I

* •

•if

THE

GENERA

OF

RECENT MOLLUSCA

ARRANGED

ACCORDING TO THEIR ORGANIZATION.

BY

HENRY ADAMS, F.L.S.

ARTHUR ADAMS, M.R.C.S., F.L.S.

IN THREE VOLUMES.— VOL. I.

LONDON ••

JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLVin.

PREFACE.

In offering to the public their work on the Genera of
Kecent Mollusca/’ the Authors believe they are supplying a
want in this branch of Zoology, especially as active research
is now being made into the structure and habits of the
animals that produce the beautiful shells so much admired
in the cabinets of Conchologists.

They have endeavoured, as far as the present state of
knowledge on this subject would permit them, to group the
Genera in accordance with their natural affinities, and they
trust that, from the care with which they have consulted
every original source of information, the work will prove a
correct and useful guide to those who desire to become
better acquainted with this interesting division of the animal
kingdom.

The Authors desire to acknowledge their obligations to
Dr. Gray, Mr. S. P. Woodward, and especially to Mr.
Hugh Cuming, who, with his accustomed love of science,
has afforded them liberal access to his unrivalled collection,
and freely imparted to them much valuable information
relative to the habits and localities of various genera.

With regard to the illustrations, the Authors may add,
that many are derived from drawings of the living animals.

VI

PREFACE.

and where not original, have been faithfully copied or re-
duced from the various works quoted. For the figures of
the shells, recourse has been had in almost every instance
to the objects themselves.

October, 1858.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SHOWING THE SYSTEMATIC AKEANGEMENT,

page

Molltjsca . . Vol. i. 1

Synopsis of Classes .

i.

2

Class Cephalopoda .

i.

16

Order Octopoda

i.

18

Family Octopodidae .

i.

18

Philonexidae .

i.

21

Argonautidae

i.

23

Order Decapoda

i.

25

Sub-order Chondrophora

i.

26

Family Cranchiidae .

i.

26

Loligopsidae .

i.

27

Cbiroteutbidae

i.

28

Onychoteutbidae .

i.

30

Loliginidae .

i.

35

Sub-order Sepiophora

i.

41

Family Sepiidae

i.

41

Sub-order Belemnophora

i.

43

Family Ammoniidae i. 44 ;

ii.

611

Order Polypoda

i.

45

Family Nautilidae

i.

46

Class Pteropoda

i.

48

Order Theoosomata

i.

50

Family Cavolinidae .

i.

50

Tripteridae .

i.

54

Cymbuliidae .

i.

55

Limacinidae .

i.

58

Order Gtymnosomata

i.

61

Family Clionidae

i.

61

Pneumodermonidae

i.

62

Cymodoceidae

i.

64

Class GtAsteropoda .

i.

66

Sub-class Prosobranchiata

i.

68

Order Pectinibranchiata

i.

69

Sub-order Proboscidieera

i.

69

Family Muricidae

i.

70

Muricinae .

i.

70

Fusinae

i.

77

Tritoniidae .

i.

101

Buccinidae .

i.

107

Buccininae

i.

107

Pusionellinae i. 227 ; ii. 656

Nassinae .

i.

108

PAGE

Family Buccinidse, continued.

Purpurinse Vol. i. 125

Rapaninse. . i. 133

Dactylidse . . i. 139

Harpinsa . . i. 139

Dactylinse . i. 140

Ancillinse . . i. 147

Fasciolariidse . i. 149

Vasidse . . i. 155

Volutidse . i. 157 ; ii. 616

Volutinae . . ii. 616

Scaphellinse . ii. 619

Volutomitrinse . ii. 619

Mitridse . . i. 167

Mitring . . i. 168

Columbellinse . i. 181

Marginellidaa . i. 188

Doliidse . . i. 195

Sycotypid^ . . i. 198

Velutinidge . . i. 199

Lamellariidse i. 200; ii. 620
Naticidse . . i. 203

Cassididse . . i. 214

Scalidga . . i. 220

Pyramidellidaa . i. 228

Eulimidse . . i. 235

Styliferidae . . i. 238

CeritMopsidaa . i. 239

Architectonicidae . i. 241

Sub-order Toxieera . i. 245

Family Conidse . . i. 246

Turridse . i. 87 ; ii. 614
Turrinae . . i. 87

Clavatulinae . i. 93

Clatburellinae i. 95 ; ii. 654

Terebridae i. 223 ; ii. 621
Sub-order Rostrieera . i. 256

Family Strombidae . . i. 257

Strombinae . i. 258

Terebellinae . i. 262

Cypr^idae . . i. 263

Ampbiperasidae . i. 269

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

PAGE

Family Pediculariidse Vol

i. 273

Family Pleurobranchidae Vol.

ii. 37

Cancellariidse

i. 275

Pleurobranchinae

ii. 38

Trichotropid®

i. 278

Operculatinae

ii. 41

Aporrhaidas .

i. 280

Runcinidae .

ii. 42

Cerithiidse .

i. 283

Pleuropbyllidiidae

ii. 44

CerithiinEe

i. 283

Pbyllidiid^ .

ii. 45

PotamidinEe

i. 286

Order Nudibranchtata

ii. 47

Melaniidse .

i. 293

Sub-order Anthobranchiat.a

. ii. 48

Melaniinse

i. 294

Fam. Dorididae

ii. 48

Melanopsinse

i. 309

Doridinae

ii. 48

Littorinidae .

i. 312

D oriprismaticinae

ii.

52, 657

Planaxidae .

i. 321

Polycerinae .

ii. 53

Planaxinae

i. 322

Onchidorididae .

ii. 57

Litiopinae .

i. 324

Triopidae .

ii. 60

Rissoellidae .

i. 325

Sub-order Aiolobranchiata

ii. 62

Rissoidae

i. 327

Family Tritoniidae .

ii. 62

Viviparidse .

i. 337

Tritoniinae

ii. 63

Valvatidae .

i, 343

Melibeinae

ii. 64

Ampullariidaa

i. 344

Proctonotidae

ii. 67

Turritellidae .

i. 350

Dotouidae

ii. 69

Caacidag i. 355 ;

ii. 626

.^olididae

ii. 70

Vermetidae .

i, 356

Glaucinae .

ii. 70

Onustidae

i. 361

.®olidinae .

ii. 72

Calyptridas .

i. 363

Hermaeidae .

ii. 78

Capulidae

i. 370

Heroidae

ii. 634

Vanikoridae .

i. 374

Elysiidae

ii. 80

Order Scutibranchiata .

i. 376

Limapontiidae

ii. 81

Sub-order Podophthalma

i. 377

Sub-class Heteropoda

ii. 84

Family Neritid^

i. 377

Family lanthinidae .

ii. 85

Trocbidee

i. 387

Macgillivrayiidae

ii. 88

Eutropiinae

i. 389

Atlautidae .

ii. 90

Turbininae

i. 391

Pterotracheid^

ii. 92

Astraliiuae

i. 397

Pbyllirrhoidae

ii. 97

Liotiinae .

i. 403

Pterosomatidae

ii. 99

Umboniinae

i. 407

Sub-class PULMONIPERA

ii. 100

TrocMnae .

i. 410

Order Inoperculata

ii. 102

" Stomatellinae

i. 435

Sub-order Gbophila

ii. 103

Plaliotidae

i. 439

Family Oleacinidae .

ii. 103

Sub-order Edriophthalma

i. 444

Oleacininae

ii. 103

Family Fissurellid^ .

i. 444

Testacellidae .

ii. 124

Dentaliidae .

i. 455

Helicidae

ii. 126

Tecturidae .

i. 458

Vitrininae

ii. ;

119, 639

Gadiniidae .

i. 462

Succininae .

ii. 127

Patellidae

i. 463

Achatininae

ii. 131

Cbitonidae .

i. 467

Buliminae .

ii. 141

Chitonin®

i. 469

Pupinae

ii. 166

Cryptoplacinae .

i. 480

Helicinae .

ii. 185

Sub-class Opisthobranchiata

Limacidae

ii. 217

Vol.

ii. 1

Stenopidae .

ii. 220

Order Tectibranchiata .

ii. 2

Arionidae

ii. 227

Family Actaeonidae .

ii. 3

Jauellidae

ii. 229

Aplustridae .

ii. 6

Veronicellidae

ii. 231

Cylichnidae .

ii. 9

Oncliidiidae .

ii. 232

BulUdae

ii. 14

Sub-order Limnophila

ii. 235

Philiiiidae

ii. 24

* Family Ellobiidae

ii. 236

Lophocercidae

ii. 30

Ellobiinae .

ii. 236

Aplysiidae .

ii. 32

Melampinae

ii. 242

TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix

Family OtinidjB

Vol

PAGE

ii. 643

Family Cbamidae

page
Vol. ii. 462

Limnseidae .

ii. 250

Cbametrachaeidae

ii. 464

Limnseinse

ii. 251

Order Lucinacea

ii. 466

Planorbinse

ii. 260

Family Lucinidae

ii. 466

Ancylinse .

ii. 265

Ungulinidae .

ii. 470

Sub-order Thalassophila.

ii. 268

Laseidae

ii. 473

Family Ampbibolidse

ii. 268

Leptonidae .

ii. 477

Siphonariidte

ii. 270

Galeommidae

ii. 479

Order Opeeculata .

ii. 272

Solemyidae .

ii. 481

Sub-order Ectophthalma

ii. 273

Astartidae

ii. 483

Family Cyclophoridse

ii. 273

Unionidae

ii. 489

Cyclotinae .

ii. 274

Unioninae .

ii. 490

Cyclopborinse

ii. 278

Mycetopinae

ii. 504

Pupininse .

ii. 284

Mutelidae

ii. 505

Cyclostominse

ii. 290

Aitberiidae .

ii. 509

Pomatiasinae

ii. 298

Mytilidae

ii. 511

Heliciuidae .

ii. 300

Mytilinae .

ii. 511

Proserpinidae

ii. 646

Crenellinae

ii. 514

Sub-order Opisophthalma

ii. 309

Litbopbaginae

ii. 518

Family Truncatellidae

ii. 310

Modiolarcidae

ii. 519

Sub-order Pkosophthalma

ii. 313

Dreissenidae .

ii. 521

Family Assiminiidae .

ii. 314

Vulsellidae .

ii. 523

Class CONCHIPEEA .

ii. 316

Aviculidae

ii. 524

Order Pholadacea .

ii. 323

Order Pectinacea .

ii. 530

Family Pholadidae .

ii. 323

Family Trigoniidae .

ii. 530

Pholadinae

ii. 324

Arcidae

ii. 532

Terediuinae

ii. 331

Arcinae

ii. 533

G-astrochaenidae

ii. 334

Axinaeiuae

ii. 541

Soleuid^

ii. 339

Nuculidae

ii. 544

Solenin^ .

ii. 340

Nuculauidae .

ii.

546, 660

Pharinae .

ii. 342

Nuculaninae

ii.

546, 660

Saxicavidae .

ii. 348

Malletiinae

ii. 548

Myidae

ii. 352

Pectinidae

ii. 550

Corbulidae .

ii. 355

Eadulid^

ii. 556

Anatinidae .

ii. 359

Spondylidae .

ii. 559

Order Venekacea .

ii. 374

Anomiidae .

ii. 563

Family Mactridae

ii. 374

Ostreidae

ii. 567

Mactrinae .

ii. 375

Class Bkachiopoda .

ii. 570

Lutrariinae

ii. 381

Family Terebratulidae

ii. 573

Telliuidae

ii. 388

Terebratulin^

ii. 573

Tellininae .

ii. 389

Magasinae .

ii. 576

Donacinae .

ii. 403

Tbecideidae .

ii. 580

Scrobiculariinae .

ii. 408

Ebyncbonellidae

ii. 582

Papbiinae .

ii. 412

Craniidae

ii. 583

Veneridae

ii. 416

Discinidae

ii. 584

Venerinae .

ii. 417

Lingulidae

ii, 585

Dosiniinae .

ii. 430

Class Tunicata

ii. 587

Tapesinae .

ii. 434

Family Ascidiidae

ii. 589

Petricolidae .

ii. 440

Clavellinidae

ii. 595

Glauconomyidae

ii. 442

Botryllidae .

ii. 597

Cyprinidffi .

ii. 443

Polyclininae

ii. 598

Cyrenidae

ii. 445

Didemniinae

ii. 602

Cyrenoididae .

ii. 452

Pyrosomatidae

ii. 605

Cardiidae

ii. 453

Salpidae

ii, 606

Bucardiidae .

ii. 460

VOL. L

b

INDEX TO OENEEA.

Ahida

PAGE

Vol. ii. 168

Acrybia .

Vol.

PAGE

. i. 207

Abra

. ii. 410

Actseon .

ii. 4

Abralia .

i. 31

Actceon .

ii. 80

Ahranchus

. ii. 83

Acteonia

ii. 82

Abretia .

i. 225

Actinella

ii. 213

Acantbina

i. 130

Actinobolus

ii. 486

A canthinula .

. ii. 116

Actinocyclus

ii. 50

Acanthocardia

. ii. 455

Actinodoris

ii. 49

Acantbocbites .

i. 482

Actita

i. 371

A canthocMton .

i. 482

Acxdea .

i. 351

Acanthochitona

i. 482

Acura

ii. 98

A canthocliitus .

i. 482

Acus

i. 224

Acantliodoris .

. ii. 56

Adacna .

ii. 459

A canthopleura

. i. 474

Adamsia

ii. 615

Acar

ii. 535, 660

Adamsiella

ii. 297

A cardo .

ii. 41, 456

Adeorbis

i. 407

Acavus .

, ii. 194

Adinus .

i. 114

Acella

. ii. 255

Admete .

i. 278

Acera

. ii. 177

Adrana .

ii. 547

A cera

ii. 18, 27

A dspergillum

ii. 338

Acesta .

. ii. 558

Adula

ii. 517

Achates .

. ii. 87

..aEgires .

ii. 54

Achatina

ii. 131, 658

.®gista .

ii. 212

Achatinella

. ii. 136

JEgle

i. 63

Achatinella

. ii. 109

jEglia .

ii. 495

A chatinellaslrum

. ii. 658

Jigopis .

ii. 114

A chatinus

. ii. 131

JEgopsis .

ii. 114

Achatium

. ii. 658

.Enigma .

ii. 564

Acicula .

ii.

109, 312, 659

^olis

ii. 72

Acicula .

. ii. 134

'JEolis

ii. 75

Aciculina

i. 121

.Liberia .

ii. 509

Acila

ii. 545

Agadina .

ii. 611

A done .

i. 220

A g aria .

ii. 486

Acionea .

i. 221

Agaronia

i. 142

Acirsa .

. ii. 621

Agathirses

i. 361

Aclesia .

. ii. 35

Agatbylla

ii. 184

A clesie .

. ii. 35

Agina .

ii. 356

Adis

i. 234

Aglaia .

ii. 27

Acmcea .

i. 459 ; ii. 312

Aglaia .

ii. 203

Acme

i. 330 ; ii. 656

Aidone .

i. 172

Acme

ii. 312, 659

Akera

ii. 18

Acostcea .

. ii. 511

Ahera .

ii. 27

A crenellus

ii. 204

Alaba

i. 241

Acruculia

i. 371

Alsea

ii. 172

Acroloxus

. ii. 266

Alasmodonta

ii. 499

Xll IXDEX TO GENERA.

Alala

Vol

PAGE

. i. 258

Alatus .

i. 258

Albula .

i. 210

Alcadia .

ii. 306

Alcithoe .

i. 164;

ii. 617

A Icyonium

ii. 597, 599

Alderia .

ii. 79

Alectrion

i. 118

A lectryonia

ii. 569

Aletes

ii. 628

Alexia .

ii. 241

Alia

i. 183

Alicula .

ii. 20

Alina

i. 384

Alina . . .

ii. 590

Alinda .

ii. 182

Aloides .

ii. 356

Alopia .

ii. 181

Aluco

i. 285

Alvania .

i. 330

Alvearella

ii. 173

Alycseus .

ii. 278

Am*a

i. 223

Amalda .

i. 148

Amalthea

i. 373

Amarula

i. 294

Amastra .

ii. 137

Amathina

i. 372

Amanra .

i. 213

Amanropsis

ii. 621

Amesoda

ii. 449

Ametistina

ii. 86

A metroge'phyrm

i. 483

Amicula .

i. 480

Ammonia

ii. 611

Amnicola

i. 336

Amoria .

ii. 619

Amonroncium .

ii. 601

Ampelita

ii. 203

Amphihina

ii. 128

Amphibola

ii. 269

Amphibulima .

ii. 129

Amphibulima .

ii. 128

A mphibulimus

ii. 128

Ampbicbsena .

ii. 391

Amphidesma .

ii. 410

Amphidonta .

ii. 668

Ampbidoxa

ii. 226

Amphidromus .

ii. 143

Ampbipeplea .

ii. 255

Ampbiperas

i. 270

A mphirea

i. 62

AmphispTiyra .

ii. 12

Ampbyssa

i. Ill

Amphitrite

ii. 65

Amphitritidia .

ii. 65

Amphorella

ii. 106

Amphorina

PAGE

Vol. ii. 73

Amplexus

ii. 204

Ampulla

ii. 15

Ampullacera .

ii. 269

Ampnllaria

i. 345

Ampullaria .

i.

209, 346

Ampnllarina .

ii. 269

Ampidlarius .

i. 345

Ampullaroides

i. 350

Ampnllina

i. 208

Ampullina

ii. 301

Ampidloidea .

i. 350

Amusium

ii. 555

Amussium

ii. 554

Amycla .

i. 186

Amygdala marina .

ii. 25

Amyxa .

ii. 656

Anacbis .

i. 184

Anadara

ii. 536

Anadema

i. 430

Anapa .

ii. 415

Anas

i. 284

Anatasia

i. 329

Anatina .

ii. 360

Anatina .

ii. 385

Anatinella

ii. 388

Anatomns

i. 439; ii. 630

Ananlax .

i. 149

Ananias .

ii.

286, 659

Anazola .

ii. 655

Anchinma

ii. 608

Ancbistoma

ii. 205

Ancile .

i. 367

Ancilla .

i. 148

Ancillaria

i. 149

Ancillaria

i. 143

Ancistrocbeims

i. 31

Ancistroteutbis

i. 33

Ancnla .

ii. 62

Anculosa

i. 307

A nculotus

i. 307

Ancylastrum .

ii. 265

Ancylotus

i. 307

Ancylus .

ii. 265

Andrea .

ii. 181

Anellum .

ii. 627

Angaria .

i. 411

Angarius

ii. 260

Anguinaria

ii. 656

Angulus .

ii. 397

Angulus .

ii. 265

Angy stoma

ii. 198

Anisus .

ii. 263

Anisus .

ii.

256, 262

Anna

i. 93

Armularia

ii. 279

Anodon .

ii. 502

Anodonta
Anodontia
AnodontincL
Anodontites
Anolacia
Anolax .
Anoma .
Anomala
Anomalia
Anomalocardia
Anomalocardia
Anomia .
Anomphala
Anonica .
Anostoma
Ansates .
Ansulus .
Antalis .
Antalium
AntMnus
Anthora .
Antigona
Antiopa .
Aperostoma
Aphera .
Aphrodita
Aplexa .
Aplexus .
Aplidium
Aplodon .
Aplustra
Aplu strum
Aplysia .
Aplysia .
Aplysiapterus
Appendicular!
Appius .
Apollon .
Apoma .
Aporrhais
Aporrhais
Aquaria .
Aquilus .
Aradasia
Aranea .

Area

ArchacJiatina

Archelix .

Architectonica

Archonta

Arcinella

Arcinella

Arcopagia

Arcopagia

Arctica .

Arctoe .

Arcularia

INDEX TO

Vol.

PAGE

ii. 501

ii. 469

ii. 502

ii. 506

ii. 655

i. 149

ii. 178

ii. 651

ii. 208

ii. 535

ii. 420

ii. 563

i. 209

ii. 524

ii. 198

i. 467

ii. 265

i. 457

i. 457

ii. 150

ii. 629

ii. 417

ii. 68

ii. 275

i. 277

ii. 456

ii. 259

ii. 259

ii. 599

ii. 500

ii. 7

ii. 6

ii. 33

ii. 35

ii. 80

ii. 609

ii. 501

i. 106;

ii. 655

ii. 177

i. 281

i. 260

ii. 338

i. 102

i. 418

i. 71

ii. 533

ii. 131

ii. 195

i. 241

i. 51

ii. 464

ii. 349

ii. 396

ii. 406

ii. 444

ii. 430

i. 118

GENERA.

Arenaria
Arene
Argina .
Argiope .
Argivora
Argobuccinum .
Argonauta
Argus
Arianta .

Aricia
Arinia .

Arion
Ariophanta
Armida .
Armina .
Artemis .
Artemon
Arthemis
Artopoia
Arytcena
Arytene .

Asa

AsapMs .
Ascidia .
Ascidium
Asolen .
Asolena .
Asolene .

Aspa
Aspastus
Aspergillum .
Aspidoporus .
Assiminea
Assiminia
Assula .
Astarte .
Asteronotus
Astreea ,
Astralium
Astralium
Astyris .
-Atagema
Ataxus .
AtJioracopJiorus
Atilia
Atlanta .

Atlas
Atopa
A tractus
Atrina .

Atys

Aulacochiton .

Aulacomya

Aulica

Aulopoma

Aulus

Auricella

Xlll

PAGE

Vol. ii. 408

i. 404

. ii. 540

ii. 580

. ii. 612

i. 104 ; ii. 654

i. 24
ii. 51, 550

. ii. 211

i. 265

. ii. 288

. ii. 227

. ii. 225

. ii. 444

ii. 44

. ii. 430

. ii. 185

. ii. 430

i. 263
. ii. 338

. ii. 650

. ii. 430

. ii. 389

. ii. 590

. ii. 589

. i. 350

i. 350
i. 349
i. 106
. ii. 151

. ii. 338

. ii. 641

. ii. 314

. ii. 314

. ii. 19

. ii. 483

. ii. 50

. ii. 656

i. 399
i. 397
i. 187
. ii. 60

. ii. 161

. ii. 230

i. 184
. ii. 91

ii. 29, 631

. ii. 208

i. 81
. ii. 530

. ii. 20

i. 477
. ii. 513

i. 160 ; ii. 617

. ii. 282

. ii. 345

ii. 242, 312

xiv

INDEX T(

PAGE

Av/ricula

Vol. ii. 147, 237

Auricula

. ii. 659

A uricularia .

i. 197

Auriculella

. . ii. 139

Auriculina

i. 233

Auriculina

i. 197

A uriculus

. ii. 237

Auriformis

. i. 212

Aurinia .

i. 166; ii. 617

Auris

. ii. 149

Auris

i. 441

Aihriscalpium .

. ii. 360

Auris Mustelce

. . ii. 4

Auris Veneris .

. i. 212

Ausoba .

i. 160; ii. 618

Avicula .

. ii. 524

Axina

. ii. 193

Axinsea .

. ii. 541

Axinoderma .

. ii. 542

Axinus .

. ii. 469

Aylacostoma .

i. 299

Azara

. ii. 357

Azarella .

. ii. 488

Azeca

. ii. 106, 639

Azor

. ii. 347

A zor

. ii. 391

Babylonia

i. 109

Bacalia .

i. 312

Balcea .

. ii. 174

Balantium

i. 53

Balds .

i. 236

Balea

. ii. 174

Balea

. ii. 143

Balia

. ii. 174

Banlcia .

. ii. 333

Bankivia

i. 425

Bapbia .

. ii. 499

Barbala .

. ii. 501

Barhata .

. ii. 501

Barbatia .

. ii. 534

Bariosta

. ii. 491

Barleeia .

i. 332

Barnea .

. ii. 326

Barnia .

. ii. 326

Basistoma

i. 302

Batbyompbalus

. ii. 659

Batillaria

i. 289

Batillus .

i. 392

Batissa .

ii. 448

Beguiua .

. ii. 488

Bela

i. 92

Belonis .

. ii. 657

Bemhidwm

i. 317

Bensonia

i. 339

Bequania

ii. 469

Berpolis .

. ii. 506

GENERA.

PAGE

Berthella

Vol. ii. 38

Bezoardica

i. 216

Biapliolius

. ii. 349

Biconia .

i. 365

Bicatillus

. . i. 365

Bifrontia

i. 244

Binovoluta

i. 271

Bipapillaria .

ii. 594

Biphora .

. ii. 607

Biplex .

i. 105

Birostra .

i. 272

Birostris

i. 270

Bithynia

i. 341

Bittmm ,

i. 287

Bivonia ,

i. 358

Blainvillia

. ii. 370

Blaudia

. ii. 647

Blauneria

ii. 106, 643

Bolania .

. ii. 283

Bolma .

i. 403

Boltenia .

. ii. 594

Bombyxinus .

i. 324

Bonellia

i. 237

Bontia .

. ii. 361

Bornella .

. ii. 67

Bornia .

. ii. 475

Borus

. ii. 148

Bostryx .

. ii. 165

Botrylloides

. ii. 598

Botryllus

. ii. 597

Botula

. ii. 519

Bouchardia

. ii. 577

Bourciera

. ii. 300

Boysia .

. ii. 167

Brachycblanis .

. ii. 53

Bracbydontes .

. ii. 517

Brachypodella .

. ii. 176

Brachypus

. ii. 176

Bracbytoma

i. 89

Bradybcena

. ii. 214

BrecMtes

ii. 338, 649

Brepbulus

. ii. 160

Brocbina

. ii. 627

Brochus .

i. 355

Broderipia

i. 438

Brontes .

. i. 72

Brownia

ii. 92, 636

Bryopa .

ii. 337, 649

Bucardia

. ii. 461

Bucardium

. ii. 454

Buccardium .

. ii. 461

Buccianops

.. i. 113

Bucdnella

. i. 275

Buccinulus

ii. 5

Bucciuum

i. 107 ; ii. 615

Buccinum

i. 84, 101

Buclianania

. ii. 235

INDEX TO

PAGE

Bufo

Vol. i. 105

Bufonaria

. i. 105

Bulhus .

i. 137, 209

BiTlimella

ii. 137

Biilimina

. ii. 658

Bulimnea

. ii. 254

Bulimulus

. ii. 159

Bulitmia .

. . ii. 146

Bulina .

. ii. 141

Bulinus .

. ii. 259

Bulla

. ii. 15

Bulla

. ii. 19

Bullcea .

. ii. 19, 25

Bullea .

. ii. 15

Bullearius

. ii. 15

Bullia

i. 112

Bulliana

i. 112

Bullidium

. ii. 27

Bullina .

. . ii. 8

Bullina .

. ii. 10, 13

Bullinula

ii. 8

Bullula .

. ii. 27

Bullus .

. ii. 15

Bursa

i. 105.

Bursatella

. . ii. 36

Busiris .

ii. 36

Busycon .

. i. 151 ; ii. 655

Butor

. ii. 360

Byssanodonta .

. ii. 498

Byssoarca

. ii. 533

Byssodonta

. ii. 498

Byssomya

. ii. 349

Byssonia

. ii. 363

Cabestana

i. 102

Cacophonia

. ii. 383

Caclium .

i. 196

Cadus .

ii. 655

Caecella .

. ii. 386

Ccecillianella .

ii. 657

Csecum .

. i. 355 ; ii. 627

Ccelo'poma

. ii. 276

Csesia

i. 120

Ccesira .

ii. 591

Calcar .

i. 398

Calcarella

ii. 89, 636

Calceola .

. ii. 500

Calcinella

. ii. 408

Gallia

. ii. 290

CalHanax

. i. 146 ; ii. 655

Callicochlias .

. ii. 192

Callina .

. ii. 659

Calliopsea

. ii. 77

Callopoma

. i. 395

Calliostoma .

i. 421

Callipara

. i. 162 ; ii. 618

Calliscapba

. ii. 506

GENERA.

XV

PAGE

Callista .

Vol

. ii. 424

Callistomus

i. 421

Callitbea

i. 178

Callitriche

ii. 512

CallitricJioderma

ii. 512

Calloarca

ii. 535

Callochiton

i. 470

Calma

ii. 633

CalococTilea

ii. 192

Calopodium .

ii. 370

Calpurna

i. 273

Calpurnus

i. 271

Calypeopsis

. i.

365, 366

Calyptra

i. 364

Calyptrcea

i. 364

Calyptria

i. 364

Calyptrus

i. 364

Camsena .

ii. 189

Camillus

i. 284-

Caminata

i. 445

Camitia .

i. 409

Campeloma

i. 309

Camptoceras .

ii. 258

Camptonyx

ii. 644

Campulotus

i. 138

Campyl^a

ii. 210

Canalis

i. 456

Canalites

i. 456

Canarium

i. 260

Cancellaria

i. 275

Cancellarius .

i. 275

Cancilla .

i. 170

Candiella

ii. 63

Canistrum

ii. 143

Canrena

ii. 655

Cantareus

ii. 188

Canthapleura .

i. 474

Cantbaridus .

i. 423

Cantharis

i. 423

Cantharius

i. 423

Cantharus

i. 84

,Caiitbidomus .

i. 310

Canthorlis

i. 398

Canthyria

ii. 496

Capiluna

ii. 631

Capisterium .

ii. 379

Caprella

ii. 147

Caprinus

ii. 199

Capsa

ii. 409

Capsa .

ii. 389,

402, 407

Capsella .

ii. 406

Capsella .

ii. 393

Capsula .

ii. 389

Capulus .

i. 371

Caracolla

ii. 201

Caracollina

ii. 207

Caracolus

ii. 201

xvi

INDEX TO

1 GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Carassa

. Vol. ii. 659

Cerithiopsis .

Vol

. i. 240

Cardia .

. ii. 444

Ceritliium

i. 284

Cardiapoda

. ii. 96

Cernma .

i. 209

Cardilia .

. ii. 461

Cernuella

ii. 215

Cardinalia

i. 413

Ceronia .

ii. 414

Cardiocardites

. . ii. 486

Cerophora

ii. 95

Cardissa

. . ii. 458

Choena .

ii. 335

Cardita .

. . ii. 486

Chsetopleura .

i. 475

Cardium

ii. 454

Chalidis .

ii. 82

Carelia .

. ii. 132

CRama .

ii. 462

Carinaria

ii. 95

Chama .

ii. 467

Carinea

i. 271

Chamaepholas .

ii. 349

Carinidea

i. 415

CRamelea

ii. 422

Carinoidea

. ii. 96

CRametracRaea

ii. 464

Carmione

. . ii. 655

CRamostrea

ii. 373

Carychiuni

. ii. 242, 643

CRaris .

ii. 147

Carycliium

. ii. 147

Charodrobia .

ii. 170

Caryodes

. ii. 154

Charonia

i. 101

Caselia .

. ii. 57

CReletropis

. i.

60, 613

Caseolus

ii. 213, 659

CReiidonura

ii. 26

Casmaria

i. 216

Chelinotus

.’ i. 203 ;

ii. 620

Cassida

i. 196, 215, 258

CRelyconus

i. 252

Cassidaria

i. 218

CRelyosoma

ii. 594

Cassidea

i. 217

Chemnitzia

i. 230

Cassidea

i. 215, 216, 219

Chenopus

i. 281

Cassidula

. ii. 238

Chernites

i. 381

Cassidulus

i. 81

Chersina

ii. 135

Cassis

i. 214

CRicoreus

i. 72

Cassis

i. 217

CRilina .

ii. 251

Casta

. ii. 177

Chilonopsis

ii. 149

Castalia .

. ii. 508

Chilostoma

ii. 204

Cataulus

. ii. 285

CRilotygma

i. 149

Catillus .

i. 386

Chilotrema

ii. 210

Catinus .

i. 212

Chimcera

ii. 529

Caulina .

. i. 51

CRione .

ii. 420

Cavolina

i. 51

Chione .

ii. 404, 425

Cavolina

. ii. 74, 76

CRioreera

. ii.

71, 633

Cemoria .

i. 450

Chironia

ii. 475

Ceneona .

i. 309

CRirotentRis .

i. 29

Cenia

. . ii. 83

CRiton .

i. 474

Centronotus

. i. 73

Chitonella

i. 483

Ce'pa

. ii. 563

Chitonellus

i. 483

Cepoia .

. ii. 195

Chitoniscus

i. 483

CepoUs .

. ii. 199

CRittia .

ii. 647

Cerastes .

ii. 455, 660

CRlamys .

ii. 553

Cerastoderma .

. ii. 455, 660

CRlorsea .

ii. 193

Cerastoma

i. 73

Chloritis

ii. 202

Ceratia .

i. 333

Chloromya

ii. 512

Ceratisolen

. ii. 343

CRlorosina

ii. 617

Ceratodes

i. 347

CRlorostoma .

i. 428

Ceratodoris

ii. 52, 632

CRoanopoma .

ii. 296

Ceratosoma

ii. 56

CRondropoma .

ii. 295

Cerceis .

. ii. 466

CRondrosepia .

i. 39

Ceres

. ii. 647

CRondrostacRys

ii. 652

Ceriphasia

i. 297

Chondrula

ii. 164

Cerites .

i. 284

CRondrus

] Vol.

ii. 164

CeritMdea

i. 292

CRoristodon

ii. 441

INDEX TO GENERA. XVll

CJioristorm

PAGE

Vol. ii. 310

Cliorus .

. i. 125

Chromocochlea

. ii. 142

Chromodoris

. ii. 632

Chrysallida

. ii. 622

Chrysallis

. ii. 143

Chrysame

. i. 171

Chrysodomus

. i. 79

Chrysostoma

. i. 410

Cibota .

. ii. 533

Cidaris .

i. 391, 393

Cimber .

i. 386

Cinctodonta

. ii. 364

Cingula .

. i. 334

Cingulifera

. ii. 210

dona

. ii. 590

Cionella .

ii. 106, 109

Circe

. ii. 428

Circinaria

. ii. 204

Circomplialus

. ii. 422

Cirrhoteuthis

i. 21

Cirsotrema

i. 223

Cistella .

. ii. 581

Cistopus

i. 20

Cistula .

. ii. 293

Cithara .

i. 139

Cittarium

i. 412

Cladophora

. ii. 61

Cladopoda

i. 359

Clanculus

i. 415

Claneophila

. ii. 655

Clavgulus

i. 416

Clathrodon

. ii. 380

Clathrus

i. 222

Clathrus

i. 222

Clathurella

. ii. 654

Clausaria

ii. 332, 648

Clausilia

. ii. 179

Clausilia

. ii. 152

Clausina

ii. 422, 469

Clausinella

. ii. 422

Clara

i. 156, 284

Clavagella

ii. 337, 649

Clavatula

. i. 93

Clavella

i. 85

Clavellina

. ii. 595

Clavellithes

. i. 86

Clavicantha

i. 93

Claviger

i. 303

Clavus .

i. 91

Clea

. ii. 623

Cleanthus

. ii. 38

Cleidothcerus

. ii. 373

dementia ,

. ii. 433

Cleodora

. i. 52

Clepsydra

ii. 338, 649

Clio

i. 52

VOL. T.

Clio

PAGE

Vol. i. 62

Cliodita .

i. 62

Clione .

. . i. 61

Clionella

. i. 311

Cliopsis .

. ii. 613

Clithon .

i. 384

Clithon . .

i. 382

Cliton ,

. i. 384

Cloelia . ' .

ii. 79, 635

Closia .

. . ii. 655

Cloisonnaria .

ii. 332, 648

Clotho

. ii. 349

Clypeicella

. . ii. 643

Clypeolum

i. 381

Clypeus .

i. 463

Clypidella

. . i. 448

Clypidina

i. 453

Coccinella

. . i. 268

Cochlea .

. ii. 196

Cochlearia

i. 373

Cochlicella

. ii. 162

Cochlicellm

. ii. 162

Cochlicopa

. ii. 104

Cochlidiurnh

i. 82

Cochlis .

. i. 204

Cochlitoma

. . ii. 131

Cochlodesma .

. ii. 361

Cochlolepas

. i. 373

Cochlostyla

. ii. 141

Codakia .

. ii. 467

Coecalium

i. 355

Cmlogonia

. ii. 521

Coenatoria

. ii. 188

Colina .

. . i. 286

Collonia .

i. 396

Colobus .

. ii. 163

Colubraria

i. 103

Columba

. ii. 507

Columhella

. i. 181; ii. 620

Columbus

i. 181

Columna

. ii. 134

.Columna

. ii. 109

Columplica

. ii. 187

Coins

.i. 78, 150

Cominella

. i. 110 ; ii. 615

Complanaria .

. ii. 500

Conarius

. i. 247

Conchilium

. i. 258

Concholepas .

i. 133

Conchopatella .

i. 132

Conchoserpula

i. 357

Conchulus

i. 133

Conchylium .

. i. 270

Concinna

i. 343

Conella .

i. 185

Congeria

. ii. 521

Coniclus

. ii. 147

C

xvni

INDEX T

PAGE

Conidea . .

. Vol. i. 185

Conohelix ,

i. 180

Conopleura,

i. 89

Contorta . .

ii. 659

Connlns . .

ii. 116

Conulus .

i.

247, 421

Conns . .

. i. 247

Cookia .

. i. 402

Cor

. ii. 458

Coralliobia

i. 138

Coralliopkaga . .

ii. 439

Coralliophila . .

i. 135

Corasia . . ,

ii. 192

Corbicula , . .

ii. 447

Corhis

ii. 470

Corbnla . .

ii. 355

Corculum

ii, 458

Cordula . . ,

ii. 451

Corephium .

i. 474

Coretus ,

ii. 260

Corilla .

ii. 208

Coriocella

i. 203

Cornea .

ii. 449

Corneocyclas .

ii. 449

Corneola

ii, 204

Corniculina .

i. 355

Cornucopia

ii, 188

Cornuoides . -

ii. 627

Corona .

ii. 155

Corona .

i. 384

Coronaria

ii. 212

Coronaxis

i. 248

; ii. 656

Coiyda .

ii. 198

Corymya ,

ii. 361

Corypkella . .

ii. 75

Costellaria . .

i. 176

Cranckia . ,

i. 26

Crania . .

ii. 583

Craniolithes .

ii. 583

Craspedochiton

i. 475

Craspedodonta

ii. 502

Craspedopoma .

ii. 283

Craspedotns .

i, 417

Crassatella

ii. 485

Crassina

ii. 483

Crassispira

i. 90

Craticula

ii.

172, 658

Cremides . .

i. 446

Crenatnla

ii. 528

Crenea .

ii. 208

Crenella . . .

ii. 514

Crenodonia

ii. 495

Crepidula

i. 368

CrepidAilus . .

i. 368

Crepipatella ,

i. 369

Creseis .

i. 53

Crino

ii. 654

GENERA.

PAGE

Criopoderma . .

, Vol

.. ii. 583

Crio^ms . . .

ii. 583

Crisia

i. 53

Cridaria . . ,

ii. 501

Crocidopoma . .

ii. 659

Cronia . .

i. 128

Crucibulum . .

i. 365

Cryopus . -

ii, 583

Crypta . .

i. 368

; ii. 628

Cryptaxis .

ii. 659

Cryptella . ,

ii.

122, 640

Cryptocella . .

i. 202

CryptocMton . .

i. 479

Cryptoconchus .

i. 482

Cryptodon . . .

ii. 469

Cryptodon

ii. 385

Cryptogramma

ii. 420

Cryptomphalus

ii. 659

Cryptomya

ii. 358

Cryptoplax

i. 483

Cryptopthalmus

ii. 23

Cryptospira

i, 192

Cryptostoma .

i. 212

Cryptothyra .

i. 203

Crystallus ,

ii. 658

Ctenocardia

ii. 459

Ctenoconcha .

ii. 549

Ctenoides

ii. 557

Cncullsea

ii. 539

Cucullus

i. 247

Cucumaria

ii. 497

Cnltellus

ii. 344

Cidtellus

ii. 383

Cnma

i. 133

Cumia .

i, 103

Cumingia . . :

ii. 412

Cnnens .

ii. 436

Cuneus . .

ii.

405, 428

Cunicida

ii. 490

Cuspidaria .

ii. 369

Cntbona . .

ii. 634

Cyaminm

ii.

476, 651

Cyanocyclas .

ii. 445

Cyanogaster . ,

ii. 40

Cyathodonta .

ii. 360

Cycladina

ii. 474

Cyclas .

ii. 467

Cyclas .

ii.

444, 449

Cyclemis

ii. 252

Cyclina .

ii. 432

Cyclina . . ,

ii. 403

Cyclocantha . .

i. 398

Cyclocyrtia . .

i. 122

Cyclodontina .

ii. 152

Cyclohelix . .

ii. 279

Cyclonassa . .

i. 122

Cyclope .

i. 122

INDEX TO GENERA. XIX

Cyclophora

PAGE

. . Vol. ii. 279

Cyclopliorns .

. ii. 279

Cycloyoma

. ii. 275

Cyclops .

. . i. 122

Cyclostoma

i. 221, 338, 411 ;

Cyclostomns .

ii. 282, 290
. . ii. 290

Cydostrema .

i. 330

Cyciostrema .

i. 405

Cyclotus .

. ii. 274

Cyliclina

. ii. 9, 657

Cylichnidea

. . ii. 106

Cylinder

i. 254

Cylindra

. . i. 179

Cylindrella

i. 249

Cylindrella

ii. 10, 175

Cylindrina

. ii. Ill

Cylindrohalla .

. ii. 657

Cylindrns .

. . i. 144

Cylindrus .

.0 ii. 164

Cyllene . .

. . . i. 124

Cymatium

. , . i. 102

Cymatium

i. 153

Cymha .

i. 158

Cymbiola

. i. 162; ii. 617

Cymbium

. i. 158; ii. 616

Cymbium

i. 159 ; ii. 15, 616

Cymbiila

i. 466

Cymbnlia

i. 55

Cymodocea

. . i. 65

Cynisca .

i. 406

Cynodona

i. 156

Cynthia .

. , . ii. 591

Cyphoma

i. 271

Cyphns .

. ii. 332

Cyprtea .

. i. 264 ; ii. 623

Cyprcecassis .

. . i. 217

CypTCJcdia . . :

. : . i, 266

Cyprcella

i. 271

Cyproiova

i. 268

Cypraeovnla

. . i. 267

Cyprea .

. . i. 264

Cypreovxda

i. 268

Cypreovxd'um .

i. 268

Cypriarius

i. 264

Cypricardia .

. ii. 439

Cypricia .

. ii. 385

Cyprina .

ii. 444

Cyprogenia

. : . ii. 498

Cyprovida

. . i. 268

Cyrachma

. ii. 468

Cyrena . . .

ii. 445, 651

Cyrenaslrum .

. , . ii. 449

Cyrenella

. . . . ii. 453

Cyrenocyclas .

. . ii, 445

Cyrenodonta .

. . ii. 453

Cyrenoida

. . ii. 452

PAGE

Cyrenoides . . Vol. ii. 453

Cyrtodaria . . . ii. 351

Cyrtopinna . . - . ii. 529

Cyrtosolen . . . ii. 346

Cyrtotoma . . . ii. 276

Oyrtulus . . . i. 86

Cysticopsis . . . ii. 224

Cystingia . . . ii. 595

Cythara . . . i. 98

Cytherea . . ■ . ii. 660

Cytherea . . ii. 423, 428

Dacosta . , . . ii. 649

Dactylidia . . . i. 146

Dactylina . . . ii. 325

Daetylus . . . i. 142

Dactylus . , i. 190 ; ii, 5

Dadone . . . . . ii. 71

Dcedalocliila . . . ii. 205

Dagym . . . . ii. 607

DaXacia . . . . ii. 528

Damalis . . . ii. 499

Daphne . . . . ii. 533

Daphnella . . . i, 97

Daphnoderma , . . ii. 660

Daphnoderma . . ii. 533

Darina . . . . ii, 381

Dascinus . . . i. 454

Daudebardia . . . ii. 121

Davila . . . . ii. 415

Decadopecten . . . ii. 553

Defrancia . . i, 95 ; ii, 654

Defrancia . . . - i. 92

Delima . . . . ii, 182

Delphinula . . , . i. 411

Delphinulus . . . i. 411

Delphionoidea . , i. 405 ; ii, 629

Delthyris . . . ii. 576

Dendroconus . . . . i. 250

Dendrodoa . . . . ii. 592

Dendrodoris . ... ii. 50, 51

. Dendronotus . . . . ii. 65

Dendrostrm . . . .. . ii. 569

Dentale . , , . , . i. 456

Dentaliopsis . . . . . i. 355

Dentalis . . , . , , i. 456

Dentalium . . , ^ . i, 456

Dentellaria . . . ii. 200

Dentipecten . , . . . ii. 553

DeridohrancJms . , . i. 441

Dermatohranclms . , ii, 83

Dermatocera . . . . . ii. 282

Derocerus . . . ii, 218

Deshay esia . , . i. 209

Desmarestia . . . , i. 341

Desmonlea . . . i, 115

Detracia , . , . ii. 238

XX INDEX TO GENERA.

Diacria .

Vol. i.

51

PAGE

; ii. 611

Diodora

i. 451

Dialeuca

ii. 197

DiancJiora

ii. 560

Dianisotis

ii. 501

Diaphana

ii. 12

Diaphera

ii. 178

Diastropka

ii. 260

Diazona .

ii. 603

Dibaphus

i. 256

Dicroptera

i. 62

Didacna .

ii. 460

Didemnium

ii. 602

Didonta .

ii. 349

Digitata .

i. 260

Diloma .

i. 419

Dinia

ii. 21

Diodonta

ii. 402

Dione

ii. 425

Diphyllidia

ii. 44

Diplodon

ii. 497

Diplodonta

ii. 472

Diplommatina .

ii. 287

Dipsaccus

i. 147

Dipsas .

ii. 501

Bipsax .

ii. 501

Discina .

ii. 584

Biscina .

ii. 583

Biscodoma

ii. 201

Discobelix

i. 244

Biscoides

ii. 38

Biscula .

ii. 208

Discus .

ii. 116

Bisms .

ii.

115, 264

Dispotsea

i. 366

Distomus

ii. 603

Distorsio

i. 104

Bistorta .

i. 104

Bistortrix

i. 104

Bithalmia

ii. 521

Bitremaria

i. 451

Dolabella

ii. 32

Dolabrifera

ii. 33

Doliolum

ii. 608

Bolites .

i. 196

Dolium .

i. 196

Bombeya

ii. 251

Bonaciarius

ii. 404

Donacilla

ii. 414

Bonacilla

ii. 396

Bonacina

ii.

407, 414

Donax ,

ii. 403

Bonax ,

ii. 405

Dontostoma

i. 378

Boridigitata

ii. 49

Boridium

ii. 27

Doriprismatica

ii. 52

PAGE

Doris

. Vol

, ii.

51

Borsanum

i.

113

Doryssa .

i.

304

Bosina .

ii.

417

Dosinia .

ii.

430

Bosinia .

ii.

403

D ostia .

i.

383

Doto

ii.

69

Dreissena

ii.

521

Drepanostoma .

ii.

207

Drillia .

i.

89

Brupa ,

i.

129

Brusia .

ii.

639

Drymseus

ii.

150

Dunkeria

ii.

622

Byodonta

ii.

179

Dysnomia

ii.

497

Eastonia

ii.

383

Ehala

i.

234

Ehena

i.

310

Eburna .

i.

109

Echinella

i.

316

Echinora

i.

218

Echinospira .

ii.

637

Echion .

ii.

563

Echionoderma

ii.

563

Egeria .

. ii.

404,

407

Egeta

ii.

651

Eglisia .

i.

354

Eidothea

ii.

27

Eione

i.

118

Elara

i.

387

Elasmatina

ii.

140

Elea

i.

382

Electra .

ii.

105

Electrina

ii.

308

Eledone .

i.

21

Elencbus

i.

424

Elepbantulum .

ii.

627

Elia • •

. ii.

180,

. 658

Elimia .

i.

300

Elisma .

ii.

162

Elizia

ii.

393

Elliptio .

ii.

490

EllisLoma

i.

301

Ellobium

ii.

237

Elona

ii.

211

Elysia

ii.

80

Eroarginula

i.

452

Emarginulus .

i.

452

Erribla .

ii.

367

Emhletonia

. ii.

, 79,

, 635

Emoda .

ii.

304

Ena

ii.

160

Enseta

*. i. 167

; ii

618

Engina .

i.

187

INDEX TO

GENERA.

XXI

PAGE

PAGE

Ennea .

Vol. ii. 171

Eulimella

. Vol. i. 233

EnocepJialus

. ii. 621

Eulota .

. ii. 214

EnoplocMton

. i. 476

Eumelus .

. ii. 218

Enoploteuthis

i. 30

Enmenis

. . ii. 66

Ensatelld

. ii. 342

Euomphalus .

i. 244

Ensis

. ii. 342

Euparypha

. . ii. 215

Entale .

. i. 457

Eupera .

. ii. 451

Entalis ,

. i. 457

Euphemia

. ii. 207

Entalites

. i. 457

Euphira .

. . ii. 506

Entaliwm

i. 457

Euplaxiphora .

. i. 481

Entoconcha

. i

. 239 ; ii. 622

Eupleura

. i. 107

Entodesma

. ii. 363

Euplocamus .

. . ii. 61

Entodonta

. ii. 113

Euribia .

. . i. 56

Eolidia .

. ii. 73

Euromus

. . ii. 613

Eolidina

. ii. 73

Euiycratera

. . ii. 190

Epheria .

i. 319

Ewrydice

. . ii. 98

Ephippium

. ii. 660

Eurynea

. . ii. 490

Epidromus

i. 103

Enryompliala .

. ii. 116

Epiihyris

. ii. 574

Eurystoma

. ii. 204

Epitonium

i. 351

Euryta .

. i. 225

Epona .

i. 269

Eurytus .

. . ii. 148

Erato

i. 189

Euspira .

i. 209

Erepta .

. ii. 187

Euthria .

i. 86

Ergsea .

i. 370

Eutropia

i. 389

Ericia ,

. ii. 290

Evame .

. i. 79 ; ii. 654

Ericusa .

. ii. 619

Exoleta .

. . ii. 430

Erigone .

. ii. 202

Erinna .

. ii. 644

Fdbulina

. . ii. 397

Ermea .

. ii. 655

Facelina . .

. ii. 633

Erodona .

. ii. 356

Fadyenia

. . ii. 646

Ersinob .

i. 219

Faunyia .

. ii. 631

Eruca .

. i. 464 ; ii. 169

Farcimen

. ii. 284

Ervilia .

. ii. 416

Fart alum

. . ii. 627

Eryciyia .

ii.

381, 410, 475

Fasciolaria

i. 150

Eryma .

. ii. 173

Fastigiella

. i. 155 ; ii. 655

Erythrcea

i. 264

Faula

. ii. 171

Eryx

Esmia .

. ii. 413

Faunus .

. . i. 310

. ii. 34

Faunus .

i. 309

Espiphylla

. ii. 252

Favorinus

. . ii. 75

Ethalia ,

i. 409

Felania .

. ii. 473

Ethalion

. ii. 73

Fenestella

. ii. 563

Ethella .

. ii. 637 '

Ferussacia

. ii. 106, 639

Eubranchus

. ii. 73

Ficula .

i. 198

Eucampe

. ii. 18

Ficus

i. 198

Eucaryum

i. 210

Fidelis .

. ii. 310

Eucharis

ii. 71, 367

Fidenas .

. . i. 41

Euchele .

i. 418

Filurus .

. . ii. 72

Euchelus

. i. 418

Fimbria

ii. 64, 470

Euclia .

i. 277

Fiona

. ii. 77

Eucoelium

. ii. 604

Firola .

. . ii. 94

Encore .

. ii. 657

Firoloidea

. . ii. 95

Eudesia .

. ii. 575

Fissilabra

i. 323

Eudora .

. ii. 656

Fissurella

. i. 445

Eudoxochiton

. i. 475

Fissurellidsea .

i. 449

Eudoxus .

. ii. 144

Fissurellus

. . i. 445

Englesia .

. ii. 451

Fissuridea

. i. 446

Eulima .

. i. 236

Fistula .

. ii. 341

XXll

INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Fistulana

. . Vol. ii. 335

Gastroclicena . .

. . Vol. ii. 336

Flabellina. . .

ii. 73

Gastrodon . ,

ii. 169

Fodia

.. . ii. 591

Gastrodonia . .

ii. 296

Foegia

. ii. 339, 649

Gastrodonta . :

ii. 113

Folliculm

. . . ii. 106

Gastroplax

ii. 41

Fornax .

... i. 391

Gellina . .

0 ii. 70

Forskalia . . ,

. . . i. 432

Geloina . .

. ^

. ii. 445

Fossar . .

... i. 319

Gemella .

. 9

. ii. 638

Fossarus ,

... i. 319

Gemma .

. »

ii. 419

Fragella . . .

i. 416

Gena . . .

i. 437

Fragilia .

. . . ii. 402

Genot

i. 89

Fragum .

. . ii. 458

Genota . . .

i. 89

Fretillaria, . .

. , . ii. 609

Geomalacus

ii. 228

Fiickella

. ii. 140

Geomelania

ii. 311

Fruticicola

. ii. 214

Geomitra .

. » •

ii. 212

Fiyeria . .

ii. 46

Geotrochns

ii. 196

Fucicola .

. ii. 83

Geovula ...

ii. 237

Fucola . . .

. ii. 83

Gibberula <

i. 193

Fulgoraria,

. i. 165; ii. 618

Gihhium .

i. 425

Fidgur . ,

... i. 151

Gibbnla .

. •

i. 431

Fulvia

. . ii. 457

Gibhidina . ■

. ii. 166

Furcella ,

ii. 332, 648

Gibbns .

. ii. 166

Fusillus .

. ii. 106

Girasia . . .

. ii. 640

Fusinus .

... i. 78

Glabella .

o i. 191

Fumlus .

. ii. 174

Glabris .

. ii. 504

Fusus

. . . , i. 78

Gladius .

i. 261

Fusus

. i. 81, 86, 261

Glandina .

, ii. 107

Glandiolu&

= i. 61

Gadinia . . ,

. ’ . i. 463

Glandula

- ii. 591

Gceotis .

. ii. 123

Gians

ii. 489

Gafrarium

. ii. 470

Glaphyra

ii. 204

Gaimardia

. . . ii. 520

Glaucion

ii. 557

Galatea . . .

. ii. 407

Glauconella

ii. 22

Galateola

. . ii. 407

Glauconome

ii. 443

Galaxias .

. . . ii. 189

Glanconomya .

ii. 442

Galha

. ii. 254

Glancus .

ii. 71

Galea

. . . , i. 196

Glaucus .

• a •

. ii. 524

Galeodea . ,

... i. 218

Gleba

ii. 612

Galeodes

... i. 81

Glohidaria

i. 209

Galeola . . .

ii. 655

Globulus

• i.

209, 408

Galeomma . =

. . . ii. 479

Globus . ,

ii. 463

Galericulum .

i. 199

Glochidium

ii. 502

Galerita .

... i. 371

Glossoderma .

ii. 461

Galerus . . .

i. 367

Glossodoris

ii. 49

Galileja . . .

. . ii. 451

Glossus .

ii. 461

Gallina . . .

. . . ii. 201

Glotella .

i. 300

GaUinula

... i. 259

Glycimeris

ii. 350

Galvina .

. ii. 634

Glycimeris

ii. 349,

352, 542

Ganga

. , . . ii. 625

Glypbis .

ii. 631

Gari

. ii. 389

Gnathodon

ii. 380

Garnotia

. . ii. 628

Gompbina

ii. 424

Gasteropteron .

. . . ii. 29

Gonatns .

i. 36

Gasteroptera .

. ii. 29

Gongylostoma .

ii. 176

Gastrana

. ii. 402

Goniclis .

i. 464

Gastridia

i. 131

Gonidomus

ii. 166

Gastridium

i. 131

Goniodoris

ii. 52

Gastrochaena .

. ii. 334

Goniostoma

i. 329

INDEX TO

Goniostomus .

PAGE

, . . Vol, ii. 151

Gonodon

ii. 164

Gonospira

. . . ii. 166

Gonostoma

. . . ii. 207

Gonyodiscm . .

. ii. 116

Goodallia . .

. ii. 483

Goiildia .

ii. 484

Granaria

. ii. 168

Gryplisea

ii. 569

G)pph,its . .

ii. 574

Gueltera .0

. ii. 333

Guilfordia

. i. 399

Gidnaria , . ,

. , . ii. 253

Gundlachia . ,

. ii. 267

Gutturnium . ,

. i. 103

Gymnoplasa .

, . - . i. 469

Gyraulus . . ,

. ii. 263

Gyrina . .

, . . . i. 106

Gyrineum

... i. 105

Gyrorbis

. . . . i. 344

Gyrotoma

. . i. 305

* •

. . i. 282

Halia . ,

, . . i. 108

Haliotidarius . ,

. . , . i. 441

Haliotidea „ . ,

. . . . i. 367

Haliotidea - . ,

, . , . . i. 436

Haliotis . .

... i. 440

Haliotis .

i. 212, 442

Hamadryas

. . . . ii. 150

Haminea . .

... ii. 16

Hamus .

. i. 315; ii. 656

Hanleya . . .

... ii. 631

Hapalus .

. ii. 144

Hapata .

. ii. 659

Harpa .

i. 139

Harpago .

i. 260

Harpalis

, . . . i. 139

Harparia ..

i. 139

Harpella .

. . . ii. 618

Harpula . .

. . i. 165 ; ii. 617

Harvella .

. ii. 378

Hastula .

. . i. 225

Hatasia

. . , . ii. 328

Hatina .

. . . . i. 359

Haustator

... i. 352

Haustator

i. 352

Haustellaria .

. ii. 654

Haustellavia .

. i. 72

Haustellum

. i. 72

Hebra

i. 120

Hecuba .

ii. 405

Helcion .

. i. 460 ; ii. 657

Heliacus ,

i. 242

Helicarion

ii. 226, 642

Helicella

. ii. 118

Helicella

ii. 204, 214

GENERA.

XXlll

PAGE

Helicigona . ,

. Vol. ii. 210

Helicina .

. , . ii. 301

Helicina

. i 408; ii. 306

Helicobulinps . ,,

. , . ii. 142

Helicogena

. ii. 208

Helicolimax ,

. ii. 120

Helicomella,

. . ii. 658

Heliconoides .

. i. 59 ; ii. 610

Helicophauta . .

. . . ii. 122

Helicoplianta .

. ii. 191

Helicophlegma

. ii. 92

Helicopsis

. ii. 215

Helicostyla .

. ii. 191

Helisiga . ,

. ii. 130

Helisoma „ . ,

. ii. 262

Helix

. ii. 188

Hemicardia, . ,

. , . ii. 458

Hemicardium . .

. ii. 458

Hemicyda

. ii. 196

Hemicyclonosta

. ii. 462

Hemifusus . „

i. 82

Hemilastenqb . „

. ii. 499

Hemimactm . .

. ii. 378

Hemimitra . ,

. „ . i. 339

Hemiodon . ,

. . ii. 502

Hemipecten

. ' . ii. 556

Hemiplecta, . ,

. ' . ii. 223

Hemisinus , . ,

i. 302

Hemithalaify^us ,

. ii. 264

Hemitliyris^ .

. ii. 582

Hemitoma . ,

i. 453

Hemitrochus .

. ii. 194

Henterum

. . i. 338

Heptabrancbus

. . ii. 59

Heptadactylus . ,

i. 261

Hercoles .

i. 398

Herculea

. ii. 621

Herilla . .

. ii. 181

Hermsea .

. ii. 78

Hermes .

i. 255

Hero

. ii. 634

Herse

. ii. 654

Heterocardia .

. ii. 387

Heterodonax .

. ii. 406

Heterofusus .

. i. 59; ii. 612

Heteropoma

. . ii. 625

Heterostoma

. ii. 212

Heteroteutliis .

i. 40

Hexabrancbus .

ii. 59

Hiatella .

ii. 349, 362, 479

Hiatula .

. ii. 392

Hiatula .

i. 142

Hima

i. 121

Himantopoda .

. ii. 527

Hindsia .

i. 123

Hinea .

i. 323

Hinnita .

ii. 555

xxiv mBEX TO GENERA.

Hinnites .

PAGE

Vol. ii. 555

Hippagus

ii. 532

Hippeutis

ii. 262

Hippochceta .

ii. 527

Hipponyx

i. 373

Hippopus

ii. 465

Hippopus

ii. 465

Hirundinella .

ii. 26

Hispidella

ii. 214

Histioteuth.is .

i. 29

Holcostoma

i. 324

Homala .

ii. 398

Homalocantlia

i. 74

Homorus

ii. 132

Hormomyou

ii. 513

Humplireyia .

ii. 650

Hyala

i. 326

Hyalcea .

i. 51, 52

Hyalimax

ii. 219

Hyalina i. 194, 195; ii.

118, 120

Hyalinia

ii. 118

Hyaloteutliis .

i. 35

Hyalus .

i. 51

Hydastes

ii. 109

Hydatina

ii. 7

Hydrobia

i. 335

; ii. 624

Hydrocena

ii. 299

Hygrobium

ii. 283

Hygromia

ii. 214

Hygronoma .

i. 301

Hypanis

ii. 459

Hypobranchisea

ii. 46

Hypogcea

ii. 341

Hypogceoderma

ii. 341

Hypogella

ii. 342

Hypostoma

ii. 167

Hypothyris

ii. 582

Hypselia

ii. 657

Hypselostoma .

ii. 640

Hypterus

ii. 94

Hyria

ii. 508

Hyridella

ii. 493

Hyriopsis

ii. 508

Hystricella

ii. 659

Hystrix .

i. 219

lacra

ii. 409

lanacus .

i. 369

lanthina .

ii. 86

Iberus .

ii. 208

Icarus .

ii. 30

Ictis

ii. 83

Ida

ii. 251

Idalia

ii. 61

Idesa

ii. 304

Idothea .

ii. 470

Idyla

ii. 180

Ilaira

PAGE

Vol. i. 405

Imbricaria

i. 180

Imperator

i. 398

Inachus .

i. 369

Incillaria

ii. 220

Infundibultim

i. 415

Infundibulum

i.

366, 367

Ino

i. 288

lo . . , .

i. 299

lodes . =

ii. 86

lopas

i. 128

lotbia

i. 461

Ipbigenia

ii. 406

IpMgenia

ii. 182

Ipbinoe .

i. 280

Iridea

ii. 496

Iridina .

ii. 506

Irus

ii. 216

Irus

ii. 438

Isanda .

i. 409

Isapis

i. 320

Isara

i. 171

IsarcTia .

ii. 389

IscTinocTiiton .

i. 471

IscJinoradsia .

i. 471

Ishnula .

i. 92

Isidora .

ii. 260

Ismenia .

ii. 578

Isocardia

ii. 455

Isocardia

ii.

458, 461

Isognomon

ii. 526

Isognomostomob

ii. 205

Isogonum

ii. 527

Isomeria

ii. 200

Ispidula .

i. 144

Isthmia .

ii. 172

Jamaicia .

ii. 297

Jaminea .

ii. 241

Jaminia .

ii. 164

Janella . .

ii. 230

Janella .

i. 237

Janira

ii. 187

Janira .

ii. 554

Janulus .

ii.

113, 214

Janus

ii. 68

Jasis

ii. 607

Jasonilla

ii. 637

Jataronus

ii. 463

Jeffreysia

i. 326

Jeranea .

i. 150

Jesonia .

ii. 488

Jouannetia

ii. 329'

Juga

i. 304

Kanilla .

ii. 4

Katharina

i. 479

INDEX TO

Katostoma

PAGE

. Vol. ii. 659

Kellia .

. di- 474

Kingena .

. ii. 578

Kraiissia

ii. 578

Krgnichia

. ii. 218

Krynikellus

. ii. 218

Ku'plius .

. ii. 332, 648
ii. 332, 648

Kygkus .

Labiella .

. ii. 139

Lahio

i. 417, 425

Labiosa .

. ii. 385

Lahrum .

. . ii. 465

Labyrinthus

. ii. 200

Lachesis

i. 93

Laciniaria

ii. 658

Laconia .

. ii. 643

Laconsilla

. ii. 347

Lacuna .

i. 318

Ladas

. ii. 92

Lsevicardium .

. ii. 457

Lagena .

i. 104

Lagena .

. i. 85, 154

Laguncnla

i. 339

Laimodonta

. ii. 246

Lajonkairia

. ii. 403

Lamar chia

i. 329

Lambidium

i. 219

Lamhis .

i. 258

Lamellaria

i. 201

Lamellaria

. i. 202 ; ii. 655

Ljamellidoris .

ii. 657

Laminella

. ii. 138

Lampades

. ii. 563

Lampadia

. ii. 209

Lampadion

. ii. 201

Lampania

i. 289

Lampas .

i. 106

Lampas .

ii. 574

Lamprodoma .

. i. 146 ; ii. 615

Lamproscapha .

. ii. 503

Lamprostoma .

i. 381, 414

Lampsilis

. ii. 495

Lampusia

i. 102

Laniogerus

. ii. 71

Lanistes

i. 348

Lanistes .

. ii. 515

Lanistina

ii. 515

Laniies .

i. 349

Laoma .

. ii. 113

Larina ,

. ii. 624

Larva

i. 445

Lasea

ii. 474

Lastena .

. ii. 502

Laternula

. ii. 353

Latia

. ii. 267

Latiaxis .

i. 134

GENERA.

XXV

PAGE

Latirus .

Vol. i. 152

Latoimis .

ii. 210

Latona .

ii. 405

Latruncidus .

i. 109

Lauria .

ii. 169

Lavacrxim

ii. 465

Lavignonus

ii. 408

Lazaria .

ii. 489

Leachia .

i. 28

Leachia .

i. 335

Leda

ii.

546, 660

Legumia

ii. 490

Leguminaria .

ii. 345

Leguminum .

ii.

344, 345

Leia

ii. 178

Leila

ii. 507

Leioclieila

ii. 190

Leiodomns

i. 114

Leiosolenus

ii. 519

Leiostoma

ii. 190

Leiostraca

i. 237

Leiostracus

ii. 151

Leiostyla

ii. 170

Lembulus

ii. 546

Lementina

i. 359

Lemniscia

ii. 659

Lenticxda

ii. 210

Lentidi'um

ii. 356

Lentillaria

ii. 467

Leonia .

ii. 293

Lepeta .

i. 462

Lepidoplenrus .

i. 471

Lephyrohol'us .

i. 368

Leptacbatina .

ii. 139

Leptaxis .

ii. 196

Leptinaria

ii. 140

Leptochiton

i. 472

Leptoclinnm .

ii. 604

Leptoconcbns .

i. 137

Leptoconns

i. 251

Leptolimnea .

ii. 255

Leptomerns

ii. 156

Lepton .

ii. 477

Leptopoma

ii. 281

Leptopoma

ii. 282

Leptospira

ii. 163

Leptoxis .

i. 307

Lepus marinus

ii. 34

Lernca .

ii. 34

Le Tivel .

ii. 426

Leucocliroa

ii. 208

Leuconia

ii. 247

Leucostoma

i. 323

Leucotis .

i. 375

Leucozonia

i. 154

Levenia .

i. 217

Lewisia .

ii. 646

VOL. I.

d

XXVI INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

Liarea .

Vol. ii. 299

Libitina .

. ii. 439

Licina

. ii. 297

Licium .

i. 270

Ligula .

ii.

361, 408, 585

Liguus .

. ii. 135

Lima

ii. 557

Limacella

ii. 220, 227

Limacia .

. ii. 227

Limacina , .

i. 58

Limacina

. ii. 120

Limsea .

. ii. 558

Limapontia

. ii. 82

Limaria

. ii. 557

Limatula

. ii. 558

Limax

ii. 217, 641

Limella .

. ii. 502

Limicolaria

. ii. 133

Limicolarius .

. ii. 133

Limngea .

ii. 252, 659

Limncea .

. ii. 502

Limnce.oderma

. ii. 502

Limnceus

. ii. 252

Limnea .

. ii. 252

Limneria

i. 200

Limnoica

. ii. 660

Limnopliysa

. ii. 254

Limopsis

. ii. 543

Linatella

. ii. 655

Lindsleya

. ii. 647

Linguella

ii. 44

Lingula .

. ii. 585

Linteria .

. ii. 22

Lintricnla

i. 141

Liocardium

. ii. 457

Lioconclia

. ii. 429

Liotia

i. 404

Liparus .

. ii. 133

Lip2nstes

i. 136

Liria

. ii. 270

Liriope .

. ii. 63

Listera .

ii. 341, 408

LitEarca ,

ii. 534

Lithedapilms .

i. 364

LitEiclion

. ii. 292

Lithoclyptus .

i. 321

Lithoconus

i. 250

Lithodomus

. ii. 518

Lithoglyplms .

i. 320

Litholepas

i. 364

LithopEaga

ii. 518

Lithophagella .

. ii. 439

Lithophagus .

. ii. 518

LitEopoma

i. 401

Litiopa .

i. 324

Littorina

i. 312

Littorinella

i. 335

PAGE

Liitorinida

Vol. ii.

624

Lituina .

ii.

611

Litnns .

i.

45

Lituus .

ii.

281

Livona .

i.

412

Livonia .

ii.

617

Lobaria .

. ii. 25,

, 27,

391

LoEiger .

ii.

31

Loligo

i.

36

LoEgopsis

i.

27

Lomanotns

ii.

66

Lomaslo'fna

ii.

252,

284

Longceva

ii.

162

LopEa

ii.

569

LopEocercus

ii.

30

Lophuriderma

i.

469

Lophurus

i.

469

LopEyrus

i.

469

Lorica

i.

477

Loripes .

ii.

468

Lotorium

i.

102

Lottia

i.

459

Loxostoma

i.

329

Lucapina

’. i. 447

; ii.

630

Lucena .

ii.

128,

188

Lucerna .

ii.

198

Lucernella

ii.

199

Lucidella

ii.

307

Lncidula

ii.

200

Lucilla .

ii.

116,

658

Lucina .

ii.

466

Lncinopsis

ii.

402

Lucis

i.

263

Luna

i.

366

Lnnarca .

ii.

541

Lunaria .

i.

391

Lunaris .

i.

391

Lnnatia .

i.

206

Lunatica

i.

392

Lunatus .

i.

204

Lnnella .

i.

393

Lnnnlicardia .

ii.

459

Lnponia .

i.

266

Lutea

ii.

255

Luticola .

ii.

490

Lntraria .

ii.

383

Lutraria

ii.

383,

408

Lutricola

ii.

408

Lymnadia

ii.

498

Lymnium

ii.

490

Lymmda

ii.

252

Lymnus .

ii.

252

Lyonsia .

ii.

362

Lyra

i.

139,

164

Lyrcea .

i.

310

Lyria

. i. 166 ; ii.

618

Lyrostoma

ii.

200

Lysinoe .
Lythasia
Lythoglypter .

Maceris .
Maceropliylla .
MacerophylluTYi
Macgillivrayia .
Macha .

Madia .
Madicena
Madicera
Macoma .
Macroceramus .
Macrochisma .
Macrochlamys .
Macrocyclis
Macrodontes .
Macron .

Mactra .

Mactrella

Mactrina

Mactrinnla

Macularia

Msera

Magas .

Magdala

Magilus .

Medea .

Malino .
Malleolus
Malletia .
Malleus .
Mamilla .
Mamillaria
Mamma .
Mamma .
Mammaria
Mancinella
Mangelia
Mangelia
Many ilia
Mantellum
Maravignia
Marcia .
Margarita
Margarita
Margaritana .
Margaritifera ,
M argaritophora
Mar gar on
Marginella
Marginella
Margin ellarius
Marginellus .
Marisella
Marinula

INDEX TO

PAGE

Vol. ii. 203

. i. 308

i. 321

. ii. 463

. ii. 463

ii. 463

ii. 88, 635

. ii. 346

ii. 344, 347

. ii. 413

. ii. 345

. ii. 400

ii. 163
i. 449
. ii. 224

. ii. 202

. ii. 152

i. 132
. ii. 379

. ii. 377

. ii. 483

. ii. 376

. ii. 210

. ii. 396

. ii. 577

. ii. 362

i. 138

i. 196

. ii. 641

. ii. 332

ii. 549

. ii. 527

i. 209, 210

i. 210
i. 210

i. 209
. ii. 590

ii. 655
i. 99
i. 98
i. 92

. ii. 558

i. 319
. ii. 423

i. 433
i. 427; ii. 526

. ii. 499

. ii. 525

. ii. 525

. ii. 490

i. 190
i. 193
i. 190
i. 190
. ii. 642

. ii. 246

GENERA.

Marisa .

Marissa .

Marmorostoma

Marpessa

Marsenia

Marsenina

Marsyas

Martesia

Massyla .

Mastonia

Mastula .

Mastus .

Maugeria

Mazza

Medora .

Medoria .

Megadesma

Megadomus

Megaloma

Megalomastoma

Megapelta

Megara .

Megaspira

Megathyris

Megerlia

Meghimatium .

Meiocardia

Meioceras

Melacantha

Meladomus

Melafiisus

Melagraphia .

Melampa

Melampus

Melanatria

Melanella

Melania

Melanites

Melanoides

Melanomona .

Melanopsis

Melantho

Melapium

Melaraplie

Melaraphis

Melas

Melasma .

Melatoma

Meleager

Meleagrina

Meleagris

Melia

Melihcea

Melibe .

Melihcea .

Melina .

Melo

xxvii

PAGE

Vol. i. 347
i. 347
i. 393
. ii. 179

i. 201 ; ii. 621
i. 202; ii. 620
. ii. 237
. ii. 330
i. 278
i. 288
■■ . ii. 170

. ii. 164

. ii. 657

i. 156
. ii. 183

i. 319

. ii. 407

. ii. 498

. ii. 284

. ii. 284

ii. 641
i. 306

. ii. 174

. ii. 580

. ii. 578

. ii. 220

. ii. 461

. ii. 628

i. 294
i. 349
i. 300
i. 425
. ii. 243

. ii. 243

i. 311
i. 295
i. 301, 303
i. 301
i. 296
i. 310
i. 309
i. 339
i. 136
i. 314
i. 314
i. 294
i. 302
i. 305, 311
i. 412
. ii. 526

i. 412
. ii. 108

ii. 64
. ii. 64

ii. 64
. ii. 526
i. 159 ; ii. 616

XXVlll INDEX TO GENERA.

Melongena

PAGE
Vol. i. 81

Menestho

i. 235

Menetiis

ii. 262

Mentissa

ii. 185

Mercenaria

ii. 418

Merdigera

ii. 160

Merdigerus

ii. 160

Meretrix

ii. 423

Merica .

i. 277

Meroe

ii. 428

Merope .

ii. 382

M erria .

i. 375

Mesalia .

i. 353

Mesembrimis

ii. 156

Mesodesma

ii. 413

Mesodon .

ii. 206

Mesompliix

ii. 114

Metaptera

ii. 498

Metcalfeia

ii. 646

Metis

ii.

399,

436, 660

Metula .

i. 84

Micana .

ii. 655

Microcystis

ii. 224

Micromya

ii. 493

Microtis .

i. 437

Microtoma

i. 126

Milax

ii. 641

Millipes .

i. 261

Miltba .

ii. 468

Miranda

ii. 62

Mirus

ii. 165

Mitella .

i. 367

]\Iitra

i. 168

Mitra

ii. 209

Mitraria

i. 168

Mitrella .

i. 183

; ii. 620

Mitrella .

i. 180

Mitreola .

i. 174

Mitrolites

i. 168

Mitrida .

i.

367, 383

Mitridaria

i. 364

Mittrea .

ii. 472

Mixus ,

ii. 255

Mnestia ,

ii. 10

Modelia .

i. 394

Modicella

ii. 169

Modiola .

ii. 516

Modiolarca

ii. 520

Modiolaria

ii. 515

Modiolus

ii. 516

Modulus .

i. 316

Molgula .

ii. 590

M onacha

ii. 214

Mouia

ii. 566

Monica ,

ii. 247

Monilea ,

i. 430

M onoceros

i.

118, 131, 351

Monocondylsea

PAGE

.Vol. ii. 500, 651

Monodacna

ii. 460

Monodactylus .

i. 259

Monodon

i. 417

Monodonta

i. 417

Monodonta

i. 316

Monodontes

i. 417

Monodontina .

ii. 500

Monoplex

i. 102

Monoptygma .

i. 234

Monotygma

i. 234

Montacuta

ii. 476

Montagna

ii. 74

Montfortia

i. 453

Mopalia .

i. 478

Morio

i. 218

Moriisia .

ii. 579

Morula .

i. 130

Morum .

i. 2k

> ; ii. 621

Mor%dllia

ii. 645

Moidinea

ii. 379

Moulinsia

ii. 289

M ouretia

i. 463

Mulinia .

ii. 379

Mulleria .

ii. 510

Murex

i. 70

; ii. 614

Muricanthus .

i. 73

Muricidea

i. 75

Muricidea

i. 77

Musica .

i. 164

Musculium

ii.

451, 660

Muscidus

ii.

394, 512

Mutel

ii. 505

Mutela .

ii. 505

Mutyca .

i. 172

Mya

ii.

353, 650

Mya

ii. 490

Myaparo

ii. 514

Myatella

ii. 362

Mycena .

ii. 196

Mycetopus

ii. 504

Mychostoma .

ii. 176

Mylitta .

ii. 475

Myochama

ii. 372

Myoconclia

ii. 521

Myodora

ii. 371

Myosota .

ii. 4

Myrina .

ii. 514

Myristica

i. 82

Myrsus .

ii. 660

Myrtsea .

ii. 468

Mysca .

ii. 490

Mysia

ii. 472

Mysia .

ii. 403

Mytilicardia .

ii. 488

Mytilimeria

ii. 363

Mytilina

ii. 521

LTOEX TO

Mytilocardita .

PAGE

. Vol. ii. 488

Mytilomya

. ii. 521

Mytikis .

ii. 512, 651

Mytulus .

. ii. 512

Myiirella

i. 227

Myxostoma

. ii. 281

Myxostoinella .

. ii. 274

My XUS .

. ii. 255

Nacca .

i. 204

Nacella .

i. 467

Ncesiotus

. ii. 161

Na'ia

. ii. 497

Naidea .

. ii. 492

Nana

i. 122

Nanina .

. ii. 222

Naninoj .

i. 122

NapceiTS .

. ii. 161

Naranio

. ii. 442

Naria

. ii. 623

Narica .

. i. 375

Narona .

. i. 277

Nassa

i. 116

Nassa .

i. 109, 186

Nassaria .

i. 123

Natere .

. ii. 656

Natica .

i. 204

Natica .

i. 206

Naticaria

i. 208

Naticarms

i. 204

Naticella

i. 209, 319

Naticina

i. 211

Naticina

i. 210

Naticus .

i. 204

Naucum

. ii. 20

Nausimaclia .

. ii. 71

Nauta .

. ii. 259

Naatilina

. ii, 263

Natitilus

i, 46

Nautilus

i. 24

Navea

. ii. 328

Navicella

i. 386

Navicula

ii. 149, 533

Naytia .

i. 118

Nesera

. ii. 368

Necera .

. ii. 370

Nebularia

i. 169

Keda

ii. 40

Neilo

. ii. 549

Nematura

. i. 342 ; ii. 626

Nenia

ii. 185

Neptunea

. i. 79; ii. 614

Neptunella

. ii. 654

Nerea

. ii. 66

Nereina .

i. 381

Neripteron

i. 384

Nerita .

i. 378

GENERA.

XXIX

PAGE

Neritarius

Vol.

, i. 378

Neritella

i. 380

Neritina .

i. 382

Neritina

i. 381

Neritoides

i. 314

Neritopsis

i. 376

Neritostoma .

ii. 253

Neritula .

i. 122

Nescea .

i. 93

Netrum .

i. 227

Neverita

i. 208

Newcombia

ii. 138

Niaa

ii. 492

Nicania

ii. 483

Nina

i. 316

Ninella .

i. 396

Niobe

ii. 82

Nioma .

i. 375

Niotba .

i. 117

Niso

i. 237

Nitidella

i. 182;

ii. 620

Nitocris .

i. 308

Nobilia .

ii. 618

Noetia .

ii. 536

Nona

ii. 23

Nortbia .

i. Ill

Notarcbns

ii. 36

Notarchus

ii. 36

Nothus .

ii. 105

Novaculina

ii. 347

Nubecula

i. 249

Nucula .

ii. 544

Nuculana

ii. 544, 660

Nuculocardia ,

ii. 514

Nux

ii. 449

Nympha

ii. 423

Obba

ii. 201

Obeliscus

i. 229

Obeliscus

ii. 110

Obelus .

ii. 208

Obovaria

ii. 492

Ocbthephila

ii. 212

Ocinebra

i. 74

Octopodoteutbis

i. 32

Octopus ,

i. 19

Ocythoe .

i. 24

Odoncinetus .

ii. 364

Odoncyneta

ii. 364

Odontalus

ii. 106

Odontidium, .

i. 355

Odontina

i. 355

Odoniis .

i. 417

Odontocincta .

ii. 364

Odontocyclas .

ii. 173

Odontostoma .

.’ i. 355;

i ii. 309

Odontostomus .

ii. 152

XXX INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Odostomia

Vol. i. 232

Opliicardelus .

. Vo]

1. ii. 245

Oihopleura

ii. 609

Ophiodermis .

ii. 204

Oithona .

ii. 77

Ophiogyra

ii. 207

Oithonella

ii. 655

Opiptera

ii. 29

Ohenia .

ii. 61

Opisthoporus .

ii. 276

Olana

i. 466

Orhicida

ii.

583, 584

Oleacina .

ii.

104, 639

Ovhiculus

ii. 430

Olearia .

i. 391

Orhis

. i. 244

; ii. 260

Oligyra .

ii. 302

Orhitina .

ii. Ill

Oliva

ii. 657

Orcula .

ii. 170

Oliva

i. 143

Oris

ii. 233

Olivancillaria .

i. 140

Orplmus .

ii. 148

Olivaria

i. 143

Oipiella ,

ii. 642

Olivarius

i. 143

OrthalicGS

ii. 154

Olivella .

i. lit

; ii. 615

Ortlionymus .

ii. 496

Olivia

i. 417

Orthopnoea

i. 389

Olivina .

ii. 655

Orthosteles

i. 230

Olivina .

i.

145, 146

Ortliostylus

ii. 141

Olivula ,

i. 148

Orlhygia

ii. 422

Omala .

ii. 398

Orustia .

ii. 191

Omalaxis

i. 244

Oscanius .

ii. 39

Omalaxon

i. 244

Osilinus .

i. 425

Omalonyx

ii. 130

Osteodesma

ii.

362, 364

Oinbrella .

ii. 41

Ostrea .

ii. 567

Ommastreplies

i. 34

Ostrcum .

ii. 568

Omphalius

i. 429

Otala

ii. 197

Omphaloclatlirum

ii. 417

Otala

ii. 196

Omplialostyla .

ii. 161

Otavia .

i.

416, 417

Omphalotropis

ii. 300

Otesia

ii. 642

Omphemis

i. 338

Otina

ii. 249

Omphiscola

ii. 255

Otis

ii. 237

Oncma .

ii. 131

Otopoma

ii. 292

Oncliidella

ii. 234

Otostomus

ii. 149

Onchidia

ii. 233

Otus

i. 198

Oncliidiodoris .

ii. 58

Ovatilla .

ii. 241

Onchidiopsis .

ii. 620

Ovula

i. 270

OncMdium

ii. 233

Ovulum .

i. 270

Onchidium

ii. 234

Ovulus .

i. 270

Oncliidora

ii. 58

Owenia .

i. 27

Onchidoris

ii. 58

Oxinoe .

i. 201

Onchidorus

ii. 58

Oxycheilus

ii. 155

Onchis .

ii. 234

OxycJiilus

ii. 215

Oncidium

ii. 233

Oxycbona

ii. 194

Oncis

ii. 234

Oxygyrus

ii. 92

Oncus

ii. 234

Oxyperas

ii. 379

Onoba .

i. 331

Oxystele

i. 426

Onopota .

ii. 654

Oxystyla

ii. 154

Oniscia .

i. 219

Oxytrema

i. 338

Oniscidia

i. 220

Onitbocliiton .

i. 476

PacJiya .

ii. 187

OnustTis .

i. 362

Pachybathron .

i. 194

OnycMa .

i. 34

Pachycheilus .

i. 298

Onychoteuthis .

i. 32

Pachylabra

i. 345

Opalia .

i. 222

Pacliyotus

ii. 149

Opeas

ii. Ill

Pacbypoma

i. 400

Operculatum .

ii. 41

Pacbystoma

ii. 303

Operculum callosum

ii. 32

Pacliystoma .

’. i. 345

; ii. 197

INDEX TO GENERA. XXxi

Pachystyla

PAGE

Vol. ii. 224

Pecten .

PAGE

Vol. ii. 550

Pachytes

ii. 560

Pectunculina .

. ii. 543

Pacyodon

ii. 356

Pectunculus

ii. 454, 543

Padola .

i. 443

Pectunculus .

ii. 422, 455

Padolla .

i. 443

Pedalion

. ii. 526

Paclolliis .

i. 443

Pedicularia

i. 274

Pay an a .

ii. 120

Pedipes .

. ii. 248

Pagoda .

i. 315

Pedipes .

. ii. 243

Pagodella

i. 315

Pedum .

. ii. 562

Pagodus

i. 315

Pegea

ii. 106, 607

Palio

ii. 633

Pelagella

ii. 57

Pallium .

ii. 553

Pelagia .

i. 64

Pahnarium

i. 452

Pelex

. ii. 267

Paludestrina

i. 321

Pelicaria

. ii. 623

Paludina

i. 338

Pellicula

. ii. 658

Paludinella

ii. 315

Pelonaia .

ii, 593

Paludinella

ii. 172

Peloris .

. ii. 568

Paludomus

i. 3^

; ii. 624

Peloronta

i. 379

Pandocia

ii. 593

Pelta

ii. 43, 130

Pandora .

ii. 370

Peltella .

. ii. 123

Pandora

ii. 554

Pelvis

. ii. 466

Pandorina

ii. 362

Penicillus

ii. 338, 649

Panopaea

ii.

351, 659

Penitella

. ii. 330

Panomya

ii. 659

Pennaria

ii. 529

PapMa .

ii. 413

Pentadactylus .

i. 129

Paphia .

ii.

434,

485, 660

Peplidia

ii. 61, 657

Papillifera

ii. 180

Pera

. ii. 593

Papyridea

ii. 456

Pera

ii. 451

Papyrina

ii.

376, 377

Peracle .

i. 60

Parallelepipedum

ii. 538

Perdix .

i. 196

Parapholas

ii. 330

Perforatella .

. ii. 116

Parascidium

ii. 601

Peribolus

i. 264

Parmacella

ii.

121, 639

Perideris

. ii. 658

Parmopliora

i. 454

Periploma

. ii. 361

Parmophorus

i. 454

Peristera

i. 181

Parthena

ii. 197

Peristernia

i. 153

Parthenia

i. 233

Peristoma

ii. 159, 658

Parthenope

ii. 479

Perlameter

. ii. 526

Parthenopia

ii. 29 -

Perna

ii. 515

Partula .

ii. 145

Perna .

ii.

512, 518, 527

Partulina

ii. 137

Perongea .

. ii. 398

Partulus

ii. 145

Peronseoderma .

. ii. 396

Paryphanta

ii. 225

Peroneeus

. ii. 165

Pasithea

i. 236

Peronia .

. ii. 234

Patella .

i. 464

Peropliora

ii. 596

Patellaria

i. 464

Perotis .

i, 28

Patellarim

i. 464

Perrinia ,

i. 419

Patelloida

i.

459, 461

Perrona .

i. 94

Patellus .

i. 464

Persa

. ii. 245

Patera .

ii. 206

Persephona

i. 330

Patina .

i. 467

Persicula

i. 192 ; ii. 620

Patro

ii. 564

Persona .

i. 104

Patula .

ii. 116

Petalifera

. ii. 33

Patularia

ii. 504

PetaloconcRus .

. ii. 626

Paxillus .

ii. 288

Petasia .

. ii. 116

Paxyodon

ii. 508

Petitia .

. ii. 647

Pectella .

ii. 123

Petrjeus .

ii. 162, 658

XXXll I^'DEX TO GENERA.

Petricola

Vol.

PAGE

ii, 440

Pfaffia .

ii. 657

Pfeifferia

ii. 119

Phacoides

ii. 467

Plmdra .

ii. 191

Phsedusa .

ii. 184

Phcenospira .

i. 190

Phahellopleura

i. 482

Phalium

i. 216

Phallmia

ii, 590

Phaneropthalmus

ii. 25

Pharella .

ii. 343

Pharetra

ii. 585

Piiarus . . •

ii. 343

Phascolicama .

ii. 520

Phasianella ,

i. 389

Phadanema .

i. 319

Phasianus

i. 389

Phasis

ii. 195

Phasmoconus .

i. 252

Phengus .

ii. 144

Phidiana

ii. 76

Philina .

ii.

25, 201

Pliiline .

ii, 24

Pliilippia

i, 243

Philomycus

ii. 220

PMlonexis

i. 22

Pliilopotamis .

ii. 625

Philopseudis .

ii. 654

Philyrine

ii. 657

Phcenicobius .

ii. 143

Pholadidea

ii. 328

PRoladomya

ii. 366

Pholadomya .

ii, 459

Pholadopsis .

ii. 329

Pliolas .

ii. 325

Pholas .

ii. 516

Pholeobia

ii. 349

Pholidea

ii. 328

Phorcus .

i. 431

Phorus .

i. 363

PRos

i. 114

PRospRorax

ii. 219

Photina .

i. 427

PRotinula

i. 427

PRrontis .

i. 117

Plvyline .

ii. 25

Phyllide

ii. 45

PRyllidia

ii, 45

PRyllirrRoe

ii. 98

PRylloda

ii. 397

Pliyllodesmium

ii. 73

PRyllonotus

i. 73

PRysa

ii. 256

PRysella .

ii. 257

TRysema

ii. 21

Physeter .

i. 242

PRysodon

PAGE

Vol. ii. 258

PRysopsis

ii. 258

Phytia .

ii. 241

Phyza .

ii. 256

Pila

i. 379

Pila

i. 345

Pileopsis

i. 371

Pilidium

i.

461, 462

Pinaxia .

i. 132

Pinctada

ii. 525

Pineria .

ii. 163

Pinna

ii. 529

Pinnoctopus .

i. 20

Pionoconus

i. 252

Pira

ii. 244

Pirena .

. i. 310 ; ii. 590

Pirenella

i. 293

Pisania .

i. 83

Piddium

ii, 451

Pisina .

ii. 660

Pimm .

ii.

451, 660

PitRoRelix

ii. 142

Pitonnillus

i. 408

Pitys

ii. 113

Placenta .

ii. 566

Placentula

ii. 213

Placobranclius

ii. 36, 81

Placostylus

ii. 153

Placuna .

ii. 566

Placunanomia .

ii. 565

Plagiodon

ii. 651

Plagiola

ii. 495

Playiostoma .

ii. 568

Planaxis .

i. 322

Planaxis

i, 122

Planella

i. 344

Planispira

ii. 201

PlanorRella

ii. 261

Planorbina

ii. 260

PlanorRis

ii. 260

PlanorRula

ii. 265

Platiris .

ii. 506

Platyodon

ii.

354, 650

Platysemus

ii, 657

PlaxipRora

i. 481

Plebecida

ii. 116

PlecocReilus

ii. 147

Plecotrema

ii. 240

Plectostylus

ii, 155

PlectropRorns ,

ii. 125

Pleiodon

ii. 506

Plejona .

i. 164

Pleurobema

ii. 495

PleuroRrancRiea

ii. 40

Pleurobrancliidium

ii. 40

PleuroRrancRus

ii. 38

Pleurobranchus

ii. 40

Pleurocera

Plev/rodonta .

Pleuronectia .

Pleurophyllidia

Pleuropus

Pleuropus

Pleurotoma

Pleurotomaria .

Pleurotomarms

Pleurotomus .

Plicadomus

Plicapliora

Plicaria

Plicatella

Plicatula

Plicostoma

Plocamoceros .

Plocamophorus

Plotia

Pneumoderma

Pneumodermon

Pododesmus

Podopsis

Poenia

Polia

Polinices

Polita

PoUia .

Polliana

Polycera

Polycitor

Polyclimiin

Polycyclus

Polydonta

Polydonta

Polygona

Polygonum

Polygyra

Polygyratia

Polymesoda .

Polymita

Polyodonta

Polyphemopsis

Polyphemus .

Polytropa

Polyzona

Pomacea

Pomalia

Pomatias

Pomaulax

Pomeila .

Pompholyx

Pomus .

Pontolimax

Porcellana

Poromya

Poronia

IIs^DEX TO GENERA. XXXlll

PAGE

Vol. i. 338
. ii. 199
. ii. 555
. ii. 44
i 53; ii. 611
. ii. 71
. i. 87
. ii. 630
. i. 87
. i. 87
. ii, 166
. ii. 183
i. 275

i. 153
. ii. 561
. ii. 205
. ii. 55

ii. 55
i. 295
i. 63
i. 63

. ii. 565
. ii. 560
. ii. 304
. ii. 343
i. 210
. ii. 118
i. 84

i. 84
ii. 54, 633

ii. 599, 601

ii. 599
. ii. 597

i. 414 ; ii. 629
ii. 544
. i. 152

i. 152

. ii. 207

. ii. 207

ii. 445

. ii. 191

. ii. 239

i. 236
. ii. 107

i. 128
. ii. 603

. i. 345

. ii. 188

. ii. 298

i. 402

i. 348

. ii. 645

. i. 346

. ii. 82

i. 190, 264

. ii. 367

ii. 474

Porphyria
Porphyrobaphe
Portlandia
Posteriohranchus
Posterohranchsea
Posterobranclius
Potadoma
Potamida
Potamides
Potamidium .
Potamis .
Potamomya
Potamophila .
Poteria .
Potomophila .
Praecia .

Praxis .
Priamus
Priene .
Prisodon
Prisogaster
Procos .
Proctaporia .
Proctonotns
Propilidium .
Proptera
Proserpina
Proxenula
Prunnm .
Psammohella .
Psammobia
Psammocola .
Psammophila .
Psammosolen .
Psammotsea
Psammotcea .
Psammotella .
Psammotella .

. Psendachatina
Pseudamussinm
Psendobalea .
Pseudocyrena .
Pseudodactylus
Pseudodon
Pseudoliva
Pseudorotella .
Pseudostrombns
Psendotrochns .
Psiloceros
Psilopus .

Psyche .

Pteria .

Pterocera

Pteroceras

Pterocerus

Pterochihis

Pterocyclos

PAGE

i.

144

; ii

. 655

ii.

, 658

ii.

652

ii.

28

ii.

28

ii.

28

i.

299

i.

290

; ii

. 491

i.

290

i.

290

i.

290

; li

. 656

ii.

357

ii.

407

ii.

274

ii.

251

ii.

629

ii.

522

i.

282

ii.

654

ii.

508

i.

395

; ii.

, 656

ii.

407

ii.

657

ii.

68

i.

462

ii.

498

ii.

309

i.

368

i.

191

ii.

391

ii.

390

ii.

391

ii.

383

ii.

346

ii.

393

ii.

390

ii.

393

ii.

398

ii.

134

ii.

553

ii.

112

ii.

445

i.

131

ii.

502

i.

131

ii.

657

i.

113

ii.

135

ii.

61

ii.

463

i.

57

ii.

524

i.

260

i.

260

i.

260

ii. '

79,

635

ii.

277

VOL. I.

e

XXXIV

INDEX TO GENEPvA.

PAGE

PAGE

Pterodoris

Vol, ii. 49

Quadrula

. Vol.

ii. 497

Pteronotus

i. 73

Quoyia .

i. 323

Pterosoma

Pterotrachea

ii. 100
ii. 94

Quoyie .

ii. 336

Pterygia

i. 190

Kalbdotus

ii. 158

Ptychina

ii. 469

Pabicea .

ii. 620

PtychomphaU(jS

i. 408

KacMs .

ii. 160

Ptychom/ya

ii. 485

Radius .

i. 272

Ptychotrema

ii. 166

Radix .

ii. 253

Pugil

i. 258

Radsia .

i. 469

Pugilina

i. 82

Radula .

ii. 556

Pullastra

ii. 436

Radula .

i. 376

PuncticTilis

i. 248

Paeta

ii. 386

Punctiwrella

i. 451

Raleta .

ii. 356

Pupa

ii. 167

Ralia

i. 441

Pujga

ii. 5

Ramola .

ii. 615

Pupella .

ii. 171

Rana

i. 105

Pih'perita

ii. 656

Ranella .

i. 105

Pupilla .

ii. 169

Pangia .

ii. 380

Pupillaca

i. 450

Ranularia

i. 103

Pupilloea

i. 450

Papa

i. 137

Pupillia .

i. 450

Papana .

i. 134

Pupina .

ii. 288

Rapella .

i. 137

Pupina .

ii. 168

Paphaulus

ii. 645, 659

Pupinella

ii. 286

RapJiitoma

i. 99

Pupula .

ii. 312

Rapum .

i. 156

Purpura .

i. 126

Pealia .

ii. 299

Pv/rpura

i. 71

Pecluzia

ii. 87

Pusia

i. 177

Pegistoma

ii. 289

Pusio

i. 83

Reniella .

ii. 523

Pusiodon

ii. 201

Resania .

ii. 385

Pusionella

i. 227

Retusa .

ii. 11

Pusiostoma

i. 188

Rlieda .

i. 51

Pustularia

i. 269

Rhegostoma

ii. 289

Pyramea

i. 258

Rhexistoma

ii. 289

Pyramidea

i. 413

Pbinocantba .

.' i. 72;

; ii. 654

Pyramidella

i. 228

Rhinoclavis

i. 285

Pyramidelhis

i. 228

Rliinodomus .

i. 114

Pyramidula

ii. 116

Rhipidodonta .

ii. 492

Pyramis

i.

235, 413

Pbizocbilus

i. 135

Pyramus

i. 282

Phizoconus

i. 252

Pyrazus .

i. 291

Rhizorus

i. 272

Pyrella .

i. 151

Phodea .

ii. 135

Pyrena .

i. 310

Phodope .

ii. 83

Pyrene .

i. 185

Rhodostoma .

ii. 238

Pyrgelix

ii. 174

Rhomboides

ii. 349

Pyrgella

ii. 657

Rhombus

.’ i. 247 ;

ii. 349

Pyrgiscus

i. 230

Rhopalea

ii. 595

Pyrgula .

i. 308

Rhycobranchus

ii. 80

Pyrgus .

ii. 163

Pbyncbonella .

ii. 582

Pyrosoma

ii. 605

Ricinella

ii. 655

Pyrula .

i.

136,

150,

151, 198

Ricinula

i. 129

Pythia .

ii. 239

Pigasia .

ii. 640

Pythia .

ii. 241

Pimella .

i. 262

Pytliina .

ii. 475

Pimula .

i. 451

Pyura .

ii. 597

Rimula .
Rimularia

’. i. 451;

; ii. 213
i. 451

INDEX TO

Rimidus

Yol

PAGE

, i. 451

Ringiciila

. i. 197;

ii. 620

Risella .

i. 317

Rissoa .

i. 329

Eissoa .

i. 241

Rissoana

i. 329

Rissoella

i. 325

Kissoina .

i. 327

Ritena .

ii. 656

Rivicola .

ii. 256

Rivulina .

ii. 625

Rocellaria

ii. 335

Rocliia .

ii. 629

Rollus

i. 249

Rossia

i. 39

Rostellaria

i. 261

Rostellum

i. 261

Rotella .

i. 408

Rotula .

ii. 115

Rotundaria

ii. 496

Roxana .

ii. 20

Roxellaria

ii. 336

RudolpJia

i. 131

Rudolplms

i. 131

Ruma

i. 209

Rumina .

ii. Ill

Runcina .

ii. 43

Rupellaria

ii. 437

Rupellaria

ii. 336

Rapicola

ii. 365

Rupicola

ii. 181

Ryssota .

ii. 223

Sahia

i. 373

Sabincea

i. 334

Saccus .

i. 391

Sagda

ii. 112

Salpa

ii. 607

Sandaliformes

i. 383

Sandalium

i. 368

Sandella

ii. 655

Sanguinolaria .

ii. 391

Sanguinolaria

ii. 389

Sao

ii. 21

Sarapliia

ii. 168

Sarcopterus

ii. 29

SaiTnaticus

i. 393

Sarnia

ii. 239, 659

Saxicava .

ii. 348

Saxidomns

ii. 437

Scabricola

i. 170

ScaccMa .

ii. 471

Sccea

i. 60

Scala

. i. 220 ;

ii. 621

Scalaria

i. 220

Scalarus

i. 220

Scalatarius

i. 221

GENERA.

Scalator .

XXXV

PAGE

Vol. i. 411

Scalenaria

ii. 495

Scapba .

. ii.

505, 616

Scapha .

i. 160

Scaphander

ii. 19

Scapharca

ii. 537

Scaphella

! i. 163

; ii. 619

Scaphella

ii. 619

Scaphnla .

ii. 540

Scap)lmla

i. 141

; ii. 655

Scar oboe a

ii. 239

Scarabceus

ii. 239

Scarabella

ii. 173

Scarabus

ii. 239

Schasicheila

ii. 306

Schismope

ii. 657

Schizocheilus

i. 305

Schizochiton

i. 477

Schizodesma

ii. 379

Schizostoma

. i.

244, 305

Scintilla .

ii. 480

Scissodesma

ii. 379

Scissurella

i. 439

Scolissedium

i. 357

Scolyyyius

i. 156

Sconsia .

i. 218

Scopelophila

ii. 173

Scrohicularia

ii. 408

Scurria .

i. 459

Scubalns .

ii. 158

Scutella .

. i.

438, 461

Scutellastra

i. 466

ScuteUina

i. 460

Scutifera

i. 454

Scutigerulus

i. 474

Scutum .

i. 454

Scutus .

i. 454

Scyllsea .

ii. 65

Scymnia

i. 273

Segmentaria

ii. 264

Segmentina

ii. 264

Sellaria .

ii. 660

Semele .

ii. 410

Semicassis

i. 215

Semicornu

ii. 202

Semilimax

ii. 120

Semiporcellana

i. 270

Senectus .

i. 392

Senilia .

ii. 537

Separatista

i. 136

Sepia

i. 42

Sepiella .

i. 43

Sepiola .

i. 40

Sepiolidea

i. 40

Sepioteuthis

i. 38

Septaria

i. 387

Septaria

ii.

332, 648

XXXVl

INDEX TO

PAGE

Septifer .

. Vol.

ii. 522

Septiger .

ii. 522

Seraphs .

i. 263

Seraphys

i. 263

Serapis .

i. 263

Scraps .

i. 263

Serenia .

ii. 625

Sermyla .

i. 296

Serpentulus

ii. 201

Serpula .

i. 357

Serpularia

i. 406

Serpuloides

i. 359

Serpulorbis

i. 359

Serra

i. 445

Serripes .

ii. 456

Sermla .

ii. 405

Setia

i. 333

Sidnyum

ii. 600

Sidula .

ii. 238

Sigapatella

i. 367

Sigaretia

i. 201

Sigaretus

i. 213

Sigaretus

i. 203, 436

Sigillina .

ii. 602

Signia .

ii. 245

Siliqua .

ii. 345

Siliqaaria

ii. 347

Siliquaria

i. 361

Siliquarius

i. 361

Simnia .

i. 273

Simpulopsis .

ii. 127

Simpulum

i. 102

Sinistralia

i. 79

Sinum .

ii. 656

Sinasigera

ii. 613

Siona

ii. 659

Siplio

i. 81

Siplio

i. 451

Siplionaria

ii. 270

Siphoniam

i. 356;

1 ii. 628

Siphonostotna .

ii. 176

Siphonotus

ii. 35

Siphopatella .

i. 367

Sira

ii. 657

Sistram .

i. 130

Skenea .

i. 335

Smaragdiaella .

ii. 22

Sol

i. 398

Solaiiella

i. 431

Solarium

! i. 242 ;

; ii. 204

Solaropsis

ii. 204

Solecardia

ii. 475

Solecmi,oides .

ii. 343

Solecurtus

ii. 346

Solemya .

ii. 482

Solen

ii. 340

Solena .

ii. 342

GENERA.

PAGE

Solenarius

. Vol

:. ii. 341

Solenella

ii. 549

Solenocwrtus .

ii. 346

Solenomya

ii. 482

Solenymya

ii. 482

Soletellina

ii. 392

Solidtda .

ii. 5

Sparella .

ii. 655

Spatha .

ii. 507

Speo

ii. 4

Sphcerella

ii. 472

SphcBriastrum

ii. 449

Spkgeriam

ii. 449

Sphcerostom,a .

ii. 63

Sphena .

ii. 369

Spkenia .

ii. 357

Sphyradium .

ii. 169

Spira

i. 406

Spiracella

i. 371

Spiracalam

ii. 278

Spiraxis .

ii. 105

Spirialis .

. i. 59

; ii. 612

Spirialis

i. 60

Spirilla .

i.

151, 294

Spirillus

i. 151

Spirohranchus

i. 138

Spirodiscus

ii. 260

Spiroglyplias .

i. 360

Spirorbis

. ii.

263, 659

Spirorbula

ii. 213

Spirala .

’. i. 44

; ii. 611

Spisala .

ii. 378

Spondylas

ii. 559

Spongiobrancliia

i. 63

Stagnicola

ii. 254

Stalagmmm .

ii. 514

Staadella

ii. 382

Stawrodon

ii. 172

Stavelia .

ii. 651

Steganostoma .

ii. 277

Steira

ii. 91

Stella

i. 398

Stellaria

i. 398

Stenogyra

ii. 110

Stenopas

ii. 221

Stenosemus

i. 472

Stenostoma

ii. 149

Steaothyra

ii. 626

Stenoirema

ii. 205

Stepba^noconas

i. 247

Stephanopus .

ii. 660

Sterna .

ii. 211

Steromphala .

i. 431

Stigmaalax

i. 206

Stiliger .

ii. 79

Stiliger ,

ii. 79

Stoastoma

ii.

308, 646

INDEX TO GENERA. XXXVll

Stobilus .

Vol. ii.

PAGE

106, 639

Stola

ii, 463

Stomatella

i. 435

Stomatella

i. 438

Stomatia

i. 436

Stomatia

i. 212

Stomax .

i. 436

Stomodon ta

ii. 179

Stramonita

i. 127

Strepliona

i. 143

Streptauius

ii. 645

Streptaxis

ii.

185, 658

Streptostyla .

ii. 109

Strigatella

i. 173

Strigilla ,

ii. 399

Strigida .

ii. 239

Stromhella

. i. 260; ii. 614

Stromhidea

i. 260

Strombina

i. 186

Strombas

i. 258

Strombus

i.

247, 260

Strongylocera .

i. 115

Strophia

ii. 168

Stropbina

ii. 177

Stropldtus

ii. 502

Stropbocbeiius

ii. 147

Stnithiolaria .

i. 282

Stycla

ii. 591

Stylifer . •

i. 239

Stylina .

i. 239

Styliola .

i. 53

Stylocbeilus

ii. 37

Stylodonta

ii. 186

Subemargiiiula

i. 453

Subula .

i. 224

Subiilina

ii. 110

Subulina

i. 341

Succinea .

ii. 128

Sulculus .

i. 443

Sultana .

ii. 658

Sunetta .

ii. 427

Surcala .

i. 88

Susarda .

ii. 632

Sut'ura .

ii. 526

Swainsonia

i. 180

Sycbar .

i. 289

Sycotypas

i. 198

Symmetrogepkyrus

ii. 657

Sympbynota .

ii. 503

Symphynota .

ii. 501

Syncera .

ii. 314

Syndosmya

ii. 410

Synoicam

ii. 600

Syntetbys

ii. 596

Syntoxia

ii. 495

Sypbonota

ii. 34

Syringites

i. 456

Syrinx .

PAGE

Vol. i. 78

Tacbea .

ii. 195

Tagelus .

ii. 347

Talona .

ii. 329

Talonella

ii. 328

Talopia .

i. 430

Tamarindiformis

ii.

516, 518

Tanalia .

. i. 340

; ii. 625

Tania .

i. 302

TanycJdamys .

ii. 224

Tanysipbon

ii. 650

Tanystoma

ii. 640

Tapada .

ii. 128

Tapes

ii. 434

Tapbias .

ii. 262

Tapbon .

i. 151

Tarebia .

i. 304

Taria

ii. 413

Teba

ii. 215

TebeTvnophorus

ii. 220

Tectaria

i. 315

Tectarias

.' i. 315

; ii. 656

Tectula .

ii. 208

Tectara .

i. 458

Tectas .

i. 413

Tedinia .

ii. 566

Tegala .

i. 426

Teinostoma

.’ i. 122

; ii. 615

Teinotis .

i. 442

Telasco .

i. 119

Telescopella

i. 297

Telescopiam .

i. 291

Tellidora

ii. 401

Tellimya.

ii. 478

Tellina .

ii. 394

Tellinella

ii. 394

Tellinides

ii. 398

Tellinula

ii. 397

Temana .

i. 318

Temesa .

ii. 175

Tenagodas

i. 360

Tenare .

ii. 656

Terebellopsis .

i. 263

Terebellam

i. 263

Terebellum

i. 351

Terebra .

i. 226

Terebra .

i. 351

Terebralia

i. 291

Terebraria

i. 224

Terebratella .

ii. 576

Terebratala

ii. 574

Terebratalina .

ii. 574

Terebrina

i. 263

Terebrum

i. 226

Teredo .

ii. I

B31, 648

Tergipes .

ii. 76

XXXVlll mOEX TO GEXERA.

Testacella

. Vol.

PAGE

ii. 125

Testacellus

ii. 125

Tethis

ii. 607

Tethys .

ii. 64

Tethys .

ii. 34

Tetragonostea .

ii. 362

Tetraplodon .

ii. 508

Teutliis .

i. 38

Textilia .

i. 254

Thais

i. 126

; ii. 655

Thala

i. 178

Thalessa ,

1 127;

ii. 655

Thalia .

ii. 607

Thallepus

ii. 35

Thallicera

ii. 269

Thalotia .

i. 420

Thaumasia

ii. 175

Thea

ii. 212

Theba

ii. 215

Thecacera

ii. 55

Thecalia .

ii. 489

Thecaphorus .

ii. 22

Thecidea

ii, 581

Thecidium

ii. 581

Theliconus

i. 255

Theliderma

ii. 497

Thelidomus

ii. 197

Theliostoma

i. 219

Theliostyla

i. 380

Themisto

ii, 54

Theodoxus

i. 382

Theora .

ii. 369

Thetis .

ii. 367

Thetis

ii. 484

Thiara .

i. 295

Thiarella

i. 168

Thovana

ii. 325

Thracia .

ii. 364

•Thy as

ii. 660

Thyatira

ii. 469

Thyca

i. 372

Thyreus .

i. 274

Tiara

i. 294

Tiara

i. 175

Tibia

i. 261

Tichogonia

ii. 521

Tiedemannia .

i. 57;

ii. 612

Tifata

ii. 245

Tigris

i. 412

Timoclea

. ii. '

422, 660

Tivela .

ii. 426

Tomala .

ii. 356

Tomella .

i. 94

Tomichia

ii. 313

Tomigerus

ii. 152

Tomogeres

ii. 198

Tonichia

i. 473

PAGE

Tonicia .

Vol. i. 473 ;

ii. 631

Tonna .

i. 196

Torcrda .

i. 352

Torinia .

i. 242

Tornatella

ii. 4

Tornatellina .

ii. 140

Tornatina

ii. 12

Torqaatella

ii. 169

Torqnilla

ii. 168

Tortulosa

ii. 285

Trachelia

ii. 176

Trachycardium

ii. 455

Tragomma

ii. 114

Tralia

ii. 244

Trapezium

ii. 438

Trapezium,

ii. 336

Tremoctopus .

i. 22

Tresus .

ii. 381

Trevelyana

ii. 632

Trihulus

’. i. 126;

ii. 655

Trichia .

ii. 214

Trichocyclus .

i. 64

Trichomorpha .

ii. 115

Trichopodus .

i. 279

Trichotropis .

i. 279

Tricla .

i. 51

Trieolia .

i. 390

Tricula .

i. 306

Tridacna

ii. 465

Tridonta

ii. 483

Triforis .

i. 288

Trigona .

ii. 426

Trigonella

ii. 375

Trigonella

ii. 426

Trigonia .

ii. 531

Trigonocoelia .

ii. 543

Trigonostoma .

i. 276

Trigonostoma .

ii. 207

Trigonulina .

ii. 532

Trimusculus .

ii. 270

Triodopsis

ii. 205

Triomphalia .

ii. 329

Triopa .

ii. 60

Triphora

i. 288

Triphoris

i. 287

Triplodon

ii. 508

Triptera .

i. 55

Triquetra

ii. 508

Triquetra

ii. 420

Trisidos .

ii. 539

Trisis

ii. 539

Tristoma

i. 288

Tritia

i. 122

Tritogenia

ii. 496

Triton .

i. 101

Tritonalia

i. 74

Tritonella

i. 121

INDEX TO GENERA. xxxix

PACE

Tritonia .

Vol. ii. 63

Tritonia

. i. 121 ; ii. 61

Tritonidea

i. 85

Tritonidium .

i. 281

Tritonium

i. 101

Trilonium

i. 108

Tritonofusus .

i. 81

Triumphis

. . ii, 654

Trivea .

i. 268

Trivia

i. 268

Trochatella

. ii. 305

Trochatella

i. 366

Trochia .

i. 127

Trochidea

. ii. 208

Trochidon

i. 417

Trochilla

i. 367

Trochilus

i. 421

TrocRiscus

i. 432

Trochiscus

. ii. 116

TrocRita .

i. 366

Trochius

i. 425

TrocRococRlea .

i. 425

Trochula

; . ii. 208

TrocJmlus

. ii. 214

TrocRus .

. i. 412; ii. 629

Trochus .

i. 312, 412

Trophidiscus .

. ii. 263

TropRon .

i. 76

Tropidina

i. 344

TropidopRora .

. ii. 292

Truncaria

i. Ill

Truncatella

. . ii. 310

Truncatellina .

. ii. 172

Truncilla

. ii. 495

Trutina .

. ii. 370

Trychotropus .

i. 279

Trycophore

i. 279

Tubicanthus .

. i. 402 ; ii. 656

Tubulites

i. 138

Tubulus .

i. 456

Tt^ceta .

ii. 542

Tildes .

. ii. 527

Tudicla .

. i. 151

Tudora .

. . ii. 294

Tugali .

i. 455

Tugon

. ii. 354

Tugonia .

. ii. 354

Tulaxodes

i. 357

Tuliparia

i. 249

Turbina .

i. 221

Turbinellus

i. 156

Turbo

i. 391

Turbo

i. 312, 412

Turbona

i. 330

TurRonilla

. i. 230 ; ii. 622

Turbonilla

i. 232, 331

Twrbulima

. ii. 162

PACE

Turcica .

YoR i. 423

Turricula

i. 175

Turricula

i. 88,

224 ; ii. 208

Turris

. i. 87

Turris .

i. 175, 351

Turritella

i. 351

Turritella

i. 301, 353

Turritellus

i. 351

Turtonia

ii. 477, 651

Tyleria .

. ii. 368

Tylodina

. ii. 42

Tympanostoma

i. 290

Tympanotonos

i. 290

TypRis .

. i. 76

Tiber

i. 210

Ulostoma

ii. 205

Ultimus .

i. 271

Umbella .

. ii. 41

UmRonium

i. 407

Umbraculum .

. ii. 41

IJmbrella

. ii. 41

Ungulina

. ii. 471

Unicornus

i. 131

Unidens .

i. 417

Unio

. ii. 490

Unio

ii, 495, 499

Unionium

. ii. 525

Uniopsis .

ii. 500

Uperotus

. ii. 333

Urceus .

ii. 658

Urocoptis

. ii. 175

TJtriculina

i. 141

Utriculus

. ii. 11

Utriculus

i. 249

Uvanilla .

i. 400

Uzita

i. 120

Vagina .

. ii. 341

Vagimda

. ii. 232

Vaginulus

. ii. 232

Vallouia .

. ii. 204

Valvata .

i. 343

Valvatella

. ii. 629

Valvearius

i. 348

Vanganella

. ii. 385

Vanicoro

i. 375

Yanikoro

i. 374

Vasum .

i. 155

Vediantius

. ii. 106

Velletia .

. ii. 266

Velorita .

ii, 449

Yelutella

i. 200

Velutina

i. 199

Venerupis

. ii. 438

Venilia .

. ii. 68

Yenus

. ii. 417

xl INDEX TO GENERA.

PAGE

PAGE

Verena .

Vol. i. 308

Volvarius

Vol. i. 194

Vermetus

i. 357

Volvula .

. ii. 14

Vermetus

i. 357, 359

Vortex .

. ii. 207

Vermicularia .

i. 357, 358

Vulpecula

i. 175

Vermicularius

i. 357

Vulsella .

. ii. 523

Veronicella

. ii. 232

Veronicellus .

. ii. 232

Waldheimia

. ii. 575

Verpa .

. ii. 338

Waltonia

. ii. 577

Vertagus

i. 285

Warnea .

. ii. 649

Verticordia

. . ii. 531

Wilkinsonsea

. ii. 646

Vertigo .

. ii. 171

Vesica .

ii. 15

Xaneus .

i. 156

Vespertilio

i. 160

Xanthonella

. ii. 26

Vexilla .

i. 129

Xenopbora

i. 362

Vexillaria

. ii. 609

Xenophorus

i. 363

Vexillum

. i. 175

Xerophila

. ii. 215

Viana

. ii. 305

Xesta

. ii. 222

Vibex

i. 303

XyloTielix

i. 351

Videna .

ii. 115

Xylopbaga

. ii. 326

Villiersia * .

ii. 58

Xylotrema

. ii. 205

Viquesnelia

. ii. 643

Xylotiya

. ii. 333

Vitrea .

. ii. 118

Vitrelld .

. ii. 18

Yetus

. i. 158 ; ii. 616

Vitrina ,

. ii. 120

Yoldia .

ii. 548, 652

Vitrinella

. i. 434; ii. 629

Vitrinella

. ii. 642

Zapbon .

i. 121

Vitrinus

. ii. 120

Zaria

i. 353

Vitta

i. 382

Zebina .

i. 328

Vitularia

. i. 74; ii. 614

Zehra

. ii. 658

Vi vipara .

i. 337

Zebrina .

ii. 159

Viviparella

. i. 338

Zemira .

i. 110

Viviparus

. i. 338

Zenatia .

. ii. 384

Vola

ii. 554

Zenohia .

. ii. 214

Volema .

i. 82

Zephyrina

. ii. 68

Volsella .

. ii. 516

Zeuxis

i. 119

Volata .

. i. 164 ; ii. 617

Ziba

i. 179

Voluta .

i. 247

Zidona .

. i. 161 ; ii. 618

Volutella

i. 192

Zierliana

i. 175

Volutella . i.

156, 161 ; ii. 618

Zippora .

. i. 330 ; ii. 656

Volutnarpa

. ii. 615

Zirfcea .

. ii. 327

Volutilitbes

i. 167, 618

Zirpba&a .

. ii. 327

Volutomitra

. i. 172 ; ii. 619

Zizipbinus

i. 421

Volutopsius

. ii. 614

Zonites .

. ii. 114

Volva

i. 272

Z orates .

. ii. 118

Volva

i. 273

Zospeum .

. ii. 643

Volvaria .

i. 194

Zua

. ii. 106

Volvaria

. ii. 10

Zurama .

. ii. 204

Volvarina

i. 195

MOLLUSC A.

Animal soft, fleshy, furnished with a muscular coat
termed a mantle ; without any internal bony skeleton
supporting jointed limbs, or external skeleton formed of
a hard ringed skin ; nervous system consisting of a number
of medullary masses distributed in different parts of the
body, one of the masses or ganglia placed over the gullet
and enveloping it like a collar.

Molluscous animals, first separated as a Sub-kingdom
by Cuvier, have no skeleton like the Vertebrata^ and no
jointed members like the Articulata ; they are, moreover,
known from the Badiata by their organs not radiating
from a common centre. They have a heart and blood-
vessels, a nervous system and breathing apparatus, and
they are covered by a soft mucous membrane, which is
named the mantle. The modifications exhibited in their
organization constitute the basis of the arrangement fol-
lowed in this work, which arrangement, although imper-
fect, may be termed the natural system.

When the locomotive organs of the Mollusca are placed
in a circle round the head they form the Class Cepha-
lopoda ; when they swim by means of a pair of fins placed

VOL. I.

B

2

MOLLUSCA.

at the sides of the neck they are called Pteropoda ; when
they crawl on the belly by means of a muscular foot
they are termed Gasteropoda ; those furnished with a pair
of ciliated arms arising from the mouth constitute the
BracJiiopoda ; those without a head and having the mantle
protected by two shelly valves are named GoncJiifera^ while
those without any shell and covered merely with a fleshy
mantle comprise the Tunicata.

The following is a Synopsis of the Classes : —

I. Cephalopoda or Oephalopods.

Animal with the foot wanting or rudimentary.
Head large, distinct, furnished with eight, ten,
or more arms, by means of which they crawl
head downwards.

II. Pteropoda or Pteropods.

Animal with the foot wanting or rudimentary.
Head prominent, with one or two pairs of fins
on the side of the neck, by which they move
about in the ocean. Body often covered with
a thin glassy shell.

III. Gasteropoda or Gasteropods.

Animal crawling on a foot placed under the body.
Head distinct, furnished with eyes and tentacles.
Body usually protected by a conical or spiral shell.

IV. Gonchifera or Bivalves.

Animal with a foot placed under the body. Head
indistinct. Mouth placed between the gills. Body
enclosed between two equal or subequal valves
united along the back by a cartilage.

V. Brachiopoda or Brachiopods.

Animal destitute of a foot. Mouth placed at
the base of two spirally- twisted ciliated arms

MOLLUSCA.

3

between the two leaves of the mantle, which are
covered with two separate shelly valves. They
live attached to other marine bodies.

VI. Tunicata or Tunicaries.

Animal destitute of shell, but protected by an
elastic muscular mantle with two orifices. Gills in
the form of a net- work or of a riband stretched
across the internal cavity.

Molluscous animals have sufficient maternal instinct
to select situations for omposition most advantageous to
the development of their eggs. The Ampullariida: de-
posit their conglomerate egg-masses on stones and frag-
ments of wood in the shallow parts of ponds, where the
eggs are exposed to the full power of the sun. The
Doridida and Limnwidw glue their ova together and
attach them in gelatinous bands to floating bodies, that
they may neither sink beyond the influence of the solar
heat, nor be dispersed by the action of the waves. The
lantliina and Argonauta bear theirs constantly about them,
the first attached to a vesicular float, the second con-
tained in a fragile shell. The CarocoUa conceals hers
under loose bark. The PytJiia lay theirs under stones
and in holes of rotten wood. The Cyclostoma buries hers
in the yielding soil of decayed vegetable matter. The
thick-shelled Bulimia that live upon the ground, deposit
large oval calcareous eggs among the leaves, while those
lighter and more highly coloured species, that live upon
the trees, glue their coriaceous ova to the under surface
of the leaves, and some among them have sufficient in-
genuity to roll up the edges of the leaves, cement them
together, and form kinds of nests or cradles for their
tender progeny.

4

MOLLUSCA.

The hard or soft albuminous capsules, or ootlieca^ which
defend and protect the ova of molluscous animals, offer
a variety of forms. The eggs of the Cephalopods are
either agglomerated into masses like bunches of grapes,
as in the Cuttles, or into long garlands and strings, as in
nearly all the Squids. The ova of marine Grasteropods
are enveloped before exclusion in mucous capsules, in some
cases soft, flexible, and transparent, which harden more or
less by contact with the water, and assume forms peculiar
to tribes and genera. This nidus or egg-nest is some-
times simple, but often compound, each compartment
containing many ova. In Mazza the cells are of a
flattened sub-pentagonal form, adhering together and piled
one upon the other, each compartment containing from
twenty to thirty embryos. The ootlieca of Purpura Jkb-
mastoma are yellow or rosy, elongated, quadrangular, and
truncate at their ends, and are fixed in groups upon
the rocks. The nidus of P. lapillusy which Ellis calls
the sea-cup, is in the form of an elliptical vase supported
on a short stem. The egg-capsule of Neptunea Norve-
gica is attached, isolated, hemispherical, with a thin,
coriaceous membranous coat. In Buccinum undatum the
nidimental capsules are aggregated in large irregular
masses, each case being oblong, one side convex, the
other flat. The nidus of Nassa reticulata is in the form of
a compressed pouch, with a short peduncle and an opening
at the top. The small nidimental cells of the cowry
are aggregated in a flattened group. In Bursa they
are in numerous groups very close together, long, com-
pressed, enlarged at the end, with one or two keels.
In Troplion they are sub- cylindrical and truncate at
the upper end, and deposited in groups on stones and
fuci.

MOLLUSCA.

5

In Ba^a tenuis the nidimental capsules are attached
in regular linear series to portions of decayed wood ; they
are of a flattened subconical figure, adhere by the apex,
and have the base emarginate. In Murex endiva the
cases are tricarinated, one of the keels being bifid. In
Tritonium scaher they are flattened and quadrangular, with
four keels. In Conus capitaneus they are curved, with a
dorsal keel, and with the free end falciform. In Busycum
affine the capsules are arranged in a long string; they
are oval, flattened, keeled, the edges angled, and attached
by a short peduncle.

To enumerate a few more examples of the ootJiecw of
marine Gasteropods, — in Acanthina unicornis they are
cylindrical, and adhere by slender peduncles in densely-
packed masses. In Chorus monoceros the somewhat
columnar egg-cases are united by slender peduncles in
a large rounded mass, the capsules having lids which the
young push off. In Voluta they are hard, vesicular, and
fixed by broad bases, each containing but one embryo.
In Volutella they are large and hemispherical.

The eggs of the Naticida are deposited in flat, spirally-
rolled bands, which are partly buried in the sand ; they
have been mistaken for zoophytes, under the name of
Flustra arenosa. The eggs of Nerites and Neritinas are
ovate, covered with a horny shell, and affixed to the
surface of stones or to other shells. The egg-mass of
Gihhula cineraria is in the form of a white gelatinous
ring, with a narrow break on one side.

In the Opisthobranchiate Mollusks the oothecw are no
less curious. In Aplysia they are excluded in a long
string. In Philine the string is necklace-shaped, and
coiled in a loose spiral. In the Tritoniidce^ or Sea-slugs,
the ova are expelled together in the form of a long thread.

6

MOLLUSCA.

and arranged also in a spiral manner. In Doris they are
in a spiral band. In Tergipes the egg-mass is saccate ;
in Eolis^ funiculate.

In the air-breathing Gasteropods also the nidus varies.
In the LimfKEida it is transparent, gelatinous, and lar-
viform, and the eggs are arranged in two layers, one
above the other. In Physa it is oval and smooth. In
Coretus it is shield-shaped, striated, and unattached.
In Ancylus it is circular, flat beneath, and arched above,
with the three-cornered eggs arranged in a circle in the
middle. In Bulinm it is vermiform, free, and transparent.

In the terrestrial Gasteropods the eggs are usually
spherical, opaque, and extruded separately. In Onchidium
occidentale they are oblong, connected by a filament,
rolled together in a ball, and deposited in shady places.
In Limax rufus they are isolated, oblong, opaque, with
white coriaceous shells, and heaped together under stones
in moist places. In Succinea amphibia they are circular
and transparent, without nidus, but united in a mass.
In Helix pomatia they are opaque, white, and leathery,
varying in number from thirty to thirty-six, and are
deposited in holes in the ground ; while in the tropical
Bulimi they are often very large, oval, and calcareous,
and sometimes protected by an artificial nest formed of
leaves. The colour of the eggs of the air-breathing
Gasteropods is usually bluish or milk-white ; those, how-
ever, of Achatina^ Helix hicarinata^ and H. purpurea are
of a beautiful yellow. They also vary greatly in size.
In the common Snail they are no bigger than a mustard-
seed, while in Bulimus hamastomus they are almost as
large as a pigeon’s egg, with a hard calcareous shell.

The discovery of the metamorphosis of molluscous
animals was first made by M. Sars in the Nudibranchs,

MOLLUSCA.

7

and afterwards confirmed by Van Beneden in the Aply-
sUda ; since then it has been extended to the Proso-
branchs by Loven and Milne Edwards. The Bivalves
also undergo a metamorphosis, but the Cephalopods do
not appear liable to these changes.

The larm is always enclosed in a little, transparent,
nautiloid, calcareous shell, provided with an operculum, and
it swims freely through the water by means of two fin-
like lobes fringed with long cilia. Instead of tentacles
it has two veils shaped like ears, which disappear at a
later period ; the eyes, the ears, the liver, and the vent
are as in the adult. This is the first stage. In the
second stage it is still enclosed in a shell, but the mantle
has become detached and covers the viscera, the foot is
enlarged and projects beyond the operculum, and the
head has two short conical ciliated tentacles. In the
third stage the shell has fallen otf, and the general shape
is that of the parent, but the veils still remain. In the
fourth stage the animal begins to crawl by means of its
foot, the gills appear, and the mouth is armed with jaws
and a spiny tongue. The last stage is marked by the
fall of the frontal veils, and the completion of the ten-
tacles and gills, thus concluding the metamorphosis.

The young bivalves are hatched in the gills of their
parents, and have a swimming disc, fringed with long
cilia, and furnished with a slender tentacular filament.
The labial palps next become developed, and the disc
gradually disappears. They then acquire a foot, and are
provided with eyes near the labial tentacles, which, how-
ever, are afterwards lost. Tbe young of the Tunicata^
which are fixed in the adult state, swim freely about by
means of a caudal filament or tail, until they have selected
a proper spot to which they can attach themselves.

8

MOLLUSCA.

In a work like the present, which is intended to be
entirely Zoological, the anatomical and physiological de-
tails are purposely omitted. The zoological peculiarities
of the adult must now be briefly considered.

The head in some families is permanently extended and
proboscidiform, as in Littorinidcje. and Melaniidce, In the
predaceous Gasteropods it is furnished with a muscular
trunk, which is often entirely retractile ; but in the phyto-
phagous tribes it is supplied wdth jaws for compressing
the food. The head is often inconspicuous, as in many
MuricidiE ; in some it is long and flat, as in Bursa and
Bycotypus ; in some it is produced and cylindrical, as in
Cassidulus ; in some broad and flat, as in Bulla and

Some Mollusks are blind, as the Eolis^ Glaucus^ and
Doris, and, in the adult state, the Conchifera. The eyes
make their first appearance as coloured specks on the
upper surface of the neck, as in Aplysiidae, or on the head,
as in BullidcE. In their most perfect form they have
iris, pupil, crystalline lens, choroid, vitreous and aqueous
humours, and cornea, as in Cymbium, Helioo, Strombus,
and the Oephalopods. The eyes are two, symmetrical,
usually at the sides of the head, sessile or pedunculated.
In Haliotis, Nerita, Turbo, Helix, and Onchidium, they
are at the end of long peduncles, or ommatophora. In
MuricidcB and Cyprceidce they are extended on tubercles,
connate with the tentacles ; but in Strombidw they are
free. The msion of Mollusks varies with their habits.
In the Bivalves and Tunicaries the eyes are readily
dispensed with, the animals being either fixed or nearly
motionless. In the Pectens, however, which swim rapidly
by the flapping of their valves, the eyes are numerous
and pedunculated, and situated at the bases of the pallial

MOLLUSCA.

9

tentacles. In the apathetic Elysudw and Bullidce the
eyes are sessile and rudimentary ; but in the active
and carnivorous Strombidw^ and in the air-breathing
Helicidce, they are elevated on peduncles, to allow a
wider and freer range of vision.

Mollusca in general are dumb; the only instances to
the contrary are the Oephalopods, which squeak and grunt
when removed from the water, and the Tritonia and EoUs
'punctata^ which produce a sound like the clink of a steel
wire on the side of a jar. The noise produced by snails
crawling on window-panes is merely mechanical. The
Tritonia arborescens emits audible sounds under water,
which, no doubt, are meant to be heard by other indi-
viduals, but the instrument adapted to receive sonorous
undulations has not been detected ; these lower forms may
be said to hear with the whole surface of their body.
Where it has been observed, the organ of hearing in
Gasteropodous Mollusks is in the form of two round
vesicles containing fluid and certain oval, calcareous, or
crystalline oscillatory bodies situated on the head. In
the bivalves there is only one otolith of large dimensions,
which fills the cavity of the vesicles. The internal ear
is most developed in the Oephalopods, some of which have
even an indication of an external ear.

Bmell exists in the Mollusca to a certain degree, but
its organ has not yet been detected. Cuvier thought it
resided in the soft mucous skin ; the labial appendages,
the respiratory apertures, and the surface of the tentacles
may all receive impressions of odoriferous bodies. M.
Valenciennes regards the hollow plicated process beneath
the eye in the nautilus as an organ of smell. Taste may
be exercised by the sensitive buccal appendages and soft
membranes of the pharynx, but the tongue is a mere

VOL. I.

c

10

MOLLUSCA.

mechanical organ for the attrition of food ; gustatory mlli
have, however, been detected on the tongue of the Cepha-
lopods. In the bivalves the mouth is supplied with two
soft membranous palps, and in the Brachiopods with two
ciliated arms. The mouth of the Oephalopods is armed
with horny jaws, which act vertically like the mandibles of
a bird. In the Helicida there is only an upper jaw, and
in the Limnaeida: there are two accessory lateral jaws.

The tongue is a membrane covered with hooks or prickles,
which are arranged differently in the different families.
It usually forms a triple band, of which the central part
is called the racMs and the lateral tracts pleura. The
teeth on the middle part are termed central; those on
the pleurae are named uncini or laterals ; it is sometimes
broader than long, as in Tritonia and Doris^ or it is ellipti-
cal and spoon-shaped, as in the Helicida. In others it
is riband-shaped and much longer than the body, in which
case it is reversed along the gullet and coiled spirally in
the stomach. In the carnivorous families the tongue is
forked and fleshy, armed with sharp curved teeth and
placed at the end of the muscular proboscis, while in the
phytophagous tribes it is very long and spiny, for filing
their food to pieces. There is no tongue in the Tunicata.,
while in the bivalves it appears in the form of a gastric
dart, a cartilaginous stiliform body enclosed in a sheath
with a tricuspid free extremity and attached to the sides
of the stomach.

In the Boris and Aplysia there are no jaws, and the
cartilaginous surface of the tongue is covered with curved
spines. In the Patella the tongue is of great length, and
is covered with transverse rows of spiny teeth. In the
Oephalopods it is short and muscular, and covered with
rows of spines. M. Lov6n has demonstrated that im-

MOLLUSCA.

11

portant generic and specific characters may be derived
from a careful examination of this organ. In the BullidtE
the rachis of the tongue is unarmed, and the trituration of
the food is effected by means of calcareous plates in a
muscular gizzard.

The organs of touch in the Mollusca are in the form of
soft fleshy tentacles without joints. Usually in the Gas-
teropods there are two arising from the sides of the head,
sometimes free, as in the snails, sometimes united with the
eye-pedicles, as in the Murices, and sometimes partially
free, as in the Strombs. In the Tunicaries and Bivalves
there are numerous tentacles placed around the breathing
apertures and margins of the mantle. Additional pairs of
tentacles at the sides of the mouth, called buccal append-
ages, and also prolongations of the lips, termed labial
appendages, are often supplied, as in the Aplysiid(E and
Onchidiidae^ and occasionally the exposed surface of the
mantle exhibits fleshy tentacular extensions, which serve
to apprize the owners of danger. In the Pteropods and
Cephalopods long tentacular arms are extended round
the head for the more accurate perception of touch, and
in the Trochidae and Turhimdce the sides of the foot are
furnished with tentacular filaments for the same purpose.

The foot is a muscular organ usually developed in pro-
portion to the locomotive powers enjoyed by the animals ;
it is wanting in the oyster, which is fixed, but in the snail
it is long and broad. By means of a muscular foot the
Pholadidac and Solenida burrow in the mud, the Limnaus
swims at the surface of the water, and with their grooved
and linear foot the Nudibranchs clasp the stems of floating
fuci. In the Atalants it is compressed laterally into a
swimming fin-like organ ; and in the Dolium it is some-
times greatly expanded by the introduction of water.

12

MOLLUSCA.

Many Mollusca are furnished with numerous complicated
canals which communicate with the surrounding fluid and
serve (as in Dolium') to distend the foot by the admission
of water. In C^praa there is a long slit in the sole of
the foot near its middle. In Haliotis there are two or
three pores at each extremity, and in Doris ^ Aplysia, and
Bulla there is a series of orifices placed round its edges.
In many families the sole of the foot is imperforate, as
in Turho, Trochus^ Murex^ and Purpura^ when the water
enters by a peculiar orifice near the vent, from whence
it finds its way into the canals that ramify through the
foot. The use of this system of aqueducts, as Dr. John-
ston has termed it, is to distend the various organs and
render them more firm and capable of muscular exertions.

The dorsal surface of the foot secretes certain horny
or calcareous layers, which constitute the o'perculum^ a
flat body, which closes the mouth of the shell when the
animal is retracted. When the animal is too large to
enter the shell, the operculum is absent, as in Haliotis^
Gena^ and Stomatia^ or is rudimentary, as in Sigaretus,
When the animal is entirely retractile within the shell, the
operculum is larger. It is round in the vegetable-eating
tribes, as in Turhinidde^ and unguiform in the flesh-eating
tribes, as in Muriciddd. When the animal envelopes the
shell in lobes of the mantle, there is no operculum, as in
Cypraa^ Marginella^ Gypracassis, and Sycotypus. When
the foot is large the operculum is small, and mce mrsd.
In some tribes the operculum is stony, as in Turhmidfr^
while in others it is horny, as in Trochidce. In other
cases it is stony, in one genus of the same family, as in
Natica^ and horny in another, as in Lunatia^ or rudimen-
tary, as in Sigaretus. The operculum consists of a hard-
ened portion of the skin, the cells of which are filled

MOLLUSCA.

13

either with horny or calcareous matter. Sometimes an
opercnligerous lobe is developed around the operculum,
and secretes a coating of enamel on the upper surface,
as in Imperator^ Turho^ and PJiasianella,

The operculum may be annular and multispiral, as in
the Trochidw ; annular and paucispiral, as in Modulus,
Echinella, Stomatella, and Euchele ; or subannular and ovate,
as in Distortio, Bursa, and Murex ; or subannular and
unguiculate, as in Stromhus and Harpago. It may be
also spiral and ovate, as in Littorina and the Naticidce ;
or spiral and orbicular, as in Tympanotomus and Geri-
tliidea. The most singular variations of this organ are
in Hipponyx, Calyptrcea, and lantJiina. In the two
former genera it is a calcareous plate, and fixed to foreign
bodies, while in the latter it is vesicular, and serves as
a float.

The mantle is a muscular sac, which envelopes the body.
It is usually open in front, and secretes a shell, which
serves to protect it. Sometimes the shell is contained in
the substance of the mantle, as in the Oephalopods and
AplysUda ; and sometimes the edge of the mantle is
extended and covers the shell, as in Cypraida. The
front edge is often simple and thickened, as in TrocTiida ;
furnished with filaments, as in Btromhidce ; or with com-
plicated fringes, as in Muricida. In some tribes, as in
the phytophagous Gasteropods, the margin is entire ; but
in the zoophagous tribes, it is prolonged into a tube or
siphon.

The shells of Mollusca have been compared to the
skeletons of V ertebrate animals ; but they are obviously,
as shown by Dr. Carpenter, nothing but portions of calci-
fied skin. The mantle, which is a mucous membrane,
throws off an epithelium, which secretes a calcareous

14

MOLLUSCA.

matter in its cells, and becomes hardened into a layer
of shell. The epidermis^ like that of other animals, is
inorganic, and cast off occasionally by the animal. This
calcified epithelium or shell-structure is formed either of
prismatic cells, filled with calcareous matter, and arranged
perpendicularly in layers, or it is composed of thin
membranes, which deposit the shelly matter on their
surface. When the membranes are finely plaited, and
the folds lie one over another, the nacreous or pearly
appearance is produced. Sometimes the membranous
shell-structure is traversed by tubes, the direction and
distribution of which vary in different genera, but usu-
ally they form a network. Occasionally the prismatic
shell-structure is very large, and the cells are hollow,
as in the Rudistes among Bivalves ; this constitutes the
cancellated shell- structure.

The margin only of the mantle has the power of giving
origin to the outer layer of the shell, while its whole
surface may generate the inner. As the animal increases
in dimensions, each new interior layer of shell projects so
far beyond the preceding, that the new border composed
of the outer layer is simply joined on to the margin of the
former one. The colour is situated always in the outer
layers, and is furnished by glands in the edges of the
mantle ; and the secretion of the colouring-matter, being
uninterrupted, or interrupted at regular intervals, produces
all the stripes and spots which serve to ornament shells.

The shell is moulded on the mantle of the animal, so
that some of the most distinguishing generic characters
may be detected from its examination. The edges of the
mantle are often developed into fringes at certain periods,
and form the spines and ribs, and all the irregularities
seen on the surfaces of shells.

MOLLUSCA.

15

In the Gasteropods the shell is sometimes wanting, as
in the Nudibranchs ; in others it is very small and rudi-
mentary in the skin of the back, as in the Aplysiida: ;
and in some it only covers important organs, as in Carl-
naria and Testacellus. In the CJiitonidce it is composed of
several pieces, but in the generality of cases it consists of
a hollow cone closed at the apex, and more or less spirally
rolled. In Patella and Dentalium the cone is nearly
straight. In Vermetus and Scalaria it is spiral. In
Helix and Coretus the spiral whorls touch. In some
the spiral is elevated, in others depressed ; in some
smooth on the outside, in others spiny or tubercular.
In the carnivorous tribes the aperture of the cone is
emarginate and produced into a calcareous tube, which
lodges the siphon or muscular prolongation of the mantle
that conveys the water to the gills ; but in the herbi-
vorous orders it is usually round and continuous.

The Mollusca, like all other animals, are liable to
attacks of parasitic epizoa and entozoa. The Thetis
fi^nbria is infested with the Vertumnus thecidicola of Otto.
Certain mussels have as a parasite Aspidogaster conchicola
(Beer). The intestines of NeritintE are frequently full of
entozoa. In Neritina crepidularia are found a Lingri-
citula^ and also an Ascaris. A species of epizoon will
attack Limnsei and Helices when in a sickly state, and
ultimately destroy them; while a remarkable form, the
Distoma helicis^ was found by Dr. Leidy in the pericar-
dium of Helix alternata. A small crustacean, the Pinno-
iheros^ lives parasitic in the pearl mussel; and the Phos-
puga atrata^ a Silphideous beetle, preys upon the common
snail.

16

Class CEPHALOPODA.

Head large, separate from the body ; eyes large, com-
plex, lateral ; ears developed ; mouth armed with two
horny or shelly jaws edged with fleshy lips, surrounded by
eight or ten fleshy arms, and furnished with an entire or
slit tube or siphuncle used in locomotion. Body ovate,
roundish, or cylindrical, open in front, containing the
viscera and one or two pairs of internal symmetrical gills ;
naked ; surrounded by a thin shell with a single cavity ; or
partly or entirely contained in the last chamber of a cham-
bered shell furnished with a siphon passing from chamber
to chamber. Individual, unisexual. Animal free, walking
on its head, or swimming in the sea, propelled by the
water from the siphon tube.

The gills of the Cephalopods are placed within the
mantle, to which their stems are attached by a thin mem-
brane ; they are two in number, with the exception of the
Nautilus, where the gills are four in number, and only
united to the mantle by their bases. The Cephalopods are
all oviparous, their eggs receiving in their passage from the
ovary of the female a gelatinous covering, which swells in
the water and prevents their sinking to the bottom.

When the Cephalopods swim, they always move back-
wards, with the head directed downwards, and the body
held nearly in a perpendicular position ; they progress with

CEPHALOPODA.

17

great velocity, by sudden and irregular jerks. They are
carnivorous, ferocious, and greedy, and will even tear pieces
from fishes that have swallowed the baited hook, and many
will attack and devour small individuals of their own spe-
cies. “ Their warfare,” says Dr. Johnston, ‘‘ though cruel,
is open, and they are amply furnished with the necessary
weapons. The long flexible arms that encircle the head
are furnished with dozens of cup-like suckers, often pointed
with sharp curved teeth. It must be a fearful thing for
any living creature to come within their compass or within
their leap, for, captured by a sudden spring of several feet,
made with the rapidity of lightning, and entangled in the
slimy serpentine grasp of eight or ten arms, and held by
the pressure of some hundreds of exhausted cups, escape is
hopeless.”

When the Cephalopods are opened in the dark, they are
seen to be vividly phosphorescent. Their senses appear to
be very acute ; their tongue is large and fleshy, and par-
tially armed with recurved spines; their powerful jaws
act vertically, like the beaks of birds, and their eyes are
large and well developed. The Squids and Cuttles, as they
are familiarly termed, are nocturnal or crepuscular in their
habits, coming to the surface or near the shore in the
night, and concealing theinselves by day ; they inhabit all
parts of the world, and often attain a very considerable
size, and their prey is shell-fish, fishes, and Crustacea.

The Cephalopods change colour, like the chameleon, bj
means of thousands of contractile vesicles filled with colour-
ing matter, with which their skin is furnished : when the
animal is in repose the vesicles are contracted and invisible;
but when excited, they dilate and show themselves, appear-
ing and disappearing with the greatest velocity, forming
coloured spots and waves all over the body.

VOL. I.

D

18

OCTOPODA.

Order OCTOPODA.

Body naked. Head separate, with eight fleshy arms,
furnished with sessile cups, without any horny ring ; eyes
flxed in the skin. Gills two ; siphuncle entire. Foot
none.

No internal medial dorsal shell.

In this order of Octopods there are only eight arms,
the two elongated tentacular arms being wanting ; their
bodies are rounder than the Decapods, and they are not
so amply provided with flns. The only genus furnished
with a shell is the Argonaut, the shell, however, has only
been found on females, and may possibly serve merely as
a receptacle for the ova ; when there is an internal shell
it is quite rudimentary.

Fain. OCTOPODIDA^.

Arms subulate. Mantle supported by fleshy bands.
No cephalic aquiferous apertures.

In this family, consisting of flve genera, the arms are
similar, elongated, and united at the base by a web ; the
shell, according to Professor Owen, is represented by two
short styles encysted in the substance of the mantle. In
their habits they are chiefly littoral, feeding along the
coasts of the temperate and tropical zones : they escape
detection by varying their tints according to the nature
of the ground over which they pass, and elude the vigi-
lance of their enemies by discolouring the water with an
inky cloud, which they pour out of their ink-bag when
pursued.

OCTOPUS.

19

Genus OCTOPUS, Cuvier.

Arms with two rows of cups. Body round, without
fins. No aquiferous cells between the bases of the arms.

Ex. O. tuberculatus, Blainmlle., pi. 1, fig. 1.

The Octopus is an excellent swimmer, propelling itself
rapidly backwards by repeatedly striking forward the
whole of its webbed arms at the same instant ; it can
walk, likewise, at the rate of seven feet in a minute, and
when wishing to accelerate its speed, it inflates the body
like a distended bladder, lets go its hold, and rolls over
and over with great velocity. The Octopi are held in
detestation by the Mediterranean fishermen, on account
of the havoc they commit among the most esteemed
species of lobsters and crabs, which appear to constitute
their favourite food : we have taken bruised bivalves and
turbos from the stomachs of tropical species.

Species of Octopus.

aculeatus, D'Orh.

JGgina, G^'ay.
aranea, D'Orh,
arcticus, Prosch.
areolatus, Be Haan.
Berenice, Gray.

Boscii, Lesueur,
brevipes, D'Orh.
brevitentaculatus, Blainv.
caerulescens, Peron.
Carena, Verany.
Cassiopea, Gray.

Cephea, Gray.
cocco, Verany,

Cuvieri, B'Orh.

Cyanea, Gray.
didynamus, Rafin.

Eudora, Gray.

Fang Siao, D'Orh. and Fhus.
Favonia, Gray.

Fontanianus, D'Orh.
frayedus, Rafin.

Geryonea, Gray.
granosus, Blainv.

Hard wick ei, Gray.
heteropodus, Rafin.
horridus, D'Orh.

Kollikeri, Verany.
longipes, Leach.
lunulatus, Quoy and Gaim.

20

OCTOPODID^.

Species of Octopus —continued.

Medoria, Gray.

membraiiaceus, Quoy and Gaim.
ocellatus, IfOrh. and Fetus.
Peronii, Lesueur.
pilosus, Risso.
polyzenia, Gray.
rugosus, Bose.

Sapbenia, Gray.

Sinensis, UOrh. and Fetus.

superciliosus, Quoy and Gaim.
Tchuelchus, D’Orh.
tetracirrhus, Belle Ghiaje.
tetradynamus, Rafin.
tubercnlatus, Blainv.
venustus, Rang.
vermetus, Rang.
vulgaris, Lam.

The Octopus colossus of Montfort, or Sepia gigas of Oken is
the Kraken, most probably an apocryphal species.

Grenus CISTOPUS, Gray.

Arms with two rows of cups. Body round, without fins.
Distinct aquiferous cells between the bases of the arms.

Ex. 0. Indicus, Buppell^ pi. 1, fig. 2.

The genus Cistopus, of which only a single species is
known, has a small aquiferous system, consisting of a bag
with a small pore at the outer edge, situated between the
bases of the arms, and which serves to extend them ; the
suckers of the arms are sessile and placed in two rows :
they live on rocky coasts.

Genus PINNOCTOPUS, D’Orbigny.

Arms with two rows of cups. Body with fins.

Ex. P. cordiformis, Quoy and Gaimard., pi* fig* S.

This genus is characterized by the broad wing-like
expansions which are placed along the sides, extend in
front, and enfold all the body ; the P. cordiformis.^ the
only species at present known, exceeds three feet in length,
and was captured by the naturalists of the Astrolabe, on
the coast of New Zealand.

PHILONEXIDiE.

21

Genus ELEDONE, Leach.

Arms with one row of cups ; without beards, and uni-
ted by a short web. Body round.

Ex. E. moschata, Leach., pi. 1, fig. 4.

In this genus there is only one series of suckers on the
arms ; the E. moschata exhales a musky odour, which is so
strong, that it will scent a whole room whether the animal
be dead or alive. They live in rocky places, and feed on
crustaceous and molluscous animals.

Species of Eledone.

moschata, Leach. octopodia, Penn.

Genus CIRRHOTEUTHIS, Eschricht.

Arms with one row of cups, bearded and united by a
broad web. Body finned.

Ex, C. Miilleri, Eschricht ph 1, fig. 5, 5 a.

The circumstance of the cups of the arms alternating
with cirri, and the existence of the broad web, distinguish
this genus; it is remarkable for the extreme length and
slenderness of the arms, which are endowed with great
sensibility, and must prove very effectual in the capture
and retention of their prey. The only species, mentioned
above, inhabits the coast of Greenland.

Earn. PHILONEXID^.

Arms subulate. Mantle supported by two buttons at
the base of the siphuncle, fitting into grooves in the
mantle.

22

PHILONEXID^.

In this family the cups are fleshy and pedunculated,
very extensible, and arranged in two rows ; the eyes are
large and prominent. There is no shell either external
or internal ; the animals are pelagian, living on the high
seas, and are crepuscular or nocturnal, eating floating
mollusca. They are gregarious, and are found in the
Atlantic and Mediterranean ; two genera are at present
known.

Genus PHILONEXIS, D’Orbigny.

Arms free, tapering, unequal. Nocturnal.

Ex. P. Eglais, D''Orbigny., pi. 1. fig. 6.

The Philonexes during the night, cover the surface of
the water in innumerable phalanxes ; they inhabit the
high seas, and are sociable and gregarious ; like the
Ommastrephes and Loligines, they are true voyagers,
instead of being sedentary like the Octopi properly so
called. They avoid the light, change colour, and are very
voracious, preying on Glauci^ lanthina., and Physalia; ;
there are six species known.

Species of Philonexis.

Alcaeus, Gray.
Atlanticus, UOrh.
Eglais, UOrh.

hyalynus. Rang.
microstomus, Regnaud.
tuberculatus, Risso.

Genus TREMOCTOPUS, Delle Chiaje.

Arms moderate ; the two upper pair longest, and
webbed nearly to the tip.

Ex. T. Quoyanus, U'Orhigny^ pi. 1. fig, 7.

ARGONAUTID^.

23

This genus derives its name from two large aquiferous
pores on the back of the head ; the arms are webbed.
Like Philonexis, Tremoctopus feeds on the mollusca of the
liigh seas, coming to the surface at the dusk of evening,
and pursuing its prey until the following morning ; there
are two species known, from the Mediterranean, and the
middle of the Atlantic.

Species of Tremoctopus.

Quoyanus, D'Orh. violaceus, Fhus.

Fam. ARGONAUTID^.

Arms subulate. The twm upper or dorsal webbed at
the extremity, secreting (in the female) a symmetrical
involuted shell ; mantle supported by two buttons, fitting
into grooves at the base of the siphuncle.

The male of the Argonaut is described by M. H.
Muller as being much smaller than the female ; shell-less,
and with the superior arms not expanded as in the female,
but pointed. The most curious circumstance, however,
is the fact of a part developed within a coloured sac,
which occupies the place of the third arm, of the left
side ; this organ, which is an arm of the animal meta-
morphosed irregularly, is detached when the seminal
fluid formed in the true testes of the Argonaut has been
deposited in it, and from this moment it enjoys an
apparently independent life, and is the Hectocotylus of
Cuvier. “ The Hectocotylus of the Argonaut, is then
the arm of a male Argonaut, metamorphosed for the
purpose of carrying the semen, and therewith impreg-
nating the female; an arm endowed with so high a

24

ARGONAUTlDJi:.

degree of independence, that it truly deserves Cuvier’s
phrase, ‘ un ver vraiment extraordinaire.’ (Muller.)

In the young state, according to Madame Power, the
female Argonaut resembles a little worm, with two rows
of suckers along its length, with a filiform appendage at
one extremity, and is without a shell.

Genus ARGONAUTA, Linnaeus.

Vide character of family.

Ocythde, Rafinesque.

Nautilus, Aristotle and

Ex, A. Oweniij Adams and Beeve^ pi. 2. fig. 1, 1, a.
Shell, A. Argo, fig. 1, 5.

The shell secreted by the female Argonaut is thin
and semipellucid ; it is embraced by the webs of the
dorsal arms which cover the outer surface and keep it
in its place. The animals found in these shells are
always females, and the apex of the shell is filled with
eggs, upon which they sit as if incubating : it therefore
seems probable, that it serves as a nest to contain the
ova. The shell is one-celled, brittle, horny, slightly
flexible when wet, with a large hemispherical nucleus ;
there are several species known.

The Argonaut swims with great velocity in a reversed
position with the siphuncle directed towards the fore-part
and keel of the shell, and the velated arms firmly embracing
the sides of the shell ; it also crawls along the bottom by
the contortions of its simple arms, holding the shell back
upwards with the membranous arms which are bent back-
wards ; there is no muscular or organic connection between
the animal and shell, which, when vacated by the Argonaut,
floats at the mercy of the waves ; while in confinement,

DECAPODA.

25

at least, the female, deprived of her precious burden, beats
herself against the sides of the vessel in which she is placed
and shortly dies.

Species of Argonauta,

Argo, Linn. (Ocythoe tubercu- hyans, Soland, (Ocythoe Cran-

lata, Rafin.). chii, Leachf.

gondola, Dillw. oryzata, Meusch, (Octopus rari-

Grruneri, DunTcer. cyathus, Blainv.).

Owenii, Adams and Reeve.

Order DECAPODA.

Body naked. Head separate, with ten fleshy arms, the
two longer arms furnished with peduncled cups with a
horny circle; eyes free in the orbit. Siphuncle entire; gills
two. Foot none. An internal medial shell.

In this order, the two longer arms, sometimes called
tentacles, have expanded ends; the eyes are moveable
in their sockets, and the body is always provided with
a pair of fins. The funnel or siphuncle, is usually pro-
vided with an internal valve. The decapods are con-
veniently divided into those with an internal horny pen
{Chondrophoraf ; those with a calcareous bone (Sepia-
pliora) ; and those with an internal chambered calcareous
shell {Belemnophora) .

The long tentacular arms of the Decapodous Oephalopods
originate within the circle of the other arms, and are more
or less retractile into pouches under the eyes, except in
CheiroteutJiis., where they are non-retractile. These arms
serve to secure their prey when beyond the reach of the ordi-
nary arms, and to moor the animals to floating bodies. In
many fossil genera, the chambered shell is combined with
the gladius or pen, and in some, the internal shell resembles

VOL. I.

E

26

CHONDROPHORA.

the apex of the sepio% or cuttle-bone. The decapods
chiefly frequent the open sea, appearing periodically like
fishes in great shoals on the coasts and banks.

Suborder CHONDROPHORA.

Shell internal, solid, horny or cartilaginous, either lan-
ceolate, pennate with a central longitudinal dorsal ridge
above, and a groove beneath ; or flat, narrow, with a central
longitudinal solid rib, and a similar rib on each edge. The
apex solid, sometimes thickened, produced, and carti-
laginous. In the families CrancliiadtE^ and Loligopsida^ the
mantle is supported by two internal fleshy bands ; and in
Cheiroteuthidcc^ OnychoteuthidtE^ and Loligidae^ it is furnished
with three internal cartilages, one dorsal and two ventral.

Fam. ORANCHIAD.®.

Eyes covered with the skin. Mantle supported by two
internal fleshy bands. Siphuncle with a valve.

Shell solid, horny.

In this family the body is large and membranous, the
head is very small ; the eyes, which are large and promi-
nent, are covered with a continuous skin, with a small
transparent spot ; the club of the tentacular arms is finned
behind, and has four series of cups ; the buccal membranes
are large and lobed ; the fins of the body are terminal and
small.

Genus CRANCHIA, Leach.

Shell horny, as long as the body, narrow, bilanceolate,
and pointed at each end.

LOLIGOPSID-®.

27

Ex. C. scabra, Leach^ pi. 1, %. 8. Shell, 0. scabra,
%. 8, a.

Ill Crancliia^ the three upper pairs of sessile arms are
shortly webbed together ; there are two species, both from
the Atlantic Ocean. The genus is named in honor of Mr.
J. Cranch, naturalist to the Congo Expedition. Both this
genus and LoUgopsis are somewhat allied to the Octopidw ;
one of the most striking peculiarities is the tentacular club
being finned behind.

Species of Cranchia.

maculata, Leach. scabra, Leach.

Subgen. owenia, Prosch.

Sac joined to the neck by a pseudo-articulation.

megalops, Prosch.

Earn. LOLIGOPSID^.

Eyes naked. Mantle supported by two internal fleshy
bands. Siphuncle simple.

Shell solid, horny.

The members of this family have the eyes peduncled and
not covered by a skin ; the fins are caudal, terminal, and
semicircular; the body is membranaceous, semipellucid,
elongate, and tapering behind. They inhabit the high seas
and are powerful swimmers.

Genus LOLIGOPSIS, Lamarck.

Arms short, cups in two rows ; tentacular arms slender ;
funnel without a valve. Pen slender, with a minute conical
appendix.

28

CHIROTEUTHIDiE.

Ex. L. cyclura, Lesueur^ pi. 1, fig. 9. Shell, L. cycliira,
fig. 9, a.

In this genus, the eyes are very large and beautiful ;
the head though small, is broad ; the buccal membrane is
seven lobed without cups, and the siphuncle is very large and
notched on the sides. In some species the body is smooth,
forming Loligo^sis proper, in others, the sides have rows of
acute tubercles, forming the subgenus Leachia of Lemeur.,
or Perotis of EscTisclioltz. There are eight species, from the
North Sea, Atlantic, Mediterranean, India, Japan, and the
South Sea.

Species of Loligopsis.

Adams and Reeve. vermicolaris, Ruppell.

pavo, Lesueur, Zygoena, Verany.

Subgen. Leachia, Lesueur (Perotis, Esch.)

Sides with rows of acute tubercles. Shell solid at the tip.

cyclura, Lesueur.

Doubtful Species.

chrysophthalmos, D' Orb. Peronii, Lam.

dubia, RathTce.

Fam. CHIROTEUTHID^.

Eyes naked, simple above. Mantle furnished with
three internal cartilages, one dorsal, and two ventral.
Siphuncle simple, without a valve.

Shell solid, horny.

The fins in this family are on the hinder part of the
back ; the body is elongate and tapering, the ears are with-
out any crest, the buccal membrane is short, and the
tentacular arms are outside the web, and not retractile.

HISTIOTEUTHIS.

29

In the first genus, ChiroteutMs^ the shell is narrow, and
rather dilated or winged at each end, and there are
scattered cups at the bases of the long tentacular arms ;
in the second genus, HistioteutJiis^ the shell is lanceolate,
and pennate.

Genus CHIROTEUTHIS, D’Orbigny.

Arms free, cartilages of the mantle dilated below ;
rings of cups contracted in the middle.

Shell, slender, dilated at each end.

Ex, C. Veranyi, Ferussac^ pi. 2, fig. S. Shell, C.
Veranyi, fig. 2, a.

In this genus, the tentacular arms are slender and ex-
tremely elongated, with distant sessile cups on the pedun-
cles, and four rows of pedunculated claws on their expanded
end. The C, Veranyi does not exceed four inches in
length, the tentacular arms are two feet and a half, and as
slender as a thread, organs admirably adapted to encircle
any prey that may be seen floating at a distance and
unconscious of the impending danger.

Species of Chiroteuthis.

Bonplandi, UOrh. Veranyi, Ferus.

Genus HISTIOTEUTHIS, D’Orbigny.

Three upper pairs of sessile arms webbed nearly to the
end ; cartilages of the mantle linear, elongate ; rings of
cups convex externally.

Shell broad, pennate.

Ex. H. Bonelliana, Ferussac^ pi. 2, fig. S. Shell,
H. Bonelliana, fig. -S, a.

30

ONYCHOTEUTHIDJE.

In this genus the body is short, the tentacular arms
long, outside the web, with six rows of dentated cups on
their ends ; the pen is short and broad. The H. Bonel-
liana rivals in colour the brilliancy of the butterflies of
tropical suns ; the large membrane which unites its arms
is of a rich purple, and the suckers are sapphire, the under
surface being studded with blue and yellow spots on a
reddish ground, sprinkled with purple spots.

Species of Histioteuthis,

Bonelliana, Ferus. Riippellii, Verany.

Fam. ONYCHOTEUTHID^.

Eyes naked, with a sinus above. Mantle furnished with
three internal cartilages, one dorsal, and two ventral.
Siphuncle with a valve.

Shell solid, horny.

The fins are posterior, dorsal, and angular ; the head is
moderate and cylindrical; the eyes naked, with a deep
lachrymal sinus at the upper edge ; the ears have a well-
marked longitudinal crest ; the tentacular arms have a
rounded group of small sessile cups at the extremity of the
club ; the shell is internal, horny, lanceolate, and without
any air-chambers. These animals are usually termed
Squids, and Oalamaries ; they are gregarious and frequent
the open seas of all climates.

Genus ENOPLOTEUTHIS, D’Orbigny.

Fins subterminal, dorsal, rhombic. Tentacular and ses-
sile arms with claw-like hooks. Sessile arms with hooks
only.

ABRALIA.

31

Shell pennate, lanceolate.

Eog, E. Smithii, LeacJi^ pi. 2, fig. 4, Shell, E. Smithii,
fig. 4, a.

In this genus the tentacular arms are slender, feeble,
scarcely clubbed, and armed with hooks only. The shell is
pennate, lanceolate, without any appendix at the tip, and
the central ridge is narrow, keeled, and produced in front ;
there are five recent species known, and one fossil, the
former from the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean.
The natives of the Polynesian Islands have a well-founded
dread of these animals on account of the great size they
sometimes attain.

Species of EnoploteutJiis.

ungiiiculata, Molina.
Verany, Ruppell.

margaritifera, Ruppell.
Owenii, Verany.
Smithii, Leach.

Genus ANCISTROCHEIRUS, Gray.

Fins occupying the whole side of the back, rhombic.
Tentacular and sessile arms with claw-like hooks. Sessile
arms with hooks only.

Shell dilated at each end.

Ex. A. Lesueurii, Ferussac., pi. 3, fig. 1. Shell A.
Lesueurii, fig. 1, a.

There are no cups on the arms of Ancistrocheirus.) and
the hooks are in two alternate series. The shell is narrow,
lanceolate, slightly convex, with a very broad central
groove, and with the ends produced ; there is but one
species, A. Lesueurii^ Ferussac, from the Indian Ocean.

Genus ABRALIA, Gray.

Fins subterminal. Tentacular and sessile arms with

32

ONYCHOTEUTHID^.

claw-like hooks. Sessile arms with hooks at the base, and
cups at the tip.

Shell lanceolate, concave on the edges.

Ex, A. armata, Q,uoy and Gaimard^ pi. 3, fig. 2.
Shell, A. armata, fig. 2, a.

In Ahralia^ the sessile arms, besides a series of hooks at
the base, have a double row of hemispherical cups at the
tip ; and the tentacular arms have a few long hooks on the
club, alternating with a series of cups. The shell is lanceo-
late, and sinuous at the edge near the tip. There is one
species from the Indian Ocean.

Species of Ahralia.

armata, Quoy and Gaim, Morisii, UOrh.

Genus OCTOPODOTEUTHIS, Ruppell.

Fins on the hind part of the back, roundish. Tentacular
and sessile arms with claw-like hooks.

Shell narrow.

Ex. O. Sicula, Bilppell and Krohn^ pi. 3, fig. 8. Shell,
0. Sicula, fig. 3, a.

This genus, of which but a single species is known, in-
habits the shores of Sicily. The sessile arms are cylindrical
and curled at the end, with a double series of small nearly
sessile subcylindrical cups armed with short curved hooks ;
the tentacular arms are very short, with a small club ; the
shell is cartilaginous, very slender, and as long as the back.
It is the same as the Yerania of Krohn.

Genus ONYCHOTEUTHIS, Lichtenstein.

Club of tentacular arms with claw-like hooks and cups.
Sessile arms with cups and rings.

ANCISTROTEUTHIS.

33

Shell lanceolate, pennate, sides thin.

Ex. O. Banksii, Leach., pi. 8, fig. 4. Shell, 0. Banksii,
%. 4, a.

A remarkable mechanical contrivance exists in the Ony^
choteuthis, one of the most formidable of Cephalopods. At
the extremities of the long tentacular arms, besides the hook-
armed cups, there is a cluster of simple unarmed suckers
at the base of the expanded part. “ When these latter
suckers,” says Owen, “ are applied to one another, the ten-
tacles are firmly locked together at that part, and the uni-
ted strength of both the elongated peduncles can be applied
to drag towards the mouth any resisting object that has
been grappled by the terminal hooks.”

Species of Onychoteuthis.

Banksii, Leach, Bartlingii, Lesueur.

Kamtschatica, Midd.

Grenus ANCISTROTEUTHIS, Gray.

Tentacular arms with hooks. Sessile arms with cups
and rings. Club of tentacular arms with hooks only.

Shell narrow, rather dilated in front, with one central
and two marginal ribs.

Ex. A. Lichtensteinii, Ferussac., pi. 8, fig. 5. Shell,
A. Lichtensteinii, fig. 5, a.

Three species of this genus are known ; one, with the
body shagreened, from the Indian Ocean. The shell is
horny, linear, very narrow, gradually widening towards the
fore part, the sides are thickened on the edge, and the apex
is long, conical, horny, and obliquely produced.

34

ONYCHOTEUTHID^.

Species of Ancistroteuthis,

Dussumieri, D'Orh. Krohnii, Verany,

Lichtensteinii, Ferus,

Genus ONYCHIA, Lesueur.

Tentacular arms with hooks. Sessile arms with cups
and rings. Club of tentacular arms with hooks on the
centre, and with two rows of small cups on each side.

Shell lanceolate, pennate.

Ex, 0. platyptera, D’^Orhign^^ pi. 3, fig. 6. Shell,
O. platyptera, fig. 6, a.

In Onychia the body is red and spotted ; the tentacular
arms are scarcely enlarged at the ends. Like most other
genera of this family, and other pelagic forms, it is crepus-
cular, darting along the surface of the ocean towards night-
fall, and preying upon small fishes, floating Crustacea, and
acalephse that swim near the surface.

Species of Onychia.

cardioptera, Per on. platyptera, D'Orh.

Genus OMMASTKEPHES, D’Orbigny.

Tentacular and sessile arms with cups and horny rings.
Fins rhombic, posterior, caudal. Internal cartilage of
mantle dilated below.

Shell narrow, dilated in front, with one central and two
marginal ribs.

Ex. O. Bartramii, Lesueur., pi. 4, fig. 1. Shell, 0. Bar-
tramii, fig. 1, a.

The sessile arms have two rows of suckers, and some-

LOLIGINID^.

35

times an internal membranous fringe, and the shell has a
hollow conical appendix. These, which are called sagit-
tated Oalamaries, live in the high seas in large troops ;
they are nocturnal in their habits, and form the food of
cetacea and pelagic birds. The sailors call them “ sea-
arrows” or “flying-squids,” from their habit of leaping
out of the water, often to such a height as to fall on the
decks of vessels.

Species of Ommastrephes.

sequipoda, Ruppell.
Bartramii, Lesueur.
Eblanae, Ball.
giganteus, D'Orh.

Oualaniensis, Lesson.
sagittatus, Lam.
Sloanii, Grayo
todarus, Rafin.

Sub-gen. hyalotexjthis. Gray.

Body transparent, tubercular beneath ; one or two cups on
the second pair of sessile arms larger than the others.

pelagicus, Bose.

Doubtful Species.

Arabicus, Ehrenh. laticeps, D'Ovb.

Bianconii, Verany. Meneghinii, Verany.

Fam. LOLIGINID^.

Eyes covered with skin, simple. Mantle with three in-
ternal cartilages, one dorsal and two ventral.

Shell solid, horny.

In this family the fins are on the sides of the hinder
part of the back ; the eyes are without eyelids and covered
with the skin ; the buccal membrane is often furnished
with cups ; the ears have a transverse ridge ; the sessile

36

LOLIGINID^.

arms have two rows of cups, the rings provided with a
narrow prominent ridge on the centre of the external sur-
face ; the tentacular arms are only partly contractile into
the sub-ocular cavity, and the siphuncle is attached to the
head by a double superior medial band.

Genus GONATUS, Gray.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Fins posterior, dorsal, rhombic. Cups of sessile arms in
four rows. Tentacular arms with many rows of small cups,
and a single hooked cup at the base.

Shell as long as the back, pennate, edges thin.

Ex. G. amoena, Mbller., pi. 4, fig. 2.

In Gonatus the eyes are large, covered by the skin, with
a small transparent spot ; the cups on the sessile arms are
small, conical, contracted at the top, nearly uniform in size,
and in four series ; the club of the tentacular arms is
compressed, and finned at the tip. The shell is horny,
thin, lanceolate, pennate, narrowed and extended in front :
there is one species, G. amaena.^ from Greenland.

Genus LOLIGO, Lamarck.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Cups of sessile arms in two rows ; lateral membranes with
cups on the angles. Fins posterior, dorsal, rhombic.

Shell as long as the back, pennate, edges thin.

Ex. L. magna, Bondeletius., pi. 4, fig. 3. Shell, L.
magna, fig. 3, a.

The rings of the suckers are horny and dentated, and
the tentacular club has four rows of cups. The Loligo
pursues its prey on the bosom of the ocean, and swims

LOLIGO.

37

with great rapidity ; fish and pelagic crustaceans, lanthinee,
and other oceanic mollusca, constitute its food ; many in-
dividuals frequently unite and hunt in companies, their
favourite time for scouring the surface being the evening
after sunset.

The LoUgo magna^ the common species, is the favourite
food of the cod, and with it one half of all the cod taken
at Newfoundland is caught. When the vast shoals of this
mollusk approach the coast, hundreds of vessels are ready
to capture them, forming an extensive cuttle-fish fishery,
engaging five hundred sail of French and English ships.
During violent gales of wind hundreds of tons of them are
often thrown up together in beds on the flat beaches, the
decay of which spreads an intolerable effiuvium around
(Johnston). The L. magna is also used for bait by fisher-
men on our own coast, under the name of “ squid.” Its
egg-cluster has been estimated to contain forty thousand
eggs. The LoUgines are found in all seas, and the species
are numerous.

Species of Loligo.

Alessandrinii, Verany.
australis, Gray.

Brasiliensis, Blainv.
brevis, Blainv.

Chinensis, Gray.

Duvaucelii, B'Orh. and Ferns.
Emmakina, Gray.

Gahi, nOrh.

Hardwickei, Gray.
magna, Eondelet.
neglecta. Gray.

Pealii, Blainv.

Plei, Blainv.

Keynaudii, D'Orh. and Fh'us.
tricarinata. Gray.

Doubtful species.
carunculata, Schneider.
lanceolata, Rafin.
minima, D'Orb.

Osogadium, Rafin.

38

LOLIGINID^.

Genus TEUTHIS, Aristotle.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Cups of sessile arms in two rows ; lateral membranes with-
out cups. Fins posterior, dorsal, rhombic.

Shell as long as the back, pennate, edges thin.

Ex. T. parva, Bondeletim^ pi. 4, fig. 4. Shell, T. parva,
4, a.

In TeutJhis the body is elongate and acute behind ; the
fins are rather behind the middle of the sides of the back,
forming together a heart-shaped expansion ; the labial
membrane is simple, not produced into angular lobes, and
destitute of any cups ; the shell is lanceolate and narrow.
There are two species, one from the European, the other
from the Indian Seas.

Species of Teuthis.

parva, Rondelet. Sumatrensis, UOrh. and Ferns.

Genus SEPIOTEUTHIS, Ferussac.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Fins occupying the sides of the body.

Shell as long as the back, pennate, broad, edges some-
times thickened.

Ex. S. Blainvilliana, and Ferussac^ pi. 4,

fig. 5. Shell, S. Blainvilliana, fig. 5, a.

In most respects Sepioteuthis resembles Loligo., but the
fins are lateral, and as long as the body ; the external ear
is furnished with a transverse crest, enlarged and curved up
in front ; the sessile arms are conical, subulate, unequal,
and externally finned, with the cups in two series. There
are about twelve species, chiefly from the Indian Seas.

ROSSIA.

39

Species of Sepioteuthis.

australis, Quoy and Gaim.
bilineata, Quoy and Gaim.
Blainvilliana, UOrh. and
Ferus.

Hempricbii, Ehrenh.
Lessoniana, Ferus.

lunulata, Quoy and Gaim.
Madagascariensis, Gray.
major, Gray.

Mauritiana, Quoy and Gaim.
sepio'idea, Blainv.

Sloanii, Leach.

Sub-gen. chondrosepia, Leuckart.

Fins most dilated behind the middle of the body.

loliginiformis, Leuch,

Grenus ROSSIA, Owen.

Head separate from the body. Mantle free all round.
Fins short, on the middle of the sides of the back.

Shell shorter than the back.

Ex. R. macrosoma, DelU Ghiaje^ pi. 4, fig. 6. Shell,
R. macrosoma, fig. 6, a.

Rossia^ established by Owen, and named in honour of Sir
John Ross, differs from Sepiola in the head being separate
from the body, and the mantle free all round ; the suckers,
moreover, on the tentacular arms are in two rows. One
species inhabits the Mediterranean, two have been taken
on our coasts, one is from the North Sea, and another from
the Indian Ocean.

Species of Rossia.

macrosoma, Delle Chiaje.
palpebrosa, Owen.

subulata, Eyd.

40

LOLIGINID^.

Sub-gen. heteroteuthis, Glray.

Cups of three pairs of lateral arms very large, peduncled, dis-
tant ; cups of other arms small, crowded, equal. Tentacular
arms tapering.

dispar, Ruppell, Jacobi, Ball.

Owenii, Ball.

Genus SEPIOLA, Rondeletius.

Head attached to the back of the mantle by a broad
cervical band. Fins short, in the middle of the sides of the
back. Cups of sessile arms nearly sessile.

Shell narrow, with one central and two marginal ribs.

Ex. S. Atlantica, UOrbigny and Ferussac., pi. 4, fig. 7.
Shell, S. Atlantica, fig. 7, a.

The body of this genus is round and purse-like, and the
short dorsal fins are rounded and contracted at the base.
These small Cuttles are found in various seas ; the shores of
Britain acknowledge one, one is from Japan, another from
the Mauritius, one from New Holland, and another from
the Atlantic Ocean.

Species of Sepiola.

Atlantica, EOrh. and Ferns. Rondeletii, Gesner.

Japonica, jyOrh. and Fhus. stenodactyla, Grant.

Oweniana, UOrh. and Ferns.

Sub-gen. sepiolidea, D’Orbigny.

Body and head tubercular beneath ; internal cartilage of man-
tle broad, contracted in the middle.

lineata, Quoy and Gaim.

SEPIOPHORA.

41

Genus FIDENAS, Gray.

Head attached to the back of the mantle by a broad
cervical band. Fins short, in the middle of the sides of
the back. Cups of sessile arms very longly peduncled.

Shell narrow, with a central and two marginal ribs.

Ex. F. Penares, Gmy, pi. 5, fig. 1.

This genus has been established by Mr. Gray on a
specimen in spirits in the British Museum. The long
peduncles of the cup-like suckers, which peduncles are
suddenly contracted and very thin near the cups, serve
principally to distinguish it from Se^iola ; it is from
Singapore.

Sub-order SEPIOPHORA.

Head united to the mantle by a broad cervical band.
Mantle attached behind, free in front, and with two in-
ternal cartilaginous longitudinal ridges fitting into carti-
laginous grooves at the base of the sides of the siphuncle.
Fins as long as the sides of the back.

Shell cellular, calcareous ; back hard ; cavity filled with
laminae separated by numerous cells.

This sub-order comprises the Cuttles properly so called ;
they live near the shore, and the mucro of their shell
seems to protect them in the frequent collisions they are
exposed to in swimming backwards.

Fam. SEPIID^.

Eyes covered with skin. Head united to the mantle
by a broad cervical band. Mantle with two cartilaginous
ridges on the ventral side.

VOL. I.

G

42

SEPIID^.

Shell cellular, calcareous.

In the Cuttle-fishes, the animal has elongated tentacular
arms, expanded at their ends; the body is oval, or rounded,
and depressed ; the lower eyelid is distinct ; the buccal
membrane is without cups ; the sessile arms have four
rows of cups; the horny rings of the cups are convex,
without any external ridges ; the tentacular arms are en-
tirely retractile into the cell at their base ; the siphuncle
is furnished with an internal valve ; and the shell is filled
with irregular cells, without any siphon.

Genus SEPIA, Plinius.

Body oblong, with lateral fins as long as itself.

Shell as wide and long as the body, very thick in front, con-
cave internally behind, terminating in a prominent mucro.

Ex. S. officinalis, Linnaeus., pi. 5, fig. 2. Shell, S. offi-
cinalis, fig. 2, a.

The Cuttles sometimes attain to an enormous size; the
cuttle-bone was formerly used by apothecaries as an ant-
acid. Dr. Mason Good asserts that the Sepice aid and
regulate their motions by the power they have of intro-
ducing, at option, air into the numerous cells of the back-
bone, and thus, at will, varying their proportionable weight
to the water in which they live : they comprise numerous
species, and inhabit all seas.

Species of Sepia.

aculeata, Van Hasselt.
Apama, Gray.

Berth eloti, D'Orh. and Fetus.
elongata, D'Orh . and Fhus,
gibbosa, Ehrenb.

Hierredda, Rang.

latimana, Quoy and Gaim.

Lefebrei, UOrh,
Lycidas, Gray.
officinalis, Linn.

BELEMNOPHORA.

43

plangon, Gray. Sinope, Gray.

Rouxii, D'Orh. tuberculata, Lam.

rupellaria, D'Orh. andFhm. vermiculata, Quoy and Gaim.
Savignii, Blainv. Vicellius, Gray.

Sub-gen. sepiella, Gray.

Shell oblong, posterior end expanded, produced, cartilaginous,
not beaked, convex beneath.

Capensis, D'Orh.
elegans, D'Orh.

Indica, UOrh. and Ferus.
Mestus, Gray.
microcheira. Gray.

Myrsus, Gray.
Orbignyana, Fhm.
ornata. Rang.
rostrata, UOrh.
Sinensis, UOrh.

Doubtful Species.

Antillarum, UOrh, mucronata, Rafin.

Sub-order BELEMNOPHORA.

Shell calcareous, internal, chambered ; chamber tra-
versed by a siphon.

The greater number of genera in this sub-order are fossil,
as the Beloptera and SpiruUrostra, which have the apex of
the shell enveloped in a thickened lamellar coat produced
behind ; the Gonoteuthis.^ which has a strong longitudinal
keel on the middle of the back ; the BelemnoteutMs^ where
the shell is thin and conical, and covered with an external
coat ; Actinocamax^ where the coat is produced, forming a
cylindrical style with its cavity fissured ; and Belemnites^ in
which the conical cavity of the style is entire and without
any fissure.

44

SPIRULID^.

Fam. SPIRULID^.

Eyes covered with the skin, with a lower eyelid. Buccal
membrane without cups. Sessile arms triangular, tapering.
Cups numerous, equidistant, very small, slightly pedicelled,
in six longitudinal series. Tentacular arms elongate,
peduncled, cylindrical ; club — ?. Siphuncle conical, with
an apical valve.

Body suhcylindrical, oblong, end rounded, sometimes
furnished with a thickened belt, and with a small fleshy
semilunate fin on each side. Mantle free all round ; car-
tilage, on the inner side of the ventral surface, linear.

Shell internal, shelly, spiral, chambered ; chambers fur-
nished with a siphon ; the last chamber large enough to
contain but a very small part of the animal.

In the only recent genus, Spirula^ the apex of the shell
is simply hooked ; in the fossil genera it is enveloped in a
thickened laminal coat produced behind, as in SpiruUrostra.

Genus SPIRULA, Lamarck.

Fins two, small, caudal, on the side of the extremity of
the back. Eyes large. Cups of sessile arms in six longi-
tudinal rows ; rings entire, or very minute, and denticu-
lated ; third and fourth arms shortly webbed, the rest
free. Siphuncle with an apical valve.

Shell calcareous, cylindrical, conical, tapering, involute
on the same plane, the whorls separate from each other, and
chambered; septa concave outwards, with a shelly funnel-
shaped siphon on the inner or most curved side, tra-
versing each cell without communicating with each other.

Ex. S. Isevis, Gmy, pi. 5, fig. 8. Shell, S. prototy-
pus, Peron., fig. 3, a.

POLYPODA.

45

The shell is placed vertically in the posterior part of the
body, with the involute spire towards the ventral side.
The last chamber is not larger in proportion than the rest ;
its margin is organically connected ; it contains the ink-
bag (Woodward). In its habits, Spirula is, probably,
pelagic, swimming near the surface in calm weather, prey-
ing on small acalephae towards the evening, and sinking
below the surface during the day. Although the shell has
been long well known, and is found scattered by thousands
on the shores of New Zealand, only one perfect specimen
has been met with, brought home from New Zealand
by Mr. Earl, and figured by Mrs. Gray, in the ‘‘ Annals
and Magazine of Natural History.” M. He Blainville de-
scribed an imperfect specimen sent home by M. Peron ;
Mr. Crouch procured a fragment ; and an injured speci-
men was obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. “ Sa-
marang,” and served Professor Owen for an elaborate
memoir of its anatomy.

Species of Spirula.
prototypus, Peron.

Sub-gen. lituus, Brown.

Posterior part of the body furnished with a circular disc
covering and concealing the shell, and with semicircular fin-like
appendages on each side.

laevis, Gray. reticulata, Owen.

Order POLYPODA.

Body without fins, enclosed in the last chamber of a
siphon -chambered external shell. Head not separate

46

NAUTILID^.

from the body, with a great number of cylindrical, annu-
lated, retractile tentacles, without cups. Gills four. Si-
phuncle slit. Foot-like appendage distinct.

This order is the same as the TetrabrancJiiata of Owen ;
the only recent genus is Nautilus ; the rest are fossil, and
comprise a large number of highly interesting forms, which
must formerly have played an important part in the mala-
cological history of our planet.

Fam. NAUTILID^.

Head retractile within the mantle. Eyes pedunculated.
Mandibles calcareous. Body attached to the shell by ad-
ductor muscles, and by a continuous horny girdle.

Shell external, camerated or many -chambered, and
siphuncled ; the inner layers and septa nacreous, the outer
layers porcellanous ; sutures simple ; aperture simple.

This family contains the only living representative of
the Oephalopods belonging to the present order, the re-
mainder, comprising numerous families and genera, and
upwards of one thousand four hundred species, are now
extinct. The generic characters and peculiarities of these
forms are well and clearly pointed out in Mr. S. P. Wood-
ward’s valuable “Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells,” a
work of which we have frequently availed ourselves.

Genus NAUTILUS, Breynius.

Shell involute or discoidal, few-whorled ; siphuncle cen-
tral ; septa dividing the chambers simple ; inner surface
pearly.

Ex. N. Pompilius, Linnaeus^ pi. 5, fig. 4. Shell, N.
Pompilius, fig. 4, a.

NAUTILUS.

47

The dorsal pair of tentacles is considered to be expanded,
forming the hood which closes the aperture of the shell ;
the tentacles are lamellated on their inner surface, and
are retractile within sheaths which correspond to the eight
ordinary arms of the cuttle-fishes. Besides these, there
are four ocular tentacles, which are supposed by Professor
Owen to be instruments of sensation, like the tentacles of
Doris and Aplysia ; there are, moreover, four groups of
labial tentacles, twelve or thirteen in each group, which
appear to answer to the buccal membrane of the dibran-
chiate Cephalopods ; the mandibles are surrounded by a
fleshy lip. The respiratory funnel, or siphuncle, is formed
by the folding of a thick muscular lobe ; behind the hood,
or foot-like appendage, it forms an expansion which covers
the black part of the shell. The habits of the Nautilus are
not well known ; most probably, like the Octopus, it feeds
upon Crustacea, and crawls along the bottom of the sea,
seeking concealment in rocky places; the tips of the parrot-
like mandibles are hardened and calcareous, and are well
adapted to crush the hard shells of crabs and other Crus-
tacea. A few specimens only have been taken in a perfect
state.

Species of Nautilus.

ambiguus, Sow. Pompilius, Linn.

macromphalus, Sow, stenomphalus, Sow.

perforatus,6'owrac?. umbilicatus, Lister.

48

Class PTEROPODA.

Head more or less distinct ; eyes none ; mouth often
.furnished with cup-shaped appendages. Fins two on the
sides of the mouth ; or two, or rarely four, on the side of
the body between the head and abdomen, often furnished
with a small intermediate lobe between them, apparently
the rudiment of the foot of Gasteropods, Body ovate or
roundish, often enclosed in a thin, conical, cylindrical, or
subglobular shell, with a transverse contracted mouth. In-
dividual unisexual ? Animal free, floating on the surface
of the sea by the assistance of its fins. Nocturnal or cre-
puscular.

The Pteropods inhabit the high seas, floating constantly
in the water by means of a pair of lateral fins. They are
extremely vivaceous in their movements, and are frequently
associated together in prodigious numbers. The form of
their shells is very varied, being globular, subulate, hemi-
spherical, pyramidal, or spiral, but always thin, glassy, and
transparent. Loven compares the fins on the side of the
head to the fins on the side of the head of the foetal or
first-hatched fry of Gasteropods, which are sometimes
retained in the form of a fringe on each side of the body
in the adult animal, as in Turbo and Trochus. In the
cup- shaped disks or suckers which many of them have
affixed to the arms that surround the mouth, they show

PTEROPODA.

49

their affinity to the Cephalopods. The Pteropods, like
many of the Cephalopods, are crepuscular in their habits,
sinking at sunrise into the bosom of the deep, and coming
again to the surface on the approach of evening. Accord-
ing to the observations of M. D’Orbigny, the smaller spe-
cies of Cawlina first appear as evening advances ; small
species of Clio then rise in company with other Cawlina
and Atlanta ; after sporting a few hours the lesser species
descend and disappear, the larger follow, and towards mid-
night hardly one remains; after sunrise not a single Ptero-
pod can be seen. Each species has its own time of rising
and going down, which causes M. D’Orbigny to infer that
each species dwells habitually in the water at a depth pe-
culiar to itself. As the sun rises the Pteropod sinks lower
and lower, until it has reached its greatest descent, but as
the sun goes down the Pteropod passes gradually upwards
until the surface is gained. M. D’Orbigny gives the fol-
lowing as the result of his observations of the geographical
distribution and habits of these animals. Of the twenty-
nine species which he has observed, fourteen are equally
common to all the seas, at least to the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans ; eleven have been observed only in the Atlantic,
and four in the Pacific. Seventeen of the twenty-nine
species are entirely nocturnal and eleven are crepuscular.
The Pteropods swim rapidly by ceaseless movements of
their wing-like fins, which has caused them to be styled the
butterflies of the deep ; they are carnivorous, feeding on
minute Crustacea and medusse. In their zoological ar-
rangement they are naturally divided into those with, and
those without, a shell, or Thecosomata and Gymnosomata ; in
the former, the head is not distinct and the gills are inter-
nal; in the latter, the head is distinct and the gills external.

The true position in a natural arrangement of this curious

VOL. I.

H

50

THECOSOMATA.

class of beings is at present not very well-defined. On
account of the arms and suckers in certain genera, and
from a belief that the intermediate lobe, which in Spirialis
and Heterofusus bears the operculum, represents the foot,
we have preferred to follow Cuvier and Rang in placing
them between the Oephalopods and Gasteropods ; Lamarck
conceived they should be between the Gasteropods and
Bivalves ; M. Blainville maintained they were a tribe of
Gasteropods allied to the Bullid(E^ and this opinion has
recently been supported by M. Souleyet.

Order THECOSOMATA.

Head indistinct, with two wings on the sides of the
mouth. Tooth of lingual membrane hooked, with a strong
hooked tooth on each side. Gills internal. Body inclosed
in a shell.

This order may be divided into two sub-orders, including
those with the body and shell straight, or globular, and
without an operculum ; and those with the animal and shell
spiral, and with a spiral operculum. The families Gmo-
linidce and Tripteridce have calcareous shells, while in
Cymhul%id(E the shell is cartilaginous ; the second sub-order
contains the single family LimacinidcB,

Earn. CAVOLINIDiE.

Animal with two united fins without any posterior foot-
like appendage between them. Abdomen voluminous. Gills
in pairs. Internal superior organs of generation on the
right side.

Shell calcareous, symmetrical, elongate, or globular.

In the genera CavoUna and Diacria the shell has a

DIACRIA.

51

lateral slit emitting the mantle, while in the genera Clio^
Balantium^ and StyUola the shell is without any lateral
fissure ; Vaginella^ Theca^ and Conularia are fossil genera.

Genus CAVOLINA, Gioeni.

Body short, sometimes furnished with lateral appendages.

Shell globular ; mouth narrower than the internal cavity,
with a lateral slit on each side, interrupted in front.

Sgn. Tricla, Betzius. Eheda, Humph. Hyaleea, Lamck.
Hyalus, Fror, and Meek, Oaulina, Poli. \ Archonta,
Montf. 1 Glandiolus, Montf.

Ex. 0. tridentata, Forskal., pi. 6, fig. 1. Shell, C. tri-
dentata, fig. 1, a.

The shells of this genus are globular, with the lateral
fissures extending nearly the whole length, and the appen-
dices short and directed backwards. The Carolina: swim
by means of their lateral fins, and when touched retract
them and fall to the bottom.

Species of Cavolina.

affinis, nOrh.
angulata, Eyd. and Soul.
flava, HOrh,
gibhosa, Rang.
globulosa, Rang.
inflexa, Lesueur.
labiata, HOrb.

limbata, HOrh.
longirostris, Lesueur.
pisum, Morch,
quadridentata, Lesueur.
teniobranchia Reron.
tridentata, Forsk.
uncinata, Rang.

Genus DIACRIA, Gray.

Body short, sometimes wdth lateral appendages.

Shell globular ; mouth narrower than the cavity, with
^ slit on each side, not interrupted in front ; apex often
truncated in the adult.

52

CAVOLINID^.

8yn. Hyalsea, Rang.

Ex. D. mucronata, Q,my and Gaimard., pi. 6, fig. 2.
Shell, D. trispinosa, Lesumr., fig. 2, a.

This genus consists of those forms which are elongated,
with the lateral fissures short, and the appendices pro-
duced. They have the same habits as Cawlina^ and are
found in all the seas of the torrid zone and in many of
those of the temperate zones.

Species of Diacria.

depressa, UOrb.
laevigata, UOrh.

mucronata, Quoy and Gaim.
trispinosa, Lesueur.

Genus CLIO, Browne.

Animal elongate, conical, without lateral appendages.
Fins expanded, united behind, without any small interme-
diate lobe.

Shell elongate, angular, conical ; mouth larger than the
cavity, without any lateral slits.

Syn. Cleodora, Peron and Lesueur.

Ex. C. pyramidata, Browne., pi. 6, fig. 3. Shell, C. py-
ramidata, fig. 3, a.

The shells of the genus Clio are pyramidal and taper-
ing, with prominent spines at the fore part ; C. cuspidata is
one of the most beautiful of the Pteropods, and is armed
with three very long spines.

Species of Clio.

pyramidata, Browne.
cuspidata, Bose.
deluciana, Rang.

Lamartinieri, Rang.
compressa, Eyd. and Soul.
Chaptalii, Eyd. and Soul.

STYLIOLA.

53

Sub-gen. pleuropus, Eschscholtz.

Sides of the mantle with elongated tentacular processes. Shell
conical.

pellucida, Eschsch.

Grenus BALANTIUM, Leach.

Shell triangular, depressed, transverse, waved ; mouth
oblong, narrow, oblique, without any lateral slits.

Ex. B. recurvum. Children^ pi. 6, fig. 4. Shell, B. re-
curvum, fig. 4, a.

Balantium has a simple conical shell, curved at the end,
and compressed from before backwards ; B. recurvum., one
of the handsomest of Pteropods, has a steady mode of
swimming by lateral movements of the fins, and does not
flit about in the water in such a lively manner as the
Cavolin^E. They are met with only in small numbers at a
time, and do not make their appearance until after sunset.

Species of Balantium.

australe, UOrl. recurvum, Children.

inflatum, Eyd. and Soul. rugosum, IJOrh.

Genus STYLIOLA, Lesueur.

Body elongate, conical, rounded.

Shell elongate, conical, subcylindrical ; mouth larger
than the cavity, without any lateral slits.

Syn. Cresis, Bang. Crisia, Menhe.

Ex. S. subulata, Quoy and Gaimard., pi. 6, fig. 5.
Shell, S. subulata, fig. 5, a.

54

TRIPTERID^.

These little animals, remarkable for their subulate glassy
shells with a produced point or style, are found in the
middle of the ocean associated with Cavolina: and Clio ;
they are often cast up dead along the shore, which they
line at high water-mark with incredible numbers of needles
of glass.

They have been stated by M. Rang to cluster occa-
sionally on the Grulf weed, by embracing the leaves and
stalks with their fins, a circumstance, however, which has
not been confirmed by D’Orbigny. One of the authors
has observed them during a calm in the Atlantic, towards
the decline of day, shining near the surface like myriads
of glassy spicula ; they often remain poised and motionless,
and their progression through the water is very irregular.
There are five recent and six fossil species.

Species of Styliola.

corniformis, D'Orh*
recta, Lesueur.
striata, Rang.

subulata, Quoy and Gaim.
virgula. Rang.

Fam. TRIPTERID^.

Animal with the body elongate, cylindrical, divided into
two distinct parts ; the front part with two large lateral
wings, united below to a flat central portion ; the abdo-
minal part cylindrical.

Shell cylindrical or subangular near the mouth, ending
in an acute point, separated from the anterior cavity by
an entire transverse septum ; the tip is often deciduous in
the adult.

This family, according to M. D’Orbigny, is intermediate

CYMBULIID^. 55

between Clio and Pneumodermon^ and consists of but a
single genus.

Genus TRIPTERA, Quoy and Gaimard.

See characters of the family.

Ex, T. columnella, Bang^ pi. 6, fig. 6. Shell, T.
columnella, fig. 6, a.

This genus, which was not very fully described by M.
Quoy, is the same as the Cmieria of Bang, the denticulate
margin mentioned by the first observer must have been
caused by fracture, and the figure in the “Voyage of the
Astrolabe ” represents the animal without the shell : there
are four recent species.

Species of Triptera.

columnella, Bang. rosea, Quoy and Cairn.

orjzsi,, Benson. urceolaris, MorcTi,

Fam. CYMBULim^.

Animal globular or ovate. Fins two, horizontal, oppo-
site, on each side of the mouth, with a small intermediate
lobe.

Shell cartilaginous, slipper-shaped, rarely wanting.

This family comprises four singular pelagic genera with
membranous or cartilaginous shells, excepting Tiedemannia.^
which does not appear to possess any membranous enve-
lope.

Genus CYMBULIA, P^ron and Lesueur.

Fins large, rounded, with a small, elongate, interme-
diate lobe.

56

CYMBULIIDtE.

Shell gelatino-cartilaginous, oblong, slipper-shaped, cover-
ed with a thin scarcely visible membrane ; mouth elongate,
truncated in front.

Eos. 0. proboscidea, Peron and Lesueur^ pi. 6, fig. 7.

There are three species of this genus known ; the shells
are slipper-shaped and variously spined, and of a firm gela-
tinous consistence. During the day they must occasionally
descend to considerable depths, one having been brought
up attached to the thermometer of a sounding-line during
the voyage of Her Majesty’s ship “ Samarang,” from one
hundred and fifty fathoms in the South Atlantic.

Species of Cymbulia.

ovata, Quoy and Gaim. radiata, Quoy and Gaim,

proboscidea, Perow andLesueur.

Genus EURIBIA, Rang.

Animal globular ; wings two, horizontal, opposite, on
each side of the mouth, and with a small intermediate
lobe.

Shell cartilaginous or membranous, thin, transparent, re-
gular, shaped like a hood ; mouth round, spread out.

Ex. E. Gaudichaudii, Eydoux and Souleyet.^ pi. 6,

fig. 8.

The shell of this beautiful little Pteropod is membranous
and hemispherical, and the intermediate lobe of the animal
small and triangular : three species only appear to be
known. M. D’Orbigny, who never met with this genus,
imagines it to be the carapace of some crustacean.

TIEDEMANNIA.

57

Species of Euribia.

Q2kVidiic]i2i\xdL\i,Eyd.a7id Soul. Norfolkensis, Quoy and Gaim.
hemisplierica, Rang.

Genus PSYCHE, Eang.

Body free, membranous, without any distinct head ;
tentacles none ; wings two, lateral, elongate, without any
intermediate lobe.

Shell very thin and membranaceous.

Ex. P. globulosa, Bang., pi. 7, fig. 1.

This genus, established by M. Eang, has a cup-shaped,
membranous shell, and long lateral fins, but the animal
wants the intermediate lobe; it is found in the sea near
Newfoundland.

Genus TIEDEMANNIA, Belle Chiaje.

Body gelatinous, transparent ; neck elongated ; tenta-
cles two, ' wings very large, cuneate, forming a disk ;
mouth below, surrounded by the lips.

Shell none.

Ex. T. Neapolitana, Delle Chiaje., pi. 7, fig. 2.

This curious genus of Delle Chiaje has a transparent
gelatinous body, two tentacles, and two large wing-like
expansions which unite and form a disk ; it very much
resembles a Cymhulia without a shell : there are two spe-
cies known, one from the Bay of Naples, and the other
from New Holland.

VOL. I.

I

58

LIMACINIDiE.

Species of Tiedemannia.

Neapolitana, Delle Ghiaje. punctata, Quoy and Gaim^
Fam. LIMAOINID^.

Animal elongate, spiral ; the head indistinct ; mouth at
the union of the two fins and intermediate lobe, with two
small labial swellings ; two fin-like expansions, elongate,
rounded, and united at their base by an intermediate lobe
bearing an operculum. Mantle large, open in front, form-
ing a large gill cavity ; gills internal ; vent on right side of
mantle.

Shell spiral, transparent.

Operculum distinct, spiral, vitreous, of few whorls.

These animals have been confounded by M. D’Orbigny
with the genus Atlanta^ among the nucleobranchiate Gas-
teropods, which, however, have a compressed foot with
a sucker on the hinder edge, a distinct head, and no lateral
fins. The Steira of Eschscholtz, which he referred to this
family, is a badly observed and badly figured Atlanta ;
the Girropteron of Sars is, according to the observations
of Allman, the larva of Buccinum undatum; and the Belle-
rophina of Forbes is the shell of the larva of various
Gasteropods.

Genus LIMACINA, Cuvier.

Shell subglobose, subdiscoidal, sinistral ; spire slightly
raised; the last whorl with an obscure keel; axis umbili-
cated, keeled on the edge.

Operculum — ?

Syn. Spiratella, Blainv.

HETEROFUSUS.

59

Ex. L. arctica, 0. Fahricius^ pi. 7, fig. 3. Shell, L.
arctica, fig. 3, a.

The only species of this genus known, L» arctica., ac-
cording to Scoresby, is extremely abundant in the North
Seas, but rarely met with out of sight of land ; it forms
an important item in the diet of the whale. The operculum,
if it exists in this genus, has not yet been observed.

Genus SPIRIALIS, Eydoux and Souleyet.

Shell thin, vitreous, discoidal, depressed, sinistral ; axis
umbilicated ; whorls smooth ; aperture angulated below or
canaliculated, sometimes prolonged into a spine-like curved
beak.

Operculum glossy, thin, transparent, of few whorls, with
a central muscular scar.

8yn. Heliconoides. UOrb.

Ex. S. ventricosa, Eydoux and Souleyet., pi. 7, fig. 4.
Operculum, S. ventricosa, fig. 4, a. Shell, S. rotunda,
D’Orhigny., fig. 4, h.

Although this genus reminds one very forcibly of the
larval form of the Gasteropods, it is, from the animal, a
true Pteropod ; it may be known from the shell of the very
young Atlanta and Carinaria by being sinistral.

Species of Spirialis.

australis, Eyd, and Soul.
inflata, D'Orh.

Jeffreysii, Fortes and Hanley.

rotunda, UOrh.
ventricosa, Eyd. and Soul.

Genus HETEROFUSUS, Fleming.

Shell thin, transparent, sinistral, conical, turreted ; spire

60

LIMACINID^.

elongate, axis imperforate ; aperture angulated anteriorly,
columella smooth, arcuated.

Peracle, Forbes. Scsea, Phil. Spiralis, sp. Eyd.

and Soul.

Ex. H. bulimoides, D'Orhigny^ pi. 7, %. 5. Oper-
culum, H. bulimoides, fig. 5, a. Shell, H. clathratus,
Eydoux and Souleyet^ fig. 5, b.

These Pteropods, say M. Eydoux and Souleyet, in
speaking, in the “Voyage of the Bonite,” of their genus
Spirialis^ are distributed through all seas, and we have met
with them alike in the Atlantic, the Indian and Pacific
oceans, and in the Chinese seas.

Species of Heterofusus.

balea, Mbller. Mac Andrei, Forbes and Hanley.

bulimoides, UOrb. trochiformis, HOrh.

clathratus, Eyd. and Soul. retroversus, Flem.

Gouldii, Stimp.

Genus CHELETROPIS, Forbes.

Shell spiral, turbinate, dextral, imperforate, spirally
ridged or double-keeled, and transversely wrinkled ; spire
prominent, its nucleus sinistral : aperture ovate, canalicu-
lated below, its outer margin furnished with two claw-like
lobes, the one central and formed by a prolongation of the
margin between the keels of the body-whorl, the other
smaller and near the canal ; peristome thickened, reflected,
forming a conspicuous margin.

Operculum — ?

Ex. 0. Huxleyi, Forbes^ pi. 7, fig. 6.

This genus appears to be gregarious, and was taken in
a to wing-net in the sea off the south-east corner of Aus-
tralia during the voyage of H.M.S. “ Rattlesnake.” The

GYMNOSOMATA.

61

animal is not yet known, but it is supposed, with proba-
bility, by Professor Forbes to be Pteropodous. There is but
one species known, dedicated to Thomas Huxley, F.R.S.,
the philosophic Zootomist attached to the “ Rattlesnake.”

Order GYMNOSOMATA.

Body naked, without any shell. Head distinct. Wings
two, or four, at the junction between the head and the body,
with a central intermediate lobe or rudimentary foot. Gills
exterior.

In this order there are three families, all without shelly
covering. The warmer seas doubtless abound in numerous
undiscovered forms ; those already known have a single
heart, the sexes are united, and the respiratory organs
are external.

Fam. CLIONID^.

Animal fusiform. Head with a series of conical pro-
minences on each side. Wings two, with a central foot-
like appendage between them.

In this family the conical prominences probably repre-
sent tentacular arms in a rudimentary condition ; there are
two genera, one, Clione^ with the head indistinct and the
tentacles defined, and the other, Cliodita^ with the head
distinct, and the tentacles not apparent.

Genus CLIONE, Pallas.

Head indistinct ; tentacles six, conical, three on each
side. Tooth of lingual membrane broad, convex behind,
slightly two-lobed and denticulated in front ; lateral teeth
12-12, simple, arched, rather swollen at the base, the outer
gradually diminishing in size.

62

PNEUMODERMONID^.

8^n. Clio, 0. Fahr. ? Amphirea, Rafin* \ Dicroptera,
Rajin,

Ex. 0. borealis, Brugui^re^ pi. 7, fig. 7.

The C, borealis is very common in the Northern seas,
and is the food of the whale; it has been anatomically
described by the Baron Cuvier. Scoresby observes that
in swimming it brings the tops of its fins almost in contact,
first on one side and then on the other.

Species of Clione.

australis, Brug. borealis, Brug.

Genus CLIODITA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Body fusiform ; head small, hooded, or bilobed, separated
from the trunk by a contraction; tentacles not apparent.

Ex. C. fusiformis, Qmg and Gaimard., pi. 7, fig. 8.

There are three species of this imperfectly known genus
figured in the “ Voyage of the Astrolabe,” xiz. C. caduceus
and C. fusiformis from the Cape of Good Hope, and G.
pyramidalis from off Amboina.

Species of Cliodita.

caduceus, Quoy and Gaim. pyramidalis, Quoy and Gaim.

fusiformis, Quoy and Gaim.

Fam. PNEUM0DERM0NIDH2.

Body fiisiform. Head with arms furnished with pedi-
cellate suckers. Wings two, entire, with a central foot-
like appendage placed at the base of the head. Gills on
the binder part of the body-

SPONGIOBRANCHIA.

63

In this family the genera are distinguished principally
by the gills, which in Pneumodermon are lobed, and at the
hinder part of the body ; in Spongiohranchia they form a
prominent ring near the end of the body ; in TricJiocgclus
a ciliated ring round the middle of the body ; and in Pe-
lagia they are indistinct or wanting.

Genus PNEUMODERMON, Cuvier.

Body oblong, elongated or subglobose ; fins small and
rounded, on each side of the head. Gills in the form of a
four-lobed leaf, at the extremity of the body.

8gn, Pneumoderma, Peron and Lesueur, ^gle, OJcen.

Ex. P. violaceum, UOrhigng^ pi. 7, fig. 9.

The Pneumodermon., like other genera of this class of
animals, is by no means shy in its habits, and swims ac-
tively about in the vessel of water in which it is confined,
but when touched folds its fins upon its body and falls to
the bottom, rolled up into a little ball : there are four
species described.

Species of Pneumodermon.

pellucidum, Quoy and Gaim. rubrum, Quoy and Gcmn,

Peronii, Lam„ violaceum, D’Orh.

Genus SPONGIOBRANCHIA, D’Orbigny.

Body fusiform ; head distinct ; mouth with long appen-
dages sometimes furnished with sessile suckers. Wings
two, entire, with a foot-like appendage. Gills in a promi-
nent spongy ring on the end of the body.

Ex. S. australis, D^Orhigny^ pi. 7, fig. 10.

This genus is remarkable for the near approximation it
makes to the Oephalopods, the cephalic arms or appen-

64

CYMODOCEID^.

dages of the mouth being furnished with rudimentary
acetabula^ or suckers, like those of the Cuttle-fishes.

Species of Spongiobranchia.

australis, U Orb. elongata, If Orb,

Genus TRICHOCYCLUS, Eschscholtz.

Body elongate. Head produced, conical, with two
lateral tentacles. Fins two, oblong, lateral, with a lanceo-
late intermediate lobe. Gills in a ciliated ring round the
middle of the abdomen, and with a similar ring round the
base of the head and on the hinder end of the body.

Ex. T. Dumerilii, Eschscholtz^ pi. 7, fig. 11.

There is but a single species of this curious genus, which
we believe has not, however, been met with since it was
first described and figured by its discoverer in the “ Isis”
of Oken.

Genus PELAGIA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Animal gelatinous, rough, transparent. Body oval,
elongate, contracted in the middle ; head indistinct, with
two small tubercles ; mouth hidden. Fins two, lateral, at
the contraction of the body ; vent at the base of the right
fin ; nerves very apparent.

Ex. P. alba, Qmy and Gaimard., pi. 7, fig. 12.

Pelagia^ as its name implies, inhabits the high seas;
there is but one species known, which is white-netted and
rough, with submedial rounded striated fins.

Fam. CYMODOCEID.E.

Body divided into two parts. Wings four, two on each

CYMODOCEA.

65

The two upper wings in this family are broad and
rounded, while the lower ones are nearly linear ; the neck
appears to be elongated, and the mouth is furnished with
four lobes.

Genus CYMODOCEA, D'Orbigny.

Animal as in family.

Ex. C. diaphana, D'Orhigny, pi. 7, fig. 13.

Of this curious genus only a single species, which in-
habits the Atlantic Ocean, has been observed ; the body is
translucent, showing the violet viscera ; the medial ap-
pendage is elongate and truncated, the upper pair of broad
ovate fins has the lower edges thickened, and the lower
pair is narrow and digitated.

VOL. I.

K

66

Class GASTEROPODA.

Head distinct, furnished with eyes and tentacles. Body
usually protected by a conical or spiral shell. Lower part
of body formed into a thickened, expanded, creeping disk
or foot.

The Gasteropods, so termed from the circumstance of
their crawling on their belly, may be known from the other
Molluscous classes by the head being always present and
provided with eyes and tentacles, the former being either
sessile, or on the ends of ommatophora or peduncles, which
are either free or connate. They constitute by far the most
numerous section of Mollusks, and comprise not only all
those that live upon the land, but likewise a very large pro-
portion of those that breathe by gills and inhabit the water.

With the exception of the air-breathing families, the
Gasteropods are differently shaped when very young, the
fry having ciliated wings on the sides of the head by which
they swim freely about, and the body contained in a little
clear spiral shell with the aperture closed by an operculum.
As they grow, however, the head-wings are absorbed,
the foot or creeping disk becomes developed, and the
shells assume the forms peculiar to the different genera.
In the Nudibranchs the shell falls off and disappears when
the locomotive foot appears, but sometimes it remains ru-
dimental within the folds of the mantle. In their adult

GASTEROPODA.

67

condition they are either predatory and carnivorous, or prefer
a vegetable diet, and inhabit, sometimes the high seas, as
the Nucleobranchs ; sometimes the forest trees and surface
of the earth, as the Pulmonifera ; sometimes the lakes
and rivers, as the Ampullariida^ and sometimes the shallow
creeks and bays, as the zoophagous tribes generally. In
the Prosobranchiate division the adult animal is provided
with a shelly covering, usually more or less spiral, with
the aperture either entire, or notched, or produced into a
canal in front ; in the Opisthobranchiate division the body
is either naked, or with the gills protected by a shelly
valve, which is external, or concealed in the mantle. In
the Nucleobranchs or the Heteropoda of Lamarck, the
foot is modified for swimming, as the animals are pelagic,
and the shell is often very thin, rudimentary, or wanting.
The animals of the Pulmoniferous division are usually en-
cased in spiral shells, which, in some tribes, however, are
rudimentary, and in others altogether wanting.

In the branchiferous Gasteropods the form and position
of the gills vary very considerably and offer excellent
characters for defining the orders ; in the Nucleobranchs
they form a projecting comb-like tuft ; in the Nudibranchs
they are exposed upon the surface of the back ; in the
Tectibranchs they constitute a plume between the mantle
and the foot ; in the Prosobranchs, which include most of
the Pectinibranchs of Cuvier, the gills, usually unsym-
metrical, are in the form of two comb-like organs in a
cavity over the back protected by the mantle ; while in
the Pulmoniferous tribes the place of the gills is occu-
pied by an air-sac lined with a vascular net-work, which
acts like a lung. The modifications which the foot, the
mantle, and the other organs undergo, will be mentioned
under the various groups which these peculiarities create.

68

PKOSOBRANCHIATA.

The shells of the Gasteropods, those elegant calcareous
cones moulded on the body of the animal, and justly prized
for their varied markings, exquisite sculpture, and graceful
contour of form, most frequently assume the shape of a spiral
coil. The spire is sometimes on the same plane, as in the
discoidal Coretus; or produced, as in the turreted Mega-
spira; or loosely coiled, as in the irregular Vermetus; or
unrolled and partly straight, as in the singular Campulotus;
or it may be involute, as in the polished Cowry ; or ta-
pering at each end, as in the spindle-shaped Fusus ; or
with the last turn very large, as in the ear-shaped Haliotis ;
or the coil may have a flattened base, as in the top-
shaped Trochus. When the shelly cone is not spirally
coiled, it is often tubular, as in the tooth-shaped Denta-
lium ; or flattened out, as in the shield-shaped Scutus ;
simply conical, as in the Limpet ; or slipper-shaped, as in
Crgpta and Catillus. The coils are generally right-handed,
but sometimes they are sinistral, as in Clausilia. The
marine spiral Gasteropods, which breathe by gills, usually
have the mouth of the shell closed when at rest by a
horny, or calcareous operculum ; the air-breathing families
are either provided with a similar means of defence, or are
entirely destitute of this appendage.

Sub-class PROSOBRANCHIATA.

Gills pectinate or plumose, placed in a mantle-cavity
above the neck, or under the mantle on the left side.
Heart situated behind the gills. Sexes distinct. Abdo-
men well developed, usually spiral, and protected by a shell.
Adult and larva shell-bearing ; larva furnished with de-
ciduous ciliated fins springing from the sides of the head.

The Prosobranchiate Gasteropods comprise the Cuvierian

PROBOSCIDIFERA.

69

orders of Pectinibranchiata, Scutibranchiata, Cyclobran-
chiata, and Tubulibranchiata, the two latter appearing,
however, to be modifications of the second.

Order PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

Gills comb-like, formed of one, or rarely of two, longitu-
dinal series of laminse on the left side of the mantle over
the back of the neck. Animal unisexual. Shell spiral.

The Pectinibranchiate Gasteropods offer to our contem-
plation a vast assemblage of Mollusks remarkable for the
extreme variety in the form of their shelly envelopes, but
well associated by Cuvier on account of the comb-like
nature of their gills. They have been divided by Lamarck
into Zoophagous and Phytophagous, the former being sup-
posed always to possess a siphon and emargination in the
mouth of the shell, and the latter being without either.
This arrangement, however, does not hold good, and they
are here divided into two sections from the form of the
mouth.

Sub-order PROBOSCIDIFERA.

Head small, with an elongated, retractile, longly exsertile
proboscis, when retracted hidden within the body ; tenta-
cles close together at the base, or united by a veil over the
base of the proboscis ; eyes sessile, on the outer base of the
tentacles. Operculum annular (except in Natica). Carni-
vorous, eating living mollusca and other animals.

The predaceous tribes of Prosobranchiate Gasteropods
are said to form the round holes so commonly found in other
shells ; the lingual membrane is placed near the apex of the
exserted trunk ; the trunk or proboscis is of a very compli-

70

MURICID^.

cated structure, and is furnished with a number of muscles
well described by Cuvier in his anatomy of Buccinum,
which enable it to be withdrawn into itself like the tenta-
cles of a snail. The above description of this extensive and
important group of molluscous animals forms a portion of
new and valuable researches for which we are indebted to
Dr. Cray, who has contributed so materially, by his nume-
rous writings, to rescue this class of beings from the confu-
sion into which they have been thrown by the exclusive
attention formerly directed to their shells only.

Fam. MUmCID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (1*1*]), the
central broad, the lateral versatile ; lateral teeth flat, with a
bent up process at the end, more or less at right angles with
the base. Mantle enclosed, the margin producing varices at
intervals across the shell, and extended in front forming a
straight more or less elongated siphon. Foot simple in front.

Shell spiral, often turreted, more or less extended at the
fore-part into a straight siphonal canal.

In this family are comprised many of the largest and most
beautiful shells hitherto discovered, often remarkable for the
delicacy of their sculpture and the variety of their colours.

Sub-fam. MURICIN^.

Operculum ovate, nucleus sub-apical, within the apex.

Shell with the spire usually as long as the aperture, the
surface rough, or with the varices well-developed.

Genus MUREX, Linnseus.

Shell ovate or oblong ; spire prominent, acute, whorls con-

MUREX.

71

vex, ornamented with three or more continuous varices, which
are foliaceous, tubercular, or spinose ; aperture round or
ovate, ending in front in a contracted canal, long, straight
and tubular, or short and recurved, often partly closed.

Syn, Purpura, Humph. Aranea, Perry.

Eos. M. foliatus, Gmelin^ pi. 8, fig. 1. Operculum, M.
regius. Wood., fig. 1, 1, 5. Shell, M. tribulus, Linnam,

fig. 1, c.

A remarkable peculiarity in this genus is the circum-
stance of the mantle-margin secreting varices on the com-
pletion of about a third of a whorl annually. In their
geographical distribution tropical America appears to har-
bour the greatest number ; they are, however, abundant also
in the Eastern Seas, the W est Indies, and Africa. The
smaller cancellated species are usually from deep water, as
are those with wing-like varices {Pteronotus., Swains.) ; the
more highly-coloured species with frondose varices and
branching spines abound in rocky places near the coasts, and
the purpuriform species [Yitularia., Swains.) are principally
from coral reefs, under stones, and from crevices of rocks ;
the long-beaked spiny forms are usually dredged from toler-
ably deep water.

Species of Murex.

aduncospinosus, Bech.
brevispina, Lam.
concinnus, Reeve.
duplicatus, Chem.
funiculatus, Reeve.
hystrix, Mart.
messorius, Sow.
Mindanensis, Sow.
motacilla, Chem.
nigrescens, Sow.

nigrispinosus, Reeve.
nodatus, Reeve.
occa, Sow.
plicatus, Sow.
pliciferus, Sow.
pulcher, A. Adams.
rarispina, Lam.
rectirostris, Sow.
recurvirostris, Brod.
similis, Sow.

72

MURICIN^.

ternispina, Lam.
trapa, Bolt.

trigonulus, Lam.
tumulosusj Bow.

tribulus, Linn.

Sub-gen. haustellum, Klein (Brontes, Montf. Haustellaria,
Swains.).

Shell without spines ; varices tuberculated ; canal excessively
long.

chrysostoma, Gray. trilineatus, Reeve.

elegans, BecTc. variegatus, Mart.

haustellum, Linn.

Sub-gen. hhinocantha, H. and A. Adams.

Spire short j varices numerous and strongly spined j canal long
and recurved.

brandaris, Linn.

cornutus, Linn.

Sub-gen. chicoreus, Montfort.

Spire elevated ; varices few, foliated j canal moderate.

aculeatus, Lam.
adustus, Lam.
affinis, Reeve.
argyna, Meusch.
axicornis, Lam.
Banksii, Sow.
brevifrons, Lam.
calcar, Kien.
capucinus, Ghem.
cervicornis, Lam.
corrugatus. Sow.
cornu-cervi. Mart.
crassivaricosus, Reeve.
crocatus. Reeve.

elongatus, Lam.
fenestratus, Ghem.
florifer. Reeve.
frondosus, Mart.
Gubbi, Reeve.
laciniatus. Sow.
lignarius, A. Adams.
maurus, Brod.
megacerus. Sow.
microphyllus, Lam.
palmiferus. Sow.
pudoricolor. Reeve.
purpuratus. Reeve.
ramosus, Linn.

MUREX.

73

rufus, Lam.

Saulise, 8ow,
Senegalensis; Gmel.
Sinensis, Reeve.
spectrum, Reeve.

strigatus, Reeve.
territus, Reeve.
torrefactus, Sow.
tubulatus, Mart.
virgineus, Bolt.

Steeriae, Reeve.

Sub-gen. pteronotus, Swainson.

Varices three, compressed, fin-shaped ; canal moderate, generally
closed by the union of the two lips at their base.

lingua-vervecina, Gliem.
macropteron, Be^li.
mitriformis. Sow.
monoceros, Sow.
osseus. Reeve.
pellucidus. Reeve.
phyllopterus, Lara.
pinniger, Brod.
plorator, Adams and Reeve.
roriflus, A dams and Reeve.
rubridentatus, Reeve.
tricarinatus, Lam.
triformis, Reeve.
trip terns. Born.
triqueter. Born.
uncinarius, Lam.
unicornis, Reeve.

acanthopterus, Lam,
alabaster. Reeve.
alatus. Bolt.
bipinnatus. Reeve.

Burnettii, Adams and Reeve.
cancellatus, Soiv.
centrifugus. Hinds.
clavus, I^ien.
crassus, A. Adams.

Cumingii, A . Adams.
emarginatus, Sow.
eurypteron, Reeve.
falcatus. Sow.
festivus. Hinds.
foliatus, Gmel.

Gambiensis, Reeve.
hamatus. Hinds.

hemitripterus, Lam.

Sub-gen. phyllonotus, Swainson (Muricanthus, Swains. Cen-
tronotus, Swains. Cerastoma, Conrad).

Spire short ; varices numerous, foliated ; canal moderate ; outer
lip often with a tooth near the base.

ambiguus, Reeve. angularis, Lam.

VOL. I. L

74

MURICIN^.

bicolor, Valeric.
bifasciatus, A. Adams.
brassica, Lam..
crispus, Brod.
duplex, Mart.
endivia, Lam.
imperialis, Swain.

1 jratus, A . A dams.
raelanoleucus, March.
melanomathos, Gmel.
monodon, Sow.
nigritus, Meusch.
nitidus, Brod.
oculatus. Reeve.
oxjacantha, Brod.

pomiformis. Mart.
princeps, Brod.
radix, Gmel.
regius. Wood.
rosarium, Chem.
saxatilis, Linn.
spinicostatus, Valenc,
spinosus, A. Adams.
Stainfortbii, Reeve.
trunculus, Linn.
turbinatus, Lam.
varius. Sow.

Yoldii, M'drch.
Zealandicus, Quoy.

Sub-gen. vitularia, Swainson.
Varices simple, nearly obsolete ; inner lip flattened.

foveolatus, Hinds. scaber, King.

salebrosus, King.

Sub-gen. homalocantha, Morch.

Spire with the whorls rounded and sutures deep ; varices fo
liated ; canal long.

digitatus, Sow. secundus, Zam.

rota, Sow. varicosus, Sow,

Scorpio, Linn.

Sub-gen. ocinebea, Leach (Tritonalia, Flem.).

Spire elevated ; varices numerous, rounded, sometimes raised
canal generally closed. p

alveatus, Kiener.
badius, Reeve.

bseticus, Reeve.
breviculus, A. Adams.

MUREX.

75

buxeus, Brod*

Kieneri, Reeve.

Californicus, Hinds.

laminiferus, Reeve.

caliginosus, Reeve.

laqueatus. Sow.

corallinus, Sacchi.

luculentus. Reeve.

cyclostomus, Sow.

lugubris, Brod.

decussatus, Reeve.

maculatus, Reeve.

densus, H. and A. Adams

margariticola, Brod.

(inornatus, A, Adams).

niveus, A. Adams.

Edwardsii, Menke.

nuceus, Morch.

erinaceus, Linn.

nux. Reeve.

erosus, Brod.

obeliscus, A. Adams.

exasperatus, A. Adams.

pistacia. Reeve.

excavatus, A. Adams.

planiratus, Reeve.

fasciatus, Sow.

polygonulus, Lam.

fimbriatus, Hinds.

purpuroides, Bunker.

fusiformis, A. Adams.

serotinus, A. Adams.

gyratus, Hinds.

Singaporensis, A. Adams.

horridus, Brod.

squamulosus, Phil.

incisus, Brod.

tetragonus, Brod.

inconspicuus, Sow.

torosus, Lam.

inornatus, Recluz.

vibex, Brod.

Sub-gen. muricidea, Swainson.

Spire produced, as long, or

longer than the body whorl ; varices

numerous ; no internal channel at the top of the aperture.

balteatus. Beck.

gravidus. Hinds.

Blainvillii, Payr.

hexagonus, Lam.

carduus. Reeve.

humilis, Brod.

cariniferus, Sow.

iostomus, A, Adams.

cirrosus, Hinds.

lappa, Brod.

clathratus, Reeve.

lepidus, Reeve.

cristatus, Brod.

mundus. Reeve.

dispacus, Brod.

muricatus. Hinds.

distinctus, Christ.

noduliferus. Sow.

dubius. Sow.

Norrisii, Reeve.

exiguus, Brod.

nucula. Reeve.,

euracanthus, A. Adams.

octogonus, Quoy.

76

MURICINJ5.

pagoduS;, A. Adams.
peritus, Hinds.
pleurotomoides, Reeve.
pudicus, Reeve.

radicatus, Hinds.
rubescensj Brod.
rusticus, Reeve.
vittatus, Brod.

Genus TYPHIS, Montfort.

Mantle-margin prolonged into the last tubular spine be-
tween the varices.

Shell ovate or oblong, muriciform, with projecting hollow
tubes between the spinose varices, the last open, occupied
by the excurrent canal ; aperture orbicular, prolonged in
front into a closed siphonal canal.

Ex. T. Sowerbyi, Broderip^ pi. 8, fig. 2. Operculum,
T. Sowerbyi, fig. 2, a., 2, h. Shell, T. Sowerbyi, fig. 2, c.

The recent species of this genus have been found in the
Mediterranean, West Columbia, Western Africa, and at
the Cape ; a small species likewise is from the Indian
Archipelago. There are eight fossil species known, from
the Eocine formations of London and Paris.

Species of Typhis.

arcuatus, Hinds.

Belcheri, Hinds,

Clerii, Petit.
coronatus, Brod.
Cumingii, Brod. and Sow.

nitens, Hinds.
pinnatus, Hinds.
quadratus, Hinds.
Sowerbyi, Brod.

Genus TROPHON, Montfort.

Shell fusiform, varices numerous, lamelliform, or laci-
niated; spire prominent; aperture ovate; canal open,
usually turning to the left ; columella smooth, arcuated.

FUSINiE.

77

S^n. Muricidea (part), Swains.

Ex. T. Patagonicus, U'Orbigny., pi. 8, fig. 3. Operculum,
T. laciniatus, Martini., fig. 3, 3, h. Shell, T. Gfeversia-

nus, Fallas., fig. 3, c.

The species of this genus are natives of cold climates, be-
longing for the most part to the arctic and boreal seas ;
they are inhabitants of deep water, and, besides their laci-

niated or lamellar varices,
liar texture and the dark
apertures.

Species

Bamffius, Penn.

Barvicensis, Jolinst.
borealis, Reeve.

Branscombii, Clk.
buccineus, Brug.
candelabrum, Adams and
Reeve.

cinereus, Say.
clathratus, Linn.
corrugatus, Reeve.
crassilabrum, Gray.
cretaceus. Reeve.
craticulatus, Fahr.
crispus, Couth.
decolor, Phil.
duodecimus, Gray.
fructicosus, Gould.
Geversianus, Pallas.
Gunneri, Loven.

may be known by their pecu-
colour of the interior of their

of Trophon.

incisus, Gould.
inermis. Sow.
labiosus, Gray.
laciniatus, Mart.
liratus. Couth.

Mexicanus, Reeve.
minutisquamosus. Reeve.
multicostatus, Eschsch.
muricatus, Mont.
muriciformis. King and Brod.
Orpheus, Gould.
pallidus. Sow.

Patagonicus, FOrh.

Peruvianus, Brug.
plumbeus, Phil.
scalariformis, Goidd.
senticosus, Lam.

Stangeri, Gray.
vaginatus, Phil.

Sub-fam. FUSING.

Operculum ovate, acute, nucleus apical. Shell more or
less spindle-shaped, varices rudimentary or wanting.

78

FUSING.

Genus FUSUS, Klein.

Shell fusiform ; spire many-whorled, acuminate, longer
than the last whorl ; aperture oval ; canal long, straight ;
columella smooth, arcuated ; outer lip entire.

Coins, Humph. Fusinus, Bafin. Syrinx, Bolten.

Ex. F. coins, Linnaus^ pi. 8. fig. 4. Operculum, F.
Dupetit-Thouarsii, Kiener^ fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, F. incisus.
Martini^ fig. 4, c.

The true spindle-shells, as they are sometimes termed,
chiefly inhabit the Eastern Seas, China, and Australia; a
few of them are always reversed ; when they crawl they
readily elevate the shell, and are tolerably lively ; some of
them are highly coloured, and have very elegantly formed
shells.

Species of Fusus.

acus, Adams and Reeve.
aureus, Reeve.
australis, Quoy.

Beckii, Reeve.
bellus, C. B. Adams.
Blosvillei, Reeve.
caelatus, Reeve.
cinnamomeus. Reeve.
clausicaudatus, Hinds.
closter, Phil.
coins, Linn.
crebriliratus. Reeve.
Cumingii, Jonas.
distans, Lam.
Dupetit-Thouarsii, Kien.
ficula, Reeve.
forceps. Perry.

fragrans. Reeve.
glabratus, Chem.
glomeratus, Meusch.
gracillimus, Adams and Reeve.
gradatus. Reeve.
heptagonalis. Reeve.
incisus, Mart.

Japonicus, Gray.
lanceola. Mart.
laticostatus, Desh,
lignarius. Reeve.
longicauda, Bory.
longissimus, Tuam.
marmoratus, Phil.

Mexican us. Reeve.
multicarinatus, Lam,
myristicus. Reeve.

NEPTUNEA.

79

Nicobaricus, Chem.
nobilis. Reeve.

Novae Hollandiae, Reeve.
oblitus, Reeve.
pagodus, Less.
parvulus, Chem.
pastinaca. Reeve.
polygonoides, Lam.
pulcbellus, Phil.
pyrulatus, Reeve.
reumaj Mart.
rostratus, Oliv.
rufus, Reeve.

spectrum, Adams and Reeve,
strigatus, Phil,

Syracusanus, Linn.
Taylorianus, Reeve.
toreuma, Lam.
torulosus, Lam.
tuberculatus, Lam.
turbinelloides, Reeve.
ustulatus, Reeve.
vaginatus, Desh.
vittatus, Quoy.
ventricosus, Beclc.
vulpinus, Quoy and Gaim,

Sub-gen. evarne, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oblong-ovate ; canal very short, a little recurved j whorls
convex, smooth,

linea, Mart.

Sub-gen. sinistralia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiform, reversed ; canal long ; whorls rounded,

elegans. Reeve. scsevulum, Meusch.

maroccanus, Chem. ^

Genus NEPTUNEA, Bolten.,

Shell fusiform, ventricose ; spire elevated, whorls round-
ed, covered with a horny epidermis, apex papillary ; aper-
ture oval ; canal short ; inner lip simple, smooth.

8yn. Chrysodomus, Swains.

Ex. N. antiqua, Linnaeus., pi. 8. %. 5. Operculum,
N. antiqua, fig. 5, a. 5, h. Shell, N. antiqua, fig. 5, c.

80

FUSINiE.

The Neptunea, resemble ventricose Fusi^ with very short
canals ; they are usually of an uniform colour, and are in-
vested with an epidermis. They are principally from the
northern and European parts of the globe, being most
numerous in the Northern Seas. One species, N. anti-
qua^ is sold in the London markets under the name of
‘‘ Whelk.”

Species of Neptunea.

alternata, Phil.
anceps, H. and A. Adams
(Pyr. anomala, Peeve).
anomala (Bucc.), Reeve.
antiqua, Lam.
arctica, Phil.
argyrostoma, Lam.

Baerii, Midd.

Behringii, Midd.
borealis, Phil.
buxea, Reeve.
cassidarisefbrmis, Reeve.
contraria, Lam.
craticulata, Blainv.
decemcostata, Say.
deformis, Reeve,
despecta, Linn.
dilatata, Quoy and Gaim.
fenestrata, Turton.
Fontanei, D'Orb.
fornicata, Gmel.
funiculata, Reeve.
fusiformis, Blainv.
fusoides, Reeve.
glacialis, Gray.
heros, Gray.

Largillierti, Petit.

lineata, Kien.
lurida, Midd.
lyrata, Mart.
modificata, Reeve.
multangula, Phil.
nodosa, Mart.

Norvegica, Chem.

Ochotensis, Midd.
oodes, Midd.
pallida, Brod. and Sow.
polaris, Gray.

Reeviana, Petit.

Sabin ii, Gray.

Schantarica, Midd.
signa, Reeve.
simplex, Midd.

Sitchensis, Midd.
soluta, Gould.
spadicea, Reeve.
sulcata, Lam.
tessalata, Schuh. and Wag.
tornata, Gould.
trochulus, Reeve.
tuberosa, Reeve.

Turtoni, Bean.
varicosa, Chem.

Zealandica, Quoy and Gaim.

CASSIDULUS.

81

Sub-gen. sipho, Klein (Atractus, Agassiz. Fusus, Lam.
Tritonofusus, Beck).

Shell thin ; canal produced and recurved.

Islandica, Chem.
latericia, Gould,
pulla, Reeve.

pygmaea, Gould.
ventricosa, Gray.

Genus CASSIDULUS, Humphrey.

Operculum solid, claw-like, nucleus apical.

Shell pyriform, solid ; spire short, nodulose, spiny ;
aperture oval, oblong ; canal short, open ; columella smooth ;
outer lip simple.

Galeodes, Bolten. Melongena, Sclmm. Mancinella,
Mus. Berl.

Ex. C. asper. Martini., pi. 9, fig. 1 . Operculum, C.
asper, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, C. melongena, Linneeus^

fig- 1) e-

In this genus the head of the animal is greatly elongated,
with the tentacles at the end ; there is, however, no ros-
trum, hut a retractile proboscis ; the tentacles are small,
and the eyes are sessile at their outer bases. The Gassiduli
are found chiefly in the Eastern Seas ; a few, however, are
from Mexico, the West Indies, and California.

Sg)ecies of Cassidulus.

melongena, Linn.

patulus, B^^od. and Sow.

VOL. 1.

M

82

FUSING.

Sub-gen. yolema, Bolten (Pugilina, Schum.).

Shell umbilicated ; spire nodulous ; aperture narrow.

Paradisiacus, Reeve. pugilinus, Born.

Sub-gen. myristica, Swainson.

Shell subpyriform ; spire strong, spiny, or tuberculated ; aper-
ture with an internal and ascending canal ; basal channel
wide.

asper, Mart. bucephalus, Lam.

bispinosus, Phil. calcaratus, Dillw.

Genus HEMIFUSUS, Swainson.

Operculum — ?

Shell unequally fusiform ; spire shorter than the aper-
ture, ponderous, whorls armed with compressed spines ;
aperture oblong ovate, with an internal ascending canal at
the hind part, produced anteriorly ; columella smooth ;
outer lip simple.

S^n. Cochlidium, Gray.

Ex. H. tuba, Gmelin^ pi. 9, %. 2. Shell, H. tuba, fig.
2, a.

The animal in this genus has the same elongated
head and small tentacles with the eyes at their base
as Cassidulus, but in M. Eydoux’s figure no operculum
is shown, which in Cassidulus is very large and conspi-

cuous.

PISANIA.

83

Species of Hemifusus,

Belcheri, Hinds.
coclilidium, Linn.
colosseus, Lam.
corona, Gmel.
elongatus, Lam.

lacteus, Reeve.
morio, Linn.
Ternatinus, Gmel.
tuba, Gmel.

Genus PISANIA, Bivona.

Shell oblong ; spire prominent, whorls smooth, or spi-
rally striated ; canal very short ; outer lip thickened and
crenated.

Syn. Pusio, Gra^.

Ex. P. fasciolata, Reeve., pi. 9, fig. 3. Operculum,
P. striata, Gmelin^ fig. 3, a., 3, h. Shell, P. striata,
%. 3, c.

The Pisaniae., with but few exceptions, are small
shells, and have been hitherto distributed in various
genera, but possess sufficient character in common, to form
a distinct group.

Species of Pisania.

buccinulum, Ma^'t.
cingilla. Reeve.

pennata, Chem.
pusio, Linn.
striata, Gmel.
trilineata. Reeve.
tritonoides, Reeve.

discolor, Quoy and Gaim.
fasciculata, Reeve.
flammulata, Quoy and Gaim.
pedicularis, Lam.

84

FUSING.

Genus METULA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell elongately fusiform, finely canellated ; spire elevated,
acute ; aperture narrow ; inner lip distinct, smooth ; outer
lip thickened externally, crenulated within, emarginate pos-
teriorly.

8pn. Buccinum sp.. Hinds.

Ex. M. clathrata, Adams and Beeve^ pi. 9, fig. 4.

The MetulcB are deep water-shells, mitriform, elegant,
and finely cancellated, the columella simple, and the outer lip
slightly sinuated posteriorly. There are at present about
four species referred to this genus.

Species of Metula.

clathrata, Adams and Reeve, Hindsii, H. and A. Adams.

Cumingii, A. Adams. mitrella, Adams and Reeve.

Genus CANTHARUS, Bolten.

Shell bucciniform, more or less ventricose in the middle,
narrowed anteriorly ; spire and aperture nearly equal ; co-
lumella generally with a few obtuse and transverse ridges ;
outer lip internally crenated, and with a superior siphon ;
inner lip thin or wanting.

Syn. Pollia, Gray. Polliana, Mrs. Gray.

Ex. C. undosus, Linnaus, pi. 9, fig. 5. Operculum,
0. insignis, Ree'oe^ fig. 5, «, 5, Shell, 0. undosus,
fig. 5, c.

The Canthari have been designated Tritons without
varices, and have been usually mixed up with Murex, Pur-
pura and Buccinum. These shells are generally covered in

CLAVELLA.

85

the recently taken state with a thick coarse brown epi-
dermis, and they are more or less longitudinally plicate.

Species of Gantharus.

erythrostoma, Reeve. spiralis, Gray.

melaiiostoma, Tranqueharicus, MarL

pagodus, Reeve.

Sub-gen. tritonidea, Swainson (Lagena, Bolt.).

Shell turreted j canal lengthened.

assimilis, Reeve.
auritulus, Linh.
balteatus, Reeve.
biliratus, Reeve.
cancellaroides, Reeve.
cinis, Reeve.
concentricus. Reeve.
contractus, Reeve.

D’Orbignyi, Rayr.
farinosus, Gould.
gemmatus. Reeve.
gracilis. Reeve.
heptagonalis. Reeve.
incisus, Gould.
insignis, Reeve.
lautus. Reeve.

ligneus. Reeve.
liratus, Gould.
lugubris, (7. B. Adams.
marmoratus. Reeve.
nigricostatus. Reeve.
obliquicostatus. Reeve.
pastinaca. Reeve.

Proteus, Reeve.
ringens, Reeve.
rubiginosus, Reeve.
sanguinolentus, Duel.
scalarinus, Lam.
solidus. Reeve.
undosus, Linn.
variegatus, Gray.
violaceus, Quoy and Gaim.

Genus CLAVELLA, Swainson.

Shell solid, thick, subfusiform ; spire acuminate, last
whorl ventricose, suddenly contracted in front, thickened
and rounded next the suture ; aperture narrow ; canal long

86

FUSING..

and straight ; columella excavated in the middle ; outer lip
simple.

Clavellithes, Swain. Cyrtulus, Hinds.

Ex. C. distorta, Linnwus.^ pi. 9, fig. 6. Operculum, C.
serotina. Hinds., fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, C. serotina, fig. 6, c.

The genus Cyrtulus., founded by Hinds on a remarkable
shell from Nukuhiva, is a recent species of Swainson’s fossil
genus Glavella ; there are also three other recent species.
The type is the Fusus longwms^ Soland.

Species of Clavella.

serotina. Hinds.
subrostrata, Gray.

avellana, Reeve.
distorta, Linn.

Genus EUTHKIA, Gray.

Shell fusiform, smooth; aperture oval, produced ante-
riorly into a long recurved canal; inner lip simple ; outer
lip posteriorly sinuated.

Syn. Fusus sp., Lam.

Ex. E. lignaria, LamarcTz., pi. 9, fig. 7. Operculum,
E. lignaria, fig. 7, a. Shell, E. lignaria, fig. 7, h.

This genus, of which but a few species are known, may
be regarded as Pisaniw with recurved beaks.

Species of Eutliria.

antarctica, Reeve.
cingulata, Reeve.
cornea, Linn.
dira, Reeve.
ferrea. Reeve.

fuscata, Brug.
lactea, Reeve.
lineata, XJhem.

littorinoides. Reeve.
obscura, Reeve.

TURRITINiE.

87

Fam. TURRITID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in two lateral series (l OT),
elongate, subulate. Mantle with a slit in the hinder part
of the right side; siphon straight.

Operculum horny, annular.

Shell turreted, subfusiform ; aperture with the fore part
channelled, straight, and often much produced ; outer lip
detached at the hind part from the body whorl, forming a
sinus, or with the margin fissured near the last whorl.

Sub-fam. TURRITINiE.

Operculum ovate, acute, nucleus apical.

Genus TURRIS, Humphrey.

Tentacles wide apart; eyes at their outer bases.

Shell turreted, fusiform ; spire elevated ; aperture oval ;
canal long and straight ; columella smooth ; outer lip
notched anteriorly, and with a deep slit near the suture.

Syn. Pleurotomus, Montf. Pleurotoma, Lam. Pleu-
rotoniarius. Bum.

Ex. T. Babylonius, Linnaeus., pi. 10, fig. 1, Operculum,
T. Babylonius, fig. 1, 1 5. Shell, T. Babylonius, fig. 1, c.

The species of this genus are found in all parts of the
world, being, however, most numerous in the countries of
Asia ; they are met with from low- water mark to one
hundred fathoms.

88

TURRTTlNiE.

Species of Turris.

abbreviatus, Reeve.
albinus, Lam,
armillatus, Reeve.
Babylonius, Linn.
candidus, Jonas.
carinatus, Gray.
cinguliferus, Lam.
crispus, Lam,
cryptorraphe. Sow.
faginus, Adams and Reeve.
fascialis, Lam.

Garnonsii, Reeve,

grandis, Gray.
Lelieuri, Recluz.
marmoratus, Lam.
nobilis, Hinds.
pictus, Beclc.
spectabilis, Reeve.
tigrinus, Lam.
undosus, Lam.
unedo, Yalenc.
venustus, Reeve.
violaceus, Hinds.
virgo, Lam.

Sub-gen. surcula, H. and A. Adams (Turricula, Schum., not
Klein) .

Shell turreted ; inner lip obsolete ; canal long, tapering, slightly
recurved.

Species of Surcula.

annulatus, Reeve.
arcuatus. Reeve.
astrictus. Reeve.
australis, Chem.
brevicaudatus, Reeve.
catena, Reeve.
cedo-nulli. Reeve.
cinctus, Lam.

Coreanicus, A dams and Reeve.
Deshayesii, Doumet.
fulminatus, Kien.
funiculatus, Valenc.
gemmatus, Hinds.
hastula, Reeve.

Indicus, Desk.

Javanus, Linn.

jubatus, Hinds.

leucotropis, Adams and Reeve,

luridus, Adams and Reeve.

nodiferus, Lam.

olivaceus, Soic.

oxytropis, Sow.

pluteatus. Reeve.

radula. Hinds.

reflexus. Reeve.

speciosus, Reeve.

tenuis. Gray.

tuberculatus, Gray

DRILLIA.

89

tuberculiferus, Brod. variegatus, Kien,

ustulatus, Reeve.

Sub-gen. genota, H. and A. Adams (Genot, Adanson).

Shell mitriform, whorls finely cancellated ; aperture longer
than wide ; canal not produced ; outer lip with a deep posterior
sinus.

mitriformis, Wood. papalis, Reeve.

Sub-gen. brachytoma, Swainson.

Outer lip ascending and forming a short canal ; sinus small
and nearly semicircular ; inner lip thickened above.

castanea, Swains. strombiformis, Sow.

Sub-gen. conopleura, Hinds.

Shell coniform ; spire coronated ; sinus deep, near the suture.

striata, Hinds.

Genus DRILLIA, Gray.

Tentacles approximated ; eyes at their outer side near
the tip.

Shell turreted ; spire raised ; aperture oval ; canal short,
recurved ; inner lip thickened ; outer lip indexed, with a
deep posterior sinus, and a small sinus at the fore part.

Ex. D. Oagayanensis, Reeve., pi. 10, fig. 2. Operculum,
D. alabaster, Reeve., fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, D. Oagayanensis,
fig. 2, c.

The principal character by which this genus may be dis-
tinguished from Turris^ is the shortness of the canal, which
also is recurved. The Drillitje are very numerous and
widely distributed.

VOL. I.

N

90

TURRITINJ;.

Species of Drillia.

alatus, Chem.

albicincta, Adams and Reeve,
aquatilis, Reeve.
Cagayanensis, Reeve,
castanea, Reeve.
coccinata, Reeve.

Coreanica, Adams and Reeve.

crocata, Reeve.

duplicata, Sow.

excentrica, Sow.

felina, Hinds.

flavidula, Lam.

fucata, Reeve.

fulva, Hinds.

gibbosa, Chem.

granulosa, Sow.

Griffithii, Gray.
im pages, Adams and Reeve.
impressa, Hinds.
inermis, Hinds,
iuterrupta, Lam.
lanceolata. Reeve.
maculosa, Sow.

major, Gray.
maura, Sow.
militaris, Hinds.

Novae Zealandiae, Reeve,
obeliscus. Reeve.
obliquicostata. Reeve.
pallida. Sow.
pudica, Hinds.
putilla. Reeve.
pyramidata, Yalenc.
Quoyi, De Moul.
regia, Beclc.
robusta. Hinds.
semicostata, Kien,
seminifera, Gould.
Sinensis, Hinds.
sinistralis. Petit.
spectrum. Reeve.
spicata. Hinds.
Tayloriana, Reeve.
umbilicata. Gray.
varicosa, Reeve.
zonata. Gray.

Sub-gen. crassispira, Swainson.

Shell subclavate, tuberculated j spire thick ; canal nearly ob-
solete ; outer lip thickened internally ; inner lip with a thick
callus posteriorly.

alabaster, Reeve. bsetica. Reeve.

albicostata, Sow. bicolor. Sow.

albinodata, Reeve. bijubata, Reeve.

albocincta, C. B. Adams. biliniata, Reeve.

aterrima, Sow. callosa, Yalenc.

DRILLIA

91

cantharis, Reeve,
carbonaria, Reeve,
clavata, Sow.
collaris, Sow.
corusca, Reeve.
crispata, Cristof.
cuprea, Reeve.
digitale, Reeve.
discors, Sow.

Dysoni, Reeve.
exarata, Reeve.
flavescens, Reeve.
fuscescens, Gray.
Harfordiana, Reeve.
harpularia, De Moul.
Hondurasensis, Reeve.
incrassata, Sow.

Jay ana, C. B. Adams.
luctuosa, Hinds.
nigerrima, Sow.
nigrescens, Gray.
nitida, Kien.
nux, Reeve.

Owenii, Gray.
palliata, Reeve.
papillaris, Hinds.

Paria, Reeve.
pardalis, Hinds.
paxillus. Reeve.
pica, Reeve.
pulchella, Reeve,
pulchra. Gray.
quadrifasciata. Gray.
regularis, Reeve.
rosacea, Reeve.
rosea. Sow.
rubiginosa. Hinds.
rubinicolor, Reeve.
rudis, Sow.
rugifera. Sow.
rustica, Sow.
sacra. Reeve.
Saulcydianus, Recluz.
scarabseus. Reeve.
solida, C. B. Adams.
splendidula. Sow.
tessalata, Reeve.
turricula, Sow.
unicolor, Sow.
unimaculata, Sow.
zebra, Lam.
zonulata, Reeve.

Sub-gen. clavus, Montfort.

Shell clavate, whorls of the spire nodose ; aperture effuse at the
base.

auriculifera, Lam.
Beckii, Reeve.
echinata, Lam.
exasperata, Reeve,
hexagona, Sow.

lasta, Hinds.
unizonalis, Lam.
vidua. Reeve.
vittata. Reeve.

92

TUKRITIN^.

Genus BELA, Leach.

Shell ovate, fusiform; surface dull, smooth, or longi-
tudinally ribbed ; spire elevated, shorter than the body
whorl ; columella flattened ; canal short ; outer lip with a
small sinus at its junction with the body- whorl.

Syn. Mangilia, Loven. Defrancia, MoUer. Ishnula,

Clark.

Ex. B. turricula, Montagu, pi. 10, fig. S. Operculum,
B. nobilis, MoUer ^ fig. 3, a^ 3, h. Shell, B. turricula,
fig. 3, c.

This genus may be known by the flattened columella.
They are chiefly northern shells, and, like Trojphon and
Admete, have a peculiar texture common to the shells of
low latitudes.

Species of Bela.

Beckii, Moll.
brachystoma, Pfeiff.
cinerea, Moll.
cylindracea, Moll.
decussata. Couth.
exarata, Moll.
fidicula, Gould.
harpularia, Couth.
Holbolii, Beck.
livida, Moll.
Mdlleri, Reeve.
nobilis, Moll.
obliquata, Reeve.
Pinguelii, Beck,

pleurotomaria, Couth.
plicata, C. B. Adams.
pulla, Reeve.
rufa, Mont.
rugulata, Moll.
scalaris, Moll.
septangularis, Mont.
Trevelliana, Turton.
turricula, Mont.
Vahlii, Moll.
violacea, Mich.
viridula, Moll.
Woodiana, Moll.

CLAVATULINiE.

93

Genus LACHESIS, Eisso.

Shell strong, turreted, many-vvhorled, the last whorl not
very large ; surface crossed by longitudinal ribs and trans-
verse striae ; apex of spire mammillated ; aperture oval ;
canal very short, straight, not recurved ; outer lip slightly
thickened externally, crenated internally,

8yn. Nesaea, Eisso. ? Anna, Bisso.

Ex. L. minima, Montagu^ pi. 10, fig. 4.

In this genus the animal is said by Philippi to have con-
verging tentacles, a short siphon, and a short ovate foot.
The operculum is entire and unguiform ; the apex of the
spire is mammillated, and there is no sinus in the outer
lip.

Species of Lachesis.

candidissima, (7. B. Adams. minima, Montagu.

Sub-fam. CLAVATULIN^.

Operculum semi-ovate, nucleus in the centre of the
straight front edge.

Genus CLAVATULA, Lamarck.

Shell turreted, subfusiform ; spire elevated, whorls coro-
nated ; aperture oval ; canal moderate ; columella smooth ;
outer lip with a marginal notch below its union with the
body- whorl, and with a sinus near the canal anteriorly.

Syn. Clavicantha, Swains.

Ex. C. imperialis, Lamarck^ pi. 10, fig. 5. Operculum,
C. bimarginata, Lamarck.^ fig. 5, a.

94

CLAVATULINiE.

Many of the Clavatula bear a strong resemblance to the
genus Turris^ but they may be readily distinguished by the
opercula, which are strikingly different.

Species of Clamtula.

bimarginata, Lam.
coronata, Chem.
diadema, Kien,
gravis, Hinds.
imperialis, Lam.
implicata, Reeve.

mystica, Reeve.
punctata, Reeve,
sacerdos. Reeve.
taxus, Chem.
virginea, Chem.

Genus PERRONA, Schumacher.

Shell fusiform, smooth ; spire short, of few whorls ;
aperture narrow ; canal long; outer lip with a wide shallow
sinus near the middle ; inner lip with a thick callosity at
the hind part near the suture.

Syn. Tomella, Swain.

Ex. P. lineata, Lamar ch.^ pi. 10, fig. 6. Operculum,
P. lineata, fig. 6, a.

The species of Perrona are smooth and solid shells, some-
what resembling in appearance small Clamllw^ with a notch
in the middle of the outer lip ; the hind part of the body-
whorl is gibbous, and the columella, as in that genus, is
callous posteriorly.

Species of Perrona.

lineata, Reeve.
obesa. Reeve.

Perronii, Chem.
spirata, Lam.

DEFRANCIIN^.

95

Sub-fam. DEFRANOIIN^.
Operculum none.

G-enus DEFRANCIA, Millet.

Shell turreted, fusiform; spire elevated, whorls cancel-
lated ; aperture oval ; canal short ; outer lip with a slight
emargination or sinus at its junction with the body- whorl.

Ex. D. teres, Forhes, pi. 10, fig. 7. Shell, D. linearis,
Montagu., fig. 7, a.

Defrancia may be considered as cancellated Mangeli^.,
with the body-whorl more ventricose, and the canal slightly
more evident. The want of operculum, and the nature of
the emargination of the outer lip, at once distinguish it
from Clamtula., and the texture and sculpture of surface
from Bela and Daphnella.

Species of Defrancia.

abyssicola, Forhes.
albibalteata, Reeve.
albicans, Binds.
albifuniculata, Reeve.
amabilis. Binds.
angulifera. Reeve.
apicata, Gray.
arata, Reeve.
arctata, Reeve.
argillacea, Binds.
aspera, Binds,
bicanalifera, Sow.
bicarinata. Couth.
caclata, Binds.

canaliculata, Reeve.
cancellata, Gray.
Candida, Binds.
candidula, Reeve.
cardinalis. Reeve.
cavernosa, Reeve.
cinerea, Binds.
clathrata. Reeve.
compta, Reeve.
concentricostata, Reeve.
costata, Gray.
crassilabrum, Reeve.
Cycladensis, Forhes.
dsedala, Reeve.

96

DEFRANCIINiE.

debilis, Hinds.

Delosensis, Reeve.
dentifera, Hinds.
despecta, and A. Adams.

(neglecta, G. B. Adams).
donata, Hinds.

D’Orbygnii, Reeve.

Dorvillise, Gray.
efiicta, Reeve.
ericea, Hinds.
eximia, Reeve.
fimbriata, Hinds.
flammea, Hinds.

Forbesii, Reeve.
foraminata, Reeve.
Fortbiensis, Reeve.
foveolata, Reeve.
fusoides, Reeve.
glumacsea, Hinds.
granicostata, Reeve.

Grayi, Reeve.

Guildingii, Reeve.

Hindsii, Reeve.
languida, Reeve.
laqueata. Reeve.

Leufroyi, Mich
linearis, Mont.
lineolata. Gray.
lirata, Reeve.
luteo-fasciata, Reeve.
macrostoma, Reeve.
maculata, G. B. Adams.
margaritifera, Gray.
marmorosa, Reeve.
merita, Hinds.

Metcalfiana, Reeve.
metula, Hinds.
micans, Hinds.
minor, G. B. Adams.

minuta, Forbes.
mucronata. Reeve.
multiplicata. Reeve.
nassoides. Gray.
nana, Loven.
neglecta, Hinds,
nexa, Reeve.
obesicostata. Reeve.
obtusa, Reeve.
occata. Hinds.
occidentalis. Reeve.
pagodus, Reeve.
parvula, Reeve.
pellis-phoc80. Reeve.
Pbilberti, Mich.
planilabrum, Reeve.
Polynesiensis, Reeve.
puncticincta, Reeve.
purpurea, Mont.
pygmsea, G. B. Adams.
pyramidula. Reeve.
quadrata, Reeve.
quadriliniata, G. B. Adams.
quisqualis. Hinds.
rana, Hinds.
reticulata. Brown.
retusa. Hinds.
rigida. Hinds.
rosaria. Reeve.
rubida. Hinds.
rubricata, Reeve.
saturata. Reeve.
scalaris. Hinds.
scalp ta. Reeve.
sculpta, Hinds.
semigranosa. Reeve.
sinuosa, Gray.
spurca, Hinds.
teres, Forbes.

DAPHNELLA.

97

tessellata. Hinds.
tincta, Reeve.

turbinelloides, Reeve.
turris, Reeve.
variculosa. Bow.
vultuosa, Reeve.

tricarinata, Yalenc.

trifasciata, Gray.
tritonoides, Reeve.

Genus DAPHNELLA, Hinds.

Shell fusiform, thin, fragile, surface usually striated;
spire elevated, last whorl elongated ; aperture oblong-
oval, slightly channelled in front ; columella simple ; outer
lip acute, separated from the last whorl so as to leave
a sinus.

Ex. D. ornata. Hinds, pi. 10, fig. 8.

This genus comprises a suite of small and elegant shells,
of slight texture. In form they somewhat resemble Metula,
but the separation of the outer lip from the body- whorl,
leaving a tolerably wide sinus, will distinguish them from it;
from Defrancia they may be known by their elongated
body-whorl, tenuity, and sculpture.

Species of Daphnella.

aegrota, Reeve.
aureola, Reeve.
axis, Reeve.

Boholensis, Reeve.
casta. Hinds.
crebriplicata, Reeve.
Cumingii, Powis.
decorata, G. B. Adams.
delicata. Reeve.
fenestrata. Reeve.
fragilis, Reeve.
hyalina, Reeve.

igniflua. Reeve.
inquinata. Reeve.
lactea, Reeve.
lymnaeaeformis, Kien.
marmorata. Hinds.
olyra, Reeve.
ornata. Hinds.
patula. Reeve.
Philippinensis, Reeve.
pluricarinata. Reeve.
subula, Reeve.
Ticaonica, Reeve.

98

DEFRANCIINiE.

Grenus CYTHARA, Schumacher.

Margin of mantle slightly dilated on the right side.

Shell fusiform, smooth, longitudinally plicated or ribbed ;
aperture linear, posteriorly subemarginate ; canal very short,
nearly straight ; columella subflexuous, transversely stri-
ated ; inner lip posteriorly callous ; outer lip margined,
denticulate, or striated internally.

8^n. Mangelia (part). Reeve,

Eoo, C. marginelloides, Reeve^ pi. 10, fig. 9. Shell, 0.
citharella, Lamarck^ fig. 9, a.

This genus, usually confounded with Mangelia^ in the
slight dilatation of the mantle margin, in the short spire,
and in the corrugated inner and thickened outer lips, some-
what resembles Morum among the Cassidida: : the species
are all rather small, but numerous.

Species of Cytliara.

abyssicola, Reeve.
angulata, Reeve.
Antillarum, Reeve.
astricta, Reeve.
balteata, Reeve.
bicolor, Reeve.
capillacea, Reeve.
castanea, Reeve.
cavernosa, Reeve.
Celebensis, Hinds.
cincta, Reeve.
cinnamomea. Reeve.
citharella, Lam.
columbelloides, Reeve.
corniformis. Gray.

conohelicoides. Reeve.
coronata. Reeve.
crassilabrum. Reeve.

cylindrica. Reeve,
derelicta. Reeve.
digitalis, Reeve.
Dyson i, Reeve.
elegans. Reeve.
fasciata. Reeve.
funebris, Reeve.
funiculata. Reeve.
fnsiformis. Reeve.

gibbosa. Reeve.

Gfoodallii, Gray.
gracilis, Reeve.

MANGELIA.

99

Hornbeckii, Reeve.
interrupta, Reeve.
lamellata, Reeve.
lyra, Reeve.
lyrica^ Reeve.
marginelloides, Reeve.
marmorosa, Reeve.
nana, Reeve.

Novae Hollandiae, Reeve.
obesa, Reeve.
oryza, Hinds.
pellucida, Reeve.
planilabrum, Reeve.

ponderosa, Reeve.
pulchella, Reeve.
reticulata, Reeve.
rigida, Reeve.

solida, Reeve.
stromboides, Reeve.

tenebrosa, Reeve.
triticea, Kien.

turricula, Reeve.
vexillum, Reeve.
zonata, Reeve.

trivittata, Adams and Reeve.

Genus MANGELIA, Leach.

Shell solid, fusiform, smooth or longitudinally ribbed ;
aperture linear, with scarcely any canal in front ; columella
smooth, simple ; outer lip acute, with a slight sinus poste-
riorly, near the suture.

Syn. Kaphitoma, Bell.

Ex. M. nebula, Montagu^ pi. 10, fig. 10. Shell, M.
striolata, Scacclii, fig. 10, a.

The genus most likely to be confounded with Mangelia
is CytJiara of Schumacher, from which, however, it may
readily be distinguished by the spire being longer than the
aperture, by the columella being smooth and not trans-
versely corrugated, and by the outer lip being thin and not
crenate internally. There are many recent species, chiefly
from tropical seas.

Species of Mangelia.

^geensis, Forbes.
aeruginosa, Reeve.
affinis, Gray.

albovittata, C. B. Adams.
angicostata, Reeve.
attenuata, Alont.

100

DEFKANCIIN^.

badia, Reeve.
bella, Hinds.

Bertrandi, Payr.
biconica, G. B. Adams.
brevis, (7. B. Adams.
casta, Reeve.
cinctella, Pfeiff.
cinnamonea, Hinds.
citbara, Gould.
clara, Reeve.
coarctata, Forbes.
contracta, Reeve.
cornea, Reeve.
costata, Penn.
crassicostata, (7. B. Adams.
densistriata, C. B. Adams.
dubia, 0. B. Adams.
ebur, Reeve.
formicaria, Sow.
fortis, Forbes.
fulva, Reeve.
funestris, Reeve.
fusca, C. B. Adams.
Ginnannia, Risso.
gracilenta. Reeve.
gracilis, Mont.
Groenlandica, Reeve.
hexagonalis. Reeve.
lanceolata, C. B. Adams.
laevigata, PMl.
ligata, G. B. Adams,
lineata, Reeve.
livida. Reeve.

Loeviana, Forbes.

Lyciaca, Forbes.
maculata, Reeve.

Maravignae, Bivon.
multilineata, Phil.
muricoides, G. B. Adams.
nebula, Mont.
nitens. Hinds.
obeliscus. Reeve.
opalis. Reeve.
pallida. Reeve.
pentagonalis, Gray.
pessulata. Reeve.
plumbea. Hinds.
polita. Hinds.

polyzonata, H. and A. Adams
(multilineata, G. B. Ad.).
pseudo-carinata. Reeve.
pura. Reeve.
pusilla. Reeve.
pyramidalis. Reeve.
pyramis, Hinds.
semen. Reeve.

Sicula, Reeve.
sordida. Reeve.
striolata, Scacchi.
striosa, G. B. Adams.
symmetrica. Reeve.
tseniata, Reeve.
trilineata, G. B. Adams.
turgida, Forbes.
undaticostata, Reeve.
urnula. Reeve.

Vauquelinii, Payr.
vicina, G. B. Adams.
vitrea, Reeve.
vittata. Hinds.
vulpecula, Broc.

Zebuensis, Reeve.

TRITONIIDiE.

101

Fam. TRITONIID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in seven rows (3.1.3.), cen-
tral generally toothed ; lateral in three series, converging,
the inner often broad, the two outer subulate, versatile.
Mantle enclosed, siphon straight. Foot small.

Operculum ovate, annular, nucleus subapical.

Shell with varices on the whorls ; aperture with a
straight canal in front.

The TritoniidtE have been hitherto united with the Mu-
ricida^ but the teeth of the latter are in three rows only,
while, in this family, they assimilate with the dentition of
VelutinidtE and Naticid^^ where they are arranged in
seven series.

Genus TRITONIUM, Link.

Shell oblong; spire prominent, whorls with a few remote
and non-continuous varices ; columella rough or smooth ;
canal recurved, short or long ; outer lip internally crenated
or denticulated.

8yn, Triton, Montf.^ not Lam. Buccinum, Browne.^
not Linn. Charonia, Gistel.

Ex. T. nodulum. Martini., pi. 11, fig. 1. Operculum,
T. pileare, Linnaus^ fig. 1, 1, h. Shell, T. Tritonis,

Linn^eus^ fig. 1, c.

The Tritons are principally equatorial in their geogra-
phical distribution, and belong more especially to the
Asiatic fauna. Those with the canal very much produced
are obtained from deep water ; the cancellated forms are
from sand, in deep water ; and those covered with an epi-
dermis are chiefly from sandy mud, in from six to thirty
fathoms.

102

TRITONIIDjE.

Species of Tritonium.

australe, Chem.
fusiforme, Kien.
marmoratum. Link.
OpiSj Bolt.

Sauliae, Reeve.
subdistortum, Lam.
Tritonis, Linn.

Sub-gen. simpultjm, Klein (Lampusia, Schum. Monoplex Ferry).

Shell fusiform; whorls nodosely ribbed ; outer lip thick, pli-
cate-dentate internally.

aquatile, Reeve.
chlorostoma, Lam.
corrugatum, Lam.
costatum, Born.
ficoides, Reeve.
gemmatum, Reeve.
lignarium, Brod.

lineatum, Brod.
olearium, Linn.
PfeilFerianum, Reeve.
pileare, Linn.
rubeculum, Linn.
Tranquebaricum, Linn.
vestitum, Hinds.

Sub-gen. cabestana, Bolten (Aquilus, Montf.).

Shell ventricose, umbilicated ; whorls nodosely ribbed ; outer
lip dentated internally.

Brasilianum, Gould. labiosum, Wood.

cutaceum, Linn. Spengleri, Chem.

doliarium, Linn.

Sub-gen. cymatium, Bolten (Lotorium, Montf.).

Whorls triangular, coronated ; aperture longer than the spire ;
outer lip dentated internally.

femorale, Linn.

grandimacu latum, Reeve.

TRITONIUM.

103

lotorium, Linn. tigrinum, Brod.

rhinoceros, Bolt.

Sub-gen. gutturnium, Klein (Ranularia, Schum.).

Shell subturreted ; whorls nodosely ribbed ; outer lip thick,
plicated internally ; canal produced.

segrotum, Reeve.
amictum, Reeve,
Antillarum, UOrh.
caudatum, Gmel.
clavator, Chem.
crispum, Reeve.
cynocephalum, Lam.
elongatum, Reeve.
encausticum, Reeve.
exaratum, Reeve.
exile, Reeve.
gallinago. Reeve.
gibbosum, Brod.
gracile, Reeve,

moniliferum, Adams and Reeve.

moritinctum, Reeve.

nodulura, Mart.

pyrulum, Adams and Reeve.

pyrum, Lam.

retusum, Lam.

sacrostoma, Reeve.

Sinense, Reeve.

testudinarium, Adams and
Reeve.

Thersites, Reeve.
trilineatum, Reeve.
tripus, Chem.
vespaceum, Lam.

Sub-gen. epidromus, Klein (Colubraria, Schum. Cumia, Bivon.).

Spire longer than the aperture ; aperture narrow, contracted ;
outer lip internally crenated.

antiquatum, Hinds.
angulatum, Reeve.
anomalum, Hinds.
bacillum, Reeve.
bracteatum, Hinds.
Ceylonense, Sow.
concinnum, Reeve.
convolutum, Brod.
decapitatum. Reeve.
decollatum, Sow.

digitale. Reeve.
distortum, Schub. and Wag.
eburneum, Reeve.
eximium, Reeve.
fictile, Hinds.
lativaricosum. Reeve.
lanceolatum, Menhe.
limbatum, Rhil.
maculosum. Mart.
nitidulum. Sow.

104

TRITONIID^.

obscurum, Reeve.
parvum, G. B. Adams.
pictum, Reeve.
pygmseum, Lam,
Quoyij Reeve,
reticulatum, Blainv.
rude, Meusck.
scalariforme, Brod.

sculptile, Reeve.
sipbonatum, Reeve.
Sowerbii, Reeve.
tessellatum, Reeve.
testaceum, Bon.
tortuosum, Reeve.
truncatum, Hinds.
verrucosum, Reeve.

Sub-gen. lagena, Klein.

Shell ventricose, thin ; whorls rounded, varices obsolete,

cancellatum, Lam. rostratum, Mart.

clandestinum, Chem. Wiegmanni, Anton.

Oregonense, Say.

Sub-gen. argobuccinum, Klein.

Shell ventricose, solid ; whorls rounded, varices few j canal short ;
outer lip dentated internally.

rude, Brod. scabrum. King.

Genus DISTORSIO, Bolten.

Shell subturreted ; whorls distorted ; aperture irregular,
contracted, ringent ; canal recurved ; inner lip dilated,
lamellar, rugosely indented ; columella excavated, verru-
cosely plicate ; outer lip sinuous, internally plicato-dentate.

Syn. Persona, Montf. Distorta, Schum. Distortrix,
Link.

Ex. D. cancellina, DesJiayes., pi. 11, fig. 2. Operculum,
D. anus, Linnaus., fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell D. anus, fig. 2, c.

These remarkable shells are at once recognised by the
ringent aspect of their mouths, from which circumstance

BURSA.

105

they have been termed mask-shells ; they are not numerous
in species, and inhabit sandy mud in rather deep water.

Species of Distorsio.

decipiens, Reeve.
reticulata, Linn.
ridens, Reeve.

anus, Linn.
cancellina, Desk.
constricta, Brod.

Genus BURSA, Bolten.

Shell ovate or oblong, compressed, with two rows of
continuous varices, one on each side ; aperture oval ; colu-
mella arcuated, and ridged or crenulated ; canal short, re-
cuvred ; outer lip crenated.

Eanella, Lam. Gyrineum, Link. Bufo, Montf.
Biplex, Perry. Ban a. Humph. Bufonaria, Schum.

Ex. B. rana, Linnwus., pi. 11, fig. 3 ; Operculum, B.
pusilla, Broderip, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, B. rana, fig. 3, c.

The species of Bursa are mostly tropical, the majority
being from the Eastern seas ; they are found, when varie-
gated and with nodose armature, in rocky places and on
coral reefs ; the winged species, with a smoother surface,
are from deep water. They move about with considerable
animation, and crawl rapidly.

Species of Bursa.

albifasciata, Sow.

margaritula, Desk.
nana, Sow.
nobilis, Reeve.
rana, Linn.
Suesonii, Morcli.
subgranosa. Beck.

bufonia, Bolt,
crassa, Desk.
crumena, Lam.
elegans, Beck.
foliata, Brod.

VOL. I.

p

106

TRITONIID^.

Sub-gen. lampas,

Shell turreted ; whorls nodose ;

affinis, Brod.
bitubercularis, Lam.
bufo, Ghem.
caelata, Brod.

Californica, Hinds.
coriacea, Reeve.
cruentata, Sow,
hians, Schum.
livida, Reeve.
ponderosa, Reeve.
pustulosa, Reeve.

Sub-gen. aspa, H.

Shell ovate, ventricose, smooth j
dulous at the angles.

laevigata, Lam.

Schumacher.

canal very short and recurved.

ranelloides, Reeve.
rhodostoma. Beck.
rubeta, Linn.
rugosa, Sow.
scrobiculator, Linn.
semigranosa, Lam.
siphonata, Reeve.
tuberosissima. Reeve.
ventricosa, Brod.
venustula. Reeve.
verrucosa, So2v.

and A. Adams,
spire very short ; whorls no-

Sub-gen. apollon, Montfort (Gyrina, Schum.).

Spine elevated ; front canal

anceps, Lam.

Argus, Lam.
candisata, Ghem.
clathrata, Gray.
cuspidata, Reeve.
granularis, Bolt.
gyrina, Linn.
has tula, Reeve.
leucostoma, Lam,

short j posterior canal wanting.

olearia, Linn.
olivator, Meusch.
plicata. Reeve.
pusilla, Brod.
quercina. List.
rosea, Reeve.

Thersites, Redf.
vexillum, Sow.

BUOCINID^.

107

Sub-gen. eupleura, H. and A. Adams.

Spire moderate ; front canal long, nearly closed j no posterior
canal ; inner lip smooth ; varices spiny, fimbriated between the
spines.

caudata, Sa^, pectinata, Hinds.

muriciformis, Brod. pulchra, G7'ay.

nitida, Brod. triquetra, Reeve.

Fam. BUCOINID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (1.1.1), the
central broad, the lateral versatile ; lateral teeth flat, with a
bent-np process at the end, more or less at right angles
with the base. Mantle enclosed ; siphon recurved. Foot
simple.

Shell usually with an oblique fissure or notch at the fore
part of the aperture ; aperture sometimes more or less pro-
duced and recurved anteriorly.

Sub»fam. BUCOININ^.

Operculum ovate, nucleus small, near the outer front
edge.

In this sub-family the eyes are on slight eminences near
the outer bases of the tentacles, and the spire of the shell
is usually as long as the aperture.

Genus BUCCINUM, Linnseus.

Eyes at the base of the tentacles.

Shell ovate or oblong, covered with a horny epidermis ;

108

NASSIN^.

spire elevated, apex acute ; aperture large, oval, emarginate
in front ; canal wide, truncated, dorsally more or less
tumid ; columella smooth ; inner lip expanded ; outer lip
usually thin, smooth internally.

Ex. B. undatum, Linnaus^ pi. 11, fig. 4. Operculum,
B. undatum, fig. 4, 4, h. Shell, B. undatum, fig. 4, c.

8yn. Tritonium, 0. Fahr.^ not Link. Halia, Macgill.^
not Bisso.

The species of Buccinum are not very numerous, and are
found chiefly in the polar regions of both northern and
southern hemispheres ; the shells of the males are generally
smaller and less ventricose than those of the females.
The Whelk {B. undatum) is dredged for the market and
used as bait by fishermen.

Species of Buccinum.

acuminatum, Brod.
angulosum, Gray.
boreale, Leach.
ciliatum, Fahr.
cretaceum, Reeve.

Dalei, Sow.

Donovani, Gray.
etfusum, Reeve.
glaciale, Linn.
Groenlandicum, Hancock.
Humphreysianum, Bennet.
hydrophanum, Hancock.

imperiale, Reeve.
Labradorense, Reeve.
Lamarckii, Kien.
pjramidale, Reeve.
scalariforme, Beck.
sericatum, Hancock.
tenebrosum, Hancock.
tenue. Gray.
tortuosum, Reeve.
tubulosum, Reeve.
undatum, Linn.
Zealandicum, Reeve.

Sub-fam. NASSINiE.

Operculum ovate, acute, nucleus apical, the margin
entire or serrated.

The eyes in some of the genera are near the base of the

EBURNA.

109

tentacles, in others near their middle, and are sometimes
wanting; the aperture of the shell is either truncate, or with
a short recurved canal, and the inner lip is usually callous
and spreading over the last whorl.

Genus EBURNA, Lamarck.

Head long and flat ; eyes on swellings at the base of the
tentacles. Foot narrow, elongate.

Shell ovate-oblong, deeply umbilicated ; spire acumi-
nated, whorls more or less convex, suture more or less chan-
nelled ; aperture oval ; columella arcuated, posteriorly cal-
lous ; inner lip spreading, often covering the umbilicus in
the adult ; outer lip simple, acute.

Syn. Latrunculus, Gray. Nassa, a, ScJium. Babylonia,
Sclilut.

Ex. E. spirata, Linnaem^ pi. 11, fig. 5. Operculum, E.,
canaliculata, Schumacher^ fig. 5, 5, h. Shell, E. canali-

culata, fig. 5, c.

The Ehurnce are solid, smooth shells, spotted with dark
red ; they are found in the Red Sea, India, the Cape,
Japan, China, and Australia ; when fresh they are covered
with a very thin, brown, horny epidermis.

Species of Ehurna.

ambulacrum, Sow.
canaliculata, Schum.
Japonica, Reeve.
maculosa. Bolt.

Molliana, Ghem.
papillaris. Sow.
spirata, Linn.
Valentiana, Swains.

no

NASSIN^.

Sub-gen. zemira, H. and A. Adams.

Umbilicus moderate ; outer lip with a tooth near the fore part,
australis, Sow.

Genus COMINELLA, Gray.

Shell bucciniform, marked or spotted, covered with an
epidermis ; spire short, acute, last whorl large, ventricose,
with a posterior depressed groove at the suture, producing
a contraction at the hind part of the outer lip.

Ex. C. virgata, H. and A. Adams^ pi. 11, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, 0. maculata. Martini^ fig. 6, <2, 6, h. Shell, C. lim-
bosa, Lamar fig. 6, c.

These shells have usually been confounded with Purpura
and Buccinum ; the operculum, however, will distinguish
them from the former, and the position of the eyes from
the latter.

Species of Cominella.

acutinodosa, Reeve,
alveolata, Kien.

Anglicana, Mart.
bimucronata, Reeve.
citrina, Reeve.
costata, Quoy and Gaim.
crassa, Adams.
cyanea, Gray.

Delalandii, Kien.
dubia, Krauss.
eburnea. Reeve.
Grateloupiana, Petit.
glandiformis, Reeve.
hinnulus, Adams and Reeve.
lagenaria, Lam.

limbosa, Lam.
linearis, Reeve.
lineolata, Lam.
livida. Reeve.
maculata, Mart.
nassoides. Reeve.
papyracea, Brug.
pluriannulata. Reeve.

Quoyi, Kien.

testudinea, Mart.

tigrina, Kien.

ustulata, Reeve.

virgata, B. and A. Adams

(lineolata, Quoy and Gaim.).

TRUNCARIA.

Ill

Sub-gen. amphissa, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with the aperture anteriorly dilated, the contraction
near the spire obsolete.

intincta, Reeve.

corrugata, Reeve,

Genus NORTHIA, Gray.

Shell elongated, turreted, polished ; spire elevated, acu-
minated, whorls depressed and sloping at their upper part ;
aperture shorter than the spire ; outer lip with the margin
serrated.

Ex. N. serrata, Dufresne., PI. 12, fig. 1. Operculum,
N. serrata, fig. 1, a., 1, h.

This genus is of limited extent ; one species has been
described by Mr. Reeve, under the name of Pleurotoma
rissoides, and another in the “Zoology of the Voyage of
H.M.S. Samarang,” under that of Buccinum alhopuncta-
turn. The large and typical species, Nassa serrata of M.
Dufresne, was formerly much prized by collectors, and in-
habits the shores of California.,

Species of Northia.

albopunctata, Adams and
Reeve.

rissoides, Reeve.
serrata, Dufresne.

Genus TRUNCARIA, Adams and Reeve.

Shell acuminately oblong, thick ; suture of the spire
channelled ; aperture anteriorly dilated, posteriorly sub-

112

NASSIN^.

emargiiiated ; columella arcuated, abruptly truncated in
front, with a single anterior fold.

Ex, T. filosa, Adams and Beeve^ pi. 12, fig. 2.

This genus is founded on a singular shell discovered
during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, and is principally
characterised by the abrupt truncature of the columella,
and by its anteriorly dilated aperture. The species serving
as the type is the Buccinum filosum^ Adams and Reeve.

Species of Truncaria.

filosa, Adams and Reeve.
modesta, Powis.
rugata, Reeve.

sulcata, Kien,
trifasciata, A. Adams.

Genus BULLIA, Gray.

Animal without eyes ; tentacles long and slender. Foot
greatly expanded, and bifid behind.

Shell ovate or turreted ; spire more or less acuminated,
sutures enamelled ; inner lip excavated in the middle,
callous posteriorly ; aperture oval, moderate.

Syn. Bulliana, Mrs. Gray,

Ex. B. Isevigata, Martini., pi. 12, fig. 3. Shell, B.
laevigata, fig. 3, a.

Bullia has a raised band of enamel round the sutures of
the whorls, formed by the hinder part of the inner lip of
the shell extending beyond the mouth, as in Ancilla. It
has the faculty, according to M, Quoy, of absorbing, through
the pores of its foot, a great quantity of water, which it
ejects, when disturbed, in various directions ; it is caught
by baiting lines with bits of flesh : most of the species are
African.

PSEUDOSTROMBUS.

113

Species of Bullia.

lymnseana, A. Adams.
laevigata, Mart.

annulata, Lam.
callosa, Wood.
deformis, King.
digitalis, Meuscli.
globulosa, Kien.
Grayi, Reeve.

Mauritiana, Gray.
rhodostoma, Gray.
semiflammea. Reeve.
semiusta. Reeve.
semiplicata, Gray.
squalida, King.
sulcata, Reeve.
tenuis, Gray.

Sub-gen. buccianops, D’Orbigny.

Shell with the whorls somewhat angulated, and with a rounded
or nodulous band next the sutures.

gradata, Desh,

armata, Gray.
cochlidium, Kien.

Genus PSEUDOSTROMBUS, Klein.

Foot moderate, simple posteriorly.

Shell elongated, smooth, without epidermis, last whorl
ventricose ; spire acuminate ; aperture ovate ; columella
arched, smooth ; outer lip thin;

Syn. Dorsanum, Gray.

Ex. P. politus, LamarcJc^ pi. 12, fig. 4. Shell, P. Tran-
quebaricus, Bolten., fig. 4, a.

The shell of Pseudostromhus chiefly differs from that of
Bullia in the absence of the band of enamel round the
sutures of the spire.

Species of Pseudostromhus,

Malabaricus, Hanley.
politus, Lam.

vitreus, Reeve.

VOL. I,

Q

114

NASSINJE.

Sub-gen. leiodomus, Swainson.

Shell turreted ; whorls convex, transversely striated.

Taheitensis, Gray. velatus, Gould.

Tranqueharicus, Bolt. vittatus, Linn.

turrit us, Gray.

Sub-gen. adinus, H. and A. Adams.

Shell subulate, spirally striated ; columella abruptly truncate
at base ; inner lip corrugated, with a callosity at hind part ; outer
lip grooved internally, externally marginated.

truncatus. Reeve. ictericus, Boland.

Genus PHOS, Montfort.

Tentacles connate at the base, eyes near their tips.
Foot with an auriculate shield-like lobe in front, and ending
behind in a single tapering filament.

Shell cancellated, oblong, acuminated, usually longitudi-
nally ribbed ; outer lip striated internally, with a slight
sinus near the fore part ; columella obliquely grooved, or
with a single plait in front.

Byn, Rhinodomus, Bwaim.

Ex. P. textum, Gmelin^ pi. 12, fig. 5. Operculum, P.
Isevigatus, A. Adams^ fig. 5, 5, h. Shell, P. senticosus,

Linnaus^ fig. 5, c.

The great peculiarity of PJios is the circumstance of the
hind part of the foot ending in a tapering filament instead
of being simple as in Buccinum^ or bifid as in Nassa. The
columella, anteriorly, has a single fold, and there is a notch
at the fore part of the outer lip ; the canal is never elongate
or recurved as in JVassaria.

UESMOULEA.

115

Species of Phos.

articulatus, Hmds.
cancellatus, A. Adams.
Oumingii, Reeve,
fasciatus, A. Adams.
filosus, .4. Adams.
gaudens, Hinds.
IsQvigatus, A. Adams.
ligatus, A. Adams.
nodicostatus, A. Adams.
plicatus, A. Adams.

reticosus, Hinds.
roseatus, Hinds.
rufocinctus, A. Adams.
scalarioides, A. Adams.
senticosus, Linn.
turritus, A. Adams.
varicosus, A. Adams.
Veraguensis, Hinds.
virgatus, Hinds.

Sub-gen. strongylocera, Morch.

Shell with the whorls angulated, the upper part concave ; aper-
ture contracted.

cancellatus, Quoy andGaimard.
crassus, Hinds.
cyanostoma, A. Adams.
cyllenoides, A. Adams.
sculptilis, A. Adams.

spinicostatus, A. Adams.
textilinus, Morch.
textilis, A. Adams.
textum, Gmel.

Genus DESMOULEA, Gray.

Shell ovate-globose, covered with a downy epidermis ;
spire short, conical, apex papillary, whorls depressed;
aperture ovate; inner lip thickened, with a ridge poste-
riorly; outer lip contracted, thickened externally, plicated
internally.

Ex. D. pinguis, A. Adams, pi. 12, fig. 6. Operculum,
D. pinguis, fig. 6, a.

Desmoulea is remarkable for its obtuse apex and solid
growth. There are eight species described, but the animal
is not yet known ; when in fine condition they are covered

116

NASSINJi.

with a velvety epidermis, and some of the species are
ornamented with red and brown markings.

Species of Desmoulea.

abbreviata, Ghem.
crassa, A. Adams,
Japonica, A. Adams,
obtusa, Chem,

pinguis, A. Adams.
pulchra, Gray.
pyramidalis, A. Adams.
ventricosa, Lam.

Grenus NASSA, Martini,

Eyes on the middle of the tentacles ; lingual teeth
arched, pectinated; uncini with a basal tooth. Foot large,
expanded, bifurcate at its posterior extremity.

Operculum ovate, the margin serrated or entire.

Shell ovate, ventricose, body-whorl variously sculptured;
aperture ovate, with a short reflected truncated anterior
canal ; inner lip smooth, often widely spread over with
enamel, with a posterior callosity or blunt dentiform plait ;
outer lip dentated, internally crenulated.

Ex. N. lee vis, Chemnitz,^ pi. 12, fig. 7. Operculum, N.
dispar, A.Adams.^ fig. 7, «, 7, h. Shell, N. leevis, fig. 7, c.

The Nassa., remarkable for their bifid foot, are extremely
active and vivacious in their movements, feeding on bivalves,
which they pierce with their proboscis, extracting the con-
tents through a small round aperture.

Species of Nassa.

arcularia, Linn,
Bronniij Phil.
coronata, Briig.
coronula, A. Adams.

delicata, A. Adams.
dispar, A. Adams.
fissilabris, A. Adams.
mutabilis, Zwm.

NASSA.

117

nodicostata, A. Adams,
plicata, Bolt.
pullus, Linn.
pusio, A. Adams.

scalariformis, Chem.
sinusigera, A. Adams.
sulcifera, A. Adams.
velicata, Meusch.

Sub-gen. niotha, H. and A. Adams.

Shell cassidiform ; spire short, whorls granulated or cancel-
lated; inner lip with the callus very large and spreading ; outer
lip crenate, not variced externally.

acinosa, Gould.
albescens, Dhr.
australis, A. Adams.
abyssicola, A. Adams.
Bouchardi, Blcr.
caperata, Bhil.
crenilirata, A. Adams.
crenellifera, A. Adams.
costata, A. Adams.
candens, Hinds.
cremata. Hinds.
cselata, A. Adams.
Cumingii, A. Adams.
gemma, Phil.
gemmulifera, A. Adams.
gemmulata, Lam.
gemmulosa, C. B. Adams.
Isabellei, HOrb.

Jonasi, Dhr.
livescens, Phil.

Lyulla, Beck.
margaritifera, Dhr.
marginulata, Lam.
mendica, Gould.
multicostata, A. Adams.
myristica. Hinds.
pauperata, Lam.
plicatella, A. Adams.
ravida, A. Adams.
reticosa, A. Adams.
semigranosa, Dhr.
semigranulata, Dhr.
sinusigera, A. Adams.
Siquijorensis, A. Adams.
sordida, A. Adams.
splendidula, Dhr.
stigmataria, A. Adams.
variegata, A. Adams.
verrucosa, A. Adams.
Webbei, Petit.

Sub-gen. phrontis, H. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, acuminate, whorls ribbed or nodulose; inner
lip smooth, with an extended, thickened callus.

complanata, Powis.
corticata, A. Adams.

crassa, Koch.
fasciata, Che7n.

118

NASSINiE.

lineata, FulU venusta, JDkr.

nodulifera, Fhil. Wilsoni, G. B. Admns.

Stimpsoniana, G. B. Adams. xanthostoma, Gray.

Sturmii, Fhil. zonalis^ Brug.

tiarula, Kien.

Sub-gen. aeculaeia, Link (Eione, Risso).

Body-whorl gibbose on the back ; spire produced ; callus of
inner lip greatly extended and covering the spire.

bellula, A. Adams.
bimaculosa, A. Adams.
callispira, A. Adams.
callosa, A. Adams.
cancellata, A. Adams.
circumcincta, A. Adams.
clathrata, Kien.
dorsuosa, A. Adams.
gibbosula, Linn.

granifera, Kien.
Kraussiana, Bkr.
labecula, A. Adams.
leptospira, A. Adams.
nana, A. Adams.
orbiculata, A. Adams.
ThersiteS; Brug.
verrucosa, Brug.

Sub-gen. naytia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell smooth j aperture with a channel at the hind part con-
tinued up the spire.

glabrata, Sow. grana, Lam.

Sub-gen. alecteion, Montfort (Monoceros, Flem., not Lam.).

Spire elevated, whorls glabrous, polished or papillary ; inner
lip spreading ; outer lip denticulate, not variced externally.

elegans, Kien.
glans, Linn.
hepatica, Fult.
hirta, Kien.
Iseta, Fhil.
papillosa, Linn.

scalaris, A. Adams.
semi nodosa, A. Adams.
spirata, A. Adams.
suturalis, Lam.
Jacksoniana, Kien.

NASSA.

119

Sub-gen. zeuxis, H. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls covered with an epidermis, smooth, or
longitudinally plicate ; inner lip with the callus defined; outer
lip externally variced, dentate anteriorly.

badia, A. Adams.
cinnamomea, A. Adams.
compta, A. Adams.
concinna, Fowls.
crenulata, Brug.
exilis, Fowls.
foveolata, Dkr.
laevis, Chem.
micans, A. Adams.
mitralis, A. Adams.
pallidula, A. Adams.
planicostata, A. Adams.

scitula, A. Adams.
serotina, A. Adams.
sertula, A. Adams.
semiplicata, A. Adams.
signata, Fhr.
succincta, A. Adams.
taenia, Gmel.
teretiuscula, A. Adams.
unicolora, Kien.
varicifera, A, Adams.
zonalis, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. telasco, H. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls smooth, polished ; inner lip spreading ;
outer lip simple, acute.

distorta, A. Adams.
filosa, Gray.
gaudiosa, Hinds.
lentiginosa, A. Adams.
luctuosa, A. Adams.
mucronata, A. Adams.
marmorea, A. Adams.
moesta, Hinds.

obliquata, A. Adams.
picta, Bkr.
punctata, A. Adams.
Eeeviana, Fhr.
stolida, A. Adams.
striata, A. Adams.
variabilis, Fhil.

120

NASSINiE.

Sub-gen, CiEsiA, H. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls rugose or cancellated, rounded ; inner
lip with the callus defined; outer lip thin, simple.

corrugata, A. Adams. perpinguis, Hinds.

Japonica, A. Adams. Roissyi, Desk.

limata, Chem. turrita, A. Adams.

obliquiplicata_, Dlcr.

Sub-gen. tjzita, H. and A. Adams.

Spire acuminate, whorls striated, longitudinally ribbed or pli-
cate ; inner lip with the callus defined, with a single plait at the
fore part ; outer lip simple.

angulifera, A. Adams.
cinctella, A. Adam,s.
clathratula, A. Adams.
denticulata, A. Adams.
glauca, G. B. Adams.
miga, A dans.

Morrissii, Dkr.
nivea, A. Adams.
nodata, Hinds.
nodicincta, A. Adams.
nodifera, Powis.

nucleolus, Phil.
nodulifera, Phil.
obtusata, A. Adams.
pallida, Powis.
proxima, C. B. Adams.
pulchella, A. Adams.
rufocincta, A. Adams.
speciosa, A. Adams.
striata, G. B. Adams.
Sanctm Helenas, A. Adams.
versicolor, G. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. hebra, H, and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls spinose, muricated or tubercular ; inner
lip with the callus defined ; outer lip simple, not variced or den-
ticulate.

crenicostata, A. Adams.
echinata, A. Adams.

geniculata, A. Adams.
Gruneri, Dkr.

hispida, A. Adams.
horrida, Dkr.

muricata, Quoy and Oaim.

NASSA.

subspinosa, Lam.
vibex, Say,

121

Sub-gen. zaphon, H. and A. Adams.

Shell bucciniform ; spire elevated, whorls rugose ; inner lip
with a spreading, corrugated callus ] outer lip denticulate, lirate
internally, not variced externally.

elegans, Reeve.

Sub-gen. aciculina, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turreted, polished, smooth or longitudinally plicate ;
inner lip with the callus sharp, straight, defined ; outer lip pro-
duced in the middle, variced externally.

costata, A. Adams. maculata, A. Adams.

glabrata, A. Adams. vittata, A. Adams.

labiata, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. hima, Leach (Tritonia, Turton. Tritonella, A. Adams).

Spire elevated, whorls cancellated; inner lip with a rugose
callus, callus defined ; outer lip with a marginal varix.

ambigua, PuU.
canescens, C. B. Adams.
collaria, Gould.
corpulenta, G. B. Adams.
costata, A. Adams.
decussata, Rten.
dentifera, Powis.
fasciata, Lam.
festiva, Powis.

fuscata, A. Adams.
incrassata. Mull.
multigranosa, DJcr.
paupera, Gould.
polygonata, Lam.
pygmsea. Pull.
scabriuscula, Powis.
tritoniformis, Kien.
varicifera, A. Adams.

VOL. 1.

R

122

NASSIN^.

Sub-gen. tritia, Risso (Planaxis^ Eisso, not Lam.).

Spire elevated, whorls reticulated; inner lip smooth, with the
callus moderate ; outer lip simple, not variced or denticulate.

cancellata, Ghem.
Cooperi, Forbes.
costellifera, A. Adams.
dealbata, A. Adams.
fossata, Gould.

Gayii, Kien.

glauca, C. B. Adaras.
ohsoleta, Say.

Panamensis, C. B. Adams.
reticulata, Linn.
trivittata. Say.
Woodwardi, Forbes.

Genus NEPITULA, Plancus.

Shell ovate, depressed, axis distorted ; spire flattened,
oblique, whorls smooth ; aperture depressed ; columella
smooth ; inner lip callous, spread over the body- whorl ;
outer lip reflected, not denticulate or striated.

Syn. Cyclops, Montf, Oyclope, Bisso. Nana, 5, Schum.
Nanina, Bisso. Cyclonassa, Swains. Cyclocyrtia, Agass.

Ex. N. neritea, Linneeus, pi. 12, fig. 8. Shell, N. neritea,

fig. 8, a.

In Neritula the last whorl is depressed and extends
over the penultimate whorl, nearly covering and conceal-
ing the spire, which, consequently, appears very obtuse.
The animal has a bifid tail similar to that of Nassa,

Species of Neritula.

neritea, Linn.

pellucida, Bisso.

Genus TEINOSTOMA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell orbicular, depressed, subspiral, polished, last whorl

NASSARIA.

123

rounded at the periphery ; umbilical region covered with a
large, flat callosity ; aperture transverse, rounded, greatly
produced and elongated, ending anteriorly in a slightly
canaliculated point ; inner lip smooth, callous, not emargi-
nate or truncate anteriorly ; outer lip thin, simple, not
margined or reflected.

Ex. T. politum, A. Adams^ pi. 12. fig. 9.

This curious little genus very much resembles, at first
sight, Camitia of Gray, a genus of TrocMdeE, from which,
however, it is readily distinguished. Its true affinity is
with Neritula^ from which it is known by the absence of
the notch at the fore part of the aperture, and by the very
peculiar elongation of the mouth.

Species of Teinostoma.

anomalum, C. B. Adams. politum, A. Adams.

Genus NASSARIA, Link.

Animal as in Phos^ but without the caudal filament.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire acuminated, whorls longitu-
dinally ribbed and cancellated; aperture ending anteriorly
in a long recurved canal; inner lip thin, circumscribed,
transversely corrugately plicated; outer lip grooved in-
ternally.

Syn. Hindsia, H. and A. Adams,

Ex, N. alba. Martini.^ pi. 13, fig. 1. Operculum, N,
acuminata. Reeve, fig. l,a, 1, h. Shell, N. acuminata,
fig. 1, c.

Nassaria resembles a Phos with an elongated, subre-
curved beak, and has been confounded with Tritonium ; it,

124

NASSIN.E.

however, differs from the former genus in the presence of a
recurved canal, and from the latter in the eyes being
near the tips of the tentacles, and in the produced fore
part of the foot, which forms a prominent mentum.

Species of Nassaria.

acuminata, Reeve.
alba, Mart.

bitubercularis, A. Adams.
carduus, Reeve.
egregia, Reeve.

nassoides, Reeve.
nodicostata, A. Adams.
pagoda, Reeve.
suturalis, A. Adams.
varicifera, A. Adams.

Genus CYLLENE, Gray.

Operculum ovate, acute.

Shell ovate ; spire short, acute, suture canaliculated ;
columella concave, smooth or finely grooved ; outer lip
with a slight sinus at the fore part, emarginate posteriorly,
grooved internally.

Ex, 0. lyrata, Lamarck^ pi. 13, fig. 2.

The animal of Cyllene is at present unknown, but most
probably it will be found more to resemble that of this
group than that of Dactylidee ; the presence of the chan-
nelled suture, however, would seem to indicate the exist-
ence of a mantle-filament, as in Dactylus; the notch at the
fore part of the outer lip reminds one of Phos^ but the
general aspect of Cyllene is that of a little Volute.

Species of Cyllene.

concinna, Soland. glabrata, A. Adams.

Grayi, Reeve. Guillaini, Petit.

PURPURINiE.

125

fuscata, A. Adams,
luguhris, Adams and Reeve.
Ijrata, Lam.

Ovvenii, Gra^.

pulchella; Adams and Reeve.

pallida, A. Adams.
striata, A. Adams,
sulcata, A. Adams.

orientalis, A. Adams.

Sub-fam. PURPURIN^.

Operculum oblong, nucleus elongate, forming the long
outer edge.

The eyes in this sub-family are usually placed near the
tips of the tentacles; the siphon is short, and the foot
moderate. The shell is most frequently oval; the spire
shorter than the aperture, and the inner lip broad and more
or less flattened.

Genus CHORUS, Gray.

Shell ovate, ventricose ; spire elevated ; aperture oval,
wide ; canal straight, produced in front ; columella smooth,
curved ; outer lip with a prominent tooth at the fore part.

Ex. 0. monoceros, Deshayes., pi. 8, fig. 6. Operculum,
C. monoceros, fig. 6, 6, h. ■

This genus, from the length of the canal, would appear
to have a strong affinity with the Muricidve^ but the form
of the operculum shows that its true place is in the purpu-
riform division of the Buccinida.

Species of Chorus,

monoceros. Desk.

xanthostoma, Brod.

126

PURPURINJl.

Genus PURPURA, Aldrovandiis.

Shell oblong-oval, last whorl large ; spire short ; aper-
ture ovate, large, with an oblique channel or groove at
the fore part ; columella flattened ; outer lip simple.

Syn. Microtoma, Swains.

Ex. P. lapillus, LinncBUs, pi. 13, fig. 3. Operculum,
P. patula, LinncBus, fig. 3, a, 3, b. Shell, P. Persica,
Linnaeus, fig. 3, c.

The Purpurae inhabit the seas both of temperate and
tropical climates. Many species produce a fluid which
gives a dull crimson dye, whence their name of Purple
Shells. Their egg-cases are membranous, oval or sphe-
roidal, sometimes solitary, sometimes united in masses,
each sac containing many embryos.

Species of Purpura.

buccinea, Desh.
chocolata, Dud.
columellaris, Lain.
grisea, Bolt.
haustrum, Mart.

inerma, Reeve.
patula, Linn.
Persica, Lam.
Eudolphi, Lam.

Sub-gen. teibulus, Klein (Thais, Bolten).

Spire depressed, whorls simple, the last ventricose ; aperture
wide ; columella arcuated ; inner lip excavated, corrugated at the
fore part.

aperta, Blainv.
Ascensionis, Quoy.
Callaoensis, Gray.

Carolensis, Reeve.
nodosa, Linn.
planospira, Lam.

PURPURA.

127

Sub-gen. thalessa, H. and A. Adams.

Spire elevated, whorls spinose, angulated at the upper part ;
aperture moderate ; columella rounded, tubercular in front; outer
lip nodulous internally.

affinis, Reeve.
alveolata, Reeve.
armigera, Chem.
bimaculata, Jonas.
bitubercularis, Lam.
deltoidea, Lam.
ecbinata, Blainv.
ecbinulata, Lam.

hippocastanum, Linn.
intermedia, Kien.
mancinella, Lam.
melones. Dud.
pica, Blainv.
speciosa, Yalenc.
tumulosa, Reeve.
unifascialis, Lam.

Sub-gen. stramonita, Schumacher.

Spire elevated, whorls simple or nodulous ; aperture moderate,
produced anteriorly ; columella rounded, simple in front.

segrota. Reeve.
bicostalis, Lam.
biserialis, Blainv.
Blainvillii, Desh.
cataracta, Chem.
Conradi, Nutt.
consul, Chem.
fasciata. Reeve.

Floridiana, Conrad.
gigantea. Reeve.
haemastoma, Linn.
Janellii, Kien.
luteostoma, Chem.
Tipoti, Petit.
rustica. Reeve.

Sub-gen. teochia, Swainson.

Whorls separated by a deep groove ; inner lip thickened, con-
vex, striated ; aperture with a very short canal.

cingulata, Linn.

spiralis, Reeve.

128

PURPURINiE.

Sub-gen. polytropa, Swainson.

Spire acuminate, whorls foliated or tuberculose ; inner lip
flattened; canal small, oblique; aperture narrowed at the fore
part.

analoga, Forbes.
attenuata, Reeve.
crispata, Chem.
decemcostata, Midd.
emarginata. Desk.
Freycinetii, Desk.
fuscata, Forbes.
lapillus, Linn.
nux. Reeve.

ostrina, Gould.
rugosa, Lam.
scobina, Quoy.
septentrionalis, Reeve.
squamosa, Lam.
succincta, Lam.
textilosa, La^n.
Wahlbergi, Krauss.

Sub-gen. cronia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate ; spire acuminated ; aperture moderate ; inner lip
callous at the upper part ; columella straight, simple anteriorly.

amygdala, Kien.

Genus lOPAS, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, rugose, last whorl large ; spire acuminate ;
aperture moderate, emarginate and channelled in front;
inner lip covered with a thin enamel, and with a promi-
nent plait-like callosity at the hind part ; columella
rounded, subtruncate anteriorly ; outer lip sinuous, crenate
internally.

Ex. I. sertum, Lamarck, pi. 13, fig. 4. Operculum,
I. sertum, fig. 4, a.

This genus resembles Pisania among the Muricidce,

PENTADACTYLUS.

129

but the operculum has a lateral nucleus like that of the
other genera in this sub-family.

Species of Iojms.

hederacea, Mart. situla, Eeeve.

sertum, Lam.

Genus VEXILLA, Swainson.

Shell purpuriform ; inner lip flattened and depressed;
outer lip, when adult, thickened, inflected, and toothed;
aperture wide.

Ex. V. vexillum, Chemnitz., pi. 13, fig. 5.

Species of Vexilla.

liueata, A. Adams. vexillum, Cliem.

taeniata, Poivis.

Genus PENTADACTYLUS, Klein.

Shell ovate, solid ; spire short, whorls tubercular or
spinous; aperture linear, narrow, contracted by callous
projections, with an oblique emarginate canal in front;
inner lip wrinkled ; outer lip internally with plait-like
teeth, often digitate.

Syn. Ricinula, Lam. Drupa, Bolt.

Ex. P. globosus. Martini, pi. 13, fig. 6. Operculum,
P. elegans, Broderip, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, P. grossula-
rius, Bolten, fig. 6, c.

The shells of this genus, usually known under the
Lamarckian name of Ricinula, may be distinguished by

VOL. I.

s

130

PURPURINiE.

the spiny or tubercular character of their whorls, their
purple ringent apertures, and the digitation of the outer
lip, at least in the typical species.

Species of Pentadactylus.

albolabris, Blainv.
clathratus, Lam.
elegans, Brod.
globosus, Mart.
grossularius, Bolt.

hystrix, Lam.
iodostoma, Lesson.
Laurentianus, Petit.
lobatus, Blainv.
ricinus, Linn.

Sub-gen. sistkum, Montfort (Morula, Schum.).

Shell ovate, whorls nodose or spiny ; inner lip with a few tuber-
cular folds anteriorly ; outer lip thickened and crenulated, inter-
nally tuberculate or striated.

albus. Mart.
Anaxares, Duel.
asper, Lam.
cariosus, Wood.
cavernosus, Reeve.
chaideus. Duel.
chrysostoma. Desk.
concatenatus, Blamv.
dealbatus, Reeve.
elatus, Blainv.
elongatus, Blainv.
fiscellum, Chem.
funiculatus, Reeve.

iostoma. Reeve.
monilis, Chem.
muricatus, Reeve.
musivus, Kien.
muticus, Lam.
ochrostoma, Reeve.
sidereus, Reeve.
spectrum, Reeve.
spinosus, H. and A. Adams
(chrysostoma, Reeve).
tuberculatus, Blainv.
undatus, Chem.

Genus ACANTHINA, Fischer.

Shell ovate, last whorl large ; spire rather elevated ;
aperture semilunar; inner lip wide and flattened; outer
lip crenated, with a prominent tooth at the fore part.

rSEUDOLIVA.

131

Syn. Monoceros, Lam,., not Bloch. Unicornus, Montf.
Rudolphus, Cliem. Riidolpha, Schum.

Ex. A. striata, Lamarck^ pi. 13, fig. 7. Operculum,
A. unicornis, Bruguiere, fig. 7, a, 7, b. Shell, A. calcar,
Martyn, fig. 7, c.

The species of Acanthina are most numerous on the
South American coasts of the Pacific Ocean ; the genus
differs from Purpura in having a tooth-like spine on the
outer lip.

Species of Acanthina.

acuminata, Sow.
calcar, Martyn.
cornigera, Blainv.
cymatium, Soland.
glabrata, Lam.
grandis. Gray.
maculata. Gray.

punctata. Gray.
spirata, Blainv.
striata, Lam.
truncata, Reeve.
tuberculata. Gray.
unicornis, Brug.

Genus PSEUDOLIVA, Swainson.

Shell ovate, solid, subglobose ; spire very short, suture
slightly channelled, whorls tumid round the upper part ;
aperture oval ; canal very short ; inner lip arcuated, with
a callosity at the hind part ; outer lip thin, furnished at
the fore part with a small tooth or callosity^.

Syn. Gastridium, Sow., not Modeer. Gastridia, Gray.
Pseudodactylus, Herm.

Ex. P. laevis. Martini, pi. 13, fig. 8. Operculum,
P. laevis, fig. 8, a, 8, b.

Pseudoliva, known only by its shell and operculum,
reminds one of Olivancillaria among the Dactylidce,
but is distinguished by its large purpura-like operculum.

132

PURPURINiE.

and the tooth on the outer lip. The species are few
in number, and come from Africa and California.

Species of Pseudoliva.

Isevis, Mart. striata, A. Adams.

sepimenta, Pang. zebrina, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. mackon, H. and A. Adams.

Inner lip with the callus defined ; columella obliquely wrin-
kled ; spire elevated, suture channelled.

^thiops. Peeve. Kellettii, A. Adams.

Genus PINAXIA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell conical ; spire short, acute ; aperture oval-oblong,
emarginate anteriorly ; inner lip flattened, with several
transverse plaits in the middle ; outer lip acute, grooved
internally.

Ex. P. coronata, A. Adams, pi. 14, fig. 1.

The singular and pretty little shell on which this genus
is founded, is from the Philippines, and is one of the very
numerous discoveries in Conchology made by the indefa-
tigable Mr. Cuming during his laborious researches among
the reefs and islands of the Philippine Archipelago.

Genus CONCHOPATELLA, Chemnitz.

Shell ovate, last whorl large, expanded ; spire very
short, obliquely inclined towards the left side ; aperture
very wide, slightly channelled anteriorly ; inner lip flat-
tened ; outer lip with two small teeth in front.

RAPANIM.

133

Syti. Concholepas, Favanne. Conchulus, Rqfin.

Ex. C. Peruviana, Lamarck^ pi. 14, fig. 2. Operculum,
C. Peruviana, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, C. Peruviana, fig. 2, c.

The only species known of this genus is from Peru ; it
lives upon the rocks and stones along the shore, and, con-
sidering the size of the foot, is, according to D’Orbigny,
very inactive ; the operculum is very large and thin, and is
placed transversely across the hind part of the foot.

Sub-fam. RAPANIN^.

Operculum ovate, blunt, nucleus elongate, forming the
outer or hinder edge.

In this sub-family the shell is usually more or less pyri-
form, and often produced anteriorly; the spire is short,
and the inner lip is convex and smooth.

Genus CUMA, Humphrey.

Shell pyriform ; spire elevated, acute, whorls angular or
spinose ; aperture oval-oblong ; columella convex, some-
times with a strong angular tooth in the middle ; outer lip
acute, grooved internally.

Ex. C. kiosquiformis, Duclos, pi. 14, fig. 3. Oper-
culum, C. tectum, Chemnitz^ fig. 3, 3, h. Shell, C. tec-

tum, fig. 3, c.

The operculum of this genus resembles that of Pur-
pura ; some of the species bear a close affinity to those
of Rhizochilus, and in the one chosen by Swainson as
the type there is a prominent tooth-like projection in
the middle of the columellar lip.

134

RAPANINiE.

Species of Cunia.

Africana, Mart,
carinifera, Lam.

quadrata, Jonas.
rugosa, Qiioy.
sacellum, Chem.
tectum, Chem.
tliiarella, Lam.
trigona, Lam.

muricina, Blainv.

cuspidata, Adams and Reeve.
diadema, Lam.
Grateloupiana, Petit.
Gravesii, Brod.
imperialis, Blainv.
kiosquiformis, Duel.

Genus RAPANA, Schumacher.

Shell ventricose, axis perforated to the apex; spire
depressed ; aperture oval, narrowed anteriorly ; canal
open, slightly recurved; inner lip reflected, free ante-
riorly; umbilicus corrugated.

Ex. R. bezoar, LinncBUs, pi. 14, fig. 4. Operculum,
R. bulbosa, Solander, fig. 4, «, 4, h. Shell, R. bezoar,
fig. 4, c.

The operculum of Rapana is of the Purpura type,
and the shell is ventricose and umbilicated. The animals
frequent the coral-reefs of tropical countries, and most
probably feed upon the polyps that construct them.

Species of Rapana.

bezoar, Linn.
bulbosa, Soland.

coronata, Lam.
muricata, Brod.

Sub-gen. latiaxis, Swainson.

Shell with the axis very widely perforate ; whorls more or less
detached, carinated; aperture trigonal.

Fortuni, A. Adams.
Mawae, Gray.

nodosa, A. Adams.
pagoda, Jonas.

RIIIZOCHILUS.

135

Genus RHIZOCHILUS, Steenstrup.

Shell, when young, free, resembling Rapmia ; when
adult, sometimes with more or less irregular, solid, shelly
extensions of the outer and inner lips, which clasp the
axis of coral, or the surface of neighbouring shells, and at
length close the mouth, with the exception of the ante-
rior siphonal canal which is converted into a shelly tube.

Ex. R. antipathicus, Steenstrup, pi. 14, fig. 5, 5, a.

The remarkable peculiarity of the animal of Rhizochi-
lus, at least in the typical species, in becoming perma-
nently fixed, and closing the aperture of the shell, is very
anomalous. Like Pedicularia, it attaches itself to the
axis of coral ; it frequently, however, adheres to shells of
its own kind. Professor Steenstrup observed it embracing
the axis of Antipathes ericoides, whence its specific name.

Species of Rhizochilus,

antipathicus, Steenst.

Sub-gen. cokalliophila, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with the outer and inner lips irregular, moderate, not
produced into an extended process closing the aperture.

clathratus, A. Adams.
costularis, Blainv.
D’Orbignyanus, Petit.
foveolatus, C. B. Adams.
fragilis A. Adams.
galea, Chem.
gibbosus. Reeve.
madreporinus, A. Adams.

monodonta, Qiioy and Gaim.
neritoideus, Chem.
osculans, C. B. Adams.
pulchellus, A. Adams.
scala, A. Adams.
scalariformis, Lam.
squamulosus. Reeve.
suturalis, A. Adams.

130

EAPANIM.

Genus SEPARATISTA, Gray.

Shell turbinate, subdiscoidal, the first whorls contiguous,
the last more or less separated; aperture expanded, slightly
angulated, the margin everted; umbilicus very wide, in-
fundibuliform, with the whorls visible as far as the apex.
8yn. ? Lippistes, Mo7itf,

Ex. S. Chemnitzii, A. Adams^ pi. 14, fig. 6.

This curious genus seems somewhat to approach Ra-
paiia in conformation and texture. One species is from
the Philippines, another is from Japan, and Say has
described one as a species of Delphiniila.

Species of Separatista.

Blainvilleana, Petit.
Chemnitzii, A. Adams.

Grayi, A. Adams.
laxa, Say.

Genus MELAPIUM, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovato-pyriform, ventricose, imperforate, porcella-
nous ; spire obsolete, apex papillary ; aperture expanded ;
inner lip with a thick, smooth callus at the hind part ;
columella twisted anteriorly, with a prominent oblique
plait ; canal wide, recurved, directed towards the left.

Syn. Pyrula sp.. Lain.

Ex. M. lineatum, Lamarck, pi. 14, fig. 7.

The porcellanous texture of the shell of Melapium ap-
proximates it to Pusionella, from which, however, it is dis-
tinguished by its ventricose body-whorl and short papillary
spire ; from Rapana the absence of umbilicus separates
it. The animal and operculum are at present unknown.

LEPTOCONCHUS.

137

Genus RAPA, Klein.

Shell thin, globosely pyriform, axis perforate, umbi-
licus partly concealed by the reflected inner lip ; spire
obtuse ; aperture oblong, produced anteriorly into a wide
subrecurved canal.

Syn, Humph. Bi'own. Rapella,

Ex. R. tenuis. Martini^ pi. 14, fig. 8.

Rapa differs from Rapana not only in the produced
canal of the aperture and thin simple whorls, but in the
free, reflexed inner lip and moderate umbilicus ; the genus
at present is known only from its shell.

Genus LEPTOCONCHUS, Riippell.

Operculum none.

Shell thin, ovate or subglobose ; spire depressed, rather
obsolete ; aperture large, oval ; inner lip anteriorly con-
torted and truncate ; outer lip thin, rather expanded.

Ex. L. Peronii, Lamarck, pi. 14, fig. 9. Shell, L.
Peronii, fig. 9, a.

An examination of the animal confirms the statement
of Riippell that there is no operculum. The mantle-mar-
gin is greatly thickened and fleshy ; the tentacles are
small, broad, and united at their bases ; the eyes are small
and black, on the outer side of the tentacles, near their
tips ; the foot is small, short, obtuse and rounded behind,
with a thin, expanded, disk-like lobe in front, and the
siphon is obsolete. The genus differs from Campulotus
not only in the absence of operculum, but in the shell
never forming a long tubular projection of the mouth, as

VOL. I.

T

138

RAPANINiE.

in that genus. It comprises but few species, which take
up their abode in corals and madrepores.

Species of Leptoconchus.

* oblongus, Sow. Peronii, Lam.

Sub-gen. coealltobia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with the spire obsolete, sublateral, last whorl large,
lamellose; aperture very wide, simple anteriorly; outer lip
expanded, fimbriated.

fimbriatus, A. Adams.

Genus CAMPULOTUS, Guettard.

Mantle-margin thickened, siphon very short. Foot
large, fleshy, oval.

Operculum ovate, nucleus sublateral.

Shell, when young, spiral, thin ; when adult, white, solid,
tubular, spiral for three or four whorls, the last turn pro-
longed into an irregular, straight or flexuous tube, solid
posteriorly, and with a siphonal keel on the left side.

Syn. Magilus, Mont/. Tubulites, Davilla. Spiro-
branchus, Blainv.

Ex. C. antiquus, Mont/ort, pi. 14, fig. 10. Opercu-
lum, C. antiquus, fig. 10, a, 10, b. Shell, C. antiquus,
fig. 10, c.

This curious genus lives in coral, and the inordinate
extension of the lips of the shell is to enable the animal
to keep on a level with the surface of the coral as it
continues to increase in size ; as the shell grows, the tube
behind is filled up with solid calcareous matter.

DACTYLID^.

139

Fam. DACTYL1D.E.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (IT'l), the
central broad, the lateral versatile. Mantle enclosed, the
siphon recurved. Foot voluminous, usually reflexed over
the sides of the shell, and fissured on each side in front.

Operculum small, often wanting or rudimentary.

Shell porcellanous, usually polished, last whorl often
enrolled round the others ; aperture ending anteriorly
in an oblique fissure.

The operculum is absent in Harpa and Dactylus, and
also in some of the ventricose species of Ancillm with
wide apertures ; but in Olivella, and in many of the smaller
AncillcBy it is always present, though of moderate size.

Sub-fam. HARPING.

Head and tentacles exposed ; eyes conspicuous, deve-
loped. Mantle simple, enclosed, without a tapering ap-
pendage in front. Foot large, flat, not reflexed on the
sides of the shell.

Operculum none.

Shell ventricose, whorls ribbed ; inner lip simple ante-
riorly.

Genus HAKPA, Rumphius.

Shell oval, ventricose ; spire short, apex acute, whorls
longitudinally ribbed, ribs ending posteriorly in sharp
points ; aperture oblong, large, emarginate anteriorly ;
outer lip thickened, forming the last rib.

Syn. Cithara, Klein. Harparia, Rqfin. Harpalis,
Link. Lyra, Griff., not Linn.

140

DACTYLIM.

Ex'. H. minor, Martini, pi. 15, fig. 1, Shell, H. ven-
tricosa, Lamarck, fig. 1, a.

The animals are variegated with beautiful colours, and
crawl with vivacity ; they have the singular power of
spontaneously detaching a portion of the foot when mo-
lested, resembling, in this respect, Haliotidea and Gena.
They are found in Ceylon, Mauritius, the Feejee Islands,
and in Mexico. At Mauritius they are caught with lines
baited with small pieces of flesh.

Species of Harpa.

cancellata, Chem.
costata, Linn.
crassa, Phil.
crenata, Swains.
gracilis, Brod.
major, Mart.

minor, Mart.
nablium. Mart.
nobilis. Mart.
rosacea, Mart.
striatula, A. Adams.
ventricosa, Lam.

Sub-fam. DACTYLTNtE.

Head and tentacles more or less concealed. Mantle
with a tapering lobe in front, and an appendage behind
which covers the spire, or reposes in the channelled
suture.

Operculum wanting, or elongated and thin, with an
apical, subspiral nucleus.

Shell solid, smooth ; inner lip more or less plicate ante-
riorly.

Genus OLIVANCILLARIA, D’Orbigny.

Head and tentacles concealed. Mantle with a large,
thick, fleshy appendage behind. Foot very voluminous.

OLIVANCILLARIA.

141

truncate posteriorly, shield with the side-lobes very large
and rounded.

Operculum distinct, half-ovate, nucleus subapical.

Shell smooth, oblong ; spire short, suture not canali-
culated to the apex ; aperture moderate ; columella with
two or three oblique plaits anteriorly, and with a large
callosity posteriorly.

Ex. O. vesica, Gmelin, pi. 15, fig. 2. Shell, O. vesica,
fig. 2, a.

In this genus the suture of the spire is usually filled up
with a callous deposit, and the spire is often very short.
In the animal the hind part of the mantle ends in a large,
thick, fleshy process, which partly covers the spire.

Species of Olivancillaria.
Braziliensis, Chem.

Sub-gen. uteiculina, Gray.

Spire acuminated, suture channelled as far as the apex ; aper-
ture moderate ; last whorl simple.

acuminata, Lam. ligneola, Reeve.

ancillaroides. Reeve. lutaria. Bolt.

gibbosa. Born. nebulosa, Lam.

litterata, Lam.

Sub-gen. lintkicula, H. and A. Adams (Scaphula, Swainson,
not Benson).

Shell oblong, ventricose, thick ; spire very short, obtuse, cal-
lous, suture not channelled to the apex ; aperture very wide.

aquatilis. Reeve.

vesica, Gmel.

142

DACTYLIM.

Genus AGARONIA, Gray.

Foot long and pointed behind, shield with the side-
lobes moderate, acute.

Operculum distinct.

Shell oliviform, thin ; spire acuminate, suture chan-
nelled ; aperture wide, effuse anteriorly ; columella not
thickened posteriorly, tumid, with a few oblique plaits in
front.

Syn. Hiatula, Swains.

Ex. A. megalostoma, Meuschen, pi. 15, fig. 3. Shell,
A. megalostoma, fig. 3, a.

The animal of Agaronia differs from that of Dactylus
in having an operculum, and from that of Olivella, in the
form of the side-lobes of the foot ; the shell, moreover, is
light, the spire long and pointed, and the aperture wide
and effuse anteriorly.

Species of Agaronia.

cincta, Eeeve.
contortuplicata, Reeve.
indusica, Reeve.
megalostoma, Meuscli.

Steeriae, Reeve.
striata, Swains.
testacea, Lam.

Genus DACTYLUS, Klein.

Tentacles enlarged at the base. Mantle with a poste-
rior filament lodged in the channelled suture of the
spire. Foot long and acuminate behind, shield with the
side-lobes tapering, acute, small.

Operculum none.

DACTYLUS.

143

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, polished ; spire short, su-
ture canaliculated ; aperture long, narrow, notched in
front ; columella obliquely plicate, sulcated, or striated,
with a callosity at the hind part ; outer lip simple, rather
thick.

Syn. Oliva, Brug. Ancillaria, Risso^ not Lam. Oli-
varia, Rqfin. Olivarius, Dum.

Ex. D. Mauritianus, Martini, pi. 15, fig. 4. Shell, D.
Mauritianus, fig. 4, a.

The species of Dactylus, commonly known under the
name of ‘‘ Olives,” are chiefly tropical in their geogra-
phical distribution. They live on sandy flats, and may
be found by following the traces they leave by burrowing
under the surface as the tide retires ; they are very active,
and glide with considerable quickness. In the genus, as
restricted, the callus of the inner lip is produced pos-
teriorly beyond the spire, and there is a prominent cal-
losity on the anterior part of the last whorl.

Species of Dactylus.

avellana, Lam.
bulbiformis, Duclos.
bulbosus, Bolt.

inflatus, Lam.
tuberosus, Bolt,
undatus, Lam.

Sub-gen. strephona, Browne.

Shell subcylindrical, polished ; spire short, pointed, suture
channelled as far as the apex ; last whorl simple ; columella
obliquely plicate.

coniformis, Phil.
Cumin gii. Reeve.
harpularius, Lam,.

incrassatus, Soland.
ispidus. Link.
jaspideus, Duclos.

144

DACTYLINi53.

Julieta, Duclos.
marmoreus, Mart.
multiplicatus, Beeve.
olivaceus, Meusch.
pantherinus, Phil.
Peruvianus, Lam.

pol pasta, Duclos.
porpliyreus, Linn.
pygmaeus, Beeve.
rufulus, Duclos.
splendidulus, Sow.
subangulatus, Phil.

Sub-gen. poephykta, Bolten.

Spire acuminate, suture canaliculate as far as the apex ; body
whorl simple ; aperture narrow, linear ; columella obliquely
plicate.

elegans, Lam.
guttula. Mart.
irisans, Lam.
Labradorensis, Bolt.
Mauritianus, Mart.
mustelinus, Lam.
nobilis, Beeve.
Olympiadinus, Duclos.

ponderosus, Duclos.
porphyreticus. Mart.
scriptus, Lam .
sericeus. Bolt.
tremulinus, Lam.
xiridescens. Mart.
Zeylanicus, Lam.

Sub-gen. ispidula. Gray.

Spire elevated, suture channelled as far as the apex; last
whorl simple ; columella transversely strongly plicate as far as
the hind part.

araneosus, Lam.
australis, Duclos.
cgeruleus, Bolt.
emicator, Meusch.
ispidula, Linn.
kaleontinus, Duclos.

lentiginosus, Beeve.
modestus, Beeve.
panniculatus, Duclos.
paxillus, Beeve.
Stainforthii, Beeve.
venulatus, Lam.

Sub-gen. cylindeus, Meuschen.

Spire entirely covered with a vitreous deposit, last whorl

OLIVELLA.

145

cylindrical, with an angular ridge posteriorly; columella plicate
as far as the hind part.

carneolus, Lam.
crassus, Mart.
pictus, Beeve.

tessellatus, Lam.
volvarioides, Duclos.

Germs OLIVELLA, Swainsoii.

Mantle with a large frontal lobe. Foot not very volu-
minous, truncate behind, shield narrow, side-lobes small,
acute.

Operculum distinct, half-ovate, nucleus subapical.

Shell oliviform ; spire produced, acute, suture canali-
culated ; aperture narrow behind, enlarged anteriorly ;
columella plicated in front, callous posteriorly.

Syn. Olivina, D'Orbigny, not Morch.

Ex. O. Tehuelchana, UOrhigny, pi. 15, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, O. semistriata. Gray, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, O. exi-
gua, Martini, fig. 5, c.

The Olivell(B affect sandy localities, burying themselves
in the sand, but leaving no trace behind. M. D’Orbigny
observed O. Tehuelchana, while gliding rapidly along,
suddenly expand the lobes of the foot and shoot through
the water.

Species of Olivella.

anazora, Duclos.
attenuata. Reeve.
bullula, Reeve.
cyanea. Reeve.
dealbata. Reeve.
eburnea, Lam.
Esther, Duclos.
exigua. Mart.

fimbriata. Reeve.
fulgida. Reeve.
fulgurata, Adams and Reeve.
gracilis, Brod. and Soiv.
Guildiugii, Reeve.
hieroglyphica, Rveve.
inconspicua, C. B. Adams.
lanceolata. Reeve.

VOL. I.

u

146

DACTYLIM.

lineolata, Gray.
micans, Soland.
minuta, Link.
mitreola, Duclos.
monilifera, Reeve.
myriadina, Duclos.
nitidula, Soland.
oryza, Lam.
parvula, Mart.
pellucida, Reeve.
Puelchana, D'Orh.
pulchella, Duclos.

pura, Reeve.

purpurata, Swains.
rosolina, Duclos.
rufifasciata, Reeve.
strigata, Reeve.
Tehuelchana, D’Orb.

tergina, Duclos.
triticea, Duclos.
undatella, Lam.
zanoeta, Duclos.
zonalis, Lam.

Sub-gen. dactylidia, H. and A. Adams,

Spire obtuse, covered with a thick deposit of enamel ; aperture
narrow, plicate; inner lip with a large, thickened callus, pro-
duced at the hind part, and covering and concealing the spire.

nana, Lam.

millepunctata, Duclos.

mutica, Say.

Sub-gen. callianax, H. and A. Adams (Olivina, March,
not D'Orh).

Shell not polished ; spire produced, acute, suture channelled ;
aperture wide, effuse in front ; callus of inner lip thick, defined ;
columella simple, or with a few plaits anteriorly.

biplicata. Sow. semistriata. Gray.

columellaris. Sow. zenopira, Duclos.

Sub-gen. lampkodoma, Swainson.

Spire acuminate, elevated, suture canaliculated ; inner lip
simple posteriorly, regularly and closely plicate at the fore part
of the columella ; callus moderate, restricted.

leucozonias. Gray.

volutella, Lam.

ANCILLIN^.

147

Sub-fam. ANCILLINJE.

Head concealed ; eyes none ; tentacles rudimentary.
Mantle without a tapering lobe in front. Foot volumi-
nous, bifid behind, shield grooved on the upper surface,
side-lobes not much produced.

Operculum small, ovate, acute, sometimes entirely
wanting.

Shell usually polished ; whorls smooth ; aperture effuse?
with the front part of the columella variously grooved and
twisted.

Genus DIPSACCUS, Klein.

Shell fusiformly cylindrical, polished, solid, generally
deeply umbilicated; spire elevated, suture covered with
enamel ; aperture oval, elongated : inner lip tortuous ;
outer lip acute, with a slight tooth on the fore part.

Ex. D. glabratus, Linnceus, pi. 15, fig. 6.

In the Dipsaccm of Klein, as restricted, there are four
species, distinguished by the deep umbilicus and chan-
nelled columella, which are owing to certain peculiarities
of the animal not yet known. Lamarck included the D.
glahratus among the species of his genus Eburna, which
belongs to another group.

Species of Dipsaccus.

balteatus, Sow.
cingulatus, Sow.

glabratus, Linn.
niveus, Swains.

148

ANCILLIM.

Sub-gen. amalda, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, not umbilicated ; spire elongated, suture ena-
melled ; inner lip with the callus moderate, defined ; outer lip
simple.

bicolor, Gray.
elongatus. Gray.
margin atus, Lam.

oblongus, Sow.
Tankervillianus, Sow.

Genus ANCILLA, Lamarck.

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, polished ; spire short, su-
ture filled up with enamel ; aperture large, dilated, effuse
anteriorly ; columella callous anteriorly, twisted ; outer lip
thin, simple, acute.

Syn. Olivula, Conrad.

Ex. A. obtusa, Swainson, pi. 15, fig. 7. Operculum,
A. obtusa, fig. 7, a, 7, h. Shell, A. torosa, Meuschen, fig.

7, c.

The Ancill(B inhabit submerged sand-banks, and pro-
gress with a swift gliding motion ; sometimes they expand
the large lobes of their foot in a horizontal direction, and
swim or dart through the water. They chiefly inhabit the
shores of Africa, though a few have been found in the
Indian and Australian Seas.

Species of Ancilla.

albisulcata. Sow.

effusa, Swains.
fulva, Swains.
lineata, A. Adams.
ventricosa, Lam.

ampla, Gmel.
aperta. Sow.
Caffra, Forsk.
castanea. Sow.

FASCIOLARIIDiE.

149

Sub-gen. ancillaeia, Lamarck.

Shell thin, ventricose, striated ; spire short, obtuse, suture
enamelled ; aperture wide.

alba, Kien. volutella, Desh.

torosa, Meusch.

Sub-gen. anaulax, Roissy (Anolax, Bron.).

Shell not polished; spire produced, sutures covered with a
thick deposit of enamel; inner lip with the callus extended,
thick, and covering the spire.

australis, Sow. obtusa. Hinds.

mamillata. Hinds. rubiginosa, Swains.

mucronata. Sow. subulata. Reeve.

Sub-gen. ohilotygma, H. and A. Adams.

Spire moderate, suture enamelled; inner lip with the callus
produced posteriorly into a strong angular tooth.

exigua. Sow.

Fam. FASCIOLARIID.^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (1T*1), the
central recurved, toothed at the tip, the lateral not versa-
tile ; lateral teeth very broad, linear, with many equal
teeth ; central tooth narrow, small. Mantle enclosed, with
a straight siphon.

The operculum in this family is ovate-acute, with the
nucleus apical.

Shell fusiform ; aperture with a straight canal in front,
and with plaits on the fore part of the pillar.

150

FASCIOLARI1D.E.

Genus FASCIOLARIA, Lamarck.

Shell fusiform ; spire acuminated ; aperture oval, elon-
gated, as long as the spire ; siphonal canal straight ; colu-
mella smooth, with a few oblique plaits at the fore part ;
outer lip internally crenate.

Syn, Pyrula, Perry ^ not Lam. Coins, Bolten^ not
Hmnph. leranea, Rajin.

Ex. F. lignaria, Linnaeus^ ^\. 16, fig. 1. Operculum,
F. tulipa, Linn(BUs, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, F. tulipa, fig. l,c.

The “ Tulip Shells,” as they have been called, are usu-
ally light and ventricose, and are known by their fusiform
shape and by the few oblique plaits on the columella;
they have a wide range in their distribution, being found
in the Mediterranean, the Cape Verd Islands, Ceylon, the
Philippines, the West Indies, Australia, Western Africa,
and South America. The name of Golus is already in use
as a synonym of Fusus.

Species of Fasciolaria.

Audouini, Jonas.
aurantiaca, Lam.
badia, Krauss.
clava, Jonas.
coronata, Lam.
crocata, Phil.
distans, Lam.
filamentosa, Chem.
fusiformis, Valenc.
gigantea, Kien.
granosa, Brod.
inermis, Jonas.

ligata, Migh. and Adams.
lignaria, Linn.
lugubris, Adams and Reeve.
papillosa, Sow.
ponderosa, Jonas.
princeps, Sow.
purpurea, Jonas.

Reevei, Phil.
salmo, Wood.
trapezium, Linn.
tulipa, Linn.

TUDICLA.

151

Genus BUSYCON, Bolten.

Shell pyriform, last whorl large, nodulous or spinose ;
spire very short ; aperture large, subtriangular ; canal open,
elongated, entire at the fore part ; inner lip concave, with
a single fold anteriorly ; outer lip internally striated.

Syn. Pyrula (part), Lam. Fulgur, Montf.

Ex. B. perversum, LinncEus, pi. 16, fig. 2.

Busycon has a reversed, light, ventricose shell, with a
single plait on the fore part of the columella, and a sul-
cated outer lip ; the species known are few, and come
from tropical regions.

Species of Busycon.

affine, Sow.
aruanum, Linn.
canaliculatum, Linn.
crassicauda, Phil.

idoleum, Jonas.
Kieneri, Phil.
perversum, Linn.

Sub-gen. tape on, H. and A. Adams.

Shell dextral, transversely striated, whorls rounded ; aperture
ovate, fore part produced into a long, slightly-recurved canal.

striatum. Gray.

Genus TUDICLA, Bolten.

Shell fusiform ; spire very short, apex papillary ; aper-
ture oval ; canal very long and straight; columella smooth,
flattened, with a single fold at the fore part.

Syn. Pyrella, Swains. Spirillus, Schhit., not Humph.
Spirilla, Sow., Jun.

Ex. T. spirillus, J^innwus, pi. 16, fig. 3.

152

FASCIOLARIIDiE.

The papillary apex of the spire, the single plait on the
columella, and the long straight beak, are the chief charac-
teristics of this genus ; the animal is not yet known ; the
shell appears to have the greatest affinity to Biisycon^
although usually regarded as a Mur ex.

Species of Tiidicla.

Adams and Beere. spirillus, Linn.

rusticula, Bast.

Genus LATIRUS, Montfort.

Shell turreted, fusiform, umbilicated ; spire produced,
whorls nodulous ; aperture oval-oblong ; outer lip thin,
crenulated ; columella straight, with two or three small
oblique plaits in front.

Syn. Polygona, Sclium. Polygonum, Blainv..^ not
Tournef.

Ex. L. turritus, Gmelin, pi. 16, fig. 4. Operculum,
L. turritus, fig 4, a, 4, h. Shell, L. gibbulus, Gmelin,
fig. 4, c.

The animals of all the species of this genus which have
been hitherto observed, are of a dull red colour ; the shells
resemble Fusi, but with the fore part of the pillar lip plicate.

Species of Latirus.

acuminatus, Kien.
afer, Lam.
ananas, Chem.
annulatus, Bolt.
aplustris, Mart.
attenuatus, Reeve.
brevicaudatus, Reeve.
castaneus, Gray.

ceratus, Wood.
concentricus, Reeve.
craticulatus, Linn.
fastigium, Reeve.
filamentosus, Koch.
filosus, Scliuh. and Wag
gibbulus, G^nel.
gracilis, Reeve.

PERISTERNIA.

153

lautus, Reeve.
lyratus, Reeve.
nanus, Reeve.
nodatus, Mart.

recurvirostris, Wag.
rigidus, Wood.

lanceolatus, Adams and Reeve.

mdis, Reeve.
sanguifluus, Reeve.
spadiceus, Reeve.
Stokesii, Gray.
turritus, Gmel.
varicosus, Reeve.
Zea, Morch.

Sub-gen. plicatella, Swainson (Cymatium, Link, not Bolt.).

Spire moderate, whorls angular, concavely depressed round the
upper part.

Barclay!, Reeve.
candelabrum, Reeve.
cariniferus, Lain.

polygonus, Linn.
scolymus, Gmel.
Thersites, Reeve.

Genus PERISTERNIA, Morch.

Shell subturreted, not umbilicated ; whorls longitudi-
nally ribbed ; aperture oval ; canal moderate and re-
curved ; outer lip thin and crenulated ; columella with
one or two slight plaits anteriorly.

Ex. P. nassatula, Lamarck, pi. 16, fig. 5. Shell, P.
nassatula, fig. 5, a.

This genus may be known from Latirus, which it
closely approaches, by the folds on the pillar being less
distinct, and by the canal being recurved.

Species of Peristernia.

Australiensis, Reeve.
bella, Reeve.
Caledonica, Petit.
cinerea, Reeve.
concinna, Reeve.

crenulata. Reeve.
crocea. Gray.

gemmata, Reeve.
incarnata. Desk.
maculata. Reeve.

VOL. I.

X

154

FASCIOLARIIDiE.

nassatula, Lam.
nassoides, Reeve.
Philberti, Duel.
prismatica, Mart.
pulchella, Reeve.
rosea, Reeve.

scabrosa, Reeve.
spinosa, Mart.

tuberculata, Brod.

ustulata, Reeve.
violacea, Reeve.

Genus LEUCOZONIA, Gray.

Shell oval, subglobose ; spire moderate ; aperture ob-
long; canal short; columella subflexuous, with small,
oblique, unequal plaits ; outer lip subacute, with a tooth
or tubercle at the fore part.

Syn. Lagena, Schum., not Klein.

Ex. L. smaragdulus, Linneeus, pi. 16, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, L, cingulata, Lamarck, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, L.
cingulata, fig. 6, c.

Ijcucozonia resembles Cancellaria in its plaited colu-
mella, but a tooth or projection, more or less prominent,
on the fore part of the outer lip, distinguishes it from that
genus ; a few of the species have, on this account, been
confounded with Acanthina.

Species of Leucozonia.

angularis, Reeve.

Belcheri, Adams and Reeve.
Brasiliana, D'Orh.
Californica, A. Adams.
cingulata, Lam.
cingulifera, Lam.
crenulata, Kien.
fuscata, Gmel.

Knorii, Desk.
leucozonalis, Lam.
nassa, Gmel.
nigella, Cliem.
picta, Reeve.
smaragdulus, Linn.
triserialis, Lam.

VASlDvE.

155

Genus FASTIGIELLA, Eeeve.

Shell elongately turreted, umbilicated, whorls rounded ;
aperture small ; canal very short ; columella somewhat
twisted.

Ex. F. carinata, Reeve, pi. 16, fig. 7.

In some respects this genus resembles Turritella, but
it has a twisted columella ; it also resembles those species
of Clavatula with the canal short {Drillia, Gray), but the
absence of sinus in the outer lip at once distinguishes it
from them. At present, one recent species only is known.

Fam. VASIDiE.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three series (1*1’1), the
central recurved, toothed at the tip, the lateral not ver-
satile ; central tooth broad, few-toothed ; lateral teeth
narrow, strong, with a single large denticle. Mantle en-
closed, with a straight siphon.

Operculum ovate, acute, with the nucleus apical.

Shell more or less turbinate, with plaits on the middle
of the pillar.

This group appears to be intermediate between the
‘‘Tulip Shells” and the Volutidce, and may be termed
False Volutes; the lingual dentition and character of the
animal are, however, entirely different from those of Vo-
liitidce.

Genus VASUM, Bolten.

Shell oval, oblong, solid, tubercular or spinose; spire
short; aperture oblong; canal short, somewhat recurv^ed;

156

VASIDiE.

columella with several transverse folds in the middle;
outer lip thickened and sinuous.

8yn. Cynodona, Schum, Clava, Fahr, Scolymus,
Swains, Volutella, Perry, not Swains, or D^Orh.

Ex, V. cornigerum, Linnwm, pi. 17, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, V. cornigerum, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, V. corni-
gerum, fig. 1, 6*.

The animal is slow-moving, timid, and inactive, shrink-
ing quickly within the shell on the slightest alarm ; the
operculum is very thick, claw-like, and partially free at
the hind part. The species of this genus are not very
numerous, and are confined to the tropics, being found in
the East and West Indies and in the Pacific Islands.

Species of Vasum.

armatum, Brod.
caestus, Brod.
capitellum, Linn.
cassidiforme, Reeve.
Ceramicum, Linn.

cornigerum, Linn.
globulus, Reeve.
imperiale. Reeve.
muricatum. Born.
rhinoceros, CJiem,

Genus MAZZA, Klein.

Shell thick, obconic, smooth, last whorl large; spire
obtuse, apex papillary; aperture oblong, narrow; canal
long and straight; columella with several strong trans-
verse plaits in the middle; outer lip thin, simple.

Syn, Xancus, Bolten, Rapum, Humph, Turbinellus,
Lam,

Ex. M. pyrum, Linnwus, pi. 17, fig. 2.

The species of this genus are few in number, and the

VOLUTIDtE.

157

animal which forms the shell has not yet been discovered ;
they are confined to very warm climates, inhabiting only
the Philippines, the Galapagos, the West Indies, and the
Pacific Islands.

Species of Mazza.

fusus, Sow.
ovoidea, Kien.
pyrum, Linn.

rapa, Lam.
scolymus, Gmel.

Fam. VOLUTIDiE.

Teeth on lingual membrane in a single central series,
often toothed. Head large, with the eyes sessile on the
sides below the base of the tentacles; tentacles far apart,
united by a broad veil over the head. Mantle sometimes
greatly developed, covering the sides of the shell ; siphon
recurved, short, with auricles on each side of the base.
Foot very large, partly hiding the shell.

Operculum none.

Shell with distinct plaits on the columella; apex of
spire mamillated.

The family of Volutes comprises a suite of large shells
remarkable for their great beauty and elegance of form.
They are equatorial in their geographical distribution ; as
many as sixty-four species are natives of the Australian
Seas, and about a dozen species are found in the great
eastern ocean from Java to Japan ; the coast of Africa
and the shores of Madagascar harbour a few; some are
from the east and west parts of South America; and
about four inhabit the West Indies and the Gulf of
Mexico.

158

CYMBIINiE.

Sub-fam. CYMBIINJE.

Teeth lunate, apex three-toothed. Foot very large and
thick. Shell ventricose.

The eyes are on the sides of the head at the outer base
of the tentacles; the siphon is very short, and the foot is
greatly extended and thickened ; it deposits a layer of
enamel on the under surface of the shell. Adanson
found living young ones in the bodies of many Cymhia,
thus proving them to be ovo-viviparous ; the young ones
leave their mother when their shells are an inch in length ;
there are four or five in each animal.

Genus CYMBIUM, Klein.

Shell oval-oblong, ventricose; spire short, nucleus
large, globular, deciduous, when present forming an ob-
tuse papillary apex ; whorls few, forming a flat edge
round the nucleus; aperture oblong, wide; columella
with several oblique plaits; outer lip thin, simple.

Syn. Yetus, Adanson, Cymba, Broderip.

Ex. C. Persic um. Martini, pi. 17, fig. 3. Shell, C.
Persicum, fig. 3, a.

Adanson observes that the high winds of April cast the

Yets” up in such vast quantities as sometimes to cover
the shore; the natives of Senegal employ them as articles
of diet. The species of this genus are principally in-
habitants of the shores of Africa, though one is from
Australia and another from the Mediterranean. As dis-
tinguished from Melo, the shells are uniform in colour,
sombre, covered with an epidermis, and with a deci-

MELO.

159

duoiis nucleus ; the whorls, moreover, are never coronated
as in that genus.

Species of Cymbium.

cymbium, Linn.
gracile, Brod.
mamilla, Gray.
olla, Linn.
patulum, Brod.
Persicum, Mart.

Philippinarum, Mart.
porcinum, Lam.
proboscidale, Brod.
rubiginosum, Swains.
Tritonis, Brod.

Genus MELO, Humphrey.

Shell large, subovate, ventricose; spire short, apex
obtuse, papillary, persistent, whorls smooth, the last pos-
teriorly coronated; aperture oblong, wide; columella with
several oblique plaits, the anterior the largest ; outer lip
simple, acute, obliquely truncate in front.

Syn. Cymbium, Montf..^ not Klein.

Ex. M. senticosa, Bolteti, pi. 17, fig. 4. Shell, M.
^thiopica, Lamarck y fig. 4, a.

The animal of this genus appears to be ovo-viviparous,
the same as the Cymbium of Klein, the young ones
being arranged in the oviduct of the female in a long
string, without egg-shells. The shells are usually orna-
mented with a variety of colours, and their whorls, pos-
teriorly, are adorned with a diadem of spines; they are
usually covered with a smooth, greenish-brown epidermis,
and the nucleus is spiral and persistent. New Holland
and the great islands of the Eastern Archipelago appear
to be the countries in which the species of this genus
are found, none of them having been observed in the
New World.

160

CYMBIIM.

Species of Melo.

Broderipii, Gray.
^thiopica, lAnn.
Indica, Gmel.
Miltonis, Gray.
mucronata, Brod.

ramosa, Meuscli.
senticosa, Bolt.
tessellata, Bam.
umbilicata, Brod.

nautica, Bam.

Sub-gen. ausoba, H. and A. Adams.

Spire short, obtuse, apex papillary, last whorl coronated at the
hind part; nucleus spiral.

cymbiola, Chem.

Genus AULICA, Gray.

Shell oblong-ovate, ventricose; spire with the apex
papillary and surrounded by small tubercles, whorls
smooth, usually nodose or coronated posteriorly ; aper-
ture oblong-linear; inner lip without any callous deposit;
columella obliquely plicate, the plaits usually four ; outer
lip thin, simple.

Syn. Vespertilio, Kleiny not Linn. Scapha, Gray,
not Klein or Humph.

Ex. A. vespertilio, LinneBus, pi. 18, fig. 2. Shell, A.
vespertilio, fig. 2, a.

In this genus the last whorl is usually spinose or tuber-
cled, and the outer lip is thin and acute : the species are
tolerably numerous, and are principally inhabitants of the
East Indian Islands. As the shells increase in size the
animals fill the nuclei of the spire with solid calcareous
matter.

ZIDONIN.E.

161

Species of Aulica.

aulica, Soland.
corona, CJiem.
innexa, Reeve.
luteostoma, Meiisch.
mamilla, Meusch.
marmorata, Swains.
Moltkiana, Mart.
nivosa, Lam.

Norrisii, Sow.
piperita, Sow.

pulchra, Swains.
punctata, Swains.

rutila, Brod.
scapha, Gmel.

Spengleriana, Mart.

vespertilio, Linn.

Siib-fam. ZIDONlNiE.

Eyes sessile, without tubercles. Mantle produced on
the left side into an expanded lobe enveloping all the
shell as far as the apex of the spire. Shell with the
volutions of the spire covered with a vitreous deposit.

Genus ZIDONA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell smooth, subcylindrical, whorls angulated; spire
pointed, polished, and covered with a calcareous deposit
concealing the suture ; aperture wide ; columella obliquely
plicate in the middle, plaits few; outer lip acute, not
reflexed.

Syn. Volutella, D'Orh., not Perry or Swains.

Ex. Z. angulata, Solander, pi. 17, fig. 5. Shell, Z.
angulata, fig. 5, a.

The great peculiarity of Zidona is the circumstance of
the mantle covering the sides of the shell, giving the
long pointed spire a peculiar vitreous or glazed appear-

VOL. I. Y

162

VOLUTINiE.

ance ; the only species known is an inhabitant of the
coasts of South America.

Sub-fam. VOLUTINA^.

Teeth linear, with a single conical apex, the base angu-
larly diverging. Mantle-margin included, not covering
the sides of the shell.

Genus CALLIPAEA, Gray.

Shell oblong-ovate, thin ; spire short, obtuse, with the
apex papillary, last whorl large, ventricose; columella
with two distinct folds in front; outer lip extending up
towards the spire posteriorly.

Ex. C. bullata, Swainson, pi. 17, fig. 6.

This curious genus, founded on the Voluta hullata of
Swainson, is from Algoa Bay, South Africa ; this, the only
species known, is very rare, and is remarkable for its
bullate aspect, its short rounded spire, and its nearly
simple columella.

Genus CYMBIOLA, Swainson.

Shell ovate, cymbiform, thin ; spire more or less pro-
duced, apex papillary, somewhat irregular; aperture wide ;
inner lip with a thin callus; columella with a few oblique
plaits at the fore part; outer lip often somewhat dilated,
acute.

Ex, C. Brasiliana, Solander, pi. 18, fig. 1. Shell, C.
Magellanica, Sowerhy, fig. 1, a.

SCAPHELLA.

163

In the animal of this group the basal lobes at the side
of the siphon, peculiar to the genera of Volutid(B, ap-
pear to be well developed. According to M. D’Orbigny,
the animal of C. Brasiliana forms nidimental capsules
three inches in length.

Species of Cymbiola.

festiva, Swains.
magnifica, Chem.
Magellanica, Sow.

ancilla, Soland.
Beckii, Brod.
Brasiliana, Soland.
Ferussacii, Donov.

Genus SCAPHELLA, Swainson,

Shell oblong-cylindrical ; spire short, conical, apex
sub -acute, whorls solid, smooth ; aperture narrow, elon-
gate ; columella usually with four oblique plaits at the
fore part ; outer lip thickened internally.

Eoe. S. fusus, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 18, fig. 3. Shell,
S. Junonia, Chemnitz., fig. 3, a.

From the description and figure given by Swainson, it
is obvious that the shells we have indicated constituted
his genus Scaphella^ although his first type belongs to
our sub-genus Alcithoe, which has certain affinities with
Cymbiola. The rare S, Junonia is said to be from the
Gulf of Mexico.

Species of Scaphella.

exoptanda. Sow.
Junonia, Chem.

maculata, Swains.
prsetexta. Reeve.

164

VOLUTINS.

reticulata, Beeve.
Turneri, Gray.
undulata, Lam.

volva, Chem.
zebra, Leach.

Sub-gen. alcithoe, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire produced, apex papillary; aper-
ture ovate, wide ; inner lip with a spreading callus ; outer lip
dilated, subreflexed.

megaspira, Sow.
Pacifica, Soland.
papillaris, Swains.
tuberculata, Swains.

fulgetrum, Brod.
fusiformis, Swains.
fusus. Quay and Gaim.
gracilis, Swains.

Genus VOLUTA, Linnaeus.

Shell ovate, sub-conical, solid ; spire short, apex papil-
lary, whorls nodose, the last longitudinally plicate; aper-
ture oblong; columella straight, with a thick callus,
transversely plicate, plaits numerous, the anterior the
largest; outer lip thickened, somewhat reflected.

Syn. Lyra, Linn., not Griff. Plejona, Bolt. Musica,
Humph.

Ex. V. musica, Linnaeus, pi. 18, fig. 4.

In this genus the species are ornamented with trans-
verse interrupted bands and striae ; the shells are dense,
and the plaits on the columella are numerous and well
developed. Dr. Gray states it to possess a moderately-
sized operculum.

FULGURARIA.

165

Species of Voluta.

hebraea, Linn. musicalis, Mart.

musica, Linn.

Genus HARPULA, Swainson.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, smooth or sub-nodulous ; spire
conical, produced, with a small, pointed, papillary apex ;
aperture long, wider anteriorly; columella with numerous
oblique plaits, the anterior the largest; outer lip acute,
thickened internally.

Ex. H. vexillum. Martini., pi. 18, fig. 5.

The species of this genus, usually known under the
name of Flag Volutes,” are smooth, solid shells, hand-
somely ornamented with transverse coloured bands and
rows of spots; the apex of the spire is rather acute,
and the plaits on the columella are obliquely disposed.

Species of ,Harpula.

Lapponica, Linn. vexillum, Mart.

Genus FULGURARIA, Schumacher.

Shell oblong, fusiform ; spire acuminated, apex large,
smooth, papillary, whorls longitudinally plicate and trans-
versely striated, the last anteriorly contracted and acu-
minated ; aperture elongated ; columella sharp anteriorly,
with from six to ten oblique plaits, the middle plaits

166

VOLUTINiE.

the largest ; outer lip thickened, with the margin more or
less crenate.

Ex, F. fulgura, Martini, pi. 18, fig 6.

Most of the genera of Volutes have smooth shells ; in
Fulguraria, however, an example occurs where the whorls
are transversely striated throughout; the outer lip is
somewhat effuse, with the fore part slightly toothed or
crenate.

Species of Fulguraria.

concinna, Brod.

fulgura, Mart.

Sub-gen. aueinia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire with the apex mamillated, whorls
transversely finely striated, longitudinally subplicate; columella
with the folds obsolete ; outer lip thin, simple.

dubia, Brod.

Genus LYEIA, Gray.

Shell ovately fusiform, solid; spire acuminate, whorls
longitudinally ribbed ; aperture ovate ; columella with
numerous transverse plaits ; outer lip simple, acute.

Ex. L. nucleus, Lamarck, pi. 18, fig. 7.

This genus is composed of elegant mitriform shells,
with the whorls longitudinally ribbed, and with numerous
small plaits on the columella. Some of the species are
from Australia, while others are from the West Indies.

MITRIDiE.

167

Species of Lyria.

cassidula, Reeve.
Delessertiana, Petit.
lyrata, Humph.

lyrseformis, Swains.
mitriformis, Lam.
nucleus, Lam.

Sub-gen. ENiETA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately pyramidal, thick, solid ; spire acuminated, apex
acute, whorls ribbed or nodulose ; outer lip thickened, inflexed,
with an obtuse tooth in the middle.

guttata. Reeve.
harpa, Barnes

Cumingii, Brod.
cylleniformis. Sow.
Guildingii, Sow.

Genus VOLUTILITHES, Swain son.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire elevated, apex acute,
whorls longitudinally plicate or cancellated ; aperture
oval-oblong ; columella with numerous faint, rudimentary
or obsolete plaits ; outer lip thin, simple.

EcV. V. abyssicola, Adams and Reeve, pi. 18, fig. 8.

The only living representative of this genus at present
known was dredged from a depth of one hundred and
thirty-two fathoms off the Cape of Good Hope, during
the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang ; fossil species are nu-
merous in the eocine portion of the tertiary beds of the
British Isles.

Fam. MITRIDyE.

Head small and narrow ; tentacles close together at the
base ; eyes above the base or towards the outer middle

168

MITRIM.

of the tentacles. Mantle enclosed, siphon simple at the
base. Foot small and triangular.

Operculum none or rudimentary.

Shell with the columella more or less plicate ; apex of
spire acute.

Some of the larger species of Mitridm have no oper-
culum, but it is often present, though small, on the foot
of the smaller species. The Philippine Archipelago, and
other groups of islands, seem principally to harbour
these animals, few species being found on the shores
of continents.

Sub-fam. MITRIN.E.

Head moderate ; eyes usually near the outer middle or
tip of the tentacles ; foot truncate in front. Shell for the
most part destitute of epidermis; columella distinctly
plicate.

Genus MITRA, Lamarck.

Shell fusiform, thick; spire elevated, acute at the
apex; aperture small, narrow, notched in front; colu-
mella obliquely plicate ; outer lip thickened, smooth in-
ternally.

Syn. Thiarella, Swains. Mitraria, Rqfin. Mitrolites,
Krug.

Ex. M. circulata, Kiener, pi. 19, fig. 1. Shell, M.
episcopalis, Linnwus^ fig. 1, a.

When irritated, some species of Mitra emit a purple
fluid having a nauseous odour. They are chiefly deep-
water animals, living in from fifteen to eighty fathoms ;
the greater number are from the Philippines ; some, how-

MITRA.

169

ever, are from Australia, West Africa, and the Indian
Ocean. The teeth of this group have been ascertained
by Dr. Gray to resemble those of Fasciolaria, the central
tooth being narrow and small, and the lateral teeth broad,
linear, and multidentate.

Species of Mitra.

segra, Reeve.

Bovei, Kien.
chalybeia, Reeve.
cancellata, Reeve.
cardinalis, Meusch.
Chinensis, Gray.
cincta, Meusch.
cylindracea, Reeve.
episcopalis, Linn.
floccata, Reeve.
fulgurita, Reeve.
granulosa, Lam.
guttata, Swains.
Lamarckii, Desk.
lens, Wood.
lignaria, Reeve.
lugubris, Reeve.
muriculata, Lam.
nebulosa. Reeve.

nigra, Reeve.
nivea, Reeve.

Norrisii, Reeve.
nympha. Reeve.
orientalis, Gray.
papalis, Linn.
pigra, A. Adams.
propinqua, A. Adams.
puncticulata, Lam.
Rossise, Reeve.
rupicola, Reeve.
sacerdotalis, A. Adams.
Santangeli, Maragv.
solida, Reeve.
Swainsonii, Brod.
tessellata, Martyn.
variabilis, Reeve.
versicolor, Martyn.

Sub-gen. nebularia, Swainson.

Shell impressed with transverse grooves, last whorl anteriorly
contracted; aperture narrow behind, effuse in front; outer lip
with the margin smooth.

adusta. Mart. Barbadensis, Gmel.

ambigua, Swains. buccinata, Quoy

badia. Reeve. brumalis. Reeve.

VOL. I.

z

170

MITRINiE.

cephina, Gould.
castanea, A. Adams.
caeligena, Reeve.
chrysostoma, Swains.
coroiiata, Chem.
crassa, Swains.
crebralis, Lam.
crenilabris, A. Adams.
dealbata, A. Adams.
declivis, Reeve.
digitalis, Reeve..
granata, Reeve.

impressa, Anton,
nebulosa, Swains.
obscura, Humph.
pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
rhodia, Reeve.
rutila, A. Adams.
serotina, A. Adams.
suturata, Reeve.
Ticaonica, Reeve.
ustulata, Reeve.
vexillum, Reeve.
vitellina, Gould.

Sub-gen. scabeicola, Swainson.

Shell rough, with transverse, elevated ridges and longitudinal
striae ; suture not coronated ; aperture effuse ; outer lip crenate.

asperulata, A. Adams.
caerulea. Reeve.
clathrus, Gmel.
cratitia, A. Adams.
formosa, A. Adams.
gracilis. Reeve.
granatina, Lam..
granulosa, Brug.
hebes. Reeve.
inquin ata. Reeve.
lacunosa. Reeve.
latruncularia. Reeve.
leucostoma, Swains.
limata. Reeve.

loricata. Reeve.
luctuosa, A. Adams.
Marquesina, A. Adams.
picta. Reeve.
pretiosa. Reeve.
rorata, Goidd.
rubiginosa. Reeve,
scabricula, Linn.
serpentina, Lam.
sphaerulata, Marty n.
suturata. Reeve.
texturata, Lam.
variegata. Reeve.

Sub-gen. cancilla, Swainson.

Shell fusiform, slender ; spire acuminate, whorls crossed by
transverse, linear, elevated ridges; aperture simple posteriorly;
outer lip thin, simple.

amoena, A. Adams.

annulata. Reeve.

MITRA.

171

attenuata. Reeve.

Isabella, Swams..

avenacea. Reeve.

lineata, Swains.

Belcheri, Hinds.

multilirata, A. Adams.

carnicolor, Reeve.

nitens, Kien.

ciugulata, A. Adams.

Philippinarum, A. Adams.

circulata, Kien.

pura, A. Adams.

duplilirata. Reeve.

reticulata, A. Adams.

filaris, Linn.

rosacea. Reeve.

flammea, Quoy.

rufescens, A. Adams.

flammigera. Reeve.

rufilirata, Adams and Reeve.

funiculata. Reeve.

Solandri, Reeve.

gigantea, Sivains.

sulcata, Swains.

Hindsii, Reeve.

straminea, A. Adams.

incarnata, Reeve.

tornata. Reeve.

insculpta, A. Adams.
interlirata, Reeve.

verrucosa. Reeve.

Sub-gen. chbysame, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate ; spire as long as the aperture, whorls with trans-
verse, elevated ribs; inner lip with a few strong transverse plaits;
outer lip with the margin crenate.

aurantiaca, Chem.
clandestina. Reeve.
coronata, Lam.
cucumerina, Lam.
eximia, A. Adams.
fragra, Quoy and Gaim.
globosa, Chem.
laeta, A. Adams.
peregra, Reeve.

Peronii, Lam.

planilirata. Reeve.
procissa. Reeve.
roborea, Reeve.
rotundilirata, Reeve.
tiarella, A. Adams.
Riippellii, Reeve..
tabanula, Lam.
telescopium. Reeve.
tornatelloides, Reeve..
turgida, Reeve.

Sub-gen, tsaea, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, subulate; spire much longer than the aperture.

172

MITRING.

whorls simple ; aperture dilated ; inner lip with a produced, de-
fined callus ; outer lip thin, smooth within, effuse anteriorly.

bulimoides, Reeve. Schroeteri, Desk.

picta. Reeve.

Sub-gen. mutyca, H. and A. Adams.

Shell subulate, thin; spire much longer than the aperture,
whorls finely striated ; aperture effuse anteriorly ; outer lip thin,
simple.

ancilloides, Swains. bellula, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. aidone, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiform, smooth, polished ; spire acuminate, as long as
the aperture ; inner lip excavated, with two obtuse plaits in the
middle ; outer lip thin, simple.

insignis, A. Adams.

Genus VOLTJTOMITRA, Gray.

Shell ovate or fusiform, smooth, covered with an epi-
dermis, whorls simple ; columella with oblique plaits ;
outer lip thin, simple, arcuated.

Ex. V. Groenlandica, Gray., pi. 19, fig. 2.

Dr. Gray has examined the teeth of this genus, and
finds them to resemble those of Scaphella Turneri among
the Volutidae, having a single conical apex and bifurcate
base.

STRIGATELLA.

173

Species of Volutomitra.

Adansonii, Kien.
capillata, Gould.
Chilensis, Gray,
cornea, Lam.
cornicula, Lam.
cornicularis, Lam.
ebenus, Lam.

Graja, Eeeve.
Groenlandica, Gray.
lactea, Lam.
lutescens, Lam.

melaleuca, Quoy.
melaniana, Lam.
nigra, Quoy.
oleacea, Eeeve.
Quoyii, Lesh.
Philippiani, Forbes.
plumbea, Lam.
semen, Eeeve.
simplex, Dkr.
strigata, Swains.
tigrina, A. Adams.

Genus STRIGATELLA, Swainson.

Shell ovate or fusiform, solid ; spire acuminate, whorls
smooth or transversely striated, usually covered with an
epidermis ; aperture narrow ; columella transversely pli-
cate ; inner lip with a callosity at the hind part ; outer
lip usually thickened in the middle, and internally grooved
or dentate.

Ex. S. Woldemarii, Kiener, pi. 19, fig. 3. Shell, S.
Ziervogeliana, Chemnitz^ fig. 3, a.

The species of this genus are remarkable for their Co-
lumbelliform appearance, and are usually found under
stones at low water, sometimes also in the crevices of
rocks, and on the borders of shallow pools left by the
retiring tide. In the typical species the whorls are
usually striped and covered with a thick epidermis ; in
the sub-genus Mitreola, founded by Swainson on a fossil
species, but which appears to us to include many recent
forms, the apex is more acuminated, and the whorls are

174

MITRINiE.

uniform in colour and transversely striated ; the Zier-
liancB have the outer lip indexed and crenulated.

Species of Strigatella.

amphorella, Lam.

millecostata, Brod.

auriculoides. Reeve.

mutelina, Duclos.

chelonia, Reeve.

nitida, A. Adams.

chrysalis. Reeve.

paupercula, Lam.

columbellseformis, Kien.

pediculus, Lam.

decurtata. Reeve.

pica, Reeve.

dichroma, A. Adams.

patula. Reeve.

granum, Forbes.

nanus. Reeve.

labratula, Lam.

retusa, La^n.

lineata, Swains.

scutulata, Chem.

littoralis, Forbes.

semicostata, L«m.

litterata, Lam.

tristis, Swains.

lutea, Quoy.
maculosa. Reeve.

unifascialis, Lam.

Sub-gen. miteeola, Swainson.

Shell ovato-fusiform, solid, smooth or transversely striated;
spire acuminated, apex sometimes papillary ; columella with the
middle plaits the largest; outer lip gibbose internally in the
middle.

abbatis, Chem.
albina, A. Adams.
acuminata, Swains.
astricta, Heeve.
caliginosa, Reeve.
callosa, Desh.
coarctata, S warns.

effusa, Swains.
fastigium. Reeve.
fulva, Swains.
ignobilis. Reeve.
limbifera, Lam.
nigra. Reeve.
testacea, Swains.

TURRICULA.

175

Sub-gen. ziekliana, Gray.

Shell ovate, solid ; spire short, acute, last whorl tumid at the
hind part; columella with a callosity posteriorly ; outer lip thick,
flattened, sinuated at the hind part, lirato-dentate internally.

alveolus, Reeve.
anthracina. Reeve.
.^thiops. Reeve.
bilineata, Reeve.
choava, Reeve. ■
creniplicata, A. Adams.

livida. Reeve.
robusta. Reeve.
solid ula. Reeve.
virgata. Reeve.
Woldemarii, Kien.
Ziervogeliana, Chem.

Genus TURRICULA, Klein.

Shell elongated, turreted, longitudinally ribbed or pli-
cate ; spire acuminated ; aperture narrow ; columella with
numerous plaits ; outer lip internally striated.

Sy7i. Vexillum, Bolt. Turris, Mont/., not Humph.
Tiara, Swains., not Bolt. Vulpecula, Gray.

Ex. T. corrugata, Lamarck, pi. 19, fig. 4. Shell, T.
vulpecula, Lamarck, fig. 4, a.

Turricula differs from Mitra in being longitudinally
ribbed, and in the outer lip being striated within. The
species live in exposed situations on the reefs, or crawl
about the clear coral-sands in shallow bays and inlets.
In this group the teeth, as shown by Dr. Gray, most
resemble those of the Muricidx, the lateral teeth being
ffat, with a bent-up process at the end more or less at
right angles with the base.

176

MITRINiE.

Species of Turricula.

attenuata, Brod.
aurantia, Brod.
balteolata, Reeve.
Caffra, Linn.
cinctella, Lam.
coccinea, Reeve.
corrugata, Kien.
costellaris, Lam.
crenata, Brod.
Defrancii, Payr.
Denisoni, Reeve.
foraminata, Swams.
formosa, A. Adams.
forticostata, Reeve.
funerea, Reeve.
Gruneri, Reeve.
intermedia, Kien.
interrupta, A. Adams.
Jukesii, A. Adams.

ligata, A. Adams.
lineata, Brod.
lyrata, Lam.
melongena, Lam.
multicostata, Brod.
nivea, Brod.
ornata, A. Adams.
plicata, Klein.
pullata, Reeve.

Regina, Chem.
rugosa, Gmel.
semiplicata, Lam.
taeniata, Lam.
terebralis, Brod.
tumida. Reeve.
virgo, Linn.
vittata, Swains.
vulpecula, Linn.
zonalis, Quoy and Gaim.

Sub-gen. costellarta, Swainson.

Shell with the last whorl contracted anteriorly, slightly ven-
tricose in the middle ; whorls convex, ribs extending as far as
the suture; spire longer than the aperture; aperture striated
internally.

alauda, Soland.
amanda. Reeve.
angulosa, Kust.
arenaria, Lam.
arenosa, Lam.
armigera. Reeve.
armillata. Reeve.
articulata. Reeve.
australis, Swains.

cadaverosa, Reeve.
cselata, Reeve.
Candida, Reeve.
catenata, Reeve.
cithara. Reeve.
clathrata. Reeve.
compta, A. Adams.
concentrica. Reeve.
coral lina. Reeve.

TURRICULA.

177

cruentata, Chem.

oniscia, Lam.

decora, Reeve.

Pacifica, Reeve.

dsedala, Reeve.

pallida, A. Adams.

delicata, A. Adams.

pruinosa. Reeve.

Deshayesii, Reeve.

pulchella. Reeve.

discoloria, Reeve.

purpurata. Reeve.

echinata, A. Adams.

pusilla, A. Adams.

elegans, Reeve.

radius. Reeve.

exarata, A. Adams.

rigida, Swains.

exasperata, Chem.

rubella, Adams and Reeve.

festa, Reeve.

rufocincta, A. Adams.

fusiformis, Kien.

rustica. Reeve.

gausapata, Reeve.

scitula, A. Adams.

gratiosa, Reeve.

sculptilis. Reeve.

inermis, Reeve.

semifasciata, Lam.

iufausta, Reeve.

semisculpta, Adams and Reeve.

lubens, Reeve.

solitaria, C. B. Adams.

lucida, Reeve.

spicata. Reeve.

marmorea, A. Adams.

Suluensis, Adams and Reeve.

microzonias, Lam.

torulosa, Kien.

militaris, Reeve.

turricula, A. Adams.

mirabilis, A. Adams.

turriger. Reeve.

modesta, Reeve.

vibex, A. Adams.

mucronata, Swains.

zelotypa. Reeve.

noddy rata, A. Adams.

Sub-

gen. PusiA, Swainson.

Shell ovate, more or

■ less longitudinally ribbed or nodulous ;

spire often thick, obtuse ; outer lip thickened, often reflected.

Adamsonii, Gray.

cinerea. Reeve.

aflSnis, Reeve.

concinna. Reeve.

alveolata. Reeve.

consanguinea. Reeve.

amabilis. Reeve.

coriacea. Reeve.

analogica. Reeve.

crocata. Reeve.

aureolata. Reeve.

crocea. Reeve.

Capensis, Dhr.

Cumingii, Reeve.

cavea. Reeve.

dermestina, Lam.

cimelium. Reeve.

dichroa, Adams and Reeve.

VOL. I.

A A

178

MITRINiE.

encausta, Gould.

pardalis, Kust.

ficulina, Lam.

patriarchialis, Chem.

fidicula, Gould.

pinguis. Reeve.

flavescens, Reeve.

porphyretica. Reeve.

glandiformis. Reeve,

puella, Reeve.

his trio. Reeve.

pyramidalis. Reeve.

lachryma. Reeve.

rosea, Brod.

lauta. Reeve.

rubra, Brod.

leucodesma. Reeve.

Savignii, Payr.

lota, Reeve.

semiferruginea, Jonas.

luculenta. Reeve.

speciosa. Reeve.

mica. Reeve.

tuberosa. Reeve.

muriculata, Lam.

turben. Reeve.

nodosa, Swains.

tusa. Reeve.

nodulifera, A. Adams.

variata. Reeve.

nucleola, Lam.

venustula. Reeve.

Sub-gen.

CALLiTHEA, Swainson.

Shell with longitudinal, linear ribs crossed with transverse
bands and striae, last whorl narrowed anteriorly; spire nearly

equal in length to the
channel nearly obsolete.

aperture; aperture with the internal

acuminata, Chem.

polita, Reeve.

acupicta, Reeve.

rubricata. Reeve.

crebrilirata, Reeve.

sanguisuga, Lmn.

Hainillei, Petit.

Stainforthii, Reeve.

macrospira, A. Adams.

subulata, Lam.

obeliscus. Reeve.

Zebuensis, Reeve.

Sub-gen. thala, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiform, cancellated ; spire as long as the aperture, last
whorl attenuated, recurved; outer lip straight in the middle,
thickened, lirate internally, and with a slight sinus at the hind
part.

exilis. Reeve.
gratiosa. Reeve,
milium. Reeve.

mirifica. Reeve.
recurva, Reeve.

CYLINDRA.

179

Sub-gen. ziba, H. and A. Adams.

Spire acuminate, whorls smooth, subnodose or keeled ; inner
lip with the callus defined ; outer lip sometimes thickened in the
middle.

apicata. Reeve.
carinata, Sivains.
micans. Reeve.

peculiaris. Reeve.
Senegalensis, Reeve.
typha. Reeve.

Genus CYLINDRA, Schumacher.

Shell oliviform, subcylindrical ; spire elevated, conical ;
aperture linear; columella straight, with several oblique
plaits anteriorly ; outer lip thickened, crenulated.

Ex. C. nucea, Meuschen, pi. 19, fig. 5. Shell, C. cre-
nulata, Lamarck, fig. 5, a.

There is no operculum on the foot of the animal,
which in every essential resembles that of Mitra : the
species are principally found crawling on sandy patches
among coral reefs, inside the barrier.

Species of Cylindra.

crenulata, Lam.
dactylus, Linn.
fenestrata, Lam
glans. Reeve.

punctata, Swains.
Sinensis, Reeve.
undulosa. Reeve.
vultuosa. Reeve.

ornata, Schub.

nucea, Meusch.
obesa. Reeve.

180

MITRIM.

Sub-gen. swainsonia, H. and A. Adams (Mitrella, Swains.,
not Bisso).

Shell oliviform, smooth, polished, sometimes covered with an
epidermis, last whorl anteriorly obtuse, expanded ; spire nearly
or quite equal to the aperture; columella with a few oblique
plaits; outer lip smooth internally.

bicolor, Swains.

casta, Swains.

filum, Wood.

fissurata, Lam.

fusca, Swains.

incisa, Adams and Reeve.

Isevis, A. Adams.
Marise, A. Adams.
ocellata, Swains.
zephyra, Recluz.
zonata, Marryatt.

Genus IMBRICARIA, Schumacher.

Shell coniform, often covered with an epidermis ; spire
depressed, apex mucronate ; aperture linear; columella
straight, with numerous transverse imbricate plates in the
middle; outer lip thickened and sometimes crenulate.

Sj/n. Conohelix, Swains.

Ex. 1. oXwddioxxms,, ,Swainson, pi. 19, fig. 6. Shell,
1. conus, Chemnitz., fig. 6, a.

The species of this genus have much the same habits
as those of Cylindra, being found chiefly in sandy spots
among coral reefs; those with an epidermis, as I. conus,
have been found buried in black mud in Mangrove
swamps by one of the authors.

Species of Imbricaria.

bacillum, Lam.
carbonaria, Hinds.

citrina, Reeve.
conica, Schmn.

COLUMBELLIM.

181

conus, Chern.
muricata, Brod.
olivseformis, Swains.
ossea, Reeve.

tmncata, Kien.

Vanikorensis, Quoy and Oaim.
virgo, .Swains.

Sub-fam. COLUMBELLINiE.

Head elongated; eyes near the outer bases of the ten-
tacles ; foot anteriorly produced. Shell usually covered
with an epidermis ; inner lip anteriorly toothed or tuber-
cled ; outer lip gibbous in the middle or at the hind
part.

The lingua] dentition of this sub-family seems to re-
semble that of the Muricidee and Buccinidce, with which
families it should, perhaps, be united.

Genus COLUMBELLA, Lamarck.

Shell ovate-oblong, triangular or fusiform; spire acute
at the apex; aperture long, narrow, contracted in the
middle ; inner lip curved, crenulated or denticulated ;
outer lip dentate, gibbous, thickened in the middle.

Syn. Columbus, Montf. Peristera, Rqfin.

Ex. C. fulgurans, Lamarck^ pi. 19, fig. 7. C. (Mi-
trella) sertularia, D’Orhigny., fig. 7, a. Operculum, C.
fulgurans, fig. 7, h, 7, c. Shell, C. mercatoria,
fig. 7, d.

The species of Columhella are pretty little variegated
shells, and very numerous. The animal resembles that
of Mitra, and is found in the same localities as the
species of Strigatella, crawling on the surface of sand-
flats in shallow water, or living on stony beaches, where
they sometimes congregate about and under stones in

182

COLUMBELLINiE.

considerable numbers. They are widely distributed,
being inhabitants of the East and West Indies, South
America, California, Australia, and the Mediterranean.

Species of Columbella.

ambigua, Kien.
anacteola, Duel.
azora, Duel.
bidentata, Mke.

Bovinii, Kien.
castanea, Sow.
conspicua, C. B. Adams.
cornea, Kien.
coronata, Duel.
fabula, Sow.
fasciata, Sow.
festiva, Kien.
formosa, Gash.
fulgurans, Lam.
fustigata, Kien.
hsemastoma, Sow.
harpseformis, Sow.
labiosa, Sow.
lentiginosa, Hinds.
luteola, Kien.
major, Sow.
meleagris, Duel.
mercatoria, Linn.
modesta, Kien.

nucleus, Kien.
ocellata, Link.

Paytensis, Less.
pardaliua, Lam.
phasinola. Duel.

Pleei, Kien.
pulchella, Kien.
rasolia. Duel.
reticulata, Lam.
rustica, Linn.
scripta, Lam.
spongiarum. Duel.
strombiformis, Lam.
tessellata, C. B. Adams.
tumida. Duel.
turturina, Lam.

Tyleri, Gray.
uncinata. Sow.
uvania. Duel.
varians. Sow.
vulpecula. Sow.
xiphitella, Duel.
Yoldina, Duel.

Sub-gen. nitidella, Swainson.

Shell ovate, smooth ; columella with one or two slight folds at
the fore part ; outer lip slightly thickened and indexed.

baccata, Gask.
Broderipii, Sow.

cerealis, Mke.
dichroa, Soiv.

COLUMBELLA.

183

Kraussii, Sow.
laevigata, Linn.
leucostoma, Gask.
mitrula, Dkr.

nitida, Lam.
parvula, Dkr.
pulchrior, 0. B. Adams.
pusilla, Sow.

Sub-gen. alia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, smooth, covered with an epidermis; spire mo-
derate ; aperture ovate ; inner lip finely crenate ; outer lip with
the margin thickened, not callous in the middle, lirate internally.

carinata. Hinds. Hindsii, Gask.

castanea, Gould. unicolor. Sow.

gausapata, Gould. unifasciata. Sow.

Sub-gen. mitrella, Risso (not Swains.).

Shell fusiform; spire elevated, acute, whorls smooth; colu-
mella simple, or with a few tubercles anteriorly ; outer lip simple
or crenate within.

achatina. Sow.

intexta, Gask.

adiastina. Duel.

lactea. Duel.

albina, Kien.

ligula. Duel.

austrina, Gask.

lutea,

buccinoides, Sow.

nympha. Duel.

Californiana, Gask.

pulla, Gask.

chrisopis. Duel.

scripta, Linn.

cribraria, Lam.

semiconvexa, Lam.

Crossiana, Reeluz.

sertularia, D'Orh.

denticulata. Sow.

tamelina, Duel.

flexuosa, Brug.

Ticaonis, Sow.

Gervillii, Payr.

valveta. Duel.

idalina. Duel.

zebra, Gray.

impolita. Sow.

184

COLUMBELLIN^.

Sub-gen. atilia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiform; spire elevated, acute, whorls longitudinally
plicate, the body-whorl abruptly constricted at the fore part;
outer lip straight, contracted anteriorly.

conspersa. Gash. jaspidea. Sow.

contaminata. Gash. puella. Sow.

exilis, Phil. suffusa. Sow.

gracilis, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. anachis, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovatel3’'-fusiform ; spire elevated, whorls longitudinally
ribbed; aperture narrow; columella straight; outer lip somewhat
rectilinear, crenate internally.

acleonta. Duel.

lepida. Dud.

atomella. Dud.

lyrata, Dud.

atramentaria. Sow.

miser, Sow.

azora. Dud.

rnoesta, C. B. Adams.

catenata, Sow.

naxia, Mke.

cancellata, Gash.

nigricans. Sow.

costellata. Sow.

obesa, C. B. Adams.

costulata, C. B. Adams.

Pacifica, Gash.

decussata. Sow.

pallida, Phil.

diminuta, C. B. Adams.

parva. Sow.

decipiens, C. B. Adams.

pygmaea. Sow.

electona. Dud.

rugosa, Sow.

fluctuata, Sow.

rugulosa. Sow.

fulva. Sow.

scalarina. Sow.

Guildingii, Sow.

spadicea, Phil.

gutturosa. Dud.

sulcosa. Sow.

hordacea, Phil.

suturalis. Gray.

interrupta. Gash.

taeniata, Phil.

ionida, Dud.

Terpsichore, Leathes.

iodostoma. Gash.

varia. Sow.

kirostra. Dud.

varicosa, Gash.

lachryma, Sow.

PYRENE.

185

Genus PYRENE, Bolten.

Shell mitra- shaped, fusiform; spire equal to, or longer
than, the aperture, whorls tumid ; outer lip slightly gib-
bous above, contracted below, margin not inflected,
striated within; inner lip terminating in an elevated
ridge, but with the teeth obsolete,

Syn. Conidea, Swains.

Eog. P. semipunctata, Lamarck, pi. 19, fig. 8. Shell,
P. aurea. Martini, fig. 8, a.

The animal of this genus, according to the observation
of one of the authors, bears the eyes about midway on
the outer side of the tentacles ; the shells are more or
less mitriform, and the outer lip is not gibbous in the
middle.

Species of Pyrene.

aspersa, Sow.
aurea, Mart.
concinua, Brod.
lugubris, Kien.
macrostoma, Anton.
marmorata, Gray.
obscura. Sow.
obtusa. Sow.

ovulata, Lam.
ovuloides, C. B. Adams.
rubicundula, Quoy.

■ semipunctata, Lam.
splendidula. Sow.
tringa, Lam.
undata. Duel.
zelina. Dud.

Sub-gen. conella, Swainson.

Shell smooth, conic; aperture linear; inner lip smooth; outer
lip striated internally, not thickened in the middle.

coniformis. Sow.
dormitor, Sow.
dubia, Sow.

Dupontii, Kien.
picata, Svjains.
Philippinarum, Peeve.

VOL. I.

B B

186

COLUMBELLINiE.

Genus STROMBINA, Morch.

Shell fusiform, turreted; spire acuminate, whorls gib-
bose, often nodulous; aperture elongate, narrow; inner
lip with a large thickened callus; outer lip thickened,
sinuated posteriorly; canal produced, somewhat re-
curved.

Ex. S. gibberula, Sowerhy, pi. 19, fig. 9.

This genus comprises an assemblage of fusiform species
of shells with gibbous whorls, thick and sinuated outer
lips, and somewhat produced and recurved canals.

Species of Strombina.

Haneti, Petit.
hirundo, Gask.
lanceolata» Kien.
maculosa, Sow.
nivea, Sow.
pavonina, Hinds.
pulcherrima Sow.
recurva, Sow.
turrita, Sow.

angularis, Sow.
australis, Gask.
bicanalifera. Sow.
blanda, Sow.
clavulus. Sow.
dorsata, Sow.
elegans. Sow.
fusiformis. Hinds.
gibberula. Sow.
gibbosula, Brod.

Genus AMYCLA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell bucciniform, smooth, solid, variegated ; aperture
ovate ; columella simple, truncate at the fore part ; inner
lip with a thick, defined callus ; outer lip arcuated, crenate
internally.

Syn. Nassa, sp. Auct.

E.V. A. corniculum, Olivi, pi. 19, fig. 10.

These mollusks have small variegated bucciniform

ENGINA.

187

shells, but with an animal resembling that of Columbella;
some of the species have been referred to Nassa; the
A, corniculum is the Buccinum fasciolatum of Lamarck.

Species of Amycla,

conspersa, Phil.
corniculum, Oliv.
dermestoidea, Lam.

Haldemanni, Pkr.

Pfeifferi, Phil.
punctata, Kien.
tseniata, Adams and Reeve.

Sub-gen. astyeis, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform, thin ; spire acuminate, whorls smooth
or transversely striated ; aperture oval; inner lip simple, not cal-
lous ; outer lip thin, sinuated posteriorly, lirate internally.

avara. Say.
avena, Phil.
clausiliformis, Kien.
dissimilis, Stimp.
Gouldiana, Agass.
lactea. Sow.
limata. Say.
marquesa, Gask.
nux. Reeve.

pulchella, Blamv.
rosacea, Gould.
sagitta, Gask.
secalina, Phil.
tenuis, Gask.
Turnbullii, Linsl.
unifascialis, Lam.
valga, Gould.
Veatleyi, Dekay.

Genus ENGINA, Gray.

Shell ovate-conic ; spire acuminate, whorls with trans-
verse nodulous bands or ribs; aperture linear, concave,
with several broad oblique plaits in front ; outer lip
thickened, internally toothed, gibbous and grooved pos-
teriorly.

Ex. E. pyrostoma, Sowerhy^^^X. 19, fig. 11.

The shells of this genus partake of the character of

188

MARGINELLIDJ].

Sistrum and of Columhella, to both of which genera they
have been referred; they are small and pretty shells,
ornamented with coloured nodulous bands.

Species of Engina.

acuminata, Beeve.
alveolata, Kien.
armillata, Reeve.
astricta, Reeve.
bicatenata, Reeve.
carbonaria, Beeve.
concinna, Reeve.
contracta, Reeve.
crocostoma, Reeve.
deformis, Reeve.
echinata, Reeve.
eximia, Reeve.
ferruginosa, Reeve.
forticostata, Reeve.

histrio, Reeve.
lauta, Reeve.
lineata, Reeve.
ocellata, Reeve.
parva, Reeve.
porphyrostoma, Reeve.
pulchra, Reeve.
pyrostoma, Sow.
recurva, Reeve.
rutila, Reeve.
trifasciata, Reeve.
turbinella, Kien.
zonata, Reeve.

Sub-gen. pusiostoma, Swainson.

Shell ovate, with the inner lip convex between the granular
teeth; outer lip greatly thickened and toothed in the middle.

albinodosa, Gash. mendicaria, Lam.

chlorostoma. Sow. pisolina, Lam.

Duclosiana, Sow.

Fam. MARGINELLIDJS.

Teeth on lingual membrane broad and lunate, with
many conical, rather distant dentations, being very simi-
lar to those of Voluta. Tentacles close together at the
base ; eyes above the base, or near the middle of the

ERATO.

189

tentacles. Mantle with expanded side-lobes covering
the shell; siphon elongate, simple at the base. Foot
large, truncate in front, produced behind.

Operculum none.

Shell porcellanous, polished, with distinct plaits on the
columella ; outer lip with the margin thickened, or with a
marginal callus.

The organization of the animals of this family is more
in accordance with that of the Volutes than with that of
the Cowries, although the form of the shells would seem
to justify their having been sometimes associated with the
latter. The mantle-margin is developed as in the Cy-
prceidm, and produces the porcellanous appearance of the
shells, but there are distinct plaits on the columellar lip.

Genus ERATO, Risso.

Shell obovate, polished, or rarely, covered with tuber-
cles ; spire short, conical, distinct ; aperture, narrow,
linear ; outer lip thickened towards the middle, denticu-
late within; columella with distinct plaits at the fore part.

Ex. E. laevis, Donovan.^ pi. 20, fig. 1. Shell, E. laevis,
fig. 1, a.

The pretty little shells comprising this genus have been
indifferently referred both to Marginellana and to Cyprma ;
from the former, however, they differ in not having the
marginal varix, and from the latter in the plaits on the
columella, and in the outer lip.

190

MARGINELLID.E.

Species of Erato.

angiostoma, Sow.
gallinacea, Hinds.
guttula, Sow.
callosa, Adams and Reeve.
columbella, Mke.
lachryma, Sow.

l80vis, Donov.
Maugerise, Gray.
scabriuscula, Gray.
sulcifera, Sow.
vitulina, Hinds.

Genus MARGINELLA, Lamai’ck.

Shell ovately oblong, smooth, polished ; spire short or
concealed ; aperture elongated, truncated in front ; colu-
mella plicate; outer lip with a thick marginal varix.

Syn. Porcellana, Adans..^ not Rumph. or Klein. Dac-
tylus, Hmnph., not Klein. Pterygia, Link. Phaenospira,
Hinds. Marginellarius, Dumeril. Marginellus, Montf.

Ex. M. diadochus, Adams and Reeve, pi. 20, fig. 2.
Shell, M. glabella, Linnaeus, fig. 2, a.

The species are remarkable for the brilliancy and
variety of their markings ; they are very numerous along
the shores of Africa, where they inhabit the clear sands,
in somewhat shallow water ; they glide along rapidly, and
when seen in full activity are objects of singular interest
and beauty.

Species of Marginella.

aurantia, Lam.
fulminata, Kien.
glabella, Linn.
guttata, Dillw.
irrorata, Mke.
labiata, Valenc.

nivosa. Hinds.
piperita. Hinds.
Poucheti, Petit.
pyrulata, Redf.
pyrum, Meusch.
Saulcyana, Petit.
splendens. Sow.
undulata. Mart.

lineatolabrum, Gask.
mosaica, Sow.

MARGINELLA.

191

Sub-gen. glabella, Swainson.

Volutiform; spire more or less conic, well-developed; pillar
with basal plaits ; inner lip obsolete ; outer lip thick, toothed or

crenate, rarely smooth.

Adansonii, Kien.

intermedia. Sow.

albocincta. Sow.

limbata, Lam.

arenaria, Yoldi.

liturata, Mke.

Belcheri, Hinds.

margarita, Kien.

Bellii, Sow.

marginata, Kien.

bifasciata, Lam.

muscaria, Lam.

Chemnitzii, Dillw.

musica, Hinds.

Cleryi, Petit.

nodata, Hinds.

Cumingiana, Petit.

nubeculata, Lam.

faba, Linn.

obtusa, Sow.

festiva, Kien.

onychina, Adams and Reeve.

formiculata, Lam.

Petitii, Duval.

Goodallii, Sow.

pseudofaba. Sow.

Guillaini, Petit.

Reeveana, Petit.

hsematitia, Kien.

scripta, Hinds.

harpaeformis. Sow.
helmatina, Rang.

striata, Sow.

Sub-gen. prUnum, Martini.

Shell oval; spire slightly prominent; inner lip very much
developed, and forming a tumid rim all round the aperture.

albina, Gash.
apicina, Mke.
australis, Hinds.
carnea, Storer.
conoidalis, Kien.
curta, Sow.
crassilabrum, Sow.
evanida, Soiv.
glans, Mke.

inconspicua, Sow.
livida. Hinds.
marginata, Born.
monilis, Lam.
nivea, C. B. Adams.
pellucida, Pfeiff.
prunosa, Hinds.
pygmaea, Sow.
Sowerbyana, Petit.

192

MARGINELLIDiE.

Storeria, Couth.
subcserulea, Mart.
Terversiana, Petit.
turbinata, Sow.

vesciculata, Mart.
vitrea, Minds.
xanthostoma, Morch.

Sub-gen. Volutella, Swainson.

Bulliform, ovate-oblong ; spire either entirely, or almost, con-
cealed ; pillar with four oblique plaits at the fore part ; aperture
not striated ; outer lip smooth, thickened ; inner lip wanting.

angustata, Soiv.
bullata, Born.
contaminata, GasJc.
cornea, Bam.

dactylus, Lam.
Largillieri, Kien.
lilacina, Sow.
oblonga, Swains.

Sub-gen. cryptospiea, Hinds.

Spire very short, nearly obsolete; last whorl gibbous pos-
teriorly; columella with a few strong transverse plaits; inner
lip not callous ; outer lip thickened, not crenate internally.

amygdalum, Kien.
azona, Mke.

Bernardii, Largill.
blanda, Hinds.
cincta, Kien.
chrysomelina, Redf.
diadochus, Adams and Reeve.
elegans, Gmel.
ovulum, Sow.

pulchra, Gray.
quadrilineata, Gask.
quinqueplicata, Lam.
sapotilla, Hinds.
Sauliae, Sow.
tricincta, Hinds.
undulata, Chem.
ventricosa, Fisch.

Genus PERSICULA, Schumacher.

Shell oval ; spire small, depressed ; aperture linear,
emarginate anteriorly and posteriorly ; inner lip with a

PERSICULA.

193

callosity at the hind part; columella straight, with four
large plaits, and posteriorly some smaller and more obso-
lete folds ; outer lip simple.

Syii. Marginella, Link., not Lam.

Ex. P. carneola, Chiaje, pi. 20, fig. 3. Shell, P. fas-
ciata, Martini, fig. 3, a.

In Persicula the outer lip is not margined externally,
the inner lip is transversely plaited, and there is a callus
at the hind part.

Species of Persicula.

avellana, Lam.
carneola, Chiaje.
catenata, Mat. and Rack.
Duchon, Adans.
fasciata, Mart.
fluctuata, C. B. Adams.
frumentum, Sow.
guttata, Link.

Hainesi, Petit.
imbricata, Hinds.
interruptolineata, Mulilf.

Kieneriana, Petit.
maculosa, Kien.
multilineata. Sow.
obesa, Redf.
pudica, Gask.
pulchella, Kien.
pulcherrima, Gask.
sagittata, Hinds.
Swainsoniana, Petit.
tessellata, Lam.

Sub-gen. gibbekula, Swainson.

Shell suboval ; spire slightly prominent ; outer lip posteriorly
dilated and gibbous ; columella with plaits at the fore part ;
inner lip broad, spreading.

clandestina, Brong.
grana, Phil.
guanacha, HOrh.
miliaria, Linn.
minor, C. B. Adams.
minuta, Pfeiff.

monilis, Linn.
muralis. Hinds.
phrygia. Sow.
rufula, Gask.
zonata, Brug.

VOL. I.

c c

194

MARGINELLID.E

Genus PACHYBATHRON, Gaskoin.

Shell subcylindrical, striated longitudinally; spire flat,
volutions perceptible; aperture narrow, channelled pos-
teriorly; columella with strong, distant denticulations at
the fore part; inner lip with a broad, thick, flat callus
extending the entire length of the shell, transversely
strongly grooved; outer lip thick, denticulate internally.

Ex. P. cassidiforme, Gaskoin, pi. 20, fig. 4.

The curious little shells forming this genus most re-
semble species of Persicula, but the callus of the inner
lip is very much developed and furnished with strong
transverse grooves.

Species of Pachybathron.

cassidiforme, Gask. marginelloideum, Gask.

Genus VOLVARIA, Lamarck.

Shell subcylindrical, semipellucid; spire short, obso-
lete; aperture narrow, anteriorly dilated; columella si-
nuous in front, subflexuous, obliquely truncated, and with
four oblique plaits; outer lip slightly thickened, but with-
out a marginal varix.

Syn. Hyalina, Schum., not Gray. Volvarius, Montf.

Ex. V. triticea, Lamarck, pi. 20, fig. 5. Shell, V.
pellucida, Schumacher, fig. 5, a.

The Volvaria of Lamarck appears to be restricted to
one recent species, having the spire short and the outer
lip only slightly thickened; the sub-genus Volvarina,
however, is numerous in species.

DOLIID.E.

195

Sub-gen. volvarina, Hinds (Hyalina, Gray, not Schum.).

Shell subcylindiical ; spire short, obtuse ; aperture linear ;
columella plicate anteriorly; outer lip externally thickened,
forming a slight marginal varix.

Albanyana, Gask.

micans, Petit.

Capensis, Krauss.

neglecta, Sow.

cylindrica, Brown.

nitida. Hinds.

Delessertiana, Recliiz.

olivseformis, Kien.

Dunkeri, Krauss.

oryza, Lam.

fasciata, Sow.

pallida, Linn.

fauna, Sow.

Philippinarum, Bed/.

fusca, Sow.

punctulata. Petit.

fusiformis, Hinds.

rubella. Sow.

gracilis, C. B. Adams.

serrata, Gask.

Hindsiana, Petit.

tacniata, Soiv.

inflexa. Sow.

triplicata, Gask.

lactea, Kien.

triticea, Lam.

Lavalleana, HOrh.

zonata, Lam.

Fam. DOLIID^E.

Teeth on lingual membrane in seven rows (3T 3),
central generally toothed, lateral in three series, con-
verging, the inner often broad, the two outer subulate, ver-
satile. Mantle enclosed, the siphon recurved. Foot small.

Operculum none.

Shell thin, ventricose ; whorls with transverse ribs ; aper-
ture with an oblique notch in front.

M. Deshayes notices a curious fact in the habits of
Doliiim, which he states swells out the foot, when it
desires to swim, with an enormous quantity of water, im-
bibed through certain pores, and in this condition pro-
gresses.

196

DOLIIDiE.

Genus DOLIUM, Browne.

Shell thin, roundly oval, ventricose, inflated ; spire
small ; whorls transversely furrowed ; aperture very large,
with a short posteriorly reflected canal ; inner lip thin,
widely expanded ; outer lip fimbriated or crenated.

Syn. Perdix, Montf. Galea, Mart. Dolites, King.
Cassida, Lang, not Linn, Tonna, Brunn.

Ex. D. olearium, Linnceus, pi. 20, fig. 6. Shell, D.
olearium, fig. 6, a.

The Tuns,’’ as they are sometimes called, known by
their large, light, ventricose shells with transverse ribs or
furrows, are found in the Mediterranean, Ceylon, China,
Australia, and the Pacific.

Species of Doliiim.

amphora, Phil.
australe, Chem.
cassis, Bolt.
Cumingii, Hanley.
Deshayesii, Reeve.
fasciatum, M.art.
galea, Linn.

lactescens. Mart.
melanostoma. Jay.
olearium, Linn.
pennatum. Mart.
perdix, Linn.
tessellatum, Lam.
zonatum. Green.

Genus CADIUM, Link.

Shell ovately globose, thick, with transverse elevated
ribs; aperture ringent; columella with numerous trans-
verse plaits, or with callous prominences; outer lip thick-
ened, greatly reflected, and plicately dentate.

Syn. Malea, Valenciennes,

Rli^GICULA.

197

Ex. C. poraum, LinncBiis, pi. 20, fig. 7. Shell, C.
ringens, Swalnsorij fig. 7, a.

Cadiiim, consisting of but few species, differs from
BoVum principally in its solid structure and ringent
aperture; its outer lip, moreover, is strongly toothed,
thickened, and reflected.

Species of Cadium.

ringens, Swains.

dentatum, Barnes.
pomum, Linn.

Genus RINGICULA, Deshayes.

Shell small, ventricose, smooth or transversely striated ;
spire small ; aperture with an oblique notch in front ;
columella callous, strongly plicated ; outer lip thickened
and reflected, with a marginal callus.

Syn. Auriculina, Gratel., not Gray. Auricularia, Be
la Beche.

Ex. R. buccinea, Beshaye.s, pi. 20, fig. 8.

From an examination of the animal in spirits, it ap-
pears that the eyes are on the outer bases of subulate
tentacles, and that the foot is unprovided with an oper-
culum. Many allied fossil genera are of much larger size
than the existing species of Ringicula, and approach even
still closer, in the character of the shell, to the other
members of this family.

Species of Bingicula.

acuta, Phil.'
australis, Binds.
buccinea, Besh.
carou, Hinds.

exserta, Hinds.
grandinosa, Hinds.
propinquans, Hinds.

198

SYCOTYPIDiE.

Fam. SYCOTYPIDJE.

Tongue with the rachis unidentate, pluree with three
uncini (3T‘3), forming seven rows of teeth on the lingual
membrane. Tentacles subulate, with the eyes at their
outer bases. Mantle produced on each side, covering the
shell; siphon straight, elongated. Foot thin, simple, pro-
duced posteriorly.

Operculum none.

Shell ventricose, thin, transversely ribbed and cancel-
lated; aperture with a straight canal in front.

The animals of this group crawl very rapidly, bearing
their light, elegantly-formed shells easily, and, with their
neck stretched out, their siphon exserted, and their foot
greatly expanded, present remarkable objects of con-
templation to the malacozologist.

Genus SYCOTYPUS, Browne.

Shell pyriform, light, ventricose, ribbed and cancellated;
spire very short ; aperture large ; columella simple ; canal
straight, elongated; outer lip thin, entire.

Syii. Ficus, Bolt., not Linn. Pyrula (part), Lam.
Ficula, Swains. Otus, Risso.

Ex. S. ficus, Linnwus, pi. 21, fig. 1. Shell, S. Dusu-
mieri, Valenciennes, fig. 1 , a.

The Sycotypi are delicately-tinted creatures, being
generally flesh-coloured, with faint, marbled, crimson and
pink markings ; their eyes are large and black, and their
long flat heads and necks usually white.

VELUTINID^..

199

Species of Sycotypus.

decussatus, Wood.
Dusumieri, Valenc.
ficoides, Lani.

ficus, Linn.
gracilis, Phil.
reticula tus, Lam.

Fam. VELUTINID.E.

Tongue armed with a single series of broad, hooked,
serrated teeth, flanked on each side by a triple row of
laterals, the two outer rows being simple, and the inner
row broad, hooked, and serrated. Head broad ; ten-
tacles subulate, blunt, far apart, with the eyes on pro-
minences at their outer bases. Mantle with the margin
developed all round, and more or less reflexed over the
shell. Foot large and oblong.

Operculum none.

Shell ear-shaped ; aperture wide, entire in front.

The operculigerous lobe in this family is developed, in
common with the lateral and anterior portions of the
mantle, so as to be capable of being reflexed over the
sides of the shell.

Genus VELUTINA, Fleming.

Shell thin, covered with a velvety epidermis, volutions
few, last whorl ventricose, large ; spire small, obtuse, sub-
marginal, suture deep ; aperture very large, patulous,
entire ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Galericulum, Brown.

Ex. V. laevigata, LinnwuSj pi. 21, fig. 2. Shell, V.
laevigata, fig. 2, a.

200

LAMELLARIID^.

The VehitinidcB are strictly marine, being met with
sometimes far out at sea, and at considerable depths.
Usually, however, they are found living on stones near
low-water mark. They are principally inhabitants of
northern seas, and are not very numerous in species.

Species of Velutina.

capuloidea, Blainv. laevigata, Linn.

coriacea, Pallas. Sitkensis, A. Adams.

cryptospira, Midd.

Sub-gen. limneria, H. and A. Adams.

Shell solid, semiglobose, subspiral ; aperture wide, expanded,
extending posteriorly beyond the apex; inner lip oblique, re-
flexed posteriorly, straight and acute anteriorly.

Caspiensis, H. and A. Adams. zonata, Gould.

Sub-gen. velutella, Gray.

Shell thin, flexible, pellucid, smooth, membranaceous ; spire
rather elevated; aperture oblong; columella flexuous.

plicatilis, Miill.

Fam. LAMELLARIID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in three or seven series,
the central broad, the lateral versatile ; lateral teeth
simple, curved. Tentacles separated at their bases, and
bearing the sessile eyes at their origin externally. Mantle
included, lining the shell. Foot oblong, obtusely quad-
rate in front, rounded behind ; hind or operculigerous

LAM ELL ARIA.

201

lobe greatly developed, entirely covering and concealing
the shell.

Operculum none.

Shell thin, spiral, covered by the hind lobe of the foot.

The part of the animal which conceals the shell is
usually regarded as the mantle ; it appears, however, to
be more analogous to the operculigerous lobe of some of
the Naticid(Bj which more or less encroaches on the hind
portion of the shell, and in one genus, Catinus, entirely
conceals it.

Genus LAMELLARIA, Montagu.

? Mantle convex, arcuated, thick, tubercular, anterior
fold median.

Shell spiral, thin, pellucid ; spire tumid, small; columella
greatly receding ; aperture very large, entire.

8yn. Marsenia, Leach. Sigaretia, Rqfin. Oxinoe,
Couth.

Ex. L. tuberculosa, H. and A. Adams, pi. 21, fig. 3,
3, a. Shell, L. perspicua, Linnaeus, fig. 3, h.

The figure of the animal given is taken from a specimen
in spirits, in Mr. Cuming’s collection, and appears to be
an undescribed species.

Species of Lamellaria.

antarctica, Couth,
glacialis, Sars.
perspicua, Linn.

prsetenuis, Couth.
tuberculosa, H. and A. Adams.

VOL. I.

D D

202

LAMELLARIIDiE.

Genus CRYPTOCELLA, H. and A. Adams.

? Mantle depressed, subverrucose or smooth, anterior
fold median.

Shell thin, pellucid, calcareous; spire small; aperture
very large, patulous ; inner lip receding.

Syn. Lamellaria, sp. Mont.

Ex. C. latens. Mailer^ pi. 21, fig. 4, 4, a. Shell,
C. tentaculata, Montagu^ fig. 4, h.

This form differs from Lamellaria in the back not
being tubercled, and in the position of the eyes ; it has
not the fissure on the back described as peculiar to M.
prodita by Dr. Loven. The shell is more calcareous
than that of Lamellaria,

Species of Cryptocella.

latens, Mull. tentaculata, Mont.

Genus MARSENINA, Gray.

Teeth, central (1), lateral (3-3), hooked, equal. ? Mantle
depressed, very thin or fissured on the back, subverrucose ;
anterior fold subsinistral, and the lateral canal dextral.

Shell elongated, opaque ; spire minute ; outer lip some-
what straight.

Syn, Lamellaria, sp. Loven.

Ex. M. prodita, Loven.

This genus differs from the others of the family in the
mantle (? operculigerous lobe) being fissured down the
back.

NATICID.E.

203

Genus CORIOCELLA, Blainville.

? Mantle deeply fissured and bilobed in front, the sur-
face deptessed and covered with numerous hexagonal
tubercles.

Shell spiral, calcareous, ear-shaped, thin, subopaque ;
spire short, whorls rounded, last whorl large ; aperture
patulous.

Syn, Sigaretus, Cuvier^ not Lam. Cryptothyra,
Menke. Chelinotus, Swains.

Ex. C. nigra, Quay and Gaimard., pi. 21, fig. 5, 5, a.
Shell, C. nigra, fig. 5, h.

The animal figured is very large, and entirely of a black
colour; it is a native of the Island of Tonga; a species,
of which the animal is also black and the shell very
similar, is found in the Philippine Archipelago, and
another, C. Ophione, is from Australia and New Zealand.

Species of Coriocella.

nigra, Quoy and Gaim. Ophione, Gray.

Fam. NAT1CID.F.

Animal bulky. Tongue short, with seven rows of teeth
(3T'3), consisting of a quadrate, broad-based, central
tooth, flanked by three laterals on each side. Head small;
tentacles lanceolate, wide apart, united by a veil; eyes
usually absent, or very minute and placed beneath the ten-
tacular veil. Mantle enclosed. Foot very large and ex-
panded, rounded at both ends, much produced in front.

204 NATICIDiE.

where it is furnished with a fold which covers the head and
tentacles ; operculigerous lobe very ample, reflexed upon
and partially concealing the sides and back of the shell.

Operculum distinct, spiral, few-whorled.

Shell spiral, usually smooth or polished, more or less
globular; aperture semilunar, sometimes very large.

The existence of a large operculigerous lobe is a
remarkable feature in this family, and serves, at once,
to distinguish it ; in the polished Mamma it nearly
covers, and in Catinus is extended quite across, the
shell. The size of the operculum in this group seems
not to depend upon that of the mouth of the shell, being
most developed in those genera which have a contracted
aperture, and smallest in those where the mouth is wide ;
thus, in Catinus it is horny and rudimentary ; in Ruma
horny, but large; and in Natica ample and calcareous.
The eggs of the Naticidce are agglutinated into broad,
subspiral bands, very slightly attached, and resting on
the sands. These animals are carnivorous and very pre-
daceous, feeding on the smaller bivalves, in which they
bore circular holes to extract the flesh.

Genus NATICA, Adanson.

Animal entirely retractile within the shell.

Operculum horny, with a calcareous outer layer.

Shell subglobose ; spire rather elevated ; aperture semi-
lunar; columella adherent to, and spirally contorted in,
the umbilicus; apex more or less dilated and truncate,
more rarely convex or rounded.

Syn. Naticus, Montf. Lunatus, Humph. Nacca,
Risso. Cochlis, Bolt. Naticarius, Bum.

NATICA.

205

Ex. N. maculosa, Lamarck, pi. 22, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, N. canrena, Linnccm, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, N.
canrena, fig. 1, c.

The animals of this genus crawl quickly, and, when
contracted, entirely enter their shell, which they close with
their shelly operculum. They live in sandy places, hiding
under the surface and burrowing after bivalves, which they
pierce with the siliceous teeth of their lingual mem-
brane, sucking the juices through their long, retractile
proboscis; when they crawl they leave deep traces behind
them. They are found in all parts of the globe, though
the larger and more showy species are tropical; they have
been observed to range from low-water to ninety fathoms.

Species of Natica.

Adansonii, Phil.
affinis, Busch.
alapapilionis, Chem.
arachnoidea, Gmel.
areolata, Recluz.
Broderipiana, Recluz.
Cailliaudi, Recluz.
canrena, Linn.
catenata, Phil.
Cayennensis, Recluz.
Chinensis, Lam.
cincta, Recluz.
cinnamomea, Mke.
clausa, Brod. and Sow.
collaria, Lam.

Colliei, Recluz.
cruentata, Gmel.
dilecta, Gould.
Dillwynii, Payr.
elegans, Recluz.

Elen 88, Recluz.
euzona, Recluz.
Fanel, Adans.
filosa, Phil.
Forskalii, Chem.
fulgurans, Recluz.
Gambiae, Recluz.
globosa, Chem.
gracilis, Recluz.
Gualteriana, Recluz.
Guillemini, Payr.
Haneti, Recluz.
hebrsea. Mart.
intricata, Donov.
iosloma, Mke.
labrella, Lam.
lineata, Chem.
lineolata, Phil.
lupina, Besh.
macilenta, Phil.

206

natigidj:.

Mahesensis, Becluz.
Malabarica, Becluz,
maroccana, Cliem.
marochiensis, Becluz.
onca, Bolt.
orientalis, Gmel.
pallens, Phil.
papilionacea, Desk.
picta, Becluz.
pygmgea, Phil.

Rizz8B, Phil.
rufa, Born.
rufilabris, Becluz.
solida, Blainv.

Souleytiana, Becluz.
spadicea, Blainv.
stercus-muscarum, Chem.
tessellata, Phil.
Tournefortii, Becluz.
trifasciata, Becluz.
undata, Meusch.
unifasciata, Lam.
variolaria, Becluz.
vitellus, Linn.
vittata, Gmel.

Zealandica, Quoy.
zebra, Chem.
zonalis, Becluz.

Sub-gen. stigmatjlax, Morch.

Shell solid, subglobose, whorls rounded, sulcate or cancel-
lated ; umbilicus with a spiral funiculus. Operculum calcareous,
with several ridges on the outer surface.

rugosa, Chem. sulcata, Born.

semisulcata, Gray.

Genus LUNATIA, Lamarck.

Animal entirely retractile within the shell.

Operculum simple, cartilaginous.

Shell oval, subglobose ; spire rather elevated ; aperture
semilunar ; inner lip thin, or with a moderate callus ; um-
bilicus wide, pervious, not funiculate.

Syn. Natica, Risso, not Adans.

Ex. L. monilifera, Lamarck, pi. 22, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, L. monilifera, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, L. monilifera,
fig. 2, 6*.

In this genus the shells are usually covered with a dark

LUNATIA.

207

epidermis ; they are not so thick and solid as the shells of
Natica ; nor is the umbilicus filled with a funiculus or
spiral callosity. The species seem to inhabit cold or tem-
perate, rather than tropical climates, which may account
for their more sombre colours; some northern forms, as
L. heros and L. herculea, attain to a very large size.

Species of Lunatia.

Alderi, Forbes.
algida, Gould.
aperta, Loven.
atrocyanea, Phil.
Buriascensis, Recluz.
castanea, Lam.
caurina, Gould.
duplicata, Say.
fragilis, Leach.

Francisca, Recluz.
Gallapagosa, Recluz.
globosa, King.
Grcenlandica, Beck.
herculea, Midd.
heros, Say.
immaculata, Totten.
impervia, Phil.
Jamaicensis, C. B. Adams.
lactea, Sow.

Lewisii, Gould.
livida, Lask.

melastoma, Sow.
monilifera, Lam.
Montagui, Forbes.
nana, Moll.

pallida, Brod. and Sow.
Panamana, Recluz.
Patagonica, Phil.
pisiformis, Recluz.
plicatula, Nutt.
plumbea, Lam.
puncticulata, Recluz.
pusilla. Say.
Raynoldiana, Recluz.
rhodostoma, Phil.
septentrionalis, Beck.
soluta, Gould.
tenuis, Recluz.
triseriata. Say.
variabilis, Recluz.
violacea, Sow.

Sub-gen. aceybia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell globular, inflated, thin ; whorls rounded, spirally stri-
ated ; columella curved in the middle ; umbilicus covered by a
callus; outer lip very thin, flexible.

flava, Gould.

208

NATICID^.

Genus NEVERITA, Risso.

Operculum simple, cartilaginous.

Shell orbicular, depressed; spire flattened; aperture
wide, semilunar; inner lip straight, callous; columella
adherent to, and spirally contorted in, the umbilicus, the
apex more or less dilated and truncate.

Syn, Naticaria, Swains,

Ex. N. Chemnitzii, Recluz, pi. 22, fig. 3. Operculum,
N. glaucina, Lamarck ^ fig. 3, a, 3, b. Shell, N. glaucina,
fig. 3, c.

In this genus the spire of the shell is depressed, the
aperture very wide, and the large umbilicus is funiculate
and partially concealed by a callous, tongue-shaped,
shelly process ; the operculum is horny, and nearly closes
the mouth of the shell.

Species of Neverita.

Lamarckiana, Recluz.
olla, M. de Serr.
papyracea, Busch.
patula, Sow.
Peteveriana, Recluz.
Philippiana, Recluz.
Reclusiana, Desh.
unifasciata, Lam.
vesicalis, Phil.

albumen, Linn.
ampla, Phil.
bicolor, Phil.
Campechiensis, Recluz.
Chemnitzii, Recluz.
conica, Lam.
didyma, Phil.
glaucina, Lam.

Incei, Phil.
intermedia, Recluz.

Genus AMPULLINA, Lamarck.

Shell ventricose, imperforate ; spire with the apex acute,
whorls smooth, without epidermis; aperture very wide;

RUMA. 209.

inner lip with a large, smooth callus covering part of the
body-whorl and concealing the umbilicus.

Sy7i. Globulus, Sow., not Sclium. Ampullaria, Flem.,
not Lam. Euspira, Agass. Bulbus, Bi'own, not Humph.
Globularia, Swains. Deshay esia, Raul. Cernina, Gray.
Anomphala, Jonas.

Ex. A. fluctuata, Sowerhy, pi. 22, fig. 4.

The only recent species known of this genus, which
has, however, several extinct representatives, is an in-
habitant of the Philippines, where it is found in con-
cealed situations in the slimy mud of shallow bays ; the
animal is very bulky and unable entirely to retract itself
within the shell ; the operculum, if present, is quite rudi-
mentary.

Genus RUMA, Chemnitz.

Animal retractile within the shell.

Operculum cartilaginous, oblong, narrower than the
aperture.

Shell ovate-acute, rather thin; spire pointed, whorls
often zoned; aperture oblong; inner lip straight, narrow,
reflexed ; columella usually black or fusco-purpurescent ;
umbilicus nude, pervious, not funiculate.

Syn. Mamma (part), Klein. Mamilla, Schum. Nati-
cella, Swains.

Ex. R. mamillaris. Born, pi. 22, fig. 5. Operculum,
R. mamillaris, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, R. mamillaris, fig. 5, c.

By means of its strong, well-developed, fleshy foot, the
animal of this genus readily ploughs up the yielding sand,
seeking for bivalves ; but when the tide rises, the side
lobes and hind part of the foot are expanded, and the
Ruma flaps along above the surface of the sand.

VOL. I. EE

210

NATICIDiE.

Species of Ruma.

Bahiensis, Recluz.
bicincta, Recluz.
bifasciata, Gray.
fibrosa, Soul.
litterata, Soul.

macrotrema, Adams and Reeve.
mamillaris, Born.
maura, Lam.
melanastomoides, Quoy.
opaca, Recluz.

perspectiva, Recluz.
Priamus, Recluz.
putamen, Meusch.
Samarensis, Recluz.
Sebse, Soul.
Senegalensis, Recluz.
sinnise, Chem.
sinnioidea, Recluz.
Zanzebarica, Recluz.

Genus mamma, Klein.

Animal entirely retractile within the shell.

Operculum large, horny, simple.

Shell ovate or subovate, solid, smooth, usually with-
out epidermis ; spire small, acute, whorls simple ; aperture
semicircular; inner lip oblique, thickened, callous; umbi-
licus funiculate; columella adherent to, and spirally con-
torted in, the umbilicus, the apex more or less dilated,
convex and rounded.

Syn. Uber, Humph. Albula, Bolt. Polinices, Montf.
Mamilla, Gray, not Schum. Eucaryum, Ehrenb. Mamil-
laria, Swains. Naticina, Guild.

Ex. M. mamilla, Linneeus, pi. 22, fig. 6. Operculum,
M. Cumingii, Recluz, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, M. mamilla,
fig. 6, c.

The animals of this peculiar type of Naticidw inhabit
clear sand and muddy sand-flats, and may be readily
taken at low-water by following the marks they leave,
when they are usually discovered concealed under little

NATICINA.

211

heaps of sand. When the animal is seen crawling, fully
expanded and undisturbed, the hind lobe of the foot
nearly covers the entire surface of the shell.

Species of Mamma.

nitida, Donav.
ochrostoma, Recluz.
pallium, Recluz.
Panamensis, Becluz.
perspicua, Recluz.
pes-elephantis, CJiem.
porcellanea, D'Orb.
Powisiana, Recluz.
pyriformis, Recluz.
ravida, Sow.
Salangonensis, Recluz.
straminea, Recluz.
Texasiana, Phil.
uberina, Valenc.
Vavasi, Re Guillou.
vestalis, Phil.
virginea, Recluz.

alba, Montf.
albula, Rumph.
amiculata, Phil.
aurantia, Lam.

Bernardii, Recluz.
candidissima, Le Guillou.
CaribaBa, Phil.
casta, Phil.
columnaris, Recluz.

Cora, D'Orb.

Cumingiana, Recluz.
Draparnaudii, Payr.
dubia, Recluz.
Flemingiaua, Recluz.
funiculata, Recluz.
fuscata, Chem.
intemerita, Phil.
mamilla, Linn.

Genus NATICINA, Gray.

Shell oblong-ovate, thin, ventricose; spire acuminate,
whorls transversely striated or sulcate; aperture large,
oblong; inner lip straight, thin, with a slight callosity in
the middle ; umbilicus open or partially covered.

Ea^. N. papilla, Gmelin, pi. 22, fig. 7.

The species of this group seem intermediate between
Ruma and Catinus ; they inhabit tolerably deep water,
and are usually of an uniform white colour; the animal
and operculum are not yet known.

212

NATICIDiE.

Species of Naticina.

acuminata, Adams and Reeve,
bilix, Conr.

Desmoulinsiana, Recluz.
Gouldiana, Recluz.
Lamarckiana, Rechiz.

Linneana, Recluz.
mamillaris, Linn.
papilla, Gmel.
sulcata, Recluz.

Genus CATINUS, Klein.

Operculigerous lobe greatly developed, nearly covering
and concealing the shell.

Operculum very small and rudimentary.

Shell oval, flattened, ear-shappd, striated ; spire minute,
depressed; aperture very wide, oblique; umbilicus none;
inner lip curved posteriorly, and spread thinly over the
body-whorl.

Syn. Stomatia, Hill, not Lam. Auris-Veneris, Humph.
Auriformis, Gevers. Haliotis, Adans., not Linn. Cryp-
tostoma, Blainv.

Ex. C. Leachii, Blainville, pi. 22, fig. 8. Operculum,
C. concavus, Lamarck, fig. 8, a, 8, h. Shell, C. concavus,
fig. 8, c.

The Catini come from the West Indies, China, India,
and South America. They live on muddy sand-flats; in
their habits they are sluggish and slow-moving, and very
timid ; when crawling they constantly explore the surface
with the produced fore lobe of the foot, which is also the
instrument employed in burrowing in the sand ; the oper-
culum, very small, will be found under the hind part of
the body-whorl of the shell.

AMAURA.

213

Species of Catinus.

agriensis, Becluz.
Antillarum, Becluz.
apertus, Anton.
bifasciatus, Becluz.

Carolius, Chenu.

Cuverianus, Becluz.
Delessertii, Chenu.
depressus, Phil.
Desbayesianus, Becluz.
haliotideus, Linn.
insculptus, Adams and Beeve.
Italicus, Chenu.

Javanicus, Chenu.

lacteus, Klein.
laevigatas, Lam.
latifasciatus, Adams and Beeve.
Leachii, Blainv.

Listen, Becluz.
maculatus. Say.
perspectivus. Say.
planulatus, Chenu.
sinuatus, Becluz.
striatus, M. de Serr.

Turonicus, Becluz.
zonalis, Quoy and Oaim.

Sub-gen. sigaretus, Lamarck (not Cuv).

Shell orbicular, conoidal or convex ; aperture rounded ; um-
bilicus open, or covered by a fold of the inner lip ; spire oblique,
short.

clathratus, Bose. neritoideus, Linn.

concavus, Lam. Petitianus, Becluz.

Levesquei, Becluz. striatellus, Becluz.

Genus AMAURA, Mbller.

Animal allied to Natica ; foot small, compact, destitute
of posterior lobe, anterior lobe deeply siniiated ; eyes
subcutaneous, situated at the internal base of the lobe.

Operculum terminal, horny, paucispiral, thin.

Shell ovate, imperforate, smooth ; spire produced ; aper-
ture obpyriform, about half the length of the shell ; colu-
mella short, simple.

214

CASSIDIDiE.

Ex. A. Candida, Mbller^^X. 22, fig. 9.

The species of this genus hitherto discovered are but
few in number, and are from the Northern Seas ; the shells
are nearly devoid of colour, and are covered with a thin,
horny epidermis. Moller has described the animal, and
mentions the fact of the existence of eyes, which, how-
ever, are partly concealed under the skin ; the other genera
of this family are stated to be blind.

Species of Amaura.

caualiculata, Gould. cornea, Mull.

Candida, Moll.

Fam. CASSIDID^.

Lingual membrane short, broad, triangular, with many
rows of similar, lancet-shaped teeth, and a single small
dentated tooth in the central series. Mantle enclosed,
with a recurved siphon. Foot large, dilated.

Operculum annular; nucleus in the middle of the
straight inner edge.

Shell ventricose, subglobose, whorls often variced ;
aperture with a recurved canal ; outer lip thickened ; inner
lip wrinkled or granular.

The “ Helmet Shells,” comprising many of the largest
known Gasteropods, form a very natural group ; they prin-
cipally inhabit the warmer regions of the globe.

Genus CASSIS, Browne.

Operculum oblong, narrow, small.

Shell triangular, last whorl large, with irregular varices ;

SEMICASSIS.

215

aperture linear, long, with a short, sharply -recurved, sinis-
tral canal in front ; inner lip forming a large, transversely-
wrinkled plate spread over the body-whorl ; outer lip
thickened, reflected, plicate or toothed.

Syn. Cassidea, Brug., Schum., not Link. Cassida,
Humph., not Lang or Linn.

Ex. C. cornuta, Linnceus, pi. 23, fig. 1. Operculum,
C. cornuta, fig. 1, «, \,h. Shell, C. tuberosa, Linnceus,
fig. 1, c.

The Cassides are active and voracious, living in sandy
localities where bivalves abound, and upon which they prey-
They are found in the Mauritius, Ceylon, the Philip-
pines, the West Indies, and the Mediterranean ; the larger
species are employed in the manufacture of shell cameos,
which are carved from the large enamelled plate of the
inner lip.

Species of Cassis.

Madagascariensis, Lam,
spinosa, Meusch.
tuberosa, Linn.

cornuta, Linn.
fimbriata, Quoy and Gaim.
flammea, Linn.

Genus SEMICASSIS, Klein.

Operculum half-ovate, moderate, nucleus on the middle
of the straight inner edge.

Shell ovate, transversely grooved ; spire moderate,
acute, whorls more or less tuberculated ; aperture oblong,
emarginate anteriorly; inner lip obliquely rugosely pli-
cated; outer lip reflexed and transversely plicated.

Syn. Cassidea, b. Swains.

Ex. S. anceps, H. and A. Adams, pi. 23, fig. 2.

216

CASSIDIDiE.

Operculum, S. glauca, Linn(eus, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell,
S. sulcosa. Born, fig. 2, c.

The oval form, irregular varices, and rather pointed
spire serve to characterize this genus; the nature of the
operculum at once distinguishes it from Cassis, and its
presence from Morum.

Species of Semicassis.

anceps, H. and A. Adams.
canaliculata, Brug.
cicatricosa, Meusch.
gibba, Omel.

Japonica, Beeve.
pila, Beeve.

recurvirostrum, Wood.
Saburon, Adans.
semigranosa, Lam.
sulcosa, Born.
tessellata, Chem.
ventricosa, Mart.

Sub-gen. phalium, Link (Bezoardica, Schum.).

Shell transversely striated; spire acute, whorls angulated,
variced ; inner lip rugosely plicate ; outer lip strongly dentate
within.

areola, Linn. exarata. Reeve.

bisulcata, Schub. and Wag. glauca, Linn.

coronulata. Sow. plicata, Linn.

decussata, Linn. undata. Mart.

Sub-gen. casmaeia, H. and A. Adams (Cassidea, Swainson,
not Link).

Shell smooth, whorls simple or subplicate; spire somewhat
elevated ; inner lip smooth ; outer lip usually simple or slightly
crenate internally.

achatina, Lam.
paucirugis. Mice.
pyrum, Lam.

quad rata. Link.
turgida, Beeve.
vibex, Linn.

LEVENIA.

217

Genus CASSIDEA, Link.

Mantle-margins reflexed over the lips of the shell.

Operculum none.

Shell oval; spire short; aperture straight, narrow, chan-
nelled posteriorly; columella toothed; outer lip involute,
toothed ; varices none, or obsolete.

Syn, Cypraecassis, S hitch.

Ex. C. testiculus, Linnaeus, pi. 23, fig. 3.

Cassidea resembles Morum, but the shell is not cancel-
lated ; the lobes of the mantle are expanded, and, accord-
ing to Stutchhury, cover both lips of the shell ; the foot is
destitute of operculum ; the inner lip is spreading, but the
margin is not free, as in Cassis, and the columella is
transversely plicate, as in Cypreea.

Species of Cassidea.

rufa, Linn. testiculus, Linn.

tenuis, Wood.

Genus LEVENIA, Gray.

Operculum narrow, the nucleus on the middle of the
straight edge.

Shell ovately-subcylindrical ; spire conical, whorls no-
dulous, the penultimate distorted and gibbous; aperture
narrow, contracted in the middle; inner lip moderate, pli-
cated ; outer lip thin, not reflexed, internally plicated.

Syn. Cassis sp., Sow.

Ex. L. coarctata, Sowerby, pi. 23, fig. 4. Operculum,
L. coarctata, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

VOL. I.

F F

218

CASSIDIDiE.

The thin, inflexed outer lip of Levenia at once distin-
guishes the genus from others in the family; the oper-
culum is small and very narrow, being adapted to the con-
tracted aperture; the shell, which is covered with a horny
epidermis, and the peculiar operculum, are all at present
known concerning the genus.

Genus SCONSIA, Gray.

Operculum — ?

Shell ovately-fusiform, transversely grooved, with a
single longitudinal varix; spire acuminated; aperture
elongated ; canal very short, slightly recurved ; inner lip
regularly plicated, anterior plaits the largest; outer lip
thickened, subreflexed, internally plicated.

Syn. Cassidaria sp., Lam.

Ex. S. striata, Lamarck., pi. 23, fig. 5.

The texture of the shell in this genus is very peculiar,
being transversely striated and not tubercled, as in Ga-
leodea, and the canal is neither so long, nor so recurved,
as in that genus ; the operculum and animal are unknown.

Genus GALEODEA, Link.

Operculum ovate, outer edge sinuous, nucleus on the
hinder third of outer margin.

Shell oval, last whorl ventricose, tuberculated; aper-
ture narrow, ending anteriorly in a produced, recurved
canal; inner lip plicated, widely spread over the body-
whorl; outer lip reflected and crenate.

Syn. Morio, Montf. Echinora, Schum. Cassidaria,
Lam.

MORUM.

219

Ex. G. rugosa, LinncBUs, pi. 23, fig. 6. Operculum,
G. echinophora, Linn<Bus, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, G. echi-
nophora, fig. 6, c.

The form and structure of the operculum in this genus
is very peculiar; the shells are known by their transversely
ribbed and nodulous whorls, and their prominent, re-
curved, siphonal canal ; they are not numerous in species.

Species of Galeodea.

acuta, Gray.
Deshayesii, Duval.
echinophora, Linn.

rugosa, Linn.
Tyrrhena, Cliem.

Genus MORUM, Bolten.

Shell ovately-triangular, tuberculated ; spire very short,
apex mucronate; aperture linear, anteriorly emarginate;
columella with papillary striae ; outer lip reflected, inter-
nally plicated.

Syn. Hystrix, Humph., not Linn. Ersina, Gray.
Lambidium, Link. Cassidea, g. Schum. Oniscia, Sotv.
Theliostoma, Auct.

Ex. M. oniscus, Linnmus, pi. 23, fig. 7.

In the genus Morum the back of the shell is tuber-
culated, and the shell is covered with a fine, velvety epi-
dermis. There are about nine species known.

Species of Morum.

Lamarckii, Desk.
oniscus, Linn.

tuberculosum, Sow.
xanthostoma, A. Adams.

220

SCALIDiE.

Sub-gen. oniscidia, Swainson.

Shell cancellated ; spire acuminated ; inner lip widely spread
over the bodj^-whorl, and granulated ; outer lip thickened and
denticulate.

cancellatum, Sow.

Dennisoni, Reeve.
exquisitum, Adams and Reeve.

grande, A. Adams.
Strombiforme, Reeve.

Fam. SCALIDJE.

Lingual riband with no central denticles, but with
transverse rows of teeth formed of unguicular, simple un-
cini or laterals. Tentacles subulate, with the eyes on the
outer side of their bases. Mantle enclosed, with a rudi-
mentary siphonal fold. Foot obtusely triangular, grooved
below, furnished in front with a fold or mentum.

Operculum horny, spiral, of few whorls.

Shell spiral, turreted, variced; aperture entire, without
any notch or canal.

The animals in this family are predaceous, and their
shells, for the most part of a white colour, are remarkable
for the extreme elegance of their form and delicacy of
sculpture.

Genus SCALA, Klein.

Shell usually pure white, solid, lustrous, turreted,
many-whorled ; whorls convex, sometimes separated,
ornamented with numerous longitudinal ribs; aperture
round, peristome continuous, thickened.

Syn. Scalarus, Montf. Scalaria, Lam. Acione,

SCALA. 221

Leach, Acionea, Desh. Cyclostoma, Schum., not Lam.
Turbina, Browne. Scalatarius, Burner.

Ex. S. lamellosa, Lamarck, pi. 23, fig. 8. Opercu-
lum, S. clathrus, Linnaeus, fig. 8, a, 8, h. Shell, S. sca-
laris, Linnaeus, fig. 8, c.

The animal exudes a purple fluid when molested ;
nearly one hundred species have been described, chiefly
from the Eastern Seas ; China and the Philippines, how-
ever, harbour the greatest number; five species are in-
habitants of the British Isles.

Species of Scala.

aciculina, Hinds.
aculeata, Sow.
alata, Sow.
albolineata, Sow.
ambigua, Linn.
aurita, Sow.
bulbulus, Sow.
bullata, Sow.

Catanuensis, Sow.
concinna, Sow.
crassa, Sow.
creberrima, Hinds.
curvilineata, Sow.
denticulata, Sow.
dubia, Sow.

Elenensis, Sow.
Essingtoniensis, Gray.
eximia, Adams and Reeve.
fasciata, Sow.
fragilis, Hanley.
friabilis, Sow.

Georgettina, Kien.
glabrata, Hinds.
gracilenta, Say.
gracilis, Sow.

gradata, Hinds.
immaculata, Sow.
imperialis, Sow.
inconspicua, Sow.
indistincta, Sow.
irregularis, Sow.
lactea, Krauss,
laxata, Sow.
ligata, C. B. Adams.
liueata, Say.
lineolata, Kien.
maculosa, Adams and Reeve.
marmorata, Sovj.
Mindoroensis, Sow.
mitraeformis, Sow.
multicostata. Sow.
multilirata. Say.
muricata, Kien.
neglecta, Adams and Reeve.
Novangliae, Couth.
obesa, Sow.
obliqua, Sow.
obtusa. Sow.

Pallasii, Sow.

Philippinarum, Sow.

222

SCALID^.

polita, Sow.
porrecta, Hinds.
principalis, Pallas.
pulcherrima, Sow.
replicata, Sow.
rubrolineata, Sow.
scalaris, Linn.
similis, Sow.
striata, Gray.

subtilis, Sow.
sulcata. Sow.
tenuicostata. Sow.
texturata, Gould.
trifasciata, De Haen
turricula. Sow.
venosa. Sow.
vestalis, Hinds.

Sub-gen. clathrus, Oken.

Shell turreted, thick, solid, whorls united, with numerous
thick, longitudinal varices ; aperture ovate, effuse anteriorly ;
umbilicus concealed, not pervious.

angulata. Say.
clathrus, Linn.
connexa. Sow.
Eschrichti, Holh.
fusca. Sow.
Groenlandica, Chem.
hexagona. Sow.
lamellosa, Lam.

Ochotensis, Midd.
ovalis. Sow.
pyramidalis, Sow.
tenuis. Sow.
Trevelyana, Leach.
Turtonis, Risso.
unifasciata, Sow.

Sub-gen. opalta, H. and A. Adams (Clathrus, Gray,
not Oken).

Shell turreted, imperforate ; whorls not disunited, the last
with a conspicuous spiral ridge round the umbilical region.

australis, Lam.
coronata, Lam.
crassicostata. Sow.
Diana, Hinds.

monocycla, Kien.
statuminata. Sow.
undulata. Sow.
vulpina, Hinds.

TEREBRIDiE.

223

Sub-gen. amj^a, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turreted, thin ; whorls united, cancellated, with a few
thin, irregular varices ; aperture semilunar ; inner lip gibbose in
the middle ; outer lip thin, simple.

magnifica, Soiv.

Martinii, Wood.

Genus CIRSOTREMA, Morch.

Shell turreted, solid; whorls cancellated, with a few
thick, irregular varices; aperture circular; outer lip with
a thick, crenate, marginal varix.

Ex. C. varicosa, Lamarck, pi. 23, fig. 9. Operculum,
C. varicosa, fig. 9, a, 9, h.

The shells of this genus may be known from those of
Scala by the peculiar cancellated structure of the whorls,
and by the varices being fewer and non-continuous.

Species of Cirsotrema.

bicarinata. Sow.
cochlea. Sow.

granulosa, Quoy and Gaim.
hyalina. Sow.

crassilabrum. Sow.

raricostata, La7n.
suturalis. Hinds.
unifasciata, Soiv.
varicosa, Lam.

crenata, Linn.
decussata, Lam.
diadema, Sow.

Fam. TEREBRID^.

Teeth and lingual membrane rudimentary or none.
Tentacles very small or wanting; eyes on the tips of ten-

224

TEREBRINiE.

tacles or wanting. Mantle enclosed, with an elongated
siphon. Foot small.

Operculum annular, nucleus apical.

Shell dense, solid, turreted ; aperture with an oblique
notch in front; outer lip thin, not variced.

Sub“fam. TEREBRIN.®.
Operculum ovate, pointed, with nucleus apical.

Genus ACUS, Humphrey.

Eyes on the tips of the tentacles.

Shell subulate, whorls numerous, simple ; aperture elon-
gate, emarginate anteriorly, not produced into a canal ;
columella simple, incurved, not tortuous ; outer lip simple,
acute, without a sinus at the fore part.

Syn. Subula, Schum. Terebraria, Rqfin. Turricula,
Hermans.

Ex. A. maculata, Linnceus, pi. 24, fig. 1. Operculum,
A. crenulata, Lamarck, fig. a, \,b. Shell, A. macu-
lata, fig. 1, c.

In this genus the tentacles are very short, with the eyes
at their tips.

Species of Acus.

albida, Gray.
cserulescens, Lam.
casta, Hinds.
chlorata, Lam.
cingulata, Kien.
crenulata, Lam.
dimidiata, Linn.

duplicata, Linn
Dusumieri, Kien,
eburnea. Hinds.
fatua. Hinds.
hastata, G7nel.
laurina. Hinds.
maculata, Limi.

ACUS.

225

muscaria, Lam.
nitida, Hinds.
plumbea, Quoy.
raphanula, Lam.
Senegalensis, Lam.

strigata, Sow.
stylata, Hinds.
tigrina, Gmel.
varicosa, Hinds.

Sub-gen. abretia, H. and A. Adams.

Whorls longitudinally ribbed ; columella simple, straight,
produced anteriorly ; outer lip not sinuated at the fore part.

cerithina, Lam. nassoides, Reeve.

fictilis. Hinds. pygmsea. Hinds.

lepida. Hinds. tenera. Hinds.

mera, Hinds.

Sub-gen. hastula, H. and A. Adams.

Whorls smooth; columella simple, straight, produced ante-
riorly ; outer lip simple, not sinuated at the fore part.

albula, Mke.
anomala. Gray.
cinerea. Born.
cuspidata. Hinds.
inconstans. Hinds.
lanceata, Lam.
laevigata. Gray.

luctuosa. Hinds.
penicillata. Hinds.
rustica. Hinds.
spectabilis. Hinds.
strigillata, Linn.
venosa. Hinds.

Sub-gen. eueyta, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turreted, subfusiform, smooth, whorls nodosely plicate,
the last rather ventricose ; columella spirally twisted, forming a
false umbilicus pervious to the apex of the spire, much produced
anteriorly; aperture somewhat effuse.

aciculata, Lani. fulgurata, Phil.

Consentini, Phil. granulosa, Lam.

VOL. I.

G G

226

TEREBRIN.E.

Genus TEREBRA, Adanson.

Eyes at the outer bases of the tentacles.

Shell elongately subulate, whorls very numerous, with
a spiral groove forming a posterior band ; aperture very
small, canaliculated ; columella tortuous ; outer lip sinuated
anteriorly.

Syn. Terebrum, Montf.

Ex. T. subulata, Linnaeus, pi. 22, fig. 2. Operculum,
T. subulata, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell, T. subulata, fig. 2, c.

The tentacles in this genus are very small, with the
eyes at their outer bases.

Species of Terehra.

alveolata, Hinds.
amanda, Hinds.
Argus, Hinds.
Babylonia, Lam.
castanea, Kien.
cingulifera, Lam.
commaculata, Gmel.
consors, Hinds.
conspersa, Hinds.
copula. Hinds.
corrugata, Lam.
flammea, Lam.
frigata. Hinds.
funiculata. Hinds.
gemmulata, Kien.
ligata. Hinds.
lingualis, Hinds.

monilis, Quoy.
nebulosa. Hinds.
ooulata, Lam.
ornata. Gray.
pertusa, Born.
plicata, Gray.
pretiosa, Beeve.
robusta, Hinds.
rudis. Gray.
specillata, Hinds.
straminea. Gray.
subulata, Linn.
succinea, Hinds.
tessellata. Gray.
tricolor. Sow.
triseriata. Gray.

PUSmELLIM.

227

Sub gen. myueella, Hinds.

Whorls furnished posteriorly with a tuberculated zone, ante-
riorly transversely sculptured, or, very rarely, smooth; colu-
mella tortuous and produced anteriorly.

affinis, Gray.

albicostata, Adams and Reeve.
armillata. Hinds.
aspera, Hinds.
buccinata, Hinds.
bifrons, Hinds.
caelata, Adams and Reeve.
cancellata, Quoy.
columellaris, Hinds.
elata, Hinds.
fenestrata, Hinds.
flava, Gray.

intertincta, Hinds.
larvseformis, Hinds.
picta, Hinds.
pulchra, Hinds.
radula, Hinds.
roseata, Adams and Reeve.
serotina, Hinds.
torquata, Adams and Reeve.
tuberculosa, Hinds.
undulata. Gray.
variegata. Gray.
violascens. Hinds.

glauca. Hinds.

Sub-fam. PUSIONELLINJE.

Operculum semi-ovate, nucleus small, in the middle of
the straight inner edge. Shell smooth, porcellanous.

Genus PUSIONELLA, Gray.

Shell fusiform or oblong-ovate, solid, smooth, porcel-
lanous; aperture contracted anteriorly; columella keeled,
twisted in front; canal slightly recurved, short.

Sy7i. Netrum, Phil.

Ex. P. Nifat, Adanson, pi. 24, fig. 3. Operculum, P.
buccinata, Lamarck, fig. 3, a, 3, h.

The shells in this genus are mostly polished and present a
porcellanous appearance ; the operculum is very peculiar.

228

PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

Species of Pusionella.

albocincta, Petit,
buccinata, Lam.
Candida, Phil.
Catelini, Petit.

aculeiformis, Lam.

grandis, A. Adams.
lirata, A. Adams.
Nifat, Adans.
Reclusiana, Petit.
subgranulata, Petit.

Fam. PYRAMIDELLID^.

Tongue unarmed, teeth none or rudimentary. Ten-
tacles broad, folded, ear-shaped, connate at the base,
bearing the eyes immersed at their inner sides. Mantle
enclosed, with a rudimentary siphonal fold. Foot produced
and truncate anteriorly, with a fold or mentum in front.

Operculum horny, subspiral, with the columellar margin
sinuated.

Shell turreted ; aperture entire or not produced into a
canal in front; columella plaited.

The species of this group are all marine, and, from the
circumstance of their possessing a retractile proboscis,
are probably predacious and carnivorous in their habits.

Genus PYRAMIDELLA, Lamarck.

Shell turreted, many-whoiied, longitudinally ribbed;
spire elevated, nucleus sinistral ; aperture obovate, some-
what produced and channelled in front; columella curved,
with three or more oblique plaits; outer lip acute.

Syn. Pyramidellus, Montf.

Ex. P. auris-cati, Chemnitz, pi. 24, fig. 4, 4, a. Oper-
culum, P. auriS'Cati, 4, h, 4, c. Shell, P. auris-cati, fig. 4, c?.

OBELISCUS.

229

The Fijramidelldd live in sandy bays and on shallow
mud -banks, concealing themselves under the surface, and
indicating their presence by the formation of slender,
raised tracks; they are found in the Eastern Archipelago,
New Holland, and the Mauritius.

Species of

acicula, A. Adams.
aclis, A. Adams.
ambigua, Phil.
auris-cati, Cliem.
corrugata, Lam.
glans, Reeve.
gracilis, A. Adams.
magnifica, Adams and Reeve

Pyramidella.

metula, A. Adams.
minuta, Phil.
mitralis, A. Adams.
nitida, A. Adams.
nodicincta, A. Adams.
propinqua, A. Adams.
subulata, A. Adams.
variegata, A. Adams.

Genus OBELISCUS, Humphrey.

Shell subulate, turreted, many-whorled, smooth; spire
pointed, nucleus sinistral; aperture semi-oval, entire,
rounded anteriorly; columella straight, plicated; outer
lip acute.

Ex. 0. punctatus, Chemnitz^ pi. 24, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, O. dolabratus, LinncBus, fig. 5, a. Shell, O. dola-
bratus, fig. 5, b.

This genus differs from Eulimella in the plicated
pillar, from Pyramidella in not being longitudinally
ribbed, and from the other members of the family in its
tapering, subulate form, and the plaits on the columella.
Many extinct species, referred to certain genera, may
possibly be found to belong to this type, which appears
to have been well represented, and to have comprised

230

PYRAMIDELLIDiE.

species of larger dimensions in past epochs than in the
present time ; examples occur even in the oldest fossili-
ferous strata.

Species of Oheliscus.

aciculatus, A. Adams.
acutus, A. Adams.
annulatus, A. Adams.
attenuatus, A. Adams.
balieatus, A. Adams.
brunneus, A. Adams.
cinctus, Reeve.
clavulus, A. Adams.
conicus, (7. B. Adams.
dolabratus, Linn.
elegans, A. Adams.
fastigiiim, A. Adams.
gracilis, Brocc.
hastatus, A. Adams.
metula, A. Adams.
monilis, A. Adams.

perforatus, A. Adams.
pulchellus, A. Adams.
punctatus, CJiem.
pusillus, A. Adams.
scitulus, A. Adams.
spiculum, A. Adayns.
striatulus, A. Adams.
stylinus, A. Adams.
sulcatus, A. Adams.
terebelloides, A. Adams.
'terebellum, Mull.
teres, A. Adams.
tessellatus, A. Adams.
turritus, A. Adams.
ventricosus, Guerin.

Genus TURBONILLA, Risso.

Operculigerous lobe with a minute, conical appendage
on each side.

Shell slender, elongated, many-whorled, longitudinally
ribbed; apex of spire with a persistent, embryonic, sinis-
tral nucleus; aperture oblong or subquadrate, peristome
incomplete; columella straight, simple, edentulate, and
without a plait.

Syn. Chemnitzia, D'Orh. Pyrgiscus, Phil. Ortho-
steles, Arad, and Mag.

TURBONILLA.

231

Ex. T. scalaris, Philippi, pi. 24, fig. 6. Shell, T.
lactea, Linnxus, fig. 6, a.

This genus comprises a great number of small and ex-
tremely beautiful shells, which have the whorls longitu-
dinally ribbed or cancellated, and the inner lip simple
and toothless.

Species of Turbonilla.

acicularis, A. Adarns.
aculeus, C. B. Adams.
acuminata, C. B. Adams.
affinis, C. B. Adams.
bisuturalis, Sap.

Boholensis, A. Adams.
Candida, A. Adams.
clathrata, Jeffr.
clathratula, C. B. Adams.
communis, C. B. Adams.
concinna, A. Adams.
cornea, A. Adams.
dealbata, Stimp.
excavata, Phil.
exilis, C. B. Adams.
fenestrata, Jeffr.
flavocincta, C. B. Adams.
formosa, Jeffr.
fusca, C. B. Adams.
gracilior, C. B. Adams.
grandis, Adams and Eeeve.
Gulsonse, Clarlc.
impressa, Eutz.
indistincta, Mont.
interrupta, Totten.

Kraussii, H. and A. Adams
(lactea, Krauss).

lactea, Linn.

Isevis, C. B. Adams.
latior, C. B. Adams.
major, C. B. Adams.
marginata, C. B. Adams.
modesta, Stimp.
multicostata, C. B. Adams.
nivea, Stimp.
obeliscus, C. B. Adams.
Panamensis, C. B. Adams.
producta, C. B. Adams.
puncta, C. B. Adams.
pusilla, C. B. Adams.
reticulata, 0. B. Adams.
rufa, Phil.
scalaris, Phil.
seminuda, C. B. Adams.
similis, C. B. Adams.
striosa, C. B. Adams.
substriata, C. B. Adams.
subulata, C. B. Adams.
trifida, Totten.
trilineata, A. Adams.
turris, D'Orb.
turrita, C. B. Adams.
varicosa, A. Adams.

232

PYEAMIDELLIDJ^.

Genus ODOSTOMIA, Fleming.

Operculigerous lobe simple.

Shell turreted, subulate or ovate, smooth or trans-
versely striated ; apex of spire sinistral ; aperture ovate,
peristome not continuous ; columellar lip with a single
tooth“like fold.

Syn. Turbonilla, h, Loven.

Ex. O. spiralis, Montagu, pi. 24, fig. 7. Shell, O.
unidentata, Montagu, fig. 7, a.

This genus consists of small, usually white, smooth,
solid, and enamelled shells, with the inner lip always
toothed ; they range from low-water to forty fathoms ; the
animal is the same as that of Turbonilla.

Species of Odostomia.

acuta, Jeffr.
alba, Jeffr.
albella, Loven.
canaliculata, C. B. Adams.
conoidea, Brocc.
conspicua, Alder.
crassa, Thomp.
crassula, H. and A. Adams

(decorata, C. B. Adams).
oscitans, Loven.
ovuloides, C. B. Adams.
pallida, Mont.
plicata, Mont.
rissoides, Hanley.
solidula, Phil.
striolata, Alder.
subulata, Phil.
suturalis, Phil.
truncatula, Jeffr.
turrita, Hanley.
unidentata, Mont.

glabrata, Muhlf.

nitida, Alder.

notata, Jeffr.

ornata, H. and A. Adams

(solidula, C. B. Adams).
decorata, Phil.
doliaris, Phil.
dolioliformis, Jeffr.
dubia, Jeffr.
erythrsea, Phil.
eulimoides, Hanley.
fusca, C. B. Adams.
gemmulosa, C.B. Adams.

EULIMELLA.

233

Sub.-gen. paethenia, Lowe.

Shell subovate ; whorls longitudinally more or less ribbed ;
columella denticulate or furnished with a plait.

decussata, Mont. interstincta, Mont.

excavata, Phil. spiralis, Mont.

Sub-gen. aueiculina, Gray,

Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, whorls simple or concentrically
striated ; columella edentulate, without a plait.

cylindrica, Alder. obliqua, Alder.

diaphana, Jeffr. Warrenii, Thomp.

insculpta, Mont.

. Genus EULIMELLA, Forbes.

Shell elongated, of many whorls, solid, smooth, po-
lished ; apex of spire with a persistent, embryonic, sinis-
tral shell ; aperture subquadrate, peristome incomplete ;
columella straight, not plicate or toothed.

Ex. E. Scillae, Scacchi, pi. 24, fig. 8. Shell, E.
Scillae, fig. 8, a.

The animal of Eulimella resembles that of Turho-
nilla ; the shell may be known from Pyramidella and
Oheliscus by the simple, straight columella, and from
Turhonilla in not being ribbed.

Species of Eulimella.

acicula, Phil. clavula, Loven.

affinis, Phil. Scillae, Scacchi.

VOL. I.

H H

234

PYRAMIDELLID^.

Genus ACLIS, Loven.

Operculigerous lobe ample, developed more on the
right side, where it is three or four plicated, than on the
left, where it forms a single, rounded lobe.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, whorls smooth or spirally
striated ; aperture oval or rounded ; inner lip simple,
without plaits or teeth, base often perforated.

Syn. Ebala, Gray.

Ex. A. nitidissima, Montagu, pi. 24, fig. 9. Shell,
A. nitidissima, fig. 9, a.

In Adis the foot is linguiform, much produced ante-
riorly, and the cylindrical tentacles are slightly swollen at
their tips; its other characters are similar to those of
the other genera in the family. The species are few in
number and small, though exceedingly elegant.

Species of Aclis.

acuminata, Sow. (Scalaria).
ascaris, Mont.
nitidissima, Mont.

supranitida, S. Wood.
unica, Mont.

Genus MONOPTYGMA, J. Lea.

Shell elongated, imperforate, many-whorled, transversely
striated ; aperture small, entire in front ; columellar lip
with a single, obscure, winding plait ; outer lip simple,
acute.

Syn. Monotygma, Gray.

EULIMIDJE.

285

Ex. M. albula, O. FabriciuSy pi. 24, fig. JO. Opercu-
lum, M. albula, fig. 10, a. Shell, M. striata. Gray, fig.
10, h,

Moller has described the animal of this genus, which
seems to be nearly allied to Turhonilla and Adis in the
short tentacles with the eyes at their inner bases, rudi-
mentary tongue, and elongate, narrow foot. The shells
are of great beauty and delicacy, and resemble, in many
respects, greatly -elongated Acteeons.

Species of Monoptygma.

amcena, A. Adams.
casta, A. Adams.
conciima, A. Adams.
fulva, A. Adams.
granulata, A. Adams.
lauta, A. Adams.

pura, A. Adams.
speciosa, A. Adams.
spirata, A. Adams.
striata, Gray.
stylina, A. Adams.
suturalis, A. Adams.

Sub.-gen. menestho, Moller (Pyramis, Couth.., not Chem. or
Schum.).

Aperture ovate; columellar lip with the plait obsolete or
wanting.

albula, 0. Fob. striata, Couth.

Fam. EULIMIDT:.

Teeth and lingual membrane rudimentary. Tentacles
simple, subulate ; eyes sessile at the outer bases of the
tentacles. Mantle enclosed, with a rudimentary siphonal
fold. Foot linguiform, produced in front, wfith a bilobed
mentum or fold above the front margin ; operculigerous
lobe developed at the sides into even-edged, unequal ex-
pansions or lobes.

236

EULIMID^.

Operculum horny, ovate, subspiral.

Shell white, smooth, polished, turreted ; aperture entire
in front ; columella simple.

Genus EULIMA, Risso.

Shell elongated, white, smooth, polished; spire pro-
duced, many-whorled, frequently with an interrupted varix
on one side, apex acute ; aperture oval, pointed behind ;
inner lip reflected over the pillar ; axis imperforate ; outer
lip thickened internally.

Syn. Pasithea, J. Lea. Polyphemopsis, Portl. Balcis,
Leach.

Ex. E. grandis, A. Adams., pi. 25, fig. 1. Operculum,
E. grandis, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, E. polita, Linnceus^
fig, 1, c.

The Eulimx crawl with the foot greatly in advance of
the head, which is usually concealed beneath the margin
of the shell; many of them have distorted shells, the
upper whorls being often curved or inclined on one side.

Species of Eulima.

affinis, C. B. Adams.
acuta, A. Adams.
arcuata, C. B. Adams.
articulata, Sow.
brevis, Sow.
conica, C. B. Adams.
Cumingii, A. Adams.
cuspidata, A. Adams.
distorta, JDesh.
flexuosa, A. Adams.
gracilis, C. B. Adams.

grandis, A. Adams.
Guildingii, A. Adams.
hastata. Sow.
iota, C. B. Adams.
labiosa, Sow.
major. Sow.
modicella, A. Adams.
nitidula, A. Adams.
obesula, A. Adams.
oleacea, Kutz and Stimp.
polita, Linn.

LEIOSTRACA.

237

polygyra, A. Adams.
porcellana, A. Adams,
pusilla, Sow.
pyramidalis, A. Adams.
recta, C. B. Adams.

solidula, Adams and Reeve.
subangulata, Sow.
teinostoma, A. Adams.
tortuosa, Adams and Reeve.
vitrea, A. Adams.

Genus NISO, Risso.

Shell subulate, turreted, many-whorled, axis perforated ;
aperture oval, anteriorly angulated ; outer lip simple,
acute ; umbilicus very deep, extending as far as the
apex of the spire.

Syn. Bonellia, Desk., not Rolando. Janella, Grat.,
not Gray.

Ex. N. terebellum, Chemnitz, pi. 25, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, N. brunnea, Sowerhy, fig. 2, a, 2, h.

In this genus the axis of the shell is widely umbi-
licated, and the aperture, besides being angulated, is
curiously modified in consequence ; there are about
seven species known, some of great beauty and rarity.

Species of Niso.

brunnea, Sow.
candidula, A. Adams.
goniostoma, A. Adams.
imbricata, Sow.

interrupta. Sow.
splendidula. Sow.
terebellum, Chem.

Genus LEIOSTRACA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turreted, subulate, flattened, widest from side to
side, polished, smooth, semipellucid ; sides with a thin
varix extending as far as the apex of the spire ; aperture

238

STYLIFERIDiE.

oblong, entire ; inner lip distinct, callous, slightly sinuous
in the middle; outer lip flexuous.

Ex. L. bilineata, Alder, ^\. 25, fig. 3. Shell, L. Met-
calfei, A. Adams, fig. 3, a.

The most curious circumstance about the type of this
genus is the fact of its being compressed from before
backwards, with a varix on each side, as in Bursa and
Pythia.

Species of Leiostraca.

acuta, Sow.
bilineata, Alder.
bivittata, H. and A. Adams
(bilineata, Adams and
Peeve).

fulvocincta, C. B. Adams.
Metcalfei, A. Adams.

Mindorensis, Adams and
Reeve.

solitaria, C. B. Adams.
subulata, Donov.
unilineata, Adams and
Reeve.

varians. Sow.

Fam. STYLIFERIDvE.

Lingual membrane ? Tentacles slender, subulate,
simple ; eyes sessile at the outer bases of the tentacles.
Mantle enclosed. Foot linguiform, forming an elongated
anterior lobe, rudimentary behind.

Operculum none.

Shell thin, subulate or subglobose ; aperture entire ;
columella simple.

These singular animals are parasitic in the skins of
Star-fishes, burrowing beneath the surface, and pro-
ducing tumours, often of considerable size. When re-
moved and placed in water, they do not appear to possess
much locomotive power, but extend the tongue-shaped
foot and use it as an exploring organ.

CERITHIOPSIDiE.

239

Genus STYLIFER, Broderip.

Shell subulate or subgiobose, thin, pellucid, smooth,
polished, many-whorled ; apex of spire produced and
styliform, with a sinistral nucleus ; aperture subovate,
pointed behind, rounded and entire in front ; inner lip
smooth, arcuated ; outer lip, thin, simple.

Smi. Stylina, Flem,, not Lam. ? Entoconcha, J.
Mull.

Ex. S. ovoideus, A. Adams, pi. 25, fig. 4. Shell, S.
subulatus, Broderip, fig. 4, a.

Although the name Stylma of Fleming has the prio-
rity, we have adopted the designation of Broderip, be-
cause the former name had been already applied by
Lamarck to a genus of Zoophytes.

Species of Stylifer.

acicula, Gould.
Broderipii, A. Adams.
corallinus, Chem.
Cumingii, A. Adams.
fastigiatus, A. Adams.
fulvescens, A. Adams.

Mittrei, Petit.
ovoideus, A. Adams.
solidus, A. Adams.
styliferus, Flem.
subulatus, Brod.

Fam. CERITHIOPSID^.

Animal with a short, broad head ; tentacles subulate,
obtuse, wide at the base ; eyes placed centrally at their
origin ; mouth with a retractile proboscis, tongue armed
with teeth resembling in arrangement those of Trichotropis.

240

CERITHIOPSIDiE.

Mantle not reflected, furnished with a rudimentary si-
phonal fold. Foot oblong, subquadrate in front, where
it is furnished superiorly with a mentum, grooved for half
its length below, the groove terminating in a perfora-
tion ; operculigerous lobe well developed.

The head is compressed and vertically cloven in front,
and the tips of the tentacles are obtuse or very slightly
clavate ; the eyes are placed rather close together towards
the centre of the base of the tentacles.

Genus CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley.

Operculum corneous, of concentric elements, nucleus
terminal.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, dextral, granulated ;
aperture subrotund ; inner lip broadly reflected ; outer
lip acute, arcuated and produced anteriorly ; aperture an-
teriorly sinuated ; canal short.

Ex. C. tubercularis, Montagu, pi. 25, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, C. tubercularis, fig. 5, a. Shell, C. tubercularis,
fig. 5, b.

The characters of this genus are so peculiar as to war-
rant its forming the type of a distinct family ; the nature
of the lingual dentition induced the learned authors of
the British Mollusca ” to place it with Cancellaria and
Trichotropis, accompanied by the remark that it probably
has relations with Terehra.

Species of Cerithiopsis.

assimilata, C. B. Adams.
clathrata, A. Adams.

Emersonii, C. B. Adams.
gemmulosa, C. B. Adams.

ARCHITECTONICID^.

241

neglecta, G. B. Adams.
paupercula, C. B. Adams.
punctata, Phil.

subulata, C. B. Adams.
terebellum, C. B. Adams.
terebralis, C. B. Adams.

trilineata, Phil.
tubercularis, Mont.
tuberosa, Hinds (Terebra).
turritella, Quoy.
vicina, C. B. Adams.
virgulosa, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. alaba, H. and A. Adams (Rissoa, sp. C. B. Adams).

Shell smooth, semipellucid, whorls sometimes with a few,
irregular varices ; outer lip thin, simple ; aperture slightly
emarginate anteriorly.

melanura, C. B. Adams.

trivaricosa, C. B. Adams.

Fam. ARCHITECTONICIDJE.

Tentacles folded, with the suture below ; eyes sessile on
the upper surface of their bases. Mantle included ; gill-
cavity divided by a longitudinal fold. Foot moderate,
formed for walking.

Operculum horny, spiral, ovate or circular.

Shell orbicular, more or less depressed and trochiform ;
axis widely perforated ; aperture not pearly within.

The proboscis in this family is retractile, and the
tongue, according to the observations of Dr. Gray, is en-
tirely unarmed ; the tentacles are laterally folded, and
the relations of the animal appear to be more with Tere-
brid(B and PyramidellidcBy than with any other family.

Genus ARCHITECTONICA, Bolten.

Operculum ovate, flat, few-whorled.

Shell conical, last whorl angulated at the periphery,

I I

VOL. I.

242

ARCHITECTOJ^ICID.E.

deeply umbilicated, umbilicus wide and spiral, with the
margin crenulated; aperture nearly quadrangular, peri-
treme thin and simple.

Syn. Solarium, Lam., not Spix. Physeter, Humph.,
not Linn.

Ex. A. perspectiva, Linnaeus, pi. 25, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, A. perspectiva, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, A. per-
spectiva, fig. 6, c.

The ovate, flat, subspiral operculum, and the angulated,
trochiform shell, distinguish this genus from Torinia. The
species are usually from tolerably deep water, and are not
littoral in their habits.

Species of Architectonica.

laevigata, Lam.
maxima, Phil.
modesta, Phil.
nobilis. Bolt.
perdix. Hinds.
perspectiva, Linn.
picta, Phil,
purpurata. Hinds.
quadriceps, Hinds.

aspera. Hinds.
australis, Chem.
cancellata, Krauss.
discus, Phil.
dorsuosa. Hinds,
formosa. Hinds.
fragilis. Hinds.
fuliginosa. Hinds.
granulata, Lam.
incisa, Phil.

Genus TORINIA, Gray.

Operculum circular, elevated, conical, of many whorls.
Shell orbicular or elevated, last whorl rounded at the
periphery, deeply umbilicated, umbilicus moderate ;
aperture rhombic ; outer lip thin, simple.

Syn. Heliacus, D'Orh.

Ex. T. infun dibuliformis, Chemnitz, pi, 25, fig. 7.

PHILIPFIA. 243

Operculum, T. variegata, Lamarck^ fig. 7, a, 7, 7, c.

Shell, T. cylindracea, Chemnitz, fig. 7, d.

This genus is known from Architectonica by its ele-
vated, spiral operculum, and by the last whorl of the
shell being rounded at the periphery; the operculigerous
lobe on the foot of the animal is cup-shaped when the
operculum is removed, and the edges are elevated. The
species affect deep water, and are very shy and sensitive
when observed.

Species of Torinia.

^gena, Gould.
aethiops, Mke.
areolata, Lam.
bicarinata, V'Orh.
csBlata, Hinds.
cyclostoma, Mke.
cylindracea, Chem.
dealbata. Hinds.

fenestrata, Hinds.
fulva. Hinds.
infundibuliformis, Chem.
nubila, Mke.
straminea, Chem.
trochoides, Desli.
variegata, Layn.
virgata. Hinds.

Genus PHILIPPIA, Gray.

Operculum flat, orbicular, many-whorled.

Shell discoidal, subconic, smooth ; aperture subqua-
drate, not pearly within ; umbilicus wide, the margin cre-
nulated.

Ex. P. lutea, Lamarck, pi. 25, fig. 8. Operculum,
P. lutea, fig: 8, a, 8, h.

This genus is founded upon the Solarium luteum of
Lamarck, the animal of which is stated by M. Philippi
to resemble that of Trochus ; the operculum somewhat
resembles that of the Trochidce, but until the peculiari-

244

ARCHITECTONICID.E.

ties of the animal become better known we prefer to
keep the genus here.

Species of Philippia.

hybrida, Linn.

lutea, Lam.

Genus OMALaxis, Deshayes.

Operculum circular, elevated, many-whorled.

Shell orbicular, discoidal, widely umbilicated, umbi-
licus keeled ; whorls numerous, on the same jjlane, the
last detached from the others, the periphery with one
or two keels ; aperture small, usually triangular ; outer
lip acute.

Syn, Bifrontia, Desk. Omalaxon, Agass. Schizos-
toma, Broun.., not Lea. Euomphalus, J. Sow.

Ex. O. Zanclea, Philippi, pi. 25, fig. 9, 9, a. Opercu-
lum, O. Zanclea, fig. 9, h.

Living examples of this genus, only known before in a
fossil state, have been recently dredged off the coast of
Madeira by Mr. Mac-Andrew, who states that the animal
is nearly pellucid.

Genus DISCOHELIX, Dunker.

Shell discoidal, greatly depressed, nearly foliaceous,
whorls very numerous, on the same plane, rounded or
carinated at the periphery, the last not detached; aper-
ture wide, transverse.

Syn. Orbis, Lea, not Schi'dt, or Lacep.

Ex. D. foliacea, Philippi, pi. 25, fig. 10, 10, a.

TOXIFERA.

245

We have been obliged to change the name of this
genus, as Orhis is already in use as a synonym of Pla-
norhis, and is also employed for a genus of Fishes. A
living example has been recorded by M. Philippi as
existing in the Mediterranean ; the other species are
Eocine fossils from Alabama in America.

Sub-order TOXIFERA.

Animal provided with a distinct, retractile proboscis,
which, in the contracted state, forms a short, conical,
annulated protuberance at the bottom of a tubular exten-
sion of the veil between the tentacles. Instead of the
usual lingual band, covered with short, transparent teeth,
as in the tribes of Proboscidifera and Rostrifera, the pro-
boscis is furnished with a fleshy tube having a bundle of
subulate, barbed teeth at the end. This tube is extended
below, at right angles to the cavity, into a conical prolong-
ation, which is furnished with two series of similar, red,
barbed, subulate teeth, directed from the aperture of the
proboscis towards the tip of the tube. These teeth are
each separately implanted in the fleshy tube; those
nearest the mouth are placed in two, rather irregular,
parallel rows, but those nearest the tip are more crowded,
the lines gradually diverging from each other.

Adanson states that the tubular expansion of the veil
serves as an oral sucker to attach the animal to its prey,
the armed tube acting, meanwhile, as a powerful boring
instrument. In most species it is simple at the edge,
but in others, as in Nubecula tulipa, it is fringed with
cylindrical beards, and is capable of considerable expan-
sion when the animal is alive.

246

CONIDiE.

The Turrld(B, which have similar subulate teeth, but
with the veil short and truncate, possibly belong also to
this sub-order just established by Dr. Gray, to whom we
are indebted for this valuable information.

Fam. CONID^.

Teeth subulate, in two series, on a tubular prolonga-
tion of the retractile proboscis, and with a bundle of
sharp, subulate teeth at the extremity. Head with a pro-
duced tubular veil ; tentacles subulate ; eyes on bulgings
or slight truncatures on the outer side of the tentacles.
Mantle enclosed, with an elongate siphon at the fore part.
Foot simple, undivided, oblong, with a conspicuous aqui-
ferous pore on the middle of the under surface.

Operculum, when present, ovate or unguiform, with the
nucleus apical.

Shell inversely conical ; aperture long and narrow ;
outer lip usually acute, free or notched at the hind part
near the suture ; inner lip simple.

The great family of Cones, characterised by the pe-
culiar structure of the mouth, no less than by the simi-
larity in the form of the shell, are principally inhabi-
tants of the equatorial seas. Haunting the holes and
fissures of rocks, and the labyrinths of coral-reefs, they
lead a predatory life, boring into the shells of other mol-
lusks, and sucking the juices from their bodies. In the
Asiatic region the species seem greatly to predominate,
there being more than one hundred and twenty peculiar
to this portion of the globe, while there are but two or
three known in Europe, about twenty in Africa, thirty in
Australia, and about fifty in America.

CONUS.

247

Genus CONUS, Linnaeus.

Shell conical, tapering regularly ; spire short or de-
pressed, many whorled, whorls coronated ; aperture linear,
narrow, emarginate anteriorly ; columella straight, smooth,
truncate in front ; outer lip thin, acute, notched at the
suture.

Syn. Voluta, Browne, not Linn. Strombus, Adans.,
not Linn. Rhombus, Montf. Conulus, Rafin., not
Nardo or Fitzing. Cucullus, Bolt. Conarius, Bum.

Ex. C. marmoreus, Linnceus, pi. *26, fig. 1. Opercu-
lum, C. pulicarius, Hwass, fig. 1, a. Shell, C. marmo-
reus, fig. 1, h.

The Cones inhabit fissures and holes of rocks, and are
found from low- water mark to thirty and forty fathoms.
They are very numerous and varied in tropical seas,
though a few are found in the Mediterranean and at the
Cape. They crawl slowly, and are predatory in their
habits.

Species of Conus.

fuscatus, Born.
imperialis, Linn.
marmoreus, Linn.
Nicobaricus, Hwass.
nocturnus, Hwass.

proarchithalassus, Bolt.
vidua, Reeve.

peplum, Clnem.

viridulus, Linn.
zonatus, Hwass.

Sub-gen. stephanoconus, Morch.

Spire elevated, concave.

albimaculatus. Sow.
aurantius, Hwass.

balteatus. Sow.
Barbadensis, Hwass.

248

CONID.E.

biliosus, Bolt.

mus, Hwass.

boeticus, Reeve.

nebulosus, Soland.

bruimeus, Wood.

oblitus, Reeve.

Caillaudi, Jay.

pigmentatus, Adams and

cardinalis, Hwass.

Reeve.

cedo-nulli, Klein.

primula, Reeve.

crepusculum, Reeve.

roseus, Lam.

distans, Hwass.

Riippellii, Reeve.

granifer, Reeve.

rutilus, Meyike.

leucostictus, Gmel.

speciocissimus. Reeve.

lividus, Hwass.

sphacelatus, Sow.

maculiferus, Sow.

sugillatus. Reeve.

Magellanicus, Hwass.

varius, Linn.

muriculatus, Sow.

verrucosus, Hwass.

Sub-gen. puncticults, Swainson.

Spire slightly elevated;
near the margin.

body-whorl ventricose and convex

arenatus, Hwass.

pulicarius, Hwass.

Ceylonicus, Chem.

Santieri, Kien.

Sub-gen. coeonaxis, Swainson.

Shell somewhat turbinate ;

spire elevated, thick, convex.

abbreviatus, Nutt.

minimus, Linn.

Africanus, Meusch.

musicus, Hwass.

Aristophanes, Duel.

nanus, Brod.

Ceylanensis, Hwass.

nux, Brod.

Chaldseus, Bolt.

plumbeus. Reeve.

concinnus, Brod.

pontificalis, Lam.

coronatus, Reeve.

princeps, Linn.

encaustus, Kien.

puncturatus, Hwass.

Hebraeus, Linn.

pusillus, Chem.

liratus, Reeve.

scaber. King.

miliaris, Hwass.

sponsalis, Chem.

Mindanus, Hwass.

tiaratus, Brod.

NUBECULA.

249

Sub-gen. cylindrella, Swainson (not Pfeiff.).

Shell conic-cylindrical, generally grooved; spire elevated,
concave.

cselatus, A. Adams. scitulus, A. Adams.

Molluccensis, Chem. sulcatus, Hwass.

mucronatus. Reeve.

Genus NUBECULA, Klein.

Shell light, sub-cylindrical ; spire short, but pointed at
the summit, whorls slightly coronated ; aperture effuse,
emarginate in front ; columella smooth ; outer lip with a
wide, but not deep notch at the suture.

Syn. Rollus, Montf. Utriculus, Schum., not Brown.
Tuliparia, Swains.

Ex. N. tulipa, Linnwus, pi. 26, fig. 2. Operculum,
N. tulipa, fig. 2, a. Shell, N. geographus, Linnceus,
fig. 2, h.

M. Quoy observes of this genus that the foot is very
large, and not entirely retractile within the shell, as in
other members of the family ; the anterior marginal
groove conceals a large pore, the aperture of an aquife-
rous canal ; the tubular veil is fringed at the margin, and
can sufficiently dilate itself to admit the tip of the little
finger into the orifice. The operculum is small, ungui-
culate, and slightly curved.

Species of Nubecula.

geographus, Linn.
intermedia. Reeve.

obscura, Humph.
tulipa, Linn.

250

comDM.

Genus DENDROCONUS, Swainson.

Shell heavy, conic or turbinate ; spire truncate, whorls
numerous ; aperture linear, emarginate in front ; colu-
mella smooth ; outer lip thin, notched at the suture.

Eog. D. figulinus, Lmnmis, pi. 26, fig. 3. Operculum,
D. literatus, Linnmis, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, D. figulinus,
fig. 3, c.

The species of this genus are usually large, dense,
heavy shells, with a general uniformity of painting run-
ning through them all. We are indebted to Mr. Swain-
son for the genus, who has so well studied the entire
family of Cones, and fully appreciated them as an inde-
pendent group.

Species of Dendroconus.

hetulinus, Linn.
figulinus, Linn.
genuanus, Linn.
glaucus, Hwass.
Loroisii, Kien.

papilionaceus, Hwass.

Prometheus, Hivass.
pyriformis, JReeve.
Siamensis, Hwass.
Suratensis, Hwass.

Sub-gen. lithoconus, Morcb.

Shell conic ; body-whorl with the margin carinated.

eburneus, Hwass.

ponderosus. Beck.
quercinus, Hwass.
suturatus, Beeve.
tabidus. Reeve.

emaciatus, Reeve.
flavidus, Lam.
Gruneri, Reeve.
literatus, Lmn.

tessellatus. Born.
virgo, Linn.

millepunctatus, Lam.

LEPTOCONUS.

251

Genus LEPTOCONUS, Swainson.

Shell conical, sometimes striated ; spire acute, con-
cave, whorls numerous, the basal whorl deeply notched at
the suture ; aperture narrow, slightly effuse at the fore part.

Ex. L. raphanus, Hwass, pi. 26, fig. 4. Operculum,
L. capitaneus, Linnaeus^ fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, L. Amadis,
Chemnitz^ fig. 4, c.

M. Quoy observes, speaking of L, miles, that the foot
is very narrow and the operculum longer than usual, and
that the tentacles are slender- and the veil pointed at
the extremity. The species are extremely numerous, and
will probably require further subdivision when more of
the animals shall have been made known.

Species of Lepto conus.

aculeiformis, Eeeve.
acutangulus, Chem.

Amadis, Chem.
ammiralis, Linn.
archon, Brod.
arcuatus, Brod.
attenuatus, Reeve.
Borneensis, Adcms and Reeve.
cancellatus, Brug.
cassis, Meusch.
cingulatus, Lam.

Clerii, Reeve.
com modus, A. Adams.
Delessertianus, Recluz.
dispar. Sow.
echinulatus, Kien.
emarginatus. Reeve.
eximius. Reeve.

flavescens. Gray.
floridulus, Adams and Reeve.
gradatus. Gray.
incurvus, Soiv.
insculptus, Kien.
L’Argilliertii, Kien.
lemmiscatus. Reeve.
lentiginosus. Reeve.
leoriinus, Hivass.
Lorenziauus, Chem.
luctificus. Reeve.
marchionatus, Hinds.
minutus, Reeve.
monilifer, Brod.

Narcissus, Lam.
nobilis, Linn.
ochraceus, Lam.

Orbignyi, Ardoum.

252

CONIDiE.

orbitatus, Reeve.
papillaris, Reeve.
patricius, Hinds.
Pealii, Green.
praecellens, A. Adams.
regularis, Sow.
scalaris, Valeric.
Sieboldii, Reeve.
Sowerbii, Reeve.
spiculum, Reeve.

spurius, Gmel.
sticticus, A. Adams.
sulciferus, A. Adams.
thalassiarcbus, Gray.
Thomae, Gmel.
tornatus, Brod.
victor, Brod.
virgatus, Reeve.
voluminalis, Hinds.
nndatus, Kien.

Sub-gen. ehizoconus, Morch.

Shell conic, smooth; spire short, but pointed at the summit;
margin of the body-whorl carinated.

ambiguus. Reeve.

Blainvillii, Kien.
capitaneus, Linn.
centurio. Born.
classarius, Hwass.
coffea, Gmel.
daucus, Hwass.
ermineus, Born.
fulgurans, Hwass.
generalis, Linn.
gladiator, Brod.
hyaena, Hwass.
incarnatus. Reeve.
leopardus, MeuscJi.
lineatus, Chem.

Malaccanus, Hwass.

Sub-gen. chelyconus, Morch
conus,

Spire elevated ; body-whorl
achatinus, Chem.

Maldivus, Hwass.
miles, Linn.
monile, Hwass.
mustelinus, Hwass.
Nemocamus, Hwass.

Orion, Brod.
planorbis. Born.
pulchellus, Swain.
punctatus, Gmel.
rattus, Lam.
senator, Linn.
splendidulus. Sow.
Taheitensis, Hwass.
trigonus. Reeve.
vexillum, Mart.
vittatus, Lam.

(Pionoconus, Morch. Phasmo-
Morch).

convex.

Adansonii, Lam.

LEPTOCONUS.

253

aegrotus, Reeve.
aemulus, Reeve.
alabaster, Adams and Reeve.
Algoensis, Sow.
anemone, Lam.
aplustre. Reeve.
aspersus. Sow.
aurisiacus, Linn.

Aurora, Lam.

Bernard!, Kien.

Bowinii, Kien.

Broderipii, Reeve.
bulbus. Reeve.
bullatus, Linn.

Caledonicus, Hwass.
Californicus, Hinds.
carinatus, Swains.
catus, Hwass.

Cecilii, Kien.
cerinus. Reeve.
cervus, Lam.
cbaracteristicus, Chem.
cocceus. Reeve.
collisus. Reeve.
columba, Hwass.
concolor, Sow.
censors. Sow.
conspersus. Reeve.
contusus. Reeve.

Crotchii, Reeve.

Cumingii, Reeve.
cuneolus. Reeve.
cjanostoma, A. Adams.
dealbatus, A. Adams.
Deshay esii. Reeve.
Dillwynii, Reeve.
discrepans. Sow.
elongatus, Chem.
epistomium. Reeve.
erythraeensis. Beck.

exaratus. Reeve.
filamentosus. Reeve.
floccatus, Soiv.
Franciscanus, Hivass.
frigidus, Reeve.
fucatus. Reeve.
fulmen, Reeve.
furvus. Reeve.
gilvus, Reeve.

Grayi, Reeve.

Gubba, Kien.
gubernator, Hwass.
Guinaicus, Hwass.
hepaticus, Kien.
inaequalis, Reeve.
induratus. Reeve.
inflatus. Sow.
infrenatus, Reeve.
inquinatus. Reeve.
inscriptus. Reeve.
interruptus, Brod.
iodostoma. Reeve.
Jaimaicensis, Lam.
Janus, Hwass.

Jukesii, Reeve.

Kieneri, Reeve.
lachrymosus, Reeve.
lacteus, Lam.
lautus. Reeve.
lignarius. Reeve.
Loveni, Krauss.
lugubris. Reeve.
lynceus, Soland.
maculosus. Sow.
Madurensis, Hwass.
Magdalena, Kien.
magus, Linn,
mahogani. Reeve.
Mediterraneus, Hwass.
melancholicus, Lam.

254

CONIDiE.

mercator, Linn.
Metcalfei, Reeve.
monachus, Linn.
Mozanibicus, Hivass.
mutabilis, Chem,
uimbosus, Hwass.
nitidus, Reeve.
nivosus, Lam.
ochroleucus, Gmel.
papillosus, Kien.
parius, Reeve.
pastinaca, Lam.
pauperculus, Sow.
pica, Adams and Reeve.
pictus, Reeve.
Porto-Ricanus, Hwass.
puncticulatus, Hwass.
purpurescens, Brod.
pygmseus, Reeve.
radiatus, Gmel.
raphanus, Hwass.
regalitatis, Sow.
rhododendron, Couth.
rivularis, Reeve.

rusticus, Lmn.
sanguinolentus, Reeve.
scalptiis, Reeve.
scitulus. Reeve.
sin don. Reeve.
spectrum, Linn.
stercus-muscarum, Linn.
stillatus, Reeve.
stramineus, Lam.
striatus, Linn.
striolatus, Kien.
subulatus, Kien.
succinctus, A. Adams.
terminus, Lam.
testudinarius. Mart.
Timorensis, Hwass.
Tinianus, Hwass.
tristis. Reeve.
trochulus. Reeve.
unicolor. Sow.
ustulatus. Reeve.
venulatus, Hwass.
verulosus, Hwass.
zebra, Lam.

Genus CYLINDER, Montfort.

Shell sub-conic, smooth ; spire elevated, pointed, whorls
numerous ; body-whorl ventricose, notched at the suture ;
aperture effuse at the fore part.

Syn. Textilia, Swains.

Ex. C. textile, Linnmus, pi. 26, fig. 5. Shell, C,
textile, fig. 5, a.

The species of this genus are very rich in the style of
their colouring, and a somewhat similar reticulated bind
of pattern runs throughout the entire series; some of
them are shells of great rarity as well as beauty, for
example, C. gloria-niaris and C. omaria.

HERMES.

255

Species of Cylinder.

abbas, Hivass.
arcbiepiscopus, Hwass.
aulicas, Lhin.
auratus, Bruy.
aureus, Hwass.
canonicus, Hwass.
colubrinus, Lam.
crocatus, Lam.

Elis 80, Kien.
episcopus, Bruy.
gioria-maris, Chem.
legatus, Lam.
magnificus, Beeve.

Neptuuus, Reeve.
omaria, Hwass.
panniculus, Lam.
prselatus, Hivass.
pyramidalis, Lam.
reticulatus. Sow.
rubiginosus, Kien.
solidus, Soiv.
telatus, Reeve.
textile, Linn.
verriculum, Reeve.
vicarius, Lam.
Victorise, Reeve.

Genus HERMES, Montfort.

Shell sub-cylindrical, generally ribbed transversely ;
spire elevated, obtuse, convex ; aperture linear.

Spn. Theliconus, Swains.

Ex. H. terebra, Born., pi. 26, fig. 6.

The surface of the shell in this genus is rough, ribbed,
or granular, and the form is more cylindrical than cone-
shaped ; the outline of the spire, though elevated, is obtuse ;
there are between twenty and thirty species, all partaking
of the characters common to the genus.

Species of Hermes.

artoptus. Sow.
atramentosus. Reeve.
australis, Chem.
circumcisus. Born,

clavus, Linn.
coccineus, Gmel.
cylindraceus, Brod.
dactylosus, Kien.

256

ROSTRIFERA.

fabula, Sow. ,
festivus, Chem.
glans, Hwass.

Nussatula, Linn.
pertusus, Hwass.

spectabilis, A. Adams.

granulatus, Linn.
hieroglypliicus, Duel.

luteus, Brod.
mitratus, Hwass.
nucleus, Reeve.

strigatus, Hivass.
tendiiieus, Hwass,
terebra, Born.

vimineus, Reeve.
violaceus, Reeve.

Genus DIB ARHUS, Philippi.

Shell involute, subcylindrical, covered with a thin epi-
dermis; spire acute; aperture narrow, linear, abruptly
truncate in front ; columella simple ; inner lip none ;
outer lip thickened, rectilinear, and abbreviate anteriorly.

Ex, D. edentulus, Swainson, pi. 26, fig. 7.

The only species of this genus known was considered
by Swainson to be a toothless species of his genus Co-
nalix, and by Reeve it has been considered a Cone. The
general form and truncate columella resemble Terebellum,
and were it not for the absence of plaits it might be
regarded as a Cylindra.

Sub-order ROSTRIFERA.

Head moderate, with a more or less elongated, pro-
duced, contractile, transversely-annulated rostrum; ten-
tacles subulate, far apart, on the sides of the rostrum.
Lingual membrane often very long, extending far into the
body of the animal.

The rostrum is only furnished with contractile muscles,
and varies in length and shape ; in Struthiolaria it is
very long and conical-subulate, but it is not retractile.

STROMBIDiE.

257

like those of the former sub-orders ; the rostrum of the
Stromhida is also elongated, but it is always easily known
from the retractile proboscis of the former group.

Fam. STROMBIDJC.

Lingual membrane with seven rows of teeth (3'1’3), the
central teeth single, the lateral three on each side, the
inner ones tridentate, the outer simple and uncinate.
Muzzle produced, longly conical ; eyes on thick, elon-
gated peduncles ; tentacles on the middle of the eye-
pedicels, or none. Mantle with the outer side generally
expanded and often lobed. Foot narrow, compressed,
used for jumping not walking, divided into a front dilated,
and a hind tapering portion.

Operculum ovate and simple, or claw-like and serrated.

Shell with the outer lip changing in form with age ;
when adult, more or less expanded and deeply notched at
the fore part, or stright and simple.

The Stromhid(B are active, muscular, and pedacious
animals, using their opercula as weapons of defence, and
progressing by means of successive leaps, which they
accomplish by placing the narrow part of the foot under
the shell as a lever, and suddenly straightening it, so as
to throw the shell forwards. Their eyes are well-de-
veloped, having both pupil and iris, the latter often beau-
tifully coloured. The Stromhus gigas is occasionally
used as an article of diet ; it sometimes produces pearls,
and is extensively employed in the manufacture of cameos
and of porcelain.

VOL. I.

L L

258

STROMBINiJ:.

Sub-fam. STROMBINJE.

Tentacles on the middle of the eye-pedicels. Foot
with the hind part narrow, subcylindrical, elongated.
Shell with the outer lip more or less expanded and
notched towards the fore part.

The inner mantle-margin is dilated and covers the
columellar lip of the shell, ending posteriorly in a lobe ;
the outer is furnished at the margin with lobate and
tapering processes, which vary in their development ac-
cording to the genus.

Genus STROMBTJS, Linnaeus.

Right edge of mantle entire.

Operculum unguiculate, with the margin serrated.

Shell ovate or turreted ; aperture elongated, narrow,
emarginate or with a short canal in front, canaliculated
posteriorly ; outer lip often lobed and deeply notched
in front near the canal.

Syn. Alata (part), Klein. Alatus, Humph. Cassida,
Linn, olim, not Lang. Lambis, Bolt. Conchilium,
Browne. Pyramea, Link. Pugil, Fahr.

Ex. S. vittatus, Linnmus, pi. 27, fig. 1. Operculum,
S. galeatus. Wood, fig. a, \,b. Shell, S. pugilis, Lin-
nmis, fig. 1, c.

The Stromhidm are often called ‘‘Strombs” and “Wing-
shells.” Owing to the great development of the outer lip,
they present a very different appearance in the adult state
to that in the young individuals. They are pretty gene-

STROMBUS. 259

rally distributed, but by far more numerous in tropical
seas than in those of temperate countries.

Sjjecies of Stromhus.

accipitrinus, Mart.
I- alatus, Gmel.
galeatus, Wood.
gigas, Linn.
Goliathus, Chem.
gracilior, Wood.
^"granulatus, Wood.
inermis, Sow.

yiaciniatus, Chem.
latissimus, Linn.
lentiginosus, Linn.
papilio, Chem.
pugilis, Linn.
rosaceus, Mart.
Thersites, Gray.

Sub-gen. monodactylus, Klein.

Outer lip with a lobe at the posterior part much produced.

adustus, Chem.
aratrum, Martyn.
auris-Dianse, Limi.
australis, Sow.
costo-muricatus, Mart.

gallus, Linn.
guttatus, Ma7't.
Peruvianus, Swains.
striato-granulatus, Mart.
•^’tricornis, Mart.

Sub-gen. gallintjla, Klein.

Inner lip restricted, not spread widely over the body-whorl ;
posterior canal frequently long, ascending the spire.

Campbellii, Gray.
canarium, Linn.
columba, Gmel.
deformis. Gray.
epidromis, Linn.
fusiformis. Sow.
gibbus. Mart.
Japonicus, Beeve.
labiosus, Wood.

Listeri, Gray.
margin atus, Lm7i.
minimus, Linn.
pulchellus, Beeve.
Sibbaldii, Sow.
f--succinctus, Linn.

Swainsoni, Beeve.

. variabilis, Swains.
vittatus, Lmii.

260

STROMBINiE.

Sub-gen. canarium, Schumacher (Aporrhais, Klein, not Aldrov.
Strombidea, Swains. Strombella, Schliit).

Inner lip restricted ; outer lip not dilated ; posterior canal
short or obsolete.

albus, Mart.

-bulbulus, Sow.
coniformis, Sow.
corrugatus, Adams and Keeve.
decorus, Bolt.

V dentatus, Linn.
elegans, Sow.
erythrostoma, Chem.
fasciatus, Born.
flosculosus, Mart.

. gibberulus, Linn.

Genus HARPAGO, Klein.

Outer margin of mantle digitated.

Operculum claw- shaped, with the edge serrated.

Shell turreted, ovate-oblong ; aperture elongated, with
a long, recurved canal in front, and ending posteriorly
in a canal ascending the spire ; outer lip thickened, ex-
panded and digitate, with a deep sinus at the fore part.

8yn. Strombus, Humph., not Linn. Digitata, Fahr.
Pteroceres, Montf. Pterocera, Lam. Pteroceras, Bow.
Pterocerus, Thurm.

Ex. H. lambis, Linncous, pi. 27, fig. 2. Operculum,
H. lambis, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, H. lambis, fig. 2, c.

When young, the outer lip of the shell in this genus is
simple, the claws gradually appearing in the form of open
canals, which afterwards become closed and solid. They
are sometimes called Spider-claws ” and Scorpion-
shells,” and are principally from the Indian seas.

hacmastoma, Sow.
Hellii, Boas.
Luhuanus, Linn.
maculatus, Nutt.
plicatus, Lam.
rugosus, Sow.
Eiippellii, Beeve.
scalariformis, Bud.
terebellatus, Sow.
urceus, Linn.

GLADIUS.

261

Species of Harpago.

arthriticus, Bolt. chiragra, Linn.

Sub-gen. millipes, Klein.

Outer and inner lips corrugated; digitations of outer lip
numerous.

elongatus, Swains. pseudo-scorpio, Lam.

millipeda, Linn. scorpio, Linn.

multipes, Chem.

Sub-gen. heptadagtylus, Klein.

Outer and inner lips smooth ; digitations not numerous.

crocatus, Link. radix-bryonias, Gmel.

lambis, Linn. Yoldii, Morch.

Genus GLADIUS, Klein.

Outer mantle -margin digitated.

Operculum small, ovate, not serrated.

Shell fusiform; spire elevated; aperture oblong, with
a posterior canal running up the spire ; beaked in front,
the canal more or less produced; outer lip serrated or
digitated, sinuated at the fore part.

Syn. Tibia, Bolt. Fusus, Humph., not Klein. Ros-
tellum, Montf. Rostellaria, Lam.

E.V. G. fusus, Linnccus, pi. 27, fig. 3. Operculum,
G. fusus, fig. 3, a. Shell, G. fusus, fig. 3, h.

The Spindle-Strombs,” as they have been called, are
elegant shells, with the fore part produced into a long
beak. The animal of the species figured for illustration,
is handsomely marked with red and yellow on the head

262

TEREBELLINiE.

and muzzle, and is from Borneo ; the other species are
also from the Indian Archipelago, with the exception of
G. magnus, which is from the Red Sea.

Species of Gladius.

curtus, Sow. magnus, Chem.

Favanni, Pfeiff, melanocheilus, A. Adams.

fusus, Linn. Powisii, Fetit.

Sub-gen. kimella, Agassiz.

Whorls cancellated ; beak short.

cancellatus, Lam. crispatus, Sow.

Sub-fam. TEREBELLINAE.

Tentacles none ; eyes on the ends of long cylindrical
peduncles. Foot with the hind part compressed and

ovate, anterior part small and rudimentary. Operculum
narrow and claw-like. Shell subulate, with the outer lip
simple.

In this sub-family the rostrum is produced, annulated,
and deeply grooved beneath ; the mantle-margin is entire,
dilated anteriorly and folded into a rudimentary siphon
in front ; posteriorly it is prolonged into a slender fila-
ment, which extends into the channelled suture of the
spire ; the foot is compressed and ovate, with a small,
horizontal lobe in front ; the operculum is inserted in the
hind edge of the compressed foot, and is small, narrow,
and three-clawed externally, and furnished internally
with a free, fin-like, membranous lobe.

CYPRiEIDJil.

263

Genus TEREBELLUM, Klein.

Shell elongated, subcylindrical, slightly convoluted ;
spire prominent, obtuse at the apex, whorls smooth ;
aperture linear, dilated anteriorly, emarginate in front ;
inner lip spreading, glabrous ; columella straight, trun-
cated, ending in a point ; outer lip thin, margin acute,
anteriorly truncate.

8yn. Seraphs, Montf. Serapis, Link. Seraps, Ferms.
Seraphys, Gray. Terebrina, Rajin. Lucis and Artopoia,
Gistel. Terebellopsis, Leym.

Ex. T. subulatum, Chemnitz, pi. 27, fig. 4. Opercu-
lum, T. subulatum, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, T. subulatum,
fig. 4, c.

The Terehellum lives in rather deepwater, and is found
in the China Sea and among the islands of the Indian
and Philippine Archipelagoes. In its mode of progression
it resembles the Stromhi, rolling the shell over and over,
and performing a series of irregular jumps ; when first
taken from the water it will even leap several inches from
the ground. It is extremely shy and sensitive in its
habits, poising the shell in a vertical position, and pro-
truding the longer telescope eye (for, singularly enough,
one eye-pedicel is longer than the other) from the notch
in the front of the shell; it will thus remain perfectly
immovable until assured of security, when it begins to
roll over and examine the ground with its rostrum.

Fam. CYPR^ID^.

Lingual riband rather long, with seven series of teeth
(3T-3), each row composed of one broad, quadrate, unci-

264

CYPRiEIDi^^:.

nated, axile tooth, flanked on each side by three unci-
nated, hooked laterals ; outer lateral teeth conical, entire
or toothed. Head broad, rostrum short ; tentacles long
and subulate, with the eyes on bulgings at their external
bases. Mantle furnished with a siphon, and with large,
expanded side-lobes covering the shell ; branchial plume
single. Foot simple.

Operculum none.

Shell usually polished, the last whorl large, convolute,
wholly or partially concealing the others ; outer lip greatly
indexed and toothed ; inner lip dentate or corrugated.

The mantle-lobes are often externally ornamented with
forked or pointed beards or filaments, though sometimes,
as in Trivia, they are papillose, and occasionally they are
smooth and simple ; the foot is large and expanded, and
often greatly produced behind, and the end of the siphon
is frequently fimbriated. In their habits, the Cowries are
shy, and crawl slowly; they are nearly all tropical ani-
mals, living in warm countries, and as they glide along
among the coral-reefs and in the shelter of rocks, with
the lateral lobes of their mantles adorned with showy
colours, they present to the eye of the Naturalist objects
of singular interest and beauty.

Genus CYPR^A, Linnaeus.

Shell ovately cylindrical, polished ; spire obsolete, or
concealed by enamel ; aperture narrow, linear ; inner lip
denticulated ; outer lip greatly inflected, denticulate or
crenate.

Syn. Porcellana (part), Rumph. Peribolus (young),
Adam, Cyprea, Montf. Cypriarius^ Ram. Erythraea,
Barrol.

ARICIA. 265

Ex. C. talpa, Linnxus, pi. 28, fig. 1. Shell, C. exan-
thema, Linn (BUS, fig. 1, a.

In Cijprcea proper, the shell is subcylindrical when
adult, varying, however, in form according to the age of
the animal ; in the very young it is thin, pellucid, and heli-
coid ; it afterwards becomes oliviform ; and finally, the
outer lip is indexed and the inner lip dentate, as we ob-
serve the species in their adult condition.

Species of Cyprcea.

Argus, Linn.
asellus, Linn.

^ carneola, Linn.
cervina, Lam.

- ' cervinetta, Kien.
chrysalis, Kien.
Clara, Gask.
contaminata. Gray.
cylindrica, Born.
dama. Perry.
exanthema, Linn.
exusta, Sow.
falcula, Kien.
felina, Gmel.
fimbriata, Gmel.
hirundo, Linn.

interrupta. Gray.
irrorata, Soland.

'^Isabella, Linn.
leucodon, Brod.
lucida, Lam.
microdon. Gray.
parvula, Phil.
pLilchra, Gray.
quadrimaculata. Gray.
Reevei, Gray.
sordida, Lam.
tabescens, Soland.
talpa, Linn.
teres, Gmel.
testudinaria, Linn.
ursellus, Gmel.

Genus ARICIA, Gray.

Shell ovate, dorsally gibbous, flattened at the base, the
sides thickened and dilated, polished ; spire concealed ;
aperture narrow, linear ; inner lip greatly expanded and
callous, dentato-lirate ; outer lip dilated, flattened and
callous, dentato-lirate.

VOL. I.

M M

266

CYPRiEIDiE.

Ex. A. annulus, Lmnmis, pi. 28, fig. 2. Shell, A.
moneta, Linnceus^ fig. 2, a.

The genus Aricia forms a natural group of Cowries
characterised by the flattened base of the last whorl, the
thickened callous lips, and the gibbous back.

Species of Aricia.

achatina, Soland.

^ annulus, Linn.
Arabica, Linn.
Arabicula, Lam.
arenosa, Gray.
bicallosa, Gray.
caput-anguis, Phil.
caput-serpentis, Linn.
histrio, Linn.
icterina, Lam.
Mauritiana, Linn.

moneta, Linn.
mus, Linn.

^ obvelata, Lam.
punctulata. Gray.
rattus, Lam.
Scottii, Brod.
scurra, Chem.
stercoraria, Linn.
sulcidentata. Gray.
tessellata. Gray.

Genus LbPONiA, Gray.

Shell ovately pyriform, ventricose, smooth, polished ;
spire concealed, often depressed; aperture narrow, linear;
inner lip plicato-dentate, the plaits often obsolete poste-
riorly ; outer lip indexed and crenate.

Syn. Cypraedia, Swains.

Ex. L. tigris, Linnmus, pi. 28. fig. 3. Shell, L. Ab
goensis. Gray., fig. 3, a.

This genus comprises the pyriform Cowries, which
usually have a few strong, irregular plaits at the fore part
of the columella ; many of the rarest species of the Cowry
tribe are included in the Luponia group.

CYPRiEOVULA.

267

Species of Lupo7iia.

albuginosa, Gray.
Algoensis, Gray.
angustata, Gmel.
atomaria, Gmel.
Aurora, Soland.
Boivinii, Kien.
Camelopardalis, Perry.
caurica, Linn.
citrina, Gray.
clandestioa, Linn.
cribraria, Lam.
Cumingii, Gray.
eburnea, Barnes.
edentula, Sow.
erosa, Linn.
esontropia, Dud.
ferruginosa, Kien.
fuscodeutata, Gray.
gangrenosa, Soland.
Grayi, Kien.
guttata, Gmel.
t^helvola, Linn.
Humphrejsii, Gray.
irina, Kien.

Lamarckii, Duel.
lentiginosa, Gray.
Listeri, Gray.
lynx, Linn.
mappa, Linn.
miliaris, Linn.

nebulosa, Kien.
nigropunctata. Gray.
ocellata, Kien.
onyx, Linn.
ovum, Linn.
pallida, Gray.
pantlierina, Soland.
picta. Gray.
poraria, Linn.
princeps, Gray.
pulchella, Swains.
pyriformis, Gray.
pyrum, Gmel.
sanguinolenta, Gmel.
similis. Gray.
Sowerbyi, Kien.

^ spadicea, Swains.
spurca, Linn.
stolida, Linn.
subviridis, Reeve.

^ tigris, Limi.
turdus, Linn.
undata, Lam.
variolaria, Lam.
vitellus, Linn.
Walkeri, Gray.
xanthodon, Gray.
ziczac, Gmel.
zonata, Chem.

Genus CYPRiEOVULA, Gray.

Shell oval, ventricose, surface covered with elevated
stri* ; aperture narrow, linear ; inner lip denticulated ;
outer lip inflected and transversely striated.

268

CYPRiEIDiE.

Syn, Cyprseova, Swains. Cyproviila, Auct. Cypreo-
vula, Flem. Cyprseovulum, Soiv.^ Jim.

Ex. C. Capensis, Sowerhy, pi. 28, fig. 4.

The only recent examples of this genus, characterised
by the transversely striated back of the shell, are inhabi-
tants of the Cape ; they are rare, and the animal has not
hitherto been observed.

Species of CyprcBovula.

Adamsonii, Gray.

Capensis, Gray.

Genus TRIVIA, Gray.

Shell oval, rather depressed, surface covered with ele-
vated, transverse ribs or tubercles ; spire concealed ;
aperture narrow ; inner lip sulcated ; outer lip transversely
grooved.

Syn. Coccinella, Leach^ not Linn. Trivea, Swains.

Ex. T. Europsea, Montagu, pi. 28, fig. 5. Shell, T.
Europsea, fig. 5, a.

The shells of the Triviw are sometimes covered with
transverse, raised ribs across the back, as in T. Europcea
and T. pediculus, and sometimes with elevated tubercles,
as in T. pustulosa ; while in others there are both tuber-
cles and ribs, as in T. staphylcea.

Species of Trivia.

acutidentata, Gash.
armandina, Duel.
australis, Lam.
Beckii, Gash.

candidula, Gash.
Childreni, Gray.
coccinella, Lam.
depauperata. Sow.

AMPHIPERASIDiE.

269

Europaea, Mont.

pilula, Kien.

formosa, Gask.

producta, Gask.

globosa, Soiv.

pulex, Soland.

hordacea, Kien.

radians, I jam.

intermedia, Kien.

rosea, Wood.

lathyrus, Dufr.

rotunda, Kien.

Madagascariensis, Gmel.

rubinicolor, Gask.

napolina, Duel.

sanguinea. Gray.

oniscus, Lam.

Solandri, Gray.

oryza, Lam.

subrostrata. Gray.

ovulata, Lam.

suffusa, Gray.

Pacifica, Gray.

tremeza. Duel.

pediculus, Linn.

vesicularis, Gask.

Sub-gen. pustulabia, Swainson.

Shell ovate, depressed ; back with elevated tubercles ; extre-
mities slightly produced ; plaits continued over the lips of the
aperture in the form of elevated strise.

limacina, Lam. pustulata, Lam.

nucleus, lAnn. staphyleea, Linn.

Sub-gen. epona, H. and A. Adams.

Shell globose ; back smooth, or with elevated tubercles ; ex-
tremities produced ; teeth continued over lips of the aperture in
the form of elevated striae.

annulata. Gray. globulus, Linn.

cicercula, Gmel. margarita, Soland.

Fam. AMPHIPERASID^.

Teeth on lingual membrane in seven rows (3*P3), the
central teeth triangular, recurved, three- toothed ; lateral
teeth converging, the inner conical, recurved, the outer

270

AMPHIPERASIDiE.

large, broad, ovate, with numerous long, linear, equal,
curved digitations on the upper edge.

Mantle-lobes expanded, covering the sides of the shell,
bearded externally.

Operculum none.

Shell pointed at each end, smooth, polished, the extre-
mities more or less produced ; inner lip without teeth ;
margin of outer lip indexed.

Genus AMPHIPEEAS, Gronovius.

Mantle-margin simple ; foot large, thin, expanded.

Shell ovate, ventricose; aperture narrow, extremities not
prolonged into canals; outer lip indexed and transversely
wrinkled ; inner lip smooth, simple.

Syn. Conchylium, Tournef. Licium, Humph. Semi-
porcellana, Da Costa. Birostris, Fahr. Ovulus, Montf.
Ovula, Brug. Ovulum, Sow.

E,x. A. ovum, Linnaeus.) pi. 28, dg. 6. Shell, A. ovum,
dg. 6, a.

The shells of this genus are never ornamented with rich
or varied colours, like those of the Cowry tribe, but are
usually white, pink, pale violet, or yellow, without exhi-
biting any particular markings or pattern.

Species of Ampliiperas.

Adriatica, Sow.
angulosa, Lam.
brevis, Sow.

concinna, Sow.
dentata, Sow.

dorsuosa, Hinds.

bulla, Sow.

formosa. Sow.
hordacea, Lam.
lactea, Lam.

bullulata. Sow.
caruea, Poiret.

CYPHOMA.

27i

pyriformis, Sow,

marginata, Sow.
nubeculata, Sow.
ovum, Linn.

striatula, Sow.
punctata, Duel.
triticea, Lam.
umbilicata, Soiv.

Genus CALPURNUS, Montfort.

Mantle -margin reflexed, simple, partly covering the
shell ; foot wide, expanded.

Shell cyprseiform, dorsally gibbous, with a circular, de-
pressed line at each extremity, leaving a wart-like tuber-
cle ; aperture narrow, linear ; inner lip smooth, produced
posteriorly into a point as long as the hinder end of the
outer lip ; outer lip indexed, dentato-lirate, the ridges
extending transversely.

Syn. Cypraella, Swains.

Ex. C. verrucosus, Linneeus, pi. 28, fig. 7. Shell, fig.
7, a.

The shell of Calpurnus is known at once by the pecu-
liar tubercle at each end ; it is a solid shell, longitudinally
striated ; a single species only is known.

Genus CYPHOMA, Bolten.

Shell oblong, ovate, with an obtuse, dorsal, transverse
ridge ; extremities rounded, not produced into elongated
beaks ; aperture nearly straight, almost central, contracted
behind, effuse in front ; inner lip smooth, simple ; outer
lip indexed, the margin slightly crenate.

Sijn. Ultimus, Montf. Carinea, Swains. Binovo-
luta, Schlut.

Ex. C. gibbosa, Linneeus, pi. 28, dg. 8.

From the mark on the back of the shell and the po-

272

AMPHIPERASID^.

lished, callous surface the mantle-margin of the animal is
probably dilated into lobes covering the sides of the
shell; the transverse elevated ridge is a very peculiar
feature in the shell of Cyphoma.

Species of Cyphoma.

emarginata, Sow. intermedia, Sow.

gibbosa, Linn.

Genus VOLVA, Bolten.

Mantle-margin with glandular tubercles; foot narrow,
longitudinally folded.

Shell elongately oval, spindle-shaped, ventricose ; aper-
ture narrow, with the extremities more or less prolonged
into channelled beaks ; columella smooth ; outer lip re-
flected, thickened externally.

Syn. Radius, Montf. Birostra, Swains. Rhizorus,
Mont/.

Ex. V. volva, Linn (BUS, pi. 29, fig. 1. Shell, V. volva
fig. 1, a.

The foot in this genus is narrow and folded lengthways
on itself, being adapted for creeping , on the rounded
narrow branches of Gorgonice and corals, on which it is
supposed to feed ; the animal progresses very slowly,
but is tolerably bold in disposition.

Species of Volva.

acicularis, Lam. deflexa, Sow.

acuminata, Sow. formicaria. Sow.

birostris, Lam. frumentum. Sow.

coarctata. Sow. gracilis. Sow.

PEDICULAHIIDiE.

273

longirostrata, Sow.
obtusa, Sow.
Philippinarum, Sow.

subreflexa, Sow.
subrostrata, Soiv.
volva, Linn.

similis, Sow.
spelta, Lam.

recurva, Sow.
secale, Sow.

Genus SIMNIA, Risso.

Mantle-margin simple, not tuberculated ; foot long,
broad, not longitudinally folded.

Shell thin, involute, oblong, subfusiform ; aperture ex-
panded, contracted at both ends into short pointed canals;
inner lip straight, slightly twisted in front; outer lip
simple, acute, arcuated.

Sy7i. Scymnia, Leach. Volva, Flem., not Bolt. Cal-
purna, Flem.

Ex. S. patula. Pennant^ pi. 29, fig. 2. Shell, S. pa-
tula, fig. 2, a.

The flat foot of the animal, and the thin outer lip of
the shell will at once distinguish this genus from the
Volva of Bolten or Radius of Montfort; the margin of
the mantle, moreover, is simple, and not furnished with
tubercles.

Species of Simnia.

aperta, Sow.
patula, Penn.

uniplicata, Sow.

Fam. PEDICULARIIDJE.

Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (3T‘3),
the central ones hooked and denticulated, the inner
lateral teeth four-cusped, the second and third elongated

VOL. I.

N N

274

PEDICULARIIDiE.

and three-spined. Eyes sessile on the outer bases of the
tentacles. Mantle enclosed, not produced into a siphon
in front. Foot small.

Operculum none.

Shell irregular, parasitic ; spire lateral, minute; aper-
ture very wide ; outer lip thin, simple.

The curious Mollusk, forming the type of this family,
was first discovered by Mr. Swainson on the coast of
Sicily, parasitic on coral. The lingual dentition some-
what resembles that of Trichotropisj but the shell has
more the aspect of Conchopatella.

Genus PEDICULARIA, Swainson.

Shell ovate-oblong, surface irregular, radiately ribbed
in the young state ; spire minute, apex lateral, inclined
towards the left side ; aperture very wide, channelled in
front ; inner lip simple ; outer lip acute, irregular.

8yn. Thyreus, Phil.

Ex. P. Sicula, Swainson, pi. 29, fig. 3, 3, a.

The only species known is parasitic on Mediterranean
corals ; in the young state, there are regular, conspicuous
ribs, radiating from the spire to the margin of the outer
lip ; in an examination of an imperfect specimen, we
found that the eyes were seen at the outer bases of the
tentacles, that the mantle-margin was thickened, and
that there was no operculum.

CANCELLAHIIDiE.

275

Fam. CANCELLARIID.^:.

Lingual membrane and teeth none. Rostrum very
short; tentacles wide apart, with the eyes on the outer
side near their bases. Mantle enclosed, with a rudimentary
siphonal fold. Foot small, triangular, simple.

Operculum none.

Shell with the aperture more or less channelled in
front; columella plicated.

The animals of this family are remarkable for the
simple nature of the oral apparatus, both tongue and
teeth being wanting ; the head, moreover, does not seem
to be elongated, the rostrum being rudimentary.

Genus CANCELLARIA, Lamarck.

Shell oval, cancellated, ribbed or reticulated, last whbrl
ventricose; aperture oblong, channelled in front; canal
short, sometimes recurved ; columella with several strong,
oblique plaits.

Syn. Cancellarius, Montf. Buccinella, Verry. Pli-
caria, Fabr.

Ex. C. textilis, Kiener, pi. 29, fig. 4. Shell, C. can-
cellata, Limimis, fig. 4, a.

M. Deshayes states that the Cancellaria is a vegetable
feeder; the genus is remarkable for the elegance and
rarity of the shells ; it is numerous in species, and is
found in the West Indies, China, South America, and the
Eastern Archipelago ; the species range from low-water
to forty fathoms.

276

CANCELLARUDiE.

Species of Cancellaria.

acuminata, Sow.
affinis, C. B. Adams.
albida, Hinds.
asperella, Lam,
australis, Sow.
bucciuoides. Sow.
cancellata, Linn.

Candida, Sow.
chrjsostoma, Sow.
decussata. Sow.
gemmulata, Sow.
granosa. Sow.
haemastoma. Sow.
lactea, DesU.
laevigata, Sow.
lyrata, Adams and Reeve.
macrospira,^d«w2S and Reeve.

nodulifera, Soiv.
obesa. Sow.
ovata, Sow.
piscatorum, Chem.
pulchra, Sow.
reticulata, Lam.
rugosa, Lam.
scabricula, Linn.
semipellucida, Adams and
Reeve.

similis, Sow.

Spengleriana, Desli.
undulata, Sow.
unidentata. Sow.
urceolata. Hinds.
ventricosa. Hinds.

Sub-gen. teigonostoma, Blainville.

Shell ovately conical, widely umbilicated ; whorls angulated,
longitudinally ribbed ; aperture triangular, acuminate in front.

antiquata, Hinds.

goniostoma. Sow.

articularis. Sow.

lamellosa. Hinds.

bicolor. Hinds.

littoriniformis. Sow.

brevis. Sow.

obliquata, Lam.

bullata. Sow.

pygmaea, C. B. Adams.

contabulata, Sow.

scalarina, Chem.

costata. Gray.

scalata. Sow.

costifera. Sow.

semidisjuncta. Sow.

crenifera. Sow.

spirata, Lam.

crispata. Sow.

ten era, Phil.

Cumingii, Sow.

textilis, Kien.

excavata. Sow.

trigonostoma, Lam.

foveolata. Sow.

tuberculata. Sow.

funiculata. Hinds.

Verauxii, Kien.

CANCELLARIA.

277

Sub-gen. apheba, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, not umbilicated ; outer lip thickened ; inner lip
callous, and spread over the body-whorl ; aperture effuse in front.

tessellata. Sow.

Sub-gen. euclia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell pyriform, not umbilicated; spire very short, whorls
smooth ; columella with strong, anterior plaits.

bulbulus. Sow. pyrum, Adams and Reeve.

cassidiformis. Sow. solida. Sow.

Sub-gen. meeica, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate ; spire acute, whorls decussated or reticulated ;
aperture oblong, without an emargination in front; inner lip
callous, defined ; columella with oblique plaits ; outer lip acute,
lirate internally.

elegans. Sow. oblonga. Sow.

melanostoma. Sow. purpuriformis, Valenc.

Sub-gen, naeona, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform ; spire elevated, acute, whorls ribbed
and clathrate ; aperture oblong, produced anteriorly into a short
canal ; columella usually with two plaits, the posterior the
largest ; outer lip crenate.

clavatula, Sow.
elata. Hinds.

mitrseformis. Sow.
tseniata, Sow.

278

TRICHOTROPIDiE.

Sub-gen. massyla, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, turbinate; spire obtuse, whorls transversely
striated ; aperture contracted and emarginate anteriorly ; colu-
mella truncate.

corrugata, Hinds,

Genus ADMETE, Kroyer.

Shell ovate, thin, covered with an epidermis ; spire
acute, last whorl ventricose ; aperture oval, channelled
anteriorly; columella with a few rudimentary folds ; outer
lip thin, simple, acute.

Ex. A. viridula, Mdller^ pi. 29, fig. 5. Shell, A. viri-
dula, fig. 5, a.

The animal resembles that of Cancellaria^ and there is
no operculum on the foot ; there are but a few species yet
known, though, doubtless, many remain to be discovered
in the Northern Seas, where the genus appears to repre-
sent Cancellaria, in the same manner that Trophon re-
presents Murex^ and Bela certain species of Mangelia.

Species of Admete.

abnormis, Gray. Couthouyi, Sow.

arctica, Midd. viridula, Moll.

Fam. TRICHOTROPIDJE.

Lingual membrane short and broad ; teeth in seven
series (3T‘3), the central hamate and denticulated, the

TRICHOTROPIS.

279

lateral curved, the inner one denticulated, the two outer
simple. Rostrum broad and short; tentacles wide apart,
bearing the eyes on bulgings at the extremities of their
lower halves. Mantle enclosed, with a rudimentary si-
phonal fold. Foot small, simple.

Operculum subannular, ovate, horny, with a sublateral
nucleus.

Shell spiral, more or less turbinate; whorls covered
with an epidermis ; aperture sub-emarginate anteriorly ;
columella not plicate.

In their dentition, these animals have a strong analogy
to Velutinidce and Naticid^, but the head of the animal
is furnished with a rostrum ; the foot is rather small and
simple, and the form of the shell varies considerably,
being either imperforate or widely umbilicate, smooth or
cancellated, turbinate or turreted. The species are
chiefly from the Northern Seas, where they inhabit deep
water ; a few, however, are from the warmer parts of the
globe, as T. Jiavidula and T. cancellala.

Genus TRICHOTROPIS, Broderip and Sowerby.

Shell turbinate, or somewhat elevated, thin, more or less
distinctly umbilicated, spirally furrowed or cancellated,
the ribs often furnished with epidermal fringes ; apex of
spire acute; aperture pyriform, angulated in front; colu-
mella obliquely truncated, canal rudimentary ; inner lip
flattened, arcuated ; outer lip simple, acute.

Syn. Trycophore, Desk. Trichotropus, Less. Tri-
chopodus. Sow.

Ex. T. borealis, Broderip and Sowerby, pi. 29, fig. 6.

280

APORRHAID.E.

Operculum, T. borealis, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, T. bicari-
nata, Broderijp and Sowerhy, fig. 6, c.

There are more than a dozen species, most of them
being natives of the Boreal seas; the few from warmer
latitudes were dredged from very deep water.

Species of Tricliotropis.

acuminata, Jeffr.

Atlantica, Beck.
bicarinata, Brod. and Soiv.
borealis, Brod. and Sow.
cancellata. Hinds.
clathrata, A. Adams.

conica, Moll.
dolium. Petit.
flavidula. Hinds.
inermis, Hinds.
insignis, Midd.
umbilicata, Brown.

Sub-gen. iphinoe, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin ; aperture subtrigonal ; axis widely and deeply per-
forated.

ciliata, Kruger. unicarinata. Sow.

Fam. APOBRHAID.T:.

Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (3T‘3),
the median hooked, denticulated, the first lateral uncinate,
the second and third claw-shaped. Rostrum elongate,
tapering; tentacles subulate, bearing the eyes on slight
prominences at their external bases. Mantle with the
outer margin expanded or lobed, and with a rudimentary
siphon in front, bent to the right. Foot small, oblong,
simple.

Operculum annular, ovate or pointed, the nucleus small,
apical.

APORRHAIS.

281

Shell with the canal bent to the right ; outer lip si-
nuous, lobed, or digitate.

The rostriform head, sessile eyes, and rudimentary
siphon, together with certain peculiarities of the shells,
especially obvious in some fossil forms, indicate strong
affinities with Ceritliium, which has induced Professor E.
Forbes to include both Cerithium and Aporrhais in the
same family ; the simple foot and position of the eyes
serve to distinguish these animals from those of Strom-
hidae.

Genus APORRHAIS, Aldrovandus.

Mantle-margin expanded, lobed, or digitate.

Operculum ovate, with subconcentric lamellaB.

Shell fusiform; aperture narrow, ending anteriorly in
a canal or groove ; outer lip dilated with age, expanded,
angulately lobed, or thickened.

Syn. Tritonidium, Mull. . Chenopus, Phil.

Eoo. A. pes-pelicani, Linumis, pi. 26, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, A. pes-pelicani, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, A. pes-peli-
cani, fig. 5, c.

There are three species of this genus found on our
coasts, and in the Mediterranean, and another is from
North America, principally from the banks of Newfound-
land.

Species of Aporrhais.

occidentalis, Beck.
pes-carbonis, Brogn.

pes-pelicani, Linn.
Serresianus, Mich.

VOL. T.

O O

282

AFORRHAID.E.

Genus STRUTHIOLARIA, Lamarck.

Mantle with the outer edge simple.

Operculum unguiculate, with the nucleus apical.

Shell oblong-oval; spire acuminated, apex obtuse;
aperture with a short canal in front ; columella thickened,
polished, truncate anteriorly; outer lip thickened and
sinuous.

i

Ex. S. vermis, Martyn, pi. 2^, fig. 6. Operculum,
S. vermis, fig. 6, a. Shell, S. papulosa, Ma7'tyn, fig. 6, h.

The species of this genus are not numerous, and are
inhabitants of the seas of New Zealand and Australia;
the name is derived from the form of the aperture, which
is supposed to resemble an ostrich’s foot.

Species of Struihiolaria.

scutulata, Martyn.
vermis, Martyn.

canaliculata, Spengl.
papulosa, Martyn.

Genus HALIA, Risso.

Shell oblong-ovate, ventricose, thin, polished ; spire
produced, apex obtuse, papillary; columella curved,
truncate anteriorly; outer lip simple, thin, effuse, slightly
sinuated near the fore part.

Syn. Pryamus, Sismonda. Priamus, Beck.

Ex. H. Priamus, Meuschen^ pi. 26, fig. 7.

The type of this genus is the Bulla helicoides of
Brocchi, a fossil shell ; the only recent species is the one
mentioned above, the Halia Fleiningiana of Macgill-

CERITHIIN^.

28^

ivray being founded on a young Buccinum. Neither the
animal nor operculum are known, but from the circum-
stance of the surface of the recent and fossil shells
being sometimes partly covered by Corallines, and the
fossil species occurring with marine shells, it is doubt-
less an inhabitant of the sea, and has even been stated
once to have been procured from the Bay of Naples ;
the position of the genus in a natural system is, how-
ever, difficult to determine until the animal is known;
the shell has been called an Achatina, a Bulla, a Buc-
cinum, and a Bulimus.

Fam. CERITHIIDJE.

Lingual membrane long and linear, armed with a
single series of median teeth, and three lateral series of
hooked, multicuspid uncini (3‘1‘3) ; outer lateral teeth
conical, curved. Rostrum broad and short; tentacles
wide apart, subulate ; eyes on short pedicels united to
the outer sides of the tentacles. Mantle-margin with a
rudimentary siphonal fold in front ; gill composed of a
single series of plates. Foot broad and short, angulated
in front.

Operculum horny, spiral or subspiral.

Shell spiral, many-whorled ; aperture more or less
channelled in front ; outer lip often expanded in the
adult.

Sub-fam. CERITHIINJE.

Operculum ovate or semicircular, of few, rapidly-en-
larging whorls.

284

CERITHIIM.

Shells usually without epidermis, with the aperture more
or less beaked, and produced in front.

Marine.

Genus CERITHIUM, Adanson.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, with indistinct varices ;
canal produced in front and slightly recurved; columella
thickened, with a callosity at the hind part.

Syn. Anas, Klein, not Linn. Clava, Humph. Ce-
rites, Delameth. Camillus, Montf.

Ex. C. vulgatum, Bruguiere, pi. 29, fig. 7. Oper-
culum, C. vulgatum, fig. 7, a, 7, b. Shell, C. vulgatum.

fig- 7, c.

Some of the species of this genus emit a bright green
fluid when molested. Ce7'ithia are found in all parts
of the world, in the East and West Indies, along the
coasts of the Pacific, the Gallapagos Islands, Australia,
China, and the Mediterranean.

Species of Cerithium.

Adansonii, Brug.
adustum, Kmi.
algicola, C. B. Adams.
alternatum, Phil,
armatum, Phil.
atratum, Born.
balteatum, Phil.
Billeheusti, Petit.
breve, Quoy and Gaim.
breviculum, Sow.
carbonarium, Phil.
columna, Sow.
corallium, Kien.

ferrugineum, Say.
fuscatum, Costa.
granosum, Kien.
heteroclites, Lam.
inflatum, Quoy.
irroratum, Gould.
lacteum, Kien.

crassilabrum, Krauss.

dialeucum, Phil.
eburneum, Brug.
echinatum, Lam.

lemniscatum, Quoy.

famelicum, C. B. Adams.

VERTAGUS.

285

litteratum, Born.
luctuosum, Mke.
maculosum, Kien.
moniliferum, Kien.
moms, Lam.
muscarum, Say.
mutabile, C. B. Adams.
nigrescens, Mke.
nodulosum, Bruy.
ocellatum, Brug.
peloritanum, Cantr.
planum, Anton.
pulicarium, Bliil.
punctatum, Brug.

rubus, Martyn.
rugosum. Wood.
Riippellii, Phil.
scabridum, Phil.
semiferrugineum, Lam.
septemstriatum. Say.
suturale, Phil.
tuberculatum, Linn.
tuberosum, F. Colum.
uncinatum, Gmel.
variabile, 0. B. Adams.
variegatum, Quoy.
versicolor, C. B. Adams.
vulgatum, Brug.

Genus VERTAGUS, Klein.

Shell turreted, many-whorled ; canal strongly recurved
over the back of the last whorl ; columella thick, callous,
with an oblique plait in the middle.

Syn. Aluco, Link. Khinoclavis, Swains.

Ex. V. vulgaris, Schumacher.^ pi. 30, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, V. vulgaris, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, V. vulgaris,
fig. 1, c.

This genus differs from Cerithium, not only in texture
and general appearance, but in the recurved beak at the
fore part of the aperture, and in the single, strong, oblique
fold in the middle of the columella.

Species of Vertagus.

aluco, Linn.

articulatus, Adams and Reeve.
asper, Linn.
attenuatus, Phil.

fasciatus, Brug.
gemmatus, Hinds.
Guinaicus, Phil.
Kochi, Phil.

286

POTAMIDINiE.

maculosus, Martin.
Martinianus, Pfeiff.
pha^ros, Hinds.

semigranosus, Lam.

pictus, Wood.
rugatus, Martyn.

Sinensis, Gmel.
Sowerbyi, Kien.
subulatus, Lam.
tseniatus, Quoy.
torulosus, Linn.
vulgaris, 8 chum.

Genus COLINA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell elongated, tumid in the middle, many-whorled ;
whorls rounded, longitudinally ribbed and nodose, trans-
versely striated ; aperture oval, produced in front into a
short, recurved canal ; columella simple, oblique ; outer
lip expanded, the margin reflexed.

Ex. C. macrostoma, Hinds, 30, fig. 2. ^

In this curious little group the middle whorls of the
shell are gibbous, and the last whorl is nearly smooth and
somewhat pellucid ; the outer lip, moreover, is remarkably
dilated and reflexed. The species known are inhabitants
of deep water, living in coarse sand among the Philippine
Islands, and in the China Sea.

Species of Colina.

macrostoma. Hinds.

pupiformis, A. Adams.

Sub-fam. POTAMIDIN^.

Operculum circular, of many whorls.

Shells usually covered with a brown epidermis; the
fore part of the aperture more or less channelled, not
produced into a beak.

Inhabiting the mouths of rivers, or salt marshes.

TRIPHOmS.

287

Genus BITTIUM, Leach.

Operculigeroiis lobe with rudimentary expansions on
each side, and furnished with a roundish, lanceolate
cirrhus (Loven).

Operculum subcircular, of four volutions.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, granular, often with irre-
gular varices ; aperture with a slight canal in front, not
produced or recurved ; inner lip simple ; outer lip acute,
not reflexed or expanded.

Ex. B. reticulatum, Da Costa, pi. 30, fig. 3. Oper-
culum, B. reticulatum, fig. 3, a. Shell, B. reticulatum,
fig. 3, h.

This genus includes several small northern forms, re-
sembling dextral Triphores, and ranging from low-water
to eighty fathoms.

Species of Bittium.

elegans, Blainv.
gibberulum, C.B. Adams.
granarium, Kien.

Greenii, C. B. Adams.
iota, C. B. Adams.

neglectum, C. B. Adams.
pulcbellum, G. B. Adams.
reticulatum, I) a Costa.
scabrum, Oliv.
zebrum, Kien.

Genus TRIPHORIS, Deshayes.

Tentacles clavate at the tips, united at their bases by
a sinuated veil.

Operculum orbicular, few-whorled.

Shell turreted, sinistral; aperture round, produced an-
teriorly into a closed, tubular canal, sometimes with a
posterior, closed canal.

288

POTAMIDIXiE.

Syn. Tristoma, Blainv. Triphora, Swains, Triforis,
Desk., olim. Mastonia, Hinds.

Ex. T. perversus, Linnceus, pi. 30, fig. 4. Shell, T.
perversus. fig. 4, a.

The species of Triphoris are very numerous, and are
from deep water ; they are inhabitants of the Straits of
Malacca, Australia, New Guinea, New Ireland, the West
Indies, and the Mediterranean. The third posterior canal
is only occasionally present ; the sculpture of the whorls
is very varied, beautiful, and constant.

Species of Triphoris.

adversus, Hinds.

Candidas, Hinds.
Cateretensis, Hinds.
clemens, Hinds.
concinnus, Hinds.
festivus, A. Adams.
granulatus, AcZiims and Reeve.
hilaris, Hinds.
labiatus, A. Adams.
monilifer, Hinds.
nigrofuscus, A. Adams.
ornatus, Desk.

perversus, Linn. ^
roseus, Hinds.
ruber. Hinds.
scitulus, A. Adams.
speciosus, Adams and Reeve.
suturalis, Adams and Reeve.
tristoma, Blainv.
variegatus, A. Adams.
verrucosus, andReeve.

violaceus, Qiioy and Gaim.
vulpinus. Hinds.

Sub.-gen. ino, Hinds.

Shell cylindraceo-subulate, elongate, acuminate.

acutus, Kien.
semulans. Hinds.
albidus, A. Adams.
alveolatus, Adams and Reeve.
asperrimus. Hinds.
bilix. Hinds.
cancellatus, Hmds.

cingulatus, A. Adams.
collaris, Hinds.
censors. Hinds.
corrugatus. Hinds.
dextroversus, Adams and
Reeve.

LAMPAJ^IA.

289

elegans, Hinds.
gemmulatus, Adamg and
Reeve.

gigas, Hinds.
maxillaris, Hinds.
micans, Hinds.
nodiferus, Adams and Reeve.

pagoda, Hinds.
pulchellus, A. Adams.
pyramidalis, Adams and
Reeve.

sculptus, Hinds.
vestalis, A. Adams.
vittatus, Hinds.

Sub-gen. stchar, Hinds.

Shell elongated, whorls rounded ; apex maxillary,
vitreus, Hinds.

Genus LAMPANIA, Gray.

Shell turreted, many-whorled, whorls without varices ;
aperture ovate, with an emargination in front ; inner lip
callous, truncated and obtuse anteriorly ; outer lip dilated,
thickened, and sinuous.

Syn. Batillaria, Benson.

Ex. L. zonalis, Bruguiere, pi. 30, fig. 5. Operculum,
L. zonalis, fig. 5, a.

In adult, typical specimens the outer lip of Lampania
is very much dilated, and the fore part of the columella
is obtuse and rather callous. The species inhabit man-
grove-swamps and mud-flats near the sea, and estuaries of
rivers, and are principally from the Chinese Seas.

Species of Lampania.

australis, Quoy and Gaim. zonalis, Brug.

Cecil] i, Phil.

VOL. I.

p p

290

POTAMIDINiE.

Genus POTAMIDES, Brongniart.

Shell turreted, whorls angulated or coronated ; aper-
ture produced in front into a nearly straight canal ; outer
lip thin, sinuated in the middle.

8yn. Potamida, Schweigg. Potamidium, Flem. Po-
tomis, Swains, Potamis, 8ow.,jun.

Ex. P. ebeninus, Bruguiere, pi. 30, fig. 6. Opercu-
lum, P. ebeninus, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, P. Pacificus,
Sowerhy, fig. 6, c.

The species now existing, most nearly resembling the
fossil shells on which this genus is founded, are those
we have indicated j they are distinguished by their coro-
nated whorls and their rather straight canal.

Species of Potamides.

ebeninus, Brug. Pacificus, Sow.

Laraarckii, Valcue.

Genus TYMPANOTONOS, Klein.

Shell turreted, whorls spinulose or muricated ; aperture
round, with a short anterior canal ; columella tortuous ;
outer lip thin, sinuated, produced towards the fore part.

Syn. Tympanostoma, Sow. Potamis, Swains.

Ex. T. fuscatus, LinnceuSj pi. 30, fig. 7. Shell, T.
fuscatus, fig. 7, a.

In general appearance, the shells of this genus resemble
those of Vihex of Oken, but the twisted columella and
distinct canal of the aperture will at once distinguish
them.

TELESCOPIUM.

291

Species of Tympanotonos.

alatus, Phil.
cingulatus, Gmel.
fluviatilis, Pot. and Mich.

fuscatus, Limi.
macroptera, Kien.
radula, Linn.

Genus PYRAZUS, Montfort.

Shell turreted, subulate, many-whorled, whorls rugose,
transversely sulcate and granular, varices few, indistinct ;
aperture with a short canal in front ; columella with an
oblique, spiral callosity in the middle ; outer lip dilated
and thickened, united at the fore part to the inner lip.

Sy?i. Terebralia, Swains.

Ex. P. palustris, Linneeus, pi. 30, fig. 8. Opercu-
lum, P. palustris, fig. 8, a. Shell, P. palustris, fig. 8, b.

The P. palustris occurs in great abundance in the salt-
marshes of the Eastern Archipelago, and is assiduously
collected and eaten by the natives, who roast them and
suck the contents of the shell through an aperture made
by breaking off the tip of the spire.

Species of Pyrazus.

palustris, Linn.
semistriatus, Bolt.

sulcatus, Born.

Genus TELESCOPIUM, Chemnitz.

Shell pyramidal, turreted, last whorl angulated ; aper-
ture subquadrate ; columella tortuous, ending anteriorly
in a point; outer lip thin, sinuous.

292

POTAMIDINiE.

Ex. T. fuscum, Chemnitz, pi. 31, fig. 1. Operculum,
T. fuscum, fig. 1, a. Shell, T. fuscum, fig. 1, h.

T. fuscum inhabits the salt-marshes and swampy tracks
near the mouths of rivers in the East Indian islands,
and their pointed spires may be seen sticking out of the
soft mud in incredible numbers ; they are so abundant
near Calcutta as to be used for burning into lime, being
exposed in heaps to the sun to kill the animals ; in
Borneo they are eaten by the natives in the same manner
as Pyrazus.

Species of Telescopiimi.

fuscum, Chem. Iseve, Quoy and Gaim.

Genus CERITHIDEA, Swainson.

Eye -pedicels very long and thick, connate with the
tentacles nearly to their tips.

Shell turreted, many-whorled ; apex of spire more or
less decollated, whorls longitudinally ribbed ; aperture
rounded, slightly emarginate anteriorly; outer lip ex-
panded, with a dilated, thickened margin.

Ex. C. Charbonnieri, Petit, pi. 31, fig. 2. Opercu-
lum, C. decollata, Linnceus, fig. 2, a. Shell, C. obtusa,
Lamarck, fig. 2, h.

The Cerithidece are amphibious, crawling on the stones
and leaves in the neighbourhood of brackish water in
mangrove-swamps, and at the mouths of rivers ; during
the dry season they close the mouth of the shell with
the operculum, and hang, suspended by glutinous threads,
to small branches and mangrove roots.

MELANlIDiE.

293

Species of Cerithidea.

ambigua, C. B. Adams.
Chai’boiinieri, Petit.
costata, Lam.
decollata, Linn.
fragilis, Gray.
Ilegewiscbii, Phil.
iostoma, Pfeiff.

Kieneri, Homb. and Jacq.
Lafondi, Mich.

lineolata, Kien.
Montagnei, D'Orh.
obtusa, Lam.
pulchra, C. B. Adams.
scalariformis, Say.
servilis, C. B. Adams.
Sinensis, Phil.
varicosa, Sow.

Sub-gen. pieenella, Gray.

Shell turreted; whorls granular, or with irregular ribs and
varices ; aperture rounded, with a short canal in front ; inner lip
simple ; outer lip thin, sinuated.

conica, Blainv.
Diemenensis, Quoy.
Largillierti, Phil.
mamillata, Phil.

bicarinata. Gray.
c£erulescens, Metcalfe.
Caillaudi, Pot. and Mich.
cinerascens, Pau.

Fam. MELANIIDJE.

Lingual membrane long and linear ; teeth in seven
series (3'1‘3), the lateral teeth uncinate, multicuspid. Ros-
trum broad, annulated ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes
on bulgings at their outer sides. Mantle-margin fringed,
with a rudimentary siphonal fold in front ; gill composed
of rigid, cylindrical plates. Foot broad and short, angu-
lated in front.

Operculum horny, ovate, subspiral.

Shell spiral, turreted, covered with a thick, dark-co-
loured epidermis ; aperture often channelled or emargi-
nate in front; outer lip simple.

294

MELANIINiE.

These animals are fluviatile, being inhabitants of fresh-
water lakes and rivers throughout the warmer parts of the
world. The apex of the spire is often eroded by the
action of the water in which they live. In the British
Islands they only occur as fossils ; in the southern States
of North America they are numerous, and form peculiar
groups ; those with the many-whorled operculum appear
to abound most in the Old World ; in some instances
these animals are viviparous.

Sub-fam. MELANIIN^.

Operculum ovate and subspiral, or subcircular, and of
few whorls.

Shell covered with a dark, horny epidermis; aperture
usually simple in front, without a distinct notch.

Genus TIARA, Bolten.

Shell ovate ; spire and aperture of nearly equal length;
whorls coronated with spines or tubercles ; aperture ovate,
entire in front, pointed behind ; inner lip very thin ; outer
lip simple, acute.

Syn. Spirilla, Humph. Melas, Montf. Melacantha,
Swains. Amarula, Sow., jun.

Ex. T. amarula, Linncsus.) pi. 31, fig. 3. Operculum,
T. acanthica. Lea, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, T. amarula,
fig. 3, c.

This group comprises the ovate forms of the Melaniinw,
in which the whorls are spinose ; they are either smooth
and black, covered with a villose epidermis, or trans-
versely striated and variegated.

MELANELLA.

295

Species of Tiara,

acanthica, Lea.
amarula, Linn.
cornuta. Lea.
crenularis, Desk.
Cybele, Gould.
denticulata, Lea.
diadema, Lea.

orientalis, A. Adams.
pagoda, Lea.
setosa, Swains.
speciosa, A. Adams.
thiarella, Lam.
villosa, Phil.

Sub-gen. plotia, Bolten.

Shell ovate, fusiform; whorls spinose, transversely sulcate;
aperture elongate, simple in front.

bellicosa, Hinds.
coronata, V. d. Busch.
corrugata. Lea.
crenulata, Chem.
elegans, Bens.
furfurosa, Gould.
granifera, Lam. '
granum, V. d. Busch.
Herklotzi, Petit.
lineata. Gray.

mirifica, A. Adams.
pugilis, Hinds.
scabra, Lam.
scabrella, Phil.
spinulosa, Lam.
tenuis. Lea.
Terpsichore, Gould.
tetrica, Gould.
Winteri, V. d. Busch.

Genus MELANELLA, Swainson.

Shell ovate ; spire as long as the aperture, whorls
smooth or tuberculate ; aperture ovate, entire in front,
acuminate posteriorly ; inner lip thickened ; outer lip
simple, not produced in front.

Syn. Thiara, Muhlf.

Ex. M. glans. Von dem Busch, pi. 31, fig. 4. Oper-
culum, M. glans, fig. 4, a. Shell, M. Hollandri, Ferussac,
fig. 4, c.

296

MELANIIM.

This genus comprises the ovate forms of Melaniin(B
which are not spinose ; the head of the animal is fur-
nished with a very broad muzzle, and the margin of the
mantle is thickened and crenate.

Species of Melanella,

afra, Lig. Hollandri, Fer.

crassa, V. d. Busch. siccata, F. d. Busch.

glans, F. d. Busch. zonata, F. d. Busch.

Sub-gen. seemyla, H. and A. Adams.

Shell mitriform ; whorls longitudinally plicate, the last trans-
versely sulcate anteriorly ; outer lip sinuated in the middle.

harpula, Bkr. semicostata, Fhil.

mitra, Dkr. tornatella, Lea.

nana, Lea.

Genus MELANOIDES, Olivier.

Operculum subcircular, subspiral, of few rapidly-en-
larging whorls.

Shell subulate, solid, whorls often nodulous or rugose ;
aperture subcircular, produced in front ; inner lip some-
what callous ; outer lip sinuated, thickened, dilated, and
produced anteriorly.

Ex. M. Indica, Eydoiix., pi. 31, fig. 5. Operculum,
M. glaphyra, Morelet, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, M. aspera,
Lamarck, fig. 5, c.

The form of the aperture in this genus is rounder
than in Melania, the inner lip is thickened, the whorls
are nodose and striated, and the operculum is subcir-
cular and of few whorls.

CERIPHASIA.

297

Species of Melanoides.

aspera, Lmn.

Papuensis, Quoy.

circumstriata, Metcalfe.

perfecta, Mo^iss.

clavus, Lam.

polygonata, Lea.

coarctata, Lam.

pulchra, V. d. Busch.

corrugata, Lam.

pyramidalis, Morel.

cylindracea, Mouss.

pyramidata, Hinds.

dactylus, Lea.

Reenivardii, He Haan.

episeopalis, Lea.

reticulata, Lea.

erythrostoma, Quay.

subnodosa, Phil.

glaphyra, Morel.

tuberculata, Mull.

herculea, Gould.

torquata, V. d. Busch.

infracostata, Mouss.

turritella, Dkr.

Largillierti, Phil.

unifasciata, Mouss.

latebrosa, 'Hinds.

varicosa, Trosch.

locustris, Morel.

virgulata, Feruss.

nigritina, Morel.

Genus ceriphasia, Swainson.

Shell subfusiform, whorls transversely sulcate, the last
angulated ; spire acuminated ; aperture small, produced
in front, with a small groove-like canal at the fore part ;
outer lip thin, posteriorly sinuated.

Syn. Telescopella, Gray.

Ex. C. canaliculata. Say, pi. 31, fig. 6.

The shell of Ceriphasia is covered with a dark green
epidermis, and is more like that of lo than any other of
this family; it may, however, be distinguished from lo by
the beak being shorter, and by the whorls being sulcated
and not spiny.

VOL. I.

Q Q

298

MELANIIN.E.

Species of Ceriphasia.

acuta, Lea.
Alexandrensis, Lea.
ammlifera, Conr.
canaliculata, Saij.
elongata, Lea.
exarata, Lea.
Haleiana, Lea.
Kirtlandiana, Lea.
Ingubris, Lea.

lutosa, Gould.
Ordiana, Lea.
regularis, Lea.
spurca, Lea.
subularis, Lea.
sulcosa, Lea.
symmetrica, Hald.
Vainafa, Gould.
Virginica, Gmel.

Genus PACHYCHEILUS, Lea.

Operculum suborbicular, of several whorls.

Shell fusiformly conical, smooth, solid ; aperture ovate,
entire anteriorly ; columellar lip thickened posteriorly ;
outer lip thick.

Ex. P. laevissimus, Sowerhy, pi. 31, fig. 7. Opercu-
lum, P. corvinus, Moi'elet, fig. 7, a, 7, h.

The chief peculiarity of this genus is the thickened
outer lip ; it differs from Melanopsis in having no sinus
at the fore part of the aperture, and from Melania in
having a callous columella. The operculum has the
nucleus subcentral, and is composed of two or three
spiral revolutions.

Species of Pachycheilus.

amoenus. Morel.
corvinus, Morel.
dubiosus. Say.

ferrugineus. Lea.
graphium. Morel.
Indiorum, Morel.

10.

299

La Guayia, Salle.
Isevissimus, Sow.
nigritus, Morel.
simplex, Say.

sulcospira, Mouss.
testudinarius, V. d. Busch.
verus, Paz.
Zanguebarensis, Petit.

Sub-gen. aylacostoma, Spix.

Shell elongately fusiform, thick, solid, whorls smooth, cari-
nated or geniculate near the suture ; inner lip thickened,
callous ; aperture entire in front ; outer lip thickened internally.

coarctatus, Lam.
cochlidium. Lea.
costellaris. Lea.
Cumin gii. Lea.
impurus, Lea.

mcestus. Hinds.
rectus. Lea.
scalaris, Wagn.
sobrius. Lea.

Sub-gen. potadoma, Swainson.

Shell ovate, solid ; spire short, whorls smooth ; inner lip
somewhat thickened ; aperture . produced in front ; outer lip
acute, simple.

depygis. Say.
fontinalis, Phil.
gracilis. Lea.
inornatus, Anthon.
Isevigatus, Lea.
Niagarensis, Lea.
Ococensis, Lea.

ovoideus. Lea.
perfuscus. Lea.
rufescens, Lea.
sordidus, Lea.
subcylindraceus, Lea.
subsolidus, Lea.

Ward eri anus, Lea.

Genus lO, Lea.

Shell fusiform, whorls spinose ; aperture large, ovate,
dilated anteriorly, produced in front into a grooved beak ;
outer lip simple, acute.

300

MELANIINiE.

Syn. Melafusus, Swains. Glotella, Gray.

Ex. I. fluviatilis, Say, pi. 31, fig. 8. Operculum, 1.
fluviatilis, fig. 8, a, 8, h.

The species of lo inhabit the rivers of North America;
the shells, like those of most of the Melaniidx, are
covered with a brown, black, or olivaceous epidermis, and
are remarkable for the peculiar elongation of the axis
anteriorly, and for the spinose nature of the last whorl.

Species of To.

armigera, Lea.
Duttoniana, Lea.
Florentiana, Lea.
fluviatilis, Say.
fusiformis, Say.
nobilis, Lea.

pernodosa, Lea.
plicata, Lea,
robulina, Anthon.
spinigera,- Lea.
spinosa, Lea.
tenebrosa, Lea.
tuberculata, Lea.

pagodula, Gould

Sub-gen. elimia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiformly ovate ; whorls reticulate or nodulose, carinate
in the middle; aperture greatly produced anteriorly; outer lip
thin, simple, acute.

acuticarinata, Lea. ^
apis, Lea.
bella, Conr.
Boykiniana, Lea.
caliginosa, Lea.
cancellata, Say.
carinocostata, Lea.
catenaria, Say.

catenoides, Lea.
elevata, Lea.
filum. Lea.
Holstonia, Lea.
nodulosa, Lea.
Potosiensis, Lea.
spinalis. Lea.
torta. Lea.

MELANIA.

301

Genus Melania, Lamarck.

Shell subulate, elongated ; spire many-whoiied, acute,
whorls smooth, not spinose ; aperture ovate, acuminate,
posteriorly entire, rounded in front ; inner lip thin, not
callous ; outer lip simple, acute, margin entire.

Syn. Turritella, Link., not Lam. Ellistoma, Rafin.
Melanites, Kruy. Hygronoma, Gist.

Eod. M. hastula, Lea, pi. 32, fig. 1. Operculum, M.
hastula, fig. I, a, 1, h. Shell, M. hastula, fig. 1, c.

The species of this genus appear to be peculiar to
tropical countries, where they inhabit streams and stag-
nant waters ; the apex of the spire, which is perfect in
young individuals, afterwards usually becomes eroded or
truncate.

Species of Melania.

aculeus, Lea.
acus, Lea.
albescens, Lea.
angusta, Fliil.
aspirans, Hinds.
australis, Lea.
blatta, Lea.
canalis. Lea.
cancellata, Bens.
castanea. Lea.
cincta. Lea.
costulata. Lea.
cuspidata, Chem.
erosa, Less.
foeda. Lea.

flammulata, V. d. Busch

figurata. Hinds.
florata. Hinds.
fulgurans. Hinds.
fumosa. Hinds.
funiculus, Quoy.
hastula. Lea.
hians. Lea.
indefinita. Lea.
inhonesta, V. d. Busch.
juncea. Lea.
Liebmanni, Phil.
luctuosa, Hinds.
Mindorensis, Lea.
modesta. Lea.
Nicobarica, Morch.
pallida. Lea.

302

MELANIINiE.

perpingnis, Hinds.

Philippii, H. and A. Adams
(picta, Phil.).
picta, Hinds.

Plutonis, Hinds.
porcata, Jonas.
rivularis, Phil.
rufa, Lea.

Scipio, Gould.
semicancellata, V. d. Busch.
spadicea, Phil.
strigosa, Lea.

subula, Lea.
subularis, Lea.
subulata, Chem.
Taliitana, Lea.
tenebrosa, Lea.
terebra, V d. Busch.
terebralis, Lea.
teres, Lea.

Tirouri, Feruss.
turriciilus, Lea.
uniformis, Quoy.
verruculum, Morel.

Sub-gen. melasma, H. and A. Adams.

Shell solid ; spire elevated, whorls smooth, longitudinally pli-
cate ; aperture produced anteriorly ; inner lip simple, thin ;
outer lip acute, simple.

blanda, Lea.
brevispira, Anthon.
clavseformis, Lea.
comina, Conr.
concinna. Lea. .
costata, Quoy.
costulata. Lea.
'crebricostata. Lea.

Curreyana, Lea.
Deshayesiana, Lea.
Edgareana, Lea.
laqueata. Say.
Lecontiana, Lea.
nitens, Lea.
plicatula. Lea.
plicifera, Lea.

Genus HEMISINUS, Swainson.

Shell subulate, whorls smooth, simple, numerous ; aper-
ture ovate, anteriorly contracted, canaliculate and emar-
ginate in front ; outer lip thin, crenulated at the edge.
Sun. Tania, Gray. Basistoma, Lea.

Ex. H. lineolatus. Wood, pi. 32, fig. 2. Operculum,
H. lineolatus, fig. 2, a, 2, h.

VIBEX.

303

This genus comprises many fine species of fresh water
shells, principally from South America, though a few
have been regarded as inhabitants of other countries.

Species of Hemisiniis.

Edwardsii, Lea.
Guayaquilensis, Petit.
Hugelii, Phil.
lineolatus, Wood.
perfuscus, Lea.
ruginosus, Lea.
symmetricus, Com'.

adspersus, Trosch.
Braziliensis, Moric.
breviformis, Phil.
bulbosus, Goidd.
contractus, Lea.
conus, Jacq.
dermestoideus, Lea.

Genus VIBEX, Oken.

Shell turreted, whorls tuberculated, spirally ridged or
muricate ; aperture subcircular, produced and broadly
channelled in front ; outer lip thin, simple.

Syn. Claviger, Held. Melania, Swains.^ not Lam.

Ex. V. aurita, Muller, pi. 32, fig. 3. Operculum, V.
aurita, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, V. aurita, fig. 3, c.

In this genus the shell is usually rather thick and solid,
and the columellar lip is somewhat excavated and flat-
tened anteriorly, the whorls, moreover, are usually rough
with tubercles or elevated ridges.

Species of Vihex.

aurita. Mull.
balteata, Phil.

fusca, Gmel.
tuberculosa, Bavg.

304

MELANIINiE.

Sub-gen. doryssa, H, and A. Adams.

Shell subulate, turreted ; spire decollated, whorls longitudi-

nally plicate and decussated with transverse ridges ; aperture
sub-canaliculated in front ; outer lip incrassated.

atra, Eichard. mutans, Gould.

brevior, Troscli. subimbricata, Phil.

decollata, Lea. transversa. Lea.

Sub-gen. tarebta, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovato-fusiform, whorls granulose or tessellated with
nodules ; outer lip sinuated towards the hind part ; interior of
aperture often furnished with spiral grooves. \

armillata, Lea.
Celebensis, Quoy.
coffea, Phil.
crenifera, Lea.
cribrum, Lea.
dembea, Rupp.
flavida, Dkr.
granifera, V. d. Busch.
lateritia. Lea.
lineata, Trosch.
lirata, Mke.
Luzoniensis, Lea.

microstoma, Lea.
monozonalis. Lea.
pyramis, V. d. Busch.
quadriseriata, Gray.
Eiquetii, Gratel.
rudis. Lea.

semigranosa, V. d. Busch.
suturalis, Phil.
tenuis, Lea.
tessellata. Lea.
turgidula, Phil.
verrucosa. Hinds.

Sub-gen. jtjga, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, whorls rounded, transversely lirate or furnished
with elevated transverse lines ; aperture produced anteriorly ;
outer lip simple, acute.

Buddii, Say.
circincta, Lea.

exilis, Hald.
Maluccinosa, Quoy.

GYROTOMA.

305

multilineata, Say.
obruta, Lea.
occata, Hinds.
Proteus, Lea.
proxima, Say.

Schiedeana, Phil.
silicula, Goidd.
striata, Lea.
Troostiana, Lea.
virgin ea, Say.

Genus GYROTOMA, Shuttleworth.

Shell OYate, turreted, whorls transversely sulcate ; aper-
ture oblong; inner lip thickened, with a posterior cal-
losity; outer lip thin, with a deep, narrow, posterior
fissure.

Syn. Schizostoma, Lea, not Bronn. Melatoma, An-
thony^ not Swains. Schizocheilus, Lea.

Ex, G. ovoidea, Shuttleworth, pi. 32, fig. 4. Oper-
culum, G. ovoidea, fig. 4, a, 4, h.

The fissure in the outer lip is wanting or obsolete in
the sub-genus Megara, the species of which, in other
respects, closely resemble those of Gyrotoma proper.
Both groups are American in their geographical distri-
bution .

Species of Gyrotoma.

altilis, Anthony.
Babylonica, Lea.

excisa. Lea.

Foremani, Lea.
funiculata. Lea.
incisa. Lea.

Buddii, Lea.
conica, Say.

coiistricta. Lea.

laciniata, Lea.
ovoidea, Shuttl.
pagoda. Lea.

curta, Migh.
curvata. Say.

cylindracea, Migh.

pyramidata, Shuttl.

VOL. I.

R R

306

MELANimiE.

Sub-gen. megara, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, solid, whorls transversely sulcate ; aperture
ovate-oblong, sub-canaliculated anteriorly; outer lip thin, simple,
acute.

alveare, Conr.
arctata. Lea.
auriculseformis, Lea.
basalis. Lea.
brevis. Lea.
crebristriata. Lea.
harpa. Lea.
Haysiana, Lea.
Hoeydei, Lea.
impressa. Lea.

lateralis. Lea.
lima, Conr.
oliva. Lea.
olivula, Conr.
ovalis, Lea.
pumila. Lea.
solida, Lea.
torquata. Lea.
undulata, Say.
Vanuxemiana, Lea.

Genus TEICULA, Benson.

Shell elongately oval ; spire produced, apex more or
less truncated, last whorl rounded, slightly umbilicated ;
aperture ovate, entire in front, peritreme continuous,
subreflexed.

Ex. T. montana, Benson., pi. 32, fig. 5. Operculum,
T. montana, fig. 5, a, 5, h.

The animal of Tricula has an elongated proboscis and
filiform tentacles with the eyes at their outer bases ; in its
thickened inner lip, the shell somewhat resembles Palu-
domus, but it is distinguished by its elongated spire and
truncated apex ; the only species known is an inhabitant
of the river Kamaan, in India.

LEPTOXIS.

307

Genus LEPTOXIS, Rafinesque.

Shell ovate or globose, solid, subperforate ; spire very
short ; aperture oval ; inner lip with a posterior callosity,
often anteriorly callous and produced; outer lip thin,
sinuous, with a posterior, ascending canal.

Syn. Anculotus, Say. Anculosa, Swains. Ancy lotus,
Herm.

Ex. L. prserosa, Say, pi. 32, fig. 6. Operculum, L.
praerosa, fig. Q, a, Q,b.

The species of this genus are peculiar to the North -
American rivers ; the spire of the shell has a truncated,
eroded apex, and, in the typical species, the shell is solid
and subglobose, with the aperture simple in front.

Species of Leptoxis.

abrupta, Lea.
angulata, Conr.
crassa, Hold.
flammata, Lea.
fuliginosa, Lea.
fusca, Hald.
fusiformis, Lea.
gibbosa, Lea.
globula, Lea.
Griffithsiana, Lea.
Hildrethiana, Lea.
Integra, Say.
melanoides, Conr.
Nickliniana, Lea.
nigrescens, Conr.
obtusa, Lea.
picta, Conr.

pilula, Lea.
pisum, Hald.
plicata, Conr.
pr80rosa, Say.
pumilis, Conr.
rubiginosa, Lea.
squalida, Lea.
subglobosa, Say.
taeniata, Say.
tintinnabulum, Lea.
trivittatus, De Kay.
Troostiana, Lea.
turgida, Hald.
variabilis, Lea.
virgata, Lea.
viridis, Lea,

308

MELANIINtE.

Sub-gen. nitocrts, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, subglobose, whorls angulated, often carinate ;
inner lip subtruncate, or ending in a tubercle.

carinata. Lea.
costata. Lea.
dentata, Couth.
dilatata. Com'.
dissimilis, Say.
ebena. Lea.

inflata. Lea.
Kirtlandiana, Anthon.
monodontoides, Gould.
occidentalis. Lea.
Kogersii, Conr.
subcarinata, Hald.

Sub-gen. verena, H. and A. Adams.

Shell subturbinate, whorls transversely lirate, carinated at
the hind part ; aperture not produced in front ; inner lip simple,
without a posterior callus; columella subtruncate anteriorly,
forming a very short canaliculation.

crenocarina, Morel.

Sub-gen. lythasia, Lea.

Shell thick, solid, ovate, whorls gibbose or tuberculated at
the hind part ; aperture sub-canaliculated and produced in front ;
inner lip with a callus posteriorly, subtruncate anteriorly.

genicula, Hald. salebrosa, Conr.

neritiformis, Desk. semigranulosa, Desk.

obovata. Say.

Genus PYRGULA, Christie and Janson.

Shell turreted, whorls numerous, carinated ; aperture
oval, emarginate anteriorly ; columellar lip free, reflected,
produced in front ; outer lip thin, simple.

MELANOPSIN^.

309

Ex. P. Helvetica, Michelin, pi. 32, fig. 7.

The curious little shell on which this genus is founded
inhabits the fresh-water streams of Switzerland, and is re-
markable for its white colour and the carinated nature of
the whorls.

Sub-fam. MELANOPSINiE.

Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Shell covered with an epidermis ; aperture with a dis-
tinct notch in front.

Genus MELANOPSIS, Ferussac.

Shell ovate, last whorl elongated, smooth, or longitudi-
nally plicate ; spire short, acute ; aperture oblong, dis-
tinctly notched in front; inner lip thick, with a callus
posteriorly ; outer lip simple, acute.

Syn. Faunus, Megerle, not Montf. Campeloma, Rqfin.
Ceneona, Gist.

Ex. M. costata, Olivier.^ pi. 32, fig. 8. Operculum, M.
prserosa, Llnnceus, fig. 8, a, 8, h.

This genus was established by Ferussac for the species
of Melaniidce which have the columellar lip callous, and
a notch at the fore part of the aperture ; it is distin-
guished from Faunus in the outer lip not being produced
and sinuated, and in the general form of the shell.

Species of Melanopsis.

acicularis, Feruss.
denegabilis, Feruss.
Esperi, Feruss.
raaculata, Lea.

praerosa, Linji.
trifasciata, Gray.
variabilis, F. d. Busch.
Zealandica, Gould.

310

MELANOPSIN.E.

Sub-gen, canthtdomus, Swainson.

Spire generally short, whorls coronated with spines, or marked
with longitudinal ribs, the last obtuse anteriorly.

cariosa, Linn. Parreyssii, Muhlf.

costata, Oliv. Theminckiana, Petit.

Helena, Modeer. tigris, Feriiss.

Kotschyi, F. d. Busch.

Sub-gen. lykcea, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately fusiform, whorls transversely sulcate; inner
lip with a large, posterior callus; columella subtruncate ante-
riorly ; aperture canaliculated posteriorly.

Dufourii, Graells. nodosa, Feruss. ^

Genus FAUNUS, Montfort.

Shell subulate ; spire elongated, many-whorled, whorls
smooth, covered with a dark-coloured epidermis ; aperture
widely emarginate in front; inner lip thickened, with a
callus posteriorly ; outer lip dilated, the margin sinuated
towards the hind part.

Syn. Pirena, Lam. Ebena, Schum. Pyrena, Mke,
Melanomona, Bowd.

Ex. F. ater, Linnaeus, pi. 32, fig. 9. Operculum, F.
ater, fig. 9, a, 9, h. Shell, F. ater, fig. 9, c.

The species of this genus, which differs from Melanopsis
in the length of the spire, and in the sinuated, broadly-ex-
panded outer lip, inhabit the beds of tropical rivers and
rivulets, where they may be seen crawling on the soft
mud at the bottom, feeding, apparently, on the decayed
vegetable matter.

CLIONELLA.

311

Species of Faunus.

ater, Linn .
Cecillii, Phil.

princeps, Lea.

Sub-gen. melanateia, Bowdich.

Whorls subnodose ; aperture with the notch at the fore part
wide and somewhat obsolete ; outer lip slightly sinuated.

fluminea, Gmel.

Genus CLIONELLA, Gray.

Shell fusiform, whorls longitudinally ribbed, the last an-
teriorly contracted ; aperture produced in front into a
rather wide channel ; outer lip with a deep sinus at the
hind part.

S^n. } Melatoma, Stmins., not Anthony.

Ex. C. buccinoides, Lamarck, pi. 32, fig. 10. Oper-
culum, C. buccinoides, fig. 10, a, 10, h. Shell, C. bucci-
noides, fig. 10, c.

The shells comprised in this genus have very much
the aspect of fresh-water Clavatulce ; some of the species
are said to be inhabitants of the rivers of Africa.

Species of Clionella.

buccinoides, Lain.
semicostata, Kien.
sigillata, Reeve.

stolida, Hinds.
striata, Kien.

312

LITTORINIDiE.

Fam. LITTORINID^.

Tongue long, armed with seven rows of teeth (3T‘3),
the median broad and hoohed, the lateral, or uncini,
hooked and oblong; the outer lateral teeth conical, curved.
Rostrum moderate, entire ; eyes sessile on the outer side
of the tentacles ; no neck-lobes or lateral cirrhi. Mantle
with a rudimentary siphonal fold in front ; gills two, one
very large, occupying nearly the whole surface of the
branchial cavity, and formed of flat, free plates. Foot
with a linear duplication in front, and a groove along the
under surface.

Operculum horny, spiral, of few whorls.

Shell spiral, turbinated or depressed ; aperture simple
in front, never pearly within.

Genus LITTORINA, Ferussac.

Eyes sessile near the outer bases of the tentacles.

Operculum paucispiral.

Shell turbinate, solid, few-whorled, axis imperforate ;
spire short ; aperture subcircular, entire ; columellar lip
rather flattened ; outer lip simple, acute.

8yn. Trochus, Adans., not Linn. Turbo, Swains.,
not Linn. Bacalia, Gray.

Ex. L. littorea, Linnaeus, pi. 33, fig. 1. Operculum,
L. littorea, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, L. littorea, fig. 1, c.

The animals of this genus are, in a great measure, am-
phibious, living on the rocks along the shore ; many spe-
cies are nearly always out of the water, but usually place
themselves within the wash of the tide. They are very

LITTORINA.

813

numerous in species, and are found in all parts of the
world ; a few hinds are extensively used for food, as the
“Periwinkle.”

Species of Littorina.

aberrans, Phil.

acuminata, Gould.

albicans, Metcalfe.

albida, Phil.

atrata, C. B. Adams.

caliginosa, Gould.

castanea, Adams and Reeve.

cingulata, Phil.

columna, Jonas.

conica, Phil.

debilis, Phil.

exarata, Phil.

fabalis, Turt.

fasciata. Gray.

filosa. Sow.

flammea, Phil.

glabrata, Phil.

grandis, Midd. '

globosa, Dkr.

Groenlandica, Chem.
Jamaicensis, C. B. Adams.
Kurila, Midd.

Isevis, Phil.
lemniscata, Phil.
lepida, Gould.
limala, Loven.

Umax, Marty n.
littorea, Linn.

lunata, Migh.

Malaccana, Phil.
mespilum, Muhlf.
modesta, Phil.
nigrolineata. Gray.
obliquata, Say.
obesa. Sow.
pallescens, Phil.
palliata. Say.
patula, Jeffr.
plena, Gould.
porcata, Phil.
rudis, Donov.
rugosa, Mke.
saxatilis, Donov.

Sayii, Phil.
scutulata, Gould.
Sieboldii, Phil.

Sinensis, Phil.

Sitchana, Phil.
squalida, Brod. and Sow.
subtenebrosa, Midd.
sulcata, Lam.
sulculosa, Phil.
tenebrosa, Mont.
tenuis, Phil.
varia. Sow.
ventricosa, Phil.

s s

VOL. I.

314

LITTOEINID^.

Sab-geD. MELAEAPHE, Mulilfeldt (Melaraphis, Stentz).

Shell thin, imperforate ; spire acuminate, whorls flattened,
usually transversely striated, and adorned with coloured mark-
ings ; aperture effuse anteriorly ; columella excavated.

Africana, Krauss.

minima. Wood.

angulifera, Lam.

nebulosa, Lam.

antipodum, Phil.

neritoides, Linn.

Araucana, UOrh.

parvula, Phil.

aspera, Phil.

Paytensis, Phil.

carinata, D'Orh.

Peruviana, Lam.

carinifera, Mke.

phasianella, Phil.

cincta, Quoy and Gaim.

picta, Phil.

cingulifera, Dkr.

pintado. Wood.

columellaris, D'Orb.

planaxis, JVtcU. ^

conspersa, Phil.

pulchella, Dkr.

decollata, Krauss.

pulchra, Swains.

Diemenensis, Qiioy and

punctata, Gmel.

Gaim.

puncticulata, Phil.

D’Orbignyana, Phil.

pusilla, Phil.

fasciata. Gray.

reticulata, Anton.

flava, Brod.

scabra, Linn.

Gundlachi, Phil.

striata. King.

guttata, Phil.

Syriaca, Phil.

intermedia, Phil.

tessellata, Phil.

Kynsnaensis, Krauss.

tigrina, D'Orb.

lineata, D'Orb.

undulata, D'Orb.

Mauritiana, Lam.

zebra. Wood.

melanostoma, Gray.

zic-zac, Chem.

Sub-gen. neritoides. Brown.

Shell turbinate, solid, imperforate ; spire very short, apex
obtuse ; outer lip thickened internally.

arctica, Moll.
irrorata. Say.

obtusata, Linn.

TECTARIUS,

815

Genus TECTARIUS, Valenciennes.

Operculum subcircular, paucispiral, with a broad, mem-
branous edge.

Shell turbinate, subconical, tuberculate or muricated,
axis imperforate ; spire acuminated; aperture oval, entire;
inner lip with a callosity anteriorly ; outer lip thin, striated
internally.

Syn. ? Hamus, Klem. Tectaria, GHe7\ Pagodus,
Gray. Pagoda, M^s. Gray. Pagodella, Swains.

Ex. T. pagodus, Linnaeus, pi. 33, fig. 2. Operculum,
T. pagodus, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, T. pagodus, fig. 2, c.

The aperture in this genus is ovate, and not pearly
within ; the axis is imperforate, the whorls are tubercu-
late or muricated, and the operculum is of few whorls.

Species of Tectarius.

affinis, D'Orh.

Antoni, Phil.
bicolor, Lam.
breviculus, Phil.
dilatatus, VOrh.
granosus, Phil.
granularis. Gray.
leucostictus, Phil.
miliaris, Quoy and Gaim.
millegrana, Phil.
inuricatus, Linn.
Natalensis, Krauss.
nodosus, Gray.

nodulosus, Pfeiff.
pagodus, Linn.
papillosus, Lam.
perlatus, Phil.
pyramidalis, Quoy and Gaim.
rugosus. Gray.
subnodosus, Phil.
tectum-persicum, Linn.
trochiformis, Lillw.
trochoides. Gray.
tuberculatus. Gray.
vilis, Mke.

316

LITTORINIDiE.

Genus echinella, Swainson.

Operculum circular, many-whorled.

Shell turbinately conoidal, axis more or less distinctly
perforated, whorls muricate or granulated; aperture ovate;
inner lip arcuate, edentulous, or with an obscure tooth-like
callus at the fore part ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Nina, Gray.

Ex. E. Cumingii,P^^7^)9/?^, pi. 33, fig. 3. Operculum,
E. Cumingii, fig. 3, a, 3, h.

In E. coronaria the tooth is inconspicuous, but the
axis is perforated, and the operculum is orbicular and
many-whorled ; the same characters are present in E. Cu-
mingii, which constitutes the type of the Nina of Gray.

Species of Echinella.

coronaria, Lam. granulata, Swains.

Cumingii, Phil.

Genus MODULUS, Gray.

Eyes on the middle of the tentacles.

Operculum orbicular, many-whorled.

Shell turbinate, depressed or trochiform, porcellanous,
axis perforate ; aperture oval ; inner lip with a strong,
plait-like tooth at the fore part ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Monodonta, Swains., not Lam.

Ex. M. tectum, Gmelin, pi. 33, fig. 4. Operculum,
M. tectum, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, M. lenticularis, Chem-
nitz, fig. 4, c.

RISELLA.

317

The eyes in Modulus are situated half way up the ten-
tacles, the aperture of the shell is not pearly within, and
the inner lip is furnished with a strong tooth ; the opercu-
lum, moreover, is nearly circular, and is composed of
several whorls.

Species of Modulus.

angulatus, C. B. Adams.
Candidas, Petit.
catenulatus, Phil.
cerodes, A. Adams.
disculus, Phil.

duplicatus, A. Adams.
lenticularis, Chem.
obliquatus, A. Adams.
tectum, Gmel.
unidens. Lister.

Genus RISELLA, Gray.

Eyes situated on the tentacles.

Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Shell trochiform, with a flat or concave base, axis imper-
forate, whorls flattened, the last angulated, often acutely
keeled ; aperture depressed, oblique, rhombic, dark or
variegated internally; outer lip acute, simple.

Syn. Bembicium, Phil.

Ex. R. lutea, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 33, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, R. melanostoma, Gmelin^ fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, R.
melanostoma, fig. 5, c.

This genus is known among the Littorinidce by its im-
perforate, top-shaped shell ; the absence of eye-peduncles
and lateral membrane of the foot, and the shell not being
pearly within, prevents it from being confounded with the
TrocMdce.

318

LITTORINIDtE.

Species of Risella.

imbricata, Gray.
livida, Phil.
lutea, Quoy and Gaim.
melanostoma, Gmel.

nana, Lam.

plana, Qiioy and Gaim.
vittata, Phil.

Genus LACUNA, Tiirton.

Operculigerous lobe winged at the sides and furnished
behind with two filaments.

Shell turbinated, solid or thin, subglobose or conical ;
spire short or somewhat produced ; aperture semilunar ;
columellar lip flattened, with a parallel, umbilical fissure ;
outer lip acute.

Syn. Temana, Leach.

Ex. L. divaricata, O. Fahricius^ pi. 33, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, L. pallidula. Da Costa, fig. 6, a, Q, b. Shell, L.
pallidula, fig. 6, c.

The Lacimee feed upon sea-weed, and Loven observes
that when the fucus is of a brown colour, the animals be-
come green, but if red, they assume a rosy tint. They
principally inhabit the shores of northern countries, and
species occur both in England and North America.

Species of Lacuna.

pallidula, Da Costa.
puteolus, Turt.

rufa, Da Costa.

FOSSAR.

319

Sub-gen. epheria, Leach.

Shell thin, usually with coloured bands ; spire rather elevated ;
inner lip thin, acute ; umbilical fissure linear.

alb ell a, Loven.
canalis, Mont.
carinata, Gould.
carinifera, A. Adams.
divaricata, 0. Fabr.

fasciata, Adams.
fragilis, Mke.
frigida, Loven.
glacialis. Mull.
quadrifasciata, Mont.

Sub-gen. medorta, Leach.

Shell conical, solid ; spire elevated ; peritreme dilated and
reflexed anteriorly ; inner lip thick, flattened ; umbilical fissure
obsolete.

crassior, Walker. solidula, Loven.

labiosa, Loven.

Genus FOSSAR, Adanson.

Tentacles furnished, internally, with a frontal lobe.

Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Shell semiglobose, whorls ribbed or cancellated, axis
perforate ; aperture semi-rotundate, entire ; inner lip
straight, edentulate, never callous ; outer lip acute, smooth
internally.

Syn. Fossarus, Phil. Maravignia, Aradas and Mag.
Naticella, Munster. Phasianema, 8. Wood.

Ex. F. ambiguus, Linncsus^ pi. 33, fig. 7. Operculum,
F. variegatus, A. Adams, fig. 7, a, 7, h. Shell, F. costatus,
Brocchi, fig. 7, c.

The great peculiarity of this genus is the fact of the
animal having two frontal lobes between the tentacles.

320

LITTORINIDiE.

The recent species are few in number, one is from Senegal,
two are from the Mediterranean, and the others are from
the Eastern Seas, and South America.

Species of Fossar.

abjectus, C. B. Adams
(Adeorbis).
ambiguus, Linn.
angiostoma, C. B. Adams.
bicarinatus, A. Adams.
clathratus, Phil.
costatus, Brocc.

Cumingii, A. Ada^ns.

excavatus, C. B. Adams.
foveatus, C. B. Adams.
megastoma, C. B. Adams.
pusillus, Gould (Tricho-
tropis).

reticulatus, A. Adams.
trochlearis, A. Adams.
yariegatus, A. Adams.

Genus ISAPIS, H. and A. Adams.

Shell umbilicated ; spire elevated, whorls rounded,
transversely ribbed and cancellated ; aperture ovate ;
columella slightly arcuated, with a strong tooth in the
middle ; outer lip simple externally, strongly lirate inter-
nally, margin dentate.

Ex. I. anomala, C. B. Adams, pi. 33, fig. 8.

This genus, of which but a single species is known,
is founded upon a curious little shell described by the
late Professor Adams as Narica anomala; the tooth in the
middle of the inner lip is the principal character which
distinguishes the genus from Fossar.

Genus LITHOGLYPHUS, Miillfeldt.

Tentacles subulate; eyes at their outer bases.

Operculum ovate, few-whorled.

Shell semiglobose, thick, solid; spire short, obtuse.

PLANAXID^..

321

whorls few, smooth ; aperture large, ovate, entire, peristome
continuous ; inner lip callous ; outer lip simple ; umbi-
licus rimate.

Syn. Lithoclyptus, Christ, and Jans. Paludestrina,
jyOrh. Lithoglypter, Fitz.

Ex. L. lapidum, pi. 34, fig. 1. Operculum,

L. naticoides, Ferussac, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, L. nati-
coides, fig. 1, c.

The typical species of this genus is from the river Da-
nube ; a few other species are inhabitants of the fresh
waters of South America, and have been described by

M. D’Orbigny under the name of Paludestrina.

Species of Lithoglyphus.

fuscus, Ziegl.
lapidum, D'Orh.
naticoides, Feruss.

piscium, D'Orh.
prasinus, Koch.

Fam. PLANAXID^.

Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (3*1 '3),
the outer lateral teeth conical, curved. Rostrum elongate;
tentacles subulate, with the eyes sessile at their external
bases. Mantle with a produced siphon in front ; gill in
several lines on the inner side of the man tie -cavity. Foot
simple, or furnished with tentacular filaments.

Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Shell with the fore part of the aperture emarginate.

Marine.

In general structure, as well as in their habits, the ani-
mals of this family most nearly resemble the Littori-

VOL. I.

T T

322

PLANAXINiE.

nid(B, but the presence of a siphon, and a distinct notch
at the fore part of the aperture, prevent their being asso-
ciated with that group.

Sub-fam. PLANAXINJE.

Sides of the foot and operculigerous lobe simple.
Operculum ovate, subspiral.

Littoral.

Genus PL AN AXIS, Lamarck.

Shell solid, ovately conical ; spire acuminate ; aperture
oblong, with a distinct notch in front ; columellar lip flat-
tened, smooth, truncate anteriorly, with a wide callosity
at the hind part ; outer lip thickened, grooved internally.

Ex. P. nigra. Lesson, pi. 34, fig. 2. Operculum,
P. sulcata. Born, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, P. sulcata, fig.
2, c.

The animals of this genus are marine and somewhat
amphibious in their habits, crawling on the stones near
the margins of pools left by the retiring tide ; some of the
species affect the vicinity of mangrove swamps, and may
be seen adhering to the roots above the surface of the
water.

Species of Planaxis.

acuta, Krauss.
areolata, Less.
atropurpurea, Recluz.
brevis, Quoy.
buccinea, A. Adams.
buccinoides. Desk.
cingulata, Adams.

circinata, Less.
labiosa, A. Adams.
lineata, Da Costa.
lineolata, Gould.
nigra. Lesson.
nigritella, Forbes.
nucleus, Lam.

QUOYIA.

323

obscura, A, Adams.
obsoleta, Mke.
pigra, Forbes.
planicostata, Sow.
semisulcata, Sow.

zonata, A. Adams.

sulcata, Born.
tgeniata, Phil.
undulata, Lam.

succincta, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. hinea, Gray.

Shell smooth, covered with a brownish-yellow epidermis,
whorls flattened ; outer lip thickened, and grooved internally.

Braziliana, Lam.
fulva, A. Adams.

laevigata, Leach.

Genus QUOYIA, Deshayes.

Shell solid, elongately conical; spire produced, the
apex decollated, whorls flat, the last subangulated ; aper-
ture small, semicircular, slightly notched in front ; colu-
mella smooth, rounded, truncate anteriorly, and with a
spiral, acute callus towards the hind part; outer lip
grooved internally.

Syn. Fissilabra, Brown. Leucostoma, Swains.

Ex. Q. decollata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 34, fig. 3.
Operculum, Q. decollata, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, Q. decol-
lata, fig. 3, c.

In this genus the anterior notch of the aperture is not
so distinct as in Planaxis, the columellar lip is not flat-
tened, and is furnished with a spiral, callous keel which
winds round the hind part.

324

LITIOFINiE.

Genus HOLCOSTOMA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, thin ; spire short, acuminate, suture chan-
nelled ; aperture obpyriform, posteriorly canaliculated,
anteriorly emarginate ; columella arcuate, smooth, with a
posterior callosity ; outer lip expanded, the margin
everted, posteriorly free and ascending on the body-
whorl.

Ex. H. piligerum, Philippi, ^\. 33, fig. 4.

The shell on which we have founded this genus differs
from Quoyia and Planaxis in being thin, and in the aper-
ture being furnished with a posterior canal which extends
up the last whorl ; it is covered with an epidermis cu-
riously adorned with rows of golden bristles.

Sub-fam. LITIOPIN^E.

Sides of the foot and operculigerous lobe furnished
with tentacular filaments. Operculum horny, of many
whorls.

Pelagian.

Genus LITIOPA, Rang.

Shell thin, horny, semipellucid, conoidal ; spire acute,
whorls rounded, the last large ; aperture oval, emarginate
anteriorly ; outer lip thin, simple, acute.

8yn. Bombyxinus, Belanger, Lesson.

Ex. L. melanostoma, Eydoux and Souleyet, pi. 34,
fig. 5. Shell, L. bombyx. Rang. fig. 5, a.

The singular little oceanic Mollusks which constitute
this genus have the power of spinning glutinous threads

RISSOELLID^.

325

by which they, occasionally, suspend themselves from the
stems of floating gulf-weed, among which they take up
their abode ; if the thread by any chance becomes di-
vided, the animal emits a bubble enveloped in a glutinous
secretion, which rises to the surface, drawing out threads
as it ascends, and finally becomes attached to the weeds
above.

Species of Litiopa.

bombyx, Rang.
decussata, Gould.
effusa, C. B. Adams.

melanostoma, Eyd. and Soul.
obesa, C. B. Adams.
striata, Bfeiff.

Fam. RISSOELLIDiE.

Lingual membrane with five series of teeth (2*1*2), cen-
tral teeth broad, crenulated ; lateral, two on each side, the
inner broad and crenulated, the outer small and hooked.
Rostrum divided into two tentacular lobes in front ; eyes
sessile on the bases of the tentacles, or on the head, far
behind them. Mantle simple in front.

Operculum annular, regular, with an internal process.

Shell elevately spiral ; aperture simple, or slightly emar-
ginate in front.

The lingual armature of this family shows an affinity to
the Littorinidce, and the bilobate mouth and absence of
retractile proboscis indicate them to be vegetable feeders.

Genus RISSOELLA, Gray.

Eyes on the head, far behind the tentacles ; tentacles
simple; lobes of rostrum elongate.

326

RISSOELLIDiE.

Operculum half-ovate, annular, nucleus near the inner
straight edge, with a central internal process.

Shell thin, spiral, conical or subglobose, transparent ;
aperture ovate, rounded and simple in front, peristome
thin, entire.

8yn. Jeffreysia, Alder.

Ex. R. diaphana, Alder, pi. 34, fig. 6. Operculum,
R. diaphana, fig. 6, a, 6, b, 6, c. Shell, R. glabra, fig. 6, d.

These curious little animals are found adhering to
floating sea-weeds, in pools between tide-marks ; their
eyes are situated so far behind on the head, that the trans-
parency of the shell seems to be essential to the vision of
the animal.

Species of Bissoella.

couica, C. B. Adams.
diaphana, Alder.
glabra, Alder.

globularis, Jeffr.
opalina, Jeffr.

Genus HYALA, H. and A. Adams.

Tentacles with fine setge at the summit; eyes sessile on
the centre of their bases.

Operculum thin, horny, simple, subspiral.

Shell thin, hyaline, spiral, subconical ; aperture ovate,
emarginate anteriorly ; outer lip thin, simple, straight.

EiV. H. vitrea, Mo7itagu, pi. 34, fig. 7. Shell, H.
vitrea, fig. 7, a.

The foot is simple behind, and there is no filament on
the margin of the operculigerous lobe. Were it not for
the persistent rostrum, the position of the eyes and general

RISSOID.E. 327

character of the shell would indicate Pyramidellidce to be
the best position for this genus.

Fam. mSSOIDJE.

Lingual membrane with the inner lateral teeth very
broad, the apices incurved, lobed; outer laterals dissi-
milar, all with denticulated apices. Rostrum more or less
adnate, below, to the fore part of the foot ; tentacles seta-
ceous, with the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases ;
neck-lobes none. Foot angulated in front, acuminate
behind ; operculigerous lobe with developed lateral expan-
sions, and usually furnished with a caudal, tentacular
filament.

Operculum horny, subspiral.

Shell generally white, spiral, more or less turreted ;
aperture usually simple in front.

Genus RISSOINA, D’Orbigny.

Operculum semilunar, subspiral ; muscular impression
longitudinal, with an elongated process before it.

Shell turreted, ribbed or cancellated, many-whorled ;
spire acuminate ; aperture ovate, effuse anteriorly, slightly
channelled in front; outer lip anteriorly dilated, thickened
internally.

Ex. R. Cumingii, Reeve, pi. 35, fig. 1. Operculum,
R. caelata, A. Adams, fig. \,a, 1, h.

The species of this genus are very numerous, and are
usually regarded as Rissox ; the mouth of the shell being
somewhat canaliculate d, and the peculiar operculum,

828

PJSSOIDiE.

which is furnished, as in Nerita and Rissoella, with an
internal appendage, serve, however, to distinguish them.

Species of Rissoina.

bellula, A. Adams.
Bruguieri, Payr.

Bryerii, Mont.
caelata, A. Adams.
cancellata, Phil.
cerithina, Phil.

Chesnelii, Mich.
clandestina, C. B. Adams.
clathrata, A. Adams.
costata, A. Adams.
Cumingii, Reeve.
decussata, Duge.
deformis, Soiv.
delicata, Phil.

D’Orbignyi, A. Adams.
dubiosa, C. B. Adams.
excavata, Phil.
fasciata, A. Adams.
firmata, C. B. Adams.
fords, G. B. Adams.
grandis, Phil.

Inca, I)' Orb.
insculpta, Recluz.

insignis, Adams and Reeve.
micans, A. Adams.
minutissima, Mich.
monilis, A. Adams.
nitida, A. Adams.
nivea, A. Adams.
nodicincta, A. Adams.
notabilis, G. B. Adams.
Phihppiana, Pfeiff.
plicata, A. Adams.
pulchra, G, B. Adams.
pusilla, Brocc.
pyramidalis, A. Adams.
scalarella, G. B. Adams.
scalariana, A. Adams.
scalariformis, G. B. Adams.
scalarioides, G. B. Adams.
semistriata, Phil.
spirata. Son).
striata, Quoy and Gaim.
striolata, A. Adams.
subangulata, G. B. Adams.
tridentata, Mich.

Sub-gen. zebina, H. and A. Adams.

Shell white, solid, opaque, polished, smooth or partially
striated ; outer lip thickened, often with one or more tubercles
internally at the fore part.

albida, G. B. Adams.

concinna, A. Adams.

RISSOA.

329

coronata, Recluz.
curta, Sow.
decussata, Sow.
eulimoides, A. Adams.

laevissima, C. B. Adams.
princeps, C. B. Adams.
semiglabrata, A. Adams.

Genus RISSOA, Freminville.

Opercular lobe with a single, distinct cirrhiis at the hind
part.

Operculum ovate, subspiral, simple.

Shell usually white, solid, conical ; spire pointed, many-
whorled, whorls convex, smooth or longitudinally ribbed ;
aperture ovate ; outer lip more or less dilated and thick-
ened externally.

Syn. Loxostoma, Bivon. Lamarckia, Leach. Ris-
soaria, Agass. Gonostoma, Muhlf.., not Held, Anatasia,
Gist.

Ex. R. monodonta, Philippi, pi. 35, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, R. labiosa, Montagu, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, R. la-
biosa, fig. 2, c.

In this genus the operculigerous lobe is furnished pos-
teriorly with a single cirrhus or tapering filament ; the
species are very numerous, and are usually of a white
colour ; they are found in all parts of the world, living
among sea-weed in shallow water.

Species of Rissoa.

aberrans, C. B. Adams.
albella, Loven.
arata, Phil.

bulimoides, C. B. Adams.
Caspica, Eichw.
castanea, Recluz.
cornea, Loven.

crassicostata, C. B. Adams.
elegans, A. Adams.

costata, Adams.

elongata, Phil.
exarata, Stimp.
excavata, Phil.
exigua, Mich.

VOL. I.

U U

330

RISSOIDiE.

fragilis, Mich.
granosa, Mich.
hyalina, Desm.
inconspicua, Alder.
infrequens, C. B. Adams.
Janus, C. B. Adams.
labiosa, Mont.
laevigata, C. B. Adams.
lilacina, Recluz.
lineolata, Mich.
monodonta, Phil.-
multicostata, C. B. Adams.
oblonga, Desm.
parva, Da Costa.
pigmaea, Mich.

pinnae, Krauss.
pulchella, Phil.
punctulum, Phil.
radiata, Phil.
rufa, Phil.
rufilabris, Leach.
scalaris, Mich.
solidula, Phil.
striosa, G. B. Adams.
stricta, Mke.
variabilis, Muhlf.
ventricosa, Desm.
venusta, Phil.
violacea, Desm.
vitrea, Phil.

Sub-gen. acme, Hartman (Zippora, Leach).

Shell aciculate, smooth or longitudinally ribbed, whorls very
numerous; aperture oval, entire; peritreme widely reflexed.

acicula. Sow. Drummondii, Leach.

auriscalpium, Linn.

Genus alvania, Risso.

Operculigerous lobe winged on each side, usually with
three caudal cirrhi.

Operculum simple, subspiral.

Shell ovate-acute, somewhat turbiniform ; spire short,
whorls rounded, usually cancellated ; aperture subcircular,
often crenate internally ; outer lip with a marginal
varix.

8yn. Persephona, Leach. Cyclostrema, Flem..^ not
Marry att. Turbona, Leach.

Oi^OBA. 331

Ex. A. abyssicola, Forbes, pi. 35, fig. 3. Shell, A. ca-
lathiscus, Montagu, fig. 3, a.

In this genus the shells are turbinate, with rounded
apertures and cancellated whorls, and there is a conspi-
cuous varix on the outer lip; the species appear chiefly to
abound along the shores of temperate countries.

Species of Alvania.

abyssicola, Forbes.
Beanii, Hanley.
calathiscus, Mont.
cancellata, Lam.
cimex, Linn.
costulata, Risso.
crenulata, Mich.
Europsea, Risso.
fenestrata, Krauss.

fulva, Mich.
Gouge ti, Mich.
grossa, Mich.
marginata, Mich.
Montagui, Payr.
sculpta, Phil.
striatula, Linn.
trochlea, Mich.
Zetlandica, Mont.

Genus ONOBA, H. and A. Adams.

Operculum ovate, simple, subspiral.

Shell elongated, whorls numerous, rounded, spirally
striated ; aperture oval, entire in front, peritreme conti-
nuous, thickened, straight or slightly everted.

Sgn. Turbonilla, Leach, not Risso.

Ex. O. striata, Montagu, pi. 35, fig. 4.

This genus includes a small group of elegantly-
formed shells, more or less partaking of the characters
of Rissoa, but their whorls are not longitudinally ribbed,
and the peritreme is not dilated.

332

mssoiD^.

Species of Onoha.

arctica, Loven.
bella, A. Adams.
multilineata, Stimp.
robusta, Migh.

striata, Mont.
tenella, A. Adams.
turriculus, Migh.

Genus BAELEEIA, Clark.

Operculigerous lobe simple ; foot slightly emarginate
posteriorly.

Operculum testaceous, subannular, under surface with a
raised rib, and a long, pointed, testaceous apophysis pro-
ceeding from the nucleus.

Shell turbinately conical, whorls tumid, smooth or
transversely striated ; aperture oval, entire, contracted be-
hind, rounded in front ; outer lip acute, simple.

Ea:. B. rubra, Adams, pi. 35, fig. 5.

The tentacles in this genus are short, broad, rounded at
the tips, and not setaceous ; the eyes are large, on infla-
tions at the outer bases of the tentacles ; the rostrum is
simple and not cloven ; the foot is emarginate behind,
and the opercular lobe is simple. The operculum is sub-
annular, as in Rissoella, and is furnished with a similar
appendage proceeding from the nucleus, which latter is
nearer the base than the centre. The position of the
eyes is similar to that of the other genera of Rissoidm,
and the genus seems to differ from Cmgula in the circum-
stance of the annular operculum, with its long, pointed
apophysis ; Rissoma has a similar appendage, but the
operculum in that genus is subspiral.

SETIA.

338

Genus CERATIA, H. and A. Adams.

Tentacles flat, rather short, claviform at the tip, clothed
with aciculate setae ; foot divided behind into two long,
distinct tails ; operculigerous lobe without a caudal
cirrhus.

Shell sub-cylindrical, spirally striated, white, semipel-
lucid, thin, whorls rounded, the last nearly as long as
the spire, suture deep, apex of spire obtuse; aperture sub-
ovate, peristome continuous, outer lip thin, acute, simple.

Ex, C. proxima, Alder ^ pi. 35, fig. 6.

This genus, founded on the Rissoa proxima of Alder, is
remarkable for the bifid nature of the hind part of the
foot, resembling, in this respect, the tail of Nassa.

Genus SETIA, H. and A. Adams.

Tentacles pilose ; foot simple behind ; operculigerous
lobe small, without a caudal cirrhus.

Shell thin, obovate, oblong, or subconic, sub-umbili-
cated, whorls few, ventricose, spotted ; spire short, apex
obtuse ; aperture suborbicular, narrowed behind ; inner
lip somewhat straight ; outer lip thin, simple, acute.

Ex. S. pulcherrima, Jeffreys., pi. 35, fig. 7.

In this small group, founded on the Rissoa pulcherrima
of Jeffi'eys, the opercular lobe is simple, the tentacles are
pilose, and the shells are umbilicated, with spot-like mark-
ings on the whorls.

334

RISSOID^.

Species of Setia.

fulgida, Adams.
pulcherrima, Jeffr.

soluta, Phil.

Genus CINGULA, Fleming.

Opercular lobe and caudal cirrhus indistinct or rudi-
mentary.

Operculum ovate, simple, subspiral.

Shell thin, elevately conical, smooth or transversely
striated, variegated or banded, whorls flat ; aperture pyri-
form or oval ; outer lip straight, thin, acute, not reflexed,
or furnished with a marginal varix.

Syn. Sabinsea, Leach.

Ex. C. cingillus, Montagu.^ pi. 35, fig. 8. Operculum,
C. cingillus, fig. 8, a, 8, h. Shell, C. cingillus, fig. 8, c.

Species of Cingula.

arenaria, Migh. and Adams.
cingillus, Mont.
concinna, C. B. Adams.
conica, C. B. Adams.
eburnea, Stimp.
inconspicua, G. B. Adams.
interrupta, Adams.

Isevis, Dekay.
latior, Migh. and Adams.
minuta, Gould.
modes ta, H. C. Lea.
nigra, Krauss.

paupercula, C. B. Adams.
porifera, Loven.
punctura, Mont.

Sarsii, Loven.
saxicola, C. B. Adams.
semicostata, Migh. and

Adams.

semistriata, Mont.
solida, C. B. Adams.
terebellum, C. B. Adams.
turrita, C. B. Adams.
unifasciata, Mont.

HYDROBIA.

335

Genus SKENEA, Fleming.

Operculigerous lobe with small lateral wings and a
rudimentary posterior cirrhus.

Operculum of few whorls, nucleus central.

Shell orbicular, spiral, depressed and discoidal, deeply
umbilicated, few-whorled ; peritreme circular, continuous,
entire.

Ex. S. planorbis, O. Fahricius, pi. 35, fig. 9. Oper-
culum, S. planorbis, fig. 9, a, 9, h. Shell, S. planorbis,
fig. 9, c, 9, d.

This small genus, known by its planorbular, depressed
shell, has the eyes on bulgings at the outer bases of the
tentacles, and the opercular lobe as in Rissoa ; the other
small, depressed British shells, usually associated with it,
appear to belong to the genus Cyclostrema of Marryatt,
not of Fleming, and constitute the Delpliinoidea of Brown.

Genus HYDROBIA, Hartman.

Operculigerous lobe simple.

Operculum subspiral.

Shell elongately conical, thin, smooth, covered with an
olivaceous epidermis, axis imperforate ; aperture oval,
peritreme continuous, outer lip acute, simple.

Syn. Leachia, Risso, not Lesueur or Johnst. Littori-
nella, Braun.

Ex. H. ulvae. Pennant, pi. 35, fig. 10. Operculum,
H. ulvse, fig. 10, a, 10, h. Shell, H. ulvae, fig. 10, c.

The species of this genus inhabit fresh or brackish
water and muddy estuaries ; the tentacles are subulate.

336

RISSOIDiE.

with the eyes at their outer bases; the operculigerous
lobe is simple, and the shells are thin and covered with an
epidermis.

Species of Hydrohia.

aculeus, Gould.
acuta, Drap.
anatina, Jeffr.
anthracina, Migh.
aiitipodarum, Gray.
badia, Gould.
castanea, Moll.
ciliata, Gould.
ciucta, Gould.
ciugulata, Midd.
corolla, Gould.
coronata, Pfeiff.
crystallina, Pfeiff.
Egena, Gould.
Ferussina, Desm.

gracilis, Gould.
Jamaicensis, C. B. Adams.
nigra, Quoy and Gaim.
parvula, Gould.
pornicta, Migh.

Preissii, Phil.
saxatilis, Moll.
scrobiculata, Moll.
spinifera, C. B. Adams.
spinulosa, Gould.
subumbilicata, Mont.
ulvee, Penn.
imicolor, Oliv.
ventricosa, Mont.
^'ealandise. Gray.

Genus AMNICOLA, Gould and Haldeman.

Shell thin, turbinate, covered with an epidermis, axis
perforated, whorls rounded ; aperture circular, peritreme
continuous ; outer lip simple, acute.

Ex. A. porata, Say, pi. 35, fig. 11. Operculum, A.
porata, fig. 11, a.

This genus comprises a suite of small fresh-water
Mollusks with thin, umbilicated shells having rounded
whorls ; the species appear to be most numerous in North
America ; the position of the eyes, which are stated to be
sessile at the outer bases of the tentacles, will distinguish
them from Paludinella, which they very much resemble
as regards the shell.

VIVIPARIDiE.

337

Species of Amnicola.

Cincinnatensis, Anthony.
grana, Say.
isogona, Anton.
limosa, Say.
lustrica, Say.

orbiculata, Lea.
porata, Say.

marginata, Mich.
Nichliniana, Lea.
obtusa, Whit.

Fam. VI VIP ARID

Tongue very short, armed with seven series of teeth
(3T’3) ; teeth laminar, longitudinal, ovate, apex recurved,
dentate on each side of the tips ; inner lateral tooth
broad. Rostrum moderate, entire ; tentacles tapering,
with the eyes on tubercles at their outer bases. Mantle
simple in front ; gill comb-like, single.

Operculum annular, regular.

Shell spiral, turbinate, covered with an epidermis ;
aperture simple in front.

The members of this family are fluviatile, inhabiting
lakes and streams ; the shells of most of them are dingy
brown, or covered with a green, horny epidermis ; they are
distributed nearly all over the world.

Genus VIVTPARA, Lamarck.

Animal with a small lobe on each side of the neck.
Operculum horny, annular, composed of concentric
elements around a central nucleus.

Shell thin, turbinated, umbilicated ; spire produced,
whorls round, smooth or carinated, covered wdth an oli-
VOL. I. XX

338

VIVIPARIDJS.

vaceous epidermis ; peristome thin, continuous, simple
anteriorly.

Syn. Viviparus, Montf. Paludina, Lam. Cyclo-
stoma, Oken, not Lam. Pleurocera, Blainv. Viviparella,
Omphemis, Oxytrema, Eqfin. Henterum, Huhn.

Ex. V. fasciata, Muller, pi. 36, fig. 1. Operculum,
V. fasciata, fig. 1, a, \,h. Shell, V. fasciata, fig. 1, c.

The Viviparcd inhabit the rivers and lakes throughout
the northern Hemisphere. The females are ovo-vivipa-
rous, and the young fry are not forsaken by their parent
until the end of the second month of their existence, by
which time the bands of cilia, which ornament their shells,
have disappeared.

Species of Vivipara.

angularis, Milll.
angulata, Lea.
atra, Villa.

Bengalensis, Lam.
bicarinata, Desm.
Boissieri, Charp.
Coosaensis, Lea.
costata, Quoy.
crassa, Nutt.
cyclostomatiformis, Lea.
dissimilis, Mull.
doliaris, Gould.
elongata, Swains.
fasciata, Mull.
gigantea, V. d. Busch.
Haleiana, Ijea.
Hamiltoni, Metcalfe.

inflata, Bens.
intertexta, Say.

Javanica, V. d. Busch.
lacustris, Beck.
lecythoides, Bens.
melanostoma, Bens.
nucleus, Thomp.
pyramidata, V. d. Busch.
quadrata, Bens.
Bemossii, Bens.
subpurpurea. Say.
Swainsonii, Morch.
tricarinata, Anton.
Troostiana, Lea.
unicolor, Oliv.

Warrenii, Shuttl.

PALUDOMUS.

339

Sub-gen. melantho, Bowdich.

Shell ovate, solid, axis imperforate, whorls simple; aperture
oval ; inner lip thickened.

contorta, Shuttl.
decisa. Say.
decollata, Sewasch.
fontinalis, Phil.
genicula, Conr.
Georgiana, Lea.
imperialis. Lea.

incrassata. Lea.
integra. Say.
obesa, Phil.
obtusa, Trosh.
patula, Brumati.
ponderosa. Say.
subcarinata. Say.

Sub-gen. laguncula, Benson (Bensonia, Cantr.).

Shell turbinated, subglobose ; aperture large, oblong, entire,
peristome interrupted ; outer lip somewhat reflected ; umbilicus
deep and tortuous.

pulchella, Beyis.

Genus PALUDOMUS, Swainson.

Animal with the mantle-margin fringed.

Operculum annular, nucleus subcentral.

Shell thick, subglobose or conical, solid, imperforate,
smooth or tubercular, covered with an olivaceous epider-
mis ; spire small, shorter than the aperture, apex often
eroded ; aperture ovate ; inner lip convex, thickened ;
outer lip acute, the margin slightly reflexed.

Syn. Hemimitra, Swains.

Ex. P. spurcus, Eydoiix and Souleyet, pi. 36, fig. 2.
Operculum, P. conicus, Gray, fig. 2, Shell, P. glo-
bulosus. Gray, fig. 2, b.

The mantle-margin in this genus appears to be fringed

340

VlVIPARIDiE.

or festooned, as in Melania, and the operculum is com-
posed of concentric elements arranged around a subcen-
tral nucleus. The species, for the most part, come from
India and Ceylon.

Species of Paludomus.

abbreviatus, Reeve.
acutus, Reeve.
bacula, Reeve.
bicinctus, Reeve.
bifasciatus, Reeve.
chilinoides, Reeve.
clavatus, Reeve.
conicus, Gray.
constrictus, Reeve.
decussatus, Reeve.
globulosus, Gray.
Gruneri, Jonas.
maurus, Reeve.

modicella, Lea.
nigricans, Reeve.
olivaceus, Reeve.
ovatus, Gray.
paludinoides, Reeve.
pbasianinus, Reeve.
punctatus, Reeve.
sanschauricus, Gmel.
spiralis, Reeve.
spurciis, Eyd. and Soul.
Stephanas, Reeve.
Zeylanicus, Reeve.

Genus TANALIA, Gray.

Operculum lamellar, with the nucleus near the front of
the outer edge.

Shell turbinate, solid, imperforate, whorls transversely
striated, muricated, or grooved, covered with a black,
horny epidermis ; spire short, obtuse ; aperture semiovate ;
inner lip usually flattened; outer lip with the margin
crenulated.

E.t. T. aculeata, Chemnitz, pi. 36, fig. 3. Operculum,
T. Gardner!, Reeve, fig. 3, «, 3, 5.

The operculum in this genus is remarkable for the
lateral arrangement of the elements, and the marginal

BYTHYNIA.

341

position of the nucleus. The species are from Ceylon,
where they inhabit ponds, mountain-streams, and water-
courses.

Species of Tanalia.

aculeata, Chem.
aerens, Reeve.
crinacea, Reeve.
dilatata, Reeve.
funiculata, Reeve.
Gardneri, Reeve.
Layardi, Reeve.

neritoides, Reeve.
picta, Reeve.
rudis, Reeve.
sulcata, Reeve.
Tennantii, Reeve.
imdata, Reeve.

Genus BITHYNIA, Leach.

Animal with a small lobe on one side of the neck.

Operculum shelly on the inner surface, nucleus sub-
central.

Shell turbinate, covered with a horny epidermis ; spire
produced, whorls rounded; peristome continuous, thick-
ened internally.

Syn. Desmarestia, Hartm. ? Subulina, Schmidt, not
Schum.

Ex. B. tentaculata, LinncEus, pi. 36, fig. 4. Opercu-
lum, B. tentaculata, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, B. tentaculata,
fig. 4, c.

The female is oviparous and deposits her eggs in a band,
attached to stones or the stems of aquatic plants ; when
she desires to deposit the ova, she seeks some smooth
place, and clears the surface with her mouth before com-
mencing ; the young are hatched in three or four weeks,
and attain their full growth in the second year.

342

VIVIPARID^.

Species of Bithynia.

balthica, Schmidt.
bulimoides, Oliv.
carinigera, Beck.
goniostoma, Nutt.
Micbaudi, Duval.
Orcula, Bens.

pulchella, Hutton.
rubens, Mke.

tentaculata, Linn.
thermalis, Lmn.
ventricosa, Gray.
viridis, Poiret.

Preissii, Phil.

Genus NEMATURA, Benson.

Operculum annular, ovate, thick, shelly, nucleus sub-
central, margin grooved. ^

Shell oval, compressed ; apex of spire rather acuminate,
whorls few, the last large and ventricose ; aperture nearly
orbicular, small, oblique, contracted, peritreme conti-
nuous, entire.

Ex. N. Deltae, Benson, pi. 36, fig. 5. Operculum, N.
polita. Cantor, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The species of Nematura are inhabitants of India and
the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, and are found
either attached to the under surface of floating leaves, or
crawling out of the water on the muddy margins of ponds,
leaving, as they progress, slender tracks behind them.

Species of Nematura.

glabrata, A. Adams.
minima, Bens.

coarctata, Lea.
Delte, Bens.

olivacea, A. Adams.
polita, Cantor.
puncticulata, A. Adams.
ventricosa, Quoy and Gaim.

VALVATIDiE.

343

Fam. VALVATID.E.

Lingual membrane with the teeth in seven series
(3'l'3)j the central teeth broad, with a hooked and den-
ticulated apex, the lateral lanceolate, hooked, and den-
ticulated. Rostrum produced ; tentacles cylindrical ; the
eyes sessile at their external bases. Mantle simple in
front ; gill plumose, exposed, the lamina pinnate, spirally
twisted, protected by a long, slender, respiratory lobe.
Foot bilobed in front.

Operculum horny, orbicular, spiral, many-whorled,
whorls with a thin, elevated edge.

Shell spiral, turbinate or discoidal, covered with an
epidermis ; aperture with the peritreme entire.

The species of this family are distributed throughout
the temperate regions of the globe, living in slow -running
rivers, ditches, and lakes.

Genus VALVATA, O. F. Muller.

Shell turbinate or discoidal, umbilicated, thin, whorls
round, simple or keeled, covered with a horny epidermis ;
aperture circular, peristome continuous.

8yn. Valvearius, Dum. Concinna, Hubn.

Eoo. V. cristata, Muller^ pi. 36, fig. 6. Operculum, V.
piscinalis, Muller^ fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, V. piscinalis,
fig. 6, c. V. (Tropidina) tricarinata, Lesueur, fig. 6, d.

The species of this small genus inhabit the ponds and
ditches of Europe and North America. When the
animal progresses, the delicate, retractile branchial plume
is projected over the neck. The female deposits her eggs

344

AMPULLARIID^.

in a single, coriaceous, spherical capsule, which is affixed
to stones or the stems of aquatic plants.

Species of Valvata.

contorta, MuU.
Guatamalensis, Morel.
humerosa, Say.
inconspicua, Gould.
mucronata, Mke.

naticina, Mke.
piscinalis, Mull.
pupoidea, Gould.
Schmidtii, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. gyeoebis, Fitzinger (Planella, Schlut).

Shell discoidal ; spire depressed, whorls rounded ; umbilicus
very wide and deep.

annellata, Mke. minuta, Drap.

cristata, Milll. pygmaea, C. B. Adams.

depressa, Pfeiff. spirorbis, Drap.

gemma, Ziegl.

Sub-gen. teopidina, H. and A. Adams.

Shell turbinate ; spire elevated, whorls rounded, carinated ;
aperture circular.

bicarinata, Lea. tricarinata, Lesueur.

Fam. AMPULLARITD^.

Lingual membrane with seven series of teeth (3*1 ’S),
central teeth acute, lateral, subulate. Rostrum divided
into two long tentacular lobes in front ; tentacles long
and filiform ; eyes on peduncles at the outer bases of the
tentacles. Mantle with a more or less elongate siphon on

AMPULLARIA.

345

the left side in front ; left gill rudimentary ; mantle -
cavity with a large pulmonary sac on each side. Rectum
not traversing the heart. Foot simple.

Operculum annular, regular.

Shell spiral, turbinate, covered with an olivaceous epi-
dermis ; aperture simple in front.

The Ampullariidce are fluviatile, and represent, in the
ponds and rivers of the tropics, the ViviparidaB of more
temperate climates. Although distinct gills exist, the
respiratory cavity is very large and partly closed, so as
to enable these animals to live a long time out of water ;
in fact, they appear to be truly amphibious, and to be
enabled to survive a long drought, and have been known
to revive after having been kept several years out of
water. The long siphonal tube appears to be formed by
the left neck-lappet, which is seen in the VivipariddB in a
rudimentary state.

Genus AMPULLARIA, Lamarck.

Respiratory siphon elongate.

Operculum horny, with an external shelly coat.

Shell globose, umbilicated ; spire small, last whorl
ventricose ; aperture oblong, entire, peristome continuous,
slightly reflexed, with an internal thickened rim or ledge.

Syn. ? Pila, Bolt., not Klein. Ampullarius, Monif.
Pomacea, Berry. Pachystoma, Guild., not Blum. Pa-
chylabra, Swains.

Ex. A. fasciata. Gray, pi. 37, fig. 1. Operculum,
A. ampullacea, Linnmis, fig. 1, T Shell, A. am-
pullacea, fig. 1, c.

In this genus the aperture of the shell has a thickened
callous ledge just within the peritreme to serve as a

VOL. I.

Y Y

346

AMPULLARIIDiE.

support to the thick, shelly operculum. The species
appear to be most numerous in the rivers of Africa and
India. Their eggs are large, and are contained in cap-
sules, usually of a greenish colour, disposed in masses,
and attached to plants under the water.

Species of Ampullaria.

ampullacea, Linn.
aperta, Phil.

Aulameri, Dev. and Hupp.
carinata, Swains.
crassa, Swains.
corrugata, Swains.
dubia, Guild.
eximia, Dkr.
fasciata, Gray.

Gevesensis, Desk.
lineata, Wagn.
oblonga, Swains.

orbata, Perry.
orientalis, Phil.
Orocconensis, Ziegl.
ovata, Oliv.
oviformis, Desh.
pallens, Phil.
polita, Desh.
puncticulata, Sivains.
pygmsea, Pecluz.
Sinamarina, Drug.
speciosa, Phil.
sulcata, Mouss.

Genus POMUS, Humphrey.

Siphon elongate.

Operculum horny, dextral.

Shell dextral, globose, widely umbilicated, last whorl
very large, ventricose ; spire short ; aperture entire, ob-
long, large, expanded, peritreme simple, always thin,
sometimes subreflexed.

Sy7i. Ampullaria, Guild., not Lam.

Ex. P. scalaris, D'' Orhicjny , pi. 37, fig. 2. Operculum,
P. urceus, Muller, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, P. urceus,
fig. 2, c.

The genus Pomus differs from Ampullaria in the ab-
sence of the thickened ledge within the peritreme for the

MARISA.

347

operculum, which latter, moreover, is entirely horny.
The species inhabit the lakes and rivers of warm coun-
tries, more especially those of South America and the
West Indies. In the dry season, they bury themselves
deeply in the mud, where they remain in a state of tor-
pidity, and on account of their possessing a pulmonary
cavity in addition to the gills, they are enabled some-
times to survive a considerable period after having been
removed from the water. The South American Indians
term them Idol shells,” and are said to hold them in
great veneration.

Species of Pomus.

Largillierti, Phil.
malleata, Jonas.
marginata, Jonas.
pap^^racea, Spix.
Rossii, D'Orh.
scalaris, D'Orh.
teres, Phil.
urceus, Mull.
zonata, Wagn.

angulata, Jonas.
balanoidea, Gould.
canaliculata, Lam.
Cecillii, Phil.
conica, Wood.
cj^clostoma, Spix.
decussata, Moric.
insularum, D'Orh.
intermedia, Feruss.

Genus MARISA, Gray.

Siphon elong-ate.

Operculum horny, dextral.

Shell dextral, depressed, discoidal, deeply and widely
umbilicated ; spire very short, whorls rounded ; aperture
suborbicular, entire, peristome thin, simple.

Sy?i. Ceratodes, Guild. Marissa, Menke.

Ex. M. cornu-arietis, LinncEiis, pi. 37, fig. 3. Oper-

348

AMPULLARIID.E.

culuiUj M. cornu-arietis, fig. 3, a, 3, Shell, M. cornu-
arietis, fig. 3, c.

The shells of this genus are more or less discoidal,
and, until the animal was made known by Guilding, were
often regarded as species of Planorbis.

Species of Marisa.

castanea, Desk.
cornu-arietis, Linn.
effusa, Mull.

fasciata, Guild.
luteostoma, Swains.
pachystoma, Phil.

Genus POMELLA, Gray.

Operculum horny, dextral.

Shell solid; spire short, whorls transversely striated,
the last very large ; aperture semi-ovate ; inner lip con-
cave, broad, flattened, peritreme simple, acute.

Ex, P. megastoma, Sowerhy, pi. 37, fig. 4. Oper-
culum, P. megastoma, fig. 4, a, 4, h.

The animal of this genus, of which but a single species
is known, has not hitherto been observed. The shell is
transversely grooved, of dense structure, and the colu-
mellar lip is peculiarly flattened. It is an inhabitant of
the rivers of South America.

Genus LANISTES, Montfort.

Operculum horny, sinistral, or with the nucleus on the
left margin.

Shell depressed, thin, sinistral, deeply and widely um-
bilicated ; spire short ; aperture oblong, entire ; inner lip
expanded over the last whorl, peristome simple, acute.

ASOLENE.

349

Syn. Lanites, Swains.

Ex. L. Bolteniana, Chemnitz, pi. 37, fig. 5. Opercu-
lum, L. Bolteuiana, fig. 5, a, 5, h.

The species of this genus are from the river Nile,
Zanzibar, and West Africa. The shell and operculum
only are known ; the latter is horny and nearly trans-
parent.

Species of Lanistes.

Boltenian’a, Chem. intorta, Lam.

Guineensis, Chem. Lybica, Morel.

Genus MELADOMUS, Swainson.

Operculum horny, sinistral.

Shell sinistral, thin, imperforate, covered with a dark
olivaceous epidermis; spire produced, acuminated ; aper-
ture oval, reversed, contracted and acute posteriorly,
entire in front, peristome thin, simple.

Ex. M. olivaceus, Sowerby, pi. 37, fig. 6. Operculum,
M. olivaceus, fig. 6, a, 6, h.

This genus, the animal of which is at present unknown,
differs from Pomus and Ampullaria in being sinistral
and turreted. It is an inhabitant of the rivers of Africa.

Genus ASOLENE, D’Orbigny.

Siphon not exposed.

Operculum horny, with an internal shelly coat.

Shell globose, solid ; spire small, whorls rounded ;
aperture oval, entire ; inner lip slightly thickened, peri-
treme simple, acute.

350

TURRITELLIDiE.

Syn. Ampulloidea, UOrh, Ampullaroides, Giay.
Asolen, Agass. Asolena, Herm.

Ex. A. Platae, Maton, pi. 37, fig. 7. Shell, A. Platse,
fig. 7, a.

The animal of this genus appears to be without the
respiratory siphon so conspicuous in the other genera of
the family. It is an inhabitant of the rivers of South
America.

Fam. TURRITELLID^.

Lingual membrane minute, very short, teeth in seven
series (3T‘3), each series consisting of a subquadrate
median tooth, with an incurved denticulated apex, and of
three similar, ligulate uncini on each side, all with
hamate, serrulated summits. Rostrum short, broad ; ten-
tacles long and subulate, the eyes slightly prominent on
their external bases. Mantle with a fringed margin,
obscurely siphonated at the right side ; branchial plume
single, very long. Foot very short, truncate in front,
rounded behind, grooved beneath ; operculigerous lobe
simple.

Operculum horny, circular, multispiral, edge of the
whorls fimbriated.

Shell spiral, many-whorled ; aperture simple in front.

This is strictly a marine group, the species ranging
from low-water mark to the depth of 100 fathoms; their
geographical distribution extends over most of the coun-
tries of the globe, one species being an inhabitant of
the British seas. In familiar language they are usually
termed Screw-shells,” on account of their peculiar
form ; in organisation, they appear closely to resemble
Melania and Cerithium. As many as 170 species occur

TURUITELLA.

351

in a fossil state in the Neocomian formation of Britain,
South America, and Australia, and one genus {Proto) is
altogether extinct.

Genus TURRITELLA, Lamarck.

Shell turreted, subulate, many-whorled, imperforate,
whorls rounded, spirally grooved, the suture deep ; aper-
ture orbicular, entire in front ; outer lip simple, acute.

Syti. Monoceros, Meusch., not Bloch or Lam. Xy-
lohelix, Chem. Terebellum, Brown, not Klein. Turris,
Humph., not Bolt. Terebra, Fahr., not Adans. Epi-
tonium. Link., not Bolt. Aculea, Perry. Turritellus,
Montf.

Ex. T. communis, Risso, pi. 38, fig. 1. Operculum,
T. terebra, Linnaeus, fig. 1, \, h. Shell, T. terebra.

fig- 1, c.

The shells in this genus are spotted and variegated,
generally with red brown ; the species inhabit all parts of
the world, being, however, most numerous in tropical
countries.

Species of Turritella.

annulata, Kien.
aquila, Adams and Reeve.
bicingulata, Lam.
cerea, Reeve.
ciugulifera, Sow.
communis, Risso.
cornea, Lam.
crocea, Kien.

Eschrichtii, Midd.
ferruginea, Reeve.
flammulata, Kien.

lentiginosa. Reeve.
maculata, Reeve.
nivea, Gray.
polaris, Beck.
punctata, Kien.
sanguinea, Reeve.
spectrum. Reeve.
terebra, Linn.
torulosa, Kien.
ungulina, Linn.

352

TURRITELLID^.

Sub-gen. haustatoe, Montfort.

Aperture sub- quadrangular ;
middle ; outer lip sinuated.

Banksii, Gray.
bicolor, Adams and Reeve.
Broderipiana, D'Orh.
canaliculata, Adams and
Reeve.

Candida, Reeve.
columnalis, Kien.
conspersa, Adams and Reeve.
Cumingii, Reeve.
goniostoma, Valenc.

Gunnii, Reeve.

Hanleyana, Reeve.
imbricata, Linn.

whorls with a broad groove in the

incisa. Reeve.
leucostoma, Valenc.
monilifera, Adams and Reeve.
multilirata, Adams and
Reeve.

nodulosa. King.
pagodus. Reeve.
radula, Kien.
rosea, Quoy and Gaim.
rubescens. Reeve.
sinuata, Reeve. ^
tigrina, Kien.
variegata, Linn.

Genus TORCULA, Gray.

Shell turreted, subulate, axis imperforate, many-whorled,
whorls transversely spirally grooved, the last angulated at
the periphery ; aperture sub -quadrate, entire and simple
anteriorly ; outer lip acute, sinuated in the middle.

Syn. Haustator, Gray, not Montf.

Ex. T. exoleta, LinneBus, pi. 35, fig. 2.

In this genus the last whorl is angulated at the base,
the form of the mouth of the shell is more or less square,
and the whorls are furnished with spiral grooves ; many
of the species exhibit a peculiar eroded appearance, and
are generally devoid of colour.

MESALIA.

353

Species of Torcula.

carinifera, Lam.
clathrata, Kien.
cochlea, Eeeve.

congelata, Adams and Reeve.
coiistricta, Reeve.

declivis, Adams and Reeve.
exoleta, Linn.
gemmata, Reeve.

Hookeri, Reeve.
vittulata, Adams and Reeve.

Genus ZARIA, Gray.

Shell imperforate, turreted, elongated, many-whorled,
solid, whorls keeled ; aperture ovate, produced in front;
inner lip with a thin, spreading callus ; outer lip acute,
sinuated in the middle, produced anteriorly.

Syn. Turritella, a, Schum.

Ex. Z. duplicata, Linnceus, pi. 38, fig. 3. Shell, Z.
duplicata, fig. 3, a.

The form of the mouth of he shell and the carinated
whorls serve chiefly to distinguish this genus, which
somewhat resembles Mesalia in the texture of the shell ;
the species are not spotted like those of Turritella.

Species of Zaria.

Kaysnaensis, Krauss.
replicata, Linn.
triplicata, Stud.

bacillum, Kien.
duplicata, Lin7i.
fascialis, Mke.

fastigiata, Adams and Reeve.

Genus MESaLIA, Gray.

Shell acuminately turreted, many-whorled, whorls con-
vex, transversely striated, the last rounded at the peri-
phery ; aperture orbicular, produced anteriorly into a

VOL. I.

z z

354

TURRITELLIDiE.

slight canal, the margin sinuated and reflexed ; inner lip
somewhat twisted and flattened ; outer lip thin, sinuated
posteriorly.

Ex. M. brevialis, Lamarck, pi. 38, fig. 4. Opercu-
lum, M. brevialis, fig. 4, a, 4, h.

This genus, founded on the Cerilhium Mesal of Adan-
son, most nearly resembles the fossil Proto of M. De-
france, but the fore part of the aperture is not so de-
cidedly notched, and the last whorl is rounded ; the
outer lip, moreover, is posteriorly sinuated in Mesalia.

Species of Mesalia.

melanoides, Peeve.
opalina, Adams and Reeve.
striata, A. Adayns.

brevialis, Lam.
decussata, A. Adams.
lactea, Moll.

Genus EGLISIA, Gray.

Shell elongately turreted, whorls numerous, rounded,
with obsolete longitudinal varices, suture depressed ; aper-
ture orbicular, small ; inner lip flattened, incrassated,
angulated at the fore part, not reflexed anteriorly ; outer
lip thickened internally.

Ex. E. spirata, Sowerhy, pi. 38, fig. 5.

The animal of this genus is not known ; the shells
somewhat resemble acuminated species of Scala, to which
resemblance the rudimentarj^ varices and cancellated
whorls contribute ; the species are few in number, and
are natives of Japan and the Indian Seas.

C^CID^.

355

Species of Eglisia,

Cumingii, A. Adams. spirata, Sow.

lanceolata, Reeve. ixiGoxmdJiOi, Adams and Reeve.

Fam. CMCIDM.

Lingual membrane short; teeth in two series (2-0-2),
central denticles none, the lateral uncini with the inner
one broad and serrulated. Rostrum long and flat ; ten-
tacles short, subclavate at the tips; eyes sessile behind
the bases of the tentacles. Mantle thick, fleshy, circular,
closely embracing the neck ; a single branchial plume.
Foot short, narrow, truncate in front, obtuse behind.

Operculum horny, circular, multispiral, concave, or
externally conical, edges simple.

The discoverer of the animal of this family, William
Clark, observes that it is not at all shy, but shows itself
in all its points, marching with great vivacity ; it appears
to have the greatest affinity with the VermetideB.

Genus C^CUM, Fleming.

Shell, when young, discoidal, when adult, decollated,
tubular, cylindrical, arcuated; aperture round, entire;
apex closed by a mamillated septum, marking the point
at which the original spire has been cast off.

Syn. Brochus, Brown. Odontidium, Bliil. Denta-
liopsis, Clark. Corniculina, CddCdXmm^ Macgitl.

Odontina, Zhorz. Odontostoma, Cantr., not UOrh.

Ex. C. trachea, Moiilagu, pi. 38, fig. 6. Shell, C.
trachea, fig. 6, a.

356

VERMETIDiE.

As may be inferred from the synonymy, this curious
little genus has puzzled many Zoologists ; among other
genera it has been referred to the Pteropodous Styliola,
and to the extinct, Cephalopodous Orthoceras ; there are
two British species, living in about ten fathoms water.

Species of C cecum.

diminutum, C. B. Adams.
eburneum, C. B. Adams.
firmatum, G. B. Adams.
glabrum, Mont.
laeve, (7. B. Adams.
laqueatum, C. B. Adams.

moiistrosum, C. B. Adams.
parvum, C. B. Adams.
pulchellum, Stimp.
pygmgeum, C» B. Adams.
trachea, Mont.

Fam. VERMETID^.

Lingual dentition — } Rostrum produced ; tentacles
short, triangular, eyes small, at their external bases.
Mantle with the margin entire, embracing the neck ; gills
enclosed in a line on the left side of the mantle-cavity.
Foot cylindrical, not serving for locom.otion, dilated, sub-
clavate, or truncated in front.

Operculum horny, circular, many-whorled, or wanting.

Shell irregularly twisted, tubular, attached, often regu-
larly spiral when young ; aperture round.

The Operculum is very large in Vermetus^ wanting in
Serpulorbis, very small in Blvonia, and singularly deve-
loped in Tenagoda.

Genus SIPHONIUM, Browne.

Operculum large, smooth, circular, concave; scar cen-
tral, circular, rugose.

VERMETUS.

357

Shell usually fixedj tubular, whorls often carinated, ir-
regular and tortuous ; aperture round, peritreme acute,
continuous.

Syn. Vermetus, part, Auct.

Ex. S. giganteum, Quoy mid Gaimard^ pi. 38, fig. 7.
Shell, S. carinatum, Quoy and Gaimard, fig. 7, a.

Like other members of this family, the animal of this
genus is unable to crawl or glide, on account of the shell
being fixed, and the foot, not being necessary for locomo-
tion, is, in consequence, rudimentary and obsolete.

Species of Siphonium.

carinatum, Quoy and Gaim. vetimloiixxm, Quoy and Gaim.

giganteum, Quoy and Gaim. Tonganum, Quoy and Gaim.

Genus VERMETUS, Adanson.

Operculum large, rather concave, whorls very thin,
with the external edge produced ; scar central, circular,
with close, regular, concentric grooves.

Shell tubular, conical, when young, usually spiral, when
adult, the whorls more or less disunited, the last pro-
longed and irregularly twisted ; aperture circular, peri-
treme continuous, acute.

Syn, Serpula, Scop., not Linn. Tulaxodes, Guett.
Scolissedium, Rein. Vermicularia, Lam. Vermicularius,
Montf. Conchoserpula, Blainv.

Ex. V. lumbricalis, Linnaeus, pi. 38, fig. 8. Opercu-
lum, V. Hindsii, Gray, fig. 8, a, 8, h.

The genus Vermetus was first made known as a Gas-
teropodous Mollusk by the researches of the illustrious

358

VERMETIDiE.

Adanson ; the species are inhabitants of tropical seas,
but at present are but imperfectly known.

Species of Vermetus.

annulus, Roiiss.
bicarinatus, Desk.
Hindsii, Gray.
lumbricalis, Linn.

Novae Hollandiae, Rouss.
Panamensis, Rouss.

quadrangulus, Phil.
radicula, Stimp.
spiratus, Phil.
tenuis, Rouss.
tulipa, Rouss.

Genus BIVONIA, Gray.

Operculum rudimentary, small, ? spiral.

Shell tubular, irregularly twisted, usually adhering in
masses ; aperture round, peritreme acute, continuous.

Syn. Vermicularia, /S'tAwm.

Ex. B. glomerata, Bivona, pi. 39, fig. 1. Operculum,
B. glomerata, fig, 1,«, 1, b. Shell, B. glomerata, fig. 1, c.

The operculum is red, convex in the middle, with a
thin, flat margin, and a central muscular scar; the shells
resemble SerpulXy are irregularly twisted and entwined
together in masses, often of considerable size ; there are
several species, inhabiting the Mediterranean.

Species of Bivonia.

decussata, Gmel.
glomerata, Bivon.
semisurrecta, Phil.

subcancellata, Phil.
triquetra, Phil.

CLADOPODA.

359

Genus SERPULORBIS, Sassi.

Foot truncate, radiated at the end, the front part pro-
duced into tentacular processes.

Operculum none.

Shell tubular, irregularly twisted, attached ; aperture
circular, peritreme acute, continuous.

Syn. } Lementina, Risso. Serpuloides, Gray, Ha-
tina. Gray.

Eob\ S. gigas, Philippi, pi. 39, fig. 2. Shell, S. gigas,
fig. 2, a.

The genus Lementina of Risso is most probably a
badly-observed and incorrectly-figured S. arenaria, an
inhabitant of the Mediterranean.

Species of Serpulorhis.

arenaria, Chiaje. . ino23erculata, Riipp.

dentifera, Quay and Gaim. variaiis, D'Orb.

gigas, Phil.

Genus CLADOPODA, Gray.

Foot elongate, front end simple, hinder extremity ob-
long, clavate, or subtruncate.

Operculum none.

Shell tubular, irregularly subspirally twisted, whorls dis-
united ; aperture round, peritreme acute, continuous.

Sy?t. Vermetus, sp. Quoy and Gaimard.

Ex. C. arenaria, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 39, fig. 3.
Shell, C. Quoyi, H. and A. Adams, fig. 3, a.

In this genus, the species of which are chiefly from

360

VERMETID^.

New Zealand, the operculum is wanting, and the foot is
produced and club-shaped, with the front part simple.

Species of Cladopoda.

arenaria, Quoy and Gaim. NOV80 Zealandise, Qiioy and

elegans, Quoy and Gaim. Gaim.

grandis, Quoy and Gaim. Qaoyi, H. and A. Adams.

Genus SPIROGLYPHUS, Daudin.

Animal forming a groove on the surface of other shells
or stones, covering it over with shelly matter, and forming
a tubular case.

Shell tubular ; apex subspiral, whorls disunited and
irregularly contorted, partly imbedded in stones or shells.

Ex. S. spirorbis, Dillwyn, pi. 39, fig. 4.

Many Zoologists consider the Spiroglyphus to be an
Annulose animal allied to Serpula, but of this there is no
positive proof. The young animal, when first hatched, is
covered with an ovate, regular shell, consisting of a whorl
and a half; it soon attaches itself to the surface of some
stone or other shell, in which it forms a canal, at first
shallow, but afterwards deeper.

Genus TENAGODA, Guettard.

Foot with the end truncate and circular.

Operculum cylindrical, formed of a horny lamina,
rolled spirally, about five times, on its axis.

Shell tubular, cylindrical, irregularly twisted ; apex
subspiral, whorls with an articulated fissure extending
along the upper part ; aperture circular.

OKUSTID^.

361

Syn. Siliquaria, Brug., not Forsk. or Gray. Siliqua-
rius, Montf. Agathirsesj Montf.

Ex. T. anguina, Linnxus, pi. 39, fig. 5. Operculum,
T. anguina, fig. 5, a, 5, h, 5, c. Shell, T. anguina, fig. 5, d.

This genus was formerly regarded as an Annelid ; its
Molluscous nature was first demonstrated by M. Audouin.
The typical species is found in the Mediterranean, im-
bedded in the Sponges with silicious spicula.

Species of Tenagoda.

anguina, Linn.
australis, Quoy and Gaim.
lactea, Lam.

IsBvigata, Lam.

muricata, Born.
polygona, Blainv.
rosea, Quoy and Gaim.
squamata, Blainv.

Fam. ONUSTID^.

Lingual dentition — ? Rostrum elongated, subcylin-
drical, tapering ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes sessile
on their outer bases. Mantle-margin simple in front ;
branchial plume single. Foot small, cylindrical, used for
jumping, not walking, divided into a front expanded, and
a hind tapering portion.

Operculum large, horny, subannular, right half free,
nucleus lateral, dextral ; muscular impression sinistral,
semilunar, extending the whole length.

Shell trochiform ; aperture simple in front.

When these animals progress, they scramble along like
the Strombs, and often extending and fixing the front
dilated part of the foot, draw the hind lobe up to it, and
then make another step, throwing forwards the shell at
every movement ; they cannot glide like most other

3 A

VOL. I.

362

ONUSTID^.

Mollusks, but the form of their foot is admirably adapted
to the nature of the fioor on which they live, which is
usually composed of the debris of dead shells.

Genus ONUSTUS, Humphrey.

Operculum sub -quadrate, elements elevated on the
upper surface at regular intervals, forming continuous
ridges radiating from the lateral nucleus.

Shell trochiform, depressed, whorls flat, with foliaceous
or stellated margins, covered with fragments of shells and
stones near the sutures and apex, periphery surrounded
with tubular spines or radiating processes ; umbilicus
wide and deep ; outer lip much produced above, receding
far beneath.

Ex. O. exutus. Reeve, pi. 40, fig. 1. Operculum, O.
exutus, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, O. Solaris, Linnceus^fi^. 1, c.

The thin, produced margins of the whorls, the wide
and deep umbilicus, and the very peculiar operculum,
serve to distinguish this genus.

Species of Onustus.

calculiferus, Reeve. Indicus, Mart.

exutus, Reeve. Solaris, Linn.

Genus XENOPHOEA, Fischer.

Operculum thin, ovate, elements simple, subannular,
nucleus lateral.

Shell trochiform, concave beneath, irregular, whorls
flat, more or less concealed by fragments of shells and
stones ; spire depressed ; aperture wide ; umbilicus small.

CALYPTRID.E.

363

Syn. Phorus, Montf. Xenophorus, Phil.

Ex. X. solarioides, Reeve, pi. 40, fig. 2. Operculum,
X. solarioides, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, X. trochiformis. Born,
fig. 2, c.

The ‘^Carriers” inhabit deep water, and are most
numerous in the Java and China Seas. Each species
appears to have its own peculiar method of collecting the
fragments of shells and stones which cover the ground
where it lives, and each cements to the outside of the
shell its particular kind of materials. The adventitious
pieces of shell are so disposed as not to curve downwards
beyond the edge of the shell so as to impede the progress
of the animal, but are usually placed with their concave
sides uppermost.

Species of Xenophora.

cerea, Reeve. solarioides, Reeve.

corrugata, Reeve. . trochiformis, Born.

pallidula. Reeve.

Earn. CALYPTMDJE.

Lingual dentition as in Capiilidcc. Head large, trans-
verse ; muzzle slightly produced, furnished anteriorly
with buccal appendages ; tentacles short, subulate, eyes
small, on bulgings at their external bases. Mantle con-
siderably developed, lining the shell, simple-edged in
front ; branchial plume single, placed obliquely across
the mantle-cavity. Foot flat, expanded.

Operculum none.

Shell patelliformj apex more or less spiral (in the

364

CALYPTRIDiE.

young regularly spiral) ; aperture wide, with an internal
testaceous appendage.

Like the animals of Capulida, the members of this
family carry and hatch their spawn under the neck, in
front of the foot. The simple nature of their pedal disk,
and the internal testaceous appendage of the shell, tend
to preserve them as a distinct group. The use of the
calcareous lamina, which is the first stage in the forma-
tion of a columella, is to support the viscera and separate
them from the foot or locomotive organ, as the Calyp-
tridce have greater powers of locomotion than the Capu-
lidce or the PatellidcB (Owen).

Genus CALYPTRA, Humphrey.

Foot large, sub -triangular.

Shell conical, sub-acuminated, supported upon a solid,
calcareous, basal plate ; apex subcentral, a little posterior,
with a minute, spiral nucleus ; aperture with the internal
appendage half-cup-shaped, open in front, on the posterior
side, attached to the apex.

8yn. Calyptraea, Lmn. Calyptrus, Montf. Calyp-
tria, Owen, Mitrularia, Schum. Lithedaphus, Litho-
lepas, Owen.

Ex. C. equestris, Linnmus^ pi. 40, fig. 3, 3, a.

Calyptra, like Cochlolepas, is furnished with a cal-
careous plate, secreted by the foot, by means of which it
is fixed to rocks and the under surface of stones, a dis-
covery made by Mr. Cuming, who found, on turning over
some large stones partly buried in the sand, several living
individuals affixed to the under side ; these specimens
were described as a new genus by Professor Owen under

CRUCIBULUM.

365

the name of Lithedaphus. The form of the internal tes-
taceous appendage, adhering at the base, with the sides
free, and semiconical, as if longitudinally divided, will
at once distinguish the genus from all the others of the
family; the surface of the shell is rugose or cancellated;
the species are found in all parts of the world.

Species of Calyptra.

cepacea, Brod.

chlorina, Gould.

cornea, Brod.

corrugata, Brod.

depressa, Adams and Reeve.

equestris, Linn.
planulata, C. B. Adams.
tectum-Sinense, Chem.
varia, Brod.

Genus CRUCIBULUM, Schumacher.

Buccal appendages obtuse and truncate ; foot circular.

Shell subconic ; apex subcentral ; aperture wide, with
the internal appendage entire and cup-shaped, attached
by one of its sides.

Syn. Biconia, Swains. Bicatillus, Swains. Caly-
peopsis, Brod.y not Less.

Ex. C. rugosum, Deshayes, pi. 40, fig. 4. Shell, C.
extinctorum, Sowerby^ fig. 4, a.

The species of this genus, which is distinguished from
Calyptra by the entire, cup-like inner appendage, are
generally found attached to other shells ; they are chiefly
natives of Western America and the West Indian Islands.

366

CALYPTRIDiE.

Species of Crucihulum.

auriculatum, Sow.
extinctorum, Sow.
fastigiatum, Gould,
hispidum, Brod.
imbricatum, Brod.
maculatum, Brod.
peziza, Gray.

radiatum, Brod.
rugosum, Desk.
spinosum, Sow.

Tonganum, Quoy and Gaim.
trigonale, Adams and Reeve.
umbrella, Desh.
undulatum, Mart.
Vanicorense, Quoy and

pileolus, D'Orb.
pileopsis, Quoy and Gaim.

Gaim.

Sub-gen. dispotjia, Say (Calypeopsis, Less).
Internal appendage entire, cup-sbaped, laterally adherent.

Adams and Reeve. striata. Say.

Genus TROCHITA, Schumacher.

Foot transversely oblong, bilobed at the middle in
front.

Shell orbicular, trochiform, more or less spiral ; apex
central, whorls convex, radiately rugosely plicate, axis
imperforate ; aperture wide, with an oblique, transverse,
subspiral lamina, simple on the columellar margin.

Syn. ? Luna, Klein. Infundibulum, lyOrh..^ not
Montf. Trochatella, Less., not Swains.

Ex. T. occidentalis. Gray, pi. 40, fig. 5. Shell, T.
radians, Lamarck, fig. 5, a.

The apex of the cone in this genus assumes a more or
less spiral form, and the internal lamina of the aperture
is partly twisted, and partakes of the character of a rudi-

GALERUS. 367

mentary columella. The species are principally natives
of the shrores of South America.

Species of Trochita.

Lamarckii, Desli. radians, Lam.

occidentalis, Gray. spirata, Forbes.

Snb-gen. haliottdea, Swainson (not Humphrey).

Shell umbilicated ; spire excentric, usually of two whorls, and
placed latero-posteriorly, whorls rounded, simple, not radiately
plicate.

comma-notata, Sow. dilatata, Sow.

Genus GALERUS, Humphrey.

Muzzle bilabiate, buccal appendages short, rounded ; a
slightly-developed plain-edged neck-lobe ; foot auriculate
in front.

Shell depressly conical ; apex vertical, produced, sub-
spiral, nearly central, whorls flattened, smooth, ribbed or
spinose; aperture deep, with the internal appendage entire,
subspiral, lateral, and adherent ; the columellar edge folded
back on itself, forming a false umbilicus ; the front edge
produced.

Syn. } Ancile, Meuscli. Mitella, JL Argenville^ Leach,
not Oken. Mitrula, Gray. Trochilla, Swains. Infundi-
bulum, J. Sow., not ILOrh. or Montf. Sigapatella, Less.
Siphopatella, Less.

Ex, G. Chinensis, Lmnceus, pi. 40, fig. 6. Shell,
G. Chinensis, fig. 6, a.

368

CALYPTRIDJi:.

The inner testaceous lamina is fixed at the outer mar-
gin, and free and recurved at its inner edge, where it
often is folded back and forms a false umbilicus, or it is
thickened, and forms a rudimentary columella.

SjQecies of Golems.

aberraus, C. B. Adams.
apertus, Brand.
aspersus, C. B. Adams.
Chinensis, Linn.
conchaguus, C. B. Adams.
conicus, Brod,
lichen, Brod.

mamillaris, Brod.
regularis, C. B. Adams.
serratns, Brod.
sordidus, Brod.
striatus, Brod.
unguis, Brod.

Genus CRYPTA, Humphrey.

Head large, transverse, depressed; foot rounded, slightly
truncate in front.

Shell ovate or oblong; apex posterior, oblique, sub-
marginal ; aperture elongated, polished within, the pos-
terior half covered by a horizontal testaceous lamina,
edge of lamina rather straight.

Syn. Crepidula, Lam. Crepidulus, Montf. Sanda-
lium, Schum. Proxenula, Perry. Lephyrobolus, Schlut.

Ex. C. aculeata, Chemnitz, pi. 40, fig. 7. Shell,
C. fornicata, Linncuus, fig. 7, a.

The chief locality for Crypta is South America, but they
also inhabit the West Indies, Australia, China, Senegal,
and the Mediterranean ; they are found adhering to the
rocks, and, according to Adanson, seem to prefer those
places where the sea beats with the greatest violence ;
some species, according to the same observer, adhere to

CRYPTA.

369

the shells which remain concealed in the sand ; they
often live in groups, attaching themselves to the outside
of each other’s shells.

Species of Crypta.

adspersa, Dhr.
adunca, Say.
arenata, Brod.
calyptrseiformis, Besli.
Capensis, Quoy.
cerithicola, G. B. Adams.
contorta, Quoy and Gaim.
convexa, Say.
costata, Sow.
costellata, Dkr.
excavata, Brod.
fornicata, Linn.

Goreensis, Gmel.
grandis, Midd.
incurva, Brod.
lineolata, Besh.

lingulata, Gould.
marginalis, Brod.
minuta, Midd.

Moulin sii, Mich.
nivea, C.B. Adams.
onyx, Soiv.

osculans, G. B. Adams
patula, Besh.
porcellana, Linn.
Peruviana, Lam.
rostrata, G. B. Adams.
rugosa, Nutt.

Rusei, Bhr.

Sitchana, Midd
solida. Hinds.
strigellata, Bkr.

Sub-gen. crepipatella. Lesson.

Internal lamina rounded, produced ; apex of shell lateral,
incurved, sub-terminal.

aculeata, Ghem.
Adolphei, Less.
dilatata, Lam.
dorsata, Brod.
echinus, Brod.

hepatica, Besh.
hystrix, Brod.
pallida, Brod.
rugulosa, Bkr.
strigata, Brod.

Sub-gen. ianacus, Morch (not Inachus, Hising. or Fabr.).

Shell depressed; apex postical, laterally inclined; internal
VOL. I. 3 b

370

CAPULIDiE.

septum with an impressed groove at the columellar margin,
edge of septum incised internally.

excisa, Phil.
exuviata, Nutt.
glauca, Brod.
Lessonii, Brod.
pedum, March.

plana. Say.
squama, Brod.
uncata, Mke.
unguiculus, Soiv.
unguiformis, Lam.

Sub-gen. ekg^a, H. and A. Adams.

Shell depressed ; apex lateral ; internal lamina flat, produced
anteriorly, with a tubular rib at the columellar margin.

plana, Adams and Reeve. Walshi, Herm.

Fam. CAPULIDiE.

Tongue-membrane winged on each side in front, teeth
arranged in seven series (3T’3), central teeth small and
broad, with the apex hooked, the lateral teeth long and
hamate. Rostrum lengthened ; tentacles subulate, with
the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases. Mantle simple
in front ; gill forming a single plume placed obliquely
across the mantle -cavity, laminae elongate, linear, partly
exposed. Foot folded on itself, the sides simple, ante-
riorly thin and strap-shaped, posteriorly^ thick, orbicular,
and concave.

Operculum none.

Shell limpet-like ; apex subspiral, in the young, re-
gularly spiral ; aperture with the interior simple ; mus-
cular impression horse -shoe shaped.

These animals are said to feed on the sea-weed that

CAPULUS.

371

grows around them, and on small marine organisms ; they
are inhabitants of nearly all the countries of the world,
and appear to be possessed of but limited locomotion,
being generally observed adhering to stones and to other
shells, the margins of the aperture becoming modified ac-
cording to the surface on which they live, as in the genus
Capulus ; sometimes, however, they wear away the space
beneath their foot, forming shallow excavations, as in
Amalthea ; or they secrete a shelly base by means of the
same organ, as in Cochlolepas. The egg-cases in this
family are membranous, and are attached in a tuft at the
front of the foot under the neck.

Genus CAPULUS, Montfort.

Mantle fringed at the margin ; foot strong, orbicular,
sides plain.

Shell conical ; surface striated, usually covered with a
horny epidermis; apex inclined posteriorly, recurved,
sub-spiral ; aperture dilated.

Syn. Pileopsis, Lam, Galerita, Brongn. Actita, Fisch.
Spiracella, Rang (young). Acroculia, Phillips.

Ex. C. Ungaricus, Linnmus, pi. 41, fig. 1. Shell,
C. Ungaricus, fig. 1, a.

In Capulus the mantle-margin is fringed, and the foot
is circular; the animal is rather sluggish and sedentary,
and sometimes secretes an imperfect shelly disk from its
foot, showing its affinity to Cochlolepas. The name Ga-
lerita has priority over that of Capulus^ but had been
previously applied by Fabricius to a genus of Beetles.

372

CAFULIDiE.

Species of Capiilus.

militaris, Linn.
paleaceus, Mke.
pilosus, Desli.

radiatus, Sars.
sagittiferus, Gould.
Ungaricus, Linn.

Sub-gen. thyca, H. and A. Adams.

Shell crystalline, acutely conical, slightly curved, longitudi-
nally grooved ; parasitic on star-fishes.

astericola, Adams and Eeeve. crystallinus, Gould.

' Genus AMATHINA, Gray.

Head elongated ; eyes sessile on the posterior lateral
margins behind the tentacles ; tentacles short, obtuse ;
mantle-margin entire, a tentacular median filament at the
hind part.

Shell somewhat depressed, surface with prominent, di-
verging, longitudinal ribs ; apex recurved posteriorly and
contorted ; aperture large, expanded, oblong, emarginate
anteriorly.

Ex. A. tricarinata, Chemnitz, pi. 41, fig. *2, 2, a.
Shell, A. tricarinata, fig. 2, h.

Amatliina differs from Capulus in having prominent
longitudinal ridges in front of the shell, which is never
covered with epidermis. The animal, which we have
examined from a specimen in spirits, in Mr. Cuming’s
collection, has a very long head, with the eyes sessile at
the sides behind the base of the tentacles, and there is a
peculiar tapering filament, situated centrally, at the pos-
terior extremity of the mantle.

AMALTHEA.

373

Genus COCHLOLEPAS, Klein.

Sole of foot with a crescentic muscular impression.

Shell thick, obliquely conical ; apex posterior, non-
spiral ; muscular impression of the foot on a shelly plate
distinct from the substratum.

Sy7i. Hipponyx, Deft'. Cochlearia, Kleiti, not Linn.
or Munst.

Ex. C. radiata. Quay and Gaimard, pi. 41, fig. 3.
Shell, C. antiquata, Linnmus^ fig. 3, «, 3, h.

This genus is known from Amalthea of Schumacher by
the distinct shelly base formed by the foot of the animal,
which leaves an impression of a horse-shoe shape, similar
to that of the mantle on the shell. The species occur,
usually attached to living shells, in the Eastern Seas and
in Western America.

Species of Cochlolepas.

acuta, Qiioy and Gaim.
antiquata, Linn.
barbata. Sow.
foliacea, Quoy and Gaim.
granulosa, A Adams.

imbricata, Gould.
radiata, Quoy and Gaim.
subrufa. Mart.

Ticaonica, Sow.
trigona, Gmel.

Genus amalthea, Schumacher.

Buccal appendages moderate, slightly exserted ; sole of
foot with a crescentic muscular impression.

Shell pointed, conical ; apex posterior, non-spiral ;
aperture wide, oval ; muscular impression of foot on the
substratum itself.

Syn. Sabia, Gray.

Ex. A. australis, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 41, fig. 4.

374

VANIKOEIDiE.

A. conica, Schumacher^ fig. 4, a. Shell, A. conica, fig.
4, h, 4, c.

This genus is like Cochlolepas, but it simply excavates
with its foot a superficial cavity in the surface of the shell
or stone on which it fixes itself, not forming a shelly
plate distinct from the substratum.

Species of Amaltliea.

australis, Quop and Gaim, Panamensis, (7. B. Adams,

conica, Schum.

Fam. VANIKORIDiE.

Lingual dentition — ? Rostrum moderate ; tentacles
elongate, subulate, dilated in the middle ; eyes sessile on
the outer bases of the tentacles. Mantle-margin included,
simple in front. Foot small, circular, with a dilated,
membranous, wing-like expansion on each side, and pro-
duced in front into a narrow, strap-shaped, truncated
lobe.

Operculum thin, horny, ovate, nonspiral.

Shell white, spiral, last whorl large ; aperture entire in
front.

These animals are littoral in their habits, being found
adhering to stones at low-water. (Cuming.) In their
general appearance the shells resemble those of the Ve-
lutinidcE, but the animal is very different.

Genus VANIKORO, Quoy and Gaimard.

Shell thin, white, spiral, often covered with a velvety
epidermis ; spire short, whorls few, rounded, irregularly

VANIKORO.

375

ribbed, cancellated or spirally striated ; axis perforated,
umbilicus ending in a distinct, arched canal behind the
inner lip ; inner lip simple ; aperture semilunar, more or
less modified by the last whorl.

8yn. Merria, Gray. Narica, Recluz. Nioma, Gray.
Leucotis, Swains. Vanicoro, Gray.

Ex. V. cancellata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 41, fig. 5,
5, a. Operculum, V. cancellata, fig. 5, h, 5, c. Shell,
V. cancellata, fig. 5, d.

This genus was named by the Naturalists of the Astro-
labe” after Vanikoro, one of the Pacific Islands, where
they first discovered it ; afterwards, however, they errone-
ously regarded it as a Sigaretus.

Species of Vanikoro.

acuta, Eeclwz.

Blainvilliana, Recluz.
cancellata, Chem.
cidaris, Recluz.
clathrata, Recluz.

Cumin giana, Recluz.
Cuvieriana, Recluz.
Deshayesiana, Recluz.
distans, Recluz.

Gaimardi, H. and A. Adams

(Quoyi, A. Adams).
granulosa, Recluz.
Gueriniana, Recluz.
helicoidea, Le Guillou.

lamellosa, D'Orh.
ligata, Recluz.
Mauritiae, Recluz.
Orbignyana, Recluz.
Petitiana, Recluz.
plicata, Recluz.

Quoyi, Recluz.
rosea, Recluz.
rugata, A. Adams.
sigaretiformis, Potiez.
Souleytiana, Recluz.
striata, D'Orb.
sulcata, D'Orh.

376

SCUTIBRANCHIATA.

Genus NERITOPSIS, Grateloupe.

Shell spiral, obovate, white, solid ; spire short, whorls
rounded, cancellated ; aperture semilunar ; inner lip thick,
rather flat, with a large, square notch in the middle ; outer
lip internally thickened and grooved.

8yn» Radula, Gray, not Klein.

Ex. N. radula, LinncBiis, pi. 41, fig. 6.

The animal of this genus is not known, but from the
peculiar white appearance and sculpture of the shell it
appears to belong to this family ; from the operculum
never having been met with, it is probably very thin, and
has escaped the notice of collectors. The recent species
is from the Pacific, and there are about twenty fossil
species.

Order SCUTIBRANCHIATA.

Gill consisting of two series of lamellee, forming one or
two series over the back of the neck, or on the under edge
of the mantle, round the foot. Animal hermaphrodite.
Shell spiral, or symmetrical and conical.

The Scutibranchiate Gasteropods comprise a vast as-
semblage of Mollusks, all marine, and chiefly littoral in
their habits, living upon the sea-weed covering the rocks
along the shore. They are hermaphrodite and self-im-
pregnating, the sexes not being separate in different in-
dividuals, as in the Pectinibranchs. In the Neritidae,
Trocliidm, and Fissurellid(B the heart is traversed by the
rectum, while in the Tecturidce, Gadiniidm, Patellidae,
and Chitonidae, the heart is separate from the rectum.

PODOPHTHALMA.

377

Some of the families have the eyes on peduncles separate
from the tentacles, and the sides of the foot furnished
with a continuous fringe bearing tentacular filaments, as
the Trochidm ; the Neritidce have pedunculated eyes,
but want the lateral fringe ; while in the FissurelUdm the
eyes are sessile, and the lateral fringe is rudimentary.
The gills are usually in one or two series over the back
of the neck, but in the Patellidad and Chitonid<B they
are under the edge of the mantle round the foot. The
shell is spiral in the Neritidce and Trocliidce ; patelliform
in the Fissurellidce, Gadiniidce, Tecturidce, and PateU
lidce; and composed of several pieces in the Chitonidce.

Sub-order PODOPHTHALMA.

Eyes pedicelled, pedicels separate from the tentacles ;
teeth numerous, the lateral uniform, very numerous,
crowded. Shell and operculum spiral.

Fam. NERITTDdE.

Lingual dentition very similar to that of the Trocliidce,
the central teeth few, the lateral hooks, or uncini, very
numerous. Head with a broad, short muzzle ; tentacles
slender and subulate, with the eyes on stout peduncles
at their outer bases; no head-lobes or neck-lappets.
Foot oblong, triangular, the sides simple, without fila-
ments or lateral membrane.

Operculum articulated, shelly, sub-spiral.

Shell depressed or oval, not umbilicated ; spire very
short, cavity simple, from the absorption of the inter-

3 c

VOL. I.

378

NERITIDiE.

nal portions of the whorls ; aperture semi-ovate, not
pearly within.

In this tribe of Scutibranchiate Mollusks the sides
of the foot are without membranous fringes and tenta-
cular filaments, the animal is not voluminous, and the
foot is small and never envelopes the shell ; in their
dental system they resemble the TrochidcB^ as also in
their muzzle-shaped heads and pedunculated eyes.
They are littoral animals, inhabiting the stones and
rocks along the shore, feeding on the algae that abound
in that situation. They appear to be more active during
the night, resembling, in this respect, the Patellidae ,
which are said to enjoy considerable locomotive powers
at that time.

Genus NERITA, Linnaeus.

Animal with the mantle-margin festooned.

Operculum horny, solid, with a shelly coat on each
side, the outer surface usually granular, when smooth,
with circular grooves, the edge channelled.

Shell generally solid, thick, semi-globose, smooth or
spirally grooved, often covered with a horny epidermis;
aperture semilunar; inner lip broad, flattened, the front
edge straight, with a few very prominent teeth ; outer
lip thickened, dentate, crenulate or grooved internally.

8yn. Odontostoma, Klein, not U’Orh. Neritarins,
Dum.

Ex. N. polita, Linnmus, pi. 42, fig. 1. Operculum,
N. polita, fig. a, 1, h. Shell, N. polita, fig. 1, c.

The Nerites proper may be known at once from the
sub-genera by the septiform plane of the inner lip
being smooth or nearly smooth. All the species are

NERITA.

379

marine, and they are principally inhabitants of warm
and tropical countries ; they are littoral in their habits,
living on the rocks and stones, and are said to be
most active during the night, when they roam about,
feeding on the algae ; their eggs are ovate, covered with
a horny skin, and attached to other shells.

Species of Nerita.

Aurora, Dkr.
australis, Gra^.

Chemnitzii, Recliiz.
dens-sanguineus, Chem.
Doreyana, Quoy and Gaim.
fasciata, Meusch.
flava, Meusch.
flavescens, Chem.

Forskaalii, Recluz.

Georgina, Recluz.
Guamensis, Quoy and Gaim.
hieroglyphica, Chem.
histrio, Linn.

incerta, V. d. Busch.
insculpta, Recluz.
Kiset, Adanson.
lineata, Linn.
olivaria, Le Guillou.
Orbignyana, Recluz.
Pacifica, Recluz.
Peruviana, Phil.
polita, Limi.
radiata, Recluz.
Kumphii, Recluz.
tenebrosa, Recluz.
Umlaasia, Krauss.

Sub-gen. pila, Klein (Peloronta, Oken).

Septiform plane of inner lip rugose ; outer lip internally
dentate.

antiquata, Recluz.
aurantia, Recluz.
chrysostoma, Recluz.
corrosula, Recluz.
costata, Gmel.
costulata, V. d. Busch.
crassa, Gould.
Essingtoni, Recluz.
flammulata, Recluz.

grossa, Limi.

Lagar, Adanson.

Le Guillouana, Recluz.
maculifera, Le Guillou.
maxima, Chem.
multijugis, Mke.
musiva, Gould.

Novae Guineae, Less.
Novae Hiberniae, Less.

380

KERITIDiE.

ornata, Soiv.
Papuan a, Recluz.
pelorouta, Linn.
plicata, Linn.
scabricosta, Lam.
Selot, Adanson.

striata, Martyn.
trifasciata, Le Guillou.
undulata, Gmel.
variegata, Chem.
venusta, Dkr.

Winteri, Phil.

Sub-gen. theliostyla, Morch.
Septiform plane of inner lip granular or tubercular.

albicella, Linn.
antbracina, V. d. Busch.
Argus, Recluz.
atrata, Chem.

Bernbardi, Recluz.
bizonalis, Lam.
Cbamaeleon, Linn.
cblorostoma, Lam.
diversicolor, Martyn.
Dombeyi, Recluz.
Dumar, Adanson.
exuvia, Linn.
fulgurans, Gmel.
Largillierti, Phil.
Longii, Recluz.

marginata, Gmel.
morio. Sow.
nigerrima, Chem.
ocellata, Le Guillou.
oryzarum, Recluz.
petecbialis, Meusch.
picea, Recluz.
planospira, Anton.
plexa, Chem.
reticulata, Karsten.
squammulata, Le Guillou.
Tadin, Adanson.
varia, Meusch.

Yoldii, Recluz.

Genus NERITELLA, Humphrey.

Operculum testaceous, the outer surface smooth, with
two apophyses, the upper shorter, sometimes dilated
and crested, the lateral in the form of an arched rib.

Shell globose, oval, turriculated or conical, thin, often
depressed, covered with a horny epidermis ; aperture
semilunar ; inner lip straight, flattened, the margin
smooth or denticulated ; outer lip simple internally.

NERITELLA.

381

Syn. Neritina, Lam. Clypeolum, Recluz. Nereina,
Crist, and Jan. Lamprostoma, Rajin., not Swains.
Chernites, Gistel.

Ex. N. pulligera, Linnceus, pi. 42, fig. 2. Operculum,
N. pulligera, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell, N. pulligera, fig.

2, c.

The Neritellw are tolerably numerous in species ;
they are inhabitants of fresh water, and are usually
covered with an epidermis ; some among them are
found crawling on the stones in shallow water, others
live in deeper water, half buried in the mud, some in
brackish, and others even in salt water; some are
amphibious, clinging to the roots of Nipah palms and
other trees on the margins of rivers, while a few in-
habit the foliage of tall trees that overhang ponds
and rivulets. The genus Neritella^ as restricted, is
characterised by the shell being transverse, elliptical,
or hemispherical ; the spire lateral or none ; the inner
lip septiform, flattened, and. striolate, with the margin
finely denticulate : with one or two exceptions, they
are not found in the frigid or temperate zones, but are
extensively distributed in every other part of the world.

Species of Neritella.

asperulata, Recluz.

porcata, Gould.
Powisiana, Recluz.
pulligera, Linn.
punctulata, Lam.
Eossmassleriana, Recluz.
rubella, Mull.
sanguinea. Sow.
squamaepicta, Recluz.

Beckii, Recluz.
bicanalis, Rhil.
canalis. Sow.

cholerica, Gould.
Knorri, Recluz.
labiosa, Sow.

pennata. Born.
Petitii, Recluz.

382

JS^ERITIDiE.

Sub-gen. neeitina, Swainson (Clitbon, Recluz).

Shell globular, oval or turriculated, smooth or spirally striated,
often adorned with vivid and varied colours ; inner lip septiform,
crenulated, rarely simple.

Adansoniana, Recluz.

nux, Brod.

afhnis, Recluz.

Oualaniensis, Less.

apiata, Recluz.

Pfeifferi, Recluz.

arctilineata. Sow.

phasiana, Recluz.

aterrima, Phil.

plumbea, Recluz.

bella, Phil.

ramosa, Meusch

cassiculum. Sow.

reclinata, Say.

chrysocolla, Gould.

Royssii, Recluz.

Cochinsinse, Recluz.

Sayan a, Recluz.

communis, Quoy.

semiconica, Lam.

cornea, Linn.

serrulata, Recluz.

Cumingiana, Recluz.

Smithii, Gray.

Cuvieriana, Recluz.

sobrina, Recluz.

Desmoulinsiana, Recluz.

strigillata, Recluz.

dubia, Chem.

striolata, Recluz.

elegantissima, V. d. Busch.

triangularis, Meusch.

Gaimardii, Souleyet.

tristis, D'Orh.

gagates, Lam.

turbida. Morel.

granis. Morel.

turrita, Chem.

Guerinii, Recluz.

variegata. Less.

Jovis, Recluz.

vestita, Souleyet.

Listeri, Pfeiff.

Waigiensis, Less.

litturata, Recluz.

Wallisiarum, Recluz.

lugubris, Lam.

Webbei, Recluz.

microstoma, D'Orh.

Zealandica, Recluz.

Moquiniana, Recluz.
nebulata, Recluz.

zebra, Brug.

Sub-gen. vitta, Klein (Theodoxus, Montf. Elea, Ziegl.).

Shell transverse, smooth or nearly smooth ; spire lateral, in-
clined over the aperture, more or less prominent; inner lip

NERITELLA.

383

usually flat, with the margin simple or denticulated ; operculum
uniform, without coloured zones.

Anatensis, Uecluz.
Bensoni, Recliiz.
Boetica, Lam.
Bourguignati, Recluz.
callosa. Desk.
Ceylanensis, Recluz.
chlorina. Link.
Colombana, Recluz.
cornucopia, Bens.
Danuhialis, Linn.
elliptica, Le Guillou.
elongatula. Morel.
fluviatilis, Linn.
intexta. Villa.
inquinata. Morel.
Jayana, Recluz.
Matoniana, Risso.
meridionalis, Phil.
minima, Le Guillou.
Mittreana, Recluz.
nigrita, Ziegl.
Numidica, Recluz.

Panayana, Recluz.
Peloponensis, Recluz.
Perotitiana, Recluz.
picta, Soiv.
Prevostiana, Ferus.
pulchella, Wood.
pupa, Linn.

Bangiana, Recluz.
reticularis. Sow.
serratilinea, Sow.
siderea, Gould.
Siquijorensis, Recluz.
strangulata, Muhlf.
succinea, Recluz.
thermalis, Bouhe.
trabalis, Meusch.
transversalis, Ziegl.
trifasciata, Mke.
turricula, Mke.
virginea, Linn.
viridis, Linn.
zebrina, Recluz.

ohtusa, Bens.

Sub-gen. dostia. Gray (Sandaliformes, Mitrula, Mke.).

Shell slipper-shaped, solid ; apex entirely posterior, rolled in a
half-turn on the side ; peritreme continuous and free ; inner lip
septiform, the margin united to the inner portion of the peri-
treme, slightly arched in the centre, and denticulated.

crepidularia, Lam. ovalis. Sow.

depressa, Bens. Phrygia, Meusch.

exaltata, Recluz. pileolus, Recluz.

melanostoma, Trosch. Touraunensis, Souleyet.

384

NERITID^.

Sub-gen. altma, Recluz.

Shell depressed, sub-orbicular, with the upper extremity of
the outer margin prolonged into a lateral wing; spire sub-
posterior and lateral ; inner lip septiform, margin finely
denticulate.

eequinoctialis. Morel.
Bahiensis, Fhil.
globosa. Sow.
granosa, Sow.
intermedia. Sow.

Jordani, Sow.
latissima, Brod.
Nuttallii, Recluz.
Oweniana, Gray.

Sub-gen. neripteron. Lesson.

Shell catilliform, with the two extremities of the outer margin
prolonged into lateral auricles ; spire sub-posterior and lateral ;
inner lip septiform ; margin finely denticulate.

auriculata, Lam.
biauriculata, Recluz.
dilatata, Brod.
florida, Recluz.
Lamarckii, Desk.

Mauritiae, Less.
navicularis, Mbrcli.
subauriculata, Recluz.
Tahitensis, Less.

Genus CLITHON, Montfort.

Shell sub-globose or sub-orbicular, whorls usually
crowned with spines ; aperture semilunar ; inner lip
septiform and denticulate, one of the median teeth
always stronger and more prominent than the others,
obtuse, and forming a spiral internal ridge ; outer lip
more or less emarginate in the middle.

Syn. Cliton, Les.s. Corona, Recluz.

CLITHON.

385

Ex. C. diadema, Recluz^ pi. 42, fig. 3. Operculum,
C. diadema, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, C. coronata, Leach^
fig. 3, c.

The spines that usually ornament the whorls are
tubular, and sometimes very long; the Clithons inhabit
tropical countries; they crawl slowly, and only show,
during locomotion, the tentacles and the tip of the muz-
zle ; they prefer a stony bottom, clear and free from
weeds, where the water is tolerably quiet.

Species of Clithon.

aculeata, Chem.
angulosa, Recluz.
aspersa, Recluz.
australis, Chem.
avellana, Recluz.
Bengalensis, Chem.
bicolor, Recluz.
Bourgainvillei, Recluz.
brevispina, Lam.
cselata, Recluz.
chlorostoma, Brod.
cincta, Recluz.
circumvoluta, Recluz.
corona, Linn.
coronata, Leach.
coronoides, Less.

Da Costse, Recluz.
diadema, Recluz.
Dominigensis, Linn.
Donovani, Recluz.
Dringii, Recluz.
faba, Sow.
flavovirens, Phil.
fuliginosa, Phil.

VOL. I.

guttata, Recluz.
inconspicua, Phil.
interrupta, Recluz.
Keraudrenii, Le Ouillou.
Leachii, Recluz.

Lessonii, Recluz.
luctuosa, Recluz.
Menkeana, Recluz.
Michaudiana, Recluz.
obscurata, Recluz.
olivacea, Recluz.
parvula, Le Guillou.
pulchella, Recluz.
rarispina, Mouss.
Recluziana, Le Guillou.
rugata, Recluz.
ruginosa, Recluz.
sandalina, Recluz.

Sardoa, Mke.
solium, Recluz.
Souleyetiana, Recluz.
Sowerbyana, Recluz.
spinifera, Recluz.
spinosa, Budgin.

3 D

386

NERITIDiE.

squarrosa, Eecluz.
sabgranosa, Sow.
subpuuctata, Becluz.
triserialis, Sow.

Tritoniensis, Le Ouillou.
Troschelii, Becluz.
unidentata, Becluz.

Genus CATILLUS, Humphrey.

Head large ; foot attached on each side to the
visceral mass, forming a cavity open behind.

Operculum small, thin, rudimentary, calcareous, qua-
drilateral, surface radiated, with a subulate tooth at the
hinder edge, the other edges sharp and thin.

Shell ovate, depressed, patelloid, covered with an
epidermis; apex nonspiral, nearly symmetrical, re-
flexed posteriorly ; aperture very large ; inner lip sep-
tiform, margin simple, sharp, edentulate.

8yn. Cimber, Montf. Navicella, Lam. Cibota,
Brown.

Ex. C. lineatus, Lamarck^ pi. 42, fig. 4. Opercu-
lum, C. porcellanus, Linnaeus.^ fig. 4, «, 4, h. Shell,
C. porcellanus, fig. 4, c.

The operculum in this genus is applied to the dorsal
surface of the foot, and is concealed in the cavity
which it forms with the visceral mass. In Catillus
proper the apex is entirely posterior, often eroded,
and distinct from the hind margin. The species are
usually found on the banks of rivers adhering to floating
sticks and to the petioles and roots of the Nipah palms
and other plants that live near rivers ; they are also
found attached to smooth stones. Their principal loca-
lities are the Philippines, New Holland, New Guinea,
the Feejees, New Ireland, and the Mauritius and adjacent

TROCHIDyE. 387

islands ; they are not found in Europe and the Western
Hemisphere.

Species of Catillus.

apiatus, Le Guillou.
Borbonicus, Borp.
Bourgainvillei, Becluz.
Cumingianus, Becluz.
depressus, Less.
Freycineti, Becluz.
Janellei, Becluz.

Luzonicus, Souleyet.
macrocephalus, Le Guillou.
parvus, Mouss.
porcellanus, Linn.

Sufreni, Becluz.
variabilis, Becluz.

Sub-gen. septakia, Ferussac.

Apex sub-marginal, entire.

aponogetonis, Vahl. Entrecastreauxi, Becluz.

Cookii, Becluz. lineatus, Lam.

Sub-gen. elaea, H., and A. Adams.

Apex a little in front of the hind margin, entire, laterally
recurved.

ambiguus, Becluz.
cserulescens, Becluz.
clypeolum, Becluz.
compressus, Bens.

Durvillei, Becluz.
Laperousei, Becluz.
maculiferus, Mouss.
suborbicularis, Sow.

Fam. TROCHIDiE.

Tongue elongate, median teeth broad, laterals five,
denticulated, uiicini very numerous, slender, with hooked
points. Head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, some-

388

TROCHIDiE.

times ciliated; eyes on free peduncles at their outer
bases ; two more or less developed head-lobes between
the tentacles. Gill single, long, and linear. Sides of
the foot with a large neck-lappet near the eye-peduncle,
continuous with a conspicuous side-membrane bearing
on its free margin from three to five tapering filaments ;
operculigerous lobe often ornamented with cirrhi.

Operculum horny, spiral, often with a solid, convex,
calcareous coat, rarely wanting.

Shell pyramidal, turbinate, or ear-shaped; aperture
pearly within.

The Trochoid Scutibranchs embrace an extensive
series of herbivorous, littoral Mollusks, characterised by
the fringed lobes and tentacular cirrhi of the head and
sides, their pedunculated eyes, and by the pearly nature
of their shells, which exhibit a brilliant nacre when the
epidermis and outer coat are removed. They are in-
variably marine, feeding on the sea-weeds which abound
along the shore and are distributed universally in all
parts of the globe, being most numerous, and of larger
growth and more beautiful colours in tropical seas. The
shells of the Trochidcd^ though formed on one type,
assume great variety of contour and sculpture, being
turbinate and provided with stony opercula in the Eu-
tropiindd and Em'hinince ; cancellated and discoidal, with
corneo-calcareous opercula in the Liotiince ; conical or
pyramidal, with horny, multi spiral opercula in the Tro~
chincE; and ear-shaped, with the opercula rudimentary or
wanting in the StomatellifKE, which section gradually
leads to the family of Haliotidce^ in which the branchial
plumes are symmetrical, the muscle of attachment is
central, and the mantle is fissured in front.

EUTROPIINiE.

389

Sub-farn. EUTROPIINiE.

Operculum ovate, with a thick, solid, smooth, cal-
careous coat.

Shell ovately-obloug, porcellanous, polished, the last
whorl rounded and produced at the base ; aperture ovate.

Genus EUTROPIA, Humphrey.

Operculum stony, thick, ovate, smooth.

Shell ovately-oblong ; spire elevated, whorls smooth,
polished ; aperture oval ; columella smooth, flattened ;
outer lip thin, simple, acute.

Syn. Phasianus, Montf. Phasianella, Lam. Ortho-
pnoea, Gistel.

Ex. E. Tritonis, Chemnitz, pi. 42, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, E. Tritonis, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, E. Tritonis,
fig. 5, c.

When the animals of this genus crawl, the foot
appears to be divided longitudinally into halves which
advance alternately; when the right side moves, the
left remains stationary, and when this in turn is carried
forward, the other half serves as a point of support.
MM. Audouin and Milne Edwards have observed that
E. pullus exhibits the same mode of progression, which
they compare to the amble or canter of a horse. In
Eutropia proper the tentacles are ciliated, the head-
lobes fringed, and the sides of the foot furnished with
three cirrhi. In the smaller species, forming the Tri-
colia of Risso, the head-lobes appear to be wanting.

390

EUTROPIINiE.

The larger species, all of which have beautifully varie-
gated shells, are principally from Australia and the
Islands in the Pacific, and the smaller species are from
the West Indies and the Mediterranean.

Species of Eutropia.

^thiopica, Pfeiff.
grata, Phil.
lineolata, Wood.
perdix, Gray.
rubens, Lam.

solida, Born.
Tritonis, Cliem.
turgida, Phil.
variegata, Lam.

Sub-gen. tkicolia, Risso.
Head-lobes not developed ; shell small, polished.

amoenula, Phil.
articulata, Antm.
bicarinata, Dkr.
brevis, C. B. Adams.
Capensis, Dkr.
concinna, C. B. Adams.
concolor, C. B. Adams.
coturnix, Koch.
elongata, Kraiiss.
flammulata, Phil.
flava, Anton.
fulgens, Koch.
guttata, Phil.
inconspicua, Phil.
intermedia, Scacchi.
Kochi, Phil.

marmorata, Dufr.
meleagris. Beck.
perforata, Phil.
pulchella, Recluz.
pulchra. Gray.
pullus, Linn.
pygmaca, Phil.
speciosa, Muhlf.
splendida, Phil.
strigata, Phil.
tenuis, Mich.
tessellata. Beck.
umbilicata, D'Orh.
unifascialis, Kien.
ventricosa, Quoy and Gaim.

TURBINm^.

391

Sub^fam. TURBININ^E.

Operculum orbicular, horny, with a solid, convex,
calcareous coat.

Shell turbinate, the last whorl rounded and ventricose ;
aperture sub-circular ; inner lip smooth, simple.

Genus TURBO, Linnaeus.

Operculum without spiral ridges, externally convex,
smooth or granular.

Shell turbinate, light, rather thin, covered with an
epidermis, axis imperforate ; spire elevated, whorls no-
dose, or with hollow spines ; aperture sub-circular, longer
than wide ; inner lip flattened, produced anteriorly ;
outer lip thin, simple.

Sy7i. Fornax, Klein^ not Laporte. Olearia, Klein.
Saccus, Klein. Lunaria, Fabr, Lunaris, Link. Cidaris,
Chem., not Bolt.

Ex. T. smaragdus, Martyn., pi. 43, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, T. smaragdus, fig. I, a, 1, h. Shell, T. mar-
moratus, LinncBus, fig. 1, c.

The species of Turbo are principally inhabitants of
the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, Australia, and
New Zealand.

Species of Turbo.

cornutus, Cliem.

militaris, Reeve.
petholatus, Linn.

imperialis, Omel.
Jourdeni, Kien.

smaragdus, Martyn.
variabilis, Reeve.

magnificus, Jonas.
marmoratus, Linn.

392

TURBININiE.

Genus SENECTUS, Humphrey.

Operculum without spiral ridges, externally convex
and granular.

Shell turbinate, solid, axis usually perforate ; spire
elevated, whorls with transverse, granular, scaly, or spi-
nose ribs ; aperture ovate, longer than wide, produced
anteriorly ; columella narrow, rounded, circumscribed
by the umbilicus, the fore part produced into a broad,
channelled lobe.

Syn. Lunatic a. Bolt. Batillus, Sc hum.

Ex. S. spinosus, Chemnitz, pi. 43, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, S. argyrostoma, Linnccus, fig. 2, a, 2, h. Shell,
S. chry so stoma, Linnaeus, fig. 2, c.

The “ Snake Shells,” as these species of Turbo are
called, may be readily distinguished by their variegated
colours, ribbed whorls, and the peculiar character of
the inner lip.

Species of Senectus.

argyrostoma, Linn.
articulatus, Reeve.
Chemnitzianus, Reeve.
chrysostoma, Linn.
circularis, Reeve.
crassus, Gray.
crenulatus, Chem.
gemmatus, Reeve.
histrio, Reeve.
Japonicus, Reeve.
Lajonkairii, Desk.
laminiferus, Reeve.
margaritaceus, Linn.
nivosus, Reeve.

Novsb Zealandise, Chem.
pulcher, Reeve.

pustulatus, Reeve.
radiatus, Gmel.

setosus, Gmel.

sparverius, Gmel.
speciosus, Reeve.

Spenglerianus, Chem.
spinosus, Chem.

squamiger, Reeve.
Ticaonicus, Reeve.
trochoides. Reeve.
tumidulus, Reeve.
turcicus. Reeve.

LUNELLA.

393

Genus SARMATICUS, Gray.

Operculum without spiral ridges, covered externally
with numerous, separate, flat-topped tubercles.

Shell turbinate, nodulous, axis imperforate ; spire de-
pressed ; aperture expanded, wider than long ; inner
lip flattened, excavated, with an elevated, curved line ;
outer lip with an intra-marginal line of black animal
matter.

Syfi. Cidaris, Swains.^ not Klein or Bolt.

Ex. S. classicarius. Gray, pi. 43, fig. 3. Operculum,
S. classicarius, fig. 3, a, 3, h.

Sarmaticus is peculiar from having a layer of blackish
animal matter between the outer opaque, and the inner
pearly, coat of the shell, which forms a dark zone be-
tween the edges of the two coats, just within the aper-
ture. The name of Swainson {Cidaris) is already in
use for a genus of Echinodermata.

Species of Sarmaticus.

classicarius, Gray. Natalensis, Krauss.

helicinus, Born.

Genus LUNELLA, Bolten.

Operculum with an indistinct, sub-central rib, sur-
rounded by a broad, flat margin.

Shell turbinate, solid, axis deeply and widely perfo-
rated ; spire depressed, whorls flat, smooth ; aperture
circular ; inner lip flattened and produced anteriorly.

Syn. Marmorostoma, Swains.

3 E

VOL. I.

394

TURBININiE.

Ex. L. undulata, Chemnitz^ pi. 43, fig. 4. Opercu-
lum, L. complanata, Chemnitz^ fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell,
L. complanata, fig. 4, c.

The shells of this group may be readily distinguished
by their smooth whorls, depressed spire, deep umbilicus,
and produced and flattened columella.

Species of Lunella.

complanata, Chem.
crenifera, Kien.
granulata, Chem.
lugubris, Reeve.

mespilus, Chem.
porcata, Reeve.
porphyrites, Martyn.
undulata, Chem.

Genus MODELIA, Gray.

Operculum with a convex, sub-central, granular rib, and
a sharp-edged, sub-marginal keel.

Shell turbinate, thin, granular ; spire rather elevated ;
aperture sub-circular, wider than long; inner lip exca-
vated, with an extended, thin callus.

Ex. M. granosa, Mai'iyn., pi. 43, fig. 5. Operculum,
M. granosa, fig. 5, a, 5, h.

The Turbo rubicundus of Chemnitz is another species
of this genus, which, besides the peculiarities of the oper-
culum, is remarkably thin and granular on the surface, re-
minding one very much of Zizipliinus among the Tro-
chince. The species are from the shores of New Zealand.

Species of Modelia.

granosa, Martyn.

rubicunda, Chem.

CALLOPOMA.

895

Genus PKISOGASTER, Morch.

Operculum ovate, convex, granular, with an elevated,
grooved rib extending from the nucleus to the hinder
margin, nearly parallel to the straight or inner edge.

Shell solid, turbinate, axis imperforate ; spire elevated,
whorls transversely grooved ; aperture ovate, longer than
wide ; columella with a parallel groove ; outer lip margined
with white, lirate internally.

Ex. P. niger. Gray., pi. 43, fig, 6. Operculum, P.
niger, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, P. niger, fig. 6, c.

The animal of this genus, figured by M. D’Orbigny,
appears to be furnished with a single, elongated, posterior
filament, numerous shorter, anterior, tentacular filaments
on the lateral membrane of the foot, and two conspicuous
cirrhi on the sides of the opercular lobe.

Genus callofoma, Gray.

Operculum with a broad central, and three or five sub-
marginal, spiral ribs, outer ribs toothed.

Shell turbinate, thick, axis imperforate ; spire elevated,
whorls smooth, or with transverse nodulose or squamose
ridges ; aperture circular, expanded \ inner lip broad, flat-
tened, excavated, produced anteriorly, and furnished with
a parallel, curved groove.

Ex. C. fluctuatum. Gray, pi. 43, fig. 7. Operculum,
C. fluctuatum, fig. 7, a, 7, h.

This genus somewhat resembles Lunella, but the axis
is imperforate the aperture is dilated, and the operculum

396

is characterised by an extreme beauty and complexity of
structure.

Species of Callopoma.

fluctuatum, Gray. tessellatum, Kien.

saxosum, Wood.

Genus NINELLA, Gray.

Operculum concave externally, with two marginal,
raised, spiral ribs, and a thin edge.

Shell turbinate, depressed, rugose, axis widely umbili-
cated, umbilicus perspective ; aperture circular ; inner
lip broad, excavated, with a pearly, spoon-shaped pit near
the columella, and a deep, longitudinal groove externally.

Ex. N. staminea, Martyn^ pi. 44, fig. 1. Operculum,
N. staminea, fig. 1, a, 1, h. Shell, N. staminea, fig. 1, c.

There are two species at present known of this curious
genus, which seems to be intermediate between Astralium
and Turbo ; the form of the aperture and operculum,
however, would refer it to this division.

Species of Ninella.

lamellosa, Brod. staminea, Mart.

Genus COLLONIA, Gray.

Operculum circular, with many gradually-enlarging
whorls, a convex external rib, and a central pit.

Shell small, solid, turbinate, smooth, transversely
striated, axis imperforate ; aperture circular, contracted at

ASTRALIINtE.

397

the peritreme ; inner lip moderate, with a thickened
callosity.

Ex, C. marginata, Nuttall, pi. 44, fig. 2. Operculum,
C, marginata, fig. 2, a, 2, h.

This genus comprehends several species of small turbo-
like shells, mostly African ; the fossil species of the Paris
Eocine are larger and tolerably numerous ; the genus is
peculiar in the operculum and in the contraction of the
aperture at the peritreme.

Species of Collonia.

brevis, D'Orh. (Phasianella).
cingulata,P7iiL (Delphinula).
corallina, Reeve.
granulata, Dhr. (Delphinula).
marginata, Nutt.
murrea. Reeve.
neritina, Dkr.

phasianella, C. B. Adams.
pyropus. Reeve.
rubrocincta, Migh.
sanguinea, Linn.
verruca, Gould.
violacea, Gould.

Sub-fam. ASTRALIINJE.

Operculum oblong or ovate, with an external, solid,
calcareous coat.

Shell solid, trochiform, flat or concave at the base,
whorls rugose or spinose, the last often stellate or
keeled ; aperture usually sub-quadrate.

Genus ASTRALIUM, Link.

Operculum ovate, flat, rather thinner at the edge, with
a sub-central tubercle over the axis, and abroad, sub-mar-
ginal, spiral rib.

398

ASTRALimiE.

Shell trochiforrn, depressed ; whorls convex, rugose, la-
mellated, the last often angulated and with hollow spinose
scales round the periphery ; axis perforated, sometimes
covered by a callous deposit ; aperture sub-quadrate, ar-
cuated, sub “truncate anteriorly.

Syoi. Imperator, Montf. Hercoles, Montf. Can-
thorbis, Swains. Tubicanthus, Swains.

Ex. A. heliotropium, Martyn, pi. 44, fig. 3. Oper-
culum, A. calcar, LinncEus^ fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, A.
solare, Chemnitz^ fig. 3, c.

Species of Astralium.

aster, Phil.
calcar, Linn.
cicatrosum, Jonas.
costulatum, Lam.
heliacum, Phil.

heliotropium, Martyn.
Phoebia, Bolt.
planum, Gmel.
solare, Chem.

Genus STELLA, Klein.

Operculum thick, with a slight convexity over the axis,
outer edge thin, axis perforated.

Shell trochiforrn ; spire elevated, whorls with radiating,
spiny scales, axis imperforate ; aperture sub -circular ; co-
lumella rather flattened, incrassated, continuous anteriorly
with the outer lip.

Syn. Cyclocantha, Swains. Calcar, Montf. Sol,
Klein. Stellaria, Schmidt.

Ex. S. Spengieriana, Chemnitz, pi. 44, fig. 4. Oper-
culum, S. stellata, Chemnitz, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, S.
Spengieriana, fig. 4, c.

The shells of this group are solid, spinose, and trochi-
form, with the axis imperforate. The species are chiefly

GUILDFORDIA. 399

Australian in their geographical range, a few, however,
also occurring in New Zealand.

Species of Stella.

armata, Phil.
asperata, Lam.
asteriscus, Reeve.
auripigmentum, Jonas.
bicrenata, Gould.
columellaris, Phil.
confragosa, Gould.
Cabana, Phil.

nobilis, Gray.
laciniata, Gould.
papillata, Pot. and Mich.
rotularis, Lam.
Spengleriana, Chem.
stellaris, Gmel.
stellata, Chem.
tuberosa, Phil.

Genus GUILFORDIA, Gray.

Operculum flat, with a very slight ridge near the arched,
or outer margin.

Shell trochiform, depressed ; whorls with an iridescent,
golden nacre, and with transverse rows of granules, the
last-whorl angulated, the periphery surrounded by long,
tubular, radiating spines ; aperture trapeziform ; inner lip
sharp, incurved ; outer lip thin, irregular ; axis impressed,
not perforate, umbilical region surrounded by a smooth,
elevated callus.

Syn. Astralium, Phil..^ not Link.

Ex. G. triumphans, Philippi, pi. 44, fig. 5. Oper-
culum, G. triumphans, fig. 5, a, 5, h.

The shell in this genus has the same texture and
golden nacreous appearance that are to be found in
some of the species of Zizipliimis. The animal has
not been observed, and the only species at present
known is a beautiful shell from the shores of Japan.

400

ASTRALIIM.

Genus U vanilla, Gray.

Operculum flat, with two distinct, convex, radiating ribs,
the lower straight and nearly parallel to the edge, the
upper arched, sub-central, the axis imperforate and callous.

Shell trochiform, acuminate, whorls flattened, fimbri-
ated, axis imperforate, base excavated ; aperture sub-
quadrangular ; inner lip acute, arcuated, sub-truncate in
front.

Ex. U. fimbriata, Lamarck, pi. 44, fig. 6. Opercu-
lum, U. olivacea. Wood, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, U. olivacea,
fig. 6, c.

Several species of this genus are known, the shells
being remarkable for their trochiform appearance and
the sharp keels or fimbriated edges of the whorls.

Species of Uvanilla.

acuta, Lam.
brevispina, Lam.
Buschii, Phil.
erythrophthalmus, Phil.
fimbriata, Lam.
gibberosa, Chem.
hexagona, Phil.

latispina, Phil.
occidentalis, Chem.
olivacea. Wood.
orichalcea, Koch.
tentoriiformis, Jonas.
tentorium, Anton.
unguis. Wood.

Genus PACHYPOIvIA, Gray.

Operculum oblong, sub-quadrangular, very convex ex-
ternally.

Shell trochiform, elevated, axis imperforate, whorls with
spinulose scales; aperture sub-circular; inner lip with a
prominent, exterior, curved callus, anteriorly sub-truncate.

LITHOPOMA.

401

Ex. P. caelatum, Chem/nitz, pi. 44, fig. 7. Opercu-
lum, P. caelatum, fig. 7, «, 7, h.

In Pachypoma the last whorl is not acutely angulated,
and the aperture is somewhat circular; the prominent
callus of the inner lip is peculiar, and the operculum is
very thick and shelly.

Species of Pachypoma.

Americanura, Omel,
cselatum, Cliem..
imbricatum, Gmel.
ineequale, Martyn.
inerme, Gmel.

plicato-nodosum, Chem.
purpuratura, Gmel.
rhodostoma, Phil.
sculptum, Phil.

Sirius, Govld.

Genus LITPIOPOMA, Gray.

Operculum ovate, thick, thicker at the end, with a
broad, thin margin at the outer edge.

Shell turbinate ; spire elevated, whorls nodulous, axis
imperforate ; aperture sub-circular ; inner lip incurved,
longitudinally grooved, anteriorly sub-truncate.

E.V. L. tuber, Linnaeus., pi. 45, fig. 1. Operculum,
L. tuber, fig. 1, a, 1, 5.

The absence of umbilicus and the nodulous nature of
the whorls, which are not acutely edged around the peri-
phery, will serve to distinguish this genus ; the shells
have more colour on the outer surface than in the other
members of this sub-family.

Species of Lithopoma,

Olfersii, Trosch. tuber, Lmn.

saxosura, Phil. tuberosum, Phil.

3 F

VOL. I.

402

ASTRALIIM.

Genus POMAULAX, Gray.

Operculum flat, with three convex, radiating ribs, the
upper sub-marginal ; axis perforated.

Shell trochiform ; whorls nodulous, fimbriated at the
sutures ; axis imperforate, impressed, umbilical region
with a curved, elevated callus ending in a sharp point at
the columella; columella rounded, arched, anteriorly sub-
truncate.

Ex. P. undosus. Wood, pi. 45, fig. 2. Operculum,
P. undosus, 2, a, 2, h.

In this genus, which, on account of its trochus-like
form, has often been placed with the Trochinae, there is a
peculiar circular callus round the columella ending in a
point, as in the genera Chlorostoma and Oxystele.

Species of Pomaulax.

Japonicus, Dkr. undosus, Wood.

Genus COOKIA, Lesson.

Operculum ovate, smooth, flat, with a broad, spiral,
sub-marginal rib.

Shell depressly turbinate ; whorls rugose, scaly, the
last with short, scaly spines at the periphery ; axis imper-
forate, the umbilical region concavely depressed and
surrounded by a spiral callus terminating in a point at
the end of the columella.

Syn. Tubicanthus, Swains.

LIOTIINiE.

403

Ex. C. sulcata, Martyti., pi. 45, fig. 3. Operculum
C. sulcata, fig. 3, a, 3, h. Shell, C. sulcata, fig. 3, c.

This genus appears to be intermediate between Astra-
lium and Bohna, but does not quite accord with either.
M. Lesson founded it upon the Turbo Cookii of Gmelin,
so named after the great circumnavigator, but the specific
name of Martyn has priority; the species comes from
New Zealand.

Genus BOLMA, Risso.

Operculum ovate, sub-orbicular, convex, with a sub-
central tubercle over the axis, and a broad, sub-marginal,
spiral rib.

Shell turbinately trochiform, elevated, rugose, axis im-
perforate ; aperture circular ; inner lip wide, flattened,
excavated, covered with a thickened callus.

Ex. B. rugosa, Linnceus, pi. 45, fig. 4. Operculum,
B. rugosa, fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell, B. rugosa, fig. 4, c.

In this form the periphery of the whorls is rounded,
and the aperture is circular ; the inner lip being covered
with a thick callosity is another peculiarity.

Species of Bolma.

aurea, Jonas. obtusa, Cheni.

gibberosa, Gmel. rugosa, Linn.

modesta, Reeve.

Sub-fam. LIOTIIN^.

Operculum horny, with an external calcareous coat
formed of separate, pearl-like, shelly particles placed in
spiral lines.

404

LIOTlIiYiE.

Shell more or less discoidal, white, transversely sulcate
or cancellated ; aperture orbicular, scarcely pearly within.

Genus LIOTIA, Gray.

Shell turbinate, globose, or discoidal ; whorls longitudi-
nally ribbed or cancellated ; axis perforated, umbilicus
usually wide and deep ; aperture circular, pearly within,
peristome thickened, with a regular, marginal callus.

Ex. L. Peronii, Kiener^ pi. 45, fig. 5. Operculum,
L. Peronii, fig. 5, «, 5, h. Shell, L. scalarioides, Reeve^
fig. 5, c.

The species of this genus are never spiny or laciniated,
like those of Angaria^ with which they have been con-
founded, and there is an expanded border round the aper-
ture. Many fossil species occur in the Eocene formation
of Britain and France ; the recent species inhabit the
Cape, the Philippines, and Australia.

Species of Liotia.

adamantina, Duclos.
affinis, A. Adams.
australis, Kien.
cancellata, Gray.
cidaris, Reeve.
clathrata, Reeve.
crenata, Kien.

nodulosa, A. Adams.
Peronii, Kien.
pulcherrima, A. Adams.
scalarioides, Reeve.
siderea. Reeve.
tuberculosa, P’OrJ.
varicosa, Reeve.

Kieneri, Phil.

depressa. Reeve.

discoidea, Reeve.

Sub-gen. aeene, H. and A. Adams.

Shell radiately painted with red ; whorls muricated, the last

CYCLOSTREMA. 405

stellate at the periphery, or angulated and keeled ; peritreme
more or less varicose.

cruentata, Miihlf. Tamsiana, Dkr.

muricata, H^imph.

Sub-gen. ilaiea, H. and A. Adams.

Shell discoidal ; spire depressed, whorls angulated, detached,
the last entirely free ; aperture quadrate, peristome sub-acute.

evoluta. Reeve.

Genus CYCLOSTREMA, Marryatt.

Eye-peduncles very short, tentacles ciliated ; foot with
long, curved, linear auricles in front, the sides with three
ciliated filaments.

Shell orbicular, depressed, widely umbilicated ; spire
very short, whorls rounded, smooth, cancellated, trans-
versely striated, or grooved ; aperture orbicular, not pearly
within, peristome continuous, acute.

Syn. Delphinoidea, Brown.

Ex. C. serpuloides, Montagu, pi. 45, fig. 6. Shell,
C. cancellata, Ma^^ryatl, fig. 6, a.

The interior of the aperture in these shells is not
pearly as in Liotia. The animal of Skenea divisa,
Fleming, which is the same as Cyclostrema serpuloides,
has been described by Mr. Clark, as well as that of C. ele-
gantula or Culleriana, and the existence of neck-lappets
and of filaments on each side of the foot show the posi-
tion of the genus to be among the Trochidce. Should
the smaller British species require to be separated from

406

LIOTIIM.

the more typical forms they will take the name of Bel-
phinoidea, Brown.

Species of Cyclostrema.

angulata, A. Adams.
cancellata, Marry att.
cingulifera, A. Adams.
costulata, Mull.
elegantula, Phil.
exigua, Phil.
exilis, Phil.

Isevis, Phil.
micans, A. Adams.

nitens, Phil.
nitida, A. Adams.
nitidissima, Adams.
nivea, Chem.
paulla, Phil.

Reeveana, Hinds.
rota, Forbes and Hanley.
serpuloides, Mont.
sulcata, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. cynisca, H. and A. Adams.

Shell depressly turbinate ; umbilicus wide and deep, perspec-
tive, surrounded by a spiral callus ; whorls with transverse,
granular ribs ; aperture circular ; inner lip straight ; outer lip
thickened, lirate within, continued posteriorly on the penultimate
whorl beyond the inner lip.

granulata, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. serpulaeia, Romer (? Spira, Brown).

Shell orbicular, discoidal, e volute ; spire depressly concave,
whorls rounded, disunited ; aperture circular, peritreme con-
tinuous.

spirula, A. Adams.

407

Genus ADEOKBIS, Searles Wood.

Shell depressly conical, orbicular, deeply umbilicated ;
whorls few, not nacreous, flattened, smooth or striated,
the last more or less angulated at the periphery ; aper-
ture transversely oval, peristome interrupted ; inner lip
sinuated ; outer lip arcuate, simple, acute.

Ex. A. subcarinata, Montagu, pi. 45, fig. 7.

The principal difference between this genus and Cyclo-
strema consists in the more or less trochiform appearance
of the shell, and in the peritreme not being circular and
continuous. A few species were described by one of the
authors under the generic name of Cyclostrema.

Species of Adeorhis.

porcata, Phil.
scabra, Phil.
subcarinata, Mont.

elegans, A. Adams.
plana, A. Adams.
planorbula, A. Adams.

Sub-fam. UMBONIINiE.

Rostrum rudimentary ; frontal lobes greatly developed.

Operculum horny, thin, of many gradually-enlarging
whorls finely ciliated on the outer edge.

Shell orbicular, depressed, polished, porcellanous, the
umbilical region often covered with a callous deposit.

Genus UMBONIUM, Link.

Shell orbicular, depressed, porcellanous ; whorls
smooth, polished, umbilical region covered with a large

408

UMBONIINiE.

prominent callosity; aperture small, transverse; inner lip
ending in a simple point ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Globulus, Schum., not J. Sow. Helicina, Gray,
not Lam. Rotella, Lam. Pitonnillus, Montf. Ptycbom-
phalus, Ayass.

Ex. U. vestiarium, Linnceus, pi. 46, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, U. vestiarium, fig. 1, a, 1, h.

In the animal of TJmhonium, which has been first cor-
rectly described by Dr. Gray, the lateral fringe of the
foot is distinct, with three tentacular filaments on each
side ; at the front of the right side, near the base of the
tentacles, it is produced into an oblong, fleshy lobe.
The right tentacle is the larger and free, with an oblong,
compressed lobe on its hinder side which has an indis-
tinct indication of an eye ; the left tentacle is smaller and
partly attached to the upper side of the left eye-pedicel,
which is cylindrical, bearing a very distinct eye, and fur-
nished with a large, membranous expansion attached to
the whole of its length on its left side, and which is
fringed at the edge. This frontal appendage, when the
animal is alive, is folded on itself to form a tube, which
has caused it to be mistaken for a siphon.

Species of Um.honium,.

anguliferum, Phil.
articulatum, Phil.
australe, Phil.
chalconotum, A. Adams.
conicum, Adams and Peeve.
depressum, A. Adams.
elegans, Beck.

giganteum, Less.
mouiliferum, Lam.
parvulum, Anton.
sagittatum, Hinds.
suturale, Lam.

vestiarium, Linn.

CAMITIA.

409

Sub-gen. ethalia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell orbicular, turbinately depressed ; whorls convex, smooth
or transversely striated, the last rounded at the periphery ;
umbilicus partly closed by a callous deposit ; columellar lip
ending anteriorly in an obtuse, dilated callus.

Guamense, Quoy and Gaun. striolatum, A. Adams.

Genus ISANDA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell porcellanous, orbiculately conoidal, polished ;
aperture sub-quadrate; inner lip straight, forming an angle
with the outer lip ; umbilicus open, perspective, the
margin crenulated*

Ex. I. coronata, A. Adams, pi. 46, fig. 2. Operculum,
I. coronata, fig. 2, a, 2, h.

In this genus the umbilicus is open and not covered by
a callous deposit as in Umbonium, and the margin is
crenulated ; the texture of the shell is solid and porcella-
nous, and not nacreous and thin as in Margarita ; the
species, at present known, are from Australia and the Phi-
lippine Islands.

Species of Isanda.

coronata, A. Adams. pulchella, A. Adams.

lepida, A. Adams. sulcifera, A. Adams.

Genus CAMlTIA, Gray.

Shell orbicular, depressed, smooth, polished, axis im-
perforate ; columella spirally twisted above, forming a

3 G

VOL. I.

410

TROCHINiE.

false umbilicus with the margin simple ; columella with
the edge edentulate and ending in a point.

Ex. C. pulcherrima, Gray^ pi. 46, fig. 3.

Camitia somewhat resembles Clancuhis, but its surface
is entirely smooth like that of TJmhonmm. As in Clancu-
lus, moreover, the aperture communicates with the cavity
of the false umbilicus by means of an open, transverse fis-
sure. There are but two species at present known.

Species of Camitia.

Grayi, A. Adams. pulcherrima, Gray.

Genus CHRYSOSTOMA, Swainson.

Shell turbinate, solid, smooth, umbilicated, umbilicus
almost covered by a large callus ; whorls few, convex ;
aperture effuse, round ; inner lip with a large, spreading
callus, covering, and nearly concealing, the umbilicus.

Ex. C. paradoxum. Born, pi. 46, fig. 4.

The animal of this genus is unknown ; the shell some-
what resembles Umbonium, but the surface is not po-
lished ; the outer lip is marginate internally, and the
interior of the aperture is coated with a beautiful, golden,
nacreous deposit.

Sub-fam. TROCHIN^.

Operculum horny, orbicular, composed of numerous,
narrow whorls, with the nucleus central.

Shell conoidal or pyramidal, the last whorl more or
less angulated at the circumference, and usually flattened

ANGARIA.

411

beneath ; aperture more or less transverse, wider than
long.

Genus ANGARIA, Bolten.

Shell turbinate, sub -discoidal, umbilicated, umbilicus
wide, pervious ; whorls rounded, scaly or spinose ; aper-
ture circular, entire, peritreme continuous, sub-reflexed,
without a marginal varix.

Syn. Cyclostoma, Lam. {olim). Delphinula, Roissy.
Delphinulus, Montf. Scalator, Gist.

Ex. A. atrata, Chemnitz, pi. 46, fig. 5. Operculum,
Martinii, A. Adams, fig. 5, a, 5, h. Shell, A. del-
phinus, Linnceus, fig. 5, c.

We have adopted Bolten’s appellation for this genus,
in accordance with the law of priority, thereby prevent-
ing the necessity of using the name Cyclostoma, which,
however, was afterwards discarded by Lamarck for that of
Delphmula, suggested by Roissy.

Species of Angaria.

aculeata, Reeve.
atrata, Chem.

calcarella, H.aiidA. Adams

formosa, Reeve.
incisa, Reeve.

Martinii, A. Adams.
melanacantha, Reeve.
nodulosa, Gmel.
sphserula, Kien.
stellaris, Adams and Reeve.
Tyria, Reeve.

(calcar, A. Adams).
coronata, A. Adams.
delj^iinus, Linn.
distorta, Linn.
euracantha, A. Adams.

412

TROCHIM.

Genus LIVONA, Gray.

Lateral membrane of the foot with numerous, com-
pound appendages.

Shell conoidal, sub-globose, smooth, solid, umbilicated,
umbilicus moderate, with a tooth-shaped process at the
entrance ; aperture circular, peritreme simple, thin,
acute.

Syri. Turbo, Adans., not Linn. Tigris, Klein, not
Linn. Meleagris, Montf., not Linn. Meleager, Griff,
Cittarium, Phil. Trochus, Swains., not Linn.

Ex. L. pica, Linnceus, pi. 46, fig. 6. Operculum,
L. pica, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, L. pica, fig. 6, c.

The appendages of the lateral membrane of the foot
are compound in this genus, while in the other genera of
TrochidcB they are, as far as we know, simple.

Genus TROCHUS, Linnaeus.

Shell conical, axis imperforate, last whorl angulated at
the periphery ; columella superiorly spirally twisted, form-
ing a canal, anteriorly simple, straight, ending in a
point.

Ex. T. Niloticus, Linnxus, pi. 46, fig. 7. Oper-
culum, T. Niloticus, fig. 7, a. Shell, T. Niloticus, fig. 7, h.

The genus Trochus, as strictly defined, comprises but
few species, all inhabitants of equatorial countries.' The
axis of the shell is not truly perforated, but the colu-
mella being twisted abruptly on itself at the hind part,
gives the appearance of a false umbilicus, and produces
the kind of canal which serves to distinguish the genus.

TECTUS.

413

Species of Trochus.

acLitangulus, Chem.
asperulus, Lain.
Cumingii, A. Adams.
fastigiatus, A. Adams.

maximus, Koch.
Niloticus, Linn.
spinosus, Chem.

Genus CARDINALIA, Gray.

Shell conical, axis imperforate, last whorl angulated at
the periphery ; columella simple superiorly, without any
transverse canal, and ending below in a simple point.

Ex. C. virgata, Gmelin, pi. 46, fig. 8.

In this genus the axis is imperforate, nor is there any
appearance even of a false umbilicus, the columella not
forming a spiral fold at the upper part as in many genera
of the TrocUidce ; there is consequently no posterior
canal as in Trochus; the arcuate columella ends in a
tooth-like point below, the whorls are flat and granular,
and the last whorl is angulated at the circumference.

Genus TECTUS, Montfort.

Shell conical, axis imperforate ; whorls numerous,
smooth or tubercular, the last angulated at the circumfer-
ence ; aperture much wider than long ; columella short,
anteriorly spirally twisted, ending in a point.

Syn. Pyramis, Schum., not Bolt, or Brown. Pyra-
midea, Swains.

Ex. T. fenestratus, Gmelin, pi. 47, fig. 1. Opercu-
lum, T. fenestratus, fig. 1, a. 1, h. Shell, T. pyramis, Born,
fig. 1, c.

414

TEOCHINiE.

The genus Tectus has the appearance of being umbi-
licated, but, in reality, the axis is imperforate ; the shells
are at once recognised by the short, spiral twist formed by
the fore part of the columella, and which serves to cha-
racterize the genus.

Species of Tectus.

architectonicus, A. Adams.
caperatus, Phil.
crenulatus, Lam.
dentatus, Forsk.
fenestratus, Gmel.
ferruginosus, Phil.

Forskalii, Bolt.
leucogaster, A. Adams.
Mauritianus, Gmel.
pyramis, Born.
prasinus, Mke.
triserialis, Lam.

Genus POLYDONTA, Schumacher.

Shell conoidal, axis imperforate ; whorls almost always
granulated, the last angulated ; aperture nearly rhom-
boidal; columella spirally twisted, forming a funnel-
shaped, false umbilicus, the margin furnished anteriorly
with many teeth.

Syn. Lamprostoma, Swams., not Rafin.

Ex. P. Sandwichensis, Eydoux, pi. 47, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, P. lineata, Lamarck, fig. 2, a. Shell, P. lineata,
fig. 2, b.

The front, sharp, free edge of the columella in Polydonta
is armed with numerous teeth, and does not end in a sim-
ple point, as in Tectus ; the genus is distinguished from
Clanculus by the conoidal shape and simple outer lip of
the shell.

Species of Polydo7ita.

aspera, Che^n.
callicoccus, Phil.

concinna, Phil.
conspersa, Gmel.

CLANCULUS.

415

corrugata, A. Adams.
costata, Gmel.
elegantula, Wood.
eucosomus, Phil.
eustephes, Phil.
flammulata, Lam.
gibberosa, Chem.
gibberula, A. Adams.
granularis, Bolt.
Hanleyana, Reeve.
ignobilis, Phil.
incarnata, Phil.
incrassata, Lam.
lineata, Lam.
maculata, Lina.
ochroleucos, Gmel.

pallidula, A. Adams.
pustulosa, Phil. .
reticulata, Wood.
rubricata, Phil.
rugulosa, Koch.
Spengleri, Chem.
Sandwichensis, Eyd.
squammigera, A. Adams.
squaiTosa, Lam.
tentorium, Gmel.
tiarata, Qiioy and Gaim.
turboides. Bolt.
turris, Phil.
vernalis, Chem.
verrucosa, Gmel.
viridis, Chem.

Sub-gen. infundibulum, Montfort (Carinidea, Swains.).

Shell depressly conical ; whorls simple, flattened, the last
concave at the base, with the periphery acutely angulated ; colu-
mella edentulate, or with obsolete teeth.

Californica, A. Adams.
carinifera. Beck.
chloromphalus, A. Adams.
concava, Linn.
delicatula, Phil.

depressa, Gmel.
eugramma, Phil.
Kochii, Phil.
radiata, Gmel.
Saga, Phil.

Genus CLANCULUS, Montfort.

Shell conoidal or turbinate, axis imperforate, whorls
almost always granulated, the last rounded at the peri-
phery ; aperture usually narrowed or ringent ; columella
spirally twisted above, forming a false umbilicus with a
crenate margin, edge of columella with numerous, strong.

416

TROCHINiE.

tooth-like plaits; outer lip often strongly dentate inter-
nally.

8yn. Clangulus, Blainv. Fragella, Swains. Otavia,
Risso, not Gray.

Ex. G. Patagonicus, D'Orhigny^ pi. 47, fig. 3. Shell,
C. Pharaonis, LinnxBus^ fig. 3, a.

In this genus the shell is turbinate, the last whorl is
rounded, and both lips of the aperture are furnished with
numerous tubercular teeth.

Species of Clanculus.

acuminatus, A. Adams.
agrestis, Chem.
albinus, A. Adams.
amsenus, Koch.
anus, Phil.

atropurpureus, Gould.
Bertheloti, D'Orh.
brunneus, A. Adams.
carinatus, A. Adams.
cerasinus, Phil.
cingulifer, A. Adams.
clanguloides, Wood.
clangulus, Wood.
coiispersus, A. Adams.
corallinus, Gmel.
edentulus, A. Adams.
elegans, Koch.
erubescens, Phil.
flagellatus, Phil.
gibbosus, A. Adams.
glomus, Phil.
Guineensis, Gmel.
Jussieui, Payr.
Kraussii, Phil.
Largillierti, Phil.

limbatus, Quoy and Gaim.
lupinus, Mke.

Ludwigi, Krauss.
maculosus, A. Adams.
margaritarius, Phil.
Maugeri, Wood.
Mediterraneus, Wood.
microdon, A. Adams.
miniatus, Anton.
minor, A. Adams.
morum, Phil.
multigranus, Phil.
nigricans, A. Adams.
nodiliratus, A. Adams.
nodulosus, A. Adams.
omalomphalus, A. Adams.
ormophorus, A. Adams.
Patagonicus, D'Orh.
personatus, Phil.
Pharaonis, Linn.
puniceus, Phil.
ringens, Mke.
rotellaeformis, Phil.
scabrosus, Phil.

Smithii, Wood.

MOJ^ODONTA.

417

spadiceiis, Phil.
stigmatarius, A. Adams.
sulcarius, A. Adams.
textillosus, A. Adams.
turbinoides, A. Adams.

turgidulus, Brocc.
unedo, A. Adams.
variegatus, A. Adams.
zebrides, A. Adams.

Genus craspedotus, Philippi.

Shell nearly conoidal, axis imperforate, whorls cancel-
lated, convex ; columella twisted, forming a false umbi-
licus, and with a strong tooth narrowing the aperture ;
outer lip internally sulcate, externally with a conspicuous,
marginal varix.

Syn. Olivia, Cantraine^ not Bertoloni. Otavia, Gray,
not Risso.

Ex. C. Otavianus, Cantraine.^ pi. 47, fig. 4.

The name used by Cantraine was employed previously
by Bertoloni for a genus of Sponges. A single recent
species of Craspedotus only is known, offering the striking
peculiarity, in this family, of a variced outer lip.

Genus MONODONTA, Lamarck.

Shell conoidal, imperforate, whorls granular or trans-
versely sulcate, the last rounded; aperture oval; co-
lumella with teeth and a concave pit ; outer lip internally
triple, the outer belt porcellanous, the middle perlaceous,
the inner with an elevated, porcellanous border.

Syn. Labio, Oken^ not Gray. Monodontes, Montf.
Odontis, Sow. Trochidon, Swains. Monodon, Scluveigg.
Unidens, Schinz.

Ex. M. canalifera, Lamarck., pi. 47, fig. 5. Shell,
M. labio, Linn(Eus, fig, 5, a.

3 H

VOL. I.

418

TROCHIN^.

There is usually a single, strong tooth at the fore part
of the columella in this genus, and the operculum is
orbicular and many-whoiied.

Species of Monodonta.

australis, Lam.
canalifera, Lam.
circumcincta, A. Adams.
dama, Phil,
exigua, A. Adams.
labio, Limi.
ueritoides, Phil.

parva, Trosch.
rugulosa, A. Adams.
spilota, A . Adams.
tuberculata, A. Adams.
turbinata, Gmel.
viridis, Lam.

Genus EUCHELUS, Philippi,

Operculum ovate, of few, rapidly-enlarging whorls.

Shell turbinately conoidal, whorls rounded, with trans-
verse, granular ribs, axis usually perforated ; columella
acute, with a small tooth at the fore part ; aperture cir-
cular; outer lip thick, obtuse, rounded, internally crenate.

Syn. Euchele, Phil. Aradasia, Gray.

Ex. E. denigratus, Chemnitz^ pi. 47, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, E. denigratus, fig. 6, a. Shell, E. denigratus, fig.
6, h.

The shells of this genus are usually umbilicated, and
the whorls are always adorned with transverse, granular
ribs ; there is a single tooth on the columella, and the
operculum is ovate, and of comparatively few whorls.

Species of Euchelus.

alveolatus, A. Adams.
asper, Chem.

baccatus, Mke.
circulatus, Anton.

DILOMA.

419

clatbratiis, A. Adams.
denigratus, Chem.
Dunkeri, Koch.
edentulus, A. Adams.
exasperatus, A. Adayns.
foveolatus, A. Adams.
gemmatus, Gould.
Guttadauri, Phil.
horridus, Phil.
incisus, Mke.
inconspicuus, Phil.

lacteus, Phil.
oxytropis, Phil.
Philippii, Koch.
Philippinus, A. Adams.
pullatus, Phil.
punctigerus, A. Adams.
ruber, A. Adams.
Strangei, A. Adams.
sulciferus, A. Adams.
tricingulatus, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. peeeinia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell trochiform ; whorls flattened, cancellated ; aperture
quadrangular ; columella nearly straight, with several tubercles
at the fore part ; outer lip strongly lirate internally.

anguliferus, A. Adams.

lirostoma, A. Adams.

Genus DILOMA, Philippi,

Shell conoidal, smooth, imperforate, umbilical region
covered with a thin, porcellanous expansion of the colu-
mella ; columellar margin produced anteriorly, forming
an elevated ridge round the inner margin of the outer

lip.

Ex, D. nigerrima, Chemnitz., pi. 47, fig. 7. Oper-
culum, D. nigerrima, fig. 7, a, 7, b. Shell, D. nigerrima,
fig. 7, c.

This genus closely resembles Oxystele, the columellar
margin, however, does not extend into the outer edge of
the labrum, but forms an elevated border within and
p>arallel to it.

420

TROClIINiE.

Species of Diloma.

atrovirens, Phil.
carbonaria, Phil.

odontis, Wood
piperina, Phil.
radula, Parreyss
Scorpio, Gray.
sulcata, Wood.

cingulata, Quoy and Gaim.

coracina, Trosch.
melauoloma, Mke.
morio, Trosch.

undulosa, A. Adams.

nigerrima, Chem.

Genus THALOTIA, Gray.

Shell solid, ovate, turreted, axis imperforate, whorls
flat, granulated or transversely ribbed ; aperture oval,
longer than wide ; columella anteriorly tubercular, sub-
truncate ; outer lip thickened and crenulated internally.

Ex. T. conica, Gray^ pi. 48, fig. 1. Operculum,
T. pulcherrima, fig. 1, «, 1, J.

The shells of Thalotia are elevately conoidal, with
sub-quadrangular apertures, the columella is rather
straight, truncated and tubercular at the fore part, and
the whorls are transversely grooved or furnished with
granulated ribs. The species appear to be confined,
in geographical range, to Australia and New Zealand.

Species of Thalotia.

balteata, Phil.
conica, Gray.

picta, Wood.

crenellifera, A. Adams.

pulcherrima, Wood.
Schayeri, Trosch.

elongata. Wood.
Lehmanni, Mke.
obscura. Wood.

strigata, A. Adams.
suturalis, A. Adams.

tricingulata, A. Adams.

ZlZIPIilNUS.

42i

Troschelii, Phil.
zebrides, A. Adams.

Zebuensis, A. Adams.

Genus ZIZIPHINUS, Leach.

Shell trochiform, often almost conical, axis imper-
forate, seldom umbilicated, umbilical region covered with
a callosity, last whorl angular at the circumference ;
aperture quadrangular ; columella simple, often ending in
a pointed tooth.

Syii. Trochilus, Humph.., wot Linn. Conulus, Nardo,
not Fitz. or Kust. Calliostoma, Swains. Gallistomus,
Hermi.

Ex. Z. conuloides, Lamarck, pi. 48, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, Z. conuloides, fig. 2, a. Shell, Z. conuloides.

fig. 2, b.

The species of this genus are very numerous, often
brilliant in colour and of exquisite sculpture. The shells
are usually conical, with quadrate apertures, and with
the inner lip ending, in front, in a simple tooth-like
point.

Species of Ziziphinus.

agrestis, Phil.
alabastrum, Beck.
alternatus, Phil.
annulatus, Martyn.
Antonii, Koch.
armillatus, Wood.
asperulatus, A. Adams.
bicingulatus, Lam.
Californicus, A. Adams.
callichrous, Phil.
caiialiculatus, Martyn.

Cecillii, Phil.
chlorostoma, Mke.
Chemnitzii, Phil.
ciliaris, Mke.
cingulatus, Brocc.
comptus, A. Adajns.
conuloides, Lam.
conulus, Linn.
crenulatus, Brocc.
Cunninghami, Gray
decoratus, Phil.

422

TROCHINiE.

decussatus, A. Adams.
dubius, Phil.
duplicatus, A. Adams.
elegantulus, A. Adams.
erythraeus, Chem.
euglyptus, A. Adams.
exasperatus, Penn.

Reeve.

filosus, Wood.
firmus, Phil.
flavus, Anton.
fragrum, Phil.
fulvus, Phil.
gemmosus, Reeve.
gilvus, Phil.

Gmelinii, Phil.
goniostoma, Mke.
granulatus, Born.
liyacinthinus, Ren.
impressus, Anton.
indistinctus, Wood.
interruptus, Wood.
incrassatus, Phil.
Japonicus, A. Adams.
Javanicus, Lam.
jujubinus, Linn.
laevigatas, Phil.
lepidus, Koch.
liratus, A. Adams.
lima, Phil.
luridus, Nutt.
maculatus, Phil.
metaformis, Phil.
millegranus, Phil.
Montagui, Gray.

nebulosus, A. Adams.
nitidulus, Phil.
nobilis, Phil.
nocturnus, Phil.
nubilus, Phil.
nudus, Phil.
ornatus, Lam.
parvulus, Phil.
perspectivus, Koch.
picturatus, A. Adams.
poly chroma, A. Adams.
pulcliellus, Phil.
pulcher, C. B. Adams.
pumilio, Phil.
punctulatus, Martyn.
puncturatus, A. Adams.
pyrgos, Phil.
quadrisulcatus, Phil.
rubropunctatus, A. Adams.
scitulus, A. Adams.
scobinatus, A. Adams.
selectus, Chem.
solidus, Phil.
speciosus, A. Adams.
spectabilis, A. Adams.
squarrosus, Phil.
striatus, Linn.
strigosus, Gmel.

Ticaonicus, A. Adams.
tigris, Martyn.
torquatus, Anton.
Tranquebaricus, Chem.
unicinctus, A. Adams.
unidentatus, Phil.
viridulus, Mke.

CANTHARIDUS.

423

Genus TURCICA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell conoidal, thin, sub-diaphanous, imperforate ;
whorls with transverse rows of granules, the last rounded
at the periphery ; columella thick, spirally twisted pos-
teriorly, ending anteriorly in an obtuse, prominent point ;
outer lip thin, simple, acute.

Ex, T. monilifera, A. Adams, pi. 48, fig. 3.

This genus is founded on a beautiful trochoid shell
from Australia, having somewhat the aspect of Zizi~
phinus, with the whorls shining with a golden nacre and
ornamented with transverse series of granules. The
chief peculiarity of the genus consists in the spirally-con-
torted columella.

Genus CANTHARIDUS, Montfoi't.

Shell thin, ovately conoidal, axis imperforate, whorls
striated or rugose ; aperture sub-tetragonal, longer than
wide, iridescent within ; columella rather straight, simple,
ending anteriorly in a simple point ; outer lip thin.

Syn. Cantharis, F^rus,, not Bolt. Cantharius, Voight.

Ex. C. iris, Humphrey, pi. 48, fig. 4.

The shells of CantJiaridus are ovate and thin, the outer
lip is acute, and the columella wants the conspicuous
tooth seen in Elenchus ; the whorls, moreover, are not
polished, as in that genus, but are usually transversely
striated.

Species of Cantharidus.

articularis, A. Adams.
artizona, A. Adams.

cingulifer, A. Adams.
iris, Humph.

424

TROCHINJl.

moniliger, A. Adams.
nigricans, A. Adams.
nitidulus, Phil.

purpuratus, Martyn.
rufozona, A. Adams.
tenebrosus, A. Adams.
Zealandicus, A. Adams.

pallidulas, A. Adams.
porcatus, Phil.

Genus ELENCHUS, Humphrey.

Shell elevately conoidal, axis imperforate ; spire ele-
vated, acute, whorls flat, smooth, usually polished ; aper-
ture ovate, longer than wide ; inner lip usually with a con-
spicuous tooth ; outer lip internally thickened and
grooved.

Ex. E. iriodon, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 48, fig. 5.
Shell, E. badius. Wood, fig. 5, a.

The shells in this genus are thick and polished, and
there is usually a single tooth, more or less produced, at
the fore part of the columella ; the aperture is vividly iri-
descent within, and the surface is often ornamented with
varied and beautiful markings. The species are Austra-
lian in their geographical distribution.

Species of Elenchus.

iriodon, Quoy and Gaim.
Isetus, Phil.

badius. Wood.
bell ulus, Dkr.
elegans, Gmel.
gracilis, Anton.

australis, Quoy and Gaim.

apicinus, Mke.

leucostigma, Mke.
lineatus, Lam.
minor, Trosch.
roseus, Lam.
rutilus, A. Adams.
splendidulus, Swains.
virgulatus, Phil.

TROCHOCOCflLEA.

425

Genus BANKIVIA, Beck.

Shell subulately conical, porcellanous ; spire elevated,
acute, whorls flat, smooth, without epidermis ; aperture
small, sub-quadrangular, not pearly within ; columella
twisted, truncate anteriorly ; outer lip acute, simple.

Ex. B. varians. Beck., pi. 48, fig. 6.

The position of this genus among the Trochidce is
somewhat doubtful, as neither the animal nor operculum
are known ; the aperture not being pearly within, and the
columella being truncate and tortuous, are against this
view, while other characters of the shell seem to assimi-
late the genus to Eletichus and Ziziphinm.

Si^ecies of Bankivia.

major, A. Adams. varians, Beck.

nitida, A. Adams.

Genus TROCHOCOCHLEA, Klein.

Shell solid, conoidal, imperforate in the adult ; whorls
smooth or transversely lirate, the last rounded at the peri-
phery ; aperture nearly rhomboidal ; columella thick and
rounded, ending anteriorly in a slightly-prominent tu-
bercle.

8y7i. Trochius, Leach. Gibbium, Gray. Osilinus,
Phil. Labio, Gray, not Oken. Melagraphia, Steiitz.

Ex. T. taeniata, Quoy aiid Gaimard, pi. 48, fig. 7.
Operculum, T. constricta, Macleay, fig. 7, a. Shell,
T. constricta, fig. 7, h.

3 1

VOL. I.

426

TROCHINiE.

In this genus the axis is imperforate, the inner lip is
broad and excavated, and the columella, instead of ending
in a prominent tooth as in Monodonta, has only a blunt
tubercle at the fore part.

Species of TrochococJilea.

angulata, Quoy and Gaim.
capillacea, Phil.
concolor, A. Adams.
constricta, Macleay.
corrosa, A. Adams.
fuliginea, A. Adams.
gallina, Forhes.
lineata, Da Costa.
melaleuca, Link.
mutabilis, Phil.

neritoides, Born.
porcata, A. Adams.
rudis, A. Adams.
sanguinea, Gray.
subrostrata, Gray.
taeniata, Quoy and Gaim.
turbinata, Born.
turbiniformis, Salis.
zebra, Wood.
zebrina, Phil.

Sub-gen. tegula, Lesson.

Whorls with transverse, granular ribs ; columella spirally
contorted, ending anteriorly in a large, obtuse, prominent tu-
bercle.

pellis-serpentis. Wood.

Genus OXYSTELE, Philippi.

Shell conoidal, smooth, imperforate, umbilical region
covered with a thin, porcellanous expansion of the colu-
mella ; columella Hat, trenchant, gradually blending with
the thin outer lip.

Ex. O. merula, LinncBus, pi. 48, fig. 8. Operculum,
O. merula, fig. 8, a, 8, b. Shell, O. merula, fig. 8, c.

In this genus the neck-lappet appears, from the figure

PlIOTmULA.

427

given by Poli, to be bifid, the side-membrane crenated,
and the operculigerous lobe furnished with three tenta-
cular filaments on each side. The outer lip of the shell
is acute, and the umbilical region is not surrounded by
a spiral callus ending in a point, as in Chlorostoma.

Species of Oxy stele.

Adelaidse, Fkil.
fasciata, Anton.
fulgurata, Phil.
impervia, Mke.
indecora, Phil.
merula, Chem.
meruloides, Krauss.
perdix, Koch.

sagittifera, Lam .
sauciata, Koch.
Saulcyi, P'Orh.
suavis, Phil.
tabularis, Krauss.
tenera, Trosch.
tigrina, Chem.
variegata, Anton.

Genus PHOTINULA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell orbicular, depressed ; whorls smooth, polished,
usually transversely lineated, umbilical region covered
with an impressed callus ; aperture wide ; inner lip con-
vex, thick, ending in a simple -point.

8yn. Margarita, sp. Auct. Photina, H. and A. Adams
(olim), not Burmeister.

Ex. P. cserulescens. King., pi. 48, fig. 9. Operculum,
P. cserulescens, fig. 9, a, 9, h.

This genus includes a small group of shells usually con-
sidered as species of Margarita, but which approach still
nearer to the Oxystele of Philippi ; the axis is imperforate,
the inner lip is not acute, and the whorls are lineated and
smooth.

428

TROCIIIiYiE.

Species of Photinula.

C86mlescens, King,
expaiisa, Soiv.
fusca, A. Adams,
lineata, Gray.
nigra, A, Adams.

Sandwichiana, A. Adams.

sigaretina, Sow.
tseniata, Wood.
violacea, King.

Genus CHLOROSTOMA, Swainsoii.

Shell conoidal, usually deeply umbilicated, or with the
umbilical region covered by a callus ; whorls smooth or
longitudinally corrugated, the last generally keeled at the
periphery ; aperture oblique ; inner lip with an acute tu-
bercle at the fore part, continuous with a spiral ridge which
encircles the umbilicus ; outer lip angular at the base, usu-
ally with one or two tubercles.

Ex. C. argyrostoma, Chemnitz.^ pi. 49, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, C. atrum. Lesson, fig. 1, a.

The peculiar feature in the shell of Chlorostoma is the
spiral ridge which encircles the umbilical region and ends
at the fore part of the inner, lip usually in a short tooth or
tubercle ; the shells are remarkable for their black or
dingy colour.

Species of Chlorostoma.

argyrostoma, Chem.
atrum, Lesson.
bicanaliculatum, Dkr.
bicarinatum, Pot. and Mich.
brunneum, Phil.
castaneum, A. Adams.
leucostigma, A. Adams.

luctuosum, D'Orb.
lugubre, Gmel.
maculosum, A. Adams.
marginatum, Nutt.
mitra, Anton.
mcBstum, Jonas.
nigerrimum, Gmel.

OMfllALIUS.

429

olivaceum, Antori.
Pfeifferi, Phil.
piilligo, Martyn.
rugosum, A. Adams.

rusticum, Qmel.
tridentatum, Pot. and Mich.
tropidophorum, A. Adams.

Genus OMPHALIUS, Philippi.

Shell turbinate, axis perforated ; whorls with transverse
series of granules, the last rounded at the periphery ; um-
bilicus surrounded by a ring-like callus ending at the fore
part of the inner lip in a tooth, often with several tubercles
beyond it.

Ex. O. viridulus, Gmelin, pi. 49, fig. 2. Operculum,
O. viridulus, fig. 2, a.

Omphalius, unlike Polydonta, is truly umbilicated, and
the last whorl is rounded ; the granular nature of the whorls
will distinguish it from Chlorostoma, and the spiral callus
round the umbilicus, and the whorls not being tumid, will
separate it from Gihhula ; the outer lip, moreover, is
usually grooved internally.

Species of Omphalius.

Brazilianus, Mke.
Californicus, A. Adams.
canus, Koch.
carneus, Gmel.
cruciatus, Chem.
excavatus, Lam.
fasciatus, Born.
fuscesceus, Phil.
granifer, A. Adams.
Gruneri, Phil.
Hottesserianus, D'Orb.
liratus, A. Adams,

maculo-striatus, C.B. Adams.
melaleucos, Jonas.
modestus, Koch.
nodicinctus, A. Adams.
quadricarinatus, Gmel.
quadricostatus, Wood.
scalaris, Anton.
scahriculus, F. d. Busch.
semigranosus, A. Adams.
sordidus, Phil.
sticticus, A. Adams.
viridulus, Gmel.

430

TROCHINtE.

Sub-gen. anadema, H. and A. Adams.

Shell conoidal, depressed ; whorls with transverse rows of
granules ; umbilicus with a spiral callus, which gradually be-
comes broader, and blends with the outer lip ; columella thin,
simple ; outer lip smooth internally.

cselata, A. Adams.

Genus MONILEA, Swainson.

Shell orbicular, depressed, whorls transversely grooved,
axis widely perforated, umbilicus surrounded by a striated
callus, last whorl rounded at the periphery; columella
ending anteriorly in one or two tubercles.

Syn. Talopia, Gray.

Ex. M. calyculus. Wood, pi. 49, fig. 3. Operculum,
M. calyculus, fig. 3, a, 3, h.

In this genus the umbilicus is furnished with a thick,
spiral callus, dilated anteriorly where it joins the exca-
vated columella, and with another striated, spiral callus
more external, which ends anteriorly in a pointed tooth.
In the sub-genus Solariella the internal callus is absent,
and there is no external, striated callus.

Species of Monilea.

Benzi, Krauss.
callifera, Lam.
calyculus. Wood.
corrugata, Koch.
crenulata, Mke.
kalisoma, A. Adams.
lirata, A. Adams.

Menkei, A. Adams.
nucleus, Phil.
Philippii, A. Adams.
pusilla, A. Adams.
rigata, Phil.
Swaiiisonii, A. Adams.

GIBBULA.

431

Sub-gen. solaeiella, Searles Wood.

Shell thin ; whorls transversely finely striated ; umbilicus
perspective, the margin crenulated, no external striated callus.

solariiformis, Sow.
vitigilinea, Mke.

angulata, A. Adams.
aureonitens, A. Adams.
delicata, A. Adams.

Genus GIBBULA, Leach.

Shell conoidal, usually umbilicated, the umbilicus cy-
lindrical or infun dibuliform, whorls often superiorly gib-
bous; aperture sub-rhomboidal, with rounded angles,
entire above, simple below ; columella sometimes ending
in a tubercle or tooth.

Syn. Phorcus, Risso. Steromphala, Leach.

Ex. G. Magus, LinncEUs, pi. 49, fig. 4. Operculum,
G. umbilicaris, Linnceus^ fig. 4, a, 4, h. Shell G. Magus,
fig. 4, c.

The species of Gibhula are very numerous, and are
found in all parts of the world'; the gibbosity of the whorls,
the perforated axis, and simple termination of the colu-
mella serve to characterise the genus.

S'pecies of Gibhula.

Adansonii, Payr.
Adriatica, Phil.
Agathensis, Recluz.
alveolata, Phil.
amoena, Gould.
ardens, Sails.
articulata, A. Adams.
balteata, A. Adams.

bicarinata, Adams and Reeve.
bicincta, Phil.

Candei, D'Orb.
Capensis, Gmel.
cineraria, Linn.
corvus, Phil.

crinita, Phil.
divaricata, Linn.

432

TROCHm^.

Gundlachi, Fhil.

omphalium, Phil.

guttata, Koch.

Philberti, Recluz.

helicoides, Phil.

pisum, Phil.

instricta, Gould.

Preissiana, Phil.

jucuuda, Gould.

punctata, Anton.

kalinota, A. Adams.

quadrata, Gmel.

Kotschyi, Phil.

rosea, Gmel.

Lehmanni, Mke.

scabra, Linn.

livido-maculata, C. B. Ad.

sulcosa, A. Adams.

leucophsea, Phil.

tessellata, A. Adams.

leucosticta, A. Adams.

tumida, Mont.

Magus, Linn.

varia, Linn.

Mindorensis, A. Adams.

variegata, Risso.

■multicolor, Krauss.

venusta, A. Adams.

Nassaviensis, Chem.

umbilicalis. Da Costa.

nebulosa, Phil.

umbilicaris, Linn.

nivosa, A. Adams.

undosa, A. Adams.

obtusa, Chem.

usta, Phil.

Sub-gen. forskalia.

H. and A. Adams.

Shell turbinate ; spire elevated, whorls nodosely plicate at
the sutures, granulated, the last whorl with a conspicuous groove

at the periphery.

declivis, Forsk.

pulcherrima, A. Adams.

familiaris, Petiv.
fanulum, Gmel.

puncto-costata, A. Adams.

Genus TROCHISCUS, Sowerby.

Operculum with the edges
scaly.

of the whorls elevated and

Shell orbicular, sub-discoidal, covered with an epidermis,
solid, smooth, widely and deeply umbilicated ; aperture

nearly circular, peritreme not

continuous ; inner lip flat-

tened and produced anteriorly; outer lip thin, acute.

MARGARITA.

483

Ex. T. Norvissii, Sowerhy, pi. 49, fig. 5. Operculum,
T. Norrissii, fig. 5, a, 5, h.

The operculum in this genus is remarkable for having
the outer edge of each spiral volution free and membran-
ous, with the margin curled. The axis of the shell is
widely perforated, the spire is obtuse, the columella
simple, and the whorls are smooth.

Genus MARGARITA, Leach.

Shell thin, usually without any colouring, globosely
conoidal, umbilicated, whorls rounded, smooth or trans-
versely striated ; aperture nearly circular; columella end-
ing in a simple point.

Ex. M. helicina, Eahricius, pi. 49, fig. 6. Operculum,
M. helicina, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Shell, M. helicina, fig. 6, c.

The species of this genus are principally inhabitants of
the shores of northern countries ; they may be distin-
guished from Gihhula by the whorls being simple and
rounded, and by the circular aperture, the interior of
which is often brilliantly iridescent.

Species of Margarita.

acuminata, Sow.
argentata, Gould.
aspecta, A. Adams.
balteata, A. Adams.
biangulosa, A. Adams.
calostoma, A. Adams.
carinata, A. Adams.
cinerea, Couth.
cingiilata, A. Ada, ms.
coarctata, Migh.

costellata, Sow.
Cumingii, A. Adams.
dilecta, A. Adams.
helicina, Fair.

Hillii, Forbes.
glauca, Moll.
Gronlandica, Cliem.
ligata, Gould.
Magellanica, Gould.
minutissima, Migh.

3 K

VOL. I.

434

TEOCHINiE.

multilineata, De Kay.

sulcata, Sow.
tessellata, A. Adams.
umbilicalis, Brod. and Sow.
undulata, Moll.

Vahlii, Moll.
variabilis, A. Adam,s.
veniista, Phil.

obscura, Couth..
ornata, Be Kay.
Persica, Gould.

polytropa, A. Adams
pupilla, Gould.
purpurata, Forhes.
striata, Leach.

Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams.

Shell turbiniform, vitreous, minute, with a large, orbi-
cular aperture ; either umbilicated, or with the umbilical
region deeply and widely indented.

Ex. V. valvatoides, C. B. Adams.) pi. 49, fig. 7.

This genus comprises a group of small, transparent
shells having large apertures, and rapidly-enlarging
whorls ; it consists of numerous species. They are not
the young of any other species, for the first one, or one
and a half, whorls are distinguished from the following
whorls by nuclear peculiarities, as want of sculpture, &c.
We are acquainted with the young of all the larger species
which inhabit the same localities, and none of them re-
semble these shells.” {C. B. Adams)

S2)ecies of Vitrinella.

anomala, DBrh. (Rotella).
concinna, C. B. Adams.
exigua, C. B. Adams.
helicoidea, C. B. Adams.
hyalina, C. B. Adams.
interrupta, C. B. Adams.
Janus, C. B. Adams.
megastoma, C. B. Adams.

perparva, C. B. Adams.
pusilla, Pfeiff. (Rotella).
regularis, C. B. Adams.
seminuda, C. B. Adams.

minuta, C. B. Adams.

modesta, G. B. Adams.
Panamensis, C. B. Adams.
parva, G. B. Adams.

STOMA TELLIJS^iK.

485

semistriata, D'Orb. (Kotella). tricariiiata, C. B. Adams.
striata, D'Orb. (Rotella). valvatoides, C. B. Adams.

tiiicta, C. B. Adams.

Sab-fam. STOMATELLlNiG.

Foot often very thick, fleshy, developed posteriorly.
Operculum thin, horny, ovate, of few rapidly-increasing
whorls, often entirely wanting.

Shell more or less ear-shaped, of few whorls ; aperture
very wide.

Genus STOMATELLA, Lamarck.

Animal spiral, retractile within the shell ; frontal lobes
triangular, their edge fringed ; foot small, not tubercular,
not posteriorly produced, operculigerous; lateral membrane
very wide, the edge fimbriated.

Operculum orbicular, thin, horny, many-whorled.

Shell spiral, sub-orbicular, depressed, transversely ribbed
or sulciferous ; spire more or less elevated, whorls rounded ;
aperture large, wider than long.

Ex. S. maculata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 49, fig, 8,
8, a. Operculum, S. sulcifera, Lamarck., fig. 8, h, 8, c.
Shell, S. imbricata, Lamarck, fig. 8, d.

The Stomatellai are most numerous in the Philippines,
sixteen species being inhabitants of those islands.

Species of Stomatella.

Arabica, A. Adams. biporcata, A. Adams.

articulata, A. Adams. calliostoma, A. Adams.

Baconi, A. Adams. caiicellata, Krauss.

bicarinata, A. Adams. Candida, A. Adams.

436

STOMATELLI^s"^.

clathratula, A. Adams.
coccinea, A. Adams.
compta, A. Adams.
costellata, A. Adams.
decolorata, Gould.
decorata, A. Adams.
elegans, Gray.
fulgurans, A. Adams.
haliotidea, Sow.
imbricata, Lam.
inflata, C. B. Adams.
maculata, Quoy and Gaim.
Malukana, A. Adams.

margaritana, A. Adams.
monilifera, A. Adams.
notata, A. Adams.
orbiculata, A. Adams.
pallida, A. Adams.
papyracea, Chem.
rufescens, Gray.
sanguinea, A. Adams.
selecta, A. Adams.
speciosa, A. Adams.
sulcifera, Lam.
tigrina, A. Adams.

Genus STOMATIA, Helbling.

Animal spiral, too large entirely to enter the shell ;
frontal lobes digitated ; foot large, tubercular, greatly pro-
duced behind, lateral membrane fringed, ending anteriorly,
on the left side, in a fimbriated crest under the eye-pedicel,
and on the right, in a slightly-projecting fold or gutter lead-
ing to the respiratory cavity.

Operculum none.

Shell sub-spiral, oblong, or sub-orbicular; spire promi-
nent, whorls plicated at the suture, carinated or tuber-
cular ; aperture wider than long, pearly within.

Syn. Haliotidea, Humph., not Swains. Stomax, Montf.
Sigaretus, Sclium., not Lam. or Cuv.

Ex. S. rubra, Lamarck, pi. 49, fig,_9, 9, a, 9, b. Shell,
S. phymotis, Helbling, fig. 9, c.

Stomatia, like Harpa and some Nudibranchs, has the
power of spontaneously throwing off the hind part of the
foot when the animal is irritated, and Gena exhibits the
same peculiarity ; specimens in spirits have the foot usually
truncated from this cause. The species of Stomatia are

GENA.

437

most numerous in the Philippines, the majority having-
been discovered in those Islands by the indefatigable
Mr. Cuming; their favourite locality is on coral reefs,
but they are also found under stones at low-water.

Species of Stomatia.

acuminata, A. Adams. phymotis, Helhl.

angulata, A. Adams. rubra, Lam.

decussata, A. Adams. splendidula, A. Adams.

duplicata, Sow.

Genus MICROTIS, A. Adams.

Animal as in Stomatia, but the foot with a deep, anterior
fissure for the head, and with the front edge bilobed.

Operculum none.

Shell spiral, sub-orbicular, depressed, with two tubercu-
lated ridges ; spire slightly prominent ; aperture very large,
wider than long; columellar margin spiral, visible as far
as the apex of the spire.

Ex. M. tuberculata, A. Adams, pi. 50, fig. 1, 1, a,
1, h. Shell, M. tuberculata, fig. 1, c.

The shell of Microtis resembles that of a little Hali-
otis without the perforations ; the foot of the animal being-
fissured in front, and the spiral columella of the shell, dis-
tinguish the genus, of which there is but a single species
at present known.

Genus GENA, Gray.

Animal sub-spiral, oval, depressed, too large to enter the
shell ; frontal lobes plumose ; foot very large, tubercular,
posteriorly produced; lateral membrane not fringed, more
or less extended and partially covering the shell.

438

STOMA^TELLINiE.

Operculum none.

Shell sub-spiral, oblong, ear-shaped, depressed, smooth
or striated ; spire flattened, nearly obsolete ; aperture
large.

Syn. Stomatella, h, Blainv.

Ex, G. planulata, LamarcA:, pi. 50, fig. 2, 2, a. Shell,
G. lutea, Linnmus, fig. 2, h.

Thirteen species of this genus were discovered by Mr.
Cuming among the Islands of the Philippine Archipelago,
where they appear to represent Haliotis.

Species of Gena.

asperulata, A. Adams.
concinna, Gould.
irasata, Dufo.
lineata, A. Adams.
lintricula, A. Adams.
lutea, Linn.
minima, Dufo.
nebulosa, A. Adams.

nigra, Quoy and Gaim.
ornata, A. Adams.
planulata, Lam.
plumbea, A. Adams.
pulchella, A. Adams.
striatula, A. Adams.
strigosa, A. Adams.
varia, A. Adams.

Genus BRODERlPlA, Gray.

Shell non-spiral, ancyliform, oblong, ovate, flattened ;
apex posterior, sub -involute ; aperture very large, oval,
iridescent and nacreous within.

Syn. Scutella, sp. Brod.

Ex. B. rosea, Broderip, pi. 50, fig. 3.

The small and singular genus Broderipia is known only
by its shell, which differs from that of the rest of the
genera in the family in not being spiral ; three species
only are known, all natives of the Philippines.

HALIOTIB.E.

439

Species of Broderipia.

Cumingii, A. Adams,
iridescens, Brod.

rosea, Brod.

Genus ANATOMUS, Montfort.

Operculum thin, horny, sub-spiral.

Shell minute, spiral, heliciform, depressed, widely um-
bilicated ; spire short ; aperture sub-orbicular, not pearly
within ; outer lip with a narrow fissure or slit.

Syn. Scissurella, If Orh.

E.X. A. crispatus, Fleming.^ pi. 50, fig. 4.

The animal of Anatomus has not hitherto been accurately
observed, so that the systematic position of the genus is
rather doubtful. The aperture of the shell is not nacreous
or pearly internally ; the fissure in the outer lip is some-
times incomplete. Montfort, speaking of his A. Indicus,
observes that it inhabits the Sargassa or Gulf-weed.

Species of Anatomus.

angulatus, Sow.
asper, Phil.

Indicus, Montf.
Isevigatus, D'Orh,
striatulus, Phil.
reticulatus, Phil.

D’Orbiguyi, Audouin.

Bertheloti, Webb,
conicus, B'Orb.
costatus, B'Orb.
crispatus, Flem.

Fam. HALIOTIDJE.

Tongue with a small median tooth, flanked by two beam-
like laterals and numerous uncini with denticulated hooks.

440

HALIOTID^..

the four inner being very large. Head with a short, broad
muzzle ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on stout, cylin-
drical peduncles at their outer bases, and with a fimbriated
lobe, or an emarginate veil, between them. Mantle-margin
fissured in front, the left lobe elongated into an anal
siphon occupying the anterior perforation of the shell ;
gills two, unequal. Foot thick and fleshy, the sides with
a double membrane, furnished with serrated lobes and fila-
ments on the edges, and continued, anteriorly, in a free
crest, under the head.

Operculum none.

Shell ear-shaped; aperture large, nacreous and irides-
cent internally, perforated with a series of holes.

In the family of HaliotidcE or “ Ear-shells,” we find the
lingual dentition very similar to that of the Trochidce, the
eyes, moreover, are pedunculated, and there are analogous
head-lobes and lateral fringes; there are, however, two
branchial plumes, and the muscle of attachment, instead
of being crescentic round the mantle, is central and
ovate. In the perforated shell and double gill, as well as
in the great development of the foot, this family seems
to resemble that of Fissurellid(B, but the shell is sub-
spiral, and the aperture is lined with an iridescent nacre.

Genus HALTOTIS, Linnaeus.

Foot moderate, not grooved and produced posteriorly.

Shell depressly ovate, or ear-shaped ; spire small, obtuse,
sub-lateral, surface rough, wrinkled, or tubercular ; aper-
ture very wide, broader than long, iridescent and pearly
within, the left side perforated with a series of holes.

HALIOTIS.

441

Syn. Auvis, Klein, not Spico. ? Deridobranchus,
Ehrenh. Ralia, Gray. Haliotidarius, Dum.

Ex. H. glabra, Chemnitz, pi. 50, fig. 5, 5, a. Shell,
H. tuberculata, Linnaeus, fig. 5, h.

The species of this genus, remarkable for the beauty
and variety of colour of their shells, are most numerous
in Australia, where they appear to take the place of the
Chitonidae, which are most abundant along the shores of
America. Species of Haliotis, however, are found in
various parts of the world, the Cape, India, China, Cali-
fornia, New Zealand, and the Canaries. One species, H.
tuberculata, is eaten in the Channel Islands, and others
constitute an indifferent article of diet in Japan and China.
Great quantities of Haliotis are brought to Birmingham
for the manufacture of the mother-of-pearl ” ornaments
used in “ papier mache ” articles.

Species of Haliotis.

albicans, Quoy.
ancile, Reeve.
aquatilis, Reeve.
astricta, Reeve.
bistriata, Gmel.
Californiensis, Swains.
coccinea, Reeve.
coccoracliata, Reeve.
concinna, Reeve.
corrugata, Gray.
Cracherodi, Leach.
crispata, Gould.
cruenta, Reeve.
Cunninghami, Gray.
discors, Reeve.
diversicolor, Reeve.

elegans, Koch.

fulgens, Phil.
funebris. Reeve.
gemma. Reeve.
gibba, Phil.
gigantea, Chem.
glabra, Chem.
iris, Marty 11.

Jacuensis, Reeve.
Kamtschatkana, Jonas.
lamellosa, Lam.
lauta. Reeve.

Marise, Gray.
raarmorata. Gray.
Midae, Linn.
multiperforata. Reeve.

3 L

VOL. I.

442

HALIOTIDiE.

nebulata, Reeve.
pertusa, Reeve.
planilirata, Reeve.
pustulata, Reeve.
rubiginosa, Reeve.
rufescens, Swains.
rugosa, Reeve.
rugoso-plicata, Client .
scutulum, Reeve.
semistriata, Reeve.

sepiculata, Reeve.
Sieboldii, Reeve.
squamata, Reeve.
squamosa, Gray.
Tayloriana, Reeve.
tuberculata, Linn.
varia, Linn.
viridis, Reeve.
Zealandica, Reeve.
zic-zac, Reeve.

Genus TEINOTTS, H. & A. Adams.

Foot very large and thick, greatly produced, and with
a deep, superior, longitudinal groove posteriorly.

Shell depressed, elongate, ear-shaped ; spire sub-spiral,
posterior, produced beyond the last whorl ; aperture very
large, much wider than long, pearly within and perforated
with a series of holes.

Syn. Haliotis, Montf., not Linn.

Ex. T. asinina, Linneeus, pi. 50, fig. 6, 6, a. Shell,
T. asinina, fig. 6, h.

Teinotis, in its development of foot and consequent
greater locomotive power, seems to bear the same relation
to the other genera of this family that Cryptoplax does
among the ChitonidcB. As in Haliotis, the anal lobe of
the mantle-margin is protruded from the last-formed per-
foration of the shell, the other holes progressively closing
with the growth of the shell. The Teinotis lives among
the rocks and reefs along the shore, and crawls with con-
siderable vivacity ; in the typical species, the lateral
membrane of the foot, when fully expanded, is slightly
reflexed over the dorsal surface of the shell.

PADOLLUS.

443

asiniiia, Linn.

Sjjecies of Teinotis.

stomatellseformis, Reeve.

Genus PADOLLUS, Montfort.

Shell depressed, ear-shaped ; spire small, sub-lateral,
surface corrugated or tubercular, with a prominent, spiral
ridge in the middle ; aperture very large, pearly within,
perforated with a few holes, and with a deep furrow parallel
with the series of perforations.

Syn. Padolla, Oken. Padola, Flem.

Ex. P. tricostalis, Chemnitz^ pi. 50, fig. 7.

The chief peculiarity of this genus consists in the groove
which runs parallel with the line of perforations in the
shell, and which, doubtless, is attended with a correspond-
ing peculiarity in the animal ; the species are from Africa
and New Holland.

Species of Padollus.

clathratus, Reeve.

Dringii, Reeve.

Emma, G7'ay.
excavatus, Lam.
nsevosus, Martyn.
ovinus, Chem.

Sub-geii. SULCULUS, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with an elevated dorsal ridge, running parallel with the
row of perforations ; aperture with a corresponding spiral de-
pression ; apex sub-spiral, the spire nearly terminal.

papulatus. Reeve.
pulcherrimus, Martyn.

Roei, Gray.
tricostalis, Chem.
venustus, Adams and Reeve.

incisus. Reeve.
Janus, Reeve.

parvus, Linn.
reticulatus. Reeve.

444

FISSURELLID.E.

rosaceus, Reeve.
sanguineus, Hanley.
speciosus, Reeve.

striatus, Linn.
virgineus, Chem.

Sub-order EDRIOPHTHALMA.

Eyes sessile, or on slightly-raised tubercles on the
outer side of the base of the tentacles. Operculum none.
Shell, in the adult, symmetrical, conical, not spiral ;
aperture not pearly internally.

Earn. FISSURELLIDJE.

Tongue with a central median tooth, five denticulated
uncini, and numerous, slender, hooked laterals. Body
broad and conical. Head with a short, wide muzzle ;
tentacles subulate, with the eyes on slightly-elevated
tubercles at their external bases. Mantle-margin fissured
in front, the free edges forming an anal siphon occupying
the anterior fissure or perforation in the apex of the shell ;
gills two, symmetrical, on the back of the neck. Foot di-
lated, sides with the upper part furnished with a series of
short cirrhi or rudimentary filaments.

Operculum none.

Shell, in the adult, conical, symmetrical, not spiral,
either pierced at the apex, or more or less grooved or fis-
sured anteriorly ; aperture wide, not pearly within ; mus-
cular impression crescentic, open in front.

The animals composing this family, like those of the
Scutibranch Gasteropods generally, are littoral and phyto-
phagous in their habits. In their lingual dention, and in
the sides of their foot being ornamented with cirrhi, they

FISSURELLA.

445

exhibit an affinitj^ with the Trochidae and Haliotidoi, but
their eyes are not situated at the ends of separate peduncles,
and their shells are not nacreous or pearly within. The
nucleus is always spiral, although, in the adult, the shell
assumes a conic form j in some genera there is a rudi-
mentary spire in the young state, which disappears in the
course of growth. The perforation or fissure of the shell,
though sometimes regarded as branchial, is undoubtedly
faecal in its office.

Genus FISSURELLA, Bruguiere.

Mantle-margin fringed with cirrhi ; anal siphon a short,
truncate, membranous canal, projecting from the perfora-
tion in the shell.

Shell oval, conical, depressed, surface radiated or can-
cellated ; apex truncate and perforated in front of the
centre ; aperture wide, expanded, oblong, simple internally.

Syn. Larva, Humph., not Veill. Caminata, Fabr,
Fissurellus, Montf. Serra, Less.

Ex. F. maxima, Sowerhy, pi. 51, fig. 1. Shell, F.
picta, Gmelin, fig. I, a.

In the young shell the apex is entire and sub-spiral, and
the perforation is situated in the same position in which
it exists permanently. The species are found in nearly
all countries, but are most numerous along the coasts of
South America.

Species of Fissurella.

atrata, Beeve.
bella, Reeve.
biradiata, Fremh.
Bridgesii, Reeve.

catillus, Reeve.
Chilensis, Sow,
clypeus, Sow.
costata, Less.

446

FISSURELLID^.

crassa, Lam.
crenifera, Sow.
Cumingii, Beeve.
Darwinii, Beeve.
exquisita, Beeve,
galericulum, Beeve.
grandis, Sow.
grisea, Beeve.
Hondurasensis, Beeve.
lata, Sow.

latimarginata, Sow.
limbata, Sow.
maxima, Sow.
Mexicana, Sow.

mutabilis. Sow.
nigra. Less.
nimbosa, Linri.
oriens. Sow.
Philippiana, Beeve.
picta, Gmel.
pulchra, Sow.
radio sa. Less.
rota, Beeve.
rudis, Desh.
sagittifera, Beeve.
stellata, Beeve.
virescens. Sow.

Sub-gen. cremides, H. and A. Adams.

Shell conical, surface rough, muricated or cancellated ; aper-
ture with the margin denticulated.

alabastrites, Beeve.
asperella, Sow.
balanoides, Beeve.
Barbadensis, Gmel.
coarctata, King.
compressa, Beeve.
conoides, Beeve.
edititia, Beeve.
glaucopis, Beeve.
Humphreji, Beeve.
macrotrema. Sow.
microtrema. Sow.

muricata, Beeve.
Natalensis, Krauss.
nigro-punctata, Sow.
nodosa, Born.
obscura, Soiv.
obtusa, Sow.
olivacea. Gray.
ostrina, Beeve.
Peruviana, Lam.
rugosa. Sow.
Tongana, Qnoy.
volcano, Beeve.

Sub-gen. fissueidea, Swainson.

Shell sub-conical, cap-shaped, the apex close to the posterior
margin ; perforation narrow.

pileus, Swains, (pileopsoides, Beeve).

LUCAPINA.

447

Genus LUCAPINA, Gray.

Mantle-margin fimbriated, reflexed more or less over
the edges of the shell.

Shell oblong, oval, depressly conical, surface cancel-
lated ; apex sub-central, with an oval perforation ; aperture
expanded, the margin crenulated ; perforation surrounded
by a callus, truncated posteriorly, and sometimes produced
into a transverse lamella.

Ex. L. reticulata, Donovan, pi. 51, fig. 2. Shell, L.
crenulata, Sowerhy, fig. 2, a .

This genus includes all those reticulated and cancel-
lated forms, generally referred to Fissurella, which have
the margin of the aperture crenulated, and in which the
perforation, internally, is transversely truncate and some-
times slightly concamerated.

Species of Lucapina,

aegis, Beeve.
alta, C. B. Adams.
alternata, Say.
aspera, Sow.
australis, Kraiiss.
Benguelensis, Dkr.
calyculata, Soiv.
cancellata, Soland.
Candida, Sow.
Cayennensis, Lam.
crenulata, Sow.
cruciata, Kraiiss.
cyathulum, Beeve.
densiclathrata, Beeve.
digitale, Beeve.
Dysoni, Beeve.

elongata, Phil.
excelsa, Adams and Beeve,
fimbriata, Beeve.
fumata, Beeve.
funiculata, Beeve.
g'emmulata, Beeve.
gibberula, Lam.
inaequalis, Soin.

Incei, Beeve.
indusica, Beeve,

Jukesii, Beeve.
larva, Beeve.
lentiginosa, Beeve.
Lincolni, Gray.
Menkeana, Dkr.

Metcalfii, Beeve.

448

riSSlTRELLID^..

neglecta, Desk.
nigro-ocellata, Heeve.
nigro-radiata, Reeve.
octagona, Reeve.
Panamensis, Sow.
Pliilippiana, Dh'.
pica, Sow.

quadriradiata, Reeve.
reticulata, Donov.
Riippellii, Sow.

Sieboldii, Reeve.
Siugaporensis, Reeve.
solida, Phil.
suffusa, Reeve.
tegula. Reeve.
Ticaonica, Reeve.
venusta. Reeve.
viminea. Reeve.
viridula, Lam.

Genus CLYPIDELLA, Swainson.

Mantle-margin double, the edges scalloped and fringed,
anal siphon surrounded by a fimbriated membrane ; foot
large, fleshy and tubercular, with a series of rudimentary,
tentacular filaments on the sides near the fore part.

Shell ovate, scutiform, surface rugose, the anterior ex-
tremity slightly elevated, truncate and sub-emarginate ;
perforation large, situated near the fore part of the shell.

Ex. C. pustula, Linnaeus^ pi. 51, fig. 3. Shell, C.
pustula, fig. 3, a.

In this genus the sides of the shell are covered by the
upper fold of the double-edged mantle, the anal siphon is
encircled by a fringed and plicate membranous expansion,
and the foot is fleshy and tubercular.

Species of Clypidella.

aculeata. Reeve.
Baikiei, A. Adams.
dubia, Reeve.
fascicularis, Lam.

pustula, Linn.
salebrosa, Reeve.
scutella, Gray.

MACROCHISMA.

449

Genus FISSURELLID^A, D’Orbignv.

Mantle greatly developed, thickened at the edges, and
nearly covering the shell ; foot very large and elongated.

Shell oval, depressed, surface nearly smooth ; perfora-
tion oval, large, central, with an internal, thickened rim
round the margin ; aperture very wide, with a thickened
callus round the inner margin, margin smooth.

Ex. F. hiantula, Lamarck, pi. 51, fig. 4. Shell, F.
hiantula, fig. 4, a.

In this genus the animal is of large size compared with
the shell, and the mantle is thick and almost coriaceous ;
there appear to be but few species, inhabitants of the
Cape, Tasmania, and South America.

Species of Fissurellidcea,

sequalis, Sow. hiantula, Lam.

Chemnitzii, Sow. nigrita, Sow.

Genus MACROCHISMA, Swainson.

Shell scutiform, elongated, surface radiately striated,
anterior extremity elevated, sub -e margin ate, grooved
above; perforation large, ovate or lanceolate, elongate or
oblong, situated near the front edge.

Ex. M. maxima, A. Adams, pi. 51, fig. 5.

In this genus the animal, according to the observations
of Mr. Cuming, is of large size, larviform and greatly
elongated, with the shell situated towards the hinder ex-
tremity. The anal aperture or faecal perforation of the

3 M

VOL. I.

450

FISSURELLIDJil.

shell is much nearer the front margin than in the other
genera of the family.

Species of Macrochisma.

aogustata, A. Adams.
compressa, A. Adams.
cuspidata, A. Adams.
dilatata, A. Adams.

hiatula, Swains.
maxima, A. Adams.
megatrema, A. Adams.
producta, A. Adams.

Genus PUPILLIA, Gray.

Mantle coriaceous, entirely covering the shell, orifice
of anal siphon small, oblong, at the anterior third ; foot
granulated, shorter than the mantle.

Shell internal, depressly-conical, surface nearly smooth ;
perforation large, oblong, sub-central ; aperture wide,
ovate, the margin entire, double, sharp, white-limbed.

Syn. Pupillsea, Krauss, Pupillaca, Phil.

Ex. P. apertura, Born.^ pi. 51, fig. 6. Shell, P. aper-
tura, fig. 6, a, 6, h.

The striking peculiarity of this genus is the fact of
the shell being entirely covered and concealed by the
mantle. The shell may readily be known by the sharp-
edged, white border, which is received into the integu-
ment of the animal, like one of the valves of a Chiton.
Pupillia apertura is an inhabitant of South Africa.

Genus CEMORTA, Leach.

Mantle-margin simple, anal siphon prominent, tubular,
with six papillae in front, and four behind ; foot with a
rudimentary, operculigerous lobe.

RIMULA.

451

Shell ovate, conical, elevated, surface with radiating
ribs; apex entire, sub-spiral, slightly recurved posteriorly;
perforation linear, between the apex and front edge, vaulted
over internally by a shelly plate ; aperture oval, expanded,
the margin entire.

Syn. Sipho, Brown, not Klein. Diadora, Gray. Ri-
mula, Loven, not Defrance. Puncturella, Lcwe.

Ex. C. Noachina, Linnceus, pi. 51, fig. 7, 7, a, 7, b.
Shell, C. Noachina, fig. 7, c, 7, d.

The range of cirrhi on the sides of the foot in this
genus is interrupted, behind, on each side; the species
inhabit the British Islands, Greenland, Norway, Boreal
America, and Tierra del Fuego.

Species of Cemoria.

cognata, Gould.
conica, D'Orh.
cucuilata, Gould.
fastigiata, A. Adams.

galeata, Gould.
Noachina, Linn.
princeps, Gould.

Genus RIMULA', Defrance.

Shell ovate, depressly-conical, thin, surface cancellated ;
apex recurved towards the hinder extremity, entire ; per-
foration elongate, fissure-like, between the vertex and the
front edge.

Syn. Rimularia, Defrance. Rimulus, D'Orb. Ditre-
maria, D'Orh.

Ex. R. exquisita, A. Adams, pi. 51, fig. 8.

This genus was founded on some fossil species of the
Bath Oolite ; several recent species, however, have been
discovered by Mr. Cuming among the Islands of the

452

FISSURELLID^.

Philippine Archipelago, principally dredged from ten to
twenty-five fathoms water. The genus is easily recognised
by the position of the perforation.

Species of Rimula.

Blainvillii, Def?\
carinata, J. Adams.

exquisita, A. Adams.
propinqua, A. Adams.

Genus EMARGINULA, Lamarck.

Mantle-margin simple, reflexed over the edges of the
shell, anal siphon with prominent, membranous margins
projecting from the fissure in the shell ; foot with a rudi-
mentary, operculigerous lobe.

Shell oval, conical, surface radiated or cancellated ;
apex entire, recurved posteriorly ; aperture oval, expanded,
the front edge fissured, the fissure continuous with a groove
which extends as far as the vertex.

Syn. Emarginulus, Montf. ? Palmarium, Montf.

Ex. E. rosea. Bell, pi. 51, fig. 9. Shell, E. crassa,
Sowerhy, fig. 9, a.

The angulated sides of the anal siphon are seen, in the
living animal, projecting from the fissure in the front
margin of the shell ; the operculigerous lobe exists in the
form of a single, central cirrhus on the hind part of the
foot. Most of the species are from considerable depths,
while the species of Fissu7'ella, on the contrary, are chiefly
littoral. Australia, the West Indies, and the Philippines
harbour the greatest number, a few only being inhabitants
of temperate climates.

EMARGmULA.

453

Species of Emarginula.

alveolata, A. Adams
Arabica, A. Adams.
cancellata, Vliil.
catillus, A. Adams.
crassilabrum, A. Adams.
crassa, Sow.
cratitia, A. Adams.
curvirostris, Desk.
denticulata, A. Adams.
fissura, Linn.
fissurata, Chem.
galeata, A. Adams.

Huzardii, Payr.
imbricata, A. Adams.
lata, Quoy.
pumila, A. Adams.
reticulata, Chem.
rosea. Bell.
rubra, Lam.
sculptilis, A. Adams.
scutellaris, A. Adams.
striatula, Quoy.
Vanicorensis, Quoy.

Sub-gen. subemaeginula, Blainville (Hemitoma, Sivains.
Montfortia, Becluz).

Shell radiately ribbed, tubercular ; aperture not fissured ante-
riorly, but with a conspicuous groove or gutter at the front
edge.

depressa, Blainv. polygonalis, A. Adams.

nodulosa, A. Adams. tricarinata. Born.

octoradiata, Gmel.

Sub-gen. clypidina. Gray.

Shell ovate, depressly-conical, surface rugose or spiny ; aper-
ture not fissured anteriorly, but with an internal canal extending
from the right side of the front margin to the vertex.

acuminata, A. Adams.
annulata, A. Adams.
aspera, Gould.
Candida, A. Adams.
fungina, Gould.
notata, Linn.

parmophoroidea, Quoy and
Gaim.

rudis, A. Adams.
stellata, A. Adams.
sulcifera, A. Adams.

454

FISSURELLIDiE.

Genus SCUTUS, Montfort.

Mantle-margin simple, permanently more or less pro-
duced and covering the sides of the shell ; foot moderate,
smooth, with a series of short, lateral cirrhi.

Shell depressed, oblong, shield-shaped, surface smooth
or striated ; apex at the hinder third ; aperture with the
front edge truncate, arched, and slightly emarginate, with
an internal groove leading to the sinus; margin smooth,
rounded behind.

8yn. Dascinus, Rqfin. Parmophorus, Blainv. Par-
mophora, Desk. Scutifera, Blainv. Scutum, Sow. jun.

Ex. S. unguis, Linnmis, pi. 51, fig. 10. Shell, S.
unguis, fig. 10, «.

The animal of Scutus does not differ much from that
of Emarginula.) but the shell is not fissured anteriorly,
and is, moreover, smooth, depressed, and sub-quadran-
gular, with the margin permanently covered by the re-
flexed border of the mantle. The shells are all white
or devoid of colour, although the animal is black ;
the species are found in shallow water, and are not very
numerous; they are chiefly inhabitants of the Philippines,
Australia, and New Zealand.

Species of Scutus.

angustatus, A. Adams.

granulatus, Blainv.
imbricatus, Quoy and Gabn.
tumidus, Quoy and Gaim..
unguis, Binn.

australis, Blainv.
corrugatus, Beeve,
elongatus, Lam.

DENTALIIDiE.

455

Sub-gen. tugali, Gray.

Shell white, oblong, surface cancellated ; aperture with the
margin crenulated.

carinatus, A. Adams. elegans, Gray.

cicatrosus, A. Adams. osseus, Gould.

cinereus, Goidd. radiatus, A. Adams.

decussatus, A. Adams.

Fam. DENTALIID^.

Lingual ribbon wide, ovate, rachis single-toothed, un-
cini single, flanked by single, unarmed plates. Body
elongated ; head rudimentary, without tentacles or eyes ;
mouth with cirrhated lips. Mantle circular, anteriorly
thick and fleshy, investing the fore part of the body ; gills
two, symmetrical. Foot rudimentary, small, conical,
with two symmetrical side-lobes, and an attenuated, hollow
base, communicating with the stomach.

Operculum none.

Shell elongate, or elevately-conical, surface smooth or
longitudinally striated ; vertex perforated, posteriorly in-
clined ; aperture circular, not constricted.

According to the observations of Clark, the blood of
these animals is red, the sexes are united, and the gills
are posterior to the heart. Should these views be con-
firmed, the family must be removed from the Prosobran-
chiate division of Mollusks. The most usual way of re-
garding the Dentaliidce has been to consider them as
elongated Fissurellce, with the eyes and tentacles wanting,
and the foot rudimentary and tubular ; the perforated.

456

DENTALIIDiE.

small end of the shell, corresponding with the orifice in
the vertex of Fissurella, and subserving the same pur-
pose. The stomach of the Dentaliidad is furnished with
a strong gizzard, and the vent is sub-central.

Genus DENTALIUM, Linnaeus.

Shell symmetrical, tubular, tapering, recurved, surface
longitudinally ribbed or striated ; apex perforated, per-
foration entire, without any fissure or emargination ; aper-
ture circular.

8yn. Tubulus, Scilla. Dentale, List. Dentalis,
Llwyd. Syringites, Auct. Canalis, D^Argenv. Cana-
lites, Vogel.

Ex. D. vulgare. Da Costa, pi. 52, fig. 1. Shell, D.
arcuatum, Linnmis, fig. 1, a.

According to Clark, the “ Tooth Shells,” as they are
often termed, are animal feeders, devouring with avidity
Foraminifera, and sometimes small bivalves. They are
usually found in deep water, and often bury themselves in
mud and sand.

Species of Dentalium.

ellipticum, Sow.
fasciatum, Gmel.

formosum, Adams and Reeve.
giganteiim, Brug.

aprinum, Linn.
arcuatum, Linn.
dentalis, Linn.

elephantinum, Linn.

abbreviatum, Desh.
alternatum, Lea.
ambiguum, Chenu.

Indicum, Chenu.
Lessoni, Desh.
lacteum, Desh.
multistriatum, Desh.
nigrum, Lam.

Novae Hollandise, Chenu.
novem-costatum, Lam.
octogonum, Lam.
Panormum, Chenu.
politum, Linn.
pseudo-sexagonum, Desh.

ANTALIS.

457

quinquangulare, Forbes.
rectum, Linn.
rubescens, Desk.
striatulum, Gmel.

sulcatum, Lam.
translucidum. Desk,
variabile, Desk.
vulgare. Da Costa.

Genus ANTALIS, Aldrovandus.

Shell symmetrical, tubular, sub-cylindrical, recurved;
apex perforated, perforation with a notch-lihe fissure on
the dorsal or posterior margin ; aperture circular, entire.

Sy7i. Antalium, Auct. Entale, Tournef. Entalites,
Auct. Entalium, Defr* Entalis, G. B, Sow., jun.

Ex. A. semistriolata, Guilding, pi. 52, fig. 2. Shell,
A. entalis, Linnaeus, fig. 2, a.

In this genus the faecal foramen in the apex of the shell
is fissured on the hinder margin, and the surface of the
shell is smooth or longitudinally striated. The species
often range from 10 to 100 fathoms, and are found in the
East and West Indies, the Mediterranean, and on the
shores of Britain and Norway.

Species of Antalis.

Delessertiana, Ckenu.

nebulosa. Desk.

diffusa, Ckenu.
eburnea, Linn.
entalis, Linn.
fissura, Lam.
incisa, Ckenu.
in versa. Desk.

Sowerbyi, Ckenu.
striata, Lam.

semistriolata. Guild.

occidentalis, Stimp.

Philippii, Ckenu.
secta, Desk.

Lamarckii, Ckenu.

striolata, Stimp.

3 N

VOL. I.

458

TECTURIDiE.

Fam. TECTURID^.

Lingual riband long, with two central, and two hooked
lateral teeth on each side in an oblique line, the inner
often the larger. Head with a short muzzle ; mouth with
cartilaginous jaws; tentacles subulate; eyes on bulgings
at their outer bases. Mantle-margin simple or fringed;
gill forming a single pectinated plume on the side of the
back of the neck. Foot large, ovate, with a simple, im-
pressed groove.

Operculum none.

Shell depressed, conical, or cap-shaped ; aperture wide^
with a crescentic, muscular impression, interrupted in the
region of the head.

The family of Tecturidce, or False Limpets,” is dis-
tinguished from that of the Patellidm, or ‘‘ True Lim-
pets,” by the gill being single, and situated in a cavity on
the right side of the neck, instead of forming a series of
lamellae between the mantle and foot. They are littoral
in their habits, feeding on the sea-weed between tide-
marks ; their locomotion is very limited, and in their
geographical distribution, they are found both in tropical
and temperate countries.

Genus TECTUKA, Audouin and Milne Edwards.

Mantle -margin fringed ; foot oval, flat.

Shell patelliform, regular, depressly-conical, surface
smooth or with radiating striae ; apex anterior, sub-cen-
tral; aperture very wide, muscular impression non-sym-
metrical, the anterior part under the right side.

SCURRIA. 459

Syn. Acmaea, Eschscholtz. Patelloida, Quoy and
Gaimard. Lottia, Gray.

Ex. T. testudinalis, Muller, pi. 52, fig. 3, 3, a. Shell,
T. testudinalis, fig. 3, h.

Species of Tectura are found in Western America,
Australia, and on the shores of northern countries ; they
range from low-water to thirty fathoms.

Species of Tectura.

aeruginosa, Midd.
alveus, Couth.
ancylus, Esch.
araneosa, Gould.

Asmi, Midd.
cassis, Eschr.
conoidea, Quoy and Gaim.
conspicua, Phil.
cymbiola, Gould.
digitalis, Eschr.
discors, Phil.
elongata, Quoy and Gaim.
flammea, Quoy and Gaim.
fragilis, Quoy and Gaim.
fungus, Meusch.
leucopleura, Gmel.
limbata, Phil.
melanoleuca, Gmel.
melanosticta, Gmel.
mitella, Mke.

orbicularis, Quoy and Gaim.

parasitica, D'Orh.
patina, Eschr.
persona, Eschr.
personoides, Midd.
pileolus, Midd.
pileopsis, Quoy and Gaim.
pintadina, Gmel.
pustula, Helb.
rugosa, Quoy and Gaim.
scabra, Gould.
septiformis, Quoy and Gaim.
squamosa, Quoy and Gaim.
stellaris, Quoy and Gaim.
striata, Quoy and Gaim.
subrugosa, D'Orh.
testudinalis, Mull.
textilis, Gould.
variabilis, Sow.
virginea, Mull.
viridula, Lam.

Genus SCURRIA, Gray.

Mantle-margin with a series of lamellar papillae ; foot
oval, thick.

Shell elevately-conical, solid, surface smooth ; apex

460

TECTUHIDiE.

central, raamillated; aperture wide, oval, margin regular,
entire.

Ex. S. scurra, Lesson, pi. 52, fig. 4, 4, a. Shell, S.
scurra, fig. 4, h.

This genus is founded upon the Patella scurra of Les-
son, which is the Acmcea mitra of Eschscholtz, and the
Lottia pallida of Sowerby. The margin of the mantle is
surrounded by a number of singular, sub-annular, curved,
lamellar processes, which resemble gills ; the branchial
plume, however, exists in a cervical cavity, as in Tec-
tura.

Species of Scurria.

conica, Gould. scurra, Lesson.

Genus HELCION, Montfort.

Shell oval, depressly-conical, cap-shaped, surface with
radiating, pectinated ribs; apex excentric, recurved, sub-
marginal ; interior covered with a vitreous deposit, margin
of aperture crenate ; muscular impression crescentic, in-
terrupted in the region of the head.

Ex. H. pectinatus, Linnceus, pi. 52, fig. 5.

The shell of Helcion does not appear to differ generi-
cally from that of Scutellina, except that the interior of
the aperture is covered with a peculiar glazed deposit.
The nature of the gills has not been well made out ; Dr.
Gray, however, states that they resemble those of Patella.

Genus SCUTELLINA, Gray.

Animal provided with eyes.

SCUTELLINA.

461

Shell orbicular or ovate, depressly-conical or cap-
shaped, surface cancellated, or with radiating ribs or
striae ; apex sub-central, or sub-marginal and posterior ;
aperture wide, circular, or ovate, margin often bordered
internally, outer edge more or less crenulated ; interior
with a cresentic, muscular impression, interrupted in the
region of the head.

Syn. Scutella, Brod., not Lam.

Bx. S. ferruginea, A. Adams, pi. 52, fig. 6, 6, a. Shell,
S. crenulata, Broderip, fig. 6, 5. S. (lothia) fulva,
Muller, 6, c.

This genus is composed of a series of beautiful and de-
licate shells from the Red Sea, Panama, the Philippines,
and the north of Europe ; they are usually of a white
colour, and very similar in form and sculpture to Helcion.
The lingual riband in the sub-genus lothia, which scarcely
differs, even in the shell, from Scutellina, is composed of
a single series of squares, on each of which a single tri-
lobed tooth is borne, flanked on each side by two distinct
accessorials. (Forbes.)

Species of Scutellina.

Arabica, Rupp.
asperulata, A. Adams.
cinnamomea, Gould.
costata, A. Adams.
crenulata, Brod.

elongata, A. Adams.
ferruginea, A. Adams.
Galathea, Lam.
granulosa, A. Adams.
laevicostalis, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. iothia, Forbes (Pilidium, Forbes and Hanley. Patel-
loida, Cantr., not Quoy and Gahn.).

Shell with the apex sub-central; aperture with the margin
entire.

fulva, Mull.

462

GADIiillDiE.

Genus LEPETA, Gray.

Animal blind.

Shell obovate, depressly-conical, surface with radiating
strisB ; apex excentric, posterior ; aperture oval, muscular
impression horse-shoe-shaped, open anteriorly*

Syn. Propilidium, Forbes and Hanley. Pilidium,
Midd., not Forbes,

Ex. L. caeca, Muller, pi. 52, fig. 7. Shell, L. caeca,
fig. 7, a.

In this genus, which is established on the Patella cceca
of Muller, the animal is deprived of eyes, the tentacles
are short and obtuse, and there is a single, central, rachi-
dian tooth on the lingual membrane.

Species of Lepeta.

caeca, Miill.
Candida, Couth.

commoda, Midd.
rubella, Mull.

Fam. GADINIID^.

Head distinct, flattened; tentacles expanded, funnel-
shaped ; eyes sessile. Gill single, placed obliquely across
the back of the neck. Foot, flat, thin, simple.

Shell depressly-conical ; aperture with a siphonal
groove anteriorly on the right side.

In this family the gill is single and cervical as in
Tecturid(B, but the tentacles are expanded and infundi-
buliform. The groove in the interior of the shell, for the
anal siphon, resembles that of Siphonaria, but the genera

PATELLIDiE. 463

are unlike each other in the position of the gill and in
the form of the head.

Genus GADINIA, Gray.

Shell depresssly-conical, surface radiated ; apex sub-
central, or a little posterior ; aperture wide, expanded, mus-
cular impression horse-shoe-shaped, the right side shortest,
terminating at the siphonal groove ; siphonal groove in
the front of the right side of the muscular scar.

8yn. Mouretia, Soiv, Lyria, Gray. Clypeus, 8cac-
chi, not Klein.

Ecc. G. Garnotii, Payraudeau, pi. 52, fig. 8. Shell,
G. Afra, Gray., fig. 8, a.

The animals of this genus have very similar habits to
those of the PatellidcB. Adanson, who first observed
them, living on the rocks of the Island of Goree, and of
Cape Manuel, named them Gadin.”

Species of Qadinia.

Afra, Gray. Peruviana, Sow.

costata, Krauss. ' reticulata, Sow.

Garnotii, Payr. stellata. Sow.

Fam. PATELLID^.

Mouth armed with horny jaws ; lingual riband very
long ; teeth in numerous transverse rows (2*4*2), central,
two pairs ; lateral, two on each side, the inner one larger
and lower down, uncini three. Head with a short muz-
zle ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on the outer side of
their swollen bases. Mantle-margin fringed ; gill on the

464

PATELLID^.

inner surface of the mantle, forming a more or less com-
plete ring just beneath the margin. Side of foot with a
sunken groove.

Operculum none.

Shell simple, conical; muscular impression crescentic,
interrupted in front.

The continuous series of branchial lamellae forming a
fixed cordon between the mantle and foot, together with
the peculiarities of their lingual dentition, serve to distin-
guish this family from the Tecturidce ; from the Chito-
nid<B the presence of tentacles and eyes, and the simple,
conical nature of the shell at once separate them. The
PatellidcB are strictly littoral in their habits, living upon
the rocks between tide-marks ; they are chiefly sedentary,
adhering firmly by atmospheric pressure, and feeding on
the sea-weed within reach of their long tongues ; during
the night-time, however, they make short excursions, in-
dicated by the irregular tracks they form, probably by
rasping the surface of the rocks with their foot.

Genus PATELLA, Linnaeus.

Mouth emarginate below ; gills extending nearly round
the body, interrupted on one side near the neck.

Shell non-spiral, orbicular or oval, depressly-conical,
surface smooth, or with radiating ribs or striae ; apex sub-
central, inclined anteriorly ; aperture wide, the margin
entire or spinose, simple within.

8yn. Patellaria, Llwyd. Eruca, Tournef., not Swains.
Patellus, Mont/. Patellarius, Dum. Goniclis, Rqfin.

Ex. P. vulgata, Linncxus, pi. 52, fig. 9. Shell, P. tes-
tudinaria, Linn., fig. 9, a.

PATELLA.

465

The species of this genus are very numerous, and are
world-wide in their geographical distribution, being found
on the shores, usually affixed to rocks, to which they ad-
here with the greatest tenacity. The Patellce possess the
power of boring in a slight degree-; the excavations are
produced simply by mechanical attrition, the foot being
strengthened with hard, crystalline, siliceous spicula,
similar to those in the foot of the perforating Pholades.
One species, P. vulgata, is very abundant on our own
shores, and is extensively used by fishermen as bait ; in
the north of Ireland many tons’ weight are annually col-
lected as food among the poor.

Species of Patella.

Adansonii, Dkr.

80nea, Martyn.
albida, Mart.
angulosa, Gmel.
argentea, Quoy and Gaim.
athletica, Lam.
harbata, Linn.

Capensis, Gmel.
chlorosticta, Gmel.
citrulus, Gould.
costoplicata, Mart.
clypeaster, Lesson.
fimbriata, Gould.
flammea, Gmel.
flexuosa, Quoy and Gaim.
granatina, Linn.
granularis, Linn.
Guineensis, Dkr.
guttata, D'Orh.
illuminata, Gould.
instabilis, Gould.

Kraussii, Dkr.

Gaim.

oculata, Meusch.
oculus, Born.
ornata, Dillw.
Paumotensis, Gould.
petasus, Meusch.
piperita, Gould.
puncturata, Lam.
Reynaudi, Desk.

laciniosa, Linn.
langula, Meusch.
lineata, Lam.

Lowei, D'Orh.
luctuosa, Gould.
lugubris, Mart.
luteola, Lam.

Lusitanica, Gmel.
Magellanica, Gmel.
mamillaris, Linn.
miniata, Born.
nigro- squamosa, Dkr.
novem-radiata, Quoy and

3 o

VOL. I.

466

PATELLIDiE.

rota, Chem.,
rustica, Linn.
saccharina, Linn.
sagittata, Gould.
scutellaris, Lam.
spectabilis, Dkr.
spinulosa, Meusch.
stellifera, Gmel.
stellularia, Quoy and Gaim.

talcosa, Gould.

Tarentina, Lam.
testudinaria, Linn.
tramoserica, Chem.
Tranquebarica, Gmel.
tuberculifera, Lam.
Ulyssiponensis, Gmel.
vulgata, Linn.
zonata, Schub. and Wag.

Sub-gen. scutellastea, H. and A. Adams.

Shell stellate, surface radiately ribbed ; vertex sub-central ;
margin of aperture with radiating processes.

gorgonica, Humph. plicata. Born.

pentagona, Born.

Sub-gen. cymbula, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oblong, laterally compressed, surface radiately striated ;
vertex hooked ; aperture with the margin entire.

compressa, Linn.

Sub-gen. olana, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, oblong, depressed, narrowed in front, dilated and
rounded behind, surface radiately striated ; vertex obtuse ;
aperture with the margin slightly irregular.

cochlear, Gmel.

CHITONIDiE.

467

Genus NACELLA, Schumacher.

Mouth entire below ; gills interrupted in front of the
head, and ending nearly symmetrically on each side of
the neck.

Shell thin, semi-pellucid, cap-shaped, surface smooth ;
apex anterior, recurved, nearly marginal ; aperture wide,
oval, internally opalescent, margin simple, entire.

Syn. Patina, Leach. Ansates, Sow. jmi.

Ex. N. pellucida, Linnceus, pi. 52, fig. 10. Shell, N.
cymbalaria, Lamarck^ fig. 10, a.

The “ Sea-weed Limpets ” are readily distinguished
from the “ Rock Limpets ” even by their shells, which are
smooth, thin, sharp-edged, and cap-shaped. They are
usually found parasitic on sea-weed, adhering to the fronds
or even imbedding themselves in the parenchyma of the
stalks, as N. insesm^ and a variety of N. pellucida on our
own shores. Species of Nacella are inhabitants of the
British Islands, the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Horn, and
Australia.

Species of Nacella.

cserulea, Lmn.

insessa, Hinds.
pellucida, Linn.
plumbea, Lam.
radians, Gmel.
vitrea, Fhil.

cymbalaria, Lam.
Delessertii, Phil.

depicta. Hinds.
hyalina, Phil.

Fam. CHITONIDiE.

Lingual riband long and linear, furnished with nume-
rous transverse series of teeth ; three central or rachidian.

468

CHITOXIDiE.

the median small ; the laterals large, with dentated hooks,
uncini five, trapezoidal, one of them ei’ect and hooked.
Head surrounded by a semi-circular veil or hood ; eyes
and tentacles none ; mouth with cartilaginous jaws.
Gills, in a series of lamellae, between the mantle and foot
round the sides and posterior part of the body. Foot
oblong, rounded at each end.

Shell composed of eight transverse valves or imbri-
cated plates, immersed in the coriaceous mantle which
forms an expanded margin beyond them.

There are several anatomical peculiarities in these
animals, which have caused many eminent authorities to
hesitate even in considering them Mollusca. The number
of shelly valves covering their bodies gives them an arti-
culated appearance ; their heart is central and elongated,
like the dorsal vessel of the Annelida; their organs
of reproduction are symmetrical, and have two orifices ;
the sexes are united ; and the intestine is straight, with
the anal orifice posterior and median. These consi-
derations induced M. Blainville to constitute a special
group for them between the Mollusca and Annelida^ and
which he named Polyplaxiphora. The opinion of Cuvier,
however, that they are Gasteropodous Mollusks is more
in accordance with nature their gills are like those of the
Patellidce ; their foot is that of a true Gasteropod ; and
in their lingual armature and stomach they resemble the
Prosobrancliiaie Mollusca; the extra portions of shelly
covering, moreover, are considered by Dr. Gray as so
many detached plates separated from the fore part of the
hind valve, which he regards as the homologue of the
shell of Patella.

CHITONINtE.

469

Sub-fara. CHITONIN^.

Mantle simple, without any pores or tufts of spines on
the sides.

This sub-family is naturally divided into those which
have the valves exposed, including the first eleven genera,
and those in which the valves are more or less covered by
the mantle, comprising the last three genera. Dr. Gray
finds that the plate of insertion of the anterior and poste-
rior valves of the first section is divided into several
lobes, and that of the central valves into two lobes, while
in the second division the plate of insertion of all the
valves has a single notch on each side, and that of the
hinder valves a single notch on each side, with a concave
sinuosity below.

Genus LOPHYRTJS, Poli.

Mantle covered with regularly-disposed, smooth, imbri-
cate, roundish, conspicuous scales.

Shell with the valves external, transverse, broad ; the
hinder valve with the apex superior.

Syn. Lophuriderma, Poli. Padsia, Gray. Gymno-
plax, Gray. Lophurus, Gray.

Ex. L. squamosus, Linrimiis, pi. 53, fig. 1.

The margin of the plate of insertion of the valves is
divided into lobes more or less denticulated, and the pos-
terior valve is entire behind ; the mantle-margin is con-
spicuously tessellated with smooth, roundish scales. The
species, which are very numerous, are found in all parts of
the globe.

470

CHITOmNiE.

Species of Lophyrus.

Adelaidensis, Reeve.
sereus, Reeve.
albolineatus, Sow.
aquatilis, Reeve.
articulatus, Sow.
assimilis, Reeve.
australis, Sow.

Barnesii, Gray.

Bowenii, King.
Canariensis, D'Orh.
Capeusis, Gray.
concentricus, Reeve.
Coreanicus, Adams and
Reeve.

Cumingii, Fremhl.
dispar, Sow.
dissimilis, Reeve.
divergens. Reeve.
evanidus. Sow.
excavatus. Gray.
fasciatus, Wood.
gemmulatus, Shuttl.
glaucus. Gray.

Goodallii, Brod.
granosus, Fremhl.
jugosus, Gould.

Incei, Reeve.
iusculptus, A. Adams.

Isevigatus, Sow.

Ijratus, Sow.
magnificus. Desk.
marmoratus, Chem.
muricatus, A. Adams.

Novse Hollaudias, Gray.
patulus. Sow.

pellis-serpentis, Quoy and
Gaim.

petaloides, Gould.
picus, Reeve.
pruinosus, Gould.
quercinus, Gould.

Quoyi, Desk.
rugulatus. Sow.
scarabsBus, Reeve.

Siculus, Gray.

Sinclairii, Gray.
squamosus, Linn.

Stangeri, Reeve.

Stokesii, Brod.
striatus, Barnes.
sulcatus. Wood.
tulipa, Quoy.
virgulatus. Sow.
undatus, Spengl.
viridis, Spengl.

Genus CALLOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle covered with very minute, elongate, rhombi-
form, closely-pressed scales, producing a reticulated ap-
pearance.

Shell with the valves external, broad, transverse ;
hinder valve with the apex sub-central.

LEPIDOPLEURUS. 471

Ex. C. fuliginatus, Adams and Reeve, pi. 53, fig. *2,
‘2, a. C. laevis, Pennant, fig. 2, b.

In this genus, which is remarkable for the smooth,
reticulate aspect of the mantle-margin, the plate of in-
sertion of the terminal valve is many-lobed, and that of
the middle-valves four-lobed.

Species of Callochiton.

castaneus, Wood.
cerasinus, Chem.
fuliginatus, Adams and
Reeve.

fulgetrum, Reeve.

interstinctus, Gould.
Isevis, Penn.
pulchellus, Gray.
punctulatissimus, Sow.
puniceus, Couth.

Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS, Risso.

Mantle covered with minute, flattened, longitudinally-
grooved scales.

Shell with the valves external, broad the hinder valve
with the apex sub-central.

8yn. Ischnochiton, Gray. Ischnoradsia, Shuttlew.

Ex. L. limaciformis, pi. 53, fig. 3. L. Caje-

tanus, Poli, fig. 3, a. L. pectinatus, Sowerby, fig. 3, b.

The plates of insertion of the valves in this group are
thin and smooth-edged ; those of the central valves have a
single notch in some species, but in others they are four-
to five-lobed ; the laminae of insertion of the terminal
valves are many-lobed. The species are numerous, and
have a world-wide distribution.

Species of Lepidopleurus.

alatus, Sow. Cajetanus, Poli.

antiquus, Reeve. caliginosus, Reeve.

472

CHITOJN'INiR.

canaliculatus, Quay and
Gaim.

carinulatus, Reeve.
castus, Reeve.
catenulatus, Wood.
catillus, Reeve.
circumvallatus, Reeve.
colubrifer, Reeve.
contractus, Reeve.
corrugatus, Reeve.
crispus, Reeve.
decussatus, Reeve.
Dieffenbacbii, Reeve.
divergens, Reeve.
erythronotus, C. B. Adams.
floccatus, Soiv.
granulosus, Fremhl.
illuminatus. Reeve.
incarnatus, Reeve.
inquinatus. Reeve.
Janeirensis, Gray.
lateritius, Shuttl.
limaciformis. Sow.
longicymba, Blainv.
lutulatus, Shuttl.

Luzonicus, Soiv.
Magdalensis, Hinds.
Mediterraneus, Gray.
metallicus. Reeve.
pallidulus. Reeve.
pallidus. Reeve.
papillosus, C. B. Adams.
pectinatus, Soiv.
pertusus. Reeve.
platessa, Gould.
productus. Reeve.

Proteus, Reeve.
pulcherrimus, Soiv.
purpurascens, C. B. Adams.
reticulatus. Reeve.

Rissoi, Payr.
sculptus. Sow.
segmentatus. Reeve.
squamulosus, C. B. Adams.
stramineus, Sow.
striolatus, Gray.
textilis. Gray.
ustulatus, Reeve.
viridulus, Couth.
virgatus. Reeve.

Genus LEPTOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle-margin covered with minute, granule-like,
round, smooth scales, not imbricate.

Shell with the valves external, broad, transverse ; the
hinder valve with the apex sub-central, superior.

Syn. Stenosemus, Mldd.

Ex. L. asellus, Chemnitz.^ pi. 53, fig. 4. L. cinereus,
Linnwiis^ fig. 4, a.

In Leptochiton the plates of insertion are rudimentary,
without any notches in either the terminal or central

TOIilCIA.

473

valves. The species are usually of rather a small size,
and are principally inhabitants of the shores of temperate
climates, being found in Greenland, Britain, the Mediter-
ranean, and Western America.

Species of Leptochiton.

Mediterraneus, Gray.
Mertensii, Midd,
Milleri, Gray.
muscarius, Reeve,
muricatus, Tiles.
proprius, Reeve.
pusillus, Sow.
pusio, Sow.
ruber, Linn.
scrobiculatus, Midd.
versicolor, A. Adams.
virescens, Reeve.

albus, Linn.
arbutum. Reeve.
asellus, Chem.
cancellatus, Leach.
cinereus, Linn.
cingillatus. Reeve.
Colliei, Gray.
crocinus. Reeve.
exiguus. Sow.
giganteus, Tiles.
laevigatas, Flem.
lividus, Midd.
lentiginosus. Sow.

Genus TONICIA, Gray.

Mantle simple, horny, naked, smooth or glabrous.

Shell with the valves external, transverse, broad ; the
hinder valve with the apex superior.

Syn. Tonichia, Gray (olim).

Ex. T. elegans, Fremhley, pi. 53, fig. 5, 5, a.

The laminae of insertion of the terminal valves are
many-lobed, and those of the middle bi-lobed. According
to Dr. Gray, the valves are similar, with regard to their
plates of insertion, to those of Chiton, and that of the
posterior valve is entire. The chief external peculiarity,
however, consists in the simplicity of the mantle-margin ;

3 p

VOL. I.

474

CHITONIM.

the species inhabit Greenland, Peru, Chili, the Philip-
pine Islands, and New Zealand.

Species of Tonicia.

atrata, Sow.

Brandtii, Midd.
Chilensis, Fremhl.
Chiloensis, Sow.
crenulata, Brod.
disjuncta, Fremhl.
elegans, Fremhl.
Eschscholtzii, Midd.
fastigiata, Gray.
granifera, Sow.

Grayi, Sow.
insignis, Reeve.
lineata, Wood.
lineolata, Fremhl.
marmorea, 0. Fahr.
Merckii, Midd.
picta, Reeve.
Sitchensis, Midd.
Swainsoni, Sow.
truncata, Sow.

Genus CHITON, LinnaBus.

Mantle densely beset with unequal, corneo-calcareous,
often very long spines, or with small, calcareous spicula,
giving it a spinulose appearance.

Shell with the valves external, broad, transverse ; the
hinder valve with the apex sub-central.

Syn. Scutigerulus, Meusch. Acanthopleura, Guild.
Canthapleura, Swains. Corephium, Gray, not Browne.

Ex. C. brevispinosus, Sowerhy, pi. 54, fig. 1. C.
aculeatus, Linnxus, fig. 1, a.

The calcareous nature of the spicula which cover the
mantle-margin, will at once distinguish the species of this
genus from those of Cimtopleura, in which they are
horny. The plates of insertion of the terminal valves
are many-lobed, of the posterior sometimes somewhat
obsolete, and of the middle bi-lobed. The Corephium of
Browne, figured previously by Petiver under the name
of Asellus marinus, is a Crustaceous animal.

CHyETOPLEURA.

475

Species of Chiton.

aculeatus, Linn.
acutirostratus, Adams and
Reeve.

brevispinosus, Soiv.
cselatus, Reeve.

Californicus, Nutt.
Columbiensis, Sow.
CuriDingbami, Reeve.
fortiliratus, Reeve.
Fremblii, Brod.
gigas, Chem.
labeculatus, Reeve.
linter, Chem.
luridus, Sow.

Magellanicus, Chem.
magnificus, Gray.

micans, Gould.
mucronulatus, Shuttl.
muscosus, Gould.
Owenii, Gray.
piceolus, Shuttl.
piceus, Gmel.

Polii, Rhil.
pulclierrimus, Sow.
salamander, Spengl.
scaber, Reeve.
scabriculus, Sow.
Sowerbianus, Reeve.
spiniger, Sow.
spinosus, Brug.
spinulosus, Gray.
tuberculiferus, Sow.

Genus CH^TOPLEURA, Shuttle worth.

Mantle beset with horny bristles.

Shell with the valves external, broad, transverse; the
hinder valve with the apex sub-central.

Syn. Eudoxochiton, Shuttlew. Craspedochiton,
SUuttlew.

Ex. C. Peruviana, Lamarck, pi. 54, fig. 2.

In this genus the laminae of insertion of the hinder
valve are many-lobed, those of the middle valves bi-lobed,
or six-lobed, but the obvious feature of distinction con-
sists in the mantle-margin being covered with hairs or
horny bristles, instead of with calcareous spines.

476

CHITONINiE.

Species of Cheetopleura.

fulva, Wood.

nobilis, Gray.
Peruviana, Lam.
rugosa, Sow.
Watsonii, Sow.

Hanleyi, Bean.
Henuahi, Gray.
laqueata, Reeve.

Genus ONITHOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle-margin densely covered with short bristles or
chafF-like scales.

Shell with the valves external, transverse, broad ; the
hinder valve with the apex terminal.

Ex. O. undulatus, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 54, fig. 3.

The lamina of insertion of the anterior valve in this
genus is few-lobed, that of the posterior sub-emarginate
and entire, and that of the middle bi-lobate. The species
of Onithochiton are not very numerous, and are found
chiefly in Australia and New Zealand.

Species of Onithochiton.

concentricus, Reeve.
Lyellii, Sow.
puncticulatus, Reeve.

Sueziensis, Reeve.
undulatus, Quoy and Gaim.

Genus ENOPLOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle horny, sparsely covered with oblong, unequal,
elongated, flattened, calcareous scales.

Shell with the valves transverse, external, sub-cordi-
form ; the hinder valve with the apex terminal.

Ex. E. niger, Barnes^ pi. 54, fig. 4.

SCHIZOCHITON.

477

In this genus the lamina of insertion of the anterior
valve is few-lobed, that of the posterior somewhat obso-
lete, entire, and receding, and that of the middle bi-lobed.
Only a single species, from the coasts of Chili, has been
hitherto discovered. The plates of insertion are very
similar to those of Plaxiphora.

Genus LOEICA, H. and A. Adams.

Mantle-margin very densely covered with small, smooth,
ovate, imbricate scales, the posterior margin fissured.

Shell with the valves broad, transverse, external ; the
hinder valve small, with the apex terminal, produced, and
notched on its hind lower edge.

Syn. Aulacochiton, Shuttleworth,

Ex. L. cimolia. Reeve, pi. 54, fig. 5.

The plate of insertion of the anterior valve in Lorica
is few-lobed, that of the posterior deeply emarginate, and
obsoletely lobed, and that of the middle valves bi-lobate.
The squamose mantle distinguishes this genus from
Schizochiton and Mopalia, and the deep notch in the
centre of the hind margin of the posterior valve from
Lophyrus.

Species of Lorica.

cimolia, Reeve. volvox, Reeve.

Genus SCHIZOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle-margin broad, horny, sparsely covered with
small, chaff-like, and cylindrical curved scales, the poste-
rior margin deeply fissured.

478

CHITONIM.

Shell with the valves external, narrow, elongate, sub-
cordate ; the hinder valve large, with the apex posterior,
and with a deep notch on its hind lower edge.

Ex. S. incisus, Sowerhy, pi. 54, fig. 6, 6, a.

The plates of insertion are nearly the same in this
genus as in Chiton., that of the terminal valves being few-
lobed, that of the posterior deeply fissured, and that of
the middle tri-lobed j the fissured mantle-margin is the
most obvious external character. Two species only, from
the Philippines, are known.

Species of Schizo chiton.

incisus, Sow.

elongatus, Reeve.

Genus MOPALIA, Gray.

Mantle-margin moderately wide, bristly or hairy, with a
sinuosity on the hinder lower edge.

Shell with the valves almost external, broad, transverse,
slightly covered at the sides by the mantle ; the hinder
valve large, with the apex sub-central, and posteriorly
slightly sinuated.

Ex. M. Hindsii, Sowerhy, pi. 54, fig. 7.

In this genus the plate of insertion of all the valves
has only a single notch on each side. The front edge of
the mantle is sometimes greatly dilated, and a small por-
tion of the lateral areas of the valves of the shell is
covered by the mantle.

Species of Mopalia.

asperrima, Couth.
Blainvillii, Brod.

ciliata, Sow.
Hindsii, Soiv.

CRYPTOCHITON.

479

petasus, Adams and Reeve. vespertina, Gould.

Simpsonii, Gray.

Genus KATHARINA, Gray.

Man tie -margin horny, smooth.

Shell with the valves deeply immersed in, and partly
covered by, the mantle, the exposed parts small, cordate,
as broad as long; the hinder valve with the apex sub-
central.

Ex. K. tunicata, Wood, pi. 54, fig. 8.

In this genus the lamina of insertion is greatly pro-
duced, that of the anterior valve nine-lobed, that of the
posterior four-lobed, and that of the middle bi-lobate. The
margins of insertion are nearly as in Mopalia, but the
valves are more covered, and the mantle-margin is bare
and horny.

Species of Katharina.

Douglasiae, Gray. tunicata, Wood.

submarmorea, Midd.

Genus CRYFTOCHITON, Gray.

Mantle with tufts of spicula ; gill extending all round.

Shell with the valves internal, entirely concealed by the
mantle ; umbo of growth of all the valves central.

Ex. C. Stelleri, Middendorff, pi. 55, fig. 1, \,a.

In this genus the beak of all the valves is central, and
the shell is quite internal, being entirely enclosed on
every side by the mantle, which covers the body like a
capsule ; the epidermis is somewhat pustulose, the. pustules

480

CRYPTOPLACINiE.

everywhere covering the back and containing fascicles of
bristles. A single species only is known, from the shores
of Kamtschatka.

Sub-fam. CRYPTOPLACINJE.

Mantle with a double series of pores beset with horny
bristles, or a single series of pores furnished with tufts of
calcareous spines.

In this sub -family the general similarity of the animals
to the annulose tribes is even more striking than in the
last division, on account of the tufts of spicula surround-
ing the pores along the sides of the mantle. There are
four genera, not very numerous in species, and all remark-
able for the large portion of the valves covered by the
mantle.

Genus AMICULA, Gray.

Mantle covered with scattered fascicles of hairs, and
having two series of setigerous pores ; gills posterior.

Shell with the valves externally scarcely conspicuous,
the exposed parts small, sub-cordate, as broad as long.

Ex. A. vestita, Sowerhy, pi. 55, fig. 2.

In this genus the shell is concealed under the mantle,
except in the median dorsal line, where the valves are free
from the mantle and conspicuous externally ; the plates
of insertion are similar to those of Cryptoconchus. There
are four species described, all from northern shores.

PLAXIPHORA.

481

Species of Amicula.

amiculata, Pallas.
Emersonii, Couth.

Pallasii, Midd.
vestita, Soiv.

Genus PLAXIPHORA, Gray.

Mantle with a double series of pores beset with bifur-
cate bristles, one row at the insertion of the valves, the
other at the external margin ; mantle-margin smooth
and horny, or more or less covered with setose or furfu-
raceous scales.

Shell with the valves broad, transverse, external; the
hinder valve small, with the apex posterior, and with
a slight notch on the hind lower edge.

Sj/n. Euplaxiphora, Shuttleworth.

Ex. P. Carmichaelis, Gray, pi. 55, fig. 3.

In this genus the hinder valve has a slightly-raised,
smooth plate of insertion, not divided into lobes at the
sides ; the plates of insertion of the middle valves are
bi-lobate, and those of the anterior usually about nine-
lobed.

Species of Plaxiphora.

bipunctata, Sow.
biramosa, Quoy and Oaim.
Carmichaelis, Gray.

petholata, Sow.
retusa, Sow,

3 Q

VOL. I.

482

CRYPTOPLACm^.

Genus CRYPTOCONCHUS, Blainville.

Mantle with a single series of pores, thick, smooth,
elevated at the pores into conical tubercles.

Shell with the valves sub-cordate, with the exposed
part very small, linear, much longer than broad.

Ex. C. porosus, Blainville, pi. 55, lig. 4.

In this genus the valves are immersed in, and covered
by, the mantle, except in the middle line ; the plates of
insertion of all the valves have only a single notch on
each side, which is sometimes rudimentary, and the
mantle-margin is not beset with calcareous tufts of spicula
as in Acanthochites. A single species only is known, from
New Zealand.

Genus ACANTHOCHITES, Risso.

Mantle densely spinulose, surrounded with a series
of setigerous pores.

Shell with the valves deeply immersed, sub-equal, ex-
ternally contiguous, with the exposed part moderate,
cordate, as broad as long.

8yn. Acanthochitona, Gray. Acanthochitus, Phil.
Phakellopleura, Guild. Acanthochiton, Herrm.

Ex. A. fascicularis, Linnmus, pi. 55, fig. 5.

In this genus the plate of insertion of the anterior
valves is six-lobed, that of the middle bi-lobed, and that
of the posterior five-lobed. The species are from New
Zealand, the Canary Islands, the Indian Ocean, the
Mediterranean, and the British Islands ; the margins of
insertion do not materially differ from those of Crypto-
conchus.

CRYPTOPLAX,

483

Species of Acantliochites.

astriger, Reeve.
castaneus, Couth.
cancellatus, Adams and
Reeve.

coarctatus, Sow.
discrepans, Brown.
echiiiatus, Tiles.
fascicularis, Linn.
formosus, Adams and Reeve.
Garnottii, Blainv.

granatus, Reeve.
hastatus, Soiv.
laqueatus, Reeve.
porphyreticus, Reeve.
scutiger, Adams and Reeve.
spiculosuSj Reeve.
strigatus, Sow.
violaceus, Quoy and Gaim.
Zealandicus, Quop and
Gaim.

Genus CRYTOPLAX, Blainville.

Body vermiform, thick. Mantle spinulose, encircled
with a series of setigerous pores.

Shell with the valves sub-internal, the three or four
anterior continuous, the others interrupted externally by
bridges of the mantle ; the exposed part linear, lan-
ceolate, elongate.

Syn. Chitonellus, La7n. Chitonella, Desk. Chito-
niscus, Hernn. Ametrogephyrus, Midd.

Ex. C. fasciatus, Quoy and Gaimard^ pi. 55, fig.
6, 6, a.

The valves in this genus are deeply immersed in
the thick, fleshy mantle, the four anterior being con-
tiguous, the posterior distinct, gradually becoming nar-
rower and diminishing in size. The plate of insertion of
the anterior valve is four-lobed, those of the middle and
hinder ones entire and thick. The species enjoy consi-
derable powers of locomotion compared with other genera
in the family.

484

CRYPTOPLACINiE.

Species of Cryptoplax.

fasciata, Quoy and Gaim.
Gunnii, Reeve.
laevis, Lam.
larviformis, Blainv.

oculata, Qiioy and Gaim.
rostrata, Reeve.
striata, Lam.

END OF VOL. I.

Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.

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