•

THE GENEEA

OF

RECENT MOLLUSC A.

VOL. II.

London: printed by woodfall and kinder,
angel court, skinner street.

THE GENERA.

OF

RECENT MOLLUSCA;

ARRANGED

ACCORDING TO THEIR ORGANIZATION.

BY

HENRY ADAMS, F.L.S.

AND

ARTHUR ADAMS, M.R.C.S., F.L.S.

IN THREE VOLUMES.— VOL. II.

LONDON :

JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCOCLVril.

Class GASTEROPODA.

Sub-class OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.

Gills exposed, or only slightly covered by a fold of the
mantle, situated behind the heart, and never lodged in a
distinct, cervical cavity. Sexes united in the same indi-
vidual. Abdomen rudimentary, not spirally developed in
the adult, or protected by a shell. Larva shell-bearing,
and furnished with deciduous cephalic fins.

The Mollusks which comprise the Opisthobranchiate
division of the Branchiferous Gasteropods are charac-
terised, in the larval state, by the same peculiarities
of organization which are found in the Prosobranchiate
tribes, the young animal being provided with a turbinate
or spiral shell the aperture of which is closed by an
operculum, and the head bearing on the fore part a large
membranous veil, more or less bi-lobed, and fringed at the
margin with vibratile cilia which serve as organs of loco-
motion ; in fact, as Milne Edwards has remarked, it
is difficult to distinguish the larva; of Eolis and Aplysia
from those of Buccinum and Vermetus; in the perfect
state, also, they are provided with gills, and their re-
spiration is aquatic, as in the former sub-class, but in

VOL. II. b

2 TECTIBRAXCHIATA.

the Opisthobranchiate Orders the blood arrives at the
heart more or less obliquely from behind forwards, and
the auricle is usually situated behind the ventricle ; the
respiration is effected by the aid of arborescent or
fasciculated gills, which are never enclosed in a special
cavity, but are more or less completely exposed on the
back, or at the sides, towards the hind part of the body ;
the cervical region, moreover, is entirely naked; the
reproductive apparatus is hermaphrodite, the male and'
female organs being found in the same individual, and the
shell, well-developed in the larva, becomes rudimentary,
or even entirely disappears, in the adult animal.

Order TECTIBRANCHIATA.

Gill forming a tuft or plume on the side, towards the
hind part of the body, under a fold of the mantle, and
usually protected by a shell. Both the adult animal and
larva shell-bearing. Foot elongate, formed for walking.
Marine.

Observed under favourable circumstances in their
native haunts, the Tectibranchiate Mollusks are by no
means unattractive or sluggish in their habits, but contri-
bute, by their changing forms and lively colours, to lend
animation to the weedy shores and coral reefs among
which they take up their abode. The Bulla, there no
longer a shapeless mass of blubber, expands its fleshy
foot-lobes and floats leisurely through the water; and,
crawling on the rocks above the ripple of the sea, the
green, amphibious Smaragdinella may be observed
probing the surface with its plastic head-disk. Gliding
along the surface of the slimy mud, the Pleurobranckus

ACT.EONIDjE. '6

may be seen, its back splendid with varied eolours, or the
Operculatunij more sedentary in its habits, fastened, by its
thick, deep, orange foot studded with pearl-like tubercles,
to the bottom of the shallow pools ; while gliding briskly
along the branches of the corals the Aplys'uc or " Sea
Hares " may be noticed, extending their necks, and busily
exploring everything within their reach. The gills in
this Order are un symmetrical, more or less covered by
the mantle and protected by a shell, in some families
being situated on the hinder part of the back, and in
others at the side of the body under the margin of
the mantle. The sexes are united, the male and female
organs existing in the same individual, so that reciprocal
impregnation is necessary to reproduction. The shell is
either external and spiral, and provided with an opercu-
lum, as in Act (eon ; conical and external, as in Tylodina
and Operculatum; rudimentary, and contained in a fold
of the mantle, as in Philine and Aplysia; or it is altoge-
ther wanting, as in Bursatella and Runciria. The eyes
are sessile on the head, and the tentacles are either auri-
form and folded on themselves, as in the Aplysiida, or are
united to form a broad cephalic disk, as in the Bull idee.

Fam. ACT^EONIDiE.

Teeth, central none, lateral numerous, uncinated, in a
diverging cross series. Head depressed, forming a
quadrate disk, bi-lobed in front, with broad, posterior,
tentacular lobes ; eyes sessile on the middle of the head.
Mantle included within the shell ; branchial plume single.
Foot oblong, truncate in front, obtuse behind.

Operculum horny, linear, transverse.

4 ACT/EONIDyE.

Shell involute, with the columella plicate or spirally
twisted.

The armature of the lingual membrane, and the form
of the head in this family indicate a close affinity with
the Bullidce. The animal does not invest the shell, and
when observed crawling, the tentacular lobes of the head-
disk are reflexed upon the fore part of the body-whorl.
The systematic position of this family has been a matter
of doubt among Zoologists, some having placed it near
the Pyramidellidce, and others with the Auriculid<e. The
genera Itieria of Matheron, Actceonella of D'Orbigny,
and Cylindrites of Lycett, are fossil, while the extinct
fossil genera Cinulia, Gray, Tylostoma, Sharpe, and
Ghbiconclia, D'Orbigny, would appear rather to belong-
to the Pectinibranchiate family Doliidte.

Genus ACTyEON, Montfort.

Shell thin, ovate, transversely striated ; spire produced,
acute ; aperture elongated, narrow, anteriorly rounded
and entire ; inner lip thin ; columella with a single,
oblique plait.

Syn. Auris Mustelse, Humph. Tornatella, Lam.
Speo, Risso. Kanilla, Silvertrop. Myosota, Gray.

Ex. A. tornatilis, Linncpus, pi. 56, fig. 1. Shell, A.
tornatilis, fig. 1, a.

The broad tentacular lobes are reflexed and partly
cover the shell when the animal is observed crawling,
showing a very strong affinity with the BullidcB ; the
shells, moreover, greatly resemble those of Bullina of
Ferussac. From Buccinulus or Solidula, the shell differs
in being of a lighter texture, and in the columella being

lil-CCINULUS. o

provided with but a single plait. Several species have
been described from Equatorial Seas, and one, the Voluta
tornatilis of Linnaeus, is an inhabitant of the Mediterra-
nean and of the British Islands. Many fossil shells
occur in the Secondary and Tertiary formations which
appear to belong to this genus.

Species of Aetceon.

Bevaletii, Baudon. pudicus, A. Adams.

Cumingii, A. Adams. puncto-striatus, Couth.

Diana?, A. Adams. Senegalensis, Petit.

flammeus, Gmel. Sieboldii, Reeve.

Maria?, A. Adams. tornatilis, Linn.

rnodestus, A. Adams. venustus, D'Orb.

oryza, Beer,'. virgatus, Reeve.

Genus BTJCCINULUS, Plancus.

Shell thick, solid, ovate, transversely sulcate ; spire
elevated, acute ; aperture longitudinal, narrow, entire and
rounded anteriorly; inner lip thickened, callous; colu-
mella with two spiral plaits, the anterior grooved and
continued into the outer lip.

Syn. Pupa, Bolt., not Humph. Solidula, Fischer.
Dactylus, Sckum., not Klein.

Ex. B. solidulus, Linnteus,\)\. 56, fig. 2, 2, a. Oper-
culum, B. solidulus, fig. 2, b, 2, c. Shell, B. solidu-
lus, 2, d.

The principal characters which seem to separate this
genus from Action, consist in the solid structure of the
shell, and in the double spiral fold of the columella. In
the allied fossil genus Actaonella the aperture is poste-
riorly canaliculated, and there are three large folds on the

VOL. II. C

6 APLUSTRID.E.

columella, and in Itieria, another extinct form, the outer
lip is internally plicate.

Species of Buccinulus.

aflinis, A. Adams. punctatus, Mart.

coccinatus, Reeve. pusillus, A. Adams.

glaber, Reeve. solidulus, Linn.

iusculptus, Reeve. suturalis, A. Adams.

nitidulus, Lam. tessellatus, Reeve.

Fam. APLUSTRIDyE.

Teeth, central none; lateral numerous, uniform. Head
with the frontal disk produced into large ear-like, tenta-
cular lobes folded over the back of the shell, and fur-
nished with bifid labial appendages ; eyes sessile at the
inner bases of the tentacular lobes. Mantle with the
inner margin thin and membranous, the outer forming a
thick, fleshy lobe, curving round the spire of the shell ;
branchial plume long and single. Foot large and mem-
branous, auriculate in front, rounded behind.

Operculum none.

Shell external, involute, ornamented with coloured
bands or markings ; aperture more or less channelled at
the fore part.

Genus APLUSTRUM, Schumacher.

Shell globosely ovate, axis imperforate, solid, smooth,
banded, covered with a thin epidermis ; spire obtuse ;
aperture oblong, with a short, wide canal at the fore part;
inner lip thin, membranous, adnate posteriorly to the
body-whorl, free and forming a spiral lamina anteriorly ;

IIYIUTINA. /

columella straight, solid, twisted, and obliquely truncate

in front ; outer lip acute, thickened internally.

St/11. Aplustra, Strains.

Ex. A. aplustre, Linnaeus, pi. 50, fig. 3. Shell, A.
aplustre, fig. 3, a.

The animal of this genus is very similar, both in
markings and colour, to that of Hydatina, but the shell,
in place of being convolute, with the axis pervious as far
as the apex of the spire, has a straight and solid colu-
mella, and the fore part of the aperture is slightly chan-
nelled. The only species known is from the Mauritius,
where it seems to prefer the muddy banks of the mouths
of the rivers.

Genus HYDATINA, Schumacher.

Shell involute, thin, ventricose, axis pervious as far as
the spire, smooth, banded, covered with a thin, horny
epidermis ; spire depressly flattened, last whorl inflated ;
aperture expanded and entire in front ; inner lip mem-
branaceous, adnate to the body-whorl ; columella ar-
cuated, reflexed, continued anteriorly into the outer lip ;
outer lip thin, simple, acute.

Ex. H. circulata, Martyn, pi. 50, fig. 4. Shell, II.
physis, Linnteus, fig. 4, a.

The animal of this genus is adorned with beautiful
colours, and when viewed, fully expanded and crawling
among the bright green alga3 in clear water over a sandy
floor, exhibits a beautiful appearance. Unlike that of
Aplustrum, the shell in this genus is loosely convolute,
the inner lip forming a spiral canal similar to that in
ikera. The whorls are handsomely banded and marked

S APLUSTBIDjE.

with gay colours. Ceylon, China, the Mauritius, and the
West Indies, are the countries inhabited by the animals
of this genus, which is not, however, numerous. in species.

Species of Hydatina.

albociucta, V. d. Hoeven. nitidula, Lister.

circulata, Martyn (vexillum, pliysis, Linn.

Chem.). virgata, Martyn.

Genus BULLINA, Ferussac.

Shell ovate, solid, axis perforated ; spire rather elevated,
whorls transversely grooved, with coloured markings;
aperture longitudinal, broadly channelled in front ; inner
lip thin, adnate to the body-whorl ; columella arched
forwards, and obliquely sub-truncate anteriorly; outer
lip grooved internally, and with the margin crenulated.

Syn. Bullinula, Beck.

Ex. B. undata, Bruguiere, pi. 5b*, fig. 5. Shell, B.
undata, fig. 5, a.

The animal of Bullina is not well known. The shells
greatly resemble those of Acteeon, but want the spiral
plate of the inner lip peculiar to that genus ; they are
transversely grooved and punctate, and are adorned with
brightly-coloured bands and undulating lines. The
species are few in number, and are from Japan, Cey-
lon, and Australia.

Species of Bullina.

Bruguieri, A. Adams. undata, Brug.

scabra, Chem.

cYLiciixnu:. 9

Fam. CYLICIINMME.

Teeth, central none, lateral 6. 6, the inner large and
hooked, the outer small and uniform, rarely wanting.
Head with the frontal disk depressed, sub-quadrate,
truncate in front, produced behind into broad, flattened,
recumbent, tentacular lobes, with the eyes immersed in
the front of their bases. Mantle with a posterior thick-
ened process or lobe. Foot shorter than the shell, trun-
cate in front.

Operculum none.

Shell external, spirally convoluted, more or less cylin-
drical, without coloured markings.

In this group the cephalic disk is furnished with lateral
lobes, which are not folded and ear-like as in Aplustridte ;
the labial tentacles also are not developed as in that
family, and the foot is small and truncate behind, instead
of being large, expanded, and membranous. Their
habits are sluggish, and their progression very slow, the
locomotive disk not being well-developed.

Genus CYLICHNA, Loven.

Tentacular lobes connate, indistinct ; eyes sessile on
their front bases. Mantle with a thick, posterior lobe,
partially closing the aperture of the shell.

Shell solid, cylindrical, involute; spire none, apex
obtuse, umbilicated ; aperture narrow and linear, as long
as the body-whorl ; inner lip callous, with a single,
anterior fold; outer lip straight, simple.

10 CYLICHNIDyE.

St/n. Bullina, liisso, not Firm. Cylindrella, Swains.,

not Vfeiff. Volvaria, Brown, not Lam.

Ex. C. cylindracea, Pennant, pi. 56, fig. 6. Shell,
C. cylindracea, fig. 6, a.

The capital disk in Cylichna is greatly elongated, and
the eyes are sessile near its middle ; the shells have the
spire completely concealed or involute, so that the apex
appears as if perforated, the last whorl is usually cylin-
drical and convolute, and there is a conspicuous fold on
the fore part of" the inner lip. The species are chiefly
from deep water, and are world-wide in their geographical
distribution, being found in the Northern and European
Seas, the Philippines, Australia, and North America.

Species of Cylichna.

alba, Brown. labiosa, Phil.

araclns, Quoy and Gaim. nitidula, Loven.

biplicata, A. Adams. occulta, Migh.

brevissiraa, A. Adams. pygmrea, A. Adams.

concentrica, A. Adams. pyramidata, A. Adams.

concinna, A. Adams. Sarsii, Phil.

couulus, Desh. strigella, Loven.

corticata, Moll. teres, Phil.

cylindracea, Perm. triticea, Couth.

decussata, A. Adams. umbilicata, Mont.
involuta, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. mnestia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovately cylindrical, marbled or banded, transversely
striated ; spire conspicuous, immersed in the deep umbilicus of
the apex ; aperture narrow, acuminately produced both above
and below.

bizona, A. Adams. marmorata, A- Adams.

UTRICULUS. 1 1

Genus UTRICULTJS, Brown.

Head-disk very short ; tentacular lobes lateral, rounded ;
eyes none.

Shell rather thin, sub-cylindrical, imperforate, covered
with an epidermis ; spire distinct, apex obtuse, not
mamillated, sutures simple, not canaliculated ; aperture
narrow behind, dilated and entire in front, nearly as
long as the body -whorl ; columella simple, not plicate ;
outer lip, straight, acute.

St/fi. Retusa, Broicn.

Ex. U. obtusus, Turton, pi. 56, fig. 7.

These animals appear to delight in slimy mud-banks
near the mouths of rivers, where they may be observed,
on the retiring of the tide, crawling slowly over the yet
moist surface. The animal of the Bornean species,
observed by one of the authors, appeared to be devoid of
eyes, and to resemble the animal of Cylichna rather than
that of Diaphana, the shells of which those of this genus
very much resemble, but are more opaque, cylindrical,
and covered with an epidermis ; the genus is distinguished
from Tornatina in the suture of the spire not being
channelled, and in the simple inner lip.

Species of Utriculus.

Borneensis, A. Adams. obtusus, Turt.

Cecillii, Phil. pertenuis, Miyh.

12 CYLICIINID.E.

Genus DIAPHANA, Brown.

Head-disk broad and short; tentacular lobes short,
conical, lateral, wide apart ; eyes immersed in their hind
bases. Mantle-margin slightly thickened. Foot short,
bi-lobed behind.

Shell thin, hyaline, sub-umbilicated, inflated, ovate
or sub-globose ; spire depressed, with a mamillated nu-
cleus ; aperture expanded, not extending beyond the
body-whorl ; columella reflexed and sinuous ; outer lip
sinuous, produced anteriorly.

Syn. Amphisphyra, Loven.

Ex. D. hyalina, Turton, pi. 56, fig. 8. Shell, D-
hyalina, fig. 8, a.

In this genus, as in the Rissoella of Gray, the eyes are
placed far back behind the head, so that in order to
render the vision of the animal distinct, the shell is
nearly transparent. The head of the animal is very
short, and the tentacles wide and far apart. The species
are few in number, and have been observed in the British,
American, and Scandinavian Seas.

Species of Diaphana.

debilis, Gould. Gouldii, Couth.

globosa, Loven. hyalina, Txirt.

Genus TORNATINA, A. Adams.

Head sub-trigonal ; tentacular lobes lateral, triangular,
recumbent, with the eyes sessile on their front bases.

TORNATINA. ] l\

Mantle witli the outer margin thickened and tri-lobatc,
the inner edge tapering, and lodged in the channelled
suture of the spire. Foot short, linear, anteriorly trun-
cate.

Shell cylindrical or fusiform, involute, covered with an
epidermis; spire distinct, produced, apex mamillatcd,
suture canaliculated; aperture narrow, linear; inner lip
callous, furnished at the fore part with a single plait ;
outer lip straight, simple.

Syn. Bullina, Blainv., not Ferus. or Rlsso.

Ex. T. truncata, Adams, pi. 56, fig. 9. Shell, T.
voluta, Quoy and Gahnard, fig. 9, a.

This genus is composed of a group of small shells
characterised by their elevated spire, channelled suture,
and plicate columella. The animal somewhat resembles
that of Cylichna, but the head is developed behind into
tentacular lobes. The species are inhabitants of deep
water, and are of limited locomotive powers, their foot
being very short and narrow ; they principally come from
the Philippines, the China Sea, and the West Indies,
while a few are from European seas, two being in-
habitants of the British Islands.

Species of Tornatina.

biplex, A. Adams. olivula, A. Adams.

biplicata, Migh. planospira, A. Adams.

canaliculata, Say. polita, A. Adams.

ciuctella, A. Adams. pusilla, Pfeiff.

coarctata, A. Adams. serninulum, Phil.

fusiformis, A.Adams. simplex, A. Adams.

gracilis, A. Adams. truncata, Adams.

infrequeus, C. B. Adams. turrita, Moll.

mamillata, Phil. voluta, Quoy and Gaim.
obstricta, Gould.

VOL. II. i>

14 BULLIDiE.

Genus VOLVULA, A. Adams.

Shell sub-cylindrical, beaked at both ends ; spire none ;
aperture narrow, linear, extending posteriorly beyond the
body-whorl, acuminate in front ; inner lip with a single
obsolete fold at the fore part; outer lip acute, produced
and pointed posteriorly.

Ex. V. rostrata, A. Adams, pi. 56, fig. 10.

The animal of this genus is unknown, but it is most
probably to be referred to this family. The Rhizorus of
Montfort, from the figure and description, has a variegated
shell with a sunken spire, and appears to be founded on
a small species of Volva. Volvula differs from Volvaria
in the spire being entirely concealed, and in having but a
single fold at the fore part of the inner lip.

Species of Volvula.

acuminata, Bnty. striatula, A. Adams.

angustata, A. Adams. mucronata, Phil.

etmrnea, A. Adams. granuluin, Phil.
rostrata, A. Adams.

Fam. BULLID^.

Teeth, central one, lateral numerous, uniform, in an arched
series. Animal partly investing, but not entirely cover-
ing, the shell. Tentacular frontal disk expanded, emar-
ginate behind ; eyes none, or sessile on the middle of the
frontal disk. Mantle with the right margin thickened, the
left thin, adhering to the body-whorl of the shell. Foot
with the sides greatly developed, often reflexed and cover-
ing the sides of the shell, or expanded for swimming.
Gizzard usually armed with calcareous or horny plates.

Shell external, involute, more or less covered by the
reflexed lateral lobes of the foot.

BULLA. 1 5

Formerly regarded as a single genus, this extensive,
though little-known family, even when dismembered by
the separation of the AplustridtB, the Cylichnidce, and
the Philinida, still offers important differences in the
structure of the animals of which it is composed. Thus
we may contrast the blind Akcra, with its elongated head,
its expanded foot-lobes, and its elastic shell, with the ses-
sile-eyed Bulla, with its broad cephalic buckler, its short
sub-quadrate foot, and its spotted, solid shell ; the amphibi-
ous Smaragdinella, with its square head, sessile eyes, free
foot-lobes, and glaucous ear-like shell, with the eye-
less Scaphander, with its fleshy, shapeless head-disk, and
solid, loosely-involute shell, or again with the Aplysiaform
Cryptophthalmus, with its eyes concealed under the free
lateral margins of the head, and with the ample foot-lobes
folded on the back, leaving a branchial aperture at the
hind part of the body.

Genus BULLA, Klein.

Eyes conspicuous, sessile on the middle of the frontal
disk. Mantle with the outer margin forming a thick,
fleshy lobe. Foot with the lateral lobes moderate, and
the hind part not extending beyond the shell.

Shell convolute, ovate or sub-globose, smooth, mottled ;
spire involute, sunken, causing the apex to be tubular or
perforate ; aperture extending the entire length of the
body-whorl; inner lip simple; columella none; outer lip
acute.

Syn. Bullus, Mont/. Ampulla, Auct. Cymbium, Latr.,
not Klein. Bullea, Blainv. Bullearius, Ditm. Vesica,
Swains.

16

BULLIDjE.

Ex. B. ampulla, Linnaus, pi. 57, fig. 1. Shell, B. am-
pulla, fig. I, a.

The species of this genus inhabit sandy mud-flats, the
slimy banks of river-mouths, and brackish places near the
sea ; at low-water some of them conceal themselves in the
mud and under sea-weed, exuding large quantities of
mucus to maintain the moisture of their skin ; they feed
on bivalves and other Mollusca, which they pursue and
swallow whole, reducing and crushing them afterwards by
the calcareous or horny plates of their powerful, muscular
gizzard. The shells of Bulla, as restricted, are rather solid,
smooth, and marbled and mottled like birds' eggs.

Sixties of Bulla.

Adarusi, Mke.
Adansonii, Phil.
ampulla, Linn.
amygdalus, List.
aspersa, A. Adams.
australis, Quoy and Gaim.
bifasciata, Mart.
coluruellaris, Mke.
cruentata, A. Adams.
cyprseola, Mke.
dactylis, Mke.
maculosa, Mart.
marginata, Mke.
nebulosa, Gould.
mix, Mke.
oblonga, A. Adams.

occiden talis, A. Adams.
omphalodes, Mke.
Panamensis, Phil.
parallela, Gould.
perdicina, Mke.
perstriata, Mke.
punctata, A. Adams.
Quoyi, Gray.
rubicunda, Schroet.
rubiginosa, Gould.
rufolabris, A. Adams.
solida, Gmel.
splendens, Mke.
substriata, Mke.
sulcata, Mke.
tenuicula, Mke.

Genus HAMINEA, Leach.

Eyes distinct, sessile on the middle of the head.
Mantle with the outer margin large, fleshy, and reflexed
on the apex of the shell. Foot with the lateral lobes very

HAMINEA. 17

much expanded, covering the sides and front of the shell,
the hind part extending beyond the shell.

Shell thin, horny, convolute, elastic, ventricose, ovate or
globose, without coloured markings, transversely striated,
usually covered with a thin epidermis; aperture narrowed
behind, dilated and entire in front ; columella none ; outer
lip simple, acute.

Ex. H. hydatis, Lhuucus, pi. 57, fig. 2. Shell, H. hy-
datis, fig. 2, a.

In Haminea the shell is more invested by the animal
than in Bulla, so as sometimes to be considered as inter-
nal ; the shells, moreover, are corneous, thin, fragile, not
coloured or spotted, but transversely striated, and covered
with a thin epidermis. The species, like those of Bulla
proper, inhabit the estuaries of rivers, crawling slowly on
the slimy mud ; they are very voracious, preying chiefly
on bivalve Mollusca.

Species of Haminea.

ambigua, A.Adams. hydatis, Linn.

brevis, Quoy and Gaim. incincta, Migh.

castanea, A. Adams. iusculpta, Totten.

cerina, Mke. luticola, C. B. Adams.

coustricta, A. Adams. Natalensis, Krauss.

curta, A. Adams. oryza, Totten.

cymbalurn, Quoy and Gaim. parallela, Phil.

cliaphana, Couth. papyrus, A. Adams.

clegans, Gray. pemphis, Phil.

exarata, Phil. (Sinensis, A. rotundata, A. Adams.

Adams). succinea, Conr.

Bavescens, A. Adams. teuella, A. Adams.

folliculus, Mke. tenera, A. Adams.

fusca, A. Adams. virescens, Sow.

glabra, A. Adams. \itroa, A. Adams.
' ruildingii, Swains.

18 BULLIDiE.

Genus akera, O. F. Miiller.

Head-disk elongated, entire behind ; eyes none. Mantle
with a fimbriated edge projecting through the slit in the
spire. Foot with the lateral lobes greatly dilated, folded,
in repose, over the sides of the shell.

Shell convolute, ovate or sub-cylindrical, ventricose, thin,
elastic ; spire truncated, the whorls distinct, channelled,
the last whorl disjoined from the others at the suture ;
aperture elongate, pyriform, rounded and entire in front;
inner-lip excavated; outer lip posteriorly free, angulated.

Si/n. Acera, Latr., not Albers. Eucampe, Leach. Vi-
trella, Swains.

Ex. A. soluta, Chemnitz, pi. 57, fig. 3. Shell, A. so-
luta, fig. 3, a.

In this genus the head-disk is greatly elongated, wide
and bifid anteriorly, and narrowed posteriorly ; the hind
edge of the mantle is fimbriated and projects through the
fissured suture of the shell, the foot is expanded, narrow
and rounded anteriorly, and broad and truncated pos-
teriorly ; by means of the extended lateral foot-lobes the
animal, like Aglaia, swims with considerable facility, but
when crawling, the foot, as in that genus, is folded over
the back.

S})ecies of Akera.

bicincta, Quoy and Oaxm. subangulata, Moll.

bullata, Mull. tenuis, A. Adams.

soluta, Chem. tumida, A Adams.

SCAPHANDER. I 9

Genus SCAPHANDER, Montfort.

Animal not investing the shell. Eyes none. Foot
ample, but short, the side-lobes small.

Shell ovato-pyriform, convolute ; spire distinct, de-
pressed, somewhat concealed ; aperture very wide, nar-
rowed behind, entire and dilated in front ; inner lip
spirally convoluted as far as the commencement of the
spire ; outer lip simple, acute.

Si/n. Assula, Schum. Bull sea, Roissy, not Lam.
Bulla, Swains., not Klein.

Ex. S. lignarius, Linn&us, pi. 57, fig. 4. Shell, S.
lignarius, fig. 4, a.

The gizzard of Scaphander is armed with three calca-
reous plates, two of which are large, flat and sub-circular,
and the third is much smaller. Gioe'ni, an Italian Natur-
alist, made out of this gizzard an imaginary genus of
Mollusks, which he named Gioenia after himself, and
even went so far as to describe the habits of the fictitious
animal. The supposed genus, also named Tricla by
Retzius, was adopted by Lamarck and by Cuvier, the
latter of whom regarded it as a sub-genus of Pholas ; the
imposition, however, was detected and exposed by the
illustrious Draparnaud, who first proved the real nature of
the imaginary creature.

Species of Scaphander.

librarius, Loven. puncto-striatus, Migh .

lignarius, Linn. scaber, 0. Mutt.

lineolatus, Couth. vestitus, Phil.

20 BULLID.E.

Genus A.TYS, Montfort.

Eyes none, or sub-cutaneous on the middle of the ce-
phalic disk, which is bi-lobed behind. Mantle with the
right margin thickened, truncate and reflexed on the

spire.

Shell white, solid, colourless, convolute, more or less
transversely striated, sometimes covered with a thin epi-
dermis ; spire hidden, involute ; aperture narrow behind,
dilated in front; columella ending anteriorly in a fold,
tooth, or truncature; outer lip posteriorly twisted and
produced.

Syn. Naucum, Sclium. Alicula, Ehrenb. Roxana,
Leach.

Ex. A. Cranchii, Leach, pi. 57, fig. 5. Shell, A. nau-
cum, Linnaeus, fig. 5, a.

The shells in this genus are solid, white, and trans-
versely striated ; the inner lip is more or less truncate,
and the hind part of the outer lip is produced and spirally
contorted. The animals appear to be either totally blind,
or to have the eyes sub-cutaneous. The Philippine Is-
lands, Ceylon, Australia, and America harbour species of
this genus, and one is found in the British Isles.

Species of Atys.

alicula, A. Adams. hordacea, A. Adams.

Cranchii, Leach. naucum, Linn.

cyliudrica, Helb. obovata, Mke.

elongata, A. Adams. ovoidea, Quoy and Gain.

exigua, A.Adams. ovulata, Brocc.

ferruginosa, Chem, parvula, A. Adams.

PHTSEMA. 21

solida, Brug. - tortuosa, A. Adams.

speciosa, A. Adams. truncatula, Brug.

succisa, Ehrerib.

Sub-gen. dinia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovoid, posteriorly sub-truncated, longitudinally striated ;
inner lip strongly truncated, and ending anteriorly in a den-
tiform plate.

dentifera, A. Adams. nonscripta, A. Adams.

monodonta, A. Adams.

Sub-gen. sao, H. and A. Adams.

Shell pyriform, gibbose anteriorly, umbilicated; apex truncate,
impressed, not perforate ; aperture contracted posteriorly, greatly
dilated in front ; columella reflexed, not truncate ; outer lip pro-
duced and angulated behind.

pyriformis, A. Adams.

Genus PHYSEMA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell small, hyaline, globose, umbilicated, fragile,
longitudinally finely striated ; spire none ; aperture nar-
row posteriorly, greatly dilated anteriorly ; columella
somewhat arcuated, reflected ; outer lip acute, free pos-
teriorly, dilated in the middle.

Ex. P. hiemalis, Coiithouy, pi. 57, fig. 6.

This genus is founded on a small, but very peculiarly
formed shell, having somewhat the appearance of Akera or
Lophocercus, but which appears to be sufficiently different
from either. It has been procured chiefly, hitherto, from
the stomachs of codfish in Massachusetts Bay, and the
animal has not been observed.

VOL. II. E

22 BULLID.E.

Genus SMARAGDINELLA, A. Adams.

Animal partially investing the shell. Eyes sessile on
the middle of the frontal disk. Mantle included within
the shell, ending posteriorly in a thickened lobe. Foot
with the side-lobes free, not united to the head, enlarged
in the form of wings which unite behind and cover a por-
tion of the shell.

Shell oval, depressed, slightly convolute, green or glau-
cous ; aperture very wide, canaliculated posteriorly ; inner
lip with a cup-shaped appendage, spiral within.

Syn. Linteria, A. Adams. Glauconella, Gray. The-
caphorus, Nutt.

Ex. S. viridis, Rang, pi. 57, fig. 7. Shell, S. viridis,
fig. 7, a.

The lateral lobes of the foot being free and unconnected
with the head in front, the form of the cephalic buckler or
head-disk, and the cup-shaped lamina arising from the
apex and ending on the columellar margin of a depressed,
open shell, will serve to distinguish this genus. The ani-
mal is amphibious in its habits, living on moist rocks within
reach of the spray, and on rocks weeping fresh-water
near the sea-shore. Both animal and shell are of a glau-
cous green colour.

This genus was first characterised and published by
one of the authors in 1848, in the appendix to Sir Edward
Belcher's " Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Samarang,"
p. 475, under the name of Smaragdinella. It was after-
wards published in Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum,
together with Phanerophthalmns and Chelidonura, in the
beginning of 1850, under the name of Linteria, by the

CRYPTOPHTHALMUS. 23

same author, and during the latter part of that year
(August 1850) under the name of Glauconella by Dr.
Gray. The name we have used therefore bears priority,
the term ' Thecaphorus'1 being a manuscript name of
Nuttall.

Species of Smaragdinclla.

glauca, Quoy and Gaim. viridis, Rang.

miuor, A. Adams.

Sub -gen. nona, H. and A. Adams.

Shell internal, sub-trigonal, slightly involute, white, fragile ;
inner lip with a cup-shaped appendage, sub-spiral within ; outer
lip expanded, angulated and produced posteriorly.

Algirae, Hanley.

Genus CRYPTOPHTHALMUS, Ehrenberg.

Body semi-cylindrical, in form like an Aplysia without
tentacles. Head depressed, fleshy, the margins free ; eyes
small, lateral, under the free margins of the head-disk.
Mantle covering only the base of the shell. Foot with
two lateral wing-like lobes, reflexed and folded over the
back, involving the whole body, and forming a branchial
aperture at the hind part.

Shell scarcely involute, horny, fragile, destitute of colu-
mella and spire ; aperture wide.

Ex. C. olivaceus, Ehrenberg, pi. 58, fig. 1. Shell, C.
olivaceus, fig. 1, «, 1, b.

The animal of the only species of this genus known is
of a line emerald-green colour, and has been described

24 I>HILINID.E.

by Leuckart and Rtippell under the name of Bulla
smaragdina. M. Ehrenberg does not inform us whether
the breathing aperture formed by the folding back of the
lobes of the foot at the hind part of the body is persistent,
as in the Aplysue, or whether the lobes are laterally
expanded and unfolded so as to enable the animal to
swim through the water.

Fam. PHILINID^E.

Teeth, central none ; lateral one or two, large, hooked.
Cephalic disk, oblong or sub-quadrate, without tentacular
lobes ; eyes none, or, if present, sessile on the head.
Mantle covering and concealing the shell. Foot not
produced posteriorly, the sides dilated, thick and fleshy.
Gizzard armed with calcareous plates.

Operculum none.

Shell none, or internal, enclosed in the mantle ; when
present, loosely involute.

This family, as at present constituted, appears to com-
prise a somewhat incongruous assemblage. The animals
have a single branchial plume, protected by the mantle,
and a rudimentary shell, are hermaphrodite, and their
gizzard is strengthened with calcareous plates. They are
predaceous, and swallow their prey entire, crushing the
shells of the Mollusks on which they feed by means of
their muscular gizzards.

Genus PHILINE, Ascanias.

Animal investing the shell. Eyes none. Foot not
produced posteriorly, the side-lobes large and fleshy.

rilAXEROrilTIIALMUS. 25

Shell concealed in the mantle, loosely convolute, thin,
fragile, sub-orbicular or ovate, striate or punctate ; spire
small, often concealed ; aperture very wide and open ;
outer lip patulous.

Syn. Lobaria, Mull. Amygdala marina, Plane.
Bullsea, Lam. Phyline, Voight. Philina, Lam.

Ex. P. aperta, Linnaus, pi. 57, fig. 8. Shell, P.
aperta, fig. 8, a.

The animals composing this genus are blind, like most
creatures that seek their food by burrowing. They fre-
quent mud-flats and slimy banks at the entrances of
rivers, which they perforate near the surface, and probe
with their flattened heads for the small bivalves which
constitute their prey ; these they seize and swallow entire,
breaking their shells by means of their testaceous, muscu-
lar gizzards.

Species of Philine.

aperta, Linn. pruinosa, Clark.

catena, Mont. punctata, Adams.

Coreanica, A. Adams. Sckroeteri, Phil.

formosa, Stimp. scutulurn, Loven.

orientalis, A. Adams. sinuata, Stimp.
quadrata, S. Wood.

Genus rHANEROPHTHALMUS, A. Adams.

Body elongated. Head-disk dilated at the sides in
front, bi-lobed behind ; eyes sessile on the upper surface.
Mantle covering the shell. Foot with the side-lobes
dilated, folded on the back, not united, but leaving be-
tween them a longitudinal fissure.

26 PHILWDLE.

Shell concealed in the interior of the back above the
gill, oval, entirely open, without more trace of a spire than
a curved process at the left margin ; outer lip posteriorly
prolonged into a point slightly turned on itself.

Syn. Xanthonella, Gray.

Ex. P. luteus, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 58, fig. 2. Shell,
P. luteus, fig. 2, a.

Such is the description given of this genus by the Na-
turalists of the " Astrolabe," who discovered the animal on
the reefs at Port Dorey, New Guinea, and named it, on
account of its uniform pale yellow colour, Bulla lutea. M.
Quoy further observes, that the animal both crawls and
swims, and that the shell, concealed in the interior of the
back, above the gill, approaches more to the Dolabellas
than to the Bullas. The position of the eyes at once dis-
tinguishes this genus from the CryptophtJialmus of
Ehrenberg, with which it exhibits perhaps the greatest
affinity.

Genus CHELlDONUitA, A. Adams.

Head elongated, with three setigerous lobes in front,
not bi-lobed posteriorly, but produced into a single, lanceo-
late, tongue-like lobe, which is extended over the back ;
eyes none. Mantle prolonged posteriorly into a long-
bifurcate tail. Foot very large, dilated on each side,
reflexed and embracing the head and mantle, pointed at
the sides in front, rounded behind.

Shell concealed in the thickness of the mantle, flat,
thin, very open, scarcely involute, without spire or colu-
mella; outer lip produced posteriorly into a long, curved
process.

Syn. Hirundinella, Gray.

AGLAIA. 27

Ex. C. hirundinina, Quay and Gaimard, pi. 58,
fig. 3. Shell, C. hirundinina, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

M. Quoy observes, that the animal on which this genus
is founded, swims by the aid of its mantle, which was the
case with a beautiful species observed by one of the
authors, also in the Mauritius, but which was so muti-
lated in the dredge, as only to afford the information, that
it was distinct from C. hirundinina. The individual
alluded to by M. Quoy, which " had the back crossed with
white, and all the blue lines bordered with a line of gold,"
was probably a third species. We have examined a shell
which agrees with M. Quoy's species, and which was found
among the shells of Aplysice in Mr. Cuming's Collection.

Genus AGLA.IA, Renier.

Body depressed, posteriorly truncate. Head-disk
ovate, oblong, anteriorly retuse ; eyes none. Mantle
large, oblong, shorter than the foot ; gill on the right side
of the body. Foot expanded, ovately rounded, produced
anteriorly into a fleshy lobe.

Shell internal, rudimentary, flat, triangular.

Syn. Doridium, Meckel. Eidothea, Risso. Bullidium,
Meckel. Bullula, Agass. Akera, Cuv., not Mull. Acera,
Lam. Lobar ia, Blainv., not Midi.

Ex. A. lineolata, H. and A. Adams, pi. 58, fig. 4.
Shell, A. depicta, Renier, fig. 4, a.

This genus differs from the Posterobranchaa of M.

D'Orbigny in the branchial plume being situated on the

right side of the body towards the hind part. The

Eidothea marmorala of Risso, or the Doridium aplysia-

forme of Chiaje, is the same as the Aglaia depicta of

28 PHILINID^E.

Renier ; and the Doridium membrartaceum, of Meckel,
or D. Meckelii, of Chiaje, is the Aglaia tricolorata of
Renier. The new species we have figured was discovered
by Mr. Gould in Australia.

Sjyecies of Aglaia.

depicta, Renier. tricolorata, Renier.

lineolata, H. and A. Adams.

Genus POSTEROBRANCHiEA, D'Orbigny.

Cephalic disk transverse, dilated at the sides ; eyes
none. Mantle large, extending beyond the foot, except
posteriorly ; gill on the left side of the body. Foot
divided into two parts by a deep, transverse groove ; the
hind part longitudinally fissured and divided into two
lobes.

Shell none.

Syn. Posteobranchus, D'Orb. (olim). Posteriobran-
chus, Gray.

Ex. P. maculata, D'Orbigny, pi. 58, fig. 5, 5, a.

As in Aglaia and other genera belonging to this group,
the tentacles are confounded with the large, persistent,
frontal veil, forming a fleshy cephalic disk or frontal lobe;
the present genus seems to differ from all the others of the
family, in the branchial plume being situated on the left
side. The genus has greater affinities with Aglaia than
with Pleurobranchus, near which its author considered it
should be placed ; it was discovered by M. D'Orbigny,
crawling on the muddy sand-flats of the shores of South
America, and has the same habits, and lives at the same
depths as Aplysia.

ATLAS. 29

Genus gasteropteron, Meckel.

Head-disk triangular, with the eyes sessile on its upper
surface. Body ovate, bursiform. Branchial plume
exposed, on the right side of the body. Foot produced
on each side into a very large, rounded, fin-like lobe,
which, in repose, is folded over the back.

Syn. Parthenopia, Oken. Sarcopterus, Rafin. Opi-
ptera, Rajin. Gasteroptera, Blainv.

Ex. G. Meckelii, Kosse, pi. 58, fig. 6.

This genus has been classed by some Zoologists with
the Pteropods, and has been described by Chiaje as a
species of Clio. One species only is known, an inhab-
itant of the Mediterranean. There is no shell, and the
side-lobes of the foot form, by their union, a transversely-
ovate expansion, retuse and slightly emarginate in front,
and produced in the middle ; by the aid of this fin-
like organ the animal is enabled to swim freely about;
when, however, it wishes to crawl, the side-lobes are
elevated and applied against each other over the back,
in which condition the animal somewhat resembles an
Aplysia.

Genus atlas, Lesueur.

Animal divided into two parts united by a peduncle,
the posterior oval, the anterior circularly dilated, with the
margins ciliated, and with a pair of small, auriform, ten-
tacular lobes above, and a very small, distinct foot below.

Ex. A. Peronii, Blainville, pi. 58, fig. 7.

This genus is not very well known. M. Lesueur, who

VOL. II. f

30 lophocercidjE.

discovered it, believed the organs of respiration to con-
sist in the cilia, which fringe the fore-part of the body ;
but M. Blainville thinks the gill, unobserved, must have
been situated on the right-side, as in the genus Gastero-
pteron.

Fain. LOPHOCERCID.E.

Head with two ear-like tentacles ; eyes sessile on the
sides of the head. Gill regular, pectinate. Organs of
generation close together in one tubercle ; male organ on
the right side of the nape near the tentacle.

Shell thin, involute, covered with an epidermis.

Two fossil forms have been discovered by Dr. Philippi
in the Tertiary formation near Palermo, which he observes
cannot be referred to any existing genus, but which pos-
sibly belonged to animals closely allied to those of this
family. These extinct shells have received the names of
Aplysia? grandis, Phil, and A.? deperdita, Phil.

Genus LOPHOCERCUS, Krohn.

Body covered with papillse, and produced behind into a
long, pointed tail. Foot with the natatory appendages un-
divided, reflexed and partly covering the shell in front,
and united posteriorly.

Shell involute, thin, ovate, covered with an epidermis ;
the outer lip separated from the last whorl, its hinder
angle inflexed, produced and rounded.

Syn. ? Icarus, Forbes.

Ex. L. Sieboldii, Krohn, pi. 59, fig. 1. Shell, L.
Sieboldii, fig. 1, a.

In this curious genus (he head is truncate, and is

LOBIGER. 31

furnished at the angles with two ear-shaped tentacles, but
the labial tentacles, so conspicuously developed in Aply-
sia, appear to be entirely wanting. The side-lobes of the
foot, which some regard as the mantle, are separated in
the middle of the back, so as partially to expose the invo-
lute Bulla-likc shell ; the tail is very long and compressed,
and the orifices of the organs of reproduction are close
together, in a single tubercle, near the right tentacle.

Species of Lophocercus.
pcllucidus, A. Adams. Sieboklii, Krohn.

Genus LOBIGER, Krohn.

Body produced posteriorly into a long, pointed tail,
covered with papillae. Foot with the natatory appendages
in the form of dilated, rounded lobes, two on each side.

Shell thin, transparent, covered with an epidermis ;
spire rudimentary, in the form of a protuberance directed
towards the left.

Ex. L. Philippii, Krohn, pi. 59, fig. 2. Shell, L.
Philippii, fig. 2, a.

In general organization the animal of this genus closely
resembles that of Lophocercus, from which, however, it
differs in the body being provided with four lateral,
expanded, wing-like lobes, and in the simple, ovate shell,
which is not elastic and involute as in that genus.

Species of Lobiyer.

Cunnngii, A. Adams. Philippii, Krohn.

Krohnii, A. Adams.

32 ArLYSIID^E.

Fam. APLYSIID.E.

Teeth, central, one ; lateral, numerous, similar. Head
with separate, ear-like tentacles; eyes sessile on the
head ; mouth armed with horny jaws, and with produced
labial tentacles. Mantle with an internal calcareous
plate protecting the gill. Foot with large lateral lobes,
usually folded across the back.

Shell rudimentary, internal, contained in the mantle.

The gizzard is armed with cartilaginous plates in this
family ; the reproductive orifices are beneath the tentacle
on the right side, and the vent is dorsal, and is either
sessile or tubular.

Genus DOLABELLA, Lamarck.

Body elongated, with an oblique disk on the hind part;
gills concealed ; lobes of the foot not dilated for swimming.

Shell internal, uniform, calcareous, triangular, with the
apex callous.

Syn. Operculum callosum, Rumph.

Ex. D. scapula, Martyn, pi. 59, fig. 3. Shell, D.
scapula, fig. 3, a.

The Dolabellce are inhabitants of the Indian Ocean ;
they prefer a bottom of sandy mud, and often associate
together in considerable numbers ; they vary in colour
according to individual specimens, some being dark olive-
green, and others quite pink.

Species of Dolabella.
ecaudata, Rang. fragilis, Lam.

APLYSIA. -'^;>

gigas, Rami. Teremidi, Bang.

Hasseltii, Rang, truncate, Rang.

scapula, Martyn.

Genus DOLABRIFERA, Gray.

Body tapering, with no disk on the hind part; gills
concealed. Foot with the lobes covering the hack, not
dilated for swimming.

Shell internal, calcareous, trapeziform or sub-quadran-
gular ; apex produced.

Syn. Petalifera, Gray.

Ex. D. Cuvieri, H. and A. Adams, pi. 59, fig. 4.
Shell, D. Cuvieri, fig. 4, a.

The body, in this genus, appears to want the trans-
verse, fimbriated crest, situated towards the hind part,
seen in Dolabella, and the shell, although calcareous,
is trapeziform with the apex produced, and not triangular
with a callous apex, as in the last-named genus.

Species of Dolabrifera.

ascifera, Ferns. petalifera, Rang.

Cuvieri, H. and A. Adams unguifera, Rang.

(A. dolabrifera, Cuv.).

Genus APLYSIA, Gmelin.

Body elongated. Gills concealed. Foot with the lobes
dilated and serving for swimming. Anal aperture simple,
sessile.

Shell internal, sub-cartilaginous, ovate ; apex acute.

34

APLYSIID/E.

Syn. Lernea, Linn. Tethys, Linn. Lepus marinus,
Rond. Esinia, Leach (young).

Ex. A. hybrida, Sowerby, pi. 59, fig. 5. Shell, A.de-
pilans, Linnceus, fig. 5, a.

When molested, the Aplysi<& pour out an abundance of
a beautiful purple fluid, so that one of them alone can
colour the water for some yards around it; Cuvier states
that they are herbivorous.

Species of Aplysia.

alba, Cuv.
Argus, Hupp.
Braziliana, Hang.
Brugnatelli, Van Ben. and

Eobb.
canielus, Cuv.
dactyloinela, Rang.
depilans, Linn.
depressa, Canir.
Dumortieri, Cantr.
fasciata, Poiret.
Ferussacci, Bang.
fimbriata, Adams and Reeve.
fusca, Tilesius.
Gouldii, H. and A. Adams

(fimbriata, Gould).
hybrida, Soiv.
Inca, UOrb.

Julienna, Quoy and Gahn.
lepus, Risso.

Lessonii, Rang.

limacina, Rang.

lineolata, Adams and Reeve.

linguifera, Rang.

longicoruis, Rang.

marginata, Blainv.

Neapolitana, Chiaje.

nigra, D'Orb.

nodifera, Adams and Reeve.

oculifera, Adams and Reeve.

Poliana, Chiaje.

protea, Rang.

punctata, Cuv.

Kangiana, D'Orb.

rosea, Budlike .

Sicula, -/Swains.

sorex, Rang.

tigrina, Bang.

virescens, Risso.

Webbii, Van Ben. and Robb.

Genus SYPHONOTA, H. and A. Adams.

Body elongated. Foot with the side-lobes adapted for
swimming. Anal aperture prolonged into a tube.

ACLESIA. 35

Shell internal, thin, ovate, nearly membranaceous ;
apex acute.

Syn. Aplysia sp. Rang. Siphonotus, Adams and
Reeve, not Brandt.

Ex. S. geographica, Adams and Reeve, pi. 50, fig. 6.

Occasionally, and especially during low-water, the species
of Syplionola bury themselves in the mud on shallow
shores ; some species, however, are met with at a con-
siderable distance from land, among floating algie.

Species of Syphonota.

fasciata, Poiret. lurida, B'Orh.

geographica, Adams and ruaculata, Rang.
Reeve. ocellata, D'Orb.

Keraudrenii, Rang.

Genus ACLESIA, Hang.

Body oval, pointed behind, covered with digitated ap-
pendages ; gills included within the branchial cavity.
Anal orifice simple.

Shell none.

Syn. Aclesie, Rang. Thallepus, Swains.

Ex. A. Pleii, Rang, pi. 59, fig. 7.

Aclesia differs from Aplysia in the entire absence of
shell, in the lobes of the foot being less developed, and in
the body being usually beset with numerous, branched,
tentacular appendages.

Species of Aclesia.

cirrigera, Quoy. rufa, Qnoy.

citrina, Rany. striata, Quoy.

euchlora, A. Adams. viridis, Bang.

ocellata, A. Adams. undata, Rang.
Pleii, Rang,

36 APLYSIID/E.

Genus notarchus, Cuvier.

Body oval. Head with the posterior tentacles simple
and conical. Gills protruding from the branchial cavity.
Foot linear, narrow.

Shell none.

Syn. Busiris, Risso. ? Placobranchus, Rang.

Ex. N. gelatinosus, Rang, pi. 60, fig. 1.

The species of this genus live in floating masses of sea-
weed, and those with dilated feet swim by vertical move-
ments of the lobes.

Species of Notarchus.

Cuvieri, Blainv. ocellatus, Rang.

gelatinosus, Rang. punctatus, Phil.

griseus, Risso.

Genus BURSATELLA, Blainville.

Body globular, covered with unguiform appendages.
Head with the posterior tentacles ramified. Gills ex-
ternal, long and plumose.

Shell none.

Syn. Notarchus, Strains,, not Cuvier.

Ex. B. Leachii, Blainville, pi. 60, fig. 2.

In this genus the body is almost spherical, the mantle
opening is small, and the lateral lobes of the foot are not
developed ; there is no shell, and the four cloven tentacles
are beset with filiform appendages ; the branchial plume,
moreover, is very long and exserted. Possibly this form
may be identical with that of Aclesia, but from being pre-
served in spirits may have assumed a globular shape.

pleurobranchidjE. 37

Species of Bursatella.
laciniata, Riipp. Leachii, Blainv.

Genus STYLOCHEILUS, Gould.

Body limaciform, cirrhigerous, dilated at the sides,
attenuated posteriorly. Head separated from the body
by a distinct neck ; tentacles four, elongated, linear, more
or less papillose, wide apart ; mouth inferior, the lips
dilated laterally into an acutely-conical tentacular pro-
cess.

Ex. S. longicauda, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 60, fig. 3.

The papillose tentacles, and the peculiar lateral ex-
tension of the lips, are the chief features of this genus ;
the body, moreover, is prolonged behind into an acute,
tapering, tail. The four tentacles are quite distinct from
the elongate labial processes.

Species of Stylocheilus.

lineolatus, Gould. quercinus, Gould.

longicauda, Quoy and Gaim.

Fam. PLEUROBRANCHID^.

Head with auriform tentacles ; eyes sessile on the head,
at the bases of the tentacles; mouth provided with an
oral veil, corneous jaws, and an armed lingual riband.
Gills composed of a double row of leaflets in the form of
a long branchial plume at the side of the body under
the edge of the mantle.

VOL. TI. G

38 PLEUROBRANCHINJ!.

Shell calcareous and external ; membranous and inter-
nal ; or, rarely, altogether wanting.

The animals of this family have no upper jaw; the lin-
gual membrane is armed with numerous short teeth, ar-
ranged in a quincunx ; there are four stomachs, the second
of which is fleshy and sometimes furnished with bony
pieces, and the third is provided internally with prominent
longitudinal lamella? ; the intestinal canal is short. The
species of this group are tolerably numerous, occasionally
of large size and adorned with varied colours ; they arc
mostly inhabitants of the high seas.

Sub-fam. PLEUROBRANCHIN^.

Mantle covering and concealing the shell.
Shell, internal and rudimentary, membranous, or
altogether wanting.

Genus PLEUROBRANCHUS, Cuvier.

Tentacles dorsal, ear-like; labial appendages trans-
verse, folded, and truncate. Mantle smaller than the
foot, only partly covering the head, simple behind. Foot
very large, extending beyond the mantle.

Shell internal, convex, thin, oval, membranaceous.

Syn. Berthella, Blainv. Discoides, Renter. Cle-
anthus, Leach.

Ex. P. citrinus, Riippell, pi. 60, fig. 4, 4, a. Shell,
P. plumula, Montagu, fig. 4, b.

The Pleurobranchi live in families, under large stones,
in shallow water ; they feed on the sea-weed that grows

OSCANIUS. 39

around them, which their complex stomachs seem well cal-
culated to digest, and they are very slow in their move-
ments.

Species of Pleurobranchus.

aurantiacus, Eisso. ocellatus, Chiaje.

Blaiuvillii, Lesson. Patagonicus, D'Orb.

brevifrons, Phil. perforatus, Phil.

citrinus, Rupp. plumula, Mont.

cornutus, Quoy and Gaim. Peronii, Cuv.

De Haanii, Cantr. punctatus, Quoy and Gaim.

Forskalii, Chiaje. stellatus, Risso.

niamillatus, Quoy and Gaim. tuberculatus, Chiaje.
oblongus, Savigny.

Genus OSCANIUS, Leach.

Tentacles dorsal, irregular, ear-like; labial processes
broad and triangular. Mantle smaller than the foot, en-
tirely concealing the head, fissured in front and behind.
Foot large, thin, foliaceous.

Shell internal, large, thin, membranous, flattened,
orbicular, with a postical apex.

Ex. O. dilatipes, H. and A. Adams, pi. 60, fig. 5, 5, a.
Shell, O. membranaceus, Montagu, fig. 5, b.

The Oscanius we have figured is pale red, with deep,
red-brown, depressed lines, and light pink tubercles sur-
rounded by dark red-brown zones ; the foot is flesh-
coloured, with faint concentric stria?. (In spirits in
Mr. Cuming's Collection.)

Species of Oscanius.

dilatipes, H. and A. Adams. membranaceus, Mont.

Lesueurii, Blainv.

40 PLEUROBRANCHIN-ffi.

Genus neda, H. and A. Adams.

Tentacles dorsal, truncate ; labial appendages transversely
prolonged, acuminate, united anteriorly, and forming a
large, semilunar, oral veil. Mantle small, with a truncate
anal siphon on the hinder dorsal surface. Foot very large,
extending beyond the mantle, rounded behind, truncate in
front.

Shell none.

Syn. Pleurobranchus, sp. Cuvier.

Ex. N. luniceps, Cuvier, pi. 61, fig. 1,1, a.

In this genus the oral veil is laterally dilated, forming
a large semilunar shield over the proboscis, with the sides
produced and angulated; the mantle is small and covers
only the dorsal region, and the vent appears to be tubular
and situated centrally at the hind part of the back.

Genus PLEUROBRANCILEA, Meckel.

Tentacles dorsal; eyes none; labial appendages united
by a narrow, transverse, oral veil. Mantle indistinct, indicated
by a narrow band on the right side ; anal orifice above the
gill. Foot narrow.

Shell none.

Syn. Pleurobranchus, Oken, not Cuv. Cyanogaster, Ru-
dolphi. Pleurobranchidium, Blainv.

Ex. P. Meckelii, Leve, pi. 61, fig. 2, 2, a.

In this genus the mantle-margin is not so developed as in
Pleurobranchus, and does not extend beyond the foot ; the
plume-like gill is not so prominent, and is less deeply divided ;
there is no indication of a shell, and the vent is situated
above, and not behind, the gill.

OrERCULATINyE. 4 1

Sub-fam. OPERCULATINiE.

Mantle lining the shell.

Shell external, limpet-like, calcareous or horny.

Genus OPEltCULATUM, Linnaeus.

Tentacles dorsal, ear-like, with plicate cavities at their
bases ; mouth proboscidiform, retractile, covered by a small
oral veil with moderate labial appendages, and concealed in
the notch at the fore part of the foot. Foot large and
thick, deeply fissured in front, the sides tubercular.

Shell external, calcareous, orbicular, flattened, with a
slightly-raised, conical, sub-central apex ; margin acute,
simple.

8yn. Umbrella, Lam. Acardo, Lam. Umbraculum,
Schum. Gastroplax, Blainv. Ombrella, Blainv. Urn-
bella, Chem.

Ex. 0. Mediterraneum, Lamarck, pi. 61, fig. 3. Shell,
0. lseve, Linn aus, fig. 3, a.

The great peculiarity in this genus is the fact of the head
being sunk into a deep fissure or cavity in the front part of
the foot. The vent is tubular and posterior, and the
organs of reproduction are anterior to the tentacles.

Species of Operculatum.

Chinense, Chem. Mediterraneum, Lam.

laeve, Linn. pietum, A. Adams.

Lamarckianuni, Reclnz.

42 RUNCINIDiE.

Genus TYLODINA, Rafinesque.

Tentacles dorsal, ear-like, with the eyes sessile at their
outer bases; labial appendages lanceolate, united by a veil,
emarginate in front. Foot strong, thick, ovate, truncate in
front.

Shell external, membranous, oval, conical, with a callous,
sub-central, recurved apex of about two whorls.

Ex. T. punctulata, Rajinesque, pi. 01, fig. 4. Shell, T.
punctulata, fig. 4, a.

Tylodina differs from Operculatum in the head being-
produced and bifid, and in the membranous structure of
the shell. Of this genus there are three species already
described, two of which are inhabitants of the Mediter-
ranean, and one is a native of the coast of Norway.

Species of Tylodina.

citrina, Joannis. punctulata, Fiqfin.

Duebenii, Loven.

Fam. RUNCINIM1.

Tongue-membrane armed with three series of teeth, the
central broad, transverse, with the upper edge reflexed,
notched in the middle, and denticulate on each side ; the
lateral large, versatile, conic, arched, compressed, with an
acute tip. Cephalic disk flat, broad, and sub-quadraugular;
the eyes sessile on its upper surface. Mantle distinct,
oblong ; gills slightly pinnate, at the hinder part under the
edge of the mantle on the right side. Vent central, on the

RUXCINA. 43

posterior portion of the back beneath the margin of the
mantle. Generative organs on the right Bide.

Shell none.

These animals appear to partake of the characters of the
Pleurobranchtdcs and Bullida, and to form, with the
Tlivllidians, a transition group between the Tectibranchiate
and Nudibranchiate Gasteropods; in the position of the
gills they approach the Pleurobranchida, but they have no
tentacles, and in the peculiar testaceous gizzard and frontal
lobe they resemble the Bullida.

Genus RUNCINA, Forbes.

Body depressed, Hmaciform, smooth. Tentacles none; eyes
sessile on the broad cephalic disk. Mantle distinct, oblong,
tough.

Shell none.

Syn. ? Pelta, Quatrefages (young), not Beck.

Ex. K. Hancocki, Forbes, pi. 61, fig. 5.

This curious little genus is probably the same as the
Pelta of Quatrefages, which is described as having a
similar armed gizzard, and may have been founded on a
young specimen of Buncina, in which state the gills are
possibly not apparent. The only species known is found in
pools left at low water, where they are seen crawling on the
tufts of H//j)/tea jpurpurascens infested with Diatomacece
upon which they probably subsist.

Sjiecies of Runcina.
? coronata, Quatref. Hancocki, Forbes.

44 PLEUROniYLLIDIID/E.

Fam. PLEUKOPHYLLIDIID.E.

Tongue broad; teeth, many in each cross series; jaws
horny; tentacles simple, united, expanded. Gills in folds
on the under side of the edge of the mantle, which is
bent up. Vent lateral, posterior.

In the singular animals of which this family is composed
there is no shell, the orifices of generation are in a common
tubercle on the right anterior side, and the vent is at the
right posterior side of the body ; the tentacles, moreover,
are dilated and connate, forming a frontal veil.

Genus PLEUROPHYLLIDIA, Meckel.

Body depressed. Head partially concealed by the mantle ;
tentacles dilated and connate, forming by their union a
broad, transverse, frontal veil. Mantle large, expanded,
smooth, simple above.

Syn. Diphyllidia, Cuvier. Linguella, Blainv. Armina,
Rqfi?i.

Ex. P. lineata, Otto, pi. 68, fig. 3.

The lamellated gills occupy the two posterior thirds of the
under margin of the mantle. A remarkable feature of the
animal is the broad veil formed by the expanded tentacles.
There are two species from the Mediterranean, and two from
tropical seas.

Species of Pleurophyllidia.

lineata, Otto. rubida, Gould.

ocellata, Cuv. verrucosa, Cantr.

pustulosa, Phil.

piiYLLTmrnyF:. 15

Fam. PHYLLIDIID^E.

Tongue and jaws none; tentacles dorsal, anterior, retrac-
tile ; labial palps close together, conical, small. Gills in the
form of radiating folds on the under side within the edges
of the mantle. Vent median, posterior.

The tentacles in this family are dorsal and retractile like
those of Doris, and the vent is on the middle of the hind
part of the back. In the disposition of the gills, which are
in the form of oblique lamellas disposed round the body
under the edge of the mantle, these animals resemble the
Chitonidce.

Genus PHYLLIDIA, Cuvier.

Body depressed, oval. Labial palps small, distinct, slender.
Mantle hard, convex, smooth. Vent dorsal, in the middle
of the hinder part of the back.

Syn. Phyllide, Swainson.

Ex. P. trilineata, Cuvier, pi. 08, fig. 4.

The head in this genus is small, and concealed under
the front of the coriaceous mantle ; the mouth is probosci-
diform, without jaws or tongue; the dorsal tentacles are
retractile into cavities; and the buccal appendages are
small, distinct, and slender. The position of the vent, and
the smooth mantle, distinguish this genus from Fryeria.

Species of Phyllidia.

albonigra, Quay and Ga'nn. Arabica, Ehrerib,

amiulata, Gray. trilineata, Cuv-

VOL. II. II

46 PHYLLIDIID^.

Genus FRYERIA, Gray.

Body depressed, oval. Labial appendages small, distinct,
slender. Mantle hard, convex, tubercular. Vent in the
middle of the hinder part, in the groove between the mantle
and the foot.

Ex. P. pustulosa, Mitppell, pi. 08, fig. 5, 5, a.

In Fryeria the vent occupies a different position to that
of Phyllidia, not being median and dorsal as in that genus,
and the surface of the mantle is tubercular.

Genus HYPOBKANCHLEA, A. Adams.

Body ovate, depressed. Tentacles clavate, dorsal, ? non-
retractile. Mantle broad, extending beyond the foot, the
margin thin and flexuous ; gills under the mantle-margin at
the hind part. Vent posterior, in the groove between the
mantle and foot.

Ex. H. fusca, A. Adams, pi. 68, fig. 6.

This remarkable animal was discovered by one of the
Authors in the shallow pools left by the receding tide on the
shore of Koo-Kieng-San, one of the Meiacoshimah Islands,
in the Yellow Sea. The upper surface of the mantle was
of a sandy colour, the central part of a darker hue, with
oblong blotches of a dark brown colour ; it was in length
about six inches, and in breadth about two and a half. It
crawled upon its flattened ventral disk in a slow and languid
manner; and when thrown into deeper water floated by
undulating the thin edges of the mantle, and gradually
sunk to the bottom.

NUDIBKAXCHIATA. 17

Order NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Gills exposed, or contractile into cavities on the surface of
the mantle. Adult animal without any shell. Larva shell-
bearing. Foot elongate, formed for walking. Sexes united.

"While the numerous tribes of Mollusks furnished with
testaceous coverings offer us objects of contemplation
remarkable alike for their extreme beauty and the durability
of their calcareous envelopes, the scarcely less extensive
and certainly far less known families of Naked-gilled Gaste-
ropods exhibit an astonishing variety of form, extreme deli-
cacy of organisation, and great diversity of colour to capti-
vate the eye and occupy the attention of those who wander
by the shore or explore the depths of ocean. Clinging to the
stems of floating sea-weeds, many, like the Anthobranchs, will
be seen extruding their flower-like gills of surpassing ele-
gance, exploring with their foliated tentacles or complex
mantle-filaments the plants around them, the brilliant hues
of their striped or spotted bodies glancing through the
water; some will be observed with bodies so fragile and
pellucid that you may see the colour of their blood and
count the pulsations of their hearts ; some will be seen to
have their gills disposed in rows of papillary tubercles on
the sides of their bodies, like the iEolids, or tree-like and
branching, like the Tritonias ; the foreheads of some will be
smooth and simple, while those of others will be found
adorned with various singular appendages ; in others, again,
all processes will disappear, all branchial arrangements
vanish, and we shall meet with forms almost as simple in
their structure as the Nemertoid types among the Annelids.

48 ANTHOBRANCHIATA.

In their embryonic state these lovely fragile Mollusks are
supplied with little, clear, spiral shells, and swim like Pte-
ropods freely through the water, being furnished, at this
epoch of their lives, with two bead-fins and a large frontal
veil. As they grow, however, the shell falls off, and the
veil becomes modified, but is usually persistent in the
adult. They are universally distributed throughout all seas.

Sub-order ANTHOBRANCHIATA.

Gills plumose, on the hinder part of the mantle, disposed
in a circle, or semicircle, round the vent.

Fam. DOEIDID^.

Teeth, many in each cross series, sub-similar, inner often
smaller. Mantle-edge simple ; gills surrounding the vent,
on the middle of the hinder part of the back, in a common
cavity.

The Dorididce form an assemblage of most attractive
Nudibranchs, which may be easily studied by placing them
in glass reservoirs of salt-water, as they are by no
means shy, but extend their tentacles and display their
branchial plumes to great advantage. In this family the
gills are retractile into a common cavity, and the mantle is
very large, either entirely, or almost, covering and concealing
the foot.

Sub-fam. DORIDINiE.

Body depressed, rounded above. Mantle convex, large,
simple, covering the head and foot.

ACTINODOBJS. 49

Genus GLOSSODORTS, Ehrenberg.

Tentacles dorsal. Gills ligulate or strap -shaped, retractile
into a common cavity. Back tubercular.

Syn. Doridigitata, D'Orb. Pterodoris, Ehrenb.

Ex. G. Bertheloti, D'OrMgny, pi. 62, fig. 1.

In this genus the back of the mantle is covered with digi-
tate processes, interspersed with small elevated tubercles ;
the tentacles are clavate, with the clubs laminated ; the front
side-angle of the foot is produced and lanceolate.

Species of Glossodoris.

Bertheloti, D'Orb. picturata, Ehrenb.

brachyphylla, Ehrenb. verrucosa, Guv.

D'Orbignyi, Webb and Berth. xantholeuca, Ehrenb.
erythrsea, Ehrenb.

Genus ACTINODORIS, Ehrenberg.

Tentacles dorsal. Gills strap-shaped, cut or forked at the
tip, retractile into a common cavity. Back simple.

Ex. A. flammulata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 62, fig. 2.

The type of this genus, a large and showy Nudibranch, is
very handsomely marked on the back ; the mantle-margin is
plicate, the tentacles are clavate, lamellar, and retractile
within sheaths, and the branchial organ forms a star around
the vent, each ray of which is bifid, and each fork of the
bifid end is serrated.

Species of Actinodoris.

cruenta, Quoy and Gaim. Krusensternii, Tilesius.

flammulata, Quoy and Gaim. maculosa, Quoy and Gaim.

fumosa, Quoy and Gaim. Mauritiana, Quay and Gaim.

50 doribinjE.

punctata, Quoy and Gaim. sponsa, Ehrenb.

scabra, Quoy and Gaim. superba, Gould.

sordida, Quoy and Gaim. Tilesii, Tilesius.

spiraculata, Gould. tuberculosa, Quoy and Gaim.

Genus ASTERONOTUS, Ehrenberg.

Branchial aperture of the mantle stellate, or partly closed
by lobes arranged in a stellate manner.

Ex. A. cruentus, Alder, pi. 62, fig. 3.

The back of the mantle in this genus is smooth and
without tubercles or appendages; the mantle is wide, and
entirely covers the head and foot.

Species of Asteronotus.
cruentus, Alder. Hemprichii, Ehrenb.

Genus ACTINOCYCLUS, Ehrenberg.

Gills in the form of a radiate disk, large, lobed, and pin-
nate ; anal aperture not tubular, situated behind the bran-
chial disk, but in the same aperture of the mantle.

Syn. Dendrodoris, Gray, not Ehrenb.

Ex. A. grandiflora, Buppell, pi. 62, fig. 4.

The principal peculiarity in this genus is the fact of the
vent being separate from the branchial aperture, but con-
tained in the same common cavity of the mantle ; the gills
do not appear to form a complete circle round the vent, but
to be interrupted posteriorly.

Species of Actinocyclus.

fragilis, Ehrenb. tuberculatus, Cuv.

grandiflora, Hupp. velutinus, Ehrenb.

limbatus, Cuv. . verrucosus, Ehrenb.
setiger, Riipp.

DORIS.

51

Genus DoKis, Linnams.

Tentacles dorsal, sub-clavate, laminated, retractile within
a cavity. Gills arborescent, retractile ; vent in the centre of
the gills.

Syn. Dendrodoris, Ehrenb. } not Gray. Argus, Bohadsch,
not Pu/i.

Ex. D. Johnstoui, Alder and Hancock, pi. C2, fig. 5.

The branchial plumes in Doris form an elaborate coronal
around the vent, which, viewed with a common lens in a
vessel of water, forms when fully expanded a beautiful
object. The surface of the mantle is either smooth or
tubercular, and the sheaths of the tentacles are often crenate

on their margins.

alboliueata, Hupp.
Argo, Blainv.
aspera, Alder and Hanc.
aspersa, Gould.
aurea, Quoy and Gaim.
aurita, Gould.
bilamellata, Linn.
Candida, Riipp.
cerebralis, Gould.
coccinea, Forbes.
cuprea, Ehrenb.
diaphana, Alder and Hanc.
echinata, Loven.
flammea, Alder and Hanc.
Flemingii, Forbes.
fusca, Midi.
granulata, Ehrenb.
impudica, Quoy and Gaim.
Inch, Alder.

Johnstoni, Alder and Hanc.
lajvis, Linn.

Species of Doris.

lilacina, Gould.
limacina, Quoy and Gaim.
lugubris, Ehrenb.
luteo-rosea, Riipp.
marginata, Mont.
millegvana, Alder and Hanc.
nigricans, Riipp.
oblonga, Alder and Hanc.
obvelata, Midi.
Orbignyi, H. and A. Adams

{punctata, HOrb.).
ornata, Ehrenb.
petecbialis, Gould.
planata, Alder and Hanc.
proxima, Alder and Hanc.
punctata, Riipp.
puteolana, Macri.
Semele, Blainv.
sniaragdina, Gould.
sparsa, Alder and Hanc.
sublrevis, Thomp.

52 GONIODORIDIN.E.

suniptuosa, Gould. venosa, Quoy and Gaim.

tenera, Costa. vermicelli, Gould.

testudinaria, Risso. violacea, Quoy and Gaim.

tomentosa, Cuv. Zetlandica, Alder and Hanc.
ulidiana, Thomp.

Genus CERATODOR1S, Gray.

Tentacles elongate, filiform, not retractile. Mantle covered
with elevated processes ; gills retractile within a common
cavity.

Ex. C. eolida, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 62, fig. G.

The tentacles in this genus appear to be slender, non-
retractile, and serrated on the hinder margin; the branchial
plume forms a star-like disk, the rays of which are simply
pinnate, and the back of the mantle is covered with slender,
subulate, elevated processes.

Sub-fain. GONIODOKIDIKE.

Body angular; mantle distinct, simple, not covering
entirely the head and foot.

Genus DORIPRISMATICA, D'Orbigny.

Tentacles dorsal, clavate, laminated, not retractile or
invested with sheaths. Gills lanceolate, pinnate.

Syn. Goniodoris, Forbes.

Ex. D. Whitei, Adams and Reeve, pi. 02, fig. 7.

Except in the position of the tentacles there does not
appear to be any great difference between this genus and the
Brachychlanis of Ehrenberg. The species are usually
adorned with the most vivid colours, disposed in red, blue,
and yellow lines, bands, and blotches. Found between
tide-marks in European and tropical seas.

POLYCEIUN.K.

53

Species of Doriprismatica.

albescens, Hupp.
atromarginata, Guv.
cserulea, Hupp,
castanea, Alder and Hanc.
dorsalis, Gould.
elegans, Quoy and Gaim.
elegantula, Phil.
impudica, Rilpp.
infuscata, Hupp.
leniniscata, Quoy and Gaim.
lineata, Eyd. and Soul.
magnifica, Quoy and Gaim.
rnarmorata, Sariyny.

nodosa, Mont.

obsoleta, Hupp.

pallida, Hupp.

picta, Phil.

pulchella, Hupp.

pulcberrima, Cantr.

purpurea, Laurillard.

reticulata, Quoy and Gaim.

tinctorum, Hupp.

trilineata, Adams and Reeve.

Villafranca, Risso.

Webbii, DVrb.

Wbitei, Adams and Reeve.

Genus BRACHYCHLANIS, Ehrenberg.

Tentacles cervical, not placed on the mantle, but at its edge
in front. Mantle narrower than the foot.

Ex. B. pantherina, Ehrenberg.

This is a genus of Ehrenherg's, of which he has unfor-
tunately omitted to give a figure : the fact of the mantle
being narrower than the foot, and the sub-dorsal position
of the tentacles, will serve to distinguish the genus from
Doriprismatica. A single species, from the Eed Sea.

Sub-fam. POLYCEElNiE.

Body elongate, sub-angular ; mantle indistinct.

In the remaining six genera of this family the mantle
gradually becomes obsolete, the dorsal region is more
elevated, and the oral tentacles arc but slightly developed.
They are animals of great beauty, both of form and colour.

VOL. IT. I

54 polycemnjE.

Genus .EGIRES, Loven.

Teeth, central none, lateral 17—17. Body covered with
very large tubercles. Tentacles linear, simple, retractile
within prominent lohed sheaths ; forehead papillose. Gills
arhoriform, placed around the dorsal vent.

Ex. JE. punctilucens, D'Orbigny, pi. 62, fig. 8.

The principal differences between this genus and Polycera
are the retractile tentacles, and the lobed sheaths at their
bases. The branchial plumes are defended by elevated
tubercular processes, and the sides are covered with blunt-
topped tubercles. The species described are from Norway,
France, and the British Islands.

Species of JEgires.
maura, Forbes. punctilucens, D'Orb.

Genus POLYCERA, Cuvier.

Body smooth or tuberculated. Tentacles clavate, pectinate,
non-retractile, without sheaths ; a frontal veil with simple
processes on the head. Gills with two or more lateral
appendages.

Syn. Themisto, OJcen.

Ex. P. Lessonii, D'Orbigny, pi. 62, fig. 9.

This genus has clavate, non-retractile, tentacles, and there
are no sheaths at the bases ; usually there is an elevated lobed
crest on each side of the head, which is continued along the
sides of the back as far as the branchial region. The
species known are European in their geographical dis-
tribution.

PLOCAMOrilORUS. 55

Species of Polycera.

citrina, Alder and Hanc. plebcia, Loven.

cornuta, Abildg. pudica, "Loven.

Lessonii, D'Orb. quadrilineata, Mull.

rnodesta, Loven. typica, Thomp.

ocellata, Alder and Hane.

Genus THECACERa, Fleming.

Body smooth. Head bilobed, with a simple frontal veil ;
tentacles clavate, laminated, retractile within wide open
sheaths. Gills pinnate, placed round the dorsal vent, sur-
rounded by two or more tubercular lateral appendages.

Ex. T. pennigera, Montagu, pi. G3, fig. 1.

The franchise in this genus are defended by lateral ap-
pendages, the body is smooth, and the head is bilobed.
There are three species, which are inhabitants of the British
Islauds.

Species of Thecaccnt.

capitata, Alder and Hanc. virescens, Alder and Hanc.

pennigera, Mont.

Genus PLOCAMOPHORUS, Eiippell.

Body smooth. Tentacles clavate, without sheaths; head-
veil with the frontal appendages branched. Gills plumose,
surrounding the dorsal vent, without prominent lateral ap-
pendages.

■syn. Plocamoceros, D'Orb.

Ex. P. ocellatus, Leu chart, pi. G3, fig. 2.

The front of the head in this genus is surrounded by
beautiful compound processes, and there are no elevated

56 POLYCERIN^E.

processes protecting the branchiae, which are large and
plumose. A single species, from the Red Sea.

Genus ceratosoma, Adams and Reeve.

Body elongate, smooth. Tentacles clavate, non-retractile,
without sheaths ; forehead simple, rounded. Gills plumose ;
hack produced behind into a single, elevated, conical, ap-
pendage.

Ex. C. cornigerum, Adams and Reeve, pi. 63, fig. 3.

In Ceratosoma the tentacles are bulbous at their bases,
the body is smooth, and the foot is linear and grooved ; in
our figure the proboscicliform mouth is exserted, which is
frequently the case in these animals just- before death.
These animals, which somewhat resemble Polyccra, are
inhabitants of tropical seas, where they are found crawling
on the corallines and madrepores.

Species of Ceratosoma.
cornigerum, Adams and Reeve. trilobatum, Gray.

Genus ACANTHODORIS, Gray.

Tentacles dorsal, retractile within denticulated sheaths.
Branchial plumes large, spreading, not retractile.

Ex. A. pilosa, Midler, pi. 63, fig. 4.

The clubs of the tentacles are beautifully laminated, and
the mantle is covered with long soft processes ; the principal
feature in this genus, however, is the fact of the branchial
plumes being non-retractile. The two species known are
from the coasts of Europe.

Species of Acanthodoris.
pilosa, Midi. subquadrata, A Ider and Hanc.

oxciiidorididjE. 57

Genus CASELLA, H. and A. Adams.

Body elongated, compressed. Tentacles clavate, sheathed,
retractile. Mantle with the margins forming erect, lohate,
undulated crests along the sides of the back ; gills composed
of six lobes, arranged around the anal orifice. Foot linear.

Ex. C. Gouldii, H. and A. Adams, pi. C3, fig. 5.

In general aspect this genus resembles Scylhca, but the
possession of gills surrounding the vent places it with the
Dorididw ; the lateral processes of the mantle resemble
Lomanotus among the JEolididie. The specimen on which
this genus is founded was collected by Mr. Gould in
Australia, and is dedicated to that eminent Ornithologist.

Genus PELAGELLA, Gray.

Body smooth. Tentacles clavate, non-retractile. Mantle
forming a simple, raised edge round the tentacles and bran-
chial region ; gills plumose, surrounding the vent.

Ex. P. Paretii, Veramj, pi. 63, fig. 6.

In Pehiffella the mantle appears to be reduced to a simple
elevated margin, and the branchiae form a beautiful star
with simple pinnate rays ; the tentacles are clavate, non-
retractile, and pinnate. One species is known, from the
Mediterranean.

Fam. ONCHIDORIDriLE.

Teeth, two in each cross series. Mantle simple, extending
beyond the foot. Gills on the middle of the hinder part of the
back, in separate cavities surrounding the vent; vent dorsal.

In this family the gills are each retractile into its proper

58 ONCHIDORIDIDiE.

cavity, although they are arranged in a circle round the vent
on the hinder part of the mantle. The tropical species
exhibit considerable activity, and by their splendid colours
and varied markings give an air of great vivacity to the
groups of corals and banks of sea- weed among which they
take up their abode.

Genus ONCIIIDOHIS, Blainville.

Tentacles dorsal, retractile. Mantle strengthened with
spicula. Gills each retractile into its proper cavity.

Syn. Onchidorus, Ferus. Onchidora, Guv. Onchi-
diodoris, Ayassiz.

Ex. 0. pusilla, Alder and Hancock, pi. 63, fig. 7.

The tentacles for a considerable part of their length are
surrounded by elevated rings ; the mantle does not always
entirely cover the foot, and its surface is nodulose, the no-
dules being interspersed with numerous calcareous spicula.

Species of Onchidoris.

depressa, Alder and Heme. pusilla, Alder and Hanc.

inconspicua, A IderandHanc. sanguinea, D'Orb.

Leachii, Blainv. sparsa, Alder and Hanc.
muricata, Mull.

Genus VILLIERSIA, D'Orbigny.

Mantle forming a continuous calcareous shield, pierced
with holes for the tentacles, gills, and vent. Gills in the form of
two lobes, separate from each other and from the anal orifice.

Ex. V. scutigera, D'Orbigny, pi. 63, fig. 8.

In this very singular genus the tentacles are retractile and

HEPTABRANCHUS. 59

olavate, the clubs lamellar; the mantle-margin is finely
crenated, and the lobe-like gills are surrounded by an ele-
vated circular disk with an undulated margin. A single
species only, from Rochelle, is at present known.

Genus HEXABKANCHUS, Ehrenberg.

Tentacles dorsal, clavate ; labial feelers dilated, broad, and
crenate. Gills tree-like, in a circle round the anal aperture,
each retractile into its proper cavity.

Ex. H. Adamsii, Gray, pi. 03, fig. 9.

In the figure we have given to represent this genus the
proboscis and labial feelers ore protruded, and the former is
distended, a circumstance that frequently happens to these
animals in a sickly state, and some time previous to their
death when kept in captivity. The number of the branchial
plumes is usually six, whence Ehrenberg's generic name.

Species of Hexabranchus.

Adamsii, Gray. pretextus, Ehrcnb.

cardinalis, Gould. Sandwichensis, Quoy and
laciniatus, Cuv. Gaun.

marginalis, Quoy and Gaim. sanguineus, Eiijip.

Genus HEPTABRANCHUS, A. Adams.

Tentacles dorsal, clavate. Gills tree-like, in a broad,
lunate series, each gill retractile into its proper cavity.

Ex. H. Bumettii, A. Adams, pi. 63, fig. 10.

The splendid species upon which this genus is founded
is of large size, about six inches long, and of the most
brilliant colours : the vent is tubular, and the mantle
does not entirely cover the foot behind ; the tentacles are

60 triopidjE.

clavate and retractile, and the clubs lamellar; the labial
appendages are dilated and stellate, with crenate lobes; it is
a native of the China Sea.

Genus ATAGEMA, Gray,

Tentacles clavate, the apices truncate and adorned with
cirrhi. Mantle with an elevated longitudinal crest on the
middle of the back. Gills very small, at the end of a dorsal
sac.

Ex. A. carinata, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 64, fig. 1.

The mantle in this genus extends considerably beyond the
foot posteriorly ; the tentacles are retractile within sheaths,
and there is an elevated ridge or longitudinal crest along the
upper part of the back.

Fam. TKIOPID^E.

Teeth, many in each cross series (rarely only four), the
inner lateral ones large, irregular- shaped. Mantle small,
edged with tentacular appendages; gills on the middle of
the hinder part of the back, in a common cavity, sur-
rounding the vent; vent dorsal.

In this family the body is somewhat angular, and the
mantle is distinct and furnished with tubercular appendages ;
the species of the genera comprising this group constitute
some of the most delicate and beautiful forms of Nudibran-
chiate Mollusks.

Genus triopa, Johnston.

Teeth, central none, lateral 8 — 8. Tentacles clavate,
pectinated, retractile within simple sheaths ; forehead pa-
pillose. Gills, few, pinnate, placed around the vent.

I DA LI A. 01

S////. Tritonia, Lam., not Car. Psiloccros, Menke.
Cladophora, Gray.

Ex. T. clavigera, Midler, pi. 64, fig. 2.

The sheaths of the tentacles in Triojpa are simple ; the
forehead is famished with radiating papillose appendages ;
and the margin of the mantle is adorned with blunt, curved,
cylindrical processes, arranged round the margin. The
species are inhabitants of European seas.

Species of Triopa.
clavigera, Mutt. lacera, Midi.

Genus idalia, Leuckart.

Teeth, central 1, lateral 2—2. Tentacles dorsal, linear,
laminated, with long, simple., sustentacular appendages, an-
terior to, and distinct from, them ; forehead simple, rounded.
Gills plumose, surrounding the vent.

Syn. Okenia, Leuck. (olim), not Zctter. Euplocamus,
Phil. Peplidia, Lowe.

Ex. I. aspersa, Alder and Hancock, pi. 64, fig. 3.

This lovely Nudibranch is peculiarly distinguished by
the four elongated, tentacle-shaped appendages anterior to
the true tentacles; extending from these, and around the
branchial region, are other pointed processes.

Species of Id alia.

aspersa, Alder and Hanc. ina?qualis, Forbes.

cirrhigera, Phil. laminosa, Phil.

crocea, Phil. Leachii, Alder and Hanc.

dubia, Sars. Madera), Loire.

elegans, Leuck. pulchella, Alder and Hanc.

frondosa, Phil. quadricornis, Mont.
vol. ii. K

62 AIOLOBRANCHIATA.

Genus ANCULA, Loven.

Body slender, with clavate processes bordering the branchial
region of the back. Tentacles clavate, perfoliate, laminated,
armed at the base with styliform appendages.

Syn. Miranda, Alder and Hancock.

Ex. A. cristata, Alder and Hancock, pi. 64, fig. 4.

In this genus a number of elongate, digitate appendages
surround the gills; the tentacles are bent backwards
and are clavate, with the clubs lamellar ; the forehead is
simple, and there are curious styliform processes at the
base of the tentacles. The only species known is found on
the coasts of Britain and Norway.

Sub-order AIOLOBRANCHIATA.

Gills various, not arranged round the vent, but usually
in rows along the sides of the body.

Fam. TEITONIID^E.

Tongue broad; teeth, many in each cross series; jaws
horny. Tentacles retractile within sheaths. Gills superficial,
fusiform, or branched, on each side of the back. Vent
lateral. Foot linear, channelled.

Many of the genera of this family are pelagic, and are
often found crawling on the fronds of floating algee, or
clinging to the narrow stems of gulf-weed, which is fre-
quently met with in large masses at considerable distances
from the land ; these mimic forests, tenanted by their sin-
gular Molluscan inhabitants, thus serve in some measure
to enliven the solitudes of the ocean.

TRITONILXjK. 03

Sub-fern. TRITONIINiE.

Stomach simple.

In this division the stomach appears to he simple, and not
ramified or extending into the appendages arranged iilong
the hack, as is the case in the next section of the family.
The genera inhahit corallines and sea-weed in shallow
water, and have heen observed to prey upon the zoophytes
that live around them.

Genus TRITONIA, Cuvier.

Teeth, central 1, lateral 10 — 10, or U— 14; mouth
armed with homy jaws. Head with a tuberculated or digi-
tated veil ; tentacles two, ramose and filamentous, tufted or
simple. Gills ramose, arranged in a single series, on a
ridge on each side of the hack.

Syn. Sphaerostoma, Macgillivray. Liriope, Gist. Can-
diella, Gray.

Ex. T. plebeia, Johnston, pi. 64, fig. 5.

The T. Hombergi is a very large Nudibranch, often grow-
ing to half a foot and even more in length. Sir J. G.
Dalyell says that its principal food is the Lobularia digitata,
and Dr. Johnston records that he took what appeared to he
the fry of Aster/as papjposa from the stomach of a Triton in.

Species of Tritonia.

acuminata, Costa. ITombergi, Cuv.

alba, Alder and Hanc. lincata, Alder and Hanc.

Costa?, Yerany. plebeia, Johnst.

cyanobranchiata, Riipp. quadrilatera, PA/7.

decaphylla. Cantr. rubra, Hupp.

glarna, Riipp. tbetbydea, Chiaje.

64 MELIBEINiE.

Genus TETHYS, Linneeus.

Head with a very large frontal veil, the circumference
fringed with cirrhi. Gills in tufts along the sides of the
back, alternately unequal.

Syn. Fimbria, Bohadsch, not Mithlf.

Ex. T. leporina, Cuvier, pi. 65, fig. 1.

The very large, semicircular, frontal veil, ciliated at the
circumference, gives this genus a remarkable appearance ;
the tentacular sheaths are very wide ; in the fleshy gizzard
of a Tethys, which is both toothless and without a tongue,
Cuvier found fragments of shells, and the legs and other
fragments of little crabs.

Sub-fam. MELIBEIN^.

Stomach branched.

In this division the stomach is curiously extended, and
sends ramifications into the branchial appendages of the
back, which arrangement led M. Quatrefages to found an
order termed by him Phlebenterica for this tribe of Nudi-
branchs.

Genus MELIBE, Eang.

Body elongated, ending in a slender tail. Head with a
large, membranous, funnel-shaped veil, with internal ra-
diating cirrhi ; tentacles linear, retractile within long trumpet-
like sheaths.

Syn. Melibeea, Forbes. Melibcea, Herrmannsen.

Ex. M. rosea, Rang, pi. 64, fig. 6.

The sheaths of the tentacles in this genus are slender and
infundibuliform, but the principal feature is the large frontal

SCTLL-fiA. 05

veil on the head. M. Rang has observed that the gills
spontaneously fall off when touched, and a similar circum-
stance occurs with regard to those of Doto and Janus.

Genus DENDRONOTUS, Alder and Hancock.

Teeth, central 1, lateral 10 — 10. Tentacles clavate, lami-
nated ; front of head with branched appendages. Gills
ramose, arranged in a single series down each side of the
back.

St///. Amphitrite, Asca//., not Midler or Be Haan.
Amphitritidia, Kroyer.

Ex. D. arborescens, Guvier, pi. 64, fig-. 7.

The sheaths of the tentacles are furnished with branched
appendages, and the branchial lobes are arborescent ; the
foot is narrow and linear, and the animals are found creeping
upon corallines in the laminarian and coralline zones.

Genus SCYLLiEA, Linnaeus.

Body compressed. Teeth, central 1, lateral 24 — 24.
Tentacles clavate, laminated, retractile within ample sheaths;
veil rudimentary. Gills in small ramose tufts on the inner
surface of two wing-like lobes on each side of the back.
Foot linear, grooved.

Ex. S. fulva, A. Adams, pi. 04, fig. 8.

The gizzard in this genus is armed, and the tentacular
sheaths are very large, nearly concealing the tentacles ; the
species are oceanic, liviDg on floating sea-weeds, the stems
of which they firmly clasp with their linear, grooved foot.

66 MELIBEIK/E.

Species of Scyllcea.

fulva, A. Adams. Hookeri, Gray.

Ghomfodensis, Forsk. pelagica, Linn.

Grayse, Adams and Beeve. Quoyi, Gray.

Genus NEREA, Lesson.

Body with two ciliated lobes on each side. Tentacles
auriform, ciliated. Gills in little tufts on three elevations
of the back, and on the sides.

Ex. N. punctata, Lesson, pi. 64, fig. 10.

The form of the tentacles in this genus is peculiar, and
there appear to be ciliated lobes on the middle of the lower
part of the body ; a single species only is known, from New
Guinea.

Genus LOMANOTUS, Yerany.

Tentacles clavate, laminated, with a calyciform sheath ;
head covered by a veil. Gills crest-like, in the form of two
fringed membranes on the sides of the back.

Syn. Eumenis, Alder and Hancock.

Ex. L. marmoratus, Alder and Hancock, pi. 64, fig. 9.

The tentacles of Lomanotus are clavate, and the clubs
laminated, the sheaths are close, with simple edges, and
the frontal veil is crenate at the margin ; the anterior angle
of the foot is duplicated and produced. These animals in-
habit corallines in the Mediterranean and on the shores of
Britain.

Species of Lomanotus.

fiavidus, Alder and Hanc. roarrnoratus, Alder and

Genei, Verany. Hanc.

TROCTONOTIDJE. 07

Genus BORNELLA, Gray.

Body elongated, convex, sides compressed. Tentacles
clavate, laminated; back with three tufts of simple and
branched tentacular appendages. Gills plumose at their
bases.

Ex. B. Adamsii, Gray, pi. Go, fig. 2.

The oral appendages in this tropical genus are stellate,
and, besides the digitate branchial appendages, there are
little tufts of gills ; the foot is linear and grooved, and the
animals are pale pink, beautifully striped with vermillion.
The species were found on floating weed in the Straits of
Sunda and on the Coast of Borneo.

Species of Bornella.
Adamsii, Gray. digitata, Adams and Reeve.

Fam. PKOCTONOTID.E.

Tongue broad; teeth, many in each cross series; jaws
horny, strong. Tentacles simple, linear, not sheathed. Gills
superficial, fusiform, on the sides of the back. Vent dorsal.

The animals comprising this family are provided with
horny jaws; their tentacles, moreover, are linear and without
sheaths, and the position of the vent is dorsal. They
appear to be principally littoral in their habits, feeding on
the sea-weed, which occurs in many places in extensive
banks along the shore.

68 PROCTONOTID^E.

Genus PROCTONOTUS, Alder and Hancock.

Head covered with a small semi-lunar veil; tentacles
linear, not laminated ; labial feelers elongated. Gills ovate,
warty, arranged along the sides of the back, and continuous
in front above the head.

Syn. Venilia, Alder and Hanc. Zephyrina, Quatref.

Ex. P. mucroniferus, Alder and Hancock, pi. 65, fig. 3.

The animals of this genus have horny jaws, the tentacles
are wrinkled and somewhat tubercular, and the branchiae
are tuberculated and arranged in rows ; the species inhabit
shallow water along the shores.

Species of Proctonotus.

rnucrouiferus, Alder and pilosus, Quatref.

Hanc.

Genus JANUS, Verany.

Head covered by a small veil ; tentacles perfoliate, arising
from a single, large peduncle or crest. Gills cylindrical,
simple, crowded, arranged along the sides of the back, and
continuous above the head.

Syn. Antiopa, Alder and Hancock.

Ex. J. cristatus, Delle Chiaje, pi. 65, fig. 4.

The crest between the dorsal tentacles distinguishes this
genus from Proctonotus ; the mouth is furnished with
corneous jaws, the tentacles are clavate and lamellated.

Species of Janus.
cristatus, Delle Chiaje. hyalinus, Alder and Hanc.

DOTOXID/E. ()(.)

Fam. DOTONHLE.

Tongue narrow; teeth in a single central series. Tentacles
sheathed at the base, retractile. Gills superficial, fusiform,
on the sides of the back.

The armature of the lingual membrane in this family dif-
fers from that of the other groups in having a single central
series of teeth, and the tentacles are retractile and fur-
nished with sheaths at their bases. There are two genera,
which inhabit the laminarian zone.

Genus DOTO, Oken.

Head covered by a simple veil. Tentacles linear, sheaths
trumpet-shaped. Gills clavate, compound, or rough with
whorls of tubercles, ranged in a single series on each side of
the back.

Ex. D. coronata, Gmelin, pi. 65, fig. 5.

The tentacular sheaths have simple margins, and the
ovate branchiae are rough with tubercles ; the front of the
head is simple, and the foot is linear ; they appear to feed
upon hydroid Zoophytes.

Sjjecies of Do to.

coronata, Gmel. maculata, Mont.

fragilis, Forbes. pimiatifkla, Mont.

VOL. II.

70 .EOLIDIDjE.

Genus GELLINA, Gray.

Tentacles linear, retractile, with infundibuliforin sheaths ;
forehead simple. Gills smooth, simple, arranged in a single
row on each side of the back.

Ex. G. affmis, D'Orbigny, pi. 65, fig. 6.

In this genus the gills, instead of being muricated, are
simple and ovate, and number about five on each side; the
funnel-shaped sheaths of the tentacles are large, and the ten-
tacles themselves linear and subulate.

Earn. jEOLIDIDjE.

Tongue narrow ; teeth in a single central series ; jaws
horny. Tentacles subulate, simple, rarely ringed, contrac-
tile. Gills superficial, fusiform or branched, on the sides of
the back. Vent lateral.

In the family of iEolids the curious tentacular sheaths,
which are present in many of the other tribes of Nudi-
branchs, appear to be altogether wanting; the orifices of
the generative system and vent are situated at the right side,
and the gills, usually papillose, are arranged in rows along
the sides of the back.

Sub-fam. GLAUCIN^.

Gills papillose, in groups. Foot rudimentary.

In this section, which comprises but few genera, the foot
is undeveloped, and the animals are oceanic in their habits ;
they are possibly predaceous, and are generally of a blue
colour.

CHIORTERA. 7 J

Genus GLAUCUS, Forster.

Tentacles four, short and conical. Gills in tufts on
tubercles at the sides of the body. Foot rudimentary.

Syn. Pleuropus, Bajin., not Eschsch. Lauiogerus,
Blainv. Eucharis, Peron., not Lair. Dadone, Gist.
Nausimacha, Gist.

E.v. G. Facificus, Eschscholtz, pi. 05, fig. 7.

The tufts of gills proceeding symmetrically from the
sides of the body give this genus a very peculiar appear-
ance; according to the observations of Mr. Bennett, the
Glaucus feeds greedily on the gelatinous Porpita and
Velella, floating Acalephs of a blue colour, which probablv
serve to give a similar colour to these Nudibranchs.

Species of Glaucus.

Atlanticus, Blainv. Forsteri, Quoy and Gaim.

draco, Eschsch. Pacificus, Eschsch.

Eucharis, Peron andLesueur. radiatus, Gray.

Genus CHIORERA, Gould.

Body limaciform. Head very large, semi-globose, pedun-
culated ; mouth encircled with a double series of cirrhi ;
tentacles cephalic, foliate, retractile. Branchial lobes fla-
belli form, six, in a single series on each side; generative
aperture on the right side. Vent distant, near the back.

Ex. C. leonina, Gould.

The most remarkable feature of this genus consists
in the long cirrhi surrounding the oral disk, each of which
has an independent motion; the foot is folded longitudinally.
It is from Port Discovery, Puget Sound.

72 M0UB1NJE.

Genus FlLTJRUS, Dekay.

Tentacles two ; mouth terminal, composed of a loose fes-
tooned membrane, with two small labial appendages. Gills
in two series along the back ; caudal appendage long and
filiform. Vent terminal.

Ex. F. dubius, Dekay.

The abdomen, observes Mr. Dekay, appears to be com-
posed of numerous rings, the body is cylindrical, and the
branchial processes are furnished at their tips with five or
six spiculse, which are only seen when the animal is in
motion. The loose festooned membrane of the mouth alter-
nately dilates and contracts when the animal is alive. The
animal was taken swimming in the sea with its body
reversed.

Sub-fam. ^EOLIDINiE.

Gills in rows on each side. Foot developed.

This section comprises elegant and beautifully-tinted
Nudibranchs, which chiefly inhabit the littoral and lamina-
rian zones, in shallow water and between tide-marks; a few
have been dredged on corallines from deeper water. Accord-
ing to Messrs. Alder aud Hancock, Flabellina punctata
devours other Nudibranchs, and feeds on its own spawn '■>
Flabellina coronata has similar propensities; they feed
generally, however, on Lucernaria>, and other Zoophytes.

Genus .2EOLIS, Cuvier.

Body broad. Tentacles four, smooth, elongate, subulate ;
labial feelers elougate. Gills papillose, arranged in longi-
tudinal rows, numerous, depressed, and imbricated,

FLABELLINA. 73

Si/n. Eolidia, Cue. Eubranchus, Forbes. Ethalion,
Risso. Eolidina and Amphorina, Quatref. (young).

E.v. M. papillosa, Linnaus, pi. 65, fig. 8.

In this genus the spawn consists of numerous waved
coils. When the tentacles are said to be four, it is to be
understood that the labial palpi are included, which are
here elongate and resemble in form the true tentacles ; the
tentacles are quite smooth, and the gills continuous and not
in clusters.

Species of JEolh.

bellula, Loven. limacina, Phil.

carnea, Alder and Hanc. lineata, Loven.

Cuvieri, Blainv. papillosa, Linn.

diversa, Couth. Peachii, Alder and Hanc

glauca, Alder and Hanc. pustulata, Alder and Hanc.

glaucoides, Alder and Hanc. salmonacea, Couth.

Habessinica, Ehrenb. Scacchiana, Phil.

histrix, Otto. paradoxa, Quatref.

Genus FLABELLINA, Cuvier.

Tentacles subulate, annulate or perfoliate ; labial feelers
subulate. Gills clustered, or arranged in separate tufts
along the back.

Syn. Phyllodesmium, Ehrenb.

Ex. F. coronata, Forbes, pi. 66, fig. 1.

The spawn in this group is of many coils. The body is
slender, and the buccal appendages or labial tentacles are
very long. The chief peculiarity, however, is in the tenta-
cles being annulate, and in the branchial lobes forming clus-
ters continuous over the back.

74

mouhjvjr.

Species of Flabellina.

affinis, Cuv.
annulicornis, Nat. Cur.
Bostoniensis, Couth.
Cuvieri, Johnst.
coronata, Forbes.
crassicornis, Eschsch.
Druuiuioudi, Thomp.
elegans, Alder and Hanc.
fastuosa, Ehrenb.
gracilis, Alder and Hanc.

hyalina, Ehrenb.
lineata, Loven.
longicornis, Mont.
minima, Fursk.
peclata, Mont.
pellucida, Alder and Hanc.
punctata, Alder and Hanc.
subrosacea, Eschsch.
smaragdina, Alder and Hanc.

Genus MONTAGUA, Fleming.

Body lanceolate. Tentacles and labial feelers subulate.
Gills in rather distant transverse rows or rings along the
back.

Syn. Cavolina, Brug., not Gioeni.

Ex. M. concinna, Alder and Hancock, pi. 06, fig. 2.

The spawn is of one or two coils. In some species there
is a tendency in the tentacles to become annular ; the labial
feelers are very long and slender, and the branchiae are in
clusters along the back.

Species of Montagua.

&methystma,,AlderandHanc.
amcena, Alder and Hanc.
augulata, Alder and Hanc.
annulata, Quoy and Gaim.
arenicola, Alder and Hanc.
aurantiaca, Alder and Hanc.
bella, Hupp.
caerulea, Mont.

cingulata, Alder and Hanc.
concinna, Alder and Hanc.
Cuvieri, Eyd. and Sold.
Farrani, Alder and Hanc.
glottensis,^/rfer and Hanc.
gymnota, Couth.
iuornata, Alder and Hanc.
Lottini, Lesson.

CORYPIIELLA. 75

nana, Alder and Hanc. purpurascens, Flem.

natans, D'Orb. rubra, Cantr.

olivacea, Alder and Hanc. stipata, Alder and Hanc.

pallida, Alder and Hanc. tricolor, Forbes.

picta, Alder and Hanc. viridis, Forbes.

pinnata, Eschsch. vittata, Alder and Hanc.

Genus FAVORINUS, Gray.

Tentacles long, with a single sub-terminal fold or bul-
bous ring near their slender tips; labial feelers elongate,
linear. Gills in tufts on each side. Front angles of foot
greatly produced, subulate.

Si/n. iEolis, sp. Alder and Hancock.

Ex. F, albus, Alder and Hancock, pi. GO, fig. 3.

In this genus the end of the tentacles resembles a cup,
with a truncate cylindrical process arising from the bottom ;
the front angles of the foot are developed and subulate, mid
the labial palps are very much elongated.

Genus CORYPIIELLA, Gray.

Tentacles subulate, smooth ; labial feelers or oral tenta-
cles elongate, subulate. Gills in tufts or clusters. Foot
sub-angular in front.

Syn. iEolis, sp. Alder and Hancock.

Ex. C. Landsburgi, Alder and Hancock, pi. GG, fig. 4.

The tentacles in Cori/phclla are simple, and the gills are
iu clusters along the sides of the body ; the oral feelers are
greatly produced, and the front of the foot is not angulated.

76 iEOLIDlJ^/E.

Species of Coryphella.

Landsburgi, Alder and pellucida, Alder and Hanc.

Hanc. rufibranchialis, Johnst.

Genus TERGIPES, Cuvier.

Body linear. Tentacles subulate, smooth, simple ; labial
feelers short. Gills in a single row on each side. Foot
square in front.

Ex. T. despectus, Johnston, pi. 66, fig. 5.

In this genus the spawn is kidney-shaped. The species
inhabit corallines and sea- weed on the verge of the littoral
and in the laminarian zone. The gills are large, papillose,
and few in number, forming a single series on the sides of
the body ; the front angles of the foot are not produced, and
the oral tentacles are short.

Species of Tergifes.

adspersus, Nordm. exiguus, Alder and Hanc.

bullifer, Loven. fustifer, Loven.

despectus, Alder and Hanc. Lamarckii, Desk.
Edwardsii, Nordm.

Genus PHIDIANA, Gray.

Tentacles clavate, perfoliate; labial feelers subulate. Gills
in cross rows along the back.

Syn. Cavolina, D'Orb., not Brug. or Gioeni.
Ex. P. Patagonica, D'Orbigny, pi. 66, fig. 6.
In Phidiana the form of the dorsal tentacles is clavate,

FIONA. 77

and the clubs are laminated ; the oral tentacles or feelers arc
very long, and the branchiae are linear, and crowded in cross
series along the sides of the back ; the caudal extremity is
slender and greatly extended.

Species of Phidiana.

Inca, D'Orb. Northumbrica, Alder and

longicauda, Quoy and Gaim. Hanc.

Patagonica, D'Orb.

Genus CALLIOPiEA, D'Orbigny.

Head without tentacles ; labial feelers very long and taper-
ing. Gills pyriform, placed in longitudinal lines. Front of
foot angular.

Ex. C. bellula, D'Orbigny, pi. 06, fig. 7.

The obvious and striking peculiarity in this beautiful Nudi-
branch is the entire absence of the dorsal tentacles, in which
it resembles Alderia, but the vent does not appear to be
dorsally situated ; the eyes are conspicuous on the back of
the head.

Genus FIONA, Alder and Hancock.

Tentacles four, sub-dorsal, without sheaths ; mouth with
corneous jaws. Gills papillary, on sub-pallial expansions
on the sides of the back, meeting posteriorly ; papilla) with a
membranous fringe on the inner sides.

Syn. Oithona, Alder and Hanc, not Baird.

Ex. F. nobilis, Alder and Hancock, pi. 67, fig. 1.

The principal peculiarity in this genus is the fact of the
branchial lobes each having a membranous fringe with a

VOL. II. M

78 HERMiEIDiE.

crenate margin on their inner sides ; the anterior or oral
tentacles, moreover, are situated considerably behind the
lips, and the orifices of the reproductive system are separate,
and situated below the tentacles on the right side.

Fam. ttERMmmm.

Body elongated, not provided with a distinct mantle.
Mouth unarmed, or with corneous jaws ; tentacles sometimes
wanting; when present two, dorsal, non-retractile. Gills
papillose. Vent usually central, on the posterior half of the
back ; genital orifice at the right side.

The dorsal position of the vent, and the indistinct mantle
distinguish this family from JEoJididce, and the presence of
papillose gills from Elysiidce; perhaps those genera with
horny jaws belong to a distinct family.

Genus HER1NLEA, Loven.

Tentacles two, longitudinally folded; head without lobes.
Gills elongate, papillose, smooth, arranged along the sides of
the back.

Ex. H. dendritica, Alder and Hancock, pi. 67, fig. 2.

The sides of the gills are simple, and the tentacles are
folded on themselves. The species inhabit the littoral and
laminarian zones, and are sometimes found gregarious on
Codium tomcntosum.

Species of Herman.

bifida, Mont. venosa, Loven.

dendritica, Aider and Hanc.

CLGELIA. 7<J

Genus A.LDERIA, Allman.

Head without tentacles, produced into a lobe on each side
Gills papillose, arranged in transverse rows on the sides of
the back.

Si/n. Stiliger, Lovcn, not Ehrenb.

Ex. A. modesta, Love//, pi. 67, fig. 3.

This curious Nudibranch was taken by Dr. Allman in great
numbers in salt marshes, near Skibbereen, in the county of
Cork ; the head is without tentacles, and there are no jaws.

Genus STILIGER, Ehrenberg.

Tentacles two, subulate, simple, contractile. Gills sty-
liforin, simple, arranged in rows along the sides of the
body.

Ex. S. ornatus, Ekrei/lerg, pi. 67, fig. 4.

The tentacles in this genus are non-retractile, simple, and
elongate, and the papillary branchias are crowded and dis-
posed along the sides of the back.

Genus CLCELIA, Loven.

Tentacles two, simple, undefended, contractile, sub-lateral ;
a large labial veil, produced on each side into an oblong, flat
lobe. Gills simple, papillose, lateral, in a simple series on
each side of the back. Foot rather broad.

Syn. Pterocbilus, Alder and Hanc, not Klug. or
Hook. Embletonia, Alder and Hanc.

Ex. C. pulchra, Alder and Hancock, pi. 67, fig. 5.

The animals of this genus inhabit the sea-weeds in the
laminarian zone ; the head is furnished on each side with a

0 ELYSIID^E.

flattened lobe, and the gills are arranged in single file on each
side of the body.

S])ecies of Ctcelia.

fimbriata, Vahl. pallida, Alder and Hanc.

formosa, Loven. pulchra, Alder and Hanc.

uiinuta, Forbes and Goodsir. trilineata, Sars.

Fam. ELYSIID^.

Body limaciform, clothed with cilia. Tongue narrow;
teeth in a single, central series. Tentacles subulate or linear,
folded ; eyes sessile, near the bases of the tentacles. Gills
in the form of plaits or vessels radiating on the surface of
the back. Vent central, dorsal, on the hinder part of the
back.

In this family the respiratory function appears to be per-
formed by the entire surface of the body, special organs for
that purpose being almost obsolete. It constitutes a portion
of the Order Pellibranchiata of Alder and Hancock.

Genus ELYSIA, Bisso.

Body with the lateral ridges dilated into wing-like na-
tatory appendages. Head distinct, with two conspicuous
auriform tentacles.

Si/n. Actseon, Oken, not Montf. Aplysiapterus, Chiaje.
Rhycobranchus, C antra ine.

Ex. E. viridis, Montagu, pi. 67, fig. 6.

The auriform tentacles and extended natatory appendages
distinguish this genus, which inhabits the laminarian zone,
usually on C odium tomentosum and Zoster a marina.

LIMAPONTIIDjE. 81

Species of Elysia.

australis, Quoy and Gaim. lobata, Gould.

elegaus, Milne Edir. timida, Risso.

fusca, Phil. viridis, Mont.

Genus PLACOBRANCHUS, Van Hasselt.

Body with two, large, semicircular, membranous expan-
sions, crossing on the back and forming a canal open at
both ends. Tentacles club-shaped, lobed at the end.

Ex. P. ocellatus, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 67, fig. 7.

In M. Bang's figure of this genus the lateral expansions
appear to he extended, and the tentacles are short and
conical ; most probably, when at rest, the animal folds them
over the back, and thus forms the tubular canal described
by Van Hasselt.

Species of Placohranchus.
ianthobaptus, Gould. ocellatus, Quoy and Gaim.

Fam. LIMAPONTIID^.

Body depressed. Tongue narrow; teeth in a single,
central series. Tentacles none, or simple, contractile. Gills
none external.

In this group of slug-like forms the branchial appendages
are altogether absent, or represented only by simple lobes or
ridges on the sides of the body ; the tentacles are linear, and
not longitudinally folded as in Elysiidce, and the body is
depressed. In the genus Rhodope of Kolliker the Mol-

82 limapontiid^e.

luscan type appears to be at the lowest stage of development,
and to represent the Planarm among the Annelids.

Genus LIMAPONTIA, Johnston.

Body depressed, without lateral ridges. Head elevated at
the sides into two crest- like ridges; eyes large, sessile on the
back of the head, in the centre of pale circular spaces.
Mantle distinct.

Syn. Pontolimax, Crejrfin. Chalidis, Quatref. Niobe,
Girard.

Ex. L. limacina, 0. Fabricius, pi. G7, fig. 8.

The sides of the body rather overhang the foot ; the eyes
are large, at the posterior extremity of the crests, within
a pale space ; the animals are gregarious, feeding on con-
fervas in small pools above half-tide.

Species of Limapontia.
cserulea, Quatref. limacina, 0. Fabr.

Genus ACTEONIA, Quatrefages.

Body with a slightly-elevated ridge on each side. Head
carinated at the sides, each carina produced above into a
short, flat, ear-like, tentacular process, behind which are the
eyes.

Ex. A. corrugata, Alder and Hancock, pi. 67, fig. 9.

The surface of the body is covered with regular wrinkles
like an Avion, the foot is linear, and the eyes are in pale
spaces at the posterior extremities of the ridges; the
species inhabit pools above half-tide.

RIIODOTE. °°

Species of Acteonia.
corrugate, Alder and Banc. sinistra, Quatref.

Genus CENIA, Alder and Hancock.

Body with a slight ridge on each side ; hack elevated.
Head sub-angulated, with two linear, dorsal tentacles, he-
hind and exterior to which are the eyes.

Syn. Ictis, Alder and Hancock, not Kaup.

Ex. C. Cocksii, Alder and Hancock, pi. 68, fig. 1.

The animals of this genus inhabit pools between tide-
marks ; the tentacles are obtuse and cylindrical.

Genus FUCICOLA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Body limaciform, simple, without lateral lobes or seini-
cireular expansions. Tentacles two, simple, club-shaped.

Syn. Dermatobranchus, Van Hass. Abranchus, Van
Has,. Fucola, Quoy and Gaim. (error typ.).

Ex. F. rufa, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 68, fig. 2.

This genus, remarkable for its simplicity of organization,
is pelagic in its habits, living on floating sea- weed.

Genus RHODOPE, Kollikcr.

Body creeping, vermiform, convex above, flat beneath,
without mantle, without shell, without gills, without tentacles
or any appendages.

Ex. R. Veranii, Kolliker.

This curious genus, characterised principally by its nega-
tive peculiarities, was observed by its author on algfiB, at

84 IIETEROPODA.

Messina, and would seem to be one of the most simply
organized among the Mollusca ; unfortunately there is no
figure given.

Sub-class HETEROPODA.

Body formed for floating, the anterior portion usually
greatly developed, the abdomen rudimentary, and exposed,
or spiral, and protected by a shell. Tongue armed with
recurved hooks. Head proboscidiform, usually provided
with eyes and tentacles. Heart prosobranchiate. Gills
tufted, situated in advance of the heart. Foot laterally
compressed and fin-like, or flat, and furnished with a
vesicular appendage or float.

Shell spiral, sub-spiral, or altogether wanting.

Animal pelagian, predatory, bisexual, with reciprocal im-
pregnation. Larva shell-bearing, with ciliated head-lobes.

In the Branchiferous Gasteropods which we have already
considered, and also in the Pulmoniferous tribes of Mol-
lusca, the fleshy part of the foot is dilated and flattened,
and the visceral mass is situated above it ; but in the Hete-
ropocls, which inhabit the high seas, and which are organized
for swimming, the locomotive organ, or foot, is laterally
compressed into the form of a vertical and rounded fin, or
it is rudimentary and provided with a vesicular appendage,
or float, to enable the animal to sustain itself near the sur-
face of the water. Not being formed for crawling on the
earth, or creeping on the bed of the sea, these animals,
moreover, have the front portion of the body sometimes
enormously developed, so as to qualify them better for their
pelagian life. In Ianthinidie and Atlantida, where the
shell is well developed, the animals are retractile within

IANTHLMLU:. 85

their testaceous coverings; but in Pterotrackeida, in which
the body is very large, the shells are rudimentary, or even
entirely absent. M. Blainville considered the Heteropods
(which he styled Nucleobranchiata) as a single family of
the Nudibranchiate Order; M. Cuvier regarded thern as
constituting a particular Order of Gasteropods; and Milne
Edwards believes that they form an abnormal group, or
second section of Swimming Gasteropods, of the same
value as the Ordinary Gasteropods, which are characterised
by a large, fleshy, flattened foot, formed for crawling on the
earth. Unwilling, however, to separate the Branchiferous
tribes, which undergo a metamorphosis and live in the
water, from the Pulmoniferous Mollusks, whose young are
like the parent and which respire free air, we have preferred
to view the Heteropods as an independent Sub- Class be-
tween these two great divisions.

Fam. IANTHINID^E.

Tongue, with the rachis unarmed ; the lateral teeth nume-
rous, uniform, simple, slender. Head proboscidiform ; ten-
tacles short and obtuse, with pointed eye-pedicels at their
bases, but without any trace of eyes. Gills plumose, par-
tially exserted. Foot small, flat, rudimentary, furnished
with a vesicular appendage on the hinder part. ? Sexes
separate.

Shell thin, translucent, spiral, more or less turbinate, with
a sinistral nucleus.

Pelagian.

The armature of the lingual membrane in these oceanic
animals somewhat resembles that of Scalidce, which also
have a similar power of secreting a purple fluid; the lingual

VOL. II. N

86 ianthinidjE.

dentition is also very similar to that of BullidcB ; and the
presence of eye-pedicels at the outer bases of the tentacles,
reminds one of the Trochidm. The greatest affinity, how-
ever, is, perhaps, with the Atlantidce and Carinarice, which
also disport themselves on the wide bosom of the ocean.
These "Violet-snails," as they are sometimes called, are
blind, but as they appear to select the night for their pre-
datory operations on the high seas, this deprivation can be
of little moment to them.

Genus IANTHINA, Bolten.

Shell sub-globose, violet, spiral, thin, translucent ; spire
short, whorls slightly angulated, nucleus sinistral, minute;
aperture large, quadrangular ; inner lip reflexed ; columella
tortuous ; outer lip thin, notched or sinuated in the middle.

Syn. lodes, Leach. Ametistina, Schinz. Achates,
Gist.

Ex. I. violacea, Bolten, pi. 09, fig. 1. Shell, I. vio-
lacea, fig. I, a.

The swimming-raft, or float of cartilaginous air-sacs, which
serves to keep these animals at the surface, is regarded as
an extreme modification of an operculum by many Na-
turalists. The ovarian capsules are fixed to the under
surface of the float in order to prevent their siuking be-
neath the influence of the solar rays. When molested, these
animals exude a violet-coloured fluid, which is said to be
derived from the Velelhe and other pelagian Acalephs,
which constitute their favourite food.

RECLUZIA. 87

Species of I a nth tint.

communis, Lam. planospirata, Adams and

exigua, Lam. Reeve.

globosa, Swains. striolata, Adam* and Reevt

incisa, Phil. turrita, V. d Hutch.

pallida, Harvey. violacea, Bolt.

Genus RECLUZIA, Petit.

Shell translucent, thin, fragile, ovate or oblong, white,
covered with a brownish epidermis ; spire elevated, whorls
ventricose, the last longer than the spire ; aperture ovate,
wider anteriorly ; inner lip oblique, sinuous in the middle ;
outer lip acute, entire.

E.v. B. Eollandiana, Petit, pi. GO, fig. 2.

M. Jehenne, Captain in the French Navy, who discovered
this genus, has observed that the animals are pelagian, and
similar in their habits to the Ianthina, like which they also
bear a vesicular appendage on the foot. The shells may be
distinguished from those of Ianthina by their form being
more elongated, by their more elevated spire, and oblique
columella, and by the outer lip being straight and not
notched ; the lines of growth, moreover, are straight, and
the colour is dirty white under a brownish epidermis.

Species of Recluzia.
Jehennei, Petit. Rollandiana, Petit.

88 MACGILLIVRAYIIDjE.

Fam. MACGILLIVKAYIID^E.

Lingual dentition closely resembling that of Risso'ella.

Head with four, nearly equal, obtuse tentacles ; eyes ?

Mantle inclosed, extended in front into a long, exserted
siphon. Foot large, expanded, truncate anteriorly, pro-
duced behind, and ? furnished with a float as in Ianthina.

Operculum horny, annular, with a sub-central nucleus,
and strengthened by a straight rib.

Shell horny, sub-transparent, globose, spiral.

The animals constituting this group are not well known.
The explanation of the four apparent tentacles may perhaps
be found in supposing the two outer to be elongated eye-
pedicels, or by another supposition, that the two inner are
elongate lobes of a divided rostrum. The statement of the
Naturalist of H. M. S. Kattlesnake, to whom the typical
genus is dedicated, that the animal is possessed of a float,
and the structure and form of the shell, which bears some
analogy to Recluzia and Ianthina, together with the pela-
gian, gregarious habits of the animal, induce us to place
these creatures among the Heteropods.

Genus MACGILLIVRAYIA, Forbes.

Operculum thin, horny, semicircular, with concentric ele-
ments ; nucleus near the outer edge, with a straight rib con-
tinued nearly to the margin, and indicated externally by a
groove.

Shell spiral, dextral, imperforate, thin, horny, globular,
transparent; spire obtuse; aperture oblong, entire, angular

CALCARELLA. 89

in front; columella rather straight; outer lip acute, the

margin entire.

Ex. M. pelagica, Forbes, pi. GO, fig. 3. Operculum,
M. pelagica, fig. 3, a, 3 b. Shell, M. spinigera, A. Adams,
fig. 3, c.

The species on which this genus is founded was taken in
the towing-net by Mr. Macgillivray off the East coast of
Australia, fifteen miles from the shore. They were observed
to be associated together in considerable numbers. The M.
spinigera was also captured by one of the Authors, floating
gregariously in the middle of the Mindoro Sea. The
Struthiolaria microscopica of Gray, described in Beechy's
"Voyage," is, perhaps, the same shell as M. pelagica, Forbes.

Species of Macgillivrayia.

pelagica, Forbes. straminea, A, Adams.

spinigera, A. Adams.

Genus CALCARELLA, Souleyet.

Shell sub-globose, horny, pellucid; whorls three, flat above,
bicarinate, apex mamillated, last whorl strongly tri-carinate,
keels wide apart, armed with regular, acute, triangular spines;
aperture triangular, internally semilunar and thickened ;
inner lip thickened, convex in the middle, sinuous an-
teriorly; outer lip tri-spinose.

Ex. C. spinosa, Souleyet, pi. 69, fig. 4, 4, a.

The little shells on which this genus is founded are pela-
gian, having been discovered by M. Souleyet in the South
Sea, during the voyage of the Bonite. A similar form was
detected by one of the Authors, associated with specimens of
Macgillivrayia spinigera, floating on the surface of tin-

90 ATLANTIC.

sea of Miudoro, but, unfortunately, was considered the fry
of some other Mollusk, and the animal was not examined.
In general appearance, Calcarella is very similar to Tri-
chotrojris bicarinata, which is, however, said to be an in-
habitant of deep water.

Fam. ATLANTIDJE.

Body spiral, inclosed in a shell. Tongue with a single,
tri-cuspid, rachidian tooth, and three hooked laterals on each
side. Head proboscidiform, large and cylindrical; tentacles
tapering; eyes large and sessile on the sides of the head
behind the tentacles. Gills pectinate, situated in a dorsal
mantle-cavity. Foot divided, the fore part vertically com-
pressed and dilated, forming a ventral fin, with a small sucker
on the front edge, the hind part horizontally flattened, small,
pointed, and operculigerous.

Operculum vitreous, ovate or triangular.
Shell glassy, transparent, thin, spiral, symmetrical, dis-
coidal, carinated.
Pelagian.

The Atlantidce appear to be generally distributed through-
out the seas of warm latitudes, coming to the surface in
calm weather, especially after nightfall, and disporting
themselves in vast numbers. They have been observed by
one of the Authors swimming, shell downwards, with sudden
jerks, by means of their compressed and fin -like foot, and
anchoring themselves, when fatigued, to the sides of the
vessel in which they were held captive, by the small sucker
at the fore part of the ventral fin ; they are especially nume-
rous in the South-Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The gills in
these animals are pectinated, and situated, like those of the

ATLANTA. 9 1

lanthinida, at the bottom of the respiratory cavity of the
mantle ; the orifice of the reproductive organs is at the right
side in front of the vent. As M. Morch has pointed out,
the general form of the animal and structure of the foot is
very similar to that of Onustidee, which, however, inhabit
the bed o( the sea, and never approach the surface like the
Heteropods. The lingual dentition is similar to that of
the Pterotracheida.

Genus ATLANTA, Lesueur.

Operculum ovate, sub -spiral, lamellar, nucleus apical,
dextrally spiral.

Shell spiral, compressed, glassy, transparent, conspi-
cuously keeled; spire flattened, nucleus dextrally spiral,
smooth ; aperture oval, narrow, fissured in front at the keel.

8yn. Steira, Eschscholtz.

Ex. A. Peronii, Lesueur and Blainvitte, pi. 69, fig. 5.
Operculum, A. Peronii, fig. 5, a. Shell, A. Peronii, fig. 5, b.

The Atalants, which were first discovered by Lamanon,
one of the Naturalists attached to the Expedition of La Pe-
rouse, are beautiful and sprightly little creatures, when ob-
served in their native element, swimming rapidly about, and
examining every object within their reach with their long,
muzzle-shaped heads. The shells are transparent and glassy,
and may be considered the existing analogues of the fossil
Bellei'ophon and Porcellia; about fifteen species have
already been described.

Species of Atlanta.

brunnea, Eyd. Gaudichaudi, Eyd.

cunicula, Gould. heliconoidca, Eyd.

depressa, Eyd. inclinata, Eyd.

92 PTEROTRACIIEIDjE.

inflata, Eyd. primitia, Gould.

involuta, Eyd. Quoyi, Eyd.

Lamanoiii, Eyd. rosea, Eyd.

Lesueurii, Eyd. turricula, D'Oii
Peronii, Lesueur and Blainv.

Genus OXY GYRUS, Benson.

Operculum sub-triangular, vitreous, lamellar.

Shell spiral, cartilaginous, umbilicated on both sides,
back rounded, only keeled near the aperture ; nucleus in-
volute, sulcated, calcareous; aperture oval, not fissured
anteriorly.

Syti. Ladas, Cantraine. Helicophlegma, D'Orb.
Brownia, D'Orb.

Ex. 0. Keraudrenii, Rang, pi. 09, fig. 6. Operculum,
0. Keraudrenii, fig. 6. a. Shell, O. Keraudrenii, fig. 6, b.

The shell in this genus, with the exception of the chalky
nucleus, is nearly membranous; in the recent state it is
quite transparent, but when dry, it becomes milky, opaque,
and corrugated.

Species of Oxy gyrus.

Keraudrenii, Rang. tessellata, Gould.

Rangii, Eyd. violacea, Gould.

Fam. PTEKOTRACHEIDjE.

Tongue short, oblong or triangular ; teeth in three series ;
the central transverse, with three recurved cusps; the
laterals three on each side, the inner transverse, with a
hooked apex, the two outer sickle-shaped. Head elongate,
proboscidiform ; mouth with two vertical, semicircular lips ;

rTEROTRACIIEWiE. 03

tentacles subulate ; eyes large, and sessile on the sides of
the head. Body large, sub-cylindrical, hyaline, gelatinous,
ending behind in a long tail; abdomen rudimentary, form-
ing a sessile, exposed nucleus as in Pterotrachea, or a
pedunculated nucleus, covered with a thin pellucid shell, as
in Garinaria ; gills tufted, situated in front of the nucleus.
Foot compressed and fin-like, with a small flat disk on the
hinder edge.

Operculum none.

Shell symmetrical, hyaline, sub-spiral.

Pelagian.

The animals of this family are all pelagian, and are
common in tropical seas, swimming in a reversed position
with considerable velocity. Like the Atalants and the
Pteropods, they usually come to the surface towards the
close of day. They are predacious, feeding on the small
Acalejplue that abound in the solitudes of the ocean.
Owing to the peculiarities of their organization they are
unable to crawl, but they can attach themselves to floating
bodies by means of the sucker on their ventral fin. Gari-
naria and Cardiqpoda are the only genera at present
known which are provided with shells. It frequently hap-
pens that individuals are torn and mutilated by fishes, in
which case the specimens so mutilated have formed the
types of spurious genera. Of such a nature are the Mono-
phorus and Timoriensis of Quoy and Gaimard, and the
An ops of D'Orbigny. The gills are well developed in
Carinaria, but in Firoloidea they are obsolete or rudi-
mentary; the eyes are hour-glass-shaped and well -organized,
and are even furnished in some cases with a rudimentary eye-
lid, and there are distinct auditory vesicles, each containing
a round otolite. The oviduct, in some genera, is extruded in

VOL. II. o

94 PTEROTRACIIEIDtE.

the form of a long, slender, moniliform tube, and in others
is furnished with a singular leaf-like appendage. The true
homologies of the foot and caudal fin in the Pterotra-
cheidoe have been pointed out by Huxley ; the locomotive
disk, or mesopodium, of ordinary Gasteropods being repre-
sented by the sucker, the anterior lobe, or propodium, by the
ventral fin, and the operculigerous lobe, or metapodium, by
the pointed tail.

Genus PTEROTRACHEA, Forskiil.

Tentacles none; head armed in front with conical pro-
cesses; eyes large and conspicuous. Body fusiform, ending
behind in a prolonged, keeled, conical tail, which is some-
times pinnate; nucleus prominent; gills distinct. Ventral
fin, or foot, furnished with a sucker.

Shell none.

Syn. Firola, Per on and Lesueur. Hypterus, Itajin.

Ex. P. hippocampus, Philippi ', pi. GO, fig. 7.

The species of Pterotrachea are probably very numerous,
although not yet made known ; they are found in the seas of
temperate and tropical climates, and are often marked with
coloured spots. The genus was well figured and described
by Forskiil, who established it.

Species of Pterotrachea.

Blainvilleana, Lesueur. Keraudrenii, Eyd.

coronata, Forsk. Lesueurii, Bisso.

Desmarestina, Lesueur. mutica, Lesueur.

Edwardsii, Desh. pulmonata, Forsk.

Frederica, Lesueur. Quoyana, D'Orb.

hippocampus, Phil. rufa, Quoy.
hyalina, Chiaje.

CARIXARIA. 95

Genus FIROLOIDEA, Lesucuv.

Tentacles distinct, subulate; eyes large. Body cylindrical,
eliding behind in a short tail usually divided into a rounded
upper, and a pointed lower, lobe; nucleus small, situated
towards the binder part of the body ; gills indistinct or
rudimentary. Ventral fin without a sucker.

Shell none.

Syn. Cerophora, D'Orbigny.

Ex. F. Lesueurii, D'Qrbiyny, pi. 09, fig. 8.

In this genus the nucleus is placed far behind, the tentacles
are developed, and there is no sucker on the ventral fin ; the
caudal appendage, moreover, is usually short, and furnished
with fin-like lobes. The species inhabit the Atlantic Ocean.

Specie3 of Flroloidea.

aculeata, Lesueur. Gairnardii, D'Orb.

Eydouxii, Gray. Lesueurii, D'Orb.

Genus CARINARIA, Lamarck.

Tentacles distinct, slender, elongated ; eyes large, on the
sides of the head. Body smooth or granulated, gelatinous,
semi-pellucid, large and fusiform, ending behind in a laterally
compressed, pointed tail or caudal fin ; nucleus pedunculated;
gills pinnate, exsertcd, and protected by a shell. Ventral fin
semicircular or subtrigonal, and furnished with a distinct
marginal sucker.

Shell thin, hyaline, glassy, symmetrical, conical, com-
pressed, with a recurved apex, a minuto dextrally-spiral

96 PTEROTRACHEIDiE.

nucleus, and a fimbriated dorsal keel ; aperture large, ovate,
entire.

Ex. C. Atlantica, Adams and Reeve, pi. 70, fig. 1.
Shell, C. cristata, Linnaeus, fig. 1, a.

These animals progress very much in the same manner
as the Pterotrachece and Firoloidea', darting through the
water with great rapidity in a reversed position, their body
straightened and their caudal fin undulating from side to
side. They appear also to prefer the twilight for the season
of their predatory excursions, when they may be taken at
the surface, in the trawl, in considerable numbers. They are
found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and in the Medi-
terranean, and, like the other Heteropods, are supposed to
feed on Acalejjha and other small pelagian animals.

Species of Carinaria.

Atlantica, Adams and Reeve. Gaudichaudi, Eyd.

australis, Quoy and Gaim. gracilis, Reeve.

cristata, Linn. punctata, D'Orb.
depressa, Rang.

Genus CARDIAPODA, D'Orbigny.

Tentacles slender, elongate ; eyes distinct, on the sides of
the head. Body fusiform, ending in a long, simple, acumi-
nate tail ; nucleus pedunculated ; gills pinnate. Ventral fin
sub-circular, provided with a sucker.

Shell minute, cartilaginous, regularly involute ; peristome
expanded and bi-lobed in front, enveloping the spire behind.

Syn. Carinoidea, Eydoux and Souleyet.

Ex. C. placenta, Eydoux and Souleyet, pi. 70, fig. 2.
Shell, 0. placenta, fig. 2, a, 2} b.

PHYLLIRRHOIDJL 97

These animals are very elosely allied to Carinaria, and
are found in the Atlantic ; the small, fragile, helicoid shell
which protects the nucleus is very rare, and doubtless often
escapes observation on 'account of its minute size. The tail
in this genus is simple and acuminate, the tentacles are
distinct and elongate, and the eyes large, and apparently well
developed.

Species of Cardiapoda.

carinata, D'Orb. pecluuculata, D'Orb.

caudina, Bang. placenta, Eyd. and Soxd.

Fam. PHYLLIRRHOID^.

Lingual membrane narrow ; teeth in a single, central
series ; mouth provided with horny jaws ; tentacles elongate,
filiform. Body fusiform, translucent, vertically compressed,
ending behind in a fin-like tail ; gills none external. Foot
or ventral fin none. Vent at the right anterior side of the
body; orifices of the organs of generation on the same side,
in front of the vent. Sexes united.

Pelagian.

The singular oceanic creatures comprised in this family
appear rather to resemble the Heteropods in their general
form, structure, and mode of life than the Nudibranchs.
They are found swimming at the surface in mid-ocean
towards twilight; their progression, slow and steady, is
effected by lateral inflections of the body and caudal fin,
the elongate, flattened tentacles being extended in a straight
line iu front of the head. They have an upper and lower
semi-lunar, cutting, horny jaw, and their stomach is fur-
nished with elongated ceeca.

98 PHYLLIRRHOIDiE.

Genus PHYLLIRRHOE, Peron and Lesueur.

Head with a short rounded muzzle and horny jaws;
tentacles long and filamentary ; eyes none. Body trans-
lucent, fusiform, laterally compressed, ending posteriorly in
a vertical, flattened, truncate, or bi-lobed caudal fin.

Syn. Eurydice, Eschscholtz.

Ex. P. punctulatum, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 70, fig. 3.

No indication of external gills has been detected in
these animals, which in all probability respire by the skin
like some species of Firoloidece, where the branchiae are only
indicated by a ciliated sub-spiral band.

Species of Phyllirrhoe.

Amboiuensis, Quoy and Gaim. punctulatum, Quoy and

bucephala, Peron and Lesueur. Gaim.

Lichtensteinii, Eschsch. roseum, D'Orb.

rubrum, Quoy and Gaim.

Genus ACURA, H. and A. Adams.

Head with a rounded, obtuse muzzle ; tentacles long,
flattened, and filamentary ; eyes none ; mouth with two
transverse, lunate, horny mandibles. Body laterally com-
pressed, ending behind in a long, slender, simple, pointed
caudal appendage.

Ex. A. pelagica, A. Adams, pi. 70, fig. 4.

The animals on which tbis genus is founded chiefly differ
from Phyllirrhoe in the simple and elongate caudal fin.
Specimens were procured in the middle of the South
Atlantic in which the upper and lower margins of the

TTEROSOMATIDyE. 99

body were membranous and formed a sort of fin extending
the entire length of the body; the skin was covered with
fine, depressed, parallel lines, with a regular row of small
round puncta in each interval ; the general colour was pale
brown, the tentacles being of a darker brown, and the
proboscis- like head was of a delicate pink.

Fain. PTEKOSOMATLTLE.

Lingual dentition ? Head without a proboscis ;

mouth small, situated at the anterior extremity of the body ;
tentacles none ; eyes sessile on the upper surface of the
head. Body long and tapering, with two large, lateral,
horizontal, wing-like appendages, and extending behind in
a long, tapering tail. Gills ? Foot none.

Shell none.

Pelagian.

The animal on which this family is established is naked,
gelatinous, and transparent, thickest in the middle, with a
very large, horizontal, lateral fin which commences at
the tail, and extends round the sides so as to form with the
body a shield, convex above, concave beneath ; the front
margin is the thickest and somewhat truncate, the hind
margin the smallest and thinnest ; the tail is cylindrical and
of a moderate thickness; the mouth, situated at the anterior
end of the body, is small and without a proboscis; the eyes
are elongated, sessile, and close together on the upper part
of tho head; the alimentary canal is red and visible through
the body, and is spirally contorted at the thickest part ;
the gills, anus, and organs of generation are unknown.
(Lesson.)

] 00 PULMONIFERA.

Genus PTEROSOMA, Lesson.

Tentacles none ; eyes sessile on the head. Body gela-
tinous, transparent, sub-cylindrical, with a large, thin, hori-
zontal, wing-like lobe on each side.

Shell none.

Ex. P. plana, Lesson, pi. 70, fig. 5.

M. Lesson discovered this curious genus, of which but
a single species is known, in the sea between the Moluccas
and New Guinea, where it was met with in great abundance;
he observes that it uses the membranous expansion with
which its body is surrounded for progression, and swims
horizontally with great velocity.

Sub-class PULMONIFERA.

Breathing organ in the form of an air-sac, or dorsal cavity,
lined by a vascular network. Heart situated before the lung ;
Abdomen rudimentary, or spiral and well-developed, usually
protected by a shell. Sexes separate, or united in the same
individual. Adult and larva shell -bearing, larva shaped like
the parent, not furnished with cephalic fins.

Terrestrial or aquatic, respiring free air.

The Vulmonifera differ from the families of Gill-bearing
Gasteropods in not undergoing a metamorphosis, the young
animal being shaped like the parent and not furnished with
deciduous cephalic fins. Their breathing organ, moreover,
is in the form of a sac, instead of being arranged in tufts or
folds, and they respire free air. In the Operculated division
the sexes are distinct, and the edge of the mantle is free
from the nape, but in those families in which the aperture

PULMONIFERA. 101

of the shell is not closed by an operculum, both sexes are
united in the same individual, and the edge of the mantle is
united to the nape.

The lingual membrane in the Pulmonifera is very short
and broad, and there is great uniformity in the general ar-
rangement of the teeth. The teeth are very numerous and
similar, and are placed in numerous transverse rows, which
are straight in the Helicida and Amphibolidie, diverging
from the centre in Testacellidce, slightly curved in Sip ho -
nariida, angularly bent near the centre in Auriculida, and
semilunar in Cyclophoridm. In the strictly-herbivorous
tribes the teeth are similar in form, with broad bases and
dentate crowns, as in Limneidce and Hclicidw, but in the
carnivorous families the teeth, on the contrary, are more or
less pointed, as in Olsacinida and Testacellidce.

The shell in the air-breathing Gasteropods, according to
the researches of Gegenbaur, is not secreted on the exterior
of the mantle as in other Gasteropods, but is deposited, in
the form of calcareous granules, within its substance, a mode
of development, as Huxley observes, which is without parallel
among other Gasteropodous families, and, with the excep-
tion of the Cephalopoda, is unknown among the Mollusca.
In some genera the shell is entirely wanting, as in Onchi-
dium; in others it remains rudimentary and granular, as
in Avion ; in some again it is internal, flat, and partially
membranous, as in Limax ; in others it is external, small,
and ear-like, as in Testacella ; or it is partly internal, and
partly external and shield-like, as in Parmacella ; while
in the greater number it forms a more or less developed
spiral cone, into which the animal is enabled to retract.
The cone may be elevated and with many coils, as in the
higher genera of a series; or reduced to a simple, depressed

VOL. II. I-

102 INOPERCULATA.

form, as in the lower or less developed members of a group :
thus in B n limns it is many-whorled, in Omalonyx rudimen-
tary; in Vitrina spiral, while in Parmacella it is shield-
like; in Oleacina produced, but in Testacella ear-shaped-
in Nanina helicoid, while in Avion it is granular ; in Helix
spiral, but in Limax simple and flattened; in Auricula
well-developed, but in Otina rudimentary; in Limneus
elevated, but in Ancylus patelliform ; in Amphibola tur-
binate, in Sijphonaria conical and limpet-like.

Order INOPERCULATA.

Teeth nearly similar, very numerous, placed in many cross
liues on a more or less elongated lingual band; mouth
usually with transverse jaws. Respiratory organ in the form
of an air-sac, or dorsal cavity lined by a vascular network ;
edge of mantle covering the pulmonary cavity, except at a
lateral aperture. Animal hermaphrodite, with reciprocal
impregnation.

Usually phytophagous, and respiring free air.

The Inoperculate Pulmonifers are usually active and well-
organized Gasteropods, with distinct heads furnished with
teeth, jaws, well- developed eyes and tentacles, and they crawl
on an extended locomotive disk, or foot. The free air they
breathe is passed over a network of vessels for the purpose
of aerating the blood; and, in the majority of instances, they
are protected by well-developed spiral shells. Chiefly her-
bivorous, they feed upon the vegetation of the earth. They
either live upon the land (Geop/tila) ; or are inhabitants of
fresh-water, coming to the surface, however, to breathe (Li/u-
nophila) ; or they are denizens of salt-marshes and places
near the sea (Thalassophila).

GEOPHILA. 103

In their distribution over the surface of the globe, t hey
are found to be of larger size, and more numerous indi-
vidually in the warm and humid regions of the tropics than
in temperate climates, and seem especially to affect large
wooded islands where the vegetation is varied, rapid in
growth, and abundant. During the dry season they acti-
vate and conceal themselves from view ; but after rain and
in the dews of evening, they are especially active and
voracious.

Sub-order GEOPHILA.

Eyes at the tips of elongated cylindrical peduncles ; ten-
tacles cylindrical, shorter than, and placed under, the eye-
peduncles ; sometimes wanting. Operculum none.

Animal terrestrial.

Fam. OLEACLNID^.

Lingual teeth numerous, in more or less curved, transverse
rows, the central teeth inconspicuous, the marginal aculeate,
or with a single, long, recurved apex. Plead short, with a
retractile, often produced, buccal sac ; eyes at the tips of
elongated, cylindrical, retractile peduncles, distinct from the
tentacles ; tentacles moderate, situated below the eye-pe-
duncles. Body spiral, well developed, and protected by a
shell ; respiratory orifice on the right side beneath the margin
of the shell. Foot elongate, narrow, simple posteriorly.

Shell spiral, usually thin and horn- coloured, or without
markings, often polished; outer lip simple, acute.

Live in humid situations ; often carnivorous.

Sub-fam. OLEACININiE.

Mantle-margin included.

Shell fusiform, more or less horny and transparent;

104 OLEACINIBMS.

aperture longitudinal, elongated and narrow ; columella
more or less truncated at the base, or tortuous.
Carnivorous, feeding on other mollusca.

Genus oleacina, Bolten.

Shell oblong-ovate or sub-cylindrical, covered with a
smooth olivaceous epidermis; whorls 0 — 8, the last attenuated
at the base, more or less equalling the spire ; columella
slender, arcuated forwards at the base ; aperture narrow,
elliptic-oblong; peristome simple, acute; outer lip usually
inflexed.

Si/n. Cochlicopa, Ferussac.

Ex. O. lubrica, Midler, pi. 71, fig. 1. Shell, 0.
oleacea, Ferussac, fig. 1, a.

This genus, as restricted, which represents the American
Glandina, is composed of species which principally inhabit
the north- coast of America, the Island of Cuba, and middle
and southern Europe. No thus inhabits Peru ; the species
of Spiralis are from the Island of Jamaica; Electra is
principally from the East Indies, Ceylon, and other islands
of the Indian Seas ; the species of Ferussacia are Euro-
pean in their geographical distribution, living in damp
places under earth and moss ; and species of Azeca are
found in England, Dalmatia, Greece, Northern Germany,
and Madeira, living in damp places under fallen leaves.

Species of Oleacina.

assimilis, Reeve. delibuta, Morel.

attenuata, Pfeiff. glabra, Pfeiff.

creuulata, Sow. incerta, Peeve.

OLEACINA. 105

labida, Morel. Riisei, Pfeiff.

Lindoni, Pfeiff. sicilis, Morel.

obtusa, Pfeiff- solidula, Pfeiff.

oleacea, Ferns. voluta, Chem.

Sub-gen. nothus, Albers.

Sbell oblong-conical, thin, diaphanous, the last whorl shorter
than the spire ; columella short, doubly twisted.

Adamsiana, Pfeiff. mirabilis, C. B. Adams.

anomala, Pfeiff. Salleana, Pfeiff.

bulirnoides, Pfeiff. splendida, Anton.

Sub-gen. spiraxis, C. B. Adams.

Shell elongated ; spire acuminate, whorls longitudinally finely
ribbed; columella tortuous, not truncate anteriorly.

aberrans, Pfeiff. inusitata, C. P>. Adams.

acus, Shutil. paludinoides, D'Orb.

brevis, C. B. Adams. pellucens, C. B. Adams.

costulosa, C. B. Adams. perplexa, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. electra, Albers.

Shell ovate-oblong, thin, diaphanous; spire pyramidal, apex
obtuse, whorls numerous, the last inflated; columella short,
arcuated, abruptly truncated.

amentum, Bens. frumentum, Reeve.

Bensoniana, Pfeiff. fusca, Pfeiff.

Ceylonica, Pfeiff. gemma, Bens.

conifera, Ferns. Hugeli, Pfeiff.

consimilis, Reeve. inornata, Pfeiff.

crassilabris, Bens. Jerdoui, Bens.

crassula, Bens. nitens, Gray.

Deshayesii, Pfeiff. oreas, Bens.

106 oleacininjE.

orophila, Bens. Puncto-Gallina, Pfeiff.

paritura, Gould. sericina, Jonas.

Perrotteti, Pfeif. simpularia, Morel.

Sab-gen. ferussacia, Risso (Zua, Leach. Vidantius, Eisso

(young). Pegea, Risso. Cionella, Beck, not Jeffir. Folli-
culus, Hartm.).

Shell ovate-oblong, smooth, polished, the whorls gradually
increasing ; columella somewhat twisted, obsoletely truncated
anteriorly ; inner lip callous.

Azorica, Albers. miliaris, Jan.

balanus, Bens. minima, Siemaski.

consobriua, D'Orb. nitidissima, Forbes.

follicularis, Morel. procerula, Morel.

folliculus, Gronov. pusilla, Pfeiff.

Hohenwarti, Rossm. pygmacea, Pfeiff.

lubrica, Mull. subulata, Pfeiff.

labricoides, Stitnp. Tandoniana, Shuttl.

Madeirensis, Lowe. vitrea, Webb and Berth.

Sub-gen. stobilus, Anton (Cylichnidea, Lowe. Blauneria,

Shuttleiv.).

Shell ovately fusiform ; columella uniplicate ; outer lip simple,
not labiate within, or furnished with teeth.

achatinoides, Pfeiff. lamellifera, Morel.

Cubensis, Pfeiff. Leacociana, Lowe.

cylichna, Lowe. ovuliformis, Lowe.
Fraseri, Bens.

Sub-gen. azeca, Leach (Amphorella, Lowe. Odontalus, Parr.

Fusillus, Lowe).

Shell oval -elliptic, smooth, polished, last whorl shorter
than the spire ; columella compressed, truncato-deutate at the

(il.ANDTXA. 107

fore part; aperture toothed or edentulate ; peristome labiate

within.

fusiformis, Loire. terebella, Loire.

melanopsoides, Lour. tornatellina, Lowe.

mitriformis, Loire. tridens, Pultn.

oryza, Loire. triticea, Loire.

pupseformis, Cantr. tuberculata, Loire.

Genus GLANDINA, Schumacher.

Mouth in the form of a short retractile muzzle; jaws
none ; eye-peduncles ending in a swelling, -which is inflexed
and prolonged heyond the eyes; a retractile attenuated
labial palp on each side of the oral aperture.

Shell fusiform, imperforate, oblong-ovate, more or less
turriculated, usually horny, and covered with a thin, fugace-
ous epidermis, last whorl attenuated at the base ; aperture
narrow, elliptic-oblong ; columella slender, arcuated forwards,
truncated at the base ; peristome simple, acute.

Si/n. Polyphemus, Mont/., not Linn.

Ex. G. Carminensis, Morelct, pi. 71, fig. 2. Shell, G.
rosea, Ferussac, fig. 2, a.

The animals of this genus, which nearly corresponds to
the Cochlicopa of Ferussac, are predaceous in their habits,
and, like those of the family TestaeelUdce, carnivorous ; they
attack with avidity Bulimi as large as themselves and devour
them. When they have chosen a shell, they probe the aper-
ture with their palps before penetrating it, the buccal mass
is then protruded, and the contents consumed through the
aperture they make with their teeth. The species inhabit
America and the West Indies, living on the bushes near the
sea. The group, Melia, is from the island of Jamaica,
while a few species of Acicula arc from Europe and Africa.

108

OLEACININ^E.

Species of Glandina.

aurata, Morel.
bullata, Gould.
Carmiuensis, Morel.
carnea, Pfeiff.
conspersa, Pfeiff.
coronata, Pfeiff.
corruscans, Reeve.
Dauclebarti, Desk.
decussata, Desk.
fusifomiis, Pfeiff.
interrupta, Shuttl.
Isabellina, Pfeiff.
Largillierti, Pfeiff.
Liebmanni, Pfeiff.
liguaria, Peeve.

Marminii, Desk.
monilifera, Pfeiff.
ornata, Pfeiff.
Petitii, Desh.
plicatula, Pfeiff.
rosea, Ferus.
servilis, Gould.
Sowerbyana, Pfeiff.
straminea, Desk.
6triata, Mull.
sulculosa, Shuttl.
terebmeformis, Shuttl.
truncata, Pfeiff.
Vanuxemensis, Lea.

Sub-gen. melia, Albers.

Shell fusiformly turreted, longitudinally striated ; columella
tortuous, obliquely truncate ; aperture narrow; outer lip ante-
riorly sinuous.

Blandiana, C. B. Adams.
curvilabris, Pfeiff.
delicatula, Shuttl.
Dominicensis, Gmel.
elegans, 0. B. Adams.
fulrninea, Ferus.
Griffithsi, C. B. Adams.
Jamaicensis, Pfeiff.
leucozonias, Walch.
ligata, C. B. Adams.
nemorensis, O. B. Adams.
nitida, G. B. Adams.
Philippiana, Pfeiff.

Pbillipsi, C. B. Adams.
procera, C. B. Adams.
propinqua, C. B. Adams.
puella, C. B. Adams.
rubella, Morel.
semisulcata, Desh.
similis, C. B. Adams.
stigmatica, Shuttl.
Tortillana, Pfeiff.
venusta, Pfeiff.
vicina, C. B. Adams.
Yucatanensis, Pfeiff.

C1LANDINA.

109

Sub-gen. streptostyi.a, Shuttleworth.

Shell ovate-oblong, or sub -cylindrical, the last whorl atten-
uated; aperture narrow, the right margin often indexed;
columella strongly contorted, furnished with a callous lamina,
deeply intrant, and scarcely truncate anteriorly.

coniformis, Shuttl.
Cubaniana, D'Orb.
cylindracea, Pj'eiff.
Dysoni, Pfeiff.
episcopalis, Morel.
davesceus, Shuttl.
irrigua, Shuttl.
Lattrei, Pfeiff.
ligulata, Morel.
lurida, Shuttl.
lymneiformis, Shuttl.

meridana, Morel.
mitriformis, Shuttl.
Nicoleti, Shuttl.
nigricans, Pfeiff.
Peruviana, Lam.
physodes, Shuttl.
Richardi, Pfeiff.
streptostyla, Pfeiff.
suturalis, Pfeiff.
ventricosula, Morel,

Sub-gen. acicula, Risso (Cionella, Jeffr., not Beck. Hydastes,
Parr. Columna, Crist, aud Jan, not Perry. Achatinella,
Schliit., not Swains.).

Shell subulate, white, striated, thin ; spire acuminate ; colu-
mella truncate at the base, peritreme simple, acute.

acicula, Midi.
aciculoides, Jan.
Algira, Brug.
arcuata, Pfeiff.
Candida, Shuttl.
cylindrella, Morel.
dilatata, Ziegl.
Gayana, G. B. Adams.
Gossei, Pfeiff.
gracilior, C. B. Adams
gracilis, Lowe.

VOL. II.

Gundlachi, Pfeiff.
impressa, Pfeiff.
iota, C. B. Adams.
laevis, C. B. Adams.
longispira, C. B. Adams.
micaus, C. B. Adams.
osculans, C. P>. Adams.
producta, Lowe.
striosa, C. B. Adam,-;.
subulatoides, D'Orb.
turris, Pfeiff.

Q

110 OLEACI?\tINjE.

Genus SUBULINA, Beck.

Shell diaphanous, cylindrically turreted, rarely elongately
conical; apex obtuse, whorls 8 — 9, convex, the last nearly
equal to 3- of the length ; columella sub-arcuated, obliquely
truncate above the base ; aperture oval ; peristome straight,
acute.

Ex. S. striatella, Rang, pi. 71, fig. 3. Shell, S. octona,
Chemnitz, fig. 3, a.

Some of the species are from the East Indies and China,
a few are from Mexico, and the rest are from Cuba, Jamaica
and other West Indian islands, and from "Western Africa.
The Brazilian forests, especially those of Bahia, are the haunts
of the Obeliscus or Stenogyra group.

Sjiecies of Subulina.

acicularis Shuttl. Portoricensis, Pfeiff.

bacilliforrnis, Jonas. Rangiana, Pfeiff.

Cassiaca, Bens. semitarum, Bang.

cerea, Pfeiff. striata, Lea.

clavata, Gray. striatella, Bang.

confusa, Pfeiff. sulcata, Gray.

Dunkeri, Pfeiff. tenuispira, Bens.

exilis, Pfeiff. terebraster, Ferus.

Fraseri, Pfeiff. trochlea, Pfeiff.

Javanica, Beeve. turritellata, Desh.

lirifera, Morel. vivipara, Sow.
octona, Chem.

Sub-gen. stenogyra, Shuttleworth (Obeliscus, Beck, not Montf).

Shell imperforate, elongately turreted; apex obtuse, whorls
numerous; aperture oval ; columella straight, thin.

bacterioides, DVrb. calcarea, Born.

SUBULINA.

Ill

carphodes, 1 '
clava, Reeve.

columella. Phil.
cuneus, Pfeiff.
erecta, Bens.
Fortunei, Pj'eiff.
obeliscus, Moric.

obtusata, Omel.
planospira, Pfeiff.
riparia, Pfeiff.

Salleana, Peeve.
subuliforrais, Moric.
Swiftiana, Pfeiff.
sylvatica, Spix.

Sub-gen. opeas, Albers.

Shell imperforate or perforate, tbiu, rather small, subulate,
striated or ribbed, last whorl not equalling one quarter of the
length ; peristome simple, acute.

achatinacea, Pfeiff.
alabastrina, Shuttl.
Beckiana, Pfeiff.
clavulus, Ferns.
columellaris, Peeve.
elegantula, Pfeiff.
Gompharium, Shuttl.
Goodallii, Miller.
gracillima, Pfeiff.

oryza, Brug.
margaritacea, Shuttl.
micra, D'Orb.
mimosorum, D'Orb.
octonoides, C. B. Adams.
Oparana, Pfeiff.
Panayensis, Pfeiff.
subdiaphana, King.
subula, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. kumina, Risso (Orbitina, Risso (young). Cylindrina,

Schliit.).

Shell obsoletely rimate, truncate, cylinclrically elongate ;
peristome straight, thickened, the margins joined by a callus,
the columellar double, as short as the other.

decollata, Linn.

mutilata, Reeve.

112 HELICELLINiE.

Sub-gen. pseudobalea, Shuttleworth.
Shell rimate or imperforate, sometimes siuistrorsal.
Dominiceusis, Pfeiff.

«

Sub-fam. HELICELLIN^.

Mantle-margin included.

Shell discoidal or trochiform, umbilicated, usually thin,
many-whorled ; peristome straight, acute.

Genus SAGDA, Beck.

Shell imperforate, globosely-conoidal ; whorls 8 — 9, the
last sub-angulated, lamellate within ; columella short, oblique,
dilated at the base; aperture depressed, lunar; peristome
simple, acute.

Ex. S. gularis, Say, pi. 71, fig. 4. Shell, S. epistylium,
Mil Her, fig. 4, a.

Sagda, remarkable for the number of its whorls and the
lamina in the mouth, comprises but a few species ; they are
from the Island of Jamaica. The North American States,
viz. Vermont, Massachusetts, and Pensylvania, harbour the
species of Gastrodonta.

Species of Sagda.

alligans, C. B. Adams. epistylium, Mull.

connectans, C. B. Adams. epistyloides, Ferns.

Cookiana, Gmel. Foremaniaua, C. B. Adams.

epistyliolum, C. B. Adams. lamellifera, G. B. Adams.

TITYS.

113

osculans, C. B. Adams.
pila, C. B. Adams.

torrefacta, C.B. Adam*.

Sub-gen. gastrodonta, Albers (Janulus, Lowe).

Shell orbiculately convex, rugosely striated, sub-perforate, or
umbilicated ; aperture with pliciform teeth at the base ; peri-
stome simple, acute.

bifrons, Lowe.
cultrata, Gould.
ex.xquata, Goidd.
gularis, Say.
interna, Say.

lasmodon, Phillips.
liueata, Say.
macileuta, Shuttl.
multidenta, Gould.
stephanophora, Desk.

Genus PITYS, Beck.

Shell umbilicate, very rarely sub-perforate, depressed, dis-
coidal, or orbiculately convex ; whorls generally narrow ;
aperture lunate, usually angulated, rarely rounded ; inner lip
lamellate, sometimes the basal margin likewise lamellately
dentate; peristome straight, acute.

Syn. Laoma, Gray. Entodonta, Albers.

Ex. P. lamellosa, Ferussac, pi. 71, fig. 5.

The geographical locality of this group is in all the is-
lands of the Pacific Ocean, Tahiti, Opara, the Sandwich
Islands, &c.

Species of Pitys.

bilamellata, Pfeiff.
bursatella, Gould.
cavernula, Homb. and Jacq.
contorta, Ferus.
dcedalea, Gould.
Ilelenensis, Forbes.

hystrix, Migh.
Jaquinoti, Pfeiff.
jugosa, Migh.
lamellosa, Ferus.
Leimonias, Gray.
obolus, Gould.

114 IIELICELLIN.E.

Oparica, Anton. sexlamellata, Pfeiff.

pentodon, Mke. stellata, Gould.

rubiginosa, Gould. tichostoma, Pfeiff.

Genus ZONITES, Montfort.

Shell widely umbilicated, orbiculately convex or discoidal,
variously decussated or striated above, smooth and shining
below ; whorls gradually increasing ; aperture obliquely
lunar ; peristome straight, slightly thickened internally.

Si/ti. Mesomphix, Rqfin. Tragomma, Held. iEgopis,
Fitz. iEgopsis, Hartm.

Ex. Z. Algira, Linnmts, pi. 71, fig. 6. Shell, Z. Al-
gira, fig. 6, a.

The sjoecies of this genus, as restricted, are entirely
European, being found in France, Istria, Illyria, Dalmatia,
&c. ; their usual habitat is under fallen leaves and among
decaying vegetable matter. The species of Trochomorpha
are from the islands in the Pacific, the Philippines, Moluccas,
Java, and a few are from Bermuda and Central America;
Bourbon, Bengal, and the Cape are the localities given for
the species of Ttotula ; the species of Videna are from the
Indian and Western Australian islands, the Philippines,
New Guinea, Java, and China.

Species of Zonites.

acies, Partsch. concolor, Ferus.

Albanica, Ziegl. Cressida, Gould.

Algira, Linn. Croatica, Partsch.

carica, Roth. fuliginosa, Griff.

Chiron, Gray. Geuionensis, Ferus.

corupressa, Ziegl. obscurata, Adams and Eeeve.

ZONITES. 1 1 5

Smyrnensis, Hath. verticillus, Ferus.

Tugurum, Bens.

Sub-gen. trochomorpha, Albers.

Sliell umbilicate or sub-imperforate, trocbiform ; apex more
or less obtuse; whorls flattened, tbe last keeled ; peristome acute,
tbe coluniellar margin, rarely, tbickened or tootbed.

approximata, Le Gillou. Kiisteri, Pfeiff.

Bermudensis, Pfeiff. nigritella, Pfeiff.

Bobolensis, Pfeiff. ocbroleuca, Ferus.

conus, Phil. Pacifica, Pfeiff.

Eurydice, Gould. rectangula, Pfeiff.

Gouldi, Pfeiff- solarium, Quo;/.

Guerini, Pfeiff. spirulata, Pfeiff.

iusculpta, Pfeiff. trocbiformis, Ferus.

Sub-gen rotola, Albers.

Sbell perforate or imperforate, lenticular or trocbiform,
acutely keeled ; wborls regularly increasing, tbe last abruptly
convex, impressed next tbe columella ; peristome thin, mar-
ginate, acute.

Bensoni, F. d . Busch. detecta, Ferus.

Sub-gen. vidkxa, H. and A. Adams (Discus, Albers, not

Fitz.).

Shell widely umbilicated, discoidal, keeled, flat, or slightly
elevated above, convex at the base, last whorl slightly deflcxed
at the aperture; peristome simple, acute, or slightly marginate,
the margins arcuated.

DJ

acutimargo, Pfeiff. Beckiana, Pfeiff.

albocincta, Pfeiff. exclusa, Ferus.

110 IIELICELLINiE.

Hartmanni, Pfeiff. raclula, PJeiff.

Metcalfi, PJeiff. rotatoria, V. d. Busch.

Osbeckii, Phil. strigilis, Pfeiff.

Papua, Less. Swainsoni, Pfeiff.

plauorbis, Less.

Sub-gen. conulus, Fitzinger (Petasia, Beck. Trochiscus, Held.,
uot Sow. Perforatella, Schlut.).

Shell thin, perforate, turbinately globose, arctispiral ; aperture
obliquely lunar ; peristome internally labiate, patulous or subre-
flexed, rarely simple, basal margin often dentate.

bidens, Chem. fusca, Mont.

calculosa, Gould. Gundlachi, Pfeiff.

Cobresiana, Alten. leucozona, Ziegl.

edentula, Drap. ligera, Say.

Egena, Say. stenotrema, Ferus.

fulva, Drap. subtilissima, Gould.

Genus DISCUS, Fitzinger.

Shell widely unibilicated, depressed, discoid or turbinate,
rugose or costulately striate ; whorls equal or gradually
increasing ; aperture lunately rotund ; peristome simple,
straight, acute.

Syn. Patula, Held. Euryomphala, Beck. Pyramidula,
Fitz. Gonyodiscus, Fits. Acanthinula, Beck. Phlebecula,
Lowe. Lucilla, Lowe.

Ex. D. rotundatus, Midler, pi. 71, fig. 7. Shell, D.
rotundatus, fig. 7, a.

This genus is chiefly confined to temperate regions ; the
species are inhabitants of the whole of Europe and North
America ; a few are from Central America, Brazil, Bolivia,

DISCUS.

117

and the Island of Chiloc; some are found in New Zealand,
while a few again are from the Sandwich and Philippine

Islands.

Sjiccies of Discus.

aculeatus, Mull.
alpha, Pfeiff,
alternatus, Say.
beta, Pfeiff.
biconcavus, Pfeiff.
Binneyanus, Pfeiff.
Cauicalensis, Lone.
Celinde, Gray.
Chileusis, Muhlf.
coarctiliatus, Pfeiff.
Coma, Gray.
dissimilis, D'Orh.
Edelii, Both .
Egesta, Gray.
epidermius, Anton.
fornicatus, Gould.
fragilis, Pfeiff.
Frivaldskyanus, Bossm.
gamma, Pfeiff.
Giranicus, Lowe.
gradatus, Gould.
Guerinianus, Lowe.
histrix, Migh.
Ida, Gray.
iota, Pfeiff.
kappa, Pfeiff.
lambda, Pfeiff-
lamellatus, Jeffr.
monilis, Brod.
mordax, Shu III.
nitidiusculus, Loire.
omalomorpha, D'Orh.

orbicula, D Orb.
orthostoma, Pfeiff.
perspective, Say.
planorboides, Bafin.
pcecilostictus, Pfeiff.
Portia, Gray.
pusillus, Loire.
pygmoeus, Drap.
quadrat us, Fcrus.
quinquestrigatus, Deck.
radiellus, Pfeiff.
rariplicatus, Bens.
rotundatus, Mull.
rubiginosus, Gould.
ruderatus, Stud.
rupestris, Drap.
saxicola, Pfeiff.
scintilla, Lowe.
sigma, Pfeiff.
sincerus, C. B. Adams.
solitarius, Say.
striatellus, Anthon.
suturalis, Pfeiff.
Swerzenbachii, Calc.
tessellatus, Muhlf.
theta, Pfeiff.
turbiniformis, Pfeiff-
Vancouverensis, Lea.
varicosus, Pfeiff.
vitrinus, Wagn.
zeta, Pfeiff.

VOL. II.

K

118

HELICELLINiE.

Genus HELICELLA, Lamarck.

Tentacles short ; edge-teeth of tongue aculeate. Mantle
thickened and slightly reflected ; tail ohliquely truncated.

Shell depressed, vitreous, shining, umhilicated ; whorls
regularly increasing, the last not descending at the aperture ;
aperture rotundately lunar ; peristome thin, straight.

8yn. Hyalina, Ferus., not Schum. Zonites, Gray, not
Montf. Polita, Held. Vitrea, Fitz. Hyalinia, Ay ass.

Ex. H. cellaria, Midler, pi. 71, fig. 8. Shell, H. cel-
laria, fig. 8, a.

The Helicelhe are small Snails, most frequently with
transparent shells, inhahiting the damp moss and dead leaves
in woods and shady places in Europe, North America, and
the West Indies.

Species of Helicella.

alliaria, Mull.
arborea, Say.
Besckei, Dkr.
bilineata, Pfeiff.

Boothiana, Pfeiff.
caduca, Pfeiff.
Cayennensis, Pfeiff.
cellaria, Mull.
cicercula, Gould.
circumlineata, Rust.
crystallina, Mull.
cyclostomoides, Pfeiff.
Cypria, Pfeiff.
demissa, Binney.
fricata, Gould.
fuliginosa, Griff.
fascosa, Ziegl.

Haldemanniana, C.B. Adams.
hiulca, Jan.
hyalina, Ferus.
hydatina, Rossm.
inoruata, Say.
intertexta, Binney.
laevigata, Bafin.
ligera, Say.
minuscula, Binney.
nitens, Mich.
nitida, Mull.
nitidula, Drop.
ohscurata, Porro.
olivetorum, Gmel.
opaca, Shuttl.
peraffinis, C. B. Adams.
pertenuis, Gould.

YITUI.VIX/E. 119

placentula, Shuttl. subrutila, Migh.

plerophora, Moric. testae, Phil.

protensa, Firus. troehilioides, D'Orb.

pura, Alder. unidentata, Say.

saxatilis, Couth. vortex, Pfeiff.
spleudidula, Pfeiff.

Sub-fam. VITMNIN.E.

Animal too large entirely to enter the shell. Mantle-
margin more or less produced, reflexed over the sides, or
sometimes entirely covering the shell. Tail often obliquely
truncate, but riot furnished with a caudal gland.

Shell thin, usually horny and transparent ; aperture very
wide.

Genus PFEIJTEMA, Gray.

Animal large for the size of the shell. Mantle-edge
expanded, thin, reflexed over the outer surface of the shell,
forming an even margin beyond the peristome. Foot
moderate, depressed behind, acute at the tip, without any
caudal gland.

Shell globose, imperforate, thin, brittle, white, pellucid ;
spire with the whorls small, the third and fourth rapidly
enlarging, the last inflated; aperture rounded, lunate;
columella slightly and regularly arcuated ; peristome thin,
straight, acute.

Ex. P. micans, Pfeiffer, pi. 72, fig. 1. Shell, P. micans,
fig. 1, a.

Mr. Cuming discovered this animal in great abundance
on the leaves of bushes at the extreme north part of the
Island of Luzon.

120 VITIUNINiE.

Genus VITRINA, Draparnaud.

Mantle with the front edge greatly extended and covering
the neck often as far as the tentacles.

Shell pellucid, hyaline; whorls few, rapidly increasing,
the last dilated ; aperture wide ; peristome thin, simple,
acute.

Syn. Virtrinus, Montf. Helicolimax, Ferus. Semi-
limax, Ferus. Limacina, Hartm., not Cuvier. Hyalina,
Stud., not Schum. or Ferus. Pagana, Gist.

Ex. V. fasciata, Eydoux and Souleyet, pi. 72, fig. 2.
Shell, V. pellucida, Mutter, fig. 2, a.

In its geographical distribution the genus Vitrina is
found in every part of the globe, the species being most
numerous north of the Equator. They live in moist
situations, among loose earth, stones, grass, and moss.
They are very lively, crawling constantly about, and when
touched will sometimes jump several inches from the
ground. The tail of the animal is obliquely truncated,
and the edge- teeth of the tongue are aculeate.

Species of Vitrina.

semulana, Mull. elongata, Drap.

Beckiana, Pfeiff. fasciata, Eyd. and Soul.

Behnii, Lowe. fumosa, Pfeif.

Birmauica, Phil. grandis, Beck.

caperata, Gould. Gruneri, Pfeiff.

cornea, Pfeiff. gutta, Pfeiff.

Cumiugi, Beck. Lamarckii, Ferus.

diaphaua, Drap. lirapida, Gould.

Draparnaldi, Guv. Luzouica, Pfeif.

Edgariana, Bens. marginata, Beck.

PARMACELLA. 121

membrauacea, Bens, resiliens, Beck.

Natalensis, Krauss. Ruivensis, Couth.

niticla, Gould. sigaretina, Recluz.

pellucida, Mull. Soweibyana, Pfeiff.

Poeppigii, Mice. Strangei; Pfeiff.

politissima, Beck. tenella, Gould.

Pyrenaiea, Ferns. Verrauxii, Pfeiff.

Genus HELICOPHANTA, Ferussac.

Eye-peduncles short; tentacles rudimentary; pulmonary
orifice on the right border of the mantle, a little posterior;
body elongated, greatly developed.

Shell on the hind part of the body, perforate, homy,
depressed, paucispiral, horizontally and rapidly involute,
last whorl very large; aperture oblique, very wide.

Syn. Daudebardia, Hartm.

E.v. H. brevipes, Draparnaud, pi. 72, fig. 3. Shell,
H. rufa, Draparnaud, fig. 3, a.

Helicophanta, which consists of but three species, comes
from Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, and the north of
Italy. It inhabits hilly regions, in moist places, hiding
under stones and moss.

Species of Helicophanta.

brevipes. Drop. rufa, Drop.

Langi, Pfeiff.

Genus PARMACELLA, Cuvier.

Mantle shield-like, on the bind part of the body; orifice
Of respiratory sac at the right posterior margin. Back with
a dermal protuberance between the book and the margin

122 viTBimxjR.

of the shell, and a reflexed appendage, which covers the
under side of the spire. Foot ahhreviate posteriorly.

Shell internal, scutiform, oval, sub-spiral, flat, dilated
anteriorly.

Ex. P. Valenciennii, Webb and Van Beneden, pi. 72,
fig. 4. Shell, P. Valenciennii, fig. 4, a.

The Parmacellce, as properly restricted, inhabit Northern
Africa, with the exception of P. Valenciennii, which is
found in Portugal. They are herbivorous, feeding on the
young shoots of the Cochlearia acaulis. The shell is
furnished with a small hooked process, and there is a cor-
responding protuberance of skin on the back of the animal,
which fits between the hook and the margin of the shell,
and serves to retain it in its place ; an appendage of the
skin forms a fold, moreover, and is applied against the under
side of the callous rudimentary spire. M. Hang has
observed the species inhabiting Bourbon and Madagascar
(P. Rangiana) on the rocks at the margins of fresh-water
streams.

Species of Parmacella.

Alexandrina, Ehrenb. Valenciennii, Webb and

Olivieri, Guv. Van Beneden.

Rangiana, Fcrus.

Genus CRYPTELLA, Webb and Berthelot.

Mantle shield-like, ovoid, covering half the body, an-
teriorly free and linguiform, posteriorly saccate and covering
the shell, and received into a groove or pit on the hind part
of the body; orifice of respiratory sac at the right posterior
margin. Foot tapering, triangular, keeled above, pointed at
the end.

PELTELLA. 123

Shell internal, oval, depressed, shining, transparent, sub-
spiral, olivaceous, with a large, white, spatulate lamella
developed, in the adult, from the fore part.

Ex. C. ambigua, Ftrussac, pi. 72, fig. 5. Shell, C.
amhigua, fig. 5, a.

In the very young animal, the shell is without the spatu-
late, lamelliform concretion in front, and is provided with a
thin, homy, convex operculum, which afterwards disappears.
The Gryptella is an inhabitant of the Canary Islands ;
during eight or nine months in the year their vital activity
is suspended, and they conceal themselves under the large
blocks of lava with which these islands are covered ; they
are herbivorous, and during the rainy season, especially in
the night, they quit their retreats and commit great havock
in the gardens. The peasants destroy them by thousands,
but, notwithstanding this persecution, their numbers do not
appear to diminish.

Genus PELTELLA, Webb and Van Beneden.

Animal limaciform, depressed. Mantle appendiculate
on the right side under the spire ; orifice of respiratory sac
at the right posterior margin. Foot flattened, dilated,
simple posteriorly.

Shell sub-spiral, ear-like, thin, hyaline, covered anteriorly
by a fold of the mantle, deeply immersed, and partially con-
cealed posteriorly in a depression of the back, on the under
side showing the free columellar margin of all the whorls.

Syn. Pectella, Gray. Gasotis, Shuttleworth.

Ex. P. pallidum, Firussac, pi. 72, fig. G. Shell, P.
nigrolineata, Shuttleworth, fig. G, a.

This genus comprises the Parmacella of the New World.

124 TESTACELLID^.

The American forms are said to be most frequently found
partly buried in damp earth in the woods of Brazil ; the
West-Indian species were discovered by M. Blanner crawl-
ing at night, and in the morning, on the trunks and foliage
of the Bananas or Plantains. From an examination of
the armature of the tongue, in which the lateral teeth
are subulate and arched, Mr. Shuttleworth concludes these
animals to be carnivorous.

Species of PeJtella.

albopunctulata, Shuttl. flavolineata, Shuttl.

aperta, Beck. nigrolineata, Shuttl.

Cumingii, Pj'eiff. pallidum, Ferns.

Fam. TESTACELLIDjE.

Animal elongated and slug-like. Lingual membrane
broad ; teeth numerous, in several diverging cross series,
pin-shaped, slightly curved, with a roundish head and an
acute tip, only attached to the lingual membrane by a small
central process. Eye-peduncles moderately long ; tentacles
short. Mantle habitually concealed under the shell; re-
spiratory orifice situated behind and below the shell, on the
posterior part of the thickened mantle-margin. Repro-
ductive orifice behind and near the right tentacle.

The animals of this family, as might have been expected
from the nature of the armature of the lingual membrane,
are carnivorous in their habits, living chiefly on worms,
which they often swallow whole ; they are subterranean,
living near the surface in the summer and crawling on the
ground in autumn, but entirely burying themselves during
the winter.

PLECTROrilORUS. 1-5

Genus TESTACELLA, Cuvicr.

Mantle divided into numerous lobes, usually concealed
by the shell, but capable of being drawn forward over the
body.

Shell external, auriform, depressed, sub-spiral, situated at
the hinder extremity of the back.

Si/ /i. Testaccllus, Faure-Biguet.

Ex. T. Maugei, Ferussac, pi. 72, fig. 7. Shell,
T. Maugei, fig. 7, a.

The shell, which appears affixed to the tail, on account of
the posterior position of the respiratory cavity, is ear-
shaped, and covered with a thin epidermis ; the apex is very
small and spiral, the aperture is very large and oblong, the
outer lip is entire, the inner lip is thickened and involute,
and the muscular impression is oblong-lunate.

Species of Testacella.

haliotoidea, Drap. Maugei, Firm.

Lartetii, Dupuy. scutulum, Sow.

Genus PLECTROPHORUS, Bosc.

Mantle shield-like, at the anterior part of the body ;
orifice of respiratory sac at the right anterior border. Body
with a small, external, prominent, testaceous appendage,
situated towards the posterior extremity.

Ex. P. corninus, Bosc, pi. 72, fig. 8. Shell, P. corni-
nus, fig. 8, a.

Plectrophorus is at once recognised by the remarkable
horny shell placed on the hind portion of the foot ; three

VOL. II. s

126 HELICIDiE.

species are figured by Ferussac in his great work, each with
a caudal shell, but more information is required concerning
them.

Species of Plectrophorus.

corninus, Base. Orbignyi, Ferns.

costatus, Bose.

Fam. HELICID^E.

Body spiral, distinct from the foot. Teeth on lingual
membrane in numerous, straight, transverse lines, equal,
uniform, and with the edge-teeth serrated or dentate. Head
well-developed ; mouth with a dentate upper jaw or man-
dible ; eye-peduncles and tentacles retractile under the skin.
Mantle-margin not extended, or produced into lobes ; respi-
ratory orifice on the right side, under the edge of the shell.
Foot elongated, with the hind part simple and pointed
behind, not glanduliferous. Orifice of reproductive organs
at the base of the right eye-peduncle.
Shell external, well developed, spiral.
Animal entirely retractile within the shell. Herbivorous.
The animals of this family, comprising the " True Snails,"
are strictly phytophagous, subsisting chiefly on the foliage
of trees and plants. Their lingual teeth, very numerous
and nearly similar, are placed in many cross lines on the
more or less elongated lingual band ; the transverse lines are
usually straight, and the form of the teeth varies according
to the genus ; in general, the teeth have a broad, expanded,
more or less four-sided, oblong base, with a reflexed tip,
the bases of the teeth in the same series being close to-
gether on the lingual band so as to form a close-set rasp.
The animals are entirely retractile within the shell, the

succinic. 1 2 7

inantle is not produced into lobes, or developed and reflex ed
over the aperture, the caudal gland is absent, and the shell
is adorned with varied markings, and assumes nearly every
modification conceivable in the form of a hollow, spiral cone.
The Helicida abound most in humid tropical regions,
especially iu islands; they are, however, universally dis-
tributed wherever there is vegetation, from the equator to
the poles, from the bosom of luxuriant valleys to the summit
of barren mountains.

Sub-fam. SUCCININ^.

Lingual teeth as in Helix. Animal bulky; tentacles short
and thick ; foot broad.

Shell thin, homy, ovate or oblong ; spire small ; aperture
large, oval ; columella simple, not truncate anteriorly ; peri-
stome acute.

Inhabit damp places in the vicinity of water.

Genus SIMPULOPSIS, Beck.

Shell semi-oval, very thin, membranaceous; whorls few,
the last ventricose; aperture wide, oblique, roundly oval;
columella arcuated; peristome simple, acute.

Ex. S. sulculosa, Ferussac, pi. 73, fig. 1.

The species of this genus are from Portorico and the
province of Bahia in Brazil. They have been generally
considered as mostly allied to Vitrina, but the recent
observation of the animal by Mr. Shuttleworth proves them
to be near Succinea. The mantle is not appendiculate as
in Vitrina ; the teeth and lingual membrane, however, are
generically different from those of Succinea.

128 succinic.

Species of Simpulopsis.

approximans, Shuttl. Portoricensis, Shuttl,

atrovirens, Moric. rufescens, Moric.

hyalina, Shuttl. sulculosa, Ferns.
obtusa, Sow.

Genus SUCCINEA, Draparnaud.

Animal nearly retractile within the shell.

Shell imperforate, oval, horny ; spire short, last whorl
large ; aperture wide, oblong ; columella simple, acute ;
peristome simple, acute.

Si/n. Lucena, Oken. Amphibulima, Lam., not Blainv.
Tapada, Stud. Amphibulimus, Mont/., Blainv. Amphi-
bina, Hartm.

Ex. S. picta, Pfeiffer, pi. 73, fig. 2. Shell, S. putris,
Linnceus, fig. 2, a.

The animals of this genus are sub-aquatic and amphi-
bious in their habits, living among plants near the water.
The species are very numerous, and are found in all parts
of the globe, abounding especially in temperate climates.

Species of Succinea.

acuta, Pfeif. campestris, Say.

angustior, C. B. Adams. Candeana, Lea.

arenarea, Bouch. cauella, Gould.

aurea, Lea. Chilensis, Phil.

avara, Say. cingulata, Forbes.

Barbadensis, Guild. concisa, Monss.

Bensoni, Pfeiff. concordialis, Gould.

brevis, Dkr. crocata, Gould.

caduca, Migh. exarata, Krauss.

AMrilllH'LLMA.

129

explanata, Gould.

fulgens, Lea.
Gouldiana, Pfeiff.

gracilis, Lea.
Gundlachi, Pfciff.
helicoidea, Gould.
humerosa, Gould.
Iiulica, Pfeiff.
inflata, Lea.

infundibuliformis, Gould.
Italica, Jan.
latior, C. B. Adams.
lumbalis, Gould.
luteola, Gould.
Magellanica, Gould.
Manuana, Gould.
modesta, Gould.
Nuttalliaua, Lea.
obi i qua, Say.
oblonga, Drap.
Oregonensis, Lea.
oralis, Say.
papillata, Pfeiff.
Pfeifferi, Fioasm.

picta, Pfeiff.
pinguis, Pfeiff.

procera, Gould.
pudorina, Gould.
pusilla, Pfeiff.
putris, Linn.
rugosa, Pfeiff.
rusticana, Gould.
Sagra, D'Orb.
Salleana, Pfeiff.
seniiglobosa, Pfeiff.
solidula, Pfeiff.
spurca, Gould.
striata, Krauss.
subgranosa, Pfeiff.
Tahitensis, Pfeiff.
Tasinaniana, Pfeiff.
Texasiaua, Pfeiff-
tigrina, Lesson.
Totteniaua, Lea.
venusta, Gould.
vesicalis, Goidd.
Wardiana, Lea.

Genus AMPHIBULIMA, Blainville.

Shell ovate, inflated, rugose; spire very short, the last
whorl angulated; aperture wide, sub -quadrangular.

Ex. A. patula, Bruguiere, pi. 73, fig. 3.

This genus is founded on a very rare and curious species
of Buccinea from the Island of Guadaloupe, the animal of
which, however, has not hitherto been observed ; the other
species is from the Island of Martinique.

Species of Amphibulima.
patula, Brug. rubescens, Desh.

130 SUCCINIC.

Genus HELISIGA, Lesson.

Eye-peduncles short, cylindrical, swollen at the base;
tentacles short, rudimentary.

Shell ovate, ventricose; spire very short; aperture wide,
patulous ; peristome simple, acute.

Ex. H. Sanctee-Helense, Lesson, pi. 73, fig. 4. Shell,
H. fragilis, Eycloux and Souleyet, fig. 4, a.

There is a group of Succinece from the Society and Sand-
wich Islands, which agrees in the form of the shell with
this genus, hut the mantle-margin is extended and covers
the outer lip. The same is probably the case in the Helisiya
of South Americ?.

Species of Helisiya.

aperta, Lea. rotundata, Gould.

cepulla, Gould. Sanctse Helena, Lesson.

fragilis, Eyd. and Sold.

Genus OMALONYX, D'Orbigny.

Mantle forming a thickened border round the shell, cover-
ing the margins ; pulmonary orifice under the right border
of the mantle towards tbe middle part.

Shell oval, depressed, unguiform; spire none; aperture
wide, open.

Syn. Pelta, Beck, not Quatrefages.

Ex. O. unguis, D'Orbigny, pi. 73, fig. 5. Shell, 0.
unguis, fig. 5, a.

The Omalonyx is found in the marshes of Meridional
America ; it crawls rapidly and is more aquatic than other
Succinea, dying when removed from the vicinity of the water.

ACIIATININiE. 131

Species of Omalonyx.

appendiculata, Pfeiff. explanata, Gould.

Bernardi, Recluz. Gayana, ~D*Orh.

Cumingi, Pfeiff. putamen, Gould.

depressa, Rang. unguis, D'Orl>.

Sub-fam. ACHATININ^.

Shell more or less conoitlal, solid, not horny or trans-
parent, the last whorl usually very ventricose; aperture
wide ; columella usually more or less truncate at the fore
part; outer lip generally simple and acute.

Genus ACHATTNA, Lamarck.

Shell oblong-ovate; spire conical, very rarely turreted,
last whorl more or less ventricose, nearly equal to the spire ;
aperture acutely ovate; columella conspicuously intorted,
arcuated, and abruptly truncate; peristome acute, the mar-
gins united by a diffused callus.

Syn. Achatinus, Montf. Cochlitoma, Ferns. Oncsea,
Gist. Archachatina, Aiders.

Ex. A. panthera, Ferussac, pi. 73, fig. G. Shell, A.
zebra, Chemnitz, fig. G, a.

The species of this genus, which comprises some of the
largest terrestrial Mollusks, live near water about trees;
they are chiefly African in their geographical distribution,
being represented in America by the groups of Corona
and Orthalicus.

132

ACHATININiE.

Species of Achatina.

acuta, Lam.
albicans, Pfeiff.
allisa, Reeve.
Cumingi, Shuttl.
fulgurata, Pfeiff.
fulva, Brag.
glutinosa, Pfeiff.
granulata, Pfeiff.
immaculata, Lam.
indotata, Reeve.
iostonia, Pfeiff.
Knorri, Jonas.
Kraussi, Reeve.
lactea, Reeve.
Lainarckiana, Pfeiff.
magnifica, Pfeiff.
marginata, Swains.
pachycheila, Bens.

panthera, Ferns.
papyracea, Pfeiff.
porphyrostoma, Shuttl.
prunum, Reeve.
purpurea, Chem.
reticulata, Pfeiff.
rhodostonia, Phil.
Rodatzi, Dkr.
semidecussata, Mke.
semisculpta, Pfeiff.
siderata, Reeve.
sinistrorsa, Chem.
tincta, Reeve.
ustulata, Lam.
variegata, F. Colum.
veruina, Bens.
zebra, Chem.

Sub-gen. homorus, Albers.

Shell thin, turreted ; apex obtuse, whorls numerous ; colu-
mella rather straight, obliquely truncate.

clavus, Pfeiff.
cyanostoma, Rilpp.
marmorea, Reeve.

paxillus, Reeve.
Pfeifferi, Dkr.

Sub-gen. cabelia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell elongately turreted ; whorls numerous, flattened ; colu-
mella strongly arcuated and contorted.

bicolor, Jay.
cochlea, Reeve.
fuliginea, Pfeiff.

Newcombi, Pfeiff.
paradoxa, Pfeiff.

LIMICOLARIA. 133

Genus LIMICOLARIA, Schumacher.

Shell perforate, conically or turreted-oblong, last whorl
shorter than the spire; aperture oblong, sub-oval; columella
vertical, protracted at the base; peristome simple, thin,
straight, the columellar margin dilated, arcuately reflexed.

Sjjtt. Limicolarius, Beck.

Ex. L. Kambeul, Adanson, pi. 73, fig. 7. Shell, L.
flammea, Midler, fig. 7, a.

This is entirely an African group, inhabiting Senegal,
Nubia, Egypt, the Mozambique, and Abyssinia.

Species of IAmicolaria.

sequatoria, Reeve. Numidica, Reeve.

Africana, Reeve. Pyrrhus, Albers.

Aurora, Jay. Eeeveana, Pfeiff.

Cailliaudi, Pfeiff. rubicundula, Gould.

flammea, MWL. Ruppelliana, Pfeiff.

flammulata, Pfeiff. spectralis, Reeve.

Gouldi, Reeve. sufFusa, Reeve.

interstiucta, Gould. suturalis, Pfeiff.

Kambeul, Adam. tenebrica, Reeve.

Kraussi, Pfeiff. torrida, Gould.

luctuosa, Pfeiff. turbinata, Lea.

mucida, Gould. violacea, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. liparus, Albers.

Shell very narrowly perforated, ovately conical ; spire rather
obtuse ; columella straight, dilated and reflexed superiorly.

atomata, Gray. Favanni, Lam.

crassilabris, Gray. rbodostoma, Gray.

VOL. II. T

134 ACHATININjK.

Genus PSEUDACHATINA, Albers.

Shell solid, ovately turreted ; whorls 8 — 9, the last
nearly equal to | of the length ; columella somewhat
intorted, arcuately truncate ; aperture lunately oval ; peris-
tome expanded, the margins joined by a callus.

Ex. P. Downesii, Gray, pi. 75, fig. 1.

One species described is from the Island of Fernando Po,
on the west coast of Africa, the other is from Old Calabar.

Species of Pseudachatina.
Downesii, Gray. Wrightii, Sow. Jun.

Genus COLUMNA, Perry.

Shell sinistrorsal or dextral, subulately turreted, decus-
sately granulated; apex obtuse, whorls constricted at the
suture, the lower impressed in the middle ; aperture elon-
gated, auriform, narrowed posteriorly ; columella callous,
loosely spirally twisted, forming an open canal along the
length of the spire, the base abruptly truncate ; peristome
simple, straight, acute.

Syn. Acicula, Blainv., not Risso or Hartm.

Ex. C. flainmea, Marty it , pi. 74, fig. 1. Shell, C.
flammea, fig. 1, a.

The typical species of this genus is found in Prince's
Island, living among dead leaves in thick Ebony woods; the
other species are from California and Prince's Island.

rSEUDOTROCIIUS. 135

Species of Columna.
exiinia, Shuttl. flammea, Martyn.

Sub-gen. rhodea, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, dextral, clausiliafonn ; last whorl flattened, the
base acutely carinated, excavated beneath ; columella arcuated,
thickened, sub-truncate.

Californica, Pfeiff.

Genus PSErDOTROCHUS, Klein.

Shell solid, ovately elongated ; apex acuminated, whorls
7 — 8, the last about equal to 3 of the length ; columella
narrow, distinctly truncated in the adult ; aperture lunately
oval, suh-angulated; peristome straight, acute, the margins
united by an intrant callus.

Syn. Chersina, Humph. Liguus, Montf.

Ex. C. alabaster, Rang, pi. 73, fig. 8. Shell, C. vir-
gineus, Linn ecus, fig. 8, a.

The species of this genus are West Indian, coming from
the Islands of Cuba and Haiti.

Species of Pseudotroclms.

alabaster, Banff. fasciatus, Midi.

balteatus, Gould. lineatus, Valeric.

Blainianus, Poey. murreus, Reeve.

carinatus, Pfeiff. pictus, Peeve.

crenatus, Swains. Solimanus, Morel.

emarginatus, Suains. virgineus, Linn.

136

ACHA.TWINjE.

Genus ACHAT1NELLA, Swainson.

Shell imperforate, bulimiform ; aperture ovate, acute
posteriorly; columella strongly toothed at the base or in
the middle, sometimes twisted, lamelliform, produced; peri-
stome simple or labiate, margins unequal.

Ex. A. decora, Ferussac, pi. 74, fig. 2. Shell, A. vul-
pina, Ferussac, fig. 2, a.

The species of this genus are all from the Pacific Islands,
where they live among the foliage of the low bushes, in
shady places, especially in the neighbourhood of the sea;
they are very numerous in the Sandwich Islands ; the
females are ovoviviparous, in which respect they resemble
Partula.

Species of AchatineUa.

abbreviata, Reeve.
adusta, Reeve.
ampla, Newc.
bacca, Reeve.
bella, Reeve.
bilineata, Reeve.
Buddii, Newc.
casta, Neivc.
castanea, Reeve.
colorata, Reeve.
concinna, Newc.
conspersa, Pfeiff.
crassidentata, Pfeiff.
curta, Newc.
decora, Ferns.
Euiersoni, Newc.
fulgens, Newc.
germana, Newc.
globosa, Pfeiff.
gracilis, Pfeiff.
Johnsoni, Newc.

lorata, Ferns.
lugubris, Chem.
melanostoma, Newc.
Mighelsiana, Pfeiff.
napus, Pfeiff.
nivosa, Newc.
olivacea, Reeve.
polita, Newc.
producta, Reeve.
pulchella, Pfeiff.
pulcherrima, Swains.
recta, Newc.
Eeevei, C. B. Adams,
rufa, Newc.
solitaria, Newc.
turgida, Newc.
ustulata, Newc.
valida, Pfeiff.
ventrosa, Pfeiff.
venulata, Newc.
vulpina, Ferus.

AC1IATLXELLA.

1:57

Sub-gen. amastra, IT. and A. Adams.

Shell usually dextral, not striped or banded ; apex of spire
often ruucrouate, whorls longitudinally striated or rugose; aper-
ture small ; columella with a strong, spiral, lamelliform, anterior
plait ; outer lip incrassated.

Baldwini, Newc
biplicata, Newc.
ellipsoidea, Gould.
gigantea, Newc.
magna, C. B. Adams.
melampoides, Pfeiff.
moesta, Newc.

nueleola, Gould.
obesa, Newc.
obscura, Newc.
reticulata, Newc.
tristis, Firm.
ventulus, Ferns.
violacea, Neicc.

Sub-gen. partulina, Pfeiffer.

Shell ovately conical, usually heterospiral ; whorls simple ;
columella tortuous, not truncate anteriorly ; outer lip thickened
internally ; peritreme reflexed.

Gouldi, Neicc. splendida, Newc.

grisea, Neicc. tessellata, Neicc.

perdix, Fteeve. virgulata, Miyh.

Sub-gen. bulimella, Pfeiffer.

Shell ovately conical, often reversed; whorls smooth ; colu-
mella short, tortuous, not abruptly truncate anteriorly ; outer lip
internally marginate ; peritreme simple, not reflexed.

attenuata, Pfeiff".
bulimoides, Swains.
Candida, Pfeiff.
cestus, Neicc.
cinerosa, Ffeiff.
crassa. Neicc.
dolium, Ffeiff.

Forbesiana, Pfeiff.
Fricki, Pfeiff.
glabra, Neicc.
macrostoma, Pfeiff.
monacha, Ffeiff.
multicolor, Pfeiff.
multilineata, Newc.

13S

ACIIATININiE.

mustelina, Migh.
ovata, Newc.
planospira, Pfeiff.
porcellana, Newc.
Redfieldi, Newc.
rosea, Swains.
rugosa, Newc.
semicarinata, Newc.
sordida, Newc.

Sowerbyana, Pfeiff.
Swainsoni, Pfeiff.
Swifti, Migh.
treniolata, Pfeiff.
Tappaniana, C. B. Adams.
terebra, Newc.
variabilis, Newc.
vidua, Pfeiff.
viridans, Migh.

Sub-gen. laminella, Pfeiffer.

Sbell conico-turreted ; spire attenuated, apex obtuse, whorls
srnootb, tbe last ventricose ; columella twisted, with a strong,
anterior, lamellar plait; outer lip acute, simple.

acuta, Newc.
affinis, Newc.
albolabris, Neivc.
assimilis, Newc.
brevis, Pfeiff.
citrina, Migh.
cornea, Neivc.
crassilabrum, Newc.
cylindrica, Newc.
flavescens, Newc.
fusca, Newc.
fusiformis, Pfeiff.
gravida, Ferus.
lineolata, Newc.
marmorata, Gould.
melanosis, Newc.
modesta, C. B. Adams.

mucronata, Newc.
nubilosa, Migh.
obscura, Newc.
picta, Migh.
porpbyrea, Newc.
pupoidea, Newc.
rubens, Goidd.
rudis, Pfeiff.
sanguinea, Newc.
soror, Newc.
spirizona, Ferus.
straminea, Peeve.
suffusa, Reeve.
textilis, Ferus.
turritella, Ferus.
variegata, Pfeiff'.
venusta, Migh.

Sub-gen. newcombia, Pfeiffer.

Shell turreted, beterospiral ; whorls transversely Urate or
rugosely plicate ; columella with the truncature indistinct ; outer
lip simple, acute.

aptycha, Pfeiff. cerealis, Gould.

ACIIATINELLA. 139

Cumingi, Newc. Pfei fieri, Newc.

elongata, Newc. physa, Newc

Helena, Newc. plicata, Migh.

Sub-gen. leptachatina, Gould.

Shell elongated, thin, translucent, shining; spire elevated,
obtuse; aperture narrow, one-third the length of the shell,
rounded in front, acute behind; columella without a conspicuous
fold bordering the truncation.

accincta, Migh. grana, Neicc.

acuminata, Gould. guttula, Gould.

cingula, Migh. nitida, Newc.

clara, Pfeiff. pyramis, Pfelff.

corneola, Pfelff- vitrea, Newc.
fumosa, Newc.

Sub-gen. labiella, Pfeiffer.

Shell acuminately ovate ; apex obtuse ; inner lip callous ;
outer lip inflexed, thickened, with a callosity in the middle of the
inner margin

dentata, Pfeiff. labiata, Newc.

Sub-gen. auriculella, Pfeiffer.

Shell sub- perforate, oblong-conic ; apertural paries furnished
with an intrant, spiral lamella; columella with the anterior plait
dentiform or obsolete ; peritreme a little expanded.

auricula, Ferns. Petitiana, Pfeiff.

cerea, Pfeiff. pusilla, Gould.

140 ACHATININiE.

Sub- gen. frickella, Pfeiffer.

Shell sub-perforate, obloug ; apertural paries furnished with an
intrant, spiral lamella; columellar plait compressed; peritreme
simple, straight.

amcena, Pfeiff.

Genus TORNATELLINA, Beck.

Shell imperforate, ovate or suh-trochiform; aperture semi-
lunar; columella tortuous, truncated; margins unequal, the
columellar uni-lamellated, the external plicated within.

Syn. Elasmatina, Petit.

Ex. T. hilamellata, Anton, pi. 74, fig. 4.

The species of Tornatellina vary in their geographical
distribution, some being European, and others inhabiting
the Island of Opara in the Pacific Ocean, the Island of
Juan Fernandez, Lima, and Madeira.

Species of Tornatellina.

bilamellata, Anton. trochiformis, Beck.

globosa, Petit. trochlearis, Beck.

Recluziana, Petit.

Sub-gen. leptinaria, Beck.

Shell ovate, or elongated ; outer lip simple.

Antillarum, SJiuttl. concentrica, Reeve.

Antoni, Pfeiff. Cumingiana, Pfeiff.

castanea, Pfeiff. lamellata, Pot. and Mich.

Cernica, Bens. lamellosa, Moric.

r.ri.iMi.Yj:. 141

roinuta, Anton. peponum, Gonhl.

Novoseelandica, Pfeiff. Philippii, Pfeiff.

opalescens, Shuttl. stylodcm, Skuttl.

ovata, Anton. turrita, Anton.

Paroliniana, Webb and Berth. unilamellata, Fern*.

Sub-fam. BULIMIN.E.

Eye-peduncles and tentacles well- developed; foot elon-
gate, pointed behind.

Shell oblong or ovoid, sometimes conoidal or turreted ;
aperture longer than wide ; columella arcuated, not truncate
anteriorly.

Genus COCHLOSTYLA, Ferussac.

Shell imperforate, ovately or conically globose; spire
more or less conoidal, apex obtuse; aperture oval or
lunately rotundate; columella straight, often vertical, di-
lated, rarely arcuated or excavated; peristome simple, ex-
panded or shortly reflexed.

Syn. Bulina, Lesson. Orthostylus, Beck.

Ex. C. chloris, Reeve, pi. 74, fig. 4. Shell, C. meta-
formis, Ferussac, fig. 4, a.

The various islands of the Philippine Archipelago harbour
the members of this extensive group, many of the species
of which are remarkable for the extreme beauty of their
shells, and the peculiar hydrophanous nature of the
epidermis.

VOL. II. D

142

BULIMWjE.

Species of Cochlostyla.

iEgle, Brod.
bicolorata, Lea.
cunctator, Reeve.
Daphnis, Brod.
faunus, Brod.
gilva, Sow.
imperator, Pfeiff.
juglans, Pfeiff.
leopardus, Pfeiff.
leucophsea, Sow.
lignaria, Pfeiff.
macrostoma, Pfeiff.
metaformis, Ferns.

monozona, Pfeiff.
mus, Brod.
nimbosa, Brod.
pictor, Brod.
Pfeifferiana, Peeve.
Philippinensis, Pfeiff.
pythogaster, Ferns.
rufogaster, Reeve.
solida, Pfeiff.
solivaga, Reeve.
Ticaonica, Brod.
uber, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. helicobulinus, Broderip (Chromocochlea, Hartm.).

Shell imperforate, sub-turbinate, last whorl ventricose ; spire
conoidal, apex obtuse ; columella straight ; aperture lunato-rotun-
date ; peristome simple, expanded, shortly reiiexed.

bembicodes, Pfeiff.
colossea, Pfeiff.
Reevei, Brod.
sarcinosa, Ferns.
Seckendorffiana, Pfeiff.

turbinoides, Brod.
turbo, Pfeiff.
turgens, DesJi.
Woodiana, Lea.

Sub-gen. pithohelix, Swainson.

Shell imperforate, ovately fusiform, last whorl slightly angu-
lated ; spire produced, apex obtuse ; aperture ovate-oblong ; co-
lumella straight ; peristome simple, expanded, reflexed.

acuminata, Sow.
Boholensis, Brod.
Calista. Brod.
camelopardalis, Brod.
concinna, Sow.

dactyl us, Brod.
Diana, Brod.
eburnea, Reeve.
fulgetrum, Brod.
incompta, Sow.

COCHLOSTYLA, 143

nobilis. Reeve. satyrus, Brod.

nympha, Brod. Siquijorensis, Pfeiff.

pyramidalis, Sow. vcntricosa, Chan.

Sub-gen. CANrsTRUM, Klein (Ainphidromus, Albers, Balea,
Blainv., not Leach).

Shell sub-perforate or imperforate, often sinistrorsal, ovately
oblong or sub-fusiform; columella straight, dilated, rarely arched
or contorted ; aperture oblong, rarely lunately-ovate; peristome
thickened, more or less expanded.

Adamsii, Eeeve. laevis, Mull.

atricallosa, Gould. Luzonica, Sow.

balanoides, Jonas. maculifera, Brod.

brevicula, Pfeiff. monilifera, Gould.

chloris, Eeeve. ' partuloides, Brod.

contusa, Reeve. perversa, Linn.

crassilabris, Gray. porcellana, Mouss.

frater, Ferus. pyramidalis, Sow.

inversa, Mull. sinistra, Mull.

Janus, Pfeiff. stabilis, Sow.

Guimarasensis, Brod. velata, Brod.

Sub-gen. chkysaixis, Albers (Phcenicobius, Morch).

Shell perforate, conical or cylindrically ovate ; whorls convex ;
columella straight, reflexed ; aperture oblong or lunately rotund ;
peristome slightly thickened, widely reflexed.

adusta, Sow. Mindoroeusis, Brod.

arata, Sow. onyx, Brod.

brachyodon, Sow. oomorpha, Sow.
chrysalidiformis, Brod.

144 BULIMINiE.

Sub-gen. hapalus, Albers.

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong, very thin, shining, last whorl
shorter than the spire ; aperture semi-oval ; columella callous,
bent backwards ; peristome simple, acute, the right margin arched
forwards.

Grateloupi, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. eudoxus, Albers.

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong or elongately conical ; whorls
flattened, the last often angulated ; columella straight, elongate,
generally thin; peristome simple, effusely expanded, rarely
thickened.

albina, Grat. modesta, Sow.

Calypso, Brod. Eomblonensis, Pfeiff.

cinciuniformis, Sow. simplex, Jonas.

Cumingi, Pfeiff. smaragdina, Reeve.

Dumonti, Pfeiff. subcariuata, Pfeiff.

effusa, Pfeiff. translucens, Brod.

Hindsi, Pfeiff. ventricosa, Chem.

labiozonalis, Grat. virens, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. phengus, Albers.

Shell thin, hyaline, imperforate, pyramidal ; whorls flat, the
last angulated; aperture sub-rotund, angled above; columella
arched ; peristome sub-labiate, the margins nearly parallel, the
columella dilated, excavated.

evanescens, Brod.

PA11TULA.

145

Genus PARTULA, Ferussac.

Shell solid, narrowly umbilicated, last whorl scarcely ex-
ceeding the spire ; aperture oblong-oval ; columella sub-
plicated, slightly arcuated; peristome callous, internally
expanded, margins connate, united by a thin callus.

Syn. Partulus, Beck.

Ex. P. gibba, Ferussac, pi. 75, fig. 2. Shell, P. faba,
Marty n, fig. 2, a.

The Partulce chiefly inhabit the Pacific Islands, the Mari-
anas, Solomon's, Sandwich, Society, and Friendly Islands ;
they live on low bushes near the sea ; the females produce
their young alive.

Species of Partula.

actor, Alters.
amabilis, P/eiff.
Carteriensis, Quoy.
compressa, P/eiff.
conica, Gould.
decussata, P/eiff.
dentifera, P/eiff.
diminuta, C. B. Adams.
faba, Martyn.
filosa, P/eiff.
fragilis, Ferns.
gibba, Ferns.
glutinosa, P/eiff.
gonochila, P/eiff.
grisea, Less.
Guameusis, P/eiff.
Hebe, P/eiff.
hyalina Brod.
inflata, Reeve.
Isabellina. P/eiff.

lineata, Less.
lutea, Less.
major, Desk.
micans, P/eiff.
Navagatoria, P/eiff.
Newcombi, P/eiff.
nodosa, P/eiff.
Otaheitaua Brag.
radiolata, P/eiff.
Recluziana, Petit.
Pieeveaua, P/eiff.
rubescens, Reeve.
rufa, Less.
Salomonis, P/eiff.
solidula, Reeve.
spadicea, Reeve.
taeniata, Morch.
Vanikorensis, Quoy.
varia, Brod.
zebrina, Gould.

146 BULIMIN7E.

Genus BULIMUS, Scopoli.

Shell solid, sub-iniperforate, or with the perforation covered,
ovate or ovately oblong, last whorl ventricose, equalling the
spire ; aperture oblong-oval ; columella rather straight,
rarely plicate; peristome thick, expanded, refiexed and
sometimes adnate, the margins joined by a callus, the colu-
mellar dilated, refiexed.

Ex. B. oblongus, Miiller, pi. 74, fig. 5. Shell, B.
oblongus, fig. 5, a.

The geographical distribution of the species of BuUmus
proper is tropical America, where they are extensively dif-
fused north and south of the equator. The species of the
subordinate group, Plecocheilus, inhabit the islands of the
Caribbean Sea, Brazil, Venezuela, St. Vincent, and Porto
Caballo ; those of Auris inhabit the forests of Brazil,
along the coast, and the province of Bahia.

Species of BuUmus.

adoptus, Reeve. Mathewsii, D'Orb.

astrapoides, Jonas. maximus, Soiv.

auritus, Sow. melanocheilus, Nyst.

Browni, Pfeiff. nucleus, Sow.

Cantagallanus, Bang. oblongus, Mull.

crenulatus, Pfeiff. ovum, Brug.

Funcki, Nyst. pachyckeilus, Pfeiff.

Gibbonius. Lea. pardalis, Ferns.

granulosus, Rang. Popelairianus, Nyst.

Guerini, Pfeiff. proxiinus, Sow.

lacunosus, DOrb. rosaceus, King.

Lamarckianus, Pfeiff. Sancta Cruzii, D'Orb.

lutescens, King. Valenciennesii, Pfeiff.
marmoratus, Dkr.

BITLIMUS. 147

Sub-gen. strophocheilus, Spix (Coniclus, Albers).

Shell narrowly perforate, ovately-oblong, last whorl obliquely
descending; aperture oval or somewhat auriform; columella
plicate above ; peristome widely expanded, shortly reflexed, the
columellar dilated, reflexed.

cardinalis, Pfeif. planidens, Mich.

contortuplicatus, Reeve. pudicus, Mull.

Milleri, Sow. rhodocheilus, Pfeif.

perplexus, Sow. unidentatus, Sow.

Sub-gen. plecocheilus, Guilding (Carychium, Leach, not Mull.
Auricula, Swains., not Lam. Caprella, Guild., not Lam).

Shell solid, rimate, ovato-fusiform ; aperture narrow, elon-
gate, more or less augulated anteriorly; columella with a strong
plait; peristome thickened, widely expanded, the right margin
undulated.

auris-Sileni, Born. perdix, Pfeif.

Dillwynianus, Pfeiff. signatus, Spix.

distortus, Brug. sinuatus, Albers.

euryomphalus, Jonas. undulatus, Mart.

Sub-gen. charis, Albers.

Shell perforate, oblong, diaphanous ; spire short, conical, last
whorl exceeding the spire; aperture oblong, auriform; colu-
mella tortuous, callous, forming a triangular tooth ; peristome
expanded.

Blainvillianus, Pfeif. Loveni, Pfeiff.

Founaki, Homb. and Jacq. malleatus, Jay.

fulguratus, Jay. roseus, Gould.
fulminans, Nyst.

148 BULIMINiE.

Sub-gen. eurytus, Albers.

Shell imperforate, thin, oblong-ovate, last whorl a little ex-
ceeding the spire ; aperture large, oblong-oval ; columella ar-
cuated ; peristome shortly expanded, sub-reflexed.

bicolor, Pfeiff. pulicarius, Beeve.

Cathcartiee, Reeve. quadricolor, Pfeiff.

elaeodes, Pfeiff. roseatus, Reeve.

floccosus, Spiv. succinoides, Petit.

galericulum, Mouss. sytodes, Pfeiff.

glandiformis, Lea. Taylorianus, Reeve.

onca, D'Orb. Veranyi, Pfeiff.

pintadanus, D'Orb. Yungasensis, D'Orb.
piperitus, Sow.

Sub-gen. bords, Albers.

Shell ovately conoidal, solid, rugosely striated, epidermis
deciduous or wanting, whorls with coloured spots, the last ven-
tricose ; columella rather straight, tortuous above ; peristome
thickened, shortly reflexed, flexuous.

Adamsonii, Gray. irroratus, Reeve.

bifulguratus, Reeve. Kellettii, Reeve.

coloratus, Nyst. labeo, Brod.

Crichtoni, Brod. Maranonensis, Albers

Dennisoni, Reeve. Shuttleworthii, Albers.

Fris, Pfeiff. victor, Pfeiff.

iostoma, Sow. Yatesi, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. okphnus, Albers.

Shell imperforate, solid, ovately elongate, suture marginate
below ; columella generally tortuously plicate ; peristome thick-
ened, straight.

Achilles, Pfeiff. Inca, D'Orb.

Hartwegii, Pfeiff^. indutus, Mke.

OTOSTOMUS. 149

magnificus, Gratel. tamiolus, Nyst.

mahogani, Sow. Taunaisii, Ferns.

Largillierti, Phil. Thompsoni, Pfeiff.
loxostomus, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. auris, Spix (Pachyotus, P>eck, Chilonopsis, Fisch.).

Shell perforate, ovate; apex acute, the upper whorls often
plicate at the sutures; aperture auriform; columella tortuous;
peristome widely expanded, retlexed.

Illheocola, Moric. Swainsoni, Pfeiff.

Maximiliana, Ferus. vulpina, Chem.

melauostoma, Swains.

Genus OTOSTOMUS, Beck.

Shell rimately perforate, ovately pyramidal or obliquely
conical, last whorl keeled or angulated at the base ; aperture
more or less vertical ; columella plicate : peristome simple,
widely expanded, reflexed.

Syn. Stenostoma, Spix, not Latr. Navicula, Spix, not
Bory or Quoy.

E.v. 0. hygrohylseus, D'Orviyuy, pi. 74, fig. 0. Shell,
0. auris-leporis, Bruguiere, fig. G, a.

The species of this extensive group are South-American,
inhabiting the forests of Bolivia, New Granada, Brazil,
Bahia, and Venezuela; the species of Aspastus are from
Solomon's Island.

Species of Otostomus.

auris-leporis, Brug. flexilabris, Pfeiff.

auris-muris, Moric. lateralis, Mice.

bivittatus, Sow. navicula, Wagn.

coarctatus, Pfeiff. obliquus, Reeve.

VOL. II. X

150 BLTLIMIX.B.

Sub-gen. anthinus, Albers.

Shell rimately perforate, oblong-conical ; spire sub-turretecl,
last whorl equalling the spire ; aperture oval-oblong, within
brownish violet; columella dentate-plicate or somewhat con-
stricted ; peristome widely expanded, the columellar margin
dilated, patent.

Miersii, Sow. pallidior, Sow.

multicolor, Rang.

Sub-gen. hamadeyas, Albers.

Shell with the perforation covered, conical, elongated, thin,
diaphanous, shining, slightly strigillate under the lens, last
whorl somewhat inflated ; aperture ample, oblong-oval ; colu-
mella dilated, contorted ; peristome thin, widely expanded,
columellar margin reflexed, appressed.

Baranguillanus, Pfeiff. glaucostoma, Albers.

Bourcieri, Pfeiff. Knorri, Pfeiff.

Chimborascensis, Reeve. laetus, Reeve.

Curianensis, Pfeiff. lilacinus, Reeve.

fallax, Pfeiff. linostoma, D'Orb.

feriatus, Reeve. Lobbii, Reeve.

flexuosus, Pfeiff. Pealianus, Lea.

fucatus, Reeve. pervariabilis, Pfeiff.

fusoides, UOrb. strigatus, Soiv.

geometricus, Pfeiff. zoographicus, D'Orb.

Sub-gen. DKYMiEUs, Albers.

Shell perforate or umbilicated, oblong-acuminate, rugosely
striated; spire elongated; aperture oblong-oval; columella
somewhat tortuous, a little receding ; peristome simple, the right
margin shortly, the basal widely expanded, the columellar re-
flexed, patent.

aquilis, Reeve. cerussatus, Reeve.

OTOSTOMUS. 151

Deshayesii, Pfeiff. pratextus, Reeve.

hygrohylaeus, D'Orb. subinterruptus, Pfeiff.

marmarinus, D'Orb. xanthostoma, D'Orb.

Sub-geu. i/EiosTiucus, Albers.

Shell thin, perforate, oblong-conical, glabrous, very often
shining, pellucid, last whorl shorter than the spire ; peristome
thin, more or less expanded, the colutncllar margin dilated,
reflex ed.

angulosus, Beck. multifasciatus, Lam.

auratus, Pfeiff. onager, Beck.

castus, Pfeiff. Pateli, Albers.

ciunamomeo-lineatus, Moric. tribalteatus, Ecrrc.

Gruneri, Pfeiff. vimineus, Moric.

Jonasi, Pfeiff, Vincentinus, Pfeiff.

Manoeli, Moric. vittatus, Spix.

Mexicanus, Lam. Ziegleri, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. gontostomus, Beck.

Shell rimately-perforate, fusiform, or oblong-conical ; spire
elongate, last whorl attenuated at the base; aperture oblong,
more or less channelled anteriorly ; columella arcuate, sub-plicate ;
peristome expanded, shortly reflexed.

angulatus, Wagn. fusiformis, Rang.

Capueira, Spix. goniostoma, Fcras.

egregius, Pfeiff. Lattrei, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. aspastus, Albers.

Shell perforate, fusiform, thin, sub-diaphanous, sulcato-striate,
last whorl larger than the spire ; aperture ovate-oblong, rounded
anteriorly; columella sub-arcuate ; peristome marginate, shortly
reflexed, the margins approximate, united by a thin callus.

Cleryi, Petit. miltochcilus, lb err.

152 buliminjE.

Genus ODONTOSTOMUS, Beck.

Shell rimately perforate, cylindrically fusiform; spire
elongate, turreted, last whorl shorter than the spire, com-
pressed at the hase, often externally scrohiculate ; aperture
oblong, contracted, with from 3—6 teeth, apertural paries
furnished with an intrant lamella; peristome expanded,
reflexed, the margins approximate, joined by a thin callus.

Syn. Clausilia, Spix, not Lam. Cyclodontina, Beck.
Macrodontes, Swains.

Ex. O. Pantagruelinus, Moricand, pi. 75, fig. 3. Shell,
0. Gargantua, Ferussac, fig. 3, a.

The species of this group inhabit the forests of Brazil,
especially those of Bahia.

Species of Odontostomus.

Bahicola, Morch. leucotrema, Beck.

Bahiensis, Moric. occultus, Beeve.

Charpentieri, Gratel. Pantagruelinus, Moric.

costatus, Pfeiff. punctatissimus, Less.

dsedaleus, Besh. pupoides, Spix.

exesus, Spix. quinquedentatus, Muhlf.

fuscagula, Lea. rbodostoma, B'Orb.

Gargantua, Ferns. ringens, Bkr.

Grayanus, Pfeiff. sectilabris, Pfeiff.

Hilarii, Gray. sexdentatus, Spix.

Janeirensis, Sow. vermiculatus, Mke.

juvencus, Morch. Wagneri, Pfeiff.

Genus TOMIGERUS, Spix.

Shell horizontally umbilicated, globosely conical, com-
pressed, scalariform ; aperture vertical, ringent.

PLACOSTYLUS. 153

E.v. T. clausuSj Spix, pi. 75, fig. 4.

Tomigerus resembles a depressed Odontostomus ; the
shells also remind one of Pythia and Anostoma. The
species inhabit the province of Bahia in Brazil, and axe
doubtless only a modification of the Odontostomi, which
come from a similar locality.

Species of Tomigerus.

clausus, Spix. gibberulus, Burrow.

Cimiingi, Neu-c. turbinatus, Pfeiff.

dentatus, Wood.

Genus PLACOSTYLUS, Beck.

Shell imperforate, oblong-conic, rugosely striated, last
whorl a little shorter than the spire ; aperture oblong-oval
or irregular ; columella tortuous, arcuately plicate ; peristome
thick, reflexly expanded, the margins united by a shining
tuberculated callus, the columellar dilated, appressed.

Ex. P. fibratus, Martyn, pi. 75, fig. 5.

The species of this group inhabit the Australian islands,
New Caledonia, and New Holland.

Species of Placostylus.

ascendens, Pfeiff. fuligineus, Pfeiff.

auris-bovina, Chem. porphyrostoraus, Pfeiff.

Caledonicus, Petit. Shongi, Less.

fibratus, Martyn.

154 BULIMINiE.

Sub-gen. cabyodes, Albers.

Shell solid, imperforate, oblong-ovate ; whorls plicate at the
suture, the last equalling the spire ; columella rather straight ;
peristome simple, obtuse.

Baconi, Bens. Dufresnii, Leach.

Genus orthalicus, Beck.

Shell imperforate, ovately conical ; spire rather obtuse,
last whorl shorter than the spire ; aperture oval; columella
somewhat thickened, rather involute ; peristome simple, the
margins joined by a deeply -intrant callus.

Syn. Oxystyla, Schliitt.

Ex. 0. zebra, Midler, pi. 75, fig. fi. Shell, 0. zebra,
fig. C, a.

The species of Orthalicus inhabit the Antilles, the whole
of Brazil, Columbia, and the north of Peru. The sub-genus
Corona is principally found in Peru and Central America,
where they live in the centre of the great forests ; Chili,
Peru, Bolivia, Guiana, and Brazil are the localities of the
group Plectostyht* ; the species of Leptomerus are from
Central America, the Antilles, Brazil, and Mexico. Ectb-
dotus is a Chilian and Peruvian group, living principally
in the forests of the mountain ranges.

Species of Orthalicus.

Bensoni, Reeve. pavoninus, Spice.

crystallinus, Reeve. phlogerus, D'Orb.

gallina-sultana, Chem. pulchellus, Spi.v.

monodon, C. B. Adams. zebra, Mull.

ORTIIALICI'S. 155

Sub-gen. corona, Albers.

Shell usually sinistrorsal, ovately-oblong ; spiro elongated,
apex obtuse ; columella conlorto-plicate, callous above, slender
and obsoletely truncated at the base ; outer lip simple, acute.

auripigmentum, Reeve. Powisianus, Petit.

flammigerus, Ferus. rcgina, Ferus.

Eercadonis, Gratel. Saulcydi, Joann.

Moreletianus, Desk. tenuis, Gray.

Sub-gen. plectostylus, Beck.

Shell thin, pellucid, imperforate, ovate-oblong, or ovately coni-
cal; spire acute; columella filiform, straight, receding above;
peristome thin, acute.

affinis, Brod. meleagris, Pfeiff.

Broderipii, Sow. nigrolimbatus, Pfeiff.

Buschii, Pfeiff. Peruvianus, Brag.

Chilensis, Less. pessulatus, Reeve.

Coquimbensis, Sow. plectostylus, Pfeiff.

coturnix, Sow. punctulifer, Sou-.

elegaus, Pfeiff. rellexus, Pfeiff.

harpa, Jay. simulus, Morel.

hilarus, Pfeiff. variegatus, Pfeiff.
lynciculus, Dev. and Hupp.

Sub-gen. oxycheilus, Albers.

Shell thin, pellucid, shining, rather imperforate, somewhat
fusiform; spire acute ; columella nearly straight, slender; peri-
stome simple, straight.

Hanleyi, Pfeiff. Requieni, Pfeiff.

Kecluziana, Pfeiff.

150

BULIMINjE.

Sub-geD. leptomerus, Albers.

Shell thin, rimately perforate, oblong-conical ; whorls rather
flat, the last shorter than the spire ; columella sub-arcuated .
peristome thin, simple, acute.

alternans, Beck.
bilineatus, Sow.
Boissieri, Moric.
chrysalis, Pfeiff.
citrino-vitreus, Moric.
constrictus, Pfeiff.
corneus, Sow.
coronatus, Pfeiff.
debilis, Beck.
demotus, Peeve.
Dysoni, Ferus.
electrum, Reeve.
erectus, Peeve.
exilis, Gmel.
fidusus, Reeve.
fraterculus, Ferus.
fulvicans, Pfeiff.
Goudoti, Petit.
Granadensis, Pfeiff.
guttula, Pfeiff.
Helenae, Quoy.
heloicus, D'Orb.
Hondurasanus, Pfeiff.
inflatus, Lam.
Kingii, Gray.
limnoides, Ferus.
lineatus, Spix.

lividus, Reeve.
lucidus, Reeve.
maculatus, Lea.
melo, Quoy.
Meridanus, Pfeiff.
nigrofasciatus, Pfeiff.
pallidior, Sow.
Panamensis, Brod.
physodes, Mke.
primula, Reeve.
pseudo-succineus, Moric.
pubescens, Moric.
puellaris, Reeve.
sarcodes, Pfeiff.
Sowerbyi, Pfeiff.
spadiceus, Mke.
Studeri, Pfeiff.
tenuis, Dkr.
tenuissimus, Ferus.
transluceus, Brod.
transparens, Reeve.
trichodes, D'Orb.
umbraticus, Reeve.
unicolor, Soiv.
velutinus, Pfeiff.
venosus, Reeve.

Sub-gen. mesembrinus, Albers.

Shell rimately perforate, ovately conical, rough or longitudi-
nally striated; apex of spire acute, last whorl shorter than

OUTIIALICUS.

157

the spire; columella somewhat tortuous; peristome straight,
simple.

a)quatorius, Reeve.
alto-Peruvianus, Reeve.
amhustus, Reeve.
andicola, Pfeiff.
apodemetes, D'Orb.
Assumptions, Val.
Bengalensis, Lam.
bicolor, Soiv.
Boithyanus, Pfeiff.
Boliviauus, Pfeiff.
Californicus, Reeve.
ealigiuosus, Reeve.
canaliculars, Pfeiff.
Catlowae, Reeve.
coufusus, Reeve.
Cotopaxieusis, Pfeiff.
Cuzcoensis, Reeve.
rlecussatus, Reeve.
delumbis, Reeve.
depictus, Reeve.
dcpstus, Reeve.
discrepans, Sow.
Draparnaudi, Pfeiff.
dubius, Pfeiff.
Duukeri, Pfeiff.
effeminatus, Reeve.
exornatus, Reeve.
fabrefactus, Reeve.
fenestratus, Pfeiff.
Hegewischi, Pfeiff.
Hennahi, Gray.
lactarius, Mke.
lemniscatus, Reeve.
liliaceus, FSrus.
Liebmanni, Pfeiff.

litus, Ferus.
livesceus, Pfeiff'.
Loxensis, Pfeiff.
mauupictus, Reeve.
Menkei, Gruner.
modestus, Prod.
Montagnei, D'Orb.
Montevidensis, Pfeiff.
muliebris, Reeve.
myristicus, Reeve.
nitidus, Brad.
nucinus, Reeve.
nugristicus, Reeve.
Nystianus, Pfeiff.
Oreades, D'Orb.
psecilus, D'Orb.
papyraceus, Mawe.
Pazianus, D'Orb.
primularis, Reeve.
pulchellus, Brad.
Quitensis, Pfeiff.
rubellus, Brod.
rudis, Anton.
Sachsei, Albers.
Schiedeanus, Pfeiff.
scitulus, Recce.
sporadicus, D'Orb.
subfasciatus, Pfeiff.
sulcosus, Pfeiff.
tigris, Brod.
Torallyi, D'Orb.
tumidulus, Pfeiff.
vexillum, Wood.
zouulatus, Pfeiff.

VOT,. IT.

158

BULIMINiE.

Sub-gen. scutalus, Albers.

Shell perforate or urnbilicated, ovately conic, granulately stri-
ated, sometimes sprinkled with hairs, last whorl ventricose,
more or less equalling the spire, compressed next the umbilicus ;
peristome expanded, often reflexed, slightly thickened inter-
nally.

abyssorum, D'Orb.
alutaceus, Reeve.
bifasciatus, Phil.
brephoides, D'Orb.
Bridgesi, Pfeiff.
castaneus, Pfeiff.
Cora, DVrb.
crenulatus, Pfeiff.
culmineus, D'Orb.
derelictus, Brod.
foveolatus, Reeve.
heterotrichus, Moric.
Jussieui, Valenc.
lithoicus, D'Orb.
lutescens, King.

Maria?, Albers.
miles, Pfeiff.
mutabilis, Brod.
Petiti, Pfeiff.
porphyreus, Pfeiff.
Proteus, Brod.
purpuratus, Reeve.
Schmidti, Pfeiff.
scolimatus, Wood.
sordidus, Less.
tessellatus, Shuttl.
thamnoicus, D'Orb.
Tupaicii, D'Orb.
velutino-hispidus, Moric.
versicolor, Brod.

Sub-gen. eabdotus, Albers.

Shell perforate or rimate, rather solid, ovately convex or acu-
minated ; spire with the apex corneous, last whorl attenuated
at the base ; columella rather straight ; peristome simple, acute,
colurnellar margin, above the perforation, dilated, free.

albicans, Brod.
albus, Sotv.
badius, Soio.
coagulatus, Reeve.
conspersus, Sow.
dealbatus, Jay.
decoloratus, Sow.

Denekei, Gray.
durus, Spix.
erosus, Brod.
erythrostomus, Jay.
ferrugineus, Reeve.
guttatus, Brod.
Huascensis, Reeve.

BULIMULUS. 159

Laurentii, Sow. pulverulentus, Pfeiff.

lichenura, D'Orb. pustulosus, Brod.

Limensis, Beeve. rbodacme, Pfeiff.

Orbignyi, Pfeiff. scabiosus, Sow.

rcricanus, Albers. scalariforrnis, Brod.

Philippii, Pfeiff. scutulatus, Brod.

pruinosus, Sow. striatus, King.

Genus bulimulus, Leach.

Shell solid, rimately perforated, oblong-conic or fusiformly
cylindrical ; apex horny, rather obtuse, last whorl shorter
than the spire ; aperture small, obliquely oval ; peristome
straight, labiate within, simple, or with teeth, right margin
rather expauded, the columellar reflexed and patulous.
Si/n. Zebrina, Held. Peristoma, Kryn.
Ex. B. montanus, Draparnaud, pi. 75, fig. 7. Shell,
B. detritus, Mutter, fig. 7, a.

This group, as restricted, is European in its geographical
distribution, being chiefly found along the shores and among
the islands of the Mediterranean. The species of Rachis,
however, are found in Africa. The species of E/ia are
European with a few exceptions ; the Ncqueus group in-
habit the Canary Islands, Teneriffe, and Gomara ; those of
Omphalos ty la are confined to the islands of the Gallapagos
Archipelago ; Ataxus is from Cobija and Bolivia; while the
species of Petraus are entirely African in their geographical
range.

Species of Bulimulus.

Alepi, Ferus. Cosensis, Beeve.

Apeiminus, Jan. Cretensis, Pfeiff.

candelaris, Pfeiff. cymatilis, Beeve.

1G0 BULIMINiE.

Dardanus, Friv. illibatus, Ziegl.

detritus, Mull. Keppelli, Pfeiff.

eburneus, Pfeiff. Spratti, Pfeiff.

fasciolatus, Oliv. Tauricus, Lange.

gibber, Kryn. Varnensis, Friv.
Hohenackeri, Kryn.

Sub-gen. brephulus, Beck.

Aperture with the peristome dentate within.

bidens, Kryn. subulatus, Rossm.

cornpactus, Friv. Tournefortianus, Ferus.

spoliatus, Parr. zebriolus, Ferus.

Sub-gen. rachis, Albers.

Shell perforate, turreted, conical or ovate ; spire acuminate,
last whorl often angulated in the middle; peristome simple,
acute, the columellar margin dilated, reflexed.

albatus, Ferus. Guinensis, Jonas.

Benguelensis, Pfeiff. Mozambicensis, Pfeiff.

connivens, Pfeiff. pallens, Jonas.

Ferussaci, Dkr. Socotorensis, Ferus.

Sub-gen. ena, Leach (Merdigera, Held. Merdigerus, Albers).

Shell rimate, ovately oblong, or cylindrical ; peristome patent,
internally labiate, the right margin expanded, the columellar
shortly dilated, patent.

arcuatus, Pfeiff. Martinicensis, Pfeiff.

ccelebs, Bens. Meiacoshirnensis.^rfams and
ccenopictus, Bens. Peeve.

Frivaldskyi, Pfeiff. Merduenianus, Kryn.

gregarius, Adams and Reeve. montanus, Drap.

Kunawurensis, Hutt. Nilagiricus, Pfeiff.

BULIMULUS. 1G1

obscurus, Mill, rupestris, Phil.

pretiosus, Cantr. subtilis, Bossm.

ruiistrigatus, Bens. vibcx, Ilvtt.

Sub-gen. omphalostyla, Schlatter (Nsesiotus, Albers).

Sbell somewhat widely perforate, ovately conical, or turreted-
oblong, rugulosely striated ; columella vertical ; aperture some-
what angulated at tbe base ; peristome acute, internally sub-
labiate.

acbatinellus, Forbes. nucula, Pfeiff.

cbemnitzoides, Forbes. mix, Brod.

clavus, Soiv. rugiferus, Sow.

corneus, Sow. rugulosus, Sow.

Darwinii, Pfeiff. sculpturatus, Pfeiff.

escbariferus, Sow. unifasciatus, Sow.

incrassatus, Pfeiff. ustulatus, Brod.
Jacobi, Sotv.

Sub-gen. ataxus, Albers.

Sbell umbilicated, umbilicus very wide, pervious as far as tbe
apex, ovately conical; last wborl strongly compressed, angulated
at the base; aperture narrowed, oblong, sub-augulated at the
base; peristome simple

infundibulum, Pfeiff. umbilicaris, Soul

perspectivus, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. napjsus, Albers.

Shell perforate, ovate-oblong, irregularly striated; aperture
rotundately oval ; peristome acute, expanded, internally labiate,
the margins joined by a tuberculated callus.

badiosus, Ferns. Bertheloti, Pfeiff.

baeticatus, Fetus. cyaneus, Albers.

162 buliminjE.

helvolus, Webb and Berth. propinquus, Shuttl.

lardeus, Pfeiff. roccellicola, Webb and Berth.

nanodes, Shuttl. tabidus, Shuttl.

obesatus, Webb and Berth. variatus, Webb and Berth.
Olivieri, Reeve.

Sub-gen. petrous, Albers.

Sbell rimate, oblong-conical, or cylindrically oblong; colu-
mella plicate ; peristome widely expanded, sometimes rather
reflexed, margins approximate, generally united by a callus.

Abyssioicus, Hupp. labiosus, Mull.

Arabicus, Forsk. labrosus, Oliv.

carneus, Pfeiff. latireflexus, Reeve.

fragosus, Fertis. Lycicus, Pfeiff.

fulvicans, Pfeiff. Sidoniensis, Ferus.

Halepensis, Pfeiff. Syriacus, Pfeiff.
Jordani, Boiss.

Genus COCHLICELLA, Ferussac.

Shell narrowly perforate, conical, or conico-turreted ;
whorls C — 9, the last carinated or ohsoletely angulated,
shorter than the spire; aperture rotundately oval; peristome
simple, acute, with the margins contiguous.

Syn. Elisma, Leach. Cochlicellus, Beck. Longaeva,
Muhlfeldt. Turhulima, Schlutt.

Ex. C. cylindrica, Gray, pi. 75, fig. 8. Shell, C. acuta,
Midler, fig. 8, a.

The species are found on the shores of the Mediterranean,
both in Europe and Africa, and one is found on the west
coast of England, and in the Azores and Canary Islands.

C'OCIILICELLA.

1G3

Species of Cochlicella.

acuta, Mull.
coiioidea, Drap.

turricula, Chem.
ventricosa, Ferus.

Sub-gen. macroceramus, Guikling (Leptospira, Swains. Pine-
ria, Poey. Colobus, Albers).

Shell rimate, ovately or cylindrically turreted, last whorl obso-
letely-cariuated or angulated ; aperture sub-circular ; peristome
thin, patent, the margins contiguous, the right expanded, the
columellar dilated, reflexed.

Antillarum, Gould.
Beathiaua, Poet/.
concisa, Morel.
cylindrica, Gray.
cyrtopleura, Pfeiff.
formosa, Gray.
Gossei, P/eiff.
Guildingii, Petit.
Gundlachi, Pfeiff.
Hermanni, Pfeiff.
Hydeana, C. B. Adams.

Kieueri, Pfeiff.
Ludovici, Pfeiff.
lineata, Brug.
microdon, Pfeiff.
pupiformis, Ferns.
Richardi, Petit.
siguata, Guild.
tenuiplicata, Pfeiff.
terebra, Poey.
turricula, Pfeiff.
unicarinata, Lam.

Sub-gen. pyrgus, Albers.

Shell rimate, turreted, whorls flat; aperture angulated at the
base ; columella straight ; peristome thin, straight, columellar
margin shortly reflexed above.

turrita, Brod.

164 BULIMINiE.

Genus CHONDRUS, Cuvier.

Shell rimate-ovate, oblong ; apex acuminated, whorls
7 — 9, the last nearly equal to -J of the length ; aperture
semi-oval, iuternally generally contracted; peristome labiate,
or furnished with numerous teeth, or, very rarely, simple,
sometimes the apertural paries is uni-dentate at the external
angle.

Syn. Gonodon, Held. Chondrula, Beck. Jaminia,
Leach.

Ex. C. pupa, Linnceus, pi. 75, fig. 9.

Middle and Southern Europe, and the shores of the
Mediterranean and its islands, constitute the chief localities
of this genus.

Species of Choudrus.

acus, Pfeiff. Parreysii, Pfeiff.

Bergeri, Both. pupa, Linn.

denticulatus, Pfeiff. quadridens, Mull,

Eleoicus, Reeve. quinquedentatus, Miihlf.

Lawii, Phil. Kossmassleri, Pfeiff.

leucodon, Pfeiff. seductilus, Ziegl.

microtragus, Parr. septenidentatus, Roth.

olivaceus, Pfeiff. tridens, Mull.

Sub-gen. mastus, Beck (Cylindrus Fitz., not Breyn. or
Boanni).

Shell sub-perforate, cylindrical ; apex obtuse, whorls numer-
ous ; columella short, straight ; peristome internally labiate, a
little expanded.

Adenensis, Pfeiff. Caraccasensis, Reeve.

Burcbelli, Gray. granum, Pfeiff.

BOSTRYX. 105

insularis, Ehrerib. scutilus. Migh.

obtusus, Drop. trocbalus, Pfeiff.

polygyratus, Reeve. Tscbuclii, Trosch.

Sub-gen. mirus, Albers.

Shell rimately perforate, sub-cylindrical, thin, pellucid, last
whorl anteriorly somewhat ascending; columella arcuated; peri-
stome expanded, internally callous, the margins joined by a
rather thick, dentated callus.

Cantori, Phil.

Sub-gen. peronceus, Albers.

Shell rimate or perforate, oblong-turreted, or subulate ;
whorls convex ; columella receding or obsoletely arcuated ;
peristome simple, shortly expanded, the columellar dilated,
patent.

Montagnei, D'Orb. pupiformis, Brod.

montivagus, D'Orb. scabiosus, Sow.

nanus, Reeve. terebralis, Pfeiff.

neglectus, Pfeiff. trichodes, D'Orb.
Pazianus, D'Orb.

Genus BOSTRYX, Troschel.

Shell turreted, the upper whorls regularly united, the last
two unrolled, free, hi-carinated ; aperture sub-quadrate, with
the angles rounded ; peristome simple, straight, continuous.

Ex. B. solutus, Troschel, pi. 75, fig. 10.

The genus Bostryx wras founded by Troschel on a re-
markable shell brought from Peru by Dr. Tschudi; the
last whorls are partly unrolled, and the peritreme is con-
tinuous.

VoL. II. z

166 PUPINiE.

Species of Bostryx.

holostoma, Pfeiff. solutus, Trosch.

rupestris, Phil.

Sub-fam. PUPIN^.

Tentacles rudimentary, minute, or entirely wanting. Foot
short, obtuse, or pointed behind.

Shell cylindrical or fusiform ; whorls numerous, narrow,
equal; aperture small, frequently with elongated teeth or
thin laniinse; peristome generally non-continuous.

Genus GIBBUS, Montfort.

Shell deeply rimate, cylindrical, ovate-cylindrical, or com-
presso-triangular, oblique, closely striated or ribbed, last whorl
anteriorly ascending, compressed and sometimes gibbous
at the base ; aperture lunately oblong, or sub-tetragonal ;
columella rather straight, often plicate; peristome expanded,
shortly reflexed, the margins joined by a thin callus.

Syn. Gibbulina, Beck. Gonidomus, Sivains. Plica-
domus, Swains. Gonospira, Swains. Ptychotrema, More h.

Ex. G. Lyonetianus, Pallas, pi. 7G, fig. 1.

The species of this genus are principally from the islands
on the African coast, the greater part coming from Mada-
gascar, the Isle of France, the Seychelles, and the Island of
Socotora.

pi pa. 107

Species of Qiblrus.

admodestus, Migh. minor, Morel.

Autoni, Pfciff. modiolus, Ferns.

farinosus, Trosch. Newcombi, Pfeiff.

fusus, Lam. ovoideus, Brug.

Guineensis, Beck. pagoda, Ferns.

intermedins, Morel. pupulus, Morel.

Laraarckii, And. simplex, Gould.

latus, C. B. Adams. sulcatus, Mull.

Liberianus, Lea. versipolis, Ferns.
Lyonetianus, Pallas.

Genus BOYSIA, Pfeiffer.

Shell conically globose, thin, rimate, the last whorl
arcuately ascending ; aperture oblique, bent upwards, sub-
circular; peristome continuous, edentulous.

Syn. Hypostoma, Albers.

Ex. B. Bensoni, Pfeiffer, pi. 7G, fig. 2.

One species only of this genus, which somewhat resembles
Anoatoma without the teeth, has yet been described, and
which is an inhabitant of the East Indies.

Genus PUPA, Draparnaud.

Shell rimate, very rarely umbilicated, solid, cylindrical or
oblong-ovate, apex conical, very closely costulated witb
straight ridges, whorls 9 — 12, the last anteriorly often
ascending, attenuated at the base ; columella dentiform-
plicate ; aperture semi-oval or sub-circular, generally lividly
fuscous internally, apertural paries furnished with a deep
lamina ; peristome thickened, expanded, reflexed, the mar-
gins joined by a rather thick callus.

168 pupinj:.

Sy?h. Strophia, Aiders. Saraphia, Risso.

Ex. P. chrysalis, Ferussac, pi. 7G, fig. 3. Shell, P.
uva, Linnceus, fig. 3, a.

The species of this genus, as properly restricted, chiefly
inhabit the West Indies, being found in Cuba, Hayti,
Guadeloupe, Martinique, Portorico, and St. Thomas. The
species of the group Torquilla are inhabitants of Britain,
Southern Europe, Mexico, and the East and West Indies.
The species of Pupilla, usually of small size, are chiefly
European in their geographical distribution.

Species of Pupa.

alvearia, Dlllw. maritiina, Pfeiff.

Antonii, Kiist. Martiniaua, Kiist.

calcarea, Pfeiff. multicostata, Kiist.

chrysalis, Ferns. mumia, Brug.

Cumingiana, Pfeiff. mumiola, Pfeiff.

cyclostoma, Kiist. regia, Bens.

decumana, Ferus. Sagraina, Pfeiff.

dimidiata, Pfeiff. striatella, Ferus.

Kiisteri, Pfeiff. tumidula, Desk.

glans, Kiist. utriculus, Mice.

Gruueri, Pfeiff. uva, Linn.
Gundlachi, Pfeiff.

Sub-geu. torquilla, Faure-Biguet (Abida, Leach. Granaria,
Held. Pupina, Ehrenb., not Y'ujn. or Z)1 Orb.).

Shell rimate, very seldom umbilicated, ovate-oblong, or fusi-
formly turreted ; apex acuminated, rather acute ; aperture
oblong-oval, multiplicose, sometimes edentulate ; peristome ex-
panded, often white-tipped.

affiuis, Arad. and Magg. Brauni, Rossm.

Apennina, Charp. cereana, Michlf.

Bergomeusis, Charp. clausilioides, Boubee.

l'UPA.

Hi!)

contorta, Gale.
cylindracea, Ziegl.
cylindrica, Mirk.
duplicata, Kiist.
frumentum, Drop.
fusiformis, Kiist.
goniostoma, Kiist.
granum, Drap.
Hassiaca, Pfeiff.
lapidaria, Butt.
Lusitanica, Bossm.
nicgacheilos, Jan.
melitta, Gould.
Michaudi, Terv.
Michelii, Terv.
Moquiniaua, Kiist.

nitida, Anton.
obliterata, Gharp.

occulta, Parr.
pachygastra, Ziegl.
Partioti, Moq. Tand.
Philippii, Cantr.
polyodon, Drop.
Pyremtaria, Mich.
quiuquedentata, Born.
Pihodia, Roth.
ringens, Mich.
Sardoa, Cantr.
secale, Drap.
subulata, Bio.
variabilis, Drap.
Vergniesiana, Gharp.

Sub-gen. modicella, H. and A. Adams.

Shell rimately perforate, fusiform-oblong, striated or smooth ;
spire conical, whorls slightly convex; aperture semi-oval, eden-
tulate ; peristome expanded, simple, or with a callous tubercle
near the right margin.

conoidea, Neicc.
fallax, Say.
Farinesii, Desni.
Freyeri, Schmidt.
modica, Gould.

Pacifica, Pfeif.
pallida, Phil.
putilla, Shuttl.
rupestris, Phil.

Sub-gen. tupili.a, Leach (Lauria, Gray. Eruca, Swains.
Torquatella, Held. Sphyradium, Agassiz. Gastrodon, Lowe).

Shell small, deeply rimate or perforate, cylindrical ; apex
attenuated into an obtuse cone; aperture rounded, slightly
plicose, or edentulate ; peristome thin, rather expanded.

alpicola, Gharp.
anuonostoma, Lowe.
Anglica, Firm.

aridula, Held.
biplicata, Mich.
castanea, Slut til.

170

PUriN.-E.

costulata, Nilss.
cupa, Jan.
Ferrari, Porro.
Hoppii, Moll.
Huttoniana, Bens.
infundibuliformis, D'Orb.
leucodon, Morel.
limnseana, Lowe.
rnicrospora, Lowe.
roonodou, Held.
muscorum, Linn.
Numeyeri, Kust

oblonga, Pfeiff.
Parreyssi, Friv.
Sempronii, Char/).
Senegalensis, Morel.
Sorghum, Morel.
Sterrii, Voith.
taeniata, Shuttl.
tutula, Bens.
unibilicata, Draj).
umbilicus, Roth.
VillfB, Char}).
vulcauica, Kust.

Sub-gen. leiosttla, Lowe (Charodrobia, Albers. Mastula,

Lowe).

Shell narrowly umbilicated, elongated or cylindrical ; aper-
ture with many plicae, transverse; peristome thin.

cheilogona, Lowe.
concinna, Lowe.
ferraria, Lowe.
fusca, Lowe.
irrigua, Lowe.
laevigata, Lowe.
lamellosa, Lowe.

laurinea, Lowe.
millegrana, Lowe.
monticola, Lowe.
recta, Lowe.
sphinctostoma, Lowe.
vincta, Lowe.

Sub-gen. orcula. Held.

Shell small, ovate-cylindrical, rimate or perforated ; aperture
semi-ovate; columella more or less plicate, apertural paries
uni-lamellate; peristome reflexed or expanded, slightly thick-
ened or simple.

cerea, Dkr.
clavulata, Lam.
conica, Bossm.
corticaria, Say.
doliolum, Brug.
dolium, Drap.

gularis, Bossm-.
Jumilleusis, Guirin.
nana, Mich.
pumilis, Gould.
Schmidtii, Kust.
scyphus, Friv.

VERTIGO. 171

Sub-gen. ennea, II. and A. Adams.

Shell slightly rimate, sub-cylindrical, apex obtuse, smooth,
shining, hyaline ; whorls flattened, the last narrow, sulcated
externally in the mid-die, lamellate within, with a strong plait
parallel to the columella; aperture sub-circular; parietal lamella
extending inwards and situated close to the right margin ; peri-
stome expanded, the right margin flexuous, thickened in the
middle.

bicolor, Hutt. elegantula, Pfeiff.

Ceylanica, Pfeif. Pirrei, Pfeiff.

crystallum, Morel.

Sub-gen. faula, H. and A. Adams.

Shell sinistral, rimate, ovately-conical, smooth ; spire sub-
cylindrical or conic, whorls flattened, the last ascending, com-
pressed at the base ; aperture semi-oval, plicate ; peristome
simple, nearly straight.

Capensis, Kurr. Muhlfeldti, K'ust.

Kurri, Erauss. Pottebergensis, Krauss.

Genus VERTIGO, Miiller.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate, apex attenuated, obtuse;
whorls 5 — G ; aperture semi-oval, 4 — 7 plicated ; peristome
slightly expanded, white-lipped.

Syn. Pupella, Swains.

Ex. V. antivertigo, Draparnaud, pi. 76, fig. 4. Shell,
V. pusilla, Miiller, fig. 4, a.

The species of this genus are all of a small size, often
hyaline, reversed, and of a brown colour. They are chiefly
European in their geographical distribution, and live on the
bark of trees and among moss in banks. The tentacles in
this genius are rudimentary or wanting.

172

PUPINjE.

Species of Vertigo.

aculeata, Mull.
angustior, Jeffr.
Ascaniensis, Schmidt.
Barbadensis, Pfeiff.
bigranata, Rossm.
Charpentieri, Shuttl.
contracta, Say.
curta, Anton.
decora, Gould.
exilis, C. B. Adams.
foutana, Krauss.

lirata, Gould.
marginalba, Pfeiff.
miliola, D'Orb.
minuta, Say.
nodosaria, D'Orb.
pusilla, Mull,
Shuttleworthiana, Charp.
S tran gei, Pfeiff.
tenuidens, C. B. Adams.
triplicata, Stud.
variolosa, Gould.

Sub-gen. alma, Jeffreys (Craticula, Lowe. Staurodon, Lowe).

Sbell cylindrical ; aperture denticulated, or furnished with in-
continuous plates; peristome simple, sometimes expanded.

an ti vertigo, Drap.
armifera, Say.
brevicostis, Bens.
carniata, Gould.
Gouldi, Binney.
hexodon, C. B. Adams.
Jamaiceusis, C. B. Adams.
milium, Gould.
ovata, Say.
pediculus, Shuttl.
pellucida, Pfeiff.

pentodon, Say.
pleurophora, Shuttl.
pygmsea, Drap.
rupicola, Say.
saxicola, Loire.
Schultzii, Phil
seminulum, Lowe.
servilis, Gould.
squalina, Rossm.
substriata, Jeffr.
tantilla, Gould.

Sub-gen. isthmia, Gray (Truncatellina, Lowe. Paludinella,
Lowe, not Pfeiff.).

Shell deeply rimate, cylindrical, striated ; apex obtuse, whorls

VERTIGO. 173

flat ; aperture semi-oval, edentulous ; peritreme nearly simple, a
little reflexed, margins joined by a callus.

atomus, Shitttl. lucida, Jan.

columella, Bcnz. microspore, Loive.

dealbata, Webb and Berth. miuutissima, Hartm.

dilucida, Ziegl. Novoseelandica, Pfeiff.

edentula, Drop. Paredesii, UOrb.

fuuicula, Val. Riisei, Pfeiff.

fusulus, M'ull. truncatella, Pfeiff.
inornata, Mich.

Sub-gen. odontocycxas, Scbl litter (Scopelopbila, Alters. Sca-
rabella, Loive. Eryma, Albers).

Sbell sub-perforate or flexuously rimate, conic or ovate,
striated ; spire convexly conical, apex obtuse ; whorls slightly
convex, the last compressed at the base, sometimes laterally pro-
duced and ascending ; aperture triangularly oval or semi-circular,
dentated ; peristome simple, a little expanded, the left margin
often sinuous, the right callous or dentated within.

calathiscus, Loive. Kokeillii, Rossm.

cassida, Lowe. plicidens, Bens.

cassidula, Loive. Rossmassleri, Schmidt.

Sub-gen. alvearella, Lowe.

Shell arcuately rimate, ob-ovate, smooth or striated ; spire
ovate or ventricose, apex obtuse, whorls convex, the last narrow,
with the base compressed, scrobiculate in front ; aperture verti-
cal, sub-triangularly oblong, dentated; peristome callous, re-
flexed or expanded.

capitata. Gould. ovularis, Oliv.

concinna, Lowe. Pfeifferi, Krauss.

gibba, Lowe. Sturmii, Kiist.

Menkeana, Pfr. Wahlbergi, Krauss.

VOL. II. A A

174 PUPINiE.

Genus MEGASPIRA, Lea.

Shell clausiliaform, turreted, multispiral ; aperture semi-
ovate ; columella transversely plicated ; peristome expanded,
the margins unequal.

Syn. Pyrgelix, Beck.

Ex. M. elatior, Spix, pi. 76, fig. 5.

The shells of this genus are remarkable for the length of
the spire, which in M. elatior has no less than twenty-
five, close-set, narrow, hut gradually-increasing whorls ; the
species inhahit the forests of Brazil.

Species of Megaspira.
elata, Gould. elatior, Spix.

Genus BALEA, Prideaux.

Shell clausiliaform or clavate, multispiral ; aperture semi-
oval or sub-pyriform ; columella somewhat uni-plicated,
simple ; peristome expanded, margins unequal.

Syn. Balsea, Gray. Balia, Swains. Fusulus, Fitz.

Ex. B. perversa, Linnmts, pi. 76, fig. 6. Shell, B.
perversa, fig. 6, a.

The species of Balea live among moss at the roots of
trees ; they inhahit Britain, Norway, Hungary, Italy, and
Spain.

Species of Balea.

castanea, Pfeiff. Sarsi, Phil.

glabra, Pfeiff. Tristensis, Leach.

peregrina, Gould. ventricosa, Leach.
perversa, Linn.

UKOCOl'TIS. 175

Sub-gen. temesa, H. and A. Adams.

Shell elongated, clausiliaform, the middle whorls the largest;
columella distinctly plicate.

australis, Forbes. glorifica, Parr.

clausilioides, Reeve. livida, Mke.

Funcki. Pfeiff.

Genus UROCOPTIS, Beck.

Shell rimate, ovate-cylindrical or sub-ventricose, truncate ;
whorls 7 — 10, regularly increasing, the last slightly free,
obsoletely carinate or angulated ; aperture sub-circular,
peristome continuous, expanded, reflexed.

Syn. Cylindrella, Pfeiffer, not Swains. Thaumasia,
Albers.

Ex. U. costata, Guilding, pi. 70, fig. 7. Shell, U.
cylindrus, Chemnitz, fig. 7, a.

The species of this genus are found in Mexico, Hayti,
Cuba, and Jamaica. The tip of the spire usually falls off
when the animal has added new whorls to the shell, " a wise
provision of nature," says Guilding, " since its foot being so
short it would not have the power of drawing along so heavy
a shell." The single species of Diaphera is from the
Philippine Archipelago.

Species of Urocoptis.

abbreviata, Desk. carinata, Pfeiff.

Adamsiana, Pfeiff. columna, C. B. Adams.

alba, C. B. Adams. cylindrus, Client.

aspera, C. B. Adams. decollata, Nyst.

Augustae, C. B. Adams. fasciata, Chent.

brevis, Pfeiff. fistularis, Morel.

176

PUPINiE.

flammulata, Pfeiff.
Gravesii, C. B. Adams.
Gruneri, Dkr.
Holland!, C. B. Adams.
hyalina, Pfeiff.
jejuna, Goidd.
lata, C. B. Adams.
Liebmanni, Pfeiff.
malleata, Pfeiff.
Menkeana, Pfeiff.
monilifera, Pfeiff.
Moreleti, Pfeiff.

nobilior, C. B. Adams.
ovata, Desh.
Oviediana, D'Orb.
Portoricensis, Pfeiff.
pruinosa, Morel.
puncturata, Pfeiff.
pupreformis, C. B. Adams.
Salleana, Pfeiff.
sanguinea, Pfeiff.
sericea, Pfeiff.
tomacella, Morel.
zonata, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. gongylostoma, Albers (Tracbelia, Pfeiff.).

Shell cylindrical or fusiform, apex attenuated, slightly trun-
cated, last whorl protracted, tapering, sometimes obsoletely
angulated ; aperture circular; peristome simple, expanded.

costata, Goidd.
costulata, C. B. Adams.
crispula, Pfeiff.
elegans, Pfeiff.
Gould iana, Pfeiff.
gracillima, Poeij.
Humboldtiana, Pfeiff.
leucopleura, Mke.
marmorata, Shuttl.
perplicata, Desh.

Poeyana, D'Orb.
poi'recta, Gould.
rosea, Pfeiff.
Rugeli, Shuttl.
Sagraiana, Pfeiff.
Sowerbyana, Pfeiff.
speluncae, Pfeiff.
subtil is, Morel.
variegata, Pfeiff.
volubilis, Morel.

Sub-gen. brachypodella, Beck (Brachypus, Guild., not Swains.
or Schonh. Siphonostoma, Guild., not Otto or Erich. My-
chostoma, Albers.)

Shell sub-cylindrical or subulate, truncated, last whorl pro-
tracted, compressly angulated, often tetragonal ; aperture sub-
quadrangular, peristome simple, expanded.

alabastrina, Pfeiff.

collaris, Ferus.

uiiocorTis. 177

Dominicensis, Pfeiff. pallida, Gould.

filicosta, Shuttl. reticosta, Pfeiff.

gracilicollis, Ferus. Robertsi, C.'B. Adams.

Grayana, C. B. Adams. seminuda, C. P>. Adams.

Hanleyana, Pfeiff. simplex, C. B. Adams.

humilis, C.B. Adams. subula, Ferns.
inornata, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. strophina, Morch.

Shell cylindrically-turreted, sub-ventricose, umbilicated, apex
truncated; whorls convex, obliquely and symmetrically plicated;
columella angulated at the base, sub-arcuated; aperture simple,
sub-quadrate.

Laterradii, Gratel.

Sub-gen, apoma, Beck (Casta, Albers).

Shell sinistrorsal, truncate, cylindrically subulate; whorls
united by an oblique suture, the last very shortly free, carinated
at the base ; aperture oblong, circular, peristome expanded.

Agnesiana, C. B. Adams. gracilis, Wood.

elongata, Chem.

Sub-gen. acera, Albers.

Shell rimate, cylindrical or sub-fusiform, apex conical, not
truncate ; last whorl shortly or not at all produced, carinated at
the base ; columella plicate ; aperture oblong-rotundate, peri-
stome continuous, free, expanded.

cinerea, Pfeiff. Pilocerei, Pfeiff.

Goldfussi, Mice. Tiiisei, Pfeiff.

Morini, Morel. Koemeri, Pfeiff.

Pfeifferi, Mke. scalarina, Shuttl.

Philippiana, Pfeiff. teres, Mke.

178 PUPINJE.

Sub-gen. anoma, Albers.

Shell elongate, fusiformly turreted, sub-truncated, last whorl
not protracted, acutely carinated at the base ; aperture oblong-
rotundate, effuse at the base ; peristome thin, expanded, the
margins disunited.

'o'

acus, Pfeiff. pusilla, C. B. Adams.

denticulata, Pfeiff. similis, C. B. Adams.

Dunkeriana, Pfeiff. tenella, C. B. Adams.

elatior, C. B. Adams. torquata, Morel.

Gossei, Pfeiff. tricolor, Pfeiff.

Lavalleana, DVrb. zebrina, Pfeiff.
princeps, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. diaphera, Albers.

Shell umbilicated, the umbilicus pervious as far as the apex,
cylindrical, apex obtuse, not truncated; whorls flattened, the
last obsoletely carinated at the base, greatly porrected; peri-
stome shortly expanded all round.

Cumin giana, Pfeiff.

Genus LEIA, Albers.

Shell rimate, sub-fusiform, very smooth, apex truncated,
last whorl obtusely carinated at the base ; aperture oblong ;
columella plicato-prominent ; peristome reflexed, the margins
contiguous.

Ex. L. Maugeri, Wood, pi. 7 G, fig. 8.

The species of Leia at present known are inhabitants of
the Islands of St. Thomas and Jamaica.

CLAUSILIA. 179

Species of Leia.
Blandiaua, Pfeiff. Maugeri, Wood.

Geuus CLAUSILIA, Draparnaud.

Shell fusiform, generally sinistrorsal ; aperture elliptic
or pyriform, always with two lamellae on the contracted
columellar margin, and closed with a clausium at the hottom.

Syn. Marpessa, Gray. Stomodonta, Mermet. Dyo-
donta, Hartm. Delima, Hartm.

Ex. C. nigricans, Pultncy, pi. 70, fig. 9. Shell, 0.
bidens, Lintuvus, fig. 9, a.

The species of this genus, which is characterised by the
peculiar calcareous appendage in the aperture, are very
numerous, and are inhabitants of Germany, Switzerland,
northern Italy, the Mediterranean Islands, China, Cochin-
China, and most temperate climates. We have followed
Mr. Charpentier in our arrangement of the species of this
extensive genus.

Species of Clausilia.

bidens, Mull. intermedia, Schmidt.

canescens, Parr. Kusteri, Eossm.

capillacea, Rossm. Macedonica, Rossm.

cerata, Rossm. marginata, Ziegl.

Coinensis, Shuttl. Meisneriana, Shuttl.

commutata, Rossm. Moussoni, Charp.

costata, Ziegl. orthostorna, Mke.

curta, Rossm. plurnbea, Rossm.

diodon, Stud. regalis, Parr.

fimbriata, Miihlf. Sandrii, Rust.

inserta, Porro. straminicollis, Parr.

180 PUPINiE.

succineata, Ziegl. varians, Ziegl.

Thomasiana, Charp. viridina, Ziegl.
turgida, Ziegl.

Sub-geu. idyla, H. and A. Adams.

Lunule distinct ; palatal plicse few or obsolete ; last whorl
with a single, large, sometimes double, basal crest, perompbalus
lunate, ample ; aperture more or less canaliculated.

bicolor, Pfeiff. laevicollis, Parr.

bicristata, Friv. Lampedosoe, Pfeiff.

Bourguignati, Charp. oleata, Rossm.

brunnea, Ziegl. Olympica, Friv.

carissima, Ziegl. pagana, Ziegl.

foveicollis, Parr. rugicollis, Ziegl.

fraudigera, Parr. splendens, Charp.

galeata, Parr. strangulata, Ferus.

gracilicosta, Ziegl. torticollis, Oliv.

Sub-gen. elta, H. and A. Adams.

Spiral lamella disjoined, often very distant ; peristome plicate.

biformis, Parr. plicata, Drap.

corpulenta, Friv. serrulata, Pfeiff.

mcesta, Ferus. Tbessalonica, Friv.

Sub-gen. papillifera, Hartmann.

Shell horny ; lunule perfect ; palatal plicae and spiral lamella
wanting.

candidescens, Ziegl. • proboscidea, Kiist.
leucostigma, Ziegl. rubicunda, Kiist.

papillaris, Midi. solida, Drap.

patula, Charp.

CLAUSILIA. 1S1

Sub-gen. alopia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell dextrorsal, rather thin, livid, more or less plicate;
lunule none ; palatal plicae many ; spiral lamella disjoined; last
whorl rounded at the base ; peristome continuous, slightly free.

Bielzii, Parr. pruinosa, Parr.

Lischkeana, Parr.

Sub-gen. herilla, H. and A. Adams.

Shell usually thin, smooth, shining, horny ; lunule more or
less perfect; spiral lamella disjoined ; lower palatal plicae strong
and conspicuous.

albocincta, Pfeiff. lamellata, Ziegl.

binotata, Ziegl. pellucida, Pfeiff.

Buschii, Kiist. platystoma, Kiist.

conspurcata, Jan. pluviatilis, Bens.

Dacica, Friv. septemplicata, Phil.

diminuta, Parr. stigmatica, Ziegl.

gibbula, Ziegl. Sturmii, Kiist.

Sub-gen. andr.ea, Hartmann (Rupicola, Hartm., not Fleur. de

Bellev.).

Shell slender; last whorl with the base compressed at the
rima into a distinct crest.

Bergeri, Mayer. rugosa, Drap.

Charpentieri, Kiist. Schmidti, Pfeiff.

circumdata, Friv. Stabilei, Charp.

dubia, Draji. Tettelbachiana, Eossm.

gracilis, C. Pfeiff. Villa?, Miihlf.

parvula, Stud. Whatelyana, Charji.
pumila, Ziegl .

vol. ii. n n

182

TUPIN.'R.

Sub-gen. delima, Hartmann.

Shell horny, shining, more or less pellucid, showing the
palatal plicae externally ; spiral lamella disjoined.

agnella, Parr.
albida, Parr.
Baldensis, Parr.
Biasolettiana, Charp.
bilabiata, Wagn.
blanda, Ziegl.
Braunii, Charp.
Cattaroensis, Ziegl.
costulata, Jan.
crassilabris, Kiist.
crenulata, Ziegl.
decipiens, Rossm.
Frayeri, Kiist.
fulcrata, Ziegl.
gastrolepta, Ziegl.
Leccoensis, Villa.
Ia3vissima, Ziegl.
microstoma, Kiist.
Montenegrina, Kiist.

opaca, Ziegl.
ornata, Ziegl.
pachygastris, Partsch.
pachyotoma, Kiist.
Paestana, Phil.
piceata, Ziegl.
planicollis, Parr.
planilabris, Rossm.
robusta, Kiist.
satura, Ziegl.
semirugata, Ziegl.
Sirkii, Parr.
Stentzii, Rossm.
subcristata, Kiist.
subcylindrica, Ziegl.
vibex, Rossm.
Vidovichii, Kutsch.
Ziegleri, Kiist.

Sub gen. alinda, H. and A. Adams (Tphigenia, Grag, not

Sclmm.).

Lunule perfect; spiral lamella disjoined; palatal plicae nume-
rous ; last whorl compressed at the rima into a crest ; aperture
distinctly canaliculated at the base.

biplicata, Mont.
fallax, Rossm.
Isabellina, Pfeiff.
Schvverzenbachii, Parr.

socialis, Friv.
stabilis, Ziegl.
vetusta, Ziegl.

» LAl'SILIA.

IN'J

Sub-gen. pltcaphora, Hartmann.

Shell distinctly striated, rather solid, opaque, rufous ; last
whorl rounded near the base behind the aperture ; suture desti-
tute of papilla) ; spiral lamina conjoined.

badia, Ziegl.
densestriata, Ziegl.
elata, Ziegl.
hetsera, Friv.
interrupta, Ziegl.
lineolata, Held.
obscura, Parr.

plicatula, Drap.
Sieboldti, Pfeiff.
simplex, Ziegl.
Somchetica, Hohen.
ventricosa, Drop.
ventriculosa, Ziegl.

Sub-gen. medora, H. and A. Adams.

Shell whitish or bluish, cretaceous; lunule more or less per-
fect ; peristome continuous, free, sometimes shortly protracted.

agnata, Partsch.
Albersi, Charp.
albescens, Mke.
Almissana, Kiist.
Anatolica, Roth.
aquila, Parr.
avia, Pan:
bigibbosa, Charp.
Boissieri, Charp.
Byzantina, Pan.
caerulea, Fern*.
Candida, Pfeiff.
Cantrainei, Desh.
cinerascens, Kiist.
cinerea, Phil.
contaminata, Ziegl.
corrugata, Chem.
Crcteusis, Miihlf.

Dalmatina, Partsch.
discolor, Pfeiff.
eremita, Parr.
Forbesiana, Pfeiff.
Grayaua, Pfeiff.
grisea, Desh.
Grohmanniana, Partsch
Hellenica, Kiist,
inilata, Oliv.
inspersa, Parr.
Janii, Kiist.
Kutschigii, Kiist.
lactca, Ziegl.
Lesinensis, Kutsch.
Liebetruti, ( 'harp.
Macarana, Ziegl.
maculosa, Desh.
Milleri. Pfeiff

184

I'UPINiE.

modesta, Ziegl.
munda, Ziegl.
obliqua, Miihlf.
Olivieri, RotJi.
oscitans, Ferus.
petrosa, Parr.
profuga, Charp.
punctulata, Kiist.

saxatilis, Parr.
Schuchii, Voith.
scopulosa, Parr.
senilis, Ziegl.
Spratti, Pfr.
Syracusana, Phil.
teres, Oliv.
Voithii, Rossm.

Sub-gen. agathylla, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ribbed, asby or pruinose ; lunule none, or imperfect ;
spiral lamina disjoined ; palatal plicre generally two, rarely one,
sometimes three or many.

abrupta, Kiist.
aculus, Bens.
armata, Kutsch.
crispa, Lowe.
deltostoma, Lowe.
exarata, Ziegl.
exigua, Lowe.

filograna, Ziegl.
formosa, Ziegl.
irregularis, Ziegl.
Lowei, Albers.
retusa, Oliv.
strigillata, Miihlf.
sulcosa, Miihlf.

Sub-gen. piledtjsa, H. and A. Adams.

Shell smooth, more or less solid, yellowish or rufo-corneous ;
lunule none, or very rarely, obsolete ; spiral lamella usually dis-
joined ; last whorl appressed, rounded at the base ; peristome
continuous, free.

Cochinchinensis, Pfeiff.
cornea, Phil.
corticina, V. d. Busch.
Cumingiana, Pfeiff.
cyliudrica, Gray.
Heldii, Kiist.
Javana, Pfeiff.

Junghunii, Phil.
loxostoma, Bens.
Moritzii, Mouss.
orientalis, V. d. Busch.
Philippiana, Pfeiff.
valida, Pfeiff.

HELlCINiE. 185

Sub-gen. nenia, II. and A. Adams.

Shell ribbed or striated ; lunule none ; palatal plica single,
superior; spiral lamella continuous; last whorl protracted,
rounded at the base; peristome continuous, reflexed.

epistomium. Kiist. tridens, Chem.

Sub-gen. mentissa, H. and A. Adams.

Shell more or less smooth, not ribbed, horny ; lunule obsolete;
last whorl with a single basal crest.

acridula, Ziegl. Duboisi, Charp.

canalifera, Rossm. strumosa, Friv.

detersa, Ziegl subtilis, Parr.

Sub-fam. HELICIN^E.

Shell globular or convex ; spire short, the last whorl
much larger than the others, composing nearly all the shell ;
umbilicus covered or open ; aperture regular, semilunar,
generally without teeth ; peristome thickened or reflected.

Genus STREPTAXIS, Gray.

Shell urnbilicated, irregular, globosely depressed, base
shining, polished, convex, striated above, the last whorl
suddenly enlarged and receding in its axis from those
above ; aperture edentulate, or toothed ; peristome expanded,
reflexed.

&yn. Artemon, Beck.

Ex. S. contusa, Ferussuc, pi. 77, fig. 1. Shell S. con-
tusa, fig. 1, a.

1S6

HELICIN^;.

According to Gould the oral tentacles in this genus are
forked or bifid ; the shell in young individuals is regular,
but when adult the last whorl is pressed towards the side
next the mouth, bending the axis out of the straight line,
and producing an obliquity in the form of the whorls.
Some of the species come from Western Africa, Liberia, and
the Guinea coast ; others are from Brazil, Cochin China,
and the East Indies.

Sjiecies of Streptaxis.

aberrata, Soul.
albida, Pfeiff.
alveus, Dkr.
Candeana, Petit.
Candida, Spice.
Cingalensis, Be)is.
comboides, D'Orb.
contusa, Ferns.
cryptodon, Moric.
Cumingiana, Pfeiff.
deformis, Ferns.
dejecta, Petit.
deplanata, Pfeiff.
discus, Pfeiff.
distorta, Jonas.
Dunkeri, Jonas.
Funcki, Pfeiff.

glabra, Pfeiff.
Layardiana, Bens.
Maugerse, Gray.
nobilis, Gray.
ovata, Pfeiff.
Peroteti, Petit.
Petitii, Gould.
pro-strata, Gould.
pyriformis, Pfeiff.
Reclusiana, Petit.
rimata, Pfeiff.
Souleyetiana, Petit.
streptodon, Moric.
subregularis, Pfeiff.
Troberti, Petit.
uberiformis, Pfeiff.
Wagneri, Pfeiff.

Genus STYLODONTA, Cristofori and Jan.

Shell imperforate, above conoidal, globose at the base ;
whorls G — 7, regularly increasing, the last ventricose at the
base, equalling the spire; columella short, sub-oblique,
truncato-dentate ; aperture depressly lunar or rounded ;

STYLODONTA. L87

peristome tliin, expanded above, reflexed at the base, mar-
gins joined by ;i very thin callus.

Syn. Oolumplica, Mouss. Pachya, Aiders.

E.v. S. unidentata, Chemnitz, pi. 77, fig. 2.

S. unidentata, S. cepoides, and -6?. Studeriana arc the
only species of this genus, as properly restricted, and are
from the Seychelles and the Philippines. Janira codo
nodes is from the Nicobar Islands, Erepta stylodon comes
from the Isle of France, and the other species are from
India.

Species of Stylodonta.

cepoides, Lea. unidentata, Chem

Studeriana, Ferns.

Sub-gen. janira, Albers.

Shell umbilicate, globosely conoidal, last whorl constricted,
the base gibbous ; peristome thickened and reflexed, the coin
inellar margin with a dentiform protuberance, the external dilated
and sinuous.

codonodes, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. erepta, Albers.

Shell imperforate, rather depressed, solid, the last whorl sub-
angulated ; columella short, oblique, truncate, with a strong
tooth ; peristome simple, the basal margin somewhat thickened.

albidens, Bens. suffulta, Bens.

stylodon, Ferus.

188 IIELICINiE.

Genus HELIX, Linnaeus.

Shell imperforate, or with the umbilicus covered, more or
less globose ; whorls convex, the last large, ventricose, de-
flexed at the aperture ; aperture lunately orbicular ; peri-
stome patulous or reflexed, columellar margin dilated,
callous.

Syti. Pomatia, Beck. Cantareus, Risso. Lucena,
Hartm. Ccenatoria, Held. Cornucopia, Bom (monstro-
sity). Plebecula, Lowe.

Ex. H. pomatia, Linnmus, pi. 77, fig. 3. Shell, H.
pomatia, fig. 3, a.

The species of Helix, as properly restricted, appear to
have a wide geographical distribution, being found in
Europe, South and Central America, California, and China.
The species of Camcena inhabit southern Asia, the East
Indies, Birmah, China, and New Zealand ; the species of
Galaxias are widely distributed, some coming from the
Cape, some from Tranquebar and Bengal, some from North
Australia, and one from Europe.

Species of Helix.

aspersa, Midi. ligata, Mull.

Buffoniana, Pfeiff. lucorum, Linn.

crispata, Ferns. lutescens, Ziegl.

eximia, Pfeiff. Mazzueli, Jan.

figulina, Parr. nielanostoma, Drop.

grisea, Linn. nitidiuscula, Sow.

Gussoneaua, Shuttl. pomatia, Linn.

helvacea, Phil. punctulata, Sow.

Humboldtiana, Valenc. subplicata, Sow

BELIX. 189

Taurica, Kryn. tristis, Pfeiff.

terrestris, Forsk. vulgaris, Ziegl.

Tescorum, Bens.

Sub-gen. galaxias, Beck.

Shell umbilicate, sub-globose; whorls convex, the last ventri-
cose, descending at the aperture; aperture generally shining
within ; peristome thick, expanded, reflexed, rarely simple, ob-
tuse, the margins approximated, often joined by a callus, the
columella!* dilated, reflexed, somewhat covering the umbilicus.

argillacea, Ferns. platychela, Pfeiff.

globulus, Miill. pomum, Pfeiff.

Kraussi, Pfeiff. semirugata, Bee},-.

lucana, Miill. Tranquebarica, Fabr.
pelodes, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. caslena, Albers.

Shell umbilicated, turbinately or globosely depressed ; spire
somewhat elevated, obtuse, last whorl anteriorly slightly deflexed,
often angulated, convex at the base, compressed near the um-
bilicus ; peristome thin, or rather thickened, expanded, the mar-
gins contiguous, the basal dilated, reflexed.

asperella, Pfeiff. germana, Reeve.

Batanica, Adams and Reeve. mercatoria, Gray.

bipartita, Pfeiff. Merguiensis, Phil.

caliginosa, Adams and Reeve. quesita, Desh.

Cecillei, Pfeiff. Taranaki, Gray.
cicatrosa, Miill.

VOL. ii.

190 HELICINJK.

Genus eurycratera, Beck.

Shell umbilieate or imperforate, thin, vesical, or obliquely
ovate; whorls very rapidly increasing, the last large, in-
flated; aperture ample, oblique, lunately oblong; peristome
simple or somewhat thickened, the margins joiued by a
generally thin callus, the columellar dilated and reflexed.

Syn. Helicophanta, Beck, not Fetus.

Ex. E. cornu-gigauteum, Chemnitz, pi. 77, fig- 4.

The species of Eurycratera, as restricted, are natives
of Madagascar and Southern Africa, Australia, and New
Holland. Leiostoma is an inhabitant of Jamaica, and the
geographical distribution of Polymita is among the West *
Indies, viz. Cuba, Portorico, and St. Thomas.

Species of Eurycratera.

ampulla, Bens. Goudotiana, Ferns.

cornu-gigauteum, Cliem. Maconelli, Beeve.

ecbinophora, Ferus. magnifica, Ferns.

Falconari, Beeve. oviformis, Gratel.

Sub-gen. leiostoma, Swainson (Leiocheila, Albers).

Shell imperforate, sub-globose, solid; spire short, obtuse, last
whorl rapidly intumescent ; aperture wide ; columella arcuated,
widely callous ; peristome thickened, expanded or patulous ;
apertural paries covered with a shining callus.

Jamaieensis, Chem.

HELICOSTYLA. 191

Sub-gen. polymita, Beck (Plnedra, Alters).

Shell imperforate or perforate, globose, shining ; spire short,
last whorl large, defiexed at the aperture ; aperture contracted ;
columella dilated at the base ; peristome simple, obtuse, inter-
nally labiate, the margins joined by a callus ascending on the
columella.

gallopavonis, Yalenc. tenuistriata, Dkr.

gilva, Ferns. 1'roscheli, Pfeiff.

muscarum, Lea. varians, Mke.

nemoralina, Petit. versicolor, Bom.
picta, Born.

Genus HELICOSTYLA, Ferussac.

Shell imperforate, globose-conical, often covered with a
deciduous, hydrophanous epidermis ; spire elevated, apex
very obtuse, whorls 4 — 8 ; columella solid, arcuately ascend-
ing from the broad callous base; aperture ovately lunar,
nearly longitudinal, margins equal ; peristome expanded,
rarely, shortly reflexed.

Syn. Orustia, March.

Ex. H. undulata, Ferussac, pi. 77, fig. 5. Shell, H.
mirabilis, Ferussac, fig. 5, a.

The whole of the species are from the woods in the inte-
rior of the islands of the Phillippine Archipelago.

Species of Helieostyla.

annulata, Sow. Butleri, Pfeiff.

balteata, Sou-. collodes, Sow.

Bruguieriana, Pfeiff, dim era, .Tonus.

Buschi, Pfeiff. fenestrata, Sow.

192

HELICIJM5.

florida, Sow.
fulgens, Sow.
hydrophana, Sow.
ignobilis, Sow.
Iloconensis, Soiv.
intiucta, Gould.
Jonasi, Pfeiff.
mirabilis, Ferns.

monticula, Soiv.
orbitula, Sow.
polychroa, Sow.
Koissyana, Ferns.
spherica, Sow.
spherion, Sow.
tenera, Sow.
tepbrodes, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. callicochlias, Agassiz (Calocochlea, Hartm.).

Shell generally covered with a deciduous, hydrophanous epi-
dermis, imperforate, very rarely umbilicated, globosely de-
pressed ; whorls rather flat towards the apex, the last inflated ;
columella often intrant, dilated, oblique ; peristome widely ex-
panded, thickened, shortly reflexed.

aurata, Sow.
Cailliaudi, Desk.
chlorochroa, Soiv.
chrysocheila, Soiv.
cornu-militare, Linn.
cretata, Brod.
cromyodes, Pfeiff.
cryptica, Brod.
decipiens, Sow.
dubiosa, Pfeiff.
extensa, Mull.
Fraseri, Gray.
Harfordii, Brod.
Incei, Pfeiff.
intaminata, Gould.
intorta, Sow.
latitans, Brod.

lignaria, Pfeiff.
Luzonica, Sow.
matruelis, Sow.
melanocheila, Valenc.
Mindanaensis, Sow.
monochroa, Sow.
Norrisii, Sow.
Pan, Brod.
plurizonata, Adams and

Reeve.
pulcherrima, Sow.
semirufa, Albers.
speciosa, Jay.
undulata, Ferus.
zonifera, Sow.
zonulata, Ferus.

Sub-gen. corasia, Albers.

Shell imperforate, depressed, conic, thin, diaphanous, flat-
tened above, inflated at the base, last whorl often angulated or

HBLICOSTYLA. 193

keeled ; columella intrant, sloping angulately, united to the

basal margin ; peristome simple, thin, slightly marginate, the
margins expanded.

Albaiensis, Sow. papyracea, Brod.

Broderipi, Pfeiff. puella, Broil.

conformis, Fcrus. regina, Brod.

cryptoportica, Gould. retusa, Pfeiff.

Dryope, Brod. Tayloriana, Adams and

excentrica, Pfeiff. Reeve.

filaris, Yalenc. Tongana, Quoy.

Leytensis, Pfeiff. Valenciennesii, Eyd.

Nais, Pfeiff. virgo, Brod.
nasuta, Metcalfe.

Sub-gen. axina, Albers.

Shell imperforate, covered with a deciduous, hydrophanous
epidermis, depressed or sub-trochiform ; whorls flat ; columella
short, callous, oblique ; peristome marginate, expanded above,
reflexed at the base.

carbonaria, Soir. inversicolor, Ferus.

Cumingi, Pfeiff. Siquijorensis, Brod.

Guillarmodii, Shuttl. Zebuensis, Brod.

Sub-gen. chlor.ea, Albers.

Shell shining, imperforate, flattened, globosely depressed or
lenticular ; whorls flattened, the last angulated or carinated, de-
scending at the aperture ; peristome acute, more or less ex-
panded, the margins contiguous, the basal reflexed, adpressed.

amcena, Pfeiff. fibula, Brod.

constricta, Pfeiff'. Gmeliniana, Pfeiff.

curvilabrum. Adams and Hanleyi, Pfeiff.

Peeve. Hiigeli, Pfeiff.

194 HELICIiY.E.

paradoxa, Pj'eiff. Thersites, Broil.

serena, Beck. tropidophora, Adams and

Reeve.

Sub-gen. oxtchona, Morch.

Shell imperforate, trochiform, the last whorl angulated or
carinated, base flattened ; aperture quadrangular ; peristome
simple, acute, the columellar margin straight, dilated, the outer
infiexed in the middle.

bifasciata, Burrow. Steursiana, Shuttl.

Cleryi, Petit.

Genus acavus, Montfort.

Shell imperforate, obliquely ovato-globose ; whorls ra-
pidly increasing, the last ventrorsal ; aperture protracted,
very oblique, oblong; columella horizontal, wide, adnate by
an excavated callus to the basal margin ; peristome thick,
widely reflexed, the margins united by a diffuse, shining
callus.

Syn. Hemitrochus, Swainson.

E.v. A. nemoralis, Linnceus, pi. 77, fig. G. Shell, A.
heemastoma, Linnaus, fig. 0, a.

Acavus, as restricted, is from Nicobar and the Island of
Ceylon ; the species of Tachea are chiefly European ; the
only species of Phasis is from the Cape of Good Hope ;
and Geotrochus is from Amboina, New Guinea, and the
Philippines.

ACAVUS.

L95

Species of Acavus.

hannastoma, Linn.
melanotragus, Born.
phoenix, Pfeiff.

ponderosus, Pfeiff.
superbus, Pfeiff.
Waltoui, Ret ve.

Sub-gen. tachea, Leach (Archelix, Albers. Cepsea, Held.).

Shell imperforate, or with the umbilicus covered, globose or
depressly globose ; upper whorls flattened, the last convex and
somewhat tumid, deflexed at the aperture; peristome reflexed,
labiate, the columellar margin constricted, callous, often gibbous.

alabastrites, Mich.
Arabicus, Terr.
atrolabiatus, Kri/n.
Codringtoni, Gray.
Constantinus, Forbes.
decorus, Adams and Peeve.
Dupotetianus, Terv.
Ehrenbergi, Bath.
Estella, DVrb.
globularis, Ziegl.
hieroglyphiculus, Mich.
hortensis, Miill.
Juilleti, Terv.

lacteus, Miill.
Massylse, Man!.
nemoralis, Linn.
Puuicus, Morel.
Raspaillii, Payr.
senilis, Morel.
signatus, Fetus.
splendidus, Drap.
sylvaticus, Drop.
vermiculatus, MUU.
Vindobonensis, C. Pfeiff.
xanthodon, Anton.

Sub-gen. phasis, Albers.

Shell umbilicated, thin, depressed; spire slightly elevated,
base convex, whorls rapidly increasing ; peristome simple, acute,
columellar margin dilated, reflexed.

Menkeanus, Pfeiff.

196

HELICINiE.

Sub-gen. geotrochus, Van Hasselt.

Shell imperforate, or with the umbilicus covered, trochiform
or conoidal, last whorl keeled or angulated ; aperture very ob-
lique, angulated ; peristome simple, the upper margin expanded,
rarely, reflexed, the basal dilated and reflexed.

antiquatus, Adams and

Reeve.
euchroes, Pfeiff.
Ferussaci, Less.
labium, Ferus.
lentus, Pfeiff.

lituus, Less.
lonchostoma, Mke.
Macgillivrayi, Forbes.
pileiformis, Moric.
pileolus, Ferus.
pileus, Miill.

Genus COCHLEA, Adanson.

Shell imperforate, or, very rarely, sub-perforate, depressly
globose, rugulosely marked ; whorls 4 — 5, the last ante-
riorly deflexed ; aperture very oblique, lunately oval ; peri-
stome thickened, the margins parallel or approximate, often
joined by a callus, the superior expanded, the basal rather
straight, dilated and tuberculated.

Syn. Mycena, Albers. Otala, Beck, not Schum. He-
micycla, Swains. Leptaxis, Lowe.

Ex. C. Adansonii, Webb and Berthelot, pi. 77, fig. 7.

The Canary Islands, Teneriffe, the West Indies, and the
West Coast of Africa, are the countries inhabited by this
group.

Species of Cochlea.

Adansonii, Webb and Berth.
advena, Webb and Berth.
consobrina, Ferns.
Desfontanea, Morel.

iiuctuosa, Lowe.
furva, Lowe.
Gaudryi, IX Orb.
malleata, Ferns.

COCHLEA. ] 97

membranacea, Low*. sarcostoma, Webb and Berth.

modesta, Ferns. Saulcyi, D'Orb.

nivosa, Sow. simia, Fer.

plectilis, Bern. undata, Lowe.

plicaria, Lam. vulcania, Lowe.
Porto-Sanctana, Sow.

Sub-gen. otala, Schumacher (Thelidomus, Swains. Pachystoraa,

Albers).

Shell imperforate, very rarely narrowly umbilicatecl, solid,
depressly-globose ; spire short, obtuse, last whorl protracted at
the aperture, gibbous, deflexed, often obtusely angulated ; aper-
ture narrow, irregularly lunar ; peristome thickened, the margins
joined by a callus, the basal often denticulate or acutely callous.

angustata, Ferns. lima, Ferns.

aspera, Ferus. orbiculata, Ferus.

auricoma, Ferus. Petitiana, D'Orb.

Bonplandi, Lam. Poeyi, Petit.

caelatura, Ferus. Sagraiana, D'Orb.

crassilabris, Pfeiff. sobrina, Ferns.

discolor, Ferus. Spengleriana, Pfeiff.

incerta, Ferus. supertexta, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. parthena, Albers.

Shell imperforate, thin, depressed or globosely-depressed, last
whorl ventricosely convex at the base ; aperture large ; columella
vertical, intrant; peristome simple, acute.

angulata, Ferus. Natalensis, Pfeiff.

irradiata, Gould. tenerrima, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. dialeuca, Albers.

Shell imperforate, depressly turbinate, flattened at the base,
last whorl obtusely angulated ; columella intrant, very oblique,

VOL. II. D D

198 heliciNjE.

dilated and flattened above; peristome simple, acute, shortly
expanded.

nemoraloides, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. cokyda, Albers.

Shell imperforate, depressly or conically globose ; whorls con-
vex, the last anteriorly deflexed, excavated at the base about the
columella; peristome internally somewhat thickened, the co-
lumellar margin dilated, reflexed, appressed.

alauda, Ferus. pudibunda, Beck.

avellana, Ferus. strobilus, Ferus.

indistincta, Ferus. Troscheli, Pfeiff.

Genus ANOSTOMA, Fischer.

Shell orbiculate ; spire convex, obtuse ; aperture turned
upwards, toothed.

Si/n. Tomogeres, Montf. Angystoma, 8 chum.

Ex. A. ringens, Limuvus, pi. 77, fig. 8.

The great peculiarity of Anostoma is the fact of the last
whorl taking a sudden turn and bending the aperture up-
wards, so as to present it on the same plane; the animal
must walk with the spire of the shell downwards resting on
its foot. There are about three species known, found only
in Brazil.

carinatum, Pfeiff. ringens, Linn.

globulosum, Lam.

Genus LUCERNA, Humphrey.

Shell depressly lenticular, or orbiculately conoidal, umbi-
licus covered or imperforate ; whorls flattened, the last keeled

LUCERNA. 1 99

or obtusely angulated ; aperture oblique, nearly horizontal,
elliptic ; peristome thickened, the margins joined by a callus,
the basal dilated, refiexed, internally dentate, externally deeply
scrobiculate.

St/ /i. Plcurodonta, Fischer. Caprinus, Montf. Cepolis,
Montf. Lucernella, Swains.

Ex. L. acuta, Lamarck, pi. 77, fig. 9. Shell, L. acuta,
fig. 9, a.

The species of this group, as restricted, are chiefly inha-
bitants of Jamaica, Martinique, and Guadaloupe. The
species of Serpentulus chiefly inhabit the West-Indian
Islands; S. lampas is from Haiti; the sub-genus Obba is
principally from the Philippines and the Moluccas; Dentel-
laria is from Guadaloupe and Martinique ; the species of
Labyrinthus are from South America and the West Indies;
and the species of Isomeria are from New Grenada. The
group Semicoma, or Chloritis is from Papua and Java; and
the species of Erigone are from the Philippines.

Species of Litcerna.

acuta, Lam. ingens, C. B. Adams.

acutissirna, Desh. invalida, G. B. Adams.

anomala, Pfeiff. Juno, Pfeiff.

Bainbridgei, Pfeiff. lucerna, Midi.

Bourcieri, Pfeiff. lychnuchus, Mull.

calomorpha, Jonas. Marti niana, Pfeiff.

candescens, C. B. Adams. nobilis, C B. Adams.

cara, C. B. Adams. Okeniana, Pfeiff.

carraelita, Ferus. patina, C. B. Adams.

cepa, Midi. peracutissiina, C. B. Adams.

Chemnitziana, Pfeiff. perplexa, Ferus.

cymatodes, Pfeiff. picturata, C. B. Adams.

fortis, C. B. Adams. propenuda, C. B. Adams.

fuscolabris, C. B. Adams. Schroeteriana, Pfeiff,

200 IIELICINiE.

Simson, Pfciff. strangulata, C. B. Adams.

sinuata, Mull. tridentata, Ferus.

soror, Ferus. valida, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. labtrinthus, Beck (Lyrostoma, Swains.).

Shell orbicular, depressed, convex on both sides, last whorl
carinated, deflexed at the aperture, scrobiculate externally; aper-
ture auriform, ringent; peristome continuous, free, the margins
united as far as the umbilicus by an intermediate, cord-like
callus, which emits a descending lamina, in the middle, to the
inner lip.

annulifera, Pfeiff. leucodon, Pfeiff.

auriculina, Petit. otostoma, Pfeiff.

bifurcata, Desk. plicata, Bom.

Dunkeri, Pfeiff. quadridentata, Brod.

isodon, Pfeiff. Tamsiana, Dlcr.

labyrinthus, Chem. uncigera, Petit.
Leprieurii, Petit.

Sub-gen. isomerta, Albers.

Shell with the last whorl constricted at the umbilicus ; peri-
stome widely expanded ; aperture with two acute teeth, one on
the middle of the peristome, the other on the inner lip.

atrata, Pfeiff. Oreas, Koch.

faunus, Phil.

Sub-gen. dentellaria, Schumacher (Lucidula, Swains.).

Shell imperforate, very rarely umbilicated, solid, globose or
conically globose, last whorl anteriorly deflexed, often angu-
lated; aperture coai'ctate, often ringent ; peristome thick, ex-
panded, the margins variously dentate or tuberculose.

auridens, Rang. badia, Ferus.

LUCERNA. 201

denticns, Virus. nucleola, Hang,

formosa, Ferns. obesa, Beck.

Glasiana, Shuttl. pachygastra, Gray.

Isabella, Ferus. parilis, Ferns.

Josephina, Ferus. pseudoparilis, Grat.

monodonta, Lea. punctata, Born.
nigrescens, Wood.

Sub-gen. serpentulus, Klein (Lampadion, Bolten. Caracolus,
Montf. Caracolla, Sell nut. Discodoma, Strains.).

Shell solid, orbiculately depressed, carinate, flattened at the
base, widely umbilicated, or with the umbilicus somewhat co-
vered, last whorl a little deflexed ; aperture sub-angulated ; peri-
stome thick, the columella reflexed at the umbilicus.

angistoma, Ferus. Mina, Pfeiff.

Bornii, Chem. ■ pyrostoma, Ferus.

caracolla, Linn. Richmondiana, Pfeiff.

excellens, Pfeiff. rostrata, Pfeiff.

gulosa, Gould. sagemon, Beck.

lampas, Mull. sarchocheila, Mdrch.
Linnoeana, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. obba, Beck (Planispira, Beck. Pusiodon, Swains.
Philina, Albers. Gallina, Hartm.).

Shell lenticular, or orbiculately depressed, usually umbilicated ;
peristome reflexed, the margins often confluent as far as the
umbilicus, the basal often furnished in the middle with a denti-
form tubercle.

bituberculata, Pfeiff. exceptiuncula, Ferus.

bizonia, Ferus. gallinula, Pfeiff.

brevidens, Sow. Grayana, Pfeiff.

coluber, Beck. Hartwegi, Pfeiff.

columbaria, Sow. Lasallii, Eyd.

Duclosiana, Ferns. Listeri, Gray

202 helicinje.

marginata, Mull. rota, Brod.

Moricandi, Sow. scrobiculata, Pfeiff.

parmula, Brod. zebra, Pfeiff.

planulata, Lam. zonalis, Ferus.

quadrifasciata, Le Guillou. zonaria, Linn.
Reeveana, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. semicornu, Klein (Chloritis, Beck).

Shell rather solid, perspectively umbilicated, depressly globose,
concave on both sides ; spire involute, the last whorl tapering,
descending anteriorly ; peristome somewhat thickened, the right
margin expanded, the basal rather reflexed.

circumdata, Ferus. unguicula, Ferus.

Gruneri, Pfeiff. ungulina, Linn.

Sub-gen. erigone, Albers.

Shell widely umbilicated, depressly globose, thin, diaphanous ;
spire flat, last whorl ventricose ; peristome widely expanded,
the margins united, the columellar dilated, patent.

discordialis, Ferus. quieta, Reeve.

Genus MACROCYCLIS, Beck.

Shell thin, widely umbilicated, depressed ; whorls rapidly
increasing, the last inflated at the aperture and deflexed ;
aperture roundly oval ; peristome simple, thin, the margins
approximated, the basal shortly reflexed.

Ex. M. pulchella, Miiller, pi. 78, fig. 1. Shell. M.
laxata, Ferussac, fig. 1, a.

The species of Macrocyclis, as restricted, are from Chiloe,
V aldivia, and Australia ; while those of the sub-genus Ampe-

MACROCYCLIS. 20:}

lita are mostly from Madagascar; those of Lysino'e are from
Mexico and Central America ; and the minute shells form-
ing the group Vallonia are found under stones and loose
earth in Europe and the United States of America.

Species of Macrocyclis.

Banksii, Cuming. Forbesii, Pfeiff.

Cuuiughami, Gray. laxata, Ferns.

Sub-gen. ampelita, Beck.

Shell widely umbilicated, thin, depressed, last whorl protracted,
anteriorly deflexed, passing angulately into the large umbilicus
at the base ; peristome reflexed, the margins contiguous, united
by a callus.

Atropos, Ferns. laux, Ferns.

Clotho, Ferus. Madagascariensis, Lam.

concisa, Ferns. omphalodes, Pfeiff.

consanguinea, Ferus. sepulchralis, Ferus.

galactostoma, Pfeiff. sulcosa, Pfeiff.

granulosa, Ferus. unicolor, Pfeiff.

Lachesis, Ferus. Xystera, Valenc.

laucula, Ferus. zodiaca, Ferus.

Sub-gen. lysinoe, H. and A. Adams (Aglaia, AVbers, not

Renieri).

Shell umbilicated, orbiculately convex, pilose, last whorl com-
pressed about the umbilicus ; aperture lunately rotund ; peri-
stome expanded, shortly reflexed, the margins contiguous, the
columellar dilated.

Ghiesbreghtii, Nyst. Hogoleuensis, Le ChiiUou.

204 helicinje.

Sub-gen. eurvstoma, Albers.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressly globose, calcareous, last
whorl convex at the base, deflexed ; peristome labiate, broadly
expanded, the columellar margin straight, dilated, almost cover-
ing the umbilicus.

deflexa, Pfeiff. vittata, Mull.

fallaciosa, Ferus.

Sub-gen. vallonia, Pusso (Zurama, Leach. Amplexus, Brown,
not J. Sow. Circinaria, Beck. Corneola, Held. Chilo-
stoma, Fitz. Acrenellus, Agass. Glaphyra, Albers).

Shell umbilicated, rather depressed, diaphanous; aperture
oblique, sub-circular ; peristome white, labiate, reflexed.

annulata, Case. pygmsea, Say.

costata, Miill. Tuckeri, Pfeiff.

pulchella, Mull.

Genus SOLAROPSIS, Beck.

Shell umbilicated, orbiculately depressed, rather flat above,
convex below ; whorls regularly increasing, the last carinated
or obtusely angulated ; aperture lunar (in the keeled species
angulately lunar) ; peristome marginated, shortly reflexed,
columellar margin straight, dilated.

Syn. Solarium, Spix, not Lam. Helicella, Swains.,
not Lam. Ophiodermis, Agass.

Ex. S. pellis-serpentis, Chemnitz, pi. 78, fig. 2. Shell,
S. pellis-serpentis, fig. 2, a.

The species of this genus are from tropical America, some
from the north and some from the south of the equator;

ANCHISTOMA. 205

S. pellis-serpentis inhabits Guiana and Cayenne; 8. lira
siliana and 8. Moricandi, Brazil ; 8. serpens, Bolivia; and
8. heliacea is found in Corrientes.

Species of Solaropsis.

Brasiliana, Desk. pellis-serpentis, Chem.

heliacea, D'Orb. serpens, Martyn.

Moricandi, Beck.

Genus ANCHISTOMA, Klein.

Shell orhiculately depressed, the umbilicus open or
covered ; whorls 5—7, the last deflexed at the aperture, often
gibbous ; aperture contracted, lunate, sub -triangular ; peri-
stome reflexed, usually dentate; inner lip with a linguiform
or tooth-like callus, often uniting the margins.

Syn. Stenotrema, Rqfin. Xylotrema, Rajin. Ulo-
stoma, Aiders. Triodopsis, Rajin. Dsedalochila, Beck.
Isognomostoma, Fitz. Plicostoma, Schli/f.

Ex. S. thyroides, Sat/, pi. 78, fig. 3. Shell, S. con-
vexum, Rajinesque, fig. 3, a.

The species of this group are principally American and
European, being found in the United States of North
America, Portugal, Greece, Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
Florida, Pensylvania, and Indiana. The remarkable form,
Drejmnostoma of Porro, which comprises but a single known
species, is found in North Lombardy, where it lives under
stones and leaves. The species of Polygyratia are from the
forests of Brazil, and those of Con //a inhabit the East
Indies, Birmah, and Ceylon.

VOL. II. ,, K

200

HELICINiE.

Species of Anchistoma.

Ariadnse, Pfeiff.
auriculatuni, Say.
avarum, Say.
cereolum, Mtihlf.
cheilostropha, D'Orb.
clausum, Rqfin.
convexum, Fuifin.
Couloni, Shuttl.
dentiferum, Binn.
Dorfeuilleanum, Lea.
Edgarianum, Lea.
fallax, Say.
fraternum, Say.
germauutn, Gould.
heligmoideum, D'Orb.
Hindsi, Pfeif.
hippocrepis, Pfeiff.
hirsutum, Say.
Hopetonense, Shuttl.
Janeirense, Pfeiff.
labyrinthicum, Lea.
Lecontii, Lea.

loricatum, Gould.
major, Binn.
microdonta, Desk.
monodon, Mat. and Rack.
obstricturo, Say.
oppilatum, Morel.
palliatum, Say.
paludosum, Pfeiff.
personatum, Lam.
pustulatum, Ferus.
Roeineri, Pfeiff.
Rugeli, Shuttl.

Sayi, Binn.

spinosum, Lea.

Texasianurn, Moric.

tridentatum, Say.

Troostianuin, Lea.

uvuliferurn, Shuttl.

ventrosulum, Pfeiff.

volvoxis, Parr.

vultuosum, Gould.

Yucataneuru, Morel.

Sub-gen. mesodon, Rafinesque (Patera, Albers).

Shell depressly globose, umbilicate, or with the perforation
covered, thin, costulately striated, last whorl defiexed ; aperture
rotundately lunar; peristome wide, white, angulately reflexed,
sometimes marginate internally ; inner lip often with an ele-
vated callus.

albolabrum, Say.
appressum, Say.
Bethencourtianum, Shuttl.
Columbianum, Lea.

elevatum, Say.
labiosum, Gould.
Michelinianum, Lea.
multilineatum, Say.

AXCHISTOMA. 207

Pensylvanieum, Green. Zaleta, Say.

thyroides. Say.

Sub-gen. poltgyra, Say (Vortex, Beck. Gonostonia, Held., not
Bafin. Caracollina, Ehrenb. Euphcmia, Beck. Trigono-
stoma, Fitz., not Blainv.).

Shell umbilicated, arctispiral, depressly orbiculate or dis-
coidal ; aperture irregular, often dentate ; peristome labiate,
somewhat thickened, reflexed and generally sinuated, often
externally scrobiculate.

affictum, Ferns. infrendens, Gould.

angigyra, Ziegl. lens, Ferus.

barbula, Charp. lenticulum, Ferus,

l»ulbinum, Desk. Lusitanicum, Pfeiff.

canaliferum, Anton. obvolutum, Midi.

Corcyrense, Partsch. plectostoma, Bens.

diodonta, Middf. profundum, Say.

discobolus, Shuttl. Rangianum, Ferus.

fastigiatum, Say. septemvolva, Say.

gyria, Both. triarium, Friv.
holosericum, Stud.

Sub-gen. drepanostoma, Porro.

Shell perspectively umbilicated, orbiculate, strongly involute,
the last whorl involving the others, thus rendering them con-
spicuous in the umbilicus, so that the shell above appears as if
umbilicated,

nautiliforme, Porro.

Sub-gen. polygyratia, Gray (Ophiogyra, Albers).

Shell discoidal, flat above, concave at the base ; whorls very
widely spirally enrolled; peristome margined, shortly reflexed.

Charybdis, Ferus. polygyratum, Born.

208 HELICINiE.

Sub-gen. corilla, H. and A. Adams (Atopa, Alters, not

Fabr.).

Shell often sinistrorsal, widely umbilicated, discoidal, plane
above, convex at the base ; last whorl compressed at the side,
anteriorly defiexed ; peristome thickened, reflexed, the margins
joined by an elevated callus emitting a strong re-entering
lamina.

achatinum, Gray. refugum, Gould.

erroneum, Alters. Pdvolii, Desk.

Genus IBERUS, Montfort.

Shell usually depressly conoidal, umbilicus open or
covered ; whorls flattened, often exserted, the last with a
keel or an acute margin ; aperture lunate, angular, colu-
mellar margin callous, more or less reflexed, appressed.

Syn. Helicogena, Risso. Trochidea, Brown. Leuco-
chroa, Beck. Turricula, Beck. Anomalia, MiihJf. Obelus,
Hartm. Trochula, Schltit. Crenea, Albers. Tectula,
Lowe. Discula, Lowe.

Ex. I. Gualterianus, LinnceM, pi. 78, fig. 4. Shell, I.
Gaulterianus, fig. 4, a.

This extensive group is widely distributed, being found in
Spain, Sicily, Corsica, Malta, the Canary Islands, the
North Coast of Africa, Egypt, Syria, and Madeira. The
species of Macularia are from the south of Europe ;
Campylcea is almost entirely an European group, being found
in Spain, France, Savoy, Dalmatia, Illyria, and the Greek
Islands ; the species of Thea and JEyista are from Birmah,
China, Loo-Choo, Japan, and the Island of Luzon. The
only species of Hclicigona known is a native of the British
Islands.

IHERUS.

209

Species of Iberus.

arietinus, Rossm.
Bulwerii, Wood.
calliostoma, Adams

Reeve.
candidissimus, Drop.
cariosulus, Mich.
cariosus, Oliv.
Caroni, Desk.
orenimargo, Kryn.
Dehnei, Rossm
Depreauxii, D'Orb.
depressulus, Parr.
elatus, Faure-Biguet.
erythrostoma, Phil.
explanatus, Mull.
filiniargo, Ziegl,
Gualterianus, Linn.
illibatus, Parr.
Jeannotianus, Terv.
Ludovici, Albers.
maculosus, Born.
nummus, Ehrenb.
Othoanus, Forbes.

platychelus, Mfce.
polyrnorpha, Lowe.
and rotula, Lowe.

rugosus, Chem.
scabriusculus, Desk.
Schombrii, Scacchi.
Seetzeni, Koch.
Segestanus, Phil.
serrulatus, Beck.
Sicanus, F'erus.
sordulentus, Morel.
Spratti, Pfcijf.
Syrensis, Pfeiff.
tabellatus, Lowe.
tectiformis, Sow.
terrestris, Chem.
testudinalis, Lowe.
trochlea, Pfeiff.
trochoides, I'oir.
turnulorum, Webb and Berth.
turcica, Chem.
Wollastoni, Lowe.

Sub-gen. lampadia, Albers (Mitra, Albers, not Lam.).

Shell imperforate, thiu, depressed, suddenly convex; whorls
rapidly increasing, the last acutely keeled ; aperture ample, an-
gulately oval ; peristome thin, expanded, shortly reflexed, the
columella!' margin arcuated.

Webbianus, Lowe.

210 HELICINiE.

Sub-geu. maoularia, Albers.

Shell perforate or imperforate, globosely depressed ; whorls
rather convex, the last deflexed at the aperture ; peristome
acute, labiate, columellar margiu dilated, appressed.

acceptabilis, Charp. Minoricensis, Mittre.

Carsolianus, Ferus. muralis, Mull.

circuraomatus, Ferus. Nebrodensis, Mandr.

Grohmanni, Phil. Niciensis, Ferus.

Hispanicus, Partsch. Pacinianus, Phil.

Isileusis, Villa. scabriculus, Desh.

marmoratus, Ferus. serpentirms, Ferus.

Melitensis, Ferus. strigatus, Mull.

Sub-gen. helicigona, Risso (Chilotrema, Leach. Latomus, Fitz.

Lenticula, Held.).

Shell widely umbilicated, lenticular, acutely carinatecl, last
whorl deflexed at the aperture ; peristome marginated, the mar-
gins confluent, free.

lapicidus, Linn.

Sub-gen. camptl^ea, Beck (Cingulifera, Held.).

Shell widely umbilicated, planospiral, orbiculately depressed ;
whorls flattened, the last deflexed at the aperture ; peristome
labiate, more or less thickened, columellar margin dilated, often
reflexed at the base, rarely covering the umbilicus.

Alonensis, Ferus. campesinus, Esquer.

alpinus, Faure-Biguet. Carascalensis, Ferus.

Armeniacus, Pfeiff. cingulatus, Stud.

Audouini, D'Orh. corneus, Drap.

Banaticus, Partsch. cyclolabris, Desh.

cserulans, Muhlf. denudatus, Rossm.

[BERUS.

•211

desidens. Bang.
dilutus, Pfeiff.
Eichwaldi, Pfeiff.
electrinus, Gould.
faustinus, Ziegl
foetens, Stml.
Fontenillii, Mich.
frigid us, Jan.
glacialis, Thomas.
guttatus, Oliv.
Heldreichi, Shitttl.
hirtus, Mke.
Hispanus, Linn.
Hoffmanui, Partsch.
insolidus, Ziegl.
intermedins, Ferns.
Lefebvrianus, Ferus.
macrostoma, Miihlf.
Narzanensis, Friv.
Naxiauus, Ferus.
pauxillus, Gould.

Pouzolzi, Desh.
pratensis, Pfeiff.
Pyrenaicus, Drap.
Preslii, Ziegl.
Rossmassleri, Pfeiff.
Sadlerianus, Ziegl.
Schmidtii, Ziegl.
setipila, Ziegl.
setosus, Ziegl.
spirillus, Gould.
spiriplanus, Oliv.
sportella, Gould.
stenornphala, Mke.
strigatus, Mull.
strigosus, Gould.
tigrinus, Jan.
trigrammephora, D'Orb.
trizona, Ziegl.
Ziegleri, Schmidt.
Zinguletta, Ziegl.
zonatus, Stud.

Sub gen. arianta, Leach.

Shell perforate, depressly globose, thin, last whorl gradually
descending; peristome broadly labiate, the margins parallel, the
basal dilated at the umbilicus.

arbustorum, Linn.
Californiensis, Lea.
Dupetithouarsii, Desh.

fidelis, Gray.
semicastaneus, Pf\ iff.
Townsendianus, Lea.

Sub-gen. elona, H. and A. Adams (Sterna, Albcrs, not Linn.).

Shell thin, horny, widely umbilicated, discoidal, flat above ;
spire involute, apex immersed, last whorl inflated ; peristome

212 helicinjE.

internally labiate, angulately expanded, the margins wide apart,
the columellar slightly dilated.

Quiniperianus, Ferus.

Sub-gen. ^gista, Albers.

Shell widely and deeply umbilicated ; spire slightly elevated,
whorls gradually increasing, the last tapering ; peristome sub-
labiate, shortly reflexed.

Chinensis, Phil. oculus, Pfeiff.

eirculus, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. thea, Albers.

Shell umbilicate or perforate, lenticular or a little elevated,
filiformly keeled ; aperture securiform ; peristome thin and
rather expanded above, somewhat thickened and reflexed at
the base.

acuductus, Bens. Guerinii, Pfeiff.

anceps, Gould. Indicus, Pfeiff.

biangulatus, Pfeiff. retiferus, Pfeiff.

crinigerus, Bens. trichotropis, Pfeiff.
elegantissimus, Pfeiff.

Genus OCHTHEPHILA, Beck.

Shell umbilicated or perforate, trochiform or sub-discoidal,
rough with striae and granules ; whorls 4 — 8, the last keeled
or angulated, anteriorly suddenly deflexed ; aperture circular,
or binately sub - circular ; peristome continuous, very often
free, more or less thickened and sub -reflected, or with the
margins approximate and joined by a callus.

Syn. Heterostoma, Hartm. Geomitra, Swains. Coro-

OC'IITIIEPHILA.

13

naria, Loire. Placentula, Loire. Spirorbula, Lowe. Caseo-
lus, Lowe.

Ex. 0. bicarinata, Sowerby, pi. 78, fig. 5. Shell. 0.
bicarinata, fig. 5, a.

The species of this genus are from Madeira, the Islands of
Torto Saueto, Teneriffe, and the Canaries.

Species of Ochthephila.

abjecta, Loire.
bicarinata, Sow.
cbeirantbicola, Loire.
compar, Lowe.
coronata, Desk.
coronula, Loire.
dealbata, Loire.
ecbinulata, Loire.
fictilis, Loire.
latens, Loire.
leptosticta, Loire.

Maderensis, Wood.
micronrphala, Loire.
obtecta, Lowe.
oxytropis, Loire.
paupercula, Loire.
pyranris, Phil.
sphserula, Loire.
teeuiata, Webb and Berth.
tiarella, Webb and Berth.
turricula, Loire.

Sub-gen. actinella, Lowe (Riinula, Lowe, not Defr.).

Shell narrowly umbilicated or sub-perforate, globosely de-
pressed or orbicularly convex ; the last whorl angulately carinated,
scarcely descending in front ; aperture oblique ; peristome sim-
ple, callously plicate within, the margins more or less approxi-
mating, slightly refiexed at the base.

actinophora; Loire.
arcta, Loire.
arridens. Loire.
calva, Loire.
candisata, Menke.
oompacta, Lowe.

consors, Lowe.
fausta, Lowe.
Hartungi, Albers.
lentiginosa, Lowe.
obserata, Loire.

VOL. II.

1 v

214 heliciNjE.

Genus HYGROMIA, Risso.

Shell unibilicate or perforated, depressly globose, horny,
sometimes pilose ; whorls rather convex ; aperture widely
lunate or lunately rotund ; peristome acute, shortly expanded,
internally labiate, the basal margin reflexed.

Syn. Fruticicola, Held. Bradybsena, Beck. Eulota,
Hartm. Monacha, Fitz. Zenobia, Gray. Trichia,
Hartm. Helicella, Fitz., not Lam. Trochulus, Crist.
Hispidella, Lowe. Janulus, Lowe.

Ex. H. rufescens, Pennant, pi. 78, fig. 6. Shell, H.
cinctella, Draparnaud, fig. 6, a.

This group, centralised in Europe, has its representatives
in the temperate parts of the whole earth, in Brazil, Asia,
China, and the Antilles ; the islands of the Indian Ocean
also harbour species.

Species of Hygromia.

Arrnitageana, Lowe. diaphana, Lam.

Berlanderiaua, Moric. dichroa, Pfeiff.

Berytensis, Firm. filicina, Schmidt.

bifrons, Lowe. flavescens, Trosch.

Cantiana, Mont. flavida, Ziegl.

Carthusiana, Mull. fodiens, Pfeiff.

castor, Ferns. fruticola, Kryn.

cestus, Bens. fruticum, Midi.

ciliata, Venetz. fusiformis, Pfeiff.

cinctella, Drap. glabella, Drap.

consona, Ziegl. griseola, Pfeiff.

Coreanica, Adams and bispida, Linn.

Reeve. incarnata, Mull.

crassula, Phil. incboata, Morel.

depilata, C. Pfeiff. indistiucta, Ferns.

T1IEBA.

215

lanuginosa, Euissy.
limbata, Drap.
multistriata, Desk.

obstructa, Ferns.
occidentals, Reclitz.
< »livieri, Ferns.
Orsinii, Porro.
pallidula, Pfeiff.
Parlatoris, Die., jmi.
pellita, Fern*.
planorboides, Rafin.
plebcja, Drap.
Portoricensis, Pfeiff.
pyrrhozona, Pfeiff.
Ravergiensis, Ferns.

revelata, Ffrrus.
Rothi, Pfeiff.

nifescens, Pen it.
sericea, Drap.
sordida, Pfeiff.
stephanophora, Desk.
stigmatica, Pfeiff.
strigella, Drap.
Syriaca, Ehrenb.
Tourannensis, Soul.
umbrosa, Partsch.
vidua, Rossm.
villosa, Drap.
Winteriana, Pfeiff.

Genus THEBA, Risso.

Shell turbinate or globosely depressed, rarely, orbiculately
conical, calcareous, umbilicate or rimately perforate ; apex
sliiDing, horny, whorls gradually increasing ; aperture
lunately rotund or sub-circular ; peristome acute, internally
labiate.

Syn. Teba, Leach. Xerophila, Held. Oxychilus,
Fitz. Euparypha, Hartm. Helicopsis, Fitz. Cernuella,

Sell lilt.

Ex. T. virgata, Da Costa, pi. 78, fig. 7. Shell, T.
Pisaua, Mailer, fig. 7, a.

The species of this group inhabit Europe and Africa ; one,
however, is from Texas, and another from California.

Species of Theba.

areolata, Sow.
armillata, Lone.

Boissieri, Charp.
candicans, Ziegl.

216

HELICINiE.

Capensis, Pfeiff.
caperata, Drap.
cespitum, Drap.
cremnophila, Bolss.
Cretica, Ferus.
decorata, Pfeiff.
Durieui, Moq. Tand.
ericetorum, Mull.
gyrostoma, Ferus.
instabilis, Ziegl.
Kotschyi, Pfeiff.
Krynickii, Andr.
leinniscata, Webb and Berth.
maritinia, Drap.
Meda, Porro.
Michaudi, Desk.
myristica, Shuttl.
neglecta, Drap.

nivea, Ziegl.
obvia, Hartm.
parva, Parr.
pellucens, Shuttl.
Pisana, Mull.
Rozeti, Mich.
simulata, Ferus.
striata, Drap.
subclausa, Rossm.
subrnaritirna, Desm.
subrostrata, Ferus.
turbinata, Jan.
Umbicula, Shuttl.
ustulata, Lowe.
vestalis, Parr.
virgata, Da Costa.
virginalis, Jan.
ziczac, Gould.

Sub-gen. irus, Lowe.

Shell costulately striated, last whorl slightly deflexed ; peri-
stome continuous, a little expanded.

amanda, Ross7n.
apicina, Lam.
candidula, Stud.
canescens, Adams and

Peeve.
conspurcata, Drap.
contermina, Shuttl.
costulata, Ziegl.
cyparissias, Parr.
depauperata, Lowe.
Gigaxii, Charp.

laciniosa, Lowe.
lauta, Lowe.
lecta, Ferus.
lunulata, Kryn
protea, Ziegl.
pyramidata, Drap.
rugosiuscula, Mich.
squalida, Lowe.
Tarentina, Phil.
Terveri, Mich.
tumulus, Gould.

limacidjE. 217

Fam. LIMACLD.E.

Lingual teeth tricuspid, the marginal simple, aculeate.
Animal elongated, semi-cylindrical, body united to the foot.
Head retractile ; eye-pedicels moderate ; tentacles short,
club-shaped. Mantle shield-like, on the anterior and upper
portion of the body ; orifice of respiratory sac at the lower
part of mantle, on the right side. Excretory and reproduc-
tive apertures on the right side. Foot simple posteriorly.

Shell internal, rudimentary.

As shown by the researches of Mr. William Thompson,
the edge-teeth in this family have a long, projecting, single
apex, the crowns of the central teeth being tricuspid. The
Slugs are crepuscular or nocturnal in their habits, and are
chiefly herbivorous, often producing great injury to planta-
tions and gardens ; occasionally, however, they feed on de-
caying vegetables and even animal substances. They seem
to bear the same relation to Helicidic that TestaceUa does
to O/eacinidce, having a lingual dentition very similar to
Vitrina, but with the habit of raising the head, and ex-
ploring with the tentacles in the manner of the True Snails.
Most of them are terrestrial, living in woods and gardens,
coming forth when the dew is on the ground, and in the
evenings, especially after showers ; a few, however, are
arboreal, and occasionally suspend themselves by a single
glutinous thread to the branches of trees.

Genus UMAX, Linnaeus.

Body elongated, tapering behind. Mantle shield-like, on
the fore part of the back; orifice of respiratory sac at the

218 LIMACIDiE.

right hinder border. Foot pointed, usually carinate poste-
riorly. Vent just below the respiratory aperture. Repro-
ductive orifice at the hind base of the right eye-peduncle.

Shell internal, covered with a thin epidermis, ovate, flat,
calcareous, with a thick posterior nucleus, and a thin mem-
branous anterior margin.

Syn. Derocerus, Rajin. Eumelus, Bajin. Krynickia,
Krynikillus, Kalenicz.

Ex. L. maximus, Linnaeus, pi. 79, fig. 1. Shell, L.
maximus, fig. 1, a.

The True Slugs prefer humid places, and are gregarious,
hiding during the day under stones ; they are tolerably
brisk in their movements, and are especially active during
the dews of evening. The corrugated or granular skin of
the Slugs proper, like that of all the rest of the family,
secretes an abundant mucus, but the tail is unprovided, at
its end, with a muciparous pore. As in the Helicida, the
mouth is furnished with a horny upper mandible, which in
these animals is tri-lobed. They feed on decaying vegetable
matter, and appear to be partial to Fungi; Limax rufus, and
L. agrestis, consuming not only the Boletus edulis, but the
poisonous Agaricus muscarius and A. phalloides ; they like
best the firm and crisp Fungi, and attack Discomycetes, as
well as Hymcnomycetes. The True Slugs appear to be found
in most temperate countries; Europe, North America, the
Cape, Canaries, and the Sandwich Islands harbouring spe-
cies; in tropical climates their place seems to be occupied
by Onichidium and Veronicella. The Hyalimax perlu-
cidus is from the Island of Ascension.

l'HOSI'IIORAX.

219

Species of Umax.

agrestis, Mutt.
alpinus, Firus.
arboruru, Bouch-Chantr.
bilobatus, Ferns.
bruuueus, Drop.
campestris, Binney.
Canadensis, D'Orb.
Capensis, Krauss.
carinatus, D'Orb.
Columbianus, Gould.
flavus, Linn.
fuliginosus, Gould.
gagates, Drop.

Kraussii, H. and A. Adams

(campestris, Krauss.).
Lartetii, Dupuy.
Livonicus, Schrenk.
marginatus, Drap.
maximus, Linn.
megaspidus, Blainv.
Natalensis, Krauss.
olivaceus, Gould.
Sowerbyi, Ferns.
sylvaticus, Drap.
Sandwichensis, Eyd.
tenellus, Mutt.

Sub-gen. hyalimax, H. and A. Adams.

Orilice of respiratory aperture in tbe middle of the right side
of the mantle ; auimal pellucid.

perlucidus, Quoy and Gaim.

Genus PHOSPHORAX, Webb and Bertlielot.

Animal slug-like. Mantle ending posteriorly in a small,
concave, contractile disk surrounded by an elevated border,
shining by day and phosphorescent at night. Foot simple.

Shell internal, in the middle of the mantle, above the res-
piratory orifice, thick, white, oval, testaceous, and nearly
transparent.

Ex. P. noctilucus, Ftrussac, pi. 79, fig. 2.

This curious Slug is found in the Island of Teneriffe under

220 stenopidjE.

stones, and among leaves and dead twigs ; it has a small pore
or disk towards the hind margin of the mantle, which is of
a bright shining green by day, and luminous in the dark.

Genus PHILOMYCUS, Kafinesque.

Animal slug-like, elongated, tapering behind. Eye-pedun-
cles and tentacles retractile. Mantle shield-like, very large,
covering the whole of the back ; orifice of respiratory sac
at the right anterior border. Foot simple behind.

Shell — ?

Syn. Limacella, Blainv. Meghimatium, Van Hasselt.
Tebennophorus, Binney. Incillaria, Benson.

Ex. P. Carolinensis, Bosc, pi. 79, fig. 8.

The type of this genus, which is the Limax Carolinensis
of Bosc, is found in the Southern States of North America,
living principally under the bark of dead trees in humid
places ; the peculiarity of the genus consists in the great
development of the dorsal shield or mantle, which covers the
greater part of the back.

Species of Philomycus.

bilineatus, Cantor. dorsalis, Binney.

Carolinensis, Bosc.

Fam. STENOPHhE.

Teeth numerous, nearly uniform, on a very broad lingual
band. Body spiral, distinct from the foot. Eye-peduncles
and tentacles retractile under the skin. Mantle produced
into lobes at the fore part ; respiratory orifice on the right

STENOPUS. 221

side. Foot long and narrow, abruptly truncated behind, and
furnished with a distinct, mucous, caudal gland.

Shell external, spiral, well-developed.

In this family the mouth is provided with a serrated homy
jaw, and the lingual dentition appears to be similar to that
of the Helicida, from the animals of which family, however,
the lobate, extended mantle-margin will distinguish them ;
from the Vitrinina the muciparous pore and posterior trun-
cature of the foot will at once separate them; while the spiral
fomi of the body, protected by an external, well-developed
shell, will prevent their being confounded with the Arionida,
which seem to bear the same relation to the Stenopida that
the True Slugs do to the Helicida.

Genus STENOPUS, Guilding.

Front edge of mantle large, closing the mouth of the
shell. Foot truncated behind, with a sub-retractile ap-
pendage having a gland at its base ; sole linear, narrower
than the foot.

Shell perforate, conical or depressed, thin, diaphanous ;
whorls 5 — 6, the last much the widest ; aperture roundly
lunate ; peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin
involute.

Ex. S. cruentus, Guilding, pi. 79, fig. 4. Shell, S.
cruentus, fig. 4, a.

Stenojnis, which differs from Nanina in the narrow sole
of the foot, consists at present of but two species, viz.
8. cruentus and 8. lividus, both discovered by Guilding in
the Island of St. Vincent, living among dead palm leaves.

Vol.. II. (i ,;

222 STENOPIDiE.

Species of Stenopus.
cruentus, Guild. lividus, Guild.

Genus NANINA, Gray.

Mantle with the front edge produced and divided into two
movable lobes, which partly cover the shell. Foot truncate,
and glandular at the end ; sole as wide as the foot.

Shell perforate, depressed, thin, polished, granular or
corrugately striated ahove, smooth and polished beneath ;
aperture lunar ; peristome the thickness of the shell,
straight, the columellar margin short, reflexed, often cover-
ing the umbilicus.

Syn. Xesta, Albers.

Ex. N. regalis, Benson, pi. 79, fig. 5. Shell, N.
citrina, Linnaeus, fig. 5, a.

The species of this genus inhabit Southern Asia and the
islands of the Indian Ocean ; Java, the Philippines, Molucca,
New Ireland, and Ceylon, are the countries of Byssota,
Hemiplecta, and Nanina proper ; while the islands in the
Pacific Ocean, the Society Islands Pitcairn's Island, and
Opara, harbour the species of Microcystis ; Macrochlamys
is from Guinea and Bengal ; and Cysticopsis and Pachys-
tyla are from Cuba and Bermuda. They live in thick shady
woods, crawling with great vivacity among the leaves, and
moving faster when disturbed; they secrete a green fluid for
their defence when irritated.

Species of Nanina.

bistrialis, Beck. cinnamomea, Valenc.

Casca, Gould. citrina, Linn.

ceratodes, Pfeifi- filocincta, Pfeiff.

XANINA.

o 0 •*

glauca, Bens.
Grateloupi, Pfeiff.
Javanica, Lain.
Jenynsi, Pfeiff-
Juliana, Gray.
lubrica, Bens.
lutuosa, Beck.
naninoides, Bern.
Pfeifferi, Phil.

regalis, Chem.
resplendens, Phil.
spiralis, Le Gillou.
Stuartire, Sow.
trochus, Mull.
umbilicaria, Le Gillou.
vesicula, Bens.
vitellus, Shuttl.

Sub-gen. hemiplecta, Albers.

Shell granular or decussately striated above, polished below;
the last whorl more or less angulated or carinated.

Bataviaua, V. tie Busch.
Blainvilliana, Lea.

bulla, Pfeiff.
conoidalis, Adams and

Reeve.
Cuvieriaua, Lea.
densa, Adams and Reeve.
fulvida, Pfeiff.
gummata, Sow.
Humphreysiana, Lea.
labiata, Pfeiff.
ligulata, Ferns.
Limaensis, Mouss.

lurida, Gould.
Pauayeusis, Brod.
rubricata, Gould.
rufa, Less.
rufescens, Gratel.
semiglobosa, Pfeiff.
semirugata, Beck.
setigera, Sow.
Steursii, Shuttl.
Theodori, Phil.
Tranquebarica, Fair.
velutina, Sow.
xanthotricha, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. ryssota, Albers.

Shell rugosely striated above, polished below; last whorl
depressed, dilated anteriorly, excavated at the base around the
umbilical region.

Brookei, Adams and Reeve.
cselatura, Ferns.
cidaris, Lam.
Lamarckiana, Lea.

Maderaspatana, Gray.

monozonalis, Lam.
Mulleri, Pfeiff.
Otabeitana, Ferus.

224 stenopidj:.

porphyrea, Pfeiff. Sowerbyana, Pfeiff.

rapa, Mull. stolepbora, Valenc.

sagittifera, Pfeiff. Zeus, Jonas.

Sub-gen. microcystis, Beck.

Sbell small, obsoletely sub-perforated, very smooth ; aperture
wide, sub-vertical.

Adamsi, Pfeiff. orbis, Beck.

aurulenta, Beck. oruatella, Beck.

brunnea, Anton. spectabilis, Pfeiff.

filiceti, Beck. subtilis, Anton.

marginata, Beck. succinea, Pfeiff.
misella, Ferns.

Sub-gen. macrochlamys, Benson (Tanycblamys, Bens.).

Shell globosely depressed, pellucid or horny ; aperture widely
lunate.

calamechroa, Jonas. vitrinoides, Desh.

Sub-gen. pachystyla, Morcb.

Shell sub-perforate, the last whorl carinated in the middle ;
columella very short, vertical ; aperture wide, lunar ; peristome
simple, the columellar margin reflected, nearly covering the
umbilicus.

Mauritiana, Lam. ochroleuca, Ferns.

Sub-gen. cysticopsis, Morch.

Shell imperforate, globose, shining; whorls convex, the last
ventricose; columella short, sub-vertical, the upper part scarcely
dilated; aperture large, lunately round.

Cubensis, Pfeiff.

rARYPHANTA. 225

Genus ARIOPHANTA, Desruoulins.

Edge of mantle enclosed, not produced into lobes.

Shell sinistral, unibilicated, thin, diaphanous, last whorl
angulatcd or keeled ; aperture oblique, lunar ; peristome
simple, acute, the columellar margin reflexed.

Ex. A. Ia3vipes, Midler, pi. 79, fig. G. Shell, A. laevipes,
fig. G, a.

The mantle in this genus does not appear to be extended
beyond the shell, as in Nanina, and the shells are sinis-
trorsal, thin, and angulated at the periphery. The species
are found in Southern Asia, Malabar, Birmah, Bengal, and
the peninsula of Malacca.

Species of Ariophanta.

Himalajana, Lea. Rumphii, V. cle Busch.

Janus, Chem. ryssolemnia, AlLers.

laevipes, Mull. trifasciata, Chem.
retrorsa, Gould.

Genus paryphanta, Albers.

Shell widely umbilicated, depressed, covered with a thick,
shining epidermis involving the peristome ; spire flat, whorls
few, the last tumid, anteriorly deflexed, umbilicus perspec-
tive ; aperture oblique, lunately oval ; peristome simple, in-
flexed.

Ex. P. Busbyi, Gray, pi. 80, fig. 1.

The animal of this genus has not hitherto been examined,
but judging from the shell, it is probable that the mantle-
margin is extended and reflexed. P. Busbyi and P. Green-

226 stknopidje.

ivoodii are inhabitants of New Zealand, and P. atramen-
taria is from New Holland ; the species of the sub-genus
Ampltidoxa, the shells of which are usually variegated and
thin, are principally from New Zealand, though a few are
from Chili and the Island of Juan Fernandez.

Species of Paryphanta.

atramentaria, Shuttl. Caffra, Ferns.

Busbyi, Gray. Greenwooclii, Gray.

Sub-gen. amphidoxa, Albers.

Shell perforate, depressed, tbin, pellucid, whorls rather con-
vex, rapidly increasing ; aperture very oblique, ample ; peristome
simple, acute, the margins united by a thin callus.

Chiron, Gray. helicophantoides, Pfeiff.

Coresia, Gray. marmorella, Pfeiff.

crebriflammis, Pfeiff. pblogopbora, Pfeiff.

epsilon, Pfeiff. rapida, Pfeiff.

glabriuscula, Pfeiff- splendidula, Pfeiff.
Jeffreysiana, Pfeiff.

Genus HELICARION, Ferussac.

Mantle with two free lobes in front upon the neck, and a
large lobe on the right side, covering the hind part of the
shell. Foot truncate posteriorly.

Shell rotundately oval, heliciforrn, thin, fragile, covered
with a thin epidermis ; spire short ; aperture large ; peritreme
simple, acute, straight.

Ew. H. viridis, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 80, fig. 2.
Shell, H. Cuvieri, Ferussac, fig. 2, a.

The species of this genus have an extensive fold of the
mantle developed on the right side, their foot is truncate,

ARIONID^. 227

and their shells are very thin, and are usually confounded
with those of Vitrina.

Species of Helicarion.

Cuvieri, Ferns. nigra, Quoy and Gaim.

flammulata, Quo;/ and Gaim. robusta, Gould.

Freycineti, Ferns. scorpio, Gould .

marcida, Gould. viridis, Quoy and Gaim.

Fain. AEIONIDiE.

Lingual teeth numerous, uniform, close together. Animal
elongate, limaciform ; body not distinct from the foot. Eye-
peduncles and tentacles retractile under the skin. Mantle
shield-like, on the fore part of the back ; respiratory orifice
on the right side. Foot with the caudal extremity rounded,
somewhat truncated, with a mucous gland at the end.

Shell internal, rudimentary.

Genus ARION, Ferussac.

Animal limaciform. Tentacles and eye-peduncles mode-
rate. Mantle shield-like, on the fore part of the body ; ori-
fice of respiratory sac at the right anterior border ; repro-
ductive aperture immediately below it. Tail rounded, trun-
cate, and furnished with a terminal mucous pore.

Shell internal, in the form of an irregular mass of calca-
reous granules.

Syn. Limacia, Hartm. Limacelia, Brard.

Ex. A. ater, Linnaus, pi. 80, fig. 3.

This genus differs from Geomalacus in the position of the
reproductive orifice, which is immediately below the respi-

228 ARIONDLE.

ratory aperture, and, in place of a regular shell, there are
merely a few calcareous granules forming a small mass in
the interior of the mantle. The Arions or "Land-soles"
as they have been termed, are more dull in their habits than
the True Slugs, from which they are readily distinguished on
account of their glanduliferous tail. The genus is repre-
sented in Europe and South Africa, and is found in Bri-
tain, Spain, and the Island of Ascension.

Species of Avion.

Ascensionis, Quoy and Gaim. furcatus, Ferns.

ater, Linn. hortensis, Ferns.

flavus, Mull. lactescens, Blainv.

foliolatus, Gould. subfuscus, Drap.

Genus GEOMALACUS, Allman.

Animal slug-like. Eye-peduncles moderate. Mantle
shield-shaped, on the fore part of the back ; orifice of respi-
ratory sac at the right anterior margin. Genital aperture near
the root of the right eye-peduncle. Tail rounded above,
truncate posteriorly and furnished with a mucous gland.

Shell internal, solid, flat, ovate.

Ex. G. maculatus, Allman, pi. 80, fig. 4. Shell, G.
maculatus, fig. 4, a.

This genus differs from Arion in the position of the gene-
rative orifice, and in having a solid, testaceous shell ; from
Limax it is at once distinguished by its glanduliferous tail,
and by the anterior position of the breathing aperture. The
Geomalacus is a native of Ireland, where it lives in damp
places, among loose stones and ferns. The Authors are in-
debted to the kindness of Mr. Andrews, the first discoverer of

jahellidje. :2:2(.)

the animal, for procuring for them, at considerable trouble,
living specimens, which were kept alive some time by being-
fed on slices of cucumber and carrot, and from one of which
the figure given was obtained.

Fain. JANELLID.E.

Body elongated, slug-like. Tentacles none ; eye-pe-
duncles short, retractile, dilated at the base, arising from the
front of the mantle. Mantle covering the entire back, with
a longitudinal groove extending along the middle the whole
length of the animal, and giving off branches from each
side ; respiratory orifice very small, circular, on the right
side close to the central groovo on the back. Foot not
keeled, tapering, acute behind, without any sub-caudal gland.
^Reproductive orifice at the front part of the mautle-margin
on the right side.

Shell none.

The mouth in this family is inferior, at the anterior end of
the foot, with three tubercles in front formed by the con-
tinuation of the grooves of the mantle. The oculigerous
peduncles arise from the front, just within the edge of the
mantle; the mantle has a slightly-raised, lateral margin,
leaving a rather broad space between the edge and the edge
of the foot ; it is thin and smooth, and the central groove
sends out branches which diverge backwards ; a short,
straight, diverging branch is given out over the head, on
each side, to the hinder base of the tentacles ; it is then
forked, and the two branches are continued on the under
edge of the mantle to the corner of the mouth.

VOL. II. n II

230 janellidjE.

Genus JANELLA, Gray.

Tentacles none ; eye-pedicels retractile, on the front edge
of the mantle. Mantle entirely covering the back, longitu-
dinally channelled; pulmonary aperture on the right side,
near the median line. Foot narrow, simple posteriorly.

Shell none.

Syn. Athoracophorus, Gould.

Ex. A. bitentaculata, Quoij and Gaimard, pi. 80, fig. 5.

MM. Quoy and Gaimard first observed the animal on
which this genus is founded, crawling on leaves in Tasman's
Bay, New Zealand, and indicated it as a new genus, to be
characterised by the absence of the inferior tentacles, the
fissure along the back, the position of the pulmonary orifice
on the right side near the middle of the back, and the
absence of a buckler concealing a horny piece or shell. Dr.
Gray observes that the genus is most nearly allied to PhiJo-
mycas, with which it agrees in having a thin mantle covering
the whole of the back, but that it differs from it in the posi-
tion of the respiratory aperture, and in the presence of only
two tentacles, which, instead of being placed on the head, as
in Philomycus and all the other Limacidce, are placed on
the front part of the mantle. Dr. Gould, who has described
the same genus under another name, has observed that the
animal has the habit of coiling itself up, when at rest, in a
manner not assumed by any of the Limacidas.

Species of Janella.

antipodarum, Gray. bitentaculata, Qvoy and

Gaim.

VERONICELLID.*:. 231

Fam. VERONICELLIDiE.

Animal elongate, litnaciform. Lingual dentition similar
to that of OnchidiidcB. Mouth without horny jaws, and
not covered with a buccal veil. Eyes at the end of con-
tractile peduncles ; tentacles bifid, non-retractile. Mantle
greatly extended, coriaceous, smooth, covering the back; ori-
fice of respiratory sac on the right side under the mantle-
margin. Foot narrow, simple posteriorly. Vent distinct,
posterior. Orifices of reproductive organs widely separated ;
male organ behind the right tentacle, female orifice midway
on the right side beneath the mantle.

Shell none.

The animals composing this group approach very nearly
those of Onchidiidae, but they have bifid tentacles, and the
disposition of the orifices of reproduction is different. The
Veronicelhe of South America live in families, hiding
under the trunks of trees and in fissures near the water,
or on dry ground, and are never aquatic. They quit
their retreats during the night, or during the day when
it rains. In the dry season they remain in a torpid state
under the earth, dead leaves, or stones. Continued immer-
sion in fresh water kills them, and their drowned bodies
may frequently be seen after inundations. The species of the
Old World live principally upon the trees in shady places
and damp parts of the forests, concealing themselves under
the leaves during the greater part of the day ; they crawl
quickly, and leave no slimy trace behind them like the Li-
macida. Their eggs are largo and oval, ten or fifteen
being joined together in a necklace-like, gelatinous thread,
which is coiled, and more or less covered with mucus.

232 onchidiidje.

Genus VERONICELLA, Blainville.

Head retractile under the mantle ; eyes at the end of
elongate, cylindrical peduncles, which are not retractile
under the skin as in the Helicidas ; tentacles short and
bifid. Mantle smooth, coriaceous, thick, covering the entire
body. Foot linear, pointed behind.

Shell none.

Syn. Vaginulus, Ferus. Vaginula, Latr. Veroni-
cellus, Mke.

Ex. V. Taunaisii, Ferussac, pi. 80, fig. 6.

About ten species of this genus are known, which are
widely distributed, being found in India, Africa, the Phi-
lippines, South America, and the West Indies.

Species of Veronicella.

Kraussii, Ferus. Natalensis, Krauss.

lrevis, Blainv. occidentalis, Guild.

Langsdorfii, Ferus. soleiformis, UOrb.

Liberiana, Gould. Tauuaisii, Ferus.

Limayana, Less. Touranniana, Eyd. and Soul.
Luzonica, Eyd. and Soul.

Fam. ONCHIDIID^E.

Animal slug-like. Lingual membrane broad ; teeth
uniform, similar, in numerous, straight, transverse rows ;
the central single, short, narrow, equilateral; the lateral
numerous, nearly equilateral, with a broad, flat, sub-
central tip. Mouth provided with a buccal veil; no
horny jaws. Eyes at the end of non-retractile, cylindrical
peduncles; tentacles none. Mantle coriaceous, large, shield-

oxciiidium. 233

like, entirely covering the back ; respiratory orifice pos-
terior, at the right side, under the margin of the mantle.
Foot narrow, elongate, simple posteriorly. Vent separate
from the respiratory orifice, posterior. Sexes united ; male
organ under right tentacle, female orifice at posterior ex-
tremity of body.

Shell none.

Mr. Albany Hancock has ascertained that the heart in
Peronia Celtica, a British species, is placed in front
of the lung, whereas in other Pulmonifera it is situated
behind the respiratory organ. The vent, moreover, is dis-
tinct from the breathing orifice, which is not the case in the
Heliciche and Arionida. The animals of this group seem
to approach in their habits those of the Ellobiida, living
in damp situations near fresh water, or in the immediate
vicinity of the sea. From the nature of their lingual
armature they are probably herbivorous, feeding on the
dead and decaying leaves and wood of tropical countries.

Genus ONCHIDIUM, Buchanan.

Eye-peduncles club-shaped ; oral appendages lobate,
simple, undivided. Mantle coriaceous, convex, tubercular.

Syn. Oncidium, Agassiz. Onchidia, Swains. ? Oris,
Iiisso.

Ex. 0. Typhse, Buchanan, pi. 81, fig. 1, 1, a.

The type of this genus inhabits Bengal, where it is found
on the leaves of the Typha elejphantina. Many undis-
covered species doubtless exist in equatorial regions in the
damp forests and among decaying leaves and rotting fungi,
but perhaps have been overlooked or confounded with the
Li ma as.

234 ONCHIDIID.E.

Genus ONCHIDELLA, Gray.

Eye-peduncles short ; buccal appendages lobate. Mantle
smooth or granular, without tufts or radiating processes on
the dorsal surface.

Ex. 0. granulosa, Lesson, pi. 81, fig. 2, 2, a.

The species of this genus live on aquatic plants in
ditches and damp places. The absence of tufts on the back
of the mantle will distinguish them from Peronia, and the
lobate buccal appendages and simple mantle from Onchi-
dium proper.

Species of Oncliidella.

acinosa, Gould. marmorata, Less.

cinerea, Quoy and Gaim. nana, Phil.

corpulenta, Gould. nigra, Less.

granulosa, Less. nigricans, Quoy and Gaim.

Hardwickii, Gray. patelloidea, Quoy and Gaim.

incisa, Quoy and Gaim. Eeevesii, Gray.

irrorata, Gould.

Genus PERONIA, Blainville.

Eye-peduncles short ; buccal appendages lobate. Mantle
with arbusculiform tufts and tubercles on the dorsal surface.

Syn. Onchidium, Cuv., not Buchan. Onchis, Ferus.
Oncus, Agass. Oncis, Herrm.

Ex. P. Tongana, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 81, fig. 3.

The animals of this group are littoral in their habits,
living among the stones on beaches above high- water mark,
and a little beyond the influence of the tide. They are
principally known from the other genera of the family by

LiMxorniLA. 235

the arbusculiform aud other appendages of the mantle,

which have sometimes been mistaken for gills. One species
is found on the coasts of Britain.

Species of Peronia.

Celtica, Cuv. Parthenopeia, Chiaje.

femigiuea, Less. Peronii, Savigny.

indolens, Couth. punctata, Qitoy and Gaim.

marginata, Couth. Tougana, Quoy and Gaim.
Mauritiaua, Blainv.

Genus BUCHANANIA, Lesson.

Eye-peduncles short and tapering at their ends ; oral
appendages simple, subulate. Mantle smooth, with a large
central tubercle and radiating striae. Foot ovate, small.
Vent ? posterior, dorsal.

Ex. B. onchidioides, Lesson, pi. 81, fig. 4, 4, a.

This somewhat doubtful genus is founded upon a curious
limaciform animal from the coast of Chili, and figured by
M. Lesson in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Coquille.
In most particulars it seems to resemble Onchidium}but the
vent is dorsal as in Onchidoris, and the back of the
mantle is smooth, with striae radiating from a single central
tubercle.

Sub-order LIMNOPHILA.

Tentacles sub-cylindrical or flattened, simply contractile ;
eyes sessile.
Animal lacustrine or fluviatile.

236 ELLOBIIDJB.

Fam. ELLOBIID^.

Lingual membrane broad and elongated ; teeth numerous,
in slightly-bent, cross series ; central tooth equilateral, nar-
row, tricuspid; lateral teeth rather inequilateral, diminishing
in size towards the outer edge. Head ending in a snout ;
mouth with a horny, lunate upper jaw, and with two dilated
buccal lobes, united above, separate below; tentacles sub-
cylindrical, contractile ; eyes sessile at the inner sides of
their bases. Mantle closed, with a thickened margin ; res-
piratory orifice posterior, on the right side. Sexes united.

Shell spiral, covered with a horny epidermis; aperture
elongate, with strong folds on the inner lip ; outer lip often
dentate.

Animal lacustrine, usually frequenting salt marshes.

With the exception of one or two small genera, the EUo-
biidce are inhabitants of tropical climates, where they live in
the brackish-water swamps, estuaries, and the embouchures
of rivers among the stems and roots of the Mangroves.
Some are found in the society of Cyclophorida, among loose
stones above high-water mark, but within the influence of
the tide; while others, like the Pythice, are found in damp
woods near the sea, crawling over the dead and decaying
leaves. The genera Vedipes and Otina, like Truncatella
and Paludinella among the operculated Pulmonifers, are
more marine in their habitats than most of the other genera.

Sub-fam. ELLOBIIN^.

Animal terrestrial, living chiefly on the land. Tentacles
developed, eyes at their inner bases.

ELLOBITM.

23^

Shell with the inner lip plicate ; outer lip thickened or
expanded.

Genus ELLOBIUM, Bolten.

Mantle-margin thickened ; foot simple.

Shell oblong-oval, covered with a brown epidermis ; spire
short, obtuse ; aperture narrow, elongated ; inner lip with
two or three large anterior plaits ; outer lip thickened in-
ternally.

Syn. Auricula, Lam. Otis, Humph., not Linn. Au-
riculus, Mont/. Marsyas, Oken. Geovula, Swains.

Ea\ E. subula, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 82, fig. 1. Shell,
E. auris-Midre, Linnaeus, fig. 1, a.

The species of this genus inhabit salt marshes and the
mouths of rivers, where they crawl on the damp mud-banks
and among the tangled roots of the Mangrove trees ; they
are principally found in tropical countries, and more espe-
ciallv in the Eastern Hemisphere, being most numerous in
Borneo, Malacca, the Philippine Islands, and Australia,
while a few only are found in West Columbia and the South
Sea Islands.

Species of Ellobium.

auris-Judse, Linn.
auris-Malchi, Midi.
auris-Midse, Linn.
Boltenianum, Phil.
Brownii, Phil.
Chinense, Pfeiff.
dactylus, Pfeiff.
Dunkeri, Pfeiff.
elongatum, Parr.
Gangeticum, Bens.
incrassatum, H. and A. Adams.

Morchi, Mke.

Oparicum, H. and A. Adams.
oryza, H. and A. Adams.
pallidum, Soiv.
pelluceus, Mke.
politum, Metcalfe.
pusillum, H. and A. Adams.
saccatum, Pfeiff.
semiplicatum, //. and A. Admit s
seuiisculpturn, H. and A.
Adams.

VOL. II.

I T

238 ELLOBIINiE.

Sheepmakeri, Petit. subula, Quoy and Gaim .

simplex, H. and A. Adams. tornatelliforrne, Petit.

staguale, D'Orb. turritum, Pjeiff.
striatum, Phil.

Genus CASSIDULA, Ferussac.

Mantle-margin reflexed on the inner edge of the outer
lip; foot bifid posteriorly.

Shell oval, sub-conic, solid ; spire short, obtuse ; aperture
narrow, longitudinal ; inner lip plicate anteriorly and re-
flected ; outer lip reflexed, with an internal, marginal callus
or ledge sinuated posteriorly.

Syn. Ehodostoma, Swains, Sidula, Gray. Detracia,
Gray.

Ex. C. coffea, Chemnitz, pi. 82, fig. 2. Shell, 0. coffea,
fig. 2, a.

The Cassidulce are usually found in Maogrove-swamps,
and among loose stones near the sea-shore ; some species
are even seen inhabiting the water in the neighbourhood of
salt-marshes, and at high tide may be noticed crawling on
the sands in nearly two fathoms water. The group is
entirely tropical in its geographical distribution, being most
numerously represented in Australia and the Philippine
Archipelago, while a few species only are found in Southern
Africa.

Species of Cassidula.

anguilifera, Petit. faba, Mke.

auris-felis, Brug. Gruneri, Pjeiff.

coffea, CJi em. Kraussii, Kiist.

Bensoni, Pfeiff. mustelina, Desk.

Cumingiana, Reclu?. nucleus, Mart.

doliolum, Petit. rugata, Mke.

PYTHIA. 239

Sowerbyana, Pfeiff. turgida, Pfeiff.

sulculosa, Mouss. zonata, H. and A. Adams.

Sub-gen. sarxia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate-cylindrical ; spire obtuse, whorls transversely
striated ; aperture linear ; inner lip with two anterior plaits ;
outer lip thickened internally, posteriorly sinuated.

avena, Petit. triticea, Phil.

frumentum, Petit.

Genus PYTHIA, Bolten.

Foot ovate, simple posteriorly.

Shell ovate ; spire acute, whorls compressed, with a varix
on each side extending as far as the apex ; aperture narrow,
ringent ; inner lip strongly plicate ; outer lip sub-reflexed,
dentate internally.

Si//?. Polyodonta, Fisch. Scarabus, Mo/itf. Scarabaea,
Sweigg. Scarabseus, Blainv., not Linn. Strigula, Perry.

Ex. P. Keeveana, Pfeifer, pi. 82, fig. 3. Shell, P.
scarabaeus, Linnmis, fig. 3, a.

The Pythim are found in moist situations in woods near
the sea, and are entirely terrestrial in their habits ; they are
fond of congregating together under stones, dead leaves, and
in holes of rotten trees. After a shower, and during the dews
of evening, they may be seen crawling actively about. They
lay their eggs under damp logs, and the young animals may
be observed in large numbers concealed in the crevices and
under the bark of prostrate, decaying trees. The animals
are very diversified in colour even in the same species, vary-
ing from a reddish mottled-brown to pale yellow, and even

240 ELLOBIIN/E.

white. Species of Pythia are most numerous in the East
Indian and Philippine Islands ; a few, however, have been
discovered in the Pacific Islands.

Species of Pythia.

albovaricosa, Pfeiff. Macgillivrayi, Pfeiff.

Argenvillei, Pfeiff. ovata, Pfeiff.

Borneensis, A. Adams. pantherina, A. Adams.

castanea, Less. plicata, Ferus.

Cecillei, Phil. pollex, Hinds.

Celebensis, Pfeiff. pyramidata, Peeve.

Ceylanica, Pfeiff. Keeveana, Pfeiff.

chalcostoma, A. Adams. scarabseus, Linn.

Cumingiana, Petit. semisulcata, A. Adams.

imperforata, A. Adams. sinuosa, A. Adams.

inflate, Pfeiff. striata, Reeve.

lekithostoma, Pfeiff. trigona, Trosch.

Lessoni, Blainv. undata, Less.

Genus PLECOTREMA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, solid, umbilicated; spire elevated, conic,
whorls transversely grooved ; aperture contracted, oblong ;
inner lip with three plaits, the middle plait bifid ; outer lip
with a marginal varix, internally bidentate.

Ex. P. typica, H. and A. Adams, pi. 82, fig. 4.

The head-quarters of this genus, the examples of which
are all of small size, appear to be the East Indian and
Philippine Islands, although Australia and the Sandwich
Islands have supplied us with one or two species.

ALEXIA. 241

Species of Plecotrema.

bella, H. and A. Adams. inaequalis, C. B. Adams.

clausa, H. and A. Adams. lirata, H. and A. Adams.

concinua, H. and A. Adams. monilifera,ff. and A. Adams.

Cubensis, Pfeiff. punctigera, H. and A.
decussata, H.andA. Adams. Adams.

exarata, H. and A. Adams. punctostriata, H. and A.
imperforata, H. and A. Adams.

Adams. typica, H. and A. Adams.

Genus ALEXIA, Leach.

Foot simple beneath, without a transverse groove.

Shell oblong-ovate, imperforate, smooth ; spire acuminate ;
aperture elongate, oval ; inner lip 3 — 5 plaited, the posterior
plait small ; outer lip with the margin refiexed, thickened or
dentate internally.

S//n. Phytia, Gray. Pythia, part, Beck, not Bolt.
Ovatilla, part, Bivon. Jaminea, part, Brown.

Ex. A. denticulata, Montagu, pi. 82, fig. 5. Shell, A.
denticulata, fig. 5, a.

The small shells comprising this group are chiefly Euro-
pean in their geographical distribution ; Bermuda and Peru,
however, furnish us with a few examples.

Species of Alexia.

acuta, D'Orb. microstoma, Kiist.

Bermudensis, H. and A. myosotis, Drap.

Adams. obsoleta, Pfeiff.

Biasolettiana, Kiist. Payraudeaui, Shuttl.

Botteriana, Pfeiff. personata, Mich.

denticulata, Mont. reflexilabris, D'Orb.
Kutshigiana, Kiist.

242 melampinje.

Genus carychium, Miiller.

Foot not transversely divided beneath.

Shell sub-cylindrical, thin, conic, ovate ; spire elevated,
whorls few, rounded; aperture small, oblong, longitudinal;
inner lip straight, with a single fold; outer lip thickened
and rather reflexed.

Syn. A micella, part, J urine.

Ex. C. minimum, O. F. Miiller, pi. 82, fig. 6. Shell,
C. minimum, fig. 6, a.

This genus is composed of small shells resembling those
of Vertigo or Papilla ; the absence of operculum will dis-
tinguish them from Diplommatina, and the position of the
eyes from the genera of Helicida. The species are am-
phibious, and inhabit salt marshes, being usually found at
the roots of grass ; they are very minute, and, with the
exception of one from India, are members of the Euro-
pean and North American Faunas.

Species of Carychium.

elongatum, Villa. obesum, Schmidt.

exiguuua, Say. Schmidti, Frauenf.

Indicum, Bens. spectabile, Rossm.

lautum, Frauenf. spelaeuin, Rossm.
minimum, Mull.

Sub-fam. MELAMPIN^:.

Animal amphibious, or living in brackish water. Tentacles
developed, eyes at their inner bases.

Shell with the inner lip plicate; outer lip straight and
acute.

MELAMPUS.

243

Genus MELAMPUS, Montfort.

Foot bifid posteriorly.

Shell ovato-conical ; spire short, obtuse ; aperture narrow,
linear ; inner lip with several transverse folds ; outer lip
acute, internally plicate.

Syn. Pedipes, Blainv., not Achats. Melampa, Sweif/c/.

Ex. M. coffeus, Linnaus, pi. 82, fig. 7. Shell, M.
coffeus, fig. 7, a.

The Melampi are strictly amphibious, some of them living
in clear salt water, at about the depth of a fathom, while
others are inhabitants of Mangrove-swamps and the muddy
banks near the mouths of rivers. West Columbia, the
Sandwich Islands, and the West Indies appear to harbour
numerous species of this genus, which, however, is likewise
represented in Africa, Madagascar, the Philippines, South
America, and New Zealand.

Species of Melampus.

acromelas, Trosch.
ater, Miihlf.
bidentatus, Say.
Boholensis, H. and A.

Adams.
castaneus, Miihlf.
coffeus, Linn.

commodus,iJ. and A. Adams.
coronatus, C. B. Adams.
cristatus, Pfeiff.
flavus, Gmel.
Gundlachi, Pfeiff.
Liberianus, H. and A.

Adams.
lividus, Linn.

luteus, Quoy and Gaim.
obovatus, H. and A. Adams.
parvulus, Nutt.
Philippii, Kiist.
piriformis, Petit.
Poeyi, Pfeiff.
Kedfieldi, Pfeiff.
Sincaporensis, Pfeiff.
spiralis, Pfeiff.
Tabogensis, C. B. Adams.
trilineatus, C. B. Adams.
trifasciatus, Kiist.
Umlaasianus, Krauss.
Zealandicus, H. and A.
Adams.

244 melampintE.

Genus TRALIA, Gray.

Foot posteriorly acute, entire.

Shell ovate, smooth; spire elevated; aperture narrow,
linear, dilated anteriorly ; inner lip usually with three oblique
plaits ; outer lip acute, sinuated posteriorly, internally with
one or more transverse elevated ridges.

Ex. T. pusilla, Gmelin, pi. 82, fig. 8.

This group, which appears to have a simple, undivided
tail, is chiefly obtained from the West Indian Islands, and
perhaps, when the animals are better known, will be found
to be merely a sub-genus of Melanqms.

Species of Tralia.

infrequens, C. B. Adams. Panamensis, 0. B. Adams.

mitralis, H. and A. Adams. pellucida, Cooper.

nitidula, H. and A. Adams. pusilla, Gmel.
olivula, Moric.

Sub-gen. pira, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, smooth ; spire elevated ; aperture narrow, linear ;
columella usually with three anterior plaits ; outer lip internally
with numerous, elevated, transverse ridges.

Adamsiana, Pfeiff. fasciata, Chem.

angiostoma, Desh. Ktisteri, Krams.

Cumingiana, Recluz.

OPHICARDELUS. 245

Sub-gen. tifata, H. and A. Adams.

Shell sub-globose ; aperture narrow, contracted ; inner lip with
two, spiral, elevated, lamellar plaits at the fore part ; outer lip
internally lirate.

cingulata, Pfeiff. globulus, Ferus.

Floridana, Shuttl. pulchella, Petit.

Sub-gen. signia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, whorls granular, or decussated with longitudinal
and transverse grooves ; outer lip internally with a single, trans-
verse, elevated rib.

exarata, H. and A. Adams. granifera, Mouss.

Sub-gen. peesa, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate ; spire obtuse, whorls longitudinally ribbed and
transversely striated ; aperture wide ; outer lip acute, simple
internally.

costata, Quoy and Gaim. duplicata, Pfeiff.

costellaris, H. and A. Adams.

Genus OPHICARDELUS, Beck.

Shell ovate-oblong, umbilicated, smooth ; spire elevated,
sub-conic ; aperture oval ; inner lip anteriorly dilated and
reflexed, with two plaits at the fore part, the posterior spiral
forming an elevated ridge round the umbilical region ; outer
lip thin, simple.

Ex. 0. australis, Bruguiere, pi. 82, fig. 9. Shell, 0.
australis, fig. 9, a.

VOL. II. K K

246 MELAMPINiE.

This genus, the outer lip of which is internally without
transverse ribs or plaits, is found only in Australia and
New Zealand.

Genus LAIMODONTA, Nuttall.

Shell oblong-ovate, imperforate, thin, transversely striated;
spire elevated, conic ; aperture oval ; inner lip with three
plaits, the anterior small ; outer lip with the margin acute,
posteriorly sinuated, internally with an elevated, transverse
ridge.

Ex. L. Sandwichensis, Eydoux and Souleyet, pi. 83,
fig. 1. Shell, L. Sandwichensis, fig. 1, a.

The groups of Islands in the Pacific harbour the species
of this genus, which may be known from Ophicardelus by
the internal, elevated rib of the outer lip.

Species of Laimodonta.

Layardi, H. and A. Adams. sulcata, H. and A. Adams.

Quoyi, H. and A. Adams. taeniata, Nutt.

Sandwichensis, Eyd. and Soul.

Genus MARINULA, King.

Foot simple inferiorly, without a transverse groove.

Shell ovate-oblong, imperforate, solid, smooth ; spire
short, acute ; aperture obovate ; inner lip broad, excavated,
with three plaits, the posterior the largest ; outer lip pos-
teriorly sinuated, internally simple, the margin acute.

Ex. M. eequalis, Lowe, pi. 83, fig. 2. Shell, M. pepita,
King, fig. 2, a.

The species of this genus inhabit salt water, Captain
King having found them on wooden piles below the wash of

LEUCONIA. 247

high-water mark. West Columbia, Chili, and Peru are the
countries from which the species of Marinula are chiefly
procured. One, M. nigra, of Philippi, is from the small
Island of Tristan D'Acuna. The sub-genus Turcia is,
however, European in its geographical distribution, being
found in the Mediterranean ; it has also been detected in
Madeira.

Species of Marinula.

Callaonensis, Petit. pepita, King.

cymbseformis, Recluz. xanthostoraa, H. and A.
nigra, Phil. Adams.

patula, Lowe.

Sub-gen. monica, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oblong-conical ; spire elevated, whorls transversely
striated ; outer lip thickened internally, and furnished with three
plait-like teeth.

;equalis, Lowe. gracilis, Lowe.

Firminii, Payr.

Genus LEUCONIA, Gray.

Foot divided inferiorly by a transverse groove.

Shell ovate-oblong, imperforate, smooth ; spire conical
aperture elongate, oval ; inner lip with two plaits anteriorly ;
outer lip smooth internally, the margin simple, acute.

Ex. L. alba, Montagu, pi. 83, fig. 3.

The British Islands and the North of Europe are the
abodes of these little Mollusks, which are amphibious in
their habits, living among the stones of sea-beaches between
tide-marks.

248 melampinjE.

Species of Leuconia.

alba, Walk. occideutalis, Pfoif.

bidentata, Mont. Sayi, Kiist.

Bivonae, Phil. succinea, Pfeiff.
Michelii, Mittre.

Genus PEDIPES, Adanson.

Foot divided inferiorly by a transverse groove.

Shell sub-globose, imperforate, transversely striated ; spire
short, obtuse ; aperture narrow ; inner lip flattened, exca-
vated, with three plaits, the posterior the largest ; outer lip
posteriorly sinuated, with two teeth internally ; margin
acute.

Ex. P. afer, Gmelin,^!. 83, fig. 4, 4. a. Shell, P. afer,
fig. 4, b.

When the Pedipes walks, the hind part of the foot is
fixed, and the fore part, which is separated from the hind
part by an extensible groove, is advanced, and the hind half
is then drawn forwards so as to touch the anterior half, and
so progression is effected by a series of little steps. This
movement, similar to that of the geometric or looping
caterpillars, is executed with such quickness that few Mol-
lusks, according to Adanson, excel the Pedipes in alertness.
The animal lives in cavities of rocks, more especially of
those exposed to the sea ; Lowe also found it under stones
upon the sea-beach in Madeira. Species of Pedipes have
been detected in Africa, South America, and the West
Indies.

OTININvE. 249

Sjjecies of Pedipes.

afer, G-mel. ovalis, C. B. Adams.

augulatus, G. B. Adams. quadridens, Pfeiff.

conciunus, C. B. Adams. tridens, Pfeiff.

Sub-fam. OTININiE.

Animal amphibious, living near the sea. Tentacles rudi-
mentary ; eyes placed on the head.

Shell ear-shaped; columella!" margin simple; outer lip
simple, acute.

Genus OTINA, Gray.

Tentacles nearly obsolete ; eyes sessile on the upper part
of the head at their hind bases. Foot divided by a trans-
verse groove across its centre, and furnished with a creeping-
disk at each end.

Shell ovate, of few whorls, the first very large and ven-
tricose, those of the spire very small ; aperture large,
oblong, entire ; inner lip without plaits ; outer lip simple,
acute.

Ex. 0. otis, Fleming, pi. 83, fig. 5. Shell, 0. otis,
fig. 5, a.

The lingual dentition of Otina is similar to that of
Ellobium and other Pulmonifera, being in numerous cross
series, with about sixty in each row; the head is large,
broad, and obtuse, and the mouth, vertically cloven, is
furnished with distinct jaws and a short tongue. These
animals, whose shells so closely resemble those of Velutina,
inhabit chinks of rocks between tide-marks ; they progress

250 LIMNiEIDiE.

in the same manner as Pedijjes by alternately fixing and
moving forwards the anterior locomotive disk.

Species of Otina.
fusca, A. Adams. otis, Flem.

Fam. LIMNiEID^E.

Lingual membrane armed with numerous quadrate teeth,
arranged in transverse rows, the central minute, the laterals
uncinated. Head with a broad, short muzzle dilated at the
end ; mouth with a horny upper mandible ; tentacles flat-
tened or filiform, with the eyes sessile at their inner bases.
Mantle-margin variously modified ; respiratory orifice at the
right side. Foot flattened, lanceolate or ovate. Excretory
orifices on the left side of the neck.

Shell of varied form, thin, horn- coloured, usually with
an oblique fold on the columella, and with the outer lip
simple and acute.

Animal fluviatile, living in the water, but coming to the
surface to respire the free air.

The fresh-water, air-breathing Mollusks of which this
family is composed inhabit the rivers, ponds, and running
streams in all parts of the globe, being, however, most
numerously represented in temperate regions. They are
entirely phytophagous in their habits, feeding on Con-
fervas and other aquatic plants. Although usually to be
seen crawling on the muddy bottoms and on the stems and
foliage of submerged vegetables, they always come to the
surface to respire the free air, and sometimes may be ob-
served gliding, shell downwards, on the surface of the water,
anchoring or letting themselves down occasionally by means

LIMNiEIN.E. 251

of a glutinous thread. They deposit their ova, which are
enveloped in an ohlong, gelatinous nidus, on the stems and
leaves of the weeds which grow around them. The form of
their shells varies according to the genus, from the spiral
Limncea and Physa to the discoid Planorbis and Segmen-
ting and from the slipper- shaped Gundlachia to the
linrpet-like Ancylus and the cryptiform Latia. The shells
are usually horn- coloured, but in their South -American
representative, Chilina, they are ornamented with coloured
spots and bands, and, as is frequently the case in fluviatile
Mollusks, the apex of the spire is often found eroded.

Sub-fam. LIMN^EIN^l.

Shell spiral, more or less elongated, the last whorl large ;
aperture oblong.

Genus CHILINA, Gray.

Tentacles depressed, angular. Pulmonary orifice pro-
tected by a prominent, flattened appendage of the mantle.

Shell thin, oval, ventricose, with coloured spots and bands;
spire obtuse ; aperture oval-oblong ; inner lip thickened,
with one or more strong folds ; outer lip simple, acute.

Syn. Dombeya, D'Orb. Ida, Lea. Potomophila,
Swains.

Ex. C. fluctuosa, Humphrey ', pi. 83, fig. 6. Shell,
C. fluctuosa, fig. C, a.

The species of Chilina inhabit the clear, running streams
and rivers of South America, where they are found living
on the rocks and stones, or crawling on the mud ; in the
rainy season they remain for some months under water,
without ever coming to the surface. They seem to represent

252 LIMNiEINiE.

in that country the Limnace of more temperate regions, and
are characterised by the plaits on the columella, and by the
shells being ornamented with spots and coloured, undulated
markings. They are found fossil in the Miocene of Pata-
gonia and of the Kio Negro.

Species of Chilina.

ampullacea, Sow. gibbosa, Sow.

bulimoides, Lam. major, Gray.

bulloides, Wrb. obovata, Gould.

Cepuelca, D'Orb. ovalis, Soiv.

Dornbeyana, Brug. Parchapii, D'Orb.

fasciata, Gould. Patagonica, DVrb.

fluctuosa, Humph. pulchra, D'Orb.

fluminea, Maton. robustior, Sow.

fiuviatilis, Maton. tenuis, Gray.

Genus LIMN^A, Lamarck.

Tentacles flattened, triangular. Mantle with the front
edge thickened.

Shell dextral, spiral, oblong, translucent, horn- coloured ;
spire acute, more or less produced, last whorl ventricose ;
aperture large, wide, rounded in front ; inner lip with an
oblique fold ; outer lip simple.

Si/n. Limnseus, Drop. Lymnus, Montf. Limnea,
Flem. Lymnula, Cyclemis, Espiphylla, Lomastoma, Rajln.

Ex. L. stagnalis, Litmaus, pi. 83, fig. 7. Shell, L.
stagnalis, fig. 7, a.

The animals of this genus are found in Europe, North
America, China, and in most temperate countries of the
globe inhabiting the pouds and stagnant waters, where they
feed on aquatic plants and on decaying vegetable substances.

LIMN.EA.

253

They roay frequently be observed floating on the surface
of the water with their shells downwards, and progressing
by an undulating motion of the foot; when the ponds
are dried up in seasons of drought, the animals bury
themselves in the mud, strengthen the outer lip of their
shells by an internal rib, and close the aperture by means
of an epiphragma, like the Helicida during the period
of hybernation.

Species of Limnaa.

acuminata, Lam.
acutalis, Morel.
aftinis, Beck.
ampla, Migh.
amygdalus, Trosch.
appressa, Jay.
cblamys, Bens.
columella, Say.
conoidea, Say.
jugularis, Say.
Karpinskii, Siemasch.
lepida, Gould.
lineata, Say.
longula, Mouss.
luteola, Lam.
Moreletiana, Gassies.
Natalensis, Krauss.
Ouhonensis, Eyd.

oval is, Guv.
pallida, Guer.
papyracea, Spits.
pa tula, Trosch.
perlrevis, Conr.
Petitii, Beck.
pulchella, Beck.
pumila, Kryu.
rufescens, Gray.
rustica, Andrz.
stagnalis, Linn.
succiniformis, Shuttl.
Timorensis, Sow.
ventricosa, Siemasch.
Virginiana, Lam.
viridis, Quoy.
volutata, Gould.

Sub-gen. neritostoma, Klein (Radix, Montf. Gulnaria, Leach).

Shell sub-ovate, last whorl ventricose ; aperture more than
half the length of the shell, greatly expanded.

auricularia, Linn.
Balthica, Nilss.

Burnettii, Alder.
crystallina, Ziegl.

VOL. II.

L L

254 LIMNiEINiE.

lagotis, Schranck. succinea, Desh.

Lessoni, Desh. thermalis, Boube.

peregra, Mull. Trencaleonis, Gassies.

scalaris, Braun.

Sub-gen. bulimnea, Haldemau.

Shell inflated, spire short ; outer lip not expanded.

buliruoides, Lea. humilis, Say.

bulla, Bens. megasoma, Say.

caperata, Say. nucleus, Trosch.

catascopium, Say. obrussa, Say.

cerasa, Trosch. pelegera, Shuttl.

Cubensis, Pfeiff. prunuin, Trosch.

decollata, Migh. rugosa, Yalenc.

desidiosa, Say. Sandwichensis, Phil.

diaphana, King. solida, Lea.

emarginata, Say. sulculata, Trosch.

ferruginea, Hold. truncatula, Midi.

Galbana, Say. variabilis, Bens.

Geisericola, Beck. vitrea, Hold.
Hookeri, Peeve.

Sub-gen. limnophysa, Fitzinger (Stagnicola, Leach. Galba,

Schranck).

Shell ovate-oblong ; spire conic, about as long as the aper-
ture, whorls rounded; outer lip not spreading.

attenuata, Say. pallida, C. B. Adams.

Chilensis, Beck. palustris, Linn.

elodes, Say. Pingelii, Beck.

expansa, Say. reflexa, Say.

gingivata, Gratel. Senegalensis, Beck.

Holbolii, Beck. umbrosa, Say,

impura, Trosch. Vahlii, Beck.

lanceata, Gould. viator, D'Orb.

AMPHIPEPLEA. 255

Sub-gen. omphiscola, Rafinesque (Leptolimnea, Swains.).

Shell nearly cylindrical ; spire thick, lengthened ; aperture
small.

glabra, Milll. pugio, Beck.

Sub-gen. acella, Haldeman.

Shell very slender ; whorls 4-6, flattened, oblique, suture dis-
tinct; aperture entire, produced, expanded, without fold.

gracilis, Jay.

Genus AMPHIPEPLEA, Nilsson.

Tentacles flattened and triangular. Mantle-margin form-
ing an extended lobe, reflexed and partially covering the
shell.

Shell hyaline, thin, globosely ventricose ; spire short,
depressed ; aperture wide ; inner lip expanded over the last
whorl ; outer lip simple, acute.

Si/n. Lutea, Brown. Myxus, Leach. Mixus, Say.

Ex. A. Leuconensis, Eydoux and, Souleyet, pi. 83, fig.
8. Shell, A. glutinosa, Miiller, fig. 8, a.

According to Mr. William Thompson, the tubercle of the
lateral teeth in Amphipeplea is very large in proportion to
its plate. The even-edged, lobate mantle enveloping the
shell is the obvious distinguishing characteristic of this
genus, which differs from Physa in the triangular form of
the tentacles, and in the dextral shell. The animals crawl
slowly, and appear to prefer tranquil waters and muddy
localities. Species have been found in the Islands of the
Philippine Archipelago, and the ponds of Europe also

256 urn mm m.

harbour more than one. Amphipeplea, as M. Philippi
correctly observes, bears the same relation to Limntea that
Physa does to Bulinus.

Species of Amphipeplea.

Cumingi, Pfeiff. Leucouensis, Eyd.

glutiuosa, Mull. Strangei, Pfeiff.

involuta, Harvey.

Genus PHYSA, Draparnaud.

Tentacles slender, setaceous. Mantle covering part of
the shell, the margin fringed or digitate. Foot long,
acuminate behind.

Shell sinistral, oblong, thin, polished ; spire acute ; aper-
ture oval, rounded anteriorly, not dilated ; inner lip spread
over the last whorl, simple in front ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Phyza, Risso. Anisus, Studer, not Fitz. Eivi-
cola, Fitz.

Ex. P. fontinalis, Linnaeus, pi. 83, fig. 9. Shell, P.
fontinalis, fig. 9, a.

In this genus the tentacles of the animal are slender and
filiform, and the edge of the mantle is extended over the
shell, and fringed or furnished with digitations ; the shells
may be recognised by their polished surface and sinistral
whorls. The Physce prefer clear running streams and
fountains ; they are extremely quick in their movements,
and are not readily intimidated. When kept in glass- vessels,
they may frequently be seen to poise themselves on their
loot, and rapidly vibrate their shells. They are found in
Europe, North America, South Africa, India, and the

PHYSA.

257

Philippines, and are tolerably numerous in species; extinct
examples occur in the Wealden of Britain and France.

Species of Physa.

acuta, Drop.
ancillaria, Say.
Australiana, Conr.
Buschii, Kiist.
castanea, Lam.
Charpentieri, Kiist.
concolor, Hald.
crassula, Dillw.
foutiualis, Linn.
fragilis, Migh. and Adams.
Georgiana, Quoy.
gibbosa, Gould.
. gyrina, Say.
heterostropha, Say.
Jamaicensis, C. B. Adams.
Ludivigi, Krauss.
Mollucceusis, Less.
Natalensis, Krauss.
Novae Hollandise, Krauss.
osculans, Hald.
pectorosa, Conr.

purnila, Conr.
reticulata, Gould.
Salleana, Dkr.
scalaris, Dkr.
Senegalensis, Miill.
semiplicata, Kiist.
sinuata, Gould.
solida, Phil.
Sowerbyaua, D'Orb.
spiculata, Morel.
striata, D'Orb.
subarata, Mke.
subopaca, Lam.
tabulata, Gould.
Tongana, Quoy.
variabilis, Gray.
Venetzi, Char}).
venustula, Gould.
vinosa, Gould.
virginea, Gould.

Sub-gen. phtsella, Haldeman.

Shell globose, spire short; aperture elongate, very wide;
columella with the fold well marked.

globosa, Hald.

258 limnjEINjE.

Sub-gen. physodon, Haldernan.

Shell solid, smooth, elliptical; outer lip thick; columella
toothed.

microstoma, Hold.

Genus PIIYSOPSIS, Krauss.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate, thin ; aperture longi-
tudinal ; inner lip none ; columella involute, plicate, trun-
cate at the fore part ; outer lip simple, acute.

Ex. P. Africana, Krauss, pi. 83, fig. 10.

The animal of Physopsis has not been examined, but the
peculiar conformation of the shell would seem to indicate
some important difference in the mantle-margin. The only
species described is from South Africa, and the shell, in
having the base of the columella truncated, exhibits the
same relation to Physa that Achatina does to Bulimus
anions? the Helicidce.

*»

Genus CAMPTOCERAS, Benson.

Tentacles filiform, obtuse. Mantle scarcely going beyond
the lips of the shell. Foot short, scarcely exceeding the
length of the aperture.

Shell sinistrorsal, elongated ; spire produced, whorls few,
disunited ; aperture oblong, entire, produced and reflexed
anteriorly.

Ex. C. terebra, Benson, pi. 84, fig. 1.

The animal adheres, beneath the surface, to the decaying
stems of a long reedy grass, in a deep piece of water in the
wide alluvial bed of the Puuugunga, near Moradabad in India.

BULINUS. 259

Genus BULINUS, Adanson.

Tentacles filiform, setaceous. Mantle simple-edged, and
not reflexed over the shell.

Shell sinistrorsal, elongated, polished, thin ; spire acumi-
nated ; aperture narrow, produced anteriorly ; inner lip
simple ; outer lip acute.

Syn. Nauta, Leach. Aplexa, Fleming. Aplexus,
Gray.

Ex. B. hypnorum, Linnceus, pi. 84, fig. 2. Shell, B.
hypuorum, fig. 2, a.

This genus bears the same relation to Physa that Limncea
does to Amphipeplea; it is readily distinguished from
Physa by the included mantle, and comprises a group with
smooth, translucent, glassy shells, frequenting the fresh-
water ponds of Europe and America ; a few species assume
a considerable size, as B. Peruvianas from Chili, and B.
Mauyerce from California ; one species, B. hypnorum, is
common in the weedy dykes of many parts of England.

Sjiecies of Bulinus.

abbreviatus, Beck. irapluviatus, Morel.

Adansonii, Gray. Maugerae, Gray.

affinis, Eydoux. Peruvianus, Gray.

elatus, Gould. suturalis, Beck.

elongatus, Jay. ventricosior, Beck.

hypnorum, Linn. Wahlbergi, Krauss.

260 PLANORBINiE.

Sub-gen. isidora, Ehrenberg (Diastropha, Guildina).

Shell ovate, umbilicated ; columella without any fold.

albus, Turton. integer, Hold.

diaphanus, Krauss. rivalis, Mat. and Rack.

distortus, Hald. tropicus, Krauss.

Guildingii, Swains. truncatus, Ferus.

Sub-fam. PLANOKBINiE.

Shell spiral, discoidal or depressed, rnany-whorled ; aper-
ture crescentic.

Genus PLANORBIS, Guettard.

Tentacles slender, filiform. Foot short, ovate.

Shell dextral, discoidal ; spire depressed, whorls numerous,
visible on both sides; aperture crescentic, or transversely
oval; peristome thin, incomplete, the upper margin pro-
duced.

Syti. Coretus, Adanson. Angarius, Martini. Orbis,
Schrbt., not Lea. Spirodiscus, Stein. Planorbina, Hald.

Ex. P. corneus, Linnaeus, pi. 84, fig. 3. Shell, P.
corneus, fig. 3, a.

The species of Planorbis are principally inhabitants of
temperate regions, and are very numerous in the northern
hemisphere ; they appear to be represented in the tropics
by the Ampullar tides, especially by the genus Marisa, the
shells of which bear a strong resemblance to those of
Planorbis. The tentacles of the animal are very long, and,
as might have been expected from the small size of the

PLANORBIS.

261

foot, locomotion is very slow; when irritated, a purple fluid
is ejected from under the margin of the mantle. Many
fossil examples occur in the tertiary formations of Europe.

Species of Planorbis.

Bahiensis, Dkr.
Banaticus, Dkr.
Beckianus, Dkr.
Benguelensis, Dkr.
Bolivianus, Phil.
brunneus, Gray.
Cannarum, Morel.
Cantori, Bens.
capillaris, Beck.
Chilensis, Anton.
cimex, Moric.
coenosus, Bens.
Corinna, Gray.
corneus, Linn.
covnu, Ehrenb.
costatus, Fabr.
dentifer, Moric.
fragilis, Dkr.
fuscus, Dkr.
Gangeticus, Beck.
grandis, Dkr.
Havanensis, Pfeiff.
heliciformis, Both.
hemispherula, Bens.
humilis, G. B. Adams.

labiatus, Bens.
Lanieriauus, D'Orb.
Liebmanni, Dkr.
lugubris, Wagn.
lutescens, Lam.
modicus, Bens.
montanus, D'Orb.
Natalensis, Dkr.
orientalis, Oliv.
peregrinus, D'Orb.
Pfeifferi, Dkr.
Provicandi, Beck.
refulgeus, Dkr.
Rossmaessleri, Schmidt.
rotula, Bens.
Riippellii, Dkr.
Sindicus, Bens.
solidus, Dkr.
stramiueus, Dkr.
Tongauensis, Quoy.
turaidus, Pfeiff.
umbilicalis, Bens.
vermicularis, Gould,
viridis, Spix.
zebrinus, Dkr.

Sub-gen. planorbella, Haldeman.

Shell with the whorls few; aperture campanulate or bell-
shaped, prominent.

antrorsus, Conr.
campanulatus, Say.

VOL. II.

proboscideus, Mke.

M M

262

TLANORBINiE.

Sub-gen. helisoma, Swainson.

Shell ventricose, the spire sunk below the body whorl ; whorls
few, often angulated.

affinis, C. B. Adams.
bicarinatus, Say.
Coromandelicus, Fabr,
corpulentus. Say.
defiectus, Say.
Fokkesii, Dkr.
fovealis, Mke.
glabratus, Say.
inflatus, Dkr.
interruptus, Shuttl.

lentus, Say.
Maya, Morel.
Merguensis, Phil.
obesus, Dkr.
Peruvianus, Brod.
sericeus, Dkr.
tenagophilus, D'Orb,
tenuis, Phil.
trivolvis, Say.

Sub-gen. tafhius, H. and A. Adams.

Shell excavated beneath, whorls rounded; aperture oval, colu-
mellar margin rectilinear.

Andecola, D'Orb.

Sub-gen. menetus, H. and A. Adams (Anisus, Beck, not Fitz.

?Hippeutis, Agassis).

Shell depressed ; whorls rapidly increasing, periphery an-
gulated.

angulatus, Phil.
commutatus, Dkr.
Cumingianus, Dkr.
decipieus, C. B. Adams.
ferrugineus, Moric.
Guadaloupensis, Sow.
heloicus, D'Orb.
helophilus, D'Orb.
lenticularis, Hartm.

Moricandi, Beck.
multivolvis, Case.
olivaceus, Spix.
opercularis, Gould.
orbiculus, Morel.
pallidus, C. B. Adams.
Philippianus, Dkr.
refulgens, Dkr.
striatulus, Rich.

PLANORBIS. 263

Sub-gen. anisus, Fitzinger (Trophidiscus, Stein).

Shell greatly depressed ; whorls very numerous, periphery
keeled.

carinatus, Mull. ruarnioratus, Mich.

depressinius, Moric. subangulatus, Phil.

dubius, Hartm. subcarinatus, Charp.

kermatoides, D'Orb. submarginatus, Crist, and Jan.

marginatus, Drap. vortex, Linn.

Sub-gen. spirorbis, Svvaiuson.

Shell much depressed ; whorls many, periphery simple.

acies, Porro. nitidulus, Dkr.

auatinus, D'Orb. placentula, Kryn.

angulatus, Chitty. Kedfieldi, C. B. Adams.

catillus, Anton. Reveutlowii, Beck.

contortus, Linn. septemgyratus, Ziegl.

fusculus, Parr. Sibiricus, Dkr.

leucostoma, Mich. spirorbis, Mull.

luridus, Pfeiff. tseniatus, Morel.

Mac Nabiauus, C. B. Adams. virens, C. B. Adams.
magnificus, Conr.

Sub-gen. nautilina, Stein. (? Gyraulus, Agassiz)

Sbell orbicular above, flat beneath ; whorls few, rapidly
increasing.

albus, Mull. circumlineatus, Shuttl.

ammoneus, Beck. compressus, Ilutt.

arcticus, Beck. cleflectus, Say.

Brondelii, Raym. deformis, Lam.

Chiuensis, Dkr. dilatatus, Gould.

264 PLANORBINvE.

elevatus, Say. orbiculus, Morel.

exacutus, Say. pallidus, C. B. Adams.

Gilberti, Dkr. Panamensis, Dkr.

glaber, Jeff. parvus, Say.

Hindsianus, Dkr. retusus, Morel.

Isabel, Morel. Salleanus, Dkr.

limosus, Dkr. thermalis, Beck.

nautileus, Linn. troclioides, Bens.
nitidus, Mull.

Genus SEGMENTINA, Fleming.

Tentacles filiform.

Shell orbicular, depressed, furnished internally with trans-
verse, testaceous partitions or teeth ; aperture transversely
oval, or circular.

Syn. Hemithalamus, Leach. Segmentaria, Swains.
Discus, H aide man.

Ex. S. armigera, Say,\>\. 84, fig. 4. Shell, S. lacustris,
Lightfoot, fig. 4, a.

In S. lacustris the teeth-like processes of the shell are
three in number, and project so as to leave a tri-radiated
aperture for the passage of the animal ; the earlier ones
are not absorbed, and several of the partitions thus formed
are always present. In Planoriula, but one set of teeth,
which are more numerous than in the typical species of
the genus, exists in adult individuals, the septa formed at
earlier periods having become absorbed.

Species of Segmentina.

calatbus, Bens. Largillierti, Dkr.

lacustris, Lightfoot. perforata, Gould.

ANCYLUS. 265

Sub-gen. planorbula, Haldernan.

Shell with the aperture furnished with dentiform plicse, not
forming open partitions.

albicans, Pfeiff. dentata, Dkr.

Alexandrina, Ehrenb. dentiens, Morel.

armata, Beck. obstructa, Morel.
armigera, Sat/.

Sub-fam. ANCYLIN^.
Shell non-spiral, conical, limpet-like.

Genus ANCYLUS, Geoffroy.

Teeth, central 1, lateral 36. Tentacles subulate. Mantle
included; pulmonary orifice protected by a branchial ap-
pendage. Foot large.

Shell sinistral, thin, patelliform, depressed, non-spiral, apex
directed to the right ; aperture very wide ; peritreme con-
tinuous, simple, entire.

Syn. Angulus, Miihlf. Ansulus, Herrmann. Aney-
lastrum, Bourguignat.

Ex. A. radiatus, Guilding, pi. 84, fig. 5. Shell, A.
simplex, Buclioz, fig. 5, a.

The species of this genus are found in running streams,
crawling on the stones and feeding on Ulva and other
vegetable productions ; they are met with in South America,
Southern and Central Europe, the West Indies, and the
British Islands.

266

ANCYLIN.E.

Species of Ancylus.

aduncus, Gould.
Baconii, Bourg.
Barileusis, Morlc.
Beaui, Bourg.
Caffer, Krauss.
calcareus, Deltay.
capuloides, Jan.
Charpentierianus, Bourg.
cornpressus, Nyst.
conceritricus, D'Orb.
costulatus, Kiist.
crassus, Hold.
culicoides, D'Orb.
Curningianus, Bourg.
cyclostorria, Bourg.
deperditus, Desm.
depressus, Haiti.
Deshayesianus, Bourg.
diaphanus, Hald.
Drouetianus, Bourg.
filosus, Conr.
fuscus, C. B. Adams.
gibbosus, Bourg.
Haldemanii, Bourg.
Havanensis, Pfeiff.

irroratus, Guild.
marginatus, Eichiv.
Moreletii, Bourg.
Moricandi, D'Orb.
obliquus, Brod. and Sow.
obscurus, Hald.
obtusus, Morel.
Orbignyanus, Bourg.
parallelus, Hald.
Petitianus, Bourg.
pileolus, Ferns.
radiatilis, Morel.
radiatus, Guild.
Raymondii, Bourg.
riparius, Desm.
rivularis, Say.
Saulcyanus, Bourg.
simplex, Buchoz.
striatus, Webb and Berth.
strictus, Morel.
strigatus, Parr.
tardus, Say.
verruca, Bens.
vitraceus, Morel.

Geuus acroloxus, Beck.

Tongue armed with a central tooth, and twelve lateral
teeth on each side, then one tooth of a different form, and
lastly six more on each side.

Shell dextral, elongated, ohlong, patelliform, non-spiral;
apex near the middle, directed to the left.

Syn. Velletia, Gray.

GUNDLACHIA. 267

Ex. A. lacustris, Linnaus, pi. 84, fig. 6. Shell, V.
lacustris, fig. 6, a.

The Acroloxi are dextrorsal Ancyli ; they differ, more-
over, in the form and arrangement of the teeth. They are
found adhering to the stems and leaver of aquatic plants in
ponds and rivulets.

Species of Acroloxus.

lacustris, Linn. Nuttallii, Hald.

Moquinianus, Bourg.

Genus LATIA, Gray.

Shell half-ovate, spiral, of one or more rapidly-enlarging
whorls ; spire short, posteriorly reclined ; aperture very
large, ohlong ; basal margin with a thin, narrow, flat, hori-
zontal lamina occupying the hind half of the left side, the
left hinder edge bent down and produced into a broad
expansion on the right side.

Syn. Pelex, Gould.

Ex. L. neritoides, Gray, pi. 84, fig. 7.

This genus is from New Zealand, and chiefly differs from
Ancylus in the transverse septum in the aperture of the
shell. The orifice of respiration in the animal is on the
right side, the eyes are on the outer base of the tentacles,
and there is no operculum.

Genus gundlachja, Pfeiffer.

Shell thin, ancyliform, non-spiral, obliquely conical ; apex
inclined backwards, basal side two-thirds closed with a
fiat, horizontal lamina ; aperture anterior, horizontal, semi-
circular.

Ex. G. ancyliformis, Pfeiffer, pi. 84, fig. 8.

268 THALASSOPHILA.

This singular, slipper-shaped little shell reminds one in
form of Catillus or Grypta ; it is covered with an oliva-
ceous epidermis, and has no operculum. It is an inhabitant
of the fresh-water streams of one of the West-Indian
Islands.

Sab-order THALASSOPHILA.

Eyes sessile on the front part of the frontal disk formed
by the expanded tentacles.

Auimal marine, or living in the vicinity of the sea.

Fam. AMPHIBOLID^.

Lingual membrane large, very broad, expanded, and long,
with a central space or line scarcely defined ; teeth nume-
rous, equal, similar, four-sided, rather longer than broad, in
straight cross lines, with a broad, rounded lobe, rather more
sinuous on the inner than on the outer side of its front edge.
Eyes sessile on the front part of the cephalic disk formed
by the expanded tentacles. Respiratory cavity closed, except
a small valvular opening on the right side ; a large gland
occupying the position of the gill. Sexes united.

Operculum horny, oval, sub-spiral.

Shell spiral, globose, umbilicated.

The animals of this family inhabit the salt marshes near
the sea, the living shells having Scrjnihe sometimes attached
to them. They appear to respire the free air, the gill being
rudimentary, and the mantle-cavity nearly closed. In the
armature of the lingual membrane, they approach the Lim-
neeidm, and the form of the frontal disk seems to resemble
the head of the same family with the tentacles greatly ex-

AMPHIBOLA. 269

panded and united together. The Amphibolida offer an
exception to the general rule, that Pulmonifers with a olosed
mantle- cavity are destitute of opercula.

Genus AMPHIBOLA, Schumacher.

Shell suh-globose, solid, rugose, umbilicated; spire de-
pressed, whorls angulated; aperture oval; inner lip with a
callosity in the middle; columella flattened and reflected;
outer lip with a sinus at the hind part.

Syn. Ampullacera, Quoy. Thallicera, Swains.

Ex. A. nux-avellana, Chemnitz, pi. 84, fig. 9. A.
(Ampullarina) fragilis, Quoy and Gaimard, fig. 9, a. Oper-
culum, A. nux-avellana, fig. 9, b, 9, c. Shell, A. nux-
avellana, fig. 9, d.

The animals of this genus are found in great abund-
ance in New Zealand, living in pools of brackish water, and,
in certain seasons, burying themselves in the sandy mud.
The New Zealanders collect them and employ them as arti-
cles of food.

Species of Antphibola.

nux-avellana, Chem. obovata, Dkr.

Sub-gen. ampullarina, Sowerby.

Shell thin, whorls rounded; inner lip simple; outer lip
sinuated in the middle.

Busbyi, Gray. pomum (Natica), Phil.

fragilis, Quoy and Gaim.

VOL. II. N N

270 SIPHONARIID.E.

Fain. SIPHON ARIIDiE.

Lingual membrane broad, ratber long ; teeth numerous,
equal, in slightly- arched, cross lines ; the central tooth nar-
row, elongated, with a small rhombic apex; the lateral
teeth larger, diverging, gradually diminishing in size towards
the outer side of the series, and furnished with a rather
oblique curved tip. Head with a large frontal disk, bi-lobed
in front, and formed by the expanded tentacles ; eyes sessile
on the outer side of the disk. Respiratory orifice covered by
a large fleshy lobe of the mantle.

Operculum none.

Shell conical, patelliform, with an internal groove on the
right side.

The character of the lingual dentition in this family,
which is very similar to that of E/lobium, and the closed
respiratory cavity, protected, as in Chilina and Ancylus, by
a fleshy lobe of the mantle, seem to indicate this to be the
true position of these animals.

Genus SIPHONARIA, Blainville.

Shell limpet- like, orbicular, depressly conical ; apex sub-
central, oblique, recurved posteriorly ; aperture wide, margin
irregular, crenulated ; muscular impression crescentic ; a
siphonal groove on the right side, which is extended in a
projection beyond the margin.

Syn. Liria, Gray. Trimusculus, Schmidt.

Ex. S. picta, D'Orbiyny, pi. 84, fig. 10, 10, a. Shell,
S. sipho, Sowerby, fig. 10, b.

The species of Sij)honarta are marine, being found ad-

SIHIONARIA.

271

hering to rocks between tide-marks; they have a widely-
extended geographical range, hut are most numerous in the
tropics; India, China, Australia, the Philippines, New
Zealand, and the Pacific furnish examples of the genus.

Species of Sifihonaria.

acuta, Quoy and Gaim.
albicans, Quoy and Gaim.
aspera, Krauss.
atra, Quoy and Gaim.
australis, Quoy and Gaim.
Capensis, Quoy and Gaim.
characteristics., Reeve.
Coreelisis, Adams and Reeve.
cornuta, Gould.
costata, Sow.

denticulata, Quoy and Gaim.
Dienienensis, Quoy and

Gaim.
exigua, Mart.
gigas, Sow.

Guaraensis, Quoy and Gaim.
inculta, Gould.
Javanica, Lam.
Jonasii, Dkr.
lateralis, Gould.
lepida, Gould.
leviuscula, Soio.
Lessoui, Blainv.
lineolata, Sow.

maura, Souk
melanozonias, Gmel.
Natalensis, Krauss.
normalis, Gould.
oculus, Krauss.
pica, Sow.
picta, D'Orb.
placentula, JSIke.
plana, Quoy and Gaim.
plicata, Quoy and Gaim.
punctata, Quoy and Gaim.
Sowerbyi, H. and A. Adams

(radiata, Soiv.).
radians, H. and A. Adams

(radiata, Adams and Reeve).
radiata, Blainv.
sipho, Sow.
striato-costata, Dkr.
striatula, Gmel.
subrugosa, Sow.
urubouata, Mke.
variabilis, Krauss.
viridis, Quoy and Gaim.
Zealaudica, Quoy and Gaim.

272 OPERCULATA.

Order OPERCULATA.

Teeth recurved, hooked, in seven rows, arranged in a
semi-lunar manner on a narrow lingual hand. Mouth
proboscidiform, not provided with horny jaws. Respiratory
organ reticulate, in the form of a sacciform cavity on the
hack of the neck ; edge of the mantle free from the nape,
leaving the respiratory cavity open. Sexes distinct. Oper-
culigerous. Animal oviparous, for the most part terrestrial,
and respiring free air.

Dr. Leach appears to have been the first to have pointed
out the important differences in organisation which distin-
guish the operculate division of the Pulmonifera. Under
the name of Antrobranchia he has defined them as being
unisexual, and as having reticulated gills. Dr. Gray has
more recently shown, that in the armature of their lingual
membrane they closely approach the Pectinibranchiate
Gasteropods, the teeth greatly resembling those of the
Naticid(e. The embryonic state of these animals is not
well known, but from the circumstance of the eggs being
deposited out of the water, it is most probable that the
young resemble in form their parent, instead of being pro-
vided, as in the Branchiferous Gasteropods, with deciduous
cephalic fins, which, in their case, would be superfluous
appendages. The great majority of the operculigerous
Pulmonifers respire free air by means of their sacciform,
lung-like breathing organ. Their tentacles are simply con-
tractile, and not retractile by inversion as in the Helicida,
and their eyes are usually sessile on the head near the
bases of the tentacles, instead of being elevated on pedun-
cles as in that family. Some of them live on the ground

ECTOPHTHALMA. 273

in humid situations, as the Cyclophoridce ; while others
again are found near the shore within the influence of the
tide, as Truncatella and Paludinella, or in marshy places,
as Assiminia ; the three latter genera seem to resemble in
many essential particulars the family Littorinidce.

Sub-order ECTOPHTHALMA.

Eyes on the side of the head at the outer bases of the
tentacles. Foot rather elongate.

Operculum horny or shelly, distinctly spiral, or annulated
and non-spiral.

As constituted at present, this division includes but two
families, readily distinguished by the nature of the oper-
culum, which in the Cyclophorida is spiral, and in the
Heiicinidce is annular.

Fam. CYCLOPHOKIDjE.

Tongue narrow, with seven rows of recurved, hooked
teeth. Head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate ; eyes on
the outer side of the bases of the tentacles. Foot elon-
gated.

Operculum distinctly spiral, testaceous, cartilaginous or
horny; whorls very numerous and sub-equal, or few and
rapidly-increasing.

Shell usually covered with a horny epidermis ; aperture,
for the most part, circular.

The animals of this extensive family are found in the
humid parts of tropical forests, either concealed among the
debris at the roots of trees, or inhabiting the branches and
the foliage; they are also met with in dry and arid situa-

274 CYCLOTIN^E.

tions, and among loose stones and leaves in chalky and
barren regions, while some take up their abode in the
immediate vicinity of the sea. The structure of the oper-
culum, which varies in different typical forms, presents
peculiarities which afford valuable aids in our endeavours
to group the species ; the shells are usually turbinate, and
are generally covered with an epidermis, which is often
mottled and variegated with a reddish brown colour. As
in the Helicidte, the spiral cone which forms the shell
assumes very varied proportions, being sometimes plan-
orbular and depressed, as in Cyclotus, pupiform and ele-
vated, as in Megalomastoma, or heliciform and moderate,
as in Cycloj)horus.

Sub-fam. CYCLOTIN^E.

Operculum thick, formed of two laminsB with a groove
on the edge between them ; the inner layer horny, the outer
calcareous ; orbicular, of many gradually- enlarging whorls,
usually with a raised border on their outer edge forming
a spiral ridge or fringe ; nucleus central.

Genus CYCLOTUS, Guilding.

Operculum orbicular, testaceous, arctispiral, rather con-
cave externally, the whorls with the margins thickened and
elevated, nucleus sub-central.

Shell discoidal or turbinately depressed, widely umbili-
cated; aperture entire, circular; peristome simple or double,
straight, expanded or reflexed.

Syn. Poteria, Gray. Myxostomella, Gray.

Ex. C. semistriatus, Sower by, pi. 85, fig. 1. Oper

CYCLOTUS. 275

culum, C. Inoa, D'Orbiyny, fig. 1, a, 1, b. Shell, C. semi-
striatus, fig. 1, c.

The majority of the species of Cy dolus proper are inha-
hitants of the East-Indian and Philippine Archipelagoes,
while a few are from New Guinea and the Fiji Islands.
The sub-genus Cyrtotoma is from Mexico ; the sub-genus
Aperostoma is geographically distributed into two groups,
one from South America, and the other from the West
Indies, especially from the Island of Jamaica ; not a single
species appears to inhabit the Old World.

Species of Cyclotus.

conoideus, Pfeiff. orbellus, Lam.

corniculum, Mouss. planorbulus, Lam.

diatretus, Gould. plebejus, Soiv.

discoideus, Sow. pusillus, Sow.

exiguus, Sow. Recluzianus, Pfeiff.

filocinctus, Bens. scalaris, Pfeiff.

Fortunei, Pfeiff. subdiscoideus, Sow.

hebraicus, Less. substriatus, Sow.

incomptus, Sow. variegatus, Swains.

mucronatus, Soiv. volvuloides, Sow.
opaliuus, Mouss.

Sub-gen. aperostoma, Troschel (Cyclopoma, Troseh.).

Operculum with the margin of the whorls elevated into an
incurved lamina.

Shell with the peritreme simple, continuous, acute.

asperulus, Sow. distinctus, Sow.

cingulatus, Soiv. dubiosus, C. B. Adams.

corrugatus, Sow. Duffianus, C. B. Adams.

crassus, C. B. Adams. giganteus, Gray.

disjunctus, Moric. Inca, D'Orb.

276 cyclotiNjE.

Jamaicensis, Cfiem. seminudus, G. B. Adams.

jugosus, C. B. Adams. semistriatus, Sow.

laxatus, Sow. stramiueus, Beeve.

pallescens, C. B. Adams. subrugosus, Sow.

perpallidus, C. B. Adams. suturalis, Sow.

Popayanus, Lea. translucidus, Sow.

prorninulus, Ferus. varians, G. B. Adams.
Quitensis, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. cyrtotoma, Morch.

Shell with the last whorl free, cylindrical ; peristome with
the left margin entirely free, deeply emarginate at the umbilicus,
dilated and expanded below the emargination.

Mexicanus, Menke.

Genus OPISTHOPORUS, Benson.

Operculum calcareous, circular, thick, multispiral, concave
on both sides, composed of an internal horny, and an ex-
ternal calcareous layer, with an erect, spiral lamina between
them, nucleus central, margin concave.

Shell depressed, orbicular, widely umbilicated, the suture
furnished, near the aperture, with an exserted, pervious tube ;
aperture circular; peristome double, the external expanded
and produced superiorly into a tectiform beak, the internal
sometimes emarginate above or shortly excised.

Syn. Ccelopoma, Benson.

Ex. 0. biciliatus, Mousson, pi. 85, fig. 2. Operculum,
0. biciliatus, fig. 2, a, 2, h, 2, c.

The species of this group, which is readily distinguished
from Pterocyclos by the operculum being flat, and from
Myxostoma by the operculum being complex and calcareous,

PTEROCYCLOS. 277

instead of simple and horny, are from the Islands of the
Eastern Archipelago, principally from Borneo and Java.

Species of Opisthopoirus.

biciliatus, Mouss. tubuliferus, Pfeiff.

rostellatus, Pfeiff.

Genus PTEROCYCLOS, Benson.

Operculum convex, elevated, multispiral, deeply concave
internally, composed of a calcareous spiral lamina covered
with a horny layer.

Shell suh-discoidal, widely umbilicated ; aperture circular ;
peristome double, the external dilated superiorly into a wing
or tectiform beak, the internal short and incised on the right
margin.

Syn. Steganostoma, Troschel,

Ex. P. rupestris, Benson, pi. 85, fig. 3. Operculum,
P. rupestris, fig. 3, a, 3, b, 3, c.

The species of this genus inhabit India and the Islands
of the East-Indian Archipelago, Ceylon, and Cochin-China.
The shells have the same tectiform canaliculate wing seen
in My.vostoma and Opisthoporus, but the structure of the
operculum will distinguish them.

Species of Pterocyclos.

Albersi, Pfeiff. nanus, Bens.

auguliferus, Soul. parvus, Pears.

bilabiatus, Bens. rupestris, Bens.

Blandi, Bens. tenuilabiatus, Metcalfe.

Cumingi, Pfeiff. Troscheli, Bens.

VOL. II. O O

278 CYCLOPHOftlNyE.

Sub-gen. spiraculum, Pearson.

Shell with a reverted, closed tube or spiracle, situated on the
suture near the aperture.

hispidus, Pearson.

Genus ALYC2EUS, Gray.

Operculum circular, sub-testaceous, obsoletely many-
whorl ed.

Shell conical or depressed; spire regular, suture deep,
with a retroversal callus, last whorl distorted, compressed and
contracted behind the aperture ; aperture circular, peristome
regularly reflexed.

Ex. A. gibbus, Fermsac, pi. 85, fig. 4. Operculum,
A. gibbus, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The head-quarters of this small but peculiar group appear
to be India, three species being found in the Sikkirn Hima-
laya; the A. gibbus is from Cochin-China, and A. spira-
cellum is from the Island of Borneo.

Species of Alycceus.

constrictus, Bens. strangulatus, Hutton.

gibbus, Ferns. urnula, Bens.

spiracellum, Adams and Reeve.

Sub-fam. CYCLOPHOKIN.E.

Operculum horny, thin, without any external shelly layer ;
orbicular, of many very gradually- enlarging whorls; nucleus
central.

CYCLOPHORUS. 279

Shell conical or depressed, last whorl rounded, without
any groove or ridge round the front of the axis.

Genus CYCLOPHORUS, Montfort.

Operculum orbicular, horny, thin, more or less concave
externally, with numerous narrow whorls, and. a central
nucleus.

Shell globosely turbinated, depressed or discoidal, usually
widely umbilicated ; aperture circular ; peristome continuous,
straight or expanded.

Syn. Annularia, Solium. Cyclophora, Swains. Cy-
clohelix, March.

Ex. C. tigrinus, Sowerly, pi. 85, fig. 5. Operculum,
C. tigrinus, fig. 5, a, 5, b. Shell, C. involvulus, Midler,
fig. 5, c.

The greater number of this group are inhabitants of the
continent of India, the East- Indian Islands, Ceylon, and the
Philippines ; a few are from Madagascar ; a section with the
peristome straight is from the Pacific Islands; and another
section is from South America.

Sjiecies of Cyclojrfwrm.

alternans, Pfeiff. Bairdi, Pfeiff.

altivagus, Bens. Bensoni, Pfeiff.

Amboinensis, Pfeiff. Birmanus, Pfeiff.

amoenus, Pfeiff. Borneeusis, Metcalfe.

Apiae, Recluz. Bourcieri, Pfeiff.

appendicular, Pfeiff. canaliferus, Sow.

annulatus, Trosch. Cantori, Bens.

aquila, Sow. Cayermensis, Shuttl.

atramentarius, Sow. Ceylanicus, Pfeiff.

Aurora, Bens. Charpentieri, Mouss.

280

CYCLOPHORIN-E.

cocloconus, Bens.
Curningii, Sow.
Cytora, Gray.
deusilineatus, Pfeiff.
disculus, Pfeiff.
Dysoni, Pfeiff.
euomplialus, Pfoiff-
exiinius, Moms.
expansus, Pfeiff.
exul, Bens.
flavus, Broil.
fornicatus, Pfeiff.
fulguratus, Pfeiff.
Guirnarasensis, Sow.
guttatus, Pfeiff.
Himalayanus, Pfeiff.
Ibyateusis, Pfeiff.
ictericus, Sow.
Indicus, Desk.
involvulus, Mull.
Jerdoni, Bens.
labiosus, Pfeiff.
leucostomus, Pfeiff.
linguiferus, Sow.
lingulatus, Sou\
loxostomus, Pfeiff.
luridus, Pfeiff.
lutescens, Pfeiff.
maculosus, Sow.
margarita, Pfeiff.
marmoratus, Ferns.
Menkeanus, Phil.
milium, Bens.
obliquatus, Gould.
oculus-capri, Wood.
parapsis, Bens.
parvus, Sow.
Pearsoni, Bens.
perdix, Brocl. and Sow.

phaenotopicus, Bens.
Philippinarum, Sow.
picturatus, Pfeiff.
Pirrieanus, Pfeiff.
ponderosus, Pfeiff.
porphyriticus, Bens.
psilomitus, Pfeiff.
punctatus, Gratel.
purus, Forbes.
pyrotrema, Bens.
ravidus, Bens.
rufesceus, Sow.
eemisulcatus, Soiv.
Siamensis, Sow.
speciosus, Phil.
stenompbalus, Pfeiff.
stenostomus, Sow.
striatulus, Pfeiff.
strigatus, Gould.
tenebricosus, Adams and

Peeve.
texturatus, Sow.
Tbersites, Shuttl.
tiara, Gould.
tigrinus, Sow.
triliratus, Pfeiff.
trocboides, Yoldi.
tryblium, Bens.
tuba, Sow.
turbinatus, Pfeiff.
turbo, Chem.
turgidus, Pfeiff.
validus, Sow.
volvulus, Midi.
Wablbergi, Bens.
Woodianus, Lea.
zebra, Gratel.
zebrinus, Bens.
Zollingeri, Mouss.

LEITOrOMA. 2S1

Sub-gen. myxostoma, Troscbel (Lituus, Martyn, not Browne).

Operculum flat, thick, sub-cartilaginous.
Shell with the inner peristome continuous and entire, the outer
reflexed, with a beak behind closely pressed to the last whorl.

brevis, Martyn.

Genus LEPTOPOMA, Pfeiffer.

Operculum circular, membranous, narrowly whorled, flat.

Shell globosely turbinated or conical, narrowly umbili-
cated; peristome simple, reflexed, margins wide apart,
sometimes united by a very thin callus.

E.v. L. immaculatum, Chemnitz, pi. 85, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, L. perlucidum, Grateloup, fig. 0, «, C, b. Shell, L.
immaculatum, fig. 6, c.

Nearly all the species of this genus are from New Guinea,
Borneo, and the Philippine Islands ; one small species is
from Pitcaim's Island ; and one or two are from Ceylon.

Species of Leptopoma.

acuminatum, Sow. insigne, Sow.

acutimarginatum, Soiv. latelimbatum, Pfeiff.

atricapillum, Sow. luteostoma, Sow.

bicolor, Pfeiff. Massenae, Less.

ciliatum, Sow. melanostoma, Petit.

ciliferum, Mouss. Panayense, Sow.

elatum, Pfeiff. perlucidum, Grat.

fibula, Soiv. perplexum, Sow.

goniostoma, Soiv. pileus, Sow.

halophilum, Bens. regulare, Pfeiff.

helicoides, Grat. sericatum, Pfeiff.

ignescens, Pfeiff. undatum, Metcalfe.
immaculatum, Chem.

282 cyclopiiorinjE.

Genus DERMATOCERA, H. and A. Adams.

Animal with a conical, epidermal horn on the hind part of
■ the foot.

Operculum orbicular, membranous, flat, with many narrow
whorls and a central nucleus.

Shell glohosely turbinate, narrowly umbilicated, whorls
rounded, simple ; peristome reflexed, with the margins wide
apart and united by a thin callus.

Syn. Cyclostoma sp., Sow. Leptopoma sp., Pfeiff.

Ex. D. vitrea, Lesson, pi. 85, fig. 7. Operculum, D.
vitrea, fig. 7, a, 7, b. Shell, D. vitrea, fig. 7, c.

M. Eydoux has figured a Cyclostomus with a similar
caudal appendage in the "Voyage of the Bonite." Although
there does not appear to be any great difference either in the
shell or operculum of the animal on which we have esta-
blished this genus, still the existence of a conspicuous,
fleshy, horn-like appendage on the hind part of the foot ap-
pears of a nature so peculiar as to warrant us in giving a
name to those animals in which it is present. The species
we have examined, and which is in spirits in Mr. Cuming's
Collection, is from the Islands of the Philippine Archi-
pelago.

Species of Dermatocera.
maculosa, Eyd and Soul. vitrea, Less.

Genus AULOPOMA, Troschel.

Operculum horny, arctispiral, planorbiform, composed of
two lamina?, the last whorl furnished internally with a cir-

CRASPEDOPOMA. 283

cular groove, the outer edge larger than the aperture, and
reflexed over the peristome of the shell.

Shell turbinate, depressed or sub-discoidal, the last whorl
anteriorly detached; peristome free, straight, continuous,
received into the circular groove of the operculum.

Ex. A. cornu-venatorium, Sowerby, pi. 85, fig. 8.
Operculum, A. cornu-venatorium, fig. 8, a, 8, b.

The few species known are from the Island of Ceylon.

Species of Aulopoma.

cornu-venatorium, Sow. Itierii, Guer.

helicinum, Chem.

Genus CRASPEDOPOMA, Pfeiffer.

Operculum horny, solid, whorls very narrow, nucleus
central, outer lamina flat, inner concave and furnished with
a circular marginal prominence.

Shell sub-turbinate, rimate, axis imperforate, last whorl
slightly produced, straight; aperture circular, rather con-
tracted ; peristome continuous, simple, receiving the external
prominence of the operculum.

Syn. Bolania, Gray. Hygrobium, Lowe.

Ex. C. lucidum, Lowe, pi. 85, fig. 9. Operculum, C.
lucidum, fig. 9, a, 9, b, 9, c.

The few species at present known are from the Island of
Madeira.

Species of Craspedopoma.

costatum, Shuttl. Lyonuetianum, Lowe.

lucidum, Lowe.

284 puriNiM.

Sub-fam. PUPININiE.

Operculum horny, thin, orbicular, of many very gradually-
enlarging whorls ; nucleus central.

Shell oblong-elongate, last whorl with a fold or spiral
ridge on the inner side, in front of the axis, sometimes form-
ing a groove in the outer lip.

Genus MEGALOMASTOMA, Guilding.

Operculum horny, thin, sub-circular, closely-whorled, fiat.

Shell scarcely perforated, cylindrical or pupiform, covered
with a thin epidermis, last whorl with a slight ridge round
the umbilical region; aperture circular ; peristome continuous,
double, expanded and thickened, the columellar margin
sometimes slightly notched.

Syn. Farcimen, Trosch. Megaloma, Woodw. Lo-
mastoma, Woodw., not Eajin.

Ex. M. altum, Sowerby, pi. 8G, fig. 1 . Operculum, M.
altum, fig. 1, a, 1, b. Shell, M. altum, fig. 1, c.

Although the West-Indian Islands seem to be the head-
quarters of this genus, most of the species being natives of
Cuba, Haiti, and St. Vincent, one example, M. sectilabrum,
Gould, is found in Tavoy, another, M. pauperculum, Sow.,
in Assam, and a third, M. funicirialum, Benson, in the
Eastern Himalaya.

species of Meyalomastoma .

altum, Sow. bifasciatum, Sow.

alutaceum, Mke. bituberculatuin, Sow.

Antillarum, Sow. chrysalis, Pfeiff.

auriculatum, UOrb. croceum, Sow.

TORT U LOS A.

2S5

cyliudraceum, Chen).
Guatemalense, Pfeiff.
Guildingianum, Pfeiff.
MaDi, Poey.
Orbignyi, Pfeiff.

pauperculum, Sow.
sectilabrum, Gould.
simulacrum, Morel.
tortuni, Wood.
ventricosum, D'Orb.

Genus TORTULOSA, Gray.

Operculum orbicular, flat, horny, many-whorled.

Shell perforate, pupa-shaped, not callous, last whorl
furnished with a filiform, basal keel; aperture circular, entire,
prolonged at the base by a somewhat circular channel;
peristome continuous, dilated at its lower extremity into the
keel of the last whorl.

Sy/i. Cataulus, Pfeiffer.

Ex. T. tortuosa, Chemnitz, pi. 86, fig. 2. Operculum,
T. pyramidata, Pfeiffer, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

This group, first indicated and named by Gray, and after-
wards described by Pfeiffer, seems to represent in Ceylon the
Megalomastoma of Guilding, which is principally limited
to the West-Indian Islands. The whorls of the operculum,
when macerated, separate, and may be unrolled in a spiral
form.

Austeniana, Bens.
decora, Bens.
eurytrema, Pfe{ff\
Layardi, Gray.
marginata, Pfeiff.

Species of Tortulosa.

pyramidata, Pfeiff.
Teuiplemaui, Pfeiff.
Thwaitesi, Pfeiff.
tortuosa, Chem.

VOL. II.

p P

2S6 pupinin^e.

Genus ANAULUS, Pfeiffer.

Shell pupiform, umbilicated, covered with a thin, horny
epidermis ; whorls gibbous, longitudinally very finely
ribbed; aperture circular; peristome continuous, double,
the inner straight and slightly notched posteriorly, the outer
reflexed, entire in front, and with a tubular opening or
spiraculum at the suture.

Ex. A. bombycinus, Pfeiffer, pi. 86, fig. 3.

The shell, on which this genus is established, is from
Sarawak, in the Island of Borneo, and is remarkable for
the tubular canal round the suture and which opens on
the peritreme, at the upper margin.

Genus pupinella, Gray.

Operculum horny, orbicular, multispiral.

Shell ovate, covered with a thin, horny epidermis ; aper-
ture circular ; peristome reflexed, thickened, with a groove
on the inner side of the front near the axis; columellar
margin of peristome posteriorly canaliculated, and with
another canal at the insertion of the right edge.

Ex. P. pupiniformis, Sowerby, pi. 86, fig. 4. Oper-
culum, P. grandis, Forbes, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

Several species are known from the Islands of Luzon and
Mindoro, and from the Louisiad Archipelago.

Species of Pupinella.

grandis, Forbes. Mindorensis, Adams and

huniilis, Jacq. Reeve.

pupiniformis, Sow.

DIPLOMMATINA. 2S7

Genus DIPLOMMATINA, Benson.

Tentacles long and filiform ; eyes sessile on their posterior
part at the base. Foot short.

Operculum thin, shelly ; whorls few, with thin prominent
lamella? on their external edges.

Shell thin, sub-ovate, whorls convex, the last sub- ascen-
dent; aperture sub-circular; inner lip with a spiral fold;
peristome double; outer lip expanded.

Ex. D. folliculus, Pfeiffer, pi. 86, fig. 5. Operculum,
D. folliculus, fig. 5, a, 5, h.

Mr. Benson, in his account of this genus, mentions a
peculiarity of the eyes, from which he has derived the
generic name. These organs are situated on the hind part
of the tentacles at their base, and are composed of two
lobes, one lobe deeply seated in the tentacle and larger than
the other lobe, which is a small black point coming to the
surface on the outer side of the larger lobe. The species
abound in masses of decayed, fallen leaves, and under stones
in damp situations beneath trees, on the shady sides of the
mountains at Simla, Mussoorie, and Landour of the
Himalaya ; the sub-genus Paxillus, founded on a smooth,
reversed species, is from the Island of Borneo.

Species of Diplommatina.

Bensoni, A. Adams. folliculus, Pfeiff.

Can tori, Pfeiff'. Huttoni, Pfeiff.

capillacea, Pfeiff. Macgillivrayi, Pfeiff.

costulata, Bens. minor, A. Adams.

2SS pupinin^e.

Sub-gen. paxtllus, H. and A. Adams.

Operculum — ?

Shell pupiform, rimate, smooth ; spire acuminated ; aperture
semi-ovate, ascending on the body-whorl ; inner lip adnate,
spreading, flexuous, with a prominent tooth-like fold in the mid-
dle ; outer lip double, emarginate anteriorly ; umbilical region
with a spiral elevated ridge ending in a notch at the fore part of
the aperture.

ad versa, H. and A. Adams.

Sub-gen. arinia, H. and A. Adams.

Operculum thin, shelly, whorls few, with prominent lamellte
on their external edges.

Shell sub-imperforate, thin, smooth, shining; spire ovate,
apex blunt, whorls inflated, the penultimate the broadest; aper-
ture nearly circular ; peristome shortly expanded, the margins
almost contiguous, columellar margin angularly dilated in the
middle.

minus (Cyclostoma), Sow.

Genus PUPINA, Vignard.

Operculum thin, membranous, narrow-whorled, rather
flat.

Shell pupiform, covered by a smooth, shining callus ;
peristome simple, thickened or reflexed, the columellar mar
gin with a transverse canal in the middle, and another canal
at the insertion of the right margin.

Ex. P. bicanaliculata, Sowerbt/, pi. 8G, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, P. bicanaliculata, fig. 6, a, 6, b.

REGISTOMA. 289

One species is from eastern Australia, two are from
New Ireland, and one is from the Philippines.

Species of Pupina.

aurea, Hinds. Cumingii, Pfeiff.

bicanaliculata, Sow. Keraudrenii, Vign.

bilinguis, Pfeiff. Thoinpsoni, Forbes.

Genus REGISTOMA, Hasselt.

Operculum circular, thin, membranaceous, flat, closely-
whorled.

Shell oval, polished, covered with a smooth callus ; whorls
rather distorted, large, flattened ; aperture circular ; peri-
stome reflexed, inner lip thin, with a slight notch on the
inner side near the axis.

Syn. Rhegostonia, Agassis. Rhexistoma, Herrm. Mou-
linsia, Gratel.

Ex. R. grande, Gray, pi. 86, fig. 7. Operculum, R.
fuscum, Gray, fig. 7, a, 7, b.

A small, well-marked group, nearly all from the Islands
of the Philippine Archipelago.

Species of Peristoma.

Cumingianum, Pfeiff. Nicobaricum, Pfeiff.

exiguurn, Sow. pellucidum, Soiv.

fuscum, Gray. simile, Sow.
grande, Gray.

290 CYCLOSTOMINiE.

Genus CALLIA, Gray.

Operculum thin, membranous, narrow-whorled.

Shell pupiform, covered with a smooth, shining callus;
peristome sub- continuous, straight, scarcely thickened,
columellar margin entire above, appressed, reflexed, in the
young altogether closing the perforation.

Ex. C. lubrica, Soicerby,]A. 80, fig. 8. Operculum, C.
lubrica, fig. 8, a, 8, h.

A single species only is known, from the Philippine
Islands.

Sub-fam. CYCLOSTOMIN.E.

Operculum thick, solid, with a more or less thickened,
external, shelly coat, ovate, rarely sub-circular, composed
of a few gradually-increasing whorls ; nucleus somewhat ex-
centrical.

Genus CYCLOSTOMUS, Montfort.

Operculum shelly, few-whorled, whorls flat, the last broad ;
nucleus excentric.

Shell globoso conical, or conical-turreted, thin, axis open,
simple; peristome simple or double, continuous, straight or
expanded.

Syn. Cyclostoma, Lam. Ericia, Partiot.

Ex. C. elegans, Mailer, pi. 86, fig. 9. Operculum, C.
elegans, fig. 9, a, 9, b. Shell, C. elegans, fig. 9, c.

Algeria, the West Indies, the Canary Islands, and Europe,
harbour the majority of this genus, as restricted, one species,
C. elegans, forming the only representative of the family
Cyclophorithi' in the British Islands. The sub-genus Tro-

CYCLOSTOMUS.

291

]ridoj)/tora is an African group, being found in Zanzibar,
Natal, Madagascar, Seychelles, and the Isle of France;
Lithidion is a peculiar group from Arabia, Socotara, and
Madagascar ; the sub-genus Otopoma is also from Arabia,
Socotara, Yemen, Mogadoxa, the Mauritius, and Madagas-
car; while of Leonia, in which the operculum is convex
and composed of but one whorl, a single species only is
known, from Spain and Algeria.

Species of Cyclostomus.

albus, Pfeiff.
aplustris, Sow.
asper, Pot. and Mich.
Banksianus, Sow.
Bronnii, C. B. Adams.
Caroliuensis, Pfeiff.
Chevalieri, C. B. Adams.
citrinus, Sow.
concinnus, Sow.
costulatus, Ziegl.
dissectus, Sow.
Dominiceusis, Pfeiff.
elegans, Mull.
euckilus, Pfeiff.
fascicularis, Pfeiff.
fimbriatus, Lam.
fulvescens, Sow.
glaucus, Sow.
Goudotianus, Soiv.
gratus, Petit.
griseus, Pfeiff.
Humphreysianus, Pfeiff.
iusularis, Pfeiff.
Jayauus, C. B. Adams.
lamellosus, C. B. Adams.
laevigatas, Webb and Berth.
ligatus, Mull.

ligulatus, Gratel.
liueatus, Pfeiff.
multifasciatus, Gratel.
Novae Hiberniae, Quoy.
obsoletus, Lam.
pyrostoma, Sow.
Rangeliuus, Poey.
reticulatus, Adams and Reeve.
retrorsus, 0. B. Adams.
rugulosus, 0. B. Adams.
saccatus, Pfeiff.
salebrosus, Morel.
Sowerbyi, Pfeiff.
striatulus, Pfeiff.
subliratus, Pfeiff.
sulcatus, Drap.
sulculosus, Ferus.
tectilabris, 0. B. Adams.
tenuis, Sow.
tersus, Bens.
thysanoraphe, Sow.
virgatus, Sow.
Wilkinsonii, 0. B. Adams.
xanthochilus, Sow.
Yallahensis, C. B. Adams.
Zanguebaricus, Petit.
zouatus, Petit.

292 CYCLOSTOMIM.

Sub-gen. tropidophora, Troschel.

Shell depressed or elevately turbinated, generally acutely
keeled, or strongly striated ; peristome simple, sub-continuous,
reflexed, often partially covering the axis.

Abeillei, Gratel. Kraussianus, Pfeiff.

articulatus, Gray. liratus, Pfeiff.

Barclayanus, Pfeiff. Madagascariensis, Gray.

bicariuatus, Sow. Michaudi, Gratel.

calcareus, Sow. modestus, Petit.

campanulatus, Pfeiff. Moulinsii, Sow.

carinatus, Bom. pulchellus, Sow.

cariniferus, Sow. pulcher, Gray.

castaneus, Pfeiff. rugosus, Lam.

Creplini, Dkr. tricarinatus, Mull.

Cuvierianus, Petit. trochlea, Bens.

deliciosus, Ferus. unicarinatus, Lam.

Deshayesianus, Petit. unicolor, Pfeiff.

formosus, Sow. vittatus, Sow.

fusculus, Pfeiff. zonulatus, Sow.

Sub-gen. lithidion, Gray.

Operculum sub-orbicular, with a strong, convex, sub-central
keel and simple edge.

Shell depressed, widely umbilicated ; aperture circular; pe-
ristome simple.

depressus, Sow. Souleytianus, Pfeiff.

desciscens, Pfeiff. sulcatus, Gray.

niveus, Petit.

Sub-gen. otopoma, Gray.

Shell conico-globose or depressed, solid, umbilicated; aper-
ture sub-oval ; peristome straight or sub-reflexed, columellar
margin generally dilated, more or less covering the umbilicus.

albicans, Soiv. auricularis, Gray.

CISTULA. 293

clathratulus, Recluz. Philippianus, Pfeiff.

clausus, Sow. politus, Sow.

Guillaini, Petit. pygmseus, Sow.

hrernastoma, Anton. spurcus, Gratel.

Listeri, Gray. unifasciatus, Sow.

multilineatus, Jay. vitellinus, Pfeiff.
naticoides, Beclnz.

Sub-gen. leonia, Gray.

Operculum externally very convex, composed of a single
whorl; nucleus placed near the columellar margin.

Shell ovate, conical ; aperture oval ; peristome simple, slightly
reflexed.

mamillaris, Lam.

Genus CISTULA, Humphrey.

Operculum ovate, thin, cartilaginous, with a very thin,
external, shelly coat ; whorls few, gradually-enlarging, flat,,
their edges simple, generally free, centre rather concave ;
nucleus excentric.

Shell glohosely conical or ovate, or oblongly turreted,
generally truncated; aperture oval or sub-circular; peri-
stome double, or simple and expanded.

Ex. C. catenata, Gould, pi. 86, fig. 10. Operculum, C.
catenata, fig. 10, a, 10, b.

With scarcely a single exception, this group is from the
West Indies and South or Central America, most of the
species coming from Cuba and Jamaica.

Species of Cistula.

Agassizii, Charp. bilabiata, D'Orb.

ambigua, Lam. bilabris, Mke.

VOL. II. Q Q

294

CYCLOSTOMINjE.

Campbellii, C. B. Adams.
Candeana, D'Orb.
cateuata, Gould.
cinclidodes, Pfeiff.
confusa, Pfeiff.
dislocata, Baird.
fallax, Pfeiff.
fascia, Wood.
Grateloupi, Pfeiff.
Griffithiaua, C. B. Adams.
Gruneri, Pfeiff.
Kiisteri, Pfeiff.
Largillierti, Phil.
limbifera, Mke.
lineolata, Lam.
lugubris, Pfeiff.
mordax, C. B. Adams.

pallida, Pfeiff.
pauperata, 0. B. Adams.
platychila, Pfeiff.
pleurophora, Pfeiff.
radiosa, Morel.
radula, Pfeiff.
rigidula, Morel.
rostrata, Pfeiff.
Piiisei, Pfeiff.
sagittifera, C. B. Adams.
Saulire, Sow.
scabrosa, Humph.
sericina, C. B. Adams.
Sheppardiana, C. B. Adams.
Tainsiana, Pfeiff.
Thoreyana, Phil.
trochlearis, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. tudora, Gray,

Shell ovate-oblong or turreted ; aperture angulately oval ;
peristome expanded, simple or double.

Adamsi, Pfeiff.
armata, C. B. Adams.
Augusta), C. B. Adams.
avena, C. B. Adams.
canescens, Pfeiff.
Chemnitzii, Wood.
columna, Wood.
costata, Mke.
cremilosa, C. B. Adams.
fecunda, C. B. Adams.
ferruginea, Lam.
maritima, C. B. Adams.

megacbeila, Pot. and Mich.
Moreletiana, Petit.
mutica, C. B. Adams.
nobilis, Pfeiff.
ovata, Pfeiff.
pupajformis, Sow.
pupoides, Morel.
quaternata, Lam.
simulans, C. B. Adams.
Tappaniana, C. B. Adams.
versicolor, Pfeiff.
violacea, Pfeiff.

CIIOXDROPOMA.

295

Genus CHONDROPOMA, Pfeiffer.

Operculum oval, sub-cartilaginous, flat, whorls few, rapidly
increasing ; nucleus generally very excentric.

Shell ohlong-turreted, often truncated, rarely, globosely-
turbinated ; aperture oval ; peristome simple, or more or
less double, somewhat straight, rather expanded or broadly
reflexed.

Ex. C. semilabre, Lamarck, pi. 86, fig. 11. Operculum,
C. semilabre, fig. 11, a, 11, b.

Chiefly from the West-Indian Islands, Jamaica, Cuba,
Haiti; Honduras, Florida, and Mexico Except in the
operculum not being testaceous, this group does not seem
to differ very materially from Cistula.

Species of Chondropoma.

bland tun, Pfeiff.
crenulatum, Ferus.

Cumanense, Pfeiff.
Delatreauum, D'Orb.
dentatum, Say.
diaphanum, Pfeiff.
elongatum, Wood.
eusarcum, Pfeiff.
harpa, Pfeiff.
bemiotum, Pfeiff.
integrum, Pfeiff.
irradians, Shuttl.
jucundum, Pfeiff.
latilabre, D'Orb.
litturatum, Pfeiff.
Loweanum, Pfeiff.
magnificum, Salle.

Newcombianum, C. B.

Adams.
obesum, Mke.
Ottonis, Pfeiff.
papyraceum, C. B. Adams.
Petitianum, Pfeiff.
pictum, Pfeiff.
plicatulura, Pffeiff.
Poeyanum, D'Orb.
rubicundum, Morel.
Salleanum, Pfeiff.
semicanum, Morel.
semilabre, Lam.
sericatum, Morel.
Shuttlewortbi, Pfeiff.
simplex, Pfeiff.
tenebrosum, Morel.

296 cyclostominjE.

truncatum, Wiegm.. Venezuelense, Pfeiff.

turritum, Pfeiff. vespertiuum, Morel.

Genus CHOANOPOMA, Pfeiffer.

Operculum testaceous, sub-circular, with gradually-en-
larging whorls, their outer margins free, acute, often elevated
into prominent, thin lamella? ; nucleus sub-excentric.

Shell globosely turbinate or turreted, often truncated,
rarely, depressed; aperture sub-oval or circular; peristome
usually double, the internal continuous, circular, the external
rectangular, expanded.

Syn. Gastrodonia, Partiot.

Ex. C. scabriculum, Sowerhy, pi. 86, fig. 12. Oper-
culum, C. scabriculum, fig. 12, a, 12, h. Shell, 0. fimbria-
tulum, Sowerhy, fig. 12, c.

A group of beautiful shells, entirely West Indian in their
geographical distribution, and principally from the Island of
Jamaica.

Species of Choanopoma.

Adolf], Pfeiff. mactum, Poey.

alatum, Pfeiff. mite, Pfeiff.

Chittyi, C. B. Adams. pisum, C. B. Adams.

decussation, Lam. Pretrei, D'Orb.

fimbriatulum, Sow. pudicum, D'Orb.

grauosum, C. B. Adams. pulcbrum, Wood.

Hilliauum, C. B. Adams. scabriculum, Sow.

interruptum, Lam. solutum, Rich.

lima, C. B. Adams. spinulosum, C. B. Adams.

lincinellum, C. B. Adams. tentorium, Pfeiff.

ADAMSIELLA. 297

Sub-gen. ltcina, Browne.

Shell conical, the last whorl produced out of the spiral line,
straight ; peristome sub-rerlexed, expanded.

evolutum, Reeve. lincina, Born.

labeo, Mull. Reeviauum, Pfeiff.

Sub-gen. jamaicia, C. B. Adams.

Operculum externally convex, whorls few, rather rugose,
obliquely striated, sub-lamellar.

Shell umbilicated, globose-conical; aperture circular; peri-
stome simple, straight, or reflexed.

anomalum. C. B. Adams. Moussonianum, C. B. Adams.

Genus ADAMSIELLA, Pfeiffer.

Operculum circular, thin, sub- cartilaginous, whorls few,
gradually-enlarging, with the margins somewhat free; nucleus
central.

Shell pupiform or oblong-turreted ; aperture rather small,
sub-circular; peristome generally double, more or less ex-
panded or reflexed.

Ex. A. mirabilis, Wood, pi. 80, fig. 13. Operculum,
A. Gray ana, Pfeiffer, fig. 13, a, 13, b.

With the exception of a single species from Demerara,
this group is confined entirely to the Island of Jamaica.

298 rOMATIASINiE.

Species of AdamsieUa.

chlorostoraa, Sow. mcmstrosa, C. B. Adams.

Grayana, Pfeiff. moribunda, C. B. Adams.

ignilabris, C. B. Adams. pinguis, Pfeiff.

intermedia, C. B. Adams. pulchrior, C. B. Adams.

mirabilis, Wood. variabilis, C. B. Adams.

miranda, C. B. Adams. xanthostoma, Sow.

Sub-fam. POMATIASIKE.

Operculum horny, ovate, of a few, more or less rapidly-
enlarging whorls.

Genus POMATIAS, Studer.

Operculum ovate, cartilaginous, few-whorled, thick, com-
posed of two plates, concamerated within; nucleus ex-
centric.

Shell sub-imperforate, conico-turreted or turreted, longi-
tudinally striated or ribbed ; peristome nearly simple, or
double, the internal edge continuous, the external expanded
or reflexed, often auriculate.

Ex. P. maculatus, JDraparnaud, pi. 87, fig. 1. Oper-
culum, P. maculatus, fig. 1, a, 1, b. Shell, P. maculatus,

fig. l, c-

These shells come from Italy, Dalmatia, Croatia, Albania,
Corfu, and Sicily.

Species of Pomatias.
auritus, Zieyl. Bartbelmianus, Shutil.

IIYDROCENA. 299

cinerascens, Eossm. Porroi, Strobel.

gracilis, Kust. scalarinus, Villa.

maculatus, Brap. striolatus, Porro.

obscurus, Brap. tessellatus, Wieym.
patulus, Brap.

Genus IIYDROCENA, Parreyss.

Operculum thin, homy, pauci-spiral.

Shell imperforate or umbilicated, turreted or glohosely
turbinate, simple, or keeled around the perforation ; aperture
oval; peristome with the margins disjoined, straight or ex-
panded.

Ex. H. rubens, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 87, fig. 2.
Operculum, H. rubens, fig. 2, a, 2, b. Shell, H. rubens,
fig. 2, c.

The Pacific Islands, Opara, Tahiti, Tonga, and the Fijis,
are the principal countries inhabited by the species of this
genus.

Species of Hydroceita.

albescens, Pfeiff. minutissiraa, Sow.

brevicula, Pfeiff. multilineata, Pfeiff.

Bridgesi, Pfeiff. oblonga, Pfeiff.

Cattaroensis, Pfeiff. obtusa, Pfeiff.

cornea, Pfeiff. pyramis, Pfeiff.

exserta, Pfeiff. solidula, Pfeiff.
gutta, Shuttl.

Sub-gen, realia, Gray (Liarea, Gray).

Shell turreted, thin, rather smooth ; aperture ovate ; peri-
stome continuous, double.

Egea, Gray. turriculata, Pfeiff.

rubella, Pfeiff. ventricosa, Hombr. and Jacq.

300 IIELICINIDiE.

Sub-gen. omphalotkopis, Pfeiffer.

Shell perforated or umbilicated, with a keel round the umbi-
licus ; peristome straight or expanded.

aurantiaca, Desk. multilirata, Pfeiff.

dubia, Pfeiff. plicosa, Pfeiff.

erosa, Quoy. pupoides, Anton.

expansilabris, Pfeiff. pyramis, Pfeiff.

exquisita, Pfeiff. radiate, Pfeiff.

globosa, Bens. rosea, Gould.

hieroglyphica, Ferns. rubens, Quoy.

Huaheinensis, Pfeiff. scitula, Gould.

glabrata, Pfeiff. solidula, Pfeiff.

granum, Pfeiff. terebralis, Gould.

malleata, Pfeiff. vallate, Gould.

Genus BOURCIERA, Pfeiffer.

Operculum oval, rather solid, horny, whorls few, rapidly
enlarging.

Shell heliciniforrn ; columella dentated at the base ; aper-
ture oval; peristome expanded.

Ex. B. helicinseforrnis, Pfeiffer, pi. 87, fig. 3. Oper-
culum, B. helicimcforrnis, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

There is but one species known, discovered by M.
Bourcier at Yaraqui, in the Republic of the Equator.

Fam. HELICINIDjE.

Lingual teeth with a single, central, flanked on each side
by three laterals. Head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate,
with the eyes at their outer bases. Foot elongated.

IIELICLNA. 801

Operculum non-spiral, annular, seini-oval or sub-trian-
gular, with concentric elements, thick and testaceous, or
thin and horny.

Shell with the aperture semilunar.

In the character of their lingual dentition, as well as in
their organisation generally, these animals do not appear to
differ essentially from those of the Cyclophoridw ; the
tentacles, however, are more slender and produced, and the
caudal extremity of the foot is more elongate; the oper-
culum, moreover, is formed on an entirely different plau,
and the aperture of the shell, instead of being circular, is
semilunar in its outline. In their habits they are very
similar to the animals of the Cyclophorida;, but are con-
siderably more locomotive and lively ; in common with some
other mollusks, as the Neritida and Ellohiidxe, they pos-
sess the faculty of removing the internal septa and columella
of the shell, though by means of what agency is still un-
certain.

Genus HELICINA, Lamarck.

Operculum non-spiral, somewhat semi-oval, membranous
or testaceous.

Shell heliciform, turbinate, globose or depressed, base
callous around the columella ; columella somewhat flattened,
rather straight ; aperture triangularly semi-oval, entire ;
peristome simple, straight or thickened, often widely ex-
panded.

Syn. Ampullina, Blainv., not Lam.

Ex. H. citrina, Grateloup, pi. 87, fig. 4. Operculum,
H. citrina, fig. 4, a, 4, b. Shell, H. neritella, Lamarck,
fig. 4, c.

In Helicina proper the peristome is expanded, and not
vol. II. R R

302

HELICINHLE.

dentate internally, the whorls are ecarinate, and the spire is
small. The species are from the West Indies, Tropical
America, the Philippines, and the Paoific Islands.

Species of Helicina.

adspersa, Pfeiff.
arenicola, Morel.
aurautia, Gray.
bulla, Pfeiff. '
Curningiana, Pfeiff.
flammea, Quoy.
fragilis, Morel.
fulgora, Gould.
globosa, Gray.
globulosa, UOrb.
intusplicata, Pfeiff.
Janiaicensis, Sow.

inusiva, Gould.
neritella, Lam.
oleosa, Pfeiff.
parva, Sow.
pellucida, Sow.
rostrata, Morel.
sordida, King.
striata, Lam.
Tamsiaua, Pfeiff.
tenuilabris, Pfeiff'.
Tunki, Pfeiff.
ubei-ta, Gould.

Sub-gen. oligyra, Say.

Shell sub-globose or conic; spire equalling or excelling the
last whorl, whorls ecarinate; peristome expanded.

acuminata, Velasq.
ampliata, C. B. Adams.
Antoni, Pfeiff.
campanula, Pfeiff.
chrysocheila, Shuttl.
flavida, Mke.
Hanleyana, Pfeiff.
haemastonia, Moric.
Lanieriana, D'Orb.
orbiculata, Say.

Oweniana, Pfeiff.
pygtnaea, Pot. and Mich.
Reeviana, Pfeiff.
sinuosa, Pfeiff.
tenuis, Pfeiff.
trochulina, D'Orb.
tropica, Jan.
turbinata, Wiegm.
vernalis, Morel.
zephyrina, Duel.

IIELICINA.

303

Sub-gen. pachystoma, Swainson, not Guilding,
Shell depressed, ecariuate, peristome expanded.

acuta, Pfeiff.
acutissima, Sow.
agglutinaus, Sow.
amoena, Pfeiff.
angulata, Soiv.
Antillarum, Sow.
Besckei, Pfeiff.
biangulata, Pfeiff.
bicolor, Pfeiff.
Braziliensis, Gray.
Candeana, D'Orb.
caracolla, Moric.
carinata, D'Orb.
citrina, Gratel.
Columbiana, Phil.
concentrica, Pfeiff.
convexa, Pfeiff.
diapbana, Pfeiff.
Dysoni, Pfeiff.
elongata, D'Orb.
fasciata, Lam.
fulva, D'Orb.
goniostoma, Sow.
gonocbila, Pfeiff.
Gouldiana, Forbes.
Guadeloupensis, Sow.
Kieneri, Pfeiff.
Kiisteriana, Pfeiff.
Lazarus, Sow.
Lindeni, Pfeiff.
Louisiadensis, Forbes.

lutea, Less.
maculata, Soiv.
miuuta, Soiv.
Moreletiaua, Pfeiff.
multicolor, Gould.
Nicobarica, Phil.
nobilis, C. B. Adams.
occidentalis, Gould.
oresigeua, D'Orb.
oxytropis, Gray.
pallida, Guild.
pyramidalis, Sow.
rhodostoma, Gray.
rotella, Sow.
Salleana, Pfeiff.
similis, Sow.
Sowerbyana, Pfeiff.
Stanleyi, Forbes.
straminea, Morel.
striatula, Pot. and Midi.
sublfevigata, Pfeiff.
substriata, Gray.
sylvatica, D'Orb.
taeniata, Quoy.
Tillei, Pfeiff.
trocbiformis, Sow.
trochlea, Gould.
unifasciata, Gray.
variabilis, Wagn.
versicolor, Pfeiff.
viridis, Lam.

304 IIELICINID.E.

Sub-gen. posnia, H. and A. Adams.

Peristome internally sub-dentate.

Adamsiana, Pfeiff. plicatula, Pfeiff.

depressa, Gray. rugosa, Pfeiff.

lineata, C. B. Adams. unidentata, Pfeiff.

lirata, Pfeiff. vinosa, Shuttl.

Sub-gen. idesa, H. and A. Adams.

Peristome not dentate within, straight, acute.

berylliua, Gould. multicolor, Gould.

cingulata, Pfeiff. nitida, Pfeiff.

cornea, Soiv. platychila, Miihlf.

costata, Gray. rotelloidea, Migh.

Dominicensis, Pfeiff. rotunda, D'Orb.

exigua, Pfeiff. rustica, Pfeiff.

foveata, Pfeiff. subfusca, Mke.

incouspicua, Pfeiff. umbonata, Shuttl.

laciuiosa, Migh. vestita, Gould.

margai'itacea, Lea. villosa, Anton.

microdina, Morel. zonata, Less.

Sub-gen. emoda, H. and A. Adams.

Peristome internally not dentate, straight, thickened, obtuse.

constricta, Pfeiff. pisum, Phil.

crassilabris, Phil. pulcherrima, Lea.

festiva, Sow. Kohri, Pfeiff.

lens, Lea. Sagraiana, D'Orb.

lenticularis, Sow. sanguinea, Pfeiff.

Maugeriae, Gray. silacea, Morel.

miniata, Less. solidula, Gray.

occulta, Say. striatula, Sow.

Orbignyi, Pfeiff. submarginata, Gray.

TROCIIATELLA. 305

Genus TRQCHATELLA, Swainson.

Operculum non-spiral, semi-oval, flat, pale, more or less
solid, horny.

Shell trochiform or globosely-conical ; aperture sub- tri-
angularly semi-oval; columella somewhat flattened, not
emitting a callus at the base ; margins of the peristome
joined by a very thin, not diffuse callus.

Ex. T. pulchella, Gray, pi. 87, fig. 5. Operculum, T.
pulchella, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The West-Indian Islands and Tropical America are the
countries that harbour these beautifully-constructed shells,
which are at once known by their sub-trochoid form, their
expanded peristome, and by the base not being callous
beneath.

Species of Trochatella.

chrysostoma, Shuttl. Petitiana, D'Orb.

conica, Pfeiff. pulchella, Gray.

costellata, Morel. rupestris, Pfeiff.

elegantula, Pfeiff. semilirata, Pfeiff.

Gaudiana, Pfeiff. Sloanei, D'Orb.

Grayana, Pfeiff. stellata, Velasq.

Josephinae, C. B. Adams. Tankervillii, Gray.

Moquiniana, Eeclnz. tenuis, C. B. Adams.

opima, Shuttl. virginea, Lea.

Sub-gen. viana, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ecarinate, with the right margin of the peristome
sinuate d.

regina, Morel. sagra, D'Orb.

306 helicwidje.

Genus SCHASICHEILA, Shuttleworth.

Operculum thin, testaceous, with an intraniarginal rih,
the inner margin straight, with a thickened lamella inferiorly
produced into a point.

Shell glohose-conical, covered with a fimbriated epidermis
disposed in spiral lines, last whorl rather flattened at the
base, the umbilical region callous and deeply impressed;
aperture semi -circular ; peristome continuous, deeply incised
above at the insertion, the superior margin beyond the in-
cision produced into a wing-like process.

Syti. Helicina, part, Menke.

Ex. S. alata, Menke, pi. 87, fig. 6. Operculum, S.
alata, fig. 0, a, 6, b.

The notch or incision of the outer lip where it joins the
body-whorl is the principal character of this genus. The
species are few in number.

Species of Schasicheila.

alata, Mke. pannucea, Morel.

Nicoleti, Shuttl.

Genus ALCADIA, Gray.

Operculum non-spiral, rather solid, semi-oval, the base
furnished with a dentiform process.

Shell heliciform, turbinately sub-globose or somewhat
depressed, generally pilose, callous at the base around the
straight, somewhat flattened columella ; aperture triangu-
larly semi-oval ; peristome more or less expanded, with a

LUCIDELLA. 307

distinct fissure, generally curved, separating it from the
columella.

Ex. A. Brownii, Gray, pi. 87, fig. 7. Operculum, A.
Brownii, fig. 7, a, 7, b. Shell, A. Brownii, fig. 7, c.

Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, and other West-Indian Islands are
the localities of this group, the shells of which are usually
covered with a velvety epidermis, and have a straight,
flattened columella ; the tooth-like process of the operculum
is adapted to the slit in the peritreme.

Species of Alcadia,

Brownii, Gray. major, Gray.

citrinolabris, G. B. Adams. megastoma, G. B. Adams.

consanguinea, C. B. Adams. microstoma, C. B. Adams.

dubiosa, G. B. Adams. minima, D'Orb.

Gossei, Pfeiff. palliata, C. B. Adams.

hirsuta, G. B. Adams. pusilla, C. B. Adams.

hispida, Pfeiff. rubella, Pfeiff.

Hollandi, C. B. Adams. solitaria, C. B. Adams.

macilenta, G. B. Adams. succinea, Pfeiff.

Genus LUCIDELLA, Swainson.

Operculum membranaceous, semi-oval ; columellar margin
slightly thickened.

Shell depressly heliciform, striated, whorls rounded, a
little callous at the base ; aperture sinuato-triangular ;
peristome thick, furnished with strong teeth.

Ex. L. aureola, Ferussac, pi. 87, fig. 8. Operculum,
L. aureola, fig. 8, a, 8, b. Shell, L. aureola, fig. 8, c.

The occurrence of three or four teeth on the thickened
peristome renders the Lucidella; peculiar among operculated
land shells ; one species only is known, from the West
Indies.

308

IIELICINIDjE.

Genus STOASTOMA, C. B. Adams.

Operculum non-spiral, calcareous, finely and irregularly
lamelliferous, externally deeply concave.

Shell globose-conic, depressed or discoidal ; aperture
semi-oval, or somewhat semi-circular, angulated above and
at the base; peristome continuous, right margin rotundate,
produced, regularly curved, the left rather straight, retro-
mitting a spiral callus at the base.

Ex. S. pisum, C. B. Adams, pi. 87, fig. 9. Operculum,
S. pisum, fig. 9, a, 9, b, 9, c.

All the species of Stoastoma proper are sculptured with
spiral lines, and inhabit the Island of Jamaica. The sub-
genus Electrina is smooth, and is from the Island of
Opara.

Species of Stoastoma.

Agassizianum, G. B. Adams.
Anthoniauum, C. B. Adams.
Blandianum, G. B. Adams.
Chittyanum, G. B. Adams.
Cumingianurn, G. B. Adams.
Fadyenianum, G. B. Adams.
Gouldianurn, C. B. Adams.
Hollandianum, G. B. Adams.
Jayanum, C. B. Adams.
Leanum, C. B. Adams.

Lindleyanum, C. B. Adams.
Moricandianum, G. B.

Adams.
Petitianurn, G. B. Adams.
Pfeifferianum, G. B. Adams.
Philippianum, C. B. Adams.
pisum, C. B. Adams.
Kedfieldianum, C. B.Adams.
Tappanianum, C. B. Adams.
Vilkinsonise, G. B. Adams.

Sub-geu. electrina, Gray.

Shell smooth.

succineum, Sow.

OPISOPHTHALMA. 309

Genus PROSERPINA, Gray.

Shell orbicular, depressed or sub-globose, polished, more
or less heliciniform, the base covered with a shining callo-
sity; aperture lamellate internally; peristome simple, acute.

Syn. Odontostoma, D'Orbiy., not Endl.

Ex. P. nitida, Gray, pi. 87, fig. 10.

This genus is composed of a group of pretty little shining
shells from Cuba and Jamaica, which are remarkable for
their Helicifia-like appearance, their shining, callous base,
and the winding, plait-like teeth in the aperture. Accord-
ing to the observations of Mr. Bland, the animal bears
its eyes at the outer bases of the tentacles, but there is no
operculum. Until further information has been received,
we must be content to regard this genus as belonging to the
Helicinidce, but possibly it constitutes a peculiar type of
organisation which will cause it to become the nucleus
of a new family.

Species of Proserpina.

bidentata, C. B. Adams. globulosa, D'Orb.

depressa, D'Orb. linguifera, Jonas.

discoidea, C. B. Adams. opalina, C. B. Adams.

eolina, Duclos. nitida, Gray.

Sub-order OPISOPHTHALMA.

Eyes on the upper part of the head behind the base of
the tentacles. Head with a rather produced, aculeated pro-
boscis truncated at the end.

Operculum horny, sub-spiral.
vol. u. s s

310 TRUNCATELLIDiE.

In this division, which comprises, at present, hut a single
family, the meuihers inhahit the margins of the sea, damp
woods, the hanks of rivers, and Mangrove swamps. Although
a humid atmosphere, and even, in some cases, the spray of
the sea seems essential to their welfare, yet they appear to
he truly pulmoniferous.

Fam. TRUNCATELLID.E.

Animal with a broad, produced, hilohed muzzle; ten-
tacles flattened, sub-triangular ; eyes sessile on the middle
of their upper bases. Foot very short and rounded.

Operculum horny, sub-spiral.

These animals progress by means of their foot and the
fore part of the muzzle, fixing one as a point of support,
and drawing the other after it. Gray calls them, in conse-
quence, "Looping Snails."

Genus TRUNCATELLA, Risso.

Operculum sub-membranaceous, obsoletely spiral.

Shell, in the young, subulately turreted, in the adult, cy-
lindrical and truncated ; aperture oblong-oval ; peristome
simple or double, margins rather wide apart, united by a
callus.

Syn. Choristoma, Crist, and Jan. Fidelis, Risso (young).

Ex. T. truncatula, Montagu, pi. 88, fig. 1. Operculum,
T. truncatula, fig. 1, a. Shell, T. truncatula, fig. 1, b.

The species of this genus inhabit the East and West
Indies, Britain, the Mediterranean, and the Islands of the
Corean Archipelago. The animals are amphibious in their
habits, being sometimes found under heaps of sea- weed on

GEOMELANIA.

311

the shore, and sometimes in shallow water. In the Corea
they live gregariously, by many thousands, in the holes of
decayed rock and coral which border, in many places, the
Islands ; the spots they occupy are always exposed to the
spray of the sea.

Species of Truncatella.

Adamsi, Pfeiff.
aurantia, Gould.
bilabiata, Pfeiff.
Caribfeensis, Sow.
clathrus, Lowe.
crassicostata, Sorv.
Guerinii, Villa.
Montagui, Loice.
porrecta, Gould.
pulchella, Pfeiff.

Quoyi, Pfeiff.
rostrata, Goidd.
scalariformis, Peeve.
scalaris, Mich.
striata, Sow.
striatula, Mke.
truncatula, Drap.
valida, Pfeiff.
vitiaua, Gould.

Genus GEOMELANIA, Pfeiffer.

Operculum horny, sub-spiral.

Shell imperforate, turreted ; aperture entire, effuse, peri-
stome simple, expanded, the margin produced into a some-
what-twisted, linguiform appendage.

Ex. G. Jamaicensis, Pfeiffer, pi. 88, fig. 2. Operculum,
G. Jamaicensis, 2, a, 2, b. Shell, G. Jamaicensis, fig. 2, c.

The animal of Geomelania, first made known by one of
the Authors, is very similar to that of Truncatella ; the
operculum and shell also closely resemble those of that
genus, the principal difference consisting in the persistent
apex of the spire, and the prolongation of the outer lip of
the shell into a peculiar tongue- shaped process at the fore
part of the aperture. In their habitat they appear to be

312 truitcatellidjE.

still more terrestrial than the Truncatellce ; the Island of
Jamaica furnishes all the species known, though many,
doubtless, exist undiscovered in the adjacent islands.

Species of Geomelania.

affinis, C. B. Adams. magna, C. B. Adams.

Beardsleana, C. B. Adams. media, G. B. Adams.

couica, G B. Adams. minor, G. B. Adams.

costulosa, C. B. Adams. pauperata, C. B. Adams.

elegans, C. B. Adams. procera, G B. Adams.

exilis, G B. Adams. pygniaea, C. B. Adams.

expansa, C. B. Adams. pyramidata, G. B. Adams

fortis, C. B. Adams. striosa, G. B. Adams.

gracilis, C. B. Adams. typica, G. B. Adams.

Hilliana, G. B. Adams. vicina, G. B. Adams.
Jamaicensis, Pfeiff.

Genus ACICULA, Hartmann.

Operculum very thin, glassy, few-whorled.

Shell sub-imperforate, rather cylindrical; peristome some-
what thickened, the margins sub-parallel, united by a thin
callus.

Syn. Acme, Hartm. Acmea, Hartm. Pupula, Agass.
Auricella, Jurine.

Ex. A. fusca, Walker, pi. 88, fig. 3. Shell, A. fusca,
fig. 3, a.

The species are principally found in Germany, Switzer-
land, France, Britain, and Northern Italy; they affect lo-
calities similar to those preferred by the El/obiidce and
Truncatellas, such as low, marshy situations, especially in
the vicinity of the sea.

PROSOPHTIIALMA. 313

Species of Acicula.

fusca, Walker. Simoniana, Charp.

gracilis, Loire. spectabilis, Rossm.

polita, Pfeiff. striata, Quoy and Gaim.
producta, Lowe.

Genus TOMICHIA, Benson.

Tentacles tapering, with the eyes on tubercles on their
upper bases.

Operculum horny, sub-spiral.

Shell perforate; spire elongated, apex usually truncate,
whorls covered with an olivaceous epidermis; aperture
oblique, elliptic-oval, vertical; peristome double or triple,
continuous, the left margin expanded, rather reflexed,
slightly emarginate.

Ex. T. ventricosa, Sowerhy, pi. 88, fig. 4. Operculum,
T. ventricosa, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The animal has a short, ovate foot, lobed at the sides in
front, and the eyes, according to the observations of Benson,
are placed on tubercles on the upper bases of the tentacles ;
it is a native of India.

Sub-order PROSOPHTHALMA.

Eyes on the middle of the tentacles near their tips. Foot
moderate, flat.

Operculum horny, sub-spiral.

The position of the eyes in this division differs materially
from that in the two former sub-orders, being placed neither
on the hind bases of the tentacles, nor at their outer sides ;

'

314 assimihiidje.

they are not, however, on the ends of cylindrical pe-
duncles, as in the Helicidte, but on the upper surface of
flat, subulate tentacles, near their tips.

Fam. ASSIMINIIDjE.

Teeth on lingual membrane, 5 — 7, cusped, the first and
second uncini dentated, the third rounded. Head rostrate,
produced and emarginate anteriorly ; eyes on the middle of
the tentacles near their tips. Foot flat, moderate.

Operculum horny, sub-spiral.

Shell ovately conical, or sub-globose, covered with a
homy epidermis.

The shells of these animals resemble those of Hydrobia
and Amnicola among the Littorinida, but the position of
the eyes is very different. In their habits they nearly re-
semble the Cyclostomatous genus Hydrocena, and the
genera Geomelania and Truncatella.

Genus ASS1MINIA, Leach.

Tentacles short, obtuse, with the eyes near the ends.

Operculum of few, rapidly-increasing whorls.

Shell ovato-conical, with the spire more or less produced,
whorls flattened, axis not perforate, or slightly rimate ;
aperture ovate, entire, columellar lip thickened, outer lip
acute.

Syn. Syncera, Gray. Assiminea, Auct.

Ex. A. Gray ana, Leach, pi. 88, fig. 5. Operculum, A.
Grayana, fig. 5, a, 5, b. Shell, A. Grayana, fig. 5, c.

Species of this genus are found in India, China, and
Australia; they are amphibious, and generally inhabit

PALUDINELLA. 315

brackish water; one species is very abundant on the muddy
shores of the Thames in Kent.

Species of Assiminia.
Francesia, Bens. Grayana, Leach.

Genus PALUDINELLA, Pfeiffer.

Tentacles broad, sub -triangular, obtuse; eyes on the
upper surface of the tentacles near the tips.

Operculum sub-spiral.

Shell turbinate, ovate or depressed, perforate, whorls
rounded, covered with an epidermis ; aperture sub-circular ;
peristome simple, somewhat continuous.

Ex. P. littorea, Belle Chiaje, pi. 88, fig. 6. Oper-
culum, P. littorea, fig. 6, a. Shell, P. littorea, fig. 6, b.

These animals are amphibious, living in marshes near
the sea; when placed in sea-water, they crawl away and
adhere by the foot, which is short and rounded at both
ends, to the sides of the vessel ; some are inhabitants of
fresh -water rivulets.

Species of Paludinella.

abbreviata, Mich. Lacheineri, Charp.

acutissiina, Whit. littorea, Chiaje.

atomaria, Miihlf. minuta, Totten.

atomus, Phil. Parreyssii, Ziegl.

dubiosa, G. B. Adams. Peteiningensis, Gould.

fusca, Phil. Salinesii, Pfeiff.

gibba, Drop. Scbmidtiana, Charp.

globulus, Moll. sincera, Sars.

granum, Mke. striatella, Fahr.

316

Class CONCHIFERA.

Head indistinct; mouth with elongate fleshy lips or palpi.
Body covered -with a hilobed mantle, each lobe protected by
a shelly valve. Gills lamellar, two on each side. Foot
placed under the body, usually compressed and keeled.
Valves of shell united on their dorsal edges by a ligament. .
Animal aquatic. Individual bisexual.

The Bivalve Mollusca are without apparent head, and
have neither eyes nor tentacles, and the foot, although at-
tached to the belly, does not form a flattened disk as in the
Gasteropods, but is laterally compressed, allowing these
animals to leap or burrow, but rarely serving them as an
organ of reptation. The mantle, which envelopes their
body, encloses generally a pair of gills on each side, and
is protected by shelly valves ; the valves, however, are not
usually spiral, as in the Gasteropoda, but are simply con-
cave, and joined together at the hind part by a horny liga-
ment.

The Conchifera are strictly hermaphrodite and self-
impregnating, having both sexes combined in the same
individual. They are oviparous, and their fecundity is
generally very great, a single Unio having been estimated
to produce three hundred thousand young in one season.
The eggs are hatched in the gill-cavity, or in the outer

CONCHIFERA. 317

branchial leaflets of the parent, or the young are nursed
in a special pouch affixed to the gills until they are suffi-
ciently mature to take care of themselves, as in the genus
Spharium or Cyclas. The Conchifera being invariably
gill-bearing, all inhabit the water, in which element the
young fry undergo a kind of metamorphosis. At first they
swim freely about by means of a ciliated disk, at the fore
part of which is attached a slender, vibritile filament or
jlabellum. At this period of their lives the young Bivalves
are provided with a pair of eyes, situated near the mouth,
which afterwards, however, entirely disappear, and the adult
•animals are totally blind, unless the so-called eyes which
are placed around the mantle-margin in some tribes, as the
Arcs and Scallops, can be considered as organs of vision.
In the next stage of their growth the swimming disk and
Jlabellum gradually disappear, the labial palps which sur-
round the mouth become developed, and a new organ of
locomotion, or foot, makes its appearance. Some of these
young Conchifera attain their full growth in the course of
a single year, as the Mytili and Cardia, while others would
seem to require an indefinite period for their complete de-
velopment; such, for example, must be the case with the
giant Tridacna, which lives in masses of madrepore, and
becomes gradually embedded in, and overgrown by, the
surrounding coral in the lapse of years. The embryonic
shell forms the nuclei or beaks of the valves, and often
assumes, as in the Gasteropoda, an entirely different appear-
ance from the same shell in its after- stages of growth.

The mouth in the Bivalves is a simple, transversely oval
aperture, unprovided with jaws, without a tongue or armed
lingual ribbon, but furnished on each side with a pair of
soft, membranous palps. These labial palps guard the

VOL. II. t T

318 COXCHIFERA.

orifice of the digestive canal, and may be considered the
seat of taste, although these animals appear to be by no
means discriminating in the choice of their food, living
principally on Infusoria, microscopic vegetables, or par-
ticles of decomposed animal matter, which are brought to
them by the branchial currents produced by the cilia which
clothe the gills. The mouth leads by a short oesophagus to
the stomach, which, in some tribes, contains an instrument
called the crystalline stylet which appears to serve the
same purpose as the calcareous plates in the gizzard of the
Bitllidce among the Gasteropods. The intestine, after a few
turns, passes through the ventricle of the heart, and ter-
minates near the hind part of the body either in an anal
tube, as in the Pholadidce, or in a free vent, as in the
Pectin idee.

The organ of hearing is composed of two simple cap-
sules, filled with a clear fluid, and each containing a round,
polished otolith. The sense of touch appears chiefly to
reside in the tentacular filaments which spring from the
margin of the mantle.

The body of the Bivalve Mollusks is enveloped in a mus-
cular mantle, which is usually more or less united at the
margins, forming a branchial cavity with three openings, a
pedal, a branchial or inhalent, and an excretory or anal;
the pedal orifice being situated anteriorly, and the others
towards the hind part. The mantle secretes the shell, the
interior of which it lines, and to which it is fixed by the
adductor muscles, which pass through it to be attached to
the body of the animal. In some families the pallia!
orifices of the branchial chamber are prolonged into tubes,
as in the Pholadidte, in which case the ventral margins of
the mantle are usually united, leaving, however, an aperture

CONCIIIFERA. 319

for the passage of the foot. In other groups the mantle is
entirely open, as in the Ostreiclce, in which case there are no
distinct pallial orifices, and there is free ingress and egress
for the water between the disunited leaves of the mantle.
In those families in which siphonal tubes are present, the
sinus of the pallial impression is more or less conspicuous,
and the gills of each side are united posteriorly and pro-
longed into the branchial siphon; while in those tribes in
which the siphons are wanting, the pallial line is simple,
and the branchial plates are distinct on each side, and are
not united behind or extended into the branchial tube.

Kespiration in the Conchifera is always aquatic, and is
performed by means of gills, which assume the form of two
vascular and membranous lamellae on each side of the body,
covered by the lobes of the mantle, and which vary in struc-
ture in different tribes and families. As first shown by Dr.
Sharpey, and afterwards confirmed by Mr. Albany Hancock
and Dr. T. Williams, the water flows in by the pedal orifice
and branchial siphon into the pallial cavity, passes through
the gills, and having parted with its oxygen, is conveyed
backwards between their lamina?, and is carried out through
the upper or exhalent orifice with effete and fecal matter
from the intestine. The lower or branchial tube is hence
termed the inhalent or respiratory siphon, while the upper
or anal has been called the exhalent or excretory siphon.
Mr. William Clark denies the existence of any intercommu-
nication, and maintains that the two tubes are indepen-
dent, and that the water, admitted by the pedal orifice and
branchial siphon, is expelled indiscriminately from those
apertures.

The foot is the organ of locomotion, and appears to be
of great importance in the economy of these animals ; it is

320 CONCHIFERA.

very muscular and sensitive, being provided with circular
fibres for its protrusion, and with longitudinal muscular
bands for its retraction. Some of the Conchifera, as the
Trigonias, Cockles, and Venuses, move about on the surface
of the sand by placing their bent foot under their shells and
suddenly straightening it ; some, again, bury themselves in
the mud and sand by means of their long, conical foot, as
the Eazor-fish, the Gapers, and the fresh-water Pearl-mus-
sels ; some, again, are loosely attached to submarine rocks by
a long byssus, as the Mussels and Pinnas, in which case
the foot is rudimentary, and furnished with a gland which
secretes the tenacious filaments of the byssus ; others per-
forate stones and rocks, as the Pholades, in which the foot
is strengthened for the purpose with silicious granules ;
others burrow in wood, as the Teredines or Ship-worms,
which, on this account, are sometimes very destructive,
doing much mischief to timber in dockyards. Many
Bivalves, on the other hand, swim freely about by alter-
nately expanding and closing the valves of their shell, as the
Pectens, which have hence been termed the " butterflies of
the deep ;" others are affixed by the surface of the valves to
foreign bodies at the bottom of the sea, as the JEtheria and
Ostrea, in which case the foot, in the adult, being no longer
required, is obsolete or absent, or it is present only in the
young state, when the animal moves freely about. The
Arcs crawl, like Gasteropods, upon a locomotive disk, and
easily ascend perpendicular surfaces by means of their ex-
panded foot.

The soft bodies of these animals are protected by shelly
valves, which are placed one on each side, and which usually
assume the form of hollow, flattened cones. They are
variously coloured and sculptured on their outer surface,

CONCHIFERA. 321

and are frequently covered with a homy epidermis, which is
thick and olive-coloured in fresh-water tribes, as in the
genera Unio and Alasmodon ; pilose or covered with a
velvet down, as in Area and Axincea ; drawn out into long
beards or filaments, as in Modiola ; developed beyond the
edge of the shell, as in Solemya and Cyrtodaria ; or pro-
longed over the bases of the siphons, as in Glycimeris and
Mya. The apices of the valves constitute the beaks, which
are usually straight and pointed, as- in Mytilus, or slightly
curved, as in Cardium and Venus, but sometimes they are
contorted or spiral, as in Chama and Bucardia. Tbe beak
or umbo is always directed towards the anterior side of the
shell, which is usually the shortest. The right valve is
often smaller than the left, and is regarded by Dr. Gray as
the homologue of the operculum in Gasteropodous families.
The hind part of the shell may be known by the ligament,
which is placed behind the beaks, and by the notch or
sinus in the pallial line. The fore part of the shell is
occasionally the longest, as in Solemya, and the valves are
often nearly equilateral, as in the Pectinida ; sometimes
they gape behind for the passage of the siphons, as in
Myidie; but occasionally the gape is ventral, as in Ga-
leomma, or anterior, as in Rocellaria, in which case the
aperture is for the protrusion of the foot. The valves are
united at their hinge by a homy, fibrous ligament, which is
usually external, and of the same texture as the epidermis;
the cartilage is contained in a cavity or "chondrophore" in
the hinge-margin, and is elastic and fibrous, keeping the
valves habitually open, the closing of the valves .being
effected at the will of the animal; in some genera it is
contained in a spoon-shaped process, as in Mya, Mactra,
and Anatina ; in others it is lodged in several pits along

322 CONCHIFERA.

the hinge-margin, as in Iridina and Crenatula ; or it is
small and placed in a cavity between the primary teeth, as
in Venus and Cardium. The hinge is placed immediately
beneath the beaks, and is usually composed of one or more
primary or cardinal teeth, and a lateral or secondary tooth,
situated at a little distance on each side. Sometimes the
hinge- teeth are numerous and uniform, and arranged along
a straight hinge-line, as in Area and Nucula ; sometimes
lateral teeth only are developed, as in Lasea and Alas-
modon ; and occasionally they are altogether wanting, as in
Mytilus and Serripes.

The adductor muscles, which serve to close the valves in
the Conchifera, are two in number in the Veneridce, Car-
diidte, and some other families, but in the Ostreida and
Pectinidce there is only one, whence these Mollusks have
been arranged by M. Lamarck and others into Mono-
myaries and Dimyaries, but in some genera, as in JEtheria
and Mulleria, there are two adductor muscles in the young
state, and but a single one in the adult ; while in Tridacna
they are central and blended together. The impressions
these muscles leave on the interior of the valves is some-
times double, and occasionally there is a third scar pro-
duced by the muscle of the foot, as may be seen in the
Pectens, while in some few genera, as Anomia, there is a
fourth caused by the muscle of the plug, and sometimes
there is found a small scar under the beak, formed by the
retractors of the foot.

The muscular mantle-margin also leaves an impression
on the inside of the valves which is called the pallial line,
and which is sinuated behind when the animal is possessed
of retractile siphons, but which is entire and simple when
no siphons are present.

PHOLABACEA. 323

Order PHOLADACEA.

Mantle closed, provided with two contiguous, more or
less elongated siphonal tubes, which are usually united;
gills two pairs, produced into the lower or branchial
siphon; pedal opening small. Foot frequently more or
less elongated and club-shaped.

Fam. PHOLADID^.

Animal symmetrical, club-shaped or worm-like. Palpi
elongate, linear. Mantle partly exposed, closed in front,
except an aperture for the foot ; siphons large, elongated,
united nearly to their ends, orifices fringed ; gills narrow,
prolonged into the branchial siphon, attached throughout,
closing the branchial chamber. Foot short and truncated.

Shell free, or within a tube ; valves equal, gaping at both
ends, thin, white, brittle, armed in front with rasp-like
imbrications, without hinge-teeth, and strengthened ex-
ternally by accessory valves ; hinge-plate reflexed over the
beaks, and furnished with a long, curved, muscular process
beneath each ; anterior muscular impression on the hinge-
plate ; pallial sinus very deep.

Living perpendicularly in holes in rock or sand.

The cartilage of the hinge in these shells is small and
internal ; the ligament is strong and elastic, situated ex-
ternally, and both are further strengthened by an accessory
membrane formed by the coriaceous end of the mantle,
which issues between the anterior ends of the valves and
covers the ligament ; this extension of the mantle is fixed
by filaments which enter the dorsal cells, and is furnished

324

PH0LADI2LE.

usually with calcareous plates which maintain the valves in
position.

The Pholadidce are found in most parts of the glohe,
living in calcareous rocks, clay, or submerged wood. Fix-
ing their bodies by means of their sucker-like foot, they
are enabled to perforate most substances softer than their
shells by the mechanical, rotatory action of the valves,
assisted by the front portion of the mantle, which is
strengthened for the purpose by silicious granules. The
grooves of the rasp-like asperities of the shell are visible
on the walls of their burrows, and M. Cailliaud has in-
geniously demonstrated the power of their mechanical at-
trition by forming, himself, similar perforations in lime-
stone by carefully rotating the valves of a Pholas under
water. The burrows are usually vertical and symmetrical,
and are enlarged by means of the foot and portions of the
siphons and mantle which are often furnished with a rough
epithelium for the purpose. On account of their burrow-
ing habits these animals are often very destructive to sea-
walls, piers, breakwaters, and other structures under water.
In villages along the shores of the Mediterranean the
Pholades are used as food. They are vividly phospho-
rescent in the dark.

Sub-fam. PHOLADIN^E.

Animal clavate. Siphons unprovided with shelly styles
or palettes. Umbonal muscle protected by one or more
shelly, accessory valves.

Living in a cavity not usually lined with a regular shelly
tube enclosing the valves.

DACTYLINA. 325

Genus PHOLAS, Linnaeus.

Siphons simple at the hase.

Shell elongated, cylindrical, with the anterior gape always
open; dorsal valves two, the anterior single, central, and
lanceolate, the posterior small and transverse; the hinge-
plate reflexed over the heaks closely applied; pallial sinus
long and deep.

Ex. P. costata, Linnmus, pi. 89, fig. 1, 1, a.

In the genus Pholas, as restricted, there are two dorsal
plates, one anterior and one posterior, whereas in Dactylina
the accessory pieces are placed side hy side.

Siwcies of Pholas.

costata, Linn. patula, Gould.

crucifera, Sow. truncata, Say.

latissima, Sow.

Genus DACTYLINA, Gray.

Siphons naked at the base, the orifice of the branchial
cirrhated, the anal simple, or crenate at the margin.

Shell oblong- ovate, valves with the front gape always
open ; dorsal valves two, lanceolate, placed side by side; tbe
hinge-plate reflexed over the beaks cellular beneath.

Syn. Thovana, Leach.

Ex. D. dactylus, Linnaus, pi. 89, fig. 2. Shell, D. dac-
tylus, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

In this genus there is a small transverse plate behind the
two dorsal accessory valves, and the space behind, between

VOL. II. U U

32C) PHOLAMNiE.

the valves of the shell, is filled up by a long, unsymmetrical
plate held in its place by a membrane.

Species of Dactylina.

Campechensis, Gmel. orientalis, Gmel.

dactylus, Linn.

Genus BARNEA, Kisso.

Siphons naked at the base, the orifices, both branchial and
anal, cirrhatecl.

Shell oblong-ovate, valves with the anterior gape always
open ; dorsal valve single, lanceolate ; the hinge-plate re-
flexed over the beaks closely applied.

Syn. Barnia, Leach.

Ex. B. parva, Linnaeus, pi. 89, fig. 3. Shell, B. parva,
fig. 3, a, 3, b.

The single umbonal shield or accessory valve distinguishes
this genus from Dactylina, and the front gape being open
and never closed in the adult by a callous plate from Mar-
testa.

Species of Barnea.

Australasiae, Gray. fragilis, Sow.

Bakeri, Desk. Manillensis, Phil.

Burmanica, Phil. parva, Linn.

Candida, Linn. similis, Gray.
Erythrsea, Gray.

Genus XYLOPHAGA, Turton.

Siphons simple at the base, slender, furnished with pec-
tinated ridges, and divided at the end.

ZIRPHiEA. 327

Shell globose, gaping widely in front, closed behind;
valves divided by a transverse furrow ; accessory valves
two, half-ovate, small, diverging. Umbonal process none,
but the anterior margins of the valves reflexed ; pedal pro-
cesses short and curved.

Ex. X. dorsalis, Turton, pi. 89, fig. 4. Shell, X. dor-
salis, fig. 4, a, 4, b, 4, c.

The Xylopliaga is found boring in floating wood, usually
forming burrows across the grain about an inch deep, which
are oval and lined with shell ; the species have been found
in Norway, Britain, and South America.

Species of Xylopliaga.
dorsalis, Tart. globosa, Sow.

Genus ZIRPH^A, Leach.

Shell ovate ; umbonal muscle only covered with a horny
or coriaceous epidermis ; no dorsal valves ; hinge-plate not
reflexed over the beak; anterior gape always open, not
closed in the adult by a callous plate.

Syn. Zirfeea, Gray.

Ex. Z. crispata, Linnaeus, pi. 89, fig. 5, 5, a.

In this genus there are no umbonal, shelly valves, the
beaks being protected only by a membrane.

Species of Zirphaa.

Beauiana, Recluz. crispata, Linn.

constricta, Sow. julan, Adams.

328 piioladinjE.

Genus NAVE A, Gray.

Shell ovate, valves with the anterior gape not closed in
the adult by a callous plate, a small, transverse, posterior
plate under the coriaceous epidermis placed behind the
beaks ; hinge-plate produced and reflexed over the beaks.

Ex. N. subglobosa, Gray, pi. 89, fig. 6, 6, a, 6, b.

The small shells comprised in this group are usually
found embedded in sponge; in general appearance they
resemble Zirpluea, but the hinge-plate is produced and
reflexed over the beaks.

Species of Navea.

nucifera, 0. Fabr. tenuis, Gray.

subglobosa, Gray.

Genus PHOLADIDEA, Turton.

Siphons with horny or shelly valves at their base, the
branchial siphon cirrhated, the anal plain at the end.

Shell ovate, with the front gape large, at length closed
by a callous plate; dorsal valves two, small.

Ex. P. papyracea, Solander, pi. 90, fig. 1. Shell, P.
papyracea, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

Syn. Pholidea, Sivains. Talonella, Gray. Hatasia,
Gray.

The shelly tube protecting the base of the siphons is
absent in young individuals; but in the adult it forms a
conspicuous, cup-shaped appendage which appears to be
entirely wanting in the other genera which have the anterior

JOUANNETIA. 329

gape elosed in the adult, with the exception of Talona, in
which the front gape is nearly closed.

Sjiecies of Pholadidea.

melanura, Sow. sulcata, Brown.

papyracea, Soland. trideus, Sow.

quadra, Sow. tubifera, Sow.
spathulata, Sow.

Genus TALONA, Gray.

Siphons with horny or shelly valves at their base.

Shell with the front gape small; dorsal valves two,
moderate, diverging.

Ex. T. explanata, Spengler, pi. 90, fig. 2, 2, a.

In this genus the bases of the siphons are protected by a
shelly tube, and the valves are nearly closed anteriorly.
There is but one species at present known, the Pholas ex-
planata of Spengler or P. clausa of Gray.

Genus JOUANNETIA, Desmoulins.

Siphons naked.

Shell globose, inequivalve, the front gape at length closed
by a callous plate; right valve produced posteriorly, the
left overlapping the opposite valve ; dorsal plate single ;
umbonal process none.

Syn. Pholadopsis, Conrad. Triomphalia, Sow.

Ex. J. globosa, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 90, fig. 3.
Shell, J. globosa, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

This genus, first established by M. Desmoulins on a
fossil species, J. semicandata, from Merignac, found

330 PHOLADDLE.

embedded in the interior of madrepores and fragments of
calcareous rocks, already comprises four recent species.

Species of Jouannetia.

Cumingii, Sow. globosa, Quoy and Gaim.

Darwinii, Sow. pectiuata, Conr.

Genus PARAPHOLAS, Conrad.

Siphons naked.

Shell ovate-oblong, the front gape at length closed by a
callous plate ; valves equal, with two oblique sulci extending
from the beaks to the base, with longitudinal laminae
between them ; dorsal valves two.

Ex. P. quadrizonalis, Spengler, pi. 90, fig. 4, 4, a.

These shells may be known by the two oblique grooves
which divide the surface of the valves, and by the two dorsal
plates.

Species of Parapholas.

concamerata, Desk. ovoidea, Gould.

Janellii, Desk. quadrizonalis, Spengl.

Genus MARTESIA, Leach.

Siphons naked.

Shell ovate-oblong, the front gape at length closed by
a callous plate ; valves equal, regularly divided in front by
a furrow extending from the beaks to the base ; dorsal valve
single, lanceolate or peltate.

Syti. Penitella, Conrad.

Ex. M. striata, Linnaeus, pi. 90, fig. 5, 5, a.

TEREDINES. 331

The species of this genus are usually found boring in
floating timber and drift-wood. M. rivicola was discovered
by one of the Authors perforating floating logs used as
landing-places at Gunung Taboor in Borneo, twelve miles
from the mouth of the river Pantai, where the water was
perfectly fresh.

Species of Martesia.

aperta, Sow. multistriata, Sow.

australis, Gray. obtecta, Sow.

brancbiata, Gould. ovum, Gray.

calva, Sow. rivicola, Sow.

cuneiformis, Say. striata, Linn.
curta, Soiv.

Sub-fam. TEKEDININ^E.

Animal worm- like. Siphons furnished at their extremi-
ties with two shelly styles or pallettes. Umbonal muscle
covered only with a coriaceous epidermis, and not protected
by shelly accessory valves.

Living at the inner extremity of a burrow partly or
entirely lined with shell.

Genus TEREDO, Linnams.

Siphonal styles simple, oblong, transverse, entire
Shell globose, gaping anteriorly and behind; valves tri-
lobate, concentrically striated, divided by a single, transverse
groove; hinge-margins inflexed anteriorly; interior of valves
furnished with a long, curved process for the attachment of
the pedal muscle.

Tube sub-cylindrical, hard, shelly, divided longitudinally,

332 TEREDININiE.

and often concameratecl by numerous, incomplete, transverse
partitions.

Syn. Cyphus, Guett. Kuphus, Gray. Kyphus, Agassis.
Furcella, Ohen. Septaria, Lam. Clausaria, Mice. Cloi-
sonnaria, Ferns. Malleolus, Gray.

Ex. T. Norvegica, Spengler, pi. 90, fig. 6. Shell,
T. Norvegica, fig. 6, a, 6, h. Tube, T. Norvegica, fig. 6, c.
Stylet, T. Norvegica, fig. 6, d. T. palmulata, fig. G, e.

The Teredines are found in most seas, living in wood,
■which they perforate by means of the mechanical attrition
of their valves; their burrows are usually tortuous and
formed in the direction of the grain ; .the perforations are
lined by calcareous matter, and the individuals carefully
avoid the burrows of their neighbours. They are useful
agents in breaking down and destroying fragments of wrecks
and floating timber, which might otherwise be dangerous
impediments to navigation ; but at the same time they often
do incalculable mischief to dikes, submerged piles, and the
timbers of ships. The young "Ship-worms" swim freely
about, and are even able to float at the surface of the water.
M. Laurent has shown that the Teredines are ovo -viviparous,
the eggs being hatched in the body of the parent, and the
young fry being ejected from the upper siphonal tube.
The shell and tube in the sub-genus Xylotrya are the same
as in Teredo, but the stylets are pectinate or dentate at the
edges ; and in TJperotis, which has similar valves and stylets,
the tube is contorted and club-shaped, from the animal
being found burrowing in the husks of cocoa-nuts floating
in tropical seas. In the Teredo giyantea of Linnajus (the
Sej)taria arenaria of Lamarck) the apex of the thick,
shelly tube is divided at the end by a longitudinal septum,
and is produced into two separate tubes. In the fossil

TEREDO. 333

genus Teredina the valves of the shell are cemented, in
the adult, to the walls of the tube; in the other genera the
shell remains free at the end of the tube. The use of. the
siphonal, spatulate appendages or stylets, according to
Clark, is to assist in compressing and relaxing the siphons
to facilitate the flow of water through the long canal.

Sixties of Teredo.

denticulata, Gray. navalis, Linn.

dilatata, Stimp. Norvegica, Spengl.

elongata, Quatref. pedicellata, Quatref.

fatalis, Quatref. Petitii, Recluz.

gigantea, Linn. Senegalensis, Desk.

malleolus, Turt. truncata, Quatref.
nana, Turt.

Sub-gen. xylotrya, Leach (Bankia, Gray).

Siphonal pallettes elongate, penniform.

carinata, Leach. Philippii, Gray.

palmulata, Lam. Stutchburyi, Leach.

pennatifera, Blainv.

Sub-gen. upeeotis, Guettard (Guettera, Gray).

Pallettes ovate, dentate ; tube club-shaped or contorted.

clava, Gmel. lagenula, Lam.

corniformis, Lam.

VOL. II. X X

334 gastrocilenidjE.

Fam. GASTKOCH^ENID^.

Animal symmetrical, elongated or claviform. Siphons
very long, contractile, united almost to their extremities,
orifices fringed with cirrhi ; mantle-margins united and
thickened in front, pedal opening small, anterior; gills two
on each side, narrow, prolonged into the branchial siphon.
Foot small, cylindrical, anterior, not byssiferous.

Shell equivalve, gaping ; valves thin. Hinge-teeth rudi-
mentary; cartilage external, marginal, small, weak. Adductor
scars two ; pallial line sinuated.

Living enclosed in calcareous tubes, or imbedded in mud
or stone, the shell-cases themselves being either free or
imbedded.

The Gastrochanida together with the Pholades, constitute
the Tubicola of Lamarck, a very natural group characterised
by their living chiefly enclosed in tubes or burrows, which they
never leave. The valves of the shell are sometimes firmly
incorporated with the protecting tube, as in Brechites or
Aspergillum, or one valve only is free, as in Clavagella, or
else both valves are free, as in GastrocJuena. The tubes
themselves are usually buried, with the thickest end down-
wards, in the mud or sand near low-water mark.

Genus GASTROCHJENA, Spengler.

Shell with both valves free, elongated, irregular, inequi-
valve, widely gaping. Hinge simple, linear, edentulous;
ligament external, weak. Hinder muscular impression nearly
central, with a pedal scar in front ; pallial line with a deep,
angular sinus.

ROCELLARIA. 335

Tube testaceous, straight, transversely striated, thickened
and closed at the fore part, tapering and open anteriorly, the
hinder or lower end, when complete, furnished with a per-
forated septum behind the valves.

Syn. Chsena, Eetzius. Fistulana, Lamarck.

Ex. G. mumia, Spengler, pi. 91, fig. 1. Tube, Gr.
mumia, fig. 1, a.

The curious shell on which Spengler founded this genus
is generally known under the name of Fistulana clava,
Lamarck ; it is also the type of the Chcena of Eetzius.
They are found, at low- water line, in Singapore, the Phi-
lippines, and other islands in the Eastern seas, living gregari-
ously in the mud and sand in large numbers, the tips only
of the tubes being visible above the surface, and the closed
ends firmly embedded in the soil. Fossil examples have
been detected in the inferior Oolite of the United States,
Europe, and Southern India.

Species of Gastrochccna.

agglutinans, Desk. mumia, Spengl.

graudis, Desk.

Genus ROCELLARIA, Eleuriau de Bellevue.

Shell with both valves free, cuneiform, equivalve, widely
gaping in front, closed behind; valves very inequilateral;
beaks anterior. Hinge simple, linear, toothless, but furnished
with a small spatulate lamina; ligament external, long.
Muscular impressions small, wide apart, united by a slightly-
marked, sinuated pallial impression.

336 GASTEOCH,ENIDiE.

Tube calcareous, claviform, free or fixed, often incom-
plete.

Syn. Gastrochsena, Lam., not Bpengl. Trapezium,
Blainv. Quoyie, Desk. Eupellaria, Agass. Roxellaria,
Mke.

Ex. R. dubia, Pennant, pi. 91, fig. 2. Shell, R. dubia,
2, a, 2, b. Tube, R. dubia, 2, c.

The Gastrochcena modiolina of Lamarck, which we more
correctly term Rocellaria dubia, often forms flask-shaped
tubes, which are only attached by their neck to the fragments
of shells in which the animal burrows. It lines the crypts
which it excavates in shells and limestones with a shelly
layer. There are many species of Rocellaria, of world-
wide distribution, examples having reached us from the
East and West Indies, the British Islands, the Gallapagos,
Mauritius, Pacific Islands, and South America.

Species of Rocellaria.

apertissima, Desk. lamellosa, Desk.

brevis, Sow. niacroschisma, Desh.

cucullata, Desh. mytiloides, Lam.

denticulata, Desh. ovata, Sow.

difficilis, Desh. Philippinensis, Desh.

dubia, Perm. plicatilis, Desh.

hians, Chem. pupina, Desh.

humilis, Desh. rostrata, Spengl.

hyalina, Sow. rugulosa, Sow.

impressa, Desh. Ruppellii, Desh.

iudistiucta, Desh. spathulata, Desh.

interrupta, Desh. tenera, Desh.

intersecta, Desh. truncata, Sow.
laevigata, Desh.

CLAVAGELLA. 337

Genus CLAVAGELLA, Lamarck.

Shell oblong, irregular, inequivalve, right valve always
free, the left imbedded in the dilated, hind part of the tube.
Muscular impressions two, the anterior small, the posterior
large ; pallial impression with a deep sinus.

Tube testaceous, cylindrical, more or less elongated, pos-
teriorly attenuated and open ; the margin of opening simple,
or furnished with siphonal fringes ; the anterior or lower
end of tube ovate, compressed, club-shaped, simple or sur-
rounded by spiniform tubes, and with a minute central fissure,
sometimes incomplete.

Syn. Bryopa, Gray.

Ex. C. aperta, Sowerby, pi. 91, fig. 3. Shell, C. aus
tralis, 3, a, 3, b. Tube, C. australis, fig. 3, c.

The mantle in Clavagella is furnished with tentacular
processes, which form the branching tubuli at the fore part
of the tube; the frills or fringes which ornament the hind
part of the tube are formed by the siphonal orifices at
various stages of growth of the animal ; in other respects
the animal resembles those of the other genera of the family,
the palps being elongate and slender, the mantle closed, the
siphons united and extended, and the gills being prolonged
into the branchial tube. Most of the recent species of Cla-
vagella burrow in stone and coral, and the tube is incom-
plete and without any spiniform processes ; Australia, the
Mediterranean, and the Pacific furnish us with examples.

338 gastrochjEnidjE.

Species of ClavageUa.

aperta, Sow. elongata, Broth

australis, Soic. lata, Brod.

balanorum, Schacchi. Meliteusis, Brod.

Genus BRECHITES, Guettard.

Shell small, oval, equivalve, widely gaping, both valves
imbedded in the walls of the lower end of the shelly tube,
the umbones only being visible externally.

Tube testaceous, elongated, gradually attenuated and open
posteriorly, clavate and closed anteriorly or below by a
convex disk furnished with numerous tubular holes, and
with a minute central fissure, the periphery surrounded by
a circular frill of tubes ; the posterior or siphonal end plain,
or ornamented with ruffles.

Syn. Verpa, Bolt. Clepsydra, Meusch., Schum. Peni-
cillus, Brag. Aquaria, Berry. Arytsena, Olcen. Asper-
gillus, Lam. Adspergillum, Mke.

Ex. B. vaginiferus, Lamarck, pi. 91, fig. 4. Shell, B.
Javanus, Lamarck, fig. 4, a.

The animal of Brechites is very similar to that of Cla-
vageUa, having the same closed and thickened mantle
furnished with filaments in front ; the foot is minute, conical,
and rudimentary ; the palpi are slender and elongated ; and
the narrow gills, united behind, are prolonged into, and
attached to, the walls of the branchial siphon. The species
are found imbedded in the sand and mud at low-water on
the shores of tropical countries, as Singapore, Australia,
New Zealand, Java, and the Red Sea, the closed disk with

SOLENIDiE. 339

the tubuli being below the surface, and the simple or fringed
siphonal end projecting about an inch above the surface.

Species of Brechites.

agglutinans, Lam. ornatus, Chenu.

aquarius, Bnrroiv. Philippinensis, Chenu.

australis, Chenu. Recluzianus, Chenu.

clavatus, Chenu. strangulatus, Chenu.

Delessertianus, Chenu. tuberculatus, Chenu.

dichotomies, Reeve. vagiuiferus, Lam.

iucrassatus, Chenu. Zebuensis, Chenu.
Javanus, Lam.

Sub-gen. fcegia, Gray.

Tube naked, posteriorly clavate ; the disk of the club terminal,
small, porous, not fimbriated.

Cumingianus, Chenu. Nova? Zealandiae, Gray.

incertus, Chenu. semifimbriatus, Chenu.

Novae Hollandia?, Chenu. Strangei, A. Adams.

Fam. SOLENIDjE.

Palpi triangular, broad. Mantle-lobes united, except
anteriorly, for the passage of the foot; siphons short and
united, or longer and partly separate, orifices fimbriated;
gills two on each side, narrow, and prolonged into the
branchial siphon. Foot large, elongated, thick, club-
shaped, truncated in front, not byssiferous.

Shell transversely greatly elongated, sub -cylindrical or
oblong, equivalve, gaping at both extremities. Hinge with
two or three compressed teeth in each valve, the hinder one

340 SOLENINiE.

bifid ; ligament external, large, linear, marginal, supported
on a large prominent pad or fulcrum.

Usually living buried vertically in the sand.

The very natural group of the Solens or "Razor-fish,"
usually live buried perpendicularly in the sand, penetrating
it by means of their large and powerful muscular foot.
The outer layer of their shell is formed of long, nucleated,
prismatic cells, placed very oblique to the surface, and the
inner layer of cell-structure is nearly homogeneous. The
long, linear, and narrow gills extend into the branchial
siphon, as in the Pholades, the elongated tubes of which
appear to be represented in this family by the long bran-
chial cavity.

Sub-fam. SOLENIN^E.

Siphons short and united. Foot more or less cylindrical
and obtuse.

Shell transversely greatly elongated, gaping and truncate
at the extremities; beaks anterior or terminal. Hinge
usually with one tooth in each valve. Pallial line with
a deep, truncated sinus.

Genus SOLEN, Linnaeus.

Siphons very short, united, fringed.

Shell transversely greatly elongated, nearly straight, sub-
cylindrical, margins parallel, ends gaping, beaks terminal.
Hinge with one primary tooth in each valve close to the
anterior extremity ; ligament long, external. Anterior mus-
cular scar elongated ; pallial impression with a short, square
sinus.

SOLEN.

341

Syn. Fistula, Mart. Vagina, Milhlf. Solenarius, Dum.
Hypogsea, Hypogseoderma, Poll. Listera, Leach.

Ex. S. vagina, Linnaeus, pi. 92, fig. 1. Shell, S. vagina,
fig. 1, a, 1, b.

In this genus the mantle is produced behind into a
truncate siphonal sheath which contains the two short
siphons which are never extended beyond the shell. The
animal has the power of changing the terminal portion of
the foot from a tapering point to an obtuse club. By sud-
denly extending the foot it is enabled to ascend rapidly
the deep burrow it forms in the sand. It has also the
power of darting forward, according to the observations of
Mr. W. Clark, with a rapidity equal to that of the Pectens.
These animals are found buried vertically in the sand be-
tween high and low water mark on the shores of most
temperate and tropical countries, their short siphons only
appearing at the surface. Soleti vagina is sought eagerly
after as a bait for fish, and also, in many parts, as an article
of diet.

Species of Solen.

acinaceus, Hanley.
albus, Martyn.
Beckii, Phil.
brevis, Gray.
comeus, Lam.
cylindraceus, Hanley.
exaratus, Phil.
gracilis, Phil.
Guiniensis, Gray.
linearis, Chem.
marginatus, Koch.

orien talis, Dkr.
Pkilippinarum, Hanley.
Tehuelcha, D'Orb.
scalprum, King.
Schultzeanus, Dkr.
sicarius, Gould.
Sloan ii, Gray.
vagina, Linn.
versicolor, Phil.
viridis, Say.
Zeylanensis, Leach.

VOL. II.

Y Y

342 THARINiE.

Sub-gen. soleka, Browne (Hypogella, Gray).

Shell rounded at each end; beaks sub-anterior; anterior
adductor impression round.

obliquus, Spengl. vaginatus, Gray.

Genus ENSIS, Schumacher.

Siphons separate, short.

Shell transversely greatly elongated, gaping and rounded
at each end, beaks anterior. Hinge with two teeth in one
valve, and three in the other. Anterior adductor scar
elongate, horizontal; pallial line with a small, truncate
sinus.

Syn. Ensatella, Swainson.

Ex. E. ensis, Linnaeus, pi. 92, fig. 2. Shell, E. ensis,
fig. 2, a, 2, b.

This genus is distinguished from Soleti by the number
of teeth in the hinge, and by the curved form of the valves.
The habits of Ensis are similar to those of Solen.

Species of Ensis.

Americana, Beck. pellucida, Pennant.

ensis, Linn. picta, Phil.

Gaudichaudii, Chenu. siliqua, Linn.

macha, Molina. vaginoides, Lam.
magua, Schum.

Sub-fam. PHAEIN^.

Siphons elongated and separate for more than half their
length. Foot more or less ovate.

PHARELLA. 343

Shell transversely elongated, gaping and rounded at the
extremities. Hinge usually with two hooked primary teeth
in one valve, and three in the other. Pallial line with a
deep, rounded sinus..

Genus PHARUS, Leach.

Siphons separate, diverging, fringed at the ends.

Shell thin, compressed, sub-equilateral, invested with an
epidermis, beaks sub-central; valves, beneath the hinge,
strengthened by a strong, oblique rib. Hinge with three
teeth in the right valve, the central one bifurcate ; a single,
compressed, primary tooth, and a bifid, sub-lateral one in the
left valve. Anterior adductor impression elongate, hori-
zontal; pallial line with a short, wide sinus.

Sf/n. Solecurtoides, Desmoid. Polia, D'Orb. Cerati-
solen, Forbes.

Fa;. P. legumen, Linnaeus, pi. 92, fig. 3. Shell, P.
legumen, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

A single species only of this genus is at present known,
inhabiting the sandy shores of the Mediterranean, the Red
Sea, Senegal, and the British Islands. It is found in a
fossil state in the Pliocene of Italy.

Genus PHARELLA, Gray.

Siphons shortly produced and separate. Foot large, ab-
ruptly truncate.

Shell sub-cylindrical, transversely greatly elongated,
rounded and gaping at both extremities, beaks sub-anterior.
Hinge composed of two teeth in one valve, and three in the
other. Anterior adductor scar elongate, sub-trigonal ; pallial
line with a small sinus.

344 PHARINiE.

Ex. P. Javanica, Lamarck, pi. 93, fig. 1. Shell. P.
Javanica, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

In Pharella the siphons are very short and fringed at their
orifices, and the mantle-lobes are covered with a wrinkled
epidermis; the pedal orifice is terminal, and the foot is
straight, compressed, and truncated. The species appear to
inhabit the muddy estuaries of rivers, and the shells, like
those of Siliqiiaria, are covered with an olivaceous epi-
dermis.

Species of Pharella.
acutidens, Brod. and Soiv. Javanica, Lam.

Genus CULTELLUS, Schumacher.

Siphons separated nearly to their bases. Foot thick and
pointed.

Shell compressed, transversely elongated, rounded and
gaping at each end, beaks sub-anterior, supported internally
by an oblique rib. Hinge formed of two teeth in one valve,
and three in the other. Anterior adductor muscular impres-
sion rounded, the hinder triangular ; pallial line with a small,
truncate sinus.

Syn. Macha, Conrad, not Ohen. Legumimim, part,
Chem.

Ex. C. maximus, Qmelin, pi. 93, fig. 2, 2, a.

In this genus the foot of the animal is large and abruptly
truncate, and the palpi are triangular and broadly attached.
The species known are few in number, and have been pro-
cured principally from the shores of Africa and India.

SILIQUA. 345

Species of Citltelhis.

albidus, Adams and Beeve. maximus, Gmel.

Californianus, Conr. subteres, Conr.

cultellus, Linn.

Genus SILIQUA, Miihlfeldt.

Siphons elongate, large, united, covered with a hard epi-
dermis.

Shell transversely oblong, curved, covered with a polished
epidermis, compressed, rounded and gaping at the ends,
valves strengthened internally by an elevated transverse urn-
bonal rib. Hinge nearer the middle than the anterior end,
three compressed primary teeth in each valve. Pallial line
with a short, rounded sinus.

Si/n. Leguminaria, Schum. Aulus, Oken. Machoera,
Gould. Leguminum, part, Chem.

Ex. S. radiata, Linnmis, pi. 93, fig. 3, 3, a.

The species of Siliqua exhibit a very extended range in
their geographical distribution, examples occurring along the
shores of Sitka, Ochotsk, Newfoundland, and Behring's
Straits, as well as on the tropical shores of India and the
China Seas. Fossil species are found in the Upper Green-
sand of France and Britain.

Species of Siliqua.

costata, Say. polita, Wood.

lucida, Conr. radiata, Linn.

media, Sow. scalprum, Gould.

minima, Gmel. squama, Blainv,

Nuttallii, Conr. violacea, Desh.

346 HIARINiE.

Genus MACHA, Oken.

Siphons very large, united at the base, free at the ends,
branchial orifice fringed, anal plain.

Shell transversely oblong, compressed, rounded and gaping
at the extremities, more or less invested with an epidermis,
beaks sub-central, margins nearly parallel. Hinge with two
diverging primary teeth in each valve ; ligament prominent.
Anterior muscular impression lobed; pallial impression
deeply sinuated.

Sy?i. Solecurtus, Blainv. Solenocurtus, Soiv. Psam-
mosolen, Bisso. Cyrtosolen, Herrm.

Ex. M. Candida, Benieri, pi. 93, fig. 4. Shell, M. stri-
gillata, Linnceus, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The animal of Macha is very large, and is not entirely
retractile within the shell, the margin of the mantle protrud-
ing, especially when the cavity is distended with water. The
species usually bury themselves in sand, in the coralline
zone, beyond low-water mark, and in consequence are diffi-
cult to procure in a living state. Two species are inhabitants
of the shores of the British Islands.

Species of Macha.

alba, Martyn. solida, Gray.

Candida, Benieri. strigillata, Linn.

exarata, Phil.

SILIQUARIA. 347

Sub-gen. azor, Gray.

Shell, with the surface of the valves smooth, and covered
with an epidermis.

coarctata, Gmel.

Genus SILIQUARIA, Schumacher.

Siphons elongated, cylindrical.

Shell transversely greatly elongated, covered with an epi-
dermis, gaping and rounded at each end, beaks sub-central.
Hinge teeth 2, 3. Sinus of pallial impression very deep,
extending beyond the umbo.

Syn. Tagelus, Gray. Macha, Gray, not Oken. ? Lacon-
silla, Baf.

Ex. S. gibba, Spengler, pi. 93, fig. 5, 5, a.
8. gibba, Spengler (or S. Caribcea, Lamarck), occurs in
countless myriads on the bars of American rivers, in the mud
of which it forms cylindrical cavities, exposed at low-water
mark. Novaculifia is found in the mud of river- estuaries
in India and China.

Species of Siliquaria.

gibba, Spengl. Quoyi, Desk.

media, Soiv.

Sub-gen. novaculina, Benson.

Beaks sub-posterior ; siphonal inflection deep, but not extend-
y as far as the umbo.

acuminata, Hartley. bidentata, Spengl.

348 SAXICAVIDiE.

constricta, Lam. olivacea, Metcalfe.

Gangetica, Bens. rufa, Bosc.

Fam. SAXICAVIDJE.

Animal symmetrical, oblong. Mantle-lobes united and
thickened in front ; siphons large, elongated, often invested
with a thick, wrinkled epidermis, united nearly to their ends,
the orifices fringed; pedal opening small; gills two on each
side, narrow, unequal, united behind, and extending into
the branchial siphon. Foot small, digitiform, inferior,
furnished with a byssal groove.

Shell equivalve, solid, gaping at each end ; hinge-teeth
rudimentary; cartilage external, thick, prominent. Pallial
impression irregular, sinuated posteriorly.

Perforating stones, or living imbedded in sand and mud,
but not enclosed in shelly cases or protecting tubes.

The Saxicavidce approach in many respects the Gastro-
cluenidce, but, though often perforating stones, they do not
form shelly cases or protecting tubes. In their closed mantle
and extended, united siphons they likewise resemble the
Myiche, but their gills extend into the branchial siphon, their
body is symmetrical, their foot is furnished with a byssal
groove, and their shell is equivalve, with the cartilage
external.

Genus SAXICAVA, Fleuriau de Bellevue.

Palpi small, free; siphons large, united nearly to their
ends, orifices fringed.

Shell oblong, equivalve, valves rugose, gaping, beaks pro-
minent. Hinge, when young, with two small teeth in each

SAXICAVA. 349

valve, when adult, edentulous ; ligament external, more or
less promiuent. Muscular impressions strong, wide apart ;
pallial line interrupted, sinuated posteriorly.

Syn. Chamsepholas, List. Glycimeris, Schum., not
Klein or Lam. Didonta, 8 chum. Rhombus, Eliomboides,
Blainv. Byssomya, Guv. Clotho, Faujas St. Fond.
Pholeobia, Biapholius, Leach. Hiatella, Baud. Arcinella,
Phil., not 8 chum.

Ex. S. rugosa, Linnceus, pi. 94, fig. 1. Shell, S. rugosa,
fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The Saxicava are few in species, and are usually found
burrowing in limestone rocks, the animal being fixed by the
byssus to the side of the crypt it excavates. They are also
found dwelling in holes of old oyster or other shells, and
among masses ofSerpula in the littoral and laminarian zones.
Sometimes they do considerable damage to sea-walls. They
inhabit the Arctic Seas, the Cape, the Mediterranean, and
the Canary Islands, ranging from low-water to 140 fathoms.
In the young state, Saxicava rugosa gapes at the superior
margin, and the hinge is composed of a small tooth in the
right valve, and two rather larger oblique teeth in the left
valve ; in this condition it is the Hiatella of Daudin, and
the Arcinella carinata of Philippi.

Species of Saxicava.

arctica, Linn. purpurascens, Souk

australis, Blainv. rugosa, Linn.

Cordieri, Desk. tenuis, Sow.
Guerinii, Payr.

VOL. II. Z Z

350 SAXICAVIDiE.

Genus GLYCIMERIS, Klein.

Siphons large, united as far as their extremities, and in-
vested with a thick, wrinkled epidermis.

Shell transversely ohlong, gaping at the sides, valves with
the surface wrinkled and grooved transversely, and covered
with an epidermis. Hinge composed of a single strong tooth
in each valve, which is received into a corresponding pit of
the opposite valve ; ligament conspicuous, external. Pallial
impression continuous, with a deep posterior sinus.

Ex. G. Natalensis, Woodward, pi. 93, fig. 2. Shell,
G. rngosa, Bosc. fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The Glycimeris of Klein has heen kept as a genus dis-
tinct from Panop&a on account of the siphons of the animal
being united as far as their ends, while in Pa/wpaa they are
separate at their extremities ; the gills also are short as in
My a. The shells, however, of the two forms are very
similar, the principal difference being in the character of
the pallial impression, which in Glycimeris is continuous,
but in Panopa>,a broken up into a few scattered spots as in
the genus Saxicava. Glycimeris is founded on the My a
glycimeris of Bom, which is the same as the Panopaia
Aldrovatidi of Menard, and the Mya rugosa of Bosc.

Species of Glycimeris.

abbreviata, Valenc. Natalensis, Woodiv.

antarctica, Gould. rugosa, Bosc.

australis, Soiv. Solandri, Gray.

generosa, Gould. Zelandica, Quoy and Gahn.
Japouica, A. Adams.

CYRTODARIA. 351

Genus PANOPJ2A, Menard de la Groye.

Siphons large, separated at their ends, covered with a
thick, wrinkled epidermis.

Shell equivalve, thick, transversely oblong, gaping at both
ends, surface nearly smooth, or transversely furrowed. Hinge
formed of a single conical tooth in each valve, lodged in a
cavity of the opposite valve ; ligament short, external, pro-
minent, attached to strong ridges. Pallial line interrupted,
with a deep posterior sinus.

Ex. P. Norvegica, Spengler, pi. 94, fig. 3. Shell, P.
Norvegica, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

The animal and shell of this genus very much resemble
Saxicava on a large scale, and, like that genus, the species
are found principally inhabiting the shores of Northern
countries, ranging from Ochotsk to the White Sea, Norway,
and North Britain.

Species of Panopcea.
Middendorfii, A. Adams. Norvegica, Spengl.

Genus CYRTODARIA, Daudin.

Palpi large, sickle- shaped, striated inside, the hinder
border broad, plain; siphons large, united, covered with a
thick epidermis, orifices small, fringed.

Shell equivalve, thick, oblong, transverse, gaping widely
at both ends, valves covered with a thick, black, horny epi-
dermis which extends beyond their edges. Hinge callous,
edentulous; ligament large, prominent, external. Muscular

352 MYID.E.

impressions wide apart, the hinder elongate; pallial line
irregular, strongly marked, the posterior sinus very small.

Syn. Glycimeris, Lam., not Klein or Schum.

Ex. C. siliqua, Spengler, pi. 94, fig. 4. Shell, C. siliqua,
fig. 4, a, 4, b.

Cyrtodaria siliqua is found in the littoral zone of
Northern and Arctic seas, living buried in the sand. In
general aspect the shell resembles that of some of the
Solens, being covered with a thick, horny epidermis, but the
siphons of the animal are not entirely retractile, and are
enclosed in a tough, coriaceous, wrinkled envelope, as in
Glycimeris and Panojxea. The palpi in Cyrtodaria are large
and sickle-shaped, the mantle is thickened at the margin,
and invested, like the siphons, with a wrinkled epidermis, the
pedal opening is very small and quite anterior, and the gills
are thick, plaited, and unequal, the outer one being the
shortest and rounded in front. In many respects the animal
resembles that of Mya, but the cartilage of the hinge is
external, and the hinge itself edentulous and simple.

Species of Cyrtodaria.
Cuniingii, Dkr. siliqua, Spengl.

Fam. MYIDiE.

Body not symmetrical. Labial palpi small. Mantle
almost entirely closed except for the passage of a small foot ;
siphons invested with a coarse and wrinkled epidermis,
greatly prolonged and united almost to their extremities, the
orifices fringed ; gills two on each side, elongated, depen-
dent. Foot small.

MYA. 353

Shell thick, strong, opaque, porcellanous, gaping poste-
riorly, valves usually unequal, covered with a wrinkled
epidermis. Hinge simple, toothless ; cartilage internal ;
cartilage-pit in a hollow process in one valve.

Living in the sand or mud, lying on the side.

The gills in this family are not prolonged into the bran-
chial siphon, nor is the body of the animal symmetrical.
The structure of the shell is cellular, with dark nuclei near
the outer surface, and the valves are usually invested with
a coarse wrinkled epidermis, which is continued over the
mantle and tubes of the animal. The siphons are either
wholly or partially retractile. The shells gape usually at
both extremities, and the cartilage is contained in a spoon-
like cavity at the hinge.

Genus MYA, Linna3us.

Shell oblong or rhomboidal, inequivalve, gaping at the
extremities, surface of valves striated or furrowed trans-
versely, and furnished with a wrinkled epidermis, beaks de-
pressed. Hinge composed of a dilated, ascending, spatulate
tooth in the left or smaller valve, with a corresponding socket
in the right ; cartilage short, thick, internal. Pallial impres-
sion deeply sinuated.

Syn. Laternula, Bolten.

Ex. M. arenaria, Linnaeus, pi. 95, fig. 1. Shell, M.
arenaria, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The " Gapers," as they have been termed, bury themselves
in the mud and sand in the low-water levels of the littoral
zone, and in the soft mud of bays and estuaries, ranging
from low-water to twenty-five fathoms. The species are few
in number, and principally affect the shores of northern
countries, being found in the Arctic Seas, Greenland, Sitka,

354 MYIDjE.

Ochotsk, and North America, where they are employed as
articles of food. In the Vlatyodon of Conrad the valves
are cancellated, and the siphons are stated to bear at the ex-
tremity four testaceous, valvular appendages which close the
orifices of the tubes.

Species of My a.

arenaria, Linn. truncata, Linn.

prsecisa, Gould. Uddevallensis, Forbes.

Sub-gen. platyodon, Conrad.

Shell ventricose, with undulated concentric strige, and a slight
furrow extending from the Leaks to the ventral margin ; pos-
terior side short, with radiating striae. Cardinal tooth erect*
dilated, bi-emarginate.

cancellata, Conrad.

Genus TUGONIA, Gray.

Shell globular or sub-oval, very inequilateral, widely
gaping posteriorly ; beaks small, posteriorly reflexed. Hinge
with a small, rounded, concave, spoon-shaped process in each
valve, projecting obliquely in front, and joined to the valve ;
an approximated posterior denticle. Ligament external, elon-
gate, horny, marginal, placed transversely across the beaks ;
cartilage fixed in the spoon-shaped cavity. Muscular im-
pressions unequal, the anterior oval, on the cardinal margin
near the hinge ; the posterior small, orbicular, near the
denticle ; pallial impression very short and simply arched.

Syn. Tugon, Adanson.

Ex. T. anatina, Chemnitz, pi. 95, fig. 2, 2, a.

In the genus Tugonia the cartilage-processes or spoon-
shaped teeth are similar in each valve, and the shell is

CORBULIDiE. 355

abruptly truncated on the posterior side. The recent
species known come from the West Coast of Africa ; fossil
species occur in the Miocene of Dax, and the Morea.

Species of Tugonia.

anatina, Gmel. semisulcata, A. Adams.

nobilis, A. Adams.

Fam. COEBULID.E.

Body not symmetrical. Palpi long, narrow, pectinated on
both sides. Mantle closed, except anteriorly ; pedal orifice
small, the margins dentate ; siphons short, united, the
orifices fringed with cirrhi, the anal furnished with a tubu-
lar, membranous, retractile valve ; gills two on each side,
dependent, separate, moderately prolonged. Foot long,
sub-cylindrical, furnished with a byssal groove.

Shell porcellanous, valves unequal, closed posteriorly.
Hinge with a conical tooth and a cartilage-pit in each valve.
Pallial line slightly sinuated.

Genus CORBULA, Bruguiere.

Siphons very short, united.

Shell ovate, gibbose, closed, very inequivalve; the left valve
the smaller, rounded anteriorly, more or less truncate pos-
teriorly; beaks prominent; surface of valves more or less
furrowed or transversely striated, covered with an epidermis.
Hinge composed of a recurved prominent tooth in the right
valve in front of the cartilage-pit, and a projecting cartilage-
process in the left valve ; cartilage small, interior. Pallial
line with a very slight sinus ; pedal scars distinct from the
adductor impressions.

356 CORBULIDiE.

Syn. Aloides, Megerle. Agina, Turton. Erodina,
Daudin. Pacyodon, Beck. Lentidium, Crist, and Jan.
Tomala, Raleta, Gray.

Ex. C. gibba, Olivi, pi. 95, fig. 3. Shell, C.gibba, fig.
3, a, 3, b.

Twenty species of Corbuhe out of thirty-six are peculiar to
the Asiatic region, while twelve are found in the American,
two in the Australian, two in the European, and two in that
of Africa. The China Seas are very prolific in Corbulce,
where they live in mud, or among the debris of sand, mud,
and shells which constitutes the floor of these seas; they
are usually dredged in from ten to thirty fathoms. The
outer shell-layer consists of fusiform cells, the inner layer
is homogeneous, and is very slightly adherent to the outer
layer. The fossil species C. complanata, Sowerby, forms
the genus Corbulomya of Nyst. The sub-genus Azara is
composed of estuary species, which live buried in the mud of
the banks of South-American rivers.

Species of Corbula.

alba, Phil. equivalvis, Phil.

albuginosa, Hinds. erodina, Lam.

Barrattiana, C. B. Adams. erythrodon, Lam.

bicarinata, Soiv. faba, Hinds.

biradiata, Sow. fasciata, Hinds.

Blandiaua, C. B. Adams. fragilis, Hinds.

carnosa, Hinds. fulva, C. B. Adams.

Catlowse, Reeve. gibba, Olivi.

Chittyana, G. B. Adams. Kjaeriana, C. B. Adams.

crassa, Hinds. Knoxiana, C. B. Adams.

crispa, Hinds. Krebsiana, C. B. Adams.

cuneata, Hinds. lsevis, Hinds.

Dietziana, C. B. Adams. raarmorata, Hinds.

eburnea, Hinds. Mediterranea, Costa.

SPHENIA.

357

rnodesta, Hinds.
moailis, Hinds.
nasuta, Sow.

Newtoniana, C. B. Adams.
nuciformis, Sow.
obesa, Hinds.
operculata, Phil.
rosea, Brown.
rotalis, Hinds.
rubra, C. B. Adams.
scaphoides, Hinds.
semen, Lam.

similis, Hinds.
solidula, Hinds.
speciosa, Hinds.
sulcata, Brufj.
Swiftiana, C. B. Adams.
Taheitensis, Lam.
tenuis, Sow.
trigona, Hinds.
truncata, Hinds.
tunicata, Hinds.
variegata, Adams and Reeve.
ventricosa, Adams and Reeve.

Sub-gen. azara, D'Orbigny (Potamornya, Hinds).

Sbell nearly smootb, covered witb an olivaceous epidermis.
Hinge with the cartilage-plate broad and spatulate ; two obscure
teeth in the right valve. Estuary.

adusta, Hinds.
sequalis, C. B. Adams.
contracta, Say.
inflata, C. B. Adams.
labiata, Maton.

nimbosa, Soiv.
ochreata, Hinds.
procera, Hinds.
trigonalis, C. B. Adams.
ustulata, Reeve.

Genus SPHENIA, Turton.

Siphons produced, united.

Shell oblong, inequivalve, produced and gaping posteriorly,
surface smooth or rugose, covered with an epidermis, beaks
incurved. Hinge composed of an erect, dilated, laminar
tooth in front of the oblique, triangular cartilage-pit in the
right valve, with a corresponding pit in the left ; cartilage
internal. Pallial impression slightly sinuated.

Ex. S. Binghami, Turton, pi. 95, fig. 4. Shell, S.
Binghami, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

VOL. II. 3 A

358 CORBULID.E.

The siphons are extended in Sphenia much more than in
Corbula, hut the foot is byssiferous, and the anal valve con-
spicuous; the hinge is also like that of Corbula, but the
habit of burrowing in oyster-shells and limestone, and the
general appearance of the shell, show certain affinities with
Saxicava. The genus should perhaps be limited to 8.
Binghami and Bitppellii ; the other species, described as
Sphenia by one of the Authors, appear to belong to the
genus Cryptomya of Conrad, in which the siphons of the
animal are short, and the shell thin and somewhat gaping
posteriorly.

Species of Sphenia.
Binghami, Turton. Ruppellii, A. Adams.

Genus CRYPTOMYA, Conrad.

Shell inequilateral, transversely oblong, gaping poste-
riorly, surface of valves usually radiately striated, or de-
cussated. Hinge formed by a single, elevated, lamellar
tooth in the right valve, with a corresponding cavity in the
left valve; cartilage internal. Pallial impression with a
slight posterior sinus.

Ex. C. Philippinarum, A. Adams, pi. 95, fig. 5. Shell,
C. Philippinarum, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

In this genus the siphons are short, and not covered with
a coriaceous epidermis, and the shell is thin and decussately
striated. The hinge resembles that of Sphenia, but in
their habits the animals seem to show an analogy to those
of Mya and Corbula, living buried at the surface of sand
and mud.

anatinidjE. 359

Species of Cryptomya.

Californica, Conr. Mindorensis, Adams and Reeve,

decurtata, A. Adams. Philippinarum, A. Adams.

decussata, Desh. princeps, A. Adams.

elliptica, A. Adams. semistriata, Hanley.

Fam. ANATINID.E.

Mantle-margins united ; siphons elongate, generally more
or less separate, the orifices fringed ; mantle with a small
valvular aperture under the siphons ; gills pinnate, ap-
parently one on each side, the outer lamina prolonged
dorsally beyond the line of attachment. Foot more or less
linguiform.

Shell thin, usually inequivalve, gaping at the hinder ex-
tremity, interior nacreous, surface often granular, scabrous,
or hispid, beaks often fissured. Hinge-teeth rudimentary;
ligament external, thin ; cartilage internal, in a pit in each
valve, usually furnished with a free ossicle. Muscular im-
pressions faint, the anterior elongated ; pallial line usually
sinuated.

In the Anatinida the mantle of the animal is closed,
except where the linguiform foot protrudes, the siphons
are moderately long, with fringed orifices, and a single
branchial lamina, only, appears to be developed on each
side. The hinge of the shell is usually without teeth
properly so called, but is provided with a spoon-shaped
plate or process, and a movable testaceous ossicle con-
nected with each valve by an internal cartilage. The surface
of the valves is usually rough or hispid, with large cal-
careous cells arranged in lines, and is covered with an
epidermis ; the interior is more or less pearly and nacreous.

360 ANATINID.E.

Genus anatina; Lamarck.

Siphons long, united, covered with a rugose epidermis.

Shell thin, translucent, oolong, ventricose, sub -equi valve,
gaping and attenuated at the hinder side ; beaks fissured,
directed backwards, supported internally by an oblique plate.
Hinge composed of a spoon-shaped cartilage-process in
each valve, projecting internally, furnished in front with a
transverse ossicle. Pallial line with a wide, shallow sinus.

Sy?i. Auriscalpium, Megerle. Butor, Gistel. Cyatho-
donta, Conrad.

Ex. A. subrostrata, Lamarck, pi. 96, fig. 1. Shell, A.
subrostrata, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

In Anatina the pedal opening is small and quite an-
terior ; the palpi are very long, narrow, free, and striated
inside ; the gills are long and narrow and not continued
into the branchial siphon, and the dorsal border is free and
nearly as wide as the gill; the siphons are united, thick,
and covered with a rugose epidermis ; and the foot is very
small and compressed. The shells are thin and semitrans-
parent, and the surface of the valves is hispid or rough with
calcareous points ; the ossicle, or peculiar shelly plate cover-
ing the cartilage, is linear. The species are principally from
tropical seas, being found in India, the Philippines, New
Zealand, and South America. The extinct genera Cer-
comya and Rhynchomya, of Agassiz, are founded on fossil
shells closely resembling those of Anatina.

Species of Anatina.

alta, C. B. Adams. elegans, Phil.

anserifera, Spengl. globulosa, Lain.

PERIPLOMA. 361

imperfecta, Lam. rugosa, Lam.

lanterna, Born. subrostrata, Lam.

papyracea, Say. trapezoides, Lam.

prisrnatica, Sow. truncata, Lam.

Genus PERIPLOMA, Schumacher.

Siphons long, slender, separate.

Shell transversely ovate, thin, inequivalve, the left valve
more ventricose than the right, surface of valves minutely
scabrous ; beaks fissured, strengthened within by oblique
diverging ribs. Hinge composed of a spoon-shaped, ob-
lique or horizontal process in each valve containing the
ossicle and cartilage ; ligament external. Anterior muscu-
lar impression very narrow and sub-marginal, posterior very
small and rounded ; pallial line posteriorly sinuated.

Syn. Bontia, Leach. Cochlodesma, Couthouy. Ligula,
Recluz, not Montagu. Corimya, Agassiz (fossil).

Ex. P. ovata, B\Orbigny, pi. 96, fig. 2. Shell, P. inre-
quivalvis, Schumacher, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

There does not appear to be any generic difference
between Periploma and Cochlodesma, the latter possessing
the usual testaceous appendage, or ossicle, peculiar to most
of the genera of this family. The species of Periploma
are principally inhabitants of the West Indies and the
coasts of South America ; the Mya pratenuis of Pultney
is from the shores of Europe, and the Anatina Leana of
Conrad is from the coasts of the United States. Fossil
examples occur in the secondary formations, and constitute
the extinct genus Corimya of Agassiz.

302 anatinidjE.

S])ecies of Penploma.

argentaria, Conr. lenticularis, Sow.

angulifera, Phil. ovata, D'Orb.

insequivalvis, Schurn. planiuscula, Soiv.

Leana, Conrad. prsetenuis, Pultn.

Genus LYONSIA, Turton.

Siphons short, separate at their extremities.

Shell thin, iuequivalve, more or less inequilateral, trun-
cate and somewhat gaping posteriorly, hoth valves convex,
the left the larger, surface often striated and invested with
an epidermis, interior sub -nacreous. Hinge composed of
an oblique cartilage-plate in each valve ; cartilage internal,
covered iu front, with a flat oblong ossicle. Muscular and
pallial impressions faint, the latter sinuated.

Syn. Magdala, Leach. Hiatella, Myatella, Brown.
Tetragonostea, Osteoderma, Desk. Pandorina, Scacchi.

Ex. L. Norvegica, Chemnitz, pi. 96, fig. 3. Shell, L.
Norvegica, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

The palpi in Lyonsia are triangular and narrow, the
orifices of the short, united siphons are fringed, and the
linguiform, compressed foot is furnished with a byssal
groove. The Entodesma of Philippi, from the Island of
Chiloe, does not appear from his description to differ
materially from Lyonsia. The extinct genera, Ceromya
and Gresslya of Agassiz are also very closely allied to this
genus, but there is a lamina behind the beaks and within
the posterior hinge-margin. In their geographical distri-
bution the species of Lyonsia range from the shores of
Greenland and Norway to those of India and South

MYTILIMERIA. 3C3

America ; examples also occur among the great Islands of
the Indian and Philippine Archipelagoes.

Species of Lyonsia.

auatina, Gray. hyalina, Couth.

arenosa, Moll. nitida, Gould.

bracteata, Couth. Norvegica, Chem.

Brasiliensis, Couth. solemyalis, Lam.

brevifrons, Sow. striata, Bosc.
elongata, Gray.

Sub-gen. entodesma, Philippi.

Shell thin, Saxicava-shaped, slightly inequivalve and gaping,
covered with a thick epidermis. Hinge edentulous; a semi-
circular process in each valve containing the cartilage.

Chilensis, Phil.

Genus MYTILIMERIA, Conrad.

Shell sub-oval, inflated, fragile, equivalve, surface of
valves covered with a deciduous, thin, yellowish epidermis,
beaks sub-spiral. Hinge edentulous, with a slight linear
cavity under the beaks ; cartilage with a narrow ossicle in
front. Muscular impressions two, rather small; pallia!
line with a broad, obtuse sinus.

Syn. Byssonia, Valencie?i?res.

Ex. M. Nuttallii, Conrad, pi. 96, fig. 4, 4, a.

These shells differ from the perforating Modiohe in the
form and position of the muscular impressions, and in the
sinuated pallial line. The typical species is a thin, fragile
shell of a white colour, and inhabits the Coast of Califor-

364 ANATINID^.

nia, in sponge thrown up attached to the roots of fuci in
deep water; the other species, one of which is the Byssonia
cuneata of Valenciennes, are also found living in Ascidice.
Dr. Gray ohserves that he has discovered the mark left by
the shelly plate or ossicle over the large, sub-internal car-
tilage in M. Nuttallii.

Species of Mytilimeria.

cuneata, Valenc. Nuttallii, Com:

navicula, Adams and Beeve. picta, Sow.

Genus THRACIA, Leach.

Siphons divergent, separate nearly their entire length,
their orifices fringed.

Shell transversely ovate, thin, inequivalve, compressed,
more or less gaping posteriorly, surface of valves nearly
smooth, or minutely scabrous, beaks entire. Hinge com-
posed of a slightly-prominent cartilage-process in each
valve ; cartilage with a free, crescentic ossicle in front ;
ligament partly internal. Muscular impressions small and
dissimilar ; pallial line strongly sinuated.

Syn. Odoncinetus, Costa. Odontocincta, Ayass. Odon-
cyneta, Cantr. Cinctodonta, Herrm. Osteodesma, Blainv.,
not Desk.

Ex. T. declivis, Pennant, pi. 96, fig. 5. Shell, T.
pubescens, Pultney, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

M. Recluz, in separating the Biqncola of Bellevue as a
genus distinct from Thracia, observes that the foot is
simple, and that there is only a single gill, while in Thracia
he states that the foot is tri-lobed, and the gills two on each

THRACIA.

365

side, being possibly misled by tbe fact that each lamina,
as described by Clark, is divided into two parts by a deep,
oblique furrow which gives the appearance of two branchiae.
There appears also to be some mistake about the tri-lobed
foot, so that the only difference between the two forms is in
the irregular valves and vertical cartilage-processes in
Rtqncola, which unite face to face when the valves are
closed. About seventeen species of Thracia have been
described from various parts of the world; China and the
Eastern Seas, Greenland, the United States, Norway, the
British Islands, the Mediterranean, and the Canaries har-
bouring species.

Species of Thracia.

Conradi, Couth.
convexa, Wood.
corbuloides, Desh.
Couthouyi, Si imp.
curta, Coiir.
declivis, Venn.
granulosa, Adams and Reeve.
magnifica, Jonas.

plicata, Desh.
pubescens, Pultn.
rugosa, Conr.
similis, Couth.
squamosa, Cpr.
truncata, Migh.
villosiuscula, Macgilliv.

Sub-gen. rupicola, Fleuriau de Bellevue.

Orifices of siphons simple. Shell irregular ; cartilage-process
vertical, emarginate above; pallial line with a small, obtuse,
triangular sinus.

concentrica, Fleur. de Bellev. distorta, Turt.

VOL. II.

3 B

366 ANATINID.B.

Genus PHOLADOMYA, Sowerby.

Siphons united. Foot with a small, bifurcate pedal ap-
pendage behind.

Shell transversely oblong, thin, white, translucent, equi-
valve, ventricose, gaping at both sides, anteriorly short and
rounded, posteriorly produced and sub-truncate, pearly in-
side ; surface of valves with radiating ribs. Hinge with a
small, elongated, triangular pit, and an obscure lamellar
tooth in each valve ; cartilage short, external, marginal.
Pallia! impression with a large sinus.

Ex. P. Candida, Sowerby, pi. 97, fig. 1, I, a, 1, o.

As shown by Owen, the animal of Pholadomya has the
mantle-margins united, with the exception of an aperture
for the foot, and a siphonal and an anal orifice, and there is,
besides, a fourth small, circular aperture at the under part
of the siphons; the gills are single on each side, with the
outer lamina prolonged dorsally, and there is an accessory,
bifurcate foot. One recent species only is known, P. Can-
dida, which is found occasionally on the shores of the
Island of Tortola, in the West Indies, after hurricanes,
being thrown up, it is conjectured, from deep water, by the
violence of the wind and waves. Several extinct forms, as
Goniomya, Homomya, Platymya, and Arcomya, closely
allied to Pholadomya, have been described by M. Agassiz
in his " Etudes critiques."

THETIS. 367

Genus THETIS, Sowerby.

Siphons surrounded at their base by long cirrhi reflexed
on the shell.

Shell ovate or sub-orbicular, ventricose, equivalve, slightly
produced and truncate posteriorly, valves covered with a
scabrous epidermis, beneath -which the surface is minutely
punctulated, internally slightly pearly. Hinge with a
single, erect cardinal tooth in the right valve, received
into a corresponding cardinal fossa in the left; no lateral
teeth in the right valve, but an anterior and posterior lateral
tooth in the left valve ; ligament external ; cartilage in-
ternal, inserted in a socket in each valve ; ossicle distinct.
Pallial line sub-marginal, posteriorly very slightly sinuated.

Sy)i. Poromya, Forbes. Embla, Loven. Eucharis,
Recluz.

Ex. T. granulata, Nyst and Westendorp, pi. 97, fig. 2.
Shell, T. granulata, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The genus Thetis, founded by Sowerby on a fossil species,
appears to be the same as the Poromya of Forbes, the Embla
of Loven, and the Eucharis of Eecluz. The shell figured
in the Zoology of the Voyage of H.M. S. Samarang as Po-
romya nitida is a species of Netera. The mantle of the
animal in this genus, as observed by Mf Andrew, is open in
front for the passage of a slender, narrow foot, and the short
siphons are surrounded at their base by about eighteen or
twenty tentacular filaments which are reflexed over the hind
part of the shell. The species known are few in number,
and inhabit deep water ; they are from Norway, Britain,
China, and America. Fossil examples occur in the Neoco-
mian formations of Britain, Belgium, France, and Southern
India.

3G8 anatinidjE.

Sjiecies of Thetis.

elliptica, Becluz. Korenii, Loven.

granulata, Nyst and West. quadrata, Hinds.

liyalina, Sow.

Genus TYLERIA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oblong, equivalve, valves thin, nearly membrana-
ceous, covered with a thin epidermis, rounded anteriorly,
gaping and slightly produced posteriorly. Hinge composed
of a cartilage-pit in each valve ; cartilage internal ; liga-
ment partly external; a calcareous lamina extending from
the cartilage-pit anteriorly, as far as the front muscular scar,
supported in its length by calcareous septa, and free ante-
riorly. Pallial impression with a slight posterior sinus.

Ex. T. fragilis, H. and A. Adams, pi. 97, fig. 3, 3, a.

The curious little shell on which this genus is founded
was discovered buried in sand, in a burrow in a large Spon-
dylus from Mazatlan, by Mr. E. W. Tyler, to whom we have
dedicated the genus. The calcareous lamella is connected
with the interior of the valves by means of vertical plates,
which, being produced on each side, cause the lamella to
assume a dentate appearance.

Genus NEiERA,' Gray.

Siphons short, united, the orifices of both with a few long
cirrhi, the anal with a membranous valve.

Shell globose or pyriform, more or less beaked and gaping
posteriorly, inequivalve, the right valve the smaller, sur-
face smooth, striated, or ribbed longitudinally, never punc-
tate, beaks strengthened internally by a rib on the poste-

THEORA. 369

rior side. Hinge composed of an oblique and spathulate
cartilage-process in each valve, usually with a minute tooth
in front, and a more or less developed posterior lateral
tooth; ossicle distinct, sub-circular; ligament external,
small. Muscular impressions large ; pallial line with a
very shallow sinus.

Syn. Cuspidaria, Narclo. Sphena, UOrb.

Ex. N. cuspidata, Olivi, pi. 97, fig. 4. Shell, N. cuspi-
data, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The species of Neara appear to be pretty generally dis-
tributed throughout the seas of both temperate and tropical
countries. They are inhabitants of deep water, living in
from twelve to two hundred fathoms. Examples occur in
China, Borneo, the Moluccas, New Guinea, Chili, Madeira,
Norway, Britain, and the Mediterranean.

Species of Neccra.

abbreviata, Forbes. elegans, Hinds.

alternata, D'Orb. Gouldiana, Hinds.

attenuata, Forbes. byalina, Hinds.

casta, Hinds. Moluccana, Adams and Reeve.

Cleryana, UOrb. nitida, Adams and Reeve.

cocblearis, Hinds. ornatissima, D'Orb.

concinna, Hinds. Pbilippinensis, Hinds.

costata, Sow. rosea, Hinds.

costellata, Desk. rostrata, Chem.

cuspidata, Olivi. Singaporensis, Hinds.

didyma, Hinds. trigona, Hinds.

Genus THEORA, H. and A. Adams.

Animal unknown.

Shell compressed, smooth, Polished, hyaline, valves

370 AXATOIDiE.

attenuate and gaping posteriorly. Hiuge composed of a
spoon-shaped cartilage-process projecting into the interior ;
cartilage internal, without any free ossicle. Muscular im-
pressions elongated; pallial line with a deep, angulated
sinus.

Syn. Nesera, sp. Hinds.

Ex. T. lata, Hinds, pi. 97, fig. 5, 5, a.

Mr. Hinds, in his Monograph of Neiera, first indicated
this group. Alluding to the three species described by
him, he observes, that they " are aberrant, and hold the
same relations to Netera as Nucula arctica (Brod. and
Sow.) and its congeners do to that genus." The examples
of Theora already known were obtained from the Philip-
pines in from four to ten fathoms.

Species of Theora.

fragilis, A. Adams. lata, Hinds.

iridescens, Hinds. opalina, Hinds.

Genus PANDORA, Solander.

Siphons very short, umted nearly as far as their orifices
which are divergent and fringed.

Shell inequivalve, thin, closed, beaked behind, pearly
within; right valve flat, the other more or less convex.
Hinge with a primary tooth in each valve, with corresponding
cartilage-pits ; no free ossicle ; ligament internal. Muscular
impressions faint, rounded ; pallial line with a very slight

sinus.

Syn. Calopodinm, Bolten. Trutina, Brown.

Ex. P. obtusa, Leach, pi. 98, fig. 1 . Shell, P. inrequi-
valvis, LinncBiis, fig. I, a, 1, b.

MYODORA.

371

The siphons of Pandora are short and united, with the
ends diverging and fringed ; the mantle is closed, except a
small aperture for the narrow, linguiform foot. The outer
layer of the shell, as shown by Dr. Carpenter, is composed
of regular, vertical, prismatic cells, two hundred and fifty
times smaller than those of Pinna. The species of Pan-
dora are found burrowing in sand and mud, and are met
with at depths varying from four to one hundred and ten
fathoms. Britain, Spitzbergen, the United States, the
Canary Islands, India, New Zealand, and Panama afford
examples of this genus.

Species of Pandora.

arenata, Sow.
Ceylanica, Sow.
cistula, Gould.
claviculata, Cpr.
coruuta, C. B. Adam*.
depressa, Sow.
discors, Sow.
flexuosa, Donov.
glacialis, Leach.

insequivalvis, Linn.
oblouga, Sow.
obtusa, Leach.
punctata, Com:
radiata, Sow.
striata, Quoy.
tabacea, Gronov.
trilineata, Say.
unguiculus, Soiv.

Genus MYODORA, Gray.

Shell triangularly ovate; inequivalve, right valve more or
less convex, left valve flat ; anteriorly rounded, posteriorly
slightly flexuous, contracted and truncate ; pearly within.
Hinge with two elongate teeth diverging from the beak in
the right valve, the hinder flat and rather obsolete, and two
grooved ridges in the left valve ; cartilage internal, in a

372 ANATINIDiE.

triangular pit between the teeth, furnished with a free, sickle-
shaped ossicle. Pallial impression sinuated posteriorly.

Ex. M. brevis, Stutchbury, pi. 98, fig. 2, 2, a.

The structure of the shell in My odor a resembles that of
Anatina, the outer cells being large and somewhat pris-
matic. The geographical distribution of the species extends
from the islands of the China Sea and the Philippines to
New Zealand and New South Wales.

Species of Myodora.

brevis, Stutchb. Pandoneformis, Stutchb.

crassa, Stutchb. plana, Reeve.

curvata, Reeve. striata, Desh.

oblonga, Reeve. tincta, Reeve.

ovata, Reeve. trigona, Reeve.

Genus MYOCHAMA, Stutchbury.

Siphons distinct, unequal, small, their orifices fringed ; a
minute fourth orifice close to the base of the branchial
siphon.

Shell adherent, irregular, inequivalve, the right valve
flat, attached, the left valve free, convex, with radiating ribs
or grooves. Hinge composed of two diverging tooth-like
processes in each valve, with a triangular pit between them
for the internal cartilage, which is furnished with a mov-
able ossicle; ligament thin, external. Anterior muscular
impression curved, posterior rounded ; pallial line with a
short, broad sinus.

Ex. M. anomioides, Stutchbury, pi. 98, fig. 3. Shell,
M. Stutchburyi, A. Adams, fig. 3, a, 3, b. Ossicle, M.
Stutchburyi, fig. 3, c.

CHAMOSTREA. 373

The shells composing this genus are peculiar to the
Australasian region, and are found parasitically attached
to the outside of other shells or to stones at considerable
depths.

Species of Myochama.

anomioides, Stutchb. Stutchburyi, A. Adams.

Keppelliana, A. Adams. transversa, A. Adams.

Strangei, A. Adams.

Genus CHAMOSTREA, Roissy.

Siphons slightly separated, very short, their orifices den-
ticulated. Pedal opening with a small, ventral orifice
behind it.

Shell solid, inequivalve, attached by the front slope of the
convex dextral valve; beaks anterior, sub-spiral; inside of
valves somewhat pearly. Hinge with a small pointed tooth
in the left valve, received into a corresponding pit in the
right valve ; cartilage internal, with a long, curved ossicle ;
ligament external. Muscular impressions large and rugose,
the anterior very long and narrow ; pallial line simple.

Syn. Cleidothaerus, Stutchbury.

Ex. C. albida, Lamarck, pi. 98, fig. 4. Shell, C. albida,
fig. 4, a, 4, b. Ossicle, C. albida, 4, c.

The animal of Chamostrea has been described by Han-
cock. The pedal opening is small, with a minute, ventral
orifice behind it as in Pholadomya and Myochama. The
mantle-lobes are united between the aperture for the foot
and the short, diverging, denticulated siphons ; the foot is
small and compressed; the lips are bi-lobed, and the dis-
united palpi are long and obtusely pointed. The gills are

VOL. II. 3 c

374 VENERACEA.

single on each side, deeply plaited, united behind, and pro-
longed in front between the palpi, and each gill is tra-
versed by an oblique furrow. One species only is known,
from New South Wales.

Order VENERACEA.

Mantle provided behind with two more or less elongated
siphons, a lower or branchial, and an upper or anal ; siphons
usually separate, situated under the hinder adductor muscle ;
gills short, not produced into the lower or inhalent siphon.
Foot usually compressed, adapted for crawling and leaping.

The families comprised in this division usually have the
foot laterally compressed and tongue-shaped for crawling,
but in the Cockles it is angularly bent for leaping, and in
the Chainas and Clams {Tridacnidce) it is small and rudi-
mentary, as these animals are fixed and stationary. In
some of the groups the siphons are long and more
or less separated at their extremities, in which case the
siphonal inflection is deep, as in the Venerida, Madrid®,
and Tellinida ?; in others, the siphons are very short, and
the pallial line is consequently simple, as in the CardiidiC,
Chamidce, Tridacnidce, and Cyrenidm.

Fam. MACTRID^.

Labial tentacles long and pointed, pectinated on their
inner sides. Mantle-lobes more or less free beneath, united
before and behind, the margins more or less distinctly
fringed; siphons united to their extremities, which are
surrounded by fringes of simple cirrhi. Foot lanceolate,
sub-anterior.

MACTRINJS. 375

Shell. equivalve. Hinge with two cardinal teeth in each
valve, the hinder small, compressed, often rudimentary, the
front triangular, more or less deeply notched ; lateral teeth
of left valve simple, of right valve double ; cartilage in an
internal triangular pit behind the cardinal teeth. Siphonal
inflection distinct.

Sub-fam. MACTRIN.E.

Mantle-lobes free.

Shell sub-triangular, ovate, nearly closed behind ; lateral
teeth distinct, well-developed, laminar.

Genus TRIGONELLA, Da Costa.

Shell trigonal. Hinge with the cardinal teeth moderate;
lateral teeth elongate, linear, sub-equal; ligament mar-
ginal, triangular, separated from the cartilage-pit by a
shelly ridge. Pallial sinus rounded.

Ex. T. stultorum, Linnaus, pi. 99, fig. 1. Shell, T.
stultorum, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The species of Trigonella inhabit all seas, especially
those within the tropics. They principally affect the sandy
shores, where they live buried a little beneath the surface.

Species of Trigonella.

abbreviata, King. apicina, Desk.

achatina, Chem. attenuata, Desk.

Adansoni, Phil. contraria, Desk.

alba, Lam. corallina, Linn.

autiquata, Spengl. corbiculoides, Desk.

Aphrodina, Desk. cordiformis, Desk.

376

MACTRINjE.

coruea, Desk.
Cumingii, Desk.
cuneata, Chem.
cygnea, Chem.
decora, Desk.
disco rs, Gray.
dissimilis, Desk.
epidermia, Desk.
exirnia, Desh.
fasciata, Lam.
gibbosula, Desh.
glabrata, Linn.
glauca, Born.
graudis, Lam.
hepatica, Desh.
hians, Phil.
inaDqualis, Desh.
incarnata, Desh.
incongrua, Desh.
inflata, Brown.
iutuspicta, Desh.
Isabellina, D'Orb.
Largilliertii, Phil.
lilacea, Lam.
lurida, Phil.
Luzonica, Desh.
maculata, Chem.
mera, Desh.

meretriciformis, Desh.
mitis, Desh.
Murcbisoni, Desh.
obesa, Desh.
olorina, Phil.
opposita, Desh.
ornata, Gray.
Petitii, DVrb.
pulcln'a, Gray.
pura, Desh.
pusilla, A. Adams.
quadrangularis, Desh.
radiolata, Desh.
Reevei, Desh.
Saulise, Gray.
scalpellum, Desh.
semistriata, Desh.
semisulcata, Desh.
sericea, Desh.
stultorum, Linn.
subrostrata, Desh.
sulcataria, Desh.
symmetrica, Desh.
tristis, Desh.
tumida, Chem.
veneriformis, Desh.
violacea, Chem.
virgo, Desh.

Genus MACTRINULA, Gray.

Shell trigonal, thin. Hinge with the cardinal teeth small ;
lateral teeth short, very close to the cardinal ; hinge-margin
double; ligament marginal, triangular, separated from the
cartilage-pit by a shelly ridge. Pallial sinus rounded.

Syn. Papyrina, part, Morch. Blainvillia, Hupe.

Ex. M. plicataria, Chemnitz, pi. 99, fig. 2, 2, a.

The shells of tiiis genus are thin, more or less plicated,

MACTRELLA. 377

and generally devoid of colour. The species are from
California, the Philippines, and Australia.

Species of Mactrinula.

angulifera, Desk. nasuta, Gould.

angusta, Desk. ovalina, Lam.

coruplauata, Desk. plicataria, Linn.

dolabrata, Desk. Reevesii, Gray.

Egena, Desk. striatula, Linn.

explanata, Desh. vitrea, Gray.
Ia3vis, Chem.

Genus MACTRELLA, Gray.

Shell cordate, triangular, thin. Hinge with the cardinal
teeth small; hinder lateral teeth very short, rudimentary,
and near the cardinal ; ligament marginal, triangular, sepa-
rated from the cartilage-pit by a shelly ridge. Pallial sinus
deep, rounded.

Syn. Papyrina, part, March.

Ex. M. alata, Spengler, pi. 101, fig. 3, 3, a.

Dr. Gray considers M. striatula, Linnseus, to be the same
as M. alata, Spengler, or M. carinata, Lamarck, which
latter is the type of his genus Mactrella. M. striatula, how-
ever, appears to belong to his genus Mactrinula, in which
we have therefore included it. The species of Mactrella
are from South America.

Species of Mactrella.
alata, Spengl exoleta, Gray.

378 mactmnjE.

Genus IIARVELLA, Gray.

Shell thin, cordate, the hinder slope narrow, keeled.
Hinge with the cardinal teeth small; lateral teeth very
small, placed close to the cardinal ; hinge-margin double ;
ligament marginal, triangular, separated from the cartilage-
pit by a shelly ridge. Pallial sinus rounded.

Ex. H. elegans, Soioerby, pi. 99, fig. 4, 4, a.

The only representative, at present known, of Harvella
is from Florida; the shell is white, very thin, and plicated.

Genus SPISULA, Gray.

Shell trigonal, the hinder slope more or less keeled.
Hinge with the cardinal teeth moderate ; lateral teeth elon-
gate, cross ribbed ; ligament triangular, sub-marginal, near
the cartilage-pit, not separated from it by any shelly plate.
Pallial sinus small, rounded.

Syn. Hemimactra, Swainson.

Ex. S. truncata, Montagu, pi. 100, fig. 1. Shell, S.
solida, Linnaeus, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

Species of Spisula are found in the British seas, the
Mediterranean, on the coasts of North and South America,
and in Australia.

Species of Spisula.

aspersa, Sow. solida, Linn.

corbuloides, Desk. solidissima, Chem.

Dysoni, Desk. sublanceolata, Desk.

elliptica, Brown. subtruncata, Da Costa.

Mariae, A. Adams. tellinoides, Desk.

rostrata, Spengl. triangula, Benieri.

rufescens, Lam. truncata, Mont.
Sayi, Gray.

MULINIA. 379

Sub-gen. oxtperas, Morch.

Shell triangular, wedge-shaped, solid, transversely plicate.

Eequilatera, Desk. triangularis, Lam.

transversa, Desk.

Genus MACTRA, Linnreus.

Shell ovate, trigonal, sub-angular at each end. Hinge
with the cardinal teeth moderate; lateral teeth distinct;
ligament external, in an oblique, triangular groove opening
into the upper edge of the cartilage-pit. Pallial sinus
angular.

Syn. Capisterium, Meuschen. Scissodesma, Schizo-
desma, Gray.

Ex. M. Spengleri, Linnaeus, pi. 100, fig. 2, 2, a.

The most striking peculiarity in the shells of this genus
consists in the oblique triangular fissure which commu-
nicates with the cartilage-pit. The two species known are
from Africa.

Species of Mactra.
nitida, Schro'eter. Spengleri, Linn.

Genus MULINIA, Gray.

Shell ovate, trigonal, sub-angular at each end. Hinge
with the cardinal teeth strong; lateral teeth short, simple;
ligament internal, in the same closed pit as the cartilage.
Pallial sinus angulated.

Syn. Moulinea, Phil.

Ex. M. edulis, King, pi. 100, fig. 3. Shell, M. edulis,
fig. 3, a, 3, b.

380 MACTRIN/E.

The species of Mulinia are principally found on the
coasts of North and South America.

Species of Mulinia.

angulata, Gray. exalbida, Gray.

Byronensis, Gray. Patagonica, D'Orb.

carinulata, Desk. Portoricensis, Shuttl.

donaciformis, Gray. Rodatzi, Dhr.

edulis, King. typica, Gray.

Genus RANGIA, Desmoulins.

Siphons short, separate.

Shell ovate, triangular, thick, rather produced behind,
covered with a brown epidermis ; beaks often eroded ; mar-
gin of valves acute, simple. Hinge with two teeth in each
valve, the front one of left valve larger and bifid, the hind
one of left and that of right valve equal, small, simple ;
lateral teeth elongate, the front dilated and angular above ;
ligament internal, in the upper edge of the deep cartilage-
pit; cartilage internal. Pallial sinus short, half-ovate.

Syn. Gnathodon, Gray. Clathrodon, Conrad.

Ex. R. cyrenoides, Desmoulins, pi. 100, fig. 4, 4, a.

Ranyia cyrenoides of Desmoulins, or Gnathodon cu-
neatus of Gray, is from Lake Pontchartrain in New
Orleans, and was formerly an article of diet with the
Indians of those parts. The other species are found buried
in banks of mud, in brackish water, in the Gulf of Mexico.

Species of Hangia.

cyrenoides, Desmoid. rostrata, Petit.

parva, Petit. trigona, Petit.

lutrariinjE. 381

Sub-fam. LUTRARIINiE.

Mantle-lobes generally united.

Shell oblong or elongate, gaping behind ; lateral teeth
very small, rudimentary, often obsolete, especially in the
adult shell.

Genus TRESUS, Gray.

Shell ovate, oblong, ventricose, hinder gape roundish.
Hinge with the cardinal teeth small ; lateral teeth very
small, close to the cardinal ; ligament external, marginal,
separated from the cartilage-pit by a shelly plate.

Ex. T. maximus, Middendorff, pi. 101, fig. 1, 1, a.

The only species of Tresus at present known is from
California; the shell is thick and rugose, with the posterior
gape large and rounded.

Genus DARINA, Gray.

Shell oblong, compressed, rounded and slightly gaping
at each end ; umbo sub -posterior. Hinge with the carti-
lage-pit large ; lateral teeth very small, close to the car-
dinal ; ligament external, marginal, separated from the
cartilage- pit by a shelly plate.

Syn. Erycina, sp. King.

Ex. D. solenoides, King, pi. 101, fig. 2, 2, a.

Darina solenoides was described by King as a species of
Erycina ; the shell is thin and compressed, and is from the
Straits of Magellan.

VOL. II. 3 D

382

LUTRARIINjE.

Genus STANDELLA, Gray.

Shell ovate, hinder slope more or less keeled. Hinge
with the lateral teeth short, smooth, the anterior oblique ;
ligament sub-external, marginal, not separated from the
cartilage.

Ex. S. striatella, Lamarck, pi. 99, fig. 3, 3, a.

The species of Standella are pretty numerous, and have
a wide geographical distribution ; they are found in China,
Ceylon, Australia, the Philippines, and on the coasts of
Africa and Western America.

Species of Standella.

bilineata, C. B. Adams. ovalis, Say.

depressa, Spengl. ovata, Gray.

elongata, Quoy. silicula, Desk.

fragilis, Chem. striatella, Lam.

lateralis, Say. velata, Phil.

Sub-genus merope, H. and A. Adams.
Shell thin, surface of valves plicate, or radiately ribbed.

iEgyptiaca, Chem. pellucida, Chem.

anatinoides, Reeve. plicatilis, Desh.

Californica, Desh. Senegaleusis, Phil.

capillacea, Desh. Solanderi, Gray.

Nicobarica, Gmel. tbracioides, Adams and Peeve.

LUTRARIA. 383

Genus EASTONIA, Gray.

Shell oblong, rather ventricose, thick, equilateral, radi-
ately ribbed ; hinder slope rugose ; hinder gape small.
Hinge with the cardinal teeth of the left valve compressed,
notched ; anterior lateral tooth nearly perpendicular ; liga-
ment sub-external, marginal, not separated from the car-
tilage.

Ex. E. rugosa, Gmelin, pi. 101, fig. 4, 4, a.

The only species of Eastonia known is from the coast of
Guinea, and is characterised by its ventricose form, and the
radiately ribbed surface of the valves.

Genus LUTRARIA, Lamarck.

Shell oblong, elongate, rather compressed, sub -equilateral ;
umbo sub-anterior; hinder gape moderate, or large. Hinge
with the cardinal teeth distinct; anterior lateral teeth erect,
hinder very small, often obliterated in adult shells ; liga-
ment sub-external, marginal, not separated from the car-
tilage.

Syn. Cacophona, Gist. Cultellus, Sow., not 8 chum, or
Conrad. Lutaria, Phil. Psammophila, Leach.

Ex. L. oblonga, Gmelin, pi. 101, fig. 5. Shell, L.
elliptica, Lamarck, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The species of Lutraria are found on the shores of
various countries living buried vertically in the sand or
mud, especially of estuaries, at depths ranging from low-
water to twenty fathoms. They are from temperate cli-
mates; Australia, the Philippines, New Zealand, Britain,

384 LUTRARIINjE.

the Mediterranean, and Africa, all harbour examples of
the genus.

Species of Lutraria.

arcuata, Desk. maxima, Jonas.

australis, Desk. oblonga, Gmel.

Capensis, Desk. Philippinarum, Desk.

curta, Desk. planata, Chem.

dissimilis, Desk. rhynchaena, Jonas.

elliptica, Lam. Senegalensis, Gray.

elongata, Gray. Sieboldii, Desk.
impar, Desk.

Genus ZENATJA, Gray.

Shell oblong, elongate, compressed; umbo anterior, sub-
marginal; hinder gape large. Hinge with the cardinal
teeth distinct; lateral teeth none; ligament sub-external,
marginal, not separated from the cartilage.

Ex. Z. acinacies, Quoy, pi. 102, fig. 1, 1, a.

The species of Zenatia are confined to New Zealand;
the shells are much compressed, and may be readily dis-
tinguished from Lutraria by the position of the hinge
which is posterior.

Species of Zenatia.

acinacies, Quoy. solenoides, Desk.

Cumingiana, Desk,

LABIOSA. 385

Genus VANGANELLA, Gray.

Shell transversely oblong, thin, compressed, covered with
a hard, polished epidermis ; beaks central ; valves rounded
in front, rather produced and tapering behind, strengthened
internally by two diverging, elevated ribs; hinder gape
moderate. Hinge with the cardinal tooth of left valve
folded together, of right valve small, separate ; lateral teeth
short, small, close to the cartilage-pit ; ligament sub-exter-
nal, marginal, not separated from the cartilage by any shelly
plate ; cartilage in a large, elongate, shallow, triangular
pit on the upper part of the hinder internal rib.

Syn. Kesania, Gray.

Ex. V. Taylorii, Gray, pi. 1 02, fig. 2, 2, a.

The Resania lanceolata of Gray is founded upon the
same shell as the Vanganella Taylorii. " This genus
combines the form and internal appearance of a Solen
(SUiqua) with the hinge-characters of a Mactra. The
position of the cartilage-pit and the internal ribs at once
separate it from Sjnsula." (Gray.)

Genus LABIOSA, Schmidt.

Shell oblong, marked with an oblique posterior ridge,
largely gaping and reflexed behind. Hinge with the lateral
teeth distinct, the anterior oblique, near the cartilage-pit;
ligament sub-external, marginal, not separated from the
cartilage.

Syn. Anatina, Schum., not Lam. Cypricia, Gray.
Cryptodon, Conrad.

Ex. L. anatina, Spengler, pi. 102, fig. 3, 3, a.

386 lutrariinjE.

Conrad, in his description of Cryptodon, states that the
shell has the general aspect and character of Lutraria, but
is deeply channelled along the hinge-margin. The animal
is furnished with two siphons, bearing at the extremity two
corneous valvular appendages which close the orifices of
the tubes; it inhabits salt marshes, bare at low water, in
the vicinity of Santa Barbara.

Species of Labiosa.

anatina, Spengl. papyracea, Lam.

cyprina, Gray.

Genus RAETA, Gray.

Shell cordate, ventricose, thin, slightly produced and
rather gaping behind; hinder slope keeled, narrow. Hinge
with the cardinal teeth strong; hinder lateral teeth small,
distinct; ligament sub-external, marginal, not separated
fi'om the cartilage.

Ex. R. canaliculata, Say, pi. 102, fig. 4, 4, a.

The species of Ra'eta are thin and plicate, and some-
what resemble in appearance the genus Harvella ; they
are from the south coast of America and the China seas.

Species of Ra'eta.

canaliculata, Say. rostralis, Desk.

lyrala, Hinds. tenera, Desk.

papyracea, Ghent. tenuis, Hinds.

pellicula, Desh. undulata, Gould.
pulchella, Adams and Reeve.

Genus C^CELLA, Gray.

Shell oblong, sub-equilateral. Hinge with the cardinal
tooth of left valve broad, triangular, notched ; lateral teeth

HETEROCARDIA. 387

very small, close to the cardinal tooth ; cartilage-pit pro-
duced into the cavity of the shell ; ligament marginal, near
the cartilage.

Ex. C. turgida, Deshayes, pi. 102, fig. 5, 5, a.

The shells comprised in this group inhabit the mud of
shallow bays ; the surface of the valves is covered with an
olivaceous or green epidermis, and the sides are closed.

Species of Ceecella.

Chinensis, Desk. tenuis, Desk.

ctmvexa, Desk. transversalis, Desk.

Cumingiana, Desk. turgida, Desk.

lata, Desk. Zebuensis, Desk.

oblonga, Desk. Zelaudica, Desh.

Genus HETEROCARDIA, Deshayes.

Shell transversely ovate, sub- trigonal, transversely stri-
ated, gaping posteriorly; beaks minute. Hinge narrow,
cardinal lamina narrow, canaliculated. Sinus of pallial
impression very deep, extending as far as the anterior mus-
cular scar.

Ex. H. gibbosula, Deshayes, pi. 102, fig. 6, 0, a.

The genus Heterocardia comprises but few species,
which are from the Philippine Islands.

Species of Heterocardia.

Cumingii, Desh. gibbosula, Desh.

fabagella, Desh.

388 TELLINIDJE.

Genus ANATINELLA, Sowerby.

Shell transversely oblong, equivalve, rather gaping pos-
teriorly ; valves covered with a thin, smooth epidermis.
Hinge composed of a spoon-shaped process in each valve,
with two small teeth on each side in the right valve, and a
single somewhat bifid tooth in the left; cartilage internal,
no testaceous appendage. Anterior muscular impression
elongate, slender, marginal, hinder oblong triangular ;
pallial line simple posteriorly,

Ex. A. Candida, Chemnitz, pi. 102, fig. 7, 7, a.

The Anatinella have been compared to Lutrarice without
any lateral teeth. One species is from China, one from
Ceylon, and a third from the islands of the Philippine
Archipelago, where it is found on the sands at low-water.

Species of Anatinella.

Candida, Chcm. ventricosa, A. Adams.

dilatata, A. Adams.

Fain. TELLINID^E.

Palps large and triangular. Mantle widely open anteri-
orly, and with the margins usually fringed or furnished with
short filaments; siphons very long, slender, diverging,
separated from each other in their entire length ; gills un-
equal, united behind. Foot compressed, broad, geniculate,
and linguiform.

Shell free, regular. Hinge with two cardinal teeth, at
most, in each valve ; sometimes lateral teeth ; ligament ex-

TELLININjE. 389

ternal or internal, on the shorter side of the shell. Pallial
impression largely and deeply sinuated.

Sub-fam. TELLININiE.

Animal with the siphons elongated.

Shell compressed, often slightly gaping posteriorly. Hinge
with the ligament external, prominent.

Genus ASAPHIS, Modeer.

Shell transversely ohlong, ventricose, equivalve, slightly
gaping at the sides; surface of valves rugose, radiately
ribhed or striated. Hinge with two primary teeth in each
valve, one of which is bifid ; ligament external, large and
conspicuous. Pallial line with a short sinus.

Sy?i. Capsa, part, Brug. Capsula, Schum. Sanguino-
laria, Lam. 1818, not 1801. Isarcha, Gist el.

Ex. A. deflorata, Linnaeus, pi. 103, fig. 1, 1, a.

The species of Asaphis already described are found
buried in the sand below high water-mark in the West
Indies, Brazil, China, and Australia. They are also found
fossil in the Green-sand of Europe and the United States.

Species of Asaphis.

concinna, Martyn. dichotoma, Anton.

deflorata, Linn. Tahitensis, Birn.

Genus GARI, Schumacher.

Shell transversely oblong, equivalve, sub-equilateral,
slightly gaping at the sides; surface of valves smooth, or
vol. it. 3 E

390

TELLININiE.

radiately striated ; the internal margin finely crenulate, and
somewhat thickened anteriorly; hinder side more or less
angular. Hinge with two teeth, or a single bifid tooth in
one valve, and one in the other ; ligament external, prominent.
Pallia] line deeply sinuated.

Syn. Psammobia, Lam. Psammotsea, part, Lam.

Ex. G. vespertina, Lamar ch, pi. 103, fig. 2. Shell, G.
Gari, Linnaeus, fig. 2, a, 2, h.

The species are found living in sand or gravelly mud, and
range from the littoral and coralline zones to the depth of
one hundred fathoms. A few examples inhabit the shores of
Britain, and others, with shells of great delicacy and beauty,
are natives of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, New Zealand,
Australia, China, and Japan.

Species of Gari.

abrupta, Desh.
amethistina, Chem.
amoona, Desh.
anomala, Desh.
bicarinata, Desh.
cornpta, Desh.
corrngata, Desh.
denticulata, Adams and

Reeve.
dispar, Desh.
elegans, Desh.
Ferroensis, Chem.
Gari, Linn.
insignis, Desh.
intermedia, Desh.
Lessoni, Blainv.

lineolata, Gray.
marraorea, Desh.
ornata, Desh.
palmula, Desh.
pennata, Desh.
praestans, Desh.
puella, Desh.
pulchella, Lam.
pulcherrima, Desh.
rubicunda, Desh.
rugulosa, Adams and Reeve.
squamosa, Lam.
tellinpeformis, Desh.
tenuis, Desh.
tripartita, Desh.
zonalis, Lam.

SAXGUINOLARIA. 391

Sub-gen. psammocola, Blainville (Azor, Leach, not Gray).

Shell with the surface of the valves smooth ; the hinder side
but slightly angulated.

castrensis, Chem. oriens, Desk.

florida, Gould. solida, Gray.

grata, Desh. Strangei, Gray.

lata, Desh. togata, Desh.

maxima, Desh. tristis, Desh.

nivosa, Desh. vespertina, Lam.
occidens, Lam.

Sub-gen. AMPHiCHiENA, Philippi (Psammobella, Gray).

Shell elongated, gaping at both sides, the hinder side rounded.

augusta, Desh. Menkeana, Desh.

caudidula, Desh. modesta, Desh.

costulata, Turton. petalina, Desh.

Kindermanni, Phil. tellinella, Lam.

Genus SANGUINOLARIA, Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong, thin,
compressed, a little gaping at both sides, attenuated but
not carinate posteriorly; margins curved, not parallel.
Hinge with two approximate primary teeth (sometimes bifid)
in each valve; ligament external, conspicuous, on a
prominent fulcrum or thickening of the hinge-margin.
Pallial line with a deep sinus.

Syn. Lobaria, Schum., not Mull.

Ex. S. sanguinolenta, Chemnitz, pi. 103, fig. 3, 3, a.

The siphons of the animal, like those of most of the genera
in this family, are very long and slender, the mantle is freely

392 TELLINlNiE.

open, and fimbriated at the edge, and the foot is broad,
laterally compressed, and linguiform. The species are few
in number, and are from the Ked Sea, Japan, and Australia.

Species of Sanguinolaria.

purpurea, Desk. telliuoides, A. Adams.

sauguinolenta, Chem. vitrea, Desh.

Genus HIATULA, Modeer.

Shell compressed, transversely oval, gaping at both sides,
rounded anteriorly, beaked and carinate posteriorly. Hinge
with two small cardinal teeth in each valve ; ligament ex-
ternal, conspicuous, thick, supported on prominent callosi-
ties of the hinge-margin. Pallial line deeply sinuated.

Syn. Soletellina, Blainville.

Ex. H. rostrata, Spengler, pi. 103, fig. 4, 4, a.

The species of Hiatula are chiefly from India, China,
Japan, the Philippines, and the south coast of America;
the shells are covered with an epidermis, and are generally
of a violet or purple colour.

Species of Hiatula.

acuminata, Desh. Japonica, Desh.

Adanisi, Desh. nitida, Gray.

atrata, Desh. Nuttallii, Conr.

biradiata, Wood. nymphalis, Desh.

consobrina, Desh. obscurata, Desh.

Curuingiana, Desh. plauulata, Desh.

dipbos, Linn. rostrata, Spengl.

epideruiia, Desh. tumeus, Desh.
incerta, Desh.

ELIZIA. 393

Sub-gen. psammot^a, Lamarck (Capsella, Desk., not Gray).

Shell with the hinder slope somewhat angulated, not beaked ;
valves smooth, covered with an epidermis.

Chinensis, Desk. rosacea, Desk.

crassula, Desk. rufa, Desh.

difficilis, Desh. solenella, Desh.

elongata, Lam. tenuis, Desh.

Layardi, Desh. violacea, Lam.

luuulata, Desh. virescens, Desh.
minor, Desh.

Sub-gen. psammotella, Deshayes.

Shell thin, covered with an epidermis ; hinder side rounded,
not rostrate.

ambigua, Desh. Philippinensis, Desh.

oblonga, Desh. rubra, Chem.

Malaccensis, Desh. subradiata, Desh.

Genus ELIZIA, Gray.

Shell sub- orbicular, equivalve, compressed, thin; surface
of valves covered with a hard, shining epidermis; beaks
sub-anterior, not prominent. Hinge with the primary teetli
oblique, two in the right valve, the hinder elongate and
bifid ; three in the left valve, the central bifid. Pallial line
sub-marginal ; siphonal inflection deep, oblong, proceeding
from the upper part of the hinder margin to the centre of
the valves.

Ex. E. orbiculata, Wood, -pi. 103, fig. 5, 5, a.

The animal of this genus is unknown ; the shell on
which it is founded is the So/eu orbiculaius of Wood.

394 TELLININiE.

Genus TELLINA, Linnseus.

Shell ovate, oblong, or rounded posteriorly; beaked or
angular, with a flexuosity on the hind slope; surface of
valves smooth, or marked with transverse or radiating strise;
inner margin of valves smooth. Hinge with one or two
primary teeth in each valve ; lateral teeth present, or obso-
lete; ligament external. Muscular impressions oblong;
pallial line with a deep and wide sinus.

Syn. Musculus, Martini.

Ex. T. crassa, Pennant, pi. 103, fig. 6. Shell, T.
radiata, Linnmis, fig. 6, a, 6, b.

The species of Tellina, including those of its numerous
sub-genera, have a wide geographical distribution, being
found in all parts of the world, although they are most
abundant and most highly coloured in the seas of tropical
regions. They range from low- water to fifty fathoms, usually,
however, living buried in the sand on the sea- shore. The
animals have the power of leaping from the surface by
means of their muscular foot. The valves of the shell are
often exquisitely coloured, and very elegant in form.

Species of Tellina.

Brasiliana, Spengl. radiata, Linn.

elegans, Gray.

Sub-gen. telinella, Gray.

Shell oblong, elongated ; posterior side sub-rostrated, or ros-
trated. Hinge with two lateral teeth in one valve.

abbreviata, Desh. angusta, Gmel.

amoena, Desh. Antonii, Phil.

TELLWA.

395

asperrirna, Hanley.
assimilis, Desk.
attenuata, Desh.
brevirostris, Desh.
chloroleuca, Lam.
concentrica, Gould.
cruciata, Spengl.
crucigera, Lam.
Cumingii, Hanley.
decolorata, Desh.
deltoidalis, Lain.
deuticulata, Desh.
Desbayesii, Hanley.
dialeuca, Desh.
diapbaua, Desh.
Diemensis, Desh.
egregia, Desh.
exculta, Gould.
flaminula, Desh.
gelida, Hanley.
grata, Desh.
gratiosa, Desh.
Guildingii, Hanley.
bippopoidea, Phil.
incerta, Desh.
interrupta, Wood.
jubar, Hanley.
laevigata, Linn.
lata, Quoy and Gaim.
latirostra, Lam.
lineata, Turton.
liugua-felis, Linn.
Listeri, Hanley.
Madagascariensis, Gmel.
marginalis, Dillw.
ornata, Desh.

ostracea, Lam.
Owenii, Hanley.
perna, Spcngl.
perplexa, Hanley.
Pharaonis, Hanley.
plicata, Yalenc.
pulcbella, Lam.
pulcberrima, Soiv.
Quoyi, Desh.
rastellum, Hanley.
resecta, Desh.
rosea, Spengl.
rostrata, Linn.
rubicunda, Gould.
rufa, Desh.
rugosa, Bom.
semiaspera, Desh.
serrata, Da Costa.
Sieboldi, Desh.
spinosa, Hanley.
splendida, Desh.
squarnifera, Desh.
squammulosa, A. Adams.
staurella, Lam.
subtruncata, Hanley.
sulcata, Wood.
sulcatina, Desh.
Titbonia, Gould.
Tongana, Quoy and Gaim.
uudulata, Hanley.
venusta, Desh.
verrucosa, Hanley.
vinosa, Desh.
virgata, Linn.
vulsella, Chem.
Woodii, Desh.

396 tellinin^e.

Sub -gen. peronjeoderma, Morch.

Shell oval, compressed, posterior side acuminate. Hinge
with two lateral teeth in one valve.

albinella, Lam. plectrum, Hanley.

alternata, Say. princeps, Hanley.

Amboynensis, Desk. prora, Hanley.

Broderipii, Desk. punicea, Born.

eburnea, Hanley. regia, Hanley.

Hanleyi, Desh. rubescens, Hanley.

inrequistriata, Donov. Sowerbyi, Hanley.

laceridens, Hanley. striata, Chem.

Sub-gen. mcera, H. and A. Adams (Donacilla, Gray, not Lam.).

Shell oblong, posterior end short and wedge-shaped. Hinge
with two lateral teeth in one valve.

distorta, Poll, rhomboides, Qnoy and Gaim.

donaciformis, Desh. semen, Hanley.

donacilla, Cpr. silieula, Desh.

donacina, Linn. tulipa, Hanley.

Gouldii, Hanley. virgulata, Hanley.
pygmsea, Phil.

Sub-gen. arcopagia, Leach.

Shell ovate or orbicular, posterior side rounded. Hinge with
two lateral teeth in one valve.

ampullacea, Phil. cyrenoidea, Hanley.

balaustina, Linn. decussata, Lam.

capsoides, Lam. disculus, Desh.

carnicolor, Hanley. discus, Hanley.

casta, Hanley. fabagella, Desh.

concentrica, Gould. fausta, Donov.

crassa, Penn. Gargadia, Linn.

cuspidata, Desh. fimbriata, Hanley.

TELLINA.

397

ingens, Desh.
lamellata, Cpr.
Leda, Desh.
lucinoides, Hanley.
lyra, Hanley.
nucleolus, Desh.
mix, Hanley.
perula, Gould.
pinguis, Hanley.
pretiosa, Desh.

pristis, Lam.
pudica, Hanley.
radians, Desh.
regularis, Cpr.
rernies, Linn.
robusta, Hanley.
scobinata, Linn.
sculptata, Desh.
Strangei, Desh.
tessellata, Desh.

Sub-gen. phylloda, Schumacher.

Shell greatly compressed, transversely oblong ; posterior side
narrow, angular and carinate at the margin. Hinge with the
primary teeth divergent, sub lamellar ; one approximate lateral
tooth in one valve.

foliacea, Linn.

sol, Hanley.

Sub-gen. angulus, Miihlfeldt(Tellinula, Chem. Fabulina, Gray.)

Shell oblong, compressed, anterior side rounded, posterior
side more or less angulated. Hinge with one lateral tooth in
one valve.

australis, Desh.
compta, Gould.
corbuloides, Hanley.
culter, Hanley
cycladiformis, Hanley.
decora, Say.
delicatula, Desh.
exilis, Lam.
fabula, Gmel.
felix, Hanley.
Hiberna, Hanley.
hilaris, Hanley.
imbellis, Hanley.
insequalis, Hanley.

VOL. II.

incarnata, Linn.
insculpta, Hanley.
iridescens, Bens.
iris, Say.

juvenilis, Hanley.
lanceolata, Chem.
lauta, Gould.
lux, Hanley.
magna, Spengl.
margaritina, Lam.
Mars, Hanley.
mera, Say.
nitens, Desh.
Oudardi, Payr.

3 r

398 TELLININiE.

Philippinaruin, Hartley. similis, Sow.

polita, Say. solenella, Desk.

pumila, Hartley. subrosea, Hanley.

rhodon, Hanky. tenera, Say.

rhodora, Hinds. Ticaonica, Desk.

rubella, Desk. Valtonis, Hanlcy.

rubra, Desk. vernalis, Hanlcy.

sanguinolenta, Desk. virgo, Hanley.

Sub-gen. tellinides, Lamarck.

Sbell oval, compressed, fold obsolete. Hinge with one
approximate lateral tooth.

coccinea, Chem. Tpur])UY&$cens,Brod. and Soiv.

conspicua, Hanley. sinuata, Spenyl.

emarginata, Sow. Timorensis, Lam.

ovalis, Soiv. truncatula, Soiv.

planissima, Anton. vestalis, Hanley.
psammotella, Lam.

Sub- gen. iiomala, Morch.

Shell oblong, compressed, inequivalve, very inequilateral ;
anterior side short and rounded, posterior side produced and
rounded ; fold obsolete. Hinge with one approximate lateral
tooth in one valve.

acuminata, Hanley. hyalina, Gmel.

complanata, Desk. triangularis, Chem.

Sub-gen. peronjea, Poli (Psammotella, Blainv., not Desk.

Omala, Schum.).

Shell oblong-oval, anterior side the shorter, posterior side
acuminated. Hinge with the lateral teeth obsolete.

alba, Quoy and Gaim. Columbiensis, Hartley.

assimilis, Hanley. cuspis, Hanley.

Bodegensis, Hinds. cygnus, Hanley.

STRIGILLA. 399

dispar, Conr. planata, Linn.

Gaimardi, Desk. rufescens, Chem.

glabrella, Desk. scalpellum, Hartley.

Japonica, Desk. Souleyeti, Hartley.

lutea, Gray. strigosa, Gmel.

micaus, Hartley. tenta, Say.

miles, Hanley. textilis, Desk.
nitida, Poll.

Sub-gen. metis, H. and A. Adams.

Shell sub-orbicular, compressed, surface of valves sulcate ;
hinder ilexuosity sub-median. Lateral teeth wanting.

Meyeri, Phil.

Genus strigilla, Turton.

Shell orbicular, convex, surface of valves divaricately
striated; posterior flexure obsolete. Hinge with a small
anterior, and a large bifid cardinal tooth in the right valve,
and a single cardinal tooth in the left valve; lateral teeth
two in each valve. Pallial impression with a deep, angular,
siphonal inflection.

Ex. S. carnaria, Linnaus, pi. 104, fig. 1, 1, a.

This genus is readily recognised by its obliquely- sculp-
tured valves and its orbicular shape.

Species of Strigilla.

carnaria, Linn. Rombergii, March.

cicercula, Phil. Senegalensis, Hanley.

flexuosa, Say. sincera, Hanley.

obliquilineata, Hanley. splendida, Anton.
piriformis, Linn.

400 TELLININiE.

Genus MACOMA, Leach.

Animal with a single branchial lamella on each side.

Shell oval, convex or sub-ventricose. Hinge with the
cardinal teeth small; no lateral teeth; ligament external.
Tallial impression with a deep, wide sinus.

Ex. M. tenuis, Da Costa, pi. 104, fig. 2. Shell, M.
solidula, Pultney, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

" The branchial apparatus," says Clark, " is curious, and a
departure from the Tellina type; it consists of a single,
rather elongated branchial plate on each side, situated to-
wards the posterior half of the animal; it is fixed to the
dorsal range by its base running obliquely, indeed almost
vertically, from the dorsal to the ventral range, becoming
joined to its fellow under the posterior and smaller part of
the body by a permanent membrane." The palpi are very
large and triangular.

Species of Macoma.

sequalis, Desk. contabulata, Desk.

ala, Hanley. crassula, Desh.

ancilla, Hanley. Cumana, Costa.

Aurora, Hanley. dilatata, Desh.

Balthica, Linn. discolor, Phil.

Birmauica, Phil. Dombei, Hanley.

Bruguieri, Hanley. edentula, Brod. and Soiv.

calcarea, Chem. elougata, Hanley.

callosa, Desh. Fabricii, Hanley.

Candida, Lam. formosa, Hanley.

Chinensis, Hanley. fragilis, Fabr.

compressa, Desh. frigida, Hanley.

concinna, C. B. Adams. fusca, Say.

constricta, Brug. Galathsea, Lam.

TELLIDORA.

401

grandis, Hanley.
guberuaculurn, Hanley.
irnrnaculata, Phil.
inconspicua, Brocl. and Soiv.
inoruata, Hanley.
irus, Hanley.
lata, Gmel.
lilium, Hanley.
lucerna, Hanley.
Mazatlauica, Desh.
Middendorffii, Desh.
moesta, Desh.
Moretonensis, Desh.
nasuta, Conr.
nobilis, Hanley.
nymphalis, Hanley.
obliquaria, Desh.

oblonga, Gmel.
Pacifica, Conr.
pellucens, Desh.
pellucida, Phil.
petalum, Valeric.
plebeia, Hanley.
proxiina, Brown.
secta, Conr.
solidula, Pultn.
sordida, Couth.
tenuis, Da Costa.
Siiessoni, Morch.
truncata, Jonas.
truncatella, Desh.
urnbonella, Lam.
veutricosa, Desh.

Genus TELLIDORA, Morch.

Shell triangular, very inequivalve, the right valve con-
cave ; surface of valves plicate ; beaks acute, laterally in-
curved ; lateral slopes strongly produced and dentate at their
edges. Hinge with two primary teeth in one valve, and one
in the other ; lateral teeth two in each valve.

Ex. T. Burnettii, Broderip and Sowerby, pi. 104, fig.
3, 3, a.

The shells included in this genus constitute a very pecu-
liar form of TellifiidcB, having the aspect of a Myodora, but
with the teeth of the hinge as in Tellina. The two recent
species known are from West Columbia, Mazatlan, and the
Gulf of California ; there is an extinct species (Tellina
lunula t a) from the Pleistocene beds of South Carolina.

Species of Tellidora.
Burnettii, Brod. and Sow. crystallina, Chem.

402 tellininjE.

Genus GASTRANA, Schumacher.

Shell sub-equivalve, inequilateral, both valves convex;
surface more or less striated or ridged tranversely, not in-
vested with an epidermis. Hinge composed of two primary
teeth in one valve, and one bifid tooth in the other; no
lateral teeth; ligament external. Muscular and pallial
impressions strongly marked, the former oblong and nearly
equal, the latter with a very deep and wide sinus.

Si/n. Capsa, part, Brug. Diodonta, Desk. Fragilia,
Desk.

Ex. G. fragilis, Linnaeus, pi. 104, fig. 4. Shell. G.
fragilis, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

In this genus the mantle is open, the margins are fimbri-
ated, and the siphons arc separated to their bases ; the gills
are unequal, and the labial palps large and triangular. The
species inhabit shallow water, boring in mud and clay, and
not travelling about like the Tellens. They are found at the
Cape, in Senegal, the Black Sea, Britain, Greenland, and
the Mediterranean.

Species of Gastrana.

angulata, Linn. inflata, Desk.

fragilis, Linn. polygona, Chent.

Guinaica, Chem. ventricosa, Krauss.

Genus LUCINOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley.

Mantle-margins plain; pedal opening contracted; foot
pointed, basal.

Shell rather thin, compressed; valves with the inner

DONACIM. 403

margins entire. Hinge with two laminar, diverging teeth
in the right valve, and three teeth (the central bifid) in the
left valve. Muscular impressions oval, polished; pallial
sinus very deep, ascending.

Syn. Dosinia, Gray, not Scoj). Mysia, Gray, not
Leach. Cyclina, Gray, not Desk. Lajonkairia, Desk.

Ex. L. undata, Pennant, pi. 105, fig. 1. Shell, L.
undata, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The siphons in this genus resemble those of Tellinidm
rather than Vcfieridce, being long, separate as far as their
bases, and diverging, with the orifices fringed. The shell is
also thin, and with the flexuosity of the Tellens, and there
are but two teeth in one valve. Although usually placed in
the family Venerida, we have preferred to follow, in this
instance, the example of Mr. W. Clark, and to regard
Lucinopsis as one of the Tellinida.

Species of Luchnopsis.

decussata, Phil. saccata, Gould.

gibbosa, Gmel. subquadrata, Hartley.

inflata, Soiv. substriata, Mont.

Kroyeri, Phil. tenuis, Becluz.

macilenta, Reeve. undata, Penn.

Sub-fain. DONACIN^.

Animal with the siphons short and diverging.
Shell more or less wedge-shaped, closed. Hinge with the
ligament short, external.

'O'

Genus DONAX, Linnseus.

Shell strong, more or less wedge-shaped, cquivalve ; the
hinder side much shorter than the anterior; surface smooth,

404

DONACIN^.

radiato-striate or decussate, covered with an epidermis; inner
margin of valves entire, or crenulated. Hinge composed of
two cardinal teeth in one valve, and one bifid tooth in the
other ; one, or two lateral teeth in each valve ; ligament
short, external. Muscular impressions rounded or oblong ;
pallial sinus wide and deep.

Syn. Chione, Scop. Donaciarius, Bum. Egeria, Lea,
not Roissy.

Ex. T>. venustus, Poli, pi. 104, fig. 5. Shell, D. rugosus,
Linnceus, fig. 5, «, 5, b.

The mantle in Donax is fringed at the margin, the siphons
are short, thick, and diverging, the anal orifice is denticulated,
the siphonal furnished with pinnate cirrhi, and the labial
palps are small and pointed. The Donaces inhabit the sandy
shores of all tropical countries; a few species are also
from Northern Coasts, and several are natives of the British
Islands ; they are usually found buried a few inches beneath
the surface, near low-water mark.

Species of Donax.

acuminatus, Desh.
assitnilis, HanJey.
Cayennensis, Lam.
clathratus, Desh.
consanguineus, C.B. Adams.
denticulatus, Linn.
Dysoni, Desh.
flexuosus, Gould.
granifer, Desh.
Hanleyanus, Phil.
incarnatus, Chem.

introradiatus, Reeve.
laevigatas, Desh.
lubricus, Hanley.
Madagascariensis, Wood.
obesus, D'Orh.
obsesulus, Desh.
paxillus, Reeve.
rugosus, Linn.
semisulcatus, Hanley.
sordid us, Reeve.

DONAX. 405

Sub-gcn. latona, Schumacher.

Shell ovate wedge-shaped, compressed posteriorly, abruptly
truncate anteriorly ; inner margin of valves entire.

abbreviatus, Lam. faba, Chem.

australis, Lam. Lessoni, Desh.

bicolor, Gmel. Ticaonicus, Hanley.

columbella, Lam. tinctus, Gould.

compressus, Lam. trifasciatus, Reeve.

corbuloides, Desh. veneriformis, Lam.

cuneatus, Linn. vittatus, Lam.
deltoides, Lam.

Sub-gen. hecuda, Schumacher (Donax, Scop., not Linn.).

Shell triangular, sub-cordiform, anterior slope acute, flat;
margin of valves not quite entire. Hinge with a lateral tooth
on each side.

asper, Hanley. dentifer, Hanley.

carinatus, Hanley. pubescens, Linn.

culminatus, Cpr. scortum, Linn.

Sub-gen. serrula, Chemnitz (Cuneus, Gray, not Da Costa or

Miihl/eldt).

Shell ovate-triangular, wedge-shaped, gibbous anteriorly;
margin of valves strongly denticulated. Hinge with the carti-
lage-fissure oblong.

seneus, Mdrch. Californicus, Com:

aSmis, Desh. Carpenteri, H. and A. Adams
anatinus, Lam. (semistriatus, Cpr.).

bellus, Desh. Conradi, Desh.

bitinctus, Reeve. contusus, Reeve.

VOL. IT. ^ G

406 DONACINjE.

crocatus, Gould. saxulum, Reeve.

cultus, Hanley. scalpellum, Gray.

gracilis, Hanley. sernistriatus, Poll.

incertus, Reeve. serra, Chem.

Lamarckii, Desk. spiculurn, Reeve.

lunularis, Phil. transversus, Soiv.

navicula, Hanley. trunculus, Linn.

nitidus, Desk. variabilis, Say.

petallinus, Desk. vellicatus, Reeve.

pulchellus, Hanley. venustus, Poll.
punctatostriatus, Hanley.

Sub-gen. capsella, Gray.

Shell ovate-oblong, transverse, rounded at both ends, covered
with a greenish epidermis ; margin of valves entire.

acutangulus, Desk. politus, Poli.

Owenii, Gray. variegatus, Reeve.

Sub-gen. heterodonax, Morch (Arcopagia, UOrb., not Leach).

Shell broad, triangularly rounded, smooth. Hinge with
lateral teeth in both valves.

bimaculatus, Linn. ovalis, Desh.

nuculoides, Reeve. parvus, Dkr.

obscurus, Reeve. vicinus, C. B. Adams.
ovalinus, Desh.

Genus IPIIIGENIA, Schumacher.

Shell transverse, sub-equilateral, closed, gibbous, covered
with a thin, olivaceous epidermis; inner margin of valves
not crenulated. Hinge with two primary teeth in the right
valve, and one cardinal and two nearly obsolete lateral teeth

GALATEA. 407

in the left valve ; ligament external. Fallial impression
sinuated.

Syn. Capsa, Lam., 1818, not 1801. Donacina, F6rus.
Procos, Gistel.

Ex. I. la?vigata, Gmelin, pi. 104, fig. 6, 6, a.

The species of Ij)I/i(/enta are found in estuaries in Brazil,
Central America, and Senegal; one species (/. vcntricosa)
has the beaks eroded, and the surface of the valves is rayed
like Galatea.

Sjyecies of Iphigenia.

altior, Souk media, Shuttl.

Braziliensis, Lam. ventricosa, Phil.

laevigata, Gmel.

Genus GALATEA, Bruguiere.

Shell thick, solid, equivalve, sub-trigonal, covered with a
thick, horny epidermis. Hinge with the cardinal teeth
grooved, two in the right valve united at their bases ; three
in the left, the intermediate anterior and separate ; lateral
teeth two, remote ; ligament short, external, prominent,
tumid. Tallial line sinuated.

Syn. Egeria, Roissy, not Lea. Potamophila, Sow.
Megadesma, Bowdich. Galateola, Fleming.

Ex. G. paradoxa, Born, pi. 105, fig. 2. Shell, G.
paradoxa, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The species of Galatea, which are all covered with a
greenish epidermis, are few in number, and are found in
the sandy flats of the Nile and the rivers of Western
Africa, sometimes as far as twenty miles from the sea. The
mantle of the animal is freely open, the margin is simple,

408 scrobiculaiiiinjk.

and the siphonal tubes are equal, elongate, and separate as
far as their bases. The foot is large, oblong, compressed
and sub-angular anteriorly.

Species of Galatea.

Bengoensis, Dkr. rubicunda, Phil.

lseta, Phil. tenuicula, Phil.

paradoxa, Bom. versicolor, Morel.

Sub-fam. SCROBICULARIIN^l.

Siphons elongate, separate, diverging.

Shell thin, sub-equivalve, gaping and often flexuous
posteriorly. Hinge with the cartilage internal, situated in
a cartilage-pit.

Genus scrobicularia, Schumacher.

Shell compressed, sub-equivalve, nearly smooth, or
marked by concentric grooves. Hinge with one or two
small, narrow primary teeth in each valve, and a spa-
thulate, triangular pit in each valve for the internal carti-
lage ; lateral teeth none ; ligament small, narrow, partially
external. Muscular impressions round ; pallial sinus
ample.

Syn. Arenaria, Miihffeldt, not Linn. Ligula, Montagu.
Lavignonus, Ferns. Listera, Turt. Lutricola, Blainv.
Lutraria, Swains., not Lam. Calcinella, Desk.

Ex. S. piperita, Gmelin, pi. 105, fig. 3. Shell, S.
piperita, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

SCROBICULARIA. 409

In this genus the orifices of the siphonal tuhes are plain,
the mantle margin is denticulated, and the foot is large and
compressed. The animals usually live, buried vertically
five or six inches deep, in the mud of tidal estuaries ; the
siphons can be extended five or six times the length of the
shell. The species are found in Norway, Britain, the
Mediterranean, Senegal, India, China, and the Philippines.

Species of Scrobicularia.

borealis, Pfeiff. piperita, Gmel.

Cottardi, Payr. Sicula, Sow.

Sub-gen. capsa, Bosc.

Shell ovate or sub-triangular, posterior side sbort, flexuous.
Hinge with the cardinal teeth small and laminar ; lateral teeth
none.

alta, Conr. inflata, Schum.

angulata, Chem. lacunosa, Chem.

biangulata, Cpr. obesa, Desh.

Chemnitzii, Desh. plebeia, Hanley.

contorta, Desh. producta, Cpr.

Deshayesii, H. and A.Adams spectabilis, Hanley.

(spectabilis, Desh.). trigonalis, Adams and Reeve.

ephippium, Spenrjl. turgida, Desh.

Sub-gen. iacea, H. and A. Adams.

Shell sub-trigonal, surface of the valves divaricately sulcate,
posterior flexure strong.

Seychellarum, A. Adams.

410 SCROBICULARIIN^;.

Genus ABRA, Leach.

Shell thin, transversely elongated, slightly gaping at the
sides ; surface smooth, covered with a thin, deciduous epi-
dermis. Hinge with an oblique cartilage-pit for the internal
cartilage; primary teeth small, or wanting; lateral teeth
distinct ; ligament short, partly external. Muscular im-
pressions rounded ; pallial line deeply and widely sinuated.

Syn. Erycina, Lam., not Recluz. Syndosmya, Recluz.

Ex. A. intermedia, Thompson, pi. 105, fig. 4. Shell,
A. tenuis, Montagu, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The species of Abra are few, and mostly boreal in their
geographical distribution. They range from the laminarian
zone to one hundred arid eighty fathoms, living buried in
sand and mud. The species are found in Norway, Britain,
the Mediterranean, and the Black Sea.

Species of Abra.

alba, Wood. segmentina, Recluz.

intermedia, Thomp. tenuis, Mont.

prismatica, Mont.

Genus SEMELE, Schumacher.

Shell transversely oval or orbicular, slightly gaping at
the sides. Hinge with one or two primary teeth in each
valve, with a long, narrow pit between them for the internal
cartilage; ligament external, thin. Muscular impressions
round ; pallial line with a wide and deep sinus.

Syn. Amphidesma, Lamarck.

Ex. S. reticulata, Sowerby, pi. 105, fig. 5, 5, a.

SEMELE.

411

The species of this genus are found buried in the sand
on the sea-coasts of Australia, China, South America,
India, and the West Indies. The surface of the valves is
frequently concentrically lamellated, and ornamented with
delicate and beautiful sculpture.

Species of Semele.

amabalis, A. Adams.
amcena, A. Adams.
australis, Sow.
bicolor, C. B. Adams.
California, A. Adams.
cancellata, Sow.
carnicolor, Hanley.
casta, A. Adams.
compta, A. Adams.
cordiformis, Chem.
corrugata, Soiv.
crenulata, Sow.
crocea, Gould.

decisa, Conr.

decora, A. Adams.

decussata, Wood.

deformis, Phil.

duplicata, Sow.

elliptica, Sow.

exarata, Adams and Reeve.

formosa, Sow.

Gruneri, A. Adams.

icterica, Reeve.

Jo vis, A. Adams.

jucunda, A. Adams.

Jukesii, A. Adams.

lasta, A. Adams.

lsevis, Soiv.

lamellosa, Sow.

lenticularis, Sow.

luteola, A. Adams.
Martiuii, A. Adams.
modesta, A. Adams.
obliqua, Wood.
orbiculata, Say.
pallida, Sow.
proxima, C. B. Adams.
pulcbella, A. Adams.
pulchra, Sow.
punctata, Sow.
purpurascens, Sow.
radiata, Hupp.
reticulata, Sow.

rosea, Sow.

rubroliueata, Conr.

rupium, Sow.

scabra, Hanley.

simplex, Adams and Reeve.

Sinensis, A. Adams.

solida, Gray.

sponsa, A. Adams.

striata, Riipp.

subtruucata, Sow.

tortuosa, C. B. Adams.

ventricosa, C. B. Adams.

venusta, A. Adams.

vestalis, A. Adams.

virginea, A. Adams.

Zebuensis, Hanley.

412 PAPHIIM.

Genus cumingia, Sowerby.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, anteriorly rounded, poste-
riorly sub-truncate and slightly gaping. Hinge with a
small, anterior primary tooth in each valve ; cartilage inter-
nal, in a spoon-shaped cavity projecting into the cavity of
the valves ; one strong lateral tooth on each side of the
hinge in one valve, no lateral teeth in the other. Anterior
muscular impression irregular and oblong, posterior
rounded ; pallial line with a very large sinus.

Ex. 0. mutica, Sowerby, pi. 105, fig. 6, 6, a.

The species of Cumingia are usually found in sponges,
sand, and the fissures of rocks ; the valves, in consequence,
often assume an irregular aspect. Examples of the genus
have occurred in Australia, the Philippine Islands, India,
Western America, and the West Indies.

Species of Cumingia.

Antillarum, D'Orb. similis, A. Adams.

Californica, Conr. sinuosa, A. Adams.

Clerii, A. Adams. striata, A. Adams.

coarctata, Soiv. tellinoides, Conr.

fragilis, A. Adams. tenuis, H. and A. Adams

lamellosa, Soiv. (Antillarum, A. Adams).

mutica, Sow. trigonularis, Soiv.

Petitiana, D'Orb.

o~-

Sub-fam. PAPHIINiE.

Animal with the siphons separate and diverging.

Shell equivalve, closed, with the cartilage in an internal
pit, and with a simple, compressed primary tooth, and a
rudimentary process in the place of the second tooth.

MESODESMA. 413

Genus paphta, Lamarck.

Shell ovate, sub-trigonal, truncated and slightly keeled
behind. Hinge with the lateral teeth small, sub -equal,
smooth. Siphonal inflection distinct.

Sy?i. Eryx, Swainson, not Daud.

E,v. P. glabrata, Gmelin, pi. 106, fig. 1, 1, a.

The shells of this genus are triangular and more equi-
lateral than in Donacilla or Mesodesma ; the species are
found in the sands in various parts of the world.

Species of Paphia.

glabrata, Gviel. mitis, Desh.

intermedia, Desh. striata, Chnel.

Layardi, Desh. sulcata, Desh.

macrodon, Desh. trigona, Desh.

Sub-gen. taria, Gray.

Shell oblong, sub-equilateral, attenuated behind, hinder slope
keeled; lateral teeth very small. Siphonal inflection distinct.

lnta, Desh. spissa, Reeve.

Genus MESODESMA, Deshayes.

Shell ovate, sub-equilateral. Hinge with the lateral
teeth short, smooth, sub-equal. Siphonal inflection distinct.

Syn. Machaena, Leach.

Ex. M. Novse Zelandiae, Chemnitz, pi. 100, fig. 2, 2, a

The shells comprised in this genus are usually, when in a
vol. ii. 3 ir

414 paphiiNjE.

fresh state, covered with a thick, greenish-brown epidermis,
and are transversely ovate. They inhabit the sands of
estuaries in New Zealand and other parts of the world.

Species of Mesodesma.

erycinea, Lam. Novas Zelandice, Chem.

mactroides, Desk. ovalis, Desk.

Genus CERONIA, Gray.

Shell ovate-cuneate, truncated behind. Hinge with the
lateral teeth sub-equal, compressed, strongly cross-grooved.
Siphonal inflection distinct.

Ex. C. Jouresii, Joannis, pi. 106, fig. 3, 3, a.

The species of Ceronia, at present discovered, are rugose
and covered with an epidermis ; the lateral teeth are
curiously grooved. They are from California.

Species of Ceronia.

arctata, Conr. Jouresii, Joannis.

donacia, Lam. lanceolata, Desh.

Genus DONACiLLA, Lamarck.

Shell elongate, wedge-shaped, hinder slope truncated.
Hinge with the anterior lateral teeth elongate, the hinder
short. Siphonal inflection distinct.

Syn. Donacina, Blainv.

Ex. D. cornea, Poll, pi. 100, fig. 4. Shell, D. cornea,
fig. 4, a, 4, h.

DAVILA. 415

The West Indies, the Mediterranean, the Crimea, India,
New Zealand, and Chili harbour examples of this genus,
the shells of which are usually more or less wedge-shaped.

Species of Donacilla.

angulus, Desk. heterodon, Desk.

angusta, Desk. nitida, Desk.

cornea, Poll. pnecisa, Desk.

elongata, Desk. transversa, Desk.

Genus ANAPA, Gray.

Shell sub-trigonal, ventricose, truncated behind. Hinge
with the lateral teeth sub-equal, compressed, smooth.
Siphonal inflection none.

Ex. A. triquetra, Hanley, pi. 106, fig. 5, 5, a.

In this and the following genus D civil a there is an
entire absence of any sinuosity in the pallial line. The
two species of Anapa known are found in New Zealand and
Van .Diem an 's Land.

Species of Anapa.
cuneata, Desh. ti'iquetra, Hanley.

Genus DAVILA, Gray.

Shell ovate- cuneate, truncated behind. Hinge with the
lateral teeth unequal, the anterior small and perpendicular.
Siphonal inflection none.

Ex. D. crassula, Desha yes, pi. 100, fig. 6, 6, a.

The form of the shell in Davila, which is ovate and

416

VENERIDvE.

compressed, serves to distinguish it from Anapa, where the
shell is trigonal and ventricose. D. plana is from the
Philippines.

Species of Davila.

crassula, Desk. retusa, Desk.

plana, Hartley.

Genus ERVILIA, Turton.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, oblong, closed: surface
nearly smooth, or transversely striated. Hinge with two
diverging teeth in each valve, one of them, in the right
valve, elevated and conspicuous ; cartilage internal, in a car-
tilage-pit in each valve ; lateral teeth none. Muscular im-
pressions strong; pallial sinus large and broad.

Ex. E. castanea, Montagu, pi. IOC, fig, 7, 7, a.

The species of Ervilia known are from deep water, and
inhabit the West Indies, Britain, the Canaries, and the
Mediterranean and Red Seas.

Species of Ervilia.
castanea, Mont. nitens, Mont.

Fam. VENERIDiE.

Labial palps small, triangular, acute. Mantle with a
somewhat large pedal opening ; siphons short, unequal,
united for the greater part of their length ; gills large, sub-
quadrangular, united behind. Foot large, compressed,
linguiform, sometimes furnished with a byssal groove.

Shell regular, free or perforating, closed or somewhat

VENERIN.E. 417

gaping. Hinge usually composed of three diverging pri-
mary or cardinal teeth in each valve ; cartilage external,
marginal. Muscular impressions smooth, oval ; pallial line
sinuated.

Animal marine, locomotive or burrowing.

Sub-fam. VENERIN.E.

Siphons free at their extremities. Foot lanceolate, with-
out a byssal groove.

Shell ovate, sub-trigonal. Hinge with the cardinal teeth
triangular, and with an anterior lateral tooth.

Genus VENUS, Linnaeus.

Mantle-margins fringed or furbelowed ; siphons unequal,
separate, diverging, the branchial with a double row of
cirrhi, the inner one long and simple, the outer shorter,
furcate or stellate ; anal siphon conical, crowned with short
cirrhi.

Shell thick, ovate, tumid ; valves transversely grooved or
lamellated, margins finely crenulated ; lunule distinct. Hinge
thick, tri-dentate in each valve ; primary teeth nearly equal,
divaricate, the apex sometimes bifid. Pallial line with a
short, angular sinus.

Syn. Omphaloclathrum, Klein. Antigona, Schum.
Dosina, Gray.

Ex. V. verrucosa, Linnceus, pi. 107, fig. 1. Shell, V.
verrucosa, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The shells in this genus are either verrucose or orna-
mented with concentric ribs or stria?, or with lamellae, or
they are decussated by longitudinal furrows. The species

418

VENERIS.

are world-wide in their geographical distribution ; the
British Islands and Northern Ocean, the Mediterranean
and Eed Seas, Australia, and the Cape of Good Hope, all
affording us examples. They are usually found buried in
the sand at low-water, though some species range as deep
as one hundred fathoms. Although not generally em-
ployed as food, they are all edible. Extinct examples are
numerous in the Oolites of India, the United States, and
Patagonia.

Species of Venus.

affinis, Sow.
antiqua, King.
casina, Linn.
Chemnitzii, Desh.
cingulata, Lam.
clathrata, Desh.
consobrina, Desh.
crebrisulca, Lam.
crenulata, Chem.
crispata, Desh.
declivis, Sow.
Dombei, Lam.
effossa, Phil.
foveolata, Sow.
Isabelleana, D'Orb.
Jukesii, Desh.
lacerata, Hartley.
lamellaris, Solium.

laqueata, Sow.
Listeri, Gray.
lyra, Hanley.
magnifica, Hani.
monilifera, Sow.
multicostata, Sow.
nodulosa, Sow.
oblonga, Hanley.
puerpera, Linn.
pulicaria, Brocl.
resticulata, Soiv.
reticulata, Linn.
rosalina, Rang.
rugosa, Chem.
sculpta, Desh.
Sowerbyi, Desh.
tuberosa, Desh.
verrucosa, Linn.

Genus MERCENARIA, Schumacher.

Shell ventricose, sub-globose, triangularly heart-shaped ;
valves with the margins finely crenulated. Hinge with
three erect, compressed, diverging teeth in each valve, the

GEMMA. 419

anterior in the left, and the posterior in the right valve
strong and somewhat bifid, the others simple and lamellar ;
lozenge prominent, obliquely sulcately crenate within.
Pallial line remote from the ventral margin, ending behind
in a short, narrow, triangular sinus.

Ex. M. violacea, Schumacher, pi. 107, fig. 2, 2, a.

There are but few species of Mercenaria described, all
from the shores of America. The valves of the shell
appear to be regarded with much interest by the Red men,
being used as ornaments for their dresses, and strung on
leathern thongs as treaty-belts or wampum.

Species of Mercenaria.

Mortoni, Conr. prseparca, De Kay.

notata, Say. violacea, Schum.

Genus GEMMA, Deshayes.

Shell roundly triangular, sub -equilateral ; surface of
valves smooth, the margins crenulated. Hinge short, nar-
row, with three primary teeth in the left valve, the middle
one conical and slightly arched, and two in the right valve,
diverging, with a wide pit between them; ligament external.
Muscular impressions ventral ; pallial line marginal, with a
very long, narrow, deep sinus ascending perpendicularly.

Ex. G. gemma, Totten, pi. 107, fig. 3, 3, a.

This genus is founded on a pretty little shell from the
United States of America, in which there are only two pri-
mary teeth in the right valve, and where the sinus of the
pallial impression is deep and angular, as in Dosinia.

420 VENERIS.

Genus CRYPTOGRAMMA, Morch.

Shell triangular, ventricose, produced and beaked be-
hind. Hinge composed of two primary teeth in the left
valve, the anterior conical, acute, and sub-recurved, the
hinder linear, parallel, and under the lozenge ; and two
primary teeth in the right valve, the anterior compressed,
erect, and obtuse, the hinder triangular and decumbent ;
lozenge small, crenulate within. Pallial line with a shal-
low, triangular, nearly obsolete sinus.

Syn. Anomalocardia, Schum., not Klein. Triquetra,
B lain v., not Klein.

Ex. C. flexuosa, Linnceus, pi. 107, fig. 4, 4, a.

The animal of Crypto gramma is unknown ; the shell is
thick, solid, triangular and wedge-shaped, without con-
centric lamellae ; the internal margin of the valves is cre-
nate; there are no anterior lateral teeth, and the cardinal
teeth are triangular.

Species of Cnjptogramma.

flexuosa, Linn. squamosa, Linn.

impressa, Hanley. subimbricata, Sow.

macrodon, Lam. subrugosa, Sow.
rostrata, Sow.

Genus CHIONE, Megerle von Mublfeldt.

Mantle-margins plicato- dentate ; siphons, short, broad,
unequal, and united at the base, the branchial with two
rows of cirrhi, the anal ciliated.

Shell ovately triangular, more or less thickened or sub-

CHIONE. 421

cordiforrn ; margins of the valves finely crenulated. Hinge
narrow, solid, tri-dentate in the right valve, bi-dentate in
the left ; teeth divaricate, unequal, the anterior tooth the
longest ; ligament narrow, external. Pallial line with the
sinus nearly obsolete, or very short and triangular.

Ex. C. fasciata, Da Costa, pi. 107, fig. 5. Shell, C.
Gnidia, Broderip and Sowerby, 5, a, 5, b.

In this genus the animal is ovately triangular ; the anal
siphon is furnished with a conical valve ; the gills are broad,
unequal, sub -quadrangular, widely plicate, and united pos-
teriorly ; the labial palps are small and triangular ; and the
foot is compressed and trigonal. The surface of the shell,
which varies in form, is lamellar, cancellated, smooth, or
transversely striated; there are no anterior lateral teeth,
and the primary teeth are triangular. The species of
Chione are numerous, and are widely distributed, being met
with in the seas of most tropical and temperate countries.

Species of Chione.

Amathusia, Phil. imbricata, Sow.

caelata, Mice. lima, Sow.

Californieusis, Broil. marica, Linn.

callosa, Conr. neglecta, Sow.

caucellata, Gronov. Nuttallii, Conr.

Cochinensis, Sow. ornatissima, Brocl.

Columbiensis, Sow. ovata, Pcnn.

compta, Sow. pygmaea, Lam.

costata, Quoy and Gaim. ruderata, Desh.

coste\\ifeYa,Adams and Reeve. scabra, Wood.

crenifera, Sow. simillirna, Sow.

decorata, Brod. and Sow. striatissima, Sow.

fluctifraga, Sow. Stutcbburyi, Gray.

Gnidia, Brod. and Sow. tumida, Soul

vol. II. 3 I

422

VENERIS.

Sub-gen. ctrcomphalus, Kleiu (Clausina, Brown, Clausinella,

Gray).

Shell with the surface of the valves lamellose, the lamellae
membranaceous, or short and thickened.

alta, Sow.

Berrii, Gray.

calcarea, Phil.

calophylla, Hartley.

chlorotica, Mice.

Cumingii, Scnv.

Cypria, Sow.

decipiens, Hanley.

discrepans, Sow.

distans, Phil.

dysera, Linn.

elegans, Adams and Reeve.

fasciata, Da Costa.

foliacea, Phil.
gilva, Phil.
Isabellina, Phil.
Kelletii, Hinds.
lamellata, Lam.
Paphia, Linn.
Peruviana, Soiv.
puella, Phil.
retro versa, Desh.
roborata, Hanley.
tiara, Dillw.
varicosa, Sow.
Yatei, Gray.

Sub-gen. timoclea, Leach.
Shell with the surface of the valves decussated.

aspera, Quoy and Gaim.
australis, Sow.
cardioides, Lam.
discors, Soiv.

fuscolineata, -Brorf. and Sow.
gallinula, Lam.
granulata, Gmel.
grata, Say.

histrionica, Brod. and Soiv.
intersecta, Sow.
mitis, Desh.
pectoi'ina, Lam.
straminea, Sow.
subnodulosa, Hanley.
tessellata, Adams and Reeve.
undatella, Sow.

Sub-gen. chamelea, Klein (Pectunculus, Da Costa, not Lam.

Orthygia, Leach).

Shell with the surface of the valves transversely striated.

aphrodina, Desh. aphrodinoides, Lam.

MERETRIX.

423

astartoides, Beck.

cor, Sow.

elegautina, Lam.

gallina, Linn.

hiantina, Lam.

Japonica, Gmel.

rnesodesrna, Quoy and Gaim.

pallida, Turt.

Perouii, Lam.

Philippii, Desk.
polita, Quoy and Gaim.
recens, Chem.
regularis, Desk.
rimularis, Lam.
scalariua, Lam.
striata, Chem.
striatula, Da Costa.
tristis, Lam.

Sub-gen. makcia, H. and A. Adams.
Shell with the surface of the valves smooth.

ainbigua, Desk.
Ceylonensis, Soiv.
Crepliui, Dkr.
exalbida, Chem.
fumigata, Sow.
interrupta, Koch.
Kochii, Phil.
Kraussii, Desh.
leuticularis, Sow.

marmorata, Lam.
obovalis, Desh.
piuguis, Chem.
quadraugularis, Adams and

Reeve.
radiata, Chem.
undulosa, Lam.
ustulata, Desh.

Genus MERETRIX, Lamarck.

Mantle-margins plain; siphons united half-way.

Shell ovately suh-triangular, thick, smooth ; margins of
valves simple, entire. Hinge thickened, tri-dentate, the
anterior lateral tooth contiguous, heneath the lunule, the
hinder lateral teeth crenulated. Pallial line simple, or pos-
teriorly slightly sinuated.

Syn. Cytherea, Lamarck. Nympha, Martini.

Ex. M. impudica, Lamarck, pi. 107, fig. 6, 6, a.

The shell in this genus is solid, usually more or less
transversely ohlong, with slightly prominent heaks ; the

424 venerinjE.

surface of the valves is sometimes sulcatecl or transversely
striated, but is usually smooth, and the internal margin of
the valves is entire. The hinge is generally composed of
four diverging teeth in one valve and three in the other,
with corresponding pits, and the ligament is external and
prominent. The genus includes many recent species, beiug
represented in most seas. Australia, China, India, Europe,
and Western America afford examples.

Species of Meretrix.

casta, Gmel. lusoria, Chem.

castauea, Lam. lyrata, Sow.

corpulenta, Gray. mitis, Gray.

formosa, Sow. inorphina, Lam.

fusca, Phil. ovum, Hanley.

graphica, Lam. petechials, Lam.

grata, Desk. Philippinarura, Hanley.

hieroglyphica, Conr. triradiata, Gmel.

impudica, Lam. zonaria, Lam.
Lamarckii, Desk.

Sub-gen. gomphina, Morch.

Shell sub-triangular, sub-equilateral, slopes nearly straight,
ventral edge arcuated. Hinge with three approximate cardinal
teeth in one valve, two and a rudimentary one in the other ; no
lateral teeth.

donacina, Chem.

Genus CA.LLISTA, Poli.

Mantle-margins plicate, with filaments above the base of
the respiratory siphon ; siphons united to their ends, crowned
with simple cirrhi.

CALLISTA.

425

Shell transverse, ovate, inequilateral, closed ; margins of
valves entire, often obtuse. Hinge tri-dentate in the left
valve, the anterior lateral tooth united to the lunular tooth.
Pallial line with a wide, deep, semi-ovate sinus.

Sy?i. Chione, Gray, not Muhlfeldt. Dione, Gray.

Ex. C. Chione, Linnceus, pi. 108, fig. 1. Shell, C.
Dione, Linnaeus, fig. 1, a, I, b.

In this genus the form of the animal is ovate-oblong; the
labial appendages are triangular, narrow, and acuminated;
the gills are elongated, unequal, transverse, posteriorly
united and acuminate, the outer ones the narrowest; and
the foot is large, compressed, and linguiform. The shell is
either sub-orbicular and inflated, or ovate and trigonal ; and
the surface of the valves is either smooth, sulcated, striated,
or lamellose.

Species of Callista.

acuminata, Sow.
affinis, Brod.
albida, List.
albocincta, Soic.
angulifera, Sow.
aurautia, Hanley.
Belcheri, Sow.
brevispinata, Sow.
bullata, Soiv.
Candida, Desk.
Chinensis, Chem.
Chione, Linn.
circinata, Born.
citrina, Lain.
concinna, Sow.
consanguinea, Sow.
convexa, Say.
cor, Wood.

cordiforinis, Dhr.
costata, Chem.
crocea, Desh.
cygnus, Lam.
Diemensis, Hanley.
Dione, Linn.
disrupta, Sow.
Erycina, Linn.
festiva, Sow.
florida, Lam.
floridella, Gray.
fluctuata, Sow.
gibbosula, Desh.
gigantea, Chem.
grata, Desh.
Grayi, Desh.
Hagenowi, Dkr.
hebrosa, Lam.

426

VENERIS.

impar, Lam.
indecora, Phil.
iuflata, Sow.
innoceus, Sow.
Kingii, Gray.
loeta, Linn.
Lamarckii, Gray.
lilaciua, Lam.
limatula, Sow.
lupanaria, Less.
maculata, Linn.
Manillas, Sow.
minuta, Koch.
modes ta, Sow.
multiradiata, Souk
multispinosa, Sow.
nmltistriata, Sow.
nobilis, Reeve.
obesa, Sow.
obliquata, Wood.
pallescens, Sow.
pannosa, Sow.
pellucida, Lam.
phasianella, Desh.
Pkilippii, Desh.

piperita, Sow.
planatella, Lam.
pudica, Mke.
pura, Desh.
purpurata, Lam.
rosea, Brod. and Sow.
rostrata, Koch.
rudis, Poli.
rufescens, Desh.
rutila, Sow.
simplex, Sow.
sphericula, Desh.
squalida, Sow.
subinflata, Soiv.
subpellucida, Sow.
suppositrix, Mke.
tellinasforaiis, Phil.
tessellata, Homb. and Jacq.
tortuosa, Brod.
tumens, Gmel.
unibonella, Lam.
unicolor, Sow.
varians, Wood.
virgo, Gray.
vulnerata, Brod.

Genus TIVELA, Link.

Shell triangular, cuneiform, sub -equilateral, inferiorly
acute ; margins of the valves entire. Hinge 3-5 den-
tate in one valve, 4-6 dentate in the other ; anterior
lateral tooth narrow, elongated, compressed. Pallial impres-
sion posteriorly sinuated; sinus short, oblique, or somewhat
horizontal.

Syn. Trigona, Muhlfehlt. Trigonella, Conr., not Da
Costa or Llhwyd. "Le Tivel," Adanson.

SUNETTA.

427

Ex. T. tripla, Linnceus, pi. 108, fig. 2, 2, «.

The shells in this genus are usually thin, gihhous, and
triangular, the heaks are very prominent, the lunule is
indistinct, the internal margin of the valves is entire, and
the hind cardinal tooth of the hinge is torn and divided.
There are ahout twenty-nine species described, from the
West Indies, the Mediterranean, Senegal, the Cape, India,
and Western America. Fossil species occur in the Miocene
of Bordeaux.

Species of Tivela.

gequilatera, Desk.
ambigua, Desk.
argentiua, Sow.
bicolor, Gray.
compressa, Sow.
crassatelloides, Conr.
damaoides, Gray.
Dillwynii, Desk.
dolabella, Sow.
fulrninata, Phil.
gracilior, Sow.
Hanleyana, Soiv.
Hindsii, Hartley.
humilis, Cpr.
incerta, Sow.

intermedia, Sow.

laevigata, Gray.

lineata, Sow.

mactroides, Born.

nitidula, Lam.

planulata, Brod. and Sow.

polita, Sow.

radiata, Soiv.

stultorum, Gray.

trigonella, Lam.

tripla, Linn.

undulata, Sow.

ventricosa, Gray.

virginea, Adams and Reeve.

Genus SUNETTA, Link.

Shell ovately trigonal, sub-equilateral, compressed, pos-
terior side the shortest; lunule lanceolate, the area deeply
excavated ; margins thin and regularly denticulate. Hinge
narrow, bi-dentate in one valve, tri-dentate in the other;
anterior lateral tooth narrow, affixed to the hinge-margin.

428 VENERIUM.

Pallial impression posteriorly sinuated; sinus narrow, semi-
oval.

Si/n. Cuneus, Miihlf., not Da Costa. Meroe, Schum.
Cytherea, Sow., not Lam.

Ex. S. Meroe, Linnaeus, pi. 108, fig. 3, 3, a.

The animal of Sunetta is unknown. The shell is trans-
versely ohlong, the lunule very deep with sharp edges, the
internal margin of the valves is crenate, and the hinge has
the hind cardinal tooth torn and cross-grooved; the surface
of the valves is either smooth or sulcate. Eleven species are
known, chiefly from Senegal, India, Japan, and Australia.

Species of Sunelta.

Birmanica, Phil. seminuda, Phil.

effossa, Hanley, Solaudri, Gray.

excavata, Hanley. subquadrata, Sow.

menstrualis, Mice. truncata, Desh.

Meroe, Linn. vaginalis, Mke.
scripta, Linn.

Genus CIRCE, Schumacher.

Shell ovate, or sub- trigonal, often lentiform, beaks de-
pressed ; margins of valves entire, or sometimes crenulated.
Hinge tri-dentate ; teeth unequal, diverging, lunular tooth
compressed, separate from the hinge-margin. Pallial im-
pression simple.

Ex. C. scripta, Linmeus, pi. 108, fig. 4, 4, a.

In the genus Circe the shell is more or less triangular,
solid, equivalve, and closed ; the surface of the valves is
smooth, or concentrically striated or grooved ; the beaks
are often curiously depressed, and not very prominent ; and

CIRCE,

429

the lunule is distinct, with smooth margins. The hinge
is composed of three primary teeth and a lateral lamina
in each valve ; the ligament is external and linear ; the
muscular impressions are roundish or oblong, and there
is hardly any trace of sinuation in the pallia! line.

Species of Circe.

abbreviata, Lam.
aequivoca, Ghent.
albida, Desk.
Arabica, Chem.
Artemis, Desk.
australis, Sow.
callipyga, Bom.
corrugata, Chem.
Cracherodii, Gray.
crocea, Gray.
dispar, Chem.
divaricata, Chem.
elegans, Sow.
Gibbia, Lam.
lenticularis, Desk.

lentiginosa, Chem.
margarita, Cpr.
nummulina, Lam.
oblonga, Desh.
pectiuata, Linn.
personata, Lam.
plauata, Gray.
rivularis, Born.
scripta, Linn.
Stutzeri, Donov.
subtrigona, Cpr.
sulcata, Gray.
transversaria, Desh.
tumefacta, Soiv.

Sub-gen. lioconcha, Morch.
Shell sub-trigonal, turgid, smooth, shining; beaks cordate.

castrensis, Linn.
fastigiata, Sow.
hebrsea, Sow.
implexa, Martyn.

minor, Desh.
ornata, Dillw.
polita, Bom.
trimaculata, Lam.

VOL. II.

3 K

430 DOSINIIN/E.

Sub-fam. DOSINIINiE.

Siphons united. Foot sub-quadrangular, without a byssal

groove.

Shell orbicular. Sinus of pallial impression oblique,
triangular.

Genus DOSINIA, Scopoli.

Animal orbicular, compressed ; mantle-margin plicate ;
foot sub-quadrangular.

Shell orbicular, compressed, concentrically striated, deeply
lunulate under the beaks. Hinge with three teeth in each
valve, the lunular tooth elongate and compressed ; ligament
external, partially concealed under the lozenge. Sinus of
pallial impression deep, oblique, triangular, with the apex
acuminate.

S//n. Artemis, Poll. Arthemis, Blainv. Orbiculus,
Muhlf. Exoleta, Brown. Asa, Leach. Arctoe, Taras,
Risso.

Ex. ~D. lupina, Linnaus, pi. 108, fig. 5. Shell, D.
exoleta, Linnaus, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The united siphons and large, lunate, inferior foot of
the animal, and the orbicular, concentrically-striated shell,
without any anterior tooth under the lunule, and with a
deep and angular siphonal inflection, serve to characterise
this genus. While in Venus and its sub-genera we find the
cancellated or festooned style of ornament to predominate,
and in Meretrix the smooth and painted style to prevail,
the surface of the valves in Dosinia is usually concentri-
cally grooved, and of a white or pale color. The species
range from low-water to eighty fathoms, and are found both

DOSINIA.

481

iu boreal and tropical seas ; Europe, China, Japan, Africa,
Australia, and America, all furnishing examples.

Species of Dosinia.

affinis, Desk.
Africana, Gray.
alata, Reeve.
alta, Dkr.
altior, Desh.
ainphidesnioides, Reeve.
augulosa, Phil.
Annae, Darby.
anus, Phil.
aspera, Reeve.
bilunulata, Hanleij.
bis-cocta, Reeve.
cselata, Reeve.
caerulea, Reeve.
calculus, Reeve.
caualiculata, Sow.
circinaria, Desh.
cornpta, Loven.
concentrica, Born.
concinna, Sow.
consobrina, Desh.
contracta, Phil.
contusa, Reeve.
corrugata, Reeve.
Coryne, A. Adams.
cretacea, Reeve.
crocea, Desh.
Cumingii, Reeve.
Cydippe, A. Adams.
Deshayii, A. Adams.
dilatata, Phil.
dilecta, A. Adams.
discus, Reeve.
distans, Sow.
Dunkeri, Phil.

elegans, Conr.

Euuice, A. Adams.

exasperata, Phil.

excisa, Chem.

exoleta, Linn.

ferruginea, Reeve.

fibula, Reeve.

glauca, Reeve.

grata, Desh.

Gruneri, Phil.

Hanleyana.H". and A. Adams

(simplex, A. Adams).
hepatica, Lam.
incisa, Reeve.
isocardia, Dkr.
Japonica, Reeve.
juvenis, Chem.
lamiuata, Reeve.
leuticularis, Sow.
lirnbata, Gould.
lincta, Pultn.
liueolata, A. Adams.
livida, Phil.
lucinalis, Lam.
lucinoides, Reeve.
lupina, Linn.
ruodesta, Reeve.
nanus, Reeve.
nitens, Reeve.
nobilis, Desh.
Orbignyi, Dkr.
Patagonica, Phil.
penicillata, Reeve.
plana, Reeve.
Poliana, Phil.

432 dosiniinjE.

polita, Desh. Sieboldii, Reeve.

pondei'osa, Gray. simplex, Hartley.

prostrata, Linn. solidula, Sow.

pubescens, Phil. striatissima, Sow.

radiata, Reeve. subrosea, Gray.

reticulata, Recluz. subtrigona, Sow.

rubicunda, Phil. tenuilamellata, Sow.

scabra, Phil. torrida, Reeve.

scabriuscula, Phil. Traillii, A. Adams.

scalaris, Mice. tumida, Gray.

sculpta, Hanley. turgida, Reeve.

serniobliterata, Desh. variegata, Chem.
sericea, Reeve.

Genus CYCLINA, Deshayes.

Animal like that of Dosinia.

Shell circular, thin, inflated, inequilateral, transversely
striated, and with no lunular area; beaks small, approxi-
mated; margins simple, or sometimes crenulated. Hinge
wide, flat, tri-dentate in one valve and bi-dentate in the
other ; ligament external, somewhat covered by the margin
of the rirna. Muscular impression posterior, remote from
the cardinal margin ; sinus of pallial impression triangular,
oblique, often ascending.

Ex. C. Chinensis, Chemnitz, pi. 108, fig. 6, 6, a.

In Cyclina the orifice of the branchial siphon is fringed,
and that of the anal is simple. The shell is thin, and more
or less orbicular, with the inner margins of the valves cre-
nulated ; the pallial sinus is wide, deep, central, and obtuse ;
the hinge is composed of two diverging primary teeth (one
of which is bifid) in the right valve, and three (the central
one bifid) in the left ; the ligament is external and promi-
nent ; and there is no distinct lunule. The few species
described are from China and India.

CLEMENTIA. 433

Species of Cyclina.

Chinensis, Chem. orientalis, Sow.

flavida, Desk.

Genus CLEMENTIA, Gray.

Mantle-margins simple ; siphons long, cylindrical, united;
foot quadrate.

Shell transversely ovate, sub-trigonal, equivalve, inequi-
lateral, white, thin. Hinge with a single, anterior, erect
tooth, and two oblique, laminated, posterior teeth in the
left valve; and two anterior, erect teeth, and a posterior,
bifid, laminated tooth in the right valve. Muscular im-
pressions two, wide apart, sub-circular; pallial impression
widely and deeply sinuated posteriorly; sinus sub -triangular,
ascending perpendicularly nearly as far as the beaks.

Ex. 0. papyracea, Gray, pi. 109, fig. 1, 1, a.

In this genus the foot of the animal is large and cres-
centic, as in Dosinia, and the siphons are elongated and
united. The shell is transversely oblong, very thin, and
closed ; the surface of the valves is concentrically plicate ;
the hinge is composed of compressed teeth, with a cavity
in the margin before and behind them ; and the ligament
of the hinge is semi-internal. There are six species of
dementia known, from Australia and the Philippines.

Species of Clementia.

Essingtoniensis, Desk. papyracea, Gray.

"gracillima, Cpr. similis, Sow.

granulifera, Sow. vitrea, Chem.

434 TAPESINiE.

Sub-fain. TAPESIN.E.

Siphons free at their extremities. Foot lanceolate, bys-
siferous.

Shell oblong, transverse. Hinge with the cardinal teeth
compressed; lateral teeth single, or none.

Genus TAPES, Megerle von Miihlfeldt.

Siphons united as far as the middle, diverging at their
ends ; branchial siphon crowned with arborescent tentacles ;
anal siphon ending in simple, cylindrical tentacles ; mantle-
margin simple.

Shell transversely ovate, inequilateral, closed ; margins
entire. Hinge tri-dentate, teeth sometimes diverging, some-
times approximate, sub -parallel, often bifid or canaliculate
at the apex. Pallia] impression deeply sinuated posteriorly ;
sinus semi-oval, somewhat horizontal.

Syn. Paphia, Bolt., not Lam.

Ex. T. pullastra, Montagu, pi. 109, fig. 2. Shell, T.
literata, Rumpkius, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The animal of Tapes is laterally compressed and trans-
versely ovate ; the margins of the mantle-lobes are simple
and entire, and the siphons have both their orifices bor-
dered by cirrhi, which in the branchial are ciliated ; the
labial palps are triangular and sub-equilateral ; the gills
are wide, sub-quadrate, unequal, and posteriorly united ;
and the foot is large, compressed, linguiform, and furnished
at the base with a byssal groove. The hinder end of the
shell is always the longest, the surface of the valves is
smooth or transversely striated, the inner margins are

TAPES.

435

smooth, and the beaks are not prominent. The hinge is
composed of three slightly-diverging primary teeth (two
of which are usually bifid) in each valve, and a ridge
bounding the groove for the ligament, which is external ;
the pallial sinus is deep, oblong, and rounded at the ex-
tremity. Norway, Britain, the Black Sea, Senegal, Brazil,
India, China, and New Zealand are the countries given
as localities for the species of this genus, which ranges
from low-water to one hundred fathoms. They bury in
the sand, or conceal themselves in fissures of the rocks
and among the roots of sea-weed.

Species of Tapes.

acuminata, Sow.
adspersa, Chem.
alba, Desk.
aranea, Phil.
aurea, Gmel.
Belcheri, Sow.
biradiata, Desh.
castrensis, Desh.
crassisulca, Desh.
Deshayesii, Hanlcy.
dura, Gmel.
florida, Lam.
floridella, Desh.
fluctuosa, Gould.
grata, Desh.
incerta, Soiv.
literata, Humph.
Luzonica, Sow.
obscurata, Desh.

perplexa, Sow.
petalina, Lam.
phaseolina, Desh.
polita, Sow.
quadriradiata, Desh.
Radatzi, DJcr.
radiata, Chem.
retifera, Lam.
rotundata, Linn.
similis, Desh.
squamosa, Cpr.
sulcaria, Lam.
tenuistriata, So^o.
textrix, Chem.
texturata, Lam.
turgida, Lam.
turgidula, Desh.
undulata, Born.
virginea, Linn.

43G

TAPESIN/E.

Sub-gen. pullastea, Sowerby.

Shell with the surface of the valves transversely sulcated or
striated. Sinus of pallial impression obliquely ascending.

amabilis, Phil.
declivis, Sow.
englypta, Phil.
exarata, Phil.
Hanleyi, Sow.
infiata, Desh.
lirata, Phil.

Malabarica, Chem.
meroeformis, Sow.
rhombifera, Lam.
sernirugata, Phil.
sinuosa, Lam.
sulcosa, Phil.

Sub-gen. cuneus, Da Costa.

Shell with the surface of the valves decussated or longitu-
dinally striated.

analis, Phil.
Bruguieri, Hartley.
cinerea, Desh.
decussata, Linn.
denticulata, Sow.
fabagella, Desh.
galactites, Lam.
geographica, Chem.
glandina, Desh.
Indica, Sow.

intermedia, Quoy and Gaim.
intuspunctata, Anton.
Japonica, Desh.
Philippiuarum. Adams and

Reeve.
pullastra, Mont.
punicea, Desh.
variegata, Sow.
violascens, Desh.

Sub-gen. metis, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with the surface of the valves corrugated.

corrugata, Desh.
Cumingii, Sow.
dactyloides, Sow.

disrupta, Sow.
obsoleta, Chem.

RUPELLARIA. 437

Genus SAXIDOMUS, Conrad.

Shell transversely ovate, sub-equilateral, ventricose, solid,
cretaceous, or dirty grey ; beaks rather tumid ; lunule and
area none. Hinge thick, narrow, 3-4 dentate in each
valve ; teeth unequal, narrow, the two anterior the most
prominent, the second bifid ; ligament external, very
thick, elongated, semi- cylindrical. Muscular impressions
large, ovately rotund, nearly equal ; sinus of pallial im-
pression large, elongated, horizontal.

Ex. S. Nuttalii, Conrad, pi. 109, fig. 3, 3, a.

In this genus there is no lunule. Eight species have
been described, from Western America, India, and Aus-
tralia.

Species of Saxidomus.

decussatus, Desk. opacus, Sow.

giganteus, Desk. Petiti, Desk.

maximus, Anton. purpuratus, Sow.

Nuttallii, Conr. squalidus, Desh.

Genus RUPELLARIA, Fleuriau de Bellevue.

Siphons long, unequal, united as far as their middle;
the respiratory siphon fringed at the orifice with a double
series of cirrhi, the longer ones pectinated ; the anal siphon
with numerous short, cylindrical cirrhi. Foot small, coni-
cal, linguiform, and byssiferous.

Shell transversely ovate or sub-globose, inequilateral,
generally gaping posteriorly. Hinge narrow, tri-dentate in
one valve, in the other bi-dentate ; teeth small, approximate,

VOL. n. 3 L

438 TAPESINiE.

slightly diverging; ligament external. Muscular impres-
sions large, ovato-semilunar ; pallial impression posteriorly
sinuated ; sinus wide, rather deep, sub- trigonal, horizontal.

Sy?i. Irus, Oken. Venerupis, Lamarck.

Ex, K. Irus, Linnams, pi. 109, fig. 4. Shell, R. Irus,
fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The foot in this genus is smaller than in Tapes, and
the siphons are united as far as their ends, which distin-
guishes the animal from that of Petricola. The species
are most numerous in Northern and temperate climates,
heing found in Europe, the British Islands, Behring's
Straits, Kamtschatka, the Crimea, Tasmania, and the
Canary Islands ; they inhabit the holes and crevices of
rocks, in which they are usually fixed by the byssus.

Species of FaipeUaria.

brevis, Qiioy and Gaim. foliacea, Desk.

carditoides, Lam. interjecta, Desk.

Cordieri, Desk. Irus, Linn.

corrugata, Desk. oblonga, Sow.

crenata, Lam. rnacropbylla, Desk.

Diemenensis, Quoy and monstrosa, Chem.

Gaim. solida, Sow.

distans, Lam. subclecussata, Desk.

elliptica, Soiv. tenuistriata, Jonas.

exotica, Lam. texta, Desk.

Genus TRAPEZIUM, Megerle von Muhlfeldt.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, obliquely or transversely
elongated, the posterior side very short. Hinge with three
cardinal teeth, placed beneath the beaks, in each valve, with
a simple, rather elongated, lateral tooth extending along

CORALLIOrHAGA. 439

the anterior side; ligament external. Pallial impression
indistinct.

Si/n. Libitina, Schum. Cypricardia, Lam.

Ex. T. rostratum, Lamarck, pi. 109, fig. 5. Shell, T.
angulatnm, Lamarck, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The Australian region seems to be the chief locality for
the Trapezia, six species having been found in that
part of the globe, while but two are from Asia, and none
in Europe, Africa, or America.

Species of Trapezium.

angulatum, Lam. oblongum, Linn.

Californicum, Conr. roseum, Gould.

Guinaicum, Chem. rostratum, Lam.

incarnatum, Reeve. solenoides, Reeve.

liratum, Reeve. vellicatum, Reeve.
obesum, Reeve.

Genus CORALLIOPHAGA, Blainville.

Shell transversely oblong or sub-cylindrical, thin, slightly
gaping posteriorly ; valves white, with rather distant,
elevated lamelhe. Hinge with two primary teeth in each
valve, and a lamellar posterior lateral tooth. Pallial lino
with a wide, shallow sinus.

St/n. Lithophagella, Gray.

Ex. C. coralliophaga, Gmelin, pi. 109, fig. G, G, a.

The species of this genus are found living in coral, or
imbedded in other shells.

Species of Coralliophaga.

coralliophaga, (riuel. lithophagella, Lam.

decussata, Reeve. serrata, Reeve.

laminata, Reeve.

440 petricolidjK.

Fam. PETKICOLID^E.

Labial palps small, triangular. Mantle closed below and
behind, the edge thickened and reflexed over the margins of
the valves, pedal aperture short, anterior ; siphons elongated,
unequal, separated as far as the base ; the branchial the
larger, cylindrical, the orifice fringed with arborescent fila-
ments ; the anal conical, with a membranous valve, and
furnished at the margin with a single series of simple cirrhi ;
gills unequal, ovately quadrangular, obliquely plicated.
Foot small, compressed, clongately conical, furnished with a
byssal groove.

Shell free or boring, gaping, often irregular; valves
usually white, or covered with a thin, hard epidermis. Hinge
narrow, bi-dentate in each valve. Pallial line deeply
sinuated.

Genus PETR1COLA, Lamarck.

Shell ovate, white, covered with a hard, thin epidermis,
ventricose, anterior side short, posterior gaping. Hinge
composed of two primary teeth in each valve, one of which
is often obsolete or rudimentary ; lateral teeth none ; liga-
ment short, external. Pallial line with a deep, rounded
sinus.

Ex. P. hyalina, Deshayes, pi. 110, fig. 1. Shell, P.
lithophaga, Retzius, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The siphons of the animal in Petricola are elongated
and distinct from each other, with their orifices ciliated ; the
mantle-lobes are united with the exception of a small an-
terior opening, and the foot is compressed and lanceolate,

CHORISTODON.

441

with a byssiferous fissure a little behind the middle of the
lower edge. The cardinal or primary teeth of the hinge are
bent up as if arising from the inner surface of the valves
under the beaks. The species of Petricola appear to be
most numerous in Western America ; they are also found in
the Pacific, the Mediterranean and Bed Seas, India, and
New Zealand. They form excavations in limestone rocks
and coral, and also bury in mud.

Species of Petricola.

amygdalina, Sow.
bipartita, Desk.
Californica, Conr.
Chinensis, Desk.
cognata, G. B. Adams.
concinna, Sow.
cultellus, Desk.
cylindracea, Desh.
dactylus, Sow.
denticulata, Sow.
discors, Soiv.
fornicata, Say.
gibba, Midd.
gracilis, Desh.

hyalina, Desh.
linguatula, Desh.
lithopbaga, Belz.
mirabilis, Desh.
nivea, Chem.
pboladiformis, Lam.
rariflamma, Desh.
robusta, Soiv.
rugosa, Soiv.
semilamellata, Lam.
serrata, Desh.
subglobosa, Soiv.
tenuis, Sow.
ventricosa, Desh.

Genus CHORISTODON, Jonas.

Shell ovate, rugose, tubercular, ribbed behind, tumid ;
beaks anterior. Hinge composed of two primary teeth in
each valve, the upper in the right valve compressed and elon-
gated, and in the left valve triangular, oblique, and bifid ;
lateral teeth none; ligament short, external, in a sunken
groove. Anterior adductor scar oblong, hinder very large,
rounded ; palrial line with a deep, round sinus.

442 glauconomyidjE.

Syn. Naranio, Gray.

Ex. C. divaricatum, Chemnitz, pi. 110, fig. 2, 2, a.

The shells of this genus have very much the external ap-
pearance and hinge of Coralliophaga, hut are easily known
hy the large sinus in the pallial line. They are generally
covered with a calcareous coating, which hides the rugosities
of the surface ; they live in stony corals.

Species of Choristodon.

divaricatum, Chem. radiatum, Gray.

lapicidum, Chem.

Fam. GLAUCONOMYIDjE.

Lahial palps very large, hroadly falciform. Mantle-
margins plain, united, pedal opening anterior, rather large ;
siphons very long, compressed, united nearly to their ends,
orifices fringed; gills two on each side, long, rounded in
front, united behind, the outer pair shorter, and furnished
with a plaited, dorsal flap. Foot moderately large, thick,
compressed, linguiform, keeled.

Shell oblong, thin, ventricose, closed, covered with a
green epidermis. Hinge narrow, with three teeth in each
valve, one of them bifid; ligament external, oblong, an-
terior. Muscular impressions oblong and marginal, the
hinder sub-quadrate ; pallial line with a deep, narrow, an-
gular sinus.

Genus GLAUCONOMYA, Bronn.

Shell oblong, covered with a hard, green epidermis ex-
tending beyond the edge of the valves. Hinge narrow,

CYPRINIDjE. 443

composed of three teeth in each valve, the middle tooth in
the left, and the hinder one in the right valve bifid ; lateral
teeth none; ligament external, marginal. Pallial sinus very
deep and narrow, ascending obliquely towards the hack of
the shell.

Syn. Glauconome, Gray, not Goldfuss.

Ex. G. rugosa, Reeve, pi. 110, fig. 3. Shell, G. rugosa,
fig. 3, a, 3, b.

The species of the genus Glauconomya are almost exclu-
sively confined to the Philippine Archipelago, where they
live in the sandy mud at the mouths of rivers, and even in
the estuaries where the water is partially fresh. They bury
themselves in the soil, and appear to be very similar in their
habits to some of the Solens. One species inhabits the
river Ganges, and another the rivers of China. The family
differs from that of Solenitke in the number and disposition
of the hinge-teeth ; and from Venerida in the form of the
teeth, the union of the mantle-lobes, in their fresh-water
habitation, and in the shells being covered with a hard,
green epidermis.

Species of Glauconomya.

angulata, Reeve. radiata, Reeve.

cerea, Reeve. rostralis, Desk .

Chiuensis, Gray. rugosa, Reeve.

corrugata, Reeve. straminea, Reeve.

curta, Hanlcy. virens, Linn.
psamrnotella, Desk.

Fam. CYPRlNIDiE.

Palpi narrow, elongate. Mantle open in front and be-
neath, simple, united behind by a curtain ; siphons very

444 cyprinidjE.

short, the branchial wide, compressed, the orifice ciliated ;
the anal narrower, conical, with the apex crowned with short
cilia; gills large, quadrangular, unequal, united posteriorly.
Foot thick and linguiform.

Shell regular, equivalve, sub-cordiform, covered with a
thick, dark, shining epidermis. Hinge with three, unequal,
divaricate teeth in each valve, and a lateral tooth, remote
from the hinge, on the hinder side; ligament external, con-
spicuous.

Genus CYPRINA, Lamarck.

Shell more or less orbicular, solid, equivalve, closed,
covered with a horny epidermis ; beaks prominent, in-
curved ; lunule none ; margins smooth. Hinge with three
primary teeth, and one lateral tooth in each valve. Pallial
impression simple, or with a very slight siphonal inflection.

Si/ /i. Cardia, Olafsen, not Hill. Cyclas, Link, not
Klein or Brug. Arctica, Schum. Asmidia, Gistel.

E.v. C. Islandica, Linnaus, pi. 110, fig. 4. Shell,
C. Islandica, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The hinge teeth are 3 — 8, triangular ; the front one of
the left valve is conical and rugose, like the anterior lateral
tooth of Venus, and the hinder one is very thin and
compressed ; the middle one of the right valve is com-
pressed, and the hinder one is very broad, with a deep
groove. As Dr. Gray has observed, the shells of this genus
have very much the appearance of those of Astarte, but
the teeth and form are more like those of the Veneridce.
The only species known is from the seas of Europe.

cyrexidje. 445

Fam. CYKENID.F.

Labial palps lanceolate. Mantle open in front, the
margins simple ; siphons short, plain-edged, produced,
either partially separated, or completely united to their ex-
tremities ; gills two on each side, large, unequal, united
behind. Foot large and tongue- shaped.

Shell more or less tumid, sub-orbicular, closed, covered
with a hard, olive, brittle, often polished epidermis ; beaks
frequently eroded ; surface of valves concentrically striated
or furrowed. Hinge composed of three, or sometimes two
diverging cardinal teeth ; lateral teeth compressed ; ligament
external. Pallial line simple, or with a slight siphonal
inflection.

Fresh- water ; fluviatile, or estuary.

Genus CYRENA, Lamarck.

Mantle-lobes united in their posterior third; siphons
separate as far as their bases.

Shell solid, sub- cordate, ventricose, inequilateral, covered
with a horny epidermis ; beaks eroded or decorticated.
Hinge with three teeth in each valve, the anterior of right,
and hinder of left valve smallest ; lateral teeth smooth, the
front roundish, the hinder rather compressed ; ligament
external.

Syn. Cyanocyclas, Ferns. Polymesoda, Rciftn. Cyreno-
cjcIsls, Agass. Geloina, Gray. Pseudocyrena, Bourguignat.

Ex. C. Ceylanica, Chemnitz, pi. 110, fig. 5, 5, a.

The species of Cyrena inhabit the brackish waters of
torrid regions, numerous examples of the genus occurring

VOL. II. 3 M

44 6

CYKENIDiE.

in Tropical America, Australia, India, Africa, China, and the
Islands of the Pacific. They are found usually near the
coast, often buried in the mud of mangrove-swamps.

Species of Gyrena.

sequilateralis, Desk.
affinis, Desk.
angulata, Desh.
anomala, Desh.
arctata, Desh.
Bengalensis, Desh.
Buschii, Phil.
Caroliniana, Bosc.
Ceylanica, Chem.
Charpentieriana, Bourg.
compta, Desh.
conjuncta, Desh.
cordiformis, Recluz.
Cumingii, Desh.
cyclostoma, Bourg.
cyprinoides, Quoyand Gaim.
decipiens, Desh.
Deshayesiana, Bourg.
divaricata, Desh.
dura, Desh.
Essiugtonensis, Desh.
expausa, Mouss.
fallax, Desh.
Floridana, Conr.
Fontainei, D'Orb.
Galathese, Morch.
Gauritziana, Krauss.
impressa, Desh.
incerta, Desh.
inflata, Desk.
inquinata, Desh.
insignis, Desh.
isocardioides, Desh.

Jukesii, Desh.
lauta, Desh.
mactroides, Desh.
maritima, C. B. Adams.
Moquiniana, Bourg.
nitida, Desh.
uitidula, Desh.
notabilis, Desh.
oblonga, Quoy and Gaim.
oviformis, Desh.
pallida, Desh.
Papua, Less.
Peruviana, Desh.
Petitiana, Bourg.
placens, Hartley.
placida, Desh.
radiata, Hartley.
Eaymondi, Bourg.
salmacida, Morel.
siinilis, Desh.
sinuosa, Desh.
solida, Phil.
sordida, Hartley.
sublobata, Desh.
suborbicularis, Phil.
subquadrata, Desh.
Sumatrensis, Sow.
triangula, Phil.
triangularis, Metcalfe.
turgida, Lea.
Vanikorensis, Quoy and

Gaim.
ventricosa, Desh.

CORBICULA. 447

Genus CORBICULA, Megerlo von Miihlfeldt,

Shell orbicular, sub-cordate, solid, closed ; valves con-
centrically furrowed, covered with a thick, polished epi-
dermis. Hinge furnished with three primary teeth in each
valve, the front of right, and the hinder of left valve
smallest; lateral teeth elongate, compressed, striated across ;
ligament thick and prominent. Pallial line slightly sinuated.

Ex. C. fluminea, Midler, pi. 110, fig. G, 6, a.

The shells of this genus are orbicular, and covered with a
polished epidermis. Like the species of Cyrena, they are
found in the mud of rivers and estuaries in various parts of
the world ; America, China, and India harbouring examples.
Very numerous extinct forms occur in the Wealden of
Europe and the United States.

Species of Corbicula.

Africana, Krauss. fluviatilis, Midi.

atnbigua, Desk. grandis, Desk.

australis, Desk. iucrassata, Desh.

Bengaleusis, Desh. Largillierti, Phil.

Bensoni, Desh. limosa, Maton.

Brasiliana, Desh. Malaccensis, Desh.

Cashmiriensis, Desh. Moussoni, Desh.

compressa, Mouss. Nepeanensis, Lesson.

consobrina, Caillaud. nitens, Phil.

convexa, Desh. obscura, Desh.

cor, Lam. obsoleta, Desh.

Cumingii, Desh. occidens, Bens.

cuneata, Jonas. orientalis, Lam.

fluminalis, Midi. ovalina, Desh.

fluminea, Mull. Panormitana, Eicon.

448

CYRENIDjE.

Paranensis, D'Orh.
pulchella, Moms.
pullata, Phil.
pusilla, Phil.
radiata, Phil.
recurvata, Eydoux.
rivalis, V. d. Busch.
semisulcata, Desk.
similis. Gray.

squalida, Desk.
striatella, Desli.
sulcatina, Desk.
triangularis, Desk.
trigona, Desh.
tumida, Desh.
variegata, D'Orb.
Woodiana, Lea.

Genus BATISSA, Gray.

Shell sub -cordate, solid, covered with a thick, horny,
greenish epidermis. Hinge with three cardinal teeth in each
valve, the front in the right, and the hinder in the left valve
smallest ; lateral teeth compressed, striated, the anterior
very short, the posterior elongate.

Ex. B. tenebrosa, Hinds, pi. 1 1 1, fig. 1, 13 a.

In this genus the shells are solid, and covered with a
dark, thick epidermis ; they are also frequently eroded at
the beaks. The species are met with in Sumatra and Java,
the Philippines, Australia, and the Islands of the Pacific.

Species of Batissa.

atrata, Desh.
Childrense, Gray.
corbiculoides, Desh.
eximia, Dhr.
hurnerosa, Desh.
insignis, Desh.
Jayeusis, Lea.
Keraudrenia, Less.

lenticularis, Desh.
megadesma, Desh.
obesa, Hinds.
producta, Desh.
rotuiidata, Lea.
tenebrosa. Hinds.
triquetra, Desh.
violacea, Lam.

SPIIiERIUM. 449

Genus VELORITA, Gray.

Shell cordate, triangular, thick, solid, covered with an
epidermis. Hinge with three cardinal teeth in each valve,
the front in the right, and the hinder in the left valve
smallest ; lateral teeth large, very finely striated, the anterior
very large, angular, the hinder elongate and compressed.

Ex. V. cyprinoides, Gray, pi. Ill, fig. 2, 2, a.

The shells of Velorita are very solid, and covered with a
green, polished epidermis. One of the two species described,
V. cyprinoides, is from the rivers of Japan.

Species of Velorita.
cyprinoides, Gray. recurvata, Valenc.

Genus SPH^ERIUM, Scopoli.

Siphons separate, diverging into two nearly equal tuhes.

Shell equivalve, thin, ohlong, cordate, equilateral, more
or less inflated, smooth, or concentrically striated. Hinge
with two moderately- diverging cardinal teeth in each valve,
the front of right valve, and the hinder of left valve
smallest; lateral teeth elongate, compressed, smooth, of
right valve double, of left valve simple.

Syn. Nux, Humph. Cornea, Mtihlf. Cyclas, Brag.,
not Klein or Link. Amesoda, Rqfin. Spheeriastrurn,
Bourg. Cyrenastrum, Bourg. Corneocyclas, Ferus.

Ex. S. lacustre, Mailer, pi. Ill, fig. 3. Shell, S. cor-
neum, Linmcus, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

This genus differs from Musculium in the siphons, which

450

CYRENIDvE.

are separate and diverging at their ends. The muscular and
pallial impressions are indistinct; the latter is provided
with a sinus. The species of Sphoerium are all fluviatile,
and inhabit, especially, the fresh-water lakes and rivers
of cold and temperate regions. They are most numerous
in Europe and North America.

Species of Spharium.

acuminatum, Prime.
albulum, Prime.
argentinum, D'Orb.
aureum, Prime.
bulbosum, Anth.
cseruleum, Prime.
Capense, Krauss.
cardissa, Prime.
castaneum, Prime.
consobrinum, Ferus.
constrictum, Anth.
corneum, Linn.
dentatum, Hald.
detruncatum, Prime.
distortum, Prime.
dubium, Say.
eburneum, Anth.
egregium, Say.
elegaus, C. B. Adams.
elevatum, Hald.
emarginatum, Prime.
fabale, Prime.
flavum, Prime.
furcatum, Eajin.
giganteum, Prime.
gracile, Prime.
Indicum, Desk.
inornatum, Prime.
Jayeuse, Prime.

lacustre, Midi.
maculatum, Morel.
mirabile, Prime.
modestum, Prime.
nitidum, Migh. and Adams.
Novoe Zelandise, Desh.
orbicularium, Parr.
ovale, Stimp.
pallidum, Gray.
patella, Goidd.
partumeium, Say.
pellucidum, Prime.
pisidioides, Gray.
ponderosum, Prime.
proximum, Alder.
rbomboideum, Say.
rivicola, Leach.
rosaceum, Prime.
Ilyckholtii, Normand.
securis, Prime.
simile, Say.
simplex, Prime.
solidum, Normand.
spha^rium, Anth.
stramineurn, Conr.
Steenbuchii, Moll.
Steinii, Schmidt.
tenue, Prime.
tenuistriatum, Prime.

MUSCULIUM. 451

Terverianum, Dupuy. truncatum, Linsl.

transversum, Say.

Genus MUSCULIUM, Link.

Siphons united as far as their extremities.

Shell equivalve, thin, usually tumid, sub-oval, inequi-
lateral, smooth, or concentrically striated. Hinge with two
moderately-diverging teeth in each valve, the front of right,
and the hinder of left valve the smallest; lateral teeth
elongate, smooth, compressed, of right valve douhle, of
left valve simple ; ligament external.

Syn. Pisum, Miihlf. Pisidium, C. Pfeiff. Pera, Leach.
Galileja, Costa. Euglesia, Cordula, Leach. Eupera, Bonrg.

Ex. M. amnicum, Miiller, pi. Ill, fig. 4. Shell, M.
amnicum, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

In this genus the siphons are short, and united to their
ends ; the shells are usually of a green or horn colour, and
inhahit streams and ponds, chiefly of temperate countries.

Species of Musculium.

abditum, Hahl. dubium, Say.

abruptum, Hold. duplicatum, Pfeiff.

altile, Prime. edentulum, Say.

amnicum, Mull. ferrugineum, Krauss.

australe, Phil. Heuslowianum, Shepp.

Bahiense, Spix. Kurtzii, Prime.

Canariense, Shuttl. lenticulare, Normand.

casertanum, Poli. Lumstenianum, Forbes.

Chilense, D'Orb. maculatum, Anton.

cicer, Prime. minor, Migh. and Adams.

compressum, Prime. modioliforme, Anton.

coutortum, Prime. nitidum, Jenyns.

Creplinii, Dkr. Noveborocense, Prime.

452 cyrenoididjE.

obscurum, Prime. semen, Mke.

obtusale, Pfeiff. supinum, Schmidt.

parasiticus, Parreys. tenebrosurn, Da Costa.

pulcbellum, D'Orb. variabile, Prime.

pusillum, Gmel. Veatleyi, C. B. Adams.

pygmaeum, C. B. Adams. ventricosum, Prime.

Recluzianum, Bourg. Virginicum, Gmel.

roseum, Scholtz. vitreum, Bisso.

ro tun datum, Prime. zonatum, Prime.
rubellum, Prime.

Fam. CYRENOIDID^.

Labial palps elongate, narrow. Mantle-lobes free be-
neath, united in front and behind ; siphons two, elongated,
united, contractile (not retractile) ; gills two on each side,
unequal, narrow, united behind. Foot sub-cylindrical,
elongated, club-shaped.

Shell orbicular, ventricose, thin, covered with a hard,
olivaceous epidermis ; valves often eroded at the beaks.
Hinge with three cardinal teeth in one valve, and two in
the other, the central tooth of the right valve bifid ; liga-
ment external, elongated, prominent. Muscular impres-
sions long and narrow ; pallial line simple.

Genus CYRENOIDA, Joannis.

Shell oblong or roundish, thin, ventricose, covered with
a dark olive epidermis. Hinge with the cardinal teeth,
3 — 2, the front and hinder of right valve thin and laminar,
united above, under the beak, and inclosing the small,
triangular, central tooth ; the two teeth of the left valve
united above, under the beak, and fitting into the narrow
fissure between the central and two united teeth in the

cardiidjE. 453

other valve ; front lateral tooth none, hinder rudimentary.
Siphonal inflection none.

Sijn. Cyrenella, Desk. Cyrenoides, Sow. Cyrenodonta,
Auct.

Ex. C. Dupontia, Joannis, pi. Ill, fig. 5. Shell, C.
Dupontia, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The typical species of Cyrenoida is from the rivers of
Senegal. The mantle is simple-edged, and is open in
front and helow; the siphons are united and short; the
gills are unequal, narrow, and united behind ; and the foot
is cylindrical and elongated.

Species of Cyrenoida.

Dupontia, Joannis. Senegalensis, Dcsh.

lenticularis, Desh.

Fam. CARDIID^E.

Palpi slender, acuminate. Mantle freely open in front ;
siphons distinct, but very short, and nearly sessile, their
bases and sides furnished with tentacular filaments ; gills
two on each side, thick, united together behind the body.
Foot very long and geniculate.

Shell regular, equivalve, more or less cordiform, usually
inflated, closed or gaping posteriorly ; epidermis thin,
rarely distinct ; surface of valves usually radiately ribbed
or furrowed, rarely smooth ; margins crenulated. Hinge
composed of two oblique primary teeth in each valve, and
two elongate, lamellar laterals ; ligament external, short,
conspicuous. Muscular impressions sub-quadrate ; pallial
line simple, or slightly sinuated behind.

VOL. II. 3 N

454 CARDIlDiE.

Genus CARDIUM, Linneeus.

Shell globose, thick or thin, gihbose, nearly equilateral,
more or less gaping posteriorly, the margins often serrated ;
valves sometimes with elevated, keeled, membranaceous,
radiating ribs.

Ex. C. edule, Linnaeus, pi. Ill, fig. 6. Shell, C. cos-
tatum, Linnaeus, fig. 6, a, 6, b.

The dentition of the hinge in this genus is composed
of two primary teeth in each valve, placed so as to form
a cross when the valves are closed. The shell is more or
less heart-shaped, the radiating ribs which proceed from
the prominent beaks are usually scaly or spiny, and the
hind slope is sculptured differently from the rest of the
surface. The species are generally distributed.

Species of Cardium.
costatum, Linn. hians, Brocchi.

Sub-gen. pectunculus, Adanson (Bucardium Gray).

Shell globose, solid, costated; binder gape narrow, aud
strongly toothed on the binder edge.

Belcheri, Brod. and Sow. pseudofossile, Reeve.

coronatura, Spengl. ringens, Chem.

incarnatum, Reeve. Sinense, Sow.

Iudicum, Lam. vertebratum, Jonas.
lima, Spengl.

CARDIUM.

455

Sub-gen. trachycardtum, Morch (Pectunculus, Mart.,

not Adanson).

Shell oblong, oblique, sub-globose; valves with radiating,
squatnose ribs; hinder gape nai-row, and toothed on the hinder
edge.

alternatum, Sow.
angulaturu, Lam.
arenicolum, Reeve.
assimile, Reeve.
Dupuchense, Reeve.
enode, Sow.
flavum, Linn.
foveolatum, Sow.
impolitum, Sow.
lacunosum, Reeve.
leucostomurn, Bow.
maculatum, Sow.
maculosum, Wood.

muricatum, Linn.
nebulosum, Reeve.
oxygonuru, Sow.
Panamense, Sow.
procerum, Sow.
pulicarium, Reeve.
rubicundum, Reeve.
subelongatum, Sow.
subrugosum, Sow
unicolor, Sow.
variegatum, Sow.
vimineum, Martyn.

Sub-gen. isocardta, Klein (Acanthocardia, Gray).

Shell sub-globose, tumid ; valves with strong, spiny, radiating
ribs ; hinder gape nearly closed.

aculeatum, Linn.
consors, Brod. and Sow.
Deshayesii, Payr.
echinatum, Linn.
erinaceum, Lam.
isocardia, Linn.
Mindauense, Reeve.

multispinosum, Sow.
orbita, Brod. and S<nr.
paucicostatum, Sow.
pseudolima, Lam.
rastrum, Reeve.
rusticum, Linn.
tuberculatum, Linn.

Sub-gen. ckrastoderma, Poli (Cerastes, Poli, not Hasselquist).

Shell sub-cordate, convex behind; lunule simple; valves
closed, smooth or nearly smooth behind. Hinge with the
cardinal teeth well developed.

"Raltiruni, Beck.

Califomianum, Conr.

456 cardiidjE.

Californiense, Desk. magnum, Bom.

ciliatum, Fair. Nuttallii, Conr.

edule, Linn. ovale, Sow.

Eicliwaldi, Reeve. setosum, Red/.

elegantulum, Beck. substriatum, Conr.

exiguum, Linn. Suecicum, Reeve.
Lamarckii, Reeve.

Sub-gen. serripes, Beck (Aphrodita, Lea. Acardo, Swains.).

Shell sub-cordate, compressed, rather thin, sub-equilateral;
valves with obsolete, radiating ridges, slightly gaping ; beaks
rather prominent. Hinge with the cardinal teeth wanting.

blandum, Gould. modestum, Adams and Reeve.

Grcenlandicum, Chem. muticum, Reeve.

Islandicum, Chew.

Genus papyridea, Swainson.

Shell thin, smooth, oblong, elongate or transversely oval ;
hinder gape moderate, and furnished with a serrated pos-
terior margin.

Ex. P. spinosa, Meuschen, pi. 112, fig. 1, 1, a.

There are but few species of Payyridea at present known,
which are from Madagascar and Australia.

Species of Papyridea.

aspera, Sow. spinosa, Meusch.

hiulca, Reeve. transversa, Sow.

ringicula. Sow.

L/EVICARDll'M.

457

Sub-gen. fulvia, Gray.
Shell sub-globose, rather produced behind.

Cumingii, Brod.
bullata, Linn.

papyracea, Chem.
tenuieostata, Sow.

Genus L^SVICARDITJM, Swainson.

Shell longitudinally oval, inequilateral; surface of valves
simple, neither ribbed nor spinous ; hinder gape small.

Syn. Liocardium, Morch.

Ex. L. Norvegicum, Spengler, pi. 112, fig. 2. Shell,
L. Norvegicum, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The shells of this group are readily to be distinguished by
the smooth surface of the valves. The species are widely
distributed, being found in Europe, Africa, the West Indies,
America, California, and China.

Species of Lcevicardium.

alternatum, Soiv.
aurantiacum, Adams & Reeve.
australe, Soic.

Beechei, Adams and Reeve.
biradiatum, Brug.
Brasilianum, Lam.
citrinum, Chem,.
elatum, Soiv.
Elenense, Soiv.
Europium, Wood.
fragile, Sow.

Kalamantinum. Adams and
Reeve.

lsevigatum, Linn.
lyratum, Sow.
multipunctatum, Sow
Norvegicum, Spengl.
oblougum, Chem,.
oviputamen, Reeve.
pectinatum, Linn.
Pennantii, Beck.
pulchrum, Reeve.
Siculum, Sow.
striatulum, Sow.
vitelliuum, Reeve,

458 CARDIID/E.

Genus HEMICARDTA, Klein.

Shell cordate, keeled, very short, hinder side shorter or
impressed ; lunule simple ; valves closed, and smooth or
nearly smooth behind. Hinge with the cardinal teeth dis-
tinct, more or less distorted.

Syn. Cor, Meusch. Corculum, Hebenstr. Cardissa,
Miihlf. Isocardia, Oken, not Lam. or Klein. Hemicar-
dium, Cuv.

Ex. H. cardissa, Linnaus, pi. 112, fig. 3, 3, a.

The members of this group are pretty numerous, and are
met with on the shores of most temperate and tropical
countries. The shells of the typical examples are very
peculiar, from their compressed, heart-shaped form.

Species of Hemicardia.

cardissa, Linn. lineata, Gmel.

Dionsea, Brod. mid Sow. monstrosa, Chem.

humana, Chem. unimaculata, Sow

Sub-gen. fragum, Bolten (Hemicardium, Swains., not Cuv.)

Shell half-heart-shaped, the anterior side abruptly truncate
and very short, the hinder side often longer than the anterior ;
beaks carinated ; ribs smooth, or nodulose.

biangulata, Brod. and Sow. imbricata, Born.

carditseformis, Reeve. lseva, Swains.

donaciforruis, Spengl. media, Linn.

fasciata, Mont. munda, Beeve.

fragum, Linn. nivalis, Beeve.

hemicardium. Linn. nodosa, Mont.

ADACNA. 459

obovalis, Brod. and Sow. speciosa, Adams and Beeve.

ovuloides, Beeve. tumorifera, Lam.

planicostata, Sow. unedo, Linn.

Sub-gen. ctenocardia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell half-heart-shaped, the anterior side abruptly truncate ;
beaks carinated ; ribs spinose.

Adamsii, Beeve. hjstrix, Brod.

exasperata, Sow. imbricata, Soir.

fornicata, Sow. virgo, Beeve.

Sub-gen. lunulicardia, Gray.

Shell closed, smooth or nearly smooth behind, cordate, keeled ;
lunule deeply impressed.

auricula, Forsk. retusa, Linn.

coucamerata, Wood. subretusa, Sow.

Genus ADACNA, Eichwald.

Siphons elongated, united nearly to their ends, the orifices
simple. Foot compressed.

Shell thin, compressed, radiately grooved, gaping behind.
Hinge nearly edentulous. Pallial line sinuated.

Si/n. Pholadomya, Agass. and Micld., not Sow. Hy-
panis, Pander.

Ex. A. lseviuscula, Eichwald, pi. 112, fig. 4. Shell, A.
lseviuscula, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The species of this group are found in the Aral, Caspian,
Azof, and Black Seas, and in the embouchures of the Volga,
Dneister, Dneiper, and Don, burrowing in mud.

460 BUCARDIIDiE.

Species of Adacna.

colorata, Eichw. plicata, Eichw.

edentuia, Pallas. vitrea, Eichiv.

lseviuscula, Eichiv.

Sub-gen. monodacna, Eichwald.

Shell transversely ovate, posteriorly gaping, radiately ribbed,
smooth. Hinge with a single tooth.

Caspia, Eichw. pseudocardia, Desh.

Sub-gen. didacna, Eichwald.

Shell transverse, ribbed ; beaks produced and posteriorly
cariuated. Hinge with two primary teeth.

Australiensis, Reeve. donaciformis, Schrtet.

crassa, Eichw. trigonoides, Pallas.

Fam. BUCAKDIIDiE.

Labial palps long and narrow. Mantle closed, double-
edged, with a pedal opening in front; siphonal orifices close
together, sessile, with fringed margins; gills very large,
nearly equal. Foot compressed, triangular, acuminate.

Shell cordiform, ventricose; beaks sub-spiral, wide apart.
Hinge with two primary and two lateral teeth in each valve,
the anterior lateral teeth sometimes obsolete. Muscular
impressions small ; pallial line simple.

Animal marine ; burrowing in sand.

CARDILIA. 461

Genus BUCARDIA, Lister.

Shell heart-shaped, ventricose, equivalve, smooth or fur-
rowed ; beaks prominent, contorted ; margin of valves en-
tire. Hinge composed of two erect primary teeth (one of
them indented) parallel with the margin in one valve, and
three in the other; a lateral tooth and tooth-like socket;
ligament external, furcate anteriorly. Muscular impressions
small ; pallial sinus none.

Syn. Glossus, Glossoderma, Poli. Buccardium, Miihlf.
Isocardia, Lam., not Klein.

Ex. B. cor, Linnaeus, PL 1 J 2, fig. 5. Shell, B. cor, fig.
5, a, 5, b.

Of this genus, the example given, B. cor, is an inhabitant
of the seas of Europe. The other species, forming the sub-
genus Meiocardia, are entirely from China and the Philip-
pines.

Species of Bucardia.

cor, Linn.

Sub-gen. meiocardia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with the surface of the valves concentrically grooved,
not covered with an epidermis.

Laruarckii, Sow. tetragona, Adams and Reeve.

Moltkiana, Chem. vulgaris, Reeve.

Genus CARDILIA, Deshayes.

Shell oval-oblong, longitudinal, white, cordiform, ventri-
cose ; beaks large, prominent. Hinge with a small cardinal
tooth, and at its side a fossette ; a spoon-shaped cavity to

VOL. ii. 3 o

402 CHAMIDJ5.

receive the internal ligament. Anterior muscular impres-
sion rounded, superficial ; posterior on a thin, horizontal
lamina, projecting into the interior.

Syn. Hemicyclonosta, Desk.

Ex. C. semisulcata, Lamarck, pi. 112, fig. 6, 6, a.

There are only three species of this genus as yet described,
which are inhabitants of the China Sea and the Philippines.

Species of Cardilia.

inermis, Desk. semisulcata, Lam.

Martini, Desk.

Fam. CRAMIDM.

Labial palps small, curled, obliquely truncate. Mantle
closed, the margins united by a curtain fringed -with tenta-
cular filaments ; siphonal orifices small, wide apart, the
branchial slightly prominent, with the orifice fimbriated, the
anal with a simple valve ; gills two on each side, unequal,
plicate, the outer pair very short and narrow, united to each
other behind and to the mantle. Foot cylindrical, bent.

Shell inequivalve, irregular, adherent; beaks unequal,
recurved or sub-spiral. Hinge furnished with two teeth
in one valve, and a single large tooth in the other; liga-
ment external. Muscular impressions large, reticulated;
pallial line simple.

Living attached to stones and rocks.

Genus CHAMA, Linnaeus.

Shell irregular, inequivalve, adherent ; beaks recurved,
unequal. Hinge composed of a single thick, oblique, sub-

CHAMA. 403

crenulated tooth, inserted in a fossa between the two teeth
of the opposite valve ; ligament external, depressed. Mus-
cular impressions lateral, wide apart.

Syn. Globus, Klein. Stola, Browne. Jataronus, Adans.
Macerophyllum, Meusch. Maceris, Modeer. Macero-
phylla, Martini. Psilopus, Poli.

Ex. C. imbricata, Broderij), pi. 113, fig. 1. Shell, C.
macerophylla, Chemnitz, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The shell of Chama consists of three layers; the outer or
coloured layer is laminated by oblique lines of growth, with
corrugations at right angles to the lamina? ; the foliaceous
spines contain reticulated tubuli ; the middle layer is opaque
white, and consists of ill-defined vertical prisms or corru-
gated structure ; the inner layer is transparent and mem-
branous, and penetrated by scattered, vertical tubuli. Up-
wards of forty species are known, from tropical seas. They
are found among coral-reefs in India, China, the West
Indies, the Canaries, and the Mediterranean.

Species of Chama.

aeruginosa, Lam. frondosa, Brod.

appressa, Reeve. gryphoides, Linn.

brassica, Reeve. imbricata, Brod.

carditaeformis, Reeve. iostoma, Lam.

cistula, Reeve. Janus, Reeve.

cornuta, Chew. Japonica, Lam.

corrugata, Brod. .Tubuli, Reeve.

crenulata, Lam. laeiniata, Adams an, I Reeve.

cristella, Lam. Lazarus, Linn.

crocata, Lam. litnbula, Linn.

(Ipcussata, Lam. lingua-felis, Reeve.

exigua, Reeve. lobata, Brad.

fimbriata, Reeve. macerophylla, Chem,

florida, Lam. Pacifica, Brod.

fragum, Reeve. Panamensis, Reeve.

464 CHAMETRACHiEIDiE.

pellis-phocae, Reeve. ruderalis, Lam.

pellucida, Brod. Riippellii, Reeve.

prsetexta, Reeve. sarda, Reeve.

producta, Brod. sordida, Brod.

radians, Lam. variegata, Reeve.
rubea, Reeve.

Sub-gen. arcinella, Schumacher.

Shell spinose, nearly regular and equivalve, always attached
by the right umbo; lunule distinct.

echinata, Brod. spinosa, Schum.

Fam. CHAMETRACILEIILE.

Animal free, or attached by a byssus. Mouth oval, with
large, narrow lips, at the end of which are the narrow,
pointed, labial palps. Mantle double-edged, the inner edge
expanded; pedal opening small, anterior, under the beaks ;
siphonal orifices surrounded by a thickened border, the
branchial plain, the anal remote, with a tubular valve ;
gills two on each side, narrow, plicate, united behind, the
outer pair composed of a single lamina, the inner thick,
with grooved margins. Foot small, thick, cylindrical, with
a byssal groove.

Shell regular, equivalve, truncate anteriorly; surface of
valves strongly ribbed ; margins dentate. Ligament exter-
nal. Muscular impressions united, the hinder large, sub-
central, the anterior obsolete.

Genus CHAMETRACH.EA, Klein.

Shell regular, equivalve, transverse, triangular, inequi-
lateral, solid, with a large byssal sinus in each valve in

hippopus. 465

front near the beak ; surface of valves with prominent,
scaly, radiating ribs ; margins strongly dentate. Hinge
composed of a single primary, compressed tooth in each
valve, two posterior lateral teeth in one valve, and a single
one in the other ; ligament external, marginal.

Syn. Labrum, Meusch. Lavacrum, Hippopus, Mart.
Tridacna, Da Costa.

Ex. C. scapha, Meuschen, pi. 113, fig. 2. Shell, C.
scapha, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The byssal orifice in the animal is large, close to the
umbo, occupying nearly the whole anterior side ; the byssus
is very large ; the foot is small, finger-like, and grooved ;
and the adductor muscle is round, large, and central. The
shell, according to Dr. Carpenter, is very dense, being so
calcified as almost to obliterate every trace of organic
structure. The species are found imbedded in coral-reefs
in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and in the China Sea.
The shells often attain a large size, sometimes weighing
upwards of 500 lbs., and measuring two feet across.

Sjiecies of Chametrachcca.

elongata, Lam. scutrum, Meusch

gigas, Linn. serrifera, Lam.

mutica, Lam. squamosa, Lam.
scapha, Meusch.

Genus HIPPOPUS, Meuschen.

Shell equivalve, regular, trigonal; byssal sinus at the
fore-part of valves, indistinct ; surface of valves with imbri-
cated, scaly, radiating ribs. Hinge composed of two com-
pressed, unequal, primary teeth in each valve; ligament
external, marginal.

466 LUCINACEA.

Syn. Pelvis, Miihlf. Cerceis, Gist.

Ex. H. equinus, Meuschen, pi. 113, fig. 3. Shell, H.
equinus, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

This genus is readily distinguished from the precediug
by the absence of the byssal foramen, and by the double
primary tooth of the hinge. The only species known is
from the Indian Seas, where it inhabits the coral-reefs at
low-water mark.

Order LUCINACEA.

Mantle-lobes free beneath, united posteriorly, forming a
separate siphonal opening. Foot usually cylindrical, elon-
gate, inferior. Anterior adductor muscle usually elongate.

Fam. LUCINFDtE.

Labial palps small and rudimentary. Mantle-lobes free
beneath, furnished behind with one or two sessile siphonal
apertures ; gills one on each side, large, oval, thick. Foot
cylindrical, elongate, inferior, usually hollow throughout
its entire length, the tube opening into the spaces of the
visceral cavity.

Shell equivalve, free, regular, closed, more or less orbi-
cular. Hinge and sculpture of surface variable; interior
dull, or obliquely furrowed; ligament external, or sub-
internal. Muscular impressions very large, rough, elon-
gated ; pallia! line simple.

Genus LUCINA, Bruguiere.

Siphonal orifices simple, without a prolonged anal tube.
Shell orbicular, compressed ; surface of valves variable ;
lunule distinct. Hinge usually composed of two diverging,

LUCINA. 407

primary teeth, and two lateral teeth in each valve ; ligament
usually external. Muscular scars strongly marked, the
anterior elongated; pallia! impression simple.

Syn. Phacoides, Blainville.

Ex. L. Jamaicensis, Spengler, pi. 113, fig. 4, 4, a.

The species of Lticina have a wide geographical range,
being found on the sands along the shores of most countries
of the world. The shells differ considerably in form and
sculpture, being either globose or lenticular, reticulated,
ribbed, or laminated.

Species of Lucina.

annulata, Reeve. gemma, Reeve.

argentea, Reeve. Jamaciensis, Spengl.

aurantia, Desh. lactea, A. Adams.

bicornis, Reeve. Pensylvanica, Linn.

borealis, Linn. pisum, Reeve.

columbella, Lam. simplex, Reeve.

dentifera, Jonas. speciosa, Reeve.

emarginata, Barth. sulcata, Reeve.

funiculata, Reeve. virgo, Reeve.

Sub-gen. cyclas, Klein, not Bruguiere.

Shell with the surface of the valves obliquely and circularly,
or divaricately striated.

arcuata, Mont. eburnea, Reeve.

digitalis, Lam. gibba, Gray.

digitaria, Linn. ornata, Reeve.
divaricata, Linn.

Sub-gen. codakia, Scopoli (Chama, Mart., not Linn. Lentil-

laria, Schum.).

Shell compressed, with the surface of the valves radiately

468 LUCINID-ffl.

ribbed, as well as concentrically striated. Ligament concealed
between the valves.

Autillarum, Reeve. obliqua, Reeve.

exasperata, Reeve. occidentalis. Reeve.

fibula, Adams and Reeve. pecten, Lam.

imbricatula, C. B. Adams. punctata, Linn.

insculpta, Reeve. ramulosa, Gould.

interrupta, Lam. rugifera, Reeve.

munda, A. Adams. tigerina, Linn.

Sub-gen. miltha, H. and A. Adams.

Shell inequivalve, with the surface of the valves nearly
smooth. Hinge with the lateral teeth obsolete.

*

Childreni, Gray.

Sub-gen. myrtea, Turton (Cyrachsea, Leach).

Shell somewhat compressed, with the surface of the valves
lamellated, imbricated, or decussated. Hinge with a single
cardinal tooth in one valve, and two in the other.

fabula, Reeve. scabra, Lam.

Layardi, A. Adams. spinifera, Mont.

lenticula, Reeve. Strangei, A. Adams.

muricata, Spengl. venusta, Phil.
ochracea, Reeve.

Genus loripes, Poli.

Animal with a greatly-prolonged, contractile anal tube.

Shell thin, orbicular ; surface of valves concentrically
striated or lamellated ; beaks small, inflexed ; lunule short.
Hinge with a single primary tooth in the right valve, and
two very small primary teeth in the left valve ; lateral

CRYPTODON. 4C9

teeth rudimentary or none ; cartilage in an oblique groove
of the hinder hinge-margin ; no externa] ligament.

Syn. Anodontia, Link.

Ex. L. lactea, Linnaeus, pi. 114, fig. 1. Shell, L. lactea,
fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The species of Loripes, which are not very numerous,
are chiefly from the West Indies, the Mediterranean, and
the Philippines.

Species of Loripes.

anatellinoides. Reeve. ovulum, Reeve.

barbata, Reeve. ovum, Reeve.

bullula, Reeve. Philippiana, Reeve.

chrysostoma, Meusch. Philippinarum, Hartley

edentula, Linn. pila, Reeve.

globulosa, A. Adams. plicifera, A. Adams.

lactea, Linn. tumida, Reeve.
malum, Reeve.

Genus CRYPTODON, Turton.

Siphonal orifice prolonged and tubular,

Shell thin, smooth, sub-orbicular, inequilateral ; surface
of valves with a radiating groove extending from the beaks
to the hinder extremity ; beaks small, acute ; lunule rather
large, sub-ovate. Hinge with a single erect, primary tooth
in the right valve ; ligament partly concealed by the over-
lapping margins of the valves. Anterior muscular impres-
sion double.

Syn. Thyatira, Leach. Bequania, Leach. Axinus,
/. Sow. Pty china, Phil. Clausina, Jeffr.

Ex. C. flexuosus, Montagu, pi. 114, fig. 2, 2, a.

Of the few species of this genus at present described,
two are British, one is from Sweden, and one from Cuba.

VOL. II. 3 p

470 UNGULINIDJE.

Species of Cryptodon.

ferruginosus, Forbes. Sarsii, Loven.

flexuosus, Mont. tvisinuatus, DVrb

Gouldii, Phil.

Genus GAFRARIUM, Bolten.

Mantle open below, the margin doubly fringed ; siplional
orifice single, with a long, retractile, tubular valve.

Shell transverse, equivalve, ventricose; surface of valves
sculptured ; beaks incurved ; urnbonal area with an oblique
furrow ; margins of valves denticulated internally. Hinge
composed of two primary and two lateral teeth in each
valve. Muscular scars round, polished ; pallial line simple.

Syn. Fimbria, Mii/i/f., not Bohadsch. Idothea, Schum.
Corbis, Guv.

Ex. G. fimbriatum, Linnmis, pi. 1 14, fig. 3, 3, a.

This genus is composed of few species, with elaborately-
sculptured valves. The siphonal orifice of the animal is
provided with a long, retractile, tubular valve ; and the
mantle-margin is furnished with a double fringe. The
Eastern seas afford us examples.

Species of Gafrarium.

cselatum, A. Adams. scitulum, A. Adams.

elegans, Desk. Sowerbii, Reeve.

fimbriatum, Linn.

Fam. UNGULINID^E.

Mouth with four foliaceous, membranous palps. Mantle-
margins united, with the exception of a large, inferior pedal
opening and a small, sessile anal aperture ; gills two pairs

SCACCIIIA. 471

on each side, united behind. Foot vermiform, ending in an
erectile gland, channelled throughout its length.

Shell sub-orbicular. Hinge with two diverging, bifid
primary teeth ; lateral teeth none ; cartilage marginal,
linear. Siphonal inflection none, or rudimentary.

Genus UNGULINA, Daudin.

Mantle-margins fringed ; palpi pointed.

Shell sub -orbicular ; surface of valves covered with a thick,
wrinkled, sometimes dark-coloured epidermis. Hinge-teeth
two in each valve ; ligament very short. Muscular impres-
sions long, rugose.

Ex. U. rubra, Roissy, pi. 114, fig. 4, 4, a.

The species of Ungulina are found buried in sand and
mud on the shores of the Mediterranean and the Eed Sea.
The foot is long, cylindrical, and tubular, with a sort
of erectile gland at the extremity ; and the palps are long
and pointed.

Species of Ungulina.

alba, Rang. transversa, Lam.

rubra, Roissy.

Genus SCACCHTA, Philippi.

Mantle widely open. Foot compressed, linguiform.

Shell ovate, transverse, thin, smooth, equivalve, inequi-
lateral, slightly truncate posteriorly. Hinge with one or
two small cardinal teeth in each valve ; lateral teeth plici-
form, or obsolete ; ligament small, external ; cartilage inter-
nal, inserted in an oblong pit. Muscular impressions small,
rounded, sub-equal ; pallial line simple, without a sinus.

Ex. S. elliptica, Scacchi, pi. 114, fig. 5, 5, a.

472 ungulinidjE.

Tn Scacchia the foot is compressed and tongue-shaped,
instead of being vermiform and tubular, as in the preceding-
genus. The species at present described are from the Me-
diterranean.

Species of Scacchia.
elliptica, Scacchi. ovata, Phil.

Genus MYSIA, Leach.

Mantle-margins nearly plain ; pedal and anal apertures
wide apart.

Shell equivalve, regular, more or less sub-orbicular, ine-
quilateral, nearly smooth, closed. Hinge composed of two
cardinal teeth (the posterior of the right, and anterior of
the left valve bifid) in each valve ; lateral teeth none ;
ligament double, rather long, sub -marginal. Muscular
impressions roundish, nearly equal ; pallial line without a
sinus.

Syn. Diplodonta, Bronn. Sphserella, Conrad. Mit-
trea, Gray.

Ex. M. Brasiliensis, Philippi, pi. 114, fig. 6. Shell,
M. rotundata, Montagu, fig. 6, a, G, b.

In this genus the labial palps are fully developed, large,
and membranous; the gills are composed of two lamina?
on each side ; the siphonal orifice is single; and the foot is
thickened at the end and perforated, and when not pro-
truded from the shell is folded up between the gills. The
foot of M. lupina is said to be compressed and linguiform,
on which account Dr. Gray has limited this genus to that
species, giving to the other species the name of Mittrea.

LASEIDjE.

473

Species of Mysia.

alata, Adams and Reeve.
Americana, Morel.
apicalis, Phil.
Brasiliensis, Phil.
caelata, Reeve.
calculus, Reeve.
circularis, Dkr.
Coreensis, Adams and Reeve.
Cumingii, Sow.
globularis, Lam.
granulosa, Dkr.
Gruneri, Dkr.
inconspicua, Phil.
Indica, Desh.
Jaueirensis, Reeve.

leucoplueota, Reeve.
lupiua, Brocchi.
Moretonensis, Desh.
Novo-Zelandica, Reeve.
oblonga, Sow.
Philippiuarum, Sow.
pisiformis, Desh.
rotuudata, Tiirton.
semiaspera, Phil.
Senegaleusis, Reeve.
sphsericula, Desh.
subglobosa, C. B. Adams.
subrugosa, Dkr.
trigouula, Brown.
Venezuelensis, Dkr.

Sub-gen. felania, Recluz.

Shell sub-lenticular, thin, covered with an epidermis ; a
small lunule. Pallial impression with a short, triangular
sinus.

cornea, Reeve.
diaphana, Gmel.
friabilis, Reeve.
nitens, Reeve.

rosea, Recluz.
sericata, Reeve.
tellinoides, Reeve.

Fam. LASEIDiE.

Mantle with only one siphonal opening, the anal, which
is sometimes sessile, sometimes produced into a tube ; the
mantle folded anteriorly into a canal or tube. Foot ligu-
late, grooved, with a byssiferous organ, and capable of being-
used as a creeping disk.

474 LASEIDiE.

Genus LA SEA, Leach. .

Mantle closed posteriorly ; the anterior tube-like canal
open below.

Shell thin, equivalve, sub-equilateral, sub-orbicular,
tumid or compressed, closed, smooth or concentrically
striated; beaks incurved, small. Hinge composed of one
or two primary teeth, and a lateral tooth in both valves ;
ligament internal or sub-marginal, placed on a cartilage-
bed formed of the thickened hinge-margins of each valve.
Pallial sinus entire.

Si/n. Poronia, Recluz. Cycladina, Cantr.

Ex. L. rubra, Montagu, pi. 114, fig. 7, 7, a. Shell, L.
rubra, fig. 7, b, 7, c.

The great peculiarity of Lasea is in the open, tubular
prolongation of the front of the mantle. The species are
of small size, and are found in various regions of the
globe.

Species of Lasea.

Adansonii, Cantr. purpurata, Phil.

incerta, Recluz. rubra, Mont.

ovata, Gould. scalaris, Phil.

Parreysii, Phil. spurca, Recluz.
physoides, Lam.

Genus KELLIA, Turton.

A very short posterior anal siphon ; anterior tube undi-
vided, entire below.

Shell thin, equivalve, sub-equilateral, sub-orbicular,

PYTHINA. 475

tumid or compressed, closed, smooth or concentrically
striated ; beaks incurved, small. Hinge composed of one
or two primary teeth, and a lateral tooth in both valves;
ligament internal or sub-marginal, interrupting the hinge-
margin. Pallia! sinus entire.

Si/u. Bornia, Phil. Chironia, Desk. Solecardia, Con-
rad. Erycina, Recluz, not Lam.

Ex. K. suborbicularis, Montagu, pi. 114, fig. 8, 8, a.
Shell, K. suborbicularis, fig. 8, b, 8, c.

The genus Kellia may at once be distinguished from
Lasea by an examination of the anterior tubular fold of
the mantle, which is closed below. The species are of
world-wide distribution.

Species of Kellia.

corbuloides, Phil. planulata, Stimp.

eburnea, Conr. quadrata, Gould

lactea, Brown. rugosa, Recluz.

Leperousii, Desh. seminulum, Phil.

railiaris, Phil. suborbicularis, Mont.
Petitiana, Recluz.

Genus PYTHINA, Hinds.

Shell trigonal ; surface of valves divaricately sculptured ;
beaks small, opposite. Hinge composed of a single small
primary tooth, and two lateral teeth in one valve ; and two
lateral teeth in the other; ligament external, narrow; car-
tilage in a linear pit extending obliquely from the beaks to
the base of the hinder lateral tooth. Muscular im-
pressions equal, rounded ; pallial line with a slight,
triangular sinus.

St/Ji. Mylitta, D'Orh. and Recluz.

476 LASEID^E.

Ex. P. Deshayesiana, Hinds, pi. 114, fig. 9, 9, a.

The shell in Pythina is constricted towards the middle
of the ventral margin, causing the lateral portions to appear
as two lohes. The species are from America, New Ireland,
Australia, and the Philippines.

Species of Pythina.

arcuata, A. Adams. nucleus (Mactra), Conr.

Cumingii, A. Adams. paula, A. Adams.

Deshayesiana, Hinds. peculiaris, A. Adams.

Deshayesii, D'Orb. and Reel. triangularis, A. Adams.

Genus MONTACUTA, Turton.

Shell small, thin, equivalve, inequilateral, transversely
ohlong; surface of valves radiately furrowed; beaks in-
flected; inner margins smooth. Hinge-margin with a tri-
gonal incision and cartilage-pit, and a pair of diverging
laminar teeth in one or both valves; ligament internal.
Pallial impression simple.

Ex. M. substriata, Turton, pi. 114, fig. 10. Shell, M.
substriata, fig. 10, a, 10, b.

The genus Montacuta differs from Kellia and La-sea in
a very remarkable manner. The fore-part of the mantle is
entirely destitute of the peculiar tubular processes found in
those genera; on which account Mr. W. Clark has con-
stituted for the genus a distinct family.

Genus CYAMIUM, Philippi.

Anal siphon slender and produced. Foot large, heeled.
Shell transverse, equivalve, thin, very inequilateral,

leptonidjE. 477

slightly gnping; surface of valves concentrically striated.
Hinge composed of two primary teeth in each valve, the
anterior lamellar; ligament external; cartilage internal,
placed in a triangular pit behind the teeth. Pallia! line
simple.

Syn. Turtonia, Hartley.

Ex. C. minutum, O. Fabricius, pi. 114, fig. 11. Shell,
C. antarcticum, Philippi, fig. 11, a, 11, b.

The great peculiarity of Cyamium is in the produced
anal siphon of the animal. In C. minuta the longer side
of the shell is posterior, while in Kellia the shorter side is
posterior.

Species of Cyamium.

antarcticum, Phil. elevatum, Stimp.

minutum, 0. Fahr.

Fam. LEPTONIDiE.

Animal compressed. Mantle freely open in front, its
margin extending considerably beyond the shell, and bear-
ing, superiorly, a range of filaments, one of which is much
larger than the rest ; a short siphonal tube, with a single
aperture, at the larger end of the shell ; branchial leaflets
two on each side, and separate. Foot thick and tapering,
keeled and disked, furnished with a byssal groove.

Genus LEPTON, Turton.

Shell equivalve, orbicular, sub-equilateral, compressed,
gaping slightly at the sides ; surface of valves shagreened, or
smooth ; margins plain ; beaks acute. Hinge composed of
a pair of teeth-like lamina? on each side of a triangular,

vol. it. 3 Q

478 leptonidjE.

central excision in one valve ; a primary apical tooth in
front of a sub-triangular excision of the hinge-margin, and
flanked on each side by a sub-lateral lamina in the other.
Pallial impression simple.

Ex. L. squamosum, Montagu, pi. 115, fig. 1. Shell,
L. squamosum, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

In Lepton the mantle is much produced beyond the
margin of the shell, and is furnished with slender, tentacu-
lar filaments. The foot is folded as in Area, but when
the animal is in motion it forms an expanded disk.

Species of Lepton.

anomalum, Desh. nitidurn, Turt.

Clarkise, Clark. squamosum, Mont.

convexum, Alder.

Genus TELLIMYA, Brown.

Mantle produced beyond the margin of the shell, fringed,
and open freely anteriorly, with only one distinct and sessile
siphonal orifice (anal). Foot large, broad, slightly geni-
culate, and furnished with a byssal groove.

Shell oval, white ; surface of valves roughened at the
margins with minute points; beaks prominent, pointed.
Hinge composed of a cartilage-pit in each valve, and pro-
vided with an ossicle ; a strong, triangular, pointed cardinal
tooth on each side of the cartilage-pit in the right valve, and
two rather distant, obsolete lateral teeth in the left valve.

Ex. T. bidentata, Montagu, pi. 115, fig. 2, 2, a.

In this genus the hinge is furnished with an ossicle as in
the members of the family Anatinidce, on which account
Mr. W. Clark places it in that group. The peculiarities of

galeommidte. 479

the animal, however, induce us to regard it as most nearly
allied to Lejrton.

Species of Tellimya.

bidentata, Mont. ferruginosa, Mont.

Fam. GALEOMMIDiE.

Animal oval. Mouth with large lips, and developed
labial palps. Mantle very large, double-margined, tuber-
culiferous, closed in front; siphonal openings posterior,
two ; two pairs of branchial leaflets. Foot long, ligulate,
byssiferous, perforate, projecting from an anterior opening
of the mantle.

Genus GAXEOMMA, Turton.

Shell thin, transversely oval, equivalve, sub-equilateral,
gaping widely in front; surface of valves longitudinally
striated and decussated ; beaks minute, acute. Cartilage-
pits under the beaks, small ; no hinge-teeth ; ligament
internal. Pallial impression simple.

Syn. Parthenope, Scacchi. Hiatella, Costa, not Daud.
or Brown.

Ex. G. Turtoni, Sowerby, pi. 115, fig. 3. Shell, G.
Turtoni, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

The mantle in Galeomma is extended beyond the edges of
the shell, and the margins are furnished with ocelli or tuber-
cles. The foot is byssiferous, and the animal, generally,
has resemblances to that of the Arciihe.

Species of Galeomma.

ambigua, Desk. argentea, Desk.

angusta, Desk. aurantia, Law.

480 galeommidjE.

chloroleuca, Desk. machrochisma, Desh.

formosa, Desk. paucistriata, Desh.

indecora, Desh. polita, Desh.

inflata, Desh. splendida, Desh.

Layardi, Desh. Turtoni, Sow.

Genus SCINTILLA, Deshayes.

Animal unknown.

Shell transversely ovate, obtuse, somewhat gaping at
both sides, tumid, thin, very shining, destitute of epidermis ;
superior margin usually straight ; inferior parallel, and never
emarginate in the middle. Hinge narrow, short ; in the
right valve a single, porrect, uncinate cardinal tooth ; in
the left two, unequal, approximate, divaricate teeth, the in-
ternal the larger : a lateral tooth, short, conical, or sub-
quadrangular, on the hind side near the hinge, received into
the follicle of the bifid tooth in the other valve ; ligament
internal, short, broad, thin, affixed in a narrow, oblique
groove in each valve. Pallial impression entire.

Ex. S. Philippinensis, Deshayes, pi. J 1 5, fig. 4, 4, a.

One species of this genus appears to have been known
to M. Quoy, and was described by him under the name of
Psammobia vitrea, but was said to have two cardinal teeth,
and an external ligament. The animal, according to him,
approached that of Galeomma, and is certainly far from
being a true Psammobia. The shells of the genus Scin-
tilla have a peculiar appearance, which distinguishes them
from all other known genera. They have an affinity on
one side with Erycina, as reconstructed by M. Eecluz,
and on the other side with Galeomma, and are, appa-
rently, intermediate between the groups. There is a singu-
larity in the external appearance of some of the species,

.SOLEMYIDjK.

481

which consists of a multitude of very fine punctations, of
an opaque white colour, upon the shells, and which de-
prives them, in such portions, of their transparency.
There does not appear to be any ossicle to the hinge.
(Desh.)

Adamsi, Desh.
aurantiaca, Desh.
Candida, Desh.
crocea, Desh.
crystallina, Desh.
Cumingii, Desh.
Cuvieri, Desh.
faba, Desh.
flavida, Desh.
Forbesii, Desh.
Hanleyi, Desh.
hyalina, Desh.
hydatina, Desh.
hydrophana, Desh.
Jukesi, Desh.
opalina, Desh.
ovulina, Desh.
Owenii, Desh.

Species of Scintilla.

pallidula, Desh.
pellicula, Desh.
Philippinensis, Desh.
porulosa, Desh.
pudica, Desh.
Recluziana, Desh.
Reevei, Desh.
rosea, Desh.
scintillans, Desh.
solidula, Desh.
Strangei, Desh.
striatina, Desh.
succinea, Desh.
tenuis, DesJt.
Timorensis, Desh.
turgescens, Desh.
turgida, Desh.
vitrea, Quoy.

Fam. SOLEMYIDiE.

Palpi very small and slender. Mantle closed, except at a
large opening with cirrhated edges, anteriorly, for the pas-
sage of the foot, and at a single small opening at the pos-
terior extremity, also cirrhated; gills forming a very thick
lobe on each side, situated far posteriorly, and having a lon-
gitudinal sulcus in the middle of each. Foot large, trun-
cated and excavated at its extremity which has iim-
briated edges.

482 solemyidjE.

Genus SOLEMYA, Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong, obtuse
at the extremities ; valves covered with a shining, brown
epidermis which extends beyond the margins. Hinge with
a cardinal tooth in each valve, and a callosity running
between them, which receives the ligament, showing it both
externally and internally.

Syn. Solenomya, Mice. Solenymia, Swains.

Ex. S. solen, Salis-Marchlius, pi. 115, fig. 5. Shell,
S. solen, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

Stimpson observes, that the thinness of the shell enables
the animal to make surprising leaps, and that he has seen it
leaping or swimming about in the water for some time with-
out touching the bottom. The leap is performed by suddenly
drawing in the umbrella-shaped foot at the same time that
water is expelled from the posterior opening by the closing
of the valves. In this genus the posterior side of the shell
is the shorter, and the epidermis is greatly developed and
extended beyond the margin of the valves. There are
four species known, from the United States, New Zealand,
New Holland, the Mediterranean, and the Gaboon River in
Western Africa. The animals are usually found burrowing
in mud, in about two fathoms of water.

Species of Solemya.

australis, Lam. solen, Sails-March.

borealis, Tott. velum, Say.

ASTARTIDVE. 483

Fain. ASTARTLD^.

Labial palps plicate, short, triangular. Lobes of mantle
disunited in their entire length, the branchial margin
bearded; gills two pairs, rounded in front, tapering and free
behind the body. Foot conical, compressed, rather an-
gulated behind.

Shell free, oblong or cordate, thick; surface of valves
often concentrically ribbed, and covered with a brown
epidermis. Hinge with strongly-developed cardinal teeth.
Pallial impression quite entire, or with only a slight indi-
cation of a sinus.

Marine.

Genus ASTARTE, J. Sowerby.

Shell solid, closed, oblong, sub-orbicular or triangular,
equivalve; surface of valves smooth or transversely fur-
rowed, covered with a thick, brown epidermis; lunule almost
always distinct. Hinge composed of two strong, diverging
primary teeth in one valve, and a primary tooth in the
other; ligament external, elongated, usually lodged in a
lozenge. Muscular impressions ovate, strongly marked ;
pallial line simple.

Syn. Crassina, Lam. Tridonta, Schum. Mactrina,
Broun. Goodallia, Turton. Nicania, Leach.

Ex. A. sulcata, Da Costa, pi. 115, fig. 6. Shell, A.
sulcata, fig. 6, a, 6, b.

The species of Astarte are found in sandy mud in
Northern Seas ; on the shores of Norway, Greenland,
Northern Europe, and North America. The valves of
the shell are nearly always covered with a dark, chest-

484 ASTARTIPjE.

nut-brown epidermis on a colourless surface; the mus-
cular impressions are strongly marked; the dorsal area and
lunule are excavated; and the inner margin of the valves is
sometimes crenulated.

Species of Astarte.

arctica, Gray. mactracea, Linsl.

Banksii, Leach. oblonga, Sow. Jun.

bilunata, Conr. Pfeifferi, Phil.

castanea, Say. Portlandica, Migh.

compressa, Mont. quadrans, Gould.

crebricostata, Forbes. semisulcata, Leach.

elliptica, Brown. subsequilatera, Sow. Jan.

f'usca, Poll. sulcata, Da Costa.

intermedia, Sow. Jan. triangularis, Mont.

lactea, Brod. and Sow. undata, Gould.

Genus GOULDIA, C. B. Adams.

Mantle-margin denticulated; siphons very short, dis-
united, their margins ciliated. Foot linguiform.

Shell sub-trigonal, equivalve ; surface of valves con-
centrically striated or laminated ; lunule distinct. Hinge
composed of two primary teeth in one valve, and one in
the other; and two anterior, remote lateral teeth, one in
each valve. Pallial line simple, or very slightly sinuated.

Syn. Thetis, C. B. Adams, not Soiverby.

Ex. G. minima, Montagu, pi. 115, fig. 7. Shell, G.
Pacifica, C. B. Adams, fig. 7, a, 7, b.

The species of Gouldia are few in number. One, G.
minima, is met with on the coasts of Britain, the others are
from the West Indies, and Mazatlan.

CRASSATELLA. 485

Species of Gould hi.

cerina, C. B. Adams. Pacifica, C. B. Adams.

Guadaloupensis, D'Orb. parva, C. B. Adams.

Martiuicensis, D'Orb. varians, Cpr.
minima, Mont.

Genus CRASSATELLA, Lamarck.

Shell solid, closed, equivalve, attenuated behind ; surface
of valves smooth, or furrowed concentrically; margins
simple, or crenulated; lunule distinct. Hinge composed of
two sub -diverging, striated primary teeth placed in front of
a cartilage-pit ; lateral teeth usually one in each valve ;
ligament internal, inserted in a pit in each valve. Muscular
impressions strong, rounded; pallial line simple.

Syn. Ptychomya, Agassiz (fossil). Paphia, Roissy, not
Lam. or Fabr.

Ex. C. pulchra, Reeve, pi. 116, fig. 1. Shell, C.
Kingicola, Lamarck, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

In this genus the mantle is entirely open, with the in-
halent margins cirrhated ; the palpi are triangular ; and the
foot is compressed, triangular, and grooved. The species
are usually dredged from deep water, and are most nu-
merous in the Australian Seas; four, however, have been
obtained from Asia, three from America, and one from
Africa; while none have hitherto been detected in Europe.
The genus is found in a fossil state in the Neocomian of
Patagonia and the South of Europe.

VOL. II. 3 R

486

ASTARTIDjE.

Species of Crassatella.

Antillarum, Reeve.
bellula, A. Adams.
castanea, Reeve.
cornpressa, Adams and Reeve.
compta, A. Adams.
concinna, A. Adams.
corbuloides, Reeve.
corrugata, Adams and Reeve.
Oumingii, A. Adams.
decipiens, Reeve.
divaricata, Ohem.
donacina, Lam.
gibbosa, Sow.
jubar, Reeve.
Kingicola, Lam.
lrevis, A. Adams.

lapidea, Reeve.
nana, Adams and Reeve.
obscura, A. Adams.
ornata, Gray.
pallida, Adams and Reeve.
picta, Adams and Reeve.
pulcbra, Reeve.
radiata, Sow.
rostrata, Lam.
speciosa, A. Adams.
subradiata, Lam.
sulcata, Lam.
triquetra, Reeve.
truucata, A. Adams.
vmdulata, Sow.
zic-zac, Reeve.

Genus ACTINOBOLFS, Klein.

Foot sickle-shaped, not byssiferous.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, ovate or cordate ; surface of
valves with strong radiating ribs. Hinge with two oblique
cardinal teeth directed towards the same side, hinder car-
dinal tooth in left valve triangular, single, elongate; lateral
teeth none.

Syn. Cardita, Lam., not Bray. Cardiocardites, Blainv.
Agaria, Gray.

Ex. A. sulcatus, Lamarck, pi. 110, fig. 2. Shell, A.
ajar, Adanson, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The genus Venericardia, as properly restricted, is en-
tirely extinct, the species referred to that genus by Lamarck
(V. antiquata) belonging to the Actinobolus of Klein.

ACTINOBOLUS.

487

The species of Actinobolus are usually obtained from deep
water, and are most numerous in the Chinese and Australian
Seas, though some are found on the shores of North Ame-
rica, and in the West Indies.

Sjiecies of Actinobolus.

abyssicola, Hinds.
aculeatus, Phil.
ajar, Adans.
amabilis, Desh.
angisulcatus, Reeve.
antiquatus, Linn.
australis, Quoy.
Belcheri, Desh.
birnaculatus, Desh.
borealis, Coiir.
canaliculatus, Reeve.
cardioides, Reeve.
castoruca, Desh.
compressus, Reeve.
Conradi, Shuttl.
corbis, Phil.
crassus, Gray.
crenulatus, Desh.
CumiDgii, Desh.
Ouvieri, Brod.
difficilis, Desh.
elegantulus, Desh.
ferruginosus, Adams and

Reeve.
flabellum, Reeve.
flammeus, Mich.
gibbosus, Reeve.
Gunnii, Desh.

incrassatus, Sow.
Jukesii, Desh.
Koreensis, Desh.
lacunosus, Reeve.
laticostatus, Sow.
marmoreus, Reeve.
niegastrophus, Gray.
lritidus, Reeve.
nodulosus, Reeve.
ovalis, Reeve.
Preissii, Mice.
procerus, Gould.
purpuratus, Desh.
rostratus, Gmel.
semen, Reeve.
Sowerbyi, Desh.
spurcus, Sow.
squamifer, Desh.
sulcatus, Lam.
tegulatus, Reeve.
ti'icolor, Sow.
tridentatus, Say.
tumidus, Brod.
varius, Brod.
veirtricosus, Gould.
vestitus, Desh.
Zelandicus, Desh.

488 ASTARTIDiE.

Genus MYTILICARDIA, Blainville.

Foot rounded, grooved, byssiferous.

Shell elongate, oblong, very inequilateral, strongly cos-
tate, ribs scaly. Hinge with the front cardinal tooth
triangular, diverging; hinder cardinal tooth in the left
valve double, both laminre being equally developed, and
elongate; anterior lateral tooth wanting.

Syn. Mytilocardita, Anton. Jesonia, Gray.

Ex. M. calyculata, Bruguiere, pi. 116, fig. 3, 3, a.

The species of Mytilicardia are widely distributed, being
met with in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, the Philip-
pines, the islands of the Pacific, and on the coasts of Africa
and South America.

Species of Mytilicardia.

calyculata, Brug. muricata, Sow.

crassicostata, Lam. pica, Reeve.

distorta, Reeve. radula, Reeve.

Essingtonensis, Desk. rufescens, Reeve.

excavata, Desk. teretiuscula, Phil.

excisa, Phil. umbilicata, Desh.

fabula, Reeve. variegata, Brug.
Jeson, Adans.

Sub-gen. beguina, Bolten (Azarella, Gray).

Shell roundish, compressed, striated, dilated behind. Front
binge-tooth elongate, compressed, similar and parallel to the
hinder ; lateral teeth none.

gubernaculum, Reeve. volucris, Reeve.

semiorbiculata, Linn.

unionidjR. 489

Sub-gen. glans, Miihlfeldt.

Shell trapeziform, with radiating, crenulated ribs ; margin of
valves plicate.

naviformis, Reeve. trapezia, Linn.

Sub-gen. thecalia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oblong, radiately ribbed; interior of valves folded on
themselves, forming a receptable for the ova.

concamerata, Chem.

Genus LAZARIA, Gray.

Shell transversely oblong, strongly costate. Hinge with
the front cardinal tooth compressed; anterior lateral tooth
distinct.

Ex. L. radiata, Broderip, pi. 116, fig. 4, 4, a.

The genus Lazaria comprises but few species, chiefly
from Madagascar and South America.

Species of Lazaria

affinis, Brod. pectunculus, Brag.

Californica, Desk. radiata, Brod.

gracilis, Shuttl.

Fam. UNIONID.E.

Labial palps wider than long, usually united as far as the
middle of their hind margins. Mantle-lobes entirely dis-
united, not produced into siphonal tubes, the branchial

490 unioninjE.

region fringed with cirrhi, the anal plain. Foot large, thick,
tongue-shaped, somewhat produced anteriorly, not provided
with a hyssal groove.

Shell equivalve, covered externally with an epidermis ;
pearly in the inside of the valves; hinge variable.

Fresh- water.

Sub-lam. UNIONIN^.
Foot moderate.

Genus UNIO, Retzius.

Outer gill united to the mantle as far as its extremity ;
inner gill not united to the foot.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, variable in shape, covered
with an olivaceous epidermis ; beaks usually eroded. Hinge
with primary teeth, and with elongated laterals; ligament
external, more or less elongated. Pallial impression simple ;
muscular scars conspicuous.

Syn. Elliptio, Eurynea, Rafin. Mysca, Turt. Margaron
(part), Lea. Mya, Humph., not Linn. Lymnium, O/cen,
Luticola, Goldf. Cunicula, Legumia, Strains.

Ex. U. pictorum, Linnteus, pi. 116, fig. 5. Shell, U.
pictorum, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

M. Agassiz observes, that in this extensive genus of
fluviatile bivalve shells the gills are free from the abdominal
sac, their posterior extremity being attached to the mantle.
The eggs in the female fill the whole extent of the outer
gill. The inside of the valves is covered with a thick,
often iridescent nacre, and the character of the hinge-teeth
is very variable. The greatest number of species inhabit

UN 10.

491

the lakes and rivers of North America ; about five are
from Africa; at least ten undisputed species are European;
two only are from New Holland ; upwards of forty are from
the fresh waters of Asia ; and nearly thirty are South
American in their geographical distribution.

Species of Unio.

aheneus, Lea.
angustatus, Lea.
arctatus, Conr.
arctior, Lea.
arcus, Conr.
Barrattii, Lea.
bilineatus, Lea.
Gailliaudii, Ferus.
Corrianus, Lea.
dactylus, Lea.
Duttoniauus, Lea.
elongatus, Pfeiff.
fatuus, Lea.
Fisherianus, Lea.
folliculatus, Lea.
gibbosus, Barnes.
Ingallsianus, Lea.
iris, Lea.
Jayensis, Lea.
lanceolatus, Lea.

lugubris, Lea.
marginalis, Lea.
nasutus, Say.
orieutalis, Lea.
parallelopipedon, D'Orb.
Patagonicus, D'Orb.
perstriatus, Lea.
phaseolus, Hild.
pictorurn, Linn.
platyrhynchus, Rossm.
productus, Conr.
rectus, Lam.
sagittiformis, Lea.
Sbepardianus, Lea.
strigosus, Lea.
teuuissimus, Lea.
teres, Rqfin.
tumidus, Retz.
Vaugbanianus, Lea.

Sub-gen. bariosta, Rafinesque (Potamida, Swains).
Shell not winged, arcuated ; surface of valves smooth.

crassus, Retz.
emarginatus, Lea.
Fellmanni, Desh.

Lazarus, Lea.
monodontus, Say.

492

UNI0NI1LE.

Sub-gen. naidea, Swainson.
Shell not winged, ob-ovate ; surface of valves smooth.

arnygdalum, Lea.
biangulatus, Lea.
Boydianus, Lea.
contradens, Lea.
cuprinus, Lea.
Floridensis, Lea.
foliaceus, Gould.
hyalinus, Lea.
lenior, Lea.

modioliformis, Lea.
nigrinus, Lea.
obtusus, Lea.
papyraceus, Gould.
pellucidus, Lea.
rhombeus, Wag.
Tappauianus, Lea.
tenerus, Bav.
ventricosus, Soland.

Sub-gen. obovaria, Rafinesque (Rhipidodonta, M'orch).
Shell not winged, sub-rotund ; surface of valves smooth.

circulus, Lea.
coccineus, Lea.
dolabelloides, Lea.
ebenus, Lea.
Kirtlandianus, Lea.
lens, Lea.
Lesueurianus, Lea.
Masoni, Conr.
membranaceus, Maton.
nucleopsis, Conr.

Paranensis, Lea.
personatus, Say.
pilaris, Lea.
rotundatus, Lam.
rubellus, Conr.
subrotundus, Lea.
torsus, Bqfin.
unicolor, Lea.
variabilis, Maton.

Sub-gen. niaa, Swainson.
Shell not winged, oblong; surface of valves smooth.

angustus, Lam.
atratus, Swains.
auratus, Swains.
Blandingianus, Lea.

brevidens, Lea.
Buddianus, Lea.
callosus, Lea.
camptodon, Say.

IDUO.

493

coniplanatus, Soland.
confertus, Lea.
Congaraeus, Lea.
corrugatus, Retz.
cultelliformis, Conr.
Ouvierianus, Lea.
Dariensis, Lea.
declivis, Say.
depressus, Lam.
exolescens, Gould.
farnelicus, Gould.
fratenius, Lea.
fuliginosus, Lea.
fulvus, Lea.
Geddingsianus, Lea.
Gibbesianus, Lea.
Griffithianus, Lea.
Hopetonensis, Lea.
jejunus, Lea.

limatulus, Conr.
litoralis, Drop.
lutulentus, Gould.
modestus, Ferus.
neglectus, Lea.
obesus, Lea.
occidentalis, Conr.
paliatus, Raven.
paludicolus, .Gould.
Roanokensis. Lea.
rufusculus, Lea.
sordidus, Lea.
subplanus, Conr.
symmetricus, Lea.
tetralasmus, Say.
tortivus, Lea.
Tuomeyi, Lea.
Watereensis, Lea.
Whiteianus, Lea.

Sub-gen. hyridella, Swainson (Micromya, Agass.).
Shell not winged, oval; surface of valves smooth.

affinis, Lea.
altilis, Conr.
aincenus, Lea.
approximus, Lea.
aratus, Lea.
australis, Lam.
Batavus, Lam.
Bengalensis, Lea.
Binneyi, Lea.
Bonneaudii, Eyd.
Brumbyanus, Lea.
Bucklyi, Lea.
Burroughianus, Lea.
buxeus, Lea.
caBruleus, Lea.

VOL. It.

Caffer, Krauss.
caliginosus, Lea.
capax, Green.
capsseformis, Lea.
cariosus, Say.
charruanus, D'Orb.
Children!, Gray.
Claibornensis, Lea.
Clarkianus, Lea.
concavus, Lea.
constrictus, Conr.
creperus, Lea.
crocatus, Lea.
Cumberlandianus, Lea.
delodontus, Lam.

3 s

494

UNIONINiE.

discus, Lea.
divaricatus, Lea.
dolabraeformis, Lea.
Egyptiacus, Caill.
exiguus, Lea.
exilis, Dkr.
faba, D'Orb.
fabalis, Lea.
flavescens, Lea.
fuscatus, Lea.
Gaudicbaudii, Eyd.
Georgianus, Lea.
glaber, Lea.
glans, Lea.
Gouldii, Lea.
Greenii, Conr.
Haleianus, Lea.
bebes, Lea.
Hydianus, Lea.
ineptus, Lea.
interruptus, Lea.
Javanus, Lea.
Keraudreni, Eyd.
lamellatus, Lea.
Lecontianus, Lea.
lienosus, Conr.
ligamentous, Lam.
lineatus, Lea.
luridus, Lea.
luteolus, Lam.
Medellinus, Lea.
Menkianus, Lea.
minor, Lea.
Mississippiensis, Conr.
mcestus, Lea.
Monroensis, Lea.
Moussonianus, Lea.
Miiblfeldtianus, Lea.
niultidentatus, Phil.
multiradiatus, Lea.

mutatus, Mouss.
Nasbvillianus, Lea.
nigellus, Lea.
nigerrinius, Lea.
Niloticus, Caill.
nitens, Lea.
notatus, Lea.
Novi-Eboraci, Lea.
nux, Lea.
obscurus, Lea.
occidens, Lea.
occultus, Lea.
ochraceus, Say.
olivarius, Lea.
orbiculatus, Hild.
Oregonensis, Lea.
pallescens, Lea.
parvus, Barnes.
paulus, Lea.
perdix, Lea.
perovalis, Conr.
perovatus, Conr.
Petteriauus, Kilst.
pictus, Lea.
placitus, Lea.
Powellii, Lea.
Prevostianus, Lea.
productior, Mouss.
profugus, Lea.
proxirnus, Lea.
pulcber, Lea.
pull us, Conr.
pusillus, Lea.
radiatus, Gmel.
Pieeveianus, Lea.
regularis, Lea.
Sapotalensis, L,ea.
saxeus, Conr.
simplex, Lea.
simus, Ljea.

UN10.

495

Srnitbii, Gray.
spatulatus, Lea.
splendidus, Lea.
stagnalis, Conr.
Stonensis, Lea.
straruineus, Conr.
subangulatus, Lea.
Tampicoensis, Lea.

Tecomatensis, Lea.
tener, Lea.
Tennesseensis, Lea.
Vanuxeniensis, Lea.
ventricosus, Barnes.
venustus, Lea.
vibex, Conr.
Zeiglerianus, Lea.

Sub-gen. lampsilis, Rafinesque (Truncilla, Pleurobema, Syn-
toxia, Scalenaria, Plagiola, Bajin. Unio, Lam., not Bete.
Crenodonta, Schlut. iEglia, Swains.).

Shell not winged, more or less triangular or oblique, and
truncate at one end ; surface of valves smooth.

abacus, Hald.
arcaeforrnis, Lea.
argenteus, Lea.
Barnesianus, Lea.
Bigbyensis, Lea.
Bournianus, Lea.
camelus, Lea.
castaneus, Lea.
clavus, Lam.
compressissimus, Lea.
cor, Conr.
crassidens, Lam.
cuneolus, Lea.
cyreuoides, Phil.
decisus, Lea.
donaciformis, Lea.
Edgarianus, Lea.
elegans, Lea.
ellipsis, Lea.
Estabrookianus, Lea.
Forbesianus, Lea.
Foremanianus, Lea.
fulgidus, Lea.

gibber, Lea.
Hanleyianus, Lea.
Haysianus, Lea.
heterodon, Lea.
Holstonensis, Lea.
incrassatus, Lea.
maculatus, Conr.
mytiloides, Bajin.
obliquus, Lain.
Orbignyii, Lev. and Hup.
ovatus, Say.
oviformis, Conr.
patulus, Lea.
penitus, Conr.
pileus, Lea.
plenus, Lea.
pulvinulus, Lea.
pumilis, Lea.
pyramiclatus, Lea.
Rajahensis, Lea.
Rangianus, Lea.
Ravenelianus, Lea.
rubiginosus, Lea.

496 UNIONINJE.

satur, Lea. tigris, Ferns.

securis, Lea. trigonus, Lea.

solidus, Lea. triqueter, Rafin.

Sowerbianus, Lea. Troschelianus, Lea

striatus, Lea. Troostensis, Lea.

subovatus, Lea. trossulus, Lea.

succissus, Lea. truncatus, Swains.

sulcatus, Lea. tumescens, Lea.

Taitianus, Lea. zigzag, Lea.

Sub-gen. canthyria, Swainson.

Shell not winged, sub-trigonal ; surface of valves spinous.
Cardinal teeth long, compressed.

collinus, Com: spinosus, Lea.

Sub-gen. iridea, Swainson (Tritogenia, Orthonymus, Agass.).

Shell not winged, wide ; surface of valves nodulous.

cylindricus, Say. Novse Hollandia3, Gray.

granosus, Brag. verrucosus, Ha fin.

Leaii, Gray.

Sub-gen. rotundaria, Rafinesque (Cyprogenia, Agass).

Shell not winged, sub-rotund or oblique ; surface of valves
nodulous.

iEsopus, Green. nodulosus, Wood.

caperatus, Lea. perplexus, Lea.

Cooperianus, Lea. pustulosus, Lea.

dromas, Lea. stegarius, Rafin.

graniferus, Lea. tuberculatus, Rafin.

Kienerianus, Lea. turgidus, Lea.

Laraarckianus, Lea. varicosus, Lea.

UNIO.

497

Sub-gen. quadrula, Rafinesque (Theliderma, Swains.).

Shell not winged, quadrate or triangular ; surface of valves
tuberculated.

apiculatus, Say.
asper, Lea.
asperrimus, Lea.
Cincinnatensis, Lea.
cornutus, Barnes.
Dorfeuillianus, Lea.
fragosus, Conr.
intermedius, Conr.
lachryniosus, Lea.

metanevrus, Rajin.
Phillipsii, Conr.
pustulatus, Lea.
Rurnphianus, Lea.
Schoolcraftensis, Lea.
sparsus, Lea.
stapes, Lea.
tuberosus, Lea.

Sub-gen. diplodon, Spix(Cucumaria, Conr. Naia, Stcains.).
Shell not winged, oval or oblong ; surface of valves plicate.

acutissimus, Lea.
Chilensis, Gray.
Conradicus, Lea.
corrugatus, Retz.
cucumoides, Lea.
dorsuosus, Gould.
ellipticus, Spice.
Grayanus, Lea.
Hembeli, Conr.
hippopseus, Lea.

hylseus, D'Orb.
laticostatus, Lea.
Murchisonianus, Lea.
Osbeckii, Phil.
pliciferus, Lea.
ponderosus, Sol and.
sernigranosus, V. d. Busch.
Sloatianus, Lea.
subtentus, Say.
trapezoides, Lea.

Sub-gen. dysnomia, Agassiz.

Shell not winged, quadrate or triaugular ; surface of valves
plicate.

atrocostatus, Lea.
caelatus, Conr.

infucatus, Conr.
foliatus, Hild.

49S

UNIONItfjE.

Kleinianus, Lea.
multiplicatus, Lea.
Napeanensis, Conr
perplicatus, Conr.

plicatus, Lesueur.
Stewardsonii, Lea.
undulatus, Barnes.

Sub-gen. metaptera, Rafinesque (Proptera, Raf. Lymnadia,

Megadomus, Sivains.).

Shell with the hind hinge-margin elevated and winged; the
valves connate, the surface plicate or smooth.

alatus, Say.
atromarginatus, Lea.
Boykinianus, Lea.
Cumingii, Lea.
decoratus, Lea.
delphinus, Gruner.
gigas, Lea.

gracilis, Barnes.
inflatus, Lea.
laevissimus, Lea.
Nicklinianus, Lea.
pressus, Lea.
psammoicus, D'Orb.
superbus, Lea.

Genus BYSSANODONTA, D'Orbigny.

Animal resembling that of Anodonta, but remaining
always attached by a byssus.

Shell sub-rotund, inequilateral; beaks elevated, folded,
retuse. Hinge with the cardinal teeth recurved, double in
both valves ; the lateral teeth rather long and curved ;
ligament thin.

Syn. Byssodonta, (D'Orb.) Gray.

Ex. B. Paranensis, D'Orbigny, pi. 117, fig. 1, 1, a.

This remarkable byssiferous fresh-water bivalve was
observed by M. D'Orbigny in the Rio Parana, above
Corrientes.

BAPHIA. 499

Genus BAPHIA, Meuschen.

Gills generally free from the abdominal sac, and their
posterior extremity not united to the mantle; anal opening
not fringed, branchial mostly fringed.

Shell transverse, oblong, equivalve, covered with an
olivaceous epidermis. Hinge with a single cardinal tooth
in the right valve, broad, erect, and grooved at its apex ;
twin teeth of left valve strong, the hinder denticulated,
the front narrower, entire, pointed; lateral teeth not de-
veloped.

Syn. Margaritana, Schum. Unio, Oken, not Retz.
Damalis, Leach, Hemilastena, Rqfin.

Ex. B. margaritifera, Linnmus, pi. 117, fig. 2, 2, a.

Of Baphia there are two undoubted species in the fresh-
waters of Europe, besides numerous reputed species ; all
the others are from the rivers and lakes of North America.

Species of Baphia.

Bonellii, Ferus. Hildrethiana, Lea.

dehiscens, Lea. Holstonia, Lea.

fabula, Lea. margaritifera, Linn.

Sub-gen. alasmodonta, Say.

Shell trigonal, nearly equilateral ; surface of valves smooth ;
beaks large, prominent. Hinge with two cardinal teeth.

Curreyana, Lea. minor, Lea.

deltoidea, Lea. undulata, Lea.

500 unioninje.

Sub-gen. complanaria, Swainson.

Shell oblong; the valves connate, the surface plicate. Car-
dinal teeth, two or three ; lateral teeth represented by irregular
grooves.

arcula, Lea. marginata, Say.

complanata, Barnes. rugosa, Barnes.

confragosa, Say.

Sub-gen. calceola, Swainson (Uniopsis, Swains.).

Shell ovate; surface of valves smooth. Cardinal teeth two,
irregular or receding from the anterior margin, or with tubercles
and undulations representing cardinal teeth.

calceola, Lea. Raveneliana, Lea.

radiata, Lea.

Genus MONOCONDYL$:a, D'Orbigny.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, sub-rotund or angulated,
covered with a dark epidermis. Hinge composed of a
large, obtuse, round cardinal tooth in each valve; lateral
teeth none.

Syn. ? Aplodon, Sjpiw. Monodontina, Conr.

Ex. M. Guarayana, D'Orbigny, pi. 117, fig. 3. Shell,
M. Paraguayana, D'Orbigny, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

All the species of this genus known are from the rivers of
South America.

AXODONTA. 501

Species of Monocondylcea.

Corrientesensis, D'Orb. Minuana, D'Orb.

fossiculifera, D'Orb. Paraguayan, D'Orb.

Franciscana, Moric. Parchappii, D'Orb.

glauca, Gould. Vondenbuschiana, Lea.
Guarayana, D'Orb.

Genus BARBALA, Humphrey.

Animal unknown.

Shell with the valves generally winged and connate.
Hinge with a single linear tooth under the dorsal margin,
extending the whole length.

Syn. Barhata, Sow. Oristaria, Schum. Appius, Leach.
Dianisotis, Rafin. Dipsas, Leach, not Laur. Symphy-
nota, Swains., not Lea. Dipsax, Voigt.

Ex. B. plicata, Humphrey , pi. 117, fig. 4, 4, a.

The species of this genus are all Asiatic in their geogra-
phical distribution.

Species of Barbala.

discoidea, Lea. plicata, Humph.

Largillierti, Phil.

Genus anodonta, Bruguiere.

Gills free ; eggs received throughout the gill ; anal open-
ing not fringed.

Shell equivalve, ovate, usually rather thin, auriculate,
inequilateral, closed ; beaks small. Hinge without teeth,

VOL. II. 3 T

502 unioninjE.

but furnished with a lamina; ligament external, linear.
Pallial impression simple.

Syn. Anodon, Oken. Limnsea, Limnceoderma, Poli.
Strophitus, Lastena, Limella, Rqfin. Hemiodon, Swains.
Anodontina, Schliit. Craspedodonta, Kiist. Pseudodon,
Gould. Glochidium (fry), Ratlike.

Ex. A. cygnea, Linnceus, pi. 118, fig. 1. Shell, A.
cygnea, fig. 1, as 1, b.

Two undoubted species of Anodonta are found in the
fresh waters of Europe, besides numerous disputed species ;
a few only are African in their geographical range ; nine or
ten are inhabitants of the rivers of Asia ; one only is from
New Holland; while the remainder, in nearly equal pro-
portions, are from the rivers and lakes of North and South
America.

Species of Anodonta.

argentea, Lea. fragilis, Lam.

Arkansensis, Lea. Giullaini, Recluz.

atrovirens, Phil. gibbosa, Say.

cognata, Gould. gigantea, Lea.

cornea, Phil. glauca, Valenc.

Couperiana, Lea. globosa, Lea.

crepera, Lea. grandis, Say.

Cumingii, Lea. Harpethensis, Lea.

cygnea, Linn. Housatonica, Linsl.

decora, Lea. imbecilis, Say.

denigrata, Lea. implicata, Say.

Dupuyi, Ray and Dronet. limnoica, D'Orb.

edentula, Say. Linnaeana, Lea.

feminalis, Gould. Middendorffii, Siem.

ferruginea, Lea. Milled, Ray and Drouet.

Ferussaciana, Lea. Mortoniana, Lea.

fluviatilis, Lea. Nicaraguas, Phil.

Footiana, Lea. oblita, Lea.

ANODONTA. 503

opaca, Lea. Stewartiana, Lea.

Oregonensis, Lea. subcrassa, Lea.

ovata, Lea. suborbiculata, Say.

pavonia, Lea. subvexa, Com:

penicillata, Gray. sulcosa, Conr.

Pensylvanica, Lam. tetragona, Lea.

Pepiniaua, Lea. trigona, Spix.

plana, Lea. Troutwiniana, Lea.

Puelchana, D'Orb. undulata, Say.

purpurea, Valenc. uniopsis, Lam.

salmonia, Lea. virens, Lea.

SchaefFeriana, Lea. viridis, Lea.

Sedakowii, Siem. Wardiana, Lea.

Sub-gen. symphynota, Lea.

Shell symphynote or with the hinge-margin winged, trigonal
or ovate ; surface of valves smooth or plicate.

Benedicteusis, Lea. Nuttalliana, Lea.

Californiensis, Lea. tortilis, Lea

crispata, Lam. Wahlamatensis, Lea.

magnifica, Lea. Woodiana, Lea.

Sub-gen. lamproscafha, Swainson.

Shell not winged, elongate, pod-shaped; beaks near the ante-
rior extremity. Teeth none.

arcuata, Firm. Schroteriana, Lea.

Buchanensis, Lea. sinuosa, Lam.

cylindracea, Lea. soleniformis, D'Orb.

elongata, Swains. solidula, Dev. and Hup.

ensiformis, Spix. subcylindracea, Lea.

exilis, Lea. tenebricosa, Lea.

gracilis, Lea. tenuis, Lea.

lucida, D'Orb. Whcatleyi, Lea.
Maryattana, Lea

504 MYCETOPIN.E.

Sub-gen. patularia, Swainson (Glabaris, Gray).

Shell nearly equilateral, round or cordate. Hinge eden-
tulous.

angulata, Lea. Patagonica, Lam.

anserina, Spix. polita, Moms.

crassa, Swains. porcifera, Gray.

Georginae, Gray. sirionos, D'Orb.

latomarginata, Lea. Spixii, D'Orb.

Montezuma, Lea. trapezialis, Lam.
obtusa, Spix.

Sub-fam. MYCETOPIN^.

Labial palps longer than wide. Mantle-lobes disunited
as far as the anal aperture, which is closed ; siphonal tubes
none; outer branchiae entirely united or grown together.
Foot very long, cylindrical, produced and widened into
a knob at the extremity.

Shell thin, gaping at both sides ; beaks nearly central.
Hinge linear, straight, toothless.

Genus MYCETOPUS, D'Orbigny.

Shell thin, transverse, elongately cylindrical, sub-arcuate,
equivalve, sub-equilateral, gaping at both ends, especially
posteriorly, covered with an olivaceous epidermis, bluish
internally; beaks central, bi-angulated, incurved. Hinge
linear, straight, edentulous ; ligament thin, marginal.
Muscular impressions somewhat indistinct, composite.

Ex. M. siliquosus, D'Orbigny,^. 118, fig. .2. Shell,
M. soleniformis, D'Orbif/ny, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

mutelidjE. 505

The species of Mycetopus inhabit the rivers of South
America. The shells somewhat resemble those of Anodonta,
but the valves are sub-equilateral, and gape at the sides.

Species of Mycetopus.

siliquosus, D'Orb. ventricosus, D'Orb.

soleniformis, D'Orb.

Fain. MUTELIDjE.

Mouth and lips small; labial palps very large, oval,
attached by their straight edges, without any free points as
in Unionidce. Mantle-lobes united posteriorly, and pro-
longed into two short, unequal, siphonal tubes ; gills
large, nearly equal, united to the body. Foot, large, thick,
compressed, tongue- shaped, angular in front.

Shell equivalve, oblong, covered with a hard, polished
epidermis ; beaks small, turned to one side, and nearly
straight. Hinge large, linear, toothless, tubercular or cre-
nate ; ligament external, marginal. Muscular impressions
two, separate, lateral.

Fluviatile.

Genus MUTELA, Scopoli.

Outer gill united to the mantle as far as its extremity ;
inner gill entirely united to the foot.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse, pearly within ;
beaks small, recurved, nearly straight. Hinge long, linear,
attenuated towards the middle, tuberculose along its length;
ligament external, marginal. Pallial impression simple.

Syn. Mutel, Adans. Scapha, Humph., not Gray.

506 mutelidjE.

Anodontites, Brug. Iridina, Lam. Berpolis, Leach.
Euphira, Gistel. Platiris, part, Lea.

Ex. M. dubia, Gmelin, pi. 119, fig. 1, 1, a.

The species of Mutela are few in number, and are
African in their geographical distribution.

Species of Mutela.
dubia, Gmel. valeus, Parr.

Sab-gen. calliscapha, Swainsoii.

Shell with the hinge-margin only slightly crenulated at the
umbones.

ccelestis, Lea. Nilotica, Ferus. and Sow.

Genus pleiodon, Conrad.

Shell elongate-ovate, strong, convex, ventral edge much
arcuated, sides rounded, the anterior the broader and longer ;
valves covered with a dark, olive epidermis ; beaks usually
eroded. Hinge-margin sub-arcuated, becoming broad at
the extremities, furnished with large, tubercular crenations.

Ex. P. ovatus, 8wainso7i, pi. 119, fig. 2, 2, a.

The interior of the valves in this genus is covered with
an iridescent, silvery nacre, often tinged with pink. Two
species only are known, from Africa.

S'pecies of Pleiodon.
Leuii, Sow. ovatus, Swains

LEILA. 507

Genus SPATHA, Lea.

Outer gill united to the mantle as far as its extremity ;
inner gill not united to the foot.

Shell rounded, ovate, thick, covered with a reddish-brown
epidermis. Hinge-margin arcuated, smooth.

Ex. S. ruhens, Lamarck, pi. 119, fig. 3, 3, a.

The species of Spatha are from Senegal and the river
Nile.

Species of Spatha.

Chaiziana, Bang. Wahlbergi, Krauss.

rubens, Law.

Genus LEILA, Gray.

Shell ovate, inflated, very inequilateral, wide posteriorly,
gaping at the margins, pearly within ; beaks somewhat pro-
minent. Hinge-margin straight, simple. Pallial sinus
broad, and much incurved.

Syn. Columba, Lea, not Linn.

Ex. L. Blainvilliana, Lea, pi. 119, fig. 4, 4, a.

The few species of this genus described are from South
America.

Species of Leila.

Blainvilliana, Lea. Parishii, Gray.

esula, Crist, and Jan.

508 mutelidjE.

Genus TRIQUETRA, Klein.

Outer gill united to the mantle as far as its extremity;
inner gill united to the foot.

Shell equivalve, obliquely triangular, auriculate, the dor-
sal edge truncated and straight. Hinge with two little
elevated teeth ; the posterior or cardinal tooth divided into
numerous diverging portions (the inner portions being the
smaller) ; the anterior or lateral tooth very elongated and
lamellar ; ligament external and linear.

Syn. Prisodon, Schum. Hyria, Lam. Paxyodon,
Schum. Hyriopsis, Conr. Triplodon, Sjpix.

Ex. T. subviridis, Klein, pi. 120, fig. 1, 1, a.

All the species of this genus known, are from the rivers of
South America.

Species of Triquetra.

Browuiana, Lea. elongata, Swains.

corrugata, Lam. subviridis, Klein.

Genus CASTALIA, Lamarck.

Branchial aperture surrounded with cirrhi, anal aperture
smooth ; outer gill united to the mantle as far as its
extremity.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, trigonal ; beaks decorticated,
anteriorly recurved. Hinge with two lamellar, transversely-
striated teeth ; one posterior, remote, abbreviated, and some-
what tri-lamellar ; the other anterior, elongated, and lateral ;
ligament external.

Syn. Prisodon, (3. Schum. Tetraplodon, Sj)ix.

jEtiieriid.e. 509

Ex. C. cordata, Humphrey, pi. 120, fig. 2, 2, a.

The three undisputed species we have given, are from the
rivers of South America ; many others have been described,
but are only considered varieties.

Species of Castalia.

cordata, Humph. nodulosa, Wood.

Duprei, Recluz.

Fain. ^THEEIIDiE.

Animal with the body large, thick, oblong, projecting
backwards into the mantle-cavity. Labial palps very large,
semi-oval, attached by the straight side, without any free
points. Mantle-lobes bearded, disunited in their entire
length ; gills two on each side, unequal, dependent, united
behind and to the body and mantle. Foot none.

Shell, when young, regular and free ; when adult, irregular,
attached by the surface of one valve ; valves covered with a
thick, olivaceous epidermis, pearly within. Hinge without
teeth ; ligament sub-internal. Muscular scars two, the
anterior small and linear (united in the adult state in
Mulleria).

Fluviatile.

Genus .ETHERIA, Lamarck.

Shell irregular, inequivalve, adherent by the beak and by
tubular prolongations of one of the valves; surface of
valves foliaceous, covered with a thick, olivaceous epi-
dermis ; pearly within, the nacre vesicular or appearing as
if blistered. Hinge-margin curved, toothless ; ligament
external, tortuous, partially sunk in a groove of the area

vol. ir. 3 u

510 JSTUERIIDiE.

of the left or attached valve. Muscular scars two, wide
apart, oblong, the anterior very long and irregular ; pallial
impression simple.

Ex. iE.-seniilunata, Lamarck, pi. 120, fig. 3, 3, a.

The visceral mass of the body in these auimals is pro-
traded backwards into the cavity of the mantle, and has
been described by M. Rang as the foot. There is, however,
uo distinct muscular foot in the adult animal, although, as
Dr. Gray observes, the foot may be present in the young
state before the shell is attached. Being adherent to each
other and to foreign bodies, a locomotive organ or foot would
indeed be superfluous to the animals, except in their young
state, when they are free. Of this genus, one species,
JEtheria Stefanensis, is met with in the river Amazon;
the others are from the great rivers of Africa, being found in
the river Senegal, and in the Nile above the cataracts ; these
latter are the " fresh-water oysters " mentioned by the tra-
veller Bruce, which are collected as articles of food by the
inhabitants, who also employ their iridescent valves in
ornamenting their tombs.

Species of JEtheria.

Cailliaudi, Ferus. semilunata, Lam.

elliptica, Lam. Stefanensis, Moric.

Genus MULLERIA, Ferussac.

Shell in the adult state irrregular, inequivalve, covered
with a thick epidermis, and attached by the right valve ;
beaks elongated, gradually produced and thickened with age
in front of the fixed valve ; interior of the valves nacreous.
Ligament in a marginal groove. Adductor scars united,

MYTILIDjE. 511

forming a single, posterior muscular impression. In the
young and free state shell equivalve, shaped like A/todon,
with two distinct muscular scars, and an external, con-
spicuous, elongated ligament.

Si/n. Acostoea, D'Orbigny.

Ex. M. lobata, Ferussac, pi. 120, fig, 4, 4, a, 4, b.

The Acostaa Guaduasana, from the river Magdalena,
near Bogota, is the same as the Miilleria lobata described
by Ferussac and Sowerby, and presents a curious example
of being dimyary and locomotive when young, and mono-
myary and fixed when in the adult condition.

Fam. MYTILLD^.

Labial palps elongate, pointed, free. Mantle-margins free,
or united behind to form a more or less complete anal tube ;
gills two on each side, nearly equal, elongated, dependent,
united behind to each other and to the mantle. Foot
narrow, strap-shaped, furnished with a byssal groove.

Shell elongated, equivalve, closed ; surface of valves
covered with a dark, thick epidermis, more or less pearly
within. Hinge edentulous, or sub-dentate ; ligament sub-
internal, marginal, linear. Anterior muscular impression
small and narrow, the hinder large and obscure.

Marine, byssiferous.

Sub -fam. MYTILINiR.

Hinder part of mantle only slightly produced; anterior
adductor muscle small.

512 mytilinjE.

Genus mytilus, Linnaeus.

Mantle freely open ; ventral margin simple ; branchial
furnished "with pinnated fringes ; anal opening plain and
sessile.

Shell equivalve, very inequilateral, sub-triangular, more
or less tumid, rounded behind ; surface of valves covered
with an epidermis ; beaks almost straight, terminal, pointed.
Hinge without teeth ; ligament linear, marginal, sub-
internal. Muscular impressions two, unequal ; pallial im-
pression obscure, simple. Byssus strong and coarse.

Sy?i. Mytulus. Musculus, Rondelet. Callitriche,
Callitrichoderma, Poll. Perna, Schwn., Retz., not Adans.
Chloromya, Mbrch.

Ex. M. edulis, Linnaeus, pi. 121, fig. 1. Shell, M.
edulis, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The genus Mytilus includes many species, which are
world-wide in their distribution, being found in Behring's
Straits and the Black Sea, at Cape Horn, the Cape
of Good Hope, and New Zealand. They are usually
found attached by a byssus either to stones or floating
bodies. The ligulate, grooved foot has the power of
spinning the silky material of the byssus when the
animal requires temporarily to anchor itself. They produce
small and inferior pearls, and the animals are used as bait
in deep-sea fisheries.

Species of Mytilus.

achatinus, Lam. albus, Siem.

Africanus, Chem. angustanus, Lam.

MYTILUS.

513

angustus, Phil.
biceps, Mke.
borealis, Lam.

canal is, Lam.
Chiloensis, Phil.

cocblear, Mke.
compressus, Phil.
confusus, Chem.
corneus, Lam.
decussatus, Lam.
edulis, Linn.
exaratus, Phil.
exilis, Phil.
Grayanus, Dkr.
Gruuerianus, Dkr,
borridus, Dkr.
lacunatus, Lam.
latus, Lam.
liueatus, Gmel.

minimus, Poli.
nitens, Mke.
obesus, Dkr.
obscurus, Dkr.
palliopunctatus, Dkr.
perna, Linn.
planulatus, Lam.
robustus, Migh.
Senegalensis, Lam.
sinuatus, Dkr.
sniaragdinus, Chem.
subdistortus, Recluz.
tortus, Dkr.
trossulus, Gould.
ungulatus, Linn.
variabilis, Krauss.
violaceus, Lam.
viridis, Linn.
zonarius, Lam.

Sub-gen. aulacomya, Morcb (Hormomya, March).
Shell with the valves radiately sulcated.

Adamsianus, Dkr.
arealis, Mke.
atropurpureus, Dkr.
Californianus, Conr.
Charpentieri, Dkr.
curvatus, Dkr.
divaricatus, Gould.
erosus, Lam.
exustus, Linn.
granulatus, Hani.
hamatus, Say.
birsutus, Lam.

Lavalleanus, D'Orb.
Magellanicus, Chem.
Menkeanus, Phil.
Morrisii, Dkr.
niger, Gmel.
ovalis, Lam.
polyodontus, Quoy.
puniceus, Gmel.
rostratus, Dkr.
strigatus, Hani.
tenuistriatus, Dkr.
ustulatus, Lam.

514 CEENELLINiE.

Genus MYRINA, H. and A. Adams.

Shell transverse, oblong, sub-equilateral ; valves closed,
covered with a brown, horny epidermis, pearly within ;
beaks sub-central. Hinge edentulous; ligament internal,
linear. Muscular impressions far apart; pallial line sim-
ple. Byssiferous.

Ex. M. pelagica, Forbes, pi. 121, fig. 2. Shell, M.
pelagica, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The shell on which Ave have established this genus was
found off the Cape of Good Hope attached to floating
masses of blubber.

Sub-fam. CEENELLIN^E.
Hinder part of mantle produced, forming false siphons.

Genus CRENELLA, Brown.

Mantle closed anteriorly ; anal tube perfect and produced.

Shell equivalve, sub-orbicular or oblong, tumid or com-
pressed ; surface of valves covered with an epidermis, and
either entirely or partially ornamented with strioe radiating
usually in two diverging fasciculi from the beaks. Hinge-
margin toothless, generally crenulated; ligament linear,
internal. Muscular scars two, unequal ; pallial impression
obscure.

Sy?i. Myaparo, Lea. Stalagmium, Conrad. Nuculo-
cardia, D'Orb.

Ex. 0. discors, Linnaeus, pi. 121, fig. 3. Shell, C. de-
cussata, Litinieu*. fig. 3, a, 3, b.

TERN A. 515

The species of this genus are most numerous in the
temperate and Arctic seas, several being found on the
shores of Britain, and others in Nova Zembla and
Ochotsk, while a few have been observed in New Zealand.
They range from low-water to forty fathoms. Some of the
species are found imbedded in the mantle of Ascidians, as
ft marmorata, and others have been observed to spin a
sort of nest, or are found concealing themselves among the
roots of sea-weed and corallines. Fossil species have been
detected in the Upper Green-sand of Europe.

Species of C rev ell a.

bulla, Dkr. glaudula, Totten.

decussata, Mont. rhombea, Berkl.

divaricata, D'Orb.

Sub-gen. modiolaria, Beck (Lanistes, Swai7is., not Montf.

Lanistiua, Gray).

Shell obloug, the radiating striae obsolete in the middle.

Cbenuana, Becluz. laevigata, Gray.

coarctata, Dkr. marmorata, Forbes.

concinna, Dkr. nana, Dkr.

cor, Martyn. nexa, Gould.

costulata, Risso. nigra, Gray.

cultellus, Desk. pectinula, Gould.

Cumingiana, Dkr. pusilla, Gould.

discors, Linn. strigata, Hani.

faba, 0. Fabr. verrucosa, Midd.

Genus PERNA, Adanson.

Margins of mantle simple, open ; anal tube short, more
or less perfect.

516 CRENELLIKffl.

Shell oblong, equivalve, inequilateral; surface of valves
smooth, concentrically striated, or radiately sulcated, in-
vested with an epidermis often filamentose ; anterior side
very short; beaks nearly lateral, depressed on the short
side. Hinge-margin toothless, or with only a compressed
tooth-like callus, and rarely corrugated; ligament linear,
almost internal, placed in a marginal canal. Muscular
scars very unequal; pallial impression obscure.

Sijn. Volsella, Scopoli. Pholas, Klein, not Linn. Ta-
rn arindiforrnis (b), Gevers. Modiola, Lam. Modiolus,
Risso.

Ex. P. Americana, D'Herbigny, pi. 121, fig. 4. Shell,
P. modiolus, Linnmis, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The Pernce or Modiohe are distinguished from the
Mytili by their habit of burrowing or spinning a sort of
woven nest of stones and fragment of shells, in which they
occasionally conceal themselves. There are upwards of
seventy species, chiefly tropical in their geographical dis-
tribution, though a few have been observed in Britain, and
in the Mediterranean and Arctic seas. Numerous fossil
species are obtained from the Lias in Europe, India, and
the United States.

Species of Perna.

aberrans, C. B. Adams. areola, Gould.

abyssicola, C. B. Adams. auriculata, Erauss.

Adriatica, Lam. australis, Gray.

albicosta, Lam. Ballii, Brown.

Americana, D'Herb. barbata, Linn.

Antillarum, Phil. biradiata, Haul.

arata, Dkr. Brasilieusis, Chem.

arborescens, Chem. Californiauus, Eschsch.

arcuatula, Hani. capax, Conr.

PERNA.

517

Cecillii, Phil
corrugata, Stimp.
elegans, Gray.
elongate, Swains.
ferruginosa, Phil.
flabellata, Gould.
flavida, Dkr.
Fortunei, Dkr.
glaberrirna, Dkr.
gracilis, Phil.
grandis, Phil.
gubernaculum, Dkr.
hepatica, Gould.
inconstans, Dkr.
Japonica, Dkr.
Malayan a, Phil.
Metcalfei, Haul
microptera, Desh.
modiolus, Linn.
modulaides, Bolt.
nitida, Hani
Patagonica, D'Orb.

pcrfragilis, Dkr.
pbaseolina, Phil.
Philippinarum, Hani
picta, Dkr.
plicate, Gmel
recta, Conr.
rbornboidea, Hani
Rumpbii, Phil.
securis, Lam.
semifusca, Lam.
Senbousia, Bens.
siliqua, Phil.
sordida, Haul
speciosa, Dkr.
splendens, Dkr.
strigata, Hani
subpurpurea, Dkr.
triangulum, Koch.
tristis, Dkr.
umbilicata, Penn.
undulata, Dkr.

Sub-gen. brachydontes, Swainson.

Sbell with the valves radiately sulcated ; hinge-margin form-
ing an angle with the anterior slope and crenulated.

crebristriata, Conr.
crenulata, Dkr.
emarginata, Bens.
Magellanica, Dkr.
modiolus, Linn.
Petagnai, Scaech.

plicatula, Lam.
purpurata, Lam.
setigera, Dkr.
striatula, Hani
subramosa, Hal
subsulcata, Dkr.

Sub-gen. adula, H. and A Adams.

Shell elongate, cylindrical, posterior side obliquely truncate ;
beaks sub-central.

soleniformis, D'Orb.

VOL. II.

3 x

5 I 8 LITHOPHAGINjE.

Sub-fam. LITHOPHAGIN^.

Hinder part of mantle more or less produced ; anterior
adductor muscle moderate.

Genus LITHOPHAGA, Bolten.

Shell transverse, cylindrically oblong, equivalve, extre-
mities rounded, the anterior exceedingly short ; surface of
valves covered with a brown, horny epidermis ; beaks
slightly prominent. Hinge linear, edentulous ; ligament
marginal, chiefly internal. Muscular impression, com-
pound, indistinct.

Syn. Tamarindiformis (a), Gevers. Lithophagus, Miihlf.
Perna, Olcen, not Adans. Lithodomus, Cuvier.

Ex. L. lithoglypha, Meuschen, pi. 121, fig. 5. Shell, L.
dactylus, Sowerby, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

Cuvier says that the Lithophagm in the young state sus-
pend themselves to rocks by a byssus ; when adult they form
cavities shaped like the shells in rocks, or in other shells.
L. dactylus is an article of diet in the Mediterranean, being
eagerly collected by the fishermen and sold as a luxury in
the markets. The species are somewhat numerous, and are
inhabitants chiefly of the West Indian Islands and of New
Zealand. Dr. Carpenter says that the outer shell-layer
has a tubular structure, the tubes being excessively
minute, seldom branching, and oblique and parallel.

Species of Lithophaga.

appendiculata, Phil. calyculata, Cpr.

aristata, Soland. canalifera, Haul.

atteuuata, Desk. caperata, Phil.

bisulcata, D'Orb. Caribsea, Phil.

MODIOLARCIDjE.

519

castanea, Dkr.
caudigera, Lam.
coarctata, Dkr.
coralliophaga, Cliem.
crenulata, Dkr.
crispata, Phil.
Cumingiana, Dkr.
cylindrica, Krauss.
dactylus, Sow.
divaricata, Phil.
gracilis, Phil.
Gruneri, Phil.
Hanleyana, Dkr.
laevigata, Quoy.
lanigera, Dkr.

lithoglypha, Meusch.
nasuta, Phil.
nigra, D'Orb.
obesa, Phil.
opifex, Say.
Fhilippiana, Dkr.
plumula, Hani.
pulex, Lam.
rugifera, Dkr.
silicula, Lam.
straminea, Dkr.
teres, Phil.
tunicata, Gray.
ventrosa, Dkr.

Sub-gen. leiosolenus, Carpenter.

The cavity or burrow formed by the animal with the aperture
prolonged into a tube, more or less bilobed at the outer end, con-
tracted at the junction.

spatiosa, Cpr.

Sub-gen. botula, Mtirch.

Shell sub-rhombic-oblong, sub-cyliudraceous ; anterior ex-
tremity much rounded, posterior end very obtuse ; beaks very
wide, touching, and sub-terminal.

arenaria, Meusch.
fusca, Gviel.

splendida, Dkr.
vestita, Phil.

Fam. MODIOLAECID.E.

Palpi obsolete. Mantle-lobes united ; siphonal aper-
tures two, distinct, the interspaces with two rows of cirrhi ;
branchial opening large, inferior, with a fringed border ;

520 MODIOLARCIDiK.

anal opening moderate, plain ; pedal aperture small, basal,
sub-anterior. Gills four, thick, dependent, sub-trigonal,
truncated in front, narrow, produced and united behind.
Foot •with a small flat sole crenulated at the edge, deeply-
grooved behind, and byssiferous.

Shell equivalve, covered with a hard, polished epidermis.
Hinge-teeth none, or rudimentary; cartilage linear, external.

Living attached to floating sea-weeds.

Genus MODIOLARCA, Gray.

Shell ovate, trapezoidal, thin, fragile, ventricose ; surface
of valves covered with a smooth, shining epidermis; beaks
anterior, prominent, contiguous ; anterior end compressed,
sloping abruptly to the base; hind margin rounded, ven-
tral margin somewhat sinuous and gaping anteriorly.
Hinge with two small, oblique teeth in the right valve,
which receive two corresponding ones of the left. Mus-
cular impressions distinct; pallia! sigmoid.

Syn. Phascolicama, Valenc. Gaimardia, Gould.

Ex. M. trapezina, Lamarck, pi. 122, fig. 1, 1, a.

The genus Modiolarca resembles the Palaeozoic Modio-
lopsis in the large size of the anterior adductor impression.
M. trapezina is found attached by its byssus to floating
sea-weed in many parts of the Southern Ocean, as at
the Falkland Islands, and off Kerguelin; and M. subtorta
on the north coast of New Holland.

Species of Modiolarca.
subtorta, Dkr trapezina, Lam.

DREISSENIR/E. 521

Fam. DKEISSENIDjE.

Animal oblong. Mantle closed, except a passage for the
foot and the two siphonal orifices ; branchial opening pro-
longed into a tube with a circular, fringed orifice ; anal
opening plain and sub-sessile. Foot short, ligulate, with a
conspicuous byssal groove.

Living in fresh water ; byssiferous.

In the Dreissenidai the microscopic structure of the
shell, as shown by Dr. Carpenter, is very different from
that of the Mytilidce, the internal layer being composed of
large prismatic cells, with a layer of brownish colour under
the epidermis which also shows traces of a cellular struc-
ture.

Genus DREISSENA, Van Beneden.

Shell equivalve, very inequilateral, sub-triangular, tumid ;
surface of valves covered with an epidermis ; beaks terminal,
furnished internally with a transverse shelf or septum.
Hinge composed of an imperfectly-developed cardinal tooth
in the right valve, with a corresponding socket in the left ;
ligament linear, internal. Three muscular impressions;
pallial impression obscure.

Syn. Mytilina, Cantr. Tichogonia, Bossm. Cselo-
gonia, Bronn. Dithalmia, Say. Enocephalus, Mtinst.
(foss.) Congeria, Partsch. (foss.) Mytilina, Mytilomya,
Cantr. (foss.) '? Myoconcha, D'Orb.

Ex. D. polymorpha, Pallas, pi. 122, fig. 2. Shell, D.
polymorpha, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The type of this genus, Mylilus polymorphus of Pallas,

522 DREISSENIDiE.

an inhabitant of the Caspian and Black seas, at the mouths
of rivers, has become naturalised in many of the docks and
canals throughout England. There are about fourteen
fossil species known, from the Eocene of Britain and
Germany.

Species of Dreissena.

carinata, Dkr. polymorpha, Pallas.

Cumingiana, Dkr. strigata, Hinds.

Sub-gen. praxis, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with a small lamina affixed to the septum.

Africana, Van Ben. Morchiana, Dkr.

Americana, Becluz. Pfeifferi, Dkr.

cochleata, Kickx. Rossmaessleri, Dkr.

Domingensis, Becluz. Eiisei, Dkr.

Kusteri, Dkr. Sallei, Becluz.
Gundlacbii, Dkr.

Genus SEPTIFER, Kecluz.

Shell equivalve, very inequilateral ; ventral margin con-
cave and emarginate for the byssus ; surface of valves
covered with an epidermis; beaks terminal, sub-inflexed.
Hinge without teeth, furnished with a lamellar septum
placed vertically under the beaks ; ligamentiferous fossulse
linear, marginal, dorsal, and vertical, with a sub-spongy
cretaceous body between the margins. Muscular impres-
sions superficial, the anterior small, rounded, the posterior
reniform ; pallial impression straight, without any sinus.

Ryu. Septi ger, March.

Ex. S. bilocuhuis, Linnaeus, pi. 122, fig. 3, 3, a.

vulsellidjE. 523

In the shells of this genus, which are found at the Mau-
ritius and in Australia, there is an umbonal shelf for the
support of the anterior adductor muscle, as in Dreissena.

Species of Septifer.

bilocularis, Linn. Grayanus, Dkr.

crassus, Dkr. Herrmannseui, Dkr.

Cumingii, Becluz. Kraussii, Kiist.

excisus, Wiegm. Troschelii, Dkr.

Forskalii, Dkr. virgatus, Wiegm.
furcatus, Dkr.

Fam. VULSELLID.E.

Anterior adductor muscle none. Gills narrow, much
produced behind, united together and to the inner surface
of the mantle, dividing the mantle-cavity into two parts.
Rectum simple; vent free, medial.

Genus VULSELLA, Humphrey.

Shell longitudinal, sub-equivalve, irregular; beaks equal.
Hinge with a prominent cardinal callus, depressed above,
in each valve, furnished with a conical, obliquely-arcuated
pit for the ligament.

Syn. Reniella, Swainson (young).

Ex. V. lingulata, Linnaeus, pi. 122, fig. 4, 4, a.

The species of this genus are inhabitants of the
Australian seas, the Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea, and
are usually found imbedded in sponges. Extinct examples
have been discovered in the Upper Chalk of Britain and
France.

524 AVICULIDiK.

Species of Vulsella.

liians, Lam. ovata, Lam.

lingulata, Linn. rugosa, Lam.

minor, Chem. spongiarum, Lam.
mytilina, Lam.

Fam. AVICULID^E.

Mantle freely open, margins cirrliated; no siphons.
Palps large. Foot small, cylindrie, furnished with a byssal
groove. Adductor muscles very unequal, one being much
larger than the rest.

Shell sub-inequivalve, foliated, pearly within, composed
of prismatic cellular substance, and the interior of true
nacre. Ligament marginal, sub-linear, either interrupted
by indentations or serial teeth, or wholly simple.

Genus AVICULA, Klein.

Shell oblique, inequivalve, fragile, rather smooth ; right
valve most convex ; a sinus in the left for the passage of
the byssus. Hinge-line straight, the extremities produced,
the anterior caudiform or beaked ; a single cardinal tooth
in each valve under the beaks. Ligament partially external,
linear. Pallial impression entire ; muscular scars two or
more, one very large, the others small.

Syn. Pteria, Scopoli. Anonica, Oken. Glaucus, Poli.

Ex. A. hirundo, Linnaeus, pi. 122, fig. 5. Shell, A.
hirundo, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

MARGAIUTIFERA.

525

The hinge-margin in these shells is usually prolonged
into unequal, wing-like ears, and the epidermis is often
produced at the margin of the valves into a fringe. The
pearly nacre does not extend to the ventral edge of the
valves, and the byssus is often cylindrical and solidified.
The species are inhabitants of the British Islands, the
Mediterranean and Ked seas, the Indian and Pacific oceans,
and the coasts of South America.

Species of Avicula.

brevicauda, Desk.
costellata, Lam.
crocea, Chem.
Georgiua, Quay.
heteroptera, Lam.
birundo, Linn.
Largillierfi, Phil.
lingulata, Desh.
livida, Desh.
macroptera, Lam.
marrnorata, Phil.
meleagridis, Chem.

morio, Leach.
physoides, Lam.
pica, Phil.
rufa, Dkr.
Savignyi, Desh.
sernisagitta, Lam.
serrulata, Dkr.
sterna, Gould.
tortirostris, Dkr.
vespertilio, Desh.
virens, Lam.

Genus margaritifera, Browne.

Shell orbicular or sub-quadrate, sub-equivalve ; surface
of valves squamose, pearly within, not eared or winged
posteriorly ; right valve with a byssal sinus. Hinge linear,
edentulous; ligament marginal, elongated, nearly external,
dilated in the middle. Posterior muscular scar large and
sub-central.

Syn. Margaritophora, Muhlf. Unionium, Link. Pinc-
vol. ir. 3 v

526 AVICULIDiE.

tada, Bolt. Perlamater, Schum. Meleagrina, Lam. Mar-
garita, Leach.

Ex. M. margaritifera, Linnmis, pi. 122, fig. 6, G, a.

The principal difference between the " Pearl Oysters "
and the Avicuhp, consists in the more orbicular form and
the equality of the valves. The inner layer of the shells is
employed in the manufacture of various objects and for the
purpose of inlaying under the name of " mother-o'-pearl."
The pearls of commerce, which are detached portions of
the nacre of the interior, are also obtained from various
species of this genus. The pearl fisheries of Ceylon and
the Persian Gulf ai*e the most famous. The shells are
procured from about twelve fathoms water.

Species of Margariiifera.

albina, Lam. lurida, Gould.

aluco, Phil. maculata, Gould.

Chemnitzii, Phil. margaritifera, Linn.

fimbriata, Dkr. Mazatlanica, Hani.

foliacea, Bolt. nigra, Gould.

fucata, Gould. psittacea, Phil.

glabra, Gould. radiata, Leach.

imbricata, Bolt. semiaurata, Linn.

inflata, Schum. strix, Phil.

laticauda, Phil. vidua, Gould.

Genus isognomon, Klein.

Shell nearly equivalve, compressed; surface of valves
lamellar; right valve with a byssal sinus. Hinge linear, the
area wide, with numerous transverse, elongated cartilage-
pits. Muscular impression large, sub-central, double.

Syn. Melina, Retzius. Pedalion, Solander. Sutura,

MALLEUS. 527

Miihlf. Hippochseta, Sangiov. Isogonum, Bolten. Perna,
Brug., not J dans.

Ex. I. ephippiurn, Linnaeus, pi. 123, fig. 1, 1, a.

These animals are usually found attached by their byssus
to rocks in rather deep water. They are inhabitants of
tropical seas only, being found in the East Indies, the Cape
de Verds, and Western America, Fossil species have been
detected in the Trias of Europe, Chili, and the United
States ; iu some of these the posterior side is greatly pro-
duced and wing-like.

Species of Isognomon.

alatus, Gmel. Janus, Cpr.

argillaceus, Gould. norma, Bolt.

avicularis, Lam. legurnen, Gmel.

Chemnitzianus, D'Orb. marsupium, Lam.

costellatus, Conr. nana, Gould.

crenatus, Gould. nucleus, Lam.

dentiferus, Krauss. perna, Linn.

ephippiurn, Linn. torva, Gould.

eremita, Gould. vulsella, Lam.

Genus MALLEUS, Lamarck.

Shell sub-equivalve, irregular, greatly elongated at the
base; beaks small, diverging, central. Hinge straight,
eared on each side, without teeth, with an elongated, coni-
cal cartilage-pit under the beaks ; ligament partly external,
short.

8yn. Himantopoda, Schum. Tudes, Oken.

Ex. M. vulgaris, Lamarck, pi. 123, fig. 2, 2, a.

In this genus the pearly lining of the valves does not ex-
tend as far as the ventral margin in the adult ; the young

528 aviculidjE.

shells are like Aviculce, but during the growth of the animal
layers are developed from the edge of the valves until the
shell assumes the peculiar elou gated form from which it
derives its familiar name of the " Hammer Oyster." The
species are found in the Indian and Chinese seas.

Species of Malleus.

albus, Chem. normalis, Lam.

decurtatus, Lam. regula, Forsk.

figuratus, Chem. vulgaris, Lam.

Genus CRENATULA, Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, thin, oblong, compressed, lamellated,
rather irregular; byssal sinus obsolete. Hinge lateral,
linear, marginal, with numerous shallow, crescent-shaped
cartilage-pits.

Syn. Dalacia, Gray.

Ex. C. semiaurata, Gmelin, pi. 123, fig. 3, 3, a.

The species of Crenatula appear to want the usual
byssus seen in genera of this family, and to take up their
abode in sponges. They are found in the seas of India,
Australia, North Africa, China, and in the Red Sea.

Species of Crenatula.

bicostalis, Lam. pergaminea, Gould.

modiolaris, Lam. picta, Gmel.

mytiloides, Lam. semiaurata, Gmel.

nigrina, Lam. viridis, Lam.

pinna. 529

Genus PINNA, Linnaeus.

Mouth with foliaceous lips. Anus with a long, ligulate
valve.

Shell very oblique, wedge-shaped, triangular, equivalve,
exceedingly inequilateral, more or less thin and fragile,
gaping posteriorly ; surface of valves smooth, or scaly, or
obliquely furrowed, the apical portions sometimes longitudi-
nally fissured, the fissure filled with a cartilage; beaks ter-
minal. Hinge straight, long, toothless; ligament linear,
internal. Pallial impression entire ; muscular impressions
very unequal.

Syn. Chimsera, Poli. Pennaria, Browne. Cyrtopinna,
Morch.

Ex. P. nobilis, Linnaeus, pi. 123, fig. 4, 4, a.

The structure of the shell in Pinna consists of vertically-
disposed fibres on the inner surface. The young shells are
very thin and brittle, being composed almost entirely of
prismatic cells. Adult shells of some species attain a
length of two feet. The nacreous lining of the interior
does not extend as far as the ventral margin. The species
of Pinna are found in nearly all seas. They range from
low-water to sixty fathoms, usually living buried in the mud
or sand with the sharp edges of the valves gaping and pro-
truding from the surface. Pearls of an amber colour are
sometimes found in the shells. Some species are used as
articles of food, and others are valued for their long and
silky byssus, which, mixed with silk, has been woven into
gloves and other articles.

530

TECTINACEA.

bicolor, Chem.
bullata, Gmel.
incurvata, Chem.
lanceolata, Sow.
nobilis, Linn.

Species of Pinna.

papyracea, Chem.
pernula, Chem.
rotundata, Linn.
rudis, Linn.

Sub-gen. ateina, Gray.
Shell with the apical portions of the valves entire.

inflata, Chem.
muricata, Linn.
nigra, Chem.
pectinata, Linn.

saccata, Linn.
senticosa, Gould.
serrata, Soland.
vexillurn, Bom.

Order PECTINACEA.

Mantle-leaves free all round, without any separate open-
ings for the ingoing current, or the vent.

Fam. TRIGONIID.E.

Foot lanceolate, subulate, angulated, formed for leaping.
Shell equivalve, pearly within. Hinge composed of a
few lamellar teeth interlocking with each other.

VERTICOItDIA. 531

Genus TRIGONIA, BriiQuiere.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, sub-trigonal ; surface of
valves externally longitudinally ribbed or furrowed ; inter-
nally iridescent and pearly. Hinge composed of two
oblong, divaricate, lamelliform teeth in the right valve
transversely grooved on both sides, and four in the left
valve grooved on one side only. Ligament external, thick,
marginal.

Ex. T. margaritacea, Lamarck, pi. 124, fig. 1. Shell,
T. margaritacea, fig. I, a, 1, b.

There are five species of recent Trigonim, from the
Australian seas. The animals are enabled to make con-
siderable leaps like the Cockles by means of their angulated
foot ; they abound in some parts of Sydney harbour.
Nearly one hundred extinct species have been discovered in
the Chalk and Trias of Europe, the United States, Chili,
the Cape, and Southern India.

Species of Trigonia.

Lamarckii, Gray. Strangei, A. Adams.

margaritacea, Lam. uniophora, Gray.

nobilis, A. Adams.

Genus VERT1CORDIA, Searles Wood.

Shell sub-orbicular ; surface of valves externally ra-
diately ribbed, and covered with a brown epidermis ; inter-
nally brilliantly pearly ; margins denticulated; beaks sub-
spiral. Hinge with two teeth in each valve ; right valve
with a long posterior tooth ; ligament internal, oblique.
Adductor scars two, faint ; pallial line simple.

532 ARCIDiR.

Syn. Hippagus, Phil., not Lea. Trigonulina, D'Orb.

Ex. V. ornata, D'Orbigny, pi. 124, fig. 2, 2, a.

The only recent species of this genus at present known
was first met with by D'Orbigny in South America, and
described by him under the name of Trigonulina ornata.
The same species was subsequently named by Adams and
Reeve in the " Zool. of the Samar." H. novemcostatus, from
a specimen dredged from deep water in the China seas.

Fam. AECIDiE.

Animal oblong. Mantle freely open, simple or fringed ;
no siphons. Mouth surrounded by labia formed out of the
extremities of the branchiae; no true palps. Foot large,
oblong, bent, grooved throughout its length so as to form a
disk with plain or slightly-crimped margins.

Shell not pearly within, closed or gaping inferiorly, with
two adductor muscles. Hinge with two teeth, each divided
into transverse, interlocking plates ; hinge-margin straight,
curved, or angular.

Dr. Gray observes that, in the more typical form of this
family, the hinge consists of two oblong or linear teeth
in each valve, one placed on each side of the line directly
under the umbo of the shell. These teeth are divided
transversely into cross ridges, alternating and interlocking
with cross ridges of the teeth of the opposite valve, and
may be compared with the lateral teeth of Sjrisula in Mac-
tridce and Meretrix in Veneridw, but more especially with
the teeth of the genus Trigonia ; only here, instead of the
teeth being grooved on the sides, the grooves are suffi-
ciently deep to divide them in the manner described.

ARCIN/R. 533

Sub-fam. AKOINiE.

Gills sub-pinnate, separate from each other behind. A
byssal groove at the base of the foot.

Shell with the hinge-margin straight ; cartilage in small
marginal pits.

Genus ARC A, Liimseus.

Shell oblong, sub-quadrate, gaping in front ; surface of
valves covered with a paleaceous epidermis ; beaks remote.
Hinge-margin somewhat produced at the ends; teeth
divided into numerous small, nearly equal-sized crests ;
ligament external; the ligamental area broad, lozenge-
shaped, with a series of distant cartilage-grooves con-
verging from the hinge-margin towards the beaks. Pallial
impression entire ; muscular scars very marked.

Sy?i. Daphne, Daphnoderma, Poll. Navicula, Blaitiv.
Cibota, Browne. Byssoarca, Swains.

Ex. A. Nose, Liwueus, pi. 124, fig. 3. Shell, A. Noae,
fig. 3, a, 3, b.

The species of Area are not very numerous, and are
found chiefly in tropical seas; one is a native of Britain.
They often anchor themselves by means of a strong byssus
to rocks and stones, or conceal themselves in holes and
crevices.

Species

of

Area.

angulata, King.

cunealis, Reeve.

Britannica, Reeve.

imbricata, Brug.

caelata, Reeve.

Kraussii, Phil.

Cumingii, Dkr.

liuter, Jonas.

VOL. II.

3 z

534 ARCING.

maculata, Sow. Pacifica, Sow.

mutabilis, Soiv. tetragona, Poll.

navicularis, Brag. truncata, Sow.

Nose, Linn. volucris, Beeve.

ocellata, Beeve. zebra, Swains.

Sub-gen. lithakca, Gray.

Shell wedge-shaped, obliquely truncated behind, elongated and
rounded in front.

lithodomus, Sow.

Genus BARBATIA, Gray.

Shell oblong, longitudinal, or sub-quadrate ; surface of
valves covered with an epidermis which is usually loose
and rough. Hinge with the teeth .curved, divided into
broad, more or less oblique, or sub-conic plates dilated at
the outer end; ligament external; ligamental area narrow,
cartilage grooves angular, concentric. Pallial impression
entire.

Fa:. A barbata, Linmeus, pi. 124, fig. 4. Shell, A.
barbata, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The species of this genus are numerous, and very widely
distributed ; a few are inhabitants of the Arctic regions
and the coasts of Britain. They, like the Arcs, attach
themselves by a byssus to rocks and stones.

Species of Barbatia.

barbata, Linn. decussata, Sow.

cometa, Reeve. fasciata, Beeve.

cruciata, Phil. fusca, Brug.

ANOMALOCARDIA.

535

Gambiensis, Reeve.
glacialis, Gray.
Helblingii, Chem.
illota, Soiv.
lacerata, Linn.
lactea, Linn.
lima, Reeve.
lurida, Sow.
rainuta, Reeve.
nivea, Gmel.
nodulosa, Miiller.
obliquata, Gray.
obtusa, Reeve.
olivacea, Reeve.

parva, Soiv.
raridentata, Wood.
Reeveana, D'Orb.
setigera, Reeve.
striata, Reeve.
symmetrica, Reeve.
tenebrica, Reeve.
tenella, Reeve.
trapeziua, Lam.
velata, Soiv.
vespertilis, Cpr.
virescens, Reeve.
Zebuensis, Reeve.

Sub-gen. acar, Gray.

Sbell with the valves cancellately ribbed or costated ; hinder
slope sub-carinate.

Adamsii, Shuttl.
bullata, Reeve.
divaricata, Sow.
Domingensis, Lam.
donaciformis, Reeve.

gradata, Brod. and Sow.
pulchella, Reeve.
pusilla, Soiv.
sculptilis, Reeve.
solida, Sow.

Sub-gen. calloarca, Gray.

Shell with the hiuder slope strongly keeled ; front and hinder
margins dentated.

alternata, Reeve.

Genus ANOMALOCARDIA, Klein.

Shell thick, sub-cordate or sub-quadrate, sub-equila-
teral, equivalve, closed in front ; surface of valves strongly
radiately ribbed, and covered with an olive, smooth

536

AHCINvE.

or paleaceous epidermis. Hinge with the teeth oblong,
dilated, and divided into numerous plates more or less
oblique at the outer ends ; ligament external ; ligamental
area broad, smooth, or with concentric cartilage grooves.
Pallial impression entire.

Syn. Anadara, Gray,

Ex. A. antiquata, Linncvus, pi. 124, fig. 5, 5, a.

The members of this group are pretty numerous, and are
widely distributed, chiefly in tropical seas.

Species of Anomalocardia.

antiquata, Linn.
auriculata, Lam.
clathrata, Reeve.
crebricostata, Reeve.
cuneata, Reeve.
Deshayesii, Hani.
ferruginea, Reeve.
forraosa, Sow.
fulgetruta, Brod.
gibbosa, Reeve.
grandis, Brod. and Sow.
granosa, Linn.
Hankeyana, Reeve.
hians, Reeve.
holoserica, Reeve.
inflata, Reeve.

lateralis, Reeve.
Luzonica, Reeve.
maculosa, Reeve.
multicostata, Sow.
navicella, Reeve.
obliqua, Reeve.
pectunculoides, Scacchi.
radiata, Reeve.
rotundicostata, Reeve.
scapha, Chem.
secticostata, Reeve.
simihs, C. B. Adams.
sobria, Gould.
tuberculosa, Sow.
uropigmelaua, Bory.

Genus NOETIA, Gray.

Shell trigonal, ventricose, inequilateral, equivalve,
closed in front, hinder slope keeled ; surface of valves
strongly costate, and covered with a dark, foliaceous epider-
mis. Hinge with the anterior tooth elongated, divided into

SCAPHARCA. 537

many sub-equal plates ; the hinder tooth ovate, arched,
small, of a few irregular laniinse ; ligament external ; liga-
mental area narrow, smooth. Pallia! impression entire.

Ex. N. reversa, Gray, pi. 125, fig. 1, I, a.

In general appearance the shells of Noetia are like
those of reversed Anadane. The species are few, and are
from the coasts of America.

Species of Noetia.

contraria, Reeve. reversa, Gray.

ponderosa, Say.

Genus SENILIA, Gray.

Shell solid, sub-cordate, equilateral, equivalve ; surface
of valves strongly radiately ribbed, and covered with a
thin, olive, polished epidermis. Hinge with the teeth large,
oblong, nearly similar, divided into large rugose, irregular
cross plates ; ligament external ; ligamental area rather
broad, with concentric cartilage grooves. Pallial im-
pression entire.

Ex. S. senilis, Linnceus, pi. 125, fig. 2, 2, a.

The only species of Senilia known is met with in the
brackish waters of Africa.

Genus SCAPHARCA, Gray.

Shell ovate or oblong, sub-quadrangular, sub-equilateral,
inequivalve, closed in front ; surface of valves strongly cos-
tate, and covered with a paleaceous epidermis. Hinge with
the teeth sub-equal, dilated, and with the plate of the outer

53S

ARCINiE.

ends more- or less oblique or longitudinal; ligament exter-
nal ; ligamental area narrow. Pallial impression entire.

E.v. S. insequivalvis, Bruguiere, pi. 1.25, fig. 3, 3, a.

In Scapharca the valves of the shell are inequivalve
like those of Cucullaea. The species are met with in the
seas of most warm climates.

Species of Scapharca.

ambigua, Reeve.
angicostata, Reeve.
anomala, Reeve.
bifrons, Cpr.
bisulcata, Lam.
Brasiliana, Lam.
Cayenensis, Lam.
cepoides, Reeve.
chalchanthium, Reeve.
cistula, Reeve.
clatlirata, Reeve.
compacta, Reeve.
concirma, Sotv.
corbicula, Gruel.
cornea, Reeve.
cymbseformis, Reeve.
disparilis, Reeve.
emarginata, Sow.
globosa, Reeve.

gubernaculum, Reeve.
inaequivalvis, Brag.
incongrua, Say.
Japonica, Reeve.
labiata, Sow.
labiosa, Sow.
loricata, Reeve.
myristica, Reeve.
mix, Sow.
obesa, Soio.
occidentalis, Phil.
occlusa, Reeve.
ovata, Grnel.
pertusa, Reeve.
pilula, Reeve.
rhouibea, Bom.
rufescens, Reeve.
transversa, Say.

Genus PARALLELEPirEDUM, Klein.

Shell sub-quadrangular, suh-equivalve, twisted, the left
valve the larger and more twisted, with the hinder slope
more or less keeled ; surface of valves covered with a
paleaceous epidermis. Hinge with the teeth divided into
large oblique plates broader at the outer ends ; ligament

CUCULLiEA. 539

external ; ligamental area narrow ; cartilage grooves
angular, concentric. Pallial impression entire.

Trisidos, Bolt, Trisis, Okenu

Ex. P. tortuosa, Linnaus, pi. 125, fig. 4, 4, a.

There are but two species of Parallelepipedum as yet
described, from India and China. The shells are readily
known from those of the allied genera by the valves being
twisted.

Species of Parallelepipedum.
semitortum, Lam. tortuosum, Linn

Genus CUCULL^IA, Lamarck.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, trapeziform, ventricose,
closed in frout; surface of valves radiately striated, and
covered with a furfuraceous epidermis. Hinge with the
teeth dilated and bent down at the outer ends, divided into
a few large longitudinal plates; ligament external; liga-
mental area moderate, smooth. Pallial impression entire ;
posterior muscular impression on an elevated plate.

Ex. C. concamerata, Martini, pi. 125, fig. 5, 5, a.

In this genus the posterior muscular impression is
bounded by an elevated ridge. Two species only are
known, from China, Nicobar, and the Mauritius. Fossil
examples, forming the genus Macrodon of Lycett, are
found in the Secondary and Palaeozoic series.

Species of Cucullcea.
concamerata, Mart. granulosa, Jonas.

540 arcing.

Genus scaphula, Benson.

Shell thin, elongate, sub-trapeziform, equivalve, very
inequilateral, hinder slope keeled, closed in front ; surface
of valves covered with a thin, smooth epidermis. Hinge
with the teeth narrow, enlarged at the outer end, and
divided into a few broad, oblique, nearly longitudinal
laminse ; ligament external ; ligamental area narrow.
Pallial impression entire.

Ex. S. pinna, Benson, pi. 125, fig. 6, 6, a.

The two species of Scaphula known are found in the
rivers of India, one in the Ganges and its branches, a
thousand miles from the sea, and the other in the Tenas-
serim, Birmah.

Species of Scaphula.
celox, Bens. pinna, Bens.

Genus ARGINA, Gray.

Shell sub-globose, sub-cordate, sub -equivalve, inequi-
lateral ; surface of valves strongly radiately costate, and
covered with a brown, foliaceous epidermis. Hinge with
the hinder tooth elongated, curved, the central crest small ;
ligament external ; ligamental area narrow, smooth. Pal-
lial impression entire.

Ex. A. pexata, Say, pi. 125, fig. 7, 7, a.

The character by which the shells of Aryina may be
easily known is the curved and shortened anterior tooth,
the plates of which are crowded together and irregular.
The species are inhabitants of the coasts of America.

AXINiEIXiE. 5 11

Species of Argina.

Americana, Gray. Indica, Gruel.

brevifrons, Sow. t pexata, Say.

Genus LUNA RCA, Gray.

Shell globose, sub-cordiforin, nearly equivalve ; surface
of valves radiately costate, and covered with a brown, folia-
ceous epidermis. Hinge with the hinder tooth elongate,
narrow in the middle ; the front tooth of the left valve
ovate, elevated, entire, fitting into a cavity in the inner
edge of the front margin of the right valve ; ligament ex-
ternal ; ligamental area narrow, smooth. Pallial im-
pression entire.

Ex. L. costata, Gray, pi. 125, fig. 8, 8, a.

This genus, of which only one species is known, from
America, is peculiar from the anterior hinge-tooth being
entire and without the usual divisions.

Sub-fam. AXIN^EIN^E.

Gills dependent. Foot securiform, simple, without any
byssal groove at the base.

Shell orbicular, with the hinge-margin semicircular ;
cartilage in small marginal pits.

Genus AXINJiA, Poli.

Shell equivalve, equilateral, or nearly so, orbicular,
closed ; surface of valves smooth, or striated, or with radi-
ating furrows, invested with a fimbriated epidermis ; mar-

VOL. II. 4 A

542 AXIN/EINiE.

gins of valves plain, or crenate; beaks separated by a
grooved, lanceolate, ligamental area. Hinge semicircular,
with the teeth divided into small, oblique, interlocking
plates; ligament external. Muscular scars very strongly
marked; pallial impression entire.

Sf/fi. Tuceta, Bolten. Glycimeris, Humph. Axino-
derma, Poll.

Ex. A. glycimeris, Linnceus, pi. 126, fig. 1. Shell, A.
glycimeris, fig. I, a, 1, b.

Out of forty-five species of Pectunculi, whose habitats
are pretty well known, nearly one-half will be found distri-
buted in America, leaving the remainder to be divided be-
tween the regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia.
They .inhabit sandy and muddy coasts, ranging from
shallow water to upwards of one hundred fathoms. One
species, A. glycimeris, is found in Great Britain and in the
Mediterranean.

Species of Axincca.

angulata, Chem. pennacea, Lam.

aspersa, Adams and Reeve. perdix, Reeve.

bimaculata, Poll. pilosa, Lam.

decussata, Linn. radians, Lam.

flammea, Reeve. raripicta, Reeve.

formosa, Reeve. rubens, Lam.

gigantea, Reeve. scripta, Bom.

glycimeris, Linn. sculpta, Bom.

holoserica, Reeve. septentrionalis, Midd.

intermedia, Brod. spadicea, Reeve.

lineata, Reeve. stellata, Gmel.

longior, Sou*. striatularis, Lam.

maculata, Brod. tellinreformis, Reeve.

marmoi'ata, Chem. transversa, Lam.

oblique, Reeve. undata, Linn.

ovata, Brod. zonalis, Lam.
pallens, Linn.

limopsis. 543

Sub-gen. pectunculus, Lamarck, not Adanson.

Valves with prominent, radiating, longitudinal ribs, either
with or without transverse striae.

sequilatera, Gmel. pectinata, Gmei.

assimilis, Sow. pectinoides, Desk.

aurifl.ua, Reeve. pertusa, Reeve.

bicolor, Reeve. rosea, Reeve.

Delessertii, Reeve. sericata, Reeve.

insequalis, Soiv. spurca, Reeve.

. laticostata, Quoy and Gaim. striatulata, Sow.

morum, Reeve. strigillata, Sow.

multicostata, Reeve. tenuicostata, Ret ■■■

nodosa, Reeve. tessellata, Sow.

oculata, Reeve. variegata, Chem.

pallium, Reeve. vitrea, Lam.
parcipicta, Reeve.

Genus limopsis, Sassi.

Shell orbicular, convex, slightly oblique. Hinge with
the teeth divided into two equal, curved series of trans-
verse plates; ligamental area with a triangular cartilage-
pit in the centre. Muscular impressions distinct ; pallia!
line simple.

Syn. Pectunculina, D'Orb. Trigonoccelia, Nyst.

Ex. L. multistriata, ForsMl, pi. 126, fig. 2, 2, a.

The hinge-plate in this genus has a distinct triangular
cartilage-pit. There are four recent species known ; L.
multistriata is from the Eed Sea; L. Belcheri, Adams
and Reeve, was dredged off the Cape of Good Hope from
a depth of one hundred and twenty fathoms; L. can-
cellata is not uncommon at Singapore; and L. boreal is
is from Norway.

■544 nuculipjE.

Species of Limopsis.

Belcheri, Adams and Reeve. eancellata, Reeve.
borealis, Woodw. multistriata, Forsh

Fam. NUCULIDjE.

Lips broad, triangular, large, striated internally, one in
each pair of labial palps, long, curled, linear, and fimbriated
at its margins, the other short and filiform. Mantle freely
open, the edges simple, without siphonal tubes ; gills small,
pinnate, united behind. Foot compressed, deeply grooved,
forming, when expanded, an ovate disk with serrated edges.

Shell covered with an epidermis, pearly within. Hinge
with two teeth, each numerously and transversely divided ;
ligament internal, small, central. Two adductor muscular
impressions.

Genus NUCULA, Lamarck.

Shell trigonal or obliquely ovate, closed, anterior side
the shorter; surface of valves smooth or concentrically
grooved, covered with a smooth olive epidermis; nacreous
within ; beaks approximated, incurved ; margin of valves
smooth or denticulated. Hinge-line angulated, a prominent
internal cartilage-pit at the angle; teeth forming a range
of comb-like denticles on each side; ligament chiefly in-
ternal. Pallial impression simple.

Syn. Nuculana, Link. Polydonta, Muhlf., not Schum.

Ex. N. nucleus, Linnmts, pi. 120, fig. 3. Shell, N.
nucleus, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

The species of Nucula are found in all seas, in the

NUCULA.

545

United States, Norway, the Cape, Japan, Sitka, and Chili.
They are usually from deep water, ranging from ten to one
hundred fathoms. There' are very numerous extinct species
from the Trias of Europe, India, and America. The
Nuculas differ from the Arks in the form of the gills, the
great development of the lahial tentacles, the absence of a
byssus, and the pearly nature of the shell. Dr. Carpenter
remarks that the inner layer of the shell exhibits a truly
nacreous structure, and that in the outer a small amount of
tubular structure may be observed.

Species of Nucula.

Bellotii, A. Adams.
castanea, A. Adams.
convexa, Sow.
crenulata, A. Adams.
Cuiningii, Hinds.
declivis, Hinds.
decussata, Sow.
delpliinodonta, Migh.
exigua, Sow.
gibba, A. Adams.
Japonica, A. Adams.
Layardii; A. Adams.
lucida, Gould.
margaritacea, A. Adams.
inarinorea, Hinds.
mitralis, Hinds.
nana, Hinds.

nitida, Sow.
nitidula, A. Adams.
obliqua, Lam.
paulula, A. Adams.
Paytensis, A. Adams.
pisurn, Soiv.
Polii, Phil.
proxima, Say.
pulchra, Hinds.
radiata, Hanley.
rugulosa, Sow.
simplex, A. Adams.
Strangei, A. Adams.
striolata, A. Adams.
sulcata, A. Adams.
tenuis, Mont.
tumida, Hinds.

Sub-geu. acila, H. and A. Adams.

Shell with the surface of the valves divaricately sculptured.

castrensis, Hinds. mirabilis, Adams and Ileeve.

divaricate, Hinds.

540 LEDIDiE.

Fam. LEDID^E.

Labial palps appendiculate, convoluted, very long. Mantle
freely open, the margins fringed and usually furnished with
ventral lobes ; siphonal tubes united, long, slender, and
completely retractile ; gills narrow, plume-like, attached
throughout their length. Foot compressed, slightly ge-
niculate, deeply grooved, forming an oval disk with crenate
edges.

Shell oblong, thin, pearly within. Hinge with two teeth
transversely divided; ligament internal or external.

Sub-fam. LEDIN^E.
Shell pearly within ; ligament internal.

Genus LEDA, Schumacher.

Shell equivalve, inequilateral, oblong, produced pos-
teriorly, closed ; surface of valves smooth or concentrically
striated, invested by an epidermis ; inside more or less
nacreous; margins smooth; beaks approximated, incurved.
Hinge-line angulated ; teeth divided into numerous comb-
like denticles on each side ; ligament internal. Pallial line
slightly sinuated.

Syn. Lembulus, Risso.

Ex. L. emarginata, Lamarck, pi. 126, fig. 4. Shell, L.
pernula, Midler, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The species of Leda have a wide geographical distribu-
tion, being found in deep water in the Northern and Arctic
seas, Siberia, Britain, Japan, Australia, the Cape, and the
West Indies.

LEDA.

547

SjJecies of Leda.

arctica, Gray.
Belcheri, Hinds.
bellula, A. Adams.
buccata, Stimp.
cselata, Hinds.
Chuva, Gray.
complanata, Moll.
costellata, Sow.
crassa, Hinds.
crispa, Hinds.
cuneata, Sow.
curvirostrata, Sow.
clecens, A. Adams.
clelectabilis, A. Adams.
eburnea, Sow.
Elenensis, Soiv.
eniarginata, Lam.
excavata, Hinds.
fabula, Sow.
fastidiosa, A. Adams.
fulgida, A. Adams.
gibbosa, Soiv.
byperborea, Loven.
inconspicua, A. Adams.
inornata, A. Adams.
Jamaicensis, D'Orb.

lata, Hinds.
lepida, A. Adams.
lugubris, A. Adam*.
lyrata, Hinds.
micans, A. Adams.
minuta, Mull.
nasuta, Sow.
ornata, D'Orb.
pella, Linn.
pernula, Mull.
plicifera, A. Adams.
polita, Soiv.
Portlandica, Hitchcock.
puellata, Hinds.
recta, Hinds.
recurva, Conr.
semisulcata, A. Adam*.
serotina, Hinds.
siliqua, Reeve.
Sowerbyana, D'Orb.
striata, Sow.
sulculata, Gould.
teuuisulcata, Couth.
ventricosa, Hinds.
vitrea, D'Orb.

Sub-geu. adrana, H. and A. Adams.
Shell thin, gaping at the extremities.

concinna, A. Adams.
crenifera, Sow.
decora, A. Adams.
electa, A. Adams.
eiongata, Sow.

glonosa, A. Adams.
lanceolata, Lam.
Patagonica, D'Orb.
tellinoides, Wood.

548 MALLETIIN.E.

Genus YOLDIA, Moller.

Shell compressed, oblong, somewhat narrowed behind ;
surface of valves smooth or obliquely sculptured, covered
with an olive, polished epidermis ; slightly pearly within.
Hinge with the teeth divided into comb-like denticles; car-
tilage in a central pit. Pallial line deeply sinuated.

Ex. Y. pygmsea, Miinster, pi. 130, fig. 5. Shell, Y.
limatula, Say, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The species of Yoldia are chiefly northern in their
geographical range, being found in the Arctic and Antarctic
seas, Norway, Greenland, Kamtschatka, and Massachusetts
in North America. The animal in Yoldia is said to be
destitute of the ventral lobes seen at the hind margin of
the mantle in Leda and Neilo.

Species of Yoldia.

arctica, Gray. navicularis, Couth.

Gascoensis,Migh.andAdams. Nicobarica, Lam .

glacialis, Gray. obesa, Stimp.

Japonica, Adams and P^eere. pygmaea, Munst.

laevigata, Spengl. retusa, Hinds.

lepidula, A. Adams. sapotilla, Gould.

limatula, Say. splendida, Phil.

lucida, Loven. tenella, Hinds.

Miilleri, Gray. thraciaeformis, Storer.
rnyalis, Couth.

Sub-fam. MALLETIIN^E.

Shell with the valves sometimes slightly nacreous within ;
ligament external.

XEILO. 54-5)

Genus MALLETIA, Desnioulins.

Shell oval, compressed, smooth ; surface of valves covered
with an olivaceous epidermis ; interior sub-nacreous. Hinge
with the posterior tooth and part of the anterior tooth
divided into fine, sharp denticles ; ligament external, elon-
gated, prominent. Muscular impressions wide apart; pallial
sinus large and deep.

Syn. Solenella, Sowerhy. Ctenoconcha, Gray.

Ex. M. Chilensis, Desmoiilins, pi. 126, fig. 6, 6, a.

The only species of Malletia at present known is from
Valparaiso.

Genus NEILO, H. and A. Adams.

Shell transverse, Ark-shaped, posteriorly gaping and sub-
truncate ; surface of valves covered with a thin, brown
epidermis, concentrically furrowed ; inside not nacreous.
Hinge-line nearly straight ; teeth with numerous small,
acute, comb-like denticles ; ligament external, conspicuous.
Muscular scars wide apart; pallial line with a deep sinus.

Ex. N. Cumingii, A. Adams, pi. 126, fig. 7. Shell, N.
Cumingii, fig. 7, a, 7, b.

The mantle-margin in Neilo is double, and the outer
edge is fringed, and furnished behind with ventral lobes ;
the siphons are long, slender, united, and retractile; the
labial palps are elongated, fimbriated at their margins, and
appendiculate ; the gills are narrow; and the foot is large,
geniculate, compressed, and folded, forming an oval disk
with crenate margins. This genus, which is known from
Malletia by its Ark-like form, and by the surface of the

vol. it. 4 B

550 PECTINID.E.

valves being sculptured, at present comprises but a single
recent species, from New Zealand. The denticles of the
anterior tooth extend in as numerous a series as those of
the posterior tooth, which is not the case in Malletia.

Fam. PECTINIDiE.

Mouth surrounded by foliaceous leaflets; labial palps
truncated, smooth externally, pectinated within. Mantle
freely open, the margins double, the inner pendent, bearing
fringes of tentacular filaments, and at its base a row of
eye-like spots or ocelli ; branchial leaflets equal, each pair
partially doubled on itself. Foot small, cylindrical, with a
byssal groove. Sexes united.

Shell free, auricled. Ligament wholly or partially in-
ternal, lodged in a cardinal groove. Adductor muscles
united, leaving a single impression in the shells.

Genus PECTEN, Linnteus.

Shell oblong or sub-orbicular, regular, equivalve, closed ;
surface of valves usually with radiating scaly ribs; beaks
approximated; anterior auricles the larger, the right one
with a byssal sinus. Hinge-line straight; ligament mar-
ginal, linear ; cartilage central, lodged in a triangular pit.
Muscular scar large, sub-central ; pallial line entire.

Syn. Argus, Poli.

Ex. P. varius, Linnaus, pi. 127, fig. 1. Shell, P. pal-
lium, Linnaus, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

The foot in these animals is not adapted for crawling,
but is used chiefly as an exploring organ, and to anchor

PEC TEN.

551

them when required by spinuing a temporary byssus. The
young swim freely about in a rapid and zigzag manner by
the sudden opening and closing of their valves. The
structure of the shell, according to Dr. Carpenter, con-
sists of membranous, corrugated lamella?, disposed in two
layers, with occasional traces of cellularity on the external
surface, which sometimes assume the character of a pris-
matic cellular layer. The Pectens, as shown by Lesson,
are enabled to leap out of the water by striking their valves
rapidly together. The surface of the valves is usually
adorned with brilliant and varied colors. Pecten maximus
and P. opercularis are regarded by epicures as dainty
articles of diet. The shell of P. Jacoha>iis was formerly
worn as a badge by pilgrims who had been to the Holy
Land. The Pectens are world-wide in their geographical
distribution, and are very numerous in species.

Sjwcies of Pecten.

altus, Reeve.
asperrimus, Lam.
asperulatus, Adams and Reeve.
aurautiacus, Adams and Reeve.
australis, Sow.
blandus, Reeve.
Bruei, Payr.
circularis, Sow.
cloacatus, Reeve.
concinnus, Reeve.
corallinoides, D'Orb.
coruscans, Hinds.
cretatus, Reeve.
cristularis, Adams and Reeve.
crotilus, Reeve.
cruentatus, Reeve.

Cumingii, Reeve.
cuneolus, Reeve.
Darwinii, Reeve.
daucus, Reeve.

denticulatus, Adams and Reeve.
Bieffenbachi, Gray.
distans, Lam.
Dringi, Reeve.
effulgens, Reeve.
erubescens, Reeve.
exasperatus, Soiv.
Fabricii, Reeve.
florens, Lain.
fricatus, Reeve.
fucatua, Reeve.
fulvicostatus, A damsandReeve.

552

PECTINIDiE.

funebris, Reeve.
gemmeus, Reeve.
geuiraulatus, Reeve.
gibbus, Linn.
gloriosus, Reeve.
hastatus, Sow.
ioibricatus, Gmel.
irradians, Lam.
larvatus, Reeve.
Layardi, Reeve.
lemniscatus, Reeve.
leutiginosus, Reeve.
leopard us, Reeve.
leucopbseus, Reeve.
limatula, Reeve.
lividus, Lam.
luculenta, Reeve.
magnificus, Soiv.
miles, Reeve.
miniaceus, Reeve.
multicostatus, Reeve.
ruundus, Reeve.
muscosus, Wood.
niveus, Macgilliv.
nobilis, Reeve.
nodosus, Linn.
nucleus, Born.
riux, Reeve.
opercularis, Lam.
pallium, Linn.
parvus, Sow.
Patagonicus, King.
pes-felis, Linn.
pica, Reeve.
pictus, Sow.
prunum, Reeve.
pseudolima, Sow.
purpuratus, Lam.
radula, Linn.

Reevei, A. Adams.
reticulatus, Reeve.'
roseopunctatus, Reeve.
rufiradiatus, Reeve.
rugosus, Sow.
russatus, Reeve.
sanguineus, Linn.
sanguinolentus, Gmel.
saniosus, Reeve.
senatorius, Gmel.
sentis, Reeve.
serratus, Sow.
Singaporensis, Sow.
Solaris, Bom.
solidulus, Reeve.
Sowerbyi, Reeve.
speciosus, Reeve.
spectrum, Reeve.
spiniferus, Sow.
splendid us, Sow.
squamatus, Gmel.
subnodosus, Sow.
subrufus, Turton.
sugillatus, Reeve.
superbus, Sow.
tegula, Wood.
tenellus, Reeve.
testudineus, Reeve.
textilis, Reeve.
tigris, Lam.
tinctus, Reeve.
triradiatus, Reeve.
undatus, Born.
ustulatus, Reeve.
varius, Linn.
ventricosus, Sow.
vestalis, Reeve.
vexillum, Reeve.

PECTEN. 553

Sub-gen. chi.amys, Bolten.

Shell sub-equivalve; valves radiately striated, or irregularly
ribbed.

albolineatus, Sow. niadreporarum, Petit.

bifrons, Lam. ornatus, Lam.

cuueatus, Reeve. rubidus, Hinds.

irregularis, Sow. striatus, Mull.

Islandicus, Chem. teriuigranosus, Reeve.

lsetus, Gould. vitreus, Chem.

Sub-geu. pallium, Martini (Dentipecten, R'uppell. Decado-
pecten, Sow.).

Shell equivalve ; valves longitudinally plicate. Hinge line
obscurely toothed.

anthriticus, Reeve. pes-anatis, Reeve.

digitatus, Hinds. plica, Linn.

fasciculatus, Hinds. Strangei, Reeve.

flabelloides, Reeve. subplicatus, Sow.

flagellatus, Lam. velutinus, Sow.

Sub-gen. pseudamussium, Klein.

Shell fan-shaped, thin, sub-equivalve ; valves longitudinally
plicate, smooth or finely striated.

argenteus, Reeve. tnollitus, Reeve.

clavatus, Poli. nasans, Phil.

corneus, Sow. Proteus, Soland.

flexuosus, Poli. septemradiatus, Mull.

glaber, Linn. similis, Lask.

Groenlandicus, Soiv. squamosus, Gmel .

hyalinus, Poli. stellatus, Reeve.

hybridus, Gmel. sulcatus, Born.

imbrifer, Lovcn. tigrinus, Mull.

latiauratus, Conr. undulatus, Sow.
mirificus, Reeve.

554

TECTINIDyE.

Genus VOL A, Klein.

Shell sub -orbicular, inequivalve, closed, the upper valve
flattened; surface of valves radiately ribbed; auricles nearly
equal. Hinge-line straight ; ligament marginal, narrow ;
cartilage pit central. Muscular impression large, sub-central ;
pallial line simple.

Syn. Pandora, Milhlf., not Soland. Janira, Schum.

Ex. V. Jacobaea, Li/maws, pi. 127, fig. 2. Shell, V.
maxima, Linnams, fig. 2, a, 2, h.

The species of Vola are not very numerous, but are
"widely dispersed. The chief character by which the shell
can be distinguished is the flatness of the upper valve.

Species of Vola.

aspera, Soiv.
dentata, Sow.
Erythraensis, Sow.
filosa, Reeve.
fiorida, Hinds.
furnata, Reeve.
fusca, Klein.
histrionica, Gmel.
Idaeus, Reeve.
inequivalvis, Sow.
Jacobaea, Linn.
laqueata, Sotv.
maxima, Linn.

media, Lam.
modesta, Reeve.
Novae Zelandio3, Ret re.
pulchella, Reeve.
pyxidata, Bom.
sericeus, Hinds.
similis, Sow.
Sinensis, Soiv.
spectabilis, Reeve.
subviridis, Soiv.
sulcicostata, Sow.
unicolor, Lam.
zic-zac, Linn.

Genus AMUSSIUM, Klein.

Shell orbicular, sub-equivalve, thin, gaping at the sides ;
surface of valves smooth ; auricles sub-equal, the right

HINNITES. 555

anterior one with a slight sinus. Hinge-line angulated ;
ligament linear ; cartilage-pit central. Muscular impression
sub-central, large ; pallial line simple.

Syn. Amusium, Muhlf. Pleuronectia, Swains.

Ex. A. pleuronectes, Linnaeus, pi. 127, fig. 3, 8, a.

The species of this genus are few in number, and are

inhabitants of the Indian seas, and the coast of North

America.

Species of Amussittm.

caurinum Gould. obliteratum, Lam.

Japonicum, Gmel. orbiculare, Sow.

Laurentii, Gmel. pleuronectes, Linn.
Magellanicum, Gmel.

Genus HINNITES, Defiance.

Shell oval, irregular, inequivalve, closed, adherent by
the right valve ; surface of right valve irregular, of left
valve longitudinally grooved or scaly; auricles unequal,
the posterior the larger, with a sinus in the right one.
Hinge-margin straight; ligament long, narrow; cartilage-
pit central. Muscular impression very large and rounded ;
pallial impression strongly marked, entire.

Syn. Hinnita, Gray.

Ex. H. pusio, Linnaeus, pi. 127, fig. 4, 4, a.

In this genus the lower valve of the shell in tbe adult
state is attached to foreign bodies, and becomes irregular.
One species is met with on the coasts of Britain, tbe
others are from Western America.

Species of Hinnites.

giganteus, Gray. pusio, Linn.

Poulsoni, Conr.

550 RADULID.E.

Genus HEMIPECTEN, Adams and Reeve.

Shell inequivalve, irregular, hyaline, the superior valve
slightly anriculated, the inferior valve posteriorly con-
spicuously auriculate, deeply sinuated and denticulate
beneath the auricle. Hinge edentulous ; ligament mar-
ginal; cartilage small, in a central cavity.

Ex. H. Forbesianus, Adams and Reeve, pi. 127, fig. 5,
5, a.

In this genus the margin of the sinus, as in many
species of Pecten, is furnished with a row of sharp erect
denticles. From the Anomia-like appearance of the shell,
it probably lives attached to foreign bodies. The single
species known is from the Sooloo Archipelago.

Fam. RADULID^E.

Body produced, in part linguiform. Mouth surrounded
by tentacular filaments. Mantle without any ocelli on the
edge, the margin fringed with tentacular filaments; anal
tube cylindric, visible externally. Foot compressed, not
byssiferous.

Shell gaping at the sides, usually white. Hinge eden-
tulous.

Genus RADULA, Klein.

Shell more or less obliquely oblong, equivalve, closed in
front, more or less gaping at the sides ; surface of valves
usually grooved in a radiating manner, the ribs scaly ;

liADULA. 557

beaks separated by a rbomboidal area, eared on each side.
Ligament on each side of a strong cartilage placed in a
triangular pit under the beaks. Muscular scar eccentric ;
pallial line entire.

S//n. Lima, Brug. Liinaria, Link. Glaucion, Oken.

Ex. R, inflata, Chemnitz, pi. 128, fig 1. Shell, L. lima,
Linnceus, fig. 1, a, 1, b.

In this genus the valves of all the species are white
or colourless, and the substance of the shell is composed
of plicate lamellae externally, and with a network of
minute tubuli in the inner layer. Some are covered with
a thin brown epidermis. Some species are peculiar to
northern seas ; a few are inhabitants of our own coasts ;
and others are found in America and the West Indies.
The animals swim freely about, like the Pectens, by
flapping their valves ; and sometimes they spin a byssus,
and even form a sort of nest, by weaving fragments of
coral and shell into their byssus, in which they live
gregariously.

Species of Radula.

Caribrea, D'Orh. paucicostata, Sow.

lima, Linn. vulgaris, Link. .

multicostata, Sow.

Sub-gen. ctenoides, Klein.

Shell thin, sub-equilateral, hardly gaping posteriorly; ribs
divaricate, meeting in the centre. Hinge margin nearly straight.

scabra, Born. tenera, Chem.

VOL. II. 4 C

558 RADULIDiE.

Sub-gen. mantkllum, Bolten.

Shell thin, ventricose, oblique; hind side of shell widely
gaping. Hinge-margin oblique ; cartilage-pit central, project-
ing into the cavity of the shell.

angulata, Sow. hians, Gmel.

arcuata, Sow. inflata, Client.

Basilanica, Adams and Reeve. Loscombii, Leach.

Cumingii, Sow. orientalis, Adams and Reeve.

dentata, Sow. rotundata, Sow.

fasciata, Linn. ventricosa, Soiv.
fragilis, Chem.

Sub-gen. acesta, H. and A. Adams.

Shell thin, inequilateral, ventricose, radiately striated, slightly
gaping. Hinge with the cartilage-pit oblong, elongate, under
the anterior auricle.

excavata, Chem.

Sub-genus limatula, Searles Wood.

Shell nearly equilateral, slightly gaping, auricles nearly equal.
Hinge-margin thick; cartilage-pit central, large, projecting into
the cavity.

bullata, Born. subauriculata, Montagu.

Genus LIM.EA, Bronn.

Mantle margins simple, without tentacular filaments.

Shell sub-globose, roundly ovate, sub-equilateral, closed ;
surface of valves with squamose, radiating ribs ; beaks pro-
minent; margins crenate. Cardinal margins rather oblique,

spoxdylidjE. 559

straight, with about fifteen denticles on each side ; cartilage
pit triangular, the area slightly concave and longitudinally
striated. Muscular impression sub-central; pallial lino
simple.

Ex. L. Sarsii, Loven, pi. 128, fig. 2, 2, a.

Of this curious genus there is but one species yet de-
scribed, from Norway and the Mediterranean.

Fam. SPONDYLIDiE.

Mouth with foliaceous lips ; palps short, oblong, pointed.
Mantle freely open, the margins thickened, and furnished
with numerous rows of tentacular cirrhi, many of which are
truncate, and end in a smooth, convex surface ; gills large,
equal, separate. Foot small, cylindrical, truncated, ending
in a disk, from tlie depressed centre of which issues a
small, cylindrical tendon terminating in a small, oviform,
fleshy mass.

Shell irregular, attached by the right valve, radiately
ribbed, spiny, or foliaceous.

Genus SPONDYLUS, Linnaeus.

Shell inequivalve, adherent, spiny or rough ; beaks un-
equal, eared ; inferior valve with an external, flat, triangular
cardinal area, divided by a groove, and enlarging with
age. Hinge with two strong teeth in each valve, with an
intermediate ligamental pit, communicating at its base with
the external groove ; ligament internal. Muscular impres-
sion double ; pallial line entire.

560

SPONDYLIDJ!.

Syn. Podopsis, Lam. (foss.) Dianchora, Sow. (foss.)
Pachytes, Defr. (foss.)

Ex. S. gasderopus, Linnaeus, pi. 128, fig. 3, 3, a.

The "Thorny Oysters" inhabit the coasts of Western
America, the Pacific Islands, India, Australia, and the
Mediterranean. They are usually found in deep water,
adhering to rocks and coral. The valves are adorned
with spines, and are often vividly coloured. From the
fact of cavities containing fluid being found in the inner
layer of the shell, they are sometimes termed " Water
Clams."

Species of Spondylus.

aculeatus, Chem.
affinis, Reeve.
albibarbatus, Reeve.
Americanus, Lam.
armatus, Sow.
asperrimus, Sow.
aurantius, Lam.
barbatus, Reeve.
basilicus, Reeve
Butleri, Reeve.
calcifer, Cpr.
camurus, Reeve.
Candidas, Lam.
castus, Reeve.
chelouia, Reeve.
ciliatus, Brod.
coccineus, Lam.
croceus, Chem.
Cumingii, Suiv.
cuneus, Reeve.
digitatus, Sow.

ducalis, Chem.
electrum, Reeve.
erinaceus, Reeve.
fiabellutn, Reeve.
foliaceus, Chem.
fragilis, Sow.
fragum, Reeve.
gasderopus, Linn.
gilvus, Reeve.
gracilis, Chem.
Gussoni, Costa.
hystrix, Reeve.
ictericus, Reeve.
imbutus, Reeve.
imperialis, Chenu.
Lamarckii, Chenu.
Layardi, Reeve.
leucacantba, Brod.
limbatus, Sow.
liugua-felis, Sow.
longitudinalis, Lain.

PLICATULA.

5G1

microlepos, Lam.
multimuricatus, Reeve.
rnultisetosus, Reeve.
mus, Reeve.
Nicobaricus, Chem.
nudus, Chem.
nux, Reeve.
ocellatus, Reeve.
Pacificus, Reeve.
pictorum, Chem.
plurispinosus, Reeve.
princeps, Broil.
raclula, Reeve.
ramosus, Reeve.
regius, Gmel.

rubicundus, Reeve.
setiger, Reeve.
Sinensis, Sow.
spectrum, Reeve.
tenebrosus, Reeve.
teuellus, Reeve.
tenuispinosus, Sow.
unicolor, Soiv.
ustulatus, Reeve.
varians, Soiv.
variegatus, Chem.
vexillum, Reeve.
violaceus, Reeve.
virgineus, Reeve.
zonalis, Cheiiu.

Genus PLICATULA, Lamarck.

Shell inequivalve, plicate, irregular, attached by the beak
of the right valve ; beaks unequal, not eared ; hinge-area
indistiuct. Hinge with two strong, diverging, cross-grained
cardinal teeth in each valve, with an intermediate pit for
the internal cartilage. Muscular impression simple; pallia!
line entire.

Ex. P. plicata, Forskal, pi. 128, fig. 4, 4, a.

The fossil representatives of this genus, of which there
are upwards of forty species from the Trias of Europe, the
United States, Algeria, and India, have had the name of
Harpax bestowed on them by Parkinson. The recent
species, about nine in number, are chiefly from the Phi-
lippines, Australia, and Western America.

5 02 SPONDYLID.E.

Species of Plicatula.

australis, Lam. penicillata, Cpr.

cristata, Lam. plicata, Forsh.

deltoidea, Dkr. regularis, Phil.

depressa, Lam. reniforaiis, Lam.
lineata, Uecluz.

Genus PEDUM, Bruguiere.

Shell thin, smooth, compressed ; beaks unequal, di-
verging, slightly eared ; right valve deeply notched for
the passage of the byssus. Hinge edentulous ; cartilage
internal, in a central cartilage-pit ; ligament partly ex-
ternal. Adductor scar double; pallial line simple.

Ex. P. spondyloideum, Gmelin, pi. 128, fig. 5. Shell,
P. spondyloideum, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The mantle-margin in Pedum is furnished with nume-
rous tentacular filaments, as in Sjpondylus, with small,
smooth tubercles between them placed at equal distances ;
there is a fissure in the mantle on the right side for the
passage of the byssus. The foot is small and vermiform,
with a thick, silky byssus at its base. The Pedum, of
which one species only is known, from the Eed Sea, the
Indian Ocean, and the Mauritius, inhabits coral-reefs, to
which it is anchored by a byssus, which passes out of
the deep notch in the right valve ; it is often found partially
buried in masses of madrepores.

ANOiMIIDiE. 5G3

Fam. ANOMIID^E.

Mouth with narrow, plain lips, confluent with the gills ;
palps obsolete. Mantle quite open, except at the hinge,
with a double pendent margin, fringed with short cirrhi ;
no ocelli ; gills two on each side, unsymmetrical, united
posteriorly, and suspended by two falciform membranes;
outer gill-lamina furnished with a broad reflexed margin.
Foot small, cylindrical, expanded at the end and grooved.
Sexes distinct ; generative organs combined with the right
mantle -lobe. Ventricle exposed, not perforated by the
rectum. Byssus large, laminar, passing through a nearly
complete foramen in the right mantle-lobe, and attached by
a powerful muscle to the centre of the left valve. Adductor
moderate ; pallial line continuous.

Shell deeply emarginated or perforated near the beak on
one side by a large ovate or round sinus, through which
the adductor muscle passes attached to the opercular shelly
plug.

Genus ANOMIA., Linnaeus.

Shell orbicular, or oblong. Byssal notch distinct ; the
upper part of the anterior lobe of the notch separate
from, and often partially overlapping, the front of the
cardinal edge. Plug thick, elongate, entirely shelly, and
quite free from the edge of the notch. Upper valve with
three sub-central muscular scars.

Syn. Echion, Echionoderma, Poll. Fenestella, Bolten.
Lampades, Gevers. Cepa, Humph.

504

ANOMIID/E.

Ex. A. ephippium, Linnceus, pi. 129, fig. 1. Shell, A.
cphippium, fig. 1, a, \, b.

There are about nineteen species of Anomia, which are
very varied in their geographical distribution, being found
in the European and Mediterranean seas, North America,
India, and Australia. They range from low-water to one
hundred fathoms, and often take the form of the bodies
to which they are attached. In France they are eaten, but
with us they are nut considered edible. The shells are
attached by the calcareous plug which passes through the
aperture in the lower valve.

Species of Anomia.

Achoeus, Gray.
Acontes, Gray.
a dam as, Gray.
Alectus, Gray.
Amabreus, Gray.
australis, Gray.
Belesis, Gray.
Chinensis, Phil.

Cytseum, Gray.
Dtyas, Gray.
ephippium, Linn.
Fidenas, Gray.
Ilamillus, Gray.
Lampe, Gray.
Larbas, Gray.
Pacilus, Gray.

Sub-gen. ^enigma, Koch.

Shell oblong, transverse; upper scar large; the two lower
scars smaller, far behind the upper one.

senigmatica, Cheni.

naviformis, Jonas.

Sub-gen. patro, Gray.
Shell sub-orbicular; two upper scars small, the lower one large.
Elyros, Gray.

TLACUNANOMIA. 565

Genus PLACUNANOMIA, Broderip.

Shell ovate. Byssal notch distinct, converted into a hole
by the upper part of the anterior lobe of the notch being
soldered to, and forming part of, the cardinal edge. Plug
triangular, gradually enlarging in size; apex and outer
surface next to the body to which it is attached calcareous,
longitudinally striated ; inner surface covered with horny,
longitudinal, parallel lamina?, and more or less agglutinated
to the edge of the notch. Upper or dorsal valve with
two sub-central muscular scars, the upper scar radiately
veined.

Ex. P. macrochisma, Deshayes, pi. 129, fig. 2. P.
Cumingii, Broderij), fig. 2, a.

The type of this genus, P. Cumingii, was dredged by
Mr. Ouming in the Gulf of Dulce in Central America ;
the other species are from the West Indies, California,
Australia, and Europe. They live attached to dead shells,
stones, and coral.

Sub-gen. pododesmus, Philippi.

Shell with the surface of the valves radiately ribbed. Perfo-
ration of lower valve moderate, firmly embracing and enclosing
the plug.

abnormalis, Sow. rudis, Brod.

foliata, Brod.

VOL. II. 4 D

566 ANOMIIDiE.

Sub-gen. monia, Gray (?Tedinia, Gray).

Shell with the surface of the valves racliately ribbed. Per-
foration of lower valve large, only slightly embracing the large
thin plug.

Alope, Gray. ruacrochisma, Desk.

Cepio, Gray. patelliformis, Linn.

claviculata, Cpr. pernoides, Gray.

Colon, Gray. Zealandica, Gray.
Tone, Gray.

Genus PLACENTA, Retzius.

Shell semi-transparent, flat, sub -orbicular. Ridges of
the hinge very gradually diverging from each other, the
hinder ridge much the longer. Muscular scar rather in
front of the middle of the hinge.

Ex. P. orbicularis, Retzius, pi. 129, fig. 3. Shell, P.
orbicularis, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

The structure of the shell in this genus has been ascer-
tained by Dr. Carpenter to consist of sub-nacreous, plicated,
separable lainellse, which are occasionally permeated by very
minute tubuli. The single species described is from the
coasts of India and China.

Genus PLACUNA, Solander.

Shell purplish, sub-opaque. Hinge-ridges rapidly diverg-
ing from one another at about the angle of forty-five
degrees, of nearly equal length. Muscular scar under the
centre of the hinge.

OSTREID.E. 507

Ex. P. sella, Gmelin, pi. 129, fig. 4, 4, a.
The curious striated and bent-up "Saddle Oyster" (P. sella)
is the best known of the species of this genus, which are
but few in number, and inhabit the sandy shores of China,
India, and Northern Australia.

Species of Plaeuna.

Lincolnii, Gray. sella, Gmel.

papyracea, Lam.

Fain. OSTREIDiE.

Labial appendages triangular, connected around the mouth
by a plain membrane ; palps separate from the gills. Mantle
entirely open, the edges double, and each bordered by short
tentacular fringes ; no conspicuous ocelli ; branchial leaf-
lets not doubled on themselves. Foot obsolete.

Shell irregular, foliated, free, or adherent. Ligament in-
ternal, or semi-internal. Muscular impression sub-central;
pallial line entire.

Genus OSTREA, Linnaeus.

Shell variously shaped, inequivalve, more or less inequi-
lateral, often thick and irregular; upper valve most fre-
quently flat or concave, under valve convex ; surface foliated,
or with radiating furrows. Hinge without teeth ; ligament
lodged in a pit in each valve, the beak behind that of the
under valve, often produced, and exhibiting a furrowed liga-
mental area. Muscular scar sub-central ; pallial impression
obscure, entire.

568

OSTREIDjE.

Syn. Ostreura, Adanson. Amphidonta, Fischer. Peloris,
Poll. Plagiostoma, Sow.

E<v. 0. edulis, Linnmis, pi. 129, fig. 5. Shell, 0. edulis,
fig. 5, a, 5, b.

Oysters of different species appear to be found in most
countries. The " Native Oyster " {Ostrea edulis) with which
the London market is supplied, and those oysters so assidu-
ously cultivated by the Chinese on the upright stones of
their oyster preserves, and which are regularly collected
when of a certain age, are remarkable for their flavour
and delicacy, and are much sought as articles of food.
The oysters of Venice, England, and the Dardanelles were
well known to the luxurious Greeks and Eomans of an
ancient date, as are those of Colchester, Tenby, and Fever-
sham to the English epicure of the present day.

Species of Ostrea.

Adriatica, Lam.
bicolor, Hanley.
borealis, Lain.
callochroa, Hanley.
Chemnitzii, Hanley.
circumsuta, Gould.
cochlear, Poll.
Columbieusis, Hanley.
concbapbila, Cpr.
cristata, Born.
Cumingiana, Dkr.
Cyrnusii, Payr.
deformis, Lam.
denticulata, Born.
discoidea, Gould.

edulis, Linn.
elliptica, Lam.
excavata, Lam.
fucorum, Lam.
gallina, Lam.
gibbosa, Lam.
glornerata, Gould.
baliotidea, Lam.
hippopus, Lam.
iridescens, Gray.
lacerata, Hanley.
roargaritacea, Lam.
megadon, Hanley.
mytiloides, Lam.
mordax, Gould.

GRYPHjEA. 569

multistriata, Hanley. sinuata, Lam.

numisnia, Lam. spatbulata, Lam.

pes-tigris, Hanley. spinosa, Qicoy.

pyxidata, Adams and Reeve. stentina, Payr.

rosacea, Desk. trapezina, Lam.

rostralis, Lam. tuberculata, Lam.

ruscuriana, Lam. Virginica, Gmel.

scabra, Lam. Webbii, Recluz.
Senegalensis, Gmel.

Sub-gen. lopha, Bol tea (Alectryonia, Fisch. Dendrostrea,

Swains.).

Sbell plicate ; margia of valves strongly dentate.

cornucopias, Lam. imbricata, Lam.

crista-galli, Linn. labrella, Lain.

cucullata, Born. plicata, Chetn.

frons, Linn. turbinata, Lam.

Guineensis, Dhr. Sinensis, Gmel.
by otis, Chem.

Genus GRYPHiEA, Lamarck.

Shell free, inequivalve ; inferior valve large, concave, beak
prominent, incurved, ending in an involute spire ; superior
valve small, flat, opercular. Hinge toothless ; cardinal fossa
oblong, arcuated. Muscular impression single.

Ex. G. angulata, Lamarck, pi. 129, fig. 6, 6, a.

The fossil species of this genus are numerous ; the only
one that has been met with in the recent state is from
the Philippines.

570

Class BRACHIOPODA.

Animal furnished with a pair of cirrhated arms or oral
appendages, which are free or united by membrane, some-
times supported by calcareous processes. Mantle-lobes
closely applied to the valves, fringed with horny seta, and
supplied with branching veins ; gills none, respiration per-
formed by the vessels of the mantle. Foot none.

Shell inequivalve, attached to submarine bodies by a
muscular peduncle, or by the substance of its ventral valve ;
valves dorsal and ventral, united by muscles, and usually
articulated by teeth.

Marine.

In this Class of Molluscous animals the most curious
feature consists in the mouth being furnished with two
folded or spiral labial appendages or oral arms, united by
membrane, fringed with cirrhi, and supported by an internal
shelly skeleton. In some of the genera the ends of the
spiral arms are endowed with voluntary motion, the move-
ment being effected by the injection of a fluid into the
hollow spiral tube, by means of which the coils are sepa-
rated. The arms, however, cannot be protruded from the
shell, but are usually confined to one position by the mem-
brane which unites them. Their nervous system, like that
of other Mollusca, is composed of several medullary masses
which surround the gullet and send filaments to the various
organs of the body ; their organs of taste, if they indeed

CONCHIFERA. 571

possess any, may be situated in the filaments of the mantle-
margin, and those of touch, doubtless, consist of the curiously-
twisted cirrhated arms or labial appendages. The Brachio-
pods appear to be altogether destitute of true gills, the
function of respiration being performed by the vascular
mantle, which is furnished for the purpose with numerous
large, ramifying veins. Their digestive organs do not
differ materially from those of the Bivalves, the alimentary
canal commencing in a simple oral aperture situated between
the bases of the contorted arms ; in Terebratula it is tubu-
lar and curved for some distance, and then becomes dilated
into a stomach, while in other genera it makes several
turns, and continues throughout of the same calibre ; there
are no salivary glands, and the disintegrated liver pours its
secretion directly into the digestive tube.

The mode in which the Brachiopod Mollusks are attached
to foreign bodies varies in each family ; the regular and
deep-dwelling Terehratulidte are anchored to sub-mariue
bodies by a tendinous peduncle which escapes through the
perforated beak of the ventral valve which is also the upper
valve, as these animals, like the Cirrhopods, repose upon
their backs ; in the horny, flattened Discinidce the tendon
of attachment passes through a fissure near the hind part of
the under valve ; in the singular Lingtilida, which perforate
the mud of shallow bays, the peduncle is tubular, and es-
capes from between the diverging beaks ; the Cramida,
which are sessile on stones and other submarine bodies, are
directly attached by their flattened lower valve ; while the
Thecideidce, which have the perforation in the beak rudi-
mentary or closed, are fixed by the apex only of the lower
valve.

The bodies of the Brachiopods are protected by two un-

572 CONCHIFERA.

equal, symmetrical valves united by a hinge, without a liga-
ment, and opened and closed by means of special muscles
which are attached to their inner surface, the office of the
oral arms being confined to procuring and detaining their
food. As these animals lie upon their backs, the lower
valve is properly dorsal with reference to the body, while
the upper, convex, and perforated valve must be regarded as
ventral. In the Terebratulidm the valves of the shell are
calcareous and finely perforated, the tubular apertures
being lined in the living animal with prolongations of the
mantle ; in the Rhynchonellidte the structure of "the shell
is horny and imperforate; in the LingulidmxX is thin and
covered with an epidermis ; in the Orbiculidte it is nearly
flexible and almost entirely horny; while the shells of
the fossil Productidie are generally spinulose; in the
extinct tribe Radiolitida the texture of the lower valve
is cellular; and in the Hippuritida the upper valve is
pierced with pores which branch off towards the surface.

The characters of the various genera are principally taken
from modifications of the peculiar, bony apophysary sys-
tem, which is situated in the lower or dorsal valve, and
which serves to support the cirrhated oral arms; two slen-
der processes usually proceed from near the hinge-margin
of the smaller imperforate valve and form loops or simple
apophyses, and sometimes there is a central perpendicular
lamina between them, to which the crura of the lateral pro-
cesses are attached, either singly or doubly, and constitute
a very complicated apparatus.

The existing species of Brachiopods are found in all lati-
tudes, and appear to be most varied and abundant at consi-
derable depths ; their numbers, however, are few when
compared ^jvith those of their fossil prototypes, which for-

TEREBRATULIDiE. 573

merly swarmed at the bottom of the sea, and played a most
important part among the molluscous population of those
primeval deeps.

Fam. TEREBRATULID.E.

Animals always attached by a peduncle, furnished with
cirrhated arms, united throughout by membrane, folded
upon themselves, and only spiral at their extremities.

Shell minutely punctate, inequivalve, usually oval or sub-
circular, smooth or striated ; ventral valve the larger, the
beak produced and perforated at the apex; foramen sepa-
rated from the hinge-line by a triangular plate or delti-
dium usually composed of two pieces; teeth supported by
plates, one on each side of the deltidium ; dorsal valve
with a prominent cardinal process between the sockets for
the teeth, a hinge plate with four cavities, and a central
ridge or septum. Internal skeleton in the form of a slender
shelly loop attached by its crura to the hinge-plate and
furnished near its origin with oral processes.

The strongly cirrhated, looped or contorted oral arms
fixed to a well-developed apophysary skeleton is the distin-
guishing characteristic of this family. The muscles which
close the shell arise from the centre of the ventral valve,
and are inserted at four points near the centre of the dorsal
valve ; besides these, there are retractor and peduncle mus-
cles. The Terebratulidce are all marine, and range from
low-water to 1 00 fathoms ; they are found in all seas.

Sub-fam. TEREBRATULIN^E.

•Shell usually oval; valves convex, the margins entire or

only slightly waved ; hinge-line curved; beak of the larger
vol. n. 4 E

574 teiiebratulinjE.

valve perforated, the foramen quite at the apex ; deltidium
of two pieces, often blended. Internal skeleton consisting
of a slender shelly loop, not attached in the middle to the
valve.

Genus TEREBRATULA, Llhwyd.

Shell usually oval and convex, smooth, ribbed, or marked
with radiating striae, the margins even or only slightly waved;
foramen complete. Loop short and simple.

Syn. Epithyris, King, not Phillips. Gryphus, Miihlf.
Lampas, Humph.

Ex. T. vitrea, Bom, pi. 130, fig. 1. Shell, T. vitrea,
fig. I, a, 1, b.

In the genus Terebratula, as restricted, the loop is short
and simple, formed of two riband-shaped lamella? fixed to
the crural base, and the oral processes do not unite to form
a ring as in Tcrebratulina ; the " Terebratula with long
loops " of Davidson form the genus Waldheimia of King.
The recent species are but very few in number.

Species of Terebratula.

pulvinata, Gould. vitrea, Linn.

uva, Brod.

Genus TEREBRATULINA, D'Orbigny.

Shell finely striated ; valves auriculate ; beak straight ;
deltidium rudimentary; foramen incomplete. Loop short,
rendered annular by the union of the oral processes.

Ex. T. caput-serpentis, Linnans, pi. 130, fig. 2. Shell,
T. caput-serpentis, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

In this genus the crural processes are united, forming a
shelly band behind the mouth of the animal, the reflected

WALDIIEIMIA. 575

border of the loop being always in front of the mouth ; the
beak is truncated ; there are two ear-like expansions on the
sides of the umbo ; and the foramen is partly encircled by
a deltidium united or disunited in different species.

Species of Terehratulina.

abyssicola, Adams and Reeve. Cumingii, Davidson.

angusta, Adams and Reeve. Japonica, Sow.

cancellata, Koch. septentrionalis, Couth.
caput-serpen tis, Linn.

Genus tvaldheimia, King.

Shell smooth or plicate; foramen complete. Loop
elongated and reflected ; central septum of the smaller
valve elongated.

Ex. W. flavescens, Lamarck, pi. 130, fig. 3. Shell,
W. flavescens, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

This genus, which is the same as the " Terebratuhe with
long loops " of Davidson, differs from Terebratella, which
it seems most to resemble, in the crura of the lateral ap-
pendages not being attached in their middle by processes
to the central lamella.

Species of Waldheimia.

Californica, Koch. globosa, Lam.

caurina, Gould. lenticularis, Desh.

cranium, Mull. Patagonica, Gould.

dilatata, Lam. picta, Chem.

flavescens, Lam. septigera, Lovth.

Sub-gen. eudesia, King.
Shell with the beak round; valves sharply plaited.
Giayii, Davidson.

576 MAGASINiE.

Sub-fam. MAGASINiE.

Shell smooth or radiately plaited ; dorsal valve with a
longitudinal depression ; hinge-line straight or only slightly
curved ; area usually distinct ; deltidiuni frequently incom-
plete. Loop attached to the septum of the dorsal valve.

Genus TEREBRATELLA, D'Orbigny.

Shell with the loop elongated, reflected, doubly attached,
once to the hinge-plate and again to the longitudinal septum,
by processes given off at right angles from the crura near
the centre of the valve.

Syn. Delthyris, Mke.

Ex. T. dorsata, Gmelin, pi. 180, fig. 4, 4, a.

In this genus the loop is long and doubled upon itself
as in Wahlhcimia, but the crura give off about their middle
a flat, wide, horizontal process which is affixed to the
elevated, longitudinal, central septum ; there are fourteen
recent species of Terebratella described, from all parts of
the world. In the sub-genus Waltonia, which is founded
on a single minute specimen, the reflexed portion of the
loop is wanting, but this may possibly have been broken
away.

Species of Terebratella.

Bouchardii, Davidson. flexuosa, King.

Chilensis, Brod. frontalis, Midd.

Coreanica, Adams and Reeve. Labradorensis, Sow.

cruenta, Dillw. rubella, Sow.

dorsata, Gmel. rubicunda, Sow.

BOUCHARDIA. 577

sanguinea, Chcm. Spitzbergensis, Davidson.

Sowerbii, King. transversa, Sow.

Sub-gen. waltonia, Davidson.

Shell with the beak truncated by a large incomplete
foramen ; deltidia separate. Loop reduced to two simple
lamellae furnished with oral processes and attached to a
prominent central septum.

Valenciennii, Davidson.

Genus MAGAS, Sowerby.

Shell with a reflected loop attached near the bend to a
very prominent central septum.

Ex. M. Cumingii, Davidson, pi. 131, fig, 1, 1, a.

In this genus the apophysary system is composed of an
elevated longitudinal septum with two pairs of calcareous
lamellae; the lower pair, riband-shaped, proceed from their
attachment to the crural base by a gentle curve to near the
front part of the septum; the second pair extend in the form
of two triangular lamellae from either side of the upper edge
of the septum.

Sjwcies of Ma gas.

crenulata, Soiv. Evansii, Davidson.

Cumingii, Davidson.

Genus BOUCHARDIA, Davidson.

Shell with a minute foramen at the apex of the beak ;
deltidium solid. Apophysis anchor-shaped, the central
septum being furnished with two short lamellae.

Ex. B. tulipa, Blainville, pi. 131, fig. 2, 2, a.

578 MAGASINJJ.

In this genus the apophysary system is anchor- shaped,
consisting of an elevated central plate, to which are affixed
two short lamella? ; a single species only is known, dredged
at Rio in thirteen fathoms by J. Macgillivray.

Genus MEGERLIA, King.

Shell transversely oblong, with a wide and rather straight
hinge-line ; area distinct ; foramen incomplete. Loop
rather short, reflected, triply attached, once to the hinge-
plate and twice to the septum, by processes from the crura
and also from the reflected portion of the loop.

Syn. Kingena, Davidson. Ismenia, King.

Ex. M. truncata, Linnaeus, pi. 131, fig. 3. Shell, M.
truncata, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

In this genus two short, central, diverging branches arise
frorn the extremity of the longitudinal septum and support
the calcareous loop, the riband-shaped lamella? of which,
first attached to the crural base, afterwards become fixed to
the diverging branches of the septum, and then proceed
nearly parallel to one another until they form a reflexed
loop, which also gives off two processes which affix them-
selves to the median crest.

Species of Megerlia.
pulchella, Soiv. truncata, Linn.

Genus KRAUSSIA, Davidson.

Shell sub-circular, with a nearly straight hinge-line;
beak truncated, laterally keeled ; foramen large and round ;
deltidia small, disunited; hinge-area flat; dorsal valve

MORRISIA.

579

longitudinally depressed, Internal skeleton consisting of a
small forked process arising from the septum near the centre
of the valve.

Ex. K. Lamarckiana, Davidson, pi. 131, fig. 4. Shell,
K. pisum, Valenciennes, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The inferior peduncle muscles in this genus are large, and
leave two wide impressions close to the hinge. The mesial
ridge or septum extends to ahout half the length of the dorsal
valve, and the two small forked lamellae which arise from
its extremity diverge and are expanded at their ends.

Species of Kraussia.

Caipensis, Adams and Reeve. pisum, Lam.

cognata, Chem. rubra, Pallas.

Lamarckiana, Davidson.

Genus MORRISIA, Davidson.

Shell coarsely punctate, with a large foramen encroach-
ing equally on both valves ; ventral valve with a small
straight area. Loop not reflected, united to a small forked
process in the centre of the valve.

Ex. M. anomioides, Scacchi, pi. 131, fig. 5. Shell, M.
anomioides, fig. 5, a, 5, b.

The animal of Morrisia is furnished with two sub-spiral
or sigmoid arms with comparatively large cirrhi, which, sup-
ported by the crural processes, pass forwards and, converging
in front of the mouth, again turn outwards. The shell is
minute, circular, and depressed; the deltidia are very small
and widely separated; the dorsal or smaller valve is deeply
notched at the umbo ; and the apophysary system consists of

580 THECIDEIDiE.

two branches, not reflexed, and united to a small central pro-
cess arising from the centre of the valve.

Species of Morrisia.
anomioides, Scacchi. lunifera, Phil.

Fam. THECIDEIDIE.

Animal with the oral arms folded upon themselves, united
by membrane, fringed with long cirrhi on their outer margins,
and supported by a complicated shelly loop. Mantle ex-
tending to the margin of the valves and closely adherent, the
margin simple, not ciliated.

Genus ARGIOPE, Deslongchamps.

Shell transversely oblong or semicircular, smooth or radi-
ately ribbed, strongly punctate ; hinge-line wide ; foramen
large and rounded; area flat, triangular; deltidium rudimen-
tary ; dorsal valve depressed, interior furnished with one
or more prominent sub-marginal septa ; ventral valve trun-
cated at the beak. Loop originating at the base of the
dental sockets and folded into two or more lobes occupying
the interspaces of the radiating septa to which they adhere
on their inner sides.

Syn. Megathyris, D'Orb.

Ex, A. decollata, Chemnitz, pi. 131, fig. 6. Shell, A.
decollata, fig. 6, a, 0, b.

In Argiope the animal is attached by a tendon passing
out of the very large perforation below the truncated beak of
the ventral valve. The oral arms, united by membrane,
form a disk, and are folded so as to form four, or, as in the
sub-genus Cistella, only two lobes.

THECIDEA. 581

Sub-gen. cistella, Gray.

Shell with the loop two-lobed.

cistellula, Searles Wood. Neapolitana, Scacchi.

cuneata, Risso.

Genus THECIDEA, Defiance.

Shell thick, rounded or oval, more or less regular, punc-
tate, attached by the umbo of the ventral valve, or free ;
ventral valve with the umbo rather produced and perforated
by a minute apical foramen usually closed at an early age ;
hinge-area flat, triangular; deltidium triangular, scarcely
distinct from the area ; interior deeply concave, furnished
with two prominent cardinal teeth, the surface striated and
marked with three muscular scars ; dorsal valve small,
rounded, opercular, furnished interiorly with a prominent
cardinal process between the dental sockets. Oral processes
united, forming a bridge over the visceral cavity, separating
the oral from the anal orifice ; disk grooved for the recep-
tion of the loop, the grooves separated by branches from a
centra] septum ; loop often unsymmetrical, divided into two
or more lobes, united more or less intimately with the sides
of the grooves.

Si/71. Thecidium, Sowerby.

Ex. T. Mediterranea, Risso, pi. 132, fig. 1. Shell, T.
Mediterranea, fig. I, a, 1 b.

In the genus Thecidea the shell is attached by the trun-
cated apex of the dorsal valve, or it is free, when the apex
is produced and entire. The calcareous loop is folded into
two or more lobes, which repose in hollows of corresponding
form excavated in the substance of the smaller valve.

vol. it. . J i

582 kiiynchonellidje.

Fam. RHYNCHONELLIDiE.

Oral arms elongate, flesliy, spiral, supported at the base
by two short, curved, shelly, diverging laminae arising from
the hinge-margin of the ventral valve.

Shell not punctate, usually tetrahedral and sharply pli-
cate ; the interior without any shelly plates or cartilaginous
or testaceous skeleton.

In this family the spirally convoluted buccal appendages
or oral arms are not supported by any internal apophysary
system, the substance of the shell is not punctate, and its
surface is generally plaited.

Genus RHYNCHONELLA, Fischer.

Shell tumid, thin, variable in shape ; beak of upper or
ventral valve acute, entire, more or less recurved ; no true
area ; foramen triangular and open, placed under the beak,
reaching the margin. Apophysary system consisting of
two separate, curved, moderately developed, shelly blades
projecting from the hinge of the lower or dorsal valve.

Syn. Hypothyris, Phillips. Hermithyris, D'Orb.

Ex. E. psittacea, Chemnitz, pi. 132, fig. 2. Shell, R.
psittacea, fig. 2, a, 2, b.

The shell in this genus is never punctate, and the free,
fleshy, spiral arms are affixed to two short, flattened, and
grooved lamellse, separated from each other, slightly curved
upwards, and attached to the inner side of the beak of the
small dorsal or imperforate valve. Three recent species are
known; R. psittacea is from the northern and arctic seas,
and R. nigricans is from the shores of New Zealand.

DRANIID^-. 5S3

Species of Rhynehonella.

Grayi, Woodw. psittacea, Chem.

nigricans, Sow.

Fam. CKANIID.E.

Animal with its oral arms fixed to a process of the lower
or ventral valve.

Shell calcareous, minutely tubular, attached to marine
bodies by the outer surface of the ventral valve which is
imperforate ; upper or dorsal valve simple, conical. Hinge
and apophysary system wanting.

This family differs from Discinidce in the calcareous
structure of the shell and in the ventral valve being entire
and attached by its outer surface. The position of the ani-
mal on its ventral side is, however, the same as in that
family.

Genus CRANIA, Retzius.

Shell calcareous, tubular, without hinge or internal cal-
careous appendages; ventral or fixed valve not perforated
for the passage of a peduncle of attachment, the interior
with a central process to which the fleshy spiral arms are at-
tached; dorsal or upper valve free, limpet-like, with two
diverging muscular processes.

Syn. Criopus, Criopoderma, Poll. Cryopus, Desk. Cra-
niolithes, Schloth. Orbicula, Cuv. Discina, Turt., not
Lam.

Ex. C. anomala, Midler, pi. 132, fig. 3. Shell, C.ano-
mala, fig. 3, a, 3, b.

The species of Crania inhabit deep water, and are found
in India, New South Wales, the Mediterranean, Britain,
and Spitzbergen.

5S4 DISCINIDiE.

Species of Crania.

anomala, Mull. ringens, Haningh.

personata, Lam. rostrata, Hceningh.

radiosa, Gould.

Fam. DISCINIDjE.

Animal with its oral arms fixed to a process of the lower
or ventral valve.

Shell horny, minutely tubular, attached to marine bodies
by a short tendinous peduncle which passes through a
fissure in the hinder part of the ventral valve ; upper or
dorsal valve conical and patelloid. No hinge or apophysary
system.

If the lower valve in these animals corresponds to the
perforated valve of the Terehratulida, the oral arms will be
fixed to the ventral instead of to the dorsal valve, so that
they cannot be said to repose on their backs like most
other Brachiopods.

Genus DISCINA, Lamarck.

Shell horny, orbicular ; upper valve conical, limpet-like,
without any internal processes ; lower or ventral valve per-
forated near the hind part for the passage of the peduncle,
and furnished internally with a central process for the at-
tachment of the ciliated arms.

Syn. Orbicula, Sow., not Cuv.

Ex. D. lamellosa, Broderip, pi. 132, fig. 4. Shell, D.
lamellosa, fig. 4, a, 4, b.

The shell in this genus is horny, and when moist and

lingulidjE. 585

recent is quite flexible; the species are chiefly from the
coast of South America.

Sj'ecies of Discing-

Cumingii, Brod. striata, Sou:

Evansii, Davidson. strigata, Brod.

lsevis, Sow. tenuis, Soiv.
lamellosa, Brod.

Fam. TJNGULID^.

Animal with the oral arms elongated, fleshy, sub-spiral,
fringed externally with numerous cirrhi, and situated on
each side of the mouth. Mantle with rudimentary branchiee.

Shell nearly equivalve, hingeless, thin, horny, elongate,
supported by a thick peduncle which comes out between the
diverging beaks.

These animals are found perforating the mud of shallow
bays, or living in sand or sandy mud in harbours. The
shells are covered with a horny epidermis.

Genus LINGULA, Bruguiere.

Shell thin, depressed, almost equivalve, hingeless, the
valves held together by the adductor muscles, covered with
an epidermis, and attached by a peduncle which passes be-
tween the beaks ; interior with no calcareous supports or
appendages.

Syn. Pharetra, Bolt., not Hubn. Ligula, Cuv., not
Leach or Block.

Ex. L. anatina, Lamarck, pi. 132, tig. 5. Shell, L.
anatina, fig. 5, a.

586 LINGULIDiE.

The species of this genus are from the Philippine islands,
West Columbia, California, and the Sandwich islands; in
some the shells are almost entirely cartilaginous.

Species of Linyula.

albicla, Hinds. ovalis, Reeve.

anatina, Lam. semen, Brod.

Audebardi, Brod. tumida, Reeve.
hians, Swains.

587

Class TUNIC ATA.

Acephalous Mollusks with a soft, organized, coriaceous
or gelatinous shell or test provided with a branchial and
an anal orifice. Mantle forming an interior coat. Gills
attached wholly or partly to the internal surface of the
mantle. Mouth without lahial tentacles, placed below the
gills. Animals single or aggregate, fixed or free, her-
maphrodite, undergoing a metamorphosis in their young-
state.

The Tunicaries are entirely marine, and are very nume-
rous in all parts of the world ; adhering to rocks and sea-
weed, their strange, bag-shaped, leathery bodies may be
seen along the strand at low-water, ejecting, when touched,
the sea-water to some distance; and on the ocean their
lengthened sinuous chains, or pellucid phosphorescent
tubes cannot fail to arrest the eye of the voyager. The
compound forms exhibit, in the varied arrangement of the
individuals composing the general mass, a number of ele-
gant stars and flowers of curious aud complicated design.
Towards the northern shores they are sombre in their
colours, but in the sunny regions of the south their hues
assume the brightest dyes, and vie with those of the coral-
lines and Actinice that people the bed of the ocean. It was
in the Ascidian Tunicaries that MM. Audouin and Milne-
Edwards first discovered the metamorphoses of the Mollusca,

588 TITNICATA.

and their discoveries have been since extended by the
laborious researches of Sars and Loven.

It was among these singular beings that Van Has-
selt discovered " a heart of such extraordinary charac-
ter, changing incessantly its auricle to ventricle, and its
ventricle to auricle, its arteries to veins, and its veins to
arteries." Among the Salpian Tunicaries it was, moreover,
that Chamisso made the no less extraordinary discovery
that " a Salpa-mothev is not like its daughter or its own
mother, but resembles its sister, its granddaughter, and its
grandmother." The Pyrosomes afford a spectacle to the
naturalist of unexampled beauty when, seen by myriads
from the vessel in the night, they gleam with phosphor-
escent radiance, forming vast shoals of mimic pillars of fire,
illuminating all around with a green unearthly glare. The
most curious feature, however, in the history of these soft-
shelled Mollusks is the fact that many among them
form communities of beings like the Corals, " a com-
monwealth of beings bound together by common and vital
ties. Each star is a family, each group of stars a commu-
nity. Individuals are linked together in systems, systems
combined into masses." All the Tunicaries are free in
their young or larval state, but afterwards become fixed to
rocks, algae, shells, and other marine bodies; some, how-
ever, as the Salpians and Pyrosomes, remain always free,
floating in the water.

The Tunicaries have certain affinities with the Bryozoa,
but their closest relationship seems to be with the other
Acephalous Mollusca with calcareous shells. "Were the
test of an Ascidian," says Professor E. Forbes, " converted
into a hard shell, symmetrically divided into two plates,
connected together dorsally by cartilage, and capable of

ASCIDIIDiE. 589

separation, so as to expose the mantle along a ventral
mesial line, whilst the orifices protruded at one extremity,
it would present the closest similarity with many hivalve
Molluscs." The gills in these animals have generally the
form of ridges more or less complicated and seldom sym-
metrical, and their digestive, reproductive, and circulatory
organs are tolerably complicated, and disposed at the base
of their sac-like bodies.

Fam. ASCIDIIDjE.

Body sacciform, gelatinous or coriaceous, fixed at one
extremity, free at the other, with two more or less promi-
nent orifices, abranchial and an anal; branchial sac simple
or plicate. Not united into groups by a common integu-
ment ; solitary or gregarious. Oviparous. Sexes united.

In the genera Ascidium and Molgula the gills are not
plicated, which is the case in the other genera. Cynthia
and Chelyosoma are sessile, while Boltenia and Cystingia
are pedunculated. On the coasts of the Channel and the
Mediterranean, and in the China seas some of the species
of these isolated Tunicaries are valued as articles of food.
"At Cette," says Van Beneden, " Ascidia are taken re-
gularly to market, and Cynthia microcosmus, although so
repulsive externally, furnishes a very delicate morsel, much
sought after bv some."

Genus ASCIDIUM, Baster.

Body sessile, covered with a coriaceous or gelatinous
tunic ; branchial orifice eight-lobed, furnished inside with a
vol. it. i G

590 ASCIDIIDiE.

circle of tentacular filaments, anal orifice six-lobed ; bran-
chial sac not plicated, the meshes papillated.

Syn. Ascidia, Linnaeus. Phallusia, Ciona, Pirena, Sa-
vigny. Alina, Risso. ? Mammaria, 0. F. Midler.

Ex. A. mentula, O. F. Midler, pi. 133, fig. 1.

The Ascidia are frequently found attached to the under
surface of rough stones on the shore at low-water in various
parts of the world. " They are variously and often splen-
didly coloured, hut otherwise unattractive or even repulsive
in aspect. Numbers of them are often found clustering
among tangles, like bunches of some strange semi-tran-
sparent fruit." (Forbes.)

Species of Ascidium.

amphora, Agass. orbiculare, Midler.

arachnoideum, Forbes. papilla, Daly ell.

aspersurn, Midler. paralellogramma, Midler.

callosum, Stimp. prunum, Midler.

caninum, Midler. psammopborum, Agass.

carueum, Agass. rugosum, Agass.

concbilega, Midler. rusticum, Dalyell.

echiuatum, Linn. scabrum, Midler.

geometricum, Stimp. tenellum, Stimp.

hirsutum, Agass. turcica, Sav.

intestinale, Linn. venosum, Midler.

mentula, Midler. villosum, Dalyell.

monacbus, Cuv. violacea, Goidd.

rnonstrans, Goidd. virgineum, Midler.

ocellatum, Agass. vitreum, Van Ben.

Genus MOLGULA, Forbes.

Body more or less globular, attached or free ; test mem-
branous, usually invested with extraneous matter ; orifices

CYNTHIA. 591

on very contractile, naked tubes, the oral six-lobed, the
anal four-lobed.

Ex. M. arenosa, Alder and Hancock, pi. 133, fig. 2.

The species of Molgula have been found between tide-
marks in the laminarian zone, and as deep as twenty-five
fathoms. The surface is usually covered with particles of
sand and other substances. Except in the number of lobes
of the oral aperture, Glandula of Stimpson does not seem
to differ from this genus.

Species of Molgula.

arenata, Stimp. producta, Stimp.

arenosa, Aid. and Sane. tubulosa, Rathke.

oculata, Forbes.

Sub-gen. glandula, Stimpson.

Branchial orifice with four lobes, the anal square ; branchial
sac with a few distant plications.

fibrosa, Stimp. mollis, Stimp.

Genus CYNTHIA, Savigny.

Body sessile, covered with a coriaceous tunic ; oral and
anal orifices four-lobed; branchial sac longitudinally pli-
cated, surmounted by a circle of tentacular filaments ;
meshes of respiratory tissue not furnished with papilla?.
Ovaries usually two.

Syn. Stycla, Csesira, Savujny. ? Fodia, Bosc.

Ex. C. moms, Forbes, pi. 133, fig. 3.

592

ASCIDIIDJ5.

The species range from low-water to thirty fathoms.
They are frequently found associated in groups of numerous
individuals, and their tests, even in the same species, are
often variously coloured. The sub-genus Dendro'doa closely
agrees with Cynthia in its branchial reticulations and its
digestive apparatus, but of the two ovaries possessed by
Cynthia, only one, and that the left, is found in Dendrodoa,
whilst the right ovary alone is present in Pandocia. In
the form Peru of Stimpson the oral orifice is six-lobed
and the anal four-lobed.

Species of Cynthia.

aggregata, Rathke.
amphora, Gould.
ampulla, Brug.
Cauopus, Sav.
claudicans, Sav.
Dione, Sav.
grossularia, Van Ben.
gutta, Stimp.
informis, Forbes.
limacina, Forbes.
mamillaris, Pallas.
microcosmus, Sav.

morus, Forbes.
papillosa, Finn.
partita, Stimp.
polycarpa, Sav.
pomaria, Sav.
quadrangularis, Forbes.
quadridentata, Sav.
rustica, Linn.
subceerulea, Stimp.
tessellata, Forbes.
tuberosa, Macgilliv.
vittata, Stimp.

Sub-geu. dendkodoa, Mac Leay.

Body sub-cylindrical, sessile; test smooth, coriaceous ; orifices
terminal, minute, iudistinctly qudarifid. Ovary single, on the
left side.

glandaria, Mac Leay.

PELONAIA. 593

Sub-gen. pandocia, Savigny.

Animal as iu Cynthia, but tbe right ovary only developed,
mytiligera, Sav.

Sub-gen. peba, Stimpson.

Body pyriform, adhering by a very small base; test gela-
tinous ; orifices sessile, the branchial six-lobed, the anal four-
lobed; branchial sac plicated.

pellucida, Stimp.

Genus PELONAIA, Forbes and Goodsir.

Test cylindrical ; orifices terminal, four-cleft, on two
small, approximated, papillose eminences; mantle adherent
to the test ; no tentacles. Ovaries two, symmetrical.

Ex. P. corrugata, Forbes and Goodsir, pi. 133, fig. 4.

This genus, in its cylindrical body and terminal orifices,
resembles Siphunculus among the Echinoderms. They
have relations also with the Annulosa in the transverse
plaits of the respiratory sac and in being bi-lateral. One
of their most striking peculiarities is the perfect union of
the test and the mantle. The Pelonaia live buried in
mud, quite unattached to any other body, and are extremely
apathetic animals, presenting scarcely any appearance of
motion.

Species of Pelonaia.
corrugata, Forbes and Goodsir glabra, Forbes and Goodsir.

594 ascidiidjE.

Genus CHELYOSOMA, Broclerip and Sowerby.

Body depressed, oolong, fixed, sessile ; test coriaceous, its
upper surface consisting of eight somewhat homy, angular
plates ; orifices small, prominent, perforating the plaited
surface, each surrounded by six triangular valves; gills
plicated ; tentacles simple.

Ex. C. Macleayanum, Broderip and Sowerhy, pi. 133,
fig. 5.

These are curious tortoise-like Ascidians from the
shores of Greenland. A single species only has hitherto
been discovered.

Genus BOLTENIA, Savigny.

Body more or less globular, fixed, pedunculated ; test
coriaceous ; orifices lateral, each cleft into four rays ; bran-
chial sac longitudinally plicated, surmounted by a circle of
compound tentacula.

Syn. Bipapillaria, Peron.

Ex. B. reniformis, Mac Leay, pi. 133, fig. 0.

Sometimes one Boltenia is attached to the stem of
another individual. One species, B. reniformis, is an
inhabitant of the Arctic seas, living attached to stones in
deep water. The sub- genus Cystingia is also found in
the Northern seas.

Species of Boltenia.

coacta, Gould. pedunculata, Sav.

micvosoma, Agass. reniformis, Mac Leay.

ovifera, Linn. rubra, Stirrup.

clavellinjdjE. 595

Sub-gcn. cystingia, Mac Leay.

Body globular ; test sub-coriaceous ; anal orifice irregular,
terminal.

Griffitbsii, Mac Leay.

Fam. CLAVELLINID.E.

Individuals each having its own heart, respiration, and
system of nutrition, but fixed on peduncles that branch
from a common stem, through which the blood circulates in
opposite directions.

Genus CLAVELLINA, Savigny.

Individuals connected by creeping tubular prolongations
of the common tunic. Body elongated, erect, more or less
pedunculated; test smooth and transparent; thoracic re-
gion usually marked with coloured lines ; anal and oral
orifices without rays.

Syn. Hho^a\ea,Phi/ij)pi.

Ex, C. lepadiformis, 0. F. M tiller, pi. 133, fig. 7.

These are small, transparent, compound Ascidians found
adhering to stones and sea-weed by means of curious root-
like prolongations of their outer tunic, by which a circula-
tion is kept up common to the entire community. They
are found in Great Britain, Greenland, and the Mediter-
ranean.

596 CLAVELLINID^.

Genus PEROPHORA, Wiegmann.

Individuals pedunculated, sub- orbicular, compressed, at-
tached by their peduncles to creeping tubular processes of
the common tunic, through which the blood circulates;
thoracic region plain, not lineated by granular bands.

Ex. P. Listeri, Wiegman, pi. 133, fig. 8.

The only species of Perophora known inhabits the Bri-
tish coasts. It occurs in groups consisting of several indi-
viduals, each having its own heart, respiration, and system
of nutrition, but fixed on a peduncle that branches from a
common creeping stem, and all being connected by a circu-
lation that extends throughout (Lister).

Genus SYNTETHYS, Forbes and Goodsir.

Animals compound, gelatinous, orbicular, sessile. Indi-
viduals very prominent, arranged sub-concentrically in the
common mass; branchial and anal orifices simple, not cut
into rays.

Ex. S. Hebridicus, Forbes and Goodsir, pi. 133, fig. 9.
Individual, S. Hebridicus, fig. 9, a.

Syntethys is a Glavellina with the habit of a Diazona.
The only known species forms compact, greenish, translu-
cent, gelatinous masses of half a foot in diameter and nearlv
equal height, affixed to rocks or stones by a short base.
The individual Ascidians are, when full grown, two inches
in length (Forbes).

BOTRYLLIDiE. 597

Fam. BOTRYLLIDiE.

Animals compound, fixed, adhering by their sides in a
greater or less number, so as to resemble a single complex
animal. Each individual with distinct branchial and anal
orifices, and not connected by any internal union. Ovipa-
rous and gemmiparous.

Sub-fam. BOTRYLLIN^E.

Individuals united in systems around common excretory
cavities. Thoracic and abdominal regions not distinct, the
viscera being pushed forward on the side of the branchial
cavity, and forming with the thorax an ovoid mass.

Genus botryllus, Gaertner.

Test irregular, gelatinous, .formed of numerous systems
arranged in simple stars. Individuals horizontal, with the
vent far from the branchial orifice ; branchial orifices simple,
ranged round a common cloaca.

Syn. Alcyonium, Auct. Polycyclus, Lam. Pyura,
Blainv.

Ex. B. polycyclus, Savigny, pi. 134, fig. 1. Individual,
B. polycyclus, fig. 1, a.

In this genus the tests of the animals are fixed together,
forming a common mass in which the animals are imbedded
in one or more groups or systems, but the individuals are
not connected by any internal union. The species vary
considerably in form and colour, being purple, yellow, blue,
grey, or green.

VOL. II. I 11

598 T0LYCLT1VIX/E.

Species of Botryllus.

aureus, Low. and Kolliker. Schlosseri, Pallas.

bivittatus, Milne-Edw. srnaragdus, Milne-Edw.

gemmeus, Sav. verrucosus, Daly ell.

polyclyclus, Sav. violaceus, Milne-Edw;

Genus BOTRYLLOIDES, Milne-Edwards.

Stars formed by the systems composing the common mass
irregular and ramifying. Individuals placed vertically in
linear series ; branchial and anal orifices closely approxi-
mated.

Ex. B. rotifer, Milne-Edwards, pi. 134, fig. 2. Indivi-
dual, B. rotifer, fig. 2, a.

The cloaca, in this genus are prolonged into the common
mass as internal, irregular channels, on each side of which
the individuals are placed in linear series, instead of having
a simple star-like arrangement around the cloaca as in
Botryllus. The animals, moreover, have a nearly vertical
position, and their orifices are closely approximate.

Species of Botrijlloides.

albicans, Milne-Edw. rotifer, Milne-Edw.

aureus, Sav. ruber, Milne-Edw.

Leacbii, Sav.

Sub-fam. POLYCLININ^E.

Body divided into three distinct portions; a thorax with
the branchial apparatus; a superior abdomen with the diges-
tive organs ; and a post-abdomen with the heart and repro-
ductive organs.

APLIDIUM. 590

Genus POLYCLINUM, Savigny.

Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, polymorphous, sessile or
slightly pedunculate; systems numerous, convex, radiated,
each with a central cloacal cavity. Individuals placed at
unequal distances from a common centre ; abdomen much
smaller than thorax; post-abdomen pedunculate; branchial
orifice six- angled and six-rayed, anal prolonged horizontally
and irregularly cut.

Ex. P. aurantium, Milne-Edwards, pi. 134, fig. 3. In-
dividual, P. aurantium, fig. 3, a.

There are about seven species, inhabiting the shores of
Britain, the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and India.

Species of Pohjclinum.

aurantium, Milne-Edw. isiacuru, Sav.

constellatum, Sav. saturnium, Sav.

cythereum, Sav. uranium, Sav.
hesperium, Sav.

Genus APLIDIUM, Savigny.

Test gelatinous or cartilaginous, sessile ; systems nume-
rous, prominent, without central cavities. Individuals placed
in single rows, at equal distances from the centres ; bran-
chial orifice six-rayed, anal simple, indistinct.

Syn. Alcyonium, part, Auct. Polycitor, part, Renieri.

Ex. A. fallax, Johnston, pi. 134, fig. 4. Individual, A.
lobatum, Saviyny, fig. 4, a.

The species of Aplidium are usually found attached to
stones, &c, in deep water. They are met with on the coasts
of Europe and the Red Sea.

000 POLYCL1NIN/E.

Species of Aplidium.

chrystall inum, Eenieri. gibbosulum, Low. and KoUiker.

fallax, Johnston. lobatum, Sav.

ficus, Linn. nutans, Johnston.

Genus SIDJSfYUM, Savigny.

Test gelatinous, incmsting ; systems numerous, conical,
truncated and starred at the summit. Individuals arranged
round a depressed centre ; branchial orifice eight-toothed,
anal simple, tubular, folded against the thorax. Ovary
pedunculate.

Ex. S. turbinatum, Savigny, pi. 134, fig. 5. Individual,
S. turbinatum, fig. 5, a.

The animals of Sidnyum partake of the characters of
Synoicum and Aplidium, resembling the former in the
structure of their stomach, and the latter in their branchial
apparatus. Each has an eight-toothed branchial orifice, and
a simple tubular vent folded against the thorax. The ovary
is pedunculated, and very conspicuous at the extremity of
the animal.

Genus synoicum, Phipps.

Test semi-cartilaginous, cylindrical, pedunculate, isolated
or gregarious; systems single, circular, terminal. Indivi-
duals six to nine ; branchial orifice six-rayed, anal orifice with
six unequal rays, the largest three forming the outer margin
of the central star; post abdomen sessile.

Ex. S. turgens, Phipps, pi. 134, fig. 6. Individual, S.
turgens, fig. 6, a.

The only species of this genus at present known is from
the Arctic seas.

AMOUROUCIUM. 001

Genus AMOUROUCIUM, Milne-Edwards.

Test fleshy or coriaceous, incrusting, sessile or peduncu-
lated, polymorphous ; systems numerous, each with a cen-
tral cavity. Individuals grouped at unequal distances round
the common centre; anal orifice opening into a common
cloaca, branchial orifice six-rayed; abdominal divisions
indistinct.

Syn. Polycitor, part, Benieri.

Ex. A. Argus, Milne-Edwards, pi. 135, fig. 1. Indivi-
dual, A. Argus, fig. 1, a.

This genus resembles Aplidium and Synoicum in the
general form of the animal, and Polyclinum in the presence
of a central common cavity to each system.

Species of Amour oucium.

Argus, Milne-Edw. Nordinanni, Low. and Kolliker.

conicurn, Renieri. pomum, Sav.

incrustatum, Sav. proliferum, Milne-Edw.
mutabile, Sav.

Sub-gen. parascidium, Milne-Edwards.

Oral openings eigbt-lobed, each accompanied by4\vo oculiform
points.

fiavum, Milne-Edw.

002 DIDEMNIIJTffl.

Genus SIGILLINA, Savigny.

Test gelatinous, solid, elongated, erect, pedunculate, soli-
tary or gregarious ; systems single, of many individuals
disposed one above another in irregular circles; branchial
and anal orifices each with six rays; abdomen larger than
thorax; post-abdomen long and slender.

Ex. S. australis, Savigny, pi. 135, fig. 2. Individual
S. australis, fig. 2, a.

A single species only of this curious form is at present
known, from the shores of tropical seas. The name is de-
rived from Sigillum, from a supposed resemblance of the
common mass to a seal.

Sub-fam. DIDEMNIIN.E.

Body distinctly divided into two parts, thorax and ab-
domen.

Genus DIDEMNIUM, Savigny.

Test coriaceous, polymorphous, sessile, and incrusting ;
systems numerous, compressed, without central cavities or
distinct circumscription. Individuals scattered ; abdomen
pedunculate. Ovary placed by the side of the intestinal
loop, increasing in length when the eggs are fully deve-
loped.

Ex. D. candidurn, Savigny, pi. 135, fig. 3. Individual,
D. candidurn, fig. 3, a.

The Tunicaries composing the systems of individuals in
this genus are without any appreciable order of arrangement,
and are scattered over the common body. The species are
found in the European seas.

DJAZONA. 003

Species of Didemnium

candidum, Sav. roseum, Sav.

gelatinosum, Sav.

Genus DISTOMT7S, Gaertner.

Test senti-cartilaginous, sessile, polymorphous ; systems
numerous, usually circular. Tunicaries arranged in one or
more ranks, at unequal distances from a common centre ;
anal and branchial orifices regularly and equally six-rayed.

Syn. Polyzoua, Fleming.

Ex. D. ruber, Savigny, pi. 135, fig. 4. Individual, D.
ruber, fig. 4, a.

This genus and the following, Diazona, belong to the
bi-stellate Didemnians, in which both orifices are rayed ; in
the other genera the oral orifice only is rayed. Species are
found in Europe, South Africa, and Australia.

Species of Distomus.

fuscus, Sav. variolosus, Gaertn.

ruber, Sav. vitreus, Sav.

Genus DTAZONA, Savigny.

Test gelatinous, orbicular, sessile or sub-pedunculate;
system single. Tunicaries very prominent, arranged in con-
centric circles on an expanded flower-like disc; branchial
and anal orifices six-rayed ; abdomen pedunculate. Ovary
inclosed in the intestinal loop.

Ex. D. violacea, Savigny, pi. 135, fig. 5. Individual,
D. violacea, fig. 5, a.

One species only of this genus has been described, from
the Mediterranean.

004 DIDEMNIINiE.

Genus EUCCELIUM, Savigny.

Test gelatinous, sessile, and incrusting ; systems nume-
rous, without central cavities or distinct circumscription.
Tunicaries sometimes scattered, sometimes arranged in a
quincunx ; branchial orifice circular, without distinct
rays, anal orifice very minute ; abdominal viscera pushed
up by the side of the thorax.

Ex. E. hospitiolum, Savigny, pi. 135, fig. 6. Individual,
E. hospitiolum, fig. 6, a.

A single species only of this genus is known, inhabiting
the shores of Europe.

Genus LEPTOCLINUM, Milne-Edwards.

Test thin, sessile, incrusting, polymorphous ; systems
numerous. Individuals grouped irregularly round common
cloacal cavities, more or less ramified; branchial orifice
six-lobed ; abdomen pedunculate, short, smaller than the
thorax.

Ex. L. gelatinosum, M ilne-Edwards, pi. 136, fig. 1. In-
dividual, L. gelatinosum, fig. 1, a.

There are six species of this genus peculiar to Britain and
the seas of Europe. They are variously coloured, and are
usually found adhering to the roots of Laminariee.

Species of Leptoclinum.

asperurn, Milne-Edw. Lister,ianum, Milne-Edw.

aureum, Milne-Edw. lividum, Sav.

clavatuin, Sav. maculosum, Milne Edxv.

gelatinosum, Milne-Edw. punctatum, Forbes.

V

TYROSOMATIDiE. 005

Fam. PYROSOMATIDjE.

Common body semi-cartilaginous, floating, cylindrical,
bearing externally numerous pointed tunicaries, hollow and
mamillated within, and open at one of its extremities only.
Tunicaries associated in a verticillate arrangement, having
two orifices, one at each extremity.

The Pyrosomes inhabit the Mediterranean and the warmer
parts of the ocean, often occurring in incredible numbers.
The combined individuals form a hollow tube, open at one
extremity, which at night becomes vividly phosphorescent.
The tube is frequently of considerable dimensions, often
attaining a length of fourteen inches, and comprising
a multitude of delicate, transparent individuals, which by
their united efforts in ejecting the water from the cavity
of their mantles propel the cylinder in a slow and retro-
grade manner. When the calm surface of tropical seas is
densely studded with their myriads for several miles, the
Naturalist enjoys a splendid sight as the ship glides through
the pale green scintillating light.

Genus PYROSOMA, Peron.

Animal compound, the individuals forming a hollow
cylinder closed and rounded at one end and open at the
other, Each individual lies perpendicular to the axis of
the tube, and all are united together by a common, non-
contractile, cartilaginous basis, their inhalant apertures
opening externally, their exhalant orifices internally.

Ex. P. giganteum, Savigny, pi. 136, fig. 2. Individual,
P. giganteum, fig. 2, a.

VOL. it. 4 I

COO SALPIDiE.

In a squall at sea M. Peron first saw the phosphorescence
of the Pyrosomes. " Suddenly," says he, "we discovered at
some distance a great phosphorescent band stretched across
the waves and occupying an immense tract in advance
of the ship. Heightened by the surrounding circumstances,
the effect of this spectacle was romantic, imposing, sublime,
rivetting the attention of all on board. Soon we reached
the illuminated tract, and perceived that the prodigious
brightness was certainly and only attributable to the
presence of an innumerable multitude of largish animals
floating with the waves. From their swimming at different
depths they took apparently different forms ; those at the
greatest depth were very indefinite, presenting much of the
appearance of great masses of fire, or rather of enormous
red-hot cannon-balls ; whilst those more distinctly seen near
the surface perfectly resembled incandescent cylinders of
iron."

Species of Pyrosoma.

Atlanticuni, Peron. giganteum, Sav

eleeans, Lesueur.

Fam. SALPID.E.
Animal free, pelagian, in the form of a more or less
cylindrical tube open at one or both ends ; test and mantle
continuous with one another at the respiratory apertures,
but elsewhere separated by a wide space ; gill forming a
hollow band crossing the respiratory cavity ; anal orifice
terminating close above, and to the right side of, the mouth.
Alternately solitary and aggregated.

SALPA. 607

The Salpians occur under two distinct conditions, being
at one time solitary, and at another associated into circular
or lengthened groups. These Satya -chains vary in length
from a few inches to many feet, and swim through the water
with a regular serpentine movement, but when taken from
the water the individuals of the group are easily detached.
Chamisso discovered that the solitary Salpce do not belong
to species distinct from those united in chains, however dis-
similar, but are either the parents or the progeny, as the
case may be, of the aggregate forms; and that chained
Salpce- do not produce chained Saljtce but solitary Salpce,
which in their turn do not produce solitary but chained
Salpce, hence giving rise to the paradoxical statement made
in the general observations on the Tunicaries.

Genus SALPA, Forskal.

Animal oblong, sub-cylindrical, truncated in front by the
oral orifice, pointed posteriorly ; anal orifice sub-terminal ;
test thin, gelatinous, transparent ; muscular mantle in the
form of transverse or oblique bands; mantle- cavity lined by
a system of vascular sinuses ; gill rudimentary, forming an
oblique band across the interior ; visceral nucleus posterior.
Sexes combined. Young produced by gemmation in
chains, consisting of individuals unlike the parent and
becoming oviparous, the alternate generations only being-
alike.

Syn. Thalia, Brown. Dagysa, Banks and Soland.
Biphora, Brng. Tethis, Tiles i us. Pegea, Jasis, Sa-
vigny.

Ex. S. runcinata, Chamisso, (solitary form,) pi. 136,
fig. 3. S. runcinata, (aggregate form,) fig. 6, a.

608 salpidjE.

In our list of species we have followed M. Krohn in
using the oldest name and making it comprehend the two
dissimilar states, which had been previously considered dis-
tinct species. M. Krohn makes three types, to which all
the variations of the associated Sa/jJce are reducible. The
first is characterized by the vertical position of the animals
forming the chain, the axes of their bodies crossing the
axis of the chain at a right angle. In the second the
bodies of the individuals are more or less inclined to the
axis of the chain. The third group is distinguished by the
horizontal position of the component animals, the axes of
their bodies being more or less parallel to the axis of the
chain.

Species of Salpa.

Africana, Forsk. proboscidalis, Lesson.

democratica, Forsk. punctata, Forsk.

gibba, Bosc. runcinata, Chamisso.

polycratica, Forsk. strurnosa, Banks.

Genus DOLIOLUM, Quoy and Gaimard.

Body transparent, cask-shaped, open at each end; an-
terior aperture somewhat tubular, the margin denticulated ;
posterior aperture also produced, its margin ciliated ;
muscular bands equidistant ; respiratory cavity wide,
central ; gills in the form of two bands stretching across
the cavity ; mouth on the dorsal side in front of the
fourth band.

Syn. Anchina^a, Eschscholtz.

Ex. J), dcnliculatum, Quoy and Gaimard, pi. 136,
fig. 4.

ArPENDICULARlA. 609

The structure of the branchioo of this Ascidian, and the
position of the two orifices, as observed by Huxley, indicate
a position for Doliolum intermediate between Salpa and
Pyrosoma. The animal progresses by contracting the
whole body and forcing the water out at one or the other
extremity.

Species of Doliolum.

denticulatum, Quoy and Gaim. Nordrnanni, Krohn.
Miilleri, Krohn. Troschelii, Krohn.

Genus APPENDICULARIA, Chamisso.

Body flask- shaped, with a lanceolate appendage ; mouth
at the bottom of the respiratory cavity; respiratory orifice
at the smaller extremity ; branchiae represented by a ciliated
band of the inner tunic ; anus on the dorsal surface in
front of the insertion of the caudal appendage.

Syn. Oikopleura, Mertens. Fretillaria, Quoy and Gaim.
Vexillaria, Midler.

Ex. A. flagellum, Chamisso, pi. 136, fig. 5.

This curious genus, first discovered by Chamisso, near
Bearing's Straits, afterwards more fully described by Mer-
tens, and observed in immense masses by Quoy and Gaim-
ard, has been ably investigated by Huxley in the Philoso-
phical Transactions, who has first shown the true relations
of the animal, and its position among the Tunicated Mol-
lusca. They would appear to typify, in their adult state,
the larval condition of the higher Ascidians. The animal
is rapidly propelled through the water by powerful vibra-
tions of the long, curved, caudal lanceolate appendage.

APPENDIX.

PTEROPODA.

Genus AGADINA, Gould.
(Fam. limacinid^e.)

Shell colourless, pellucid, planorbular, one side showing five
or six whorls, the other a single volution, with a large umbilical
pit; aperture oblique, campanulate, and projecting beyond the
last whorl like a hood.

Ex. A. cucullata, Gould, pi. 137, fig. I. Shell, A. cucul-
lata, fig. 1, a.

There is but one species of this genus at present described,
which was found floating near an iceberg in 60° S. Lat., and
106° 20' E. Long. The animal is black, with oval appendages.

Vol. i. p. 44. Genus SPIRULA.

The name Ammonia, Breyn, has priority over Spirula,
Lamarck, and should be used for this genus, and the de-
signation of the family should be altered to Ammoniidm ; the
species prototypus, Peron, also should be spirula, Lam. Li-
tuina, Link, is a synonym of Ammonia.

Vol. i. p. 53. Genus PLEUROPUS, Eschscholtz.

Diacria of Gray (Vol. i. p. 51) is synonymous with this genus.
The species will stand as follows.

Species of Plcuropus.
depressus, D'Orb. mucronatus, Quoyand Gaim.

laevigatas, D'Orb. pellucidus, Eschsch.

longifilis, Trosch. trispinosus, Lesueur.

612 APPENDIX.

Vol. i. p. 57, Genus TIEDEMANNIA.

This genus was first made known by Forskal, in 1775, under
the name of Gleba, which name should be used.

Genus GLEBA, Forskal.
Syn. Argivora, Lesueur. Tiedemannia, Van Beneden.

Specks of Glcba.
Charybdis, Trosch. punctata, Quoy and Gaim.

chrysosticta, Erohn. radiata, Quoy and Gaim.

cordata, Forsk. Scylla, Trosch.

Vol. i. p. 59. Genus SPIRIALTS.

In this genus wo included the Heliconoides inflata of
D'Orbigny, in which the front of the aperture of the shell is
prolonged into a spine-like curved beak. This peculiarity, how-
ever, appears sufficient to entitle it to be considered the type
of a distinct genus.

Genus HELICONOIDES, D'Orbigny.

Operculum glassy, very thin, few-whorled.

Shell thin, transparent, discoidal, sinistral, axis umbilicated ;
whorls smooth ; peristome disunited, notched on each side, and
with an elongated arched beak in front.

Ex. H. inflata, D'Orbigny, pi. 137, fig. 2. Operculum, H.
inflata, fig. 2, a. Shell, H. inflata, fig. 2, b.

Species of Heliconoides.
inflata, D'Orb. scaphoidea, Gould.

Vol. i. p. 51). Genus IIETEROFUSUS.
In this genus the species clathratus, of which we have figured

APPENDIX. 613

the shell, may with propriety be considered as the type of a
group, and be^ defined as follows.

Sub-gen. euromus, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oblong, not turreted, cancellated ; spire short, obtuse,
last whorl swollen, much larger than the others ; aperture large,
elongate.

Genus cliopsis, Troschel.

(Fam. PNEUMODERMONI-D.E.)

Body ovate. Head keeled ; mouth armed with three jaws ;
two lateral tentacles. Fins two, oblong, lateral, anterior, with a
truncate intermediate lobe. A ciliated ring round the hinder
end of the body.

Ex. C. Krohnii, Troschel, pi. 137, fig. 3.

The ciliated ring round the base of the head, and the similar
ring round the middle of the body, seen in Trichocyclus, are
wanting in this genus.

Vol. i. p. 60. Genus CHELETROPIS.

Mr. J. D. Macdonald has made us acquainted with the organi-
zation of the animal of this genus, rendering its removal from
the Pteropods to the Heteropodous family MacgiUivrayiidic
necessary. The arms, four in number, are arranged in a cruci-
form manner round the head. There are two. tentacles, and the
eyes, well-formed, are situated on the outer side of their bases.
The respiratory siphon is short, being a simple fold of the
mantle. The foot is large and very mobile, and furnished with
a small, thin operculum ; it is unprovided with a float. The
lingual membrane is of considerable length, with central and
lateral teeth, and the mouth is furnished with two file-like tritu-
rating plates. The gill is included, long, single, and pectinated;
what was formerly described by the observer as naked gills being
the ciliated cephalic arms.

The name Cheletropis must be changed to Sinusir/era,
D'Orbigny, which has priority, and the specific name Huxleyi to

VOL. II. 4 K

614 aptendix.

that of microscopica, Gray, the shell having been already described
as Struthiolaria microscopica in the " Voyage of the Blossom."

The specimen of 8. cancellata we figure was taken by one of
the authors during the voyage of H. M. S. " Action" from Eng-
land to Rio Janeiro, who confirmed by examination the principal
of the observations of Mr. Macdonald above quoted ; during
the continuation of the voyage of the " Actseon" to Hong-kong,
he met with and has recently described three other species.

Ex. S. cancellata, D'Orbiyny, pi. 137, fig. 4.

Species of Sinusigera.
cancellata, D'Orb. trochoides, A. Adams.

glabra, A. Adams. vitrea, A Adams.

GASTEROPODA.

Vol. i. p. 70. Genus MUREX.
The sub-gen. Vitularia should form a genus in the sub-family
Purpurince. The operculum is oblong, with the nucleus on the
middle of the outer edge. Trophon labiosus and crassilabrum
are species of Vitularia.

Vol. i. p. 79. Genus NEPTUNEA.
Sub-gen. volutopsius, Morch (Strombella, Gray, not Schlut.).
Shell with the outer lip expanded. N. Norvegica is an ex-
ample.

Vol. i. p. 87. Fain. TUBRITIDiE.

This family, as indicated at page 240, should be placed in the
sub-order Toad/era, and be designated Titrridce. The name of
the sub-family, Turritina;, should also be changed to Turrvflce,
and the terminations of the species of the genus Tunis should
be feminine.

appendix. 615

Vol. i. p. 107. Genus BUCCINUM.

Sub-gen. volutiiarpa, Fischer.
Shell ventricose, thin; spire short; aperture very large. />'.
Deshayesianum, Fischer, is an example.

Vol. i. p. 110. Genus COMINELLA.

M. Duuker has proposed a new genus, under the name of
Adamsia. It is closely allied to Cominella, of which it may be
considered a sub-genus, differing from the typical species in
being without the posterior callus. C. typica, Duuker, is
an example.

Vol. i. p. 122. Genus TEINOSTOMA.

The species anomahim, C. B. Adams, should be pusillum,
C. B. Adams, and Vitrinella minuta, C. B. Adams, also belongs
to this genus. Mr. P. P. Carpenter has since described two
other species, amplectans and substtiatlum, and he considers the
genus to be allied to Umboniwn, in which opinion, upon a fur-
ther comparison of the shells, we are inclined to agree, and to
transfer it accordingly to the sub-family Umhoniince.

Vol. i. p. 145. Genus OLIVELLA.

It is stated by Dr. Gray that OUvella (Lamprodoma) volu-
tella is not furnished with an operculum, in which case the sub-
genus Lamprodoma, of which Bamola, Gray, is a synonym, must
be kept as a genus".

Vol. i. p. 157. Fam. VOLUTIDiE.

The following arrangement of the Yolutidte has recently been
proposed by Dr. Gray.

616

APPENDIX.

Fam. VOLUTION.

The lingual membrane linear; teeth in a single central
series. Siphon of the mantle very short, recurved. Foot very
large, and often deeply nicked on the side in front.

Operculum annular, or none.

Shell with a nick in front for the siphon. The front of the
pillar regularly and deeply plaited.

Sub-fain. VOLUTINS.

Teeth broad, lunate; apex three-lobed. Tentacles far apart,
united together by a broad veil forming a hood over the head ;
eyes situated far back, behind the base of the small tentacles.
Mantle sometimes greatly developed, covering the sides of the
shell ; base of siphon furnished with auricles on the sides.

Genus CYMBIUM, Klein (Yetus, Adanson).

cymbium, Linn. olla, Linn.

gracile, Brod. porcinum, Lam.

navicula, Gmel. proboscidale, Lam.

Neptuni, Gmel. (patulum, rubiginosum, Swains.
Brod. Tritouis, Brod.).

Genus MELO, Humphrey (Cymbium, Mo?iif.).

iEthiopica, Linn.
armata,Law.(sentieosa,-Boft.).
Broderipii, Gray.
diadema, Lam. (ramosa,

Meusch.).
Georginae, Gray (mucro-

nata, Brod.).

me\o, Soland. (Indica.,Gmel).
Miltonis, Gray.
nautica, Lam.
tesselata, Lam.
umbilicata, Brod.

nivosa, Lam.
Norrisii, Sow.
pulchra, Sou-.

Genus SCAEHA, Gray.

rutila, Brod.
vespertilio, Linn.

APPENDIX. 617

Sub-gen. aueinia, H. and A. Adams (Livonia, Gray).

Nucleus or shell of the very young animal very large, irregu-
larly spiral.

dubia, Broil. mamilla, Gray.

Sub-gen. aulica, Gray.
Nucleus large, regularly spiral, smooth.

aulica, Soland. magnifica, Chem.

Deshayesii, Reeve. piperita, Sow.

Junonia, Chem. punctata, Swains.
luteostoma, Chem.

Sub-gen. cymbiola, Swainson.

Nucleus small, regularly spiral, smooth.

colocynthis, Chem. (Bra- Magellanica, Chem. (ancilla,

siliana, Soland.). Soland. Beckii, Brod.).

Ferusacii, Donov.

Sub-gen. almthoe, H. and A. Adams.

Nucleus small, spiral, smooth, with the upper whorl rather
swollen and irregular.

concinna, Brod. megaspira, Sow.

fusiformis, Sivains. Pacifica, Soland. (gracilis,
fusus, Quoy and Gaim. Swains.).

(tuberculata, Swains.).

Genus voluta, Linnaeus,
ebraea, Linn. musica, Linn.

Sub-gen. chlorosina, Gray.

Outer lip thickened, reflexed on the edge ; inner lip thickened,
compressed.

polyzonalis, Brug. ^<CTn

Sub-gen. harpula, Swainson. /\"«OB ^ / \

Outer lip rounded, not reflexed on the edge. Ktj -^ \* <£

Lapponica, Linn. vexillum, Chem. IUJ 1 *- '

618 APPENDIX.

Genus FULGORARIA, Schumacher.
rupestris, Gmel. (fulgora, Mart.).

Genus LYRIA, Gray.

festiva, Lam. mitriformis, Lam.

]yra3formis, Brod. nucleus, Lam.

Sub-gen. haepella, Gray.

Aperture ovate ; outer lip moderate, without any internal rib ;
inner lip with numerous small grooves.

costata, Swains, (lyrata, Humph ). Delessertiana, Petit.

Sub-gen. en^eta, H. and A. Adams.

Aperture narrow ; outer lip thickened externally, with a convex
varix and a strong internal central rib ; inner lip smooth.

Cumingii, Brod. Guildingii, Sow.

cylleniformis, Sow. harpa, Barnes.

Genus VOLUTIL1THES, Swainson.
abyssicola, Adams and Eeeve.

Genus CALLIPARA, Gray,
bullata, Swains.

Genus ZIDONA, H. and A. Adams (Volutella, D'Orb.,

not 8 warns.).

angulata, Swains.

Sub-gen. ausoba, H. and A. Adams (Nobilia, Gray).

Mantle-lobes moderately expanded, covering the lower side of
the spire, and leaving a callous band on the suture of the upper
side ; spire often crowned.

cymbiola, Chem. Sophia, Gray.

imperialis, Soland. volvacea, Gmel.

scapha, Gmel.

APPENDIX. 019

Sub-gen. ericusa, H. and A. Adams (Scaphella, Gray, not

Swains.).

Mantle-lobes moderately expanded, not covering tbe spire ;
suture simple ; spire not crowned.

fulgetrum, Sow. papillosa, Swains.

Sub-fam. SCAPHELLIN^.

Teeth linear, base angularly diverging, with a single conical
apex. Tentacles elongated, united by a large veil ; eyes sunk at
the base of their hinder edge. Mantle enclosed ; siphon with
distinct ear-like lobes. Operculum none.

Genus SCAPHELLA, Swainson (Amoria, Gray).

Shell fusiform ; spire conic, nucleus small, spiral ; suture of
whorls with a callous edge ; aperture elongate ; pillar with five
oblique plaits in front.

lineata, Leach. Turneri, Gray.

maculata, Swains. undulata, Lam.

marmorata, Swains. zebra, Leach.
reticulata, Reeve.

Vol. i. p. 172. Genus VOLUTOMITRA.

This genus has been included by Dr. Gray in the family Vo-
lutidce, in which he has constituted a sub-family, Volutomitrina
to receive it.

Sub-fam. VOLUTOMITEIN^.

Teeth with a narrow, angular, diverging base, and a single
conical apex. Tentacles subulate, close together at the base ;
eyes on tubercles above the base. Mantle enclosed ; siphon
simple at the base. Operculum none.

620 APPENDIX.

Vol. i. p. 181. Genus COLUMBELLA.

Some of the species of the sub-genera Nitidella and Mitrella
have the operculum like that of Purpura. These groups should
therefore form a genus in the suh-family Purpurinoe, under the
name of Mitrella.

Vol. i. p. 192. Genus PERSICULA.

Sub-gen. eabicea, Gray.

Shell with the inner lip callous, with a large cross fold in
front; outer lip crenulated. P. interruptolineata (inter rupta,
Lam.) is an example.

Vol. i. p. 197. Genus RINGIOULA.

According to the recent observations of Mr. Woodward, the
animal of this genus is like that of Action, and the lingual den-
tition similar to that of Philine and Scaphander. It should
therefore be removed to the family Actcconidm.

Vol. i. p. 200. Fam. LAMELLAKILD.E.

M. Rudolph Bergh in his "Monograph of Marsenida" has
distributed the species as follows.

Genus MARSENIA, Leach.

Shell internal, spiral. Mantle not cloven in front.
Seventeen species.

Sub-gen. chelinotus, Swainson.

Mantle cloven in front.
Four species.

Genus ONCHIDIOPSIS, Beck.

Shell internal, not spiral.
Two species.

APPENDIX. 621

Genus MARSENINA, Gray.

Shell partly external, spiral.
One species.

Genus AMAUROPSIS, Morch.

(Fam. NATICID.E.)

Operculum horny, paucispiral, thin.

Shell longitudinally oval, thin, smooth, white, not umhilicated,
covered with a light brown epidermis ; spire elevated, suture
canaliculated ; aperture oval, produced in front.

Ex. A. cornea, Mutter, pi. 137, fig. 5.

This genus comprises the species, canaUculata, Gould, and
cornea, Miiller, which we had included in the genus Amaura.

Vol. i. p. 219. Genus MORUM.

A species of this genus has recently been described by Mr.
Hanley, under the name of M. ponderosum, possessing so great
a peculiarity in the pillar lip as to entitle it to form the type of
a distinct group which he suggests might be distinguished as
follows.

Sub-gen. hebculea, Hanley.

Shell tuberculated ; inner lip sulcated, not granulated.

Vol. i. p. 220. Genus scala.
Sub-gen. acirsa, Morch.

Shell turreted, thin ; whorls united, varices obsolete ; outer
lip thin, simple. S. Eschrichti is an example.

Vol. i. p. 223. Fam. TEREBRID.E.

The teeth in this family are said to be similar to those in
Conidce, although the mouth, as in Turridce, is without the
VOL. II. 4 L

622 APPENDIX.

rostrum-like veil. Dr. Gray accordingly places the Terebridce
in the sub-order Toxifera.

Genus CHRYSALLIDA, Carpenter.

(Fam. PYRAMIDELLID.E.)

Shell pupiform, generally cancellated; aperture contracted,
peristome continuous, thin ; columella with a plait, frequently
concealed.

Ex. C. communis, C. B. Adams, pi. 137, fig. 6.

This genus is founded upon certain species of Turbonilla,
having a distinct though hidden plait.

Species of Chrysallida.

clathratula, C. B. Adams. oblonga, Cpr.

clausiliformis, Cpr. ovata, Cpr.

communis, C. B. Adams. ovulum, Cpr.

convexa, Cpr. Photis, Cpr.

effusa, Cpr. Reigeni, Cpr.

fasciata, Cpr. rotundata, Cpr.

indentata, Cpr. telescopium, Cpr.
nodosa, Cpr

Vol. i. p. 230. Genus TURBONILLA.

Mr. P. P. Carpenter has also constituted a sub-genus of Tur-
bonilla to receive the species of that genus from Mazatlan, de-
scribed by him, which have the whorls rounded.

Sub-gen. dunkerta, Carpenter.

Shell with the whorls tumid, decussated. T. cancellata, in-
termedia, paucilirata, and subangulata, are examples.

Vol. i. p. 239. Genus ENTOCONCHA, J. Miiller.

We had considered that Entoconcha might be synonymous
with Stylifer, but from the description of the genus, which we

APPENDIX. 623

now subjoin, it appears to differ sufficiently to entitle it to be
kept distinct.

Operculum non-spiral.

Shell obovate, smooth; spire short, very obtuse, apex not ele-
vated, whorls rapidly increasing ; aperture transverse, semi-lunar,
angulated above, rounded below, width almost equalling the
height, margins disunited, the columellar margin straight.

Ex. E. mirabilis, J. Midler.

Found parasitic on Synapta digitata, one of the HolothuriidcB,
at Trieste.

Vol. i. p 204. Genus CYPR^A.

Sub-gen, naria, Gray.

Shell with the front of the columella narrow, dilated into a
sharp-toothed ridge, with a distinct fold in front, separated from
the teeth by a deep groove. C. irrorata is an example.

Genus PELICAPJA, Gray.

(Fam. APORRHAID^.)

Shell spiral; spire of adult covered with an enamel coat;
aperture ovate ; outer lip sinuous, sharp-edged.

Ex. P. scutulata, Martini (vermis, Gray), pi. 137, fig. 7.
Operculum, P. scutulata, fig. 7, a.

Genus CLE A, H. and A. Adams.

(Sub-fam. melanopsin.e.)

Shell bucciniform, ovate, covered with a brown-black, horny
epidermis ; spire as long as the aperture, apex decollated, whorls
rather convex, transversely striated ; aperture oblong-ovate, with
a distinct notch in front ; columella abruptly truncate, with a
single oblique, spiral fold anteriorly ; outer lip simple, the mar-
gin somewhat reflexed, and thickened internally.

Ex. C. nigricans, A. Adams, pi. 137, fig. 8.

624 APPENDIX.

Vol. i. p. 335. Genus HYDROBIA.

The genus Littorinida, described by Eydoux and Souleyet in
the " Zoology of the Voyage of the Bonite," ii. p. 536, is syno-
nymous with this genus. The species is from Guayaquil, and is
named by the French Naturalists Littorinida Gaudichaudii.

Genus LARINA, A. Adams.
(Fam. viviparid^.)

Operculum annular, horny, ovate, elements concentric ;
nucleus intramargiual, near the middle of the inner edge.

Shell imperforate, semi-globose, thin ; spire obtuse, whorls
few, tumid, covered with an olivaceous epidermis, last whorl
large and ventricose ; aperture wide, ovate ; outer lip simple,
regular, acute.

Ex. L. Strangei, A. Adams, pi. 137, fig. 9. Operculum, L.
Strangei, fig. 9, a.

The shell on which this genus is founded is from Moreton
Bay, in Australia, most probably from some of the fresh-water
streams or water-courses in the vicinity. We have referred it
provisionally to the Viviparida, until the animal is known or its
habits ascertained; the concentric operculum and general ap-
pearance of the shell, however, would seem to point out strong
affinities with the genera of that family.

Vol. i. pp. 339 and 340. Genera PALUDOMUS and TANALIA.

Mr. E. L. Layard has separated the genera Paludomus and
TanaUa into four divisions from the peculiarities of the oper-
culum, as follows.

Genus PALUDOMUS, Swainson.

Operculum with the apex superior and slightly inclined, con-
centrically striate; nucleus sub-central, sinistral.
Ex. P. chilinoides, Reeve.

APPENDIX. 025

Genus GANGA, Layard.

Operculum with the apex superior, slightly inclined, con-
centrically striate ; nucleus sub-central, dextral.
Ex. G. dilatata, Reeve.

Genus TANALTA, Gray.

Operculum with the apex lateral, lamellated ; nucleus lateral,
dextral.

Ex. T. aculeata, Chemnitz (loricata, Reeve).

Genus PHILOPOTAMIS, Layard.

Operculum with the apex superior, paucispiral; nucleus sub-
basal, dextral.

Ex. P. sulcatus, Reeve.

Mr. Benson, in the "Annals of Natural History," for June,
1856, has stated that the nucleus of the operculum in Paludomus
proper is sub-spiral, which distinguishes it from Vivipara. He
adds, moreover, that the Philopotamis of Layard has a sub-
spiral operculum, which seems rather to indicate its place to be
among the Melaniidce. Serenia of Benson will stand as a syno-
nym of Tanalia, and Heteropoma of Benson as a synonym of
Philopotamis. The terminations of the species of Paludomus
should be feminine.

Genus RIVULINA, Lea.
(Fam. viviPAKiDJ3.)

Operculum like that of Paludina.

Shell ovate, conical, smooth ; upper whorls dotted or lined
with brown ; peritreme continuous, with a slight depression
behind the columella in place of an umbilicus.

Ex. R. modicella, Lea.

To this genus must also be referred the species Zeylanica,
which, as well as modicella, we had included in the genus
Paludomus.

626 APPENDIX.

Vol. i. p 342. Genus NEMATURA.

This name having been previously used by Fischer for a genus
of birds, Mr. Benson, at our suggestion, has altered it to Steno-
thyra, the species of which will stand as follows.

cingulata, Bens. minima, Sow.

coarctata, Lea. monilifera, Bens.

Deltse, Bens. poiita, Sow.

foveolata, Bens. puncticulata, A. Adams.

frustillum, Bens. strigilata, Bens.

glabrata, A. Adams. ventricosa, Quay and Oalm.

Genus PETALOCONCHUS, Lea.

(Fam. VERMETID.E.)

Animal unknown.

Operculum small, very thin, horny, smooth, somewhat flat,
scarcely spiral.

Shell externally similar to that of Bivona, internally very
rarely with transverse septa ; the median whorls with elongated
spiral laminae variously disposed, generally two larger ones, and
a third smaller, as if representing a columellar plica.

Ex. P. nerinseoides, Carpenter, pi. 137, fig. 10.

Species of Petaloconchus.
cereus, Cpr. nerinseoides, Cpr.

cochlidium, Cpr. octosectus, Cpr.

flavescens, Cpr. renisectus, Cpr.

macrophragma, Cpr. varians, D'Orb

Vol. i. p. 355. Fam. CiECLTLE.

In an elaborate and able monograph of this family, Mr. P. P.
Carpenter proposes the following arrangement.

APPENDIX. 627

Genus CECUM.
Add syn. Cornuoides, Brown. Anellum, Opr.

Species of CcBcum.

annulatuni, Brown. gurgulio, Opr.

clathratum, Opr. pulchellum, Stirnp.

elegantissimum, Opr. quadratum, Opr.

elongatum, Cpr. regulare, Opr.

firmatum, C. B. Adams. subimpressum, Opr.

Floridianum, Stirrup. trachea, Mont.

gracile, Cpr. undatum, Cpr.

Sub-geu. elephantulum, Carpenter.

Shell in the adult state transversely striated.

abuormale, Opr. liratocinctum, Opr.

heptagonum, Opr. obtusum, Cpr.

imbricatum, Cpr. plicatum, Opr.

insculptuni, Cpr. subspirale, Cpr.
laqueatuui, C. B. Adams.

Sub-gen. fartulum, Carpenter.

Shell smooth.

bi marginatum, Cpr. pollicare, Cpr.

corrugulatum, Cpr. reversum, Opr.

dextroversum, Cpr. subquadratum, Opr.

farcimen, Cpr. tei'es, Cpr.

lseve, C. B. Adams. vitreum, C. B. Adams.

Genus BROCHINA, Gray.

Operculum convex externally, with a succession of spiral
terraces.

Shell like that of Ccccum, smooth ; aperture simple, acute ;
septum mamillate.

628 APPENDIX. *

Species of Brochina.
glabra, Mont. glabriformis, Cpr.

Genus MEIOCERAS, Carpenter.

Operculum spiral, concave externally.

Shell in the young state loosely spiral ; when adult often
inflated ; aperture oblitme.

Species of Meioceras.

cornu-bovis, Cpr. nitidum, Bean.

cornu-copia, Cpr.

Vol. i. p. 356. Genus SIPHONIUM.

Mr. P. P. Carpenter, in his " Catalogue of Mazatlan Mol-
lusca," has made a sub-genus of Siphonium, under the following
name.

Sub-gen. aletes, Carpenter.

Operculum slightly concave, multispiral, often irregularly
formed. S. centiquadrus and margaritarum are examples.

In the typical species of Siphonium the operculum is strongly
concave and scarcely spiral, and the species are found in the
Atlantic Ocean and Eastern Seas, while those of Aletes are from
the Western Hemisphere.

Vol. i. p. 368. Genus CRYPTA.
Sub-gen. garnotia, Gray.

Shell convex; apex sub-central; inner lip deep within the
cavity, shelving downwards in front. C. Solida is an ex-
ample.

APPENDIX. G21)

Vol. i. p. 412. Genus TROCHUS.

Sub-gen. eochia, Gray.

Shell with a strong fold on the pillar-lip, and a deep sinus
behind, near the whorl. T. acutangulus is au example.

Vol. i. p. 414. Genus POLYDONTA.

Sub-gen. precia, Gray.

Shell, with the pillar-lip twisted, simple; axial cavity deep,
narrow, with a distinct, narrow, central, spiral rib. P. elegan-
tula is an example.

Sub-gen. anthora, Gray.
Shell with the pillar-lip twisted, simple ; axial cavity moderate,
narrow, with several opaque, sub-spiral ridges. P. tuberculata
is an example.

Vol. i. p. 484. Genus vitrinella.

According to Dr. Gray, certain of the smaller species of
Cyclostrema. included by Brown in his genus Delphionoidea, are
Vitrinella}. The name Delphionoidea, however, it would be
more correct to add as a synonym of Skenea, and to transfer the
species of Cyclostrema in question to the genus Vitrinella,
which will then include the following species in addition to
those already given, excepting minuta, which is a Teinostoma,
and megastoma, semistriata, and striata, which are species of
Ethalia.

costulata, Mull. nitidissima, C. B. Adams.

elegantula, Phil. rota, Forbes and Hanley.

lsevis, Phil. serpuloides, Mont.
nitens, Phil.

Genus valvatella, Gray.

(Sub-fam. trochin^.)

Operculum circular, horny, many-whorled.
VOL. II. 4 M

630 APPENDIX.

Shell conic; whorls rounded, with laminar periostraca;
axis imperforate; aperture circular, peristome simple.
Ex. V. Grcenlandica, Gray.

Genus PLEUROTOMARIA, Defrance.
(Sub-fam. stomatellin-e.)

Shell trochiform, not umbilicated; spire elevated, whorls
rounded next the suture, with transverse granular ridges;
aperture semi-oval; inner lip thin, pearly; outer lip simple,
not nacreous within, deeply fissured.

Ex. P. Quoyana, Fischer and Bernardi, pi. 137, fig. 11.

The only recent species of this genus kuown is from the
Island of Marie-Galante.

Vol. i. p. 439. Genus ANATOMUS.

The animal of Anatomus or Scisurella has been made known
to us by Mr. Lucas Barrett, and its position among the Trochida:.
is thus confirmed. The following is his description : " Ten-
tacles long, serrate, at the base of which are placed the eyes ;
foot furnished with two pointed lappets, and two long, slender,
serrated cirrhi on each side. Operculum very thin, ovate, with
an obscure, sub-spiral nucleus. No part of the animal was
external to the shell. The only living specimen occurred at
Hammerfest in forty to sixty fathoms of water. When it was
placed in a glass of sea- water it crawled up the side and
scraped the glass with its tongue. After immersion in spirit it
became inky black."

Ex. A. crispatus, Fleming, pi. 137, fig. 19.

Vol. i. p. 447. Genus LUCAPINA.

Mr. P. P. Carpenter, in his " Catalogue of Mazatlan Mol-
lusca," has proposed a sub-genus of Lucapina, which he de-
scribes as follows.

APPENDIX. G31

Sub-gen. glyphis, Carpenter (Capiluna, Gray).

Animal with the edge of the mantle fimbriated and cover-
ing the margin of the shell.

Shell with the surface cancellated, the margin crenulated,
callosity often truncate, sometimes laminated. Young shell
Pdinuliform, with the spire absorbed in the increasing aperture.
L. inaqualis is an example.

Vol. i. p. 473. Genus TONICIA.

Sub-gen. fannyia, Gray.

Mantle broad. Shell with the valves moderate, sub-cordate,
rounded and far apart on the sides. T. disjuncta is an example.

Genus HANIEYA, Gray.

(Sub-fam. CRYPTOPLAClNiE.)

Body depressed. Mantle spinulose ; lateral tufts of spines

small.

Shell with the exposed part of the valves broader than long;
margin of insertion of the valves entire, of the anterior and
posterior valves very narrow.

Ex. H. debilis, Thorpe (included in the list of species of
Chcetoplura as Hanleyi).

Vol. ii. p. 29. Genus ATLAS.

The recent researches of Mr. J. G. Macdonald have shown
that the genus Atlas does not belong to the Bullidcc, or even
to the Mollusca. He considers it more nearly allied to the
Bryozoa, the ciliated circle of Atlas resembling the circle of
tentacula in a polype of BoiverbanMa. Possibly it may be the
larva of some genus of Annelida, as Mr. Macdonald observes
that it would appear to represent permanently the larval state
of Siphunculus. (See Max. Miiller, Archiv. 1850, v.)

632 APPENDIX.

Genus SUSANIA, Gray.
(Sub-fam. pleueobbanchhwe.)

Mantle very large, broadly margining the foot, vesicular,
deeply notched in front ; frontal veil between the base of the
tentacles and mouth large and oblong; foot oblong, rather
narrow. Shell very small.

Ex. S. testudinaria, Philippi, pi. 137, fig. 13.

In this genus the mantle is notched in front, while in Pleuro-
branchus it is entire.

Vol. ii. p. 52. Genus CERATODORIS.

This genus was established by Dr. Gray upon Doris eolida
of Quoy and Gaimard, which is supposed by Mr. Alder to be a
young Idalia.

Genus CHROMODORIS, Alder and Hancock.
(Sub-fam. doeidin^;.)

Body sub-quadrangular. Dorsal tentacles laminated, retractile
within plain or margined cavities ; oral tentacles conical or tu-
bercular. Gills linear, pinnate.

Ex. C. magnifica, Quoy and Gaimard.

Tbe species upon which this genus is founded we had included
in Doriprismatica.

Genus trevelyana, Kelaart.

(Sub-fam. POLYCERIN.E.)

Body narrow, elevated and inflated near the gills. Head
simple, rather produced and rounded ; tentacles short, conical,
pointed, non-retractile, without sheaths, the upper half indis-
tinctly laminated. Gills numerous, plumose, surrounding the
dorsal vent, without lateral appendages. Foot long and broad,
terminating posteriorly in a lancet-shaped point a short distance
from the body.

Ex. T. Ceylonica, Kelaart, pi. 137, fig. 14.

ArPENDix. 033

Vol. ii. p. 54. Genus TOLYCERA.

Sub-gen. palio, Gray.

Frontal veil short, bi-lobecl, tuberculated on the edge. Gills
branched, with more than one tubercular appendage on each side.
P. Ocellata is an example.

Vol. ii. p. 71. Genus CHIOILERA.

We are now enabled to give a figure of this genus, taken from
the '.'United States Exploring Expedition."
Chioraera leonina, Gould, pi. 138, fig. 1.

Genus CALMA, Alder and Hancock.
(Sub-fam. ^olidin^e.)

Body depressed, rather broad. Tentacles small, simple,
linear. Gills linear-fusiform, clustered on cylindrical footstalks.
Foot broad, anterior angles acute.

Ex. C. glaucoides, Alder and Hancock.

Genus FACELTNA, Alder and Hancock.
(Sub-fam. ,eolidjn;e.)

Body rather slender. Dorsal tentacles laminated; labial
feelers long. Gills linear or fusiform, clustered. Foot narrow,
with the anterior angles acute and much produced.

Ex. F. coronata, Forbes.

The following species, comprised in this genus, we had
referred to Flabellina.

annulicornis, Nat. Cur. minima, ForsJc.

coronata, Forbes. subrosacea. Eschsch.

crassicornis, Eschsch.

634 APPENDIX.

Genus CUTHONA, Alder and Hancock.

(Sub-fam. ^olidin^.)

Body depressed. Head much produced at the sides ; tentacles
simple, linear. Gills clavate, in close-set rows. Foot broad,
rounded in front.

Ex. C. nana, Alder and Hancock.

Genus GALVINA, Alder and Hancock.

(Sub-fam. ^eolidifle.)

Body stoutish. Tentacles linear, slender; labial feelers short.
Gills in rather distant rows, fusiform, inflated. Foot with tbe
anterior angles rounded.

Ex. G. tricolor, Forbes.

To this genus Messrs. Alder and Hancock also refer the species
cingulata, which, as well as tricolor, we had included in the genus
Montagua.

Vol. ii. p. 79. Genus CLCELIA.

This genus, which is synonymous with Hero of Loven, is
distinct from Embletonia of Alder and Hancock, and Dr. Gray,
from its peculiarities, has established a family to receive it.

Fam. HEROID^.

Mantle obsolete ; frontal veil rather large, plain, produced at
the sides. Tentacles two, linear, simple, not retractile. Gills
branched or umbellated. Lingual membrane with a central
series of large denticulated spines, and two series of simple
lateral teeth. Jaws corneous.

Genus HERO, Loven.

Body slender. Mantle adnate ; labial veil ample, produced
on both sides into an oblong lobe. Tentacles simple, unpro-

APPENDIX. G35

tected, contractile. Gills lateral, a simple series on each side,
branched like a shrub.
Syn. Clcelia, Loven.

Species of Hero.
fimbriata, Vahl. formosa, Loven.

The genus Embletonia should be transferred to the sub-family
JEoliclincB, and be defined as follows.

Genus EMBLETONIA, Alder and Hancock.

Body slender. Dorsal tentacles simple ; labial feelers flattened
into two lateral lobes. Gills fusiform, set in a single or double
series on each side.

Syn. Pterochilus, Alder and Hancock.

Ex. E. pulchra, Alder and Hancock, pi. 67, fig. 5.

Species of Embletonia.

rninuta, Forbes and Goodsir. pulchra, Alder and Hanc.

pallida, Alder and Hanc.

HETEEOPODA.

Vol. ii. p. 88. Genus MACGILLTVRAYIA.

Mr. J. D. Macdonald, Assistant-Surgeon of H.M.S. "Torch,"
has examined the animal of this genus in a living state. He
finds that there are four retractile ciliated arms or appendages
encircling the head, coalescing behind the tentacles and eyes.
These arms are transparent, and in the extended state are

03 6 APPENDIX.

several times the length of the shell. The tentacles are two,
each bearing at the outer side of its base a well-developed eye.
There is a lingual ribbon with well-marked rachis and pleurae,
and very perfect labial plates with closely-set dental points arm
the mouth. Tbe siphon, long and tubular, and formed by a fold
of the mantle, protrudes from the shell on the left side. The
foot is large and very mobile, the disk broad, and connected by a
narrow attachment to the body just beneath the neck ; it carries
an operculum behind, and is cleft by a notch in front. The
vesicular float, like that of Ianthina, consists of an aggregation
of vesicles varying in number and size ; its co-existence with
an operculum shows that it is not a modification of the latter.

A third species of MacgiUivrayia has recently been met with
by one of the authors near the Cape de Verd Islands during the
voyage of H.M.S. "Actaeon" from England to Rio (the same
species as that erroneously referred to at vol. ii. p. 89 as a
Calcarella or Brownia), and named by him echinata ; and a
fourth species was subsequently taken by him in the South
Atlantic, which he described under the name of setigera.

Vol. ii. p. 89. Genus CALCARELLA.

D'Orbigny, in Ramon de la Sagra's Work on Cuba, 1841,
indicated his HelicophUgma Candei as a new genus under the
name of Brownia. In Wiegraann's Archives for 1853 Krohn
described a new genus from the coast of Messina, under the
name of EcMnospira, which agrees with the Brownia of M.
D'Orbigny. More recently M. Souleyet has described the same
genus under the name of Calcarella, and Mr. Macdonald under
that of Jasonilla. It should therefore have its original name
restored as follows.

Genus BROWNIA, D'Orbigny.

Animal as in MacgiUivrayia.

Shell cartilaginous, sub-orbicular, thin, diaphanous, bi-carinate,
the keels crenulate, umbilicus perforate ; aperture wide, angular,
laterally sinuous.

APPENDIX. 037

Syn. Echinospira, Krohn. Calcarella, Souleyet. Jasonilla,
Macdonald.

Species of Brownia.
angulata, A. Adams. diaphana, Krohn.

Candei, D'Orb. McLeayiaua, Macdonald.

carinata, A. Adams.

The animal of Brownia (Jasonilla) has been thus describe'!
by Mr. Macdonald: —

"Animal with eight ciliated cephalic appendages encircling
the head. Mouth with two massive lateral jaws, with sharp
prominent dental processes on the anterior border. Tentacles
simple, with the eyes at their outer bases. Foot elongated, sub-
quadrate in front, tapering behind."

The shell also is thus described : —

" Shell cartilaginous, transparent, planorbular, symmetrical,
presenting four rows of minute conical tuberculations on its con-
vex or dorsal surface, nucleus sunken, leaving a central per-
foration ; outer lip deeply notched between the two lateral rows
of tubercles."

In this interesting and beautiful little genus of pelagian gas-
teropods the lingual ribbon is lengthy and flexuous, presenting
a row of uncini on each side, which interlock with one another
so closely as almost completely to conceal the rudimentary seg-
ments of the rachis. A pectinate gill extends beneath the mantle
along the anterior third of the dorsal region, lying in advance of
the heart. Mr. Macdonald states that he has seen but one
species, which was frequently taken between Port Jackson and
the Isle of Pines.

The two new species added to the list, and recently described
by one of the authors, were taken by him during the voyage of
H.M.S. " Actaeon " in the China Sea.

Genus ETHELLA, H. and A. Adams.

(Fam. MACGIIXrVKAYIlD,E.)

Ciliated arms six in number. Creeping disk rudimentary ;

VOL. IT. 4 N

G38 APPENDIX.

operculigerous lobe long, cylindrical, bearing the operculum on
its truncated extremity.

Operculum claw-like, with a spiral nucleus situated near tbe
internal or thickened border.

Shell spiral, turbinate, imperforate; spire elevated, whorls
rounded ; aperture oval, produced in front.

Ex. E. Macdonaldi, H. and A. Adams, pi. 138, fig. 2. Oper-
culum, E Macdonaldi, fig. 2, a. Shell, E. Macdonaldi, fig. 2, b.

This genus was observed by Mr. Macdonald during the voyage
of H.M.S. "Torch "from Sydney to Moreton Bay. He de-
scribes the little animal as wielding its clawed operculum, ap-
parently as a means of defence, with great dexterity, and
making skips and jerks by means of its complex foot, after the
manner of Nassa and Strombus.

Genus GEMELLA, H. and A. Adams.
(Fam. macgillivrayiid^:.)

Operculum paucispiral, the lines of growth well marked.

Shell sub-globose, thin, pellucid, not umbilicated ; spire small,
compressed, whorls few, smooth ; aperture large, entire.

Ex. G. hyalina, II. and A. Adams, pi. 138, fig. 3, 3, a.

For this genus we are also indebted to Mr. Macdonald, who
met with it very commonly in the South Pacific. He observes
that the foot is not unlike a broad or square-toed shoe in form,
receiving or bearing the remainder of the animal and the shell.
The little animal creeps on its foot with great rapidity, appearing
rather to slide along than progress by a vermicular movement,
and by spreading out and hollowing this organ at the surface of
the water, by the same instinct which prompts the fresh-water
Limnsead to form a ready boat of its foot, this shell-pi'otected
speck buoys up its tiny body, cast abroad, though not lost, in the
ocean's immensity.

APPENDIX. 039

PULMONIFERA.

Vol. ii. p. 104. Genus OLEACINA.

The sub-genera Feriissacia, Stobilus, and Azeca should be
removed to, and form a genus of, the Helicidte, under the name
of Azeca, M. Moquin-Tandon having described the teeth as
resembling those of Bulimus.

■ Vol. ii. p. 112. Sub-fam. HELICELLIN^E.

This sub-family having a caudal gland should be removed to
the family StenopidcB.

Vol. ii. p. 1 19. Sub-fam. VITRININiE.

This sub-family having the mantle produced and thickened in
front beyond the edge of the shell should be removed to the
family Helicida.

Vol. ii. p. 121. Genus parmacella.

This genus having a caudal gland should be transferred
to Arionida, and should be restricted to P. Olivieri, de-
scribed by Cuvier, and to the species gracilis, Gray, not included

640 APPENDIX.

in the list, in which the body and shell are sub-globose and dis-
tinctly spiral, and in which the central portion of the shell is
more or less exposed. The three species, P. punctata, taniata,
and reticulata, indicated by Van Hasselt as inhabiting Java,
may possibly have to be associated with them.

The oilier species of Parmacella in the list were at first
separated by Dr. Gray to form a new genus, Drusia, but, in a
communication with which we have been l'ecently favoured by
him, he considers it most probable that, from the similarity of
the shell of P. Valencienii to that of Cryptella ambigua, the
animal in each case is included in the shell and furnished
with an operculum in the young state, and suggests that until
the development of these animals shall be observed, it will be
better to arrange them with the genus Cryptella, of which
Drusia will therefore become a synonym.

To the genus Cryptella also for similar reasons Dr. Gray, for
the present, refers his genus Girasia.

The species of Cryptella will then stand as follows : —

Alexandrina, Ehrenb. Mauritia, Ferus.

ambigua, Ferus. Rangiana, Ferus.

Deshayesii, Moquin-Tand. rutellum, Hutton.

Gervaisii, Moquin-Tand. Valencienii, Webb and Van
Hookeri, Gray. Ben.

infumata, Ferus.

With reference, however, to Limax extraneus and proble-
maticus, Ferus., which Dr. Gray had referred, with doubt, to his
genus Girasia, they probably belong to another distinct genus
allied to Limax, which he proposes to call Biyasia.

Genus HYPSELOSTOMA, Benson.

(Fam. HELICINiE.)

Shell convolute, conoidal, umbilicus open, last whorl free, pro-
tracted, turned upwards ; aperture trumpet-like and dentate ;
peristome horizontal, expanded.

Syn. Tanystoma, Bens., olim, not Motsclwidtzhj or Latr.

Ex. H. tubiferum, Benson, pi. 138, fig. 4, 4, a.

APPENDIX. G41

This singular anastomatous genus was found by Mr. Thco
bald, Jun., on the banks of the Irawadi Biver in Burmah.

Vol. ii. p. 217. Genus UMAX.

Sub-gen. megapelta, Morch.

Mantle covering more than half the bodj. L. semitectus,
Morch, is an example.

Genus MILAX, Gray.

Dr. Gray has founded a genus upon Limax gagates and allied
species, under the above name, which he thus describes : —

Back keeled to the shield. Dorsal shield granulated or sha-
greened, truncated, with two small pores on its hinder edge.

Shell convex.

Syn. ? Aspidoporus, Fitzinger.

Species of Milax.

antipodarum, Gray. Sowerbyi, Ferus.

carinatus, B'Orb. umbrosus, Phil.

cristatus, Kalenicz. Valentianus, Ferus.

gngates, Drap. virescens, Schultz.
nigricans, Schultz.

Genus MALTNO, Gray.

A genus under this name has been constituted by Dr. Gray
to receive the Limax lumhricoides of Morelet, which inhabits
Portugal. He defines it as follows : —

Back keeled. Dorsal shield large, front half concentrically,
hinder longitudinally furrowed, very contractile, very mobile,
moving rapidly from side to side as the animal walks.

Ex. M. lumbricoides, Morelet, pi. 138, fig. 5.

642 APPENDIX.

Vol. ii. p. 22C. Genus HELICARION.

The species II. flammnlata and viridis have been separated
by Dr. Gray as a genus, under the name of Vitrinella, but as
Vitrinella is already in use, we would suggest that of Otesia
in its place.

Genus OTESIA, H. and A. Adams (Vitrinella, Gray, not

C. B. Adams).

Mantle-lobe covering the greater part of the shell.
Shell imperforate, very thin ; spire conic.

Genus ORPIELLA, Gray.

Dr. Gray has also constituted a genus under the above name
to receive Helicarion scorpio.

Animal with the usual anal lappet of Nanina covering the
mucous pore, and six other smaller ones between this and the
shell arranged in a double series along the back of the tail.
Shell somewhat like Cyclostoma tigrinum. (Gould.)

Ex. 0. scorpio, Gould, pi. 138, fig. 6.

Vol. ii. p. 227. Fam. AEIONIDiE.

To this family must be referred the genera Maricella and
Laconia, Gray, which are slug-like and have the shell partly or
entirely covered by the mantle, and in which the caudal gland is
present.

Genus MARLELLA, Gray.

Mantle or body convex, produced like a fleshy collar in front,
swollen behind, and separated from the upper part of the foot,
in a cavity of which it lies ; fringed on the side.

APPENDIX. 643

Shell quite hidden by the mantle, half ovate, solid, with a
thin, horny, more or less expanded edge.

Syn. Clypeicella, Valeric. Mss. Viquesnelia, Desk.
Ex. M. Dusumieri, Valenciennes.

Genus LACONIA, Gray.

Body sub-globose. Mantle edged, produced in front, forming
a broad collar.

Shell sub-globose, entirely and permanently covered by a thin
expansion of the mantle ; spire of few whorls, the last very large;
aperture very large, lunate.

Ex. L. Ferussaci, Gray, pi. 138, fig. 7.

Only known by Ferussac's figure (Gray).

Genus blauneria, Shuttleworth.

(Sub-fam. MELAMPINiE.)

Shell impel forate, oblong-turreted, thin; aperture narrow,
elongated ; inner-lip with a single plait, columella sub-truncate ;
outer-lip simple, straight.

Ex. B. pellucida, Pfeiffer (Cubensis, Pfeiff), pi. 138, fig. 8.

The observations of Dr. Gundlach have shown that the animal
of this genus has the characters of Ellohium and not of Oleacina,
to which genus we had referred, it, judging from the shell only.

Vol. ii. p. 242. Genus CARYCHIUM.

Sub-gen. zosrEUM, Bourguignat.

Shell pupiform, umbilicated ; spire obtuse. C. lautum, obesum,
Schmidti, and spelaum are examples.

The members of this group are met with in caverns and other
places from whence the light is excluded. M. Bourguignat in
consequence supposes that they are without the usual organs of
vision.

644 APPENDIX.

Genus erinna, H. and A. Adams.
(Fam. limn^id^;.)

Shell semi-globose, thin, horny, olivaceous, longitudinally
finely striated ; spire very short, obtuse, apex rather eroded, last
whorl ventricose ; aperture large, semi-ovate ; inner-lip pos-
teriorly ascending on the body-whorl ; columella straight, ex-
cavated, and with a curved, elevated, external ridge continued in
front into the outer lip which is simple and acute.

Ex. E. Newcombi, H. and A. Adams, pi. 138, fig. 9.

The little shell upon which this genus is founded was
obtained by Dr. Newcombe from the Henat a River, Kami,
Sandwich Islands.

Vol. ii. p. 249. Sub-fam. OTININ^.

Dr. Gray has raised this sub -family to the rank of a family
to receive the genera Otina, Chilina, Gamptonyx, and possibly
Morvillia, which differ from Auriculida in having flattened ten-
tacles, and from LimnmidcB in having the eyes on the upper part
of the base of the tentacles instead of at the inner edge of the
base, and in having coloured shells.

The genera Gamptonyx and Morvillia have recently been
described, the former by Mr. Benson, and the latter by Dr.
Gray, as follows.

Genus CAMPTONYX, Benson.
(Fam. OTiNiDiE.)

Shell cap-shaped, obliquely conical, with a sub-spiral free apex
directed to the right side ; surface with an external longitudinal
ridge and corresponding internal furrow extending frorn the apex
to the right margin ; aperture large, ovate, entire, expanded at
the margin.

Ex. C. Theobaldi, Benson, pi. 138, fig. 10. Shell, C. Theo-
baldi, fig. 10, a.

appendix. 645

This interesting genus was found by Mr. W. Theobald, Jan.,
on the central peak of Mount Girnar, in Kattiwar, on the pen-
insula which separates the Gulfs of Cutch and Cambay, adhering
to the rock like limpets.

Genus MORVILLIA, Gray.

(?Farn. otinice.)

Tentacles thick, rather depressed, near together at the base.
Eyes on the outer side near the base. Mantle thickened within
the front. Foot oblong.

Shell ovate, orbicular, compressed ; spire conical, whorls three
or four, the upper small, the last very large; aperture ovate, very
large, nearly the whole length of the shell; outer-lip sharp and
spreading; inner-lip sharp-edged, margined with a flattened,
crescent-shaped, opaque-white space.

Ex. M. zonata, Gould.

This genus is founded on Velutina (Limneria) zonata, and
Olinafnsca forms a second species.

Genus POMPHOLYX, Lea.

(Fam. LIMN>EID,E.)

Operculum none.

Shell rotund-gibbous, reflexed beneath, flattened above, not
umbilicated ; spire depressed ; apertm-e very large, sub-circular,
expanded ; outer-lip acute ; inner-lip thickened and slightly
flattened.

Ex. P. effusa, Lea, pi. 138, fig. 11.

The only species of this genus yet described is from the river
Sacramento in California.

Vol. ii. p. 286. Genus RAPIIAULCS.

Sub-gen. stkeptaulus, Benson.

Shell with the spiraculum reflexed, not opening on, but above,
the peristome. R. Blanfordi, Benson, is an example.

VOL. II. 4 0

64 G APPENDIX.

Vol. ii. p. 308. Genus STOASTOMA.

Mr. Chitty has described a new genus, under the name of
Lewisia, to include those species of Stoastoma in which the
shells are as it were double-mouthed.

Genus LEWISIA, Chitty.

Shell sub-discoidal ; aperture semi-ovate ; peristome con-
tinuous, with a spiral callus at the base excessively developed,
usually soldered by its extreme edge to the last whorl, and form-
ing over the umbilicus an arch, having the opening larger than
the aperture of the shell.

Ex. L. Philippiana, C. B. Adams, pi. 138, fig. 12, 12, a.

S. Agassizianum, and two new species described by Mr. Chitty,
also from Jamaica, belong to this group.

Mr. Chitty has further proposed six other genera, which may
be considered as sub-genera of Stoastoma. The genus Stoa-
stoma, as restricted, will then comprise S. Pisum, Pfeifferianum,
and a third species described by Mr. Chitty. The new sub-
genera are as follows.

Sub-gen. wilkinson^ea, Chitty.

Shell sub-discoidal, spirally carinated, last whorl much pro-
duced.

This division will include S. Goiddianum, Hollandianum,
Tappanianum, Wilkinsonia;, and nine new species described by
Mr. Chitty.

Sub-gen. fadyenia, Chitty.

Shell with the spire depressed, sub-angular on the upper
part of the last whorl, sub-planate at the periphery, sub-angulated
below, and sub-planate round the umbilicus.

Of this group S. Fadyenianum is an example, and Mr. Chitty
has described two other species.

Sub-gen. metcalfeia, Chitty.
Shell depressed, conic.

APPENDIX. 047

S. Chittyanum, and two new species, are included by Mr.
Chitty in this division.

Sub-gen. petitta, Chitty.
Shell globose, discoid.

8. Petitianum, Oumingianum, Anihonianum, and nine new
species are comprised in this sub-genus by Mr. Chitty.

Sub-gen. lindsleya, Chitty.

Shell globose, conic.

To this section Mr. Chitty refers 8. Lindsleyanum, Redfield-
ianum, Jayanum, Leanum, Moricandianvm, and nineteen new
species described by him.

Sub-gen. blandia, Chitty.
Shell sub-discoidal.

This division will comprise S. Blandianum, and eight new
species described by Mr. Chitty.

The new species above mentioned are all from Jamaica.

Vol. ii. p. 309. Fam. PROSERPINLTLE.

The observations of Messrs. Bland, Chitty, Poey, Gundlach,
and Gray have shown that the eyes of Proserpina are at the
outer base of the tentacles, as in Oyclophorida, and that the
animal is inoperculate. The position of the family seems to be
after the Ellobiida, where Pfeiffer has placed it. Dr. Gray has
separated P. eolina, and made it a genus under the name Ceres.

Genus CERES, Gray.

Shell helicinreform, carinate, rugose above, covered with a thin
epidermis, base furnished with a shining callus ; aperture Iamel-
liferous, peristome straight, somewhat thickened.

Ex. C. eolina, Duclos, pi. 138, fig. 13.

Genus CHITTIA, Livesay.

(Fam. TRUNCATELLID.E.)

In a communication which sve have received from Dr. Livesay

648 APPENDIX.

he has suggested a genus under the above name for Geomelania
sinuosa, Chitty, which may be thus described : —

Shell imperforate, couic, cylindrical ; aperture ovate, moderately
effuse, peristome thickened, sharply reflected, not produced,
with a sinus on the inner side near the axis.

Ex. C. sinuosa, Chitty, pi. 138, fig. 14.

CONCHIFERA.

Vol. ii. p. 331. Genus TEREDO.

"We have hitherto considered Kuphus (not Cuphus) of Guettard
to be synonymous with Teredo, but Dr. Gray, who has recently
had an opportunity of examining a perfect specimen of the former,
has ascertained the singular fact that it is entirely without the
shelly valves present in Teredo and the other members of the
family. The genus Kuphus will therefore stand as follows.

Genus KUPHUS, Guettard.

Animal without any true shelly valves. Siphon al pallettes
distinct, large ; apex dilated, transverse, spathulate, with a
central midrib, and an elongated, slender, cylindrical base.

Tube clavate, irregular, sometimes bent ; apex with two tubu-
lar siphoual apertures separated by a broad, hard, shelly, longi-
tudinal dissepiment ; base pierced with small scattered perfo-
rations ; end enclosed by two overlapping convex septa, arising
from the sides and completely closing the ends. (Gray.)

Syn. Septaria, Lam. Cloisonnaria, Ferus. Clausaria, Menke.
Furcella, Oken. Kyphus, Agass.

Ex. K. giganteus, Linnmis.

APPENDIX. 649

Vol. ii. p. 337. Genus CLAVAGELLA.

The genus Glavagella should be restricted to those species,
only known in a fossil state, having the lower end of the tube
surrounded by hollow spinous processes. The recent species,
where the lower end of the tube is simple, form the genus
Bryopa, Gray; and Dr. Gray further distinguishes the species
with the siphonal end of the tube simple, under the name of
Dacosta, of which sub-genus B. australis is an example.

Vol. ii. p. 338. Genus BRECHITES.

In a recent revision of the family Gastrochamidce, by Dr.
Gray, he has formed several genera of the species of Brechites,
which may be arranged as follows.

Genus BRECHITES,

Shell with the embedded portion of the valves considerably
exposed. Tube with the siphonal end simple.
Ex. B. Javanus, Lamarck.

Sub-gen. warnea, Gray.

Tube with the siphonal end fringed. B. vaglniferus is an
example.

Genus PENICILLUS, Gray, not Bruguiere.

Shell with the umboes only of the valves exposed externally.
Disk surrounded by a fringe composed of a single series of
tubes.

Ex. P. aquarius, Burrow (sparsus, Sow.).

Sub-gen. clepsydra, Gray, not Meuschen.
Disk surrounded by a fringe composed of two or three series
of tubes. P. strangulatus is an example.

Genus PCEGIA.
Shell with the umboes only of the valves exposed externally

050 APPENDIX.

and more or less covered by a sunken tubercle in front. Disk
fringed.

Ex. F. agglutinans, Lamarck (Novae-Zealandise, Gray).

Sub-gen. arytene, Gray.

Disk simple, not fringed. F. tuberculata is an example.

Genus HUMPHREYIA, Gray.

Animal attacking itself when young by the ventral edges of
the shell, and during its progress to the adult state extending
the valves behind into a tube.

Ex. H. Strangei, A. Adams.

Vol. ii. p. 353. Genus MYA.

The sub-genus Platyodon of Conrad should be kept as a
distinct genus. We have recently had an opportunity of ex-
amining a specimen of P. cancellata and of confirming his
statement as to the siphonal orifices being furnished with tes-
taceous appendages.

Genus TANYSIPHON, Benson.
(Fam. geauconomtid^;.)

Siphons produced and united nearly to the ends, the ex-
tremity of the siphonal sheath and that of the branchial orifice
fringed.

Shell inequilateral, transversely oblong, rounded at each end
and slightly gaping, covered with an epidermis ; beaks obtuse,
rather prominent. Hinge with three teeth in the right, and two
in the left valve. Pallia! sinus deep, extending to more than
half the length of the shell.

Ex. T. rivalis, Benson, pi. 138, fig. 15. Shell, T. rivalis,
fig. 15, a, 15, b.

This genus, which is allied to Glauconomya, is from the
vicinity of Calcutta, and was found buried in the mud at extreme
low-water.

APPENDIX. C51

Vol. ii. p. 44G. Genus CYRENA.

Mr. Deshayes has indicated a group of this genus under the
name of Anomala, but as this name is already in use, we would
suggest the following.

Sub-gen. egeta, H. and A. Adams (Anomala, Desk., not Koppe).

Shell ventricose, thin, anterior side short; posterior side pro-
duced and sub-rostrated. C. angulata, anomala, Cumingii, in-
fiata, insignis, isocardioides, and nitidula are examples.

Vol. ii. p. 4=7(3. Genus CYAMIUM.

We had considered the genus Turtonia to be the same as
Cyamium, but the shell of the former is closed at both ends, the
ligament is more exposed than in Cyamium, and it is also pro-
vided with slightly-prominent, elongated lateral teeth, which are
absent in Cyamium. The genus Turtonia should therefore be
kept distinct. T. minuta is the only species.

The animal of Cyamium, as thus restricted, is unknown. The
shell may be described as equivalve, inequilateral, thin, slightly
gaping ; hinge with two cardinal teeth in each valve, no lateral
teeth ; ligament double, cartilage in a triangular groove behind
the teeth in each valve.

Vol. ii. p 500. Genus MONOCONDYLiEA.

Mr. Lea has described a sub-genus of Monocondylcca, under
the following name, the type of which, M. isocardioides, Lea,
is from the rivers of South America.

Sub-gen. plagiodon, Lea.

Shell inequivalve, obliquely trigonal, ventricose. Hinge with
the cardinal teeth crenulated, compressed, transverse, double
in each valve.

Vol. ii. p. 51 2. Genus MYTILUS.
Sub-gen. stavelia, Gray.
Shell inequivalve, the ventral edge sinuous. M. tortus is an
example.

652 APPENDIX.

In these shells sometimes the left and at other times the right
valve is the flatter, and furnished with the dilated ventral edge.

Vol. ii. p. 548. Genus YOLDIA.

Sub-gen. pobtlandia, Morch.

Shell trapeziform, truncated posteriorly; surface of valves
concentrically striated or grooved. Y. glacialis and thracicqformis
are examples.

Genus CHONDROSTACHYS, Macdonald.

(FaUl. CLAVELLINID.E.)

Individuals attached by peduncles to the upper or free part
of a long, upright, cylindrical stem. Body oblong, attached by
the peduncles horizontally ; test smooth, transparent ; branchial
orifice on the upper side, anal nearly terminal, both orifices four-
lobed.

Ex. C. Macdonaldi, H. and A. Adams, pi. 138, fig. 16.
Individual, C. Macdonaldi, fig. 10, a.

For this beautiful addition to the Tunicata we are indebted to
Mr. Macdonald, Assistant- Surgeon of H. M.S. "Herald," who
states that it was taken in a trawl from a depth of 10 — 12
fathoms, while cruising in Bass's Straits. The Individual animals
measured each about half an inch in length.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

VOL.

I. 5, line 8, for " Busycum" read " Busyeon"
„ line 20, for " Volutella" read " Zidona."
,, ,, line 27, for " Gibbula cineraria" read " Gibbula um-
bilicaris."

11, line 22, omit " and Turbinidce"

12, line 23, for " Turbinidtz" read " Trochida"
,, „ line 28, for " Turhinida" read " Turbinince."

„ line 29, for " Trochida" read " Trochinas."
,, ,, line 2 from bottom, for " Sigaretus" read " Catinus."
,, 13, line 4, for " Phasianella" read " Eutropia."
,, ,, line 6, for " Trochidce"1 read " Proclaim."
,, ,, line 8, for " Distortio" read " Distorsio."
,, ,, line 11, for " Tympanotomus" read " Tympanotonos."
,, ,, line 13, for " Calyptraa" read " Calyptra ;" and for
" Hipponyx" read " Cochlolepas."
15, line 19, for " ZMs" read " Tethys."

line 20, for " thecidicola" read " tethydicola."
„ line 22, for "(Bser)" read "(Baer);" and for "iVm-

i*W read " Neritellce."
„ line 23, for " Neritina" read "Neritella;" and for

" Lingricitula " read " Linguatula."
„ line 3 from bottom, for " Pinnotheros" read "Pin-
notheres."
,, ,, line 2 from bottom, for " Phospuya" read "Phos-
phuga."
19, Octopus Carena is a species of Tremoctopus.
„ ,, line 11, for " Octopi" read " Octopodes."
22, line 16, for " Octopi" read " Octopodes."
,, 26, line 12, for " Loligida" read " Loliginidce."
27, line 7, for " Octopida" read " Octopodidce."
VOL. n, 4 P

054 ADDITION? AND CORRECTIONS.

VOL.

I. 52, line f) from bottom, for "Cresis, Rang," read "Creseis,
Rang."
55, Cymbidia radiata is a species of Gleba.

55, Herse, Gist., is a synonym of Triptera.

56, Philopseudis, Gist., is a synonym of Psyche.

58, Crino, Gist., is a synonym of Limacina.

64, the definition of the Fam. Cymodoceidce should con-
tinue thus : " side, at the junction between the
head and abdomen with a foot-like appendage.
Gills-?"

09, line 17, for "two sections read " three sections."
72, for " Bhinocantka, H. and A. Adams," read " Hau-
stellaria, Morch," the name Haustellaria of Swain-
son not being in use.
7K, for species "roriflus" read " rorifluus."
75, for species " dispacus" read " dipsacus."
75, Ocinebra nux is a species of Coralliophila.

79, omit Evarne linea which is the same as Euthria
lineata.

80, omit Neptunea tesselata which is the same as Aurinia
dubia.

,, for species " latericia, Gould," read " latericia, Moll."

81, line 12, omit "Mancinella, Mus. Berl."
85, Triumphis, Gray, is a synonym of Clavella.
80, line 18, for " E. Uynaria, Lamarck," read "E. cornea,

Linnaeus."
,, line 19, for " E. lignaria" read "E. cornea."
„ Clavella avellana is a species of Cronia.

91, omit species "mix, Reeve."

92, Onopota, Morch, is a synonym of Bela.
,, line 14, for "low latitudes" read "high latitudes."

95, for " Defrancia, Millet," read " Glathurella, Carpen-
ter," the name Defrancia being preoccupied.
„ for " Sub-fam. Defranciince" read "Sub-fain. Clathur-

ellincB."
90, for species " rana" read "rava."
102, Neptunella, Gray, is a synonym of Cabestana.
104, for " Argobuccinum, Klein," read " Priene, H. and A.
Adams."

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 055

PAGE

104, Linatella, Gray, is a synonym of Lagena.
106, foi* " Apollon, Montfort," read " Argobuccinum,
Klein."
„ line 19, for " Spine elevated" read " Spire elevated."

126, line 7, for " Shell, P. Persica," read " Shell, P. pa-

tula."
„ for " Tribulus, Klein," read " Thais, Bolten," and

add Canrena, Link, as a synonym.
,, for species " Persica, Lam.," read " Persica, Linn."

127, for " Thalessa, H. and A. Adams," read "Tribulus,

Klein," and add Mancinella, Link, as a synonym.
130, Ricinella, Schum., is a synonym of Peutadactylus.

141, Claneophila, Gray, is a synonym of Olivancillaria.
,, Anazola, Gray, is a synonym of Utriculina.

142, Carmione, Gray, is a synonym of Dactylus.
144, Galeola, Gray, is a synonym of Cylindrus.

„ for "Porphyria, Bolten," read "Porphyria, Morch;"
Porphyria, Bolten, is a synonym of Strephona.
146, Micana, Gray, is a synonym of Dactylidia.
„ for " Callianax, H. and A. Adams," read " Olivina,
Morch, not D'Orbigny," and add Scaphula, Gray,
as a synonym.
148, Sandella, Gray, is a synonym of Amalda.
,, Sparella, Gray, is a synonym of Ancilla.
140, Anolacia, Gray, is a synonym of Ancilla rid.

150, for " leranea " read " Jeranea."

151, the genus Busycon belongs to the sub-family Fusiiuc.

152, Latirus afer is a species of Tudicla.

153, omit species " scolymus, Gmelin."

155, the genus Fasti giella belongs to the family Cerithiidos.
167, line 5 from bottom, for " eocine" read "Eocene."
189, line 4 from bottom, for "Marginellana" read " Mar-

ginella."
192, Closia, Gray, is a synonym of Volutella, Swains., not

D'Orb.
196, Cadus, Bolten, is a synonym of Dolium.

201, Ermea, Gray, is a synonym of Lamella ria.

202, Lamellaria, Gray, is a synonym of CryptoceUa.
„ Oithonella, Morch, is a svnonvm of Marsenina.

650 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

VOL. PAGE

I. 212, Sinum, Bolten, is a synonym of Catinns.

,, 227, the sub-family Pusionellince should be transferred to

the family Buccinidcs.
,, 234, Aclis unica is a species of Hyala.
,, 241, omit species " neglecta, C. B. Adams."
,, 248, for " Coronaxis, Swainson," read " Coronaxis, Morch ;"

Coronaxis, Swainson, is a synonym of Conus.
,, 257, line 17, for " stright" read "straight."
., ,, line 18, for " pedacious" read " predaceous."
,, 289, line 9, for " apex maxill iry" read " apex mamillary."
,, 290, line 5, omit " Potomis, Swains."

,, line 6, omit "Potamis, Sow., jun.," which is a synonym

of Tijmpanotonos.
,, 297, add " Indica, Eydoux," to list of species of Mela-

noides.
,, 301, omit species " costulata, Lcn."
., 308, line 4 from bottom, for " Christie and Janson" read

"Cristoforo and Jan."
,, 313, omit species "fasciata, Gray."

„ 315, for " Tectarius, Valenciennes," read " Hamus, Klein."
,, 329, for " Gonostoma, Muhlf.," read " Goniostoma, Muhlf."
,, 330, for '■'Acme, Hartmann," read " Zippora, Leach."
,, 300, for "Tewrt^/odrt, Guettard," read "Tenagodus, Gu.etta,rd.''
„ ,, Anguinaria, Schumacher, is a synonym of Tenagodu*.
„ 378, line 25, for " Odontostoma, Klein, not D'Orb.," read

" Dontostoma, Klein."
,, 379, Bitena and Tenare, Gray, are synonyms of Pila.
„ 380, Natere, Gray, is a synonym of Theliostyla.
,, 382, Puperita, Gray, is a synonym of Vitta.
,, 384, for " Alima, Recluz," read " Alina, Becluz."
,, 386, line 14, omit " Cibota, Brown."
,, 390, Eudora, Leach, is a synonym of Tricolia.
,, 395, for " Prisogaster, Morch," read " Amyxa, Troschel,"

which name has priority.
„ 398, line 7, omit " Tubicanthus, Swains.," which is a

synonym of Bolma.
,, ,, Astraia, Bolten, is a synonym of Stella.
„ 402, last line, for " Tubicanthus, Swains.," read " Tubi-
canthus sp., Swains."

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 057

VOL. P.\(iE

I. 409, Pseudorotella, Fischer, is a synonym of Ethalia.

,, the terminations of the species of Isanda should he

masculine.
,, 439, Schismope, Jeffreys, is a synonym of Anatomus.
,, 448, for species "scutella" read " scutellum."
,, 460, the genus Helcion belongs to the family Patellida.
,, 403, line 9, omit " Lyria, Gray."
,, 474, Maugeria, Gray, is a synonym of Chcetopleura.
,, 48-2, Symmetrogephyrus, Midd., is a synonym of Orypto-

conchus.
,, ,, Platysemus, Midd., is a synonym of Acanthochites.
II. 1.0, for Cylichna, Loven, it would, perhaps, be more cor-
rect to use the name Oliva, Klein.
,, 30, Cylindrobulla, Fischer, is a synonym of Lop>liocercus.
,, 51, Proctaporia, Morch, is a synonym of Doris.
,, 52, the sub-family Goniodoridince should be Doriprisma-

ticinm.
,, 58, LamelUdoris, Alder and Hancock, is a synonym of

Onchidoris.
,, 6-1, Peplidia, Lowe, is a synonym of Plocamoplwrus, not

of Id alia.
,, Idalia Madera is a species of Plocamoplwrus.
83, for species "sinistra, Quatref.," read " senestra,

Quatref."
98, Philyrine, Menke, is a synonym of Phyllirrho'e.
,, 104, line 14, for "which represents," &c, ending with

" Europe," read " is composed of species which prin

cipally inhabit Central and South America, Cuba,

and the Antilles."
,, 106, line 4, for " Vidantius" read " Vediantius."
„ ,, Encore, Agassiz, is a synonym of Azeca.
,, ,, Pyrgella, Lowe, is a syuonym of Stobihts.
,, ,, omit species "cylichna, Lowe."
,, 107, Pfaffia, Behn, is a synonym of Glandina.
,, 108, Cacillianella, Bourguignat, Sira, Schmidt, and Hyp

sella, Lowe, are synonyms of Acicula.
109, Belonis, Hartmann, is a synonym of Acicula.
,, „ omit species "gracilis, Lowe."

658 ADDITIONS AND COIUIECTIONS.

VOL. PACK

II. 116, line 7 from bottom, for " Phlebecula, Lowe,'" read
" Plebecula, Lowe."
,, ,, Lucilla, Lowe, is a synonym of Helicella, not of

Discus.
,, 117, for species "nitidiusculus, Lowe," read il nitidiusculus,

Sow."
„ ,, Discus scintilla is a species of Helicella.

118, Crystallus, Lowe, is a synonym of Helicella.
,, 130, Pellicula, Fischer, is a synonym of Helisiga, and is
founded upon a new species of that genus, H. de-
presses, Fischer.
,, 131, for Achatina, Lamarck, it would, perhaps, be more
correct to use the name Urceus, Klein.
,, Achatium, Link, is a synonym of Achatina.
,, 135, Perideris, Shuttleworth, is a synonym oiPseudotroclius.
;. 136, Achatin eUastrum,V feiffer, is a synonym of Achatinella.
140, line 15, omit "and Madeira."

148, Porphyrobaphe, Shuttleworth, is a synonym of Borus.
,, 154, Sultana and Zebra, Shuttleworth, are synonyms of

Orthalicus.
,, 159, Peristoma, Kryn., is a synonym of Ena, not of Buli-

mulus.
,. 162, for " PetrcEus, Albers," read " Bulimina, Ehrenberg,"

which name has priority.
,, 164, line 2, for " rimate-ovate" read " rimate, ovate."
„ 171, in last line, for " genius" read " genus."

172, line 13, Craticula, Lowe, is a synonym of Leiostyla,
not of Alaea.
,, 179, line 8, omit " Delima, Hartm."
,, 180, for " Elia, H. and A. Adams," read "Laciniaria,

Hartmann."
,, 185, the genus Streptaxis belongs to the sub-family Vitri-

nincB.
„ 188, Helicomella, Lowe, is a synonym of Helix.
„ line 9, omit "Plebecula, Lowe."
,, omit species " nitidiuscula, Sow."
,, ,, H. Buffoniana, Humboldtiana, and punctulata arc
species of Discus.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 059

VOL. PAOR

II. 106, Cryptaxis and Katostoma, Lowe, are synonyms of

Cochlea.
„ 207, Contorta, Miihlf., is a synonym of Drepanostoma.
„ 208, Callina, Lowe, is a synonym of Iberus.
,, 211, Cryptomphalus, Agassiz, is a synonym of Arianta.
,, 212, Hystrieella, Lowe, is a synonym of Octhepkila.
„ 213, Caseolus, Lowe, is a synonym of Actinella, not of

Octliqmila.
„ 215, Lemniscia, Lowe, is a synonym of Theba.
., 239, for "Sarnia, H, and A.Adams," read " Siona, H.

and A. Adams."
„ 247, line 4, for " Tarda" read " Monica."
., 248, Carassa. Gist., is a synonym of Pedipes.
„ 251, for " Ida, Lea," read " Ida, Jay."
,, 252, for IAmncBa, Lamarck, it would, perhaps, be more

correct to use the name Auricula, Klein.
„ for species " Cepuelca, D'Orb.," read " Tehuelcha,

D'Orb."
,, for species " pulchra, D'Orb.," read " Puelcha, D'Orb."
., 203, for " Spirorbis, Swainson," read " Bathyomphalus,

Agassiz," which name has priority.
.. 275, Crocidopoma, Shuttleworth, is a synonym of Ape-

rostoma.
„ 280, for " Anaulus, Pfeiffer," read " Piaphaulus, Pfeiffer,"

the former name being pre-occupied.
„ 300, line 5 from bottom, for " Equator" read " Ecuador."
,, 305, Hapata, Gray, is a synonym of Viana.
„ 312, for " Acicula, Hai'tmann," read " Acme, Hartmann ;"

and omit " Acme, Hartm.," from list of synonyms.
,, 313, omit species " gracilis, Lowe."

., 333, for " Uperotis, Guettard," read " Uperotus, Guettard."
,, 351, for " Panopaa, Menard de la Groye," read "Panonnja,

Gray ; " Panopaa, Menard de la Groye, is a sy-
nonym of Glycimeris.
„ 350, line 1, for " Erodina" read "Erodova."
„ 302, line 1 6, for " Osteoderma" read " Osteodesma."
,, 383, for " Cacophona, Gist.," read " Cacophonia, Gist."
„ 414, the species of Ceronia are from N. America, Chili,
and N. W. Australia, as well as from Califoi'nia.

660 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

VOL. PAGE

n. 422, for " Timoclea, Leach," read " Cytherea, Bolten ;"

Timoclea, Leach, is a synonym of Chione.
,, 434, Papilla, Bolten, is a synonym of Callista, not of Tapes.
,. 436, for " Metis, H. and A. Adams," read " Myrsus, H. and

A. Adams."
„ 439, California should be added to the localities given for

the genus Trapezium.
„ 444, for "Asmidia, Gistel," read " Armida, Gistel."
„ 451, for " Musculium, Link," read " Pisurri, Miihlfeldt ;"

Musculium, Link, is a synonym of Sphcerium.
,, 455, for " Cerastoderma, Poli," read " Cerastoderma,

Morch ;" Cerastes and Cerastoderma, Poli, are

synonyms of Cardium.
,, 482, Stephanopus, Scacchi, is a synonym of Solemya.
,, 501, Limnoica, Leach, is a synonym of Anodonta.

514, Pisina, Morch, is a synonym of Crenella.
„ 533, Thyas, Gray, is a synonym of Area.
„ 534, line 6 from bottom, for " Arcs" read " Arks."
,, 535, for " Acar, Gray," read " Daphnoderma, Morch, not

Poli," which name has priority.
., 545, add species "nucleus, Linn." to list of species of

Nucula.
,, 546, for " Leda, Schumacher," read " Nuculana, Link."
„ ,, for " Fam. Ledidtc," read " Fam. ~Nuc%danid<z."
„ „ for " Sub. -fam. Ledines,"1 read " Sub-fam. NucularrincB."
., 566, Ephippium, Bolten, and Sellaria, Link, are synonyms

of. Placuna.
„ 582, for " Hermithyris, D'Orb.," read "Hemithyris, D'Orb."

601

DATES OF PUBLICATION

OF THE

PLATES AND LETTER-PRESS AS ISSUED IN PARTS.

Part.

Plates.

I.

1 to 4 .

II. ..

5— 8 .

III.

9— 12 .

IV. ..

13— 16 .

V. ..

17— 20 .

VI. ..

21— 24 .

VII.

25— 28 .

vin. ..

29— 32 .

IX.

33— 36 .

x. ..

37— 40 .

XL ..

41— 44 .

XII.

45—' 48 .

XIII.

49— 52 .

XIV. ..

53— 56 .

XV. ..

57— 60 .

XVI. ..

61— 64 .

XVII. ...

65— 68 .

XVIII. ..

69— 72 .

XIX. ..

73— 76 .

XX. ..

77— SO .

XXI. ...

81— 84 .

XXII. ...

85— 88 .

XXIII.

89— 92 .

XXIV.

93— 96 .

XXV.

97—100 .

XXVI.

101—104 .

XXVII.

105—108 .

XXVIII.

109—112 .

XXIX. ..

113—116 .

XXX. ...

117—120 .

XXXI. ..

121—124

XXXII. ...

125—128 .

XXXIII. ...

129—132 .

XXXIV.

133—136 .

xxxv. i

XXXVI. i

137—138 .

Vol.

Vo

Letter-press.

i. pp. 1 to 32

33— 64

65— 96

97—128

129—160

161—192

193—224

225—256

257—288

289—320

321—352

353—384

385—416

417—448

449—484

ii. 1— 28

29— 60

61— 92

93—124

125—156

157—188

189—220

221—252

253—284

285—316

317—348

349_380

381—412

413-444

445—476

477—508

509—540

541—572

573—604

605— 660

When published.
January 1853
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January 1854
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Jamiary 1855
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March 1856
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March 1857
April

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December , ,
January 1858
May

November , ,

Wooclfall and Kinder, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.
VOL. II. 4 Q