Nearly allied to Ihe preceding. 6. nitida.
Fasciqles of flowers axillary, subracemose. In swamps
from North Carolina to Florida. 7. axillaris. Obs. Leaves
oblong-oval, sublanceolate, acuminate, upper part carti-
laginously serrulate, serratures mucronate, under side
scattered with minute glandular hairs; younger branches
also pulverulently pubescent; racemes axillary, spiked,
sessile, imbricately bracteate; corolla cylindric-ovate, an«
thers awnless. — Stigma capitate. Capsule globular, de-
pressed: septum indivisible, as in the preceding. Recep-
tacular bodies 5, pendulous from the summit of the axis>
each conspicuously pedicellate. Seeds brownish, angu-
lar, and truncate at the lower extremity. Ji. spinulosa of
Pursh is certainly the same species with the present, in
which oval leaves are not uncommon. Hab. From Vir-
ginia to Florida, and westward throughout the mountains
of North Carolina into East Tennessee. 8. acuminata. 9.
fioribimda. Discovered and so named by the late Mr.
John Lyon. A very elegant species.

Species with deciduous leaves.

10. mariana. An extremely fine, common, and hardy
species, possessing somewhat the habit o^ A. nitida whtw
flowering again in the autumn; its vernal flowering
branches are, however, nearly naked. 11. speciosa. From
Virginia to Florida. I have never seen the \ sir leiy pidve-
ridenta except in a singular locality of a few miles in
North Carolina, not very far from Wilmington; it is un-
doubtedly a distinct and natural variety, but scarcely a
species. 12. racemosa. Anthers 4-awned; racemes secund,
calix bibracteate at the base; style cylindric, stigma indis-
tinct. Leaves serrulate, somewhat pubescent on the un-
der side. 13. arborea. (Called Sour-wood.) Racemes, pa-
niculate; flowers secund, pubescent. Style pentangular,
stigma indistinct. Capsule pubescent ovate; septum indi-
visible. Seeds subulate, longitudinally imbricated.

Principally a North American genus; at the same time
there are 3 species in the island of Jamaica, 1 in the island
of St. Thomas, 4 or 5 in other parts of tropical America,
and 1 at the Straights of Magellan; Japan affords a sin-
gle species, the islands of the Pacific as fa,r as New Zealand
4 or 5, and Europe with Siberia 6.

A a

^66 DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

381. ^LYONIAf. (Species of Andromeda. fViUd,)
Calix 5- toothed. Corolla subglobose, pubes-
cent. Capsule 5-celled, valves 5, septiferous in
the middle, having their margins closed by 5
other external narrow valve?. Seeds numerous,
subulate, longitudinally imbricated.

Shrubs with deciduoire or sempervirent and alternate
leaves; flowers small, collected into interrupted naked
panicles or lateral and axillary fasciculi; peduncles ex-
serted, destitute of bractes. — (Corolla covered with more
or less of the pubescence of the leaves; anthers awnless,
filaments each with an oval dilation at the base; style cy-
lindric, stigma indistinct; capsule subglobose or 'ovoid,
pentangular; dissepiments indivisible; the 5 lobes of the
receptacular axis connate, situated at the summit of the
capsule; seeds slender, caudate.)

Leaves sempervirent.

SpxciES. 1. L. ferruginea. Obs. IJjider side of the
leaves and nearly all the rest of the plant, not excepting
the flowers, invested with brown umbilicate furfuraceous
scales; leaves obovate and flat, reticulated, but scarcely
revoiute on the margin; pedicells aggregated in 3s and 5s
about 3-4 of an inch long; flowers very small, globular-
ovate; capsule cylindric-ovoid, furnished with very con-
spicuous accessary valvulse, which are deciduous, about
half the breadth of the proper valves, and a little unci-
nate at the summit. — I have not been able to find these
singular valvul?e in any other of the Aiulromedas except the
species included in the genus here proposed.

2. rigida. Ph. Differs from the preceding in being
arborescent, with the leav'es more oblong, convex and re-
volute on the margin, having the veins on the upper side,
in particular obsolete or hidden, and the flowers globose.
Michaux also adds that it flowers at a difterent time.
Leaves deciduous.

3. pamculata. Pubescence pilose and minute, upper
surface of the older leaves partly smooth; leaves obovate-
lanceolate, nearly entire, somewhat acuminated at both
extremities, membranaceous; panicle terminal, nearly na-
ked, corolla globose, somewhat pubescent; anthers awn-
less.— Capsules, pentangular, roundish.

t To commemorate the name of the late Mr. John Lyon, an
indefatigable collector of North American plants, wi;o fell vic-
tim to a dangerous epidemic amidst those savage and romantic
mountains which had so often been the theatre of his labours.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 267

A. fro7idosu? Ph. Every part of the plant densely and
pulverulenily villous: leaves oblong-, or oblong-obovate,
partly obtuse, under side furfuraceously villous, often fer-
ruginous. Coriaceous and opaque, deciduous, prominently
veined beneaih, margin revolute, entire, and scabrous;
panicle terminal, frondose? "corolla globose, hispid (pu-
bescent?) antliers awned." Pn. 1 can scarcely entertain a
doubt of tije antheis being awnless in this species as well
as in llie preceding-, ultnough I am not certain whether this
plant be that which he lias described. Capsule roundish,
pubescent, pentangular in consequence of the application
of tlie 5 narrow accessary valvules, which are, however,
much less conspicuous than in the sempervirent species;
seeds subulate, iongiuidirally imbricated.

Were not this group of species so perfectly natural and
easy to distinguish from the genuine Andvomedas, it might
have been retained as asubgeneric section of that genus,
notwithstanding the singular structure of the capsule.

382. KALMIA. X. (Calico-bush, American Lau-
rel.)

Calix 5-parted. Corolla salverform; border
on the under side producing 10 cornute protu-
berances, and as many cavities in which the
anthers are concealed. Capsule 5-celled, many-
seeded, dissepiments marginal.

Shrubs with alternate or ternately verticillated and
sempervirent leaves, (except, K. cuneata in which they
are deciduous;) flowers in terminal racemose compound-
ed corymbs, in one species solitary and axillary; pedun-
cles long, 1 -flowered, tribracteate at the base, external
bracte originating from the rac'.is; buds naked; (anthers
opening by 2 oblique truncate pores.)

Sp£Cies. 1. K. latifolia. Canada to Georgia. 2. on-
gusdfolia. 3. glanca. Obs. Branches terete, branchlets
mostly triquetrous with the leaves ternate: leaves petio-
late, subovate-oblong obtuse, nearly flat, scattered and
ternate, every where smooth, glaucous on the underside,
at length dependent; corymbs terminal, compound; co-
rymbulets racemose, ternate; flowers subfastigiate, pedun-
cle with 3 bractes at the base, disposed in 2 contrary series,
pulverulenily and viscid ly pubescent as well as the calix;
segment of the calix ovate acute; flower salverform, mar-
gin crenateh lobed; anthers opening by 2 oblique trun-
cate pores; stigma truncate entire. A. cuTieata. Obs. Stem

268 DfiCANDRIA. MONOGYJ^IA.

slenderly and virgately branched; leaves deciduous, scat-
tered, sessile, cuneate-oblong- obtuse, with a mucronulate
point, under side glandulary pubescent, from 10 to 15
lines long- and 5 or 6 wide. Flowers disposed in sessile
lateral fastig^iate clusters of 4 to 6 in each, peduncles fili-
form more than an inch long-, 1-flowered, bractes very mi-
nute. Capsules roundish, as in all the rest of the genus.
Hab. v. v. In swamps betwixt Camden and Statesville,
South Carolina. 5. hirsuta. Hab. Constantly on the drier
margins of open swamps, abundant around Savannah in
Georgia, accompanying the Chnmcerops serrulata, &,c.

A North American genus, considered poisonous and
often fatal to cattle; it is also not improbable but that the
deleterious honey, recently complained of in Philadelphia,
might have been collected by the bees from the flowers
of the Calico-bush {Kalmia latifoUa,) which in some places
pervades the rocky woods and depressed summits of
mountains, almost in a similar maimer with the Enca
vulgaris of Europe.

S83. RHODODENDRON. L. (Mountain-Lau-
rel.)

Calix 5-parte(l. Corolla partly funnelform,
and somewhat oblique. Stamina declinate. Cap-
suit 5-celled.

Large or ordinary sized shrubs, with sempervirent and
alternate leaves; flowers subcorymbose lateral and termi-
nal; pedicells; long, 1-flowered, bracteolate at the base.
Buds mostlf 'terminal large and imbricated. (Anthers
opening by 2 terminal truncate pores.)

Species. 1. II. maximujn. 2. pimctatum. Found occa-
sionally almost to Charleston, South Carolina. — S. Elliott,
Esq. ' o- cataivbieiise. Leaves distinctly petiolated, oval,
whitish on the under side, often as much as 2 inches
broad./

Ofvfhis very ornamental genus there are 3 species in
F.urope, 1 in the Levant, 3 in Siberia, 1 on the summit of
Caucasus, and a very splendid and arborescent species, in-
*digenous to the mountains of India.

384. RHODORA. L.

Calix 5-toothed. Corolla uneqal, of 2 petals^
the upper one deeply bifid. Stamina declinate.
Capsnk 5- eel led.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 269

A shrub resL-mblinj? Azalea, with purple flowers; youn-
ger leaves revoUite; flowers facie ulated, terminal.

Species, li. ca7iade}isis. The only species of the ge-
nus.

385. EPIG^A. L. (Trailing-Arbutus.)

Calix large, 5-pai'ted, tribracteateat the base.
Corolla salverfonn, border 5-parted, spreading;
tube internally villous. Capside 5-celledj Re-
ceptacle 5-parted.

Herbaceous subcespitose evergreens; leaves alternate;
flowers in dense axillary and terminal racemes.

Species. E. repens. Flowers fragrant, appearing ear-
ly in the spring. — The mountains of the West India isU
ands afford a second species of this genus.

386. ^ PTEROSPORA.f

Calix 5-parted. Corolla monopetalous, ovate,
margin 5-toothed reflected. Anthers excentri-
cally peltate, 2celled, adnate to the filaments
by the margin; bisetose. Caps2ile 5-celled, im-
perfectly 5-valved^ dissepiments medial; septa
and valves united towards the base and coales-
cing with the receptacular axis; Receptacle 5-
lobed. Seeds very numerous and minute, eacli
furnished with a terminal wing.

An evanescent annual, destitute of verdure, with the ha-
bit of J\fojiotropa to which it is allied. Leaves none, nei-
ther radical nor cauline; stem simple, racemose, flowers
numerous, scattered; reddish, resembling those of Andro-
meda, peduncles rather long, 1-flowered, cernuous.

P. Aiulromedea.

Root .... Every part of the plant, except the corolla,
covered with short brown viscid hairs. Leaves none.
Stem about a foot high, perfectly simple., brown-red or
purple, somewhat cylindric, sensibly attenuated upwards.
Flowers numerous, (at least 60 or more) irregularly-
dispersed in an elegant raceme; peduncles spreading e-
qually around ihe stem, sometimes collected in fascicles
of 4 or 5 each, cylindric, nutant, 3-4 of an inch long, each

f From vis pet, a Wn^, and c-Trepcd a eeeil

A a 2

270 BEOCANDRIA. MOXOGYNIA.

subtended at the base by a longish linear paleaceous
bracte. Calix 5-parted, seg-ments ovate, nearly half the
length of the corolla, somewhat pubescently ciliate, fur-
nished with obscure longitudinal nerves. Corolla mono-
petalous, marcescent, ovate, open, margin 5-toothed re-
flected; dentures short-oval, obtuse, rosaceous, the rest
of the corolla white. Stamina 10, included within the
corolla; filaments subulate, flat and membranaceous, ari-
sing from the base of the germ; anthers small, 2-celled,
traversed by and inseparably connected with the filaments,
of an oboval form, attached by the margin, opening in-
wards from the base, or junction with the filament in an
horizontal manner, or in other words in a contrary direc-
tion to that of the filament which supports it; at the base of
this singular anther there is situated 2 small filiform pro-
cesses nearly its length, which have probably been appli-
ed to the 2 sutures of the anthers before opening? but
this I have not been able to verify; they may be merely
such processes as we find in similar situations in Aiulrt-
medaf Vacci7iium, &c. Style 1, short and columnar; stig-
ma capitate, obscurely 5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled, subglo-
bose, valves 5, coalescing towards the base by their dis-
sepiments with the axis of the receptacle; receptacle
5-lobed, lobes large alternating with the dissepiments;
septa medial (or arising from the centre of the valves.)
Seeds extremely numerous and minute, globular-ovoidj
acute at the base, so as to appear almost fusiform,
terminated upwards by a dilated roundish reticulated
membranaceous wing. From an external inspection of
this minutest of seeds, we perceive that the embryon, as
the umbilicus, must be concentric and probably sur-
rounded by a perisperm, but it may fairly be doubted
whether this plant and JMonotropa its coordinate are not
" deprived of cotyledones. v. s.

Hab. In Upper Canada, near the Falls of Niagara.
I Mr. C. Whitlow.

f f Flowers polypctalous, regular,

S87. *HYPOPITHYS. Dillenms, (Pine-sap.)

Calix 3 to 5-partcd, Corolla pseudo-polype-
taious, persistent; segments 4 or 5, each with a
cucullate nectariferous base. Anthers small,
horizontal, 1-ceiled, at length opening flat.
Stigma orbicular, with a bearded margin. Cap-

DECANDRIAe MONOGTNIA. 271

Side 5- celled, 5-val\ed. Seeds very numerous,
minute, subulate.

Parasitic plants growing upon the roots of trees, desti-
tute of proper leaves and verdure; root densely squamose,
scales imbricated; stems aggre^iated, simple, invested
with alternate scales; flowers racemose, pedicellate, ra-
ceme at first bent, at length erect. Scent of the whole
plant musky.

Species. 1. H. *europcea. {Moyiotropa Hypopithys. Sp.
PI.) In the pine-forests of Canada. 2. lannginosa. Ob&.
Every part of ihe plant pubescent except the base of the
stem and lower scales; scape more or less convolute and
angular (often triangular;) peduncles nearly an inch long.
Calix inconstant in the number of its segments; filaments
pubescent, alternated at the base by 10 very short recurv-
ed filit'orm appendices; anthers excentrically peltate or
rather rivetted to the filaments on one side, somev/hat
coriaceous, persistent, and opaque, almost reniformly di-
lated, opening outwards their whole breadth, and at
length becoming revolute. Style pubescent^ stigma orbi-
cular; somewhat depressed, internally partly 5-lobed»
margin bearded. Dissepiments of tlie capsule coalescing
in the axis towards the base; consequently the fruit never
expands, as is also the case with Pyrola, thejmargins of the
capsule merely shrinking for the purpose of dissemina-
tion.

88. MONOTROPA. L.

Calix none. Corolla pseudo-polypetalous,
persistent; se^^ments 5, each with a cucullate,
nectariferous base. Jlnthers reniform, horizon-
tal, 1-ceIled, emitting the pollen near the mid-
dle, by 2 transverse foramina. Stigma orbicu-
lar, naked. Capsule 5-celied, 5-valved. Seeds
very numerous, minute, subulate.

Parasitic plants, mostly upon the roots of trees, desti-
tute of proper leaves and verdure; root an agglomeration
of intricate succulent fibres producing many 1-flowered
scapes or stems, scapes squamose, flowers at first nutant,
primarily incurved. The whole plant white and smooth,
destitute of the musky odor of Hypopithys, scent when
bruised somewhat nauseous and liliaceous.

Species. 1. M. morisoniana- 2. unifiora. Obs. Root
perennial? roundish, about tht size of a walnut, composed
of a vast number of intricately ramified and agglomerated

272 DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

succulent, brownish, brittle fibres. Stems several from
the same root, squamae ovate-obtuse, 5 to 7 nerved,
nerves simple, rectilinear. Corolla persistent, somt-times
subtended by 2 or 3 bractes; peials channelled, erect, ad-
nate to the base of tlie germ, obsoletely 3-nerved, claws
broad, cavernous. Filaments of the stamina pubescent,
alternated at the base by 10 short recurved filiform pro-
cesses; anthers conspicuous, membranaceous, peltate, re-
niform, and horizontal, partly inflated, 1-celled, furnished
with 2 linear, transverse and margined foramina, situated
about the middle, for the escape of the pollen. Style
scarcely any; stigma every where smooth, orbicular, with
a funnelform depression, and glandular margin, internally
somewhat 5-toothed. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, 10-
striate, septa "medial, distinct above,, coalescing in the
axis towards the base, margins of the valves connected by
cancellate fibres. Seeds very numerous and minute, en-
tirely similar to those o^ Pyrola chlorantha, P.rotundifolia,
&c. presenting through a lens a hyaline nucleus, which is
nearly splierical, situated towards the centre of a mem-
branaceous integument, attenuated below and terminat-
ing obtusely above. The seed is likewise similar in Hypopi-
thus, and all these o genera are distinctly allied to the
genus Pifi'ola, but the singular form and disposition of
the anthers interposes a difficulty of considerable mo-
ment against incorporating them with the natural order
EriCjE. As a natural order, or section, the Monotro-
PEiE may be defined as follows: — Calix superior, 5-
parted, persistent, sometimes wanting, or in the form
of irregular bractes. Corolla perigynous, monopetalous,
persistent, mostly divided to the base, so as to appear
almost polypetalous. Stamina definite, distinct, double
the number of '.he petals and arising from their base;
anthet-s excentrically peltate, horizontal, adnate to the
filaments, mostly 1-celled, opening variously, not by ter-
minal pores. Germ superior, style 1, stigma simple, dis-
coid. Fruit capsular, superior, 5-celled, 5-valved; septa
medial, coalescing in the axis towards the base, recepta-
cle 5-lobed, pendulous. Seeds numerous and very mi-
nute, nearly spherical, situated towards the centre of a
samaroid attenuated membranaceous eplsperm, sometimes
alated at its summit — Plants after the manner of Oro6a?ic/ie,
destitute of leaves and verdure; stems simple, scapiform,
squamose, 1 or many-flowered.

389 PYROLA. L, (Winteigreen.)

Calix 5.cleft or S-parted. Petals 5, decidu-
ous. Style exserted. Capsule 5-celled, opening

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 273

at tlie angles near the base, margins of tlie
valves connected by an intricate tomentum;
(septa medial, coalescing with the receptacular
axis,- lobes of the receptacle simple. Seeds very
numerous and minute, samaroid.)

Herbaceous evergreens, with creeping^ shoots; leaves
radical, alternate, ag-gregated, roundish, elliptic or ovate;
scapes racemose or rarely 1-flowered, flowers pedicellate,
unibracteate; style straight or declinate. Anthers bipo-
rose at the base, becoming inverted on the opening of the
flower, and then presenting the pores upwards,
f Style straight.

Species. l.V. laiijlora. Flower fragrant, exhaling an
odor similar to that of Convallaria majalis. Leaves sub-
ovate, serrate; scape 1-flowered; pores of the anthers tubu-
lar. 2. ?)imor. 3. secunda. F1o\a ers inclined to one side
of the raceme.

1 1 Style declinate, stamina tidscendeJit.

4. votundifoUa. Leaves roundish, or dilated oval, obso-
letely crenulate, partly coriaceous and lucid, petiole con-
spicuously marginated, about the length of the laminai
scape many-flowered; bractes ovate, acute; calix 5-parted,
segments oblong-ovate, reflected at the points; petals
longer than the stamina. Obs. The largest species of
the genus; flowers white, with a rosaceous tinge, some-
what fragrant, scape 3 to 5-angled, sometimes con-
volute; bractes upon the naked part of the scape about 3,
s'heathing; bractes of the flowers as long or longer thaa
the peduncles, and conspicuous; stigma annulate, 5-lobed.

5. * elliptica. Leaves membranaceous, oblong-oval and
obtuse, or elliptic-ovate, plicately serndate and acute,
lamina always much longer than the petiole; scape naked
or furnished with a single scale; bractes linear and subu-
late; calix 5-toothed, points subulate, reflected. Hab.
Common around Philadelphia, and in the woods of New-
Jersey, with the former; flowering in June. Nearly allied
to P. rotinidifolia, but distinct both in character and as-
pect; the whole plant is smaller, the scapes are low and
slender, accompanied by smaller flowers which are white
and odorous, the petals are oblong-oval, about equal in
length with the stamina which become fulvous, segments
of the calix semlovate and dilated; scape acutely trique-
trous, rarely convolute; style very long, stigma annulate
5-lobed.

6. chiarantha. Stamina slightly ascending; style twice
their length, clavaie, deflected and recurved; raceme

274 DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

many-flowered; calix (appressecl) shorter than the stami-
na. (Leaves ojjaque, roundish, lamina shorter that the
petiole. )~S\vartz, in Stockholm Trans. 1810. p. 190. t.
5. A very correct fig-ure. P. asarifoUa. Michaux, Flor.
Am. 1. p. 251. P. convoliita. W. Barton, Prodr. Flor.
Philad. p. 50. ,Hab. Recently discovered in Sweden by
Swartz. Abundant in the sandy pine forests of New Jer-
sey, nearPliiladelphia, &c. Obs. Leaves smaller ihan in
P. rolundifolia, dark-green and not lucid, roundish-oval
or more dilated and emarginate, margin obsoletely and
repandly crenulate, lamina mostly longer than the petiole
which is neany destitute of a margin; scape naked, or
w^ith a single scale, acutely triquetrous, often remarkably
convolute; bractes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the pe-
duncles; calix 5-toothed, segments subsemi-ovaie, dilated,
subacute, appressed to the corolla; flowers greenish, and
almost destitute of odor; petals nearly equal with the sta-
mina; stigma annulate, 5-lobed, viscid; capsule roundish,
umbilicately depressed, margins of the valves connected
by an intricate tomentum, free at the base.

7. dentata. Rees Encycl. under. iPj/ro/«, with the 2 fol-
lowing. 8. aphylla. A 'species said to be destitute of
leaves. 9. picta. Leaves ovate, subserrate, discoloured,
flowers secund, pores of tlie anthers tubular. — Collected
by A. Menzies, Esq. on the North West coast of Ameri-
ca, with the 2 preceding.

A genus almost equally indigenous to Northern Eu-
rope, Asia, and North America.

390. CHIMAPHILA. Furslu (Umbellate Win-
ter-green.)

Calix 5-toothed. Petals 5. Style very short,
immersed in the germ; >S^f%ma annulate, orbicu-
lar, with a 5-!obed disk. Filaments stipitate;
stipe discoid, ciliate. Capsule 5 celled, opening
from the summit, margins unconnected.

Low suflTruticose plants with evergreen serrated leaves,
almost verticillately aggregated; scapes naked, umbellate.
Anthers biporose at the base, becoming inverted in inflo-
rescence.

Species. 1. C wnbellata. Oes. Stem proliferous; sta-
rnina sometimes 12 with 6 petals, &c. proper filaments ari-
sing from so many pedicells about the same length, which
are thick, angular, and acutely terminated below, discoid
above, with a ciliate or pubescent raargm, disk violace-

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 275

ous; anthers spotted, pores truncate, divergent; germ sur-
rounded at the base by a glandular ring. Style extreme-
ly short, hid in the umbilical depression of the germ; stig-
ma convex, orbicular, disk cloven into 5 angular segments;
germ somewhat conic. Capsule 5-celled; septa medial,
arclncially bipartile, coalescing below in the receptacular
axis, margins of" the valves destitute of connecting fila-
ments, beginning to open at the summit; receptacle o-Io-
bed, pendulous, lobes bipartile. Seeds similar to Pijrola.

2. ftiaculata. — Scape 1 to S-fiov.ered, sometimes with 12
stamina and 6 petals, flowers white; disk of the stipe
which supports the filaments entirely villous; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, incisely serrate, discolored. Hab. Indigenous
also to the North West Coast of America. — Menzies.

Probably both species of this genus will be found also
in East Asia and Kurope. — I'he disposition of the pores at
the base of the anthers in place of the summit, in this and
the preceding genus, adduces an additional affinity to the
genus Monolropa; we learn that there exists also a leaf-
less species of J^yrola, on the North West Coast. V. En-
cycl.

391. LEDUM, i. (Labrador-tea.)

Calix 5 -cleft. Petals 5. Stamina exserted^
Capsule 5-celled, opening at the base. (Stami-
na also 5.)

Low shrubs with coriaceous leaves, wliich are revolute
on the margin, and commonly tomentose on the under
surface; flowers white, in terminal corymbs, peduncles
long and l-flouered, bracteate at the base.

Species. 1. h. palustre. 2. latifolium. The leaves of
this species are said to be a good succedanum for tea.
Indigenous also to Greenland. 3. buxifolhim, capsule
ovate, opening at the summit; leaves smooth on botli
sides. Probably a distinct genus, but requires further ex-
amination. This species is extremely abundant on the
highest summits of the Catawba ridge in North Carolina.

Of this small genus L. palustre^ is also indigenous to the
north of Europe.

392. CLETHRA, L.

Calix 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5. Style
persistent; Stigma short and trifid. Capsule 3-
celled, 3-valved, enclosed by the calix.

276 DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Shrubs with alternate deciduous leaves; flowers spiked
axillary and terminal, bracteolate.

Species. 1. C. alnifolia. 2. tomentosa. 3. scabra. 4.
paniculata. 5. acuminata. Some of these species are un-
questionably doubt full. The capsule in this genus is con-
structed similar to that of Andromeda calicidata, except-
ing the difference in the number of the cells, the seeds
are likewise angular.

A North .American genus, with the exception of a sin-
gle species indigenous to the mountains of Jamaica.

593. MYLOCARIUM. Jrilld. (Buckwheat-tree.)
Calix 5-toothed. Petals 5. Stigma capitate,

3-angle(l, sessile. Capsule superior, suberose,
2 or 3-winged, 3-celled, cells 1 -seeded. Seed
subulate.

A tall evergreen shrub with subverticlllated branches;
leaves very entire, veinless, aggregated towards the sum-
mits of the branches; racemes bracteate terminal, pe-
dicells 1-flowered bi bracteolate. A genus; nearly allied to
Sanistena?

Species. M. li^tistrinum. On the margins of swamps
in Georgia and Florida, 8 to 12 feet high. The only spe-
cies known.

594. MELIA. L, (Pride of China.)

Calix 5-parted, small. Petals 5. Lepanthi-
7im cylindric 10-toothed, dentures bifid at the
points, orifice internally antheriferous. Sttjle
cylindric, stigma 5-rayed. Drupe globose, nut
5-celled, 5-seeded.

Trees or shrubs, leaves unequally pinnate or bipinnate^
flowers paniculate axillary.

Species. 1. M. Azedarach. Leaves bi pinnate, leaf-
lets smooth, ovate, dentate. — Flowers odorous, somewhat
similar to jessamine, anthers alternating with the dentures
of the lepanthium. Hab. lutroditced into the southern
states from India, and planted in vistas; in many places it
is almost naturalized, it exists well without shelter as far
south as Virginia, and small trees may now and then be
seen in Philadelphia. The root has been used as a vermi-
fuge, and in Barbary lamp oil is expressed from the nuts.

A genus indigenus to India.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA, 277

S95. TRIBULUS. L. (Caltrops.)

Calix 5 -parted. Petals 5, spreading. Style
none; stigma partly 5-cleft. Capsules usually
5, gibbous, mostly spinose, each £ or 3 seeded.

Herbaceous plants, mostly prostrate or decumbent;
leaves abruptly pinnate, flowers solitary, alternate, yel-
low.

Species. 1. T.* trijiigatns. Leaflets 3 pair, terminal
ones largest, under side pubescent; capsules 5, small, 1-
seeded, muricate, spineless. Hab. In wastes and g-ar-
dens, as a weed around Savannah in Georgia, probably
introduced from the West India islands, allied to T. max'
imm, but cei-tainly distinct. Obs. \nnual; stem diffuse,
prostrate, terete, pubescent, and striated. Leaves oppo-
site, bistipulate, equally pinnate, pinnx always 3 pair,
uppermost leaflets largest, oblique, lateral ones oblong-,
all abruptly and minutely pointed, upper side smooth,
the under pubescent. Calix and peduncle pilose, seg-
ments ovate, acuminate. Petals roundish, spreading, yel-
low;— the flower resembling that of a small Cistus. Sta-
mina 10, small. Fruit smooth, turbinate, pentangular,
acuminated, not larger than that of Pt/rola, capsules 5, 1-
seeded, cristately muricate, attached to a large common
axis.

Of this genus there are 2 other species in tropical Ame-
rica, 1 in Ceylon, and 1 common to Barbary and the
south of Europe.

396. DION^A. L. (Venus's Fly-trap.)

Calix S-parted. Petals 5. Stigma fimbri-
ate, spreading. Capiide roundish, meaibranace-
ous, 1 -celled, many seeded.

Herbaceous; leaves radical, marcescent, alternately im-
bricated at the base so as to produce a sq lamose bulb,
petiole spathulately alated, terminating m ai articulated
circular ciliated lamina, expanding to the light, and re-
markably sensible to the touch of any extrarieous body,
and thus by suddenly folding, accidentally enclosing in-
sects or the smaller leaves of neighbouf;;)^: plants.f

f This sensibihty is said to reside principally in tiie 4 Ci'piUa-
ry processes situated upon the disk of the lamina. While en-
gaged in collecting this plant in its singularly insulated situa-
4»tion near "Wilmington, in Korth Carolina, I had occasion to
B B

278 DECANDRIA. MONOGTNIA.

Flowers in a terminal subumbellate scape. Stamina 10
to 15.

Species. H.muscipula. Obs. Scape about 10-flowered,
flowers in an umbell by pairs, each pair subtended by a
single bracte. Calix persistent, 5-parted, segments ovate-
oblong-, marg-in membranaceous and g-landuliferous. Pe-
tals 5, marcescent, cuneate-obovate and emarg'inate, witb
the margin somewhat lacerated, inserted with the sta-
mina beneath the germ, rolling inwards on withering, at
first convolute as in the flowers of Hypericiimy in flower
spreading and incurved, numerously nerved, nerves dicho-
tomal above, diaphanous. Stamina 10 to 14 or 15, more
rarely 16, disposed without any order relative to the pe-
tals, strictly polyandrous; filaments filiform, shorter than
the petals, the interior ones sometimes petaloid; anthers
whitish, with 4 angles, diaphanous; bursting on the open-
ing of the corolla; pollen nearly white, conspicuous, 3 or
^-angled, lobes round. Style 1, tubular, stigma lobedt
lobes lacerately fimbriate, at first involute towards the ori-
lice of the style, after the manner of the coma in Valeria-
na. Germ roundish and depressed, partly 5-lobed, infla-
ted, lobes emarginaied, cell 1, vales none. Seeds 20, 25,
or 30, black and polished, inversely conic-ovoid, destitute
of perisperm? somewhat about the size and form of the
seeds of Hypericum perforatum, ^\\dic\\&(\ to the receptacle
by so many minute umbilical filaments, umbilicus not
quite central, agreeing with the parallel of insertion upon
the convex and favulose receptacle, which centrally occu-
pies the base of the capsule. Capsule membranaceous, at
length shrinking away so as to leave the seeds exposed
upon the polyphore. Taste of the plant sweetish and af-
terwards transiently pungent, sap somewhat resinous, at
first yellow. In drying the plant becomes black.

Hae. Hitherto exclusively found on the North side of
Cape Fear river, North Carolina, and no where more abun-
dant than round Wilmington. I have traced it for 50
miles north of that place, and am infonned that it extends
to Fayetteville. — This singular plant, notwithstanding the
extraordinary peculiarity of its foliage, is evidently allied
to the Hypericin A, and more particularly to the genus

observe that a detached leaf would make repeated eflTorts to-
\yards disclosingitself to the influence of the sun, these attempts
consisted in an undulating motion of the marginal ciliae, acconi-
panied by a partial opening and succeeding collapse of the lami-
na, which at length terminated in a complete expansion and in
the destruction of sensibility.

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 279

Ehdea; in E. campanulata, the stamina are usually 9 to
12, the capsule membranaceous, in an early state by the
inflection of the marg-ins of the valves S-celled, at length
on opening resolving into a single cell with 3 parietal se-
miniferous margins, the seeds are in many respects simi-
lar to those of Dionxcy and Drosera, both in relative si-
tuation and form. The discrepancy consists then princi-
pally, in the disunion of the filaments at the base, 2dly,
in the absence of valves, and odly, in the central and sepa-
rate situation of the receptacle, rhe importance of the
first of these objections is removed by the example of iSa-
rothra inseparable from this order, in which there is also a
capsule of a single cell, many species o^ Hijpericum have
also separated stamina; the second and third objections ap-
pear of considerable importance, and operate also against
imiting Dionxa with Jtrosera, notwithstanding their other
affinities and the additional one of a simple style, though
deeply and divaricately divided, which we have found in
the genus Drosera. — The liniiis of this little work will not
admit of extended discussions; and we shall now merely
suggest that these plants, if not actually mcorporated with
the Hypericina, ought to form a proximate order.

S97. JUSSIEUA. i.

Calix 4 or S-parted, superior, persistent.
Petals 4 or 5, ovate. Capsule 4 or o-celled, 4
or 5-valve(l, oblong, cylindric or angular, ma-
nyseeded, crowned by the calix; septa medial.
Seeds numerous and minute attached to an an-
gular axis. (Stamina 8 or 10.)

Herbaceous; leaves alternate; flowers solitary, axillary-
Distinguished from (Enothera principally by the persis-
tence of the calix, and from Luckuigia by the form of the
capsule and number of stamens.

Species. 1. J. grandiflora. Herbaceous and aquatic.
Flowers conspicuously pedunculate, germ bibracteolate at
the base; flowers equal to (Enothera fruticosa. 2. erecta.
3. subacmdis, Ph. 4. *leptocarpa. Annual; erect; stem and
calix partly hirsute; leaves lanceolate subglabrous atten-
uated at both extremities; flowers sessile 5 or 6 petalled;
. capsule slender and cylindric. Hab. On the Missisippi
and Missouri, copious; not aquatic. Allied to J. piibes-
cens, but smooth except the stem, w^hich is nearly simple
about a foot high and irregularly angular; leaves about 2
inches, attenuated, but sometimes obtuse; germ cylin-

S80 DECANBRIA. MOWOGTNIA.

drlc 10 to 15 lines long, scarcely thicker than the capsule
of an Epilobium, which the whole plant approaches in ha-
bit; calix 5 and sometimes 6.parted, with as many petals
and 10 to 12 stamina; petals scarcely longer than the ca-
lix, yellow.

Principally a tropical genus almost equally divided be-
twixt India and America.

f tl Tolypetalms', flowers irregular.

398. CASSIA. L.

Calix 5-leaved. Petals 5, subequal. Three
upper anthers sterile, the 3 lowest rostrate,
ijp(»n l{;nger and incurved filaments. Legume
snembranaceous, 2-valved.

Aborescent, suffruticose or herbaceous, some species
annual; leaves pinnate; common petiole, and sometimes
the panial ones glandulous; flowers axillary, aggregate,
spiked or rarely solitary.

Species. 1. C. Tora. In Georgia, and on the banks of
the ^.'ississippi. 2. occidentalis. 3. lignstrina. 4. linearis^
S.mcuvJandica. In most of the Atlantic States and inLoui-
siiin:',a considerable distance up the Missouri. — Consider-
ed an efficient substitute for the Senna of the shops, which
is, however, said to be the produce of a species of CtiJian-
flnmi. 6. Chawcechrista. From New England to Florida.
7 . fadculata. 8. nictitons,

A tropical genus of more than 70 species, chiefly indi-
genous to America and India.

399. SOPHORA. L.

Calvi- 5-to(5thed, campanulate, gibbous on tlie
upper side. Corolla papilionaceous; lateral pe-.
tals (or wings) the length of tlie vexillum.
Legume nioniliforni.

Aborescent or herbaceous; leaves pinnate; leaflets most-
ly numerous; flowers terminal, racemose or spiked.

Species. 1. S. * sericea. Leaves pinnate, about 10
pair; Uuflets cuneate-oval, or subelliptic, smooth above,
imdei-side silky-villous; spikes many-flowered, subsessile;
stem low and herbaceous. Hap. On the elevated plains
of il.e AJissouri, near the confluence of White river. —
Obs. Perennial, stem branclied scarcely a foot high, leaf-
lets aboat 2 lines long. Spikes 3 or 4 inches, not exserted
beyond the leaves, bractes subulate Calix tubulous, gib-

DEGANDRIA. MOXOGYNIA. 2S1

bous at the base on the upper side, margin 5-toothed,
obtuse. Flowers white, ratiier large; vexillum resupinate,
reflected, the claw rigid, limb rounded and obcordate;
wings oblong, horizontal; carina of 2 petals cohering;
above, each with a single denture near the base and sub-
ulately terminated above as in Oxytvopis. Filaments dia-
delphous, 9 and 1, but divided down nearly to the
base. Germ cylindric and villous; style short rising
erect, subcapita'te. Legume not seen, — but the striking
affinity of this plant to 'the well preserved specimens of
^S". alopeciiracles in tiie Eanksian herbarium justifies its
admission into this genus. I am also obliged, however
unwillingly, to state, after seeing the specimen so mark-
ed by the author himself, in the herbarium of A. B. Lam-
bert, esq. tliat this is Astragalus carnosus! of Mr. Purs'),
Flnr. x\m. 2. p. 740. Supplement; he liaving by mistake,
applied the description of the fruit of an Astragalus which
I had published to this species of Sopliora.

A small and widely dispersed but scarcely natural ge-
n-us, of whicli there are 2 very splendid and aborescent
species in New Zealand, which now form the genus Ed-
•wardsiay 1 in tropical America? 2 in India, 1 in the Isle of
P'rance, 1 in the Levant, greatly resembling that wlficii
we have described, 1 in Siberia, and i in Japan.

400. BAPTISFA. VeutemU. E. Brown. Poda-
lYRiA. Michaux, Lamark, JVlUikno'w, (Wild
Indigo.)

Calix half 4 or 5-clcft, bilabiate. Corolla pa-
piJionaceous, petals riearjy equal in length; re:ir-
illam iaterally reflected, ^lamina deciduous.
Legume vcntricosc, pedicellate, njanv-seedcd.^ —
Bkow.v. Hort. Kew. 3. ]). 5.

Plerbaceous perennials; leaves ternate, stipulate; fiov/-
ers in terminal rarely lateral spikes or racemes, in son.e
species soiitary and axillary; \\\ B. perfjliata, the leaves are
obicular and perfoliate.

Species. l.B.perfoUuta. 2. v.niforn. 3. viUosc:. Oes.
Legume oblong, obtuse, subcylindric; allied to aioa. 4.
alba. 5. c<erulea. 6. mcVis. Leaves conspicuously petio-
late. This is the lowest species v/ith w))ich 1 am ac-
quainted, and possesses the aspect of an herbaceous
Psoralea. Stem purplish, somev.-hat decumbent, pubes-
cent; leaves often 2 inches Inng and 1 wide, minutely
pubescerit en both sides; common ped'^xic C-lofun inch
E b 2

282 DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

long, in which particular it strikingly drffers from eve-
ry otiier known species; stipules small, linear-lanceo-
late, acute; legume small with a subulate point. Hab.
?n Norih Carolina, principally upon the Catawba ridge,
where it occurs abundantly in the open bushy forests. 7.
*leiicop]icca. Dichotomous stem and nerves a little villous;
leaves ternate, sessile, rhomboidally obovate; stipules and
bractes ovate, acute, large and foliaceous; racemes late-
ral, many-flowered; flowers secund; legume acuminated.
Hab. In Georgia and Louisiana. (Abundant around St.
Louis.) Somewhat allied to P. ccerulea, but very distinct.
A large species with ochroleucous flow^ers, in long and
dense spikes, larger than those of any other North Ame-
rican species. Stem rather low but divaricate, leaves 2
inches long and an inch broad, obtuse. 8. mictoria. So
called from having been formerly employed as a substi-
tute for indigo, all the genus probably possess this pro-
perty in different degrees, though there is something pe-
culiar in the structure of this plant. Calix about 4-tooth-
ed, the 2 uppermost of the 5 cohering into one, wings
each furnished with a callosity at the lateral tooth.

A North American genus; the simple leaved species of
the Cape of Good Hope being alone retained in Podaly

401. THERMIA. Thermopsis. R, Brown.
Hort. Kew. 3. p. 3.

Ca/i.x subcampanulate, half 4-cleft., the upper
segmont truncate and emarginate. Corolla pa-
pilionaceous, petals nearly equal in length; vex-
ilium reflected at the sides; canna obtuse. Le-
gume compressed and falcate, attenuated at the
base, many-seeded.

Herbaceous; leaves ternate petiolate, stipules large and
foliaceous; spikes terminal, interrupted, subverticillate,
erect; flowers yellow. Very distinct in habit from Cytisus
but requires further comparison with that genus?

Species \.* rhombifoUa. Leaflets rhombic-ovate, sub-
cuneate, under side somewhat silky pubescent; stipules fo-
liaceous, obliquely ovate, shorter than the petiole; raceme
interrupted. Ctjtisus rhombifoUns^ T. N. in Fras. Catal. 1813.
Pursh, Flor. Am. Sept. 2. p. 741. Suppl. Obs. Roots pe-
rennial, horizontally creeping to a considerable extent,
sending up simple erect stems from 8 to 12 inches high,
angultr and nearly smooth, producing a few simple axil'

DECANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. £83

lary branches after flowering. Lower stipules roundish
and nearly as lar^e as the leaves, common petiole nearly
an inch long-, exceeding the stipules in leng-th; leaves
about an inch long, and 1-2 an inch wide, scarcely obtuse,
slenderly villous on the under side, smooth above, raceme
subsessile, short and terminal, 3 or 4 inclies long-, few
flowered; pedicells subvertlcillately aggregated; flowers
yellow,! stamina deciduous, at least in the fruit, the car-
tilaginous cupulate torus alone persistent. Legume com-
})ressed, falcate, about 3 inches in length, here and there
interrupted by abortive portions, but not articulated or
intercepted, terminated by the persistent filiform style,
with a minute and smooth stigma. — Hab. On denudated
argillaceous hills near Fort Mandan. This plant is very
closely allied to Sophora lupinoides of Pallas, J'hermopsis
lanceolata of Brown, and they appear inseparable in ge-
nus, that species wlienin perfection produces a longver-
ticillated spike of flowers; some of Pallas's specimens,
however, in the herbarium of A. B. Lannbert, Esq. have
a single verticill of flowers only as in the starved speci-
men figured in the Botanical Magazine, in this species
the leaves are on both sides closely covered with a silky
villous; the primary leaves it appears occur sometimes
simple but always accompanied by the stipules after the
manner of Baptisia.

402. CERCIS. i. (Judas-tree, Red-bud.)
Calix 5 -toothed, the lower part gibbous.

Corolla papilionaceous, lateral petals or wings
larger than the vexillum; carina dipetalous.
Legume compressed. *< Seminiferous suture
marginated. Seeds obovate." — Brown.

Small trees with simple orbicularly cordate leaves; flow-
ers disposed in clusters upon the trunk and branches,
purple, appearing before the leaves.

Species. 1. C canadensis.— Oi this genus there is
another species indigenous to the south of Europe.

403. VIRGILIA. Lamark. Per soon, R, Brown,
Calix 5-cleft. Corolla papilionaceous, petals

nearly equal in lengthy sides of the vexillum not

t This plant is noticed in the travels of Lewis and Clarke, as
flowering early, and attracted attention soon after they left the
Mandans in the spring.

284 DECANDRIA. DIGYMA.

reflected. Stigma beardless. Legume compress-
ed, oblong, many-seeded. — R. Brown. Hort.
Kew. 3. p. 4.

A small genus of trees or shrubs, with pinnated leaves
and flowers in erect or pendulous racemes, which are
yellow, white or blue. Probably not a natural group.

Species. 1. V. lutea. Racemes pendulous, legumes
flat and petiolate; flowers yellow. A tree whose bark af-
fords a yellow dye, similar to V. aurea. The whole tree
except in the colour of its flowers, strongly resembles
Robinia Pseiidacacia. An occidental tree, hitherto found
only in the mountains of Tennessee.

Of this genus there are 2 species at the Cape of Good
Hope, 1 which is shrubby in New Spain, and 1 called Y
aurea in Abyssinia.

Order II.— DIGYNIA.

404. HYDRANGEA, i.

Calix superior, 5-toothed minute. Tetals 5.
Cflps?t^c mostly 2-celled, striate, ojiening betwixt
the persistent styles by a terminal foramen.
Seeds many, longitudinally striate.

Shrubs with opposite leaves; flowers cymose, in 11. giier-
cifolia subpanicuiate, margin of the cyme radiate, radii
masculine or imperfect; — (flowers in H. vidgans often
with 3 styles and a capsule of 3-cells; capsule properly
superior, invested by the cohering calix, septa marginal;
styles each terminating downwards in a 2-jobed pendu-
lous receptacular placenta; seeds small, marked with
about 10 striee. Proper capsule when divested of the ca-
lix, dividing horizontally above the middle.)

Species. 1. H. vulgaris. The whole plant distinctly
pubescent, more particularly the nerves on the under side
of the leaf; leaves concolor, broad oval, acuminate, sharp-
ly dentate, cyme mostly naked, styles 2 and 3. Obs. H.
eordata? also of Mr. Pursh. 2. nirea^ Leaves broad-oval,
acuminate, obsoletely dentate, under side whitely tomen-
tose; flowers constantly radiate. 3. quercifolia. ' Leaves
sinuately-lobed; ferruginously tomentose on the under
side; cymes radiate, paniculate. Hab. In Florida and c«
the Mississippi, near Jvfatchcz. v. ».

DECANDRI4. DIGYNIA. 285

An American genus, if we exclude H. hortensis of Jndi&t
separated principally on the ground of its producing 3
styles, which is perhaps occasionally common to every

405. SAXIFRAGA. L, (Saxifrage.)

Calix 5-parte(l, persistent. Petals 5. Cap-
sule 1 -celled, raany-seetied, opening betwixt
ilie persistent styles.

Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, entire or divided;
sometimes all radical; flowers mostly numerous, densely
or loosely paniculate, in some species nearly solitary.

Species. 1. S. »4/?oo/i. 2. siellaris. Z. serpyllifolia. 4.
fjidrosacea. 5. bronchialis. 6. nivalis. 7- virginica. 8. Geuin,
S- leucanthemifoHa. \0. pensylvanica. \\. erosa. Ph. Pa-
nicle slender and divaricately branched, by which it is
readily distinguished from No. 10. 12. oppositifoUa. Flow-
ers bright purple. 13. aizoides. I*, setigera. 15. rivula-
rls. 16. sibirica. 17. pectinata. 18. ctespitosa. 19. tri'
cuspidata. Note. x\11 these species, except Nos. 7, 9, 10,
11, are indigenous to lowe«r Canada, Labrador, or the
colder regions of New Califonia. The whole genus of
more than 70 species is chiefly alpine and European.

406. TIARELLA. L.

Calix 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, entire,
inserted upon the calix and conspicuously un-
guiculate. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved^ one of
the valves larger.

Leaves mostly radical, simple, or ternately divided,
scapes or stems racemose or paniculate.

Species. 1. T. cGvdijlUa. 2- Menziesii. 3. trifoUata.
4. biternata.

A North American genus, of which Nos. 1 and 3, arc
also indigenous to Northern Asia.

40r. MITELLA. L.

Calix 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, pinnati-
fid, inserted upon the calix. Capsule 1 -celled,
subsemibivalve; valves equal.

Leaves simple, mostly radical; scapes naked or bifoli-
ate, 1 species produces a prostrate stem; flowers race-
mose or loosely spiked.

DECANDRIA. DIGYNIA.

Species. 1. M. JiphyUa. 2. cordifolia. o. reinfai'ini^
4. prostrnta. 5. grandiflora.

A North American genus with the exception ofM.nuda
of Norlhen Asia.

408. Sx\PONARIA. X. (Soapwort.)

Calix tubulous 5-toothed, naked at the base.
Petals 5; unguiculsite. Capsule 1 -celled.

Flowers axillary, commonly corymbose, calix in some
species angular.

Species. \. ^. officinalis. Introduced, but now abun«
dantly naturalized. This species occurs sometimes mo«
nopetalous.

409. DIANTHUS. L. (Pink.)

Calix cylindric, coriaceous, 5-toothcd, t!ie
base surrounded by 4 to 8 scales. Petals 5,
unguiculate. Capsule cyliudric, 1-celled, burst-
ing at the summit.

Flowers aggregate, fastigiate; or dispersed upon a
branching stem. Some of the species sufFruticose.
Leaves opposite as in the preceding genus to which this
is nearly allied, always narrow, linear or subulate.

Species. 1. D. Armeria. Introduced, now natura-
lized in a few localities in New;Jersey. 2. caroUniamis. A
very obscure species.

A genus of more than 40 species, not one of which is
yet found to be indigenous to either America; commenc-
ing sparingly in the north of Europe, where several of the
species are rather naturalized than indigenous, we ob-
serve the genus to accumulate towards the south, and
passing into Barbary, the Levant, and Greece, at lengt'h
partly terminates in Arabia Felix, Palestine and Persia;
a few species are found, however, in Siberia, in China, in
Japan, and even at the Cape of Good Hope. The fine
hardy and odorous species have been cultivated from the
earliest times, and are amongst those ancient denizens of
the humblest gardens which bid defiance to the inroads
of the rarer foreigners.

410. SCLERANTHUS. X. (Knawel.)

Calix 1 -leaved, border 5-cleft. Stamina in-
serted upon the calix. Corolla none. Seeds 1
or 2 included in the calix.

DECANDRIA. TRIGYlfrlA. 287

Small plants with opposite and linear leaves; flowers
axillary and subcorymbosely terminal. Possesses the ha-
bit of Jlrefiaria.

Species. 1. S. anwius. So abundantly naturalized in
sandy arable fields as to appear native.

An European genus of 3 species.

Order III.— TRIGYNIA.

411. CUCUBALUS. L. (Campion.)

Calix inflated or campanulate, 5-tootfee(],
Petals 5, unguiculate, naked, or partly crowned
at the orifice. Capsule 3- celled.

Flowers axillary dichotomal or terminal, often subpa-
niculate.

Species. 1. C. JBehen. Introduced? 2. *niveus. Up-
f per part of the stem, divaricate and dichotomous; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, minutely and pulverulently
pubescent, uppermost ovate; calix obtu e, campanulate,
inflated, subpilose; petals small, reflected, bifid at the ex-
tremit}', claws exserted beyond the calix, nearly naked;
flowers solitary, dichotomal and terminal. Silene nivea.
INluhlenberg's Catalogue, v. s. For the dried specimen I
am indebted to the friendship of Z. Collins, Esq. to whom
it had been communicated. Hab. Upon an island of the
Susquehannah, near to Columbia. — Muhlenberg. Obs,
Stem nearly smooth and slender. Leaves opposite, about
2 inches long and half an inch wide, sessile. Flowers re-
mote, solitary, dichotomal and teminal, each arising from
the centre of a pair of leaves; peduncles about half aa
inch long. Calix somewhat pilose, reticulately veined,
border 5-cleft, segments obtuse, and membranaceously
•margined. Petals white, neurly naked at the orifice, ex-
serted, but narrow, limb reflected, scarcely half the length
of the calix. Seeds bright brown, subreniform, striate and
transversely rugose. Too nearly allied to C. Behen to
be admitted into the genus Silene. 3, stellatiis. Leaves
verticillate.

The remainder of this genus of 10 species, is entirely
European, excepting C. sperg'uIifoUus, of Armenia. In
the Flora Britanica, and Hortus .iewensis, this genus is
limited to a smgle anomalous speciesj C. dacciferus and
the rest referred to Sile?ie-

288 DECAIfDRIA. TRIGTNIA.

412. SILENE. L. (Catch-FJy. " Wild-Pink.^}
Calix cylindric or conic. Petals 5, unguicu-
late, generally crowned at the orifice. Capsule
3-ceIIed.

Peduncles 1 or many-flowered, axillary, terminal, or
dichotomal.

Species. 1. S. quinqiievulncra. 2. pensylvanica. 3.
rirginica. 4. Catesbcci. Flowers scarlet. 5. regia. Curt.
Bot. Mag-. Stem tall and erect; leaves broad-ovate, some-
what asperate; branches trichotomally floriferous; calix
long and cylindric, petals generally entire, style and sta-
mina exserted Hab. Throaghoat the western states
sparingly from Ohio to Lower Louisiana, one of the most
splendid species in existence. Obs. Root perennial.
Stem erect and stout 4 or 5 feet high, much branched,
joints tumid, branches rigid and erect, and as well as the
whole plant pulverulently pubescent and viscid, upper
leaves acuminate. Flowers large, and bright scarlet, ve-
ry numerous, dichotomal and terminal. Calix conspicu-
oush striated. Petals oblanceolate usually entire, appen-
dices of the orifice distinct.

6. *rotundifoUa. Decunnbent; stem, calix and margin of
the leaves very pilose; leaf dilated-oval, acuminate at each
extremity; flowers few trichotomal; petals laciniated,
subquadrifid, lateral segments shorter; orifice crowned.
Ha3. In the state of Ohio and Tennessee, on the moist
ledges of rocks; flowering from July to August. A very
singular and beautiful species wiih bright scarlet flovr-
ers. Obs. Partly procumbent and diffuse, the stems be-
ing weak and almost filiform. Leaves nearly smooth ex-
cepting the margin, ventricosely dilated, and abruptly at-
tenuated at each extremity; subulately and abruptly acu-
minate above. Flowers few, almost terminal, simply or
doubly irichotomal. Calix densely pilose and soft, angu-
larly striate, cylindric, smaller towards the base. Petals
furnished with the usual appendages at the orifice; limb
about half an inch long, almost like that of Lychnis Flos
cuciiU, dilated, and pilose on the margin, cleft distinctly
about half way down, each of the segments again subu-
lately divided, besides these there are also 2 other exter-
nal subulate segments originating towards the base. Cap-
sule conspicuously stipitate.

7. * Baldwynii. Flowers very large and rosaceous tri-
chotomal; petals divaricately laciniate, stem, calix and
sublanceolate leaves pilose, v.s. In herb. Baldwyn. Hab.
On tbe banks of Flint river, Fiorida.— -Dr. Baldwyn. Ve-

DECANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 2S^

Very distinct from S. Catesboei, but requires further exa-
mination. Flowers pale red and of uncommon magnitude.
8. antirrhina. 9. nocturna. 10- acaiilzs.

A genus comprehending nearly 100 species, extending
throuj^hout Kurope and passing* into Barbary, Greece, the
Levant, and vSiberia; no part of the southern hemisphere
appears to afford any species except the Cape of Good
Hope.

313. STELLARIA. L. (Stitrhwort.)

Calix 5 -leaved, spreadin,^. Petals 5, bipar-
tite. Capsule ovate, 1-celled, many-seeded,
summit 6-toothed.

Flowers dichotomal and terminal, white; stems furnish-
ed with an elastic centre.

Species. 1. ^V. />u6era. Ob s. Perennial. Stem diffuse
and decumbent, dichotomous, having a pubescent line on
one or two sides. Leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, acute,
somewhat undulated, conspicuously pubescent on the
margin and under side of the mid-rib towards the base,
from 10 to 15 lines long and about 5 broad. Flowers al-
ways dichotomal (or in the forks of the branches;) pedun-
cle pubescent, deflected. Calix pubescent, segments
lanceolate-ovate, somewhat acute, with inflated nerves
which are often abruptly dichotomous. Petals deeply bi-
fid, longer than the calix, stellately expanding, large, very
obtuse at the base and closely sessile, lobes linear -oblong.
Capsule roundish, ovate The whole plant has much the
aspect of iS". nemornm. 2. media. (Chickweed.) Introdu-
ced. 3. graminea. 4. uliginosa. Smith. Flor. Brit. These
2 last bptrcies are native, and very common.

5. * elongata. S:em diffuse and procumbent, pubes-
cent; leaves oblong-limceolate mucronulat°; peduncles la-
teral, arid solidary, very long; flowers apetalous. Had.
In Carolina and Georgia. S. longipedimcidata. Dr. Bald-
wyn. Obs. Stem extremely long and intricately branch-
ed, uniformly pubescent as well as the peduncles; leaves
about 2 hues wide and 8 or 10 long, smooth, attenuated
below, terminated by callous points. Pi;duncles solitary,
from 10 to 15 hues. Calix acute, membriuaceously mar-
gined. Petals none. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, sum-
mit 6- oothed, so that it is not a species of J/icropeialon
but a SzeiJaria which renders that genus unnatural
An Ei^rope^ genus-

CO

290 DECANDRIA PENTAGYNIA,

314. ARENARIA. L, (Sand-wort.)

Calix 5-leaved, spreading. Petals 5, entire.
Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.

Flowers axillary or terminal; leaves stipulate; flowers
sometimes with 5 to 8 stamina, and 5 styles. Seeds mem-
branaceously margined in Jl. rubra, and A. media.

Species. I. A. peploides. On the sea-coast. 2. lateri-
jiora. Common in the mountainous parts of Pennsylvania.
3. serpyllifolia. 4. thymifoUa. 5. macrocarpa 6. patida.
7- sgiturrosa. 8. striata. 9. glabra. \(}- juniperina. 11.
iaricifolia. 12. fnsciculata. 13. canadensis.

An European genus and many of the species alpine.

Order IV.— TETRAGYNIA.

315. MICROPETALON. Fersoon. Spergu-
XASTRUM. Mich,

Calix 5-leaved, spreading. Petals 5, minute,
entire or none. Capsule ovate, 4-valved.

Habit similar to Stellaria.

Species. 1. M. lan^iginositm. 2. lanceolutum. 3. gra-
fmnewn. Is not this Stellaria graminea?

A trifling genus which ought to be united with Stella-
ria.

Order V.— PENTAGYNIA.
316. SPERGULA. L. (Spurrey.)

Calix 5-leaved. Petals 5, entire. Capsule
ovate, 1-celled, 5-valved.

Leaves verticillate, stipulate, or opposite and naked;
flowers axillary and terminal sometimes pentandrous.
Seeds mostly marginated. A genus partly distinguisha-
ble by habit from Arenariat but destitute of character.

Species. 1. S. arvensis. 2 saginoides. Common In
sandy helda and upon rucks from New Jersey to North
Carolina.

DBCANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. 291

3ir. CERASTIUM. L. (Mouseear-Chickweed.)
Calix 5-leaved. Petals 5, bifid or emargin-
ate. Capsule 1 -celled, bursting at the summit,
lO-toothed.

Flowers terminal; stamina sometimes 5, and 3 styles;
capsule subcylindric, or roundish. Stems with an elastic
centre.

Species. \. C vulgaUm. ^ viscosvm. 3. semidecan-
dmm. 4. * gliitino^um. Sofily pubescent and viscid,
erect; leaves elong-aied, dislant, linear-oblong, acute; pe-
tals oblon.^, bifid at t!ie point, longei- than the calix; pe-
duncles at length much longer than t!ie flowers, at first
snorter. Hab. Oil the banks of the Schuylkill near Phi-
ladelphia. .\ very distinct and truly indigenous sjiecies.
Obs. Annual. Stems nearly sinnple and erect, several
■from the same root, often a foot high, remarkably viscid
above. Radical leaves spathulate, all rather acute, can-
line subamplexicaule, linear-oblong, sublanceolate, plaited
at the point, often 2 inches long, and only ." lines broad.
Flowers terminal, subpaniculate; petals linear-oblong.
Stamina 10, 5 alternately longer, btyles 5, short. Cap-
sule double the length of the calix, iOtoothed, oblong-
cylindric, teeth acuminate.

5. arvense. 6. tenuifolium. 7- eloiigatum. Pu.

An European genus.

318 AGROSTEMxMA. X. (Corn Cockle.)

Calix l-leaved, tubulous, coriaceous, summit
5-cleft. Petals 5, unguiculatc; limb obtuse, and
undivided. Capsule 1 -celled, with a 5-toothed
opening.

Flowers terminal. Petals in A. Githng^o entire and na-
ked; the rest have emarginate petals and an appendicu-
late orifice.

Species. 1. A. Githago. Naturalized in corn-fields
as in Europe.

319. LYCHNIS. X.

Calix tubulous, 5-toothed. Petals 5, iingui-
culate; limb subbifid. Capsule 1 to 5-ceiled,
with a 5-toothed opening.

A genus of various habit and scarcely natural; flowers
fastigiate, dichotomously paniculate, or solitary.

29'^ BECANDRIA TEl^TAGYWIA.

Species. 1. L. Alpina.

A dispersed genus, but principally European.

320. OXALIS. X. (Wood-sorrd.)

Calix 5 leaved, persistent. Petals 5, partly
connected at the claws. Stamina unequal, con-
nected at the base, 5 of them alternately shorter.
Caj)sule pentangular, 5-ceIlcd, bursting at the
angles. Seeds covered by an clastic arilius.

Herbaceous plants with tuberous roots, caulescent or
scapose; leaves ag-gregated, alternate, temate, in a few-
species simp1r> nv hinatf, r] imitate, or mull ifid, in 1 pinnatft
ivitli the leaves sensitive as in Mimosa; leaves at first spi-
rally involute; scape 1-fiowexcd, or unibellate, and in-
volu crate.

Species. 1. O. JlceloseUa. 2. violacea. This species
appears often to flower again late in the autumn, $nd is
then destitute of leaves. 3. Lyoni. Ph. 4. coniiculata.
5. stricta. 6, Billenii. These 2 last are scarcely distinct
species.

This genus of more than 100 species is, with a few ex-
ceptions in Europe and America, peculiarly hidigenous
to the Cape of Good Hope. Tiie leaves of all the species
are more or less sensitive and nictitant.

221. PENTHORUM. L.

Calix 5 to 10 cleft. Petals 5 or wanting.
Capsule with 5 cusps, and 5 -cells, cells dividing
transversely, many-seeded^ seeds minute.

fierbaceous, and subaquatic; leaves alternate, not suc-
culent, margin serrate; flowers terminal, cymosely spiked.

Species. 1. F. sedoides. According to Mr Tursii
there is a second species of this genus in China, collect-
ted by Sir G. Staunton.

S22. SEDUM. L. (Stonecrop.)

Calix 5^cleft. Petals 5. Five nectariferous
scales at the base of the germ. Capmles 5, su-
perior, many-seeded, opening internally.

Herbaceous and succulent; leaves alternate, sometimes
subverticillate; flat or cylindric; flowers cymose, mostly
terr.iinal, some^^imes solitary and axillary.

Species. I. S. pulchelliim. Closely allied to the fol-
lowing. Commencing in Virginia about Harper's Fcrrv,

DECANDRIA DECAGYNIA. 293

it continues throu.^hout the mountains to Georgia, most-
ly upon the shelvings of rocks and also upon the trunks
of decayed trees on the banks of the Oliio, Stc. 2. ternc-
tum. Generally accompanying' the preceding'. 3. steiiO'
petalutn. Ph. Towards the Columbia. 4. telepJdoides.
Scarcely distinct from S. TelepMr.m.

Almost exclusively an European genus.

S23. *DIAMORPHA.t

Cafe 4 -cleft. Petals 4.', Capsule opening ex-
teriially, 4-celled, cuspidate, cusps subulate, di-
vergent; cells about 4-seeded.

A very small succulent biennial, verticillately branched
from the base; branches 3 or 4; flowers minute, cymose,
terminal; leaves alternate subterete.

Species. 1. D. pusilla. Sedum pmiUum. Mich. 1. p.
276. Tillcea cymosu yO^\\\e, present publication, v/hich see
p. 110, it is however very distinct from that or any other
genus with which I am acquainted. The capsule is at
length coriaceous, its summit nearly flat, with 4 horizon-
tal diverging subulate cusps, tlie cells uniformly 4 areca-
rinate and open externally. Although the fruit may be
considered as 4 ingrafted capsules, they are never at any
period separable.

Note. This genus should have been placed in Ocian-
dria Tetragynia.

Order VI.—DECAGYNIA.

324. PHYTOLACCA. L. (Poke.)

Calix 5-leaved, petaloid. Berry superior,
10-celled, 10-seeded.

Herbaceous, rarely shrubby; flovrers racemose, racemes
often opposite to tlie leaves, rarely axillary; leaves acute,
mostly lanceolate. St\ les 5, 7, 8, and 10: stamina 7, 8, to
20.

Species- 1. P. decandra. The young shoots when
boiled form an article of diet, while the full grown plant
proves a drastic purgative. A tincture of the ripe berries

f From ^'K^f^^P^ ''I, deformed, or contrary formed; in reference
to the friiii, which is formed differently and contrary to the
rest of the SzMPEBVJv^.

c c 2

S94 I»ECAXjDRIA decagynia,

faas been recommended in rheumatism. It is said thafc
there is a method of fixing the fine purple color of the
fruit upon wool, but that a more durable red is obtained
from the root. This species has become naturalized in
the south of Europe.

The few species of this genus, about 6, are all indige-
nous to Nortti or South America, except Pi abyssinka^
«tnd P. icosanilra of India.

4

Class XL— ICOSANDRIA.

Order L— MONOGYNIA.

225. CACTUS. L. (Indian Fig, Melon This-
tle, &c.)

Calix superior, miiltifid, segments imbricate.
Fetals numerous, arranged in several series,
those of the interior larger. Stigma many-
cleft. Berry umbilicate, many-seeded.

Arborescent, shrubby and herbaceous species of various
forms, rennarkably carnose, articulated and proliferous,
but usually destitute of proper leaves, mostly producing
diverg'ent clusters of spines intermixed with tenaceous and
pungent bristles or pubescence.

f Melocactus. roundish.

Species. 1. C. manriHaris. Tubercles ovate terete,
bearded; flowers scarcely exserted; berries scarlet about
equal with the tubercles. — On the high hills of the
Missouri probably to the mountains. A species which
■was hitherto supposed solely indigenous to the tropical
parts of America. It appears to be smaller than the West
India plant. 2- *vivipanis. Cespitose; glomeruli subglo-
bose; tubercles cylindric-ovate, bearded, marked above
with a proliferous groove; flowers central large and ex-
serted; exterior segments of the calix, ciliate; fruit ficiform,
greenish. Hab. With the above, on the summits of gra-
velly hills; flowering from June to August; flowers large
and bright-red, almost similar to those of C fiagelUformis,
Obs. Nearly allied to the preceding in habit, but differ-
ing probably from every other species of this section by
the remarkable proliferous tendency of its leaves, which
not unfrequently multiply to the destruction of the parent
plant, it consequently never becomes so large as C mamil'
Laris\ inliabiting a climate which is scarcely temperate,
from the great elevation oi the land above the level of the
sea, these 2 species in this country produce long and
somewhat fusiform roots, penetrating'deep into the earth;
tfwax^ the ^preach of wiattr tb^ upper part of the

2&Q ICOSANDUIA MONOGTXIA.

plant becomes dry, excessively spiny, and almost juice-
less, in the spring numerous shoots issue from the root,
and those glomeruli which have withstood the intensity of
the frost, thus the plants becomes cespitose, forming
masses sometimes of 2 or 3 feet in breadth. In spite of
its armature the wild antelope of the plains finds means to
render it subservient to its wants by cutting it up with
his hooves.

The flowers are generally central, more than an iwch in
length; segments of the calix linear, exterior ones revo-
lute with a fringed margin; petals numerous, narrow, li-
near and acuminate; berry about the size of grape, smooth
and eatable; seed small, cotyledones none, (in the seeds
which germinated with me, 'merely a tubercle similar to
those of the parent plant.)

ff Opunti>e. Compressed, articulations proliferous.
Seeds larger, with 2 distinct cotyledones]

3. Opiintia. (Common Indian Fig, or Prickly-Pear.) Ar-
ticulations compressed, ovate; spines double, exterior
ones strong and subulate, often deciduous, interior seta-
ceous; fruit succulent, smooth. Had. Common in sandy
fields from New Jersey to Florida. — Cotyledones 2, rolled
hori^^ont ally around the radicle, which is directed towards
the umbilicus.

4. *Jerox. Articulately proliferous; articulations larger,
nearly circular and very spiny; spines double, larger
spines radiate persistent; flowers numerous; fruit dry and
spiny. Hab. In arid situations on the plains of the Mis-
souri, common. Ous. A much larger plant than C. opuu'
tia to which it is nearly allied; exterior spines radiate,
with one of them central, solitary and erect; flowers ag-
gregated, marginal, dilute sulphur yellow, rosaceous to-
wards the base; petals subemarginate. Style tiiick, stig-
mas 8 to 10 greenish. Colytedones 2, distinct. Flowering
in July. Upon this species I found the Coccus coccinelU-

Jems.

5. * fragilis. Articulately proliferous; articulations
short and oblong, somewhat terete, doubly spiny and fra-
gile; flowers solitary, small, at the point of the articula-
tions; fruit dry and spiny. Hab. From the Mandans to
the mountains, in sterile, but moist situations, much
smaller than the preceding, and remarkable for its brit-
tleness, the articulations though not very tumid com-
ing off" and attaching themselves to every thing which
they happen to touch, so much so as to lead the hunters
to say that it grows without roots. — Most of the species
of this section have irritable or sensitive stamina.

An American genus of near 40 species, almost exclu'

ICOSANDRIA MONOGTNIA. 297

sjvely tropical. They are amonj^st the most sing'ular of
veacetable productions, but scarcely all referrible to tlie
same genus.

326. =^BARTONIA.

Calix s!jperior, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla
of 10 petals. Capsule cylindric-oblon,^, 1 -cell-
ed, summit flat, valvular: valvulce 3 in 7. Re-
ceptncular placenUz 3 to 7, parietal. Seeds nu-
merous, cofr. pressed, arranged horizontally in
a double series.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, pinnatifid, nsnerate; fl-^^vr^
ers larg-e, terminal ana solitary, vespertine, (or expand-
ing- towarde sUH-set,) not dei^iJuoMo ur i»iHiccsi;cui. attcr

closin.c-, but reopenino; at the usual time for several days
in succession, vxhen closed involute in a cone; small valves
of the capsule variable in number, but curre.>, ponding- with
the placentse, and the spiral striaturesof thesti;^ma; in the
germ there exists the rudiments of a columnar receptacle.
The whole plant turns blackish in drying", on the siig-ht-
cst wound it also exsudes a resinous sap which instantly
blackens in the uir. Pubc-acence compi>uudly barb«d
and tenacious, as appears lo be more or less the case in
the whole order of the Loaseje.

Species. 1. B, ot-nata. Leaves lanceolate, interrupt-
edly pinn&tind; segments subacute; base of the capsule
foliose; valves 5 to 7; seeds i early without marg;in. B.
decGpetaki. Bot. Mag-. Obs. The wl.ole plant, except
the petals more or less scabrous with short barbed hairs.
Biennial; root loner, succulent and fusiform. Stem irre-
gularly ang-ular and much branched, 2 to 4 feet hip^h.
Leaves alternate, sessile, oblon.c^-lanceolate, interruptedly
and sinuately pinnatifid, 6 to 8 inches long; segments 3 to
6 lines in leng-ih, incurved, generally with 1 or 2 dentures
on the lower side; uppermost leaves ovate-lanceolate, or
dilated at the base. Calls inseparably investing the germ,
border 5-cleft, superior, segments lanceolaie, acumi-
nate, persistent, an inch long. Flowers odorous, yellow-
ish white, of uncommon magnitude alirost resembling
some species of Cacti's, solitary and terminal, sessile.
Petals 10, lanceolate-ovate, concave and spreading, con-
spicuously unguiculate, acute, numerously nerved, insert-
ed upon the ctlix, about 2 inches long, the 5 interior
somewhat smaller. Stamina very numerous, from 200 to
250 more or less, a little shorter than the corolla and ia;

£98 ICOSANDHIA MONOGYNIA.

serted also upon the calix; filaments scarcely attenuated,
filiform; anthers small, oblong-, distinct, inserted upon
the subulate summit of the filament, about a line in leng-th,
2-celled. Germ appearinpr inferior, being- inseparably in-
vestt-d by the lower part of the calix. Style filiform, a lit-
tle lon,^er than the stamina, ubular, arising- from the cen-
tre of the valves, longitudinally and spirally striate, nec-
tariferous at the base, striae 5 to 7 corresponding in num-
ber with the valves of the capsule; distinct stigmu none.
Capsule cylindric-oblong, 1-celled, terminated by the per-
sistent calix; summit flat and orbicular, valvular, valves 5
to 7, opening from the centre; receptacle parietal, placen-
tulae 5 to 7, succulent, 2 rows of seeds in each. Seeds
numeroLis, flat, subovate, nearly immarginaie; embryon

ledoiies 2, flat, white; rad'^'l* ""^^^^ilical, inferior, exsei-t-
cd, plumule inc(;iispicuous. Hae. On tlie banks of the
Missouri in broken argillaceous soils. Flowering from
the latter end of August through September, and into
Octobc, but never in July.f

I In reply to the Insinuations of Mr. Pursh, under this article,
Imust here remark, that he could not possibly have had any
authority to assert, or even suppose me capable of disputing
with the late indefatigable and unfortunate M. Lewis, the dis-
covery of this plant: this charge is merely a subterfuge. Mr.
Pursh, before he had perused the notes which I had made from
the living plant on tiie Missouri, with an intention of rendering
them public, had not then, by his own acknowledgment, any thing
like materials for publishing this genus, my friend A. B. Lam-
Ijert, Esq. Vice President of the Linr.oan Society, can also aver
the trutli of this statement. Mv. V. possessed merely an im-
perfect capsule of the plant, which M. Lewis had collected
while descending the Missouri, he not having seen it then at
the time of flowering; the collections made by that gentleman
while ascending the Missouri were unfortunately lost, and it is
only in that collection, according to thetimie of the year, which
he could possibly have had flowering specimens, of this late au-
tumnal plant. This unfortunate want of fidelity, prevented me
from communicating to Mr. P. Pursh, many of the plants which
now appear in this work. Appeals to the public are to me ex-
tremely irksome, but silence on such an occasion would have
been indeed the most degiading condemnation, and a tacit sub-
mission to reiterated injustice. It was not surely honourable
in Frederick Pursh, whom I still esteem as an able botanist,
to snatch from me the little imaginary credit due to enthjisias*

ICOSANDRIA MONOGTNIA. 299

2. nuda. Leaves sublanceolale, interruptedly pinnati-
fid, segments obtuse, capsule naked, valves 3, seeds mar-
ginated; exierior stamina petaloid often sterile. Hab.
Near the Creat Bend of the Missouri, on gravelly hills, ap-
parently perennial, at least often existing 3 or 4 years,
judging from remaining vestiges. Obs. Possessing alt
the habits of the preceding, the specific character ex-
cepted. Obs. Leaves subcanescently hirsute, asperate,
pubescence short and appressed, hairs subulate and dia-
phanous, (through a common lens) repeatedly barbed from
the point to the base, after the manner of this and the
following genus; but never glandulous. Flowers smaller
than the preceding, of the same color, and making a
nearer approach towards MentzeUa by the external pC'
taloid filaments.

The genus Bartonia one of the most singular and splen-
did m North America, appears to be distinctly concate-
nated with Loasa and MentzeUa, but approaches nearer to
the latter than the former, indeed nothing essentially se-
parates it from this genus, except the augmention of pe-
tals and the structure of the capsule and seeds, but these
exceptions on the other hand approximate it to Loasa,
from which it is e' sentially distinguished by the absence
of lepanthia or internal heteromorphous petals, by the un-
connected disposition of the stamina which are more nu-
merous, and also by the inferior position of the germ and
the perfect flatness of the converging valves of the calix.
— We have here for our reflection an additional proof of
the wonderful harmony of Nature, and a recommenda-
tion to the philosophical study of natural affinities. — Can
we be better employed than in occasionally contemplating
and demonstrating this vast and infinite chain, in which
even we ourselves are subservient^ — a mysterious but
sublime concatenation, to us without beginning and with-
out end!

S27. MENTZELIA. Plumier. L.

Calix 5-cleft, superior, deciduous. Petals 5.
Capsule inferior, 1 -celled, c>'lindric, 3 to 6 seed-
ed, summit flat, 3-vaIved. Seeds oblong, part-
ly angular, longitudinally arranged.

A genus of herbaceous and asperate plants clothed with
multibarbe hairs; leaves alternate more or less ovate and

tic researches made at the most imminent risk of persona!
safety!

200 ICOSANDRIA MOXOGYNIA.

crenate; flowers dichotomal and terminal, solitary, yel-
low; exterior stamina petaloid or all fertile, from 20 to 30.
Species. 1. M. * aurea. Stem dichotomous; leaves
lanceolate-ovate, deeply and ang-ularly crenate; flowers
dichotomal, sessile; petals oval, acuminate, entire; cap-
sule about 3-seeded. Hab. On the shelving-s of rocks,
, and rocky hills, Louisiana, near tjie lead mines of St Louis,
and on the banks of the Missouri, below the confluence
of the Platte. Obs. The wiiole plant is extremely aspe-
rate and tenaceous; pubescence repeatedly barbed. Koot
succulent and tuberous; stems about \J, inches high, di-
varicate and dichotomously branched. Leaves 10 to 15
lines long", sessile, 6 to 8 lines wide, tlie upj)ermosi ovate,
the lower attenuated at both extremities, subacute; mai^
gin particularly toward the middle deeply and inc.sely
crenate. Flowers solitary, of a deep golden yellow,
scarcely a third part so lajge as those of M. Idspida but
very elegant in form, steliately expanding, about 8 lines
in diameter, very evanescent, opening to the sun only
about 4 hours. Calix persistent, segments narrow and
linear. Stamina all equal and fertile, none of th«m peta-
loid, 20 to 22, nearly as long as the corolla; filaments sub-
ulate; anthers terminal distinct, small and nearly round.
Style filiform, the length of the stamina, convolute, mark-
ed with 3 long-itudinal striae as in Bartoniu^ also corres-
ponding with the number ofralves and seeds in the cap-
sule, stigma none. Capsule c}lindric, sessile, very small.
Seeds about 5, linear-oblong, smooth, subangular, nearly
the whole length of" the capsule, or longitudinally arrang-
ed. (The seeds of M. hispida according to the descrip-
tion of Cavanillts, are very asperate.") This species ap-
pears to be considerably allied to M. aspera, deciding
from figures and description.

528. DECLMARIA. L.

Calix superior 8 to 10 cleft. Petals S to 10.
Capsule 7 to 9-celled, many-seeded. Seeds sub-
ulate, minute.

Sarmentose twining shrubs with ovate leaves; flowers
in cor}Tnbose panicles white and odorous. Stamina 16
to 25. '

Species. l.D.barbara. 2. sarmentosa. A genus pecu-
liar to the southern states of America.

529. PHILADELPHUS. L. (Mot k-Orange.)
Calix superior, turbinate, 4 or rarely 5-cleft.

ICOSANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. SOI

Petals 4 or 5. Stigma 4-cleft. Capsule 4 or 5-
celled, many-seeded.

Shrubs with opposite impunctate leaves; flowers oppo-
site or terminal, partly spiked or corymbose, white, each
of them bracteolate. (Fruit gn^oved, inseparably inA-est-
ed b}' the calix; separable into 4 or 5 parts, each part hav-
ing a dorsal cleft and inflected margins which are united
inwards towards the base.)

Species. 1. i*. inodorus. 2. Lewisii.. Ph. 3. grandi'
fronts. 4. * hirsutus. Style and stigma undivided; leaves
oblong-ovate acute, sharply and angularly denticulate, up-
per side hirsute, the under whiteish and hirsutely villous;
branchlets about o-flowered; peduncle bibracteate near the
summit. Hab. On the rocky banks of French Broad river,
Tennessee, near the Warm Springs, abundant. Obs. A
smaller shrub than any of tlie preceding with slender vir-
gate branches. Petals almost uniformly 4, dilated ovate,
or broad oval, very obtuse, mostly oblique, slightly emar-
ginate, pure white; segments of the calix subsemiovate, a-
cute, and villous; st} le shorter than the stamina, simple,
stigma clavate, undivided, 4-grooved.

A North American genus, v/ith the exception of P. co^
ronarhis.

S30. CHRYSOBALANUS. L. (Cocoa Plum.)
Calix 5-cleft, ittferior. Petals 5. Style late-
ral. Lrupt prunifonnj luit 5-grooved, 5-valv-
ed, 1 -seeded.

Arborescent or sufTruticose; leaves entire, stipulate;
flowers paniculalely racemose, axiliaiy and terminal; drupe
esculent.

Species. 1. C oblongifoJiKs. Obs. A low sufFrutlcose
plant, rarely more than a foot high, but running horizon-
tally to a considerable extent; stipules very minute, leaves
sessile, cuneate-oblong, 3 or 4 inches in length, seldom
more than 1 in breadth, coriaceous, prominently and reti-
culately veined, shining on both surfaces, partly semper-
virent, margin obsoletely crenulate, the under surface,
sometimes, though rarely, white and tomentose. "The
panicle, which is terminal, is also very far from being
large; the peduncles of the panicle are almost uniform-
ly 3-flowered; drupe, or rather berry, cylindric-oblong,
olivetbrmed, the shell merely coriaceous, v. v. In the
sandy pine forrests of Georgia, not far from Augusta.

Of this genus there is another species indigenous to the
West India islands.

D d

S02 ICOSANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

331. PRUNUS. L. (Plum and Cherry.)

Calix inferior, 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5.
StijU terminal. Drupe even, nut with a some-
what prominent suture.

Trees with alternate stipulate leaves, generally serrated
on the marjjin and in some species glandular towards the
base, in a few the leaves are sempervirent; flowers earlier
than the leaves in the plums, later than the leaves in the
cherries, aggregated, corymbose, or racemose.

Species. l.V.virginiana. 2. serotijia. o. canadensis.
4. coroUma7ia. (Evergreen Carolina Cherry-tree.) 5. sem-
perfiorens. 6. borealis. 7 ■ pensylvanica. 8. nigra. 9. hie-
malis. iO. pygmaa. 11. piibescens. 12. pumila. 3. depres-
aa. Ph. I*. Susgnehaima] W/i\ld. enum. 519. On the sum-
mits of the highest hills in upper Louisiana to the Kocky
Mountains, where it sometimes produces fruit at the
height of 3 or 4 inches from the ground; on the shores of
Lake Huron the same species attains the height of 2 or 3
feet. 14. Chicasa. In the United States, hitherto disco-
vered only in the vicinity of ancient Indian stations; it ap-
pears to have been cultivated by the aborigines, but its
original site is unknown. 15. wuintima. Tlie fruit rather
small, and scarcely eatable. 16. cerasifera. 17. spinosa.
The Sloe. I'hese 2 last are unquestionably introduced
and scarcely naturalized.

Principally a North American genus; there are at the
same time 7 species in Japan, 1 in China, 7 in Europe, 2
in the West India islands, 1 indigenous to the mountains
of Crete and Lebanon, the poisonous but ornamental Lau-
rel from the Levant. P. Cerasus, the con.Tnon cherry,
and P. domestical the plum, although variously claimed in
Europe, have been probably introduced from Persia or
the East.

S32. TIGAREA. Aiiblet.

Calix inferior, 5-cleft. Tetals 5. Capsule 1-
seeded, oblons:, acuminate, pubescent, opening
internally and longitudinally.

A tropical genus as far as described by Aublet and al-
most exclusively American, comprehending shrubs which
are said to be sarmentose, having entire leaves which are
usually scabrous and stipulate, producing flowers in axil-
lary racemes; a habit so diverse from the plant described
by Mr. Pursh, as to render the identity of genus extreme-
ly doubtful; in this plant, wliich appears to be a low, erect,
and much branched gemmiferous shrub, with small crowd-
ed pubescent leaves, obtuse and trifid at the summit, the

ICOSANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 303

flowers are solitary and terminal, resembling those of
some species of Cretcegus but yellow?

Species. 1. T. tridentata. 'Collected in the recesses
of the Northern Andes or Rocky Mountains, by the iate
Governor Lewis.

333. LYTHRUM. L, (Loosestrife.)

Calix 6 to 12-tootIied, tubular. Petals 6,
equal, inserted upon the calix. Capsule supe-
rior, 2 to 4-ceIled, many-seeded. \stamina^,
6, 8, 10, and in some species 12.)

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, opposite and vertlcillate;
flowers verticillately spiked and terminal, or verticiliate
and axillary subsolitary, purple.

Species. I.Ij. Salicaria. 2- ■verticiUatum. Obs. Sub-
aquatic, pulverulent!) pubescent; stem hexangular re-
curved, and often taking root at the extremities, some-
times suffruticose, leaves lanceolate, opposite and ter-
nately verticiliate, attenuated at both ends. Calix 6,
8, 10 or 12-tootlied. Flowers axillary, verticiliate, biter-
nately aggregated. Petals 5 or 6. Stamina 8, 10, and 12,
much exserted, petals undulated. Capsule roundish, al-
ways 3 or 4-celied, dissepiments marginal; seeds angu-
lar. 3. virgatum. 4. alatnm? Ph. Smooth and virgate-
ly branched; leaves opposite, cordate-ovate, acute, sub-
petiolate, with a somewhat scabrous margin; angles of the
stem marginated; flowers axillary, solitary, much longer
than the leaves, minutely petiolate, hexandrous. Obs. A
▼ery elegant and ornamental species; branches brown, at
first erect, at length recurved, and then sending out nu-
merous axillary branchlets; flowers often double the length
of the leaves, deep and bright purple; leaves not much,
larger than those of Thyme, which they somewhat resem-
ble, and L. Serpyllifolia would certainly have been a much
better name than the obscure one of alaium, a character
which in this species is scarcely if at all, more remarkable
than in L. Hyssopifolia. — Stigma conspicuously capitate;
capsule subcylindric, 2-celled, flowers minutely bibrac-
teate atier the manner of the genus. 5. Uneare. Smooth
and virgate; leaves mostly opposite, narrow, linear and
acute; flowers axillary, solitary, nearly equal with the
leaves, hexandrous. Obs. The leaves appear sonciewhat
succulent and opaque, length 6 or 7 lines, breadth about
1 line; flowers small and nearly white, bibracteate.

6. \HyssopifGlia. Leaves alternate and opposite longer
th^n the flowers, linear lanceolate, subelliptic; flowers so-
litary axillary, hexandrous. Obs. Stem nearly simple or
sparingly branched from the base, quadrangular and some-

504 ICOSANDRIA. DIGYNI^.

what margined, (lowers pale purple. Hab. In the state
of New York.

Principally 8n American genus, exlendin,^ within the
tropics; there are also 5 snecies in Europe, among which
i. Hijssopifoiia and Salicaria are also common to America.

334. CCPHEA. Brown,

Calix voiitricose, tubular, 6 to 12 -toothed,
unequal. Fetals 6, generally unequal, inserted
up'jn the calix. Capsule with the calix burst-
ing longitudinally, 1 -celled. Seeds tew, lenti-
cular, imbricated.

Herbaceous rarely sufTruticose; leaves opposite; flowers
terminal, partly solitary, or racemose; petals in 2 species
nearly equal; 2 others are remarkably viscose.

Species. 1. C viscosissima. Stamina 12. Hab. From
Pennsylvania to Louisiana and on the banks of the Missis-
sippi. (Abundant around Lancaster, and now beginning to
occur in the vicinity of Philadelphia in a few localities.)

An American genus, entirely tropical, except tlie visco-
sissima which extends also co Brasii.

Order II.— DIGYNIA.
535. FOTHERGILLA. Z.

Calix inferior, truncate, obsoletely crenate.
Corolla none. Filaments very long and clavate.
Germ bifid. Capsule 2-lobed, S-celled, cells 2-
valved, l-seeded. Seed indurated.

A shrub resembling a species of Alnus; flowers in a
terminal thyrse or short dense spike, vernal and appear-
ing before the leaves- Fruit similar to Hamamelis.

Species. T.ainifolza. The only species of the genus

S56. AGRIMONIA. L, (Agrimony.)

Calix inferior, 5-toothed, caliculate, external-
ly setigerous about the middle; seta; uncinate.
Fetals 5, inserted upon the calix. Seeds 2, in-
closed in the base of the calix.

Herbaceous; leave alternate, pseudopinnate, segments
unequal; flowers in terminal spikes each tribracteaie.
Species. l.A. Eiipatoria. 2. pan'ijiora. 3, striata.
A small e^enus, chiefly indigenous to Europe.

ICOSANDRIA. BIGX-MA. 505

537. CRAT.^GUS. L, (Hawthorn.)

Calix 5-rleft. Petals 5. Stijles I to 5. Fniit
a farinaceous berry, or small a|)])le producing
£ to 5 bony seeds, or nuts.

Small spiny trees or slinibs; leaves alternate simple,
undivided orlobed; peduncles many-fiowered, mostly ter-
minal and corymbose, rarely solitary lateral or terminal;
flowers M'hite sometimes rosaceous; fruit scarlet or yellow.

Species. \.il. apiifolin. Flow- rs and berries small,
the latter scarlet- Preferable to every other species in
North America for hedges, rem.aining g-recn very late \a
the autumn, being" also perfectly hardy and spreading"
low so as to produce a close fence, similiar totiiat afford-
ed C. Oxyacantha'm the nort:h of Eur(^pe, a species which
in the United States thrives badly and grows up erect so as
to be unlit for close hedges as in its native soil. 2. apa-
tladata. 3- cocchiea This fine species frequently becomes
a small tree and produces abundance of fruit. 4. populifo-
lia. S.pyrijolia 6. elliptica. 7- glandulosa. S.flava. Fruit
larg-e, not very abundant, but of an exquisite flavor, simi-
lar t(» that of the finest apple. 9. parvifoUa. 10, piincla-
ta. 11. Crus gain.

Principally a North American genus, at the same time
there are 3 species in Japan, 6 in Europe,! in the Levant,
1 in In.dia, and 2 in the northern parts of Africa, there are
also 2 species said to be indigenous to Peru.

333. SORBUS. L. (Mountain Ash.)

Calia- 5-clefi. Fetais 5. Styles 2 or 3.
Berry farinaceous, inferior, 2 or S-seeded,

Seeds '"art 1 1 ag i n o u s.

Trees with alternate leaves, which are pseudopinnate,
pinnaiifid, deeply toothed or lobed; flowers corymbose
terminal

Species. 1 -S". amencana. Apples fulvous insipid and
farinaceous, about lialf the size of those of Pt/rus corona-
ria, Svidom containir.g more than 1 or 2 perfect seeds. 2.
inicroccipa.

An European genus S. aucupana, and S- hybridQi ex-
tending within the arctic circle.

Bd

S06 ICOSANDRIA. TENTAGYNIA.

Order III.— TRIGYNIA.
S39. SESUVIUM. L.

Calioc 5-parted, coloured. Petals none. Cap-
sule superior, ovate, 3-celIed, opening trans-
versely all round, many-seeded. Seeds minute.

Succulent herbaceous plants with opposite semiarn-
plexicaule entire leaves, and axillary, solitary flowers.

Species. 1. S. sessile. Leaves spathulate,'flat; flowei*s
sessile, rosaceous. Hab. On the sea-coast, from New
Jersey to Florida. Leaves sometimes nearly linear; seg-
ments of the calix pointed below the summit.

Order IV.—PENTAGYNIA.
S40. ARONIA. Fersoon. Mespilus. X.

Calix 5-toothed, Petals 5. J5erri/ inferior 5
to 10-celIed^ cells 1 or 2-seeded. /^eet/s cartila-
ginous.

Shrubs without spines, having alternate undivided
leaves, and flowers which are corymbose or racemose,
g-enerally white; fruit a small black purple or scarlet po-
moid berry, containing- seeds similar to those of apples.

Stecies, 1. A. arbntifolia. Berries scarlet in co-
T}'mbs, astrlng"ent and scarcely eatable at any period; but
without any acidity, and sweetish. 2- melanocarpo.
Pruit also astringent and black or nearly so, but prefera-
ble to the preceeding. 3. Botryapium. Berries purple,
pruinose, very saccharine and agreeably flavoured. 4.
ovalis. 5. sanguinea. Ph. 6. *AlnifoUa. Smooth:
leaves roundish, the upper part toothed, pinnately
nerved, under side somewhat glaucous; raceme simple,
elongated; fruit black and sweet. Hab. In ravines and
on the elevated margins of small streams from Fort Man-
dan to the Northern Andes. Obs. A shrub 4 or 5 feet
high; leaves roundish and retuse, somewhat attenuated
at the base, toothed towards the summit; fruit dark
purple, somewhat pruinose, very agreeable and saccha-
rine; ripening about July and August.

A North American genus, with the exception of 2 Eu-
ropean species, and 1 said to he indigenous to mount Ida
in Crete.

341. PYRUS. L, (The Apple and Pear.)

Calix 5-cleft. Petals 5, Apple large and
carnose, inferior, 5-cclled, Kiany-seeded,

IC0S.4NDRIA. PENTAGYNIA. SOf

Middle sized trees with alternate undivided leaves;
flowers mostly corymbose and terminal, rarely solitary
and lateral, white or red in the apples; fruit turbinate, on-
ly umbilicate at the summit, saccharine and partly deli-
quescent in the Pear; fruit in the Apple globose umbili-
cate at each extremity, subacid, and at lengtii more fari-
naceous.

Species 1. P. coronaria. Ripe fruit yellowish and
subdiaphanous, always mildly acid. 2. angustifolLa.

A genus nearly divided betwixt Siberia and Europe,
there is also one species in Persia, and a very splendid
and haixly species in China with crimson flowers.

342. SPIR^A. h,

Calix spreading 5-cleft, inferior. Petals 5,
equal, roundish. Stamina numerous exserted.
Capsules 3 to 12, internally bivalve, each 1 to
3-seeded.

Shrubby or herbaceous; leaves alternate, simple, orpin-
nately divided, stipules adnate to the petiole, sometimes
minute or none; flowers mostly corymbose or paniculate.

Species. l.S. salicifoHa. 2. tomeiitosa. 3. hi/pericifuUa,
4. chamxdrifolia. 3. betulifoUa. 6, opuUfolia. 7. capita-
ta. Ph. 8, discolor. Ph. 9. sorbifoUa. 10. Ariincui.
11. lobata.

A g-enus almost equally divided betwixt Siberia and
North America. .

343. GILLENIA. Moench, Spiraea. Z. (Indian
Physic.)

Ca/ia* subcampanulate, border 5-toothed. Co-
rolla partly unequal. Petals 5, lanceolate, atte-
nuated, coarctate at the claws. Stamina few-
er, included. Styles 5, contiguous; stigmas
capitate. Capsule 5-celled; cells 2-seeded.

Herbaceous plants with alternate ternately divided or
pseudopinnate leaves furnished with stipules; flowers
few, terminal, dispersed, subpaniculate; petals elongated
partly irregular; (roots cathartic and emetic.)

Species. 1. G. trifoliata. 2. stipnlacea. Radical
leaves pinnatifid. A species confined to the west side of
the Alleghany mountains, extending as far north as the
state of New York, according to the observations of Dr.
I. Cleaver. For a figure, see Dr. W. Barton's Medical
Botany, p. 71. tab. 6.
Hitherto a North American genus.

308 ICOSANDRIA. POXYGYNIA.

Order V.— POLYGYNIA.

344. ROSA. L. (Rose.)

Calix nrceolate, carnose, contracted at tiic
» orifice, border 5- cleft. Petals 5. Seeds many,
hispid, attached to the inside of the calix.

Shrubs for the most part aculeate, prickles scattered;
leaves alternate, pseudopinnate, in one species simple;
lower part ofthe petiole alated by the decurrent stipules;
flowers solitary or subcorymbose and terminal, mostly
large, in the gardens otten "double.

Species. 1. U. blanda. 2. parviflora. 3. nidda. At.
lucida. 5. gemella. 6. Lvonii. 7. setigera. 8. Carolina.
9. rutHfolia. A very line flowering species, but nearly
scentless; abundant round Detroit, and through ail the
western states to Louisiana. 10. Uvigata. 11. nibigiiio-
sa. Ji. suaveolens. Ph. Merely naturalized; certainly
not native.

A genus ot near 50 species chiefly indigenous to Eu-
rope, there are also a few species in Japan and India.

345. RUBUS. L. (Bramble.)

Calix 5 -cleft inferior. Fetals 5. Berry com-
. pound; acini 1 -seeded.

Shrubby sufTruticose or herbaceous plants; stems most-
ly aculeate, often annual, more or less recurved or sar-
mentosely procumbent, the bcibaceous species destitute
of armature; leaves simple, ternate, digitate, or pinnately
diyided; flowers terminal, racemosely paniculate or soii-
tiJiy, rarely subcorymbose; fruit edible, red or black,
sometimes yellowish.

Species. 1. R Idaus. Indigenous throughout Upper
Ca'iada and en thi borders of the lakes of the St Law-
rer.ce. 2. occidenia'is. 2. rdltosns. Leaves in 5s. digi-
tate, elliptic acuminate, sharply serrate, partly villous on
both sides. 4. slrigosus. 5. canadensis. 6. cnneifoUus.
Ph. Very prickly, but producing often an abundant and
v.ell flavoured fruit. This species grows always in sandy
woods, way -sides and fields, profiting by the dtslruction
|. and removal of the trees which formerly restrained it.
Mr. P. must not have seen this plant in i)erfection, other-
wise he would not have remarked that *' the berries were
hard and dry." 7. hispidus. 8 triviaUs. Dewberry. 9.
Jiagellaris- 10. hiermis. 11. spectubi'ds. 12. odoratus.
(On tiic banks of Wishahikon creek near Philadelphia);
abundant tliroughout the mcunta'.ns, always amidst rocks.
13. *pa'rviJlorus. Shrubby and unarmed; leaves simple,
palmalely lobed; peduncles 2 or 3-flowered: flowers
small; segments of the calix villous, ovate, abruptly acu-

ICOSANDRIA. POLYGYNIA. 309

minate; petals oblong- -ovate, white. Hab. On the island
of Miciiiiimackinak, lake Huron, 14. saxatilis. 15. obovaUs.
16. arcticus. 17 . piatiUatus. 18. pedaius. 19. Chamcemorus.
A widely dispersed genus of about 50 species, extend-
ing from the arctic circle, throughout Europe to the West
Indies, and passing the equator, species are also found
in Peru, Chili, Japan, China, the islands of the Pacific,
and on the continent of India.

346. DALIBARDA. L,

Calix inferior 5-cleft, spreading. Petals 3,
Styles 5 to 8, long and deciduous. Seeds dry.

Small herbaceous plants with creeping perennial roots;
scapes 1 or few flowered, flowers white or yellov/; leaves
entire or ternateiy divided.

Species. 1. D. repens. 2. Fragarieides. Flowers
yellow. This species is also found in Siberia. — Of
this genus there is but another species indigenous to the
Straits of Magellan.

347. DRYAS. L. (Mountain Avens.)

Calix inferior, simple, 8-cleft. Petals 8.
Seeds many, caudate, plumose. Receptacle de-
pressed.

Low and suffruticose alpine plants, partly cespitose;
leaves alternate undivided, margin entire or serrated, un-
der,side white and tomentose; stipules adnate to the pe-
tiole; peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered; flowers white.

Species. 1. D. octopetala. 2. integrifoUa. (D. tenella.
Ph.) On the White Hills of New Hampshire.

A genus of 2 species, comraonto the northern parts of
Europe and America.

S48. GEUM. L. (Avens.)

Calix 10-cleft, inferior, segments alternately
smaller. Petals 5. Seeds awned, awn naked
or bearded, mostly geniculate.

Herbaceous plants mostly producing pinnately divided
alternate leaves, with the terminal segment usually larger,
stipules adnate to the petiole; peduncles terminal or ax-
illary fiew-flowered.

Species. 1. Q. stnctum. 2. agrimonoides. Ph. 3. al-
bum. A. virginiamim. 5. geniculatum. 6. rivale. 7- cilia-
turn. Ph. 8. radiatum. 9. Peckii. Ph. Radical leaves
reniform. Is this plant ind.-ed a Genm? 10. Anemonoideg,
Also indigenous to Kamtschatka as well as No. 8. 1 J . tn-

310 ICOSANDRIA. rOLYGTNIA.

Jlorum. Ph. Obs. Stem mostly S-flowered, producini^
about 2 pair of small leaves, which are connate at the base,
having larg-e divaricate and adnate stipules; peduncles
elongated, bracteolate; calix subcampanulatc, smaller seg-
ments longest, petals white, subovate; awns of the seed
straight, conspicuously villous, twice as long as the calix.
Hae. Around Port Mandan on the Missouri. A remark-
able species, allied to G. AnemoyioideSy but having pilose
leaves and a villous stem and calix.

A North American genus, of which there are also 6 spe-
cies in Europe, 1 in Japan, 1 in Barbary, 2 at the Straits of
Magellan, and 2 equally indigenous to Kamtschatka and
Korth America.

349. POTENTILLA. X. (Cinquefoil.)

Calix 10-cleft, inferior, spreading, 5 of tl»e
segments alternately' smaller. Petals 5. Seeds
mostly rugose, roundisli, naked, attached to a
small jiiiceless receptacle.

A numerous genus of herbaceous plants (only 3 species
shrubby,) with pinnate, digitate or ternately divided
leaves; petioles aluted towards the base by the adnate sti-
pules; flowers often corymbosely fasciculated and termi-
nal, yellow, rarely white.

Species. 1. V . tridentata. 2. emarginata. Ph. o-ni-
•vea. 4. villosa. Pallas. 5. }iirsuta. 6. norivegica.

7. recta? Leaves all in sevens, digitate, villous beneath;
leaflets cuneate-oblong, semipinnatifid, obtuse; stipules
subovate; stem erect, many-flowered, panicle divaricate;
flowers subfastigiate; petals roundish, yellow. Hab. In
depressed situations, on the plains of tlie Alissoun near
Fort Mandan. Flowering in May or June. ^. pumila. 9.
canadensis. 10. simplex. 11. opaca. 12. dissecta. 13. ar-
gentea. From Canada to the state of New-York.

14. * humif%isa. Leaves digitate, quinate, leaflets cune-
ate-oblong, obtuse, incisely dentate, beneath white and to-
mentose; flower-stems short and filiform, procumbent, not
creeping. Hab. On high gravelly hills near Fort Man-
dan, Missouri. Flowering" about April or May. Obs.
Root subcespitose not creeping; leaves all radical, deep
green and pubescent above, white and tomentosi beneath;
flowering stems 4 or 5 inches long, filiform, flagellate,
without leaves, producing a few yellow? flowers but no
roots.

15. fruticosa. 16. Au'^erina. 17- pensyJvanica. In Cana-
da, and on the plains of tiie Missouri. 18. siipina.

A genus ()f near 60 sptcies, almost exclusively indige-
nous to the northern regions of Europe, America, and

ICOSANDRIA. POLTGYNIA. 311

Asia (Siberia.) Are there no species in the southern he-
misphere?

.^50. COMARUM. L. (Marsh Cinqnefoil.)

Calix inferior, 10-cleft, 5 of the segments al-
ternately smaller. Petals 5, smaller than the
calix. Seeds even, attached to an ovate spongy
persistent receptacle, not becoming a berry.

A marsh plant; with pseudopinnated leaves, stipules
growing to the petioles, and sheathing the stem; pedun-
cles feu-flowered axillary and terminal. Flowers brown-
ish, leaves glaucous beneiuh.

Species. 1. C paliistre. In nearly all the western
states and territories as far as Louisiana. — A genus of but
a single species, common to the whole nothem hemis-
phere.

551. FRAGARIA. L, (Strawberry.)

Calix inferior, 10-cleft, 5 of the segments al-
ternately smaller. Petals 5, Receptacle of the
seed ovate and deciduous becoming a berry,
Seeds even.

Creeping herbaceous plants, often sending out filiform
radicant stems in all directions which diminish the quan-
tity of flowers and fruit; leaves ternate, very rarely digi-
tate, by cultivation sometimes simple; stipules adnate to
the petiole; flowers often terminally corymbose, some-
times dioicous; receptacle esculent.

Species. 1. F. vesca. v. v. In the state of Ohio near
Lake Krie. 2. virginicma. 3. canadensis.

A small but very widely dispersed genus, of which there
are 3 species in Europe, 1 in Surinam, 1 in Chili, and 1 at
Buenos Ayres, in South America, a yellow flowered spe-
cies has also been recently introduced from India.

552. CALYCANTHUS. L, (Carolina All-spice.)
Calix urceolate, the lower part entire, upper

part miiltifid, squarrose, leaflets colored, peta-
loid. Corolla none. Styles many. Seeds many,
naked, smooth and cartilaginous, included in
the enlarged ventricose and succulent calix.

Odoriferous and spicy shrubs with opposite and very
entire leaves destitute of stipules, having the upper sur-

S1^2 ICOSANDRIA. rOLYGXJ^riA.

face scabrous with minute aculei, the under smooth,
glaucous or villous; youns^er branches more or less quad-
rangular, flowers terniinal, solitary, petalolJ ii:Lgment3
disposed nearly in 5 series, brownish, the interior ones of-
ten staminiferous, and the innermost filaments sometimes
without anthers.

Species. l.C. Joridus. Obs. Leaves rariable, broad
oval, or oval-oblong-, acute; villous on the under side; the
wood and particularly the root strongly campliorated, so
as to be calculated probably to produce that drug' as abun-
dantly as Laurus camphora. Flowers at first dark brown,
becominj^ paler, in dryin,^ parting entirely with this color
and becoming olive green, agreeably scented, almost like
ripe apples, similar to all the other North American spe-
cies. Anthers and filaments minutely pubescent, the for-
mer glanduliferL'UP at the summit, interior filaments with-
out anttsei's. Seed- brown, nearly as large as horsebeans,
naked, smooth and shining, about 16 in each utricukis, of
a roundish ob?ongform, marked with a longitudinal suiure
. and a central hilum.; shell hard and cartilaginous; peris-
peim noiie, or a small central poHion gelatinizing when
inoiiieiicd; radicle descendant; cotyiedones convolute,
white and large, of an oleaginous bitter tus^e: Capsule
turbinate, as large as a s nail pear, marked with the vesti-
ges of the calycine lacinix, at length becoming perfectly
dry witii the seeds loose, but never opening.

Z. Collins Esq. informs me that by cutting off the termi-
nal leaf-buds, after the usual season, a succession of flow-
ers may be obtained throughout the sum.mer, every leaf-
bua so extracted being constantly succeeded by 2'flow-
ers. For 4 years Z. Collins has been a witness to the
success of this experiment, showing in this genus the ve-
ry Intimate union Vhich subsists betwixt the leaves and
-singularly coniluent flowers. From the rarity of fruit
in the Caiycantlii, even in their native mountains, we may
almost assert, that this genus, rjotvithstanding the consi-
mdarity of its flowers, is in fact polygamous.
, 2. gimicus* On the declivities of bushy hilis and the
margins of small streams near Lincointon, (N. Carol.)
&c. /3. * oblongifiiliusy leaves oblong-lanceolate, acu-
minate, under side smooth and glaucous. Hab. In the
mourn ains of Xorth Carolina, a permanent variety, hav-
ing elongated leaves. 3. Uvigatus. Leaves scabrous a-
uove, gi-een and smooth beneath.'

A >iorth Ajnerican genus v^'ith the exception of C. pr^s-
cr'X of Japan

END OF VOL. I.

THE

<xENERA

OF

NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS,

AND

A CATALOGUE

OP THE

SPECIES

TO THE YEAR 1817.
BY THOMAS NUTTALL, F. L. S.

TELLOW or THE AMERICAN PBIIOSO PHI CAL SOCIETYj

AXD OF TME ACADEMY OF NATURAL. SCIEKCE3

OF PHILADELPHIA, &C.

VOLUME IL

PHILADELPHIA:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY X>. HEARTT,
1818.

District of Pennsylvania, to wit:

****** BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the third ^ay of
^SEAL.^ A])ri!, in the forty-second year of the Independence
****** of the United States of America, A. D. 1818, Tho-
mas Nuttall, of the said district, hath deposited Jn this office
the title of a book, the rii^ht whereof he chiinns as author, in
the words following-, to wit:

"The Genera of North American Plants, and a Catalogue
of the Species to the year 1817. By Thomas Nut-
tall, F. L. S. fellow of the American pliilosophical So-
ciety, and of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phi-
ladelphia, &c."
In conformity to the act of the congress of the United States,
jntitled, "an act for the encouragement of learning, by secur-
ing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and
proprietors of such copies during the times therein mention-
ed."— And also to the act, entitled, " an act supplementary to
an act, entitled *' an act for the encouragement of learning, by
securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors
nnd proprietors of such copies during the times therein men-
tioned," and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of de-
signing, engravi!igj and etching historical and other prints."

I). CALDWELL,
Cisrk of the jyiiiHct of Peimsyhanto.-

Class Xli.— POLYANDRIA.

Ordsr I.— MONOGYNIA.
S53. BEFARIA. L.

Calix r-cleft. Petals 7. Stamina 14. Cap-
side 7-cclIed, many-seeded.

Small and often t^lutinous shrubs wtih alternate entire
leaves, and flowers in condensed or racemose panicles.

Species. 1, l>. raceniosa. — A small tropical Anieh-can
genus of 4 or 5 species.

o54. TILIA. L. (Linden or Lirnc-trec.)

Calix inferior, 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5.
Immature capsule 5-celIed, 5-vaIved, cells 1 or
2-seeded; mature capsule coriaceous, globose,
1 -seeded, bursting at the base.

Trees with cordate leaves; peduncles axillary and soli-
tary, cymose, each adnate to the centre of a membranaceous
alated bracte or floral process unconnected towards its
summit; flowers wliite.

Species. 1. T. glabra. Obs. C3'mes twice trichoto-
mous. Internal petals 5 attached to as many fascicles of
stamina; stamina in each bundle about 10; immature cap-
sule, o-valved, 5-celled, cells 2-seeded. 2. laxifora. 3.
pitbeocais. 4. hcteraphijlla.

An American genus with the exception of 2 species in-
digenous to Europe,

^^00. HELIANTHEMUM. Touruefort. Jussieii.
Se.^raenls of the calix mostly unequal, the 2
exterior smaller. Petals 5. Capsule, superior,
1-celled, 3-valved, valves septiferous in the cen-
tre.

4 rOLTANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

Herbaceous, sufTruticose or shrubby plants; leaves op-
posite or rarely alternate, stipulate or naked; flowers most-
ly terminal, racemose or subpaniculate, generally yellow,
in a few species purple or white.

Species. 1. H. canndenfie. 2. ramuVforxim. 3. corym-
bosum. 4. rosmarmifiornm. 5. caroUniannm.

A genus of more than 80 species almost exclusively in-
digenous to the south of Europe, extending also into the
approximating parts of Africa.

356. HUDSONIA. L.

Calix inferior, unequally 5-parted, tubular and
colored, 2 of the segments obsolete. Petals 5?
(Stamina 15 to SO.) Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved,.
1 to S-seeded. Seeds granulated.

Natural Order Cisti.

Low suffruticose, pubescent and often cespltose plants
with minute acerose alternate leaves more or less imbri-
cated and destitute of stipules; flowers yellow resem-
bling those of Cistusj subsessile or pedunculate; pedun-
cles 1-flowered, solitary and terminal or laterally aggre-
gated; calix more or less tubular, very unequally 5-part-
ed, 2 of tjie segments filiform and external attached to,
the others, the inner side coleured. — (Stamina irregularly
arranged, anthers roundish and small, 2-celled, opening
longitiidinally, destitute of awns, pores, or appendices.
Style about the length of the stamina, siiTple, stigma indis-
tinct. Germ about 3-seeded. Capsule smooth or pu-
bescent, oblong or obovate, coriaceous, 1-celled, 3-valved,
margins of the valves not inflected, the centre often part-
ly septiferous, each sut\u-eor ini})erfect septum 1-seeded.
Seeds pendulous from the sutures, each by an umbilical
filament, 1 or 2 mostly abortive; solitary seed, cylindric-
ovate, covered with a pale g-ranulated integument: em-
bryon immersed in a corneous perisperm.)

Species. 1. U. ericoides. Equally pubescent; stem,
erect; leaves filiform, and subulate, subimbricate; pedun-
cles laterally aggregated; calix cylindric, obtuse; capsule
always 1 -seeded, valves oblong, pubescent. (Figure
Willd- Hort. Berol. 15.) Hab. Abundant over the bar-
ren sandy woods of New-.lersey, Delaware, Maryland,
and Virginia, &.c. Obs. Stem erect and much branched.
Leaves about 2 lines long, subimbricated, but distinct
from the stem, almost uniformly slender, acicular, and as.
in the rest of the genus persistent, enduring 2 or 3 years.
Stamina about 15. Peduncles of the fi'uit from 5 to 8.

rOLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA. 5

lines long-. Calls and leaves covered with an equal quan*
tily of pubescence, segments, after the manner of the ge*
nus oblique and convolute, tlie 2 smaller laciniae scarcely
visible in the fruiting calix, sufficiently distinct in the un-
expanded flowers. Capsule cylindric-oblong, externally
pubescent, central suture of the valves obsolete.

2. *moiitanti. Adult plants partly smooth, and ces-
jiitosc; leaves longer, filiform, and subulate, subimbri«
cate; peduncles terminal, solitary; calix campanulate, la-
nuginous, segments acuminate, smaller ones lunger and
subulate; capsule villous, mostly 3-seeded, valves ovate,
partly septiferous. Hab. On the highest summits of
the mountains of North Carolina, forming extensive ces-
pitose patches; abundant on the romantic summit of the
Table- Uock, a singularly elevated and isolated portion of
the Catawba ridge, in company with Rhodode7idron Cata-w-
f'iense, ike. A very distinct species which I have careful-
ly compared with the preceding, r. t'. Obs. Stem 3 to
5 inches high, decumbeiU. Leaves about a line longer
than those of the preceding species, and to the naked eye
appearing almost smooth. Peduncles terminal, in fruit
about an inch long. Flower more than twice the size of
the preceding, with a lanuginous and campanulate calix,
having its smaller segments conspicuously exterted and
distinct. Stamina 25 to 30. Capsule 3 times the size of
the preceding, and furnished with distinct central septi-
form sutures. Seeds granulated, partly angular. — This
species approaches to Helianthemum, but still possesses
closely the habit of the preceding.

3. *tomsntcsa. Cespitose, and canescently tomentose^
leaves minute, closely imbricated, ovate acute, shorter
than the intervals of the stem; flowers aggregated, subses-
sile; calix subcylindric, segments obtuse; capsule 1-seed-
ed, valves ovate, smooth. Hab. On the drift-sands of
the ocean. New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, &,c. A.
very distinct species. Obs. Stems intricate and densely
cespitose so as to arrest the motion of the sand in which
they grow; the whole plant silvery grey and tomentose,
young stems white with a dense tomentum. Leaves
scarcely a line long and connectively imbricated so
that the points are scarcely visible in profile; flowers
sessile, conglonnerated, brilliant yellow, and much more
elegant than those of H. ericoides. Calix silky, the smal-
ler segments obsolete. Stamina from 14 to 18. Capsule
S sided, smooth and polished, 1-seeded; valves furnished,
with distinctmedial sutures- Seed obsoletely granular,

A North American genus.
A 2

6 rOLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

^57. PORTULACA. L, (Purslane.)

Calix inferior, bifid. Petals 5. Capsule I-
celled, opening circularly. Receptacle uncon-
nected, 5-lobed.

Succulent and herbaceous plants with tkickish leaves^,
which are opposite or alternate, axils of the leaves na-
ked or piliferous; flowers terminating the smaller branch-
es, solitary or aggregated, partly involucrate. Stamina
sometimes 8.

Species. 1. P. oleracea. Indigenous on the saline
and denudated plains of the Missouri. A plant common
to ever}' quarter of tlie world.

A tropical genus, excepting P. oleracea, consisting of
about 6 species, indigenous to America, Egypt, and India.

358. TALINUM. Mansoiu

Calix 2 to 5 leaved, inferior. Petals 5.
Capsule 1-celled, 3-vaIved, many seeded. Re-
ceptacle globose. Scids arillate.

Shrubby suflfruticose or herbaceous plants, with alter-
nate thickish, or succulent leaves, axills of the leaves
sometimes piliferous; flowers terminal, paniculate, race-
mose or corymbose.

Species. 1. T. teretifoHum. Leaves terete, subulate,
camose; scape cymose, flowers pedunculate polyandrous,.
calix 2-leaved, Pluk. Thyt. t. 223. f. 2. " Sedum petrx-
um teretifolium Virginianum." Obs. Root perennial*
^ubcespitose, leaves crowded, radical; scapes elongated
naked; flowers purple, peduncle subtended by opposite
membranaceous bractes. Hab. In the mountains of Vir-
ginia, and in Louisiana near St. Louis. Found also several
years ago by Dr. Darlington near Chester in the state of
Delaware.

S59. CHELIDONIUM. L. (Celandine.)

Calix 2-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4. Stig-
ma small and bifid, sessile. Silique snpeiior,
2-valved, 1-celled, linear. Dissepiment none.
Seeds many, crested.

Herbaceous, leaves alternate, pinnatifidly lobed; pedun-,
cles umbellate many flowered, axillary and terminal;
flowers ydlow; stamina about 12; sap yellow aad bitter.

POLYANDRIi. MONOGYNIA. 7

Species. 1. C. majtis. Naturalized. An European
genus containing probably but a single species.

560. GLAUCIUM. L, (Homcd-Poppy.)

Calix 2-Ieave(l, deciduous. Petals 4. Sfi^-
ma capitate, sessile, S-grooved, dilated. Si-
liquc superior, long, and linear, 2-celIed, 2 or
o-valved. Seeds many, punctate.

Herbaceous; leaves alernate, simply or doubly pinna-
tlfid; flowers solitary^ axillary and terminal, yellow or
red; stamina numerous; sap colourless. In G. vioiaceum
the stigma is trifid, the capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, with 3-
filitorm receptacles affixed to tlie margins of the valves,
hence it approaches to the following genus.

Species. 1. G. liiteiim. I follow ilr. Pursh in intro-
ducing this plant into the America Flora, but 1 have ne°
ver yet met with it.

An European genus.

561. * STYLOPHORUM.f CuELiDONiuM. m^

chaux,

Calix 2-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4. Stijh
distinct; stigma capitate, 4-lobed. Capsule su-
perior, elliptic, 1-celled, 3 or 4-valve(l, valves
revolute. Recejjtade filiform, 3 or 4-parted,.
margimil and persistent, united with the style.
Seeds numer(jus, punctate and crested.

Herbaceous perennials, somewhat resembling Chelido.^
nhim majus, and also exuding on incision a yellow and^
bitter resinous sap; leaves pinnatifidly lobed, mostly a
single opposite pair terminating the stem; flowers ag-
gregated, dicliotomal, peduncles very long and pendu-
lous in fruit, sometimes proliferous and producing a se-
condary pair of opposite leaves, subtending 2 or 3 pe-
dunculated flowers; flowers yellow.

Species. 1. S. (Uphyllum. Chelidoninin (Jiphylluvu
Mich. 1. p. 309. Leaves sessile, lobes rounded and ob-
tuse, subundulated. Hab. In ttie shady woods of Ken-
tucky and Tennessee, also on the banks of the Missouri;

f From, the distinct and conspicuous style which distin-
guishes this plant from all th« rest of the Papaveraceet ,

5 rOLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

flowering' in March and April, v. v. A smaller specie*
than the following-, the whole plant somewhat glaucous,
scattered with diaphanous hairs and the peduncles often
proliferous.

2. * petiolatinn. Leaves ample, smooth, upon long peti-
oles, pinnatiBdl}' lobed, lobes 5 to 7, with larg-e ang-ular
indentures. Mab. In very shady woods on the banks
of the Ohio, abundant; flowering from the latter end of
May to July. Obs. Koot perennial. Stem subquadran-
gular 2-leaved, rarely 3; 12 to IS inches high. Petioles
often nearly the length of the leaves. Leaves large,
about 8 inches long and 6 wide; smooth and glaucous
beneath; veins on the under side subpilose, sinualely pin-
natifid, 5 to 7 lobed, lobes large, angularly and incisel}'
tootlied, terminal lobe partly confluent, often somewhat
trifid. Peduncles aggregated, about 3 inches long, pilose,
arising from the centre of the stem, subcymose, cyme
closely sessile. Calix pilose, abruptly acuminate, 2-leav-
ed. Petals 4, roundish, cuneate towards the base, deep
yellow, nearly as large as those of Glauduvi lutenm.
Style more than half the length of the germ, (about 2
lines), yellow, stigma capitate, 4-lobed. Capsule elliptic,
or oblong-elliptic, turgid, and densely setose, containing-
many seeds, valves 4, thickish, bursting and becomin,^
revolute. Receptacle similar to that of Argemone, ap-
plied to the margin of the valves and connected with the
persistent style. Seeds excavately punctate, and longi-
tudinally crested at the hilum, but not striated, brown
and smooth; albumen of the seed white and oily, envelop-
ing the minute embryon. — These 2 species possess no
affinity which I can perceive to Sanguinaria more than to
tiie rest of the order, but they are distinctly allied to
Chelidonium.

A genus hitherto peculiar to the western parts of the
United States. Papaver camhricuin of Europe appears,
Iiowever, to belong to this genus, with which it agreea
almost exactly in habit, but the stem is branched, the
stigma obsoletely 5-lobed, and the capsule smooth, but is
it not valvular?

562. ARGEMOxVE. L. (Prickly Poppy.)

Calix 3 -leaved, deciduous. Petals 6. Stig-
ma sessile, capitate, lobed. Capsule superior,
with 3 to 6 angles, semi valvular, valves 3 to 6.
Keceptaclc filiform marginal, persistent, Seeds.-
globose striated and punctured.

rOLYANDRlA. MONOGYNIA. 9

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, pinnatlfid, and spiny;
Sowers yellow or white, solitary, axillary and terminal;
capsule ovale, spiny. Sap, yellow.

Species. 1. A. mexicana. In Georgia there is said to
be not merely a variety, but a second species of this ge-
nus with white flowers.

^i. mexicana is also indigenous to the West Indies and
Mexico, there is likewise a second species said to be na-
tive in America; a third indigenous to the Fjrences; is
supposed to be a Papaver.

563. PAPAVER. X. (Poppy.)

Calix 2-Ieave(l, deciduous. Petals 4. >S'fi^-
?na radiate. Caj;szt^e superior, 1 -celled, open-
ing by several pores situated under the persis-
tent stigma. Seeds very numerous and minute.

Herbaceous plants, generally annual; leaves alternate,
mostly pinnatlfid, rarel}' simply lobed or crenate; flow-
ers terminal upon very long and' naked peduncles, colour
various shades of red or whit-, more rarely yellow, comi-
monly double or filled with petals in the gardens, and then
often particoloured. Sap lactescent, forming opium, yel-
low as in CheiUlonium in P. cambricum ^'liich in several
respects appears allied to Stylophorum.

Species. 1. P. imcUcaxde. In Labrador. It is singular
to remark that the poppys so common amidst fields of
gi'ain throughout Europe have not yet made their ap-
pearance in this manner in America. The absence of
the Daisy (Bellis pere?ims^ is also equally remarkable,
amidst so many fields, pastures and wastes overgrown
with o'.her European plants.

An European genus of about 12 species, with the ex-
ception of 2 in tiie Levaut and 1 in Barbary.

364. SANGUINARIA. /.. (Puccoon, Bloodvvort.)

Caiia; 2-leaved, deciduous. Petals S. Stigma

sessile, S-groovcd. Capsule superior, oblong,

1 -ceiled, 2-valvcd, apex attenuated. Recepta-

des 2, filiform, marginal.

Root tuberous, horizontal, giving out a reddish and very
bitter lactescent sap. Leaves solitary, radical, reniform
and lobed; scape naked, l-Sowered, sheathed at the base;-
petals vanable in number.

10 rOLTANDKIA. MON0GYJ«^IA.

Speci2s. 1. S. canadensis- The only species of the
genus.

S65. PODOPHYLLUM. L. (May-apple.)

Calix 3-Ieavc(l. Petals 9. Stigma crcnate,.
sessile. Capsule superior, I -celled, many-seed-
ed, becoming an ovate berry. lleceptacle uni-
laterKl, large and pulpy.

Roots creeping', horizontal; stems low, and 2-Ieaved;
leaves peltate and lobed; flowers solitary, dichotomal,
and pedunculate, white; petals connivent; fruit lemon yel-
low, at first nauseous, the internal pulp when mature
agreeably subacid and edible, more or less cathartic in
common' with the whole plant, but more particularly
the root. Sap hmpid, not lactescent, but probably in
part resinous or gummiferous, after the manner of the
Papaveracecc^ to which it unquestionably belongs, toge-
ther wiih Jeffersonia and Sanguinaria.

Species. 1. P. peliatum. The only species of the ge-
nus.

366. ACT^A. L. (Bane-berries. Herb Chris-
topher, &c.)

Calix 4-leaved, deciduous. Petals 4, often
wanting. Style none; stigma capitate. Berry
superior, 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds ^semi-
orbicular. Receptacle unilateral.

Herbaceous perennials, with twice or thrice ternately
divided leaves, deeply sei rated; flowers white in short
terminal spikes; berries white, brawn, and black; general-
ly considered poisonous. . *

Species. 1. A. americana. Ecrries white, another va-
riety produces red fruit. — Of this small genus there is I
species indigenous to Europe and another to Japan.

367. SARRACENIA. L. (Side-saddle-flower.)
Calix double, exterior smaller 3-leaved, inte-
rior, 5-leaved both persistent. Petals 5, deci-
duous, erect, spreading tVom about the middle.
Stigma very large and persistent, clypeate, co-
hering the &tan\iHa, margiji pentangular. Cop-

POLYANDRIA. MONOGTMA . It

mile 5-celIetl, 5-valve(U many-seeded, valves
septiferous in the centre.

Herbaceous plants growing in sphagnous marshes;
leaves radical alternate, deformed, half-wa)- sbeathiiig at
tlie base, tubular, tube open above, attenuated and imper-
forate below, the orifice partly covered by an inflected
lamina or lid, upper part of the tube dorsally alated,
inner surface of the lower part and operculum, retrorsely
pilose, so as to entangle and prevent the escape of flies
and other small insecls whicii attempt to shelter within
tiie lubes; scapes 1 -flowered, flowers large, red or yellow;
nnt'iers oblong, adnate to tiie filaments; seeds rather
large than minute; somevvhat scabrous.

Species. 1. S. purpurea. Gps. The roost northern
species ot the genus, extending to Canada. Leaves ven-
tricosef.

t The tubes of this species, as well as of all the following, are
commonly crowded with dead flies and other insects, perishmg
in imprisonment by one of tlie wonderful but simple accidents
of nature; — a lesson for the incaiitious! — but no proof of in-
sl\nct or necessity in tlie passive Sarracenia which could pro-
bably well maintain its ve^^etation without the aid of dead in-
sects, a remark equally applicable to many other plants which
accidentally prove fatal to msects, such as the wonderful Dio-
7i(fa, which in its native sv/amps as frequently catches straws
as flies, and will equally enfold any thing, so subject is it in
this respect to the blindness of accident. Of what intrinsic
benefit are fiies to a/ew of the flowers o^ Asclepias Si/riaca and
A. incarnata, for the accident here is far from being universal,
and to the smaller flowered species impossible from the mi-
nuteness of the organ 'P-'^'ch proves occasionally an insect trap
in the larger ones. The same remarks are also applicable
to the flowers of the genus Apocymim, and to the ciliated
glumes o^ Leer si a lenticularis, a property, which if instinctively
necessary to the support of this species ought surely to be
common to all the others, but their structure, however similar,
is not such as to produce t1ie same effect.

These extraneous contingencies, like many others, admit no
more of direct appeals to Nature, than that which permitted
the leaves of the Aspen, and the flowers of the Briza forever to
tremble in the breeze. Still in the ascidia of the Sarracenia
there appears to exist no ordinary degree of ingenuity to ac-
complish a purpose apparently of such small importance to the
pVant itself. The tube often ventricose in its form, is attenua-
ted dov. nvv'ards, and terminated &bo>e by a widening aper-

1^ roLYANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.

2. variolaris. S.favo. Called 7V7/;»/)ei?s from tlie eion-
gation and tubiform appearance of the leaves. 4. rubra.
S. psittacina? Michaux 1. p. 311.

A North American genus, partly maritime, not extend-
ing, beyond the Alleg-hany mountains. Tiie opportunity
otexaminingthe seeds of this genus have escaped rne for
the present, but there can scarcely exist a doubt of the di-
rect asb-oclalion of Sarracenia with any order which can
include the genus JVvptiar. The singular deformity in the
leaves ought not to operate in any material respect
against its admission amongst genera of so different an ex-
ternal aspect. In JKepenthes the ascidia or tubes are
merely an appendage to the true leaves; and in the Cepha-
lotus of New Holland we have an instance of leaves and
ascidia produced separately, both plants of very distinct
orders from the present, it is probable that other genera
will also be discovered at some period in the vast and
unexplored regions of the v/orld, furnished with these sin-
gular appendages.

568. NUPHAR. Smith, (Yellow Pond-Lily.)
Calix 5 or 6-leaved. Petals many, minute,
inserted with the stamina upon the receptacle,
N externally nectariferous. Stigma orbicular, ra-
diated, sessile. Capsiiie cal*nose, many-celled,
many-seeded, superior.

Herbaceous aquatic plants; with alternate floating and
sometimes emerging leaves, more or less semiorbicular-
ly cordate, at first Involute towards the centre of the up-
per surface which resists the admission of water; petioles

ture, surrounded more than half-way by a dilated and finely re-
ticulated lobe, more or less connivent over the surface of the
orifice; this operculoid lobe is covered with rigid hairs bent
downwards like the teeth of a card; the entrance of the orifice
for a few lines is very smooth and appears resplendent like vel-
vet, but is not polished; the Interior of the tube for about half
its length is not only smooth but poUshed, the lower half then
presents the same retrorse rigid hairs as the operculum but
Tsomewhat longer; — the insect descending thus far without
meeting with any opposition, is now arrested on its return, and
becomes entangled by the feet; if it should succeed to extri-
cate itself in an exhausted state, it is again precipitated into
the former abyss inevitably to perish!

POLYANDRIA. MONOGYXIA. 13

lon,^ and solitary ax'.Uan'; flowers lar.^e, emerg-ing, yellow:
petals scarcely distlnp:insliable from the filaments; anthers
internally ad'nate to the filaments. Capsule carnose,
cells varyinjj: but correspondinj^ with the number of rays
in the stfgma, at length spontaneously dividing, and so
deviating- from the character of a true berry.

Species. l.N.hitea. 2. advena. Calix unequal, pe-
ricarp grooved. 3. Kalmiana. Calix 5-leaved equal, mar-
gin of the sti.^ma crenate. 4. sagittosfoUa. I^eaves upon
long subspirai peduncles; flowers as large as tliose of JV".
Iiitea. V. V. II AB. Near Savannah, in Georgia.

An American genus with the exception of jV, liiteOy in-
digenous also to Europe.

69. NYMPH.EA. Smith, (Water-Lily.)

Calix 4 or .o -leaved. Petals many, inserted
upon tlie germ beneath the stamina. Stigma
orbicular, radiated, sessile, nectariferous in the
centre. Capsule carnose, many -celled, many-
seeded, su])erior.

Aquatic plants with the vegetation of the preceding ge-
nus; petals conspicuous, often antheriferous, never yellow,
frequently white, rosaceous or red, in one species blue.

Species- l.'N.atba. Around Detroit, Michigan Ter-
ritory. V. T. 2. oihrata.

A splendid genus principally indigenous to India and
Kurope, there Is also one species in Siberia, another in
<Jliina, the elegant and odorous JST. ccerulea is tlie pro-
duction of the Cape of Good Hope. JK". rubra of India,
wliich miglit be natur.ilized in the southern states, ex-
ceeds almost every other aquatic in magnificence.

;ro. LEWISIA. FursL

Calix 7 to 9-leaved. Petals 14 to 18. Sta-
mina definite, 14 to 18. Style trifid? Stigmas
bilid. Capsule 3-ceIled, many-seeded. Seeds
liining.

A stemless succulent plant, with entire radical leaves;
scapes few-flowered; flowers white. Considerably allied
to the genus Stinper-vivnm and appertaining apparently to
the same natural order; are there not 6 or more styles in
place of one? is die capsule o-celled, and not 3 or moie

B

14 rOLYANDRIA DI-rENTAGYNIA

parted? — Was It not of more importance to have g'iven a
figure of this very imeresting- plant tha.noi' Jlonarda Xal-
miana, or Lvpijws villosusP

Order II.— DI-PENTAGYNIA. (2 to 5 styles.)

571. DELPHINIUM. L, (Larkspur.)

Calix none. Petals 5. Lepanihium (necta-
ry) bifid, cornutely produced behind. Siliqiies
3 or 1.

Herbaceous, lower leaves digitate or palmate, upper
ones often undivided; flowers closely spiked or paniculate,
blue, violaceous or 3'ellowish.

Species. 1. D. tricorne. 2. ozJireum. 3. exaltatiim. 4. con-
aolida. Naturalized. 5. *viresce7is. Perennial, pubescent;
lepanihium 4-leaved, shorter than the 5 calicine petals,
interior lamin:« densely bearded; leaves 3-parted, segments
linear, subtrifid, lower ones divaricate. Hab. On the-
plains of the Missouri. Obs. Stem simple about 8 to 12
inches, pubescent; leaves upon long- petioles, partly dig-i-
tate or 5-parted, 10 to 15 lines wide; spike few-flowered,
flowers greenish white, petaloid calix, 5-leaved, leaves
oblong, spur longer than the flower, nearly straight. Pe-
tals of the lepanihium 4; the 2 internal ones irregularly
concave, small, the 2 lateral larger, flat, and unguiculate ,
bearded, claw sending out a short spur at the base; cap-
sules 3. Flowering in June.

A genus almost equally divided betwixt Siberia and the
south of Europe.

5:2. ACONITUM. L. (Woirs-bane.)

Calix none. Tetah 5, the uppermost one
arched. Ij;panthia 2, pedunculate, recurved.
Slliques 3 or 5.

Leaves digitate or palmate; flowers paniculate or loose-
ly spiked, terminal, violaceous or jcllowish.

Species. 1. A. uvclnaium. Probably poisonous in com-
mon with many other species of this genus. The flowers
considerably resemble those of the common Monk's-hood-
.?. XaHllus.

FOLYAKDRIA. DI-PENTAGTNIA. 15

A j^enus of 16 species, aLnost equally divided betwixt
liie ali)ine regions of Europe und Silpena.

573. AQUILEGIA. X. (Columbine.)

Calix non^J. Petals 5. Ltpanfhla 5, corni-
culate, situated between the petals. Capsules
5, distinct.

Leaves once or twice ternately divided^ flowers termi-
nal, scattered, reddibh or violaceous.

Species. 1. A. canailensis. — A genus of 6 specleSj
partly indig-enous to Siberia and Europe.

374. CIMICIFUGA. L, (Black Snake-root.)
Calix 4 or 5-leaved. Petals 4 to 8 deturmed,
tJiickisb, sometimes wanting. Capsules I to J,
oblong, many-seeded. Seeds squamose.

Leaves large, usually bitcrnately compounded; flowers
spiked, teriTiinal, white, spikes sinsple or punicululed; sia -
mina subclavate, long and numerous, anthers small, ad-
nate to the filaments.

Species. 1. C. racemosa {Actisa racemosa. L.) 2.
foetida. 3. americana. A. palmuta. Does this exception*
able plant belong ludded to Cimicifugal — A North Arner r
can genus.

S75. ASCYRUM. £. (St. Peter's-wort.)

Calix 4-leaved; the 2 interior cordate and
larger. Petals 4. Filaments disposed in 4 par-
cels. Capsule oblong, l-celled? 2-valved, inclu-
ded in the calix. (^Styles 2 or 3.)

Suffruticose or herbaceous plants, very similar to the
following genus; leaves opposite, entire, marked with resi-
nous punctures; flowers solitary and terminal or subco-
rymbose. Seeds punctate, attached to the margins of the
valves.

Species. 1. \. pumilmr.. 2. * pancijloriim. Decum-
bent, diffuse, small, with many stems; leaves approximate,
linear -oblong, obtuse, rather minute; flowers rare, solita-
ry, pedicell reflected, bibracteate at the base; style 1.
Hab. In the open forests of Georgia. Sufiruticose; leaves
little more than a lir^e v/ide, often nearly of equal breadth;
fl^.vers very rare; style uousually long,' simple; stems fiii-

16 POLYANDRIA. 1)I-PENTAGTKIA>

form, terete; larger leaves of the calix roundish. Tife
peduncles of all the following species are brlbracteute
above the middle. 3. Cmx Andr€<£. /3 migustifolia.
Leaves oblong-linear, crowded; flowers lateral and itt-mi-
nal, erect, bibracteate near the base; styles 1 or 2, coruir
vent; larger calix leaves acute, elliptic-ovate- IJab. In
Carolina. Probably a distinct species. 4. hypencoides.
5. amplejncavle.
An American genus.

376. HYPERICUM. L. (St. John's-wort.)

Calix 5 -parted, segments equal. Tetals 5.
Stamina numerous, scarcely united at the base.
Capside roiihdish; cells equal with the number
of styles; 1, 2, S, and 5.

Herbaceous or shrubby; stems cylindric, ancipltal, Or
quadrangular; leaves opposite, entire, often furnished with
pellucid resinous punctures; flowers cymose, mostly co-
rymbose, peduncles irichotomous, S-fiovrered, terminal
and axillary; flowers yellovv'.

Species. 1. H. Kulmianum. 2. pyramidatum. 3. flfi-
cyroides. 4. frondosxim. 5. aynamim. Ph. Nearly allied
to II. glaucum. 6. prolifiaim. 7. iiudiflorvm. 8. glmicum^
9. demifiomm. 10. galioides. 11. aspalathoides. 12. /a s-
ciculatum. 13. tenvtifalinm. Ph. Is this more than a vari-
ety oi H. gaUoiJes? 1 4:. perforatum. Too abundantly na-
turalized m dry pastures, and considered very injurious
to horses. 15. cot ymbosvm. 16. pnrviJJovinn. \7 ■ tripH-
nerve. 18. dolubriforme. 19. angulosum. 2U. spJiarocar-
pum] Obs. Herbaceous, upper part of the stem ancipi-
tal; leaves oblong, or cuneaie-oblon;^, obtuse, pellucidly
punctate, nerves nunterous, (seen between the light;)
cyme naked, pedicellate, twice or thrice compousded;
calix at length foliaceous, at first shorter than the petals^
entire; styles 3, united or distinct; stamina shorter than
the petals, not very numerous; capsule subgloi^ose. Uae.
In New Jerse}-, near Pliiladtlphia sparingly. Z. Collins, Esq.
and Dr. W. Barton. It may be distinct from Michaux's
plant, yet makes a near ai)proach to it. 21. canademe.
22. simplex. " Hypericum tomentosum carolinianuiKy erec-
tum, foliolis bina'tis ad caulem strictissime appressis, et
decussatim positis."— Phik. Amahh. p. 120. tab. 421. fig.
3. mala. 23. pilosinn. Pilose; Stem virgate, simple,
leaves spreading, ovate, acute, somewhat attenuated at
the base, very few flowered. Igon. Fluiv. Aim. t. 245. f.

FOEYANDRIA. rOLYGYNlA. t7

6. A species perfectly distinct from the IT. simplex of
Michaux, wliich produces oblong^-ovate leaves, partlv
connate at the base, and always pressed close to the
stend, tlie whole plant also, instead of being- pilose, is co-
vered with a short matted and somewhat scabrous pubes-
cence. 24. prociimbens.

This vast g-enus of at least 100 species, is very widely
dispersed ov^r the world, exiending- throughout Europe,
we find species in Barbary, in the Levant, in Siberia, Ja-
pan, China, India, Guinea, Mexico, Peru, the islands ok'
the Pacific, Xew Holland, and the southern promontory
of Africa. The vvliole g-enus appears to possess active me-
dical properties in common with Vismict, which affords
indeed, much more abundantly a yellow and resinous
g:ani, acting as a cathartic in doses of 7 or 8 grains,
liic Vlsmia guitifs^ra of Surinam produces a kind of Gam-
boge.

^'T':, ELODEA. Mansoii,

Callv 5-partcd, equal. Petals 5, claws nec-
tariferous. Filaments 9 to 15, growing toge-
ther in 3 parcels. Glands between the parcels.
Stifles 3, divergent. Capsule partly 3-celled,
liiany-seeded.

Vegetation similar to that of the preceding genus, but
the ftuwers generally red.

Species. 1. E. vir^iu'ca. Hypericum virginicum.
WiUd. sp. pi. 2. tubulosu. 3. peti'olata. — A North Amf-
rican genus.

Order UI—POLYGYNIA*

3^78. ILLICIUM. L, (Aniseed Tree.)

Calix 6-leaved. Fetals 27 in a triple order.
Capsules many, disposed in a circle, S-valved,
1-seeded. (Petals also 6.)

Small tre<?s having the aspect of Laurus, bark aro..
matic, leaves alternate, sempervirent ; flowers axillary,
browii-o:- yellowish; petals variable, 6, 8, and 27.

£ 2.

1-8 POLYANDRIA. POLTGYXIA,

^ Species. 1. Lfijindaivim. 2. poT^'ifJorujn. — Air Airi-
rican g-emis with the exception of /, amsatum of Japan
and China.

579. MAGNOLIA. L.

Calix S-Ieaved. Fetals 6 to 9. Capsules 2-
valved, 1 -seeded, imbricated in a cone. Seeil9
pendulous, arillate.

Trees with a bai-k msre or less camplioratcd and aro*
matic; leaves alternate, entire and larjife, partly ovate, in
some species auriciilate at the base, at first closely sheatl)-
ed by the stipu'les; flowers larg-e and terminal, fragrant^
white, yellowish, or brown; seeds scarlet or fulvous.

Species. 1. M. grar.difora. The most magnificent
tree of the southern states, the trunk often presenting- a
living- column of 80 or 90 feet elevation, almost unob-
structed by branches, and terminated by a spreading- top
of the deepest perennial verdure. 2. glaiica. o- macros
phylla. This small pyramidal tree produces the larg-cst
leaves and flowers of any other North American plant.
I'he limits of this interesting- species appear to be ex-
tremely local. I first observed it \n Tennessee near th.e
banks of Cumberland river, but of very small size.. In
the southern states it is not at present knov.n to the m.ost
assiduous collectors in anv other spot than a single nar-
row tract of about 2 miles in length, 12 miles south-east
of Lincolnton (Lincoln coimty, North Carolina); these li-
mits I have carefully examined and found them invaria-
ble. 4. ?r//;»^fi/r;, (Umbi-elhi-lree.) 5. acvmmata. (Gucum-
ber-tree.) Flowers yellowish green. 6. cordata. Flow-,
ers vellow; appearing- twice in the }ear in the g-arden of
Mr.Lanclreth of Philadelphia. Leaves subcordate-oval,
never truly cordate. 7- ainiculata. Leaves rhomboid-
ianccolate, auriculate at the base. Considerably allied to
^^T. mncvophifila. ^. pijramidata. Nothing more than a va-
riety of the preceding-, having leaves a little broader and
shorter.

A genus of about 15 specres, almost exactly divided
between China and the United States; there is also 1 spe-
cies in trupical America.

SSO. LIRIODENDRON. L. (Tulip-tree.)

Calix 3-leaved. Peials 6. Samar(e stiblan-*
peolate, 1 or 2-sceded, imbricated in a cuqc.

PT)LY\XDKIA. PJLYGryiA* 19

Lar^e trees; leaves ill L.Tub'p/fcra, 3-lobed, with tlie cen-
tral lobf truncated; stipules similar to those ofthe preced-
ing' genus; flou'ers l:ii".<e, soli'.ary, teriiiinal^ subcainpanu-
late; s'i.amina about 36 disposed ma simple series, burstii'.g-
cxterr.ally.

Species. 1. L. '/"///i/^Z/t/'fl.— Of thrs j^enus there are ^
other species in China and 1 in the mountains of Ambcina.

?31. PORCELIA. Persooiu (Fapaw.)

Cdllx S-Ic'ave<]. Vctals 6. Stigmas sessile-,
oMuse. Bzrrks (^\ or more) iar.^-e, cylindric or
ovate, many seeded. Seeds ariilate, attached
t'j tlic internal suture.

Low shrubs orsmall trees witli alternate entire decidu-
ous or rarely sempervirent leaves, destitute of stipules;
flowers axdlary, solitary, mostly brownish, arising' from
t]>e asills of the leaves of the preceding- year; germs nujne-
rous, rarely more than 2 or 3 fertile; fntit often saccharine
and pulp\-, oblonij-cylindric, green before maturity; seeds
kirge, elliptic, compressed.

Species. 1. P, triloba. (Common Fapaw.) Ods. Ex-
terlor petals larojer, interior scattered with r-ug-ose callo-
sities. Scumina seated upon a sphei-iciil receptacle; fila-
ments and anthers united, 2-ceiied, filaments terminated
by a small glunduious clypeus. Siigmas sessile, rounJ^
about 8. 2. parv/Jora. 3. pii^rnxa. Obs. Younger stems
brown and tomentose; leaves sempervirent, coriaceous
and smooth, about a span long- a id scarcely an fnch
wide, every where conspicuously and rcticulately veined;
Sowers large and brown, peduncles b.bi-acteate, arising
from the persistent leaves of tliC preceding year. Leaves
longer tlian the whole stem. 4. ^■randj/'u'-a. Lea\es de-
c duous,cuneate-obovate, obtuse, on either side as well as
tiie younger branches ferruirinously tomentose; exterior
i^Qtals vei-y large, obovate, interior oblong. — A very low
fchrub with whitisli flo-vvers equal to those of Magnolia
glauca; older branches sniootli.

A North American genus, with the exception of a sln«
gle species in Peru.

582. ATUAGENE. L.

Ca^ix none.. Corolla double; petals numerou.sj
exterior ones larg^er. Seeds caudate, cauda pi-
lose.

20 POLYAJfDRIA. roLYGYNIA.

Saj'mentose shrubs, or creepinjf herbs; leaver opposite,
conjugate cirrliose, or once or twice ternate; flowers iu
the shrubs ramulinc, iu the herbs at the summit of an in-
volucrate scape as in Anemone.

Species. 1. A. amsricana. — A small genus of 11 or 12
species widely dispersed, existing* in Europe, 8iberi.'».
India, Japan, Barbary and the Cape of Good Hope, I aUi5
in America.

383. CLEMATIS. L. (Virgin's Bower.)

Calix none. Petals 4, more rarely 5. Seeds
compressed, caudate, Cauda mostly plumose.

stems often shrubby, sarmentose or more rarely erec^;
leaves opposite, simple, ternate, or imperfectly pinnate;
£owers^ axillary or more frequently terminal, solitary but
mostly corymbose, in some species dioicous.

Species. 1. Cvir^inica. 2. cordata. Ph. 3. hdose-
vicea. Ph. 4. WaJteri. Ph. 5- cvispa. 6, ct^lindnca. 7.
reticnkita. 8. Vionia. 9. sevicea.

A genus of about 30 species distributed over the worlrl,
from the north of Kurope to the Levant; in Siberia, Japan,
China, northern and tropical America, India, the islands
of the Pacific, and New Zealand.

S84. ANEMONE. L,

Calix none. Petals 5 to 9, or more. Seeds
many.

Herbaceous; leaves mostly radical, once or twice pseu-
dopinnate, digitate, or simply lobed; scape or stem, 1 or
i7)ore flowered, often involucrate, leaves of the involu-
crum simple or parted; seeds various, in a few species
c:iudute, in otiiers smooth or lanuginous, and simply ma-
cro p.ii'.e.

Species. 1. A. * ludoviciana. Scape 1-flowered, in-
volucrate; involucrum softly lanuginous, subulately divi-
ded; leaves digitate, muUifid, upper surface smooth, seg-
ments entire, linear, acute; petals 6, oblong-ovate, erect.
Hab. Commencing near the confluence of the river Platte
and Missouri; on gravelly hills; flowering about April.
Clematis hirsiitissiina. Pursh 2. p. o^^S Obs. A species
related to A. patens and A. FulsatiUa, and much about the
size of the latter. Root perennial, fibrous and premorse,
rot tuberous; every part of the plant except the upper
surface qf the leaves and inner side of the petals more or
less covered with soft silky hair, (not the least hirsule>

POLTANDRIA. PoLTGYMA. 21

Stipules at the base of t!ie leaves, and involucrum covered
with a dcns'_- and suit silky pubescence. Leaves 4 or 5-
parted, sei^ments cuneate, once or twice clet't, ultinriate
divisions bitid or trifid, linear, acute, 1 or 2 lines \vide,
primary segments about 2 inches loni,'-. InvoJucrum cup-
Siia[jed, subulately dissected. Petals 6, (never 4,) exter-
nally Silk}-, of a pale dull blue inclining- to violet, about
an inch lont^, expanding- nearly flat af;out inid-day. Seeds
caudate, and plumose, cauda near 2 iiU'hes. (^. puiena is
oidy about 4 jiches hii^h; with tfifi 1 leaves, segments 5-cleft,
s:n()oLh with capillary acunninations: involucell approxi-
mating towards the flover; petals white, larger.) 2. «e-
morosa. 3. ia.nc{f:jl:a. Ph. Is this plant sufficiently dis-
tinct from the preceding? 4 cnneifolia. 5. tenella. Ph.
Obs. Root bidbous; scape 1-tiowered, involucrate, 4 to 6
Inches high. Leaves smooth, ternate, leaflets trifid,
toothed. Involucrum 3-parted, segments cuneate, 3-lobed,
entire. Petals linear-oblong, 12 to 14, white or blue,

often elegantly maculate, seeds woolly, but not caudate

Flowering in April. Hab. In elevated plains around the
Maha village on the Missouri. \evy nearly allied to A. ap-
penina. 6. tJuilictPoides. 7. itarcissifiora. 8. pensylvani'
ca. 9. dUhotoma. 10. -Jrginiaiia. Seeds remarkably lanu-
gmous towards the base.

A genus of near 40 species, principally European, ex-
tending into Siberia, Barbary and the Levant; there are
also species in Japan, Brasil, and as far as La Plata in
Soulli America.

S85. THALICTRUM. L. (Meadovv-Rue.)

Calix none. Petals 4 or 5. Stamina very
long. Seeds ecaudate, striate, terete.

Herbaceous; leaves twice or thrice ternate, leaflets
Tnosil) trilid or 3-lobed; flowers in terminal panicles; the
American species are mostly dioicous, or polygamous.

Species. 1. T. Comuti. 2. dloicum. o. vugosum. 4.
Albescens. 5. piirpurascens. 6. runuticvlmutn.

A genus of near 30 species, almost peculiarly indige-
nous to Xorth America and Europe; there is also 1 spe-
cies in Japan and 3 in Siberia.

386. HYDRASTIS. />.

Calix none. Petals 3. Xedarij none. Bcr-
vij compound, granulations l=secdeil.

2£ POLYAKDEIA. POLIGY.MA.

Stem ahemately 2-leaved, leaves palmate; flower soli-
tary, terminal. The fruit aiid habit is that of the htrbaoi-
ous species of Rubus.

Species. 1. H. canadensis. The only species of the
genus.

:587. CALTHA. L. (Marsh Marrgold.)

Calix none. Fetrds 5 to 9- J\*cctary none*
Capsules several, niany-sccdcd.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate,, reniform, cordate, or-
rarely sag-ittate; flowers terminal, solitary or several,
mostly subcorymbose and yellow, rarely white. The as-
pect of the genus similar to that of Ranunculus.

Species. 1. C. parnassifulia. Radical leaves upon long
petioles, cordate and very obtuse, with many nerves; stem
1-leaveu, 1-fiowered, petals elliptic; styles 5 to 8. Hab-
In New Jersey. Rafinesque in New York. Med. Reposlt.
II. p. 361. No. 23. in the year 1808. Cfcariodes. Ph. 2.
p. 389. 2.pahatHs. Z.fabelUffjlia.

Of this snriall genus there are 2 species in Europe
including C. palustris, 1 in Siberia, 1 in Falkland Is-
land, and another of doubtful genus at the Sti-aits of
Magellan.

S88. COPTIS. Salisbury, (Golden-thread.)

CalLt none. Petals 5 or 6, caducous. Le-
paiithia (nect-^vys) 5 or 6, cucullatc. Capsuhs
5 to 8, stipitate, stellatcly diverging, and ros-
trate, many-seeded.

Root creeping, fibrous, yellow; leaves radical, temate,
sempervirent; scape 1-fiowcrec'; flowers white.

Species. 1. C. ti-IfoUa. [Helleborus tvifuliiis .) The only
species of the genus indii,'enous to North America, Noitu-
ern Asia and Europe as far as Iceland.

r-S9. TROLLIUS. L, (Glohe Flower.)

Calix none. Petals 5 to 8, deciduous. Le-
panthia 5 to 8, linear. Capsules numerous,
ovate, sessile, many-seeded.

Herbaceous; leaves digitate; branchlets about l-flow-
cred, flowers teriLiniil, usually globose, y.eilow. liesiem-
b^ing Cultha,

I

POLYANDRIA. POLTGYNIA. 2^

Species. l.T. laxus. Petals 5, deeper yelloTX','sprea(I-
ing". — or vhis penus there are 2 other species, 1 Europe-
an and the other indigenous to Siberia.

590. HEPATIC A. Willdenow. (Noble Liver-
wort.)

Cal'ix 3-leaved. Tetals 6 to 9. Seeds iiakt^d.

Herbaceous; leaves partly seiriperv'irent, radical, 3-lo-.
bed; scapes l-flo\vered; flowers blue, white or red. Anet-

MOXE. L,

Species. 1. A. triloba. A g-enns of a single species in-
dig'enous to Kurope and America.

591. RANUNCULUS. L. (Crow-foot.)

Calix 5-Icaveil. Petals 5; havin^^ the inner
side of each rlaw furnished with a melliferous
pore, often membranaceously margined or co-
vered by a separate scale. Seeds naked, nume-
rous.

Herbaceous; leaves altrrnate, undivided, or more com-
monly cleft, often mult f.d; flowers axillary but mostly
terminal, yellow, rai'ely white.

Species. 1. R. Flammula. 2. JAngv.a. S. pnailhi^. 4.
f,]iformis. v. v. On the shores of lake Huron. 5> Cymba'
laria. Ph. 6. abortivw^. 7. 7utidus. 8. .fceleratits. A ve-
ry noxious plant common in wet meadows. 9. avrlcomus.
10. py^nnans. \\. per.^ylvcmiciis. \2. bjtlbofnt!}. 13. Philo-
noiis. 14. repens- 15. cxris. 16. lamiginosvs. \7. to-
mentosus. 1^. marilandicus. 19. recurvati/s. 20. septen-
trionabs. 21. hispidics. 22. acjvntilis. 2'3.JItiviatiHs. 24.
vriricatus. 25. echinatvs. JNIany of these species com-
mon to Europe are merely naturalized.

An extensive genus of near 90 species, principally Eu-
ropean, but extending into Barbary, the Levant and Si-
beria; there are also species in Japan and in South Ame-
rica as far as Paraguay.

392. BRASENIA. JfilUL IItdropeltis. .Iff-

ckaux. (Water-shield.)

Caiix 6-leaved, petaloitl, persistent, the 3 in-
terior longer. Co^oUa none. Stamina 18 to

24 POLYAXDRIA. PoLYGINIA.

56, about the lengih of the calix. Utriculi ob-
long, 6 to 9; 2-sce(!o(l.

An aquatic plant, with alternate, entire elliptic peltate
floating Itaves, at lirst as wr-U as itie fkAvers and youni^-
er shoots cnvel(j;,ed by a tenaceous and g'<:'llatinous tlu d;
peduncles solitaiy, i-flowcred, flower brown. Siylt- s
none. Stigma simple, lateral, linear, on tlie inner side
(uhnost similar to tluit of Spar^anium). Seeds pcjiduluus
froni the dorsal suture.

Species. 1. 15. peltata. 0ns. Stem, petiole, and pe-
duncle cylindric, covered with an ii:>conspicuous fictccu-
lerit pubescence immersed in a gellatinous sulistance,
\vi>ich at first envelopes the youn|_f leaves and flowers.
Stem furnished with 2 sets of confluent central vessels,
and also with external circles of filiform tubes, tubes in
each circle 9 to 12; ganglions of central vessels about 4
in each ser, eacli set separated by an empty tube; numer-
ous longitudinal purple nbres are inter.>])ersed with the
exterior circle of tubes, appearing at length to inoscu-
late on the under side of the leaf giving it a purple coUmr,
£S well as the s'.em, petiole, peduncle, petals, stamina and
st}les, tlicre being nothing in fact green in the wholri
plant except tlie upper surface of the leaf. The central
vessels arrived in the leaf, from tiieir eceentricity and dori'
hie order, communicate to ii an elegant and almost exactly
elliptic form, and finally resolve into about 12 nerves. In
the pedun.cle tlicre are 3 t;Hngrions of cential vessels se-
parated from CL^cii other bv interrupted circles of aerial
tubes. — Sd. Obs. As tlie eliipt'c form of tiiC leaf origin-
ates from the eccentricity and duplicature of the central
vessels, expanding in an ellipse or 2 intersecting circles,
so we ma\- justly consider it as a species of double leaf,
hence also ilie stamina and the fruit is in the same man-
ner augtr.ented. In its coordinate Caboviba which produ-
ces orbicular peltate leaves, we find only 6 stamina instead
of 18, 2 or 3 styles and capsules in place of 6 or more, bvit
containing the same number of seeds and of nearly the
same form. — Hence we perceive the same type in its sin^-
ple form! A proof of tiie small imporianc^ of mere num-
ber in the character of clasises or of natiir:il groupes.

There exists not the smallest afHnity betwixt this very
singular plant and Cultha it is equ?lly removed from eve-
ry other genus of the H \:<uncuj.ace^j and its place in
the natural system has been well defined by the ingeni-
ous and indeliiiiuable Hichurd. V. Annales du ^iuscum
17. t. 5. f. 22- " ■

P0LYANDRI4. P0£YGYNIA. 25

393. CYAMUS. Salisfnirij, (Water Chinquepin.)
Calix petaloid, 4 or 5-Ieaved. Petals many.
Fruit turbinate, with a truncated disk excava-
ted with numerous cells, each containing a sin-
gle seed. Seed An ovate nut crowned with tlie
persistent style.

The most magnificent of aquatic plants; leaves alter-
nate, peltate, orbicular, ample; peduncles extremely li>n£^
and axillary, rising considerably above the w ater, more oj*
less scabrous; flowers very large, yellowish white or ro-
saceous. Petioles and peduncles givmg out on incision
a milky fluid.

Species. 1. C. htteiis. ( JStelamhium hiteum. TVilld.)
Petioles and peduncles partly muricated, as well as in C.
indicus. Flower larger than that produced, by any other
plant in Vorth America except MagJiolia macrophyllu. 2.
pentapetaliis. A very doubtful plant as well as the follow-
ing. 3. renifonnis.

Of this genus there is another species indigenous to the
waters of India and Persia.

VOL. II.

Class XIIL— DIDYNAMIA.

Order I.— -GYMNOSPERMIA. (4 naked seeds.)

f Calix subquinqiiefid.

S94. AJUGA. L. (Bugle. Ground Pine.)

Corolla with the upper lip minute and biden-
tate. Stamina longer than the upper lip. <v3n-
thers all reniform, 1 -celled." R. Brown.

stem erect or repent, often stoloniferous; leaves ovate
or narrow and trlfid; flowers in terminal verticillate spikes
or solitary and axillary.

Species. 1. A. Chamapithys. A very doubtful native.
A small genus principally European.

395. TEUCRIUM. Z. (Germander.)

Upper lip of the corolla none, but a fissure in
its place through which the Stamina are exsert-
ed.

SuflTruticose, but mostly herbaceous; inflorescence vari-
ous; flowers axillary or terminally racemose, spiked, „ ca-
pitate or corymbose.

Species. 1. T. canadense. 2. virgijiinim.

A genus of 70 species or upwards, chiefly indigenous
to ihe warmest parts of Europe but extending more or
less through both hemispheres.

S96. MENTHA. L, (Mint.)

Corolla subequal, 4-cleft; having the broader
segment eraarginate. Stamina erect and dis-
tant.

Herbaceous, very odorous; flowers verticillate and ax-
illary, verticillately spiked, or rarely subcapitate.
Species. 1. M. canadensis. 2- boreah. 2. tenvis^

DIDYNAMIA, GYMNOSPERMIA. 27

A genus of about 25 species almost exclusively Euro-
pean, yet exiending- to India and the Cape of Good Hope.

597. ISANTHUS. MichcPlix.

Calix subcampaiiulate. Corolla 5-partetI;
tube straight and narrijw; segments of the bor-
der ovate and equal. Stamina subequal. Stig-
mas linear, recurved.

Annual, covered with a viscid pubescence, leaves en-
tire, longitudinally nerved, flowers axillary and peduncu-
late, greyish-blue, calix becoming xruginous.

Species. 1. T. cceruleus. Trichostema brachiaia. L.
Hab. In Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, but more
abundant west of the mountains, from whence it appears
to have originally propagated along the Ohio and the Mis-
sissippi as well as part of the Missouri. — The only spe-
cies. Seeds reticulately rugose as in Tricho sterna to
which this genus is somewhat allied.

398. HYSSOPUS. L. (Hysop.)

Lower lip of the Corolla 3 -parted, interme-
diate segment subcrenate. Stamina straiglit,
and distant.

A very unnatural genus of about 5 or 6 species; flowers
in B. officinalis axillary and verticillatc; corolla in H. Lo-
phanihus resupinate with the flowers partly cymose; the
American species scarcely distinct from JVepeta, are tall
plants with cordate-ovate toothed leaves, and dense ter-
minal verticillated spikes, with white or pale blue flowers.

Species, 1. H. nepetoicles. Bractes dilated; calix
smooth, segments linear. 2. scrrjphularicefolius. Bractes
ovate acute; calix smooth, segments subovate. 3. * ani-
satus. Smooth; spikes verticillate interrupted; leaves cor-
date-ovate, angularly toothed, under side glaucous; calix
equal, acute, pubescent, segments subovate, about one third
the length ol the calix; bractes scarcely as long as thepe-
dicells. Stachi/s Feeniculum, Ph. Hab. On the plains of
the Missouri near Fort Mandan, on the borders of thick-
ets. Obs. 2 or 3 feet high, very smooth; leaves petio-
late, about an inch long, acute, no where tomentose, but
whitish or glaucous on the under side and covered with
. resinous punctures, w hich when bruised emit an agree-
able aniseed odor; spikes short and interrupted; flowers

£8 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA.

and lower verlicilli shortly pedicellate; calix permanently
blue and finely striated, tubular-campanulate; flowerg
pale blue; style and stamina exserted.

Of this genus there are besides the above, 1 species in
China, and probably '■i in Europe.

S99. NEPETA. X. (Cat-Mint.)

Calix arid, striated. Tube of the CoroUa
longish; intermediate segment of the lower lip
crenate; margin of the orifice reflected. Sta-
mina approximate.

Flowers verticillately spiked, rarely racemose or cy-
mose, spikes terminal, in a few species paniculatedi pe-
duncles many-flowered.

Species. l.'S.CataHa. Abundantly naturalized.

A g-enus of more than 50 species dispersed through the
south of Europe, and extending into Barbary in Africa,
in Asia into the Levant, Persia and Siberia, there is also
1 species in Japan and 3 in India.

400. LAMIUM. (Dead IS'ettle. Archangel.)
Calix 5-cleft, segments subulate, spreading.

Upper lip of the Corolla entire and vaulted: low-
er lip 2-lobed; the margin of the orifice toothed
on either side.

Floral leaves mostly sessile; flowers axillary, sessile;
subverticillate, Lractes setaceous; corolla mostly pubes-
cent, lobes of the corolla in a few species serrulate.

Species. 1. \a. amplexicaide. Kuturali zed; introduced.
2. hispidalum. — A small genus principally European.

401. GALEOPSrS. L. (Hemp-Nettle.)

Calix 5-cleft, awned. Upper lip of tlie Corol-
la subcrenate, vaulted; lower li{) unequally 3-
lobed, producing also 2 teeth on its upper side
near the margin of the orifice.

Chiefly annual plants with entire ovate or lanceolate
leaves; calix often pungent, flowers verticlllate, axillary,
sometimes particoloured; bractes subulate; stem in some
species tumid below the joints.

Species. 1. G. Tetrahit. Hab. In the western parts
of the state of New York. Obs. Annual; hirsute; stem

DIDYNAMIA. GYMXOSPERMIA, 29

retrorsely pilose, often scarcely a foot high; leaves remote,
ovate-lanceolate, acute, vith the nerves parallel to tiie in-
dentions, scarcely more than an inch loiij^ and half an inch
wide; calix very hispid, and punj^ently awned, about
1-third the length of the corolla; corolla un.formly whitish
or reddish, externally covered with soft liairs, about an
inch lon-^j tube long and slender, funnelformly inflated
above; upper lip arched and crenate; lower lip obtusely
3-lobed, lobes rounded, entire, and nearly all equal; palate
furnished with 2 distinct teeth.

A genus of about 8 species, exclusively indigenous to
Europe, Vvitli the exception of G. hisplda of the Cape of
Good Hope.

From the seed of the common species a very useful
oil may be expressed.

402. ^SYNANDRA.f

Calix 4- cleft! se.ajments unequa], subulate,
coil invent to one side. Uppc^r lip of the corolla
entire and vaulted; the loxver obtusely and un-
equally 3-lobed; orifice inflated, naked. Upper
])air of anthers cohering, having the 2 attached
cells empty; filaments tomentose.

Perennial? and herbaceous; leaves cordate-ovate, those
of the stem sessile and amplexicaule; flowers without
bractes, sessile, solitar>; calix small, embracing the atten-
uated tube of the large corolla wiiich partly resembles
that of Me'ittis Melis^ophyllum as to size and lobing, while
its real affinities are to the genus Lajtuum, though suffi-
ciently distinct.

S. * grandiJio"a.

Bescript. Stem usually simple, about a foot high,
nearly smooth, irregularly grooved, and partly terete.
Leaves a little hirsute on the upper surface, lower ones
subpetiolate, those of the stem closely sessile and am-
plexicaule, cordate-ovate, acuminate, obtusely dentate,
often dilated at the base, diminishing upwards. Flowers
often commencing with the second or tliird pair of leaves,
solitary and sessile. Calix about 2 lines long, densely
and softly pilose, cleft about half-way down into 4 conni-

•f- Tn allusion to the adherence of the anthers of the 2 longer
stamina 'Ahich distinguishes this genus irom Lamiiim, Ca'sbpsiCi
and Galeobdolon,

c 2

30 DIDTNAMIA. GYMXOSPERMIA.

vent and siibuluted semiovate segments, the 2 upper ones
somewhat larg-er, and directed from the tube of the corol-
la. Corolla about an inch long-, yellowish -white, often
marcescent, not arising" from tjie centre of the calix;
tube widely inflated or rather funnelform and attenu-
ated downwards, at the orifice more than double the
breadth of the calix; upper lip entire, arounded and dis-
tinctly arched; lower lip 3-lobed, all the lobes entire and
obtuse, the lateral ones oblong and somewhat shorter,
central lobe rounded, elegantly striated longitudmally
with about 8 purple lines. Stamina converg'ing beneath
the upper lip; filaments intricately lomentose on the inner
side, anthers corneous, 2-celled, yellowish-white with
acute blackish sloping points, the shorter pair perfect and
unconnected, the longer pair firmly cohering by the mar-
gins of their upper cells which are barren or destitute of
pollen, the lower cells only being perfe<;t, so that the an-
thers are attached without appearing ciuciate. Seeds
smooth, pale, depressed triquetrous-, rarely more than 2
becoming ripe. — Flowering time about June. Wab. On
the shady banks of the Ohio; in rock}- situations near Cin-
cinnati. V. V.

403. STACHYS. Z. (Woundwort. Hedge Nettle.)

Cahx 5-cIeft, awned. Upper lip of the corolla

vaulted^ tlie lower reflected at tlie sides, with

the iiitei'mediate segment larger and emargina-

ted. Stumina at length rellected to the sides.

More or less tomentose or hispid; flowers axillary or
venicillately spiked, verticills bracteate, approximate or

. distant.

^ Species. 1. ^. hyssopiJoUa. 2. aspera. Stem nearly
smooth, angles only somewhat retrorsely aculeate, leaves
oblong-lanceolaie, acuminate, serrate, shortly petiolate
and very smooth; verticills about 6-flowered, calix diva-
ricate, spinescent. 3. hispida. The whole plant hispidly
pilose; leaves shortly petiolate, ovate-oblong, acuminate,
angularly strrate; verticills about 8-flowered, calix subu-
lately divaricated. — Nearly allied to the preceding though
sufficiently distinct, but scarcely more than a variety of
the tollowing? 4. *sylvatica. Verticils 6-fl(jwered; leaves
cordute-ovate, petiolate. Hab. On the banks of the Ohio,
not uncommon, on the skirts of thickets, giving out the
same foetid smell as the European species, the flowers are,
however, paler. 5. intenneilia.

DIDYXAMIA. GYMXOSPERMIA. 51

A genus of near 40 species chiefly indig-enous to Eu-
rope, exitnding- also ihroughout Nortiiern Asia, and into
the southern liemisphere, there existing species in Chili, in
the isle of France, and at the Cape of Good Hope.

404. LEONURUS. L, (Mother-wort.)

Culix pentiingular, 5-tootlied. <.'pper lip of
tlie corolla villous, flat, entire; lower lip S-j)art-
ed, with the middle ses:ment undivided. "Lobes
of the a/i/Aers parallel." R. Brown.

Leaves more or less lobed; flowers axillary verticillate,
sessile, brac'es minute? anthers in some species scattered
with shining spots.

Species. 1. L. Cardlaca. Now as commonly natu-
ralized as in Europe.

A small genus of about 7 species, nearly allied to Phlo.
mis and indigenous to Siberia, Tartary and China, with
the exception of L. JMamibiastriim, with oblong toothed
leaves and a corolla scarcely longer than the calix, which
can scarcely be a congener; the L. Cardiaca, as has been
suggested by ^liller, originated probably in Tartary; and
is only naturalized in Europe in the same manner as it is
now in North America.

405. LEUCAS. R. Brown,

Calix 10-striate, 6 to 10-toothed. Upper lip
of the corolla galeate (or in the form of a hel-
met,) galea bearded, entire; lower lip long and
trifid; intermediate segment larger. Lobes of
the anthers divaricate. Stigma shorter than
the upper lip.

Herbaceous ? often annual; leaves entire; verticills
many flowered, subglobose or capiiate.

Species, 1. L. mariinice?i-ns. Introduced probably from
the West Indies, now naturalized as a weed in the gardens
and suburbs of Savannali in Georgia — Mr. (Emle'r.

A tropical genus indigenous to the East and West In-
dies.

406. GLECHOxMA. L. (Ground Ivy. Gill. Ale-
hoof.)

32 DIDYNAMIA. GTMNOSPERMIA,

Calix 5-cJcI't., subtqual. Jiiithers approacli-
ing each other in pairs, each pair producing the
form of a cross.

Creeping herbaceous and aromatic plants; peduncles
axillary about 3-i^owered, fiowtrs blue. Corolla double
the length of the calix, upper lip bifid, lower trifid, mid-
dle segment larger ai^d emarginate.

Spicies. 1. r.. hederacea Probably indigenous; —
abundant along the bai.ks of the Ohio, the Potomac, S^c.
remote from se'tlemcrsts, flcv/ers larger and brighter
than the European species-

Of this genus there is now a second species described
as growing in the woods of Hungary.

407. MARRUBIUM. L, (Whire Horehoun^l.)
Calix salverform, rigid, 10-striate. Upper

lip of the coroWa bitid, linear, strai.grht.

Flowers vcrticillale, sessile; bractes numerous, linear,
Leaves mostly whitish and rugobely veined. Calix in ma-
ny species l6-toothed.

Species. 1. M. vulgare. Naturalized. — .\ small ge-
nus principally indigenous to the south of Europe and the
Levant.

408. KYPTIS. Jacquin,

Calix 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate: upper
lip 2-lobed,* lower 3-lobed: intermediate lobe cal-
ceiform, at first involvini^ tlie style and sta-
mina, afterwards reflected. Stamina declinate.

PolTEAU.

Herbaceous; flowers capitate, rarely subcymose pani-
culately spiked or axillary; capituli involucrate.

Species. 1. H. cnpitata. 2- radiata. — A tropical genits
indigenous to Americai with the exception of H. persica.

409. PYCNANTHEMUM. Mkliaux, (Mountain
Mint.)

Capitulum surrounded by an involucrum of
many bractes. — Calix tubular, striate 5-tonthcd.
Upper lip of the corolla nearly entire; lower tri-

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. S3

iid. " Middle se.2;ment lonc^er. Stamina dis-
tant; cells of the anthers parallel." R. Brown,

Pungently aromatic herbs; flowers capitate, fastlgiate,
bractes numerous, often subimbricated; flowers small.
Seeds more or less beard-d at the summit.

Species. 1. V. incanum. Obs. T^eaves shortly petio-
late, oblong-ovate; flowers in dense cymes; bractes nar-
row and subulate, bearded at the points; tube and orifice
of the corolla internally pubescent as in many other spe-
cies. Pubescence on the under side of the leaves double,
the lowest appearing- in minute floccose spots and pro-
ducing the canescence. 2. aristatum. Pubescence mi-
nute, universal; leaves nearly entire, capltuli terminal;
bractes and calix terminated by long- awns; interior of
the corolla smooth. Hab. In Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee,
and the mountains of North Carolina. The calix when
bruised gives out the scent of Lavender.

3. montaniim. Smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
subsessile; capituli proliferous; bractes ciliate, and acumi-
nated; calix smooth, dentures awned, partly piliferous;
corolla externally smooth. Ops. Stem purple, smooth, a,
little branched above, about 1 foot high; verticills 1 or 2
below the terminal one; orifice of the corolla pubescent;
stamina exserted; corolla purplish, spotted; seed bearded
at the summit. Hab. On the Catawt)a ridge. North Caro-
lina. V. V. 4. JMonardella.

5. Limfolium. Obs. Very smooth and much branched,
branches trlchotomous and fastigiate; leaves crowded, li-
near, sessile, very entire, longitudinally nerved, and acute;
capituli terminal, hemispherical, compact, mostly simple;
bractes imbricated, exterior ovate, and awned, margin ci-
liately-pubescent; flowers pilose, spotted internally; stami-
na about equal with the corolla; middle segment of the
lower lip, oblong, incur^-ed at the point. Margin of the
leaves asperate seen through a lens. 6 virginicum . Obs.
Stem erectly branched, pubescent; leaves subsessile, li-
near-lanceolate, entire, margin somewhat asperate; capi-
tuli cymose, sessile; bractes and awned cal;x pilosely pu-
bescent; bractes linear-lanceolate, acuminate; stamina
exserted; corolla externally pubescent, whitish and ma-
culate, intermediate segment of the lower lip longer, ob-
long, incurved at the point. Thymua virghdcue. L. P.
lanceolatnm.VH. T.mnticum. S. verticilkUwn. Apparent-
ly allied to P. montannm.

9, * pilosiim. Stem and under side of the leaves more
or less pilose, leaves Ijinceolate, nearly entire, sessile; ca*

34 DIDTNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA.

pltuli larg-e and terminal; lanceolate bractes and Gallx
canesCKntly viilous, both awnlesb; corolla pubescent; sta-
mina exseried. Obs. A species more nearly allied to P.
"vivginicum than P. nuUicuniy but disiinct apparently from
both. Stem a little branched towaids the summit; brac-
tes shorter than the calix, acute, but not awned; dentures
of the callx minute, ojifice of the corolla and its external
surface pubescent, immaculatef seeds unbearded. '1 aste
and scent similar to JMentha Pulegiiim. Hab. In the
glades of Kentucky and Tennessee.

10. * tiudam. Very smooth; stem nearly simple; leaves
oblong-ovate, entire, erect and sessile, margin partly revo-
lute; capituii pedicellate, few- flowered, naked; flowers
distinct; smooth lanceolate bractes and calix awnless,
both conspicuously covered with resinous punctures, den-
tures bearded, minute. Obs. About 2 feet high; leaves
very smooth, about an inch long, prominently veined, and
opaque; capituii numerous and small, subtended by- brac-
tes about the same length; orifice and exterior of the co-
rolla pubescent, lobes of the lower lip nearly equal; sta-
mina exserted; seeds smooth. Hab. In the mountains of
Carolina and Georgia. Aroma similar to that of Satureja
hortensis.

A North American genus.

f f Calix hilahiate,

410. CLINOPODIUM. L. (Wild Basil.)
Verticill surrounded by a setaceous involu-

cruni. — Upper iip of the corolla flat, obcordate
and straight.

Flowers in a terminal capitulate cyme; segments of the
calix and bractes setaceous, divaricately and conspicuous-
ly pilose; leaves ovate.

Species. 1. C viiljare. Truly indigenous to North
America as well as Europe.

411. ORIGANUM. X. (Marjoram.)

Flowers collected into a 4 -sided strobilus or
dense spike. — Upper lip of the corolla erect^
fiat; lower 3 -parted; segments equal.

Peduncles axillary and terminal, each supporting seve-
ral spikes; flowers sepanted from each other by broad
bractes.

DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA. 35

Species. 1. O. vulgare. Indigenous. — A ^enus of
about \7 species almost exclusively indigenous to the Le-
vant; ot" these O. Toumefortii is one of the rarest and most
local plants in the world.

IV2. DRACOCEPHALUM. L, (Dra.jjon's head.)
Cali.x subequal, 5 cleft. Orifice of the corol-
la inflated; upper lip concave. Stamina uncon-
nected.

Herbaceous or rareh^ suffruticns?; flowers vertlcillately
spiked and terminal, or axillary, peduncles one or many-
fiowered, bracteatc; bractes broad, sometimes ciliate, in
most of the American species very small.

Species. 1. D. varieg-atufn. 2. vivs^mani/m. 3- detiti-
culatwn. 4. * corjatum. Stoloniferous; stem and elonga-
ted petioles pubescent; leaves cordage, obtusely crenate,
upper side a little hirsute; spike unilateral; pedicells bi-
bracteolate; bractes of t lie rachis nearly as long as the ca-
. lis, broad-ovate, entire. Obs. Root creeping, perennial,
iibrous. Stem stoloniferous after flowering, scarcely a
foot hig-h, quadrangular, subpilose. Leaves about 3 or 4
•pair, almost as broad as lonpr. obtusely cordate, smooth be-
neath, petiole the length of the lamina (about an inch,) up-
pernr.ost pair of leaves subsessile. Bractes unusually large,
peduncles short and thick, mostly 1-flowered. Flowers se-
cund. Calix submembranaceous, nearly equal, partly
campanidate, segments acute, almost pungent. Corolla
pale blue, about an inch long, and larger than that of/?.
Tirg-ifiiani/m; orifice much dilated; upper lip concave, ob-
tuse, and e margin ate, lateral teeth of the lower lip conspi-
cuous; central segment rounded, pilose, and elegjmtly
spotted. Keccptacle of the seed large, many of the
seeds abortive. Hab. On the shady islands of the Oiiio,
about 40 miles below Pittsburgli; flowering in June. The
whole plants but more particularly the flower, possesses
an agreeable balsamic aroma, considera*bly like that of
the Balm of Gilead (D. caiiariense) but in an inferior de-
gree.

5. * parvifiorum. Flowers verticlllate, subcapitate;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrate, and p^^tio-
late, bractes foliaceous, ovate, ciliate, and serrate, ser-
ratures conspicuously mucronate; upper segment of the
calix much larger than, the rest; flower scarcely longer
than the calix. Hab. Around F'ort .Mandun, on the Mis-
souri; on the borders of thickets. Obs. Biennial,- nearl

smooth, stem and petiole a little pubescent; flowers

any
s al-

36 DIDYNAMIA. GYMNOSPERMIA.

most inibilcatecl in a leafy capitulum, very small, and
nearly white; calix avvned, arid and membranaceous, se-
miquinqtjefid; bract^-s divaricately awned; upper lip of"
tlie corolla emarginate, arched; lower o-lobed, central
lobe subcrenate. Flowerjnjj time, July. Apparently al-.
lied to D. Moldavica, but the leaves are entirely destitute
of pitnctures: scarcely a congener with D. virginianum^
and closely allied to Jylelissa.
Principally a Siberian genus.

415. MELISSA. L, (Balm.)

Calix arid, above nearly flat: upper lip s^ib-
fasti.8:iate. Upper lip of the Corolla partly vault-
ed, bifid; middle lobe of the lower lip cordate.

Herbaceous, and aromatic; flowers axillary, shortly pe-
dunculate.

Species. 1. M. offcincJis. In many places common-
ly naturalized along road sides and lanes.

An European genus, at present including only 2 species,

414. =^MACBRII)EA.t Elliott.

« Calix subturbinate, trifid; 2 of the segments
lari^er and oval, the 3d linear- lanceolate. Co-
ro^/a ringent; upper lip entire, the lower shorter
and 3-parted."

Leaves opposite entire; " spike terminal, verticills most-
ly 4.flo\vered, flowers large and reddish, striped with
white."

" M. pulchrar

" Thjmbra caroUniana. Walter, p. 162.'* Hab. " In
the narrow swamps and Bay-galls in the central part.s of
South Carolina. Flowering from July to September."
Elliott, Mss. Apparently allied to JMelittis.

415. PRUNELLA. L. (Self-heal.)

Upper lip of the calix dilated. Filaments of
the stamina forked, only one of the points an-
theriferous. Stigma bifid.

t So named by Stephen Elliott,Esq. in honour of his friend the
late James Macbride, M. D. an assiduous botanist, whose assis-
tance to many of the southern plants is gratefully acknowledg-
ed by that author.

DIDYXAMIA. GYMX0S1»ERMIA. ST*

Flowers vcrticillate, imbricately spiked, bractes of the
verticilli larg-e and ciliate.

Species. 1. P. vulgaris. ^. peimsylvanica. A mere
variety of the preceding-, which is certainly an introduced
plant, never appearing far beyond the precincts cf habita-
tions.

A small European g-enus.

416. SCUTELLARIA. Z. (Skull-cap.)

Margin of the Calix entire, after flowering
closed with a galeate lid. Tube of the corolla
elongated.

Herbaceous; flowers solitary, axillary, naked, or in ter-
minal or axillary bracteate racemes, bractes 1-flowered-
(Seeds gi'anularly tuberculate.)

f Floivern axillary, solitary.

Species. l.S. galericulata. Branching-; leaves cordate-
lanceolate, crenate, under side pulverulently pubescent,
paler; flowers axillary. Hae. On the marg-ins of swamps.
New Jersey, common. Exclude the synonym ofPursh.
■2. p. 412. 2. Pamela. 3. * gracilis. Stem mostly sim-
ple; leaves remote, broad-ovate, dentate, smooth and
sessile, scabrous on the marg-in, upper ones smaller, en-
tire; flowers axillary. Hab. In thickets on the marg-in
of the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia. S. galericidata?
Ph. Oes. Perennial. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slen-
der, erecf, and seldom branched; leaves 10 to 12 lines
long-, and nearly the same in breadth, lower ones obtuse,
dentures remote, under side prominenily veined; flowers
uncommonly small, pale blue. 4. * ambigna. Low, sub-
decumbent and divaricately branc'ied; leaves sessile,
ovate, remotely and rarely serrate, subhirsute above; flow-
ers very small, axillary. Hae. In dry and open forests,
Ohio. The habit of this small species is very different
from that of the preceding-, yet at the same'time they
are closely allied. Oes. Perennial. Stem 4 to 6 inches
high, smooth, mostly purple. Leaves approximate^ from
5 to 8 lines long, 3 or 4 wide, prominently veined and
smooth beneath, mostly acute, upper ones entire, lower
with very few serratures, asperate on the marg-in, the up-
per surface scattei-ed v/ith short hirsute hairs. Flowers
very small, and pale. 5. angustifolia% Ph.
f f Flo-ivers racemose.

6. laterijlora. 7. caroliniana. Is not this a variety of
the following? 8. integnfoliiu Obs. The whole plant in^
TOL. II. D

38 DIDYNAMIA. GTMNOSPERMIA.

tensely bitter; flowers very conspicuous and of a fine
blue, palate of the lower lip marked with a divided con-
fluent yellow blotch. 9.pilosa. 10. serraia. Leaves ob-
long-ovate, crenate, smooth beneath.

11. • canesccns. Tall and branching-; leaves ovate,
acute, acutely toothed and petiolate, under side with the
bractes arid flowers closely and canescently villous, low-
er leaves subcordate; racemes pedicellate, subpaniculate,
axillary and terminal; bractes ovate lanceolate, longer
than the calix. Hab. In the plains and open forests of
Ohio. S incann? Muhlenberg's Catal. Obs. Peren-
nial. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, canescent. Leaves conspi-
cuously petiolate, truncate or subcordate at the base,
V hitish beneath, opaque. Racemes partly lateral and ter-
minal, elegantly villous and canescent, pubescence very
short. Flowers deep blue and of considerable size.
Somewhat allied to *S'. serrata but distinct and a much
finer species.

12- * xey-sicolor. Robust and branching; the whole plant
except the leaves covered with a soft and glandular pubes-
cence; leaves broad-cordate, large, and (;btusely toothed,
nearly smooth; petioles very long; racemes ternate, ter-
minal, bractes ovate; flowers smallish, particolored.
Hab. With the above. Obs. The largest North Ameri-
can species, and very distinct. Root perennial. Stem 3
or 4 feet high. Leaves thin and diaphanous, a little hir-
sute above, 2 or 3 inches broad and 3 or 4 long, destitute
of bitterness; peduncles 1 -and a half to 2 inches long.
Racemes partly secund, 6 to 8 inches in length; bractes
broad-ovate, short and sessile, viscidly pubescent beneath
as well as the rachis and calix. Corolla rather small, up-
per lip blue, the lower white, S. cordifoliaP Muhl. Catal.

A considerable genus, of which there are 6 species in
Europe, 2 in Siberia, 4 in the Levant, 1 in China, a shrub-
by species in Persia^ 2 in tropical America, and 1 in Para-
guay.

4ir. THYMUS. L. (Thyme.)

Calix subcampanulatc, orifice closed wi h vil-
lous hairs. Upper lip of the corolla flat, cinar-
ginate.

Low herbaceous, and pungently aromatic plants; leaves
small; flowers conglomerate axillary and often terminal.

Species. 1. T. Seipijllum. Naturalized in some locali'
ties in Pennsylvania.

I>IDTNAMIA. GYMNOSPEKMIA. 59

A considerable genus, chiefly indigenous to the south
of Europe, but extending into Barbary and the Levant.

418. CALAMINTHA. Tournefort.

Calix after fluwering closed with villous
hairs. Orifice of the corolla somewliat inflated,
upper lip emarginate; lower 3-parted, interme-
diate segment entire, subcmarginate or crenu-
late.

Herbaceous or sufFruticose; peduncles many flowered.
Species. 1. C- J\epeta. 2. caroliidana. Thymus caro-
Umanus. Mich. 2. p. 9. Suffruticose: leaves lanceolate-
ovate, entire, smooth and opaque; m.argin partly revolute;
verticills many-flowered, subpedunculate; upper lip of
the calix 3-toothed, obtuse. — v. v. A few miles from Au-
gusta in Georgia. Bractes obsolete; calix closed with a
tomentose villus; leaves sometimes partly oval. The
Thyinbra cnvoliniana of Walter, according to the observa-
tions of Mr. miiott, constitutes a new and distinct genus.
A small genua almost exclusively indigenous to the
south of Europe.

419. TRICHOSTEMA. L.

Calix resupinate. Upper lip of the coro^fa
falcate. Stamina very long and incurved.

Annual; decussately branched; flowers solltai'v, each
bibracteate, at length developed in dichotomous panicles,
blue, sometimes white. — Seeds rugose. Aroma of the
v.-hole plant, balsamic, not pungent, very similar to that
oflsanthus.

Species. 1. T. dichotoma. Leaves oblong-ovate, at-
tenuated towards the base, pubescent; stamina very long.
2. * linearis. Leaves linear, smooth, sessile, attenuated
somewhat at either end, dentures of the calix conspicu-
ously awned, stamina very long. Hab. With the above
in the sandy fields of New Jersey, also in the vicinity of
Philadelphia, in arid situations. After repeated compari-
sons I am perfectly satisfied of the specific distinction of
this plant, considered as a variety of the preceding by
Mr. Pursh; it is much rarer, and always smaller. The
leaves are invariably smooth and rather thick, while the
rest of the plant is covered with a viscid pubescence. 3.
hrachiata. See Isanthus.

Of this genus there is another species in Cochinchina.

40 DIDTNAMIA. ANGIOSFERMIA*

Order IL— ANGIOSPERMIA.

f Calix quinquijid,

420. PHRYMA. L.

Calix cylindric, upper lip longer, trifid; low-
er bidentate. Upper lip of the corolla emargi-
nate, lower much larger. Seed one.

Spikes slender, terminal; flowers opposite, each Iribrac-
teate; calix reflected downwards in fruit. (Perisperm
none; embryon flat; radicle superior! cotyledones enfiar-
gin ate.)

Species. 1. P. leptostachya. The only known species.

421. VERBENA. L. (Vervain.)

Calix 5'Cleft. Corolla funnelform, tube in-
curved, limb unequal, 5-lobed. Stamina 4, fer-
tile. Seeds 4.

Generally herbaceous; flowers bracteate, alternate and
slenderly spiked, or rarely subcorymbose.

Species. 1. V. Aubletia. Abundant in Louisiana, o.
spuria. Apparently a mere variety of V. ojicitialis and ve-
ly common in the suburbs of Philadelphia and through-
out the slate of Delaware. 4. hastata. Flowers deep
blue; leaves rarely if ever hastate. Of this species there
appears to be a very distinct variety near Philadelphia
which I shall distinguish by ihe n^me oT (i.*oblo?igifoUa,
having oblong-lanceolate deeply serrated leaves, merely
acute, and not acuminated; spikes filiform, paniculate;
flowers smaller, pale blue. May this be F. panieulata
of Lamark? but the flowers are not imbricated, nor in
the least corymbose, it appears to be equally remote
from V. diffusa of the same, but assuredly intermediate,
if not an hybrid betwixt V. hastata and V. urticifolia. It
has only occurred to me twice on the banks of the Dela-
ware. 5. panieulata. 6. iirticifoUa. 7- diffusa. 8. rugo.
aa. 9. caroUniana. 10. stricta. Hirsute and canescent;
stem erect, leaves subsess'le, oblong-ovate, obtuse and
serrate; spikes subcylindric, rigid. Hab. Abundant
throughout the north western territories.

An American genus of about 20 species indigenous to
both hemispheres, with the .solitary exception of V- offici-
nUUs. ' '<

DIDTNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA* 41

422. ZAPANIA. Lamark,

Flowers capitate. — Calix 5-toothed. Corolla
5-lobcd. Stamina 4, fertile. Stigma peltately
capitate, oblique. Seeds 2, at first covered by
an evanescent utriculus.

Stem shrubby or herbaceous and creeping; capituU
axillary, pedunculate; leaves opposite.

Species. 1. Z. 7io(lijiora. abundant on the gravelly
banks of all the lar;/er rivers of the United States from
New York south and west. On river banks also near
Cafsam in Barbary. Desfontaines. Flor. Atl. vol. i. p. 16.
2. lanceolata.

An American genus and partly tropical, with the ex-
ception of Z. 7iociijiora.

423. LANTANA. i.

Flowers capitate. — Calix obsoletely 4-tooth-
e^l. Border of the corolla 4-lobed, unequal, ori-
fice pervious. Stamina witliin the tube. >S^/i^-
ma uncinately refracted. Brupes aggregated;
nut bilocular, even, 2-seeded.

Mostly shrubs; stems smooth or aculeate; leaves oppo-
site and ternate; flovv'ers yellov/-, fulvous, purple, red or
white, collected in axiliiiry pedunculated capituli, each
flower bracteate.

Species. 1. L,. C'a7nara9 In Florida, ^artram's Trsi-
vels, p. 103. — A tropical genus.

424. CAPRARIA. i.

Calix 5-parted. Corolla snbcampannlate, aU
most equally 5-cleft, Capsule 2.valved, 2-cel-
3ed, many-seeded.

Shrubby or herbticecus; leaves opposite and ternalcly
venicillate, flovvers axillary or terminally racemose.
Scarcely a natural genus?

Speciks. 1. C Tnidtifda. Oes. Annual: leaves pinn.iti-
fid, opposite and ternate, ultimate lobe trifid; peduncles
filiform, axillary; segments of the calix subulate; corolla
small, tubular-campanulate, almost equally 5-lobed; cap-
sule ovate, not acuminated, partly 4-valved. IIab. Along
the banks of the Oiiio and the other western rivers, cona
mon, 2, b/Jiora- In Florida. Muhl. Catal.
D 2

42 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA.

A small g-eniis of 7 species, 3 of them indigenous to
northern and tropical America, 3 to the Cape of Good
Hope, and 1 to the East Indies.

425. HERPESTIS. Gcertner, Monniera. Mi-

chaux.

Calix 5-cleft, unequal, bibracteate at the base.
Corolla tubular, subbilabiate. Stamina inclu-
ded, all fertile. Capsule 2-valved, 2-celIed, dis-
sepiment parallel to the valves.

Small plants and mostly repent; peduncles axillary, 1-
flowered.

Species. 1. H. rotundifoUa. 2. amplexicmiUs. 3.
cuneifoUa. 4. micraiitha. 5. *£ro~umei. Around New
Orleans.

Chiefly an American genus of about 7 species, with
the exception of 1 in Africa and another in Java.

426. ^HEMIANTHUS.

Cato tubular, border 4-toothed, cleft on the
underside. Upper lip of the corolla obsolete^
lower 3 parted; intermediate segment ligulate
and truncate much longer, closely incurved.
Stamina 2.f filaments bifid, lateral stipes an-
therifcrous. Style bifid. Capsule 1-celled, 2-
Talved, many-seeded. Seeds ovate, even, and
shining.

A very small creeping plant growing in marshes; leaves
entire, opposite and verticillate; flowers solitary, alternate
and pedicellate; minute.

Species. 1. H. JMicraJitheirtoiiles. The only species
yet known Indigenous to the borders of the Delaware.
For a figure and further description, see the Journal of
the Academv of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. I. p.
119. plate 6. fig. 2.

f This genus ought to be referred to Diandria, but having
•iliscovered it only during the progress of this work, 1 have
thought proper to introduce it here rather than in the *^pp€n-

DIDTNTAMIA. ANGIOSPEKMIA. 43

[LINDERNIA. L, See page 9 of the first
vol. of tliis work.]

(Species. L. * gi^andlfora. Perennial; leaves nearly
round, thickish, entire and nerveless, subamplexicaule;
peduncles very long, axillary and terminal; stamina 4, the
2 which are sterile and forked partly exserted; stem creep-
ing'. Hab. On the spong-y marg-jns of sandy springs and
ponds in Georgia, (betwixt Savannah and Augusta in ma-
ny places.) Obs. Stem profusely creeping, angular.
Leaves opaque, crowded, nearly round and \try smooth,
only 3 or 4 lines in length. Peduncle 10 to 15 lines long.
Calix divided to the base, segments linear and subulate.
Corolla large, of a violet blue, lower lip paler, 3-lobed,
lobes rounded, upper lip very short, bidentate. The 2
fertile stamina situated near the base of the tube, simple;
the 2 infertile stamina, partly exserted, and forked, end-
ing obtusely, the lateral stipe very slender, producing an
imperfect i-celled anther. Stigma bilammellate. Cap-
sule ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, valves not inflected or sep-
tiferous; the alated margin of the seminal receptacle pro-
ducing a parallel dissepiment, which is rarely visible be-
fore the ripening of the seed, hence I have been led into
an error in asserting the capsule to be 1-celled. To intro-
duce this interesting and beautiful species, as well as to
correct an error, has been my motive for the second in-
sertion of this genus, which from its afRnily to Herpestis
rather than to Gratiola ought still to be retained in this
class, rather than Diandria.)

427. LIiMOSELLA. L. (Mudwort.)

Calix 5-cIeft. Corolla 4 and 5-lobed, equal.
Stamina approximating by pairs. Capsule 2-
valved, subbilocular, many-seeded.

Small marsh plants sending out creeping shoots; leaves
and solitary flowers radical, peduncles axillary.

Species. 1. 'L. tenuifoUa. Leaves linear and very nar-
row, scarcely dilated atthe points, scape 1-flowered, about
equal in length with the leaves. — Flower white, external-
ly blue. Indigenous to Germany and the borders of the
i)elaware. See Journal Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vol. i. p.
115.

A genus of 3 or 4 species, 2 Indigenous to Europe and
1 of them also common to America, 1 at the Cape of
Good Hope and another in India.

44 BIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA.

428. SCROPHULARIA. L. (Figwort.)

Calix 5 -cleft. Corolki subglobose, resupinate.
Capsule 2-ceIle(l.

Mostly herbaceous, rarely shrubby; stem usually quad-
rangular; leaves mostly opposite, rarely verticillate, en-
tire or pinnatifid; peduncles 2 or many-fiowered, bibrac-
teate at the divisions, oppositely axillary, terminally spi-
ked or paniculate. — Several of the common species have
a foetid scent. Flowers often brownish or inclining to
red.

Species. I. S. 7na}'i/Ia7idica. 2- lanceolata.

A genus of about 20 species, principally indigenous to
the south of Europe, Barbary and the Levant; there are
2 also in tropical America.

459. BIGNONIA. i. (Triiropet-fiower, &c.)
Calix 5-toothed, cyathiform, partly coriace-
ous. Corolla S-lobed, campamilate, ventrirose
on the under side. Silique 2-ceHed. Seeds
Kiembranaceously alated.

Trees or climbing shrubs; leaves opposite, simple, con-
jugate, ternate, digitate, pinnate or decompounded, the
conjugate leaved species mostly cirrbiferous;. flowers pa-
niculate.

Species. 1. B.cy^ucijera. This plant does not appear
to be indigenous to the U. S. 2. capreolata. 3. radicans.

This splendid genus, of 60 or more species, is with a
few exceptions in India, Ciiina,' and Japan, exclusively in-
digenous to the tropical regions of America.

430. RUELLIA. L.

Calix S-parted, often bibracteate. Corolla
subcampanuiate, border 5-!f>bpd. Stamina ap-
proximating by pairs. Capsule attenuated at
either extremity, bursting with elastic teeth.
Seeds few.

A genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants nearly allied
to Justiciar producing axillary and terminal flowers.

Species 1. R. strepens. 2. ohlongifoUay also R. hybri-
da. Ph. 3. humistrata.

A tropical genus of more than 60 species, indigenous tc
India, Arabia, Africa and the warmer parts of America.

BIDYNAMTA. ANGIOSPERMIA. 45

431. BUCHNERA. jL.

Calix 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla slender,
border 5-cIeft, nearly equal; lobes cordate*
Capsule 2-celIed.

Leaves opposite; flowers spiked or corymbose, telTninal.

Allied to Eriniis.

Species. 1. B, americana. Flowers i^reyish-blue.
Very common in the western parts of the state of Nev/
York, Pennsylvania, &.c.

A genus of about 13 species, whereof 2 are indigenous
to tropical America, 5 to the Cape of Good Hope, 4 to
India and 1 to Arabia Felix.

432. ANTIRRHINUM. L. (Toadflax, Snap-

dragon, &c.)
Calix 5-parted; the lower segments remote.
Corolla calcarate, ringent, orifice closed by the
prominent palate. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-
valved, bursting at the summit with 3 to 5 re-
flected dentures, a stapediform styliferous arch
remaining betwixt either aperture. Gartner.

Herbaceous, or very rarely shrubby; leaves alternate,
opposite or verticillate. entire, angular, oblong or narrow;
fl^owers solitary and axillary or spiked, furnished with the
rudiments of a fifth stamen scarcely conspicuous, as in 2
or 3 other proximate genera.

Species. 1. A. Elatine. Valves of the capsule entire.
2. Linaria. Much too abundantly naturalized through-
out the middle states, but not indigenous. 3. ca7iade7ise.
Chiefly near the margins of sandy swamps and ponds. 4?
tenellum. Ph. Leaves linear, opposite; flowers axillary,
calix campanulate; stem sim.ple, annual. — Is this plant in-
deed of this genus? Can it possibly be a bad specimen
o( ColUnsia? 5. Ovontium. Very doubtful.

A genus of more than 70 species, almost exclusively in-
digenous to the south of Europe and Barbary.

433. ^COLLINSIA.

Calix 5-cleft. Corolla bilabiate, orifice clos-
ed: upper lip bifid; the lower trifid, intermediate
segment carinateiy saccate and closed over the

46 DIDYNAMIA. ANGTOSPEllMIA.

(leclinate Style and stamina. Capsule globose,
partly 1 -celled, and imperfectly 4-valved. Seeds ^
a or 3, umbilicate.

An annual plant, with entire opposite and verticillated
leaves; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, verticillate and op-
posite; flower particoloured.

Species. 1. C. verna. IIab. On the banks of the
Ohio, &c. For an accurate figure, See Journal Acad.
Nat. Sc. Philad. vol. i. plate 9. — The only species hither-
to known to me.

434. GERARDTA. L.

Calix half 5-cleft, or 5-tootljed. Corolla siib-
campanulate, unequally 5-lobed, segments nios-i-
\y rounded. Capsule 2-cclled, opening at the
summit.

Certainly a confused and divided genus, the usual arti-
ficial character entirely excluding the North \merican
species which appear to require a careful comparison
with Digitalis. — Herbaceous plants, very rarely shrubby;
leaves generally opposite, entire, or pinnatifid; flowers
solitary, axillary, opposite, approximating towards ,the
summits of the branches, yellow or purple. Capsule more
or less ovoid, not acuminate, 2-celled; dissepiment medi-
al, indivisible, parallel to and uniting with the simple
longitudinal margined receptacle.
\Floivers purple. ( Calix campamtlaie, margin S-toothed.)
Species. 1. G. purpurea. Stem angular, much branch-
ed; leaves scabrous, linear, long and acute; flowers large,
subsessile; segments of the calix subulate. Hab. Com-
mon both in fresh and subsaline marshes. 2. * maritima,
Mr. Rafinesque, in the New York Medical Repositorj-,
vol. ii. p. 361. Low and succulent; stem angular; leaves
linear, carnosc, short, somewhat obtuse; flowering branch-
es partly naked; flowers small, shortly pedunculate, the 2
upper lobes clliate; margin of the calix crenulate. Hab.
Not unfrequent in the salt-marshes of New Jersey and
New York. Flowering from July to September. G. pur-
purea, l3. crassifolia. Ph. It is unquestionably distinct
from G. purpurea; beuig every way smaller; oppositely
branched from the base upwards; the leaves are also
quite convexly carnose and shining; the flowers of a pale
red, are remotely situated, and seldom exceed 3 pair^ ap-
proximating towards the summits of the branches; the
pubescent ciliation of the corolla and the truncatare of

DIDYNA>IIA. ANGI09PEUMIA. 47

the calix are invariable. Like the preceding it is only an-
nual, and therefore distinct from the following.

3. *Unifolia. Perennial: stem terete, virg-ate; branch-
es florjferous towards the summit; leaves smooth, linear,
acute, and subcarnose, longer than the peduncles; calix
truncate, campanulate; corolla large, orifice pubescent,
and all the lobes ciliated. Hab. From Wilmington, North
Carolina, to Florida. Obs. Root perennial, creeping.
Stems 2 or 3 feet high, branches virgate, cylindric.
Leaves 10 to 15 lines long, scarcely more than 1 wide,
very smooth and partly carnose but flat and acute, di-
minishing in size upwards. Flowers from 3 to 5 pair,
large, campanulate, and pui-ple, peduncle often more than
an inch long in tlie fruit. Calix remarkably truncated,
yet presenting 5 minute and acute dentures nearly on a
line with the margin.

4. teiudfoUa. Low and much branched; stem quadran-
gular; leaves linear, acute, scabrous; flower funnelform;
style exserted; flowering peduncles nearly as long as the
leaves; dentures of the calix acute. Hab- Common in
dry and sandy forests from New York to Carolina; per-
fectly distinct from G. piirpwea; usually 6 to 10 inches
high and very much branched; flower pale purple with
ihe orifice smooth, (the reverse o^ purpurea) lobes of the
corolla dilated, approaching to otjcordate; stamina as in
the whole genus densely pubescent, (which is not the
case, if I recollect right, in Digitalis-,) peduncles often
equal in length with tlie upper leaves, but shorter than
the lower ones. The corolla of this species is remarka-
bly wide and shallow. 5. setacea. Leaves setaceous;
peduncles alternate and opposite, very long; calix obso-
letety toothed, capsule ovale. Hab. In the sandy forests
of Carolina. Annual. Peduncles often 2 inches long,
and remote. x\ taller plant than the preceding, which
produces a globose capsule, the present an ovate one ex-
serted beyond the calix.

6. *aphyUa. Stem naked, virgate, with very few branch-
es, quadrangular, and margined, oppositely squamiferous,
squamcc ovate, very minute, white and deciduous; flow-
ers opposite, approximating towards the summits of the
branches; corolla somewhat funnelform, longer than the
primary peduncle. Hab. From North Carolina to Florida,
where it was first detected by Dr. Baldwyn. A very re-
markable and not uncommon species around Wilmington
in North Carolina. I have a specimen now before me
which is about 3 feet long, rigidly erect, and sending out
only 2 pair of branches; in place of leaves we perceive
■only minute opposite sphacelate scales, which are ovate,

48 DIDTNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMlA.

acute, and scarcely a line long. Fruiting peduncle nea>-
iy the leng-lh of the flower. Corolla very similar to that
of G. teJivifoUa. Calix campanulate, minutely 5-toothed.
Capsule ovate, longer than the calix. Root annual, very
small. Now and then very minute leaves appear to be
produced, but they are generally wanting.

7. *fUfoIia. Perennial? Stem terete, branched; leaves
filiform, carnose, subfasciculale, and alternate; flower-
ing peduncles longer than the leaves, alternate, calix:
acutely toothed; corolla large, vertricose-campanulate.
Hab In West Florida. Dr.BaldWyn. Obs. Leaves fili-
form, about an inch long, nearly terete, smooth, and very
slender, in the only dried specimen before me alternate,
collected in axillary clusters; flowers purple, as large as
G. purpurea^ orifice of the corolla pubescent, and ventri-
cose, flowering peduncle near an inch and a half long. A
species in aspect very distinct from all the preceding. I
suspect it to be either suffruticose or shrubby.

8. awiculata. Chiefly indigenous to the western states
as far as Louisiana, it has also been once found near Ches-
ter in Delaware by Dr. Darlington, as I h.ave been inform-
ed by Mr. Collins. Ihis plant is considered to be Erinus
Afncamis in Muhlenberg's Catalogue, but surely neither
the same species nor genus, if tliere be any essential cha-
racter in Erinus It is more probably a species of Seyme-
7va. 9. cnneifalia. Ph. Calix oparted; leaves serrate.
G.lancifaUa? Muhl Catal. Not of this genus? 10. fru-
Hcosa. Ph. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, calix 5-parted;
flowers racemose and bracteate. Is it not rather a Bigi-
talu?

ft Flo'ivers yello-io. {Calix semi qidnqxd fid.)
11. Jlava. 12. quevcifoJia. Ph. 13. Pedictilaria. Leaves
nearly smooth, oblong, and pinnatifid, segments uncinate,
seiTate. — Common throughout the middle sates, (i. pec-
tinata. Stem and branches denselv pilose; leaves ()vate>
pectinately subbipinnaiifid, softly pubescent; calix hir-
sute, peduncle much shoiter. Hab. In the sandy pine
forests of Carolina and (icorgia. A mucii finer plant than
the common sjiecies and {)robably distinct; the lacinije
and serratures diverge nearly at right angles; flowers ve-
ry large and yellow.

Probably an American genus, excluding the species of
Africa and India.

435c SEYMERIA. Pursh, Afzelia. Gmclin.
Calix 5 -parted nearly to the base. Corolla
rotatc-canipanulatc, almost equally 5-lobct!.

DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. 49

Stamina srarccly unequal* subsessile, inserted
neaj- the orifice; anthers oblong, naked. Style
declinate. Capsule ventricose- ovate, acute, 2-
cclied, 2-vaIved, opening at the summit.

Herbaceous plants with opposite pinnatifid leaves, and
yellow oppositely disposed flowers; lobes of tlie corolla
rounded and entire, orifice and short tube internally pu-
btisceni.; filaments scarcely any, pubescent, anlliers most-
ly smooth, oblonL"*, and nearly equal, 2-celled, opening lon-
gitudinally. In one, if not all of the species, there exists
an imperfect fifth stamen, thus pointing- out the affinity
of this genus to Cth-ia and Verbaacum and so to the natu-
ral order or" SoLAXACE^. Capsule ventricose-ovate, acute,
and compressed at the summit, partly 4-lobed, 2-celled,
somewhat 4-valved, being readily separable in the line of
the medial coriaceous dissepiments; seminal receptacies 2,
round, small, and pendulotis from the centre oi" the dis-
sepiments, neither compressed nor marginated as in the
preceding genus. Seeds angular, with alated margins.

Species. 1. S. * macrophyUa. Stem tall and branched;
leaves large, nearly smooth, lower ones subpinnatilid or
deeply toothed, the upper lanceolate and entire; flowers
subsessile, shortly campanulate, orifxe and tube densely
lanuginous; stamina scarcely exserted. Hab. In shady allu-
vial soils on the banks of tlie Little Miami, (Oliio,) near
the town of Lebanon. Flowering in July. A very dis-
tinct species much resembling GerardiaJIava in herbage,
4 or 5 feet high, distinctly connecting tins genus with
the precedmg, and indicating by its disparity with the
Ibllowing species, the probable existence (jf several more
in some of the unexplored i ecesses of North or South
An^enca. Leaves from 3 to 6 mches long, attenuated to-
wards the petiole, which is short. Calix only divided
about halfway down, segments partly ovate and often fb-
liaceous. Corolla yellow, with a distinct tube, about the
size of ihat of Verbasciim ThapsiLs, but more like a Gerar-
diuy border deeply 5-parted, lobes rounded, orifice and
tube filled wiih a matted woolly pubescence. Stamina al-
most equal, oblong, and quite smooth; towards the base
cf the tube there is a fifth stamen often almost perfect.
Stigma subcupitate. Capsule small, ventricose, with a
compressed pomt. Receptacles 2, roundish, dissepiment
bipuriile. .\ hardy and curious plant, well worth cultiva-
ting-

2. pectinata. Ph. Obs. Kxtremely branched; leaves
small, pinnatifid, segments simple, linear, terminal one
VOL. II, E

50 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA.

broader, obtuse; corolla subrotate, stamina exserted;
capsule pubescent. Hab. From North Carolina to Flori-
da. Common. 3. tenuifoUa. Ph. Leaves smooth and
pseudopinnate; sej^ments filiform, divided; corolla nearly
rotate; stamina exserted; capsule smooth. Hab. Much
more rare tlian the preceding; in Georgia and Florida.
Stem hirsute, divaricately and profusely branched; leaves
extremely slender; flowers somewhat resembling those
of Cassia as well as the preceding; stamina linear-oblong,
in bath species nearly equal; capsule ventricose-ovute,
acute, with the summit compressed.
A North American genus.

43^ PEDICULARIS. L. (Lousewort.)

Cahx ventricose, half 5-cleft. Galea (or up-
per lip of the corolla) emarginate and compres-
sed. Capsule bilocular, mucronate, oblique.
Seeds angular, tunicated.

Leaves opposite or alternate, multifid, mostly pinnati-
fid; flowers opposite or alternate, bracteate, aggregated
in short terminal spikes.

Species. 1. P. Evphrasioides. 2. pallida. Stem
tall, smooth, and branched, pubescently lined; leaves
lanceolate, pinnaiifidly toothed, incisions crenulate and
scabrous on the margin; flowers distinct, subsessile;
point of the galea, truncated; calix bifid, segments
rounded. P serotina. Muhl. Catal. Hab. Very common
throughout the sandy swamps in New-Jersey. Flowers
straw yellow. Capsule short and broad ovate. 1 am ve-
ry well satisfied that P. lanceolata of Michaux is nothing
more than a specimen of this plant with a simple stem,
which I have frequently seen thoughout the western
states as far as the neighbourhood of St. Louis, Louisiana.
3. ^tadiata. 4. canadensis. — The following species with
No. 1. are either indigenous to Labradoror the North West
Coast. 5. re^nipinata. 6. recutita. 7- elata- 8. lapponica.
9. granlaiidica. 10 verticillata. ll.Jlammea.

A genus of near 40 species, ind'genous to the colder or
alpine regions of Europe, America, and Siberia, extend-
ing to the ultimate limits of phsenogamous vegetation.

437. MIMULUS. L, (Monkey-flower.)

Calix prismatic, 5-toothcd. Corolla ringent:
tipper lip reflected at the sides; palate of the

DIDYXAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA. 51

lower lip prominent. Stigma tiiick and bifid.
Capsule 2-celIed, nmny-see.icd. Seeds minute.

iSIostly herbaceous plaints, with prominently quadi'angu-
lar stems and opposite leaver; pedaacles solitary and ax-
illary, l-flowered, destitute of bractes; colour of the flow-
ers blue or yellow.

Species. I. M. riiiifeiis, 2- alatiis. Nearly allied tQ
the preceding-. 3. luteus. 4. Lewisii. Pii.

A small genus of 6 species, partly indigenous to both
North and South America.

438. CHELONE. L.

Calix S-parted, tribracteate. Corolla rin-
gent, ventj'icose. Sterile Jilament shorter than
the rest; anthers Ian ugi nous. Capsule 2-celled,
2-vaIved. Seeds membranaceously margined.

Herbaceous plants with opposite leaves; flowers snbim-
bricately spiked, terminal; lower lip of the corolla inter-
nally bearded; capsule oval. ( C. barbata is a Pentsternoii,
and therefore an exception to the artificial character.)

Species. 1. C. glabra. Leaves lanceolate-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, subsessUe, smooth. /3 * lanceolata.
Leaves lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate, serrate, ses-
sile, under side pubescent; bractes scarcely dilated; seg-
ments of the calix oblong. Probably a distinct species.
2. obliqua. 3. Lyoni. v. v. Near Wilmington, (N. Carol.)

A North AmeriC.m genus.

459. PENTSTEMON. Z.

Calix 5-leaved. Corolla bilabiate, ventricose'.
The Jifth sterile filament longer tlian the rest
and bearded on the upper side. Anthers smooth.
Capsule ovate, 2-ceIled, 2-vaIved. Seeds nume-
rous, angidar.

Herbaceous and perennial plants, rarely shrubby or
suffruticose; leaves opposite, entire, flowers paniculate,
purple, rarely scarlet, or blue; corolla usually bilabiate,
oblong anil tubular; the upper lip shorter, 2-lobed, and co-
arctate; orifice usually pub\?hcent; in several other species,
however, the corolla appears nearly campanulate and with
the border almost equally 5-lobed, in these the Sterile
fHament is less conspicuous.

DIDYXAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA.

t Upper Up of the corolla compressed; the loiuer plaited.
'Species. 1, P. Ixvigatxim. 2. pubescens. Leaves \n
both these species repandiy serniUite, and with the ori-
fice ofihe lower lip pubescent. 3. *gracile. Slem smooth
and slender; leuvcs smooth, linear, acute, subumplexi-
caule, sharply serrulate; panicle s-mple, few-flowered;
sterile filament longitudinally bearded; corolla internally
smooth, segments of the calix linear-ohlong-. Hae. From
the Arikarees to Foit Mandan, in depressed soils. Flow-
ering in June. Allied to P. pubescens, but perfectly dis-
tinct. Flowers the smallest of the g"enus, pale purple.
Radical leaves lanccolate-ovate, entire; stem leaves
opaque, and pungently serrulate, remote.

f Corolla s7/bcampanulaie, border almost-eqxtally 5-lobed.

4' * cristatcm. Fras. Catal. 1813. P. erianthera. Ph. 2.
p. 7o7- Obs. Pubescent. Stem 6 to 8 indies. Radical
leaves lanceolate and denticulate; cauline sessile, linear-
oblong-, sublanceolate. Pedicells axillsry and teiminal,
1 to 3-flowered, very short. Calix subhirsute, segments
linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla large and violace-
ous, ventricose; border 5-lobed, spreading, orifice of the
lower lip and the whole upper surface of the subexserted
sterile filament very conspicuously and cristately beard-
ed. Hab. On arid denudated argillaceous hills from the
confluence of Teeton river and the Missouri to the Moun-
tains. 5. frxitescens.

6. *erianthera. Fras. Catal. P. glabra. Ph. 2. p. 738.
Bet. Magaz. — Very smooth; leaves sessile, ovate-lanceo-
iate, entire, margin partly undulated; peduncles many-
flowered, secund; segments of the calix rounded-oval,
acuminate; sterile filament slightly bearded under the re-
cuse point; anthers pubescent. Hab. In arid soils near
the confluence of Shian river. Flowering in June. Flow-
ers purple, by cultivation very numerous, as in the figure
in Curtis's Magazine. The pubescent anthers distinguish
this from every other known species, but it never amounts
to the tomentum of Chelone.

7. * carulevm. Smooth and glaucous; radical leaves
sublinear, cauline sublanceolate-linear, all entire and ses-
sile, margin minutely pubescent; sterile filament sliort and
bearded above; leaves of the cnllx lanceolate, acute; pe-
duncles many-flowered; Cv)rolla subcampanulate, azure
blue. Hab. On the plains of the Missouri, near Fort
Mandan and the Indian towns. Rare. P. angnstifoUinn.
Fras. Calal. and Ph. 2. p. 738, but as P. gracUe is also
equallv narrow-leaved, and the beautiful and peculiar co-
k)i' of' the flower so characteristic, 1 could not refrain

DIDYxVAMlA. ANGIOSPERMIA.. 53

from adopting' it in preference to that whicli I had for-
merly given, previous to my becoming acquainted witli
the flower, which Mr. Shepherd obtained from a plant
that I had presented to the Botanic g-arden of Liverpool.
Tlie plant somewhat resembles P. barbatum of Mexico
(Chehne barbata) but the flower is tubular-campanulate,
with an almost equally 5-cleft, border, and of a beautiful
azure blue, without the smallest tinge of violeti a color
so prevalent in all the other species.

8. * aUiidtim. Stem very low; leaves ovate-lanceolate;
Siibserrulato, smooth and sessile; flowers partly fas-
ciculated, axillary and terminal; sterde filament slen-
derly and interruptedly bearded; corolla internally smooth
and partly tubular, border almost equally o-cleft, spread-
ing-; leave<?of tiie calix linear-lanceolate, pubescent. Hab.
On the plains of the Missouri, com.mon, from the conflu-
ence of tiie river Platte to the Mountains. P. teretijlora.
Fras. Catal. 1813. The humblest species of the genus,
rarely exceeding 6 or 8 inches in height; stem somewhat
angular. Leaves approximating. Flowers usually white.

9. * grand'-fiorum. Fras. Catal, 1813. Very smooth and
glaucous; leaves entire; radical suboval, cauline amplexi-
eaule, roundish-oval, with an abrupt point; flowers large,
mostly solitary and axillary; corolla campanulate, border
5-lobcd, spreading; sterile filament partly pubescent at the
summit. P. Bradbuni. I*ii. Hab. On the plains of the
Missouri, common, tVom the onfluence of the river

^Platte to the Mountains; also near the Prairie du Chien,
Miss sr^ippi. A splendid and beautiful species, about 3
feet high, flowers variously tinged, as large as those of
Dl^italia jr.irpnrea which they not unaptly resemble.

A North American genus and probably an extensive
one.

440. MARTYNIA. h,

Ca//a; o-cIeft. 6'oro//a riiij^ent. Capsule Wg-
neous, corticate, 4-celk'(U 2-va!ved, each of the
valves terminating in a hooked rostrum.

Annual plants with opposite or alternate leaves; flowers
racemose axillary or terminal.

Species. 1. M. proboscidea. Common around Lew-
istown in Delaware, also on the banks of the Ohio and Mis-
siss ppi. The whole plant is remarkably viscid, the singu-
lar form of its large fruit has obtained it the name of
Guckold's-IIorns.

E 2

54 DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPEUMIA.

t t Calix 4-clefL

441. SCHWALBEA. L.

Calix ventricose, tubular, obliquely 4-clcft;
upper scj^meut shortest, the ]ii^\iv large aiul
emarginate or biileutate. Corolla bilabiate,
upper lip entire, arched, the lower S-lobed.
Capsule ovate-subterete, 2-cellcd, 2-valved; dis-
sepiment produced by the infiected margin oi*
the valves, and parallel with the longitudinal
receptacle. Seeds numerous, imbricated, line-
ar, and alated.

Perennial and herbaceous; leaves alternate, entire; flow-
ers axillary, racemose, alternate, shortly pedicellate; ca-
lix mostly marked with 10 or 12 an.milar striatures and
conspicuously bibracteate at the base. From the struc-
ture of the capsule, no plant can more decidedly belong to
the ANTiRRHiNE/Ethan this, liaving no vestige of a trans-
verse septum, the capsule cylindric-ovate, and opening
longitudinally, always below the adhering summit.

Species. 1. S. americajia. Generally occurring on the
borders of sphagnose swamps not far from the sea-coast?
from the state of New- York to Florida. — The only species
of the genus.

442. ^EUCHROMA.f Bartsia. L, (Painted-

Cup.)
Calix spathffiform, bifid, and emarginate, or
quadrifid, with the segments subulate. Corolla
bilabiate, upper lip very long and linear, embra-
cing the style and stamina; lower lip siiort and
trifid, without glands. Anther s\\\\q'<m\ with un-
equal lobes, all cohering in the form of an oblong
disk. CapsiUe compressed, ovate, oblique, 2-
celled, 2-valved; dissepiment medial, bipartile.
Seeds numerous, and small, surrounded with a
membranaceous inflated vesicle.

f Finely coloured, in allusion to the common name of** Plant-
ed Cup," from its brilliant colouring.

UIDTNAMIA. AXGIOSPERMIA, 55

Herbaceous; stem simple, leaves alternate, sessile, p?.l-
mateh' ciefi; flowers sotiuu\ , axillary, sessile, rriai cescent,
sometimes subtended by coloured bractes. — (Calix Irre-
g-nlar, long- and tubular, in ii. cocciuea only 2-i<)bed, lobes
retuse, coloured, and slii^lilly einaruinate; corolla constant
in form, slenderly tubular, of an obscure and g-reenisli
yellow, upper lip 2 or 3 times the length of the lower or.e,
entire; lower lip trifid, segnients plaited and acute. Sta-
mina seated upon nearly the same line of the orifice;
anthers smooUi, long: and linear, all cohering- together,
producing- a disk which is poliniferous at its surface, in
consequence of this c(;herence the 2 lobes of each anther
arc uiuqual, the inner lobe being- always shorter. Style
ver\' long- and filiform; sligma scarcely biiohed. Capsule
ovate, acute, compressed antl (/blique, in the earliest stage
of the g-erm bursting- the base of the corolla tube. Seeds
small, each inclosed in a reticulated membranous inflated
vesicle, attaclied to the receptacular margins of the
transveise septa. Proper receptacle obsolete. Is this
genus as distinct from Cacii'r.cja as Irom liartsla?)

Species. 1. E. cocciuea- Annual or biennial; leaves
and coloured bractes divai-icately trifid; calix bifid, nearly
equal with the corolla, segments retuse and emarginate.
{Bartsia coccinea, L.) 2. * gramlfiora. Perennial; leaves
and uncoloured bractes mostly tritid, segment divaricate;
calix 4-ciefi, jjartly obliq-iic; corolla longer than the ca-
lix, segments of the lower lip acuminate. Hab. On the
plains of the Missouri from ti.e confluence of the river
Platte to the Mountains, con.mei;; also near the Prairie
du Chien, Mississipp. Flowering from April to May. Cas.
tilkjii sessiUfiova. Ph. 2. p. 7C8. Obs. Stem simple, and with
the leaves pubescent. Flow ers pubescent, slenderly tubu-
lar and curved, 2 lo 3 inches long, greenisli-wliite, a liitle
rosaceous; upper lip neai-ly green, attenuated; segments
of the lower hp linear-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than
the upper, plaited. St\le and stanriina smooth, enfolded
by the upper li]), exseited. Capsule and seed as in E. coc
chiea. — A very distinct species, but inseparable in genus
from the preceding, notwithstanding the disparity of the
calix, in every im{)ortant particular besides they agree;
other species will probably one day be discovered, con-
necting these 2 more closely.

243. BARTSIA. L,

Calix 4-cleft. Corolla ringent; upper lip con-
cave, entire, the lower trifid and reflected. Jin-

5"6 DID YN AM I A. AXGIOSPERMIA.

f/icrs equally lobed. uncombined. Capsule S-ccl-
Jed, 2-valvc(]. Seeds aiie^ular.

Herbaceous; leaves entire, alternate and opposite; flow-
ers alternate, bracicate, in terminal racemes; color blue-
ish, purple, or yellow.

Species. 1. B. pallida. 2. acutnijiata. Ph. 3. tenuifolia.
Ph. Is not this a bad specimen oF Euchroma grandiflora,
at all events not a species of this g-enus? 4. alpina. 5.
(iymnandra. Tiirivini^ near tlie limits of plisnogamoiis
vegetation, within the arctic circle.

Partly an alpine and European genus, extending to the
Levant.

444. RRINANTHUS. L.

Calix 4-clert, ventricose. Corolla vin^cni;
upper lip mostly compressed. Capsule bilocuhir,
obtuse, compressed.

Herbaceous; leaves opposite, mostly toothed or serrate;
fiowers opposite, bracteate,. in terminal spikes.

Species. 1. R. CHsia-gaUi. Hab. In Canada.

A genus of "10 species, dispersed througji both hemis-
pheres from Siberia to India; within its proper limits per-
haps solely European.

445. EUPHRASIA. L, (Eye-Brigbt.)

Calix cylindric,4-cleft. Coi'oUa bilabiate; isp-
pcr lip bifid; lower 3-lobed, segments bifid.
Lobes of the 2 lower antiiers spinulose.

Herbaceous, or suffruticose; leaves opposite or alter-
nate; flowers bracteaie, axillarj-, producing terminal ra-
cemes.

Species. 1. "E. officinalis. 2. latifoUa. The first indige-
rons to Canada the second to Labrador.

A small genus of about 15 species, chiefly European,
and extending into Barbary.

446. ^ORTHOCARPUS.t

Calix tubular, semiquadrifid. Corolla bila-
biate, closed; upper lip smaller, compr ssed,

i

-j-'riie straightness of the fruit, readily distinguishing this ge-
IS from MeUimpyrum.

DIDTNAMIA. AXGTOSrERMIA. 0/

with the mar£;in ijiilected; lower concavo, oh-
soleiely o-toothed. unexpandcd. Jinthers un-
comK'cted: lobes unof|ual, divaricate. Capsule
strai.srld, cliiptir-ovatc, 2-celied, 2-vaIved, ma-
ijy-secded, opeDinj^ on both sidos; dissepiment
transverse. Seeds small, with an aiated lunate
margin.

Annual; stem simple; leaves alternate, entire; flowers
axillary, alternate, sessile, and bracteate; bracles divari-
cately trifid.

Species. 1, O. lumens.

l^EscfiiPT. rjoot tortuous, perpendicular, and fibrous.
Stem simple, hirsutely pilose, terete. Leaves increasing
in size upwards, alternate, sessile, lanceolate-linear,
acute, entire, opaque, and as uell as the bractes and ca-
lix shortly and somewliat viscidly pubescent, margins sca-
brous; bractes cuneate, divaricately trifid, about an inch
long- and ihe same in width, 3-nerved. Calix much shor-
ter than the bractes, partly compressed, striated, sub-
campaniiktp, sej^ments line'ar-lanceolate, acute. Corolla
yellow, smooth; tube slender, about the length of the
calix; both of the lips concave, inflected, and closed, the
lower somewliat plaited and terminated by 3 minute den-
tures, so inconspicuous as to give the corolla the appear-
ance of being destiiute of an under lip. Stamina 4, small;
filaments capillary, ingrafted upon the upper lip a little
below tlie orifice, approximating by pairs under the same
lip; anthers pale, unusually small, 2-celled, cUsiincMy and
separately 2-lobcd, lobes pubescent, not jJarallel, one
acute-angularly diverging from below the stimmit of the.
otlier, almost exactly similar to the small lamdba of the
Greek al[)habet {\). Style filiform, stigma simple, minute.
Capsule elliptic ovate, obtuse, staight and pubescent, in-
cluded witiiln the C'<lix, 2-celled, 2-valved, many- seeded,
m:ir£;ins of the valves partly inflected; dissepiment trans-
verse, or origining from the middle of the valves and
seminiferous. Seeds small, more than 10, having an
aiated interrupted margin. Cotyledones 2, very small,
upon the growing plant, oval. H'ab. In humid situations
on the plains of the Missouri, near Fort Mandan; very
local. Flowering in July and August. Height about 12
or 14 inclies. Growing in quantities. Flowers of abright
and uniform yellow, almost of the size and form of the
common species of Melampijrum at first sight. In point

5^ DIDYNAMIA. ANGIOSPERMIA.

of affinity it cannot be compared with any other genusj.
notwithstanding- its marked disLniclloM.

447. MELAMPYRUM. L. (Cow-wlieatO

Callx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla com-
pressed, niargiii folded bark; lower lip grooved,
tiifid, suhefjual, Capsiik 2-celled> oblique,
opening on one side; cells 2-seedcd. Seeds car-
tilaginous, cylindric-obloiig.

Herbaceous; leaves opposite, with entire marg-ins; flow-
ers opposite, ofien secund, terminally racemose; bractcs
raore or less pinnatifid. — (Stamina, in JM. lineare, scarcely
unequal; anthers cohering- longitudinally. Ferisperm in
the form of the seed, cartilaginous, almost resembling a
gi'ain of wheat, emhryon minute, immersed near the sum-
mit, erect; cotyledones and radical nearly equal.)

Species. l.M.Uneare. Common- Flowers pale yel-
low with a tinge of purple. 2. lati folium. Muhl. Catal.
Hab. In Delaware. — A small genus, and except the pre
sent species, exclusively indigenous to Europe.

448. OROBANCHE. L, (Broomrape.)

Calix 4 or 5-cleft, segments often nncqual.
Corolla ringent. Cajjsule ovate, acute, 1 -celled,
2-valved; seeds numerous. A gland beneatli
the base of the germ.

Herbaceous and subcarnose plants destitute of verdure,
mostly brownish, or approaching to white, parasitic upon
tlie roots of plants; roots short and somewhat tuberous,
imbricated with scales; stem alternately squamulose, ofieii
simple; flowers bracteate, terminally spiked, rarely soli-
tary.

Species. 1. O. americmia. Often growing in vast
clusters at th.e roots of trets in tiie most shady forests,
(near Philadelphia rare. W. B;.rtram.) 2. * huloviciana.
Pulverulently pubescent; siem very low and simple;
flowers and ovate acute scales subimbricated; calix une-
quall\ and deeply S-cleft, bibracteate; corolla recurved,
5-c!ett; stamina included, smooth. Had. In sandy allu-
vial soils, around Fort Mandan, abundant, and not appa-
rently parasitic. Ubs. 3 or 4 inches liigh; flowers very
aftimerou-s and crowded, much longer than the bracies.

UIDTNAMIA. AN'GIOSPERMIA. 5§

Calix partly lobed, bu* monophyllous, segments 5, long',
linejr, and acute. U[)pcr lip of llie corrf)Ha bifid; lower
trifid, and plaited, purple. Anthers whitiih, lobes acute
at the base.

* Gymxocaulis. Calix and corolla almost equally
5-cleft.

3. * fnsciculata. Stem short and simple; peduncles
many, naked, neatly terminal, and about the Icup^th
of the stem; scales few, ovale and concave, pubc scent;
lobes of the corolla very short, rounded, and naked on the
margin. Hae. With tlie above. Flowerinj^ in June and
July. Very nearly allied to tlie following". Obs. 4 or 5
inches high, densely and pulverulently pubescent. Sten(\
angular, with few scales, terminating i'l 6 or more naked
filiform peduncles, 2 to 2 1-2 inches in length. Calix cam-
panulat', semiquinqnefid, segments sublanceolate, acute,
little more than one-third the lengih of the corolla. Corol-
la curved, tubular, ddute purple; segments of the border
scared;, more than a line long; low er lip producing a
groovfid palate. Stamina smooth, lobes of the antiiers
acute below, opening marginally and longitudinally, the
lobes being parallel. Capsule l-Celled, ovate, acuminate.

2. * hiflora. Stem very short, often obsolete; mostly
2-flowered, peduncles scapiform, naked; scales smooth,
concave; If)b.s of the corolla oblong-oval, wiih a pubes-
cent coloured margin. O.nnifiora. L. Hab. Common
in shady woods throughout the Atlanf'c states. Obs.
Stems rarely more than an inch, often seve. al together,
producing 5 or 6 smooth scales; peduncles naked, 4 to 6
inches long, somewhiit pube«»cent. Calix and corolla as
the prrceding, tube also recurved, lobes flat, and nearly-
equal, twice as deep as in the preceding, ye llowish white,
as well as the whole corolla, marked with faint blue veins,
margui elegantly bordt-red with an azure blue pubescent
line, very conspicuous in the early st^geofthe flower; un-
der side of the tube also furnished with a grooved palate
after the manner of the genus; the ridges yellow on the
inner side. Anthers obcordate, and with the filai7ients
smooth, pubescent on the margin of the cells, lobes paral-
lel and acute below; stigma bilammellate, perforate, lobes
rounded and acuminate, nearly smooth, lower lobe arch-
ed over the stamina. Capsule l-celled, parietal placentu-
lac 4; seeds minute.

A genus pi-incipally indigenous to Europe and the tem-
perate parts of Africa in both hemispheres, with a few spe-
cie* also in Sil»cria.

60 DIDYNAMIA. AIS GIOSPERMI A.

449. ^EPIFAGLS.f Orobanche. L. (Beech-

tii-o^js. CiiMccr-root.)

Polygamous. — Calix abbreviated, S-tootlicd.
Corollaui: the infiTiiic flower ringerit, romjtress-
ed, 4 cl'i't, lower lip 11. il: fei-tilo llower niiimtc,
4-tooriicd, deciduous. CapsuJc truncate, oblique,
1 -celled, iiiipertectly 2 valved, opening only on
- one side.

A somewhat carnose herbace(>usplaiT, destitute of ver-
dure as in tiie piececiin.t t^er.us, and jjarasit c oaly upon
the roots oftlie Betch; stem vii-galely branched, braiiciies
sim])lc, evcrv where (iisiantly iiorjfe/ous: scales smah and
remote, commencing uom the extrcivsiiy of tlie root, sub-
tending'both radical hbrts and fiowcrs, upper parts of me
branches producing- pofect flowers but aboriive f( uit,
lower in){)erfectly fornfed flowers fructiferous! ca|'sule
coriaceous, roundisl) and small, wiih the ciiaracter ot »We-
hvnpijinim, but truncated, at length extendmg by moisture
in the form ol a cup.

Species. E. *ar?7erica?ius. (Orobanclie virg-iniana- L.)
Equally iiidig-enous to every part of JS'orth America.

Obs. Root tuberous and carnose, squaniifer(;us, radicles
axilary, fiMg- le, sliort and divai catc-iy branciied. ^tcm
and the whole plant, nearlv smooth, branched from the
base, 12 to 18 inches Isigh, branches about 6 to 9, long and
furnished with small ovate scales, shoiter than the sub|>e-
dunculated calix. Flowers distant and alternate, desti-
tute of prop«-r bracies, siibtendetl by die cauhne scales.
Calix short and cup-shapea, only about half the lengih of
the capsule, border angularly crenate, cienatures 5, acute.
Fruiting" cortjlla ver} small, 4-toothed. rarely expaitding-,
elevated and rendered deciduous by the obliquity and ra-
pic enlarg-ement of the germ; la', or flowers produced to-
wards the summits ot the branches, conspicuous, more
than half an inch long, tubular, couipressed, and bilabiate,
upper lip subemarginate; the lower 3-toothed, fiat, and
acute, without any intermediate phats or palute, colour
white, with dark but bright ptirple stripes. Stamina 4,

j- Nearly sinalar to the common and appropriate nam.e of
'• Beech-drops," by which this plant is almost univeisaliy known;
from beuig commonly parasitic upon the roots of the Beech,
{Fagus sylvaiicat and F. ferugiiiea.)

DIDYNAMIA, ANGIOSPERMIA. 61

free, purtly exserted; filaments smooth; anthers pubescent,
small, lobes parnUel, opening centra ly, not on the marg-in,
destitute of distinct valves, ucnte below. Style simple,
smooth, s io-ma capitate, excentrio, sligh'ly :?maig'inaled.
Gland under the germ going- merely half round. Capsule
small, roundish, and gibbous, opening only on one side
and therefore semibivalve, placentulae obsolete. Seeds
very numerous, minute, and of a pale colour, ovale, the
embryon still more minute, situated near the siuTimit of
a somewhat corneous pensperm, not unlike that which
is more obvious in jyfelampi/rum.

VOL. II,

Class XIV.— TETRADYNAMlii

Order I.— SILICULOSA.

450. CAKILE. Gcertner. (Sea Rocket.)
Silicle sublanceolate, 4-ang]ed, biarticiilafe,

separating at the articulation; articulations dis-
similar, llie lower emarginate, each 1-seeded
and valveless.

Succulent herbaceous maritime plants, with alternate
leaves, afier the manner of the whole class; fruiting
branches racemose; flowers pale purple.

Specixs. 1- G. * americana. Leaves carnose, entire,
ouneaie-oblong-, obtuse, margin toothed; both articula-
tions often seminiferous, uppermost ovate, acute. Hab.
Common on the strand of ihe sea-coast, and also on the
shores of the great North Western Lakes of the St. Lau-
rence. Certainly distinct from C. maritima. Obs. Plant
large, much branched and subdecumbent, of a deep green,
no way glaucous, leaves smooth and carnose; flowers in-
conspicuous, small; petals oval, claws slender; lower arti-
culation of the fruit subterete, often equal with the upper,
emarginate, producing on either side a small setaceous
tooth. In fruit this species approaciies Bunias, and scenes
to evince the propriety of again uniting these 2 genera.

Of this small genus there are 2 other species in Lurope.

451. DRABA. i. (Whitlow-grass.)

Silicle entire, oval-oblong, valves flattish,
parallel with the dissepiment. Style scarcely
any.

Stem leafy or partly naked, with the leaves radically
crowded; pubescence stellate or divided as in ^ilyssvm.

Species. 1 D verna. 2. carolininna. Petals and stvlP
none. 2>. nivalis. A.glaheUa. Ph. S.nemoralis. Obs. Slrai
sparingly branclied; radical leaves spaihulute-oblong, cau-
ilne fewj'scssile. ovate, subdentate, raceme very long; tioNv-

TETKADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA. Q^3

ei-s small and yellowish; sUique elliptic-oblong-, pubescenf^
Flowering' in May. On ihe gravelly hills of the Missouri,
from the river Platte to Fort Mandan, rare. 6. incana:
7. Arabis.
Almost exclusively an European genus.

452. ALYSSUM. L. (Gold of Pleasure.)

Filaments of 2 of the stamina often internal-
ly toothed near the base. 8'dide 2-celled, en-
tire, acuminated with the style, mostly pubes-
cent, subelliptic or globose.

An obscurely defined g-enus. Most of the species aS
in Arabis are furnished with a divided or stellate pubes-
cence; stem*! suffruticose as well as herbaceous; leaves
generally entire, flowers often yellow, the species with
this colour arc said to be those only which produce the
denticulated filaments, (an American species with yel-
low flowers, and inflated globose pods, is totally desti
tute of this distinction and yet unquestionably an Ali;5-
sum.)

Species. 1. A. * dentatum. Stem erect, and herba-
ceous, recemes panicula^ „ axillary; radical leaves subrun-
cinately toothed, and so. " .v hat asperate, cauline linear-
lanceolate, sessile, nearly smooth, and partly entire; sllicie
elliptic, compressed, pubescent and contorted, termina-
ted by a style nearly its length; peduncle longer than the
silicle. Draba Arabisa?is, Ph. not ofMichaux? A plant so
distinct, could scarcely bear comparison with Draba inca-
na. Obs. Perennial or nearly so; (I have before me sped-
mens clothed with the vestigia of 3 years.) Pubescence
thin and not communicating any thing of a hoary appear-
ance so common in this genus, liairs with only 4 rays, or
decussated at right angles. Leaves all lanceolate and acute,
those of the stem remote. Seeds brown, elliptic, and
compressed, scarcely margined. Flowers not seen. Hab.
On the shelvlngs of slate rocks; near Harper's Ferry in
Virginia, v. s. In Herb. Muhl.

2. *ludovicianum. Herbaceous and spreading; argente-
ously tomentose; sems numerous, sinnple, angular; leaves
linearly spathulate, entire, obtuse, attenuattd; silicles el-
liptic, inflated, pubescent. JMyagmm argenteum. Ph. 2. p.
434. Hab. On the high hills of the Missouri, and on the
shelvings of rocks. Flowering in April and May. Obs. 6 to
8 inches high. Perennial. Calix oblong, erect. Petals
obovate, entire, golden yellow. Filainenis simple. Pedurr-
ck-s about an inch long. SUicle tomeiitose, 2-valved, 2-cel-

€4 TETRADYNAMIA. SILICULOSA.

led, many-seeded, style terete, about the length of the
^tt^ silicle.

3. hyperboreiim. Hab. On the N. West Coast.

An extensive g-enus of near 40 species, principally indi-
genous to the mountains of Europe, and the temperate
parts of Nortlitrn Africa and Asia. The southern hemis-
phere does not appear yei to have afforded a single Alys-
suni, without we consider with Persoon Draba magellairica
as such.

455. CORONOPUS. Gcertner. (Wart-Cress.)
Silicic reniform, compressed, and corrugatedj
cells valveless, 1-seeded.

A genus in sensible properties and vegetation similar to
Lepidium. Leaves entire or pinnatifid. Stamina in C,
didyma 2 or 4, Corymb lateral or terminal.

Species. 1. C. didyma. Abundant along the margins
of the Mississippi and Missouri, common also in Carolina
■with the following. 2. Huellu.

A genus of 4 species, 2 indigenous in common to Eu-
rope and America. C. didyma was also, I believe, re-
marked around Port Jackson in New Holland by Mr. R.
Brown. 'I' wo other spec",^ are now added to the genus,
1 from Madagascar, the stCbndfrem Monte -video, and not
apparently very distinct from entire leaved specimens of
JLepidium vir^inicum.

454. LEPIDIUM. L. (Cress.)

Sltidc emarginate, elliptic, cells 1-seeded,
valves carinate, dissepiment contrary.

Leaves often pinnatifid or deeply serrated, many of
the stamina and in some species the petals defective.

Species. 1. L. virginiaim- Leaves linear-lanceolate,
mostly all entire, but dcepl\ sciTate, flowers diandrous;
silicle lentiform and emarginate, cells 1-seeded; stem
branched towards the summit. — Common everj-where.
Flowers minute.

An extensive genus of near 40 species, indigenous to
Europe, Siberia, the Levant, the Society islands, and the
Cape of Good Hope.

455. THLASPI. L. (ShepherdVpurse.)
Silicle emarginate, obcordate, many seeded;

valves navicular J with a carinate margin.

TETRADYNAMIA. SILIQ.UOSA. 65

Leaves entire, except in tlie commonest species T,
Siirsa past oris, in which the radical ones are pinnatifid,
and the sihcle moreover triant^ular and widiout margin;
tills was the Capsella of Caesalpinlus, and ought perhaps
to he separated from this genus. In the other specits the
capsule varies in form, and the cells are also sometimes
1-seeded, consequently there is no precision in the arti-
ficial character, though there is something in the habit or
mode of vegetation which appears to distinguish a Thlaspi.

Species. 1. T. arvense. A common weed around De-
troit, (Michigan Territory.) 2. allinceum 'I'his species
sometimes occurs in fields of grain or flax, in such situa-
tions I have observed it in the state of Ohio. 3. * Uibero.
sum. Silicle suborbiculate, sliorl and compressed; leaves
rhomboid-ovate, obsoletely toothed, smooth, and sessile,
radical ones upon long petioles; stem pubescent, very
sliort and simple; root tuberous and fibrous. Hab. In
Western Pennsylvania. P'lowering In April and May.
"Not more tlian 4 or 5 inches high; flowers rather large,
like those of an Arabis, rosaceous. 4. Bursa pastoris.

Principally an European genus.

AoQ. LUNARIA. L. (Moonwort.)

SlUde entire, elliptic, flat and pedicellatei
valves flat, equal with the parallel dissepiment.
Two of the leaves of the calix saccate at the
base and coloured.

Leaves simple, the lower ones often opposite. Siliclij
very large.

Species. 1. L. annua. Beginning to be naturalized
in several localities around PhiUuldphia; as near Gray's
Ferry, Sec. accompanying Chelidonium majus.

An European genus, its natural limits as yet confined
to 2 species.

Order II.— SILIQUOSA.

4d7. DENTARIA. L. (Toothwort.)

SUique springin.^ open elastically and the
valves " nerveless" and revolute. JDissepiment
partly funejose. 6'%7Tia emarginate. Cato Ion*
gitudinally connivent.

X)Q TETRAD YxVAMIA. SltiqUOSA.

Roots tuberous, tubercles dentoid; leaves ternate, rarf'
ly digitate or pseudopinnate, opposite, alternate, or \n
threes. Stems scapifonn, simple; flowers dilute purple,
rarely yellowish. Mr. R. Brown in Hort. Kew. 4. p. 101-
unites this genus with Cardamine and probably with pro-
priety; at the same time the habit of JDentaria'is very dis-
tinct.

Species. 1. D. laciniata. Leaves in 3s, ternate, leaf*
lets- 3-parted, oblong-, unequally and incisely toothed,
margin naked; root moniliform. 2. dipLylla. Stem 2-
leaved, leaflets ternate, ovate-oblong, unequally and in-
cisely toothed; root dentate; flowers yellowish.

3. * heterophijlla. Stem 2-leaved, leaves ternate, petio-
fate, leaflets linear, sublanceolate, acute, entire, margin
asperate, ciliate; radical leaflets ovate-oblong, incisely and
grossly toothed. Had. In western Pennsylvania; (in the
shady Fir woods on the banks of Wishahikon creek,
a few miles from Philadelphia.) Obs. The smallest spe-
cies with which I am acquainted. Root concatenately
and also simply tuberous, tubers oblong, dentoid. One ra-
dical leaf always present upon a long peticjle arising
from the base of the scape, deeply toothed, dentures ob-
tuse, with a small abrupt point; cauline leaflets very rare-
ly subserrate, generally entire, invariably ciliated, nearly
linear, more than an inch long, and only about 2 lines
wide. Corymb small, about 9-flowere(l; flowers pale pur-
ple, nearly the size of those of Cardamine prate7isis, petals
oblong, entire, longer than the stamina. Flowering in
June. Figure Pluk. Amalth. t. 435. f. 2. ? but in this
figure the leaves are a little toothed. 4. tenella. Ph. LeaA es
sessile, entire. — Columbia river. 5. * maxima. Stem tall,
leaves usually many, alternate, ternate, axills naked, leaf-
lets suboval, incisely and acutely toothed, lateral ones lob-
ed; racemes lateral and terminal. H ab. In the western parts
of the state of New York, and Pennsylvania. Obs. Sttm
often near 2 feet high. Tubers concatenate; leaves alter-
nate, remote, 5 to 7, margin a little asperate; petioles 2
inches or more; leaflets nearly as broad as long; ra-
cemes many -flowered, flowers pale purple, petals oblong-
oval, longer than the stamina. Style longer than the
germ. 6. multijida. Muhl. Catal.

A stu all genus, almost exclusively indigenous to the
mountainous parts of Europe, and North America.

458. CARDAMINE. L. (Ladies'-smock.)

Silique Ions;, opening elastically, the valves
mostly revolute and equal w itli the dissepimsnt^

TETRABTNAMIA. SILICiUOSA. 6T

>^tigma entire. Ca//oU partly gaping. *' K gland
situated between each of the shorter stainina
and the calix." Smitm.

Leaves simple, ternute, pinnatificl or imperfectly pin-
nate. In some ot'tlie species there is occasionaliy an abor-
tion oi' petals or of 2 of the siamina

Species. 1. C. spathulata. 2. fere^. 3- virginica. 4-
miiflora. 5. pennsylvamcU' 6. praftffipif. In Labrador. 7.
7rvi/ti/i,/a. Ph. Leaves tiipinnaiilitl, silique short. A Si'
Si/m!)}'iinn?

Within its natural limits almost exclusively an Euro*
pean ijenus.

459. BARBAREA. 12. Brown. Erysimum. L,

*( Silique 4- sU\ei\-'M^c\i)\tti]. Cotyledones ac-
cumbent. *S'ce(/s in a single series. Calix evect.
Glands disposed at the internal base of the shor-
ter filaments." R. Brown, Hort. Kew. 4. p.
>09.

Leaves lyrately pinnatifid; stem branched; flowers yel-
low, terminally racemose..

Species. l.B. vulgaris. Erysirnvm Burbarea. L. Hab.
Apparently indig-enous in the northern states. This spe-
cies, culled "Yellow Kocket," affords a fine double flow-
;ered variety. — Of this .^einis there is only a second species
and both are indigenous to Europe.

460. SISYMBRIUM. L. (Water Cress. Water

Radish,)

Silique terniinated by a short terete rostrum,
valves nearly straight, not elastic. Calix and
Gorolla spreading.

Leaves mostly pinnatifid, pseudopinnate, or compound-
ed; flowers axillary and solitary, but more commonly in
simple or paniculated racemes. Silique ovate, in .S. atn-
phiiium almost similar to the silicle of some species of
Cochleanuy in many others also short. Flowers often yel-
low.

Spictes. 1. S. jVaseuriium. Truly indigenous. Abun-
dant on the margins of ditches and spongy springs ia
Long Island near New York, &c. 2. palus'ire. o^a7BpkU

68 TETRADYNAMIA. SILICtUOSA.

bi\im. Mostly pubescent, calix and petals more or less^
yellow. Kvei'} where abundant on the banks of the Mis-
souri and Mississippi. 4:.vuljar€, Persuon (si/hestre. L. )
Creeping- ^V'ater Rocket. Silique declinate, leaves (pseii-
do) pinnate; leaflets lanceohUc, incisely serrate. Lin. On
the gravelly banks of tlie Delaware, near Kensin;.;ton,
Philadelphia. Introduced? Agrees exactly with Sr J. E.
Smith's, very accurate description. Fior. Brit. 2. p. 701.
1 have never before seen it in America. 5. * canescens.
Leaves pseudobipinnate, canescent; segments incisely
toothed, obluse; petals equal with the calix; siliqne cla-
vivte, suberect, shorter than the peduncle. Mab. Fronn
\~n-g-inia to fJeort^na. ;S'. Sophia? Ph. A much smaller
plant than S. Sophia which it resembles only in habit, and
in fact approaches nearer apparently to S. albvm of Sibe-
ria. Leaves about 3 inches long-, oblong, sessile, equally
covered with a whitish pubescence; pinnae about 7 pair,
nearly all equal in length, scaictly 1-2 an inch, ultimaie
segments cuneate and arovinded, about 3-toothed, den-
tures unequal. Raceme terminal, petals very small, obo-
vate, pale yellow and about the length (,f the calix. Si-
lique linear -oblong, smooth, scarely more than half the
length of the peduncle, and terminated by a minute
style.

A genus of more than 60 species principally indip;enons
to Europe, there are also species in Northern Africa and
in the Levant, a few arcjj^o found in the southern hemis-
phere, at the Cape of Good Hope, in India,. New Zealand,
and Terra del Fuego.

461. ERYSIMUM. L. (Hedge mustard. Winter
cress.)
Silique columnar, 4-sided. Calix clo.sed.

An heteromorphous and arbitrary genus, artificial, but
no v.ay natural, including species scarcely distinct from
Sisymbrium, and Cheiranthns, tlie only genuine species is
considered to be E. officinale.

Species. L E. officinale. Naturalized, but not so very
com'non, as in England and France. 2. parviforum. Per-
soon, (T-v. Cheirunthoides.lj.' aw unmeaning and very ex-
ceptionable name which might be applied to more than
half of the genus.) Hab. On the gravelly banks of the
Potomac, &.C Virginia, on the banks of the Missouri,
around tl\e Mandan villages.

The plants which have been referred to this genus are
almost exclusively European.

TETRADYNAMIA. SlLiqUOSA. 6$

462. CHEIRANTIIUS. L, (\Yali-ilo\ver. Stock.)
Ccillx closed; 2 of the leaves gibbous at the

base. Petals ililatt d. Disk of the germ biglan-
diilous. >Sii2^iie compressed or terete. Stigma
bilobed. Seeds flat, sometimes marginated.

Herbaceous or suffruticose; leaves more or less pubeS'
cent, entire or pinnatifid; flowers yellow or purple, large,
and oJten odorous. A genus very nearly allied to HespC'
via and to the entire leaved species oi Erysimwrty exclud-
ing- £. Alliaria.

Species. 1. C. Pallasii. Ph.— North West Coast. 2.
• asper. Stem simple, and acutely angular; JeaA'es canes»
eently pilose, sublinear, entire, margin acculeately and re-
trorsely asperate, radical fasciculated attenuated-sublan-
eeolate, acute, retrorsely toothed; silique very long quad-
rangular and divaricate; claws of the petals longer, than
the calix. Cheiranthis en/simoicles. Ph. Hab On the
plains of the Missouri, commencing near the confluence
of White river. Fl. June. Obs Biennial. Stem 12 to
18 inches high, mostly simple, but nov^ and then branch-
ing towards the summit. Leaves every where covered
with white, short, retrorse, strigose and appressed hairs;
margin aculeolate, stem leaves crowded, 2 or 3 lines
wide and 2 inches long. Flowers very similar to those
of C. Cheirif and almost equally odorous. Calix oblong,
2 of the leaves distinctly gibbous at the base. Petals di-
lated, claws long, limb broad obovate, bright yellow.
Stigma bilobed. Silique 2 or 3 inches long, spreading,
4-sided, 2 of the angles asperate.

A genus of about 40 species, indigenous to Europe and
llie tenipera^.e and colder parts of Asia and Africa in both
hemispheres.

463. HKSPERIS. L, (Rocket.)

Cahx dosed, shorter than the claws of the
petals. Petals for the most part obliquely bent,
linear or obovate. Silique Hiiiyicvete. Lobes of
the stigma connivent. Seeds immarginate.

Nearly allied to tlie preceding genus, having also 2 of
tlie calix leaves gibbous at the base, and a gland at the
inner base of the 2 sliorter stamina. Stigma in some spe-
cies sagittate at the base.

Species. 1. H- pinnati/ida. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,-
sharply toothed, nearly smooth, lower and radical subpin-

rO TETRADYNAMIA. SliTQCOSA.

natifid; siliques pedunculate, slender and spreading", most-
ly scabrous. Hab. Not unconnmon on the bank's oitjie
Ohio, from Le Tan's rapids downwards. Obs. Kooi pe-
i-enmal. Stem 2 or 3 feet higji, s'-mpie or branched, siiiooth,
angular and grooved. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, re-
mote, sharply and unequally toothed, thin and naembra-
naceous, the under side minutely sCabrous, lower stem
leaves amplexicaule and pinnatifid only towards tiie at-
tenuated base; (about 3 inches loHg, and 1 wide.) Ra-
ceme mostly terminal and simple, occasionally axillary.
Peduncle very distinct, in the fruit half an inch long. Ita-
chis, peduncle and silique usually scabrous. Calix ovate,
a little purplisli, leaves membranaceous on the margin,
shorter than the claws of liie petals, 2 of them d:slincl'y
gibbous at the base. Petals obtusely obovate, entire, pale
purple, small. Anthers revoluie. Stigma a little dilated
at the base, lobes conniveut. Silique rather compressed,
torulose, near 2 inches long, and about the thickness of an
ordinary sowing thread, shortly rostratei curved upwards
in a line with the peduncle.

A genus of about 20 species, with the above exception,
exclusively indigenous to the soutli of Europe, and Nof-
thern Africa.

464. ARABIS. L. (Wall-Cress.)

« Silique linear (mostly compressed) crowned
with the subsessile stigma; valves venose or
nerved. Seeds disposed in a single series.
Cotyledones accumbent. Calix erect." R.Brown.
Hort. Kew. 4. p. 104.

Species. 1. \. alpina. 2. thaliana. 3. reptans. 4.
It/rata. Perennial. Stem and upper entire linear leaves
smoo"h and glaucous; radical le;(ves lyrate, often pilose;
pcdancle spreading, si licjue erect and compressed. 5. strtc-
ta. 6[caiHid.iis-is. Jl.falcata. M,ch. 7- Jtenduh.P Leaves sa-
gittate oblong, amplexicaule, entire and smooth; silique
a icipiird, linear, pendulous. 11a o. Near Fort Mandan on
the b.mks of tlie .Miss^Juri. Stem itearly simple, spike
very long. Calix and corolla erect. 8. rhoml-oidea, A.
hi/hosay .Muhlenberg- Carclamine rotiimUj'uUa? Midi. Obs.
Kadical leaves roundisli, upon long petioles, proceeding
Irom the bulb or tuber, cauline subsessile, rhomboid-ovate,
sparingly and incisely toothed; flowers very much like
those of Canlamlne pn.ti'Hsis^.hut white; siliques divaricate,
upon very long peduncles, linear, very smooth, flat, and.

TETRADYNAMIA. SltT^UOSA. 71

cuspidate, rather Dioad, somewhat lanceolate-linear or
attenuated at either extren.ity, terminating* cusp 1-4 ot"
an inch long-. 9. hirs-aiUy Brown. Turritis hirsuta, Willd^

A g-enus of about 25 speciCs, almost exclusively indige-
nous to Europe.

465. TURRlTiS. /.. (Tower-Mustard.)

<« Silique elon.^ated, ancipital: valves nervosa
or rarinate. Seeds disposed in a double series.
Cotijledones acciimbent." R. Brown.

Stem erect, simple or divided; spike long- and terminal.
Pubescence in this and the preceding- genus forked. —
Calix and corolla erect.

Species 1 T. lavigaia. Is this plant distinct from
Arubis canadenMs?

A small Kuiopean genus.

466. ^STANLEYA.f

Calix very large, rertan.j^ularly crncjate, di-
vergent, coloured. Petals erert, claws exceeding
the laujin?8 in len.q:h and coniiivf^nt in a tetrahe-
draltube. Stamina swheiyv^\, G'ands 4: 2 oi^t-
side and 2 insidt* the corolla. Silique stipitate,
bilocuJar, bivalve. Seeds obiong, ilattish. Em-
■bryon fiak and erect.

Ilerbaceoiis and perennial; leavf s alternate and pinnar
tifid; flowers densely racemose, corspicnous; sil q!!£ slen-
der and very long-, producing- a distinct and parallel dis-
sepiment.

Species. 1. S. pinnatin<!a. Olaucons and smooth;
leaves thiokish and undulated, inierruptecUy p nnat fid,
lobes s-.bu.nceoiate, remotely toothed; racemes terminal,
many-flowered; flo-A-ers yellow, urynn lon-f-ish peduncles.

C'leome pinnata. Ph. In snppl. 2. p. 739.

Obs. Stem about 3 feet high, terete. Leaves larg-e and

t This genus is dedicated as a tribute of respect to the Right
Honourable I^ord Stanlev, whose distinguished taste and ta-
lents for natural history, and more particuhuly ornithology/^
are too weii appreciated to reqiure any funber illustratyioR.

7t TETKADTNAMIA. SILiatOSA.

thick, resembling' those of many species of Brassicaf uii-
dulated, smooth, g-laucous, interruptedly and almost ly-
rately pinnatifid. Flowers very numerous, raceme 12 to 18
or more incfies long-. Calix 4-leavc(l decussate, nearly
an inch in diameter, of a deep and bright yellow border*
ing- on crang^e, leaves ligulate, obtuse; siibovate at the
base, a little concave, incurvalely spreading-. Petals 4,
erect, the claws connivent in t'-.e form of a long- 4-sided
tube, internally pubescent; limb short and oblong, sulphur
yellow. Glands 4. Stamina 6, nearly equal in length,
ex&erted and almost double tlie length of the calix, 4 of
them disposed by opposite pairs, (as in all other genuine
Crucifero'iS plants;) filaments flat and subulate, anthers
linear, at len.gih recurved. Style and stigma scarcelv ap-
parent. Siliqiie slender and conspicuously .-tipitate, 15 lines
long, torulose, 2-ctlled, and '2-va'ved, dissepiment mem-
branaceous and paral el. Seeds rathersmall, brig-ht brown,
linear-oblong, the base some-vvhat acute, partly plano-
conv. X; marked with a central g-roove. Embryou flat
anderect, not. incurved. fiAB. Commencing-, (.is v^e obser-
ved,) near the confl»ience of Paint creek and the Miss u-
ri, growing- on the talus of broken calcareous clifi^s; f'^m
hence it occurs locally for 2 or 300 roiies further ur. the
river, so that it appears only to occupy a limited belt
which, traverses tlie Mi-souri. Il flowers in then->.on«h <^)f
May, and is by far the most splendid ]>lant in the Natural
Order of Crt c3FER..t, from whch i» is inse) .liable in
point of affinii\, not>vit]'Standuig its very singular calix,
corolla, auf stipitate silique, which lay claim to the or
der Catparibes in commci. w:tli tiie i;enus Stephaniaf
to which the present appears nearly allied, and holds that
kind of inieresting and intermediate rank which tv"nce«
the existence of a general and natural alliance throughout
the vegetable kingdom. The ambiguous character of
Stanleyay and its near aflinity \r> the sus])icious Cappa-
RiDEs, v»*e had occasion to p-ovc; 'ts iaige, and glauo^us
leavt-s, so much like some of the cultivated vari.'^ties of
jBrassicao/erf/ce.'i, luid induced i.s to coilecf tnem as an ar-
ticle of die\, but to more than half of those who had par-
taken of this deleterious vegetable, after being boiled, it
proved a violent emetic; which I suspect to be the case
with most of the species of Cleotne-

The Brassica llashitanu, of Mtihlenberg's Catalogue.,
will, when better known, probably prove a second species
of this genus with red or scarlet flowers, as I have been
informed by hunters wiio have traversed those regions. —
Of this plant ihcre is no specimen ia Muhlenberg's her-
barium.

T6TR ADYNAMIA. SILl^UOSA. TS

467. CLEOME. Z.

JVedariferous glands 3, one under each of the
3 upper calix leaves, the lower one without a
gland. Calioc 4-leaved, small and deciduous.
Fetals 4, all ascending to one side. Capsule si-
liquosc, stipitate, 1 -celled, •'2-valved.

Principally annual plants, disagreeably scented, and
somewhat actively deletereous; leaves producing 2 glands
or 2 spines at the base, simple, ternate, or digitate; flow-
ers axillary, or in terminal racemes, pedicells bracteate.
Stamina 4, 6, 12, 20, or more.

Species. 1. C- peiitaphylla. — Flowers white, extremely
singular. Calix small, green, and distinctly 5-leaved.
Petals roundish, upon capillary claws 3 times their length.
Stamina 6, very long, originating about the middle of the
styloid pedicell which supports the fruit; anthers linear
and never curved. — In confirmation, in some measure, of
the sagacious suspicions of Linnxus, I have now before
me a somewhat viscidly pubescent specimen, in which the
peduncles produce now and then a distinct prickle, thus
proving the near affinity of this species to C. heptaphyllu
and C. trrphylla. 2, clodecmulra. Common on the sandy
shores of lake Erie, near Buffaloe creek, also along the
margins of the Missisippi and the Missouri. Flowers
white. Pods large and sessile. The whole plant more
or less viscid and foetid. 3. * cime/'folia. Muhl. Catal.
'Everywhere smooth; leaves simple, cuneate, retuse, flow-
ers racemose, hexandrous. v. s. In Herb. Baldwyn and
Muhlenberg. Obs. Annual. Petals white, with long and
capillary claws. Silique stipitate. Indigenous to Geor-
-gia.

• Atalanta. Calix 1-leaved, deciduous, margin
5-toothed. Glands none. Petals equal, subsessile. Sta-
mina 6, monadciphous, equal; anthers revolute. Silique
oblong, stipitate, 1-celled, 2-valved, terminated by a small
persistent style.

Annual, and smooth, leaves ternate, flowers in terminal
racemes, bracteolate, peduncle surrounded by the sece-
ding calix.

4. serrulata. {Cleome serrxilata. Ph.) Leaves ternate,
glaucous; secondary leaves lanceolate, subulately acumi-
nate, obsoletely subserrulate, petals ovate. Hab. Abun-
dant on the alluvial and sandy margin of the Missouri for
more than a thousand miles continuance. Obs. Stem 3

VOJi. II. G

TETRAD YNAMIA, SILIQ,UOSA.

or 4 feet high, much branched. Leaves all ternatc, very
smoolh and g'laucous above, scarcely pubescent beneath,
thickish. Stem and calix entirely free from viscid pubes-
cence. Calix small, and cupulate, meutbranaceous, sepa-
rating at the base it then becomes deciduous, subsiding-
down the peduncle upon which it remains iui^eparable; bor-
der crenate, 4-toothed,dentui'es subulate, alternating vviih
the petals. Nothing like glands are perceptible, and the
corolla appears regular. Petals 4, ovate, subsessile and
spreading, of a bright violaceous purple, 2 or 3 lines long,
3 times the length of the calix. Stamina 6, equal and ca-
pillary, spreading, monadelphous at the base, arising from
a second torus distinct from that of the calix, and at the
base of the stipe which supports the silique; anthers ob-
long, small and recurved, opening dicoidly on the outer
surface. Stipe at length about an inch long, supporting
un oblong, and somewliat ovate, smooth silique; terminated
by a short style and stigma. Receptacle without dissepi-
ment, marginal, on either side seminiferous. Embryon in-
curved. The whole plant when bruised emits almost the
same fcetid odor as C dodecandra. If the flower affords any
generic character Jttalarita is a genus, the habit is liowever
altogether that of Cleome; but is every plant to be consi-
dered aCleome which produces digitate leaves, and pedi-
cellate siliques? What affinity but this connects together
C' pentaphylla and C dodecandra,- in this last, moreover,
the silique is sessile, and the flower, which is solitary and
axillary, furnished with only a single gland, as in C tini-
i^landulosat of New Spain, which is probably the same
plant.

A tropical genus, containing about 26 species. Indige-
nous to India, meridional America, Arabia, and Africa; it
it a singidar fact thai Nos. 1 and 2 of this Catalogue are
equally indigenous to India, and though originating no
doubt in the most ardent of climates, Cleome dodecaiidruy
like many other annuals, has now extended its limits into
Pennsylvania, and to the 48th degree of North latitude on
the banks of the Missouri, From their active qualities,
they seem to claim the attention of physicians. Some in-
deed are probably very deletereous. Or C giganteay produ*
ced in the fatal climate of Guinea, Linn3eus remarks, that
its taste is extremely burning^, and its odor as remarkably
viroiC.

Glass XY.— MONAD ELPHIA.

I.^PENTANDRIA.

468. LOBELIA. L.

Calix 5-cleri. Corolla monopctaloiis, irregu-
lar, on the upper side cleft nearly to its base.
Stamina united into a tube. Stigma 2-lobcd;
involucrate! imolacrum (or indusium) bearded.
Capsule inferior or semisiiperior, 2 or 3-celled,
opening at the summit. Seeds minute, scabrous.

SufFruticose, shrubby, rarely arborescent, most com-
monly herbaceous; leaves alternate, flowers minutely bi-
bracteoiate, solitary and axillary, or terminal and race-
mose, raceme bracteate; flowers bilibiate, 5-cleft, upper
lip cloven, se^^ments linear, lower triiid, laciniae ovate or
obovate, palate channelled or bidentate, often bimaculate.
Tube of the anthers curved at the summit, bearded and
perforate, at length admittin.^ the eg-ress of the stigma.
Colour of the flowers, scarlet, fulvous, or more common-
ly blue.

Species. 1. lu. Dortmanna. Leaves linear, fistulous,
and bilocular, scape sim.ple. 2. * paludosa. Leaves radi-
cal, aggregated, flat, linear-oblong, obtuse, carnose and
lucid, m;Hrgin obsoletely crenulate; scape nearly simple and
naked; flowers few and very remote; disk of the lower lip
thinly bearded. Hab. In deep sphagnose swamps, from
Sussex county in Delaware to Georgia. A very singular
species, evidently allied tu L. Dortmanna^ and like it sub-
aquatic, but perfectly distinct. Obs- Root perennial, pro-
ducing large clusters of thick fleshy leaves 4 to 6 inches
long and scarcely 5 lines wide, from the centre of these
arise several fistulous, angular scapes, about 2 feet in
length, mostly simj^le, though sometimes sending out a
single branch subtended by i or 2 leaves. Flowers pale
blue and small, subtended by minute bractes, often near 2
inches apart: calix smooth, 'fhe pubescence of the lower Up
in this and tiie following species is a peculiarity not to be
met with in any of the other 2sorth American Lobelias,

MONADELPHIA. PENTANDRIA.

and therefore importantly specific. 3. crassiuscitlo. Erects
subpubescent; stem mostly simple; leaves linear-lanceolate^
serrulate, acute, and rather thick; flowers subsessile; seg-
ments of the calix reflexly denticulate; disk of the lower
lip of the corolla bearded. — Flowers very few and remote,
rather larg-e, blue, calix as often smooth as pubescent. 4.
amcena. Obs. Ihe largest of the United States' species.
Leaves more commonly scabrous than smooth, lanceolate
acuminate, serrate, 6 to 8 incites long, little more than an
inch broad; flowers bright blue instcund racemes. S.pii-
berula. Erect, simple and pubescent; leaves subelliptici
or elliptic-ovate, serrulate; spike secund, foliaceous at the
base, bractes serrulate; calix shorter than the tube of the
corolla; segments of the lower lip oval, aeute. — "Very near-
ly allied to L. Ciaytonianat but the flowers are 3 limes as
large, and of finer and deeper blue. The calix is either
smooth or pubescent, never eiUated. II a b. On the mar-
gins of ponds and swamps in the Pine forests of Carolina
and Georgia.

6. *Michaiixii, L. CUffortiana. Mich. Rather smootli,
branching above; leaves petiolate, oval, crenately toothed;
lower ones suborbicular; spike leafless; flowers small,
pedicellate. Hab. In Virginia. Certainly distinct from
L. CUffortiana of Linnxus, which appears to be a South
American species. 7. Claytomana. Obs. Bractes entire,
calix equal with the tube of the corolhi, segments of the
lower lip o!)long, palate promir.ently bidentate as in X. pu-
<!'fr7/A/,- si>ike smooth, naked below.

7. Kuhnii. Stem smooth, erect and branching; leaves
smooth, lungjlin^r and nearly cr.ti re; raceme loose and
leafy; ptduncle longer than the fruit, minutely bibracteate
at the summit; calix camp?nulate, segments lanceolate,
shorter than the capsule, which is attenuated at the base.
Hab. In the slate of New York, Sec. 1 have scarcely seen
any plant, tlie flower apart, which so imposingly resembled
Campaiuita rotitndifoUa. It is one of the slenderest and
most nortlicrn species; the calix including the germ (which
it properly invests througliout this genus) is perfectly
campanulate; in the specimen before me, which appear.s
luxtiriant and virgately branched, some of the leaves are
2 1-2 inches long, and scarcely 2 line&wide, with here and
there a minute denticulation; the fruiting peduncles are
an inch in length, with the very minute and almost glan-
dullform bractes occupying a position on the peduncle not
to be met with in any other of the species in this Cata-
logue; the capsule smooth, and partly vesicular, is obovate
and acute below as in a Campanula! the flower is of a
delicate bluf', the. fc'^gments of the lo^ve^ lip oboval and.

MONADELPHIA. TENTANDRIA. 17

acute, the palate smooth, marked with 2 conRuent white
spots, in the centre of whicli are 2 greenish deiUures, and
2 other spots of the same green colour towaids the base
of the tube. The height of the plant is from 1 1-2 to 2
feet.

8. * gracilis. Stem erect, minutely scabrous, simple or
filiformly branched; leaves obiong-linear, minutely denti-
culate, partly obtuse and remote; flowers slenderly race-
mose, distant; peduncle coloured, shorter tiian the flow-
er, bibracteate at the base; segments of the calix subu-
late, lonsrer than the capsule which is obtuse below. Hae.
On the dry margins of sandy swamps, from New Jersey
to Carolina, and appears to be the plant which Michaux
had considered as a variety of the.precedmg, to which it
in many respects approaches, though perfectly distinct,
Jt is the smallest and most slender species in the United
States, approaching the South African species particularly
L. Erimides^ though unquestionably different. The radi-
cal leaves are spathulate and mostly hirsute; stem leaves
remote, sessile, scarcely ever exceeding an inch in length,
btem flliform, often somewhat flexuous, but erect. Pe-
duncles only 2 or 3 lines long, in the flower blue; seg-
ments of the calix nearly double the length of the cap-
fiule. Flovrer blue; palate of the lower lip marked with
2 acute white lines, and 2 greenish spots with 2 others
also near the base of the tube. The root is slender but
apparently perennial. 9. injlata. Stem erect and branch-
ed; leavGB ovate, snbserrate, longer than the peduncles,
capsule ghjbose, inflated. — .Vccording with the habit of
this genus, as it regards North America, the present spe-
cies is hirsute towards the base, but smooth above, there-
ibre Mr. Pursh's interpolation of tlie term " hirsutissima"
in this instance will mislead riither than instruct. 10.
siphi'itica. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, subserrate, sinuses of
the calix reflected. 11. cardinalis. Flowers bright scar-
let; the tube of the stamina exserted beyond the corolla.
Obs. L. fulgen.s has never yet been discovered in the Uni-
ted States, that species was introduced into Europe
from Mexico by the celebrated traveller Humboldt; See
a note in the first volume of his Travels, chap. I.' p. . . .

A genus containing at present near 100 species almost
peculiar to America, South Africa (the Cape of Good
Hope,) and Australasia; with the exception of the United
States; the numerous and sp'endid species indigenous to
America are chiefly tropical; P^urope affords but 3.

469. PASSIFLORA. L, (Passion-Flower.)

Cidix 5-parted, coloured. Fetals 5, inserteil

4 a MONADEtPHIA. PENTANDRIA.

Upon the calix. Lepanthmm a filamentose crown.
Pepo (Berry i.) pedicellate.

Generally clijpbing- shrubs, rarely annual or perennial;
leaves alternate and stipulate, simple, entire, 3-lobed or
digitate; petiole naked or glandulous, tendrills axillary;
peduncles 1 to 3-flo\vered, below the calix mostly articu-
lated, the articulation subtended by a 3-leaved or 3-par-
ted involucrum, the segments ot" which are entire or rare-
ly dissected, the same involucrum sometimes minute, 1-
leaved, or altogether wanting. The calix is properly
speaking 10-parled, the 5 internal segments being mere-
ly petaloid.

Sfeciss. 1. p. h/fea. Q.incarnata. From Delaware to
Florida. Fruit edible, subacid and spongy.

A genus of 53 species, according to Persoon, exclusive-
ly indigenous to the American tropics with the sole ex-
ception of the 2 species in this Catalogue.

470. PHILOXERUS. 72. Brown.

Calix 5 -parted. Corolla none. Stamina 5,
rombined at tlie base into a small entire cup,
shorter than the gcrrn. Jnthers 1 -celled. Stig-
mas 2. VtriciUus membranaceous, 1-seeded,
valveless.

Leaves opposite, spikes terminal, capitate; flowers trl-
ijracteate.

Spicies. 1. P. vermiailai'is. Illecebrwn vermiculatiim,
L. Hab, On the sea-coast of Carolina and Florida. Ph»

471. ^OPLOinECA.t

Cato double; exterior 2-leaved, scariose, con-
Tolute, truncated and much shorter than the in-
terior; interior calix monophyllous, semiquin-
<|uifid and densely tomentose. Corolla none,
Lepanthium .cyliiidric, 5-toothed, staminiferous.
Stigma simple, capitate, pubescent. Utricidus
1-seeded, inclosed in the indurated muricate
caiix.

I From c7r?.oVy armour and B-riKri^ a sheath^ in allusion to the
seed of this plant being protected in an armed sheath.

MOXADELPHIA. TENTANDRIA. 79

Herbaceous, leaves opposiie, enth-e, witliout stipules;
panicle simple, terminal; spikes opposite, sessile; flowers
unibracteute; bractes acute, adhering to the lanuginoua

racliis.

Species. O. Floridana.

Descript. Root perennial? Stem simple, erect, pu»
bescent, glandular, terete and striate, tumid at the joints.
Leaves sessile, remote, long- and lanceolate, acute, upper
side singularly scabrous, the papilix minute, very nume-
rous, and shortly piliferous, under surface densely and se-
riceously lanuginous. Panicle virgate, naked,' simple;
spikes remote, sessile, and opposite, 10 to 15 lines long.
Flowers imbricated, whitish. Kxterior calix diaphanous-
ly membranaceous, truncate and emarginate, about half
the length of the interior; interior ovate, compressed, co-
vered with a long and silky tomentum similar to cotton as
in Gomphrena, summit connivent, 5-clefi, enlarging over
the fruit it becomes at length cartilaginously indurated,
and muricate with 2 crested lacerate margins, there are
also 2 dorsal protuberances on either side near the base,
so that the fruit perfectly resembles that of several spe-
cies of Atriplcx wlien deprived of the tomentum. An-
theriferous tube about the length of the calix, having a
margin of 5 linear teeth, anthers linear, attached by the
middle. Utriculus 1-seeded, ovate-lanceoiate, compress-
ed. Seed brown. Hab. On the banks of the Altamaha,
Florida. — Baldwyn. This plant appears almost interme-
diately allied to GoinphrcJia and Achyranthes.

A second species of this genus is Gomphrena interrupta
of Jamaica, so well illustrated by L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov,
1. p. 5. t. 3. it possesses precisely the habit of our O.
Ji'iridana, but the leaves are spathulate and obtuse, the
stem not quite erect, and the spikes approximate.

472. ACHYRANTHES. L.

Calix 5-Ieaved. Corolla none. Squamulce 5,
united into a tube at the base, the points fim-
briate and alternating with the stamina. Stigma
bifid. Seed solitary, covered by the connivent
segments of the calix.

Shrubby or herbaceous, branching; leaves opposite and
alternate; spikes terminal; flowers sessile, mostly re=
fleeted.

80 MOXADELPHIA, DECANDRIA.

Species. 1. A. fcoideuin. 2. polygonoides. A common
weed in the streets of Charleston and New-Orleans.

A tropical genus of about 26 species, chiefly ii.digenous
to India, with a few in Africa and meridional America.

II.— OCTANDRIA.

473. PISTIA. L.

Cali.T, spatha tubulously ciicullatc, lingulate.
Corolla none. Filaments lateral; anthers 3 to 8.
Style 1. Capsule 1-celied, many-seeded.

A floating- aquatic; leaves all radical, expanded in a cir-
cle; flowers axillar}-, subsessilc, solitar}^, white.

Species. 1. P. spathdafa. In Carolina. Probably a
mere variety of P. Stratiotes, which is indigenous to Asia,
Africa, and America, being- a genus of a single species.

III.— DECANDRIA.

474. GERANIUM. X.

Calix a-leaved. Petals 5 ^ .regular, JS^eda-
riuin 5 melliterous glands adnate to the base of
the longer filaments. Jirilliof 1 -seeded, awned,
awns naked and straight.

Herbaceous, rarely slirubby; leaves mostly opposite
and palmately lobed; peduncles axiUaiy, 1 or 2-flowered.

Species. 1. G.'maculatum. 2. carohyuannm. 3. cobimhi-
num. 4. dissectum. 5. robertiaiuivv This species possesses
the same peculiar scent as in Europe.

An extensive genus, principally European.

475. ACACIA. WilliL jSIimosa. i.
Polygamou.^. — Calix tubulons, 5-to()thed. Pe-
tals 5. Stamina 5 to 10, exserted. Legume 1-
celled, 2-valved.

Shrubby or herbaceous; leaves once or twice pinnate;
flowers mostly capitate.

Species. I. k. brachyloba. 2. g'andulcsa. Z.famcslana

MONADELPHIA. POLYANDKFA. Si

Common around New-Orleans. A thorny and spreading-,
skrub 6 to 10 feet hig'h, witli very fragrant yellow (lowers.
A very extensive tropical genus, almost exclusively in-
digenous to America and India*

476. SCHRANKIA. Willd. Mimosx. Mich,
Polygamous. — Crt?i<r tubulous, S-toothed. J^e-
tals 5. Stamina 8 to 10, exsertcd. Silique 4-
valved.

Herbaceous and procumbent, aculeate; leaves bipiii*
nate; flowers capitate, reddish.

Species. S. uncinata- Leaves irritable^ contractVng
frosn the touch. Hab. From Yirghiia to Florida, and
throughout Lower Louisiana. — The only species known,]

IV.— POLYANDRIA.
477. SIDA. /..

Calix 5-cleftj simple. Style multipartite.
Capsules many, 1 or 3-seeded.

Shrubby or herbaceous, rarely arborescent, flowers ax*
illary or terminal; pedicells articulated. *

Species. 1. <S'. spinosa. 2. hispida. Ph. A Malva? 3.
rhomhij'fjli'a. 4. crispa. 5. Ahvtilon. 6. J\'afn?a. Pedun-
cles distinctly articulated. 7. dioica. 8. aldeoides.

A genus of nearly 120 species, chiefly indigenous to
tropical America and India.

178. MALVA. X. (Mallow.)"

Calix doiibla; the exterior mostly 3-leaved*
Petals 5. Capsules many, 1 -seeded, disposed or-
bicularly.

Shrubby or herbaceous; leaves alternate and stipulate,
undivided, or palmately lobed; flowers axillary or termi-
nal, solitary, more or less aggregated or racemose. (Pu-
bescence stellate.)

Species. 1. JiT. abntiloides. 2. caroUniana. A Sida?
5. rotnndifrjlin Introduced. 4. triloba. In Carolina. 5.
* coccinea. T. X. in Fras. Catal. 1813. A very beautiful
species with scarlet fiOv,-ers disposed in dense recemesi

&2 MONADELPHIA. POtTANDUlA.

outer calix wanting-, leaves mostly trifid, canescentiy to-
mentose. Hab- From the confluence of the river iMaUe
and the Missouri, often extending over the plains in suck
quantities as to communicate a brilliunt redness to thou-
sands of acres. This plant has no sort of affinity to Crh-
tanUf and by the fruit is a genuine AJalva.

A genus of more than 60 species, many of them indi.
genous to tropical America, to the Cape of G<jod Hope,
and some to Eiu-ope.

479. MALOPE. L,

Calix double; exterior S-leaved, Capsules 1-
seeded, aggregated without order.

Leaves entire or lobed, flowers axillary, mostly solitary
Species. 1. J\t malacoides. v. s. in the herbarium of
Stephen Elliot, Esq., Charleston. — Of this genus there aie
2 other specif, s in Greece and Barbary.

480. HIBISCUS. L.

Calix double; exterior many-leaved. Stigmas
mostly 5. Capsule 5-celIed, many-seeded.

Shrubby or herbaceous; leaves entire or palmately lubedj
flowers axillary and terminal.

Species. 1. H. JMoscheutos. 2. palustris. 3. g7^a7idi'
forus. 4. incaniis. 5. virgiyiicus. 6. militaris. 7- speciosus.
8. Manihot. 9. ncaber. 10. esndentvs. Cultivated. Origi-
nally from India. It flowers and ripens seeds in the gar-
dens of Pennsylvania.

A tropical genus containing about 70 specie?, chiefly
indigenous to America, India and its islands, a few species
extend to the temperature zone, Persia, the Cape ol Good
Hope and N(jrth America; the flowers ol' many are splen-
did, and some of the species are aborescent.

481. HALESIA. L, (Snow-drop Tree.)

Calix 4-tootIicd, superior. Corolla 4 -cleft.
JS'^nt corticate, quadrangular, 2 or 4 of tiie an^.
glcs alated, 2 to 4 -ceiled, 2 to 4-seeded.

Trees with alternate entire leaves; peduncles 1 -flow-
ered, latcralh airgregated upon the branches; flowers sub-
campanulate, pendulous. (Germ in //. tetmpfera^ 4-ccUe<i,
cells libout 4-seeded; nut by abortion 1 to 4-ceiled 1 to 4-
seeded.)

Species. IH. tetraptera. In Carolina, Georgia and Flo-
rida! and on the banks of Pi'cnch Broad and oiher r.vers

MONADEXPHIA. POLYANDRIA. 83

in Tennessee. 2. (Uptera. Round Savannah in Georgia,
but scarce. 3. parvijlora. Scarcely distinct from No. X.
Uab. In Georgia.

A Norih American genus.

482. STYRAX. L. (Storax.)
C(i/!a:campaniilate, mostly 54oothed, inferior.

Corolla deeply 5 to T-jiarted, inserted upon the
•calix. Drupe (theca?) coriaceous, containing
1 or 2, 1 -seeded nuts. (Stamina 6 to 16, aris-
ing from the orifice of the corolla, coalescing at
the base, dnthers oblong, linear.)

Trees or shrubs; leaves entire, without stipules; flow-
ers axillary and terminal, solitary or racemose, vthite.
(Corolla nearly divided to the base, segments spreading
or revolute; filaments enlarged, pubescent and uniting at
the base; style simple exserted; theca trifid, nut marked
with 3 converging lines. Embryon flat, inclosed in a car-
nose perisperm, radicle inferior. Pubescence stellate, as
in the Malvaceae)

Species. \. S.grandifolium. 2. pulverulent um. 3. g'la-
bum. Stamina from 10 to 14. By much the most ele-
gant and ornamental. All the North American species
have the calix 5-toothed.

Of this genus there are 2 other species; one of them in-
digenous to Syria and naturalized probably in Italv, the
second, S. £enzoi?t, which afibrds the resin so called, is
spontaneous in Sumatra.

483. HOPEA. L, (Yellow-leaf.)

Calix 5-cleft, superior. Petals 5. Stamina
many, connate in 5 bodies. Stijle 1. Fruit a
drupe of 3 cells; (2 of the cells often abortive.)

A tree with entire alternate leaves; flowers axillary, fas*
ciculated, earlier than the leaves.

Species. 1. H. tinctoria. The leaves, which are of a
sweetish taste, aflbrd a yellow die v.-hich is augmented
to red in an infusion of tlie flowers of several species of
Coreopsis. — The only species of the genus, including a dis-
tinct low and fraticose variety.

484. GORDONIA. L.

Calix simple, 5-leaved. Fctals 5, connate at

B4 MONADELPillA, POLYAXURIA.

the base. Style S-sitled, stigmas 5. Capsule 5-
celled, 5-valve(l, septa medial; receptacle colum-
nar, cells 2-sceded. Seed alated.

Deciduous leaved or sempervirent trees with entire, al-
ternate, lanceolate, or ovate leaves; stipules none; flowers
solitary, axillary.

Species. 1. G. Lasianthua. Capsule conic; leaves
sempervirent. 2. pube^cens. Leaves deciduous, capsules
spherical. — Of this genus there is a third species in the
mountains of Jamaica.

485. STEWARTIA. L.

Calix 5 -parted. FetaJs 5. Stigma capitate,
somewhat 5-lobed. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved;
septa medial; cells 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds ovate,
osseous.

Shrubs with alternate leaves; flowers large and solitary,
axillary.

Species. 1. S. virginica. 2. pentagyna. {Malarhoden-
e^on erratum. Cavanilles.} — A North American genus.

Class XVI.— DIADELPHIA

I.— PENTANDRFA.

486. PETALOSTEMON. Michaux.

Petals 5, nearly equal, 4 of tliem alternating
with the stamina, and unitin.^ with them in a
cloven tube. Legume l-seeded, included in the
calix.

Herbaceous perennials, with pinnated glandulous leaves,
and setaceous stipules; flowers purplish or wiute, densely,
and almost imbricately spiked or capitulate, squarnosely
bracteate. (Petals sma\l, nearly uniform, occupying the
place of 5 of the 10 stamina usual in the FapUionaceit,
4 of them alternating with the 5 stamina, and the Slh oc-
cupying the place of the single unconnected stamen.)

Species. 1. P. candidwn. 2. carneum. 3. violnceum.
Tins beautiful species, v.hich retains its fine colour so well
in the herbarium, and No. 1, are every wiiere abundant
throughout Upper Louisiana probably to the sources of
tiie Missouri. Nos. 2 and 5 are peculiar to the warmer
Atlantic states. 4. * villosum. Every where villous; stem
decumbent; spike larger, cylindric, subsessile; bractes
shorter than the calix, calix lanuginous, 5-toothed; leaf-
Jets linear-oblong, about 7 pair, petals rosaceous. II ab.
On the sandy banks of Knife river, near Fort Mandvan,
Missouri. Flowering in August. Obs. Root fusiform,
Jarge, red, and perennial, sending out several decumbent
stems; spikes 2 or 3 inches long, larger than in any other
species; calix striate; petals oblong-obovate, pale red. 5.
corymbosum.

A North American genus.

II.—HEXANDRIA.

48r. CORYDALIS. Ventenat. FuMARIA. L.
Calix 2-leaved. Corolla ringent. Filaments

VOL. II. H

86 DIABELPHIA. HEXAXDUIA.

2, incmbranaceoiis, each bearing 3 anthers*
Capsule silifjuose, many-scetUMl.

Caulescent, rarely stemlcss; leaves multipartite, some-
times imperfectly bipinnate or biternate, the racliisnotun-
irequently terminated by tendrils; floweis in terminal ra-
ceHics; corolla witli 1 or 2 calcaraie nectaries at the base

Species. 1. C. VuciiUaria. Obs. Calix unequal, 4-
feaved, leaves decussated, 2 of them linear and acumi-
nate, the 2 others appressed to the corolla, ovate, acumi-
r.ate. Petals 2, saccate at the base, limb iiooded and re-
flected, filaments 6, diistinct, 3 arising from each petal,
central filament calcarate at the base. Thalamus connate
above, pardy pandurifurm, dorsally crested, hollow and
impervious, v»ilh rugose folds. Capsule lanceolate-ovate,
many-seeded. Stigma compressed, somewhat rcniform.
Koot a granulated scaly bulb, a bulbous enlargement pro-
duced at the base of each leaf, finely spotted with red;
leaves radical, ternate, jjartitions subhiternately divided,
ultimate segments incisely toothed, roundish at the exire-
nfity, with a short setaceous point; raceme secund, flow-
crs nodduig, white wiUi a yellowish limb; bractes obvallate,
bhort and acuminate. — Mr. Bosk proposed this plant as a
distinct genus under the name oi' JJicb'tra. Mr. Pursh af-
terwards proposes another name intended to include the
first section of this genus with bicalcarate flowers; it does
not, however, prove to be natural, as there is almost a dif-
ferent structure in each individual; for instance, Cfoniwsa
and C.fun^-osa-dCcovdv,'ith the genus in having 2 triandie-
riferous filaments, notwithstanding this discrepancy, the
habit of C.forniusa and C spectahilis is too similar to that
of C Cnadlaria ever to admit uf any separation. 2./t/r-
vwsa. o.teniafoliu. Ph. 4. fini^^osa.

§11. Corolla iinicalcarate. — S.glauca. 6. aurea.
Siberia, Japan, and Europe aftbrd most part of this ge-
nus of 25 species.

488. FUMARIA. L. (Fumitory.)

Cta'ix 2 leaved. Corolla irregular; calcarate
lit the base. Filaments 2, each bearing S an-
thers. Cajysule valveless, l -celled, 1 -seeded.

Habit similar to that of the preceding genus.
Species. 1. F. officinalis. Introduced.— A genus of
8 species, indigenous to Europe. Siberia, and Barbary.

i)IAI)i:LriIIA. OCTANDRIA, SjT

III.— OCTANDRfV.

489. rOLY(^,ALA. L, (Milkwort.)

Calix 5-Icavc(l; ^2 of the loaves in the form of
uini^s, an<] coloared. Capsule obcordate, 2-cell-
c;], C-valved.

Herbaceous ors!in;!)by; leaves mosUy alternate; f^o\ver<5
each pro.lucing- from I to 3 bractes, .-tlternate, loosely oi-
densely >p;ke(l, and terminal. — (A ^enus of diversified
aspect, and scarcely natural, those of different continents
possessing-, however, a common resemblance, with a fc-v
exceptions.) Seeds of the American species strophiolato
. and pubescent, often hirsute; strophiole (or carunculatc
hilum) bifid, in P. incarnata and P. setacea reflected up-
■4vards.)

Species. \- V. incarnata. (W^wcoms. 2. sefacea. Vever-
nial. 3. vulgaris. Haq. On the hanks of Mohawk river,
New York. v. s. 4- paucifofiay (P. iirijiora? Mich.) From
Pennsylvania to the m.oimtains of Coroiina. Forming- almost
exclusive carpets of great extent in the Pine forests of
Lake Huron. Is it not possessed of medicinal properties
similar to those of P. Senega, wh'ch it resembles in taste,
and in its action on the fauces? 5. Senega.

^.* alba. Perennial; flowers cristate; stem simple; ieaveg
alternate, linear, revolute on the marg-in; flowers race-
mosely spiked; spike long pedunculate, bractes deciduous^
wings of the callx rounded, about the length of the corolla.
Hab. On the plains of the Missouri, common, and the only
species of t!ie genus in the upper part of Louisiana. Obs. A
small plant scarcely more tlntn 6 inches high, considen.ldy
allied to /■'. Senega, but more than a variety, as it has be en
considered by Mr. Pursh; leaves smooth and narrow; flow-
ers and caliK white, nearly sessile; bractes lanceolate.

7. * pube^cen!>. Muhl. Catal.? Perennial: stem erect,
and pubescent, virgately branched; leaves alternate, ovate-
Lanceolate, ciliate, sub-essile; raceme elongated, flowers
heard..-d, di-^tinct, rosaceous. Hab. Around Savannah \n
Georgia, Sec. (3ne of th^ largest and finest species indi-^
g-enous to the United S'atcs, and certainly very distinct
from P. Senega. The bractes are minute and deciduous;,
flowers larger than in any other species included in this
<Jatalog':e.

.. ^- po'ifgama. Pri. Stem branched from the base; leaves
linear-lanceolate, attenuatrd downward?; racemes filiform,
lateral and terminal, flowers sessile; radical racemes pro*

88 DIADELPHIA. oeTANDRIA.

cumbent, apetalous. P. rubella, Willd. Hab. In the Pine
forests of Lake Micliigan. Obs. Perennial, and subde-
eumbent; flowers reddish. Allied to P. Senega. Mr.
Pursh's plant appears to differ considerably from the oire
here described, but 1 am persuaded it is the same, from
a good specimen wliich I have seen in the possession of
Z. Collins, Esq. agreeing with the Michigan plant.

9. lutea. Stem branching, lower leaves spathulate, upper
lanceolate; spike subcapitate, obtuse; wings of the calix el-
liptic, acute, bractes shorter than the flowers. Hab. New
Jersey to Florida. 10. viridescens. Stem simple or none;
radical leaves spathulate, often retuse, cauline ovate;
spike ovate; wings of the cahx acuminate; braces nearly
as long as the sessile flowers. Hab. In the Pine forests
of Carolina and Georgia, Obs. Autumnal and winter
spikes squaiTose and stemless, sessile amidst the radical
leaves; flowers always green with a tinge of yellow. It
appears to be very nearly allied to the preceding, but
what resemblance it bears to P. incnrnata is more than I
can imagine, and Mr. Pursh's giving it a habitat in Penn-
sylvania almost proves that he had never seen our plant.

11. * purpurea. {P. sangrnnea, Michaux, Pursh.) An-
nual: stem fasiigiately branched; leaves alternate, ob-
long-linear; flow ers beardless, inibricated in obtuse eylin-
drJc spikes; rachis squariose; wings of the caHx cordate*
ovatr, erect, twice as long as tlie capsule. Hab. Common
throughout Nortli America. Flowers rosaceous.

12. sangiiinea. L. Annual: stem fastigiately branched;
leaves alternate, nari-ow-linear; flowers beardless, dispos-
ed in long and crowded spikes; rachis squarrose; calicine
wings obovate, the length of the capsule. Hab. In the
low Pine barrens of New Jersey. Flowering in July and
August, Alhed proximately to P. purpurea, but very
distinct; a much smaller plant, with short and narrow
leaves; spikes acute, growing out 2 or 3 inches long,
loose compared with the preceding; flowers small and
sanguineous, or dark red intermixed with green from the
imperfectly concealed capsules; the proper corolla yellow-
ish; rachis much more squarrose than in the preceding.
I believe this to be the P. sangninea of Linnaeus, though
now the preceding, which is much more common, passes
for it. This species also accords very well with Plukenet,
Mant. 153. t. 438. f. 5.

13. Terticillata. Annual: leaves vert icillate, linear and
remote; flowers cristate, greenish, calicine wmgs round-
ish, nearly veinless, and shorter than the fruit to which
they are appressed; spikes pedunculate, subacute; brae-

DIADELPHIA. OCTANDRIA, 89

tes deciduous; stem erect and branched. Hab. Common
throui^hout the Atlantic states.

14. * ambigua. Annual: first leaves verticillate, line-
ar, the rest alternate; s^em vlrgately branched; spikes
acute, upon very lon^ peduncles; flowers cristate, pur-
plish; calicine wings round and venose, equal with the
fruit to which they are appressed; bractes deciduous.
Hab. In New Jersey and Virginia; in forests and on road
sides near ditches, abundant, but not so common as the
preceding, to which it very nearly approaches. After seve-
ral years examination in a living state I am decidedly in-
duced to consider it a separate species; the flowers are
larj^er, purple, and distinctly pedicellate; 1 have now be-
fore me specimens in which the fihform spike and its pe-
duncle is from 6 to 8 inches long. The flowers of both
these species are distinctly cristate.

15. * fasti giata. Annual: stem slender and fastigiately
branched; leaves alternate, linear, acute; spikes subcapi-
tate, pedunculate; flowers subcnstate; calicine wings
spreading, ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the capsule.
H A3. In New Jersey, &,c. v. v. Nearly allied to cruciata,
more remotely to seiacea, with which it is confounded in
Muhlenberg's Herbarium, v. s.

16. cmciata. Annual: stem fastigiately branched, an-
gular, angles alated; leaves linear-oblong, punctate, ver-
ticillate in 4's; spikes condensed, sessile; flowers subcris-
tate, calicine wings deltoidly -cordate, acuminate, con-
cealing the small and reflected capsule. Hab. On the
margins of dry sphagnose morasses; not very common;
generally dwarf and spreading, spikes from 10 to 15 lines
long, bractes persistent, calicine wings flatly spreading,
greenish, with a bright rosaceovrs margin, capsule minute,
substipitate.

17. * brevifolia. Annual: stem erect, siibfastigiately
branched, angular, angles alated; leaves oblong-linear,
short, resinously punctate, verticillated in 4's; spikes pe-
dunculate, partly capitate; flowers subcristate; calicine
wings cordate-ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the cap-
sule. Hab. On the margins of sandy swamps. New Jer-
sey, also in Ohio. Flowering in July and August; some-
what rare. Obs. Nearly allied to the preceding, with
wliich it has probably been confounded, though perfectly
distinct; it is more slender, leaves scarcely half the size^
branches subvirgate and erect, flowers brightish red.

t Floivers corymbose.

18. corymbosa. Perennial: stem simple, angular, summit
corymbose, many-flowered; radical leaves spathulate-obo-
vate, cauline subequal, linear; calicine wings conniventa

11 2

90 niADELPHIA. OCTAADRI.U

oblong-ovate, acute. Hab. In sphagnose swampa from
Sussex county, Delaware, to Flcclda! Flowering- in July
and August. Obs. Stem about 12 inches high; stem leaves
about an inch long, of the same length nearly to the
summit of the stem, oblong-linear and somewhat obtiise;
the whole cor} mb citron yellow, in a dried state blackitrfi
green; corolla cristate as in the following specie?, though
very incons-picuously so.

19. * citte?iuata. Perennial; stem tall, simple, terete,
and attenuated, summit corymbose, many-flowered; radi-
cal !eave«, spaihulate-lanceolate, acute, cauline subulate,
imequal; calleine wings connivcn^ elliptic-obkng, acute.
Hab. In grassy swamps fiom North Carolina to P'lorida,
very similar to the preceding, but much larger, from 2
to 3 feet high, hence Dr. Baldw} n called it P. pr^aJtn, but
as the following species is equally tall, :.nd many foreign
species much more so, I have chosen il;e present name
as expressive of the singulaily attenuated appearance oT
the stem, the flowers are of the same color as in P. co-
rymhosa.

20. • BaUMvd. Perennial? Stem tall, sparingly and
virgately branched; flowers squarrosely capitate, capituii
corymbose, whitish; wings of the calix connivent, lanceo-
late, setaceously acuminate; radical leaves spathulale,
obtuse, cauline sublanceolate, acute. Hab. Near St.
Mary's in Florida — Dr. Hald^n^n, from whom I received
a specimen under the name of P. pfJycephaln. Obs. A
very singular and distinct spec'es. Sitni 2 to 3 feet high,
brar.clied from below the middle, blanches 2 lo5.> angu-
lar, summits cor)mbosely branched; leaves small and d s-
tant, smooth, alternate, seFsde, flowers greenish-white,
jmbricately capitulate, appearing squarrose from the
spreading setaceous points of the calix; corolla almost
perfectly beardless; capsule 2-celled, 2-seede(l, very mi-
nute, seed hirsute, and subglobcse, afier the manner of
the genus.

I have not here adopted the artificial sections of thi&
genes, viz. those of the crhtate and beardless corolla, be.
cause they do not appear to exist in nature, judging fiom
a careful examination of the 20 species here enumerated^
in which I find it impracticable to draw any definite line,
all possessing more or less evidently the filiform processe-s
of the carinate petal; in P. Senega,^ P. pxibescens, P. pnr-
purec, P. sa7igiit'j}ea and P. BaUlnini, it is indeed redu-
ced to the appearance of glanduloid excrescences, in all
the others it is more or less apparent and filiform, accord-
ing to the size of the corolla.

Of this vast genu.s, contaioing more than 100 speclesj

DIADF.LPIIIA. DECVXORIA. 91

F.urope affords bvit 6. South and tropicil America as far
as I'lienos \\rcs 24, narban and the Levant 4, Sil-«er:;i
2, Guinea 2, the Cape of f;{K;d Ifope prod^ices 24, many
of them ornamfntul shrubs, fndia and China 13, I in
Japan, 1 in Arabia Fcdix, and several others of iinceitai!!
localit}'. Sevci-al distinct g-enera appear to be confounded
in Prj'v^uiUt which ought to claim the attention of ]}oia-
niits.

IV.— DFXANDRIA.

I Stamina all connected, {or nionadelphous.)

490. AMORPHA. L.

Calix subcampanulatc, 5-cler^, Vexillnm of
\}\Q corolla ovatp, concavo. Wings (or lateral
petals) and carina ?ione. Legume small, 1 oi*
£-sec(Je(l, curved at the point.

SuiTrut'cose or shrubby plants; leaves pinnate, glandu-
lar; stipules setaceous, minute, bodi g-ereral and partial,
dist'nct from the leaves and leaflets; flowers numerous
and small, sp ked, usually blue, spikes solitiry, agg-rep^aled
and termmal; legume glaniiulous; s'.yle pubcocent, stigma
smooth.

Species. 1. S. fniticosa. Only one of die callcine den-
tures acuminated. 2. * nava V. Nv in. Fras. Catal. 1815,
Sh-'iibby, very low, and neaily smooth; leaflets subovate -el-
liptic, mucronulate ami smooth; spikes soliiaiyand agrgre-
g'Hted; flowers pedicellate; dentuies of the calix all seta-
ceously acuminate; legume l-seed( d. .-?. microphyUa^
Vn. 2. p. 466. Has. On the woodless and grassy hills
fcf the Missouri, from the river Platte to the Mountains,
growing only from 6 inches to a foot high. Flowers pur-
plish blue and fragrant, coming out in the mondi of May.
This very humble plant, often diffused, like Heath in Eu-^
ropp,over hundreds of acres in succession^ is the only up-
land shrub apparently capable of withstanding the pecu'
liarities of this climate. 3. herbacea. Walter, T^ov\' and
herbaceous, pubescent; leaflets oblong-eiiiptic, glandular-
ly mucronulate; spikes very long, often solitar}-; dentures
of the calix unequal, short and acute. A pubescen-i- Willd,
Fh. a name unnecessarily altered, as there are 2 otlier
species more or less pubescent. A. pinnila. Mich. Hap,
in open Pine forests from North Carolina to Florida. Spike

92 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

often 12 inches long; flowers nearly white; leg-ume 1-
seeded.

4. * canescens. T. N. in Fras. Catal. 1813. Stiftruti-
cose, and canescently villous; leaflets proximate, subses-
sile, ovate-elliptic, mucronulate; spikes aggregated; flow-
ers subsessile; dentures of the calix equal, ovate, acute;
vexiUum bright blue. Has. From the banks of Fox
river and the Ouisconsin to the Mississippi; around St.
Louis, Louisiana, and on the banks of the Missouri
probably to the Mountains. This species is nearly allied
to .4. pubescens, but larger, and much more villous, with
shorter and more numerous spikes. A very elegant and
ornamental plant. Germ 2-seeded, legume 1-seeded;
leaves almost innpunctate. Mr. Pursh places his usual mark
of V. V. to this species, although he had never seen a flow-
ering specimen except in my herbarium.

A North American genus.

491. ERYTHRINA. L, (CoialTree.)

Calix subbilabiate, various. VexiUum of the
. corolla very long and lanceolate. Legume tovu-
lose, many-seeded.

Small trees or shrubs, mostly aculeate, rarely herba-
ceous; leaves temate, pinnate; flowers mostly scarlet, in
long and terminal spikes.

Species. 1. ^. herbacea. Leafes temate, subhastate,
smooth; stem herbaceous and aculeate, calix truncate;
root very large and tuberous. Hab. In the open bushy
forests of Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, not far from the
sea-coast; rather rare. A magnificent and large perennial
with long spikes of deep scarlet flowers; leaves coria-
ceous, acute, remarkably dilated in the middle, so as to
appear almost 3-lobed; stem and petiole distinctly acu-
leate; the root a tuber larger when full grown than an or-
dinary Yam, and hranched below; seeds, after the manner
of the genus, bright scarlet, the size of horse beans. 2.
corallodendron. In Florida. Muhl. Catal.

A very splendid genus of 12 snecies, 8 of them indige-
nous to the warmer and tropical regions of Amei'ica, 3 to
India, and 1 to tlie Cape of Good Hope.

492. LUPIN US. Ir. (Lupin.)

Calix bilabiate. Fivo of the anthers oblong,
and 5 partly round. Legume coriaceous, torvU-
lose.

li^IADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 93

Herbaceous, rarely shrvibby; leaves digitate, in a few
species simple, stipules adnate to the base of the petiole,
flowers in terminal spikes, altemate or subverticillate,
naked or bracteate.

Species. 1. h. perennis, 2. nooikatemis. 3. sericeus.
Ph. 4c. ar^enteus. Ph. S-pusiUus. Ph. Annual; small and
very hairy; leaves digitate, leaflets (5 to 7) cuneate-oblong,
above smooth and somewhat glaucous; flowers alternate,
calix inappendiculate, upper lip short and bidentate, lower
ovate-lanceolate, entire; legume 2-seeded, hirsute. Hab.
On the barren argillaceous plains of the Missouri, near
the confluence of White river. Obs. From 4 to 6 inches
high, growing in considerable quantities together; flowers
bright blue, appearing in May; bractes nearly as long as
the calix, the lower lip of which is twice the length of
the upper, wings of the corolla adnate at the summit; ca-
rina resupinate, attenuated; stamina united into a cylinder,
anthers alternately minute; style smoothi rigidly persis'
tent; legume extremely pilose, hirsute.

6. villosus. Biennial; lanuginously villous; leaves simple,
oblong-lanceolate, petiole and legume densely lanuginous;
stipules filiform, very long; flowers semiverticillate; calix
appendiculate, the upper lip bidentate, the lower undivid-
ed. Hab. In sandy Pine forests, from South Carolina to
Florida; rare. (Not uncommon round Savannah in Georgia-)
Ob3. Decumbent; stem, petiole and stipules, thickly cover-
ed with lo-ig, soft, spreading hairs; stipules 12 to 15 lines
long, petiole 2 to 3 inches, leaf 5 or 6 inches long, subacute,
spike proportionably large; bractes subulate, deciduous,
as long as the calix; calix conspicuously villous, produ-
cing on either side a lateral subulate segment, (or appen-
diculate as described by Willdenow and adopted by Per-
soon, notwithstanding the careless assertions of Michaux
and Pursh to the contrary;) legume 10 to 15 lines long, so
densely lanuginous as to appear like a mass of silky wool,
seeds smaller than lentiles, variegated. Vexillum viola-
ceous, towards the centre very deep brown. The figure
in Pursh's Flora, 2. p. 468. t. 21. appears to have been la-
ken fi-om a bad specimen.

7. * diffiims. Scriceously and closely villous; stems nu-
merous, difl'use and decumbent; leaves simple, oblong-ob-
ovate, attenuated downwards; petiole and stipules short
and naked. Hab. Around Wilmington, and in many other
parts of North and South Carolina, in the barren forests of
tlie Quercus Cutesb.ei and Q. nigra. The flowers and fruit
I have never seen; and if the plant had not occurred to me
at least a thousand *imes, and for several hundreds of miles
80 unifcrm and distinct from L. villoms, I should not have

94 DiADEirniA. decandria,

ventured to consider it n spcc'es in ihe absence of flo'.vci-jji
it therefore remains to be ccnbrnued in these partic;i!ar<;
by some future observer. Tliis sptces jippears to he de-
cidedly perennial, and spreads diff'usely to a considerable
extent; tlie petic^es, destitute of the lonc^- woolly hairs
of the preceding", rr.reiy exceed an inch in length, the
subulate stipules are only 2 or 3 lines loner, the leaf
is attenuated downwards, and arounded at the summit,
covered with short and silky hairs, and only about 2 and
a haif inches long-.

5 ether species of tliis gcnr.s exist in Peru, 3 at Monte
Video, 6 in the south of Europe, several of ihem also
common to the Levan*, 1 in Kirvpt, 2 of uncertain locality;
an entire leaved species at the Cape of Good Hope, not
sufficiently distingriished from L. viliosus, but producing
a blue flower, and another in Cochinchina.

493. CROTALARIA. L. (Rattle-box.)
Vexilhim large and cor<]atc; carina acumi-

nat(?. Filaments united in one body, witU a
doi'sal iissure. Legume pedicellate, turgid.

Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves simple, ternate or rarely
digitate; stipules scarcely any, or conspicuous (as in C.
sajittalis, he.) and mostly distinct from (he petiole; inflo-
rescence various, scarcely that of a simple genus, e. g- flow-
ers often spiked or racemose, terminal, axillary or oppo-
site to the leaves; legume also often short, and 1 or 2
seeded, or long and many-seeded.

Species. 1. C.sa</ittaiis.(^' 2. parvifora. 3. ovaUs. Pe-
rennia!, stem hirsute, procumbent; haves simple, subses.
sile, oval; stipules acuminate, dccurient; racemes about 3-
flovv-ered opposite the leaves. H ab. In Carolina and Geor-
gia; common around Savannah; leaves sometimes desti-
tute of stipu!e.=i, in vvhich imperfect state it is described
by >Tr. Pursh, who does not also appear to have known
tliat it was perennial, and consequeni ly very distinct from
the annual C sn^-ittaiist, with whicii Michaux associated it.

Th"s Topical genus of ne^r 60 spcc"es is almost exclu-
sively indigenous to India and the Cape of Good Hope-

f I Siigma pubescent, (Stamina diadtlphous.)

494. PISUM. L. (Pea.)

Segnirnts of the cali.\: foliaceoiis and cqnah
Vexilium wt'i 2 protruding plaits. Siijle com-

DIADELPHTA. DECANDRIA. 55

pressed, caritiatc, villous on the uj)per side.
Suture of the legume iiakvd.

Stem scandirnt or d fi'use; peiiole manv-leaved, leaflets
and biipiiles larg'C; peduncles axillary, 1 or maiiv-Houcr-
ed.

Species. 1. V. maviihmim. Abundant on the sliorcs
of Liikts Erie, Huraii and .Miclii^^an, but differs fiom the
European species in h.avuig a pubescent legume.

At present there are but 4 species of this genus, indige-
DOMS to Europe and Egypt, but the habitat of the garden
pea {P. sativum) I'ke tliat of man} other important plants
in human diet, apjjcars not to have been ascertained.

495, 0R013US. L. (Bitter-Vetch.)

<S7?/-e linear. Ccro'la long. Calix obtuse at
the base; upper segmetits deeper and mostly
shorter.

Stem herbaceous, ofren erect; leaves conjugate, bi ju-
gate or pinnate, mostly terminated by a short and straight,
undivided, setiform tendril; stipules mostly semisaglttate;
flowers racemose, axillary and terminal.

Species. 1. O. * dispar. Leaves unequally pinnate, 6
to 8 pair, leaflets linear, obtuse; stipules simpl^^ ovate,
acute; racemes sessile, filiform, it or 3 together; segments
of the cahx equal, the uppermost indenture deeper and
wider. IIae. (Jn arid hills near I'ort Mandan. I'lowering
in June. Obs. 'I'his and the following species differ very
rema'kably from the usuil liabit of the genus, but analy-
ticiilly compared with Orobiis tylvciicus, now before n:e,
they ajjpear to be inseparable congeners. Root perennial.
Stems numerous, decumbent, branched, terete below, an-
gular above, rigid, a little pubescent in common with the
rest of the plant. Racemes about the length of the leaves;
flowers remote, ochroleuous; the calix obtuse at the base,
dentures subacuminate; wings longer than the carina;
style and minute stigma nearly smooth; legume many-
seeded, smooth and flat, acute and curved at the point, at-
tenuated at the base; seeds 6 to 8, about the size of small
A'ctches. The habit of this plant is more that of Astraga-
lus than Orobus.

-2. * longifrJms. Sericeously villous; leaves ternate and
bijugate, uppermost simple, leaflets very long and fili-
formly hnear; stipules undivided, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate; racemes pedunculate, filiform, often solitary, shorter
than the leaves; the 2 upper dentures of tlie calix shorter.

96 DIADELPHIA. JDECANDBIA,

Hab. On sand-hills, on the banks of the Missouri, not far
from the confluence of the river Platte. Flowerinj? in May.
PsfiralcalongifoUa Ph. 2. suppl. p. 741. See Herb. Lam-
bert. Obs. Roots perennial, filiform, creeping. Stems neariy
simple, terete below and angular above. Stipules con-
nate, distinct from the petioles, ovate, acute, below lan-
ceolate, acuminate above. Leaves singularly elongated,
much like those of liuligofera JiUfoUd of the Cape of Good
Hope; the lowest shortest, often trilbliate. above they are
sometimes bijugate (or in 5's), the uppermost simple,
scarcely a line wide, and nearly a span long. Racemes 1
or 2 in the same axilL, 7 to l6-fiowered; flowers somewhat
remote, pale red, nearly as large, but shorter, than
those of O. svlvaticus; calix and bractes subulate. Yexii-
lum rather broad, stamina diadelphous. Style and minute
subcapitate stigma smooth. Legume linear-lanceolate,
exserted, flatly compressed, smooth, 8 to 10-seeded.
Certainly a very extraordinary species of Orobus, yet in-
separable in genus from the preceding; both these spe-
cies appear to be somewhat allied to Tephr^oda, but the
stamina are diadelphous, and the whole habit and fruit is
diflferent from the American species of that genus.

Orobus is principally an European genus extending,
however, into Siberia and Northern Africa; O. fruticosus
of Peru is scarcely a congener.

496. LATHYRUS. L. (VetcUiHg, Everlasting
Pea.)
Style flat, broader above and villous on the
upper side* The upper segments of the calix
shorter.

An heteromorphous and unnatural genus, scarcely dis-
tinct from many European species of the preceding. —
Stems scandent or diffuse, with tlie angles often alated.
by the decurrence of the petioles; stipules cauline, dis-
tinct, usually toothed or produced at the base; leaves
pseudopinnate, from 1 to 5 pair, (in L. J\'issolia simple,
and in L. Aphaca altogether abortive,) common petiole as
in the Pea terminating in a divided tendril; peduncles ax-
illary and terminal, 1^ 2, and many-flowered.

Species. 1. L.palustns. 2. miiriJfollus. Near Philadel-
phia, o.venosiis. Leaflets about 5 pair. Common in the Al-
leghany mountains, growing on the declivities of shady
hills.

4. * polymorphus. Stem quadrangular, naked; stipules
.gemisagiitate, lanceolate; leaflets 4 to 5 pair, linear-oblong.

rriADELPHIA. DECANUlilA. 97

cjr oblon.c^-elliptic, inucronulate; racemes many-flowered,
Idng-er than t!ie leaves. Hab. On tlie ,^ras.>y alluvial
])lains of the Missouri, from its cfvnfluer.ce to its soui*ces?
riowers as larg"e as those of Pi.ium maritimiim, and of a fine
purple, variable however in size as Well as the leaves,
lience it appears to be X decaphi/Jlus, I'h. 2. p. 471. ari'l
Ticiastipnlacea of the same, 2- p. 739. as both these speci-
fic names are inexpressive and deceptive, 1 could not in
candour do otherwise than reject tliem.

Latbyrus containing near 40 species, is almost exclu-
sively European; there are, at t!ie same time, species \a
Northern Africa, 3 around Monte Video, ajid I at the
Straits of Ma^ellaa, near the extremity of South America.

4Sr. VIC I A. Z. (Vetch.)

Scigma transversely bearded on the under
side, Calix emarginate and liidentate above,
tiie 3 lower dentures long and straight. VcxU-
lum cmarginate.

Stem erect or scandent, often slender; leaves psendo-
pinnate; stipules small; fiov/ers in pedurvculate spikes, or
from 1 to 3, subsessile and axillary.

Species. 1. V. pusilla. 2. satlva. 3. americana. 4.
syl-jatica. Hab. On the alluvial banks of the Missouri as
far as Fort Mandan. Leaflets a little more obtuse than
usual. 5. Cracca. Much smaliei- than the European plant
and probably distinct. 6. caroliniana.

A genus of near 50 species almost exclucively indige-
nous to Europe. In this genus is included the common
Bean (Vicia Faba), so important an article of diet, said
to be still spontaneous net far from the Caspian Sea, on the
confines of Persia.

498. PHACA. i. (Bastard Vetch.)

Caidiia obtuse. Style beardless. Stigma ca-
pitate. Legume 1 -celled, somewiiat turgid, the
upper suture internally tumid and seminiferous.
JJecandolle.

Habit similar to Astragalus.

Species. 1. P. villosa. ArAm^mlns vUlostiz. Mich.
This species ought to be compared with P. boetica. Has
On sandy hills in the Pine forests of South Carolina and
Georgia, and on the h'gh hills of tli^ Missouri to its sou"-
VOL. II. I

98 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA,

ces? V. V. C(»llectcd also in Cliina by Sir G. Staunton, v. *.
in Herb. Lanibc-rt. Ocs. Nearly stemlcss and hirsutely
])ilose, leaflets oval, or Gblong--oval; above smooth; pedun-
cles various, equal with or shorter than the leaves; spikes
subcapitate; flowers ochroleucoiis, small; legume canes-
cenlly villous, teretcly sulicjmhiform.

2. * cctspitosd. Cesjiitose, canescendy villous, and stem-
less; leaves dii^itate, ternute a!id quinaie; leaflets lanceo-
late, acute at c ach end; flowei-s scapeless, aggreg^ated, sti-
pules membranaceous, amorplious; lej:icume pubescent,
fcubcylindric. ..ls{ragahistriphy!ln<i. V\\. 2. p. 740. Had. On
:.rid frravelly hills near tlie confluence ofSawanee river and
the Slissouri. Obs. Plants aggreijated in numerous tufts:
caudex short and proliferous; petioles 2 to 3 inches lon^,
leaflets about an incii, somewhat shining; flowers sessile
on the candex, aggregated in dense clusters, and as well
&.S the leaves subtended by broad sheathing and amor-
phous membranaceous scales; calix pilosc; cylindric, near
an inci) long, border subulately 5-toot)ied; corolla ochro-
leucous, exserted beyond the calix nearly its length; le-
gume short. — Flowering in May.

A small genus chiefly indigenous to Europe and Siberia,

499. OXYTROPIS. DecandoUc. Astragalus. L.
Carina terminatin.^ above in a subulate ap-

pciulago. Legume bilocular or subbiloculai^
the upper suture inSected.

Habit similar to Astragalus.

Species. 1. O. LambertU. Ph. Cespitose, and stem-^
less; leaflets numerous, linear-lanceolate, strigose, and ra-
ther remote; common petiole very long; scape longer than
the leaves, spike oblong, bractes lanceolate, shorter than
the silkv calix. Hae. On the woodless hills of the Mis-
souri, from the river Platte to the Mountains. Mr.
I'ursh's character is taken from a solitary, luxuriant and
cultivated specimen, which I obtained from seeds, and is
inapplicable in nature. Oes. Flowers bright purple, ca-
rina with a subulate appendage; legume smooth, black,
and small, subtereie, acuminate, and partly bilocular.
Flowering in May and June.

A genus containing near 50 species, principally indige-
nous to Siberia, with the exception of a few species in Eu-
rope and the Levant.

500. ASTRAGALUS. X. (Milk-Vetch.)
Carina obtuse. Legume bilocular, or subbi-

Iccular, inferior suture inflected.

DIADELPHIA. DBCANDIUA. 99

Suffrnticose or more commonly herbaceous, erect or
diffuse; leaves pinnate; stipules distinct from or connected
vith the petiole; petioles in sonne species rig-idly persist-
ent, or spinescent; flowers g-Iomera'e or spiked, axillary
and terminal, purple, ochroleucous, or yellow.

Species. 1. A. cavoUnicums. 2. canadensis. Both these
species are r.nusually tail with dense spikes of ochroleu-
cous fiov/ers. 3. ^l^.ber. iiather low, and cnulescent; leaf-
lets (about 10 or 11 pair), oblong-eilipiic, obtuse or emar-
ginate, every where smooth; peduiicuiate loose spikes lon-
ger than the leaves; flowers whitish, pedicellate; legumes
distant, smooth, spreading-, depressed and incurved. Hab.
In the sandy forests of Georg-ia and South Carolina. Seldom
more than' a foot high; fnilting peduncles much longci*
than the leaves; legume partly biiocular and somewhat
rugose. 4. alpinus. 5. seamdus.

6. * missourie?2s2s. Nearly stemless, partly diffuse; !^t"-
pules cauline, ovate; leaflets small, obnvate-cUiptic, canes-
cently villous; peduncles a little longer than the leave;;
spikes capitate; calix blackish and strigose; legume oblong,
acuminate, nearly smooth and transversely dilated. Hab.
On hills throughout Upper Louisiana; flowering in May. A
very elegant species with deep violet purple flowers, (there
is also a white flowered variety occasionally to met With\
scarcely 6 inciies high, pnbescenae v/iiitisli and somewhat
shining; leaflets 5 to 10 pair, aijout the size of Thyme,
leaves obtuse; capitate spike ab';wt an inch long; flowei-g
10 to 12, large for the size of tlie plant; bractes ovate,
shorter than the calix; carina obtus-; legume black and
coriaceous, siibup.ilocular, lov/er sutire inilecfed. Oxvtro-
pis argentata. Fh. 2. p. 473. but neither the same plant,

(which I have examined in Pall.:s's hcibarium) nor the
samiC genus.

7. hvpjgloith. _ On llie low and level plains of the Mis-
.eouri, commencing about tlie onfl-ieuce of the river
.fauke, and contin-Jing upwards probably to the Mountains;
flowering in May. It does not sensibly differ in any par-
ticular from the European plar.t. 8. Luxmanni. Hab,
On t!ie hills of tlie M.ssouri, forming ;i hixuriant and nu-
tritive herbage fci- herbivorous animals, and would proba-
bly be worth cultivating up'm liglsl ^n I otherwise unpro-
ductive soils. Obs. Perennial; steins diffuse and adscen-
dent, grooved; bractes caul. ne, membranaceous and acu-
minate; leaflets a little pubescent, oblong, C to 8 pair; pe-
duncles axlUai-y and terminal, m-ucb longer tlian the
leaves, thick and grooved, spike crowded, su'boval. bractes
acumiriate^ nearly as long a^ tue calix which is blackish

100 DMDELPHIA. DECAKDKIA.

and pubescent; vexilliim ovale, nearly straight; legum«
oblong-. Hi iir.st pubescent.

9. * cuf?ioiug. Ciiu]e^ctnt, decumbent and pubcscentr
leaflets (8 to 10 pair,)oblnng-)ar,ct-olale; stipules ovate; ra-
cemes jixiliary, aboi** the ier.g-th of tlje leaves; le^un.es
large and pendulous, oval, carnose, inflated and compress-
ed, smooth. IIab. On the plains of the Missouri from
the coiiliuence of the river Platte to the Mountains; the
legumes are about the size of ordinary plums, and consi-
derably resemble, as to i'orrr, those of J. physcdts. Flowers
violet-purple; bractes much siiorter than the calls ; calix
covered with a dark pubescence, segments not subulate;
vexillurn ovate, I&ng and erect, fruiting racemes prostrate.
The plant described for the present by Mr. Pursh in
Suppl. 2. p. 740. v.'asa species of Sophora io which he by
mistake applied tiie fruit of our .?. cmviosj/.^-.

10. ga!f^-oides. Stem partly erect; leafiets oblong-Ian'
ceolate (uboMt 21), somewhat pubescent beneath; pedun-
cles axillary, Icmj^er than the leaves; spike crowded, flo\^
ers pcdiccjlutc, secund; legumes stipitate, pendulous, bi-
ventricostly triqiiclrous and smooth; calix pubescent,
segments subulate Hab. On sahne alluvial soils, from
^Vhite river to tiie Mountains; common, Obs. About two
feet high and nearly smooth; the Xfhole- plant rather
strongly and sometthat disagreeably scented, flowers

• whitish, numerous, bractes subulate, longer than the pe^
dicells; fruiting raceme 8 to 10 inches long; legume 10 to
15 lines, conspicuously stipitate. A. raa'mosus. Vn. m
Suppl. 2. p. 740.

11. * ^TaciUs. Fras. Catal. 1815. Pubescent, stem slen-
der and erect; leaves subsessile, leaflets oblong-linear, re-
mote (13 to 23,) racemes pedunculate, longer than the
leaves; legumes very short, cernuous, elliptic-ovate, sub-
triquetrous and pubescent, 1-cclled, dentures of the cahx
minute. Hab. Fronj White river to the Mountains, on
the plains of the Missouri. Flowering in .May. Nearly
allied to .'?. snicatiis, but pubescent. It appears to be JL
tenellus of Pursh and also Ervnm muUifomm, Suppl 2. p.
739. li. is likewise Ualea parvijlura^ Ph. 2- p. 474. as I
have exan.ined the specimen so marked in Herb. Lambert.
Obs. Stem about 2 feet high, angular, but scarcely stri-
ate. StljMdes ovate, acuminate. Peduncles very long.;
racemes loose, sub.sccund; cahx villous; legume about
2 lines l»)ng, niany-seeded, acuminated with the curved
style. Flow ers pale purple.

This vast genus of near 180 species exists principally
in Siberiu; there are a frw species also in Eu.rcp'? ard tl.*"

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 101

Levant. From A. gwnmlfer and A. creticus Is obtained
the gum Tragacanth, from the latter it is vhite, and
from the fornier yellowish; A. Tvngacantha affords no
gum whatever.

ffft Legume viostly l-seedcd. (Stamina diadel-
phousr)

501. DA LEA. L.

Calhx semiquinquifid. Corolla partly papilio-
naceous. Wings and carina adnate to the undi-
vided column of the stamina. Legume 1-seeded^
included in the calix.

Herbaceous; leaves pinnate, interspersed with diapha-
nous g-lands in common with the calix; flowers in dense
and terminal spikes, rarely racemose, unibracteate. Dis-
tinguished from JRcta/osiemon by the subpapilionaceous
corolla, and the insertion of tlie adnate petals far below
the separating filaments, and not alternating with them in
tiie sanie line, the presence of 10 in place of 5 stamina is
aho of some importance in this family of plants.

Species. 1. 1). alopecuroides. I). Clifforiiana. Wiild.
S^^. pi. 3. p. 1336. I), pedunailata? Ph. 2. p. 474. I).
JAjwici. Mich. flor. Am. 2. p. 57. t. 38. Petalostemon alope-
curoidcrnn. Ph. 2. p. 461. Hab. Common on the banks
of the Missisippi and the Missouri in alluvial soil. The
immber of leaflets, as might be expected in so compoimd
a leaf, are variable both in number and a little so in form.
^'exillllm white, wings and carina pale violet. Michaux*s
r:gure is excellent. 2. anrea. T. N.in Fras. Catal. 1813. Ph.
2. p. 140. Perennial; stem erect; spikes dense and cylin-
drlc, flowers yellow; bractes rhomboidally ovate, as long
as the calix; calix densely lanuginous, dentures subulate;
leaflets (about 9,) obovute, under side pilose. Hab. On
gravelly hills, near White river, Missouri; rare.

3. laxifij-ra. Ph. Very smooth; stem erect and tall,
branched above, branches slender and effuse; racemes
few-flowered; flowers distinct, enneandrous; bractes
smooth, obvalbate, acute; segments of the calix acumi-
nate, sericeous and plumose; leaves about 4 pair, linear-
oblong. Hab. On the high hills and naked grassy plains
of tlie Missouri, also on the banks of the Missisippi
near the Prairie du Chien. Obs. Perennial, root reddish
a.nd somewhat fusiform. Stem simple, round, andsmooth^
of a brownish co1oup,-3 or 4 feet high, divaricating at the

102 DIADELPHIA. BECANDRIA.

summit into numerous slender spreading- branches^ eacit
terminated by a raceme of white flowers. Leaves smalU
extremely deciduous in drying, smooth, and thickjy
sprinkled witn resinous diaphanous glands. Calix consi-
derably like ihal o^ Petalostemon corymbosnm, the segments-
linear and iK^uminate, nearly twice the length of the oiher
bracies. S;ami!ia 9. Carina twice the length of the petals.
Seed solitary, legume shorter than the calix; seeds yel-
low, reniform. — On being bruised the leaves- and bractes-
give out a very penetrating and disagreeable balsamic
odor much like that of the Diosmas and of Rue (Jiuta
graveolens. )

A north American genus, of which there aie 10 otbe£
species chiefly indigenous to Mexico.

502. PSORALEA. L.

Calix 5-clcftor 5-tootlied, the lower segment
mostly elongated. Stamina diadelplious. Xe-.
gumc the length of the calix^ 1 -seeded, subros-,
trate and valveless.

Shrubby or lierbaceous; leaves glandularly punctate^-
lernrtte, rarely digitate, simple or pinnate; stipules cauline;-'
flowers spiked or glomerate, axillary or terminal.

Species. 1. P. canescens. 2. ciispidata. Ph. On the*^
banks of tlie Missouri. Root large, tuberous, and ramified.

3. * eacuknta. T. N. in Fras. (iatal 1813. Ph. 2. p. 475.
Nearly stemle.ss and liirsutely pilose; leaves digitate qui-
nate; leaflets ovate-elliptic, smooth above; spikes pedun-
culate, subcapitate; corolla scarcely longer than tlie caiix^
bractes 3-flowered, ovate, acuminate, impunctate; root
simple, somewhat fusifoim, bulbous above the middle.
Has. On the elevated plains of the Missouri; also on the
high and bare hills of tlie lead-mines near the river Meri-
niek, a few miles from St. Louis. The root is similar in
form to that of P. ccmencens. Taste rather insipid, but not
disagreeable either raw or bailed, the latter is its common
mode of preparation among the savages; its texture is
laminated, always tenaceous, solid, and never farinaceous;
it is also somewhat medicinal and operates as a diuretic.
Nearly allied to P. an-pidutOy but very distinct in the root.
It is knov.n to the Canadian boatmen by the name of
*' Pomme de prairie."

4. * incana. T. N. in Fras. Catal. 1813. Sericeously vlL
lous and canescent; leaves digitate, quinaie, uppermost
ternate, leaflets elliptic-lanceolate; .spikes few-flowered,
interrupted; bractes acuminate, S-flowered; root flagel;
latdy fusiform. Hab. On the open plains- of iheMi'ssovivi

DIADELPHTA. DECANDRIA, lOS

with P. esculentay which It someu hat resembles, but is co-
vered with a soft, white, and silky vilhis, hut not tomen-
tose. Spikes axii'.jiry, (afttrlhe manner of the genus, as it
appears in Norili America,) about tr(n"n 6 to 10-flou cred,
flowers small, brig-lit aztiie bhie. The whole plant about
22 inches hij^h and rarely branched. Flowering in July-
P. (irgophylla. Ph. 2. p. 475.

5. teimifiCra. Pri. Nearly' smooth, and everywhere con-
spicuously punctate: stem d.iPusely and slenderly branch-
ed: leaves ternate, leaflets obIong--eHiptic, obtuse; racemes
filiform, ■few-flowered; calix nearly equal; bractes 3-flow-
^red, shorter than the pedicells; root flae^ellately fusi-
form. Hab. On the plains of the Missouri, nearthe Ari-
karee vilhr.^-e: rare. Obs. Habit or mode of vegetation
similar to Bii1>'isia iinctona. Stem about 2 feet hig-h,
slenderly ])ubcscent; leaflets about 5 lines long, thick,
opaque, and copiously punctured, slightly pubescent be-
neatii; rac«;mes 2 or 3 inches long, axillary, interrupted, 9
to 12 or njore flowered, growing by 3's, very small and
pale purple; caljx in tiiis and the tbllov.-ing more nearly
equal than in any other species; bractes persistent.

6. * arenarfa. Nearly smooth, stem dichotomous, spa-
ringly branclied, erect; leaves ternate, leaflets linear-sub-
lanceolate, obtuse, and mucronulate; peduncles longer
than the leaves; spikes capitate, muny-flouered, bractes
deciduous; deiitaies of the calix minute, obtuse, nearly
equal; root repent. Hab On the sandy banks of the Mis-
souri, from the river Platte to tlie Mountains. Flower-
ing in July and August. P. lanceolata. Ph. 2. p. 475. P.
ellipdca, of the same, in Suppl. 2. p. 741. Obs. Growing
in great quantities togetlier, sending up shoots in every di-
rection through the sand. In which S(;il it is exclusively
met with. Stem about a foot; leaves aromatic whenbruis*
ed, attenuated downwards, more than an inch long, sti-
pules linear; flowers pedicellate, small and numerous,
pale purplish blue; dentures of the calix obtuse, and gian-
dulous.

7. LiLpiticUus. Very sm.ooth; leaves digitate, upon long
petioles; leaflets by sevens and fives, filiform-linear; ra-
cemes pedunculate, mucli longer than the leaves, (axilla-
ry) many-flowered; bractes 1-flowered, shorter than the
peduncles; lower denture of the calix produced, legume
mgose. Hab. From South Carolina to Florida; rare. A
very singular plant; the leaves are so narrow as scarcely
to be distinguished from the petiole, and 2 to 3 inche.s.
\o'^^, extremely deciduous when dry; peduncles \e:Yy
tliick, near a span long; flowers purplish, not remarkably

104 DIADELPHIA. DECTANDRIA.

smnll. Callx and leaves glandulous. All the larger leaves
in 7's, the upper only in 5's.

8. * Onob^^chis. > tern tall and sraootli; leaves ternate,
leaflets ovate-lanceola»^^e, soniewhat ptibesceii'.; racenics
(axillary) long pedunculate; flowers sccund; legume subo-
vate, murlcate, smooth; root fiagellate. H ab. On the banks
of the river Merrimek, a few miles from St. Louis, Loui-
siana. Obs. Stem 3 to 5 feet higli, brownish; leaves like
an Hedjsarnvi which it greatly resembles; racemes 6 iis-
ches long or more; legumes on one side, longer than the
calix, black, 1-seeded, and extremely rough wiih tuber^
cles. Perhaps a triloliate Onobrijchis: the flowers 1 have
not seen, although I have had the plant cultivated in tlie
neigl'.bourhood of London. Perhaps P. Hedusaroides of
Muhl. Catal.

9. * virgata. Nearly smooth; stem striate, virgate; leaves
simple, very remote, linear lanceolate, radical oblong-
ovate; spikes oblong, pedunculate, shorter than the leaves
(axillary); bractes long and subulate, deciduous. Hab,
in West Florida between St. Mary's and Satilla river. —
Dr. Baldwyn. Obs. Root perennial. Stem herbaceous,
about 2 feet high, simply branched from the base. Leaves
a span apart, a little pubescent as well as the spike in an
early stage, 2 to 3 inches long and acute, uppermost only
2 or 3 lines wide. Spikeshortly pedunculate, rather dense;
flowers pedicellate, nearly blue, ttie vexlUum finely vein-
ed. Cahx 5-cleft, glandulous, lower segment a little
produced. Legume 1-seeded, even.

With very few exceptions this genus is indigenous to
North America and the Cape of Good Hope.

503. MELILOTUS. Tournefort

Flowers racemose. — Calisc tubulous, 5-tootIi-
ed. Carina simple, shorter tlian the wings and
vexillum. Legume as long as tl^e calix, injgose.

S-pecies of TrifoUum. L. which they resemble exactly
in habit, but the stem is generally erect, and the flow-
ers not capitate.

Species. 1. M. officinalis. Flowers yellow. Natura-
lized or indigenous in the state of New-York. j3. alba.
Stem very tall, flowers white. Naturalized or indigenous
in the lower pait of the state of I^elaware.

2. *Psoraloldes. Trifoliiim Psoraloides. Walter. Psoralea
Jifelilotoides. Willd. sp. pi. Pubescent, stem erect; leaflets
oblong-laiice^late,.entirej flowering raceme partly ablong.

BIADELPHIA. DECAN^DRIA. 2 05

uporv a very long peduncle; bractes broad and acuminate,
decidiiuus; darina vtry sljort; legume g-'ibl^ous, and trans-
versely rugose. Hab In Carolina and Tlor.da, also con\-
mnn in tlie open forests of Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee.
Perennial. Stem about 12 to 18 inches higli, grooved
and minutely strigose. Stipules cauline, linear, acumi-
nate; leaves tevnate, without ghuids, a little pubescent,
central leaflet conspicuously, petiolate. Spikes or racemes
in fruit 3 or 4 inches long> common peduncle 4 to 6
inches. F'lovvcrs pale violet, pedicellate, erect. Calix
pubescent, almost equally S-cleft and strongly veined,
"Without glands. Wings (or lateral petals) more than twice
the length of the carina. Legume 1-seeded, naked and
transverse, the length of the calix; persistent style resu-
pinate. The entire absence of glands, the minuteness of
the carina, and the fruit, decide this plant to be a JMelilotus^
to which genus it was long ago referred by Clayton; it i»
at the same time the connecting link to Psoralea.

An European genus, with a few species indigenous to
Barbary and tiie Levant.

504. TRIFOLIUM. L. (Trefoil.)

Flowers subcapitate. — Legume vahTless, co-
vered by the caiix, 2 to 4-seedeil.

Herbaceous; leaves tern ate, rarely digitate; stipules ad*
nate to the base of the petiole, flovver in T. praicnse mc
nopetalous.

Species. \.T. refexmn. 2. re/>e7z5. Cultivated and natu-
ralized. 3. ctiioli?uanum. 4. microcephahim. Ph. In Cali-
fornia. 5. pratense. Cultivated and naturalized. 6. pennsyl-
vaniciim. 7. urvenfie. Native. 8. cnfrun'wn. 9. procum".
bens. These 2 last are natiiraliz.ed. 10. involucratiim.

13. * megacephalnm. LnpmasCer macrocephalus. .Ph. 2:
p. 479. t. 23. Leaflets by 7's, cuneate-lanceolate, petiole
very long, stipules cuneate, incisely 3-toothed; segments ot*
the calix setaceous, plumose; legume 3 to 4-seeded. Hab.
Near the sources uftlie Missouri. Neither this species nor
T. Lupinastev appear to possess any single generic cha-
racter distinct from Trifolivm. There can surely be no
generic character in leaves; but even here analogy is not
altogether wanting, as many genuine species of Trifolium
oGCasionally produce more than 3 leaflets.

A genus of near 80 spocies^. principally indigenous to
Fiurnpe.

106 DIADELPHIA. DECAXDRIA,

505. STYLOSANTFIES. Sivartx,

Calix tubulous and very lojis;, boarina; the G(V
rolla. Germ bcneallithc (orolla. Lcment with 1
or 2 articulations, hooked.

Herbaceous; leaves ternate, stipules sheatliing, adnale
to tlie petiole; bractes ciliate; flowtrs yellow.

Species. l.S. elatior. Pwartz. S. hifpi.'a. Mich, rink
Amalth. 182. t. 447. f. 7- Obs. Flowers congiorr.erate 3 i;r
4 together, invested by ciliate sheatliinj^ briictes; leaves
sublineiir-lanceolate, acute, smooth and naked; stem erect;
loment ir.durated, 1-seeded. CJommun from Pennsylva-
nia to Carolina. Flowers golden yellow.

A small tropical genus of 6 species indigenous to Ame-
rica, with the exception of a single one in India.

506. GLYCYRRHIZA. Z.

Calix mostly bilabiate, gibbous at the base.
VexiUum including the wings and carina. Le-
gume subovate or oblong, compressed, and most-
ly hispid, 2 to 6-seeded.

Herbaceous; leaves pinnate, stipules cauline; flowers ca-
pitate, spiked or racemose.

Species. 1. G. lepidota. T. N. in Frns. Catal Ph. 2. p.
480. Leaflets ublong-lanceolate, acute, every where sq<ia-
mulose, under surfsace covered with glandulous atoms;
spikes axillary, acut* flowers crowded; legume obl(;ng,
n;any-seeded, echinate, setie uncinate. 11 a b. Abur.davit
arovmd St. Louis, v.'jiere it v. as first detected by 'fr. Jolm
Bradbury, F. L. S.; it is alao common on the alluvial
banks ot the M.ssoui-i to the Mountains, and is in all proba-
bility the Liquorice mentioned by Sir \. ]Miicken/ie as in-
digenou.s to the coasts of the North Pacific Ocean. Obs.
Hoots flagellif'orm, creeping, aid very long, possessing in
no inconsidertible degree the taste of liquorice. Stein
erecf, 3 to 5 ft et high; spikes pedunculate; liow ers wliitish,
dense, sessile; calix almost equally 5-parte(!, segments
subula'e. VoxiUutii ovate-obloi^g, nearly straight. Le-
gume oblong-, con pressed, hispid, 5 or 6-seedcd, much
resembling the fruit of Xanthiitm spinosum, not sponta-
neoMslv openijig. Nearly allied to G.foetida, and like
that species emitting a som.ewhat disagreeable resinous
odor. This plant apj)ears to destroy tlie aitificiul distinc-
tions by which dtjcurrhiza and Liq'untla have been scp;.i-

DIAUELPHIA. UECANURIA, 107

rated; as it can be equally refeired to either one or the
other.

The South of Europe, Tartary and the Levant lurnish
the other 6 species of tills genus.

507. LESPEDEZA. Mkkaux,

Calix 5-partcd; bibracteate at the base, seg-
ments subequal. Carina transversely {,buise.
Lomcnt ieiiticul-irj unanncd, 1 seeded.

stem sublig-neous, annual, seldom suffrulicose; leaves
ternate, mari^ln entire; stipules cauline, setaceous, partial
ones wanting; flowers axillai y and lerminal, racemose, or
sj)iked, spikes capitate, mostlv pedunculate; rachis brac-
teate, bractes triftd, 2-fiowered; calix bibracteolate at the
base. Flowers violet-purple or ochroleucous, the vexil-
lum then marked with a purple spot. (These characters
exist unitbrnily in 8 species which 1 have examined.)

Species. 1. "L. sesdlifora. Erect and somewhat ramose;
leaflets oblong-oval, obtuse; fascicles of flowers subsessile,
.•ixillary ones parti}- racemose; loment naked, acute. IIab.
Common from New York to Florida, and throughout the
western states.

^ 2. retlcrilcita. Stem simple, rigid and erect; leaflets ob-
long-linear, strigosely pubescent beneath; fascicles of
flowers subsessile, very numerous, axillary ones subrace-
niose; loment naked, aci'.te. Hab. In New Jersey. A spe-
cies distinct from the preceding, though confounded with
it by Michaux; it is taller and apparently never branch-
ed. 3. cv.pitata. 4. pohistachia.

5 * St'uvet. Erect and simfrie, softly and sericeously vil-
lous; leaflets elliptic-oval; spikes pedunculate, scarcely
longer than tlie leaves; loments naked, pubescent- Hab.
In the sandy fields of New Jersey. This very distinct
species 1 have dedicated to the memory of my "friend W.
Stuve, M. D. of Brem.en, who discovered it. Obs. Stem
subligneous, but annual, simple, and rigidly erect, 2 to 3
feet high. Stipules cauline, sphacelate, and setaceous as
in the rest of the genus. The v/hole plant covered with a
soft and velvet-like villus, but most abundant on the under
surface of the leaves; lower petioles near an inch long,
leaves obtuse, destitute of the partial stipules of Hedysa-
"um in common with ihe genus, axills ramuliferous, ramuli
short and abortive or ultimatelv floriferous. Spike or ra-
ceme pedunculate, peduncle 'about an inch in length;
flowers as usual, in pairs, but distinct and not crowded,
each pair subtended by a irifid bracte. calix bibracteate
at the base, segrnents subulate, not veinedj shorter than

108 DlADELnilA. DECANDIIIA,

the protiudlnglomtnt. Corolla purple, much long-erthat
the calix. Sonu-wliut aliied to X sess/'flfiot^a.

6. violacea. Difl'use and much branchtd; leaves long-
petiolate; leaflets oval-elliptic, obtuse, v.r.i.!ef surface min-
utely strig-ose, ractnies setaceous, longer Uian the pe'iioles»
subumbeliate, flowers by pr.irs, dis'tiiicll}' pedicellate; lo-
n^.ents rhomboidal, leiiculaied and smooth. Hab. Around
Philadelphia and New Jersey, coniinon. Stem nearly pro-
cumbent; racemes few-flo\\ er< d, flowers bright vlolel-
purple. Considt-rably allied to the follow inj^ spec'es. L.
tUvergens ot W dldenow apj^ears to be only a variety of
the present, v. s. In Herb. Mulil. under ihe name oi L.
ilivevgeiis.

7. proaimbens. ProcatT)bent and slender, every where
pubescent, but more particulaily tliesteiTi petioles and pe-
duncles; leufiets ovah peduncles very long- and setaceous,
raccm.e short, subumbeilaLc, flowers by pairs, distinct;
lomenioval, nearly smooili. Hab. Very common through-
out tlie middle States; fiuwcrs violet-purple.

8. pvostrata. Prostrate, aiid smooth; petioles very short,
leaflets obovate-elliptic, obtuse; racemes axillary and
terniinal, subpaniculate and partly lUT.htllatc, commion pe-
duncle very long; loments oval, sui)pubescent. Hedysariim
prostratwn. Willd. sp. pi 3. p. 1200. Hab. Rather com-
mon in New Jersey.

A genus almost peculiar to North America, there are,
howeve)-, about 3 species indigenous to Siberia, of which
JL. trlchocarpa ought to be compared with 1j. capitata; 3
other very doubiful species of India are added to this ge-
nus by Persoon. Several species appear yet to be inclu-
ded in Hediisarum.

IfffI Legume mostly arficulate(L (Stamina (Jfadel-
phous.)

508. HEDYSARUM. L.

Calix 5-cleft. Carina transversely obtuse.
Loment of several articulations: joints 1 -seeded,
com])resscd, and mostly bispid.

Herbaceous or suflVuticose; leaves simple, ternate, or
pinnate; stipules cauline, often both general and partial;
iiowers mostly racemose, rarely solitary, racemes axillary
or terminal, often paniculate; flowers ^lu all the North
American species) by pairs, or by 3's, each pair or aggre-
gate subtended by 3 unequal and deciduous bract' s, the
:J lateral ones minute, calix naked at the base, ihc Iowe='^

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 109

segment of the border often elongated; flowers viola-
ceous, rarely white, tlie carina often expanding and eject-
ing the staniina; the leaves in a few species exhibit a spon-
taneous motion.

Species. l.H. caiiadense. 2.canescens. 3. maryhindt-
cum. i. obtusum. 5. ciliafe. Erect and subpilose, slen-
der; leaves ternate, approximate, very shortly petiolate,
leaflets small, oval, obtuse; stipules subulate; racemes ax-
illary and terminally paniculate; articulations of the lo-
ment oval, hispid. Hab Near Philadelphia and in New-
Jersey, V s. Under this name in Herb. Muhl. A. small
and slender species about 2 feel high; stem pilose below,
leaves often smooth as well as pubescent, about the same
size and form as in Buxus 5<?/jj/»erwren.j, approximating so
as to be crowded below; panicle slender and considera-
bly branched; flowers proportionabiy small, violet. Allied
to U. glabelbim 6. vincVfianim. This species grows in
Upper Louisiana as well as in the Atlantic states. 7- g^a-
helium.

8. * Levigatum. Very smooth; stem sample, erect, and
somewhat glaucous; leaves t.^rnate, long petiolate, leaflets
ovate, acute, stipules subulate, minute and deciduous; pa-
nicle terminal, nearly simple; flowers by pairs Ui)on long
petioles; bracles ovate, acute, abort '^r than the flower buds.
Hab In the forests of Nevi^ Jerse\; rare. Rai);er large,
and the smoothest of the Nortli American species Lower
petioles about 3 inches long; larger leaflets 3 inches long,
and one and a half broad, evcpy wuere pert- ctly smooth,
and somewhat glaucous beneath, sometimes eilpric-
ovate, constantly diminishing in size upward.-; tht- -.ten^
attenuated into the terminal and racemose panicle, ruchis
of the panicle and peduncles minutely pubesceni; lowest
segment of the calix conspicuously cl0n.4a.ed. Tlie fruit
I have not seen. Allied to H ci(spi(/aUtmy bur piciectly
distinct. 9. cusfndatum. H. bracteosvm. s\ cn. Fl. \n.er.
2. p. 73. 'iO. panic iiiatum 11. stiirCi.um. Pri. Erect and
smooth, stem simple, leaves ternate, S'lbbnear, cor aceous,
and ;-eticulately veined, stipules suoulat'^; ractme:^ axilla-
ry and terminally paniculate; lomenis incurved, abou' 2-
jointed, articidations somewhat lunuiely triangular, and
hispid, isthmus fill foimly narrow'-d. Hab. In t'le forests
of Xew Jersey; rare. A distinct species, but allied to //.
paniculatum. 12. glutinosum. H acuminatum. Mich. 13. nU'
.'UJlorum.

14 * paucifiornm. Decumbent; stem very low and fili-
form; leaves ternat , upon very lon:^ petioit-s, leaflets
broad-ovate, acuminate, pubescently ciliate, central one
rhomboidally dilated; stipules obsolete; raceme terminal

Vol. II. K

110 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

and pedunculate, shorter than llie leaves, very fcw-flover-
ed. H AB In the shady forests of Ohio, Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, (common around Lexing-ton, Kentucky.) A very
singular and distinct species, with small, expanding flow-
ers, which are uniformly white Obs. Koot apparently
creeping", sending up short filiform weak stems at small
intervals; stems about a span high (rather resembling the
ascendmg branches of a humifuse plant), petioles 2 or 3
inches, stipules very minute, partial ones obliterated, la-
teral leaflets oblique, central one dilated, on both surfaces
a little hirsute, paler beneath, length about 2 inches,
breadth one and a half. Raceme long pedunculate, soli-
tary and terminal, bearing no more than from 4 to 8 white
flowers! the keel of which is commonly expanded; bractes
very minute by 3's; flowers by pairs; cahx nearly equally
5-toothed. Of the fruit, I am ignorant. The only species
to which the present appears to bear any affinity is //. ax-
illare of Jamaica. 16. lineatum. 17. rotimdifolium.

18. * boreale. Caulescent, subdecumbent, leaves pin-
nate (r or 8 pair), leaflets oblong-obovate, partly villous;
racemes long pedunculate, axillary, stipules sheathing,
subulate; articulations of the loment nearly round, and
rugose. H. alpimim? Mich. Fl. Am. 2. p. 74. Hab. In
arid and denudated soils around Fort Mandan, on the
banks of the Missouri. Flowering in June and July.
Flowers of a fine red and numerous; common petiole very
short; calix subulate, wings of the corolla short.

This very numerous and heteromorphous genus, con-
sisting of more than 130 species, is principally indigenous
to India, and America in botli hemispheres, but particu-
larly the Northern; there art- also species in the southern
extremity of Africa and in Japan, a few in Europe, Sibe-
ria, Northern Africa, and the Levant, but with pinnated
leaves, and in the Onobryctades producing 1-seeded le-
gumes. Amidst this \ ast family H- gyrans has long been ce-
lebrated for the spontaneous motion of its leaves, which
undulate as if in agitation, without the assistance of excite-
ment; my friend Dr. Baldwyn, late of Savannaii, an inde-
fatigable botanist, and an accurate observer, iniormed me,
that the same spontaneous motion is evinced by Hedysa-
rum ciispidatam, H. braciessum of Michaux; there is also
reason to suspect the same circumstance in //. Uvigatum.

509. ZORMA. Gmelin, Michaux,

Caiix campanulatc, bilabiate. Corolla infe-
rior. Vexillum cordate, re volute, dnthers 5

DIADELPHIA. DTICANDRIA. Ill

oblong and 5 globose. Loment articulated, his-
pid.

Mostly herbaceous; leaves dit,ntate in 4*s, ternate, bl-
nait, or'sin.plc; floueis rucrmose, racemes axillary and
teriTiinul, bractes large, ovaie or saburbicular.

Species. 1. Z tetraphtjUa. In Carolina.— A genus of
7 species, considerably allied to Stylosanthes; of these 5
are indigenous lo hidia, and 1 to the Cape of Good Hope.

510. ^SCnYNOMb:NK. L.

** Stamina divided into 2 equal bodies.'*
Bro-wn. Loment exserted, compressed, one of
the sijtures straight, the other lobed; articula-
tions truncated, I -seeded. CVi.'ia; bilabiate, labia
dentate.

Arborescent, shrubby or herbaceous; leaves pinnate,
nictitant or sensitive, siipuks Caul'.ne; peciuncleb or i a.-
cemes axillary and terminal, few-flowexed; io-ment smoo'-li
or scabrous.

Species. 1. iE. vhcidula. Obs. Prostrate, stem and
peduncles viscidly pubescent; stipules small and ovate;
leaflets 7 to 9 oblique, retusely obovate; peduncles fili-
form, 1 or 2-flowered; calix bibracteate at the base, 1-
leared, subcampanu'.ate, border almost equally 5-cleft.
Corolla small Loment biarticulate, horizontally deflected,
pubescent, isthmus very narrow as in many Hedysarums,
articulations also roundi^j-oval. A species possessing
scarcely any affinity with the following, and nearly allied
Xo Smithia, judging by habit. Annual.

2. hispida. Obs. Annual. Stem erect, 2 or 3 feet high,
hirsuLely scabrous in common with the loment, petiole
and peduncle. Leaflets very smooth and numerous, often
as many as 49, linear-oblong and obtuse; stipules ovate,
acuminate, decurrent at the ba«e; racemes simple, 3 to 5-
flowered, and usually bearing also a leaf. Loment con-
spicuously stipitate, compressed, slightly sinuated on the
lower margin, 6 to 9-jointed. Hab. In the marshes of
the Delaware, near Philadelphia, rare; also in Carolina.
Flowers yellow, externally reddish, and veined.

A tropical genus of 13 species indigenous to India and
America.

511. SESBANIA. Foiret,

" Calix 5-toothed. Ze5'7fmeelong«itcd (terete

113 BIADEI/PHIA. DEC.INDRIA.

or linear), bivalve, divided into many cells hy
transverse dissepiments." R. Brown.

Arborescent, shrubby or herbaceous; leaves pinnate^
peduncles 1 or many-flowered.

f PECiEs. 1. S. pkifijcarpa. S. disperma. Ph. 2. p. 485.
Hab. Id Car', Una and Florida; common around New Or-
leans. 2.*m<icrocarpi4. Muhl. Flowers yellow. Around New
Orleans, v v. s. f. Le;^^ume very long- and narrow; leaflets
numerous, obiong-elliptic. — \ tropical genus of 10 spe-
cies, indigenous to India and America, with one species
in Egypt.

tttttf Legume 1 -celled, many-seeded. (Stamina
diadelphous.)

512. PHASEOLUS. L. (Kidney-bean.)
Carina with the stvle and stamina spirally

convolute. " ie^iijne compressed, falcate. Seeds
compressed, reniform.'' Elliott, mss.

Herbaceous and mostly twining plants; leaves ternate^
petiolate, stipules minute, distinct from the petiole; flow-
ers mostly racemose and axillary. — Calix bilabiate, often
bibractcale at the base, upper lip emarginate, lower 3-
toothed; vexillum reflected.

Species. 1 P. pereimis. Hab. From New England to
Carolina. xMr. Elliott considers the southern plant as a
distinct species.

A tropical genus, (with the above exception and 2 spe-
cies at the Cape of Good Hope), containing about 30 spe-
cies, several of which are cultivated for food.

513. DOLICHOS. L.

Vexillum with 2 oblong parallel callosities at
its base, compressini? the wings.

Vegetation similar to Phaseolus.— Calix 4-toothed, up-
per denture emarginate. Legume mostly cylindric.

Species. 1 D. luieohis? Probably not the same with
the West India plant, us the legumes are torulose, flattish
and somewhat hirsute. Hab Very common in the vici-
nity of Savannah, (Georgia.) 2. vcxillaius. Phaseolus
vexillatus. L. S. helvohts Also referred to Phaseoli.s with,
the following by Willdenow 4. irihbus. 5. paraboHctis.
Glycine parabolica. V. W. Barton,

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRTA. 113

A tropical genus of more than 50 species, with some
exceptions in Japan and South Africa. The seeds of some
of the species are esculent, and used as articles of ordi-
nary diet.

514. APIOS. Moench. Glycine. L.

Calix subbilabiate, truncate, with but a single
denture situated beneath the carina. Carina
falcate, reflet ting the apex of the vexilluni. Germ
cylindrirally sheathed at the base. Legume
many-seeded.

Root consisting- of pendulous oblon,^-cylindric tubers;
stem herbaceous and twining-; stipules cauline and subu-
late; leaves pinnate in o's and 7's; racemes axillary, many-
flowered, flowers brown, agg-regated by 3's, bractes by 3's,
caducous; calix short and truncate, subcrenate, bibrac-
teolate, lower lip with a single denture; carina of the corolla
falcate; stipe of tlie germ cylindrically sheathed, a cir-
cumstance common to two other genera.

Species. 1. A. tuberosa. Ph. Flowers odorous; tubers
of the root edible and farinaceous, much like those of Xa-
thyrus tnherosiis so\d in some of tlie German markets, and
rarely larger, though very numerous.

515. *AMPHICARPA. Elliott, mss.

Calix campanulatc, 4-toothpd, obtuse and na-
ked at the base. Petals all oblong, vexillum
broader and incumbent, subsessile. Anthers
round. Stigma capitate. Germ cylindrically
sheathed at the base. Legume flat, and stipitate,
2, 3 or 4-seeded.

Stems twining, leaves ternate, stipules, minute, cauMne;
racemes axUlary; bractes 2-flo\vered; flowers sometimes
apetalous. (Wings oblong, unidentate at the base; carina
oblong, obtuse, straight.)

Species. 1. monoica. Oes. Stem twining, retrorsely
pilose; leaves ternate, ovate, nearly smooth; stipules ovate,
striate; racemes pedunculate, short and croud :d, pendu-
lous; bractes roundi.sh, persistent, 2-flowered. Cul.xcam*
panuhte, naked and obtuse at the base, almost equally 4-
toothed; carma obiong, obt-ise, not reflecting the vexillum,
which is oblong; flowers all petaliferous, and all more op
less producing fruit. Germ cylindricallv sheathed at the
K

H4 DIADELPHTA. DECANDRIA.

base, o or 4-see(led. Legume smooth, broad, fktly conr
pressed, stipitate, and acute at either extremity, about 3-
seer^ed, 10 to 15 lines long", stipe the length of the calix;
upper suture straigh', lower arcuate. G. comesa appears
to be nothing- more than the present plant, and ought per-
haps to supercede the name of monoica^ founded apparer»t-
ly upon an ace. dental specimen, or the monster of a garden.
This species approaches Galactia, but cannot possibly be
introduced into ihat g-enus. 2 sarmentosa Leaves ter-
nate, ovate; racemes 3-flowered, flowers apetalous; le-
gume flat, 2-.seeded; calix 4-toothed. A genuine congener
of the preceding.

516. GLYCINE. Michaux. Pursh.

Calix 4-clert. subequal, upper segment bifid,
base partly attenuated. Vexillum oboval; wings
bidentate at the base: carina often incurved,
shorter than the vexillum. Germ naked at the
base. Legume oblong, compressed, 2-seeded,
sessile.

Herbaceous or shrubby plants; stems erect or twining,
stipules caithne, small, leaves ternafe, rarely simple*;
flowers racemose, axillary and terminal, sometimes soli-
tary; bractes deciduous, 1-flowtred; flowers often yellow-
ish.

Specirs. 1. G. tomentosa. Stem twining and angular;
leaves tcrnate, ovate-oblong, acute, pubescent, beneath
tomentose; racemes axillar}', shorter than the petioles;
(legume oblong, 2-seeded). Had. From Virginia to
tleorgia. Flowers yellow.

2. * erecta. C tomentosa, oc. ereeta. Mich. 2. p. 6o.
Stem erect and angular; leaves ternate, subovate, obtuse,
striceously villous; racemes axillary and terminal, longer
tiian the leaves; segments of the calix long and linear.
Uab. From Carolina to Florida. Flowers partly fulvous
yellow. Stipules obsolete. Cahx, as in the following
species, divided nearly to the base, of a foliaceous consis-
tence and veined, the lowest segment a little longer than
the rest; vexillum subincumbent, longer than the other
petals, bidentate at the base, and distinctly unguiculate;
wings the Icngilj of the keel, as in all the other species
which I have examined, upper margin plaited, also in
common with the ,Rcnus? bidentate at the base, (which is
not the case with Jlpios and Jmphicujpn, In the latter the
t)blong and sessile vexillum is destitute of sinuous indeiv

DIADELrillA. DECANDRIA. Hi)

tures at the base). Stamina diadelphous: style curved. Le-
gume pubescei^.t, obh)ng', 2-seed.ed, and partly compressed.

3. * mouophylla. G. tomentosa, /3. movophylla. ?»Iich. 2-
p. 03. Dwarf and erect, pubescent: leaves simple,
roundish and dilrtted, rug-osely veined, stipules ensifbrm;
racemes subsessile, conglomerate: seg-ments of the calix
lanceolate, acum.inate, veined. Hab. From Carolina to
Florida; in the Pme forests. Flowers yellow, dyciiie
reniformis. Ph. 2. p. 486. Obs. Seldom more than 4 or 5
inches high, and producing simple, very rarely ternate
leaves upon longish petioles, (-alix divided nearly to the
base. Corolla nearly as in the preceding, fulvous yellow;
carina likewise very short, and as in the 2 preceding spe-
cies not reflecting the vexillum. Legume partly oblong,
compressed, 2-seeded.

4. * refiexa. Stem twining; leaves temate, roundish
i-homboidal, sm.ooth, at first villous, under side covered
with resinous atoms; racemes filiform, pedunculate,
scarcely longer than the leaves; flowers small and remote,
reflected; corolla connivent; segments of the calix lan-
ceolate, acuminate. Hab. In the vicinity of St. Mary*s,
West Florida. — Dr. Baldwyn; from whom I recieved a
specimen under tliis name. Nearly allied, apparently, to
G. rhombifoUa of India, with which it ouglit to be com-
pared. Flowers small and yellow. Obs. Stem slender,
angular, slightly villous; stipules subulate. Leaves petio-
late; leaflets 3-nerved, reticulately veined and partly co-
riaceous; lateral leaflets roundish and dilated on one side,
central one rhomboidally dilated; all the leaflets subtend-
ed by setaceous stipules, and tlie terminatmg one by 2.
"N'exillum incumbent, somewhat reflected by the curved
carina; one of the dentures at the base of the wings subu-
late, \he other merely angular. Legume oblong, pubes-
cent, 2-seeded.

To this genus, as above proposed, apparently belong
C angnstijolia, G. reticulata, G. mollis, G. pictu, G. candy
G. curib,ea, and G. rhombifoUa; of the remainder I can
form no opinion, and recommend their examination to
those botanists who may have it in their power.

5ir. » WISTERIA, t Glycine. WUld,

Calix campanulate, bilabiate, obtuse at the

t In memory of Caspar VVistar, M. D late professor of Ana-
tomy in the University of Pennsylvania, and for many years pre-
sident of the American Philosophical Society: a philanthrophist
of simple manners, and modest pretensions, but un active pro-
moter of science.

116 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

base; upper lip truncate, emarginate, lower
equally trifid. Vexillum broad and vertical,
tli8 claw lined with an adnate membrane sepa-
rating at its summit: wings adhering at the
apex; subidately bidentate at the base; carina
not reflecting the vexillum. Stipe of the Germ
sheathed. Legume torulose, many-seeded.

A twining shrub with pinnated leaves; flowers race-
mose, unibracteate, bractes very large, imbricateiy enve-
loping the flower buds, deciduous, and coloured; legume
long and coriaceous; seeds large.

Species. W. speciosa. Gli/cine fnitescens. W'lWd. ,2pio9
fnitescens. Ph.

Obs. Leaves pinnate in nines, ovate, pubescent. Flow-
ers pale blue, very abundunt, and nearl> as large as those
of the con^mon Pea. t'alix villous, naked at the base.
Vexillum broader than long, marked with a central green
spot juat above the claw, almost pfcrpendicuLriy vefiect-
ed, claw rigid and ratlier long, sheai.hed with an adnate
membrane, wliich evinces its existence by a partial sepa-
ration at the summit Carma of 2 petals, incurved at the
point, but without reflecting the vexillum, the denture at
ihe base of each subulate. Stigma capitate. Le.tiume 1-
celled- Seeds nearly as large as the smaller kind of Kid-
ney-beans, and also spotted, hence this shrub has receiv-
ed the common name of " Carolina Kidney-bean tree."

There appears to be a second species of this genus in
tiie alluvial forests of West Florida.

518. GALACTIA. Brown,

Calix 4'Ch^t, bibracteolate. Petals all oblong,
the vexillum broader and incumbent. Anthers
oblong. Stigma obsolete. Stip»" of the germ
naked. Legume terete, many-seeded.

Herbaceous plants, either prostrate or twining; leaves
often coriaceous, but deciduous, ternate or pinnate, sti-
pules cauline, and as well as the bractes very minute, par-
tial bractes setaceous; racemes axillary, few-flowered;
flowers reddish. A genus very closely allied to the pin-
nate leaved species of CUtoria.

Species. 1. G. * pilosa. Every where sofily and dense-
ly pdose; leaves ternate, partly oval, obtuse, paier be-
neath; racemes pedunculate, longer than tiie leaves; fioiv-

DIADEXPHIA. DECANDRIA. Il7

ers subsessile; legumes villous; stem twining. Hab. la
Carolina and Georgia.

2. mollis. Sofily villous: leaves ternate, mostly oval
and obtuse, paler beneath, above smooth; racemes pe-
dunculate, a little longer than the leaves; flowers pedi-
cellate; calix acuminate; legumes compressed, pubescent;
stem twining. Wat-. In Carolina and Georgia, vt s. In
Herb. Muhl. confour.ded with G. glabella, but more near-
Iv allied to G. pUosa. Hedysarum voiubile, Willd. 3. p.
1204.

3. glabella. Nearly smooth; leaves ternate, elliptic-ob-
long, subcoriaceous and lucid, at either extremitv emar-
ginate; racemes pedunculate, a little shorter than the
leaves; flowers pedicellate; calix and legume smooth;
stt-m prostrate. Had. In arid soils from New Jersey to
Car(-Hna. (Abundant In New Jersey, about 3 miles from
Philadelphia.) Calix acuminate; flowers reddish, consi-
derably larger than in the 2 preceding; vexillum exter-
nally green; style long and nearly straight, exserted.
Germ villous.

4. * EUiottii. Leaves pinnate, 3 pair (7), leaflets cori-
aceous, oblong-elliptic, mucronulate, smooth and lucid,
emarginate at either extremity; racemes pedunculate,
very few-flowered, shorter than the leaves; twining stem
and calix smooth. Hab. In South Carolina. — S. Elliott,
Esqr. Apparently distinct from G. pinnata of Persoon, 2.
p. 302- The whole plant almost absolutely smo''>t]i, ex-
cepting the leaf-buds which appear silky; stipules and
bractes after the manner of the genus minute ap;l deci-
duous. Leaves nearly the same color on both sides Ca-
lix rather deeply 4-clefr, segments lanceolate, acuminate.
Corolla pale red; vexillum broader than usual, roundish.
Fruit — ?

Of this small genus there are 2 other species indige-
nous to the West Indies, and 1 to the isle of Bourbon.

519. CLITORIA. Z.

Calix campanulate (the 2 lower dentures long-
er and often falcate) or tubulou.s, 5-tootlied. Co-
rolla resupinate; vexillum very large and
spreading, overshadowing the wings. Legume
linear, acuminate, many-seeded.

Herbaceous and twining or suberect plants; leaves ter=.
nate or rarely pinnate; stipules cauline, general and par.
tial, small; peduncles axillary, 1^ 3, 3 or more flowered,

lis DIADELPHIA. DECANDT5IA.

or racemose {Galactia?) Calix mostly bibracteate at the
base.

f^PECiES. 1. C virgiidaiia. The largest papilionaceovis
flower in the United Siates.
' 2. Plumieri. Stem twining; leaves ternat-,ovate-obh)ng,

acuminate, calix campanulate, siiorter than the ovate
bractcs; corolla large, sericeous.. Persoon, Syn. 2. p 303.
Legume very long (and narrow), ('arina pariiculai ly to-
xneptose. Hab. V V. Aroiiiid New Orleans.

3. fnanana. From Pennsylvania to Carolina On the
banks of the Schuylkill 2 miles from Fhiladt Iphia, but
rare. Obs. Legume smooth and torulose, about 3-seed-
ed, and rather short; flowers by pairs, large andpale hlue,
stem erect or twming p.t the summit; leaves ternate, ovate,
acute, paler beneath; partial bractes subulate, c jnspicu-
ous; cahx tubular-campanulate, 5-cleft, much longer than
the bi aC^es^

A genus of 11 species indig-enous to tropical America,
except C mariana and 2 species in India; C virgi7uana
is also indigenous to Jamaica and St. Domingo.

520. ROBfNIA. L. (Locust Tree.)

Calix small and campanulate, 4-cleft, upper
se^^ment bifid. Legume compressed and elonga-
ted, many-seeded, seeds compressed* small.

Trees or shrubs with pinnated leaves, (in Caragana
abruptly pinnated), stipules cauline and partial, small, or
setaceous, peduncles mostly axillary, racemose. Stigma
villous above.

Species. 1. R. Pseudacacia, (White Locust-tree.) 2=
viscosa. 3. hispida.

Excluding Carag-avMy the rest of this genus of 15 spe-
cies is almost exciusiveiy indigenous to tropical America,
the only exceptions are 1 species in India, and another
in China.

521. INDIGOFERA. L, (Indigo.)

Calix spreading, 5-tootlied. Carina on either
side, near the base, producing a subulate spread-
ing spur (or denture). Legume linear, rather
small, terete or quadrangular.

Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves simple, binate, ternate,
quinate or pinnate; stipules cauline, minute, general and

OIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA. 11^

partial; peduncles axillary solitary, aggregated or race-
mose.

Species. 1. I. caroUniana. This species is considered no
way ii\ferior to the cultivated species for affording Indigo.

This vast g-cnus of near 70 species is principally indi-
genous lo the Cape of Good Hope and India, a few others
exisi in Arabia Felix, Kgypt, Guinea, and tropical Ame-
ilca. "It is remarkable," says Sonnlni, p. 158. "that JVil
or ^m7is the American name of the Indigo plant, by the
Arabs called Ai/e."— Sonnini's Travels in Upper and Low-
er Egypt.

522. 1 EPHROSIA. Persoon. Galega. L.

Dentures of the ca/i.r subulate, subequal. Sta-
mina monadelphous. Legume compressed, sub-
coriaceous.

Shrubby or herbaceous, leaves pinnate, rarely ternate,
more or less pubescent; nerves pennate; stipules cauline,
minute, rarely spinescent, partial ones wanting' flowers
solitary and axillary, or racemo.se, racemes terminal, ax-
illary, or opposite the leaves. Legume rather large and
exsertcd.

Species. 1. T. xirginiana. Leaflets oblong, acute;
raceme terminal, subsessile; wings calcarate at the base
as in Indigofera. 2. hispidula. Slender, humifuse and pubes-
cent; leaflets rather small, oblong-oval; peduncles elon-
gated, about 3-flowered; legume oblong, falcate, some-
what hispid. Mich. Fl. Am. p. 63.

3. • graciUs. Erect and slender, nearly smooth: stem
dichotomoiis, herbaceous; leaves pinnate, subsessile, leaf-
lets oblong-elliptic, mucronulate and acute [ 13 to 15); pe-
duncles opposite to, and about the length of the leaves,
mostly 3-flowered; legume linear and hirsute, a little curv-
ed. Hab. In Carolina and Georgia. Can this possibly be T.
fUspidula of Michaux? It differs, however, in too manv
particulars. Obs. Root perennial as in all the North
American species. Stem smooth, or with a very few
scattered inconspicuous hairs; stipules and persistent
brictes subulate; leaflets opaque, often near an inch long,
and only about 2 lines wide, smooth above, with minute ap-
pressed hairs below, which are only visible through a lens;
peduncle about 2 inches long, legume nearU li e same
length; vexillum in common with all the North American
species externally pubescent.

4. * paucifoiia. Simple, erect and herbaceous; stem
4ind common petiole doubly pilose; leaves pinnate, re-

120 DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA.

mote, leaflets cuneate-ovul, very obtuse, and on either
side villous (13 to 1.5); peduncles opposite to, and about
tlie length of the leaves, mostly 3-fio\vered. Hab. la
Georgia and Florida — Dr. Baldwyn. Stem 2 feet, in the
specimen before me producing only 3 leaves, a span apart,
pubtiscence partly ferruginous, on the stem and petioles
double, one kind more dense and short like thai of the
leaves, the otiier pilose and spreading; leaf 4 or 5 inches
long, leaflets an incli, and about 5 lines broad; flowers
purple.

5. * prostrata. Gcdega viUosa. Mich. 2, p. 67. T. chry-
tophylla- Ph. 2. p. 489. Stem prostrate and pubescent;
leaves pinnate, subsessile, quinate and ternate, leaflets
cuneate-oboval, coriaceous, smooth above, sericeously vd-
lous beneath; peduncles about 3-flowered, opposite to,
and longer than the leaves; legume linear, and nearly
straight. Hab. Common around Savannah in Ceorgia, in
dry and sandy woods. Michaux's name is necessarily al-
tered in consequence of another species having been be-
fore named vtllosa.

This genus of more than 40 species is principally indi-
genous to India, the Cape of Good Hope, and tropical
America. Its affinity to Indigofera is considerable, and
3'. tinctoria of Ceylon affords Indigo,

5.23. TRIGONELLA. /.. (Femigrcek.)

Vexillum and wings subequal, spreading, in
the form of a tripetalous corolla. Legume often
arcuate and mostly compressed.

Herbaceoi'S, (often annual); leaves ternate; stipules cau-
line, small; flowers axillary and tenninal, solitary, subses-
sile, or in a peduculate spike or umbell.

Species. 1 T. * amencana. Legume long and pedun-
culale, sohtrjry, linear, and compiessed; flowers uiiibrac-
teate; leaflets entire, oblong, acute, and villous; stipules
obsolete. Hab. On tlie dry and open alluvial soils of the
Missouri, from the river Platte to the Mountains. Lotus
cericeus- Ph. 2. p- 48y. Obs. Annual: stem erect, and
about 1 root high, sparingl) branched above^;^ I,eaves ter-
nate and sessile, sofllv pubescent, lateral leaflets oblique,
ihe cemrai one oblong-eUiptic, petiolate; stipules scarcely
visi'-k. Peduncle l-flow^red, longer than the leaf; flow-
er subiended by a foliaceous bracte; callx deeply cleft,
almost the length of the corolla; segments linear and
acute. Vexillum and wings nearly equal. Legume smooth.

DIADELPHIA. DECANDRIA, 121

about 15 lines long, straight and compressed, but convex,
hooked at the point. Flowering' in July. Flowernearly
white, the vexillum rosaceously striated.
A genus principally indigenous to Europe and Siberia.

524. MEDICAGO. L. (Medick.)

Legume compressed, cochleate. Carina of the
corolla deflected from the vexillum.

Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants; leaves ternate;
stipules small, growing to the base of the petiole; pedun-
cles axillary and terminal, 1-flowered, or many-flowered,
flowers spiked or conglomerate.

Species. 1. M. lupiiUna. 2. intertexta. Introduced
and scarcely naturalized.

A genus of 40 species, exclusively European. Legume
variously contorted, smooth or tuberculate, often imita-
ting an univalve spiral shell.

Vol. u

Class XVII.— SYKGENESIA.

Anthers 5, united into a tube. Flowers com-
pound.

Order I — POLYGAMIA ^QUALIS.

(Flowers all hermaphrodite, fertile.)

f Florets gU ligulate.

523, CICHORIUM. L. (Endive. Succory.)
Callx callculate. Jleceptade subpaleaceous.
Fappus many-leaved, paleaceous.

Flowers blue or white, axillary, 1 to 6-glomcrate, ses-
sile, one of them sometimes long- pedunculate.

Species. 1. C Inii/b:is- Naturalized. The parched |pot
?ias been very generally used in Europe as a succedaneum
for Coffee. The roots o'i Leant o don Taraxacum answer a
similar purpose, and perhaps many more of the Cicho-'

HACE^.

A small g-enus of 5 species indigenous to Europe, and
C Endivia, (Endive) to India.

526. APARGIA. WiUd.

Calix imbricated. Receptacle naked. Fappus
plumose, sessile.

Stemless or rarely caulescent; scapes and stems 1 or
j-nerc flowered; leaves mostly runcinate or pinnatifid.
Species of l.eontodon. L.

Species. 1. L. mtUnnnalis. Naturallzedin the northern
states.

Almost exclusively an European genus, and many of the
species alpine.

5x27. LEONTODON. X. (Dandelion.)

Calix double. Jieccptacle naked. Pappus sti
pitatc, plumose.

SYNGENilSlA. .lit^UAl^IS. 123

Scapes 1-flowered; leaves runcinalc.
Species. 1. L. Taraxacum. NutjruliiiC-d: introduced. —
A genus of 5 species, indigenous to Europe.

528. PRENANTHES. L.

Flostidi definite, 5 to 20. Calix calicniatc.
Heceptack luikctl. Fappus simple, subscssiie.

A polymorphous, but natural genus, principally herba-
ceous, rarely alu'ubby, and 1 species s])i!iescenL; leaves lor
the most purt ang-ularly dentate, ])in!iauiid, or runcinatc,
rarely minute and subulate; fijwei's oiten paniculate, cyu-
glomeratc, subcorymbose or solitary and terminal, purj>-
i:sh, wiiite, ociiroieucous, or rarely yellow. Calix 4, 5; 8,
or 12-parted, souamose at the Ijase. Tappus somewhat
scabrous.

SpiiciES. 1. P. cJ^l^dma. 2. cordrJa. 3. vlr^aia. 1\
rtibicunda. Willd. 4. aimpltix. Ph. 5. crepidinea. 6. albiu

7. Ssrpentaria. Ph. Scarcely distinct enough from P. alba.

8. racemosa. 9. illinoends.

lO.juucca. Ph. Dwarf and nearly leafless; stem numer-
ously and dichotomously branched, g-rooved; leaves subu-
late and sheathing, very short, brauchlets subfastig'atc, I-
Howered; calix S-cleft, 5 to 7-flowered. IIah. from tlx-
river Platte to the Mountains, in the alluvial sand-hills oi:'
the Aiissouri. Flowering in May. Plov.cra rcsuceous.
Obs. Root tuberous and brittle, \i:.vy deep and creepinir,
charged with an abundant milky sap. Stems about 12
inches high, appearing nearly leaRess. lladical leaves
none, those of the stem from 1 to 10 lines long and pun-
gently acute

11. * aphylla. Dwarf and almost leafless; stem nearlv
simple, sparingly and virgately branclied, grooved; radical
leaves naiTow linear, entire, cauline minute, subulate, and
very reniote; branches 1-fiowered, elongated; calix 8-par-
ted 10 to 12-flowered. Hab. Near St. Mary's in West
I'lorida. — Dr. Baldwyn. Oi;s. lioot perennial. Stem
smooth, about 12 inches higii, with only 2 or 3 remarka-
bly naked virgate brancijes; leaves t;carcely visible; flow-
ers large, and pale rose-colour. Nearh' allied to the prece-
ding.

A genus of near 40 species scattered over both hemis-
pheres; Japan aflbrds 10 species, India 4, Europe and the
Levant 9, Siberia 2, Caraccas 1, and 1 in t!ie island of
Tenerifle, a few others ure of uncertain localitv.— Several
of tlje Nurth American species, in common with other ge-
jiera of the Cicuorace-e, afford on incision an abundant
fruiky fluid, well ascertain.cd to be Opium in several spe-

124 STNGENESIA. MqVAJAS,

cies of Lacfuca and Leontodon, to t)iis substance mwst be
attributed the real or pretended efficacy of these plant.**
against the bites of pois^onous reptiles. From this circum-
stance arose the name of Scorxonera, a genus suffi-
ciently abundant in the South of Europe, the n^me of
which is nothing m.ore than a corruption of the Spanisii
Tvoul escorzoy a viper, the plants of this genus having been
popularly administered as remedies for the bite of that
animal, hence it is called also *• Viper's-grass."

529. LACTUCA. L. (Lettuce.)

Calix imbricatec!, cylinthic, margin (of the
segments) nierabranaceous. P.ecepiade naked.
Pappus simple, stipitate. Seed even.

Vegetation partly similar to that of So7ichiis- Flovvei's
yellow, more rarely blue.

Species. LL,. elougaia. L.longifoUa? Mich. 2. ^hirstita.
Muhl. Catal. Lower part of the stem and leaves hirsutely
pilose, radical ones lyrate^ segments truncate, subden-
tate, the upper leaves partly runcinate-pinnatlfid; flowers
racemose, squamae subulate. Hab. In Pennsylvania. Pap-
pus stipitate. v. a. In Herb. Muhl. o. graminifolia.

4. * inito-rifolia. Leaves subamplexicaule, ovate-oblong,
all entire^ smooth. j}2niC-2 fc\v-f:Gy.'t;rcd, branchlets sq'ui-
niose; flowers large and blue. L. oblongifolia. T. N. in Fras.
Catal. Sonchus pidchelhis. Ph- 2- p. 502. Hab. On the
grassy alluvial soils of ths Missouri and the lesser streams,
' from the Arikarees to the Mountains. Allied to Sonchus
dbiricns^ but the pappus is stipitate. Obs. Root peiei\-
r.ial. Stem 1 and a half, to 2 feet high, dividing irregu-
larly above into a few-flowered, fastigiate panicle. Leaves
somewhat glaucous, verv entire below, of an irregul.ir,
elongated oblong ihm\, "stem leaves sometimes with a
swingle setaceous toolli at the base. Flowers about tlie
size, and nearly the colour, of those of CichorUm Intifbus.
(Jalix cylindricl Flowering in August and September.

Excepting the above, almost exclusively an European
genus containing 22 species. Scarcely a i^.atural group, a
mere section of Sonchus? The native country of the com-
mon SaUad Lettuce {L. sativa) can now no longer be as-
certained.

530. SONCHUS. L. (Sow-Thistle.)

CalU' imbricated, ventiirose. Jleceytack na-
ked. Pappus piloac, sessile.

SYNGENESIA. ^qCALIS. 125

In this g'enus there are 4 shrubby species, the rest are
herbaceous, several attain a cons:dera[)le magnitude, pro-
ducing- blue, white, or yellow flowers; leaves runcinate,
pinnatifid, or spinulosely denticulated.

Species. 1. S. 7)iacrf/phift.lus. 2. alfnnus. 3. leucophaus.
A.floridanus- 5. acnminatns. 6. pallidus. 7- arvensis. 8,
o'eraceus The 2 last iniroduced.

9. * ludoviciarinh-. Leaves all runciiiate, retrorsely and
sliarply toothed; perl uncles and culix nuked; panicle diva-
ricate; flowers yellow; pappus consp;ciK>usly stipitale.
Hab. In humid places, in the open plains, around Fori
Mandan on the AJissouri. Flowering- in June. Very smooth;
3 to 5 feet high; stem leaves scmiamplcxicaule. By the
stipi(ale pappus this species is a Lactuca^ but the calix and
whole habit is that of SoncUiis.

A genus of more than 30 species, indig-enotis to both
hemispheres, existinj^ variously, in Ivapiand, Tartary, Si-
beria, Kuiope, Barbary, the Levant, Madeira, tropical Af-
rica, Jamaica and the Cape of (iood Hope. S. oleraceus
makes its aj)pearunc€ in every quarter of the world.

531. HIERACiUxM. L. (Ha\^ k\vee(L)

Calix imbricate, ovate. Beceptack nearly na-
ked. Papyiis simple, sessile, (pale yeliowisii
brown.)

A polymorphous g-ejiu.<;, producing- scapes with 1 or
many-fiowers, or leafy stems. Flowers generally yellow.

Species. l.W. pusiUwi. In Labrador. 2. venosum. 3.
Gronovii. The variety nwYfica7ffe of Michaux is remarkably
pilose, and appears to be a distinct species. 4. molle.
3. pa?iicidatum. 6. Kahnii. U canadense? Mich. H. vir'
gatum. Ph. 2. p. 5'J3. 7. fascicidatum. Ph. ^. marianuin.
H. scaOrutn. Mich. 9. prenanthoides. H. macrophyllum? Ph.
In Canada.

A genus of about 80 species, indigenous to Kurope,
with the above exceptions, u single floubtful species at
the Cape of Good Hope, and a shrubby one in Madeira.

53^. BORKHAUSIA. JUecandolle. .^loencL Spe-
cies of C KEPIS. L,

Calix caliculate, at length (in seed) sulcately-
costate, exterior scales or calicle loose. Recep-
tacle naked. Pappus stipitate. pilose.

The other species of Crcpi:: with a sessile pappus ure
L 2

126 SYKGENESIA. ^^UALIS.

said to be scarcely distinct from Ilieracium. In tliis gerus
the leaves appear to be uniformly pinnatifid, or more or
less laciniated; scupes or stems irregularly branched or
subcorymbose; scales of the calix mostly embracing the
marginal seeds, so as to render them obtusely carinated.
Species. 1. B. caroliniana. Leontoclon caroliniannm. Wal-
ter, p. 192. Scorzonera pinnatijida. Mich. 2. p. 89. Chon-
ilrilla lixvigata. Ph. 2- p. 497. Leaves lanceolate, acute,
laciniate, subpinnatifid, or nearly entire, smooth; stem
erect, about S-flowered, peduncles very long; calicle short
and subulate. Hab. From Virginia to Florida, common;
llowers bright citron yellow, and about the size of .^par-
gia mUzimnalis. Ob?. Root perennial. Stems scapoid,
nearly solitary, 6 to 12 inches high (including the pedun-
cles), smooth and grooved. Leaves smooth, sometimes
pubescent on the margin, primary ones long, linear, and
nearly entire, or irregularly dentate, succeeding and ses-
sile cauline leaves, pinnatifidly laciniated, segments very
acute. Peduncles 6 to 10 inches long, and nearly naked.
Calicle small and spreading. Calix often a little pubescent,
formed of a single series of ligulate leaflets, from 12 to
18 in number, grooved in the fruit, and finally reflected.
Flosculi very numerous. Receptacle naked. Pappus pi-
lose, stipitate. Seed dark grey, incurved, attenuated
above; 5-ribbed, and transversely rugose, the 2 dorsal
ribs much smaller than the others.

5S3. KRIGIA. Willdenow.

Calix many-leaved, simple. Receptacle naked.
Papjnis double, external membranaceous 5 or
8-leaved, interior about 5, 8, or £4 scabrous
set£e.

Small annuals; scapes 1 or more flowered, rarely cau-
lescent; leaves lyrate, runcinate, or entire, mostly glaucous;
ealix 8 to 12-parted, naked.

Species. 1. K. virginica. Glaucous; primary leaves
roundish, entire, the rest lyrate and nearly smooth; scape
1-flowered, smooth, at length longer than the leaves; calix
smooth, Hab. Common in arid and sandy soils; — Often
minute; flowers orange -yellow, as in the other species,
galeae and set?e 5 to 8- '

2. * caroliniana. Somewhat glaucous: leaves all runci-
nate, and nearly smooth; scapes very long, and in common
with the base of the calix glandularly pilose. Hab. Near
St. Mary's, West Florida.-^Dr. Baidwyn. Flowers orange.
Obs. a larger species than the preceding, ^^pparently

STXGENESlA. ^qUALlS. 127

the plant which Michaux properly compared with Leon-
todon Taraxacum in miniature. Leaves divided down to .
the mid-rib, runcinate (or with the seg'ments retrorsc and
acute.) Calix 8 to 12-parted, simple) Pappus also as in
the preceding. May not this be Hyoseris caroUniana? of
Walter.

3. * dichotoma. Somewhat glaucous; dichotom.ously
caulescent; leaves spathulate-linear, nearly entire, smooth,
or subciliate; scapes numerous, l-flowered, very long.
Hyoseris? ramosisdina. VV. P. C Barton. Flor. Philad. Pro-
dromus. p. 73. Hab. "In the sandy fields of New Jersey
near to Philadelphia, also in Maryland, on tlie road from
York to Baltimore."— Doctor W. P. C Barton, r. .?. Obs.
Stem difliisely caulescent, very short; scapes or peduncles
6 to 12 inches long, sparsely pilose. Setje and palea: of the
pappus mostly in 5's; seed inversely conic, brown, and
striate; primary striae 5, converging, intermediate striae 10,
interposed by pairs (rarely by 3's) shorter than the pri-
mary, and coalescing at their base.

4. montana. Hyoseris montana. Mich. Flor. Am.

5. JJandelion. Glaucous and smooth; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, incisely rarely and remotely toothed;
root bulbous, pendulous; scape 1-flowered- Hab. In Vir-
ginia. Flower equal in siz.e with that of K. amplexi-
cmdis, the pappus double, and almost equally numerous.
Troximon Dandelion^ Persoon. 2. p. 360. Hioseris angusd-

foliay -Mich. 2. p. 87.

6. amplexicauUs. Jfyosens amplexi caidis. Mich. //. Pre-
nanthoides, Willd. Glaucous; leaves oblong-ovate, radical
ones subdentate, spathidate; scape subbifohate, simple or
bifid, branches 2 or 3 flowered; flowers long pedunculate,
fastigiate; pilose pappus numerous. Hab. Common
xiiroughout the eastern and western states. Flowers
orange-yellow, as in the other species. Calix simple,
about 12-parted, sometimes glandulously pilose at the base.
Chaffy pappus external, 8-parted; pilose about 24 sca-
brous and deciduous setse. Unquestionably a congener
with the above.

Hitherto a North American genus and nearly allied to
Hyoseris.

534. TROXIMON. Gcertner.

Calix oblong, conic, many-leaved, leaflets un-
equal, imbricated. Receptacle naked, puncticu-
late. Fappus sessile, pilose.

Allied to TragopQ^on, Scapes 1-flowered, leaves nar-

128 SYNGElfESIA. -E^UALIS.

row and entire. Leaflets of the calix indefinite, disposed
in an irregular double or triple series; seed cylindric and
attenuated, marked with 10 longitudinal ridges; pappus
copious, sessile, pilose, white, only simple to the naked
eye, partly plumose, seen through "a lens.

Species. l.T. * trUiucum. Smooth and glaucous; leaves
linear-ensiform, flat, entire and naked, shorter than the 1-
fiowered scape; leaves of the calix imbricated, acuminate,
pubescent. Hab. On the grassy plains of Upper Louisia-
na, near Fort Mandan; rare. Flowering in July and Au-
gust. T.glauciun. T. N. in Fras. Catal. 1813. Ph. 2. p.
505, and 742.

2. * marginatum. Scape l-flowered, somewhat pubes-
cent; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margin subun-
uate, fioccosely pubescent; leaves of the calix imbrica-
ted, acuminate, smooth. T. cvspidatiim. Vn. 2. p. 742.
Hab. On the grassy plains of Upper Louisiana; common,
Fl. in April and May. Allied to T. lanattun. of Palestine.
Flowers of both species yellow.

A North American genus with the exception of T. lana-
turn.

f f FLOscrLos^. (Florets all tubular; border 5-
clcft.)

535. STOKESIA. VHeritier, Scrt. Angl. p. 28.
Calix foliaceous, subimbricate. Corolla ra-
diate, florets of the ray funiielform and irregu-
lar. Receptacle uiiktA. Pappus 4 setx.

Herbaceous and caulescent; leaves lanceolate, pedun-
cles solilary, l-flowered.

Species. 1. S.ci/anea. Flowers blue. — The only spe-
cies of the genus, indigenous to South Carolina-

536, ARCTIUM. L, Lappa. Jitssicn. (Burdock.)
Calix ii;]obose; scales iiooked inwards at tlie

points. ^ecqjfacZe paleaceous. Paj^pts sctosely-
paleaceous.

I^eaves large and cordate, unarmed; flowers paniculate,
terminal. Kecei)tacle setose; florets purple.

SPECIES. 1. A. Lappa. Naturalized around settlements
£s in F.urope; introduced. The calix remarkable for its
adherence to clothing and to the hides of domestic ani-
mals.

SYNGENESIA. iE^UALIS. 129

A genus of 2 species indig'enous to Europe.

537, CYNAIIA. Z. (Artichoke.)

Calix dilated, imbricate, scales carnose,
emarginate with a point. JReceptade setose.
Pappus sessile, plumose.

Leaves large, similar to those of Jcanthii»p\nnsAifid and
spiny.

Species. 1. C. Scohjmus. (Common Artichoke.) Becrin-
ning" to be naturalized and proving- a iroublesonne weed in
some parts of Virginia. — Indigenous to the south of Eu-
rope.

o38. CARDUUS. L. (Thistle.)

Calix ventricose, imbricate, scales spiny.
Receptacle villous. Fapp%is pilose or plumose,
deciduous.

Leaves usually spiny, decurrent or sessile. Stigma
nearly entire. Antliers bifid at the base, the segments
simple or penciliate. Seeds smooth and shining. Pappus
articulated to a glandular ring.

SrcOiEs. \.Q>. pcczznatus. *■}■'.

§ II. Cnicus. Pappus plumose.

2. lanceolatvs. Naturalized. 3. altissimus. On the allu-
vions of the Missouri, not far from St. Charles, I liave ob-
served tliis thistle 12 to 18 feet higii. 4 arvensis. Not
commonly na-uralized. Abundant romd Detroit. I have
never seen it in I'ennsy'ivania. 5. imiticns.

6. * ghiher. Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, everywhere
smooth, segments spiny, acute, lower ones subdecurrent;
calix ovate, glabrous, scales spineless, shortly and seta-
ceous'.y mucronate, obtusely carinate; stem much branch-
ed. Mag. In New Jersey Allied to C. vzuticus. 4 or 5
feet high and slenderly branched.

7. vi:\^nnzanus. Stem attenuated, mostly l-flov/ered;
leaves sessile, lanceolate-linear, margin revolute, distantly
and spinosely seirate, beneath tomentose, above very
smooth; calix ovate, scales appressed, shorLlv mucronate,
carinate, carina glandulous. Hab. In the forests of North
and South Carolina, common. Stem 3 or 5 feet high, slen-
der, attenuating nearly into a solitarv and almost naked
peduncle; flower purple, somewhat larger than tlsat of C.
avvemis. Leaves aunR-rous towards the base of the stem.

130 SYKGENKSIA. ^<^UA1IS.

8. (Uscolor. Miilil. and Wilid. sp. p!. Stem tall, leafy,
and divarlcuiely branched; leaves lanceolate, sessile o;- a.:i-
plexicaule, moi'e or less deeply pinnatifid, above smootij,
beneath tomentose, segments bilobcd, partly ciliated and
terminated by spines; caljx subg-lobose, scales ovale s!>iny.
Hab. Common in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, usually
on the bushy margins of open swamps. Obs. iitem 3 to
6 fett high, scarcf ly pubescent, considerably branched,
branches rather slender. Leaves variable, always pinna-
tifid, sm.ooth above, oiien partly pseudopinnate or divided
almost down to the mid-rib, in this case, the segments di-
verging by pairs are extremely spiny and ensifurm; ia
others the segments are shortly bilobed and slendeily
spiny. Calix not commonly large, subglobose, and rather
smooth, naked, or sometimes paril}involucraie, the scales

^ appressed and terminated by long and slender spines; flo-
rets reddish-purple. Fl. July to September. I'liis spe-
cies appears to be allied to C. 'cynavoides of Crete, judging,
however, merely from an ambiguous definition, it is per -
haps at the same time very distinct.

9. * pumilus. Stem low iJid retrorsely pilose, 1 to 3-
fiowered; leaves of the same colour on both sides, amiplex-
icaule, oblong-lanceolate and pinnatifid, segments irregu-
larly lobed, ciliated and terminated with spines; calix
large and partly globose, naked, scales appressed, lanceo-
late, acun)inate, spiny. C odoratus. Muhl. Gatat. Hab.
In the sandy fields of New Jersey, and in the vicinity of
Nev/ York. Obs. Leaves large, the lowest l2 inches long,
theinid-rib beneath densely pilose. Stem 1 to 2 feethigl),
erect or subdecumbent. Flowers reddish-purple, larger
than those of any other North American thistle, and not
inelegant. Pappus near 15 lines long. ^. Histrix. Leaves
densely margined with spines; stem simple, l-fiirvvered.
Collected by W. Stuve, ^L t). un the banks of the Hudson,
in tlie vicinity of the city of New York.

10. hovridnias. Rather low and branched; each calix
enveloped by an involucrum, scales merely acute; flowers
ochroleucous.

IL * unduuitus. Stem low and few-flowered; leaves am-
plexicaule, piimatifidly sinuate, and plicately undulated,
on both sides tomentose, but beneath white, lobes bifid arid
spiny; calix subglobose, scales lanceolate, erect, and mu-
cronate. Uab. On the calcareous islands of lake Huron,
and on the plains of Upper Louisiana. — Leaves almost like
some species of Cynara, but not remarkably large, more
slenderly tomentose on the upjjer side; stem often 1, 2,
or fev/-fiowered, and I to 2 feet high. Flowers large, red-
dish-purple.

STNGEXESIA. ^(^UALIS. 131

This vast genus, containing more than 100 species, is
almost exclusively indigenous to Europe; a few species
exist in Harbary, Egypt, Persia, Siberia and the Levant,
there is also 1 doubtful species in India; Carduus appears
properly to be confined to the temperate regions of tlie
northern hemisphere.

539. LIATRIS. Schreber.

Calix oblonj^, imbricate, lleceptade naked.
Fapjms plumose, persistent, (often coloured).
Anthers entire at the base. Seed pubescent, stri-
ate, and inversely conic.

Herbaceous perennials; roots tuberous or fibrous;
leaves alternate, perfectly entire, often narrow, glandu-
larly punctate; fldwers spilled, or subcorymbose, purp'";
calix 5, 10, or 20-flo\vered — (Stj le bifid, exserted; seed
minutely stipitate at the base, striate, strix about 10; in-
tegument of the seed multivalvular.)

§ I. Flovjers spiked, roots tuberous.

Species. 1. L. spicata. Calix about lO-fiowered. 2.
plicnosfachva. 3. gramini folia. 4. cylindracca.

5. '* tenuifoUa. Slender and every where smooth; leaves
filiformh -linear, very long and crowded, diminishing up-
wards into short bractes; raceme very long; peduncles
filiform, and squamose; calix oblong, mostly 5-flovv-ered,
scales obions: and mncronulate. Hab. In the sandy fo-
rests of North and South Carolina. Tuber scarcely as
large as a walnut. Stem simple, 2 to 3 or 4 feet high,
and as well as the leaves smooth. Leaves almost like
those ol Pinus pabistris, but flat and linear, near a span
long at the root, where tiiey are circularly crowded, and
no broader than an ordinary sowing thread, gradually di-
minishing upv/ards, they become at length scarcely an
inch long, and are, after the manner of the genus, covered
with impressed punctures. Raceme from 1 to 2 feet long;
peduncles nearly an inch. Florets purple, internally
smooth, externally scattered, as usual, with brilliant resi-
nous aioms. Pappus plumose, scarcely longer than the
villous seed. A very singular and elegant species-

6. heterophylla. Calix 8 to 10-flowered. 7. aspera. 8.
pilosa, /3. grucllin. L, gracilis. Ph. 2. p. 50S. This plant,
with which I am acquainted, appears to be merely a
smoother variety of L. pilosa, but even this plant has a pu-
bescent stem. Calix 8 to 10-flowered.

9. * retinosa. Glabrous; leaves linear and crowded;
powers spiked, closely sessile; calix oblong, 4 and 5-

132 SXNGENESIA. -EQUALIS,

flowered, scales naked, eiliptic-oblong, obtuse, appressed,
resimlerous, at length hoary. Hab In the Pine forests ot'
North and South Carolina. — About 2 feet high, every'
where very smooth. Radical leaves often very long as in
L. heterophyUa, cauUne numerous. Spike 6 to 12 inches
long. Flowers bracteate, very closely sessile and erect.
Scales oi the calix resiniterous, at length appearing whit-
isli and furfuraceous. Pappus about the length of the
seed, which is large and villous. Florets purple, inter-
nall} smooth.

10. elegans. Stem villous; leaves linear and scabrous;
flowers pedunculate; calix about o-flowered, scales pu-
bescent, internal ones ligulate, coloured. 11. sphceroidea.
Calix about 20-floweied? 12. scarloaa. Calix about 20-
fiowered, sub^lobose.

13. squarrosa. Pubescent and scabrous; leaves linear,
lower ones very long; pediuicies .ixillary, 1-flowered; calix
large, about 20-flowered, scales foiiaceuui, lanceolate-
ovate, mucronate, rigid and spreading; seginents of ;he
f.oets linear, internally villous. Hab. From Virgmia to
Florida. About 12 inches high, and few-fiowered. The
caliX unusually large, like that of the genus Carthanms.
Fiorecs of a bright violtt-purple, deeph' cleft, and with
the segments i.uernally villous, as in no other speCiCS of
the genus, except J^. ci/!mJrucea. S;yle very long and
deeply cleft, pubescent. Pappus plumose, purplish, about
20-ra}ed, rays more than iwice the length of tne pubes-
cent and subcylindric seed.

§ II. Flo'ivers subio^^^nbose orfanti^iate; roots Jibro as.

14. paucifora. Ph (.ieorgia. 15. paniciilata. Corymb
paniculate, coarctaie; stem and 5-flowered calix, some-
what viscidly pilose and scabrous; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
subacute, and nerved; stem simple. Hab. Fx'om Virgi-
nia tv> Florida. Flowers very small.

16. odoratissima. Corymb paniculate, stem smooth, sim-
ple, and partly naked; leaves smooth, obtuse and glaucous>
radical ones ohlong-ovale, caulme amplexicaule; caliic
aboui 10-flowered. Ha3. From Virginia to Florida. {Va-
7u'la-f)lunt.J Leaves when dry exhaling the scent of Va-
nilla, which continues unimpaired for several years, of a
thick and opaque consisience, and distinctly nerved, those
ol the stem very obtuse, the upper ones minute. Calix
mostly consisting of a double series of obtuse glandular
scales.

17. * corymbosa. Stem solitary, simple and hirsute;
leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, nearly smootii, upper
ones very short; corymb partly simple, about 20-riowered,

SYNGENESIA. JSqiTALIS. 133

peduncles hirsute, nearly naked, 1 to 5-fiOwered; flosculi
about 20 in the same calix, scales smooth, obiong--oval,
obtuse, Ha.b. From North CaroUna to Florida; in open
swamps, common. L.tomentosa? Mich. Flor. Am. 2. p.
93. but it by no means accords with his description or
name — Root perennial, fibrous, fibres thick. Stem about
2 feet high, terete, more or less hirsute and simple, sum-
mit somewhat attenuated, corymbiferous. Leaves nearly
smooth, or somewhat pubescent, cauline about an inch
lonjj, diminishing upwards. Peduncles partly filiform, 2
to 3 inches long". Calix large and hemisphericu'; scales
smooth, about 3 series, membranaceously marginated.
Florets pale purple.

18. heUidifolia. Low and nearl}' smooth; stems aggrega-
ted; radical leaves spathulate-lanceolate, obtuse, 5-nerved,
cuuline sublinear; stem paniculately branched, branches
subfastigiate, 1 to 5-flowered; cah.x smooth and hemisphe-
rical, contaming about 20 fiorets, scales oblong, obtuse,
ihe lower ones loose and partly spreading. Hab. \bun-
dant on the sand-liills of Wilmington, North Carolina, <^c.
— Root tubercular, sending out long and tinck, simple
fibres. Stems about 12 inches high, many grovvmg up
jrom the same root; branches commencing aboutthe mid-
dle, sometimes lower, each about a span long, but often
shorter. Scales of the calix foliaceous. Flowers purple.
Pappus in this and the preceding scarcely appearing plu-
mose, without being examined through a lens; seed dis-
tinctly stipitate at the base.

A North American genus. The tuberous rooted spe-
cies I'ank amongst the numerous, real or pretended re-
medies administered for the bite of the Rattle-snake. To
tliC taste and smell the roots appear impregnated with
turpentine, and the species are for tliis reason called "Pi-
netie de Prairie" by the Canadian boatmen. It is also
probably from the same cause that L. spicata proves diu-
retic

540. VERNONIA. Schreber,

Calix ovate imbricate. Stigma bifid. Beccp-
fade naked. Pappus double; exterior short
and paleaceous, interior capillary.

Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves simple, frequently sca-
brous, serrated or entire on the margin; flowers terminal,
corymbose, rarely spike.l, with the fiuwers s< cunl. gene-
rally nurule. (Seed subcylmdric, shortly siipif.ate ai the
base, I j-siriate, striatures smooth, or minutely strigose;

Vol. II. M

134 STNGENESIA. iEQUALIS.

pappus throiig-h a lens scabious, often coloured; in tlie
ibliowing species purple.)

Species. 1. Y. novehoracensis. Common from Canada
to Virginia. 2. prxalta.

3. * aitissima. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous; stem
smooth; calix small and hemispherical, scales appressed,
ovate, acute, ciliate, awnless. Hae. Near Savannah in
Georgia, and ihroughout the states of Ohio and Kentucky^
on the margins of streams and swamps, very common,
and constant to the above character, which m.ay perhaps,
at the same time, designate nothing more than the true
V. praalia, but certainly not the plant so described by
Willdenow, Michaux, Pursh, and Persoon. — Stem 6 to 12
feet higli, leaves very long, nearly smooth on both sides,
though scabrous; stem sm.ooth and brown. Flowers very
numerous and small; inner scales of the calix obtuse,
without points, external merelv acute, and with the points
appressed. r. s. Anonymous, in Herb. Muhl. Ons. In all
the ab<)ve species the seeds are almost perfectly smooth.

4, fasciailuia. 5- ang^islifolia. From Carolina to Florida.

6. * scaberrima. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, closely
sessile and very scabrous, nearly entire; corymb subum-
bellate, few-flowered; scales of the calix lanceolate and
naked, filiformly acuminated. Hab. From South Caro-
linia to Florida. Obs. Stem about 2 feet high, simple,
slender, hirsute below, smooth above. Leaves about 2
inches long, varying in breadth, mucronately acute, now
and then remotely serrulate, sessile, sometimes subam-
plexicaule, approximating but not crowded. Coi-}'mb
small, from 5 to 10 or more flowered. Calix scales fili-
formly terminated as in V- noveboracensis,

7. oligophvUa. Obs. Stem nearly naked, about 18 inches
high; corymb irregularly branched or paniculate; scales
of the calix lanceolate, acuminate Hab. In North and
South Carohna; to me a very rare plant. Growing in low
and swampy Pine forests. Note. In species 5, 6, and
7, the striatures of the seed are strigosely pubescent,
seen through a lens, and the pappus more distinctly sca-
brous; these consequenth approach to the genus Liatris,
but possess the double pappus.

An American genus, with the exception of F. anthel-
mintica of India, the 10 other species comprising the ge-
nus are indigenous to the tropical regions of America.

541. KUHNIA. Willdenoxv.

Calix imbricate, cylindric. Receptacle naked.

SYNGENESIA. .ECtUALIS. 135

Pappus plumose. Seed pubescent, multistri-
ate.

Habit similar to EupatoHum. Leaves alternate; flowers
ochroleucous.

Species. 1. K. exiimtorioides. 2. Critonia. On the banks
of the Schuylkill, near Vhiladelphia, but rare. Obs. Leaves
punctate and .yflandular on the underside. Seed numer-
ously striate, cylindric, with a corneous cicatrice at the
base, and connected to the smooth receptacle by a minute
stipe, inte.i;'ument valvular, 10-parted; pappus consisting
of about 24 rays. — The only species of the genus.

542. EUPATORIUM. L.

Calix simple or imbricate, oblon.s;. Stijle long
an'l semibiMd. ficcejj^ac/e naked. Pappzts pilose,
or morf^ commonly scabrous. Seed smooth and
glaniiJilar, quinquestriate.

Shrubby or herbaceous; leaves mostly opposite, in a few
species verticillate or alternate, generally entire, seldom
trifid, pinnatifid or pseudopmnate; flowers mostly corym-
bose, very rarely paniculate; calix 3 to 5, 6 to 12 or more
than 20-flovvered, colour of tiie flower purple, or white,
rarely blue, (as in E. calesthium.) — Tiitegument of the seed
smooth, but glandular, separable constantly into 5 minute
valves, the angles connected by 5 fibrous ligatures, which
are also common to many other genera. In many of the
species, (and in all more or less apparent), there is a cir-
cular cicatrice at the base of the seed, surrounding a mi-
nute stipe, by which the seed is attached to the recep-
tacle.

Species. 1. E. fesniculacewn. 2- soronopifolium. Flow-
ers in both these species paniculate, in 2 the leaves are
pinnatifid, and in No 1, pseudopinnate and filiform. They
possess the habit of Astemiday but the calix and seeds of
this genus, from which they appear inseparable. 3. Amo-
pifoUum, Pluk. Amalth. t. 395. f. 6. 4. linearifolium. Leaves
nearly entire. 5. sessiUfolium. 6- truncaUim. 7- album.
Indigenous also to Japan. 8. laiiceohitum. 9. teacrifoUum.
10. cuneifoUum. 11. melissoides. 12. rotundifoUum. 13.
pubescem. 14. ceanothifolium. 15. altissitnutn. 16. amoc
7:um. Vh- 17. trifoliatum. 18. falcatmn. 19. purpureum,
Obs. Stem smooth and glaucous, fistulous. 20. maculatum.
21. punctatunu A mere variety of the following? 22. -wer-
ticillatum. 23. perfoUaUim. 24. coslestinum. Calix from
30 to 40-flo\vered. 25. aromaticum. 26. a^^eratoides. 27'
serotinum.

136 SYNGENESIA. -l^qUALIS.

This extensive pfeiuis of near 80 species is almost pecu-
litirly An.-.rlcan, extending- beyond ihe tropics as lar as
I'cru and Paraguay. In FAirojje there is but a sinijle spe-
cies with 3-paned leaves, I in Ciiina, 2 in Japan, 3 at the
Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Guinea, anclhtr at Mozambi-
que, 1 in S;,ria, and 2 of doubtful get. us in Australasia.

543. MJKANIA. mildenow.

Calix 4 Of 6-Ica\ed, equal. 4 or 6-i]o\\ ercd.
Beceptacle naked. Pappus pilose.

A crenus scarcely distinct from EiipatGviinn. Stems twi-
ning- or erect. Leaves opposite, ovate, cordate or hastate;
flowe.s corymbose or spiked, cor\ nibs panicidate, axillary,
or termir; il. Flower and seed as in Eiipaioriiim.

Spfcies. 1. M. scandens. Flowers in some plants
fra^-ant, 2. * pubescens. Stem twining' pubescent, leaves
cordate and acum.nate, ang-ularly toothed, and on eilhev
side-, as M-el'i as the calix, pubescent, lobet* divaricate,
eq ;al. Hab. In Carolina and Georgia. Flowers pale pur-
ple, chlorous. Ven nearly allied to the preceding-.

A Lerus of 15 spec.es, p.'incipally indig-enous to the tro-
pical reg-ions of America, there is also 1 species in India,
1 in the Isle of Bourbon, 1 at Sierra Leone, and another at
the Cape of Good Hope.

544. CHRYSOCOMA. Z. (Goldy-Iorks.)
Calix imbricated, oblonj^ or hemispherical.

Shjle scarcely exsoi-ted. Receptacle naked. Pap-
pus pilose, scabrous, rays crowded and unequal.
Seed pubescent.

Shrubby or herbaceous; loaves alternate and entire, of-
ten narrow; flowevs mostly corymbose and terminal, yel-
low, rarely purple; calix .'> or 4, 5, or more than 20-flow.
ered, in C. Lino»yris, &c. hemispherical, in all the North
American species oblong-, small, and attenuated at the
base, the scales are l.kewise rig-id andcarinate. Notwith-
standing* this diversity of aspect, the genus appears to be
perfectly natural, and presents gradations from one ex-
treme to the other.

Species. 1. C. * graveolens. Shrubby; leaves linear, 3-
nerved, smooth and impimctate; branches whitish, pul-
vernlently tomentosc; flowers corymbosely fastig-iate and
crowded; cahx angular and smooth, 5-flowt:ie(l. Had.
On the banks of tiic Missouri in denudaled soils; common,

SYNGEXESIA. iE^UALIS. 137

C draciinculoUles. Ph. 2. p. 517- Obs. stem shrubby and
much branched, from 6 to 8 feet high. Leaves narrow
and numerous, about 2 or 3 inches long, only 1 or 2 lines
wide. Flowers numerous, in terminal, flattish clusters, of
a brilliant yellow^. Scales of the calix rigid, and obtusely
carinate. Style bifid and pubescent, exserted. Seed
villous. The scent of the whole plant strong and disa-
greeable somewhat like that of Rue.

2. na;tseosa. Pallas. Herbaceous; leaves narrow, linear,
and as well as the calix subtomentose; corymb loose; ca-
lix 5-flowered. Hab. On the banks of the Missouri; rare.

3. nudata. Herbaceous; every where smooth, radical
leaves spathulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved; cauiine scarcely
any, linear; stem nearly naked; corymb compound, fasti-
giate; calix oblon.^, 3 or 4-flvjwered. Hab. On the mar-
gins of swamps fi-om Virginia to Florida.

4. * virgata. Herbaceous and every where smooth; leaves
all naiTOW and linear, stem virgately branched, branches
corymbiferous, fastigiate; calix oblong, 3 or 4-flowered,
scales glutinous and appressed. Hab. On the borders of
swamps in Ne\? Jersey, near the sea-coast. Obs. Nearly
allied to C. nudata^ but distinct, and. resembles more So-
lidago tenidfoUa with which it might easily be confounded.
The stem is about 18 inches high and branched nearly
from the base. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, about a line
wide, smooth and thickisli, nerveless, somewhat remote.
Calix and florets bright yeliow, S«ed villous; pappus un-
equal.

A genus of about 22 species, principally indigenous to
the Gape of Good Hope, Nortii America, and Siberia;
there is also 1 species in Kurope, 1 in Syria indigenous to
Mount Horeb, and 2 to New Holland.

545. CACALIA. L.

Calix cylindric, oblong, the base only some-
what caliculate. Receptacle naked. Pappus pi-
Jose.

Shrubby or herbaceous; leaves often succulent, in
others flat; flowers in terminal corymbose panicles, pur-
ple, white, or ochroleucous. CaUx in 4 indigenous species
5-leaved, 5-flowered, and not caliculate; pappus very white,
scabrous and abundant, deciduous from the conneciing
torus. Seed smooth, producing 10 stride as in SeneciOj
from which genus C. suaveolens, vf\f.\i a many -flowered ca-
>ix, does not appear to be d)stinct.

Sp£CIE5. I.e. atripUcifoIia. The receptacle in this
M2

138 SYNGENESIA. JEC^UALIS.

and the 2? followintr producing a single chaffy scale from
the centre. 2. reniformis. Common on the banks of th«
Susquehannah and Potomac rivers.

3. * taberosa. Hoot tuberous, stem herbaceous; leaves
petiolate, ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved, entire; flowers corym-
bose, sabfastigiate; calix 5-flowered, naked, 5-leaved, leaf-
lets carinate. Hab. On shady hills near Natchez, on the
banks of the Missisippi, and also around St. Louis, where
it was discovered by Mr. J. Bradbury, F. L. S. Obs. Root
a round tuber, nearly similar to a small turnip. Siem 4 to
t3 feet high. Lower leaves thickish, all entire on the mar-
gin. Flowers nearly white. The plant not glaucous.
'J'his species flowered in the garden of Messrs. Frasers
in London, in the summer of 1813. trom roots which I
iiad collected at Natchez.

4. * lanceolata. Herbaceous; stem and leaves on the un-
der side glaucous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, nearly
entire, and 3-nerved, lower ones petiolate, the upper ses-
sile, corymb few-flowered; calix 5-leaved, naked, leaflets
flat; flosculi 5. Hab. In Georgia and Florida. — Dr. Bald-
'\vyn. Obs. Stem simple and slender, about 3 feet high.
Leaves gradually diminishing in size upwards, the larger
ones now and then producing 1 or 2 dentures on eiiher
side about the middle. Corymb simple. Probably this is
the species mentioned in Mlchaux's note under C. atripU-
cifolia. Fl. Am. 2. p. 96, as growing in the Illinois lerrito-
ly. It approaches very near to the preceding; but is a
much smaller plant and glaucous, besides the specific dif-
ference. 5. suaveolens. A Senecio. Flowers ochroleucous.
Tube of the florets globose at the base. Seed small.

All the species in this Catalogue, except the last, ap-
pear properly referrible to the genus KlemiUy having a
simple, equal, 5-leaved calix. At the same time the as-
pect of K. poropkyUum appears to be very different.

546. SPARGANOPHORUS. Gcertner.

Calix subglobose, imbricate, scales recurved
at the point. Bcceptacle naked. Seed crowned
with a small subcartila,e:in()us cup.

Anheteromorphous and probably unnatural genus, con-
taining only 3 species. In S. Struchiimi of Jamaica the
flowers are glomeratcd, axillary and sessile, with the flo-
rets all trifid, and the cup of tiie seed quadricrenste; in 6'.
VaiUantii of India, tht; flowers are sessile and lateral, and
the cupula of the seed perfectly entire. S. verticillattis,
wiiich is aquatic, produces setACeously linear leaves ver-

SYNGENESIA. ^^qFALIS. 139

ticillated in 6's, stem terminated with 1, more rarely 3
pedunculated, hemispherical flowers, with the marg-in of
the seed campanulate and 5-toothed.

Species. 1. S.vertidllatus. Flowers pale purple. Hab.
From New Jersey to Florida. (Common in Sussex coun-
ty, Delaware.)

547. HYMENOPAPPUS. VHentier,

Calix many-leaved, spreading; leaflets subo-
val, coloured. Receptacle naked. Pappus pa-
leaceous, many leaved (5 to 8?), segments very
short and obtuse, awnless.

Herbaceous; leaves pinnatifid, alternate; lower ones
sometimes opposite; flowers subcorymbose.

Species. 1. H. scabiosieus. 2- ieiivifoUus. Ph. Oes.
Biennial; root fusiform; stem erect and grooved, canea-
centiy tomentose in common with the leaves. Leaves al-
ternate, irregularly subbipinnatifid, segments filiformly-
linear, entire, thickish and convex. Flowers greenish-
white, fastigiately paniculate, as in many species of Sene-
cio; the calix scarcely spreading. Hab. On gravelly hills,
near the banks of the Missouri; common.

The two species here enumerated appear at present to
constitute the genus; //. anthemoides with a double pap-
pus, and linear decurrent leaves, ought to be separated.

548. =^ POLYPTERIS. f

Calix many-leaved, spreading; leaflets subo-
val, coloured. Receptacle naked. Pappus palea-
ceous, about 12-leaved; leaflets rigid and cuspi-
date, tlie length of the seed.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate and entire; flowers corym-
bose, distincir^

P. integnfoUa.

Descript. Perennial. Stem erect and terete, slightly
scabrous, 3 or 4 feet high, branches fastigiate, corymbose.
Leaves all alternate, approximate, linear-lanceolate,
shortly petiolate, entire on tb.e margin, and on both sides
very scabrous; 2 to 4 inches long, and about 5 or 6 lines
wide. Peduncles by 3's, sometimes trichotomous, 1 to 2

t (Many-winged.) In allusion to the conspicuous and copi-
ous f(>liaceous pappus.

140 STNGENESIA. ^B<iUALIS,

inches long and naked. Calix from its spreading and the
minuteness of the base or receptacle, resembling- an invo-
lucrum muck more than in Hymenopappus; scales or leaflets
disposed partly in 2 rows, from 12 to 15, the exterior smal-
ler, the larger oblong-elliptic, membranaceous, and whi ish-
Flosculi numerous; the tube pubescent, border campanu-
late, 5-cleft; segments long, linear and reflected. Tube of
the stamina entire at the base, exserted. Style bifid,
scarcely exserted; stigmas linear-oblong, pubescent. Seed
blackish, subquadrangular; inversely conic, attenuated
downwards, a little scabrous but not villous, about 2 lines
long; pappus 12 to 14 leaved, paleaceous, leaflets linear-
lanceolate, exactly the length of the seed, and somewhat
lacerate, having a rigid setaceous nerve, naked or cuspi-
date towards the extremity, and externally pubescent.
Hab. On the banks of the Allamahah. — Ur. Baldwjn.

549. MELANANTHERA. Michaux.

Calix imbricate, Ipaflets ovate, appi*essetl,
subequal, i2ecepff/c/e paleaceous, scales carinatc,
tiie lower part embraciii]^ the florets. Pappus
consistinaj of 4 or 5 unequal unarmed awns.

Herbaceous: leaves opposite; peduncle* 1-flowered, so-
litary, axillary andterniinal. Florets white, stamina near-
ly black.

' Species. l.M. hastata. Leaves hastately 3-lobed. Hab»
Abundant round Savannah in Georgia, growing in wastes
as if merely naturalized. — A second species is noticed by
Michaux as indigenous to the ^Yest India Islands.

550. MARSHALLIA. mUd. Trattexikia.

Per soon,

Calix imbricate, scales sublanceolate, incum-
bent. Mecepta cle p^leaceona. Pappus ot 5 mem-
branaceous, acummate, nerveless scales.

Herbaceous; leaves aUernate, entire, for the most part
longitudinally nerved, stem simple or branched, stems ai'id,.
branches terminating in 1-flowered peduncles; flowers
pale violet-purple, externally pubescent. Receptaculur
palex foliaceous, at length rigid, exserted; seed obconic,
pentangular, integument double, the exterior valvular, the
interior brownish and membraTiaceous.

Species. I. M. lanceolata. 2. latifolia. 3. angiistifoUa,
Hab. From North Cnrolina to Floridaj in open swamps.—
A North American geotis*

STNGENESIA, SUPERFLUA. 141

551. SANTOLINA. L. (Litvender Cotton.)

Calix imbricated lieaiispherical, scales cari-
nate, vvjtIi scariose points. Receptacle palea-
ceous. Pappus none.

Suffruticose or herbaceous; leaves mostly mumte, in
some si^ecies imbricated, in a few others pseudobipinnate
or mutifidly dissected; flowers often soUtary and teimi-
nal, pedunculate or ramuline. Scarcely a natural genus?

Species. I. S. sunvsolens. Ph. Hab. In Northern Cali-
fornia.— M. Lewis. Tiiis plant, introduced by the late
Governor Lewis, became a weed in the garden of Mr.
M'Manon, where Mr. Pursh, no doubt, saw it in a living
state. Is it not much more nearly allied to Antheviis than
, to Sa7itolina, notwitlistiinding the absence of radu, which
do,not always constitute a g"eneric distinction?

A genus of about 12 species, almost exclusively indige-
nous to the South of Europe.

Order IL—POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA.

(Florets of the disk bisexual, of the ray femi-
nine; all fertile.)

t Florets discoid; those of the ray obsolete.

552. TANACETUM. Z. ( Tansey.)

CdUx imbricated, hemispherical, scales acu-
minated. Rays of the corolla obsolete, trilid.
Receptacle naked. Fappus submarginate.

Herbaceous, rarely suffruticose, leaves simple, or pseu-
dopinnate; flowers corymbose, yellow.

Species. 1. T. imlgare. Naturalized. 2. * hiironense.
Leaves pseudobipinnate, incisely serrate, under side part-
ly tomentose; pedicel [s enlarged; flowers larger; radii ir-
regular, 4and5-cleft. Hab \V]\.h ^irtemisia canadensis
on the sandy shores of Lake Huron, near Michilimakinak;
abundant. Obs. Perennial. Nearly allied to 7' vidjare^
and about the same magnitude. Flowers corymbose,
citron-yellov/, and much larger than in the common spe-
cies; rays entire, and also 4 and o-cleft.

142 STNGENESIA. SUrERFLUA.

A genus of 18 species, almost peculiar to the Cape cf
Good Hope and the Levant, with 1 species in Siberia, and
another indigenous to Europe.

S5S. ARTEMISIA. L. (Wormwood, Southern-
wood, &c.)

Calioc imbiicated, scales rounded, connivent.
Mays of the corolla iruie. Receptacle subviiiuus,
or nearly naked. Pappus none.

Shrubby or herbaceous; leaves mostly multifid, flowers
often racemose.

§ I. Leaves simple.

Species. 1. A. *longifQlia. Stem simple and herbaceous;
leav s mostly entire, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margin
reflected, under side wliite and tomentose; flowers cylin-
dric-ovate, erect, racemose and somewhat conglomerate,
sessile. Hab. In rocky situations, on the banks of the
Missouri, from the confluence of White River to the
Mountains? Obs. Very odorous. Stems several, simple,
rarely sufl^ruticose; leaves very long, and almost linear,
pubescent on both sides, but beneath tomentose; flowers
small; receptacle naked.

2. * scrvata. Stem tall and herbaceous; leaves lanceo-
late, acuminate at either extremity, margin serrate, up-
per side smooth, under tomentose and white, flowers pa-
niculate, partly glomerate, erect; calix small, cylindric-
ovate, and nearly smooth. Hab. Near the Pvairie du
Chien, on the banks of the Missisippi, also on the banks
of the Missouri, in open alluvial soils. Stem 5 or 6 feet
high; flowers very small. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long, and
an inch wide, sharply but not very regularly serrate.

3. * cohtmbiensis. Shrubby and canescent: leaves linear-
lanceolate, acute and flat, on either side equally canes-
cent, all of them very entire; flowers oblong, glomerate,
sessile and axillary, all hermaphrodite. — Hab. On the
arid and saline hills which border the Missouri and the
lesser streams, commencing about 30 miles below White
River; and continuing to the Mountains (or Northern
Andes), it occurs still more abundantly on the barren plains
«f the Columbia river; in these regions, I am credibly in-
formed, that it furnishes the savages with the sole arti-
cle of fuel or of shelter, which they meet with in wander-
ing over these woodless deserts. It is the plant which was
known to the party of Lewis and Clarke by the name of
" Wild Sage," and appears to be Jl. cana. of Pursh. Fl. Am.
2. p. 521. Obs. Stem 6 to 8 or 12 feet high, much branch-

SYNGENESIA. SUPEKFLrA. 143

ed. The whole plant highly aromatic, but with the scent
and bittterness, peculiar to this g-enus. Florets 5 or 6 in
each calix, all hermaphrodite. Style bifid, short, stigmas
fringed at the summit and channelled on the inner side,
characters common to several other species which possess
the naked feminine flowers.

4. * Gnaphalodes. Canescently tomentose; stem simple
and herbaceous; leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, on
either side tomentose; flowers conglomerate, pedicellate,
nutant, and racemose; calix oval-oblong; feminine florets
6 to 7. Hae. On dry savannahs about Green Bay, Lake Mi-
chigan, and on the banks of Fox river, and the Missouri.
Flowering in September. A.integrifolia? '?n. Obs. Peren-
nial. Stems 1 to 2 feet high. Florets brown. Odor and
taste similar to that of Ji. Jibsi7ithium.

5. * Ixidoviciajia. Stem simple and herbaceous; lower
leaves incise, subpinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and en-
entire, on both sides pubescent, beneath tomentose; flow-
ers ovate, erect and sessile; calix pubescent, panicle sim-
ple.— Hab. On the banks of the Missisippi, near St. Lou-
is; also on the alluvial plains of the Missouri. Obs. Pe-
rennial. Stem about 2 feet high. Lower stem leaves lan-
ceolate, irregularly and divaricately laciniate, segments
entire, oblong-lanceolate and acute.

6 * cernua. Stem herbaceous and much branched; ra-
dical leaves trifid, lower ones laciniated, at first canescent-
ly pubescent, uppermost and ramuline entire, linear-lan-
ceolate, and smooth; racemes paniculate, nutant; flowers
pedicellate, subglobose, inclined; calix scariose. — Hab.
In Louisiana. Abundant in the shrubby savannahs
around St. Louis, and on the banks of the Missisippi and
Missouri. Jl. nutans. T.N. in Fras. Catal. A. Draciincidns.
Ph. 2. p. 521. A. draciincu hides. P. in Suppl. 2. p. 742.
Obs. Stem erect, exctedingiy branched and sm)Oth,
6 to 8 feet high, sometimes apparently sufFruticose;
branches slender and nodding. Radical leaves cu-
neate, short and trifid, succeeding ones twice trifid or
more compound; upper leaves like those of .4. Dramncu-
lus, but neither aromatic nor agreeably scented. It ap-
pears to be very nearly related to A' nutans of the Don.—
7- chinensis. North-VVest-coast.

§11. leaves compoimd; stem paniculate.

8. Sontonica? Ph. 9. sericea, Willd. Gmel. Sib. p,
13L t, 64. f I. A.frigida. Ph. 2- p. 521. Obs. Stems low,
many from the same root, diffuse, when flowering ad-
scendent, erect, and somewhat branched, racemose, about
a fo!., high: flowers large and hemispherical, somev-hat
nodding. Leaves pseudopinnate, covered with a silky

144 SYNGEXESIA. SUrERFLL'A.

white tomentum, segments trifid, linear, almost filiform
and acuminate. Receptacle villous. Hab. On the sum-
j-nirs of the Jjighest ^^ravelly hills of the Missouri: com-
mencing- to appear about Plum creek. Scent and bitter-
ness similar to that of A. Ahronutvm.

10. biennis. Abundant in the suburbs of St. Louis and
St. Charles, on the Missouri, but does not continue any
considerable distance up that river. Has it not been in-
troduced from Spain? 11. annua? 11 a b. On the island
of Michilimakinak in Lake Huron. A smaller plant than
the preceding which it greatly resembles, but is annual.

12 canadensis. Stem herbaceous and paniculate, most-
ly erect; radical leaves subpseudopinnate, somewhat deci-
duously tomentose, cauline pseudopinnate, seg-ments sub-
setaceous, incise, flat, and nearly smooih; flowers partly
g'lomerate and sessile; calix subg-lobose, scales oval, sca-
riose; flosculi numerous. Hab. Abundant on all the san-
dy shores of the St. Laurence, lakes Erie, Huron, Michi-
g-an and Superior; also on the hills of the Missouri, around
the Mandon towns to the Mountains? -3. campestris. Ph.
Fl. Am. p. 522- It possesses considerable affinity to Ji.
campestris, but the flower is much larger, heuiispherical
and sessile, with scariose scales, it is also a much larger
plant. Obs. Stem sometimes decumbent at the base,
commonly erect, 3 or 4 feet hig-h, smooth and mostly
brown; lower and radici*! leaves covered with a slender
cotton-like tomentum, unequally spread; upper leaves
nearly smooth.

13. caiidata. Stem simple and herbaceous, densely and
pyramidally paniculate; radical and lower cauline leaves
pseudobipinnate pubescent; upper pseudopinnate, seg-
segments subsetaceous, alternate, divaricate, somewhat
convex; flowers pedicellate, erect, globose-ovate. Hab.
On the islands of Egg harbour, N. Jersey, and in the bar-
ren woods of North Carolina. I have never seen this plant
near the Missouri nor in any part of Louisiana, and be-
lieve Michaux's habitut to be erroneous. It is very near-
ly allied to A. canadensis; variable in magnitude; in Caro-
lina I found it 6 feet high; on the strand of New Jersey
scarcely 2 feet.

14. vidguris. The American plant, from imperfect spe-
cimens m my possessi .n, will I believe prove a very dis-
tinct species; — the lobes of the leaves are obtuse; on the
uruler side, very densely tomentose, and white, above also
covered with impressed punctures. Th s nlant which
may not be that of Michaux, I observed without flowers,
in various pan s of North (^arolina, in th<^ most sequestered
forests. 15. spitham<xa. Ph. In Labrador.

S1NGENESIA. SVl'ElilJLUA. 145

Tlie rest of this extensive genus of more than 80 spe-
cies is pririclpully indigenous to Siberia, the warmer parts
of Europe, Persia and tlie Levant; there are also a feu-
spec es in Barbary, at the Cape of Good Hope, in India,
China and Japan. .1. sericea of the Missouri is also com-
mon to Siberia, and ^. biennis to the south of Europe.

554. BACCHARIS. L. (Groundsel-tree.)

Calix imbricate, cylindric, soalesevatc^ sub-
coriaceous. Feminine florets intcimixed with
the hermaphrodite. Receptacle nak^d. Papim'S
pilose.

Shrubb}', rarely herbaceous; flowers often fastigiate, in
some species dioicous. — Pappus simple, very long; seed
smooth, lO-striate.

Species. 1. B. anjustifolia. 2. ghmeridiforc. 3. halb
r^vfjJia.

Principally a tropical genus and indigenous to America-,
fi. few species exist in India and at tl^e Cape of Good
Hope. The large subfjenus Molina, appears to be, with
a single exception, peculiar to South America, extending-
ai fur as the Siraits of Magellan.

555. CONYZA. L, (Fiea-bano-)

Calix imbricated, scales sublinear or ovate,
often subscariose. Tiadii none; feminine fiorets
marginal, and 3-toothcd, mostly numerous. Re-
cr-ptade naked. Rappus simple and capillary,
<it' iew rays.

Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves entire, in a few specie.^
decarrent upon tlie stem; flowers mostly cor3-mb()se or
terminally paniculate; rarely spiked — Feminine flowers
fertile, hermaphrodite mostly sierile. Seeds smooth or
pubescent, minute; pappus rather short, consisting (in the
ioUowing species) of from 20 to 30 rays. Scarcely dis-
tinct from Gnaphaliiim.

^ Species. l.C. manjlandicn. Peculiar to salt-marsh'?«;,
from Xew York to Carolina. It differs from the following
HI being annual, and in having both the calix, and ovate
acute leaves pubescent; the form and proportion of the
calix js the same; it is also a smaller plant. 2. cajjiphovata.
Vii. 3. bffvons.

4. pucuostadv'cu **' Black Root" of Georgia. Root ^•:-

^46 SYiVGEXESIA. SUPEKFLLA.

herons, as larg-e ns a Potatoe. Leaves lanceolate, siibden"
liculate, decurrent on the stem, beneath tomentose; flow-
ers in a siibsessile, cylindric, dense spike; florets all fertile,
feminine few; seed pubescent; tube of anthers exserted.
Flowers wliitish, all the others are pale purple; none of
them appear to be cong-eners with C. sqiiarrosa.

This extensive genus of near 80 species is principally
indigenous to India and its islands, with a few species in
Africa, America, and Europe.

656. GNAPHALIUM. L, (Cudweed. Ever^
lasting.)

Calix imbricated, marginal scales rounded,
scariose, shining and coloured. Radii none;
feminine florets marginal, entire, mostly nu-
merous. Receptacle naked. Fappus pilose, or
scabrous.

Shrubby 07 herbaceous; leaves alternate, mostly to-
TTientose and canescent; flowers commonly terminal, glo-
Tnerale or corymbose; calix persistent, scales yellow, red-
dish, or white. Flowers in many species all herm.aphro-
dite; in 2 dioicous. A genus scarcely distinguishable from
•he preceding, except by habit.

Species. 1. G. mar^aritacenm. 2. polycephalnm. o.piir-
puveum. A: plmitagincum. Hermaphrodite flowers conglo-
merated by 6's. 5. alpimim. 6. sylvaticum. 7. americanum.
8. idi^inosum. 9. germanicum.

A genus of 120 species, most of which are indigenous
to the Cape of Good Hope, there are also a few species in
Europe, in India, and in South as well as North America.

: i Floxvcrs radiate, or with the florets of the mar-
gin lignlate,

557. ERIGEROX. L. (Flea-bane.)

Calix imbricated, subliemispbericaJ, in fruit
often reflected. Rays of the corolla linear, Ye-
ry narrow, and numerous. Receptacle naked.
Pappus double, exterior minute, interior pilose,
of few rays, (12 to 25?)

Herbaceous; stems simple or branched, flowers soll-
tarv, axillary and terminal, subcorymbose or fastigiately
paniculate; radii white, or purplish, rarely destitute of

SYNGEXESIA. SUPERFLUA. 147"

pappus. Seed very small, rather smooth, oWong, and
compressed; pappus simply pilose, deciduous, not mucli
longer than the seed, extenor pappus minute and palea-
ceous.

§ I. Stem simple.
Species. \.V.. alpintun. 2.* pumilum. Hirsute; stems ag-
gretjated, l-tiowered, leaves oblong-linear, entire and ses-
sile; flower large and hemispherical, l^efore flowering nu-
tant; caliKvcr\ hirsute. H-va. On the plains ofihe Missouri.
Flowering in May. E. hirsutum. Vh. 2- Suppl. p. 742.
but this name has been previously enjployed for another
species. Obs. Stems several from the same root, often ^
indeed, connected at the base, 4 or 5 inches high, l-flo\v-
ercd. Leaves 2 inches, more or less, nearly linear, atten-
uated downwards, scarcely 2 lines wide, i'lower naked,
(or pedunculate) white, and large as a Daisy; rays as long
as the calix, narrow and numerous. Pappus double, in-
icinal short, about 12-rayed.

3. * arperum, Hirsutely scabrous; stem about 2-flow-
ered, slender; leaves lanceolate-acute and entire; flower
hemispherical, white. Hab. On the plains of the Mis-
souri. Flowering in August. Stem solitary, scarcely 12
inches high, covered with short and very hispid hairs la
common with the leaves. Leaves narrow; radical ories
spatlmlate-lanceolate. Peduncles 2 or 3, subterniinal, the
lateral one longest, after the manner of E. nudicanlc.
Hays numerous, white. Papj>us double, interior simply
pilose, of about 20 rays, much longer than the smooth
seed, slightly rufescent.

4. nudicaule. Considerably allied to the preceding, but
with the radical leaves smooth, the stem slender and re-
markably naked, peduncles proliferous, and ^g-w, the pri-
mary ones subfastigiate. Flowers small and hemispheri-
cal, nearly white. Pappus double.

5. * ambiguum. Pubescent and somewhat scabrous;
stem terete, leafy and attenuated, few-flowered; leaves
elongated, oblong-linear; lower ones subserrulate towards
the middle; flowers small and yellowish, by pairs, partly
axillar and terminal; calix hemispherical. Hab. In
Georgia. May this be E. caroUnianum? certainly not f.
hy as opi folium of Michaus; but the stem is simple and not
paniculated, and about 18 inches high. Leaves 2 to 4
inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, sessile, and attenuated
downwards. Flowers about 8 or 10, n^ore or less, small,
and pale yellow. Pappus double?

6. * glabelhim. Perennial; leaves linear-lanceolate, en-
tire, smooth and acute, radical long petiolate, spathu-
lalc-lanccclate and n'i:rved; upper part of tlie stem and

348 SXXGEXESIA. SrPERFLUA.

hemispherieal calix pubescent; stem 3 to 5-flowerecl, pfi=
duncles axillar and ierminal. Hab. On the plains of ihe
Missouri, (around Fort Mandan, abundant ) Flowering in
August. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, smooth be-
low; lower leaves of the stem much attenuated belov, 3 or
4 lines wide, smooth; pedimcles about 2 inches lone, pu-
bescent; flower the size of a Daisy, pale blue; rays very
numerous. Seeds smooth; pappus double, exterior whitish.
Interior short, simply pilose and rufcsceiit.

7. E.? belli difolhmi. Canescently hirsute; radical leaves
obovate, subserrate, stem leaves remote, oblong-ovate,
amplexicaule, entire; stem 3 to 5-flowered; radii nearly
twice the length of the hemispherical calix. Hab. From
Canada to Virginia, and on the mountains of Carolina;
common.—PerenniaL Flower usually large, blueish. Pap-
pus si7nple, of about 30 raj s. Nearly allied to .Isier. 8.
miercifolhim. -\-. 9. piirpureum. 10. E.? copipositum. Ph.
Some other genus?

§ 1 1. .Sfe?ns panindate or hvanched.

11. philadelphicum. Pappus double. 12. atrigosum.
Pappus double. 13. heterophyllum. Rays without pap-»
pus! pappus of the hermaphrodite florets double, the inner
of about 15 rays. 14. /ii/ssopi/oliim. 15. lon^ifolium. What
genuis?

*CiENOTus. t Co //jc oblong, in fruit reflected.
Hays of the flower very numerous and minute.
Recefitacle naked. Pafifius pilose, simple.

Annual plants, divaricately branched; flowers very co-
pious and inconspicuous; radii composed of more than a
simple series, more nymerous than the florets of the disk,
after the manner of Conyza and Gnaphalimn,- hermaphro-
dite florets mostly 4-cleft; pappus pilose, of 12 to 15 rays,,
persistent, the minute exterior pappus of Erigeroii want-
ing; seed oblong, compressed, 2-edged. Tube of the dis-
Cal florets inflated as in many species of Erigeron.

16. tanadense. Stem erect* hirsutely pilose, and much
branched, branches paniculate; leaves linear-lanceolate,
ciliate; radical toothed. Had. A most common weed, ex-
tending throughout North America and Europe.

17. * pusilhcn. Erect, low and slender; stem smooth;
panicle nearly simple, peduncles almost naked, filiform
and divaricate; leaves lanceolate-linear, all entire, margin

f From xe/voc, comnicn, or ttdgar; C. canadensis, being one
of the- most c«mmoTi of all weeds in North America.

SYNCENESIA. SUPERFLUA. 149

scabrous; discal florets 4-cleft. Hab. In New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, common; passinp^ for a minute variety of
the preceding-, from whicl\ it differs in several partlcu'
lars wiiicli are sufficiently constant. From 4 to 6 inches
high, the preceding- from'Sto 6 feet; in this the panicle is
simple with a fastig-iate tendency, the ramuli naked, or
merely squamose, and elegantly divaricate, each perfecting-
2 or 3 flowers.

8. divaricatum. Decumbent; divaricately and diffusely
branch.ed, ramuli fastif^'-iate; leaves subulate; discal florets
4-clefL. Had. In Kentucky; also abundant around St. Lou-
is, Louisiana, on the margin of the Missisippi; and more or
less along the course of that river to Xew Orleans. Very
distinct from the preceding by its diffuse anel decum-
bent stem, whlcli scarcely exceeds 6 inches in height^
but spreading out 1 or 2 feet.

The genus Erigcron, now comprising about 50 species,
extending through both hemispheres as far as the Straits^
of Magellan, will probably be retrenched. If ever careful-
ly revised. From tlie number of species, which I have
examined at least patiently, I am convinced that in this,
as in many other natural genera, we must seek for cha-
racter under the microscope. In every genuine species of
Erigeron, we may, 1 think, confidently expect the presence
of a tlouble papjius, a distinction which is not altogether
invisible to the naked eye in such species as have the
pilose crov/n coloured, the small, external paleaceous rays
being then readily distinguishable by their whiteness.
The paucity of rays in the pilose pappus, which are scarce-
ly scabrous tlirough an ordinary lens, their pale colour,
together with the form, dln»lnuiive size and comparative
smoothness of the seed, will be found useful characters
when contrasted wjih Chrysopsis, which also possAses a
ilou')l pappus, aiid in some of Us extremes approximates
to ICrigeron.

i58. INULA. L. (Flea-bane.)

Cdlix squaiTo.se or imbricatp. "Raijs of the
corolla numerous, yellow. Anthers each bisc-
to.se at the base. ReceptaclQ naked. Puppus
simple.

Flowers terminal, often corymbo-je.
Sv£ciES. L I. JJefenium. Naturalized in many parts
of the state of New York.

N 2

150 SYNGENESIA. SVPERFLUA.

*Chrysopsis. t Calix imbricated. Rays of
rtie corolla mostly yellow. Anthers naked at the
base. Receptacle naked. Pappus double, exterior
paleaceous, minute, interior scabrous, many-rayed.
Seeds obovate, villous.

Herbaceous; flowers fastigiate, subcorymbose, stem
simple or paniculalely branched; radial florets rarely ever
more numerous than in Aster, to which this subgenus is
very closely related. — Scales of the calix unequal, rigid,
subcarinate, and pointed; anthers naked, or not bisetose
at the base. Minute exterior, paleaceous pappus, white,
the interior conspicuously scabrous, (through a common
lens) often fuscous or rufescent, consisting of more than
40 rigid rays. \

Species. 2. gomipina. From Virginia to Florida.
Abundant throughout the Pine-barrens of North Carolina,
particularly near Wilmington. — PerenniaU leaves all en-
tire, radical ones spathulate-lanceolate, cauline cuneate-
oblong, obtuse, with a point, lanuginous, in common with
the whole plant, except the corolla; peduncles fastigiate,
corymbose, l-fiowered; flower bright r^olden-yellow, larg-
er than tiiat of C maviuna; radial florets about 25. Pap-
pus rufescent, rigid and conspicuously scabrous; external
minute, paleaceous, simple and white; seed obovate, vil-
lous. The aspect of this species is more like tiiat of the
European Inula than any other in this Catalogue, but the
anthers are not bisetose at the base.

3. • trichophylla. Corymb simple; leaves entire, oblong,
obtuse, subaraplexicaule, lanuginously pilose, and sca-
brous on the margin, diminishing upwards; fastigiate pe-
duncles and hemispherical calix smooth. Hab. In North
and South Carolina and Georgia. It appears to be an in-
termediate species betwixt the preceding and C. mariana.
Obs. Perennial; upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, green,
and sparingly lanuginous; stem 12 to 18 inches high,
simple, nearly smooth, attenuated upwards, 3 to 6, or 9-

f In allusion to the prevailing yellow colour of the flowers.

\ Note. Imda dysenterica and I. Pulicaria also possess a dou-
ble pappus, but in these the anthers are bisetose at the base,
and the rays of the pilose pappus in the first about 24, and in
PnUcaria only 8 or 10; the radial florets are also very numerous
and linear. In the following species, I have observed the parl-
ous to be simple; viz. Imda Belejiium, I. briiamiica^ I germmii'
iia, I. ociihis Christiy I. odoruy I. Vaillantiiy I. crithniifoliat I. sua-
veolens, I.japonicuy I. sijiiavrosa, and/- hirta; in most of these
the vinthers are also bisetose.

SINGENESIA. SUPERFLUA, 151

flowered, flowers large as the preceding, and of the same
colour; calix remarkable for its smoothness. Pappus dou-
ble; seed elliptic-obovate, villous.

4. mai'iuiui. Corymb simple: stem and leaves for the
most part sericeoush sublanugmous; leaves sessile, nearly
equal in size, oblong-elliptic, subovale, obtuse, distantly
denticulate; fastig-iate peduncles and calix viscidly pu-
bescent. ^. falcata. L falcata? Vn. Corymb coarctate,
many-flowered, simple or compound; stem and leaves se-
riceously sublanuginous; leaves sessile, nearly equal, ob-
long-lanceolate, canaiicqlate, acute and spreading; nriargin
remotely denticulate; fastigi-ue peduncles and calix vis-
cidly pubescent. Hab. In New Jersey, common; scarce-
ly a'distinct species from the preceduig-; tlie flowers are
more numerous, and the leaves opaque and remarkably-
channelled; flowers b;ight yellow and abundant, corymb
sometimes effuse, but usually crowded; rays oblong^, ti'i-
dentate. Pappus double, seed obovate and villous.

5. ^ramnifoUa. Cor}mb compound; stem and leaves
covered with an appressed sericeous pubescence; leaves
entire, linear-lanceolate, erect and acute; calix oblong,
glandularly pubescent. Erigeroji nerva-um, Wiild. Hae.
From Delaware to Florida.

6. arg-entea. Every where sericeous; corymb compound;
leaves entire, lanceolate-linear, erect and very acute; ca-
lix turbinate, pubescent, but not glar.dular. H^b. From
Virginia to Florida. Very nearly allied to the preceding
which it generally resembles, it is, however, narrowei*
leaved, and ought therefore to have been considered the
^raminifolia of Michaux, but the calix is not glandular;
the leaves of Persoon's argentea are then those of Mi-
chaux's plant. I'he pubescence in these 2 species is ex-
tremely singular, appearing like white silk laid evenly and
longitudinally along either surface of the leaf; the radial
florets are also only 8 or 10 in number; the pa[)pus dis-
tinctly double, and the seeds obov;ite and villous.

7. villosa. Subdccumbent and hirsutely villous; leaves
entire and sessile, linear-oblong, subspathulale, acute,
lower part ciliate, margin scabrous; stem branched,
branches subcorymbose, flowers fastigiate. Hab. On the
plains of the Missouri; from its confluence to its source;
Amellus villosus. Ph. 2. p. 564. Obs. Perennial: stems
many from the same root, producing a double pubescence,
both villous and pilose; rays golden -yellow, about 25, en-
lire, and linear-oblong. Pappus double; seed obovate,
villous.

8. scabra. Biennial; stem hispid and branched; branches
subcorymbose; lower leaves petiolate, subdentate, th'; up

152 STNGENESIA. SUPERFLVA.

per sessile, and oblong'-ovate, all scabrous, on the upper
side, as well as the peduncles and calix, sonnevvhat vis-
cidly glandular. Hab. Around Savannah, in Georgia;
common. — Stem more irresjularly branched than in any
ovher genuine species; flower branches terminal, in old
plants also axillary; radical leaves subuval, conspicuously
petiolute; flowers yellow, rather small. Pappus reddish-
brown, anil scabrous, the exterior paleaceous crown white.
Anthers simple at the base, not setose. This species
continues flowering- into December, in the vicinity of Sa-
vannah.

10. * (livaricata. Biennial; somewhat hispid and sca-
brous; leaves lanceolate-linear, subserrate, acute, attenuat-
ed downwards, uppermost sessde, and ciiiate towards the
base; panicle dichotomously divaricate, corymbose; pe-
duncles and calix viscidly pubescent. Hab. In the vici-
nity of Savannah in Georgia; common. Discovered by
Dr. Baldwyn. Flowers smaller than in any ottier species,
bright golden-yellow. Leaves narrow, 2 or 3 inches long,
only 2 or 3 lines wide; upper part ot the stem ofte'n
smooth, but the peduncles entirely or tov. ards the extre-
mity viscidly pubescent; inflorescence dissimilar to that
of any other species in this Catalogue. Exterior pappus
obsolete, interior reddish-brown and very scabrous.

§ II, Floicers not yelloxv.

11. Unariifolia. Aster Ihimnifolitis Pappus double, seeds
villous; flowers also crnmbosely fastigiatc, but blueish or
violaceous! 12. UnifcUia. Asier Ilnifoliifs. Stem corym-
bosely branched, scabrous; leaves linear; flowers white;
exterior pappus obsolete? Nearly allied to Aster pauci-

Jtorns.

13. * ctUni. Leaves oblong-lanccolatCj entire and sca-
brous, attenuated below; stem simple, ramuli nearly na-
ked, l-flnwered, corymbosely fastii^iate; flowers white;
calix smooth. Hab. On the plains of the ?.Iissouri, near
Fort xVlandan, kc. Fl. August. About 12 inches hii;h
and ratlier slender, with the aspect u\' I^turmica. Pcren-
)ual: stem slender; leaves scabrous, as in C linarUfoHa^
but not pubescent, pappus short; radial florets linear-ob-
long; scales of the calix thickisli; receptacle fiat and na-
ked, with impressed favulose punctures.

14. * obovata. Shortly and somewhat softly pubescent;
leaves broadish, obovate, obtuse and entire, sessile, mar-
gin scabrous; corymb nearly simple, peduncles 1 or 2-
iiowered, axillar and terminal; calix pubescent, about
half tl^e length of the pappus. Hap. Abundant iu tb.e vi-
cjniiyt>f Savannah 'v.\ Georgia, on the bushy ii!ar^i5>s ct

SX^GENESIA. SUPERFLUA. 153

siramps, — Perennial. Stems pubescent, terete and slm-
y pie, many from the same root, 2 or 3 feet high. Leaf 13
to 20 lines lont^, 8 to 12 broad, on the upper side pulv€-
ralently pubescent, beneath partly villous, reticulately
veined. Corymb partly unequal, few-flowered. Calix al-
most simple, very short, as in the 2 followinp^ species.
Radial florets somewhat ochrolcucous, about 10; tubular
fiorets the same colour. Anthers not bisetose. Pappus
reddish, double, interior less scabrous and rigid than in
any preceding species, but similar to the following. The
whole plant is bitterish to the taste. This species after
iiowering sends up infertde stems with broader Icaveg,
Solidago nova^boracensis, of Herb. Muhl.

15. humihs. Aster humilis, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 67. 3.
cornifoUiiX, Willd- A- iujirmus, Mich. Obs. Rays about 8;
calix only about the length of the seed. Pappus double;
seed at first pubescent, at length nearly smooth and very
large. A species scarcely distinct from the following.

16. atmjgdalina. Aster amys;dalinus. Flowers yellowish-
white as in the preceding, rays 10 or 12, smaller; stem
tall, and leafy to the summit; branches corymbosely fas-
tigiate, many-flowered. Pappus double. Anthers in this
and the preceding not setose at the base.

This genus, or subgenus, appears to be peculiar to
North America. After a careful examination of near 50
species oi Aster, the above, sufficiently remarkable inha-
bit, were all that possessed the double pappus. Amonfj
the foreign species, I find a double pappus in Atter chi-
nensis, but after such a long series of cultivation it is not
now possible to conceive its original aspect, still it may
very properly be considered as admissible into this genus.

559. ASTER. L. (Star-wort.)

Calix imbricated, the lower scales partly fo-
liaceous and often spreading. Radial florets
generally more than 10, rarely fewer, violace--
ous or white. Receptacle naked. Pappus sim-
ple, pilose.

Herbaceous, seldom shrubby; leaves entire; flowers fas*
tigiate or paniculate. Seed more or less pubescent, rare-
ly smooth; pappus of many rays, pilose, scarcely scabrous,
sometimes coloured. (The smaller flowered paniculate
species present a serits so intimately connected and po-
>^morpkous as to elude the botanist in his attempts to
draw specific characters. A. fdiohsus, A. coridi/oUus;

154 STNGENESIA. SUrERFLiTA,

Jl. Traclescciiti, Jl, recuyvatiis, Ji. e7mncns, ^1- laxus, »?
polyphyUus^ Jl. jnnceiis. A- lunceolahis, .i. draauiculoidesf^
^i.fru^ilis, A. miser, A. divergeiiSy A. diffitsus, and A. pen-
duhiSy are a host of polymorphous varieties wliich may be
reduced too oi' 4 species!)

f Leaves entire.
Species. 1. A. hyasopifoUus. 2. soUdaginoides. Rays
often 8. 3. tortifolius. 4. nemorali^^ A. Icdi/oliuSf Ph.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, partly
scabrous; branches filiform, fastigiate, 1 -flowered; calix
loosely imbricated, hemispherical, leaflets acute; ra}S nu-
merous. Hab. In the swamps of New Jersey, somewhat
vare. Stem simple, 12 to IS inches high, fragile and
thickly set with leaves, which are somewhat revolute on
the margin, and now and then minutely bidentate; flower
large and pale violet. 5. grcunini/oUns, Ph.

6. * pancifioviis. Stem low and simple,, few-flowered,
(3 to 6); leaves linear and smooth, those of the stem sub-
ulate and subamplexicaule; peduncles axillar and termi-
nal, about 1 -flowered, and in common with the calix vis-
cidly pubescent. Hae. On the margins of saline springs,
xjear Fort Mandan, on the Missouri. Flowering in Au-
gust. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, on the lower part v^ry
smooth. Radical leaves long and linear, somewhat car-
nose, channelled. Fedimcles rarely perfecting more than
1 flower. Calix hemispherical, about equal with the disk;
leaflets nearly all equal and acute. Radial florets about
15, white, lanceolate-oblong. Pappus scabrous.

7. *fexuosiis. A. sparsifiorus? pn. 2. p. 547. Very
smooth: stem low and flexuous, subdichotomous; leaves
very long and thick, lower ones partly lanceolate-linear,
acute, attenuated downwards, upper subulate, all erect;
ramuli 1-flowered, subfastigiate, leafy; scales of the calix
lanceolate, acuminate, appressed; rays numerous, shorter
tiian the calix. Hab. In the salt-marshes of New Jersey
and New York. Perennial: stem from 6 to 18 inclies
high, generally flexuous; leaves smooth on the margin;
branches axillary, often commencing from the base, sim-
ple or subdivided, often 2-flowered. Flowers few and
large, the rays whitisli, or pale purple, oblong and ra-
ther short. Florets of tlie disk very numerous. Pappus
capillary; seed nearly smooth, with 5 strix.

8. mbulutus. Annual; smooth, and small -flowered; stem
fistulous, and branched from the base; branches panicu-
lated, ramuli subracemose; leaves long and linear, very
acute, with the margin scabrous, uppermost subulate;
calix subcyliiidric, scaks subulate; radial fiorsts minute

^YNG£:NESIA. SUPERFLUl. 155

"IIab In the salt-marshes of Lonpf Island near New York,
and in New Jersey. This species ought perhaps to be
transferred to Co7itJza, to which g-enns it bears a near af-
finity; the female florets being very small, obscure purple,
more numerous than the hermaphrodite ones, and arrang-
ed in a compound series; it is also annual; still it re-
sembles in some respec-s the preceding species, the seed
is almost exactly simMar. It grows about 2 feet high,
and is extremely branched, ilie branches somewhat fasti-
giated; leaves 4 or 5 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide.

9. paludosus. Stem simple, leaves linear and subulate,
amplexicaule, erect, entire, and very smooth, margin sca-
brous; branches pubescent, axillar and terminal, leafy, 1-
flowered; calix large and squarrose. Hab. From Gape
May county, N. Jersey, to Florida, on the margins of
open swamps. Stem 1 to 5 feet high, smooth nearly to the
s\immit, 3 to 5-flowered; flowers very large and elegant,
the rays bright blue and numerous. Inner scales of the
calix coloured. Pappus as in the preceding, capillary, fer-
ruginous, seed also oblong and smooth.

10. pilosns. 11 * biennis. Low and much branched,
subdecumbent, pulverulently pubescent, stem canes-
cent; leaves sessile, linear, entire, uniform, points abrupt-
ly acute, radical ones spathulate; branches few-flower-
ed, flowers subfastigiate; calix imbricate, scales linear-
lanceolate, setaceously mucronulate; radial florets about
20. Hab. O.i denudated argillaceous soils, from the
Arlkarees to Fort Mandan. Flowering from August to
October, .i. canescens. Vh. 2. p. 547. Obs. Root bien-
nial. Stem about a foot high, numerously and divaricately
branched; branches 2 to 5-flowered, more or less- Flow-
ers purplish-blue, as large as a Daisy. Scales of the calix
in 3 or 4 series, summits greenish and pubescent. Rays
entire, longer than tlie disk. Pappus scabrous.

12. temdfolius. A. ericoides. Willd. A. dumosus. Willd.
13. multifloriis. A. ciliatus. Willd. 14. sparsijiorus. Mich,
and Willd. not of Ph. Scarcely distinct from the follow-
ing. l5.foUolosii3.^.A.coridifolius. W^illd. 16. squarrc-
^ius. Leaves cordate, minute, and scabrous.

17. concolor. Obs. Roots often tuberous in sandy soil.

18. sericeus. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, sessile, entire, se-
riceously tomentose; stem erect, low and slender, upper
part branched, branchlets l-flowered, subfastigiate; calix
foliaceous, partly squarrose. Hab. Common over the
plains of Upper Louisiana, througliout the Illinois territory
to the borders of Lake Michigan, and on all the banks
of the Missi^ippi nearly to Natchez. A low and truly

156 SY.VGENESIA. Si;rERlLI;A.

herbaceous, but very elegant species; flowers larg-e, bright
^violet-purple. Stem 12 to'18 inches high.

19. *mo?ita7ius. Leaves linear-lanceohite, sessile, entire,
subsericeously villous, ol)S()letely 3-nerved; stem erect
and somewhat slender; branches 1-flowered; calix folia-
ceous, hemispherical, leaflets linear-lanceolate, acute and
erect. Hab. On tlie mountains of Tennessee and North
Carolina; rare. (Near Ashville and Morg-anton.) Nearly
allied to the preceding, but distinct. Stem often perfectly
simple, also branched, 1 to 2 ft-et high, branches not fas-
tigiate, shorter than the summit. Leaves not tomentose,
scarcely canescent. Flowers viojet -purple, twice the size
of the preceding, somewhat exceeding tiiose of ^1. gran-
difloms, and containing about 25 rays. \r\ tl)e preceding the
rays are from 18 to 20. 20. reticulatiis. Ph.

21. saiicifolivs. 22. astivus. 23. ncvce angUie, y. spii-
r:us, Persoon, is tlie natural aspect. Leaves lanceolate,
amplexicaule, en' ire, auriculate at the base; stem pilose
and paniculate; branchlets mostly 1-flowered, subfastigiate;
scales of the calix loose, linear-lanceolate, about equal with
the disk. Hab. From Canada to Pennsylvania, I his is
the plant commonly misnamed ..•3. grandifioms. Flowers
large, and of a deep purplish-blue; rays very numerous
and linear. Stem 4 to 6 feet.

24. cymieiis. 25. grandifLorii^.. 26. caroUnianns. Stem
trailing shrubby -or suffruiicose. vSeed oblong, smooth, 10-
striate; pappus: reddish.

27. * oblojigiJoUns. Herbaceous; stem and leaves mi-
nutely scabrous; leaves sublanceolate-oblong, partly am=
plexicaule, without pubescence; stem low and divaricately
branched, branchlets 1 orfew-nowered, subfastigiate; ca-
lix hemispherical, foliaceous, and ."?quarrose, leaflets li-
near-oblong, acute. IIau. On the banks of the Missouri.
Stem scarcely more than 12 inches high, compoundly and
rigidly branched; leaves of the branchlets smaller, all ap-
pearing smooth and partly obtuse, but scabrous to the
touch; flowers terminal as in A. biermi.'^, pale purple, mid-
dle sized, smaller than those of .9. carolinianm, to which
species it appears distinctly allied; calix remarkably folia-
ceous, sc.ibi-ously glandular. Seed villous. 28. phlogl-
f'Mus. 29- patens.

f t Leaves cordate and ovate,- serrate^

50. vndulatns. A.diversifolins. Mich. 2. p. 113. 31. SH-
gittifotins. 32. paniculatus. Scarcely different from No. 30.
.'>3. cordi/oliiis. Jl. keteroph-jHus. Vy^illd. o4. cori/mbosiis^

35. macrophvUcK.

STNGENESIA. SUPERTLUA. 157

7 f f Leaves lanceolate and ovate, loiver ones serrate.

Flowers fastigiate or corjmbose.

36. • nudiforus. Stem simple and smooth; leaves ses-
sile, ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate, and all sharplv ser-
rate, upper surface scabrous; corymb simple, few-flovvcr-
ed; peduncles pubescent, naked, mostly l-flowered; calix
liemispherical, closely imbricated, shorter than the disk,
scales linear-oblon,u^, and ciliate. Hab. In the swamps of
N. Jersey; rare. Detected by W. Stuve, M. D. Stern 2
or 3 feet high. Leaves about 3 inches long, and an inch
wide, the lower ones acuminate, and ctineate at the base,
tlie uppermost oblong-ovate, acute and not- much smaller.
PedutTcles 3 to 5, mostly l-flowered, 3 or 4 inches long,
lateral ones longest. Flower large, pale violet-pu'ple,
with manv rays wiiich are loncrer than the calix. Nearly
allied to the following. 37. Jtadula.

38. peregriiuis. 39. strictus. Scarcely distinct apparent-
ly from the following. 40. sv.rcnhsiis. Stem sim(iie, iov/
and slender, minutely pubescent; lower leaves hnear-lan-
ceolate, entire, or svibserra e, above scabrous, upper ones
linear, amplexicaule; corymfi 3 to 5-fii)wered, somewhat
naked; calix imbricated, suhsquarros % scales cihate, li-
near-oblong, inner ones obtuse; ravs about :20. Hab. Oa
the margins of op -n bushy s. vamps and Savannahs, in Ten-
nessee, \orth i -aroiiria and Virginia. Nearly alli<r"d to the
following, but smaller and slender. Stem 12 o ISitiches
high. Root stolon! ftrrous and creeping. Radical leaves
spathulate, or oblong-lanceolate, som.enmcs near a span
long. With the sheath ciliated. Flowers raiher large, of
a brit'ht violet-purple; mntr scales or the calis often co-
loured. I he habit of this plant is very mucli like that of
a cor\mbo3e Liatris; the pappus is also scabrous, but the
seed smooth. !t appears to be A. eiegans of Wilidenow,
4l. spcctabilis. Leaves oblong-lancef-late, partly sca-
brous, andsubamplexicaule, louerones serrate mthe mid-
dle, branches corymbose, calix hemispherical, somewhat
glanduiarly pubescent, foliaceous and sqiiarrosc, leaflets
cihate, cuneate-ovate, and partly acute. Has. In New Jer-
sey, comm.on. Corvmb, 10 to lo-Howered, the blanches
2 or 3-flov,'ered, subpllose; flowers blue and large. The
viscidly pubescent calix and peduncle, with ihe numer-
ous flov.-ers, and the approximating equality of the leaves,
distinguish this species readily from the preceding; the
hemispherical calix and numerous rays (more thaii 20),
like vise separate it from the following. ^. * bcUidifoUus .
Leavps ohioiii4--ohovafe, serrate; corMPb near!, simple,
or with the branchlets mosily l-flowered. N.Jersey. Stem
never pilose as well as glandular above.

VOX. II. o

158 STXGENESIA. SUPEKFLUA.

42. * cfraciiis. Leaves oblong'-lanceolate, Incisely and
remotely serrulate, acute, subamplexicaulc, nearly smooth,
marg-in scabrous; stem minutely pubescent, summit co-
rymbose; peduncles filiform, 2 and 3-flovvered, lateral
pedicells longer; calix cylindric, imbricaled, partly squar-
rose, scales Imear-oblong, partly acute; rays about 12, lon-
g-er tban the calix. Hab. In the Savannahs of Kentucky
j;nd Tennessee. Distinctly allied to the preceding- and
also to the following". Obs. Stem slender as in ^4. surcn-
/osus, 12 to 14 inches high, purplish. Leaves about 2
inches lon.^, somewhat sputhulate, entire, or serrulate,
opaque and nerveless. Corymb 6 to 11-flowercd, (I have
before me 4 specimens each of them 11-flowered), lateral
peduncles longer and divaricate, central flowers almost
sessile. Flowers pale blue and small, but twice the size of
the following.

43. coiiijzoides. Leaves cuneate-oblong, acute, opaq-jc,
3-nerved, serrate, uppermost nearly entire; stem simple,
smooth and rigid, summit corymbose; flowers glomerate,
sessile; calix cylindric, subsquarrosc; rays 5, shorter than
the calix. Hab. From Pennsylvania to Florida. /3. * pla?i-
tagiriifoUns. Leaves 3-nerved, cuneate-ovate, acute, and
sessile, subserrate, radical spathulatc; stem slender, upper
part pubescent, corymbose; flowers distinct, pedicellate;
calix partly turbinate, somewhat squarrose; rays about
5, as long as the calix. Hab. In the forests of New Jersey.
A plant every way smaller than tlie preceding, and much
fewer flov.-ered. Seeds of both villous. Probably a dis-
tinct species?

44-. thyrsijioriis. -{-. 45. serotinus. 46. piiniceiis. 47 ■ Jlori-
hundus. 48. noin belgii. Scarcely distinct from the prece-
ding. 49. acuminatus. 50. dr<icuncidoides.

Flowers paniculated.

51. ample xicaidis. 52. adnlterinus. 53. l<£vigatvs. 54-
versicolor. 55. mntahilis. 5&. loevis. 57* concinnus. 58.
J^ellidljionis. 59. tardiforns. 6U. bicmdus. 61. Tradescanti.
62. recnrvatus- An extremely polymorphous and uncer-
tain species; panicle erect or curved, divaricate. Q)o.emi-
'}iens. 64. huvus. Scarcely distinct from the preceding. 65.
simplex. 66. poJiiphylius. 67. juticeus. /3. ^1. lanceoiatiis.
68. fragiUs.

69. miser. Leaves sessile, cuneate-lanceolate, very acute,
serrate and scabrous, minutely pubescent; calix imbri-
cate, smooth, leaflets acute; disk of the corolla equal
with the rays; stem villous. Hab. In moist meadows,
near Philadelphia; common, htem low and rigid, often
simpltr; flowers n short simj)iC leafy, and axillary racemes,
partly secund and sessile, the racemes sometimes conglo-

STNGENESIA. SUPEKFLUA. 159

merately condensed, so as to be sliorter than the leaves,
often produced nearly fVom tlie base to the suinmit of the
stem; ravs very small and white, discal florets becominj^
purple.— Such 'appears to be .:/. mif;er, of Linna:us, but
probably not that of Aiton, as smooth leaves appear to be
aitogetlicr imconipatible with this well marked species. It
is also distinct from the ^i. miser of Herb. Muhl.

70. divergens. ^. A. diffusns. "/. A. pendiUus.

This genus, consisting- of more than lOU species, is al-
most exclusively indl|^enous to North America and the
Ca|)e of Good Hope, a few species exist in Australasia, in
China and Japan, tiiert are likewise 2 species peculiar to
Siberia, and 9 or lU to Europe.

560. SOLIDAGO. L, (Golden-Rod.)

Calix imbricated, scules closed. Radial flo-
rets about 5, yellow, llccentacle naked, punctate.
Pappus simple, pilose.

Herbaceous; stem often tall; flowers small, racemose
and yellow, racemes panlculated, erect or secund; calix
oblong or subcylindric, mostly coloured; radial florets
equal with or shorter than the calix, otten 5, sometimes
7, 9, and from 12 to 20. Seeds mostly smooth, also pu-
bescent. The scrobiculate receptacle prevails as much
in the preceding as in the present genus. In S. bicolor
only, the rays are nearly white.

f Racemes secund.

S>v t.ci'zs. \.S>. canadensis. 2. proccra. o. serotina. 4.g*'
c;antea. 3. ciliaris. Qt.reflexa. 7 . luterijlora. 8. aspera. 9. al-
tissima. \(). rugosa. A mere variety of the preceding. 11.
villoma. 12. scabra. 13. 7iemoralis, 14 patida. 15. ^dmi'
folia. 16. arguta. I7.jiincea. 18. ellipdca. 19. asperata.
Herb. Banks. Mss. 20. odora. 21.reci/rvata. 22. retrorsa.

23. pyramidata. Ph. Scarcely distinct from the preced-
ing. Obs. Stem 4 to 6 feet !^igh; leaves oblong, subovate,
acute, margin remotely serrulate, scabrous, nearly smooth,
midrib on the under side pubescent, stem roughly pilose,
summit virgate; branches sm.all-leaved, paniculate, re-
curved, racemes filiform, secund, pubescent; peduncles
s<^juamose; fiov/ers small, liguli minute. Seed smooth.

24. Uvigata. Obs. Stem erect and smooth, about 6 feet
higli, summit virgate; leaves lanceolate, carnose, every
where smooth; racemes leafy, secund; peduncles filiform
and squamose, smooth or pubescent, 1 to 3-flowered; ca-
lix multibracteate, scales carnose, acute; rays elongated,
about 10.

25. linionifolia. Persocn. .S*. mexicana, Aiton, but not in-

^60 STNGEXESIA. StrffRrLLA.

dlgenous to Mexico. Obs. Kacenies not vlrprated, panicu-
late, secund, nearh' naked, aiid not cxsertcd; peduncles
irostiy l-fiowered, c;dix with fewer bractes; flowers lar-
ger, peduuc'es equally pubescent, rays about 10. liecep-
tacie punctate, niargiiis of the alveoli, in tins as well as
in the p.rLCeding- pubescent.

25. cempervirens. Obs. Stem tall, erect and smooth; leaves
lineur-lanceulate, vsrry acute, partly acuminate, suucar-
nose, .suiooth and entire, margin scabrous; racemes loose,
filiform, axilLaiy, secund and suberect; peduncles squa-
niose, pubescent, longer than the calix; ra\ s elongated, 5
or e. ^eed pubescent.

f f Racemes erect.

'2,7- * »peciosa. Stem tall and smooth, simple or virgately
branched; leaves lanceolate, entire, sDmcv.liat carnose,
fscabroas on the niargin, the lower very br^ad, radical
ones subserrate; racemes terminal, erect and compound,
j)ube3cent; peduncles mostly shorter than the cal x; rays
idongated i-tbout 5; seed smooth. Hab. In shady woods,
oil ',!ie banks of tije Schuylkill, also in New Jersey; near
Philadelphia^ but rare. S. sempervirens. Mich. 5'. integri-
f-jUa? Persoon, 2. p. 449. Allied to S. peiiolaris. Stem
often 6 feet id^h, smootli and sulcate. Lowest leaves a
j-'pan lonjj;-, and 3 inclies broad, irregularly and remotely
subserraie, upper leaves very entire, gradually diminish-
ing upwards, in dry and shady situations, membx-anaceous
and veined, in gardens subcarnose and smaller, with the
veins partly obliterated, racemes also numerous, but always
i-igid, terminal and erect. Flov.ers larger than the pre-
^•eding, w iili the culix also coloured (which in the prece-
ding is green); rays bright yellow, unusually broad. The
.seeds in this species are perfectly smooth, in our semper-
virens pubescent. This is one of the most ornamental
plants of the genus.

2S. pauci/Ioscidosa. 20- bicohr. 20. petiolaris. 31. stri'cta.

32. vb'gala. AJich. Obs. Stem sm.ooth and simple, at-
tenuated, summit racemose; raceme uiostly solitary, com-
pound, peduncles erect, smooth, and filiform, squamose;
leaves -mooih, lanceolate-oblong, partly obtuse, enct, dia-
phanousl} punctate, and scabrous on the n.argin,lower ones
subserrate, the up])er small and e-ntire. — In open swamps
around Wilmington, Nortli Carolina. Stem remarkably
attenuated, more so than in the following, to which it is
nearly allied, 4 to 5 feet hip;h; the leaves gradually dimin-
ishing upwards to 3 or 4 lines in length, and about 2 in
breadth; lowest leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches
long, remotely but regularly serrulate. Flowers small.

STNGEKiESIA. SUPERFLUA. 161

To add to the error of Michaux, Mr. Pursh says that tlie
leaves are very entire. In any other species, less sinj^ular,
the identity would have been impossible. S. humilis ap-
pears to be a variety of this species.

33. * pulvendenta. Stem tall, perfectly simple, and ia
common with the leaves and peduncles pulverulently pu-
bescent; leaves sessile, impunctate, lower ones elliptic,
serrate, the upper much smaller, obovatc and entire, mar-
gin scabrous; raceme erect, solitary, compound, spiciform;
scales of the calix thickish, partly acute; rays elongated,
about 10. Hab. In Georgia and Florida. — Dr. Baidwyn.
— A species which might almost be confounded with tlie
preceding, though quite distinct. Stem 3 or 4 feet high,
attenuated, sometimes reddish. The lower leaves are
acute, and somewhat resemble those of Spiraa saUcffoua.

34. erecta? Herb. Banks, mss. Stem simple, 1 or 2
feet high, partly villous in common with the peduncles
and under side of the leaves; leaves all nearly equal, en-
tire, elliptic-lanceolate, subpetiolate, acute, and strongly
veined; racemes erect, axillar and terminal, 3 or 4 indies
long, peduncles filiform, pubescent, naked; scales of the
calix acute. Haf. In open swamps near Wilm.ington,
North Carolina. It may possibly be distinct from S. erec-
ta, as nothing certain can be tierived from such vague
descriptions. This species is remaikably low, and singu-
lar for the equality of the leaves, which arc 2 or 3 inches
long, scarcely an inch wide, and subpetiolate.

35. livida. 36. hirta- 37. Uthospermifolia. 38. hispida.
39. cicsia. Stem glaucous. 40. jftexiccmlis. 41. macro-
phijlla. Scarcely distinct from the following. 42. glome-
rata. Lower leaves broad oval, and acuminate, serrate.
Nearly allied to Asier.

43. * squarroi-a. Robust; stem thick and pubescent
above; leaves smooth, lower ones very broad, spathulate-
oval, serrate, acute, marg-in scabrous, the upper sessile,
lanceolate-elliptic, entire; racemes glomerate, rigid and
pubescent; calix squarrose! man\ -flowered, rays elongat-
ed, 10 or 12. Hab, On the rocky banks of the Ilariton,
near New Brunswick, (New Jer:.ey,) &c. According to
Muhlenberg's Catalogue, it exists also in Pennsylvania
and Georgia. Allied to S. strlcta. — Stem thick, 2 to 3
feet high, always simple; lower leaves dilated, upper
much smaller, very acute, subacuminate, someti.mes
slighUy scabrous on the upper side alung the mid-rib.
I'lowers nearly as large as those of S. risnda: racemes
axillary, thick and crowded, forming a compound spike.
Seeds smooth. This is one of the finest species, and dis-
tinguished from all others by its squvirrose calix.
02

1C:2 SYNGEKESIA. SUPERFLLA.

44. Virgaurea. 45. vimiiiea. 46, * pnbenila. Stem sim-
ple and tt-rete, somewhat pubescent; leaves lanceolate,
entire, on eacli side minutely pubescent, attenuated at
eitlier extremity, radical ones subserrate; racemes spiked,
axillary, erect and condensed; peduncles pubescent; scales
of the culix linear-lanceolate, acute; rays elongated, about
10. Hab. !n the sandy fields of New Jersey, near Am-
boy. Sec. Stem brownish, 1 to 2 feet high, simple, and
pulverulently pubescent, as are also the leaves in a smaller
degree; racemes shorter tlian the lower leaves, collected
into a leafy spike, 4 to 6 inclies in length; rays conspicu-
ous and of a bright golden-yellow. The whole aspect of
the plant is that of .V. nemoralis, the inflorescence and up-
per attenuation of the leaves apart.

47. jmdtiradiata. 48. elata. 49. rigida. The largest
flowered species in North America.

* EuTHAMiA. f Calix cylindric-ovate, closely im-
bricated, scales agglutinated. 7?a(i/6r/ florets 10 to
20, very small, yellow. Recefitacle setose. Fafi-
Jius simple. Seed villous.

Herbaceous; stems numerously branched, leaves nar-
row and very entire, longitudinally nerved; flowers ter-
minal, glomerated, glomeruli fastigiate, corymbose. Ca-
lix resinosely viscid. A subgenus, or rather genus, reci-
procally allied to Solidago and Chri/socoma.

50. graminifolia. Chriisocoma graminifoUa, Lin. Solida-
go lanceolata, Alton. Stem and branches marginately an-
gular, angles and nerves on the under sidt- of the leaves
minutely hispid; leaves lanceolate-linear, entire, 3 to 5-
nervtd, margin scabrous; rays 15 to 20, minute, scarcely
exserted. Hab. From Canada to Virginia.

51. teiudffjlia. S. iemiifolia. Ph. 2. p. 540. Stem low
and moie nunierously braiiched, angular, and as well as

I tlie leaves smooth; leaves narrow linear, numerous, mar-
gin suLciliateiy scabrous, the upper surface covered with
resinous atoms, obsoletely 3-nerved; rays about 10, dis-
tinctly exserted. Hab. From New Jersey to Florida.
Axills of the leaves in imperfect plants oiten foliose.

Solidago is exclusively a North American genus, with
the exception of 5 or 6 species in Europe, and 2 near
Canton in China. 'I"he arborescent species of 6t. Helena
and New Zealand will probably be excluded from this
genus, if ever carefully examined.

t lii allusioa to tii« crowding of the flowws.

SYNGEWESIA. SUPERFLUA, 16S

561. »BRACHYRIS.t

Calix CA'lindric-ovate, closely imbricate, scales
agglutinated. Radial florets about 5; discal
florets also 5. Receptacle naked. Fappiis sbort
and paleaceous, leaflets 5 to 8, persistent.

Vegetation almost exactly similar to that of Euthamia
temiifolia.

B. Euthamia. SoUdago Sarothra. Ph. 2. p. 540.

Obs. Perennial. Stems numerous, marginately angular
and scabrous, 6 to 12 inches high, fastigiately branched
and corymbose. Leaves proXimate, narrow linear, entire,
punctate, and scabrous on the margin; branchlets dicho-
tomous. Flowers terminal, often glomerated by Ss, smalJ,.
and yellow. Scales of the calix subcarinate, partly acute,
with greenish foliaceous points, resinosely glutinous. Rays
5, entire, nearly as long as the calix. Discal florets the
same number, tubular, 5-toothed. Seed somewhat in-
versely conic, pubescent; pappus paleaceous, about the
length of the seed, 5 to S-parted. leaflets unequal, lineal*
and subacute, Hab. On the arid hills of the Missouri,,
from the Arikarees to the Mountains? The whole plant
possesses a sti-ong balsamic but disagreeable scent, and
is used medicinally by the aborigines, operating power-
fully as a diuretic.

562. DONL\. R. Brown.

Calix hemispherical, imbricated, squarrose
and glutinous. Radial florets numerous, (30 to
35, yellow). Receptacle naked, scrobiculate*
Pappus setaceous, setse 3 or 4, deciduous, some-
what paleaceous.

Suffi'uticose, or biennial; leaves serrated, resinosely
ptmctate; flowers terminal, fastigiate. Seeds obovate,
smooth.

Species. 1. D. sguarrosa. Ph. Obs. Biennial or suf-
fruticose. Stem 3 or 4 feet high, erect or spreading,
white or purplish; branches fastigiate, few-flowered, ra-
muli l-fiowered. Radical leaves spathulate-obovate, ob--
tuse, stem leaves oblong, acute, serrate, amplexicaule,
smooth and reticulately veined, glandularly punctate.

fFrom ^^^Z^i^ short, and »;^y^av, a chaffij scale; the pap-
pus being short and paleaceous.

164 SYNGENE3IA. SUPEUFLUA.

Flowers large and yellow. Calix hemispherical, closely
imbricated, the scales terminating- in foliaceous revolute
points, abuiidantiy secreting a resinous fluid which often
by its tenacity prevents the expansion of many of the ra-
dial florets. Kays lineai'-lanceolate. Seed obovate, com-
pressed, smooth. Pappus consisting of about 4 decidu-
ous chaify setae. Receptacle flat, naked, cellularly punc-
tured. Hab. On rocky calcareous hills near the lead-
mines of the Meremek, Missisippi, a few miles from St.
Louis. — Mr. J. Bradbury: also abundant on the broken
banks of the Missouri. In these situations it is a biennial,
cultivated in London k becomes sufrruticose, even when
exposed to the climate. May it not be a variety of I), gin-
tinosa, deteriorated in the term of its duration by the seve-
rity of the climates into whicii it has gradually been ex-
tended? Although arranged in a different order of the
Linnzean system it appears by no means indistinctly al-
lied to the genus Cavihamus, and the orderof Ci>rAuo6E.

PHAL.E.

^(j2. arnica, l.

Calix hemispherical, leaflets equal, mostly iu
a simple series? Radial ihwcis often produciiii^
5 filaments destitute ot* antliers. Receptacle na-
ked. Faypus simple, scabrous.

A polymorphous and divided genus? Some of the spe-
cies caulescent and also shrubby; tiiose of Kurope and
North America, with a ^ew others, often scapigerous,
scapes l-Howered, sometimes producing 1 or 2 pair of
opposite leaves; flowers mostly yellow.

S?ECiEs. 1. A. montmia. /3- f'-^^geJis Jl. fuJgcns. Pii.
2. p. 527. Scarcely dissimilar to specimens of the alpine
variety in the Iianksian herbarium. Hab. On the margins
of marshy springs and in depressed situations, from the
Arikarees to Fort Mandan, and probably as far as the
?iIo»mtains. Flowering in July. Flowers bright yellow,
Oflg, Minutely pubescent. Scape about 12 Indies high,
mostly with 2 pair of leaves, terminated by 1 rarely 3
flowers. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 5 nerved; sum-
mit of the caudex tomentose. Cullx a simple series or
leaflets, somew hat hirsute. Tube of the florets pilose;
lays wiliiout fiLments; seed hirsute, slender. A. plantw
^inea, of I'ursh from the specimen which I have seen, ap-
pears also a mere variety of t'le above.

^. Doro7iicum. o-mulicivtle. Doroidcinn nudlcaiilc. Mich.
2. p. 121. .i. Clavtoni. Vn. 4. ^navitima.

STXGENESIA. SUPERrLLA. 165

A ijenus principally indig'enous lo Europe and the Cape
of G();kI Hope, there are also 2 species in Soutii America,
2 in J;ipan, 1 in Arabia fr'elix, and a bhrubby species, or
something' else, in New Zealand.

564. SENECIO. i. (Ragwort.)

Cidix cylindric, subcaliculate: scales spljacc-
late at the points. Beceptacle naked. Fappus
siiiiple, capillary, and copious.

SufTruticose or more connmonly herbaceous; leaves en-
tire or pianatifid; fiowers mostly corymbose or terminal;
yellow or rarely purple. A few species are destitute of
rays.

SPEcres. 1. S. vulgaris. Introduced. 2. hieracifoUus.
Seeds pubescent. 3. elongates. Ph. A. paucijiorus. Ph.
5. pauptrculus. 6. gracilis. Ph. 7. obovatus. 8. Baha-
mitde. 9. aureus. 10. Ci/nibalaria. Ph. A, starved vari-
ety of the preceding? 11. canade7isis. 12. lobatus, Persoon.
Common around New Orleans. 13. Kahnii. Cineraria
canadensis. Obs. Nearly all the North American species
of this genus are imperfectly or minutely caliculate, and
to separate them on this ground appears arbitrary and
unnatural, as they are perfectly homogenous.

14. iiitegrifolius. Ci7ieraria integnfolia. Common also
to Europe. /3. heterophylla. A variety of the preceding?
C. heterophylla. Ph. 2. p. 523. The stem leaves of the
American S. integrifuUus are always more or less toothed
at the base.

15. * integerrirnis. Smooth; stem simple and attenuated;
leaves perfectly entire; radical ones long petiolate, lanceo-
late, acute, cauline sessile, acuminate, uppermost minute;
corymb simple, 8 to iS-nowered? peduncles 1-flowered,
rays shorter than the hemispherical caliculate calix. Hab.
In'depressed and moist situations on the plains of the
Missouri, near the Great Bend. Flowering in June. Flow-
er large and ycliov.-. Stem 12 to 18 inches high. Lower
leaves thickisli and somewhat carnose, very smooth, up^-
permost minute, slightly tomentose; corymb coarctatc.
Seeds smooth. Nearly allied to S. aquaticus.

A genus of more than 140 species principally indigenous
to Europe and the Cape of Good Hope.

o65. TUSSILAGO. L. (Colt's-foot, Riitter-biir.)

Crt^j^u simple, scales equal, even witii tlie disk

and submembranaceous* Feminine Horcts ligii-

160 SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUAr

late or tubular. Receptacle r\iikv(\. Pappus smi^
pie, sessile. (Flowers mostly polygamous, dioi-
cous.)

Leaves radical, often large; scapes squamose, 1-flov.ered^
or tliyrsoidiy spiked, mostly appearing before iIk- leaves.

Species. l.T. frigiuii. 2.sagittata. Herb. Banks, mss.
3. palmaia. t) r. On tlit: islands of Lake Huron, ijear
Michiliniakinak, in Fir woods, fAbies CcoiadeasisJ. The
leaves considerably resemble those of PoclophijUum pel-
fatum.

A genus almost exclusively European, with the above,
2 species in Siberia and 1 in Patagonia, excepted.

566. ZINNL\. L.

Calix ovate-ryliiKiric, imbricate. Bays 5,
persistent, entire. Receptacle paleaceous. Rap'
pus 2 erect awns.

Herbaceous; leaves opposite, rarely verticillate; flowers
solitary, terminal; rays red or yellow.

Species. 1. Z. midtif-ora. A doubtful native.

A genus of 5 species, all probably indigenous to Mexi-
co, with the exception of Z. paudfora of Peru.

567. BOEBERA. 7Filldenou\

Calix doubl;-^, exterior niany-Ieaved^ interior
8-leaved. Receptacle naked. Rappiis pilose.

Annual; leaves opposite, pseudopinuiite, and as v^^ell as
the calix glandular; peduncles 1-fiov.ercd, dichoiomal and
terminal. Inner calix about 12-leaved, exterior or invo-
lucell about 8-leaved, spreading. Ra} s about 8. Pappus
pilose, short. Nearly allied to Tageica.

Species. 1. B. glandulom. A common weed on the
banks of the Mi6sisip{)i and Missouri to the Mountains, in
denudutcd soili. — Stem decumbent and much branched.
Flowers small and yellow; calix campar.ulate, and as well
as the leaves, beset wi-.h the same foetid resinous glands
as 'li.getes and diifusing a similar llutaceous odor. — The
only species of the genus.

568. >^TRICHOPHYLLUM. t

Calix oblongcylindric, raany-leaved, equal.

-j-The copious pubescence, particularly distinguishing these
plants from the genus Tajetec.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. 167

Radial florets oblonc^. Bcceptacle naked, rap-
pus p.ilcaccous, minute, 5 to 8-Ieavcd, leaflets
obtuse, awnless.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate? or opposite, palmately
pinna* ifid, tomentose or villous; peduncles l-flowered, di-
chotonial and terminal.

Species. 1. T. lauaUim. Actinella lanata^ Ph. 2. p. 560.
Every where whitely and lanuginously tomentose; leaves
alternate, those of the stem subpalmately pinnatifid, of the
branches linear and entire; peduncle elong-ated, the sum-
mit thicker. IIab. Near the sources of Columbia river.
M. Lewis. Flowering in June and July. v. s. in Herb.
Lambert. — Perennial; stem erect and branching, about a
foot high. Leaves alternate? (perhaps not constantly so)
those of the stem elongated, narrow at the base, dilated
and divided pinnatifidly above, divisions liguiate and
somewhat toothed, uppermost entire. Calix oblong-cy-
lindric, composed of a simple series of leaves, about 12
to 14, linear-lanceolate, actite. Rays about the same num-
]jer, oblong, bidentate. Pappus 5 to 8-leaved. Seed pen-
tangular? glabrous, attenuated downwards. — The flowers
are bright yellow, und in form and character strongly re-
semble those of the genus Tagetes.

2. * oppositifoUum. Decumbent and much branched,
■ {shortly and canescently pubescen'; leaves opposite, all
palmately trifid, segments liguiate, simple, or divaricately
subdivided; peduncle filiform, mostly dichotomal, scarcely
longer than the leaves. Hab. On denudated sterile hills,
near Fort Mandan; abundant. Flowering in July and
August. — Perennial? stem diituse, 6 to 12 inches lugh,
grooved; oppositely blanched. Leaves pet.olate, ti-itid,
canescent, pubescence very short, sec>;ments about an inch
long, thiclcish and opaque, the lateral ones mostly bifid,
the central one often trifid, all somewhat obtuse and li-
near Peduncle slender, 1 to 2 inches Ion,,, a liule tliick-
er under the calix. Calix oblong-cylindric, s.mple, leaf-
lets 5 to 8, oblong-ovate, erect; rays about the same num-
ber, very short. Pappus paleaceous, 5 to 8-leaved, mi-
r.ute, leaflets partly obtuse and somewhat lacerate. Seed
nearly smooth, rather long, and attenuated downwards,
or inversely conic. Keceptacle small and naked. — The
whole of this plant is very sensibly bitter and destitute of
aroma.

There is nothing in the habit of this genus .vhich would
lead us to suppose it allied to Actindla o. Ju-^sieu, and
scarcely more ia the generic character. In Actinella the

168 SYNGENESIA, SUPERFLUA.

calix is very short, flat, and horizontally spreading"; tlie
leaflets of the paleaceous pappus awned, and the seeds
villous; the leaves are also alternate and entire. The
proximate affinity of the present genus is lo Tagetes.

569. BOLTONIA. Schrcbcr,

Calix imbricated. Raijf; numerous. Becep-
fade conic, punctate. Seeds flat and marginat-
ed. Pappus consisting of many minute setse,
with 2 of them opposite and mostly elongated.

Herbaceous; leaves entire; stems divaricately branched;
peduncles terminal, l-{^ov.-ered. Hays pale violet.

Species. 1. B. glaHifoUa. The leaves when bruised
smell somethin,^ like Fennel. 2. asteroides. — The only
species of the genus.

570. BELLIS. L, (Daisy.)

Calix hemispiierical: leaflets equal. Seed ob-
ovate. Receptacle naked, conic. Pappus none.

Leaves radical; scapes 1-flowered; rays white or pur-
ple. The caulescent species ought probably to be sepa-
rated.

Species. 1. B. intcgrifolla. No botanist has yet col-
lected this plant since Michaux. Is it not an Eclipta ?

571. CHRYSANTHEMUM. L. (Ox-eye.)
Calix hemispherical, imbricate; innermost

scales scariose. JRcceptacIe naked. Pappus none.

Stem simple or branched; leaves simple or pseudopin-
r.ate; flowers terminal, solitary or corymbose.

Species. 1. C. l^eticaiithemnm. Introduced, and now
abupflantly naturalized in tJie middle states. 2. arcticum.
In >7orth California.

.572. TYRETHRUM. Ga-viner, Smith. (Fever-
lew.)

Calix hemi.'^ph.erira], imbricate, scales partly
acute, with scariose margins. Receptacle naked.
Pappus marginal.

.Stem branched; leaves entire or pscudopinnate; pedun-
cles branc!ied, corymbose or solitary.

Species. 1. 1\ serotinum. — An European genus.

SYNGENESIA, SUPERFLUA. 169

oTS. STARREA. TVilldenow.

Calix imbricated. Receptacle hirsute. Pap-
pus simple, sessile, scabious.

Herbaceous; leaves entire or pseudopinnate; flowers co-
rymbobc. ^

Species. 1. S.? pinnata. Subtomentose; stem erect and
corymbosely branched; leaves partly pseudopinnate, ulti-
mate segments minute and subulate; receptacle subpale-
aceous. Amellus spinnlosus. Ph. 2. p. o64. Hab. On the
plains of the Missouri, common. P'lowering in August
and September. Obs. Stem 1 or 2 feet high, erect; the
"whole plant covered with a slender tomentum. Leaves
rigid, 1 and a hatf to 2 inches long, pseudopinnate, seg-
ments pinnatifid, ultimate divisions subulate, 1 to 2 lines
long. Uamuli l-flo.\ered, fastig'iate. Calix closely im-
bricafed, much shorter than the pappus, scales acute.
Ravft yellow, oblong, minutely bidentate. Anthers entire
at the base. Pappus somewhat ferruginous, rigid, sca-
brous, copious and unequal. Recej.tacle t'avose, subpa-
leaceous. palaea short and acuminate. — Nearly allied to
Clvysopsis, and scarcely of this genus? Certauily not
Amellus. Is it not allied to Erigeron pinnaiijidum, E. pin-
natiim, or to the pinnate leaved Asters ^ A. aurantiusy and
A. pinnatus.

The only genuine species of Starkea is indigenous to
the mountains of Jamaica.

574. ECLIPTA. L.

Calix many-leaved, subequal. Discal florets
mostly 4-cleft. RarjSYevy narrow and numer-
ous. Receptacle setose. Pappus none. Seed
rugose, 2-edged, subquadrangular.

Herbaceous annuals; stem weak and branched, and as
well as the leaves mostly strigose; leaves entire, opposite;
flowers obscure, vvhitish, peduncles axillar and terminal.
Allied to Bellis. Stems furnished with an elastic, filiform
centre, similar to that of Stellaria and Ahiiie. Sap black-
ening in the air.

Species. 1. E. erecfa. Indigenous also to India and
Egypt. Its juice is said to dye wool of a black coljur. 2.
procumbeiis. 3. brachypoda.

A tropical genus of 7 species, indigenous to India and

VOL. II. P

irO SYNGENESIi.. STTPERrLXJA.

America, extending into the warmer parts of the United
States. Growing generally on the banks of rivers.

575. SIEGESBECKIA. L.

Exterior calix 5-Ieaved, spreading, interior
many-leaved, pentangular subeq ual. ^i2G//s only
on one side of the flower. Receptacle paleace-
ous. Fuppus none. Seed pai'tly 4-sided.

Herbaceous; leaves opposite, asperate, somewhat 3-
nerved; flowers pedunculute, axillary and terminal.

Species. 1. ^. laciniata. 2. fosculosa. North Califor-
nia.— A genus of 4 species, 1 indigenous to India, 2 to
America, and 1 to Iberia.

576. PHAETHLSA. Gcertner.

CnlLr imbricated. Bays 1 to 3. Receptacle
paleaceous. Seeds hispid. Pajjjms none.

Herbaceous; leaves opposite, entire, S-nerved, branches
corymbose.

Species. 1. P. amencana. -\-. A very doubtful plant.

577. VERBESINA. L,

Calix many-leaved, leaflets disposed in a
double series. Rays about 5. Receptacle pale-
aceous. Papjms 2-awned.

Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves more or less scabrous,
alternate or opposite; flowers axillary or terminal and co-
rymbose.

Species. 1. V. virginica. Flowers white; stem naked.
2. Siegesbeekia, Leaves opposite.

3. * laciniata. Stem grooved, naked; leaves sessile, si-
nuately lacuiiated, subpinnatifid, attenuated at either ex-
tremity, and acute; branches corymbose; flowers white;
calix subimbricaie; seeds immarginate. Hab. In South
Carolina, v. s. In Herb. Muhl. Perhaps Siegesbeekia la-
ciniata, of Lam ark.

A genus of 17 species, principally indigenous to India
and tiie warmer parts of America. The North American
species are nearly allied to Ximenesia, in which the seeds
of the disk are also flat and minutely bisetose, but the ca-
lix and numerous rays of this plant serve as important
distinctions.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. 171

578. ACMELLA. Richard,

Calix sim])le, leaficis few. Receptacle oblong,
paleaceous. Seeds 4-3ided, truncate at the sum-
mit, naked.

Herbaceous, stems mosty prociunbent, lea\;es opposite,
entire; peduncles solitary, i-flowereci, axillary and termi-
nal. Flowers yello>v. Kays oblong.

Species. 1. A. repeiis. Spilanthus repens. Mich. 2. occi-
dentalism Hab. On tlie banks of the Missisippi neat*
_ New Orleans. Ob3. Stem repent^ .«!onne\vilat pubescent.
Leaves ovate, crenate, obsoleteiy 3-ncrved, smooth and
petiolate; peduncle axillary and grooved, about 3 inches
long-; rays 5 to 8r; caiix minute. Resembles a small Hud'
bcckia.

A g'enus of 5 or 6 species indif^enous to the warmer
parts of Amei'ica, not essentially disiiuct from Ueliopsis
either in habit or chai-acter.

o79. ANTHEMIS. L. (Mayweed, Chamomile.)
Calix hemispherical, subequal. Bays more
than 5. Receptacle paleaceous; palese ilat, with
rigid acuminated points. Pappus none or mar-
ginal.

Herbaceous; leaves mostly multind; ramuli usually 1-
fiowered; rays white or yellow, rarely wanting.

Species. 1. A. nobilis. Common Chamomile. Natural-
ized near Lewistown, Delaware. 2. Cotula. May-weed.
Introduced, but now every where a common weed in
■wastes.

A genus of about 25 species, almost exclusively indige-
nous to Europe.

530. ACHILLEA. L. (Millfoil.)

Ca/Lr ovate, imbricate. Rays 5 to 10, round-
ish. Receptacle paleaceous. Fappus none.

Herbaceous, seldom sufif'ruticose; leaves multifid or rare-
ly undivided; flowers corymbose; rays white, reddish or
yellow.

Species. 1. A. Afillefolium. Naturalized, ^tomcntofa.
Upper Louisiana. Fh. 3. asplenifolia. A variety of ^f. Mil-
lefoliwn? 4. Ptaruiica, Sneezewort. From Canada to New
iork. Ph.

17j2 STNGENESIA. SUPERrttJA.

A genus of near 50 species, almost exclusively indige-
nous to Europe and the Levant.

581. TETRAG0N01HECA. VHeritier.
Catix 1 leaved, 4-sided, 4-paiied, very broad.

Secepfacle paleaceous. Pappus none.

Herbaceous; leaves opposite, entire; peduncles 1-flow-
ered, dichotomal and terminal.

Species. l.T. /telianthohles. Hab. In the pine woods
of Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia. Stem 2 to 3 feet high.
Flowers yellow. — The only species of the genus, allied to
J^oli'nmia.

582. HELIOPSIS. VEeritier.

Calix imbricated, scales subovate, lined. RayS
lar2;e and linear. i2ecf/}/ade paleaceous, conic,
palffia lanceolate. Seeds 4-sided, Pappus none.

Herbaceous; leaves opposite, ovate, 3-nerved; peduncles
l-flo\vered, dichotomal and terminal. Calix nearly simple.

Speoies. 1. H. Icevis. Hab. From New York to Flori-
da; often near fences, thriving by exposure. Flowers
golden yellow. — The only species of the genus?

583. BUPHTHALMUM. i.

Calix foliaceous. Receptacle paleaceous. Pap-
pus 4-toothed, or an obsolete margin. Angles
of the seefZ partly marginated, particularly those
of the ray.

Shrubby or herbaceous; leaves entire, opposite and al-
ternate; flowers mostly terminal.

Species. 1. B. frvteacens. On the sea-coast of Carolina
and Florida. Angles of the seed 3 or 4, acute, summit
suberose, obsoletely toothed, surface granulated and
somewhat scabrous. Chaff of the receptacle rigid, cari-
nated and cuspidate in the fruit, squarrose. 2. an^fustifoliiun.
Herb Banks, mss. ^. sagittatum.Vii. 'Hoi m livphthahmm}?

A genus of more than 20 species indigenous to Ame-
rica as far as Paraguay, Europe, the Levant, Egypt, Ara-
bia, China and the Cape of Good Hope. A group proba-
bly not very natural.

SYNGENESIA. SUPERFLUA. 173

58 4. HELENIUM. Z. (American Sneezewort.)
Calix simple, many parted. Rays of the flower
semitrifid. Receptacle naked, globose; the rays
only paleaceous. Seed villous; pappus palea-
ceous, about 5-Ieaved, leaflets avvned.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, decurrent; flowers ter-
minal, pedunculate, subcorymbose. — Discal florets 4 and
5- toothed, externall} viscid and glandular; anthers bisE-
tose, or bifid at the base as in Inula,- it appears, however,
both by external and sensible properties more nearly allied
to GalanUa.

Species. 1. H. autumnale. Very common. Flowers
large and bright yellow; the whole plant is intensely bit-
ter, with something of the aroma of Anthemis nobilis, and
would probably answer all its medicinal properties. 2. ca-
rMliciilatum. -f-. 3. quadrideiitatwn. v. v. Near New Or-
leans.

A North American genus, indigenous to river marshes.

585. ACTINELLA. Jussieu.

Calix many-leaved, subequal, flat. Rays (8
to 20), 3-toothed, wider towards tlic extremity.
Receptacle naked, hemispherical. Fappus pa-
leaceous, 5 to 8-leaved, leaflets awned.

Stemless or caulescent and suflTruticose; leaves entire,
alternate; scape or terminal peduncle elongated, naked,
1-flowered. — Flower concolor (yellow.) Diskal florets very-
short, viscidly glandular? tube minute; anthers entire at
the base; seeds villous. Nearly allied to Galardia, but the
rays are distinctly styliferous, and the receptacle naked.

Species. 1. A. acaulis. Scape naked, 1-flowered;
leaves linear-spathulate, entire, villous; ra}s 8 to 10.
Galardia acaidis. Ph. F1. Am. 2. p. 743.

Obo- Perennial. Rootsfibrous, aggregated in dense tufts.
Leaves circularly aggregated, linear-spathulate, punctate,
. sericeously villous in common with the scape and calix,
axills of the membranaceous sheathes conspicuously pi-
lose, (length 2 to 3 inches, breadth 3 or 4 lines.) Scape 8
to 12 inches long. Leaflets of the calix oblong-lanceolate,
subequal, irregular, about 2 series, densely villous. Flow?
ers bright yellow, as large as those of Ghumomile. Kays
8 to 10, 3 or 4 lines long and 2 broad, expanding to-
wards the extremity, rather deeply 3-toothed. Discal
p3

174 STNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA.

.florets minutely 5-toothed, viscid. Seed short and obco-
ric, shorter than the chaffy calicle. Pappus about 5 or
6-leaved, Rwned.f Receptacle hemispherical, naked. H ab.
On high gravelly hills near Fort Mandan, Missouri. Flow-
ering in June and July.

Of this genus, which does not appear to have any natu-
ral affinity with HymenopappuSy there is a second species
indigenous to Buenos Ayres.

Order III.— POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA.

(Discal florets bisexual; rays neutral, sterile.)

566. *^LEPT0P0DA4

Calix simple, many-parted. Rays 20 or more,
semitrifid, broader at the summit. Receptaele
naked, hemispherical. Pappus paleaceous, 8 to'
10-leaved, awnless.

Herbaceous; stem 1-flowered, peduncle very long;
leaves alternate, decurrent, very entire and smooth; flower
entirely yellow.

L. Heknium. Galardia Jimbriata? Mich. Flor. 2. p. 142.

Obs. Perennial. Very smooth. Stem attenuated, and
grooved, about 2 feel long. Peduncle 12 inches, a little
enlarged under the calix. Leaves few, linear-lanceolate,
entire and very smooth, decurrent, lower ones 6 to 8
inches long, attenuated downwards, slightly punctate and
thickish, only 3 or 4 lines broad, the uppermost sessile,
linear, and not more than 2 inches long. Calix short and
simple like that of Ilelenium, segments foliaceous and

t The number of paleaceous leaflets crowning the seeds of
many syngenesious genera, will often be found to constitute
more essential generic distinctions, than many others which are
constantly adduced; in some genera these leaflets are about 5, in
a smaller number 6 to 8, or 8 to 10, and in others 12 to 15. Not-
withstanding their minuteness, tliey appear to hold the relative
importance of the divisions of the calix, in which number is
indisputably important.

4 So called in allusion to tlie elongated peduncle.

STNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA. 175

acute. Kays neutral, more tlian 20. Tube of the discal
florets miiuite, border viscidly glandular, 4 and 5-toothed.
Stijrmas obtuse. Seed smooth and subcylindric; paicaceou3
leaflets oblont^, obtuse, somewhat lacerated. — A genus
much more nearly allied to Heleninm than Galardia, but
connecting- both. Hab. In the c^ien swamps ot Carolina
and Georgia. — The leaves are somewhat sweetish to the
taste.

58r. GALARDIA. Fougeroux, Jnss. Wilhl,

Calix many-leaved, flat, subequal. Rays ^e-
mitrifid and broader towards the summit. Recej)-
tack setose, hemispherical. Pappus paleaceou.s,
leaflets 8 to 10, awned.

Herbaceous; stem simple or branched from the base;
leaves altei-nate, lower ones incisely toothed; flowers soli-
tary, terminal, long pedunculate, particoloured, the disk
brownish-red, rays partly yellow. Seed densely pilose
towards the base.

Spzcies. 1. G. bicolor. In the open Pine forests of
Georgia and*South Carolina. |3. aristata. Ph. Scarcely
specifically distinct from the preceding, but requires fur-
ther comparison. Indigenous to the grassy hills of the
Missouri; abvindant near Fort Mandan, and from thence
to tlie Mountains. In a native state the stem is generally
1-flowered. Root pereimial. This variety bears the cli-
mate of England without protection, and ripens seeds. —
The only species of the genus.

588. ^BALDUINA.f

Calix imbricated, foiiaceous, and squarrose.
Raifs subtrifid. Receptacle hemi.spheri(:al, cor-
neous, rellulai'! Seeds immersed. Pappus pa-
leaceous, awnless, erect, about 10-leaved.

Herbaceous; stems 1 or many-flowered, flowers pedun-
culate, terminal, yellow; leaves alternate, very entire.

Species. 1. B. * unifora. Stem m.ostly 1-flowered,
angular and sulcated; leaves partly carnose, spathulate-
linear, entire and smooth, radical ones ovate; pappus

I Dedicated as a just tribute of respect for the talents and in-
dustry of William Baldwyn, M. D., late of Savannah in Geor-
gia; a gentleman whose botanical zeal and knowledge has rare-
ly been excelled in America.

1T5 SYNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA.

about the length of the seed. Hab. In open grassy swamps
from the maritime parts of Virginia to Florida. Obs.
Root small and fibrous, perennial. Stem simple, 1 to o
flowered, minutely pubescent, 3 or 4 feet high. Leaves
few, upper ones acule, all of them short, about from 1 to 2
inches long, and^pxcept the radical ones only 2 or 3 lines
wide, very entire. Peduncle enlarged towards the ex-
tremity. Calix partly hemispherical, consisting of many
series of shortish, imbricated, squarrose leaves Rays ma-
ny, neutral, golden-yellow, externally pubescent, dilated
towards the extremity, and deeply 3-toothed or partly
trifid. Discal florets very numerous, glandularly pubes-
cent, 5 or rarely 4-toothed, the base very singularly mdu-
ratedand corneous. Anthers bisetose at the base. Stigmas
subperfoliate Receptacle corneous, very deeply and re-
markably favose so as entirely to include the seed with
its pappus! the cells 2 to 3 lines deep; intersections of the
"margins toothed. Seed sericeous, inversely conic; leaf-
lets of the pappus, linear-oblong, partly acute and entire,
connivent in a cylinder, as long as the seed.

2. * jnnltijiora. Stem branched, many- flowered, smooth
and striated; leaves narrow linear, s'lbcarnose and smooth;
segments of the calix and tet^-th of the corneous cellular
receptacle acuminated; pappus very short, cupulate. Hab.
On the sand-hills of the Altamalia, West Florida — Dr.
Baldwyn. Obs. Perennial? stem 3 or 4 feet high, terete,
considerably branclied above, branches 1 to 4-flowered;
flowers fastigiate, pedunculate, terminal. Leaves scatter-
ed, sessile, very narmw, often 2 inches long, and scarcely
a hue wide, smooth, and somewhat succulent. Hamuli
1-flowered; flowers pale yellow, much smaller than the
preceding, (about th.e size of those of Anthemis C'otula);
branches and smnoth calix glandular; peduncle 3 or 4
inches long, angular and grooved, leafy below, (or a con-
tinuation of the branchlet.) Calix squarrose, imbricated,
segments lanceolate, acuminate, fohaceous. Discal florets
4 and 5-toothed, dentures viscidly glandular, base of the
lube corneous (as in the preceding). Anthers bisetose at
the base. Stigmas long and perfoliate, or enlarged about
the middle, smoothish and fusiform beyond.f Receptacle
as in the preceding, but the intersections acuminately
toothed. Seed immersed, sericeous, inversely and acu-
minately conic. Piipjuis paleaceous, much shorter than
the seed; leaflets awnless, connivent in the form of a cup.

f A stigma somewhat similar exists in some species of Core*
9psis.

SYNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA, 177

or entire margin, very obtuse, about 10. — A very distinct
genus, but evidently allied to Galardia. f

589. HELIANTHUS. L. (Sunflower.)

Calix imbricated, subsquarrose, foliaceoiis.
Meceptade paleaceous, flat. Pappus paleaceous,
2-leaved, caducous.

Herbaceous, rarely shrubby, often tall; leaves scabrous,
opposite, alternate or rarely vertlcillate; flowers axillary
or terminal, sometimes very large, disk in some species
dark brown. — Tube of the discal florets distinct, verj^
short and narrow.

Species. 1. H. tubceformis. Hab. On the banks of
the Missouri, particularly in the vicinity of the aboriginal
stations, being often cultivated by them for the seed whick
is dried and ground into meal for food. Nearly allied to
U. anjiuiis.

2. atrorubem. Common throughout Upper Louisiana.
3. Ixtijlovus. 4. pnbescens. 5. divaricatus. 6. frondosus.
7. trachelifolius. 8. longif alius, Vu.

9. * pauciflorus. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate, nearly smooth; stem naked, trichotomous,
few-flowered; calix closely imbricated; leaflets ovate.
Hab. In Lower Louisiana. — Leaves sometimes ternately
vertlcillate, very long, paler beneath and somewhat pu-
bescent; ray and disk nearly the same colour. 4 or 5 feet
high.

t ^^PP^'i^ leaves alternate.

10. giganteus. /3. * crinitns. Leaves approximate, and
long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire, subses-

f To the following very natural group of genera, Helenmni,
Leptopoda, Actinella, Galardia, and Balduina, I would propose
the name of GALARDiiE; presenting the following general cha-
racter.

Common calix many-leaved, foliaceous, subequal or imbri-
cated. Radial florets semitrifid or 3-toothed, neutral or sty-
liferous. Discal florets viscidly glandular, 4 and 5-toothed,
tube minute. Receptacle hemispherical or globose, naked or
more rarely setose, punctate or very deeply favose. Seeds
obconic, mostly villous. Pappus paleaceous; leaflets 5 to lOj
naked or awned, united at the base.

Herbaceous, (one species of Actinella shrubby); leaves
alternate, entire, rarely all radicah flowers terminals pe-
dunculate.

178 SYNGENESIA. FRUSTRANEA.

sile and scabrous, equally green on both sides; flo\vers
fastigi.ate, numerous; calix squarrose, segments linear;
rays linear, very numerous. Hab. In Upper Louisiana,
on tile banks of rivurs; probably to the sources of tlie
Missouri. Disk yellow; flowers often nearly double. 11*
altissimus 12. stnt7iiOsus. 13. prostratus. 14. decapcta-
lus. 15. mnhijiorus. 16. mollis. 17. macrophyllus. Scarce-
ly distinct from //. decapetalvs. 18 angiistifolius.

A genus of about SO species exclusively indigenous to
North and South America, with the exception of //. coch-
inchinemis and //. irulicus of India and I^gypt, scarcely dis-
tinct from H. animus.

590. RUDBECKIA. L.

Calix subcqual, mostly consisting of a double
series of leaflets. Receptacle paleaceous, conic.
Pappus a 4-toothetI margin.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, entire, lobed orpinnatifid»
flowers terminal; disk often dark, rays 3rellow, rarely
brown, in Ji. purpurea purple. — Stigma often obtuse.

Species. 1. R. purpurea. Obs. Stem nearly smooth.
Root perpendicular. Rays imperfectly styliferous. Scales
of the receptacle acuminated; calix imbricated, squarrose.
fi. * serotina. Stem hispid; root horizontal; flowers later;
rays bidentate. Flowers purple. Hab. On the plains of
Lower Louisiana. 2. amplexifoUa.

3. Idsrvigata? Ph. Obs- Leaves subcorjaceous, very
smooth and lucid; radical spathulate-ovate, obtuse, those
of the stem not acuminated; peduncles few, long, and na-
ked; flowers fastigiate; disk oblong. Hab. In the Pine
forests of Georgia. ^. discolor. Vn. 5. spathulata. Leaves
very smooth and entire, spathulate-ovate, and amplexi-
caule; stem smooth, 1 or few-flowered; rays of the corolla
3-toothed. Hab. In the mountains of Carolina, v. s. In
Herb. Muhl.

6. gracilis. Herb. Banks, mss. Slender and pubescent;
stem 1 to 3-flowered, peduncles very long; leaves spathu-
late-ovate, remotely denticulate. Hab. In Pine forests
from Virginia to Florida. Calix spreading; disk conic,
brown. 7. aristata. 8. fulgida. 9. hirta. 10. aspera,
Persoon, M. radula? Vn. 11. triloba. Oes- Scales of the
receptacle awned. /3. suhtomentosa, Mich.

12. columnaris. Hispid; stem nearly simple, 1 or few-
flowered, peduncles very long; radical leaves nearly en-
tire, cauline pinnalifid, segments linear-lanceo.aie; calix
simple, 5 to 8-leaved, rays 5 to 8; disk cylindric, eion-

SYNGEXESIA. FRUSTRANEA. 179

gated. Hab. On the plains of Upper Louisiana. Flower-
ing- in July. Perennial; 1 to 2 feet high. Ra\s sometimes
brown-red, as in Tagetes patnla. 13. laciniata. 14. digi'
tata. 15. pinnata.

A North American g-enus, with the exception of R.nu-
dicaide ot Monte Video, which appears to be scarcely dis-
tinct from R. spathidata. The seeds of R. purpurea are
pungently aromatic.

591. BIDENS. L, (Bur Marygold, Spanish

Needles.)
Calix subequal, caliculate. Rays often want-
ing. Receptacle paleaceous, flat. Pappus 2 or
4 reflected or erect and retrorselj scabrous
awns. Seed 4-sided.

Herbaceous, rarely shrubby; leaves mostly opposite,
often pseudopinnate; flowers axillary or terminal.

Species. 1. B. cermia. 2. chrysanthemoides. 3. fron-
flosa. 4. connata. 5. pilosa. 6. bipinna a. Called Spa-
nish Needles; the seeds being very troublesomely tena-
ceous.

Almost exclu sively an American genus, extending into
the tropical regions as far as Peru, there are also 2 spe-
cies in Europe and 2 in India.

592. COREOPSIS, i.

Calix double, both many-leaved, (8 to 12),
interior equal, subcoriaceous and coloured. Re-
ceptacle paleaceous, scales flat. Seed com-
pre.ssed, emarginate, bidentate, dentures rarely
awned.

Herbaceous; leaves mostly opposite, pseudopinnate,
ternate or rarely entire; flowers fastigiate, terminal, or
also dichotomal; rays yellow, seldom red, or white, some-
times S-lobed. — Scales of the receptacle and the seed pa-
rallel; seed somewhat incurved, not sheathed,
t Leaves opposite, undivided.

Species. 1. C. lanceolata. 2. crassifoUa. 3. arguta. Ph.
Apparently a variety of tlie following. 4. latifolia.

5. * rosea. Small and very smopUi; stem mostly simple;
leaves linear, entire, axills leafy; flowers tew, long pedun-
culate, dichotomal and terminal; rays red, unequally 3-

180 SYNGENESIA. FRUSTRAXEA.

toothed; seed very entire, naked. Hab. In open grassy
swamps, from New Jersey to Georgia. — Root perennial:
stem about 12 inches high, smooth, simple, or somewhat
branched. Leaves very smooth, about 2 inches long, op-
posite and connate at the base, which is partly ciliated,
axllis producing leaves or abortive branchlets Flowers
pale red, and rather small, often only 3, more rarely 6 or
8; peduncle filiform, about 3 inches long; rays about 8, ob-
soletely tridentate, middle denture or lobe large. Exte-
rior calix very small, interior 8-leaved; disk partly saffron-
yellow. Seeds entire, not emarginated, naked. Flower-
ing in August.

ft Leaves opposite, divided.
6. aristata. A Bidens? 7. trichospenna, ^. mireaP X-'
C. aurea, Aiton. 8. miriadata. 9. tripteris 10. seuifo-
lia, (i * rigida. Leaflets linear-lanceolate, margin scabrous;
exterior cahx about 12-leaved. Hab In Georgia.

11. * pcdmata. Stem low, simple and compressed, most-
ly 1 -flowered; leaves opposite, sessile, and somewhat co-
riaceous, palmately 3-lobed, smooth, margin scabrous,
segments linear-obiong, obtuse, entire or subdivided; out-
er and inner calix 8-})arted; seeds oblong-eihptic, naked.
I?AB On the open plains of the Michigan Territory, Illi-
nois and Lower Louisiana. — Stem perfectly simple, aL>out
12 inches high, deeply and regularly striated, 1 to S-flow-
ered. l^eaves 1 to 2 inches long, cuneate at the base, to-
wards the summit divaricately S-cleft, lower ones subdi-
vided, lateral segments imequally bifid, central lobe tritid.
Flower yellow, rather large.

12. trijida. 13- teJudfoUa. 14. verticiUata. 15. mitis.

f f -j- Leaves alternate.

16. acuta. Ph. 17. gladiata. Petals dilated, trifid.
Stem simple, slender, about 2 feet high; leaves thick. 18.
migiistifoUa.

19. * 7iudata. Stem low and simple, summit dichoto-
mous; leaves smooth, subulate-linear, very remote, upper
ones minutey rays red, obsoletely 3-toothed; seed naked.
Hab. Near St. Mary's in West Florida. — Dr Baldwyn.
Stem striated, smooth and round, 2 or 3 feet high, with
scarcely more than 2 conspicuous leaves, the lower ot*
which is 4 or 5 inches long, and filifor.mly narrow, the up-
per about an inch long, the uppermost 3 or 4 lines Flow-
ers red, dichotomous, 4 perhaps to 6; peduncles 4 or 5
inches long. Exterior calix minute. — Allied to C. roseup
but remarkable for the paucity of leaves. 20. aspera. Ph-

An American genus of aboitt 30 species extending into

STNGENESIA, PRUSTRANEA* 181

the southern hemisphere as far as Peru, with the excep-
tion of 2 species of doubtful genus said to be indigenous
to Canton in China.

593. ^ACTINOMERIS.f

Calix simple, many-leaved, foliaceoiis* subc-
qiial. Raijs remote, elongated, (4 to 8). Re-
ceptade small and paleaceous, the leaflets em-
bracing the margin of the seed. Seed compres-
sed and marginated, with the summit persis-
tently 2-a\vned.

Tall and herbaceous plants, with entire, decurrent and
alternate scabrous leaves; flowers corymbose, rays yellow,
3 or 4 times the length of the calix. — Discal florets like
those of Helimithus, and Verhesina, partly ventricose, with
a short distinct and narrow tube; stigmas also similarly
subulate. Seeds transversely embraced by the leaflets of
the receptacle. \ genus apparently intermediate with
Verbesina and Helianthusy but without any shadow of affi.
nity to Coreopsis. The calix and rays remove it from Ver-
besina; from Helianthus, notwithstanding an approximatiun
in some measure by the calix and discal florets. It is easi-
ly distinguished by the flat and marginated seed, furnish-
ed with transverse sutures and persistent awns.

Species. 1. A. * squarrosa. Leaves broad lanceolate,
serrate; corymb paniculated; calix spreading, loose; disk
.subglobose, in fruit squarrose. Coreopsis alter?iifolia, L.
3. procera? C procera, Aiton. y. alba. Flowers white,
without rays. Is it of this genus?

2. Helianthoides. Leaves lanceolate, acute, serrate, un-
der side canescently villous; corymb simple, coarctate.
Had. In the open forests of Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee
and Lower Louisiana. — Stem distinctly alated as in the
preceding; leaves attenuated above; flowers ^qv^ and larg-
er, from 4 or 5, probably to 10 or 11; rays about 8, (in the
preceding 3 and 4), golden-yellow; calix foliaceous, much
like that of Hellanthus, but nearly a simple series of seg-
ments; leaflets linear-lanceolate, partly spreading, seed
persistently bisetose, flat. 3. alata. Coreopsis alatUt Ph.
2. p. 567. but in this the leaves are opposite.

To this genus appears to belong Coreop s alata and C.
ovata of Mexico.

~ fFrom ctKTtr, a rayy and ^'?'i 9 a part; the duwcr being
imperfectly radiated.

VOL. II. O

182 SYKGENESIA. NECESSARIA.

594. CENTALREA. L, (Knapweed, &c.)

Calix various, liaijs funnelform, irregular.
Eeceptacle setose. Pappus simple, often pilose.

Generally herbaceous; leaves alternate, simple or pinna,
tifid; flowers terminal.

Species. 1. C. Cvanns. (Blue-bottle). Not very com-
monly naturalized. 2. nigra. 3. jacea. 4. benedicta. 5:
calcitrapa. All naturalized, not indigenous.

A vast and compound genus indigenous to Europe,
Barbary, Egypt, the Levant and Siberia. In the southern
hemisphere only a single doubtful species has been hi>
therto discovered by Commerson at Monte Video.

Order. IV.— POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA.

(Radial florets ouly fertile.)

595. CHAPTALIA. Ventenat.

Calix subinibricated, many-leaved. Feminine
^florets of two kinds, in 2 series, external radiate,
internal naked. Discal florets bilabiate. Be-
ceptacle naked. Pappus cai)illary.

Scapes 1 -flowered; leaves radical, entire, usually to-
mentose beneath. — Pappus mostly stipitate.

Species. 1, C ijitegrifolia. Leaves oblong-obovate, re-
trorsely denticulate, beneath tomentose; flower nutant.
Hab. From Virginia to Florida, nearopen sandy swamps.
—Root perennial, fibrous. Leaves covered on the under
side with a cotton like tomentum; scape tomentose, much
longer than the leaf. Calix oblong, formed of nearly a
simple series of leaflets, a few of the external ones short-
er. Kays narrow, 15 or 20; external discal florets in a
single row, feminine without corolla; internal hermaphro-
dite, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed, lower bifid. Anthers
each conspicuously bisetose at the base.

An American genus of 7 or 8 species nearly allied to
Perdicium, extending to Monte Video.

StNGENESIA. NECESSARIA, 183

596. SILPHIUM. L,

Calix squarrose, scales broad and foliaceous.
Receptacle paleaceous. Seed flat, obcordate,
emarginate, bideiitate.

Herbaceous, often tall; stem cylindric or ang-ular; leaves
alternate, opposite, or rarely verticillate, entire or pinna-
tifid; flr>vvers tastig'iate, axilkr ami terminal, yellow. —
Hermaplirodite and sterile tliscal fiores producmg' as in
Alciiia a simple subclavate style; dentures small and pu-
bescent. Seeds margmated.

Species. 1. S. laciniatum. 2. cornpositum, 3. terebin-
thinacenm. 4. perfoliatum. 5. connatum. 6. AsteriscuHy
6. * scabrurn. Leaves opposite or alternate, oblon^-lanceo.
iate, aubcrenate, acute, sessile and scabrous; calix subci-
liate. 7. pumilum, /3. tomentosum. S. toinentosum, Ph.
leaves alternate, cordate-ovate, crenate, obtuse, under
side canescently villous; stem subtomentose; calix spread-
ing"; seeds naked. 8. integrifrjlium 9. liCvigatum. Ph.
10. trifoUaium. 11. iernatnm. 12. atropurpureum. A va-
riety of the preceding. 13. elatum. Herb. Banks, mss.
Not defined. 14. reticulatumt ibid. Destitute of cliaracter.

A North American genus.

597. POLYMNIA. L.

Calix double; exterior 4 or 5-leaved; interior
10-leaved, leaflets concave. Receptacle paleace-
ous. Pappus none.

Herbaceous; stems tall, leaves opposite and alternate,
mostly lobed or subpinnatifid ; flowers terminal, rays
small, pale yellow.

Species. 1. P. canadensis. 2. Uvedalia. Stem very
tall. Seeds large. Styles of the discal florets partly bifid.

A North American genus, with the exception of a third
species in Abyssinia.

598. PARTHENIUM. Z.

Calix 5-leaved. Raijs very small. Receptacle
paleaceous, minute; exterior scales dilated. Seed
obovate, minutely 3-a\vned.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, simple or pinnatifid; flow-
ers corymbose, terminal. — The 5 external scales of the
receptacle very broad, shielding the same number of mi-

184 SYNGENESIA. NECESSARIA.

nute radial florets; rays emarginate, each connected at tlie
base with 2 masculine sheathed florets, f Style of the
imperfect discal florets entire.

Speci'es. 1. V. ijitegrifoUum. A second species of this
genus with a low and decumbent stem and subpinnatifid
villous leaves grows around bt. Louis, Louisiana, and a
third very distinct i'rom No. 1. also exists in tlie open fo-
rests of Tennessee; but of these I possess neither notes
nor specimens.

A North American genus with the exception of one
species in the warmer parts of America.

599. CHRYSOGONUM. X.

Calix 5-Ieavt'(h Receptacle paleaceous. Pap-
pus 1 leaver], S-toothed. Seed surrounded by a
4-leaved calirle.

A low herbaceous plant with opposite leaves; flowers
mostly terminal, yellow.

Spicies. C. ■virginianum. The only species of the
genus.

600. BALTIMORA. X.

Calix cylindric, many-leaved. IRatjs 5. Be-
ceptacle paleaceous, Fappus none. Seed tri-
quetrous.

Herbaceous; leaves opposite, asperate, S-nerved, flow-
ers subpaniculated, terminal.

Species. B. recta, -f- Probably as Mr. Pursh remarks,
not indigenous to the United States. —Of this genus there
is a second species with white flowers, of uncertain loca-
lity.

601. GYMNOSTYLES. Jussieu.

Calix many -leaved, the leaflets disposed in a
sini^le order. Feminine Jlorets apetalous. Seeds
compressed, partly tootlied at the summit, awn-
cd NNith the persistent style.

Small and jjartly stemless herbaceous plants with dif-
fuse branchlets; flowers solitary and sessile.

•f A somewhat similar arrangement appears to exist in Sllp/n
vmpximilum to which this genus is allied

sriTGENESIA. XECESSAEIA. 185

Species. \. G. stolonifera? Hippia stohnifera, Versoonf
% p. 497. Hab. Commonly difFused over the mantimt-
parts of South Carolina. S. Elliott, Esqr. Obs. Smooth;
stem repent; leaves setaceously pinnatifid; flowers sessile
to the root. .

A small genus of 3 species, 1 indigenous to the Cape of
Good Hope and another to India; the above is also com-
mon to Portugal.

602. IVA. L,

Calix about 5-Ieaved^ or 5-parted. Feminine
florets of the ray 5, naked. Receptacle setosely
paleaceous. Seed obovate, naked.

Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves 3-nerved, mostly carne-
ous, opposite and alternate; flowers spiked orpaniculated,
axillar and terminal.

Species. 1. I. ciliata. 2. * Xanthlfolia. Annual; leaves
opposite, petiolate, cordate-ovate, acuminated, doubly ser-
rate, softlv villous, beneath canescent; spikes paniculated,
naked; calix 5-cleft. Hab. In arid soils, near Fort Alan-
dan, &c. on the banks of the Missouri. Obs. Plant very
large, 5 or 6 feet high, with leaves nearly of the size and
form of Xanthhim Strumarium, but covered with a soft
and almost velvet-like villus; upper leaves ovate; flowers
extremely numerous, in a diffuse panicle. Cahx 5-cleft,
divisions ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Style of the discal
florets simple; stigma subcapltate. Fertile florets 5, na-
ked. Receptacle subsetaceous. — Flowering in August.

3. imbricata^ Calix imbricated; scales coriaceous, white-
ish, 5 or 6. Feminine florets, apetalous, style long,
minutely sheathed at the base. Uadical and younger
leaves opposite and serrated; floral and upper stem leaves
alternate and entire.

^.axillaris. Ph. Obs. Perennial and herbaceous; 6 to
12 inches high and smooth; leaves mostly opposite, cu-
neate-oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, very entire, margin subci-
liate, scabrous; flowers axillary, solitary and nutant; yel-
lowish-green. Feminine florets, apetalous; receptacle
subsetosely foliaceous. Style of the discal florets simple,
stigma subpeltate, fringed. Hab. \\\ arid and saline soils
on the banks of the Missouri. Flowering in May. 5. fru-
tesceiis Called Marsh-Elder.

A Xorth American genus with the exception of T. annua
indigenous to the tropical regions of the same continent

<12

i&6 SYNGENESIA. NEGESSARIA.

603. AMBROSIA. L, (Bitter-weed.)
Monoicous. — Masc. Calix 1 -leaved. Anthers

approximate,^ but not united. Beceptacle naked.
— Fem. Calix 1 -leaved? entire or 5-toothed,
1 -flowered. Corolla none. JWt formed from the
indurated calix, 1 -seeded.

Tall herbaceous and mostly annual plants; leaves roug-li,
the lower mostly opposite, the upper alternate, bipinna-
tifid, trifid, or rarely enth-e; flowers in long terminal and
proximately axillar spikes, upper flowers masculine nu-
merous, the lower fewer, feminine, glomerated, clusters
2 to 5-flowered, tribracteate.

Species. 1. A. integrifolia. 2. bidentata. 3- tnjida. 4.
elatior. 5. artemisifolia. 6. panicxdata. 7. heterophylla.
8. * tomentosa. Perennial; stem low; leaves bipinnatifid,
under side white and tomentose; spikes solitary. Hab.
In Upper Louisiana on the banks of the Missouri; rare.
Only 1 or 2 feet high.

A North American genus, with the exception of 1 spe-
cies in Peru and another indigenous to the sea-coasts of
the Levant.

604. XANTHIUM. £. (Clott-burr.)
Monoicous.- — Masc. Calix imbricated. Jln-

thers approximate, but not united. Receptacle
l)aIeaceous.~FEM. Ca/io; a 2-leaved involucrum,
1 -flowered. Coro/Zo. none. Utricuhis muvicsLietl,
bifid. JVw^ 2. relied.

Herbaceous and annual; leaves entire or 3-lobed, alter-
nate, smooth or asperate; (in X. spinosum the leaves are
subtended by large and trifid spines); flowers spiked, ax-
illar^and terminal, spike short, above masculine.

Species. 1. X. Strumarium. Indigenous to the re-
motest parts of Upper Louisiana. 2. orientale. 3. spmo-
sum. At this time naturalized from Savannah in Georgia
to Georgetown in the District of Columbia, v. v.

A genus of 4 species indigenous nearly in common tc
Europe, Siberia; India and America.

STNGENESIA. SEGREGATA. 187

Order V. -POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA.

(Each of the florets furnished with a calix.)

G05. ELEPHANTOPUS. L. (Elephant's foot.)
Parfia^ cate 4-flowered. Florets 5-cIeft, Ulu-
late, hermaphrodite. Receptacle naked. Pappus
setaceous.

Herbaceous or rarely shrubby; leaves entire, villous or
pilose; calices by 3's, surrounded by a 3-leaved common
involucrum, long pedunculate, terminal and subcorymbose
or spiked.

Species. I.E. caroUnianus. Leaves oval, narrowed at
the base, and with the branching stem pilose. Hab. In
Maryland and Virginia. 3. * simplex. Stem simple and
as well as the leaves and involucrum more densely pilose,
calix pilose; (in the preceding smooth and glandular.)
Hab. In Carolina and Georgia. E. tomentosus. Ph. A spe-
cies which does not appear to have been discovered in
the United States. Obs. Pappus consisting of from 5 to
8 erect and fragile bristles.

A genus of 6 species indigenous to tropical America;,
A'ith the exception of 1 in India.

Class XVIII.— GYNANDRIA.

I. MONANDRIA.

t « Anther adnate, subterminal and persistent. —
Pollinia (masses of pollen) affixed by the l)ase, com-
posed of angular particles elastically cohering." R.
Brown ? Hort. Kew. 5. p. 188.

606. ORCHIS. X.

Corolla ringeiit, upper leaflet Vaulted. Lip
dilated, the base beneath calcarate. Pollinia
(anthers, L.) 2, terminal, adnate.

Roots bituberous or palmate; flowers spiked. Lip of the
corolla mostly trifid, rarely entire.
Jioots palmated.

Species. 1. O. ciliaris. Pluk. Amahh. p. 162. t. 432. f.
5. 2. blephariglottis. 3. cristata.

4. * Integra. Lip oblong-, entire, long-er than the mner
petals; spur longer than the germ, acute at the point; stem
leafly, bractes shorter than the flowers. Hab. In the
swamps of New Jersey. Nearly allied to O. ciliaris and
with flowers of the same orange-yellow colour, but some-
what smaller.

5. * nivea. Lip linear-oblong, entire, longer than the
inner petals; spur filiform, equal, longer than the germ;
segments of the corolla spreading; spike short and oblong;
lower leaves linear and very long, cauline subulate. Hab.
Betwixt St. Mary's and Satilla river. West Florida. — Dr.
Baldwyn, who favoured me with a specimen under the
above name. Flowers clear white, rather small. Lower
leaves narrow, a span long, upper ones disproportionately
small; bractes shorter than the germ. Genitaliferous co-
lumn remarkably small in proportion, not half so large as
the preceding, the pollinia are consequently subsessile.
Spike rather dense, J or 3 inches long.

6. Java. Lip ovate, entire, partly crenulate; spur at-
tenuated, fihfoim and about ihe length of the germ; spike
crowded; bractes longer than the flowers. Hab. In New

CTNANDRIA. MONANDRIA. 189

Jersey, Z- Collins, v. s. In Herb. Collins and Muhlenberg-.
Flowers pale orang-e-yellow, rallier small. Spur widening
above.

7. psycodes. O. lacera. Mich. 2. p. 15S. 8. clavellata. /3.
tridentata. O. trideiitata. WiUd. 9. viridh'. 10. bracieata.
11. obsoleta.

12. * huronensis. Lip lanceolate, acuminate, entire and
incurved; petals subulate and connivent; spur about the
length of the lip, incurved; petals flat; tsieni leafy. Hab,
In wet places on the islands of Lakes Huron and Miclii-
gan. Obs. Kooi palmate; leaves oblong, obtuse; bractes
acuminated; spike dense, tiowers greenish and small.
Flowering- in August and September.

13. spectahilis. Pluk. Amalth. 163. t. 432. f. 4. Obs.
Root palmate, mostly 2-leavecl; scape acutely pentangular,
sometimes producing- a leaf, few-fiou ered; bractes large
and lanceolate; spur thick and obtuse, compressed, sub-
clavate, about the length of the germ; segments of the
petaloid calix all connivent and adhering, never expanding
of a blueish purple; lip white, broad ovate and entire.
PoUinia clavate, pedicellate, concealed within the lateral
cucullate cells of the genitaliferous column, grains of the
pollen agglutinated by the base.

Roots fasciculated.

14. fuscescens. 15. rotwidifolia, Swartz. O. orbiculata^
Ph. r. V. On the Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania, and
on the banks of Lake Erie. 16. dilatata. v. v. InFrankiia
county, Pennsylvania, &c. 17. xirescens 18. hyperborea.
19. obtusata. Herb. Banks. 20. rotundifoUa . ibid. 21. ^m-
bnata. 22. incisa. Pluk. Amalth. t. 434. f. 6. 23. fusa.
Apparently a variety of the preceding.

A genus of near 90 species, principally indigenous to
Europe, Northem Africa, the Levant and North America;
there are also a few species at the Cape of Good Hope, in
India, China and Japan.

607. HABENARIA. WillcL Orchis, i.

Corolla ringent, interiur petals biparted. Lip
dilated, the base, beneath calcarate. Glands of
the pollen naked and distinct. 2 sterile processes
arising from the base of the anther.

Roots fibrous or creeping; flowers spiked; stems leafy;
lip setaceously 3-parted.

Specjes. 1. H *Michaao:u. Or-chts guinqtteseta, Mich.
2. p. 155. Lip 3-parted, lateral segments setaceous; spur

190 GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA.

twice the length ot the germ; petals blparted, the lower
se,ement setaceous; leaves oval, acute, bractes acuminate/
— Nearly allied to H. macroceras. Willd. t. s. In Herb.
Muhl. Flowers white.

2. * repejis. Root creeping'; leaves and bractes lanceo-
late, acute; lip 3-parted, lateral segments setaceous; spur
scarcely the length ot ihe gerin, adscendent; inner petals
blparted, the lower segment setaceous. Hab. On the
margins ot ponds near Savannah in Georgia and in Caro-
lina; subaquatic. Obs. Hoot perennial, fibrous, creeping,
base of the stem also radicant; fibres lanuginous. Stem
leafy, about 12 inches high. Leaves oblong-lanceoiate,
approximate, in the sp'.ke diminishing to bractes, which
are about equal with the flowers. Spike linear, 3 to 5
inches long. Flowers yellowish-green, numerous, but
not dense. Outer segments of the calix gland ularly mu-
cronulate, upper segments vaulted; the 2 inner petals bi-
fid nearly to the base, with the divisions so unequal and
divaricate as to appear unconnected, tlie upper one linear
and acute, the lower setaceous; lip 3-parted, the central
portion shorter and linear, the 2 lateral setaceous.

ft" Jnther persistent, parallel with the stigma.—
Pollinia affixed to the summit of the stigma, the par-
ticles farinaceous or angular.*' R. Brown.

608. GOODYERA. R. Brown, Neottia. WiUd.
Corolla ringent; the 2 lower petals placed un-
der the gibbous lip, winch is undivided above.
The column (or style) free. Follen ang;ular.

Roots creeping; leaves radical, reticulated with disco-
loured veins; flowers densely spiked.

Species. 1. G. repens. 2. pnbescens.

The only species of the genus, the 1st. also indigenous
to Europe.

609. NEOTTIA. Swartx, 72. Broxvn.

Corolla ringent; tlie 2 lower petals placed un-
der the lip, which is beardless^ interior leaves
connivent. Column apterous. Pollen farina-
ceous.

Nearly allied to the preceding genus, and almost simi-
lar in habit.

Species. l.'K. iortiUs. 2- cernua. In these and ..V

GTNANDRIA. MONANDHIA. l^l

spiralis of Europe the spike is spirally contorted; not alto-
gether congeners probably with Neottia, which is almost
exclusively indigenous to tropical America.

€10. ( RANICHIS. Swart%.

Cor-dla pentapetalous, resupinate, subringent.
Lip Iieliind, vaulted. Anther as in JVeottia,

Roots fasciculated; stems simple, leafy or nearly naked;
flowers spiked.

Species. 1. C * miiltijlora. Elliott. "Roots fasci.
culated, terete; leaves radical, oblong-oval and lanceolate;
scape naked, many-flowered; petals partly connivent."
Hab. "In rich oak lands in St. John's Parish, South Caro-
lina."—£^0^^

A small genus, all except the above confined to the
island of Jamaica.

611. LISTERA. B. Brown. Ophrys. Smithy <^r.
Corolla \vves;u\2Li\ Zip pendent, bifid. Column
apterous, (minute); the anther inserted at its
base. Pollen farinaceous.

Roots fasciculate, carnose; stem mostly bifoliate, ra-
ceme lax; flowers obscurely coloured.

Species. 1. L. pnbescens. Epipactis pubescens. Ph.

2. cordata. Ophrys cordata, Mich. Obs. Root fascicula-
ted, fibres simple, thick and carnose. Stem partly pen-
tagonal, bifoliate towards the middle, about a span high.
Peduncle and upper part of the scape viscidly pubescent.
Leaves roundish-cordate, veined, smooth, callously mucro-
nulate. Raceme about 7 to 15-flowered; flowers distant,
bractes obvallate, minute, obtuse; pedicell about twice
the length of the germ. Petals 5, nearly all rt;flected,
green, 3 of them ovate and concave, the 2 interior longer,
and closely convolute; lip half an inch long, brownish-
purple, and deeply bifid, with a minute tooth in the cen-
tre of the bifurcation, bidentate at the base, where there
exists a small excavation; segments of the lip linear and
acute; somewhat divaricated, the margin near the base
reflected- Genitaliferous coUimn minute. Anther per-
sistent. Capsule oval. Hab. In moist shady woods. New
Jersey, near Philadelphia.) Z. co7ivallarioides.

1 1 + -Anther terminal, inserted, persistent. Pollen
farinaceous or angular. R. Brown.

19£ GYNANDRIA, MONANDRIA,

612. POGONIA. Juss. n. Brown, \rethcsa. L.

Petals 5, distinct, without ,^lands. Lij) ses-
sile, cuculiate, inlernally crested. Pollen fari-
naceous.

Roots fasciculated, the fibres simple and carnose: scapes
mostly bifoliate, 1-flowered; leaves rarely approximating
verticillately at the summit of the scape; external petals
often very long- and linear, the 2 internal then shorter
and connivent; lip abruptly alated from the base, the cen-
tre crested, terminating- in a simple dilated lobe with a
crenulated or eroded margin. (In P. ophioglossoides the
petals are all nearly of the same colour and magnitude.)

Species. 1. P. ophioglossoides. 2. diraricata. 3. vcr-
ticillata. Obs. Root fasciculated, fibres simple and car-
nose. Scape about 12 inches hig-h, terete, brownish, and
as in P. diraricata slightly g-laucous. Leaves terminal,
verticillated in 5's, very smooth, with many nerves, cuue-
ate, oval-lanceolate, and somewhat acute, 2 of the leaves
distinctly interior. The S external petals linear, 2 to
2 and a half inches lon^ and channelled, colour green-
ish-brown; the 2 interior petals connivent and longer
than the lip, oblong-, obtuse, paler than the outer pe-
tals, and scarcely I third their length, internally marked
with 2 elevated lines. Lip horizontal, channelled, alated
from the base, and unconnected with the column, alated
margins inflected or cuculiate, terminating abruptly be-
low the dilated extremity of the lip; centre of the lip papil-
losely crested; extreme limb smooth and dilated, broader
than long, pendent, and undulated. Genitaliferous column
shorter than the lip, incurved, solid and subclavate. An-
ther 2-celled, horizontal, operculate, and persistent, un-
guicu lately articulated behind, received into a lacunose
margined depression at the summit of the column. Pol-
len pulverulent. P. medeoloidesy Ph. appears to be merely
a variety of this species.

A North American genus.

G13. *TRIPH0RA. f Arethusa. Swartz, mild.
Petals 5, distinct, equal and connivent. with-
out glands. Lip unguiculate, cuculiate. Column
s])athulate, complanate, and apterous. Pollen
farinaceous.

Root a pendulous oblong tuber; stem many-flowered;

f Derived bv ellipsis from the trivial name trianthophoros, of
Plukenet, Mant. 100. t. 348. f 6.

GYNANDllIA. MONANDRtA. 195

leaves short and amplexicaule; flowers axillary and pe-
dunculate, pendulous, or erect and fasiigiate.

Species. I. T. pendula. Arethusa pendulu, Willd. sp.
pi. 4. p. 82. Ph. Flor. Am. 2. p. 590.

Obs. Root a cylindric-oblong-, and pendulous fleshy tu-
ber of a white ciilour. Stems often in clusters, cylindric
and succulent, about a span hig-h, often pubescent at the
base. Leaves 6 or 7, remote and very short, about half an
inch lont^, amplexicaule, ovate and acute, 5 to 7-nerved,
pale green. Flowers 3 or 4, pale blueish-purple; pedun-
cles axillary and terminal, about the leng-thof the g-erm,
after inflorescence pendulously recurved; petals hnear-
lanceolate, equal in length, the 2 inner a little broader,
connivent, never expanding-. Lip before, about the length
of the petals, spatliulate and ciicuUate, conspicuously un-
guiculate, the centre above the claw a little rough but not
crested; proper lip or mJddle lobe oval and entire. Ge-
nitaliferous column linearly spatliulate and unconnected,
not much shorter than the whole lip, flas (not solid and
truncately clavate as in Pogonia) peipendicular, margin-
ated, the inner surface marked with an elliptic g-landular
and secreting cicatrice. Anther 1 -celled, semicordate
and vertical, unguiculately articulated behind, colour a
brilliant and deep violet-purple. Pollen farinaceous, the
2? masses separated superficially by 2 internal lairicllae.
(In the preceding genus there are both these lamellae and
a proper dissepiment.) Capsule cylindric-oblong. Had.
Mostly parasitic round the roots of Beech trees, from New
York to Kentucky, (very abundant near Cincinnati, on the
Ohio), I have also collected it near Savannah in Georgia.
—A second species fArethicsa gentianoidesj appears to
exist in the island of Jamaica. Tue whole habit and cha-
racter is at variance witli Pogonia. It makes an artificial
approach towards Cymbidium hiemale of Willdenow,
{Avcthusa spicata of Walter), but in this plant the anther
is deciduous.

614. CALOPOGON. R. Brown. Cymbidium.
Willd.

Petals 5, distinct. Lip behind, (or inverted),
nni^uiculated; the lamina bearded. Column free.
Pollen angular.

Root small and bulbous, nearly spherical; leaves radical,
ensiform, arid; scape racemose; bracves minute; flowers
reddish-purple, large.

VOL. II. R

194 GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA.

Spectes. \.C ptikheilua. Cymbidium pulchellvm. Willd.
Ph. 2. p. 592. A second species of this genus appears
to exist in North and South Carolina, judging from hiver-
nal vestiges; in these there is but a single ensiform radi-
- cal leaf about 12 inches long, numerously striated and
nearly obtuse; the scape is terete, 18 inches high, and 8
to 10 flowered; the lip appears to have been nearly simi-
lar to that of C. pulchellas. Root tuberous.

615. ARETHUSA. R, Brown,

Petals 5, connate at the base. Lip below grow-
ing to the column, ciicullate aboVe, and internal-
ly crested. Pollen angular.

Root bulbous, subglobose; scape leafless, 1-flowered.

Species. I. A- btdbosa. Obs. ^. pendula and .^. verticil-
lata are retained in this genus by Sprengel and apparently
also by R. Brown, but they do not appear to be congeners,
and certainly do not accord with the present generic cha-
racter of Arethusa.

1 1 1 f. Anther terminal, moveable, deciduous. Mas^
ses of pollen at length cercaceous.

616. BLETIA. i2i«2i and Pflron. R.Brown.
Pefais 5, distinct. Zip sessile, cucullate; some-
times calcarate at the base. Column free. Pol-
linia 8 or 4 bilobed.

Roots bulbous, subglobose; scapes or stems simple,
flowers racemose or rarely capitate; leaves mostly narrow
or ensiform and arid, rarely wanting.

Species. 1. B. verecunda. Cymbedlvm verecundum.
Wilid. Mab. In Florida.

2. • aphylla. Leafless; scape terete, racemose, attenua-
ted and squamiferous, scales ovate, alternate, numerous;
lip spurless. Hab. In Carolina and Florida, v. s. In Herb.
Muhl. and Baldwyn. A very singular species, with an in-
crassated scaly scape about a foot high, the upper part ter-
minating in a raceme of brownish-purple flowers possess-
ing all the characters of a genuine species, the lip diva-
ricately veined, not produced at the base, and trifid as in
B' verecunda.

A small genus principally indigenous to the West In-
dies and Peru.

GTNANDRIA. MONANDftlA. 195

617. CALYPSO. Salisbtmj, R. Brown,
Petals adscendent, secund. Lip ventrirose,

calcarate beneath towards the point. Column
petaloidly dilated. Follinia 4.

Bulb roundish; leaf solitary, radicul; scape 1-flowered,
leafless, sheathed towards the base and summit.

Species. l.C. umericana. Lip narrowed and subun-
guiculate at the base; spur semibifid exceeding the lami-
na, with the dentures acute; peduncle longer than the
gtirra. R.Brown, Uort. Kew. 5. p. 208. Flower purple,
somewhat resembling a species or" Cypnpedium. v. v. sins
Jl. on the island of St. Helena, near Uie outlet of Lake
Alicl)igan, in the shade of Abies canaiiensis attached to
recent vegetable sod. (^1811).

A second species of this singular genus is the Cypripe-
ditcm bulbjsum, of Linnaeus, indigenous to Sweden.

618. ^TIPULARIA.f

Petals spathulate, spreading. Lip entire, ses-
sile, conspicuously calcarat© below at the base.
Co/ifmn apterous, porrected, fVee. ►SHt/ic?* oper-
culate, persistent j pollinia 4, pai'ailel.

Bulbs concatenated, horizontal. Leaf solitary, plaited
and longitudinally nerved; Ho wers racemose, nuiani, des-
titute of bractes.

T. discolor. Orchis discolor. Ph. 2. p. 585. Limodorum
unifoUumi Herb. Muhl. and Catal. p. 81.

Obs. Petals 5, greer.ish, spreading; the 3 exterior, ob-
long-obovate, the 2 interior narrower Lp entire, very
short and concave, crenulate, suuaied before, calcarate
at the base; spur entire, nearly twice the length of the
germ, straight and filiform, partly car.nated beneath.
Genitaliferous column porrecied, margined at the sides.
A.nheroperculate, persistent; operculum articulated be-
hind, furnished with 2 auxiliiary valves, closing internally
upon the 4 masses of pollen, masses solid and parallel,
neither granular nor pulverulent.

A plant somewliat allied to Corallorhiza^ and to Orchis
abortiva.

t So called from a fancied resemblance in the fiower to in'
sects of the genus Tipula.

196. GYNANDRIA. MONANDRIA.

619. MALAXIS. Swurtx>, R. Brown.

Petals 5, narrower than the lip, spreading or
deflected. Lip flattened, undivided, sessile,
(mostly situated behind). Column poriected.
Follinia4, parallel, aflixed to the summit of the
stigma.

Roots round and bulbous; leaves liliaceous, radical, 2
or more; scapes angular, naked, many-flowered.

Species. 1. M. HUifoUa. (Scape pentagonal, leaves a
single pair, ovate.) Piuk. amallh. p. 162. t. 43-i. i. 9. An-
drews Rep. t. 65.

2. Correana. P. W. Barton, Prodr. Flor. PhilaJ. p. 86.
Obs. Leaves a single pair, ovate-lanceolate, scape raai gi-
nally pentangular; petals revolute on the margin; lip ob-
long, channelled (green), somewhat shorter than tlie pe-
tals, apex cordately recurved. Hab. In the vicinity of
Philadelphia. — Professor Barton. Nearly allied to M.
Loeselii of Europe, with which it ought further to be com-
pared, but certainly appears distinct; it is much larger,
with the flowers smaller and more numerous, of a gn- en
colour with a tinge of yellow; capsule as in the preceding,
attenuated downwards. Some specimens occur near a spaa
high, and the leaves are often longer than the spike; roots
round and bulbous, as well as the precedmg often grow-
ing near the roots of trees, or in recent vegetable soil.

* MicRosTYLis. Lip sessile and concave, erect,
the summit truncate, and bidentale. Column mi-
nute. Anthers 2; pollinia 3.

Root bulbous; scape imifoliate, many-flowered, flow-
ers minute, many of them abortive; capsules subglo-
bose.

3. ophioglossoides. Pluk. arnalth. t. 434'. f 4. Obs.
Scape about a spanhigli, i-leav-d, producinr^ a foliaceous
sheath towards the base; leaf (ivjde, amplexicaule. Pi^tals
5, connivent, only 1 of ihivn dv^fiected, the 2 interior fili-
form; lip about the length of ;he petals, erect, concave,
broadest at the base, cuculLae over tiie anthers, si;niniit
truncate, emarginate and divaricate, bidentate, producing
also an intermediate denticuluiicn. Colun;n minute, scarce-
ly visible. Antiitr.. 2; the exterior wliitish, producing- 2
masses of pollen, the interior which is acute and pointed
only 1. Hab. Near tt.e ro(yts of irees'in New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, l-'iowers green.

GYNANDHIA MONANDRIA. 197

A small g-emis, almost exclusively indigenous to Europe,
America, and India.

€20. CORALLORHtZA. Halter, R. Brown.

Cymbidium. Willd,

Petcils equal anfl connivent. Lip mostly pro-
duced at the base. Column free. Pollinia 4,
oblique (nut parallel.)

Hoots simply bulbous, or ramified and dentoidly squa-
mose; leaf radical 01" none; scape leafless, sheathed, ma-
ny-flowered, flowers nutant, obscurely coloured. — (To this
g-enus Mr. R. Bi-o;vn adds species furnished with an un-
connected spur. The United States do not appear to af-
ford any species with this singular and scarcely congene-
- ; ic character; of the 3 enumerated below, one is destitute
even of any protuberance at ihe base of the lip.)

Species. 1. C. innate^ K.Brown. Cymbidium Corallo-
rhizon, Willd. sp. pi. 4. p. 109. Lip trifid; spur obsolete,
every where adnate to the g"erm; leaves none; capsule ob-
ovate. Has. In very shady woods, near the Falls of Schuyl-
kill, five miles from Philadelphia; scarce; also in New
Jersey. It flowers earlier than the following', and is con-
siderably larger; petals oblong-lanceolate, connivent; lip
inconspicuously produced at the base, bidentate below, the
dentui-es inflected. Flowering from September to Oc-
tober.

2. Otl'mtorhiza. Lip entire, oval and obtuse, margin
crenulaie; spur obsolete, every where adnate to the germ,
leaves none; capsule subglobose. Hab. In New Jersey and
Pennsylvania, abundant. Ct/mbicliiim Oilo7itorhizon, Willd.
—Root much branched, dentate; scape 8 to 10 inches
high, attenuated and rather slender, roundish and bulbous
at the base; sheathes ochreate, about 3 in number; flow-
ers numerous, pendulous; petals brownish, connivent, and
all inclined to the upper side of the corolla; lip dilated,
white, and elegantly spotted with violet-purple, palate bi-
dentate; base of the column marginated; capsule short and
subglobose.

*ApLECTRUM.t Li/i unguiculate, not produced
at the base. Anther situated below the summit of
the column. Pollinia 4, oblique, lenticular.

t From the flower not being calcarate or produced at, tUe bascj
*, xvithouti and TrMx^r^ov ^a spur..

198 GTKANDRIA. MONAxVDRlA.

Root concatenately bulbous, bulbs subglobose; leaf soli
tary, hiemal, pKiited, arid; scape sheathed, many-flower-
ed; flowers at length pendulous; germ attenuated, cylin-
dric.

3. hiemalii. Cymhidiiim hiemale. Leaf solitary, ovate,
siriate; lip irifid, obtuse, with tlie palate ridged, central
lobe rounded, crenulate. II a b. In shady woods amidst
recent veget.ble soil, from Canada to Carolina — Scape
about 12 inches high, clothed with 3 membranaceous
sheathes; flowers brownish, at first erect, afterwards
pendulous. Petals linear-oblong, connivent, distinct, all
nearly equal in size and form. Lip unguiculate, distinct
at the base, and about the length of the petals, dila-
ted towards the extremity, trifid, ridged along the cen-
tre, the middle lobe rounded, with the margin undulated
and crenulate. Column of an equal thickness and slightly
curved, shorter than the lip; lid of the anther membrana-
naceous, caducous; pollinia 4, lenticular and cereaceous,
laterally attacl>ed to the summit of the column, at length
deciduous. — This plant, much more nearly related to the
present genus than any other with which I am acquainted,
besrs also a partial resemblance to Cymbidivm of H. Brown,
without, however, possessing any natural affinity, and is
totally diflTerent in habit and geographical range.

621. EPIDENDRUM. Swartz. R. Brown.

The column longitudinally united with the
daw of the lip into a tube (sometimes derurrent
upon the ovarium). Folhnia 4, parallel, sejia-
rated by complete persistent septa, each mass
augmented at the base by a granulated elastic
filament.

Parasitic upon the botighs and trunks of trees; leaves
coriaceous, mostly solitary, binate or ternate, sometimes
arising from an oblong bulb; scape many-flowered, simple
or rarely divided.

Species. 1. E. conopseiim. Stem simple, flowers spiked,
erect, lamina of the lip 3-lobed, middle lobe retuse, inte-
rior petals narrower, leaves lanceolate. Hort. Kew. 5. p.
219. E. Magnolia, Muhl. Ca'al. p. 81. Hak. Mostly on
the trunks of Magnolia grandifora, from South Carolina
to Floi ida, (In the vicinity of Savannah, Georgia, v. v.)
— Roots succulently fibrous, creeping, clasping round the
smoother barked trees; stems cespitose, simple, 2leaved,
4 or 5 inches high; leaves striated, rigid and coriaceous;

GTXANDRIA. HEXANDRIA. 199

scapes man\'-flowered; flowers yellow, petals spreadinpr,
linear and obtuse, the inner ones much narrower; lip ob-
corJale, spreading, obtusely 3-lobed, scarcely the length
otthe tube.

An extensive genus, exclusively indigenous to the tro-
pical parts of America, with the exception of a few spe-
c.es in India.

II.— DIANDRL\.

622. CYPRIPEDIUM. L. Sxvartz. R. Brown.
Lip ventricose, inflated, saccate. Petals 4,
the under one bifid. The column terminating
behind in a petaloid lobe.

Roots fibrous; leaves plaited, rarely radical, with the
scape 1-flowered, stems leafy, producing trom 1 to 3 pur-
plish or yellow flow ers.

Species. 1. C candidum. 2. pai^'ifiorum. o. pv.bescens.
4. spectabile. 5. arietinum. Petals 5, lip saccately calca-
rate, stem leafy. Hab. la Canada, 6. humile. Scape
leafless, 1-flowered; leaves 2, radical.

Of this singular genus there are 3 other species in Si-
beria, 1 in Japan, and 1 in Europe.

Ill— HEXANDRIA.

623. ARISTOLOCHIA. L, (Biithwort.)

Calix none. Corolla of 1 petal, ligulate, with
a ventricose base. Capsule 6-celled, many-seed-
ed, inferior.

Herbaceous or shrubby; stems erect or twining; leaves
alternate, mostly cordate and entire, rarely 3-lobed; flow-
ers axillary, the tube sometimes recurved.

Species. 1. A. Sipho. ("Dutchman's Pipe.") 2. to-
meniosa. Obs. Stem twining, ascending to the summits of
the tallest trees; leaves roundish-cordate, beneath villous;
peduncles solitary, without bractes; corolla densely villous,
adscendent, border trifid, subequal, greenish-yellow, ori-

200 GYNANDRIA. DODECANDRIA.

fice oblique and j^aplng", the martrin elevated, dark purple,
ni.afose, interior dT tlie tube whke, spotted with purple,
stigrnas 3, anthers immersed in the stjle. »'?. hivautiif
Muh]. Catal. p. 81. v- v. Abundant throuti^hout Louisiana,
and aliiU^ the banks of the Missisippi, also on the moun-
tains of South Car(>rnia. 3. Strpentaiia.

4. * hastata. Stem fiexuous, simple and erect; leaves
niostly sultcordale-liastate, acute; peduncles neaih' all ra-
dical, lip of tiie corolla ovate. ^4. sagittata ? Muhl. Catal.
Piuk. almag'. p. 53. phyi. t. 223. f. 2. Hab. On tiie moun-
tains of Carolina. Nearly allied to A. Serpentaria. Leaves
(in the specimen in lltrb Muhl.) attenuated, sublanceo-
late, auriculate, acute and pubescent. Perhaps a distinct
bpecies.

Of this genus of 41 or more species, 20 almost exclu-
sively siirubby are indigenous to the tropical regions of
America, some additional species have also, no doubi,
been added by the i;^s;-arches of Humboldt, one of these
described by that celebrated traveller iiidij^enous to the
borders of La Madalena, produces flowers of sucli extra-
ordinary magnitude and tenacity as toalibrd hats for chil-
dren; tlie remainder of the genus is principally indig-e>
lious to the south of Europe and the Levant.

IV.— DODECANDRIA.

624. ASARUM. L, (Asarabacca, Indian ginger.},
Calix siibcampanulate, 3 or 4-cleft. Corolla
no!»e. Anthers adnate to the inidille of tlie fjla-
inents. Capsule interior, 6-ceiied, crowned with
the calix.

Roots creeping, stems bifoliate, very low, producing a
single dichotomal flower.

Species. 1. A. canadense. 2- virginicnm. 3. arifoUiim.

Of this genus there is another species indigenous to
Europe.

Class. XIX— 310N0ECIA.

Order. I.~M0NANDRIA,

$25. ZOSTERA. L, (Grass-wrack.)

Calix and corolla none. Jlnthtr ovate, sessile.
Germ ovate, inserted upon an unilateral spadix.
Style bifid. Capsule 1 -seeded.

Marine plants, wilh alternate submersed linear leaves.

Species. 1. Z. marina. Forming with Jivppia vast

floating fields in the bay of Egg-harbour, New Jersey,

Indigenous to the whole Atlantic ocean. Three other

species are said to exist in the Red sea.

626. CAULINIA. Willd, Flxjvialis. Pcrsoon,
Calix and corolla none. Jnther sessile. Style

filiform. Stigma bifid. Capsule 1 -seeded.

Species. 1. C fragilis. 2. fexilis. f J\''aj as, Michms.)
A. small genus of aquatic plants, common also to Europe.

627. ZANNICHELLIA. L.

Masc. Calix and corolla none. Feminine.
Calix 1 -leaved. Corolla none. Germs and

seeds about 4.

Aquatic: flo%\ ers solitar}-, axillary.
Species. 1. Z. palvs'ris. Indigenous also to Europe,
where there exisis a second species.

628. CRARA. Z.

Calix and corolla none. Anther globose, ses-
sile. Style none. Stigmas 5, Berry 1 -celled,
many-seeded.

Aqnatc: stems mostly leafless, bi-jinchinir, branches
vert cillaie, numerously articulated, articulations dentate
and utlen l-fi jwered.

202 MONOECIA. TRIANDRIA.

Species. 1. C. vulgaris. 2. foliolosa. o. fexilis. — A
genus principally indig-enous to Euiope and India.

Order IL— DIANDRIA.

629. PODOSTEMUM. Michanx.

Calix and corolla none. Stamina 2, affixed to
a common pedicell. Germ ovate. Stigma l,
sessile. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seed-
ed. Seeds minute.

A small demersed coriaceous aquatic, growing- attached
to rocks and stones; leaves multipartite, setaceous; flow-
ers solitary, pedicellate.

Species. P. Ceratophyllum. Mich. t. 44. Pluk. Phyt. t.
138. f. 1 ? llAB In the Delaware, about Eastun.— Z. Col-
lins, esqr. In the Ohio, Holston, Kenhaway, French
Broad, and in the Catawba river, near Morganton, North
Carolina, v. v. — Capsule pedicellate, roundish, marked
with 8 grooves.

Order. IlL— TRIANDRIA.

630. TYPHA. i. (Reed-mace, Cat's-tail.)
Masc. Jlment cylindiir. Calix obsolete, 3-

leaved. Corolla none. Fem. flowers below the
masculine. Calix and corolla none. Seed I,
pedicellate, furnished with a pappus at the base.

Aquatics: leaves very long- and linear; culm without
nodes terminating' in a dense cylindric spike.

Species. 1. 1 . latifolia. 2. angustifolia. Both spe-
cies also indigenous to Europe, where Uiere are likewise
2 others.

631. SPARGAMUM. L, (Bur-rced.)

Jlment globose. Calix 3 to 6-leaved. Stigma
simple or bifid. JWt suberose, 1 celled, 1 or 2-
8eeded.

MONOECIA. TRIANDRIA. 203

Aquatics: stems flexuous, leafy, many-flowered; upper
capituli masculine.

Species. 1. S. ramosmn. Cn ihe banks of the Delaware,
common — Stem branching; stigma linear, often bifid,
longer than the style.

2. * americaivim. Lower leaves equal with or exceeding
the stem, which is nearly simple, the floral ones concave
at the base and erect; stigma always simple, ovate -ob-
lonsr, obhq le, scarcely more than half the length of the
style. iSC simplex? Ph. 2. p. 34. Hab. In the vic-nity of
Philadelphia, common. Intermediate between S. simplex
and nutans, but entirely distinct. — Stem about 12 inches
high, erect, simple, or a little divided at the base. Lower
leaves carinate, floral ones concave at the base, expanding
flat above. Feminine aments about 2 to 5, approximating,
mostly sessile; male 6 to 9, sessile, partly contiguous by
3's. Caiicine scales 3, 4, 5, and 6, scarlose; spathuiate,
in the male much narrower. Style about the length of
the germ. 3. anjiistifoiitim. -\-.

The" Ist species is also indigenous to Europe, where
there exists 2 others.

^yi. ZEA. L. (Maize, Indian Corn.)

Masc. Caliv 2 -flowered, 2-valved, awn-
less. Corolla glume awnlcss. Fem. Calix
and corolla also 2-valved. Style 1, filiform, pen-
dulous. Seeds Immersed in an oblong recep-
tacle.

Culm very tall and robust, leaves broad and spreading;
masculine flowers paniculate, terminal; feminine spadices
beneath, axillary, spathe many-leaved,fconvolute> fascicles
of styles exserted, pendulous.

Species. 1. Z. JlaT/s. Cultivated by the aborigines from
time immemorial, probably indigenous to tropical Ameri-
' ca? (3. * prxcoX' Stem very low; spathes arising also from
the base of the culm; seeds mostly in 8 rows; styloid um-
bilicus obsolete. ( "Early Mandan Corn.") Successfully
cultivated by the aborigines of the Missouri to its sources,
ripening in a climate where no other variety could exist.

Of this interesting genus there is said by the Abbe
Molini to exist a second species in Chili.

633. CAREX. L. (Sedge.)

Flowers imbricated in an ainent. Masc. Ca^

204 MONOECIA, TRIANDRIA.

i

lix of a siiii^le scale. Corolla none. Fem. Crt-
lix also uf 1 scale. Corolla vi ntiicose, nnonope-
talous, bT<!< ritate at the apex. Stigmas 2 and 3.
*^\t triquetrous, included in the persistent co-
rolla, (or litri cuius).

Grasses with triquetrous culms and carlnated leaves
beariug- androg) nous, ruonoicous or rarely dioicous spikes jj
of flowers. «!

§1. Stipm-s mostly 2.

f Spikes dioicous.
Species. 1. C. scirpoidea. 2. steriUs.
t t Spikes androgimoiis.

Spike 1, the svimuit 77iasculi7?e.

3 cephalfjphora. 4. s(piarrosa. j8.? typhijia. Mich. S.
IVilldeiifjvii. 6 poJytricii'Jdes. C microstackt/a. Mich. 7.
Frastriana. Bot. Mag. 1391. S. * /ilifolia. Spike simple,
subc\linui-!c, acute; fi-uit sub^iobose, orifice entire; scales
retuse; leaves filiformiy involute, subulate and squarrose,
shorter than the culn). Hab. On ihe dry plains and gra-
veily hills of the Missouri, common. Cespitose; scarcely
a hand- breadth hii^li.

Spikes several, xvith the summits masculine.

9. are^iaria. 10. brotvoides. 11. retrofexa. 12. stipata.
13. muncata. 14. Jilu hie nber^ii. \5. tnultiJ)ora. 16. spar-
g-anioides. Ij divnlsa. 18. rosea. 19. panicnlata.
Spikes several, tvith the summits feminine.
20. leporina. 21. scirpoides. ^2. liigopodioides. 23. ovalis
24. scoparia. 25. C7irta. 26. remota. 27 . festucacea.
t tit Spikes of distinct sexes.

J^Iale spike often solitary, the others feminine or partly

andrngynojis.

28. saxatilis. 29. ccespitosa. 30. crinita. 31. acuta.

§ II. Siigmas 3.
I Spikes androgynous, ivith the summits masculine.
32. peduncidata. 33 ovuta.

ff Terminal spikes male, the rest androgynous.
34. virescens. 35. hirs.ta. 36. Buxbaumii. 37- trichocarpc.
1 1 1 Spikes of distinct sexes.
Male spike solitary, female oiies sessile or -ufith the
peduncles included.

MONOECIA. TRlAXDRIA. £05

58 varia. 39. suhnlata. 40. mnrglnata. 41. vestita. 42.
ientacnlata. 43. miliaris. 44. lupiUina. 45. fava. 46.
cUgocarpU' A7 • * Collinsii. Female spikes 3 or 4, subsessile,
inclusely pedunculate, approximate, about 6-flowei'ed;
fruit subulate, ventricose, nerved and rostrate, orifice ob-
lique, bicuspidate, cusps deflected; styles 2 or 3; scales
ovate, acuminate- about one-third the lengtii of the flower.
Hab. In the most shady sphagnose swamps; New Jersey.
Obs. About 12 to 18 inches high, smooth; culm very-
slender, obtusely triquetrous and leaf) ; lowest spike part-
ly exserted; flowers distinct and spreading-, smooth; cusps
rigid and hooked back so as to become tenaceous. 48.
follicidata. 49. pubescois.
JTale spike soUtarij, female ones lon_§- peduncitlate.

50. plantaginea. 51. anceps. 52. gramtlnris. 53. conoi'
dea. 54- ietujnca. 55. laxifora. 56.hifstencina. 57- din-
tans. 58. Jlexuosa. 59. digitalia.

j\Iale spike solitary, female c7ies pedunculate, sheathes
almost none.

60. iimbeliata. 61, *anrea. Female spikes 3, approxi-
mate, filiform and erect, few-flowered, 2 of them pedun-
culate; fruit globose, obtuse, yellow and glaucous, orifice,
obsolete, entire; bractes foUaceous. Hab. Qn the shores
of Lake Michigan. The whole plant partly glaucous;
culm, very slender 4 to 6 inches iiigh; leave.*; very narrow;
bracte much longer tlian tlie spike; fruit smooth, bright
yellow; stigmas 3. 62. miliacM. 63. FisudcCijpems.
J\fale spikes several.

64. recurza. 65. pellita. 66. laciistris. 67. redcaria. 68.
lull at tt'

This vast genus, comprehending more than 200 species,
is almost exclusiAely indigenous to Europe and North
America, a few species have been collected in the southern
hemisphere, at the Cape of Good Hope, in India, China
and Japan, there is also 1 at the Straits of Magellan.

54. SCLERIA. Gmrtner, (Wliip-grass.)

Calix glume 2 to G-valved, many-flowered.
stigmas 1 to 3. JS^ut coloured, subgiobose.

Leaves caricine; flowers paniculate, spiked or fascicu-
lated.

Species. I. S. reticularis. 2. verticiVata. 3. interrupta.
4. hirtella 5. ciUata. 6. paucifora. 7- triglomerata.

The reniainder of this gen-as of about 30 species is ex-
VOL. II. S

£06 MONOECIA, TETRANDRIA.

clusively indigenous to India and the tropical regions ot
America.

55, COMPTONIA. Gan-tner, (Sweet-Feni.)

Masc. Amcnt 03 liridric, scales 1 -flovvrred; co-
rolla none. Stamina 3 or 4, filaments simple.
Fem. ^ment ovRte, C«/i.r at length 6-leaved.
Coro//a none. Styles 2. JVwf oval, 1 -relied.

A low and odorous shrub nearly allied to JMyvica Gale,-
leaves oblong and sinuated, resembling the partial fronds
of a fern.

Species. C asplenifolia. — The only one of the genus.

736. TRAGIA. L,

Masc. Calix 3-parted. Corolla none. Fem.
Calix 5-parted. Corolla none. Style trifid. Cap-
sule tricoccous, S-relled. Seed solitary.

Stems shrubb}- or herbaceous, scandent or erect; leaves
alternate, stipulate; flowers bracteate, axillary and spiked;
female flowers at the base of the same spike, or in the
same axill and distinct.

Species. 1. f. ureiis. 2. urtidfolia. 3. macrocarpa.

A tropical genus principally indigenous to India and the
warmer parts of America.

Orper IV.— TETRANDRIA.

73r. ALNUS. Willd. (Alder.)

Masc. w3?ne7i« composed of 3 flowered, cu-
neform truncated receptacles. Calix the scales
of the anient. Corolla 4-parted. Fem. Calix
scales 2 -flowered. Corolla none. Seeds coin-
pressed, ovate, apterous.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire and stipulate
leaves; aments axillary.

Species. 1. A. gluHnosa. In Canada, Ph. 2. crispa. S-
serrulata—0^ this^ genus there are 2 other species indi-
genous to Europe.

MONOECIA. TETRANDHIxV. 207

738. PACHYSANDRA. Mchanx,

Calix about 4-leaved. Corolla none. Fila-
ments subrlavate. Styles 3. Capsules 3-horned,
3-celIed; cells 2-seccU'(l.

Root creeping-; stem very low and simple; leaves alter-
nate, pubescent, without st-puie:; spikes nearly radical,
the lower part feminine; fiiAVt-rs bracieute.

Species. V. procnmbens The only species of the ge-
nus indigenous to the Alleghany niouiitains. Scarcely dis-
tinct from Tricera.

-39. D I OTIS. Schreber,

Masc. Calix 4-leaved, Corolla none. Fem.
calix 1 -leaved, 2-lioi'ned. Style biparted. See^
\, villous, covered by the 2-liorned calix.

SufFrulicose, leaves alternate, entire; flowers axillary.

Species. 1. D. hmata. Ph. Obs. Stem suffruticose^
12 to 18 inclies hif^h, par.ly erect and !anu£^inous; leaves
crowded, linear-sublnnceoiaie, at first revolute on the
jDargin, canescendy laimgiuous; fiowers conglomerated,
glomeruli axillary, masculine flowers superior. Hab. 0.\
the ban'ks of the xVIis-,our;, in arid situations near the
"Grand Detour." Flowering in June.

Of this genus there is a secotul species- Irvdigenoas to
Tartary and Arabia.

r40. BCEHMERIA. WUld.

Mas. CaZia?4-parted. Corolla uone^ Mciaru
none. Fem^ Calix and corolla nonCo Seed 1^.
compressed..

Shrubby or herbaceous; leaves opposite oi* alternate,,
often oblique; fiowers capitate. Nearly allied to Urtica,

Speciis. 1. B. cylindrica. 2. latenfiora.

A genus of 21 species, principally indigenous to tropi-
c-al America and India.

741. URTICA. L. (Nettle.)

Masc. Cato 4-leaved, CWo^^a none, JV^c-
tury central, mostly cyathiforin, Fem» Caitoo
.^'Valved. Corolla none, Sctd 1, shininero.

-08 MpNOECIA. TETSAKDraA.

Herbaceous, rarely jshrubby or arborescent, and often
pung-ent plants; leaves stipulate, opposite or alternate;
flowers spiked or glomerate, axillary, or sometimes partly
terminal and cyraose.

Species. 1. U. pumila. 2. vretis. 3- cUoica. These 2
last are merely naturalized. 4. procera. 5. cliamcednoiiles.
Ph. 6. gracilis. T.cnpitata? Obs. Leaves opposite, ovate,
acuminate, dentate and scabrous, petioles short; glomeruli
spiked, spikes solitary, comose. Male calix 4-parted;
stamina at first incurved, the anthers retained by a cen-
tral ovoid gland, rising at length with an elastic spring;
stigma 1; germ compressed, ovate. Ha3. On the banks
of the Delaware, near Philadelphia, common; often mis-
taken for a Boehmeria. 8. divaricata. 9. canadensis. These
2 last species afibrd a very strong hemp.

The principal part of this extensive genus, containing
near 80 species, is indigenous to the tropical parts of
America, with India and the islands of the Pacific, there
are also species in Europe and at the Cape of Good Hope.

742. PARIETAEIA. X. (Pellitory.)
Flowers polygamous. — Hermaphrodite.

CdLT 4-cleft. Corolla none. Stamina elastic.
SUjlel, Seed I ^ supeiiov, Fem. Cato 2-leaved,
Seed covered by the dry and elongated calix.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate or opposite sometinrcs
without stipules; flowers glomerate, axillary.

Species. \.V. pennsylvanica. Also indigenous to Lou-
isiana. 2. * floridojM. Leaves iOundish-ovate, obluse, aa
long as the petiole and opaquely punctate; fiowers glome-
rate, equal with the involucrum; stem erect. Hab. Near
St. Mar\'s, West Florida. — Dr. Daldwyn. Apparently in-
termediate between P. pennsijlvanica and P. Insiicuiica.
Leaves not miimte, pilose, 3 or 4 lines wide, and with the
filiform peduncle an inch long; involucrum inconspicuous;
stem about 10 to 12 inches high.

A genus of about 18 species, indigenous to Furope, In-
dia, China, the Cape of Good Hope and the Levant.

743. MORUS. L, (Mulberry.)

Masc. Calix 4-partcd. Corolla none. Fem.
€ato4-leaved. C'aro//a none. Styles 2, Calix
becoming a bciiy. Seeds solitary.

L£C*esC2:it tree=; le2,ves producine" stinuk^-. altern:'.*^:

MOXOECIA. TExNTAADRlA. £09

or neaily opposite; amenls siibcylindric, solitary and ax-
illary, the female ones esculent

Species. 1, M. alba. Cultivated. 2. rubra. 3. r^cabr::.
Willd.

A genus of about 10 species, indig'cnous to l^ersia, Si-
beria, India and its islands.

Order V.— PENTANDRIA,

'44. SCIIISANDRA. J\nchaux. ^

Calix 9-leaved, leaves disposed in 3 series.
Corolla none. Anthers subsessile, cohere ing at
tiie points. Bcrnjs l-sce(!cd, in.^rted upon an
elongated filiform receptacle.

A twinin,^ slirub, with alternate and lanceolate-ovate
leaves sometimes repandly denticulate; flowers axillary,
solitarj% scarlet; acini spiked. — Is not tliis singular g-enus
more nearly related to Rhugodia of R. Brown t'lan to Me-
v.ispermuin?

Species. S. cocdnen. Hab. In Carolina and Geoi-gia.
i= *.'. In the vicinity of Savannah.

45> CROTONOPSIS, Michaxix.

Masc. Ca^ia' 5-parted. Co -o/Za of 5 petals,
Fem. Calix 5 -parted. Corolla nojie. Stigmas
?, twice bifid. Capsule 1 -seeded.

A genus not probably distinct from Croton -U'ith which
it ought to be compared. Leaves alternate, stellately pu-
bescent and shining; flowers aggregated, the upper ones
masculine.

Species. 1. C. linearis. Constituting ihe whole ge-
rius. Hab. In the swamps of New Jersey^ Carolina .snd
Illinois.

'46, AMARANTHUS. i. (Amaranth, Prince's
feather, <kc.)

Calix 3 or 5 -leaved. Corolla none. Stamina
3 or 5. Stijles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, 1 -seeded^
opcnin^^ all round.

s a

210 MONOECIA. HBXANDKIA.

Flowers glomerated and axillary, or paniculate and ii
minal; stem often striate. (In ^. spinosus there are 2 spin<^
at the base of each leaf.) .;

Species. 1. A. nlbtis. 2. grxcizans. 3. Hviibis. 4.
BHtnm. 5. viridis. 6. * pinmhi^. Glomeruli axillary, flow-
ers pentandrous, calix 5-leaved, concave; leaves ovate
obtuse, smooth and carnose, often retuse. Hab. On an
island near Eg-g Harbour. — Mr. Rafinesque, Mew York
Med. Repos. 2Vp. 360. No. 22. v. v. Probably upon the
hUach of the same island. (;ollected many years back by
/ my friend Z (JoUins, Esq. Scarcely 1 foot hi.^h, and.
somewhat decumbent; flowers green; growing- with Sal-
sol^ &c. T.h^bridiis. 8. p(miculatus. 9. sangztineni>\ iO...
't'Ttrof.exus. W.hijpochondriacus. (Prince's-teathtT.) \2. spi-
nosus. — This species is also indigenous to India.

A genus of near 40 species, almost exclusively confinei.
to India and North America; there are also 3 species i'.
Europe.

Order VI.— HEXANDRIA,

747, ZIZANIA. L. (American Rice.)

Masc. Calix none. Corolla S-valved, awn-
less. Fem. Cafe none, Co7'o//a 2-valved^ cu=
cuUate, awned. Styh 2-parted^ Seed 1, inves
ted by the coroUa.

Aquatic grasses, culm tall, the summit pyramidally pa-
Tiiculated, lower part of the panicle effuse, masculine^
upper part erect, spiked and teminine^ The flowers of
both sexes sometimes intermixed.

Species. 1. Z. aqnatica. Lambert in Lin. Trans. 7. p.-
264, accompanied by a large and very accurate plate. 2,
miliacea. -f-- oj^uitans. Very small, and easily confound-
ed with other aquatic grasses, v. v. Around Savannah in
Georgia, pointed out to me by Dr. Baldwyn.

Another species of this genus is said to grow in ^i^
iabar.

Mt)NO£CIA. POI.YANDRIA.. 2^11

Order VII.— POLYANDRIA,

T4S. CERATOPHYLLUM. /.. (Hornwort.)
Masc. Calix many-p^j-ted. Corolla none.
Stamina 16 to 20, very short. Anthers tricuspid
date. Fem. Calix 6-leaved, imbricated. Co»
rolla none. Style 1, filiform. JS'iit 1 seeded.

Aquatic plants with verticillated narrow leaves, dlcho-
tomous as.d nnany-paried; flowers axillary, soLtary; truit
naked or splnose

Species. 1. C. (/emersum. Fruit with 3 spines. 2.sub'
viersum Fruit spineless. — A genus of 2 species indige-
nous also to Europe.

749. MYRIOPHYLLUxM. i. (Water Milfoil.)
Calwc 4 -cleft. Petals 4, caducous. Stamina
4, 6, or 8. Germs 4. Siijlcs none. Stigmas
pubescent. Seeds 4^ coated.

Aquatics with verticillated and pseudopinnate leaves;
flowers axillary, sessile and solitary; the upper verticills
masculine, the lower teminine.

Species. 3. M. spicatnm. 2- verticiUatttm. Hab. From
Canada to Carolina, also in Lower Louisiana. 3. scabra-
him. 4. heterophylhim.

*PTiLOPKyLLUM. t Flowers all hermaphrodite,
— Calix 4-cleiU Petals none. Stamina 4, very
short; anthers roundish. Styles none. Stigmas mi-
nute, pubescent, subcapitate. Seeds 4, coated.

Aquatic: leaves alternate^ pseudopinnate, the upper-
most entire and serrate; flowers sohtary, axillary, bibrac
leate at the base. S^ed slj in J^Ivriophylhvn^ wiih which
genxis a.nd J^r OS erpinaca i it appears intermediate.

j*' Feather leaf," from tt/Aov, a feather, and <pvXov, a lea/.
This is the Piirshia of Mr. Rafinesque, but scarcely more thtin
^ subgenus. Onosmndium of Michaux is now called Purshia by
professor Sprengel.

i The calix in this plant is frequently 4-cleft, and accompan* •
id by 4 stamens, styles and germs.

£12 MONOECIA. POLYASDRIl.

Species. 5. * amhigxnim. Stem floating", dlchotori.C/n.s.;
leaves petiolate, pseuJopinnate, the lowest capillary,
emerging" ones pectinate, uppermost i^early entire, sabser-
rate; anthers partly ublong". Has. In the spring ponds of
New Jersey, iioating' in extensive masses, v. v. v. .?. I;i
Herb. Collins. Obs. Stem diffusely dichotomous, float-
ing", radicles often simple. Leaves attenuated below so
as to appear pctiolated, pectinately pinnatlfid; immersed
leaves divided into long capillary segments, divisions of
the upper leaves short, setaceous and acute, from one to
5 pair; uppermost leaves often oblong-linear and nearly
entire. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, bibracteate,
bractes dentiform, acute. Germ quadrangular, angles
terminating above in the segments of the calix. Calix 4-
parted, divisions oblong-ovate, erect, concave, reddish.
Stamina the length of the calix, sheathed by its segments,
not exserted; filaments minute; anthers somewhat oblong.
Styles none. Stigmas 4, roundish and villous or pencil-
late. Fruit 4 coated, cylindric-oblong seeds, furnished
vith internal sutures, and attached to a minute setaceous
axis

/3. * litnosiim, Ste.m rooting, erect; leaves rigid, partly
entire, or divided above, mostly trirld, segments setace-
ous and acute. Hab. On the mirey siiores of the Dela=
ware, also in New Jersey. This appears to be the P^;--
shin humiUs of Mr. Rafinesqae, Ne'.v York Med. Rep. 2. p.
361 ? Stem erect. 2 to 4 inches high, decumbent and ra-
dicant, attenuated upwards. Leaves rigid and spreading,
very narro'.v, setaceous and acute, e.ther simple, or irre-
gularly divided toivards the extremity Inia 2, but mostly
3 and sometimes 4 alternate and terete segments. Flow-
ers as in the preceding, but the anthers are roundish.
-—The occurrence in sonie situations of pi'.mately divided
leaves, as I have observed in New Jersey, proves this
plant to be merely a variety of the former. In the herba-
rium they would by many be considered as distinct spe-
cies.

Of the genus Myriophyllum, besides the above, there is
1 species'in India, and 1 in New Holland; Xos. 1 and 2
are common to Europe.

750. SAG1TTARL\. L, (Arrowhead.)

Calix 3-leaved. Petals 3. Stamina about 9.4.
Germs many. Capsules? aggregated, 1 -seeded^
not opening.

Aquatic plants mostly producing sagittate leaves, occ?.-

MONOECIA. PitLYANDRfA. 213

sipnally, or in a few species, altogether entire; flowers
verticiilaud by 3's, the upper ones inasculine, the lower
fewer .iikI feminine. Sa[) lactescent ?

Species. 1. S. sagittifviia- jS. latifoUa. 2. obtusn. Mas--
culine scape branched ut the base, bap lactescent, hard-
ening- into a while and hyaline gum. 3. haatata, Fh. j8.
gracilis- S. £-7'acilis, Ph. 4. pubcscens. Muld. Catah v. .•;.
in Herb. Muhh Tlie whole plant is pubescent; but still
apparently nothing- more than a variety of sagittifolia. 5,
hcterophijUa- 6. laiicifolia, S. falcata, Ph. and B./akatcii
Persoon, 2. p. 563. 7. rig-ida, Ph. 8. graminen, Mich,
S. simplex? Ph. 9. aciiii/Giia, Ph. Leaves acutely subui
lale, rigid, rarely natant; scape simple, lor.ger than the
leaves; flowers monoicous, ail pedunculate, female ones
3, stamina 12 to 15. .S'. acutifolia ? Lin. suppl. p. 419. ( Al-
so, indigenous to Surinam.) Hab. Extremely abundant
on the sliores of the Delaware, below tide water mark.

10- * piid'.la. Leaves linear, obtuse and short, the sum-
mits foliaceous; scape simple, shorter than the leaves;
flowers monoicous, few; female flower solitary, deflected;
stamina mostly 7- Hab. With the above, in the vicinity
of Philadelphia. Misma subulata,'Pn. Probably not of Lin-
nseus, whose synonymn accords bet er with S. aciiiifoliat
' of Pursh. Ods. The whole plant only 1 to 3 inches high;
leaves rarely ever subulate, sca^t-cely a line wide, and ob-
tuse; male flov.-ers. 3 to 6; female 1, recurved. Flower^
ing in July and August. 11. nutans .

Of this genus tliere are 2 other species, one of them
'n India, the other indigenous to tlie alpine lakes of Dau-
ria and scarcely distinct irom iS'. natan':. S. sagiUifo'.ia is
also common to Europe.

5\. QUEilCUS. X. (Oak.)

Ma.sc. CaiiX iTio.stiy S-clcft. Corolla none.
Stamina 5 to 10. Fem. Calix 1 -leaved, entire,
sctibi'ous. CorQlIa, no;ic. Styles -2 to 5. JS^ut
'oi* gland) coi i?.ceous, mostly surrounded at tiie
ba.se by tlie persistent calix.

Trees or rarely shrubs; leaves deciduous or 5empervi=
rent, entire or sinnately lobed; aments axillary, pendu-
lous, nowers distinct. — (In Q. Sulci\ -Jie ba;kistiiick and
i'ur.gous, constituting tl-.e cork of commerce; the bark of
Q.. tinctcvia is the Quercitron so v%ell known as a material
far dyeing yellov%'; and the Gci-ls produced by the punc"

214 MONOECIA. POLY AND Rl A.

ture of insects, common to different species of this genus,
affbrd also a black colour to the dyer.)

§ I. Fructification biennial; leaves setaceously
mucronate. ■

f L; aves mostly entire.
Species. 1. Q. Phellos. (Wiilow Oak). 2. cinerea.
(Grey O.ik, Upland Willow 0;:k ) 3. pn^nila, Mich. Q.
sericea, Willd. Scarcely more than a swamp variety of
the preceding-, but seldom more than a foot high, while
cinerea usually becomes a small tree. (Running O.tk.)

4. virens. The Live Oah, of slow growth like Q. Robur
of E irope, produces ship-timber which is said to be
equiilly durable. It is occas onally cultivated in the mari-
time parts of South Carolina, prcducin^' the mo.st ma,i^ni-
licent and important vistas- TliKnig-h tlie avidity of a
temporary conmierce it has been erad.Cated from exten-
sive districts, without the interposition of either privaie
or public caution for its renewal, althout^h tlie soil in ma-
ny places is scarcely calculated for any other production.

5. mariiima. Obs. Shrubby, leaves s-mperviren', often
sinuately toothed, smooth^ and of the same colour on both
sides. '(Marine Oak.)

6. myrtifolia. Leaves sempervirent, small and coriace-
ous, oblorig-obovate, awnless, smooth, acute at either ex-
tremity, above siiining- and reticulately veined, margin
revolute. Hab. On Cumberland island, Florida. — Mr.
Kin. no. s. In Herb. Collins. Leaves scarcely larger than
those of Box; the fruit still unknown. 7. imhricaria,
(Shingle Oak.) An occidental species. 8. laurijoha. -f-
A very doubtful species.

t f Leaves toothed or shortly lobed.

9. agrifolia. Indigenous to the Xorih West Coast of
America. lO. heterop/iylla. ( Bartram's Oak.) May not
this be an anomalous variety of coccinea? 11. hemispJice-
rica. BasTtram. Willd. also Q. af/iia(ica, Willd. /3. -ncma, Q
7i(inu, Willd- 12. nigra, |3. * pumila. Subarboresceiit;
glands very small, v. v. In Bartram's garden^also in New-
Jersey. 13. tinctoria. 14. cliKCoIor.

f f f Leaves deeply sinuated and lobed.

\5./:ocdnea. 16. ambigiia. 17. n/*'-a. (Red Oak) 18.
Catssbxi. Leaves subsessile. (Barren Scrub (Jak.) Hab.
in the most sterile, sandy forests; from Virginia to Flori-
da. 19. /a/ra/a. (Spanish Oak.) /3. triloba. Q. triloba, Willd.
%Q. pabii-tris. (Swamp Spanish Oak.) — Lower branches de=

MONOECIA. P»)LYAN»RIA. 215

J^ected and divaricate. 21- iUcifolia. Q. Banistcri, Mich.
(Barren Oak, Scnibby Oak.)

§ II. Fructification annual; leaves awnless.
I Leaves lobed.
' 22. obtnsiloba. (Upland White Oak.) /S. * depressa.
Fruiting at the height of 12 to 18 inches from the ground,
scarcely ever exceeding 3 feet. Hab. On the hills of tiie
Missouri tothe confluence of the river Platte, and the last
species which appears westward. 23. macrocarpa. (O'.er-
C'lp White Oak.) v v. Op. tiit drier alluvial lands of the
Missisippi; — at Haiper's Ferry in Virginia. Branches
somewliHt suberons, and rimose. 24. olivaformis. (Mossy-
cup Oak.) V. T'. With the ab.ove. 25 lyrata. (Over-cup
Oak, Swamp Po.^.t Oak.) Gland so far inclosed in tlie cup
as not to be deciduous from it. The tree about the size
of the Ked Oak. 26, a'.ba. (White-Oak.)

f I Leaves entire, toothed.

27. Prinufi. (Chesnut White Oak.) 28. * Michauxii.
(Swamp Wliile Oak.) Leaves shorJy peiiolate, broad obo-
vate, about a span long, obtuse at the base, prominently and
reiiculately veined and tomentose beneatli, dentures large
and sinuatcd, numerous, (from l9 to 29); fruit by pairs, cup
subhemisplierical, somewha! sqnarrose, gland parth glo-
bose, (nearly as large as a wal lUt.) — A large tree, indige-
nous to alluvial lands, from the Delaware to St. Mary's in
West Florida. Q. PHnon discvlor, Mich. Ai b. 2. p. 46. t. 6.

29. hicolor. (Excluding the synonym of Michaux.)
Leaves subsessile, cuneaie-oval and dilated; sometimes
partly pinnatifid, the under side softly and lanuginously
pubescent, mostly canescent, obsoletely veined, pubescence
stellate, dentuies repand, obtuse, (only 13 to 15); fruit
long and slenderly pedunculate, from 1 to 3 together, cup
hemispherical, giand ovate, pubescent. /3. * mollis. Leaves
merely toothed, not pinnaiifid, under side 'partly ferrugi-
nous and softly pubescent. Hab. In tht swampv but
elevated forests of Hudson river, near New York, &c. A
somewhat pyramidal tree, 60 or 70 feet high, branched
nearly from the base, branches deflected and intricately
ramified as in Q. palustris, which it thus precisely resem-
bles in habit; it bears some distant resemblance to Q.
iinctoria, at least to Q. velutina q\ Lamark, but the awnless
though repand and nearly regular dentures of the leaf pro«
nounce its proximate affinity lo be to Q. bicblor-,- th^ leaves
are attenuated at the base, and abruptly dilated towards
xhe summit, the under sui-face is more ferruginous than

216 MOJiOEClA. FOLTAXtiiiU.

white, lanug-inous, not tomenfose, the dentures few
sometimes partly absolete or like mere crenatures, the
breadth two tiiiids of the leng-tli; peduncle filiform, 2 or
S inches long-, about 'l-fiowered, 1 to S-fruitedr Perhaps
Q-Jilifoi-mis of Mulil. Catal. p. 87. but of which there is no
specimen in his herbarium.

30. montana. (Rock ChesnutOak.) 31. Castanea. (Yel-
low Oak.) Scarcely distinct from Q. Pnnus. 32. Chin-
qiinpin. (Chinquapin, or Dwarf CiiesnutOak.)

Of this very useful genus, containing about 80 species,
there are 15 indigenous to the coast of the Gulph or to the
emp.re of Mexico, about 28 spread through Europe, Bar-
bary and the Levant.; of these the most imj)ortant and most
hardy perhaps in the world are Q. Hobur. and -Q. peduncu-
lata, (The Common British Osk); a tree venerable for its
majesty and longevity, independent of the higli destinies of
its economy. — Japan also produces 6 species of Querc'us;
the whole southern hemispheie affords but a solitary ano-
malous species, ( Q. molucca) indigenous to the islands of
Celebes and Formosaj near the coast of India.

52. CORYLUS. L. (Ha?el Ntst-Tree.)

Masc. Jment imbricated. Calix the scales of
ament. Stamina 8. Fem. CaUx 2 -parted, la-
cerate. Styles 2. tJVut ovate, inclosed by the
persistent calix.

Small trees or shrubs; leaveis roundish ovate or cordate;
aments terminal; female buds axillary.

Species. 1. C. americana. 2- wstrata. A subalpine
species, often only about a foot high; witl-, profusely creep-
ing roots.

Of this genus there are 2 other species in Europe, and
1 indigenous to the vicinity of Constantinople.

753. FAGUS. L. (Beech Tree.)

Masc. Ament roundish. Calix 5 -cleft, cam-
panulate. Stamina about 12. Fem. Calix 4
toothed, setose. Germs 2. ^'*nis 2, included in
the eciiinate, coriaceous and quadrifid calix.

Trees with ovate and serrated leaves; aments axillar. .,
nuts oily.

Species 1. F. tylvatica. &. americcma. Obs. Dioicous?
ament roundish, male calix S-parted. Female, comBion ca-

MONOECIA. rOLYANDHIA. '21T

lix 4-toothed; germs or rather capsules 2, S-sided, 6-
seeded: each furnished with a proper 5-toothed setaceous
calix, a short style and 3 stigrnas; ovuix seated on a vil-
lous receptacle around a common axis which is connec-
ted above wilh the base of the style. 2. ferruginea.

Of tliis g-enus there is 1 species in Europe and another
in Terra del Fuego.

754. CASTANEA. Tournefort. (Cliesnut.)

Polygamous — Masc. Ameat naked, linear.
Corolla 5 or 6-parted. Stamina 10 to 20. Fei:.
Calix 5 or 6 -leaved, muricate. Germs 3. Slig-
ma pencillfornied. JS\ds 3, included in theechi-
nated calix.

I^arge or small trees; leaves oblong-lan<:colate, mucro-
nately serrate; aments very long" and axillary; nuts fari-
naceous.

Species. 1. C- vesca; americana. Oc?. Younger leaves
before expansion Vvith the nerves pubescent beneath.
Masculine ament very long-, partly erect and spreading-,
interruptedly glonVerated, naked; clusters bibracteate
(bractes dissimilar) about? flowered, (sometimes 6, rarely
5 or 10, and then with 20 stamina) Rowers mostly dode-
candrous; calix (corolla, Willd) 6-purted, lateral, involu-
criform, segments subdiandrous; filaments of the stamina
much exserted. — Female amenis 2 to 3 to^i-ether, n^any^^
flowered, thicker and sliorter, fertile involucrum solitary,
the 2 or 3 upper ones abortive; flowers conglomerated,
ternate, involucrum of 3 bractes. Calix (or involucrum)
squamose and leafy, brac:eate at the base, about 3 flow-
ered, at length muricate; corolla {proper calix?) tubular,
coarctate border irregular, 6^^ 8 parted. Stigmas numer-
ous, corneous and shLning, coalescing with the cahx, rigid
and white, at the base pilose; infertile stamina about 12,
very short, situated betwixt the calix and stigmas. Style
1. Nuts smaller than in the European vanety. 2. pundla.
(Chinquapin).

3. * ahv-folia. Very low and shrubby; leaves ell'piic-
obovate, obiuse, mucronately and incisely serrate, under
side pubescent, middle nerve strigose, mai'gi?i ciliate.
Hab. In the dry and sandy forests of South Carolina, not
many miles from Charleston; scarce. Certainly very distinct
from the preceding. Gbs. Stem slender, and but little
branched, in my specimens scarcely 12 inches high.
Leaves minutely petiolate, broadest towards the summit,
serratures crowded, under surface minutely and uniform-
YOL. II. T

9AS MONOliClA. POITAKDUIA.

ly pubescent, but not tomentose, nerves very prominent;
length 15 to 20 lines, breadtii 10 to 12 lines; with the fruit
J am unacquainted, it appears to be entirely a southern
species, and probably more perfect in Georgia. C. nana
of Muhl. Catal. arul Herb, appears to be little more than
a dwarf variety of C, vesca.

The original species, C. vesca,or common Chesnut, and
the only one of the genus except the above, is indigenous
to the south of Europe, where sometimes by an acciden-
tal union of stems it presents the most enormous trunk of
any existhig vegetable, on Mount^tna there did or does
still exist one of these vegetable monsters 160 feet in
circumference.

r55. BETULA. L. (Birch Tree.)

Masc. Jlmtni imbricated, scales peltate, 5-
flowered. Calix consisting of scales. Corolla
none. Stamina 10 to 12. Fem. Calio? scales 2«
flowered. Coro^'anone. ^eed 1, alated.

Trees or more rarely shrubs; aments axillary; leaves
ovate and serrate, more rarely obovate as in Alnus^ from
which this genus is scarcely distinct. — Bark often tena-
ccous, with papyraceous exfoliations.

Species. 1. B. populifolia. Leaves deltoid, acuminate^
2. exceha. 3. nigra. 4. papyracea. (Canoe Birch.) Bark
very tenaceous and durable, employed by the savages for
various economical purposes, but more paiticularly for
canoes. Hab . From Canada to Pennsylvania. 5. lenta.
(Sweet Birch.) The taste and seen; of the bark similar to
that of GauUheria procumbenS' 6. pumila. 7. glanduloaa .
9- nana.

A genus of about 17 species, the remainder indigenous
to northern Europe or Siberia, excepting one species in
Japan, and another in Terra del Fuego.

fSe, CARPINUS. L. (Horn-beam Tree.)

•Swieniimbricated. Masc. Scales of the cc/ia'
ciliated, ^iamijia about 10. Fem. Ca/iai scales
3.flowered. Corolla trifid. JS'"ut ovate, sulcate.

Trees with axillary and terminal aments; female ament
at length racemose and foliaceous, flowers conjugate.

Species. 1. C. cwjericana.— Sty lei, stigmgs 2. Female
buds producing both leaves and flo\ycrs.

MOXOECIA. rOLYANDRIA. £19

The oric^mal species of the g-cnus (C. Betulus) Is indi-
genous to Europe, there is also a third in the Levant.

757. OSTRYA. J/ic/te^t. (Hop-hornbeam Tree.)
Ament imbricated. Masc. Calix consisting

of scales. Filament of the stamina ramose.
Fem. Ament naked. Caps^des inflated, imbrica-
ted at the base, 1-seeded ^

Habit similar to that o/' preceding g^enus.
Specjes. 1. O. virginka. — Of this genus there is a se-
cond species in Europe.

758. PLATANUS. Z. (Buttonwood. Sycamore.)
Ament globose. Masc. Calix none. Corolla

scarcely manifest. Anthers adnate to the fila-
ments from the base. Fem. Calix many-leaved.
Corolla none . Stigmas vGcur\ci\, Ci-psulessub-
clavatc, 1 -seeded, mucronate with the style,
pappose at the base.

Large trees; leaves (as in the Maple) palmately lobed
or angularly divided; stipules large; aments pendulous.

SpeciesM. p. occidentalis. — Of this genus there are 3
other specie#natives of the Levant.

759' LIQUIDAMBAR. L. (Sweet-gum Tree.)
Masc. Ament conic, surrounded with a 4-
Jeaved involucrum. Calix and corolla none. Fi-
laments numerous. Fem. Ament globose, also
surrounded with a4-leaved involucrum. Calix
I -leaved; urceolate, 2-l!owered. Styles 2. Cap-
sules 2, surrounded by tlie base of the calix, i-
celled, many-seeded.

Balsamiferous trees with sinuately palmated leaves
^similar to those of the .Maple); araents aggregated, tern;:-
nal, masculine decifluous, fenriaies pedunculated and pen-
dulous.

Species. 1. L. Sfyracifua. From Xew England to Flo-
rida, also indigenous to Mexico and cxter.ding to the shores
cf the Pacific ocean. In the warmer parts of America
exuding a balsamic resin. Obs. Female ament glo-

i-20 MONOBCIA, POLYANDRIA.

bose, nt length ligneous and alveolate, iJveoli muricate on
the margins, at first glandular. Surface of the ament gra-
nulated, I he granulations interspersed with infertile styles.
Calix and corolla none. Capsules by pairs, immersed in
the alveoli, each terminated by a single style and lateral
stigma, 1-celled, 1-valved, foUiculate, internally lined with
collateral rows of angular scrobiform deciduous bodies,
applied to the few winged and perfect seeds. Perisperm
of the secid carnose and thin; radicle superior; cotyle-
dons straight.

Of this genus there is a second species in the Levant.

reo. JUGLANS. L. (Walnut.)

jMasc. Ameut imbricated. Calix consist ing
iff scales. Corolla 5 or 6-parted. Stamina 18 to
36. Fem. CcZix' 4-cIeft, superior. Ccrolla 4-pSLvt'
cd. Styles I oi- 2. Drupe i)-ciri\y spong^'j iiutru-
g'usc, and irregularly furrowed.

Large trees with allernate and unequally pinnated
leaves; female flowers terrnina^; masculine umenls simple,
axillary, produced in separate partial buds.

SvECi-ES. 1.3. ni^-ra. 0ns. Male ament simple; flowers
disl'.nct. Calix (corolla X.) mostly 5-parted, subtended
by a single and almost similar bracte; s^mina more thaa
2J, 30 to 36; receptacle ( levated, hemi^ierical- Female
flowers terminal, destitute of bractes, collected by 3 or
4 togethc:'; germ suI>cy!indric-ovate, terminated by a ca-
lacinc, toothed margin; petals 4; style i, short, stigmas 2,
subclavate, margin revoiute, upper surface lacerated. 2.
clnerea (J. catharticuy Mich. arb. 1. p. 165.) "Butter Xut."
.>. fraxmifiUa. -f.

The original species of tliis genus fJ. regie J, the com-
mon X'lalnut of Europe, and J? pterocarpa, both indige-
nous to the borders of the Caspian sea in Persia, with the
above, appear to comprize the present genus.

76lf *CARYA. t JuGLANs species, X. Willd,
(Hickory.)

.Masc. Jment iiribricat<nl. CalLv 3-parfed
.scales. Corolla none. Stamina 4 to 6. Fem.

=j- Kci(^vet, the Walnut Tree. (The name which the Greeks
sppl.ed to Jiighins regia J

MONOECIA. POLYANDRIA. 221

Calix 4-clcft, superior. Corolla none. Stifles
none. Stigma partly discoid, 4-lobed. Fcri-
carp 4-valved. JVut subquadranguiar, even.

Large trees with alternate and unequally pinnated
leaves; flowers polyg-amous, contemporaneous, (the same
bud includin.sf botli sexes together with leaves); female
ones terminal, male amenls below the leaves, trifid, pe-
dunculate and pendulous; anthers pilose, didymous; nuts
edible or bitter. Pubescence stellate.

Species. 1. C oUvjeformis. (Pecm nut.) 2. sulcata.
Obs. Leaflets 5 to 9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, ser-
rate, under side pubescent, terminal leaflet subpeliolate,
attenuated at the base. Male aments 3-parted, very lon^,'
pedunculate and smooth; scales 3-parted, incurved, the
central segment longer and acuminated. Stamina 4 to 6;
anthers didymous, sessile, pilose and chartaceous, some-
rimes subtended by an inner calicine scale from the ra-
ciiis. Female calix 4-cleft. Corolla none. Style none.
Stigma discoid, 4-lobed, 2 of the lobes larger and bifid,
summits comjiressed, externally lacerate.

2. aljci. 4. tom:7itosa. Oes. Ameiits '.rifid, Involucrat?,
very long and hlrsutely villous, scales 3-parted, subequal;
anthers 3 or 4, pubescent. Female calix 4-cIeft. Corolla
none. Stigma as in the preceding. ,3 * maxima. Leaf-
lets by 7's, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, beneatk
softly pubescent and paler col )u:-ed, terminal leaflet sub-
petiolate; fruit parily globose, pericarp exceedingly thick:,
nut quadrangular, very large and thick shelled, mucra
quadrangular, exserted and truncate. Hab. A few mile*
from Philadelphia. Fruit nearly twice the ordinary size?
as large as an apple.

5. * microcarpa. Leaflets about 5, oblong-lanceolatc»,
sharply serrulate, and conspicuously acuminate, on both
sides smooth, beneath glandular, terminal leaflet subpe>-
tiolate; fruit subglobose, pericarp thin; nut partly quad-
rangular, small and rather thin shelled, mucro obsolete,
truncate. Hab. On the banks of the Schuylkill, in the
vicinity of Piiiladel})hia.— A large tree with an even bark.
Fruit much like that of C. tomentosa, and eatable, but very-
small, the nut nat exceeding the size of a nutmeg*
Aments trifid, very long and smooth, without involucrum;
scales 3-parted, lateral segments ovate, the central one
linear; anthers pilose, mostly 4, sometimes 3 and 5. Fe-
male 2 or 3 together, common peduncle bracteolate; seg-
ments of the calix very long and somev/hat fohaceous.
Corolla none. Style none. Stign^-a discoid, 4'lobed^

222 MONOECIA. POLYANDRIA,

somewhat rborr.boidal. 6, amara. (BiUer Nat). 7. por*
cina. (Pig Nut). 8. aquatica. 9. mynsticceformis.

A North American genus belonging to the Natural Or-
der of the AMENTACEiE.

762. ARUM. X. (Wake Robin, &c.)

Spatha cucullate. — Spadlx above naked, be-
low feminine, in the niiddle staminiferous. Ca-
lix and corolla none. Berry 1 or many- seeded.

Mostly stemless, rarely caulescent; leaves simple or
pseudocompound.

Species. 1. A. Dracontium, Leaves pedate, entire;
spadix subulate, longer than the oblong convolute spathe.
JIab. From Pennsylvania to Florida. (In the vicinity of
Philadelphia; rare.)

2. * qxiinauim. Leaves quinate, lanceolate, acuminate.
Mab. In Georgia; — Dr. Baldwyn, v. s. Nearly allied to
the following, and probably to Jl, pentaphylhwi of India.

3. triphylbnn. (Ii.dtan Turnip,; Obs, Polygamous, dioi-
cous; gerrn 6-seeded. Berries scarlet, 3 or 4-seeded; in-
tegument of the seed double, the inner membranaceous;
embryon cylindric, inverted, situated in the axis of a fa-
rinaceous perisperm. /3, atrorubens. 4. virginicum, — Ber-
ry many-seeded.

A genus of about 30 species principally indigenous to
India, the warmer parts of Europe and America.

763. CALLA. i.

Spathe flattish. Spadix covered with flowers.
Calix and corolla none. Berry many-seeded.

Habit similar to Arnm.

Species. C. pnlnstris. — Also indigenous to Europe.

764. CALADIUM. Veritenat,

Anthers peltate, many-celled, collected into a
spike at the summit of the vspadix. Germs in-
serted at the base of the spadix. Stylenoue, Stig-
ma umbilicate. Berry 1 -celled, many-seeded.

Mode of vegetation similar to that of Arum,
Species. 1, C, sagiitifoliurn P Leaves glaucous; spathe

white.

A genus of 16 species (according to Fersoon) almost

exclusively indigenous to India and the warmer parts of

America.

MONOECIA. MONADELPIIIA. 223

Order VIII.— MONADELPHIA.

765. PINUS. Z. (Pine Tree.)

Masc. Calix 4-leaved. Corolla none. Sta^
mina many, Anthers naked. Fem. Calix a
strobilus or cone; scales 2-llowered. Corolla
none. Pistill l. JWt alated.

Mostly tall resiniferous trees with verticillated branches;
leaves acerose and filifirmly slender, growing from 2 to
5 in the same short cylindric sheath; fasciculated and de-
eiduous in Larix, solitary and distinct at the base in
Abies; aments conglomerated, terminal; cones solitary or
sabverticillate, also terminal,

t PiNus. Scales of the cone thickened at the sum-
mits, angular and umbilicate. :j:

Species. 1. P. inops. (Jersey Pine.) 2. resinosa.
(Pitch Pine.) o, Banksiana, (Scrub Pine, Grey Pine.)
A northern species. 4. variabilis. (Yellow Pine.) 5. ri-
gida. (Black or Pitch Pine.) 6. serotina. (Pond Pine.)
T.pnn^ens. (Table Mountain Pine.) Hitherto only met
with on the summits of the Catawba ridge, near the
sources of Catawba river; North Carolina. 8. T<eda. (Old-
field Pine.) 9. palustris. (Long-leaved or Yellow Pitch
Pine.) 10. Strobus. (White or Weymouth Pine )— From
Canada to Caiolina.

t t Larix. Leaves fasciculated, deciduous.
11. pendula. 12. microcarpa. (American Larch.)

t tt Abies. Leaves solitary and distinct at the
fcase; scales of the cone even and attenuated.

13. Balsamea. (Balsam Fir.) ^. Fraseri. Ph. v. v, Oa
the summit of the Catawba ridge, North Carolina. 14.
taocifolia. 15. canadensis, (Hemlock Spruce.) 16. fiigra.
(Black Spruce.) 17. rubra. (Red Spruce.) 18. alba.^
(White Spruce.)

A genus consisting of near 40 species, principally indi-
genous to Europe and North America; there are also spe-
cies in Barbary, the Levant, India and China.

4 Primary leaves solitary and sessile, destitute »f sheathes, at
length 6ucQ«eded by the ordinary foliage.

224 MONOECIA. MONADEIPHIA.

766. THUJA. L. (x\rbor vitje Tree.)

Masc. Anient imbricated. Calix consisting
of scales. Corolla none. Anthers 4. Fem.
Anient strobilaceous. Scales of the calix 2-
flowered. Corolla none. JS'*ut 1, surrounded
witii an alated margin.

Mostly small trees; branchlets angnkir or compressed;
leaves squamiform, and imbricated, opposite; amcnt. ter-
minal; cone terminal or axillary, even or squarrose.

Species. 1. T. occuleiitalis, (called White Cedar.) In-
digenous also to Siberia.

A very small and widely dispersed genus indigenous to
China, Japan, Barbary, Madagascar and the Cape of Good
Hope.

767. CUPRESSUS. L. (Cypress.)

Masc. Ament ovate, imbricated. Calix con-
sisting of peltate scales. CoroUa none. Anthers
4, sessile. Fem. Ament strobilaceous. Calix
peltate scales. Corolla none. Germs 4 to 8 un-
der each scale of the caiix. JS'hits angular, com-
pressed.

Principally large trees with alternate branches; leaves
mostly squamiform and oppositely imbricated; in C. disti-
cha (Shubertli?, of Mirbell) deciduous; aments terminal;
cones terminal or axillary.

, Species. C. 1. thyoides. (White Cedar ) 2. disticha.
Leaves distichil, fiat and deciduous. Has. From Dela-
ware to the Missisippi, and ascending that river to the
confluence of the Oliio. Obs. Aments paniculated, pen-
dulous. /S. * imcricaria. Leaves subuh.te, partly imbri-
cated in 4 ranks, deciduous; nuts larger, chesnut colour-
ed— Found from Florida to North Carolina, in swamps
and ponds more remote from the sea. — A smaller tree than
the preceding, often producing fruit at the height of 3
feet from the ground.

A small genus indigenous to Europe, Lndia, J^ipan, and
the Cape of Good Hope.

768. ACALYPHA. X.

Masc. Calix 3 or 4.parted. Corolla none.

MONOECIA. MONADELPHIA. 225

Stamina 8 to 16. Fem. Siijles 3, bifid. Cap-
sule S-grained, 3-celled, 3 seeded.

Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves alternate, stipulate;
bractes large, flowers axillary, spiked, upper part of the
spike masculine, the lower feminine.

SjEGiES. 1. A. virginica. 2. caroliniana.

A genus of near 40 species almost exclusively indige-
nous to tropical America and India.

r69. CROTON. L,

Masc. Calix cylindric, 5-toothed. Corolla of

5 petals or none. Stamina 10 to 15. Fem. Ca-
ilx 5 or many- leaved. Corolla none. JStijles 3 or

6 bifid. Capsule 3-grained, S-celled, 3 seeded.

Herbaceous or more commonly shrubby; leaves stipu-
late, alternate, or rarely opposite; flowers axillary or ter-
minal, spiked or ccnglomeraie, upper flowers masculine.
Jfubf scence stellate.

Species. 1. C. maritimum. 2. argyranthemum. o.glari'
diilosnm. 4. capiiatum. — Taroug'hout the Illinois territory
and Louisiana to the sources of the Missouri. Obs. Styles
6, twice bifld. 5. * elUpticHra- Crotonopsis elUptica? WUld.
Annual and stellately pubescent; leaves elliptic-ovate,
older ones obtuse above, upper surface smoother, green;
flowers conglomerated; styl-s 3, bifid; capsules angular,
2-seeded. Hab. Around St. Louis, Louisiana. A spe-
cies allied to C. capltatum; very aromatic.

A ,eenus of more than 80 species, almost exclusively in-
digenous to the warmer parts of America and India.

rro. JATROPHA. L. (Physick-nut.)

Masc. Calix none or 5-Ieaved. Corolla mo-
nopetalous, funnclforni. »S'/flmi«a 10, alternate-
ly shorter. Fem. Calix nane. Corolla of 5 pe-
tals, spreading. Shjles 3y bifid. Capsule 3-ceil-
edj cells 1 -seeded.

Mostly shrubs, leaves alternate, stipulate, often palmate;
flowers corymbose, axillary or termir.al.

Species. 1. J. stimulosa.

A genus of about 18 species indigenous to the warmer
parts of America, India, and Arabia Felix.

226 MONOECIA. MONADELPHIA.

771. RICINUS. L, (Palma Christi, Castor oil
Plant.)

Masc. Calix 5-parted. Corolla none. Stami-
na numerous. Fem. Calix 3 -parted. Corolla
none. Styles 3, bifid. Capsules mostly echinate^
o-celied, 3-see(Ied.

Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves alternate, stipulate, pal-
mate or more rarely undivided; summit of the petiole
glandular; flowers in a terminal spiked panicle, the lov.'er
ones masculine, the upper ^minine.

Species. 1. R. CGmmunis. Merely naturalized in the
southern states. Now largely cultivated for oil, in Ken-
tucky and Tennessee.

A genus of 10 species indigenous to India and Africa,
with the exception of a single species in Jamaica.

77.2, STILUNGIA. i.

Masc. Jnuo/«cni?n hemispherical, many-flow-
ered, or wanting. Calix tubular, eroded. Sta-
mina 2 and 3, exserted. Fem. Calix 1 -flower-
ed, inferior. Style trifid. Capsule 3-grained.

Arborescent, shrubby and herbaceous; sap lactescent;
leaves alternate, stipulate, entire; flowers spiked, spikes
solitary, dichotomal or terminal, upper part masculine,
lower feminine, rachis in S- sylvatica producing interme-
diate capulate glands.

Species. 1. S. sylvatica. 2. sebifera. (Tallow Tree.)
Introduced from China. A species of Sapium? according
to Jussieu. — Spike terminal; involucrum roany-fiowered;
stamens 3; fruiting calix 3-toothed, corolla none; stigma3
3, large and spreading; style scarcely any.

3. lig-ustrina. Obs.' Dioicous? spikes p'artly lateral and
terminal; n.ale flowers without involucrum; bractes 1-
fiowered, biglandular; calix trifid, rather flat; filaments 3,
anthers 3, renitbrm. Female not sten.

The only species of the genus.

775. EUPHORBIA. L. (Spurge.)

Involucrum caliciform, 8 to 10-toothed, exte-
rior alternate dentures glanduloid or pctaloid.
fir^amiwrtinuefinite, 12 or more, rarely Icssj fila-

MONOECIA. MONADELPHIA. 227

ments articulated. Receptacle squamose. Fe-
7n ale Jlower soVitsiry 9 stipitate, naked. Styles 3,
bifid. Capsule S-grained.

Lactescent plants which are either herbaceous or shrub*
by, leafless or foliaceous; stems in the leafless species
(which are principally indigenous to uie deserts of Africa)
caniose, naked or spin;,, resem.bhng the genus Cactus; —
in the other species which are mosily herbaceous, the
leaves are alternate and naked, or more rarely opposite,
and then usually stipulate, very rarely ternately verticil-
lated; in these the flowers are scattered or aggregated,
and in very many umbellate and involucrate. Stamina
perfecting at different limes.

Species. 1. E. cyathophora, 2. dentata. 3. grainijiifo-
ha. A. hy peri ci folia. 5. maculata. 6. thymifcUa. T.poiygoni'
JoHa. 8. Ipecacnanhce. Leaves sometimes linear. Stamina
collected into 5 bodies, containing about 6 in each, inter-
mixed with the plumose setae of the receptacle. 9. puhen-
tissima. 10. Peplus. \\. mercwialina 12. marginctta,\.tQ.\Q.%
of tiie involucrum always variegated with wuite. v. v. On
the batiks of the Missouri near the Arikaree station. 13
JLathyris. 14. eoro//afa. Dioicous! lo.portulaccides, 16.pilosa.
This vait genus of near 160 species is very widely dis-
persed through both hemispheres, but more particularly
abundant in the warmer parts of America, in India, the
deserts of northern and southern Africa, and throughout
Europe but more frequer.tin the warmer parts. Tiic eco-
nomy of tiie genus Euphorbia appears to be very limited;
in the deserts of Africa they only tend as it were to aug-
ment the surrour.di:ig scenes of desolation; leafless, bit-
ter, thoiTiy and poisonous, they seem to deny food to every
animated being; amongst the European and American
species there are some which have been usedmedicim.Uy,
but they are at best dangerous and needless remedies.

774. FHYLLANTHUS. L.

Masc. Calix 5 or 6 -parted. Filaments often
columnar. Anthers 3. Fem. as the male nec-
tary a 12-angled margin. Styles 3. Capsule
mostly 3-grained.

Shrubby or aborescent, rarely herbaceous; leaves slm-
pie and distlcbal, with axillary flowers or apparenily pin-
nate, the leaflets then floriferous.

Species. 1. P. tbovatus. 0»s. Capsule round, 3-oelkd»

S28 MONOECIA. MONADELPHIA.

cells 2-seeded. Leaves nictitant, and somewhat sensible
to the touch.

A gemis of about 45 species, almost exclusively indige-
aous to India and tropical America.

775. MELOTHRIA. L.

Masc. Calix 5 -Uwthed, Coro/ia campaniilate.
Filuments 3. Fem. SUjlc I, Stigmas 3. Berry 3-
celled, many-seeded.

Stem scandent and cirrhose, peduncles 1 or many-flow-
ered.

Species. M. pemhila.— Of this genus thei'c is a second
species indigenous to Guinea-

776. MOMORDTCA. L.

Masc. Calix 5-cleft. Corolla 5-parted. Fila-
ments 3. Fem. Style iriM. Fepo dry, bursting
elastic ally.

Veg-etation similar to that of the preceding genus. Pe-
duncle 1 or many-floweied.

Species. 1. M. echlnata. Very abundant in the Michi-
gan Territory and on the banks of the Missisippi and Mis-
souri.

A genus df 13 species almost entirely indigenous to
India.

777. CUCURBITA. L. {Gourd, &c.>

Masc. Calix 5-toothed. Corolla 5-cIeft Fi-
laments 3. Fem. Fistil trifid. Pepo large, 3
to o-celled. Seeds with a tumid margin.

stem prostrate or scandent; leaves mostly cordate; pe-
duncles short, about l-flowered.

Species. 1. C lagenaria. (Calabash, or Bottle Gourd.)
Flowers white. Cultivated by the aborigines from the
earliest discovery of North America, and partly naturali-
zed in the vicinity of their stations. 2. verrucosa (Warted
Squash.) Cultivated also by the Indians of the Missou-
ri to its sources.

A small and important genus of about 13 species,
principally indigenous to India, Africa, Persia and the
Levant. Among tlie useful individuals of Cucurbita are
included the pumpkin, the squash and the water-melon.

MONOECIA. MONADELPHIA. 229

from the last, Pallas, in his journey throuc^h the Crimea,
remarks, that at Sareptaon the Volg-a the inhabitants brew
a kind of' beer, with the addition of hops, and obtain a
marmalade as & substitute for treacle.

'8. SYCIOS. L. (Single-seeded Cucumber.)

Masc. Calix 5 -toothed. Corolla 5-parted.
Filaments 3. Fem. Style trifid. Pepo 1 -seeded.

Scandent; peduncle short and many-fiowered; fruit ca-
pitate, echinate.

Species. 1. S. angnlata. — Of this genus there appears
to be 3 other species indigenous to the warmer parts of
slmerica.

VOL. II.

Clas^. XX.— UIOECIA.

OnDER II.— DIANDRIA.

779. VALISNERIA. Jflkhdi. Z.

Masc. Spathe ovate, 2-partc(l. Spadix co-
verefl with minute ilt)\vors. Calix 3-parted. Fem.
Spathe bifid, 1 flowered. Caiix 3-partcd, su-
perior. Corolla of 3 petals. Stigmas 3, ligu-
late, semibifid. Capsule y-aUeless, I celled, seeds
numerous, parietaily attached. (Stamina 2
and 6.)

Submersed aquatics; leaves all radical; scapes axillar\'.
Female flowers .soliiary, mosily furnished Mith a spiral
fiiiform scapi , stretcljing- or contracting (as in Ki'ppia and
* Udora) in order to admit the emersion of tl;e flower;
male scape very slsort, and always submersed, the minute
florets scarcely (lartjer than the anthers ot the Rose) at
length breaking- connexion with the parent plant, rise to
the surface, and instantly expanding to the light, acciden-
tally float around the other sex and quickly pensh; the
period of inflorescence passed, the female at length sinks
beneath the water and matures the fruit.

Species. 1. V. ainericaiia. Leaves linear and obtuse,
equal from the base, 3-nerved, margin minutely and acu-
Icately serrulate; male pedvmcles very short, female ones
spiral. — Apparently a mere variety of V. spiralis. Male
flowers very minute, 3-valved. valves concave; stamina 1
or 2. Hab. Common m still water, on the margins of
rivers from New Y(;rk to Florida, also in Lake Michigan,
and probably throughout the Illinois territory.

Of this singular gtuuis, which ought probably to be dl-
vided, there is 1 species in Europe, and 2 in India.

780. SALIX. L, (Willow.)

Masc. Ament cy\'w\{\Y\Q, Cato consisting of

BIOECIA. DIANDRIA. 23 1

scales. Corolla iiojie. »^'*edanferous glands at
the base of tlie stamina. Slam'uia I to 6. Fem.
Flower as the male. Style hifid. Capsule 1-cell-
ed, 2-valve(l. Seeds woolly.

Large or small trees or shrubs, rarely sufFruticose or
sublitrbaceous; uments axillary and terminal.

Species. 1. S. viminalis. liuroduced 2. Candida. 3.
Muhlenberg'iana. 4. tristis. 5 recnrvaXa, Pn. 6. repens.
7. reticulaia. 8 vestitu, Ph. 9. Uva iirsi. Ph. 10. cor-
difoliUyPii. 11. obovata, Ph. Scarcely distinct from 5'. tjjs-
tiia of the same, and both are probably varieties of S- arc-
nariaP 12. planifoUa. 13. pedicellaris. 14. rosmarimfolia.
IS.fuscuta, Ph. \^. coidfera. 1?. myricoides. i8. disco'
lor, also probably S. prinoidea, Pn? 19. lonq-ifolia. S. an-
gustata, Ph. The most abundant species on the lowest
alluvial formations ottiie Misso\'.ri and Missisippi, proba-
bly extendinj:^ to tlie sources of those rivers. Obs. Leaves
of the young- plants, after tlie cotyledones, siibpinnatinj.

20. babylonica. (Weeping Willow.) CJeneraliy cultivated.

21. nigra, v. v. On the banks of the Missouri and tho
Missisippi. 22- hicida, 23. rigida. (^S. corduta, .Mich.)
24. cordata. 25. grisea. 26, petiolaris. 27. alba. 2d. vi-
teUina. These 2 last cultivated, or introduced. 29. vvjr^
sinites. 30. herbacea.

This g-enus coniaining probably more than 130 species
is chiefly confined to the northern pTirts of i'.urope and
America; many of the species are alpine. Only 4 spe-
cies are as yet described to be indigenous to the Sou'hcrn
lienusphere, namely 1 in Peru, fS. HumboJdtiana) 1 in
India, and 2 species at the Cape of Good Hope with mu-
cronate leaves.

81. FRAXINUS. X. (Ash.)

Cilix none, or 4 -parted. CorGlla none, or ai*
4 petals. Fistil 1. Samara 1 -seeded, the wing
lanceolate.

Trees wiih opposite, unequally pinnated leaves; flowers
paniculate, arising from disiinct buds produced in the ax-
il! s of preceding leaves? hermaphrodite and female flow-
ers on distinct plants.

Species. 1. P. sambucifolia. 2- guadrargndata. (Blue
Ash.) The chips communicating a pale blue colour to the
water in which they are steeped. 3. epiptera. 4. aciimi'
nata. 5. caroliiiiima. 6. plafycarpa. 7. pnbescens. 8.

'^"S MCKOECIA. DIANDRIA.

* triptera. Leaflets (about 7?) obovate, entire, subsessile^^
beneath tomentose, oblique at tlie base; samara very
broad, elliptic-obovate, mostly Swinged! attenuaied at
tlie base. Hab. In tlie oak-ibrests of South Carolina.
Fruit at firsi sight almost similar to Halesia, more rarely
2 than 3 winged, the seed also S-sided. Points of the-
leaves obtuse, the under side paler and softly villous, the
common petiole and nerves beneath smooth. 9. juglan-
difolia^

A genus of about 15 species, exclusively indigenous to
Europe, the Levant and North America.

782. BORYA. WilUlenow.

Masc. Ca/i.T 4- leaved. Coro/Za none. Sta-
mina 2 or S. Fem. Sigma capitate. Berrij 1-
seeded.

Shrubby, rarely spinescent, uith opposite entire leaves,,
whiCh are coriaceous or membranaceous, destitute of
slip;:*' s; flowers minute, axillary, fasciculated.

Species. 1. B. porjijosa. Vi s. 2. Ugiistrinai t. s. 3.

* (Ihtichophhlla. Bud scales pungently acule, confluent
in the leaves; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, subsessile
and membranaceous, margin scabrous; ramuli very slen-
dtr, leaves distichal. Hab. On the banks of French Broad
river, East fenntssee. v. t. A tall slirub 12 to 16 feet
high. 4. ncinmnatn — A North American genus; with the
es.ception of a single species in the \\ est India islands.

783. CERATIOLA. Mlchaiix. (Hornbusli^
«' Saiid-hiil Rosemary.")

Cnllx genimaceoiis, imbricated, scales 6 to
8. Corolla none* Stamina -2, exserted. Stigmas
unequal^ 4 to 6. 2 larger. Berry 2-seeded.
Seeds osseous,

A genus scarcely distinct from Empetrum (particular-
ly Yi.aibvmy which produces a 3-seeded berry.) A slirub
with verticillated brandies, and actrose sempervirent
leaves also verticillated and crowded; flowers axillary ».
sessile; berries persistent; perisperm carnose.

Species C. eiicoicles. Obs. An evergreen shrub 4 to-
6 feet liigli, branchltts partly tomentose; leaves verticil-
lated in 3's and 4's, narrow linear and smooth, slightly
scabroa^?, (seen througlxa lens,) revoltite to the centre;

DIOECIA. TETRANDRIA. 233

calix6 to 8 imbricatrd scales wlih tomentose margins; an-
thers purplish. Calix of the fruit similar to tb.at of the
stamens; style distinct, rigid and persistent, stit^mas
about 4 or 6, purple, 2 only conspicuous; berry yellow-
ish, small and astringent to'the taste, 2-seeded, seeds bo-
ny, plano-convex, v. v. Near Augusta in Georgia, on
gravelly hills.

This genus witli Empetrnm ought apparently to form a
section (F.MPETRE;E)at theend ofthe CoxiFERiE, charac-
terized by producing a berry containing more than 1 nu-
clform se"^ed. The affinity o'f Ceratiola to Taxiis, though
certainly remote, still appears to justify the reference of
these t\vo genera to this family, with which they also
agree in the structure ofthe seed, rather than the Eric-e
which they resemble in nothing but the leaves!

Order III— TRIANDRIA.
784. EMPETRUM. L. (Crow or Crake-berry.)
Calix gernmaceoiis, imbricated, scales about
9, the 3 innerinost petaloid. Stigmas 9. Berry
about 9-seeded. Seeds osseous.

Erect or small procumbent slirubs; leaves crowded, al-
ternate or subverticillate, sempervirent? margin revolute ;
flowers axillary, sessile.

Species. 1. E. nigrum. Berries nearly black. Hab.
In Canada.

Of this genus there are 2 species in Europe, E. album
in Portugal and E. nigrum in ihe northern parts of Eu-
rope, there is also a third species indigenous to the
Straits of Magellan, and probably a fourth in Guianne,
which I have observed in the herbarium of A. B. Lambert,
Esqr., London.

Order IV.— TETRANDRIA.
785. *Mx\CLURA.t (Bow- wood, Yellow-wood.)
Masc. Jment? FexM. Calix none. Co-

t Dedicated to William Maclure, Esq. of the United States,
a Philosopher, whose devotion to natural science, and particu-
larly to the geology of North America, has scarcely been ex-
ceeded by RaiBond or Saussure in Europe.
U 2

234 DIOECIA. TETRAXDUIA.

rolla none. Siyle 1, filiform, villous. Germs mx-^
nierous, coalescing into a compound globose
heviy of many cells; cells 1 -seeded. Seed obo-
vate, compressed.

A small lactt'scent tree, producing- wood similar to Fus-
tic; leaves alternate, entire, destitute of stipules, furnish-
ed with superaxillary simple spines; amenls axillary; ber-
ry verrucose and lartre, at first lactescent, yello\v. ' A ge-
nus proximately allied to Broussonetiu; and belonging to
the Natural Order UrtiGjE,
JM. auraniiaca.

Ob5. a {spreading- tree about 20 to 30 feet high, branch-
cs fiexuous and terete. Leaves petiolated, oval, acumina-
ted, very entire, apex mucronulate, upper surface smooth
and shining-, oetioie and nerves en the under side some-
wJiat liirsutely but minutely pubescent; (petiole often
nearly an inch loni;; leaf 2 to 3 inches long-, and 1 and a.
half to 2 inches wide.) Male flowers unknown. Fem-tle
:i globular ament, destitute of both calix and corolla.
Style 1 to each seed and germ of the compound berry, fili-
form, near an inchloRg and villous. Berry nearly the size
of an orange, axillary and subsc«sile, surface verrucose,
partly tessellated with obsolete calicine vertigcs; pulp,
r.early as succulent as that of an orange, sweetish and
perhaps agreeable when fully ripe. v. ^^

Hab. « On the banks of the little Missouri of Washita
3'iver, also near Natchitoches, and upon the banks of the
Arkansa." Hunter and Dunbar's voyage. — I'lie above ac-
count has been taken from living plants which were culti-
vated in the garden of Mr. Shoutou at St. Louis, Louisi-
ana; plants of this interesting tree are now also cultiva-
ted in the garden of the late Mr. M'Mahon of Philadel-
phia, but have not yet flowered, v, s. In herb. I^ambert^
London — '1 he wood is very heavy and of a Saffron yel-
iovv'; the bark as in Broussonetia aflords a fiua white flax.

Were it not for the particular description (S Morns tinc-
ioria given I^y Sloane in his History of Jamaica, vol. 2. p. 3,
v.e should from the corresponding habit have almost been
induced to consider it, together with two other undescri-
bed species, as forming part of the present genus. " I'he
fruit " of Morus finctoria, adds Sloane, *' stands on a foot-
stalk, is as large as a Nutmeg and round, having its acirii
like the other Mulberries, ot a greenish colour both with-
out and wi'hin the pulp; there are in it some flat brown
small seeds,, like Linseed, and before the fruit comes to-
be ripe 'tis milky and not pleasant; but when come to-

BIOECIA. TETRANDRIA. 255

maturity, 'tis pleasant to the taste, although very lusci-
ously sweet." This species also becomes a tree " 60 f eefe
or more high.**

786. VISCUM. L. (Misseltoe.)

Masc. Calix 4-parted. Corolla none. Fila--

menfs none. Anthers adnate to the caiix. Fem.

Calix 4-leaved, superior. Corolla none. Style
none. Berry 1 -seeded. *Sce{i cordate.

Shrubby or sufl'ruticose plants, parasitic upon trees;
leaves opposite and thick, very rarely alternfite or want-
ing; flowers axillar}', subsessile or spiked; berry often in-
ternally glutinous.

Spbci^s. 1, Y' mbn/m. 2. fnirpxivevm. o.verticillatum.
V. Jlavescens, Py. F. a/^z^m.? Mulil. Catal. p. 91. Parasitic
on the smoother barked trees, from Pennsylvania to the
West Indies. Obs. Branches opposite; leaves coneate-
oval, 3-nerved, obtuse; spikes axillary, solitary, about the
length of the leaves; male flowers mostly trifid, berries-
white and diaphanous.

A genus of about 18 species indigenous to Europe^.
India, and the Cape of Good Hope, but principally to the
warmer parts of America.

787. MYillCA. L. (Gaie, Candleberry Myrtle.)

Masc. Ament oblong. Calix^ ovate scales*
Corolla none. Fem. Flower as the male. Styles
2. Drupe 1 -seeded.

Aromatic shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate gene»
rally entire, scattered with resinous atoms; stipules none
or fugaceous; amenls axillary or terminal; drupe granu*
lated and dr}-, \\\ some species canescent and ceriferous.
Peri sperm none.

Species 1. M, Gale. 2. cerifera. Most abundant on
the sandy sea-coasts, often forming almost exclusive mass-
es. 3. curolinensis, v/hich is also M. pennsylvanica? of
Lamark and Ph.

Of this genus there are besides 2 species in tropical
America, 1 in the north and another in the south of Eur
sope. and 4 species at the Cape cf Good Hope.

236 DIOECIA. PEXTANDRIA,

Order V.— PENTANDRIA.

788. NYSSA. L, (Tupelo, Sour Gum-Tree.)
Hermaphrodite. Cnlix 5-parted, Corolla

none. Fistill l. Drupe inferior. Mit 1 -seeded.
Masc. Stamina 5, 8, 10 and 12, seated around
a peltate gland.

Trees with alternate entire leaves; flovv'ers axillary, ag-
gregated or soliiary, clusters pedunculate; fruit succulent,
red or blackish, purple and pruinose. Germ sometimes
2-seeded, Style simple, revolute.

Species. 1. N. vu'losa. (Sour Gum.) 2- hip,ra. 3'
candicans. Hab. From Virginia to Florida. The 'ruit of
this tree called Og-echee lime, as welkas that of the ^follow-
ing, gathered a little before maturity is preserved with
sugar, and for'^isan agreeable conserve tastmg somewhat
like Cranberrys. 4. "tomefitosa. Called Wild Olive. 5.
de7itic2ilata.

A North American genus-

789. ZANTHOXYLUM. Z. (Prickly Ash, Tooth
ache Tree.)

Masc. Calix 5 -parted. Corolla none. Sta-
mina 3, to 5 or §. FistUls 3 to 5. Capsules 3
to 5, each l-seeded.

Small trees or shrubs, prickly or unarmed; leaves alter-
nate, i nequally pinnate, rarely ternate, for the most part
pellucidly punctate; flowers axillary, fasciculate or rarely
racemose.

Species. 1. Z". Clava HercuUs. % frnxineum. \v\(\\gt-
nous also to Upper Louisiana. 3. tricarpum. Common
around Savannah in Georgia.

A genus of about 13 species, all except the above, and
1 in India, indigenous to tropical America.

790. IRESINE. L.

Masc. Calix 2-leaved. Corolla of 5 petals,
Lepanthia 5 or 7. Fem. Stigmas 2, sessile,
Capsuk many-seeded; at length toraentose.

niOEClA. PENTANDRIA. 2ST

Leaves opposite entire; flowers paniculate, axillary ancj
terminal.

Species. 1. I. celosioides.—\ p^enus of about 6 species
indigenous to tlie warmer parts of America.

91. ACNIDA. L,

Masc. Calix 5-parted. Corolla none. Fem.
Calix 3 -parted. Corolla none. Stijles none.
S^z'^ma*" 3, sessile. Capsule, 1-seeded.

Annual, subaquatic plants wiih the aspect of Amaran-
thus, scarcely distinct from Spinacia. Stems grooved,
leaves lanceolate, entire; flowers glomerate, axillary, sub-
rr.cemose; stigmas sometimes 4 ox* 5, the fruit then 4 or 5-
angled.

Species. 1. A. cayviabina. 2. msocurpa. — A Xorth
American genus indigenous to river marshes from Canada
to Florida.

92. HUMULUS. i. (Hop.)

Masc. Calix 5-lcavcd. Corolla none, Fem.
Calix 1 -leaved, obliquely spreading, entire.
Corolla none. Styles 2. Seed 1, within the leafy
calix, (or strobilus.)

An herbaceous twining- and asperate plant; leaves oppo-
site, trifid; stipules connate below; male flov.ers alternate
and loosely paniculate, axillary and terminal; female ones
verticillate and sessile, densely spiked, spikes or heads
pedunculate, axillary and terminal, paniculate, divisions,
of the panicle stipulate.

Species. H. Lvpulus. v.v. Abundant on the banks of
the Missisippi and Missouri.

Order VI.— HEXANDRIA.

793. SIMILAX. JL. (Green Brier, Sarsaparilla.)

Masc. Ca^fo; 6 -leaved. Corolla none, Anthers
adnate to the filaments. Fem. Flower similar
to the male. Style minute. Stigmas 3. Berry 3-
celled, superior; 1, 2, or 3-.si.eded.

Stems scandent, suflTruticose or herbaceous; leaves al*

238 DIOECIA. PENTANDRfA.

ternate, cordate, ovate or sublanceolate, rarely hastate,
the petiole producmcr on either side a tendril; fiovvers
umbeUate, axillary, caducous.

Species. 3 . S. hastata. 2. Bona 7iox. o. qrmdvangida-
ris. 4. Sarsapari'da. Underside of the leaves (or another
species!) sonsetimes not only glaucous but villous. 5. ova-
ta, Ph. 6. lanceolata. Also uiba? Ph. 7- pidjera. Ber-
ries red; not white! S. Pseudo-Chma 9. rotimdifolia. 10.
cadtica. 11. laurifolia. Hab. From Delaware to Florida.
12. tam}ioides. S.panduratua, Pn. 13- peditncidaris. — l^emale
flower producing 6 inrt-riile filamcnis. Siig'mas 3, each 3-
lobed; germ o-celled, cells 2 seeded. l4. herLacea. Flow-
' ers exiremely foetid, almost similar to those of StapeUa hir-

suta. These 2 last species appear to indicate a distinct
section in tlie genus, possessing the habit of Dloscorea.

The principal part of this genus of near 50 species are
natives of tropical America; there are also spacies in In-
dia, Europe, Barbary and the Levant.

794. DiOSCOREA. L. (Yam root.)

Masc. Calix 6-partcd. Corolla none. Fem.
Flower as the male. Styles 3. Capsule S-Ci^Wcd^
triangular, compressed; cells 2-sceded. Seeds
membranaceously margined.

Herbaceous and tv^dning; leaves alternate, more rarely
opposite and verticillaie, mostly simple, cordate, or ovate
and longitudinally nerved, (in 2 species digitate or ternate,
in a {'ew others palmately lobed) flov.-ers axillary, race-
mose and paniculate, solitary or partially conglomerate;
root often tuberous and large.

SvEciiE.s.1. l). quaternata. J). g-Iauca. ^^vihl. Catal. 2.
fviUosa. Hab. Front Canada to Florida. Female flowers
simply racemose. Masculine paniculate, glomerate.

Of this genus there are in tropical America 12 species,
30 in India, 3 in Japan, and 2 in Cochinchina. D. saiiva,
the Yam, cultivated for food, is said to be indigenous to
India.

795. GLEDITSCIJIA. L, (Honey Locust.)
Hermaph, Caiix 6 to 8-parted, deciciiious,

3 or 4 of the exterior segments smaller. Corolla
none. Stamina 5 or 6, rarely 8. Legume flatly
compressed, 1, or many-seeded. JMasc. Calioi

DIOECIA. OCTANDRIA. 239

subturbinate, 5 to 8-parted, 3 to 5 of the seg-
ments interior. StaminaS to 8, (rarely 5.) Fem.

Spiny trees, spines very larg-e, mostly axillary; prima-
ry leaves pinnate, succeeding- ones bipinnate; flowers ax-
illary, racemose, malt' flowers crowded; legume mostly
long" and falcate, multilocular, in G. monosperma l-seed-
ed.

Species. 1. G. iriaca?iihos. Obs. A very deceptive tri-
vial name, the spines being not only trifid but often irre-
gularly and numerously compounded. The specific cha-
racter of G. horrida, of China, " trunk spiny, spines
branched," is a familiar appearance of G. triaconthos in
tr.e United States; the unimportant characier of spines
in this genus is sufiiciently evident in the ordinary occur-
- rer;ce of individuals of this species entirely v.'iihout
them. 2. monospertua. A smaller tree than the prece-
ding.

Of this genus there appears to be another species indi-
genous to India and (Jliina,

Order VIII.— OCTANDRIA.

'96. POPULUS. X. (Poplar.) ^

Masc. dment cyUndric—CalLv consisting
of lacerated scales. C'oro/Za turbinate, oblique^
and entire. Fem. Flower as in tlie male. Stig-
ma 4 or 6-lobed. Capsule 2 or 3-valved, Seeds
beset with long wool.

Trees v.ith leaves which are roundish, or deltoidly cor-
date; petiole for the most part vertically compressed to-
wards the sum?!iit, and partly biglandniar, buds some-
times balsamiferous, floral ones earner tiian the leaves.

Species. 1- P . balsamifera (Halsam Poplar.) 2. can-
(licans. 3- trepida. 4. tnonilifera. 5. hud>o?iica. Mich,
fli. P. betuUfolia. Ph. 6. gvandideinata. /3 *pendula.
Brrt.iches penrudous, as in ^iie Weep'rg A-,h "v v. On
the Aliegliany ridge, Pennsylvania; ]-are. 7. Icevigata.
B>. angulata. (" Cotton -T;ee.") Hab. Principally oj; the
alluvial banks of the the larger rivtii's of western America;
on the bank? of ti;e Viissislppi and iMissouri to their
sources. 9, heterophylla.

240 BIOECIA. OCTANDRIA.

Of this genus, besides the above, there are 4 species
indigenous to Europe, and 1 (the Athenian Poplar) to
the islands of the Archipelago.

797. DIOSPYROS. L, (Persimon, Date-Plum.)

Masc. Calix 4 to 6-cleft. Corolla urceo-
latc, 4 to 6-cleft. Stamina 8 to 16; filaments
often producing £ anthers. Fem. Flower as
the male. Stigmas 4 or 5. Berry 8 to 12-9€ed-
ed.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and very entire leaves;
flowers axillary, subsessile; female flowers producing in-
fertile stamens.

Species. 1. D. virginiana. ^. pnbescens. Oes. Branch-
-es crowded with leaves; female flowers solitary; males
by 3s, anthers villous.

A genus of near 30 species, almost excbisively indige-
nous to India and its islands; there are also 3 species in
tropical America, 2 ut the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Japan,
and another {D. Loins) common to Italy and Barbary.

908. ^SHEPHERDIA.f

Masc. Calix 4-cleft. Corolla none. Sta-
mina 8, included, alternating with 8 glands
Fem. Calix 4-rleft, campanulate, superior.
Style 1. Stigma obliqu* . Berry 1 -seeded.

Small spinescent trees, with the aspect of Elceagmis;
leaves entire, covered with silvery scales; flowers small,
laterally aggregated; berries diaphanous, scarlet, acid.

Species 1. S. cD^gentea. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse,
on bi>ih sides smooth and equally covered with silvery
scales. Ilippophae argentea. Ph. Flor. Am. 1 p. 115. Obs.
A small tree from 12 to 18 feet high; brancblets spines-
cent. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, petiolate, on both
sides smooth ard covered with pelta.e scales which
(through a lens) aj^pear ciliated. .VJaie flowfis d vided
to ^'he base, segments subovate, obtuse, externa!l\ squa-

\ In honour of Mr. John Shepherd, curator of the Boianicgar-
^,en of Liverpool, a scientific horticulturist, 'iirougli whose
exertions and the patronage of the Celebrated Roscoe, that in*
Btitution owes its present merit.

OIOECIA. BNNEAN&RIA. 241

niose like the leaves; filaments 8, very short, pubescent;
anthers oblong, 2-celled. Female flowers smaller, short-
ly pedimculaie, u itliout any glands or vestiges of sL-^mi-
na. Siyle 1. Sti.i^ma thick and oblique. Germ inferior.
Berries small and collected into clusters, red and succu-
lent, sparingly scattered with scales, always more or less
acid. Seed subovate and shming, much like that oi Hip*
pophae, to which this genus is proximately allied. Hab.
On the banks ol the Missouri and the lesser streams,
from the confluence of the river Platte to the sources of
-he .Vlissouri. It is t]\e plant which produces what tlie
natives call the " Kabbit Berry " according to the narra-
tive oi Lewis and Clarke.

2. canadenais. Leaves oblong-ovate, above nearly
smooth, beneath stellately pilose and scaly, scales ferru-
gino'i^, decidnous. Hipp'jphae canademls, Willd. Si.*. pi.
4. p. 744. Ph. 1. p. 115. Hab. On the borders of the lakes
m the v/Citern parrs of the slate ot New York, in Canada
and along- the "it. Lawrence to its sources. A shrub
about 6 or 8 feet \n^h. with all the characiers of the pre-
ceding. Berries squamose, sweetisii, but scarcely edible,
btamens 8. — -A North American genus.

Order IX.— ExVNEANDRIA.

99. HYDROCHARIS. L. (Frog bit.)

Ma>c. Spathe 2-leavi'cl. Calix S-partedo
Corolla of 3 petals; 3 abortive styles. Fem.
Flower as ihe male. Stigmas 6, bifid. Infer-
tile, filaments .S: also 3 neciariferoiis glands.
Capsule 6-ccIled, many-seeded, inferior.

Floating aquatics with creeping nodose stems, nodes
producing leaves and fiowers; leaves sheathing and fasci-
culated; flowers pedunculate, white. Anthei-s (in /I.
J\Torsiis ranee) adnate abovo the middle of the filaments.

Species. 1. H. *cordifolia. Monoicous; leaves cor-
date-ovate; capsule mostly 8 or 9-celled. H. spongia^
B? sc. Aiiuales du Museum. 9. o. 396. t. 30. \n incor-
rect and exag^kTr- rated figure. In the ie?ves of this plant,
which grows in abundance rounrl Savannah, I have not
been able to meet wim any process of a sprng-y or extra-
ord nary natu.ej as figured by Bopc. The leave are 5-
nerved, and nearly of the form and texture of Alisma plan-
vuL. II. X

12 DIOECIA. DECANDHIA.

tago. Are the stamina also really monadelphous? and 8t6
12? " alternated upon an axis forked at its summit!" Ob^.
Seeds hirsute; capsules globose and recurved. Radicles
pubescent,

800. ^ UDORA. Elodea. Michaux,

Spathe bifid. '—Masc. Ca/i:r 3 -parted. Corol-
la of 3 petals. Stamina 9, 3 of them interior.
Fem. Calix 3-parted, tube very long. Petals
3. Sterile filaments 3. Uiriculus about S~seed-
ed. Seeds rjlindric.

A submersed aquatic; roots fixed; stem diffusely dichn'
tomous; leaves entire, verticillated in 3s and 4s; flowers
axillary, very small and evanescent, the female emerg--
ing; the male migrator)', breaking off connection usually
widi the parent plant, it instantly expands to the light,
the anthers also burst with elasticity and the granular
pollen vajiuely floats upon the surface of the water.
Grains of pollen didymous, or ^hlobed^ lobes nearly sphe-
rical. Gemmuieofthe seed inverted.

U- ca?iadejisis. Leaves verticillate in 3s and 4s; oblong-
linear, mmutely subserrulate, partly obtuse.

Elodea canadensis Mich. SerpicnlaTerticiUata.M\.\\i\.
Catal. p. 84 S. oc«V/e72/a(V*. Ph. 1. p. 33. Haf. In still
v/atevs, from Canada to Virgniia. The plant without
flowers resembles an aquatic moss (such as Tetraphis peJ-
lucida.) Utriculus l-celled, conic. Tube of the calix
filitbrni, 4 to 12 inches long. For a figure of the seed of
this genus, which appears to hold an intermediate station
betwixt Vallisneria and Hydrocharis, see Annales du Mu-
seum, 17. p. <!32. 1. 1. f. 30. Flowers scarcely larger than
those of a Jungermannia; petals of the male flower ligu-
late-spathulate; stigmas of the female 3, ligulate, reflected
and bifid, partly crested.

Serpicula verticiilata of Roxburg, is probably a se-
cond species of this very distinct genus.

Order X.— DECANDRIA.

)1. CARICA. L. (Fapaw Tree.)

Masc. Calix scarcely any. Corolla S-cIeft,
funnelform. Filaments in the tube of the coroi-

DIOECIA, POLTANDRIA. £43

la, alternately shorter. Fem. Calix 5-toothc(I.
Corolla of 5 petals. Stigmas 5. Bernj groov-
ed, (Cucumber form) l-celled, many-seeded.

Lactescent comose trees, ti-unk mostly undivided, spl-
nose or rougli with the vestiges of rejected leaves; leaves
termiiialh crowded, alternate and lon^ pedunculate, pal-
mate or rarely digitate; flowers axillary, the masculine
racemose and pendulous or erect and corymbose, female
ones fewer; fruit of C. Papaya sweet and esculent.

Species. 1. C. Papaya. Hab. In Florida. — A genus ol-
J species indigenous to tropical America.

802. GYMXOCLADUS. Lamark. (CofTee-Beaiv

Tree.)

Masc. Calix tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla of 5
petals. Fem. Flower as the male. Style, 1.
Legume l-celled, internally somewhat pulpy.
Seeds roundish, large and indurated.

A tree witli naked branches; leaves partly terminal, ve--
ry large and bipinnate; flowers racemose, erect; legume al.
so large and thick; beans lenticular, extremely hard and*
edible.

Species. 1. G. ca7iacknsis. The only species of the

Order XL— POLYANDRIA.

803. DATISCA, Lu (Bastard Hemp.)

Misc. Calix 5-leaved. Corolla none. An-
thers sessile, oblong, about 15. Fem. Calix bi-
dentate. Corolla none. Styles 3, bifid. Cap-
sule trian.gular, S-horned, l-celled, pervious,
many-seeded, inferior.

Herbaceous; leaves alternate, unequally pinnate; flow-
ers axillary, erectly racemose, unibracteate.

Species. 1. D. hirta.-{- Of this genus there is another
species ir/iigenous to Crete.

244 DIOECIA. POiTANBRIA-

804. MENISPERMUM. L, (Moonseed.)

Masc. Calix subbibracteate, about 6-leavedj>.
caducous. Petals 6 to 9, glandular, minute and
ret use. Stamina 16, or J 8 to ^4. Anthers ad-
wate to the titanients, 4-)obed, 2-celled. FeMo
Flower as tlie male. Geriiia and st\k^ S lu 6.
Drupes mostly solitary, l -seeded. JS^nt liiijale,
compressed.

Twining' t-hrubs; leaves alternate, simple, often excen-
iricaliy peKa e or roundly cordate; fiov^ers axillary, ia
racemose panicles, small, and unibracteate; truit red or
dark puiple and pruinose.

S?LciEs. 1. M. canadmse. Pluk Phyt. t. 36. f, 2. 2.
'virgiiutiim. 3. lyoni, Fh.

A g'enus of ;ibout 24 species almost exciuslvely indige-
nous to India, tr!°re ai'e al?o 6 species in Jupan, 1 in Ara-
bii FeiJx, and 1 in Guianne. M. ca^uulense is also found
in Sib'p.a. The berries of sonie of tlie species possess
the property of mU.xirating fish and birds, while those of
the Cebatha ot'Forskall are said to be esculent.

805. ZAMIA. X.

Jiment strobiliform. — Masc. Calix consisting
of obov;>tf' scales. Cordlta none. Jlnthers glo-
bose, sessile upon the scales, opening by a fis-
sure. Fem. Calix peltate scales. Corolla
none. Germs 2. Styles none. Berries 2, I-
seeded.

Caudex mostly shrubby, sutnmif comose; leaves alter-
nate, sheathing, pinnate; cones between the terminal
leaves, the female ones large and simple, the masculine
smaller and many together.

SvEOTES. 1. Z. mtegrifoUa. Obs. Root a somewhat
spherical coated tuber, the farina of which after lixivation,
is said to be wliolesome and esculent. Tiiis is another ot
the roots called Tuckahoe (or bread) by the aborigines.

A genus of about 14 species indigenous to India, tropi-
cal America and the Cape of Good Hope, there is also I
species very abundant in New HolluJid, the bert'les oi
which are very acrid and poisonous.

DIOECIA. MONADELPHIA. 245

Order XII.— MONADELPHIA.

806. JUNIPERUS. L. (Juniper.)

Masc, Anient ovate. Calix consisting of
scales. Stamina 3. Fem,. Calix 3-parted.
Fetals 3? Styles 3, Btny I or ii-seedeii, tu-
bercular. Seeds nuciform.

Arborescent, shrubby or sufTruticose, branches mostly
alternate; leaves opposite, or verticillated in 3s or 4s, im»
bricated or spreading-, pungenily acute or partly obiusej
aments terminal, or with the bejries axillary.

Species. 1. J. comvnniis. (Common Juniper.) v.v.
On the sandy shores of lake Huron, abundant. 2. rirgin-
iana. (Red Cedar.) Hab. From Canada to Florida, and
on the banks ot the Missisippi -nnd Missouri lo their
sources. Obs. Younger leaves .sprv .iding-, the older ones
only imbricated 3. *repcn8. Stem prostrate, repent;
leaves pungent, imbricated by 4s; berries large and con-
spicuously Lui)ercular. J. prostrata':-' Pcrsvioii, 2. p. 632.
Hab On the sandy shores of lake Huron, and also on
the high hills of the Missouri, near Fort Mandan- A
species sufticieiitiy distinct and rensurkable; nevei- rising
from the surface oi the ground, its diffli^c branches pro-
duce a dense ar.d verdant carpet. 4- Sabina. (Savin.)
5. e.cceha Indig.-nou-s to Siberia ar.d the sources of the
Missjuri. 6. barbadensis. In Florida.

.\ genu.s of ab(jut 15 species, principally indigenous to
North America as far as the tropic, also to Europe the
Levant and Northern Asia.

i07. TAXUS. L. (Yew Tree,)

M.4SC. Calix coHfiistin.^ of 4 to 6 oppositely
imi>i leafed scales. Corolla n^»iie. Staminife-
roii'i column 5?-rleft at the sinnmit; anthers jjel-
tate, 6 to 8-lobed. Fem, Style none. Recepta-
cle cup-shapedj succulent. JV^^wt ovate, naked.

Trees or shrubs with alternate branches,- leaves alter-
nate, linear and semperviren", mostly distichal; flovvci
buds solitary and axillary; berry imperfect, in thy fornn
oi a cup supporting- the seed.
X £

246 DIOECIA. MO]\"ADEIfPHlA.

Species. 1. T. canadensis, v, v. In the western parts
of the state of New York. Obs. Roots creeping; stems
only from 1 to 2 feet higli, 2 baccataP on the islands of
Lake Huron, near to Mlchllimakinak.

A genus of 9 species, of which there are 3 in Japai>,
3 at the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Europe, 1 in the moun-
tains of Peru and MeKico^ and 1 in the United States,

Class XXL— CRYPT0GAMIA<

808. EQ.UISETUM. £. (Horse-tail, Shave^

grass.)

Floral receptacles peltate, many angled, col-
lected into a spike. Indusiurti corniculate. Sta-
nnhia 4, Style none. Seed 1.

Herbaceous and leafless plants with, fistulous striated
stems which are either simple or branched, ramuli most-
ly vertici Hated, — articulated, joints surrounded with den-
tated sheathes. The vernal flowering' stems, for the roost
part, quickly perishing- are succeeded by others which
are barren and more durable.

Species. 1. E. arvense. 2. syhaticnm. 3. ■uliginosum.
4:. palmtre- 5. scirpoides. 6. ht/emale. (Shave-grass). Ve>
ry abundant on the banks of the Missouri below the
Platte, and called " Rushes;" it is found to be injurious
to horses which feed upon it for any considerable
length of time.

A genus principally iniigenous to Europe.

309. LYCOPODIUM. L. (Club-moss.)

Capsules reniform, l-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds very minute, resembling powder.

Herbaceous and branched, repent or erect; leaves
imbricated and often spreading ordistichal, sempervirent;
spikes simple or dichotomous, sessile or pedunculate,
terminal or axillary. Seed inflammable.

Species. 1. L. carolinianian. 2. clavatum. 3. trista-
shyum. Ph. Nearly allied to the preceding, b;it with the
leaves entire, and not serrate as in No. 2- 4. complana-
ticm. 5. sabiiKefolimn. 6. dendroideiDn. (Ground P;T>e ) 7,
annotinum. 8 inundaUim. 9. alopeciiroides. 10. selagi.
noides. 11. rupestre. 12 albidulum. A mere variety of
the following? 13. apodum. 14. hicUiulum.

248 CRTPTOGAMIA. FILICES.

810. PSILOTUM. 8wart%, Bbrnhakdia. Willd.
Capsules 3 grained, 3-celied; ceils opening

above, senjibivalve.

Stem naked and dichotomous, the branches trique-
trous; fVuciificution in spikes.

Species. P. triquetriun. Hab. In Florida, indigenous
also to New Holland. Allied to Lycopodlum.

811. OPHIOGLOSSUM. L. (Adder's-tongue.)
Capsules naked, I -celled, connate in an arti-
culated distichal spike, 2-valved, opening trans-
versely.

Plants consisting" of a single radical nerveless and
complanate leaf, emitting for tiie most part a simple pe-
dunculaied spike.

Species. 1.0. vulgatum? Frond oblong-ovate, obtuse,
closely reticulated. Probably distinct from the European
species. 2. bidbosiiin. 3. * piisillum. Spike Ciiuline; f; ond
cordate, acute; root iIab. On tiie margins of

ponds, in South Carolina. Scarcely ever more than an
inch high.

812. BOTRYCHIUiM. Swart%, (Moonwort.)
Capsules subirlobose adnata to tiie raciiis of

tiie CDiiipound raceme, separate, naked, 1-ceIi d,
valves 2, connected beiiind, opejimg transversely.

Frond solitary, ternately decoTnpr»unded, (or in B. Lu-
naria simpl}' pstudopinnate,) aduate to the scape.

Species. 1. M. /uwarmVfes. 2. obliquum. Pluk. Mant,
120. t.427. f. 7 ■ 3 dissectiim. 4. virginicnrn. 5. grucile.

813. LYGODIUM. Swartz. (Snake's-tongue.)
Sjnkes unilaU'ral. Cansules in 2 series, op.-n-

ing on tbe inner side from tiie base to the sum-
mit. Indudum (or veil) squaniiform, covering
cacii capsule.

Stems twining; fronds pinnate or co?iiiigate, leaflets
cordate, entire or lobed; spikelets paniculate.

Sfecies. 1. L. pabnatum. Hab. In thickets on the
swumpy margins of sniail water courses froia New Jersey

CRYPTOGAMIA. TILICES. 249

10 Carolina; rare. (r. v. Near Hyde's Town, New Jei'sey;
near Aision, Z. Coilins, Ksqr-.)

The other species of this g-enus are indig-enous to the
West India's.

314. SCHIZ^A. Smith.

Spikes unilateraJ^, liabeilate, a]5,^reg'ate. Cap-
sules lailiately striated at the summit, swbturbi-
ii;^te, p-:!"tjy opening by an obi :iig luterai nore.
Indusiiun continuous, formed from the inflected
ttiariT'!! A' the spikes.

Fr ,!:ds simple, und linear, or dichotomously divided.
Species. l.S. pimlla. Ph. first detected by Doctor
Ed;ly of New York.

or thi^ ;^enus there are 9 other species, 6 Indigenous
to Nev.' H(;Uand or India, 1 to the Cape of Good and 2 tfa»
the iro|jira.l parts of Ameiica.

«I5. O^MUNDA. L. (Flowei-in.^ Fern.)

Crpstf/essubjg^lobose, pedicellate, striate, semi-
biva'v i! \r and panicniated. Indusium none.

F.uctification terminal and paniculate, or forming: a dis=
tinct or interrupted frond sinnilar to that which is infer-
tile.

Species. 1. 0. cinnan'omea. 2. Claytoiiiana. 3. inter^
rupta. 4 apectabilis. Scarcely distinct from O. regatis of
Euiope.

Uf this ^enus, besides the above, there is 1 species in
E'lrope, 2 in Japan, and 1 Indiijenotis in common to the
Cape of fiood Hope and New Holland.

516. ACROSTICHLM. L.

Capsules scattered, occupyin.8^ the whole or a
part of the under surface of the frond. Iiidusium
none.

Frond simple or compound.

Species. 1. A. aureum. Hab. In Florida.

Sf7. POLYPODiUM. i. (Polypody.)

Sori (or small cliist'.'rs of capsules) rouudisb,
scattered, Indusium none.

^50 CBYPTOGAMIA. FILICES.

Fronds simple, pinnatlfid, or more or less numerouii^ly,
compounded.

Species. 1. P. vnJgare- 2. virginianum. 3. incamim.
Pluk. Phyt. t. 289. t. 1. 4. hejcagonopterum. 5. connectile.
6. calcareum.

3X8. WOODSIA. R. Brown.

Sori roundish, scattered. Indusiiim caliciform,
open, with acrinite margin, including the pedi*
ceJlate capsules.

Habit that of the preceding genus.
Species. 1. W. hyperborea. 2.iive?isis. Both species-
also indigenous to h urope.

319. ASPIDIUM. Swart^, (Shield-fern.)

Son roundish, scatteied. Indusium umbili-
cate or openins^ on one side.

Species. I. ^ . cicutarium. 2. acrostichoiiles- o.novebo-
racense. 4. Thehjptens. 5. cristatnm 6- obtusum. 7- acn-
leatnm. 8. marginale. 9FiliX7nas. \0. intenncdinm. 11.
spinulosum 12. dilatatum. 13. bulbiferiun. 14. aspleiiioides.
15. Filix femina. •Iff. ang us turn. \7- pimctilobiim. 18. a^o-
marium. 19. lenue. 20. riifiduhim.

820. ONOCLE \. L, (Sensitive Fern.)

Capsules «< -'isrly covering the back of the
frond. Indusia squamit'orm, connate iii the
form of berries and not expanding.

sterile fronds deeply pInnatiMd, fertile ones bipinnately
divided.

Species. 1. O. sensibilis. 2. obtusilobata. — A NorlU
American genus.

321. STRUTHIOPTERIS. JVilld.

Capsules densely covering the back of the
frond. 7/idiisia squamiform, marginal, opening
internally.

Nearly allied to the preceding genus. Fronds bipiiv
n^tifid.

Sj^EpiEfs. 1. S. pejw^yhamca. A genus scarcely distin.ct

CRYPTOGAM I A. I^ILICES. 251

from Onoclea, of which there is another species in Eu-
rope.

S22, ASPLEMUM. L, (Spleen-wort.)

Sori linear, transversal, scattered. Imlusia
arising from the lateral veins, and opening to-
wards the rib.

Species. 1. A. rhizophyllnm. 2, * pinnatifidnm. Fronds
lanceolate, stipitate, pinnatifid, point attenuated, rvot taking
root? lobes roundish ovate; sori larger, at length conflu-
ent. Hab. In the crevices of rocks on the bunks of the
Schuylkill, rare. r. v. also in Tennessee; always peifectly
distinct from A. rhizophylbtm to which it was apparently
referred by Muhlenberg, Catal. p. 97. the irotid is less
attenuated, pseudopinnate at the base, the bori occupying
nearly the w hole disk of the iobee, being also mucii lar-
ger and veiy prominent.

3. angustifolium. Fertile frond separate. 4. ebeneutn.
Hab. From Canada ^ Florida, also in Louisiana. 5 me-
lanocaulon. 6, ihelypteroidss. 7 • Rnta muraria. 8. mon-
ianum.

A large genus extending throughout Europe, and
Xorth America as far as the West Indies; there are also
species in New Zealand.

8'2S. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Smitlu (llart's-
tongue.)

/S^orilincar, transversal, scattered. Indusium
double, superficial, occupying either side of the
sori, opening almost tike a longitudinal fissure.

Frond entire or multifid.

Species. S. officinarum. v. v. In the western parts of
the state of New York, in the crevices of calcareous
rocks, beneatli the shade of the Hemlock Sj>ruce (Abies
canadensis, J and accompanying the Taxiis canadejisis or
American Yew.

824. PTERIS, L. (Brake.)

Sori continuous, linear, marginal. Indusium
from the inflected margin of the frond, opening
inwards.

Species. 1. P. pedata. 2. atropurpiirea. Also indige-
r.ous to Louisiana, o. gracilis. 4,caudata. 5. aqidlina-

S52 CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES.

A genus of near 120 species widely dispersed througii
both hemisplieres, from Siberia to New Holland.

825. VITTARIA. Smith.

Sori linear, continued ]on.2:itudinally along
the (iisk or towards the margin of thp frond.
Indnsium double, uninterriijited, the one open-
ing outwards, tl^e other inwards.

Fronds narrow, very long- and linear, pendulous.
SyEciEs. 1. V. lineata. A fern indigenous to Florida
and the West Indies.

S26. BLECHNUM. L.

Sori linear, longitudinal, continued, parallel
with the ribs of the frond on eitlier side. IndU"
siiun superficial, uninterrupted, opening in-
wards.

Species. 1. B. boreale. Also indigenous to Europe. %
serrulatum.

827. WOODWARDIA. Smith.

Sori oblong, distinct, straight, parallel with
the ribs of t!ie frond on either side. Indnsia su-
perficial, arched, opening inwards.

Species. 1. W. Onocleoide.t. In Xevv Jersey, near Phi-
ladv iphla, nol uncommon in bushy sphagnose morasses,
with tlie follow ing-. Scarcely a congener with IV. vir^ii-
nicu. 2. virginica. 3. thelyptev aides. Ph.

828. ADIANTUM. L,

Son oblong or roundish. Iiidusia memhrana-
ceo»!s, arising ftom the margin of the frond and
opening inwards.

Species. 1. A. pedntnm. Every where throughout the
Atlantic and western states.

829. CHEILANTRKS. Swart%,

iS^on punrtiforni, distinct, and marginal, each
covered with a squamiform and marginal Indu-
sium opening inwards.

CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES. £55

Species. l.C.vestita. A'ephrodtum lanosum. Mich. Fl.
Am. 2. p. 27o'. 2. dealbota. Fh. Obs. Fronds 2 or 3 inches
higli, glaucous green, white and pulverulent on the
under side; stipes brown. Hab. In the crevices of rocks on
the banks of the Missouri about 50 miles above its con-
fluence; rare. v. -v.

S30. DICKSONIA. L'Heritier.

Sort punctiforni, marginal, roundish, and dis-
tinct. IndiLsium double, one superficial, opening
outwards, the other marginal and opening in-
wards.

Species. 1. T). pilosiuscida. Common in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey.

A small ercniis of tropical ferns, consisting- of about i6
species of uh cl there is an arborescent species in the
island of St. Helena, and another in the South-sea islands.

€31. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Smith,

Sorus marginal, inserted in a cylindric recep-
tacle. Indusium two-vaivcd, including the sorus.

Species. 1. I[. ciliatum. — \ genus of more than 20
species, producing small diapijanous and membranaceous

fronds.

2. ISOETES. L, (Quill-wort,)

Capsule nicmbranaccous, not opening, 1 -cel-
led, immersed in tlie base of the frond. Seeds
angular, attached to many filiform receptacles.

Species. \. lacnstris. Abundant along- the inundated,
p^ravelly and mirey shores of the Delaware, near Philadel-
phia and other |)laces, also in the state of New York.
Obs. Root fibrous, fibres s:mj)le, broad and fistulous;
fronds dliaied and imbricate at the base, narrow and sub-
ulate, above flat, beneath ang-ularly convex, each pro-
ducing- 4 fistulous cavities. Fruit moiioicous; sori cordate-
oval, immersed in a corresponding cavity at the base of
the frond, partly bilobed, included in a membranaceous
integ-umeiit connected tog-ether by numerous transverse
columnar receptacles; male? sorus' filled wiih pulverulent
pollen, becoming white on drying; capsules (or seeds) glo-
bular, when dry presenting a snow-white pulverulent sur-
Y

254 CRYPTOGAMIA. FILICES.

face; the summit of each marked with a trifid diverging
ele^ ated line.

A genus probably restrained to a single species indige-
nous also to Europe and (ndia. Size variable, from 2 to
12 inches, growing either immersed or on tlie margins of
clear pondsj color green.

333. SALVINIA. Mlcheli. JFilld.

Indnsia imbricate, connate, resembling an
unilocular capsule. Seeds? inserted upon a cen-
tral receptacle.

Plant fioating, small and pubescent; sending out. ra-
dicles from the joints; leaves opposite, j)Cliolate, distichal-
\y disposed, ovale or partly cordate, entire and some-
Avhat coriaceous, green. Fruit globular, in radical clus*
ters which are submersed; flowers? monoicous?

SrECiES. S. natans. -f-

SS4. AZOLLA. Lnmark.

Monoicous. — Masculine? appendices by pairs,
contiguous. — Indiismm subglobose, resembling
an unilocular capsule. Proper capsules (seeds,
Lamark) numerous, naked, minute.

Minute floating pjants, with greenish and very small
distichally subimbricated leaves, radicles extra-ax Uar^
utriculi, globose-ovate, axillar; masculine, or infertile pro-
cesses by pairs contiguous to the fruit.

Species. 1. A. carolinianay C*americana.J Hab.
Throughout the southern and western states, probably to
the sources of the Missisippi and Missouri.

Of this genus there are 2 or 3 other species, and one of

them indigenous to New Holland, in which species Mr.

Brown, \n the splendid illustrations to Flinder's voyage,

appears to have ascertained, that the supposed capsule

loi this genus is in fact a true sorus.

THE END.

IND

EX

OF TliF. GENERA.

Page

A

Andromeda - - 26i

Acacia

ii. 80

Andropogon - - ^0
Anemione - - ii- 20

Acalypha

- ii. 224

Acer

252

Achillea

ii. 171

Angelica - - .." -^^"^

Achyranthes

ii. 79

Anlhemis - - ii- ^~y

AcHicUa

ii. 171

Anthopogon " " ^i
AnthoxanUium - .. "!.

Acnicla

ii. 237

AconiUim

. ii. 14

Aniiri-riinum - ii. ■^^

A Cyrils

. 227

Apl.ar.es - - Iv?

Aci'ostichum

ii. 249

Apargia - - ii- 1-2

Actxa

ii. iO

Apios - - - ii- 1^,5

Actinella

- ii. 173

Apocynum - - ^ 1^^

Actinomeris

ii. 181

Aquilegia - - ii 15

Adiantum

ii. 252

Arabis - - - ii- 70

^c:ilops

- 85

Aralia - - - "205

^.scliynomene

- ii. Ill

ArbuUis - - 262

-'Esculus

- 242

Arctium - - i'- ^28

-^'■Jiusa

- 190

Arenaria - - 290

Aicave

- 218

Aretha 5a - - ii. 194

Agrimonia

- 304

Argemone • - i'- 8

Agrosiemnia

- 291

Aiistida . . . 57

Ag-i-o^iis

- 44

Aristolochia - ii- 199

Aira

- 61

Arnica - - ii. 164

Ajuga

ii. 26

Aronia - - - 3U6

Aichemilla

- lu6

Artemisia - - ii. 142

Aletris

- 217

Arum - - ii. 222

Al-sina

- 241

Aniiido , . . 75

Allium

- 214

Asarum - - ii. 200

Alims

ii. 206

Asclepias - - 165

Alopecunis

51

\scyrum - - ii. 15

Alyssum

ii. 63

Asparngvis - - 226

Amaruntlius

ii. 209

Aspldium - - ii. JOO

Amaryllis

214

Asplemum - - ii. 251

Ambrosia

- ii. Id6

■\stei- - - - ii. 153

xVmmannia

103

Astragalus - - ii- 98

Ammi

- 179

Athe opogon - 77

Amorpha

- ii. 91

Atragene - - ii. 19

Amphicarpa

ii. 113

Atriplex - - 19r

Am^onia

171

Aula:. a . - - 47

Anagailis

122

A vena . - - 74

Anantherix

169

Azalea . - 1J4

Androcera

129

Azolla ii. 254-

IXDEX.

Baccbaris

Balduina

Balfimora

Barb area

Baptisia

Bartonia

Bai'tsla

Batschia

Beckmannia

Befaria

Belli s

Bcrberis

iietula

Bidens

Bignonia

Blecbnum

Bletia

Blitum

Jiccbera

Boehmeria

Boerliaavia

BoUonia

Borkhausia

Borya

J^otrycbii'.m

Brachyris

Brasenia

Brlza

Brodisea

Bronius

Brunicliia

Buchnera

Bumelia

Buphthalmum

Cacalia

Cactus

Cakile

Caladium

Calamintba

Calla

Calamagrostls

Callicarpa

ii.

145

ii.

175

ii.

184

ii.

67

281

^97

ii.

53

113

48

ii

o

ii.

168

.

210

ii

218

ii.

179

ii.

44

ii.

252

ii.

194

4

ii.

166

ii.

207

,

?5

ii.

168

ii.

125

ii.

232

ii.

248

ii.

163

ii.

23

-

68

215

73

256

ii.

45

135

ii. 172

ii. 137

295

ii. 62

ii. 222

ii. 39

ii. 222

45

103

Callitrld.e

Culocbortus

Calopogon

Caltba

Calycanlhiis

Calymenia

Calypso

Canipanuia

Camphcrosma

Canna

Capraria

Caprifolium

Cardamine

Cardiospermum

Carduus

Carex

Carica

Carpinus

Carya

Cassia

Castanea

Caialpa

Caulinia

Caulophylliim

Ceancthus

Celastvus

Cel'Is

Cencbrus

Centaurea

Centaureiia

Centuncuhis

Cepbalantbas

Cerastium

Ceratiola

Ceratopbyllum.

Cercis

Cbzeropbyllum

Gbama:rops

Chaptalia

Chara

Cheilantbes

Cbeirantbus

Cbelone r

Cbeliuunium

Cbeiioj;odium

Cbimapbila

Cbiococca

231

ii. 193

ii. 22

311

25

ii. 195

136

104

1

ii. 41

- 138

ii. 66

256

ii. 129

ii. 203

ii. 242

ii. 218

ii. 220

280

ii. 217

la

ii. 201

210

153

155

- 202

38
ii. 182

- 101
- 99

92

291

ii. 232

ii. 211

285

194

231

ii. 182

ii. 2')1

ii. 252

ii. 69

ii. 51

ii. 6

198

274

137

Chionanlhus

Chloris

*Choiidrocarpus (Glycer

Chrysiinthemum

Chrysobalanus

Chrysocoma

Chrysoi^onum

Chrysosplenium

Cichorium

Cicala

Cimicifuja

Cinna

Cii-c^a - -

Cissus

Clare kia

Claylonia

Clematis

Cleome

Clethra

Clinopodium

Cliloria

t oUinsia

Collinsonia

Collomia

Comanclra

Comarum

Commelina

Comptonia

Conium

Conostylls

Convallaria

Convolvulus

Conyza

Coptis

Corallorhiza

Coreopsis

Gorisperiuum

Cornus

Coronopus

Corydalis

Corylus

Craiuchis

Graiuzia

Crataegus

Grinum

Crolalaria

CrotoB

INDEX.

;5

5

Crolonopsls

ii. 209

n

Crypsis

- 49

■ia)l77

[Crvpta - ii.

Appendix

ii. 168

Cucubakis

- 287

301

Cucuibita

ii. 228

ii. 136

Ciinila

15

ii. 184

Cuphea

304

254

Ciipressus

- ii. 224

ii. 122

[Cuscuta

Appendix

- 191

Cyamus

ii. 25

ii. 15

Cyiiodon

56

45

Cynanchum

163

18

Cynara

. ii. 129.

- 143

Cynoglossum

114

249

Cyperus

34.

152

Cypripedium

ii. 199

ii. 20

Cyrilla.

- 144

ii. 7Z

275

D

ii. 34

Dactylis

1%

ii. 117

Dilea

ii. 101

ii. 45

Dalibarda

309

13

Dunihonia

71

126

Dutisca

ii. 243

157

Datura

130

3ll

Daucus

- 179

27

Decumaria

300

ii. 2U6

Delphinium

ii. 14

180

Dtintarla

ii. 65

217

Damurpha

293

224

Dianthus

286

123

Diaptnsla

122

ii. 145

Dichondra

- 173

ii. 22

Dichroma

31

ii. 197

Dicksonia

ii. 249

ii. 179

Diervilla

139

3

Dlgitaria

S5

98

Dilatris

24

ii. 64

Diodia

94

ii. 85

ii. 216

ii. 191

177

Dion?ea
Dioscorea

- 277
- ii. 238

Diospyros

ii. 243

Dioiis

ii. 207

305
214

Diphyllela

209

Dipsacus

92

ii. 94

Dirca

253

ii. 225

Dodecatheon

2.x

: 119

4

INI

\E%,

Dollchos

ii,

112

Ferula

.

182

Donia

ii,

, 16.j

Fcstuca

.

.

72

Draba

ii<

62

Fimbristylis

.

33

Dracocephalum

ii.

35

Floerkea

.

228

Drosera

-

141

Fothergilla

.

304

©ryas

.

309

Fragaria

.

311

Dulichium

-

35

FraL-era

.

10;^

1-raxinus

_

ii.

231

B

Frltillaria

-

222

Ecliites

.

161

Fuirena

-

-

37-

Echium

.

116

Fumaria

-

ii.

8&'

Eclipta

ii.

169

Elacagnus

-

97

G

P^lephantopus

ii.

187

Galactia

-

ii.

115

Eleusine

.

75

Galardia

.

ii.

175.

Eliisia

.

117

Galax

.

145

Elodea

ii.

17

Galeopsis

.

ii,

. 23

Elymus

-

86

Galium

-

.

93

Eijtraria

-

lu

Gaultheria

-

-

262

Empetrum

ii.

233

Gaura

.

249

Enslenia

-

164

Gelsemium

.

-

171

I^nfagus

- ii.

60

Gentiajia

.

171

Epidendrum -

- ii.

193

Geranium

-

ii.

80

Epigxa

-

269

Gerardia

.

ii.

46-

Kpilobium

.

249

Geum

•

309

Equisetum

ii.

247

Gilk-nia

-

307

Erigenia

-

iy7

Giaucium

ii.

r

Erigcron

- ii.

146

Glaux

-

16a.

Rriocaulon

»

90

Gleclioma

rt -

ii.

31

Eriogonum

„

260

Gleditschia

-

ii.

23s

Eriocoma

.

40

Glycine

-

ii.

114

li'iophorum

-

36

Glycirrhiza

-

ii.

106

Ei-^iigium

-

175

Gnapharuim

-

ii.

146

Erysimum

ii.

63

Gonolobus

-

162.

Erythrlna

ii.

92

Goodyera

-

ii.

190

Erythioriium

.

223

Gordonia

-

ii.

83

Euchroma

ii,

. 54

Gratiola

-

-

a

Erpatoriuin

- ii.

135

Gymnocladus

;

ii.

243

Euphorbia

ii.

226

Gymnostyfis

ii.

184.

Ei;j.iirasia

ii.

56

Gyromia (Medeola)

238

Evolvulus

-

ir4

Evonyrrius

-

154

H

Exacum

101

Habenaria

-

ii.

189

Halesia

.

ii.

82

F

Ham am el is

.

107

Fagus

ii.

216

Uamilt^nia

.

156

30

Hedeoma

:

-

15

IND

EX.

5

Hedysarum

ii. 1J8

Imperalovla

.

180

Helcnium

ii. 173

ludigofera

.

ii. 118

Helianthemum

ii. 3

Inula

.

ii. 149

Heiianthus

ii. 177

Ipomcca

-

- 124

Helioo-is

ii. 172

Ipomeria

-

124

Heliotroplum

112

I re sine

.

ii. 236

Helon.as

234

Iris

.

22

Hemerocallis

219

Isanthus

.

- ii. 27

Hemianthus

ii. 42

Isnardia

.

98

Hepatica

ii. 23

Isoetes

.

- ii. 253

Heiacleum

181

Itea

.

144

Herpestis

ii. 42

Jiig-lans

-

ii. 220

Hesperis

ii. 69

Juncus

.

227

Heuchera

174

Juniperus

.

ii. 241

Hibiscus

ii. 82

Jussieaa

.

- 279

Hieracium

ii. 125

Justicia

-

11

Hippiiris

3

Iva

.

ii. 185

Holcus

63

Ixia

..

22

HoJosleum

89

Hopea

ii 83

K

Hordeum

87

Hottonia

120

Kalmia

-

26r

Houstonia

94

K:)chia

-

200

Hudsonia

ii. 4

Koelerla

-

74

Humulus

ii. 237

Krigis

.

ii. 126

Hydrangea

284

Kuhnia

-

ii. 134

Hydrastis

ii. 21

Kylling-ia

-

30

Hydiocotyle

176

llydrolea

173

L

Hydro charis

ii. 241

Hydrophyllum

117

Lactuca

ii. 124

Hyoscyamus

131

Lamium

»

ii. 28

Hymenopappus

ii. 139

Lanlana

-

ii. 41

Hyniencpijyllum

ii. 253

Latliyrus

-

ii. 96

Hypericum

ii. 16

Lauras

-

258

Hypoxis

- 215

Lechea

CO

Hypopithys

270

l.eduni

-

275

Hyptis

il. 32

Lecrsia

-

43

Hyssopus

ii. 27

Lemna

-

18

Leontodon

.

ii. 122

I

Leonurus

..

ii. 31

Lepidium

- .

ii. 64

Jatropha

ii. 225

Leptandra

-

- 7

Jeffersonia

253

Leptanthus

28

Ilex

109

Lepiopoda

i*

ii. 174

Ulicium

ii. 17

Leptmus

-

81

Impatiens :

jj. 145

Lespedeza

1 .

ii. 107

6

INDEX.

Leucas

ii. 31

Melanlliium

232

Lewisia

ii. 13

Melunanthera

ii. 140

Liatrls

ii. 131

Melia

276

Ligusticum

186

Mellca

63

Lilium

221

Meliloius

ii. 104

Limosella

ii. 43

Melissa

ii. 36

Limnetis

38

Melothria

ii. 228

Lindernia 9 and

ii. 43

Menispermum

ii. 244

Linnaea

96

Mentha

ii. 26

Linum

206

Mentzelia

299

Liquidambar

ii. 219

Menyanlhes-

120

Lirlodendron

ii. 18

Menzesia

251

Listera

ii. 191

Micranthemum

8

Litiiospermum

113

Micropetalon

290

Lobelia

ii. 75

Miegia

39

Lolium

89

Mikania

ii. 136

Ludwigia

ii. 97

Milium

43

Lunaria

ii. 65

Mimuliis

ii. 50

Lupiniis

ii. 92

Miichfclla

96

Lychnis

291

Mitcila

235

Lycium

101

iMoUugo

90

Lycopodium

ii. 247

Momordica

ii. 228

Lycopsis

116

Monarda

17

Lycopus

15

Munt.'cera

79

Lygudium

ii. 248

Monotropa

2ri

Lyonia

266

Morus

ii. 208

Lysimachia

121

Miihlenbergia

41

Lytlirum

303

Myginda

109

M}locarium ;■

276

M

Myosoiis

112.

Macbridea
Macluva
Magnolia ' -

ii. 36
ii. 233
ii. 13

Myrica

Myriuphyllum

Myrrhis

ii. 235
ii. 211

192

Mahonia

211

Malaxis

ii. 196

N

Malope

ii. 82

Nardus

39

Malva

ii. 81.

Narthecium

220

Manis n-is

80

Nectris

229

IMapania

31

Neottia

ii. 190

Mariscus

34

Nepeta

ii. 28

MaiTubiutn

ii. 32

N icandra

130

Marshallia*

ii. 140

Nicotiana

132

Mart)uia - -

ii. 5^

Molina

231

Medicago

ii. 121

Nuphai'

ii. 12

Melampyrum •

ii. 58

Nymphsca ;

ii. 13

JS'^ssa

O

Obc^lurla

OEnaiithe

(Enoihera

Oldenlandia

Olea

Onoclea

Onosmodium

Ophioglossum

Ophiorrhiza

Oploiheca

Orchis

Origanum

Ornithogakim

Ornus

Orobanche

Orobus

Oi'Ltntium

Orthopogon

Orthocarpus

Oryzopsis

Osmunda

Ostrya

Oxalis

Osycocca3

Oxydenia

Oxytropis

Fachysandra

Panax

Pancratium

Panicuni

Papuver

Parietaria

Paronychia

Parnassia

Parthenium

Paspaium

Passiflora

Paslinaca

Pedicularis

Pennibeluui

IKDEX.

i

ii. 236

Penthonim

292

I'entstemon

ii. 51

\

Peplis

228

}

Periploca

- IG'i

103

Petalosiemon

ii. 85

189

Peucedanum

181

245

Phaca

ii. 97

94

Phacelia

116

5

Phaelhusa

ii. 170

ii. 249

Phalangium

219

115

Phaiaris

48

ii. 248

Phaseolus

ii. 112

134

Philadelphiis

- ^ 300

ii. 78

I'hiloxeius

ii. 78

ii. IBS

Phlenm

50

ii. 34

Phlox

125

221

PhryiTia

ii. 40

. 6

Phv'llaciis

21

ii. 58

Phyllanthus

ii. 227

ii. 95

Physalis

130

225

Phytolacca

293

55

Pinguicula

13

ii. 56

Pinckneva

136

39

Piiras

ii. 223

ii. 250

Pistia

ii. 80

ii. 219

Pisum

ii. 94

292

Planera

201

250

Piantago

99

76

Platanus

ii. 219

ii. 93

Pieea

261

Poa

65

P

Podalyria fv.

Baptisia.) 281

Podophyllum

ii. 10

ii. 207

Podostfcmum

ii. 202

175

Pogonia

ii. 192

213

Polemonium

127

52

Polycarpou

89

ii. 9

Polvcnemum

29

ii. 208

Polygala

ii. 87

(Anvchia) 159

Polygonatum

225

205
ii. 183

Polygonum
Polymnia

254
ii. 183

56

Polypodiiim

ii. 249

ii. 77

Polypogon

50

184

Polyi)remum

95

ii. 50

Pohpteris

ii. 139

54

Pontederia

. 215

8

INDEX.

Populus

ii. 239

liuellia

ii. 44

Porc-rlia

ii. 19

liu ncx

240

Portulaca

ii. 6

Ruppia

HI

Potatnog-eton

111

Poteniilla

310

s

Fochos (v. Symplocarpus) 105

Prenanlhes

ii. 123

Sabal

230

Primula

119

Sabbatia

234

Prmos

212

Saccharum

59

Proserpinaca

91

Sai,ina

109

Prunella

ii. 56

Sagiitaria

ii. 212

Prunus

302

Salicornia

2

Psilotiim

ii. 248

Salix ,

ii. 230

Psoi-alea

ii. 102

Salsola

199

Ptelea

104

Salvia

17

Pteris

ii. 251

Saivinia

ii. 260

Pterospora ,

269

Sair.bucus

203

Pulmonaria

115

Samolus

. 121

Pycnanihemum

ii. 32

Sanguinarla

ii. 9

Pyrelhrum

ii. 168

Sanguisorba

108

Pyrola

272

Sanicula

178

Pyrus

306

Santolina

ii. Ul

Saphidus

2.57

Q

Saponaria

2a6

Sarracenia

ii. 10

Quercus

ii. 213

Sarothra

204

Queria

158

Saurur;i3

240

Saximi<::a

^85

R

Sciieuchzeria

235

Ranunculus

ii. 23

Scliisandra

ii. 209

Rhamnus

152

Schizaea

ii. 250

llhexia

243

Schcenus

2^

Rhinanthus

ii. 56

Schrankla

ii. 81

Rhododendron

268

Sclrpus

32

Rhodora

268

Schwalbea

ii. 54

Rhus

203

[>clisveinitzia

ii. Appendix

Rhyixhospora

33

L-^clt-ria

ii. 205

Ribes

140

Sclerantims

286

Riciiius

ii. 226

Scoiopcndrium

ii. 251

liivina

104

Scorzonera (v.

Boik-

Robinia

ii. 118

hausia) n. 125

Rosa

308

Scrophularia

ii. 44

RotboHia

83

Scutellaria

ii. 37

Rubia

93

Secale

88

Rub.js

308

Sedum

292

Uubdeckia

ii. 178

Selir.um

im

INDEX.

V

'Scnec'o '.

11. 16.5

Stylophorum

il. 7

Serpicula (.vUdora)

ii. 242

Stylosanthes .

ii. 106

Se.-ibania

ii. Ill

S'Vrax

ii. 83

S^seli

194

Swertia

102

^esleria

64

Syena

28

Sesuvium

S06

Symphoria

138

Seymeria

ii. 48

Symplocarpus

105

Shepherdia

ii. 240

Synandra

ii. 29

Sibbaldia

207

Sicyos

ii. 229

Sida

ii. 81

T

Sieiresbeckia

ii. iro

Silene

288

Talinum

ii. 6

Silpliium

ii. 183

Tanacetum

ii. 141

Sison

187

Taxus

il. 245

Sisymbrium

ii. 67

Teplirosia

ii. 119

Sisyr.nchium

24

Tetrat^onotheca

. ii. 172

Siuui

186

Teucrium

ii. 26

Sniilaclna

225

Thalia

1

Smllax

ii. 237

'llialctrum

ii. 21

Sm^rnium

195

Tliapsia

184

Solaiium

127

Thaspium

. 196

Solidago

ii. 159

Thermia

. 282

Soncii'js

ii. 124

Thesium (.v Comandra) 157

Sophora

2S0

Thlaspi

ii. 64

Sorbus

205

Ihuja

ii. 224

Sorgiium

64

Thymus

ii. 38

Sparg-anium

ii. 202

Tiarella

285

Spharg-anophorus

ii. 138

Tic^area

302

Sper^ula

290

Ti'ia

ii. 3

Sperir.acoce

94

Tillxa

110

Spig-elia

134

Tilkndsia

208

Spuxa " .

307

Tipularia

ii. 195

Staciys

ii . 30

Tofieldia

235

Stan leva

ii. 71

Tradescantia

209

Stapiiylea

204

Tras^ia

ii. 206

Staikea

ii. 169

Tribulus

277

Statice

20,i

Tr.chodium

. 42

Stell'-iria

289

Tr;chophorum

36

Stiilingia

ii. 226

I'TichcM'liyllum

ii. 166

Stipa

58

Trichostema

ii. 39

Stipalicida

29

Tnemalis

. 242

Stokesia

ii. 123

Tri folium

ii. 105

Stic-ptopus
Sir.ithiop^erls

224
ii. 249

T<-j<);lnchiii
Tr..^r-nella

237

ii. 120

. 239

139

St -artia

ii. 84

Trillium

Styiandra .

170

Trieste um

10

INDEX.

Triphora

Trip.srtcum

Ti-iptcreUa

Trisetum

Triiicuni

Trolhus

Troximon

Tun-itis

Turnera

Tussiloag"o

Typha

TJcIora

L'lmus

Uniola

Uraspermum

Uralepsis

Urtica

Utricularia

Uvularia

u

192

85

21

61

88

. 22

]27

71

204

165

202

ii. 242

201

69

192

62

ii. 207

12

224

Virgilia
Viscum

Vitjs
Vittaria

w

Wendlaiidia

VViiidsoria

Wisteria

Woodsia

Woodvvardia

Xanthium
Xerophyllum
Xylosieum
Xvris

28o

ii.

235

142

ii.

252

241

70

ii.

115

ii.

249

ii.

252

Yucca

ii. 186

234

133

30

218

Vaccinium
Vagi n aria
Valeriana
, Valisnerla
Veratrnm
Verbasciun
Verbena
Verbesina
Vernonia
Veronica
Viburnum
Vic, a
Villa rsia
Viola

263

37

20

230

233

loo

40

170

233

6

202

97

120

147

Z

Zamia

Zannich.cnia

Zanthorhiza

Zanthoxylum

Zapania

Zea

Zigadenus

Zinnia

Zizania

Zizyplius

Zornia

Zostera

ii-

244

ii.

201

2u7

ii.

236

ii.

41

ii.

203

233

ii.

166

ii.

210

153

ii.

110

ii. 2U1

ERATUM.

Page 21. No. 32. for VjEgelia read Vogelia,

p. 22. after line 8, " Georgia," p. 43, read " Near the margin of

sandy ponds, &.c." lines 12 and 13.
p. 48. No, 74. for ISruchmaxnia, read Beckmaxxia, 8 lines
I'ronn the bottonn of the same pag-e, for mucrone read mucro.

p. 55. No. 81. for Orthopogon: Idrieili::::, read O. * pai'vifolium,
leaves lanceolate, near!;. Rat; spike compound; spikelets 5
to 8-flo\vere(2; awns viscid.

p. 67 .^. 26. for Poa obtiisa, read P. * pennsiilvavJca.

i^. 09. No. 97. after Bviza cana'leuai^, read *' Obs. Leaves long"
and scabrous on the niar.^^in, stipules truncate, membrana-
ceous; panicle pyramidal, branches pendulous; spikelets
ovate, about 7-tlo\vered; calix much smaller than the glume
of the corolla; corolla green and obsoletely striate, exte-
rior valve oboval, subacute, interior scarcely smaller, very
obtuse. Hab. On the m.argins of sphagnous swamps, in
New Jersey, near Philadelphia, &c. Nearly allied to Poa
obtusa, .Mvihl. Gr.t.p.i. Descripl, Perhaps not the plant of
Michaux. What I had first described for it, appears to be
a mere variety of Poa ncrvntn, which seems also to be a
Briza.

p. S2. No. 114. for " Ca^/o- 2-valved, 2-flov.-ered/' read, Cdix
2-valved, 2 or 3-fiOVvered.

;.. 92. No. 139. for " Stamina CAserted;" read, Sty'e exserted.

]). 114. No. 171' Batschia longijiora is Litaospermum angustifo'
Hum of Herb. Muiil.

p. 158. No. 234. for "intermediate, setcc none," read "interme-
diate seta: none."

p. 177. for Glvceri A, (a name already employed for another
genus) read, Chonduocakpcs, so called from the cartila-
ginous induration of the fiuit.

p. 197. fAtnpleJcJ, 5 lines from the bottom, for "this and the
preceding genus," read •'•' tliis and the following genus."

p. 208. Strepsia; for " capsule 1-celled," Sec. read. Capsule
3-celled, 3-valved, dissepiments marginal.

p. 289. for " 513. Stellaria/' read, 413, and add 100 to the
ibllowing numbers.

Vol. II. — p. 73 fC'comeJ 13 lines from the top, for ** .5-ieav-
ed," read 4-leaved,— and 10 lines from the bottom of the
s:imc page, for " a-toothed*' read^ 4-toothed.

rzi

ADDITIONS.

Pa^e. 4. Blitum * mantimum. Calix membranaceous; clusters
axillary, spiked, naked; leaves lanceolate, at either evtre-
mity attenuated, incisely toothed. Hab. In the salt-
marshes of Long Island, near New York. Obs. Annual;
stem erect, 2 or 3 feet high and much ' --bed; leaves
thick and succulent, somewhat dilated n^ -^'^nce-

ment of the petiole; clusters proximat
mose; calix 3-parted, not succulent or '
seed lenticular, vertical, brown and r
nated by a single minute style.

p. 9. LiNDERNiA. add 3. * monticola. Stem bx.

chotomousj radical leaves spathulate, cauline lineai, _
and remote; peduncles very long, at length deflected; root
perennial. Hab. Near Salem, North Carolina. — Mr. Le
Conte. V. s. In Herb. Collins and Muhlenberg.

p. 16. Hkdeoma. add 4. * bracteolata. Pubescent; stem sim-
ple, slender; leaves linear sublanceolate, acute at each ex-
tremity, entire; pedlcells setaceously bracteolate, 3 to 5-
fiowered; calix oblong, equal; corolla minute? Hab. In
Carolina.— In common with // glabra, allied to Acynos.

After No. 28. add—* CRYPTA. Catijc 2-leaved, in=
fcrior. Corolla of 2 or 3 petals, closed. Styles none;
stigmas 2 or 5, very minute. Capsule 2 or 3 -celled,
2 or 3-valved; cells 4 or o-seeded. Seeds subcy-
iindric, striated.

C. minima. Journal Acad. Philad. 1. p. 117. t. 6. f. 1-
Pepiis americana. Ph. 1. p. 238, and Herb. Muhl.
:>. o7. F-RioPHORtTM, * tenellum. Culm slender and triangular,
teafy; spikes pedunculate, nutant, scarcely longer than the
involucrum; seed linear. I!ae. In the sphagnous swamps
of New Jersey; rare. Probably E. poly !^taoJiij inn. Ph. but a
much smaller and very distinct species. — Culm 12 to 18
inches; leaves carlnated, very narrow, pungently acute,
and scabrous on the margin; spikes 4 or 5; wool white,
long and silky.
•>. 62. Up ALEPSis aristuhita. Since the printing of this genus,
i haver met with this species in considerable abundance,
growing in the sands of New Jersey, in various places near
the sea coast, and also in the sandy barren lands, about 30
TTiiles east of Philadelphia. It is'tlie plant described for
Aira purpurea in Muhlenberg's Grasses, p. 86. but per-
^ec'lv disli'uct from t.hat of Walter and Elliott. O&s

ADDITIONS.

Culm erect and mostly simple, numerously jointed, nodes
and stipules pilose, leaves subulate and scabrous, above
shorter than the slieathes; lateral floral branchlets clandes-
tine, terminal ones partly exserted, spikelets 2 and 3-flow'-
ered, with a terminal abortive rudiment; calix glume much
shorter than the corolla, partly lacerate at the points; co-
rolla minutely stipiiate, margin of the outer glume ciliate,
the summit truncate and trifid, with the intermediate awn
no longer than the lateral cusps, inner valve incurved,
shorter than the outer, producing 2 cristate tufts of pubes-
cence.

p. 74. KoELERTA, * pmiiculaia. Panicle oblong, smooth; spike-
lets 2 and 3-flowered, shining, glumes awnless; valves of
the calix very unequal, the larger one trunca^ely obtuse.
Hab. Collected in East Florida by my friend Mr. T. Say,
Distincily allied to Aira crlstata of Smith, Flor. Brit, but a
much larger plant- Leaves and sheathes long.

p. 8r. AsPERELLA, fEhnnus HyatrixJ. The American plant
appears to be specifically distinct from that of Europe,
having a setaceous rudiment of a calix, and not merely a
callosity.

n. 104. RiviNA, add 2. hwnilis. Discovered in East Florida, by
Mr. Say.

\'j. lOS. after No. 160, add,--[CUSCUTA. Calisc 4 to
5-cleft. Corolla 4i or 5-cleft. Cafistde 2-ceIled,
openino^ transversely all round towards the base.
(Stamina often 4.)

Leafless filiform and herbaceous, parasitic and twining
upon surrounding plants; flowers conglomerate or rarely
racemose.

Species. 1. C. americana. — Flowers mostly pentaa-
drous and sessile.

Of this singular genus there are 3 other species in Eu-
rope, 2 in Peru, 1 in China, 1 in India, and another at the
Cape of Good Hope.]
j>. 110. TiLL.^A, * simple jc^. Stem erect and simple; leaves con-
nate, oblong-linear and somewhat acute; flowers alternate,
sessile; petals erect, twice as long as the calix. — Journal
Acad. Philad. 1. p. 114. Omit, T? cimosa; for v.hich See
DiAMORPHA, p. 293.
p. 112. Mvosori^, * veriia. Small and hirsute; stem simple;
radical leaves spathulate-oblong, cauline linear-oblong, ob-
tuse; spikes simple; flowers subsessile; seeds smooth and
shining. Had. In sandy woods and way-sides, New Jei'-

ADDITIONS,

sey, &.C. Flowering" in May. Flowers small and white .
Lycopsis vir^-iraca ? Ph.

.p. 164. Cynanchnm angnstifoUiim is the Lyorda mariilma of Mr.
Elliott; but is it sufnciently distinct from this genus ?

p. I67. AscJepias loiigifolia and perhaps also .?. riridifora, Ph.
constitute the genus Acerates proposed by Mr. Elliott, and
characterised solely by the absence of tlve arista or little
horn, common to the segments of the Icpanthium in the
other species of Asclepias.

p. 170. Stylandra is the Podastigma of Mr. Elliott, published
since the printing of this article.

p. 189. (Enanthe; — the American species accord precisely with
Phelandnum and oug-ht with that species to form a distinct
section in the genus- (E. fUformis of Walter now describ-
ed by Mr. Elliott, p. 354, producing- both a general and
partial involucrum, can scarcely appertain to CEnanihe.

p. 252. after No. 36.5. add ELLIOTTIA. Muhlenberg.
Caiix 4-toothed, inferior. Corolla deeply 4 -parted.
Stigma subclavate, entire. Cafifiule 4-celied ?

A virgately branchini; shrub with alternate entire leaves,
and flowers in terminal racemes; corolla almost tetrapeta-
lous. A genus nearly allied to Cletlua-

p. 270. after No. 386, add SCHVVEINITZ! A. El-
liott.— Calix 5 -leaved, leaflets concuve, equal with
the corolla. Corolla monopetalous, campanulate,
border o-cleft. A 5 cleft ncctarium at tlie hase of
the corolla. Anthers adnata to the fiianKius, 1-
celledj opening from the inverted base by 2 naked
pores. Stigma subglobose, closed, internally 5-cieft.
Ca/isule 5 -celled ? Seed ....

A small herbaceous, and probably parasitic plant, des-
titute of proper leaves and verdure, scape squaniose; flow-
ers terminally ag-Tegated, sessile, bracteate; bractcs large.
Natural Order MoNOXROPEiE, and proximately allied to
Ptevospora. Hab. " In rich shaded woods, in Stokes coun-
ty. North Carolir-a." Flowering in February and March.
Flowers odorous, redd'.sh-white. v. s. In Herb. Collins.
T>.282. Baptisia *lencopi\jca, appears to be jK. bracteolata, of Eb
' * Uott, p. 469. published since the printing of this article.
Vol. II.— p. 43. LiNDERNiA tennifoUa, cultivated by Dr. Ives,
germinates with 2 filiformly linear cotyledones. v. i^. With
Z. Collins, csqr.

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