^/ V ' ^^/^ y// ( v^'< ' .

^^^0^i^;m^

THE

Gentleman's Farriery:

O R, A

PRACTICAL TREATISE

O N T H E

Diseases of HORS ES:

Wherein the beft Vv^riters on that Subject
have been confulted, and

M. La Fosse's Method of Trepanning

Glandered Horfes
Is particularly confidered and improved :

ALSO

A New Method of NickingHORSES

is recommended; v^ith a Copper-Plate and
Defcription of the Machine,

To which is added an A P P E N D I X,

Treating, i. Of Particular Disorders of the Feet.
2. Observations on Shoeing Horses. With
proper Cuts.

By J. B A R T L E T, Surgeon.

, _ , ^4_ — —

The Seventh Edition, revifed.

LONDON:

Printed for j. Nourse, Hawe-s, Clark, and Collins, ?•
Crowder, T. Caslon, ]. Fletcher, Z.Stewart,
W. NicoLL, Robinson and Roberts, and ]. Pote at
Eton. MDCCLXX.

LAbitur infelix fludiorum, atqae immemor herbae,
Viftor equus ; fontefque avertitur, & pede terrarr
Crebraferit: demilTas aures ; incenus ibidem
Sudor & ille quidem morituris frigidus: aret
Pellis, & ad taaum traaanti dura refiftit.
Turn vero ardentes oculi; atque atiraaus ab alto
SpiriJus interdum gemita gravis imaque longo
Hia fingultu tendunt : it naribus ater
Sanguis, & obfeiTas fauces premit afpera lingua.

Virgil, Georgic. Lib. IIL

THE

PREFACE.

*T^ ^ E author of the following frea^
■*■ tife was induced to the under-
takings from the complaints fo
frequently made by gentlemen^ of the
objcurity^ inaccuracy^ and tedioufnefs^
too general aiitong the writers on the
difeafes of horfes. On this account he
thought he floould make no unacceptable
pre/ent to the public^ if he collected
from the bejl authors on thlsfuhjediy fiich
particular fymptoms of diiiempers, as
would lead to the difcovery oj the real
one, and dijlinguijh it from others of a
fmilar 7tature^ rejecting all other de-
fcriptions as ufelejs fpeculatio7is. By a
due attention to this plon^ every gentle*
mail would focn judge of the ^ ability of
his farrier, JJoould he thi?2k proper to
confult one^ before he follows the directions
here laid down ^

A 2 WOVLD

iv The P Pv E F A C E.

TVOULD ihefe praditioners, hiftead
of r 171 gin g the changes lath a Jet of
paltry receipts, handed down to tkem
from their ignorant grandjires^ but care-
fully apply themfehes to this jo vfeful and
neceffary branch of knowledge^ and in-
dufirioify(olle5l and compare the fymp-
- toms of particular difeafes, they ^woidd
attain much more certainty in their
praBice^ and^ cfccurfe^ morefafety and
expedition in their cures. They locidd
then find that a few fimple medicines ^
jiidicioufy direBed in acute cafes^ wcidd
fully ^ an jwer their intention^ by juffering
nature to co-operate with them ; and that
the naujeous ilU contrived drenches^ fo ge-
nerally made life of, but too often thwart
her operations^ and prove of worfe confe-
Quence than the difeafe itfelf

FOR it is this knowledge of the
fymptoms of difeafes, that difiinguifl^es
the rational phyfician from the empirical
pretender ; it is this accounts for the fu"
pericr ability and judgment which ap-
pears between one phyjician and another ;
and it is hence only any progrefs can be

mad^

The PREFACE.

made in the healing art ; and ?72ore par-
ticularly in the difeafes ofhorfes, as the
fuffering animals can only defcribe their
fain by their gejiures,

WITH what- contempt and indigna-
tion then miijl we view Juch ignorant
preteftders blunderijig about a dtftempery
groping in the dark^ and throwing in
medicines at random ? And what a 7ne-
lancholy fitiiation miijl be that of the
unhappy vi5iim ? The power of nature^
or frength of conjlitution^ will now and
then i?2deed fnrmoiint the ignora?2ce of
blunderers, and elude the force of their
hotch pofches ; fo that the doBor jhall
receive applaufes and rewards for his
imaginary fkill^ when he deferves igno-
7niny and the feverejl cenfures. But
what JJoould we conclude hence ? Why
only that fome few conftitutions^ like fome
f crtif cations y are bomb-proofs and can
fupport the Jljocks of the whole medical
artillery i without blowing up, .

AND here I cannot but lament the
f range fupinenefs of many gentlemen^
who though they are real admirers df

A 3 this

vi The PR EF ACE.

this ufejul animal, and fpare no expense
for the cure of their maladies^ yet fi(ffer
themjelves to be impofed on by iliiterate
grooms^ and unskiijul farriers ; who^
for the fake of their oun private ad-
vantage^ are frequently poaching their
borfes with drenches^ which 72ot only
clajfj with every inteiition of cure, but
aggravate the dif order : whereas y would
gefitlemen but take a little pains (and
fure the (iudy wcidd be an entertain-
ment) to 7nake thernfelves acquainted
with the laws of the bloods circidationy
{2nd the different fecretions of the va-
rious fluids ; they would foon be convinced
{of what I have before hinted) that in-
judicious jumbles of drugs are only a
load on the conftitutiony and frequently
dejeat the very intentions of nature \
who of herfelf or with very little af-
f fiance, would in gejieral foon work
her own deliverance ; but when the load
if the fuppofed remedy is added to the
difeafe^ the opprejjion becomes too violent
for nature long tofupport j and though
the animal has the conjlitiition of a horf\
yet mufi it at lajl fubmit, and fall a
facrifce to ignorance and blind credit-

lity

The PREFACE. vii

lity.—^A few leading queflions would

alfojoon convince gentlemen of the Jlupi-

dity^ but too prevaletit am.?ig the major

part of thefe prating fellows \ and f all s^-

fy them how precarious^ if not fatal ^ muji

be thepraBice oj men^fo little acquainted

with th^ laws of nature^ and of that

machiiie they are fubverting by their

continual blunders. By thefe means aljo

the dejerving farrier would have pro^

per jujiice done him, and be dijlinguijhed

from the common herd^ by his Juperior

abilities.

PERHAPS it may be no ufelefi

digrefjion to obferve . here^ that this

would not be the only advantage refulting

from thfe kinds oj flu dies ; as gentlemen

would thereby be enabkd to form a pro-

per judg?nent of thofe guardians^ with

whom they often entruft their own healths

and lives ^ and diftmguijh the fuperficial

loquacious coxcomb in phyfick^ fro?n the

rational and modejl praciitioner : for

in general it may be obfervsd, that in

proportion to the fballownef of the

Jlream, the bubbling and noife is mojl

manifeft^ and where the froth offcience

A 4 cnly

vili The PREFACE.

only has been fippedy it is no wondey*^ as

citr judicious Satyriji has obfervedy thai

fuch Jh allow draughts JJoould ifitoxicafe

the brain. But till gentlemen make this

a more general ftudy^ and thereby be^

come better judges of ply peal merits

we mitfi net be fur prized to find them

fometimes impofed on by fuch conceited

fmatterers ; whofe canty though deemed

oracular by the credulous^ is but too like

the oracles of old^ fpecious delufion^ and

vile impqfition ; where learned imperti-

7icnce paffesjor found erudition^ and a

barren Juperfiuity of words , for won-^

derous knowledge and elocution, Thus

founds are adopted and mifiaken for

fenfe ; and impudence and folly hut too

often triumph over modefty a?jd true

dejert : for as the above- quoted Feet

juftly obfervesy

Diftruftful fenfe with modeft caution

fpeaks,
But rattling nonfenfe, in full volleys

breaks.

BUT to return: It may be ne-
Mffary to infor?n the reader ^ that as

the

The PREFACE. ir

the intention of this treatife ia.is to
he as cmcife as pcfjiiky and entirely
praBical ; the immediate caufes within^
whieh occqjion the djorder, with the
moft plaujihle theories relative thereto^
are in ^enral omitted as premrioia
and deJu/ive ; for njoe apprehend they
tend rather to co found, than improve
the judgment y and obfcure an art that
Jh'ould chiefly be founded on penetrating
obfervation, and faithful defcription.
Indeed, the incertitude thas has always
appeared in thrfe fort of conjeBures^
hath now fully convinced the ingenuous
of their inn I ill ty^ and that one Syden-
ham^ one faithful recorder of facfs^
has merited more ^ by\ohferving andjol--
lowing nature, painting to the life what
his eyes faw, and fingers felt^ than all
the hypothetical writers united : as a
proof of this, we need only re coll eB the
numberlejs, ridiculous, and inconfiftenf
theories^ that have fprung up fuccejjively^
and which all had th:ir patrons fo^ a
time, hut dwindled into dfrepute and
oblivion, in proportion to the advances
of more plahjible conje5lures : and this
probably will be tie fate of all lubjequent

mes^

The PREFACE,

ones^ that are not ereBed 07i the more
folid bajis of repeated experience^ and
Jedulous obfervation,

FOR thefe reafo7is particularly we
have endeavoured to be as explicit as
pojjible^ in enumerating the fymptoms,
ds laid down by the befi authors 5 ejiee^n-
ing them to be the only true guides that
can lead us to the knowledge of the dif
eafe, and confequently to the rejnedy.
Should it be thought we have dwelt too
long on this party we mi{ft plead the
importance of it for our excufe, as we
apprehend^ by being more concfe^ the
work had been lefs valuable.

IT may not be improper here alfo
to acquaint the reader^ that this piece
was originally drawn up^ and iiitended
for tloe author s own ufe^ to refer to
occa/ionally y and fave the trouble of
turning over 071 every occajion the va-
rious writers 07i th;s fubjeB -^ a7id that
having bee7i frequently borrowed by his
friends, their approbatim of the plan y
cJid requefty prevailed on hi7n to fend
it to the prefix with fome additions,

Z He

The PREFACE. xi

He is ivell aware how much he expcfes
himfelfto the cenfure of the little criticks^
and to the fneers of the maliciciis amojig
his brethren ; but he begs thfe would
remember^ that to write pertinently on
the difeafes of horfes^ reqidres more me^
dical knowledge and fliidy than may at
firjl be apprehended -^ a parity of re a-
fining being rcquifite in treating the
ptaladies of horfes and men. And he is
convincedy that fo nearly allied is the
true art of farriery to thofe of phyfick
mid furgery^ that it ?iever can be per^
feBedy but onfmilar prijiciples ; arid of
courfe the fubjeB can ?iever be fo pro-
perly handled^ as by thofe who have
made thofe arts their Jludy* 7his will
evidently appear, by comparing only the
two laft treatifes in our own language
with all that have preceded them :
for though many ifeful ohfervations
and remedies may be picked up from
Blunderville, Markham^ De Grey^
Soleyfely Gueriniere, Saimier^ 6c c. yety
for the 7710/1 party thir method is
irrationaly and not fowided on a tho^
rough knowledge of the 7nechanum of
a horfey or animal ceconomy -, their

77iedicines

xil The P R E F A C E.

medicines i?t general are ajlrange cojjt-
pound or jumble of various and difcordant
ingredie?ifs ; fuitable enough to the then
reigning fafiion of prefcribing where
the falfe pomp of nimierous ingredients
inhanced their value ; but by no 7neam
agreeable to the later improvements^ or
to that jufl fimpli city that fo remarkably
adorns thepraciice of modern phyfck and
furgery.

THE author has no other apology
to make for d'gefting this piece, and
the obfervations and reflections he has
tjiteifperfed throughout the whole, than
his good intention to refcue the prac-
tice of fan^iery out of hands that fo
much abufe it ; and to cc?2vi7tce gentle^
men^ that as it is founded on rati--
07tal principles, it is neither iinbecom-
ing their notice, or miworthy their
ftudy : and he thinks he has reafon^
from fome late attempts, to hope, that
it Will foon beco?ne as cujiomary for
' gentlemen to go through regular courfes
ofjarrieyy, as it is for phyficians and
furgeons through thofe of chemifry and
anatomy.

ir

The PREFACE. xU

IT cannot indeed be expeBed^ that
our farriers JJjGuld make a?7y real pr ogre fs
in their profejion, till th y apply
the?7ijiivcs ea'ly to the fiitdy of anctcmyy
and to the diffeBions of 7norbid bodies^
and lame horfes : by this method (and
this only can do it effcBually) a new
fcene of hiowledge v:ill be unfolded to
them : thus wo'uld they re&ify their for-
mer errors^ and be gua ded againfl
future ones, end taught by thefe ver^
principles of anatomy how to aB en one
fleady and uniform plan. But now^
through ignorance of the real feat of the
difrder, how frequently do they ?cwel^
cautertfe and apply medicines exter-
nally, to parts free from any ailment
or grievance vjhatever, while they neg-
leB the real fource of the diforder?
And how few from their experience,
have made any tolerable uffid obferva-
tirjts, fufflcient to deduce the caufe from
thefymptoms, or form a rational method
of cure ?

IT has often cc cured, how advan-
tageous .a fiudy this would prove to an

ingenious

xlv The PREFACE:

ingenious young man of tolerable educa*
tion ; who^ by thus a5iing on rational
principles^ deduced from fuch founda-
tions^ and devoting his whole time to the
making fuch obfervatiojis, as woidd be
the natural refidt of his fudy and ex-
perience, would of courfe fooii rerider
himfdf fo eminently conspicuous over the
reft of his brethren as would amply re-
pay him for his labours ; for the dipdn-
guified light he mujl appear in to every
admirer of that noble animal^ would fur e-
ly excite their generofity to encourage
fuch Juperior merit y and their gratitude
of courfe to reward it.

WHAT gentlemMH that would not
be highly delighted^ and think it a ra^
tional entertainment^ to have the fource
and caufe of lamenefs in a favourite
horfcy evidently pointed cut^ and demon-'

frated to him by fimilar preparations
kept by the ingenious anatomiji for that

purpofe ? How would old prejudices by
this means be banifxdy and ?iew difco-
'ueries fupply their places^ fupported by
evident truths, and plain demonfirable

faBs. It is to this fudy that modern

furgery

The P R E F A C E. xv

fiirgery is indebted^ for the grt at f^rogrefs
it has Of late years made, and the
daily improvemecits thai arejiid making ;
and from hence arife thofe real b> r.efits
to niankindy which no other art or
fcience can pretend to with equal merit
0nd utility,

BUT till this fludy is more patro*

nized among us, we rrufl not winder

at thejlow advances it makes \ for the

practice and charaHer of a horfe phy-

fcian^ or lurgeon^ at prefent Jtands fb

loWy in the popular opinion^ by which

many of our pajjiofis (our pride in par^

ticu'ar) are regulated ; that^ as has been

nvitttly obfervedy not even a country ■

Jurgeony who is almofl Jtarving under a

fcarciy of human patients^ will deign

to attempt a fortune^ by ap'^lyiiig his

me did 72a I and chirurgical talents to

the ferviee of this necejfary fervant of

mankind.

BUT to return^ we think it incum-
bent on us to acknowledge our obligations
to Dr. Bracken and Mr. Gibfons trea-
fifes on this fubje^i^ for many ingenious oh-

ferva-

xvi The PREFACE.

fervations^ and^ real improvements \ and
mujl conjefs, that, in our opi^iion^ thefe
two gentlemen are the only authorSy
who have treated the difeajls of hcrfes
with propriety, judgment^ and method \
though perhaps there are few of note^
that we have 720t carefully pcrufed^
in order to render this treatlfe more
complete -, hut theje are the chief of
thofe, who have fuccefsfally contributed
to introduce a rational (yf em of farriery^
and to ajjiji gentlemen in judging for
themfehes in cafes ^ wherein every per-
fin of a fuperior education, with any
tolerable fcare of experience, may at
leaf put himfelf on a footing with
the generality of our horfe-do5Iors, To
thefe genthmen we are indebted for the
early and ingenious Jitps they made to-
wards reducing it to a rational fyftem ;
well kno-jcing it was matter of weight
enough to engage the mojt fagacious
in the improvement of an art, from
which fo confderahle a benefit . a-
r'lfes to the greater part of mankind,
lo a late modern writer, the Sieur La
Fofie, we are alfo greatly obliged, for
the many accurate cbfirvations and

1 difcovcries

The PREFACE. xvli

difcoveries he has made on this fubjedl^
and which in the coiirfe of this ivorky
we have made due achiowledgement

of.

TERMS of arfy and ohfcurity in
exprejjiony have purpofely been avoided
as much as pcj/ible-, (though Jometimes
the nature of the fubjedi has Jorced us
to deviate from our intended plan:)
For indeed we are more defirous oj being
intelligible to the meaneft capacity^ than
ambitious of writing in a polified Jiile^
to which we make no pretenfons\ and
on this account we expeB fome indulgence
from the candid reader,

THE receipts^ it is hoped-, will not
be thought too numerous^ as their pre^
ference to each other is generally pointed
out; and as the ingredients of fome
may not always be procurable y it was ^
therefore thought necejfary to fubjlitute
others in their Jlead, Befdes, the dif--
ficulty that occurs in adjujling the
quantities and qualities of various drugSy
though a thing familiar and eafy enough
to one acquainted with medicine^ would

b have

xviii The PREFACE.

have greatly embarrajfed the gentleman
' Jludent, Should fofne of them he thought
too expenfive, we defire it may be re-
membered^ that^ as we have jludied
to cure in the Jhortefl method^ perhaps
there may be little reafon for complai?it
in the events efpecially when the ex^
pence of the dearefl of them is compared
with a farrier s bill : 'Though we have
feldom dire&ed any of this fort, without
giving the common cheap forms with
them \ and left the alternative to the
circumftance of the reader^ and the value
of his horfe.

WE beg leave however to obferve^
that the writers on the difeafes of horfes
are often toofanguine in the virtues they
cfcribe to particular medicines^ and
drugs ; and too warm in the ajjertions
of their particular fuccefs in their
practice and experience. But how are
we often difappointed^ when we come to
com^pare ihefe objervations with our own
experience I Nor is this fo much to be
wofjdered at when we refe6i that no
man by his own praBice can acquire a
fuffcient knowledge of the virtues of one-
tenth

The PREFACE. xix

tenth part of the Jifnples in iife^ jo thafy '
of confeqiience ^ writers miifl copy from
one another y and report to us many thijigs
on tradition*

WHOKVER is at all acquainted
iviththe power of drugs ^ even Jr cm his
own experience y knows how extremely
dificult It is to af certain their 7nedicinal
properties ; as the fame individual me-
dicine has difjcrent efecrs, 7iot only i?i
different co?2jiitutions, and in different
di/eafes, but aljo in different f cages of '
the fame difeafe , Jn fhort^ there are Jo
many circumftanceSy to which we either
do jiotj^ or perhaps cannot^ fufficiently
attend^ which vary their operation and
effeSsy that we are frequently dif ap-
pointed in our expeBations, even oj thofe
7nedicines with which we are heft ac*
quainted,

THE SE ingenious hi?2ts I thought
extremely neceffary^ in order to eonvijice
gentlemen of the great uncertainty of
medic i?ie in general-, to the end that
they may not be impofed on by the fuper-
ficial rcafonings of farriers in general^

b 2 who

sxiii The PREFACE.

T^ H E chapters on Glanders and
Nicking, 'with the Plates and Ex-
planations annexed^ it is hoped, will

prove both ujefid aiid entertaining ;
though we have been inforjned, that the
operation of Trepanning Glandered
Horfes was attempted in Eiigland
many years before M. La Fofes hook
was publiJJ:ed ; and probably was df-
continued-, for want of a thorough
knowledge of the parts affected in this
difeafe^ or from iwfuccefsful trials
made on horfes^ that might be in the lafi

fages of this difemper^ and of coitrfe

from the nature of them, incurable ;
but the Jlrong probability of fuccefs^
in mojl cafes, it is hoped, will now be a

fuficient tjiducemeftt to follow the method
here laid down, till further experience
can recommend a better r^ and be alfo
a farther incentive to our induftry^
in bringing to ferfedlion the cure
of a difeafe, the moft jiaufeous and
dajigerous to our horfes, and that hither-
to has been a reproach to the art ofjar^
riery,

3

THE

The PREFACE. xxin

T HE chapters on Alteratives ani
Humours, we hope will be attended to^
and particularly the uje of Nitre fo

ftrongly recommend, d therein^ which by

frequent experience^ fince our laft edition^
we have given to the quantity of half a
pound a d^y, or more ; particularly in
Fevers, Inflammatory Cafes, and Stag-
gers ; 72or will it be found lefs ufefil as
an alterative^ by means oj which it is
hoped the too frequent ife offtrong purges^
may in time be aifcarded ; for we doubt
noty when gentleme7i are once convinced of
the nature and power of alteratives^ and
guarded againft the abfurd notions of

farriers^ in relation to hwrnours^ the .
preference will be given to the alteratives y
and a praElice eftablijhed as innocent and

fuccefsfuly as that of purging is danger-
ous and uncertain^

MANT improvements have been
made on <^ revifal of this edition for the
prefs, and M, La Foffe having lately
publifbed a treatije on the difeafes of the
feet and Jhoeing horfes^ which is efteemed
particularly curious ; we have added

1

xxw The PREFACE.

an abftraB of it to this edition, in a di--
ftindi Appendix.

P. S. By long experience of the ufe of
Nitre,, it is now recommended to be given
in much larger quantities than was at
firfl advifed) viz. to three or four ounces
for a dofcy and this quantity well diluted
with water- gruel may, in fevers , and
. many cafes, be given thrice a day.

XXV

THE

CONTENTS.

Chap.

I. ^ O M E General Diredtions ia
C3 regard to H or fes. Page i

II. Some general Diredions in regard

to Bleeding, Purging, i^c, 1 1

III Of Colds. 25

IV. Of Fevers in general. 31

V. Of a Pleurify, and Inflammation

of the Lungs, ^r. 51

VI. Of a Cough and Afthma. 59

VII. Of a Broken- Wind. 6^

VIII. Of aConfumption. 76

IX. Of an Apoplexy, or Staggers, Con-

vulfive Diforders, Lethargy, Epi-

lepfy, and Palfy. 78

X. Of the Strangles, and Vives. ^^

c Chap#

xxvi The CONTENTS.

Chap.

XI. Of the Difeafes of the Eyes.

i-oo

XII. Of the Glanders. 114

XIII. Of the Cholic, or Gripes, and

Pains in the Bowels, from
fudden Accidents. 133

XIV. Of the Lax and Scouring, with

other Diforders of the Sto-
mach and Bowels. 143
XV. Of Worms and Bots. 150

XVI. Of the Yellows, or Jaundice,

156

XVII. Of the Diforders of the Kid-

neys and Bladder. 159

XVIII. Of Molten Greafe. 167

XIX. Of Surfeits, Mange, and Hide-
Bound. 170

XX. Of the Farcin, or Farcy, and

Dropfical Diforders. 178

XXI. Of Alterative Medicines. 197
XXII. Of Humours. 213

XXIII. Of Rowelling. 220

XXIV. Of Strains in Various Parts.

224

XXV. Of Tumours and Impof-

thum^s. '^S^

Chap.

fj -rf

The CONTENTS. xxyii

Chap.
XXVI. Of Wounds in General. 246
XXVII. Of Ulcers in General 252
XX Vlil. Of a Bone-Spavin. 257

XXIX. Of a Curb and Ring-Bone.

262

XXX. Of Splents. 265

XXXI. Of the PoU-Evil. 268

XXXII. Of a Fiftula, and Bruifes on

the Withers 5 Warbles on
the Back, and Sic-Fafts.

272

XXXIII. Of Wind- Galls, Blood, and

Bog-Spavins. 276

XXXIV. Of MallendersandSallenders,

281

XXXV. Of Lampas, Barbs, and

Wolves Teeth. 282

XXXVI. Of the Greafe. 284

XXXVII. Of Scratches, Crown-Scabs,

Rat-Tails, and Capellets.

294

XXXVIII. Of the Difeafes of the Feet :

N arrow Heels and Bind-
ing of the Hoof, ^c, 299
XXXIX. Of Sand-Cracks and Quittors.

302
Chap,

xxvui The CONTENTS,

Chap.

XL. Of Wounds in the Feet, from

Nails, Gravel, (^c, 305

XLI. Of the Running-Thrufh, and

Canker, and Lois of Hoof.

312

XLIL Of Venomous Bites from Vipers

and Mad Dogs. 3 1 6

XLIIL Of Gelding, Docking, and Nick-

ingofHorfes. 321

XLIV. Of Ruptures, Anticor, Colt-Evil,

or Gonorrhoea, and Difeafes of

the Mouth. ^'^'^

APPENDIX-

L Of particular Difordcrs of the Feet.

342

IT. Reflc6kions on ftioeing Horfes. 352

THE

THE

Gentleman's Farriery^ ^^,

CHAP. I.

Some General DirBions in regard to

Horfes,

LE T it be laid down aS a general rule, Medlclno*
to give horfes as few medicines as ^re im-
poflible ; and by no means comply F^P^^/^''

• 1 1 -J* 1 a c r ! horfes m

With the ridiculous cultom or lome, who health,
are frequently Bleedings Purging^ and giv-
ing Balls^ though their horfes are in per-
fect health, and have no one indication
that requires fuch treatment.

Proper management in their Feeding^
Exercifey and Drejfing^ will alone cure
many diforders, and prevent moft ; for
the fimplicity of a horfe's diet; which
chiefly confifts of grain and herbage,
when good in kind, and difpenfed with
judgment, fecures him from thofe com-
plicated diforders, which are the general

B efftas

2 ■ General DireBtons In

efFecSs of intemperance in the hum^
body.

Foreign- In France^ Germany^ and 'Denmark^
crsdepeiid hoiTes are feldom purged -, they depend
Xmives^!^^^^ much on Alteratives ; the ufe of the
thanpurg-^i^^^ ^^ antimony, we have from the
ing medf- French^ which is in general a good medi-
cines cine for that purpofe, and may, in many

cafes, often be fubllituted in the room of

purging.

3^^^^^, As Hay is io material an article in a

be pfo- ^^'"^^'^ ^^"^ g^'^^t c^^e ^Q"^d be taken to
cured. procure the bed ; when it is not extraor-
dinary, theduft (liould be well fhookouc,
before it is put in the rack \ for fuch hay
is very apt to breed vermin.

Caution Beans afford the flrongefl: nourifhment
concern- of all grain, but are fitted for laborious
'"g "^'horfes; except on particular occafions.
In fome feafons they breed a kind of
vermin called the red bugs, which is
thought to be dangerous ; the bed me-
thod, in fuch cafe, is to procure them well
dried and jplit.

Cautions Bran fcalded is a kind of Panada to

in the ufe ^ fj^,]^ hovk \ but nothing is worfe than

a too frequent ufe of it, either dry or

fcalded 3 for it relaxes and weakens the

bowel*

regard /(? H O R S E S. 3

bowels too much. The bots in young
horfes may be owing to too much mufty
bran and chaff, given with other foul feed
to make them up for fale : particu^lar care
therefore ihould be taken that the bran
be always fweet and new.

Oats^ well ripened, make a more hear- Oats the
ty and durable diet than Barley^ and are ^"^^'^^
much better luited to the conltuutions or horfes.
Englijh horfes, as appears by experience*
A proper quantity of cut flr'aw and hay
mixed with them, is fometimes very ufe-
ful to horfes troubled with bots, indigefti-

on, ^c»

■t

The method fome have of siving An ufeful
to young horfes, oats, or peafe, ^c, in '^^"^^^^'
the draw, is attended, amongft others,
with this inconvenience, that their pulling
out the flraw, in order to find the corn,
teaches them a bad cuftom, which they
never after forget, of pulling moil of
their hay out of the rack into the man-
ger or on the floor, with the fame expec-
tation.

Horfes who eat their litter, fhould par- Obferva*
ticularly have cut flraw and powdered ^i^"*
chalk given them with their feed, as it
is a fign of a depraved ftomach, which
wants correfting.

B 2 The

4 General Diredflons iti

The good The Salt-MarfJoes are good padure, x^^
orfaU '^^^ markably fo for horfes who have beenr
marfhes. ^^-^^f^^ited, and indeed for many other dif-
orders ; they purge more by dung and
urine than any other pafture, and make
afterwards a firmer flefh : their v/ater is
for the mod part brackifh, and of courfe,
as well as the grafs, faturated with fal|;s
from the fea- water.

Seavvater, The great advantages that arife from
its ufe. drinking 6'^^-Tc;^/^r,fo much recommended
(among usl of late, may have taken the
hint from the sfood effeds it was obferved
to produce, in obftinate chronical cafes,
en morbid horfes -, who are as frequendy
fent to the marfhes, when all other means
are defpaired on, as confumptive people
'are to Briftol^ ar^ as often recover beyond
expeclation.

Crafsoft- A fummer^s grafs is often neceffarys
en necdT- niore particularly to horfes glutted with
^^^' food, and who ufe little exercife, but a
month or two's running is proper for
moll ; thofe efpecially who have been
worked hard and have fliff limbs, fwelled
legs, or wind-galls. Horfes, whofe feet
have been impaired by quitters, bad fho-
ing, or any other accidents, are alfo bed
- repaired at grafs. Thofe lamenefTes par-
ticularly

regard to HORSES. $

ticularly require turning out to grafs,
where the mufcles or tendons are con-
tradled or fhrunk •, for by the continual
gentle exercife in the field, with the afTift-
ance of a pattin-fhoe on the oppofue foot,
the fhortened limb is kept on the ftretch,
the wafted parts are reftored to their ufual
dimenfions, and the limb again recovers
its ufual tone and ftrength.

Where it can be done with conveni-What
ence, the pafturing them in May and "^°"^^'^ *°
June is in general moft advifeable : as ^^^^ Y^^
the grafs in thofe months is to be prefer- ^^^.y,
red ; and the feafon is lefs infefted with
flies and heat, which in July and Augujt
are apt to be very troublefome -, and fre-
quently fo teafe and torment a horfe at
pafture, that, with ilamping and kick-
ing, his gourdinefs and wind-galls will
often rather be increafed than dimi-
nilhed.

The Fields which lie near great towns, Cautions
and are much dunged, are not proper J^''^^^^ ^q'
paPcUre for horfes ; bur, on obfervation, paftare.
appear very injurious to them, if they feed
thereon all the fummer.

Horfes may be kept abroad all theMoTchorf-
year, where they have a proper ftable, or^^^J'^^^^^
Ihed, to fhelter them from the weather, .^^^^^^^

B 3 andch

e y(»ar.

6 General Dire8tions in

and hay at all times to come to. So
treated, they are feldom fick, their limbs
always clean and dry ; and with the al-
lowance of corn will hunt, and do more
bufinefs than horles kept conllantly at
houfe .

Horfes If, when horfes are taken up from

taken up grafs, they fliould grow hot and coflive,
fromgra.s ^-^ \ix^x\ and chopt hay with their corn %
na^'ed! ' ^"^ ^'^^ them fometimes a feed of fcald^
ed bran for a fortnight, or longer : let
their exercife and diet be moderate for
fome time, and both increafed by de-
grees.

Antimo- F.qual quantities of antimony and ful-
iiialsand phut, are fometimes given in their corn
alteratives or marfhes, to fweeten the blood, and
fometimes j^^^ ^^ j^^^i Open. The Hver of anti-

mony is frequently directed for this pur-
pofe, to the quantity of half an ounce at
a time •, but it is thought by fomiC to fuc-
ceed befl after the blood has been gradual-
ly warmed and fufed by the above or with
antimony and gum-guaiacum, previoufly
taken for ten or twelve days.

Caution It is worth obferving, that when this

concern- medicine is given in larger quantities, in-

ing hver {xtdA of promoting a kind moiilure, and

^ony!" ^^^^^ perfpiration through the fl<:in, it

' ' * ' , ^ fometimes

regard to HORSES. 7

fometimes creates a heat and drynefs ;
when therefore a kindly moid breathing
is notdiftinguifhed by the feel of the fldn,
on the life of this medicine, it mufc be
fufpended, till this falatary evacuation is
reftored by the above remedies.

Thefe antimonials (hould not be given should
grofsly powdered, as is generally pra(5tifed, be finely
but. ground very fine*, otherwife little P°^'^^^*
of them will pafs into the blood, but will
fometimes, when given in large dofes,
fcour themfelves off Vv'idiout entering the
mafs at all.

When horfes are foiled in the flable, Whsther^
care fliould be taken that the herbage bagethe
is young, tender, and full of fap ; whe- f^-^^I^^^^^
ther it be green barley, tares, clover,
or any thing elfe the leafon produces,
and that it be cut freQi once every day at
lead, if not oftener ^ for, when herbage
is old and fibrous, it is divefted of the
fap, has a tendency to putrefadiion, and
frequently caufes ob{lru61ions in the
bowels •, which are fometimes of bad
confequence, unlefs an evacuation is pro-
cured, when the dung has often appeared
not unlike what has laid a confiderable
time, mellov/ing and rotting on a dung-
hill,

B 4 When

General D'lreBions in

Cautions "When horfes lofe their flefli much in
m foiling, foiiipg^ thgy fhoLild in time be taken to a
more Iblid diet \ for it is not in foiling as
in grazing, where, though a horfe lofes
his flefh at firil, yet, after the grafs has
purged him, he foon grows fat.

Horfes No general direflions can be laid down

fhould be for the feeding of horfes, but this ; thac

^tJkfn to ^^^ ^^^^^^' ^^^ conftantly work, Ihould
theirwcrk. be well fed ; Others fhould be fed in pro-
portion to their exercife, and not kept to
certain regular feeds, whether they work
or not.

How to Young horfes, who have not done grow-
prevent jj-jg^ mufl be indulged more in their feed-

"b'tin"' "^"S ^^^^" thofe come to their maturity,
but if their exercife is fo little, as to make
it necefifary to abridge their allowance of
hay, a little frefh draw fhould conftantly
be put in their racks, to prevent their
nibling the manger, and turning crib*
biters : they fhould alfo fometimes be
ftrapp-d back, in order to cure them of this
habir.

Exercife A due degree of exercife is of the utmofl

^^^^^ A confequence to maintain a horfe in perfe6t

health and vigour.. But let it be oblerved,

that a horfe is never to be rode hard, or

put

regard /c> H O R S E S. |

put on any violent exercife, when he has
a belly full of meat or water : move him
gently at firft, and he will naturally mend
his pace.

It is obvious to every one, what care
fhould be taicen of a horfe after violent
exercife, that he cools not too fad, and
drinks no cold water, i£c, for which
reafon we fliall wave particular direc-
tions.

The ufual method of feeding coach- Bran and
horfes on the road, by givino; them bran beans,
with a few beans before their oats, is not^^^"^
amifs ; becaufe their work makes them
perfpire fo much, that without fomething
of this kind, they v/ould be faint, or ape
To grow coftive. The bran keeps their
body open, and the leans prevent its fcour-
ing, which horfes of weak bowels are fub-
jeft to on a journey.

Moll horfes fed for fale, have the in- Horfes
terftices of their mufcles fo filled with fat, "^*iy
that their true fhapes are hardly known. ^'^"^^.^
ror which realon, a horje, jliii come je^Iers,
out of the dealer's hands, fliould at firfl: how to be
be gently ufed. He ought to lofe blood, managGd.
and have his diet lowered, though not too
much : walking exercife is mod proper
at firft, two hours in a day •, in a week

or

19 . Gejteral DireBionSy &c.

or fortnight two hours at a time, twice a
day ; after this ufage for a month, bleed
him again, and give him tv/o or three
times a week fcalded bran, v/hich wiil
prepare him for purging phyfick, that
may now be ^given fafeiy, and repeated at
the uluai intervals.

Obferva- V/hen a horfe comes out of a dealer's
tion. hands his cloathing muft be abated by de-
grees, and care taken to put him in a mo-
derately warm flabie : otherwife the fud-
den trandtion would be attended with the
word confequences.

Signs of It is a certain proof of amendment in
healthand ^ horfe's confiitutlon, when his cravins:
amena- ^c.^^ water abates ; for while his blood is
thick or fizy, his mouth is generally dry
and clammy, and his fecretions imperfe<5t.
Another good fign is* when on exercife
his fvv^eatincr abates, and does not turn
white like foap lather, but runs off like wa-
ter: this is in general a fure fign that the
blood and juices are attennuated and
amended : for while they continue in their
viTcid ftate, the fweats of courfe will be
frothy and clammy.

CHAP.

[ ^o

CHAP. IL

Some Genei^al Diretlmis in regard to
Bleeding, Purging, ^c.

HORSES who (land much in ftable, DIreaions
and are full fed, require bleeding 5°^^^^^"-
now and then, efpecially when their eyes JJJ|^ ^
look heavy, dull, red, and inflamed ; as *
alfo, when they feel hotter than ufual,
and mangle their hay.

Young horfes fhould be bled when they In what
are fhedding their teeth, as it takes off ^^|*^^ ^^^'
thofe feverilh heats they are fubjedt to at
thofe times. But the cafes that chiefly
require bleeding, are colds, fevers of
moft kinds, falls, bruifes, hurts of the
eyes, flrains, and all inflammatory dif-
orders, ^c.

It is right to bleed a horfe, when he
begins to grow flefliy at grafs, or at
any other time when he looks heavy :
and it is generally proper to bleed before
purging.

Let your horfe always be bled by mea- '^^ ^^^^^
fure, that you may know what quantity ^^Sre/
you take away : two or three quarts is '

always

ift DireBiojts ifi regard to

always enough at one time ; when you
repeat it, allow for the diforder, and the
horle's conftitution.

©bferva- Let the blood, when cold^ be carefully
tioa. examined, both as to colour and confift-
ence, whether black, florid, fizy, ^r.

Cautions
concern-
ing purg-

Purging is often neceflary in grofs full
horfes, in fome difordej's of the ftomach,
liver, ^c. but (hould be direded with
caution. Before a purge is given to any
horfe, it is neceffary fome preparation
fhould be made for it, in order to render
the operation more iafe and efficacious ;
thus a horfe that is full of flefh (hould
firft be bled, and at the fame time have
his diet lowered for a week, efpecially
thofe that have been pampered for fale ;
feveral maOies of fcalded bran fhould alfo
previoufly be given, in order to open
the bowels, and unload them of any in-
durated excrement ; which fometimcs
proves an obftacle to the working of the
phyfick, by creating great ficknefs and
griping.

Remaik- Let it be remembered that a horfe is

^^^ °^' purged with difficulty -, that the phyfick

^' generally lies twenty-four hours in the

guts before it works ; and that the tract

of bowels it has to pafs through, is above

thirty

Bleeding, Purging, &c. i^

thirty yards : and lying horizontally, con-
fequently refinous and other improper
drugs may, and often do, by their violent
irritations, occafion exceflive gripings and
cold fweats, fhave on the very mucus or
lining of the guts, and bring on inflam-
mations, which often terminate in morti-
fications, and death.

It is remarkable too, that the (lomach
and guts of a horfe are but thin, com-
pared to fome other animals of the fame
bulk, and therefore mufl: be more liable
to inflammation and irritation.

Horfes kept much in the flable, who Purges,
have not the proper benefit of air and when pr©-
exercifcj in proportion to their food, P^^'
fhould in Spring have a mild purge or two, .
after a previous preparation by bleeding,,
lowering their diet, and fcalded mafhes.

Horfes that fall off their fl:omach, whe- Cafes that
ther it proceeds from too full feeding, or ^^l^^ ^^
ingendering crudities and indigeflied mat-
ter, Ihould have a mild purge or two.

Horfes of a hot temperament will not
bear the common aloecic purges -, their
phyfick therefore fhould be mild and

eoolmg.

Purging

14 DtreBiom in regard t6

Purging is always found very beneficial
in ftubborn dry coughs ; but mild mercu-
rials joined with them, make them yet
more efficacious.

Horfes that have thofe forts of lame-
neffes, that are faid to proceed from hu-
mours flying about (which are of iht rheu-
matic kind, and in young horfes proceed
from fizy blood, and occafion lamenefs
in every limb) require frequent purging ;
and fhould alfo have, between whiles,
medicines that attenuate and thin the
fluids.

Horfes of a watery conftitutlon, who
are fubje(51: to fwelled legs, that run a
fharp briny ichor, cannot have the caufes
removed any ways fo effedlually as by
purging.

The firil purge you give to a horfe
fhould be mild, in order to know his con-
llitution.

Some mif- \^ jg ^ miflaken notion, that if a proper*

rrnb^^"^" prepared purge does not work to expedla-

purges. tiQu^ the horfe will be injured by it ; for

though it does not pafs by ftool, its

operation may be more efficacious, as

an alterative, to purify the blood, and

it

Bleeding, Purging, &c:
It may pafs by urine, or other fecreti-

ons.

Purging medicines are veryfuccefsfuily
given in fmall quantities, mixed vvitli
others 5 and ad then as alteratives.

If mercurial phyii<:k is given, care Cautions,
fliould be taken that it be well prepared ;
and warmer cloathing, and greater circum-
fpedion is then required.

12 mn«>

Purges fhould be given early in the rj.^.,
morning upon an empty ilomach : about ncrofgiv-
three or four hours after the horfe has ing purges
taken it, he Ihould have a feed of fcalded f"'^ ™-^"
bran-, and a lock or two of hay may '^^
then be put into his rack. The fame day
give him tvv^o more maflies •, but fliould
he refufe warm meat, he may be allowed
raw bran.

All his water fhould be mitk warm,
and have a handful of bran fqueezed in
it *, but if he refufes to drink white water,
give it him without bran.

Early the next morning, give^ him an-
other mafh ', but, if he refufes to eat it,
give him as much warm water as he will
drink : let him be properly cloathed, and
rode gently about. This Hiould be done

two

x6 Dire^iojis 171 regard to

two or three times a day, unlefs he purges
violemly, and then once or twice will be
fufficient : at night give him a feed of oats
mixid with bran.

During the working, a horfe ihould
drink plentifully ^ but, if he will not drink
warm water, he muft be indulged with
cold, rather than not drink at all.

We Ihall here infert fome general
forms of purges.

Forms of TAKE Succotrine aloes ten drams,

purges. jalap and fait of tartar each two

drams, grated ginger one dram, oil

of cloves thirty drops; make them

into a ball with fyrup of buckthorn.

Of,

TAKE aloes and cream of tartar
each one ounce, jalap two drams,
cloves powdered one dram, fyrup
of buckthorn a fufficient quantity.

Or,

The following, which has an eftablilhed
charadler among fportfmen.

TAKE aloes, from itn drams to an
ounce and a half, myrrh and gin-

Bleecfing, Purging, &c. i^

ger powdered each half an ounce^
faffron and oil of anifeed each half
a dram.

Mr. Gibfon recommends the follow-

ing.

TAKR, Succotrine aloes tzn drams,
myrrh 'finely powdered half ari
ounce, faffron and freOi jalap in
powder, of each a dram •, make
them into a ftilf ball with fyrup of
rofes, then add- a fmall fpoonful of
redlified oil of amber.

The Succotrine aloes fhould always be Obferva^
preferred to the Barbadoes, or Plantation ^*°"'
aloes, though the latter niay be given
to robufl ilrong horfes, but even then
fhould always be prepared with the fait,
or cream ot tartar -, which by opening its
parts, prevent its adhefion to the coats
of the llomach and bowels ; from whence
horrid griping'^, and even death itfelf, has
o^ten enfued. i his caution is well worth
remarking, as many a horfe hath fell a
facrifice to the negled of it. - .

Half an ounce of Caflile foap, to a
horfe of a grofs conftitution, may be add-
ed to any of the above •, and the propor-
tions may be increafed for ftrong horfes,-

G ' V\'heR

I S Dire^iofis in regard to

Howmer- ^ Whc^n mercurial phyfic is intended,
^mu^Idte g'\^^ ^wo drams of calomel over nighr,
given. niixed up with half an ounce of a diapenre^

and a little honey, and the purging ball

the next morning.

The following, when it can be afforded,
IS a very gentle and effedlual purge, par-
ticularly for fine delicate horfes -, and if
prepared with the Indian rhubarb, will
not be expenfive.

A mild TAKE of the finefl Succotrine aloes

P"''S^- one ounce, rhubarb powdered half

an ounce or fix drams, ginger grat-
ed one dram j make into a ball, with
fyrupof rofes.

^ The following purging drink may be
given with the utmofl fafety : it may be
quickened or made flronger, by adding an
ounce more of fena, or two drams of
jalap.

Acocilino- TAKE fena two ounces, infufe it

puraiijg "* in a pint of boiling v»'ater two hours,

^•'^i"^- with three drams of fait of tartar;

pour off, and difTolve in it four ounces

of Glauber fahs, and two or three of

cream of tartar.

This

Bleeding, Purging, &€, i9

This laft phyfic is Cooling, e a fj^, andObferva-
(^uick in its operation ; and greatly pre- ^^°"-
ferable in all inflammatory cales to any
other purge, as it paffes into the blood,
and operates alfo by urine.

When horfes lofe their appetifes after Remedies
purging, it is necefiary to give them a p|[.^'|^^*
warm ftomach drink, made of an infu-^ '^ **'
fion of camomile flowers, anifeeds, and
faffron : or the cordial ball may be given
for that pufpofe*

Should the purging continue too long,
give an ounce of diafcordium in a pint of
Fort wine, and repeat it once in twelve
hours, if the purging continues. Plenty
of gum Arabic water fllould alio be given, ■
and in cafe of violent gripes, fat broth
glyfl:ers, or tripe liquor, fliould be often
thrown up, with an hundred drops of
laudanum in each.

The Arabic folution may be thus pre-
pared.

TAKE of gum Arabic and tragacanth Drmk for
of each four ounces, juniper berries g^P^s.
and caraway feeds of each an ounce,
cloves bruifed half an ounce ; fim-
- " nier gently in a gallon of water, till

C 2 the

20 Dire^ftons in regard to

the gums are difTolved: give a quare
. at a time in half a pail of water: but
if he won't take it freely this way,
give it him often in a horn.

tv'hen a When a purge does not work, but
horfe makes the horfe fvvell and refufe his food
iwells. 2nd water •, which is fometimes the effe6l
of bad drugs, or catching cold *, warm di-
uretics are the only remedy •, of which the
following are recommended.

Adiinciic TAKE a pint of white v/ine, nitre
^^^^^* one ounce, mix with it a dram or

camphor difTolved in a little redtified
fpirit of wine ; then add two drams
oF oil of juniper, and the fame
quantity of unreflified oil of amber,
and fourounces of honey, or fyrupof
marlli- mallows.

Of,

A diirreiic TAKE Venice turpentine one ounce,
^'^^^- incorporate with the yolk of an egg :

nitre one ounce : then -add juniper
berries, and frefli anifeeds pounded,,
each half an ounce, unreftified oil of
amber two drams -, make into a ball
with fyrup of marfh-mallows.

Obfev.-!- V\/hen a horfe fwells much with phy-
non. . fick, do not fuffer him to be rode about

till

Bleeding, Purging, &c. 2i

till he has foine vent, but rather lead him
gently in hand, till ibme evacuation is ob-
tained.

As it is obferved, that horfes more jjorfes
willingly take fweet and palatable things, drinks to
than thofe that are bitter and of an ill be made
tafle, care (liould be taken that the latter P^^^^^^^^>
are given in balls, and that their drinks
are always contrived to be as little naufe-
ous as poffible, and fweetened either with
honey or liquorice. Thofe that are pre-
pared with the grofs powders, are by no
means fo agreeable to a horfe, as thole
made by infufion : as the former often
clam the mouth, irritate the membranes
about the palate and throat, and frequent-
ly occafioa the cough they are intended to
prevenrt.

Balls fhould be of an oval iliape, and not Horfeai
exceed the fize of a pullet's egg : when i?'^'^^, ,
the dofe is large, it fhould be divided into ij^^j.^J'^^
two ; and they fhould be dipt in oil, to |.
make them nip down theeafier.

As we have given fonie general forms
of purges, we fhali obferve the fame rule
in regard to glyflcrs, with fome few cauti-
tions and remarks.

C 3 ,^ Ltc

[ar;^e. -

22 J)i?^e5lions in regard t9

Hrrfes Let it be obferved then, that before

^'?"'j^k" ^^^ adminiilering emollient glyfters in

^^■J'g^^lj^j^j.' coftivedrrorders, a fmall hand well oiled

g!>l-ers. fboiild be pafied up the horfe's fundament,

in order to bring away any hardened dung,

which otherwiie woiiid be an obttacle to

theglyfter's pafTage.

^jMpear.d ^^ j^^g ^^^^ p-p^ ^^^ ^ proper form, is

ielaWeto ^^ ^^ pn^ferred to a fyringe, which
a r)iin2,e. throws up the glyfter with fo much force,
that it often furprizes a horfe, and makes
him reject it as faft as it goes in: whereas
the liquor, when preO'ed gently from the
bag, gives him no furprize or uneafinefs,
but paiTes eafily up" into the bowels,
where it wili fomecimes remain a long
'time, and be extremely ufeful, by cool-
ing and relaxing them j and will fome-
times inco'-porate \q with the dung, as
not eafily to be diflinguillied from the
oiher contents of the guts- Thefe emol-
lient gly Iters are extremely fervice-
able in moft fevers, and greatly pre-
ferable to purging ones ; which in general
are too pungent, and llimulate too much,
efpecially it aloes are a part of the com^
pOiidon,

XNutnuve Nutritive glyflers are very neceflary,
^'^''^•^' and often fave a horfe from, ilarving, when

his

Bleeding, Purging, &c. 23

his jaws are fo locked up by convulfions,
that nothing can be conveyed by the
mouth.

They (hpuld not exceed a quart or xhcir
three pints at a time, but be often re- quantity,
peated : nor fhould they be too fat *, but
made of fheeps heads, trotters or any other
meat broth, milk pottage, rice-milk ftrain-
ed, and many other fuch nourifhing
things. For an emollient glyfter, take the
following.

TAKE mardi- mallows and chamomile ^n emol-
flowers each a large handful, bay- lienc glyf-
berries and fweet fennel feeds bruif- ter.
ed, each an ounce : boil in a gallon
of water to three quarts, pour off
into a pan, and dilTolve it in half a
pound of treacle, and a pint of lin-
feed oil, or any common oil.

To make it more laxative, add four
ounces of lenitive eledluary, or the fame
quantity of cream of tartar, or common
purging falts.

TAKE two or three handfuls of marfh- Apwrging
mallows, fena one ounce, bitter 'ih'^^^^*
apple half an ounce, bay- berries
and anifeed bruifed, each an ounce,
fait of tartar half an ounce j boil a

C 4 quarter

24 'DlreBlom in i^cgard to, Szc,

quarter of an hour in tlut^e quarts
c[ water, pour off, and add four
ounces of fyrup of buckthorn, and
half a pint of oil.

ObfVrva- This glyder will purge a horfe pretty
lion. briPKly, and may be given fuccefifully,
when an in^mediate diicharge is want-
ing •, efpecially in fomt fevers with in-
flamed lungs •, or other diforders, which
require fpeedy relief.

Ciudoni But it is necefJIiry to caution againll a
folution of courfe aloes for this purpofe,'
as it has been found to gripe hories vio-
lently, and excite leveriih and fome-
times convuiiive fym proms ; and indeed
all pungent and fliiFiUlating medicines,
as the fti'onger purgatives generally are,
fhould be Luven in this form with s;reac
caution.

O'Sciva- Bui the generality of emollient glyfters,
ti >n. may be prepared with much lefs trouble ;
as iv/o quarts of water-grucl, wich half a
pound of treacle, a pine of oil, and a hand-
ful of common fait, will as effectually an-
fwer every purpolc, The following is a
rtftringent glyiier.

TAKE

0/ C O L D S. 25

TAKE pomegranate bark, or oak A reftrin-
bark, two ounces, red rofe leaves, S-"^ g^y^-
frefli or dry, a handful, balauilines an ^^^*
ounce j boil in two quarts of water,
till one is near confumed ; pour off

, and difTolve in it four ounces of diaf-
cordium ; to v/hich may be added
a pint of Port wine.

This will anfwer in all common cafes,
where reftringents are neceffary, but
fhould never be given in larger quanti-
ties ', for the longer glyfters of this kind
l.ie in the bowels, the more eilicacious they
are.

^ C H A P. III.
Of COLDS.

S the fource of the generality of Cold the
_ ^ fevers, coughs, and many other firft fource
diforders, that both mien and horfes are^^"^°^^
fubjedl to, arife originally from taking
cokl ; I have made that diforder the fub-
jedl of my hrft ciiapter, as introdu6l6ry
to the fjbfequent ones, to Fevers , Pleurijy^^
Cov.ghsy &c.-

The

26 Of COLD S.

Pcrfpira- fhe dodlrine of perfpiration (which
^^°"' one could wifh in general better under-
ftood, becaule it is fo principally con-
cerned in mod acute diforders) is now fo
evidently demon ftrable, that I am almoft
tempted to explain it, fo far at lead, as
would give my readers a general idea
thereof, and of the confequence of its
fupprefTion, or being checked : but as it
would be breaking through the limits we
have prefcribed ourfelves, muft defire
they would have recourfe, for farther fa-
tisfadion on that head, to Ckamlers^s Bi^^
ionary^ Art. Perfpiration,

Taki'nrr ^7 taking cold then, we mean that the
coldwbat. pores and outlets of the (l^in (which in a
natural healthy ftate of body are con-
tinually breathing out a fine fluid, like
, the lleam ariling from hot water, or
fmoke from fire) are fo far fliut up, that
thefe fleams, or perfpirable matter, not
having a free pafTage through them, are
hindered from going off in the ufual
manner, the confequence of which is,
their recoiling on the blood, vitiating its
quality, overfilling the vefTels, and affect-
ing the head, glands or kernels of the
neck and throat, the lungs and other
principal parts.

2

To

0/ C O L D S. 27

To enumerate tlie various caufcs of The can-

colds, would be endlefs i the mod ufual '^^•
^re, riding horfes till they are hot, and
fuffering them to (land in that condition,
where the air is cold and piercirg -3 re-
moving a horfe from a hot liable to a cold
one, and too fuddenly changing his cloath-
irig •, hence it is, that horlbs often catch
fuch fevere colds, after they come out of
dealers hands ; and by not being care-
fully rubbed down, when they come ia
hot, off journeys.

The figns of a horfe's catching cold The fym-
are, a cough, heavinefs and dulnefs, ptoms.
which affe6t him, more or lefs, in propor-
tion to the feverity of it; the eyes are
(bmetimes moift and watery, the kernels
about the ears and under the jaws fwelJ,
the nofe gleets, and he rattles in his
breathing •, and when the cold is violent,
the horfe will be feverifh, his flanks work,
;^nd he will both loath his hot meat, and
refufe his water. When thefe lad fymp*
toms are attended with a flimy mouth,
ears and feet cold, and a great inward
forenefs, there is danger of a bad fever.

But when the horfe coughs ftrong. Good
fnorts after it, is but little off his ftomach, Tymp-
pricks up his ears, and moves brifkly in ^on^*'

his

0/ C O L D i

his ftall, dungs and dales freely, his fkin
feels kindly, and his coat does not flare,
he is in no danger, and there v;ill be no
occafion for medicines of any kind; but
you (hall bleed him about two quarts,
keep him warm, and give him feeds of
fcalded bran, with as much warm v/ater
as he will drink, in order to dilute his
blood.

The cure. If the diforder Hiould increafe, the
horfe feel hot, and refufe his meat, bleed
him, if a ftrong one, two quarts more ;
and if you are not fatisfied, without giv-
ing medicines, avoid, as you would poi-
fon, a farrier's drench (which is gene-
rally compofed of fome hot, naufeous
powders, given in a quantity of ale •,
which too often increafes the fever, by
overheating the blood, and palls the
horfe's ftomach hy its loathfomenefs.)
And inftead of it, infufe two ounces of
anifeeds, with a dram of faiTron, in a
pint and a half of boiling water; pour off
the clear, and difiblve it in four ounces
of honey ; to which may be added four
fpoonfuls of fallad oil : this drink may
be given every night ; or one of the fol-
■ lowing balls, provided there is no fever ;
in which cafe, it always will be more
eligible to give two, ot three ounces of
nitre, or fait prunella every day in his

feeds,

Of COLDS. ^9

feeds, or water, till it is removed •, this
method of treating- colds we have ex-
plained, in our animadverfions on nitre,
and the great efficacy of this medicine ;
but fhpuld the horie be inclined to cof-
tivenefs, remember that his body fhould
be kept open by emiOllient glyilers, or
cream of tartar difTolved in his water, to
the quantity of three or four ounces a
day.

TAKE of the fredi powders of anl- The pec-
feed, eh'campane, caraway, liquor- ^°'''^^^^'^^'®
ice, turmerick, and flower of brim-' ^
flione, each three ounces, juice of
liquorice four ounces, dilTolved in a
fufhcient quantity of mountain, faf-
fron powdered half an ounce, fallad
oil and honey, each half a pound, »

oil ofanifeed one ounce: mix to-
gether v*/ith wheat fiower enough to
make them into a paRe.

Or, Take the following from Dr,
Br acken.

The cor-
T A K E anifeed, caraway feed, and ^i^l ball,
greater cardamoms, finely powder-
ed, of each one ounce, flower of
brimftone two ounces, turmerick
in fine poA'der one ounce and a
half, fiffron two drams, Spanifh
4l j^^'^ce

Obferva-
tions on
them.

0/ C O L D 5.

juice diffolved in water, two ounce^,-
oil of anileed half an ounce, 11*
quorice-powder one ounce and si
halt, wheat-flower, a fufficient quan-
tity, to make into a (liff pafte, by
beating all the ingredients well in
a mortar.

Thefe balls confift of warm opening
ingredients ; and given in fmall quanti-
ties, about the fize of a pullet's egg, will
encourage a free perfpiration ; but in
cafe of a fever, (hould be cautioufly con-
tinued. They are much more efficacious,
and in all cafes fuperior to the farriers
drenches, if dilTolved in a pint of warm
ale.

Genera! '^^'^^ fimple method, with good nurf-
obferva- i^ig 2.nd hot mafhes, warm water and
tions. cloathing, efpecially about the head and
throat, which promotes the running at
the noftrils, will anfwer the mod fudden
colds ; and when the horfe feeds hearti-
]y, and fnorts after coughing, moderate
exercife every day will haitcn his re-
covery.

Particular The fcalded bran fliould be put hot

ones. into the manger, for the fleams conduce

not a little to promote a running at the

nofe, which is often very plentiful, and

greatly

0/ F E V E R S. 31

greatly forwards the cure. His manger
Ih^uld be kept clean, by filling it with
ftraw ♦, his hay well fhook and fprinkled
with water, and given in fmall quanti-
ties : for his breathing, at this time,
taints the hay, and then he will not touch
it.

To a horfc loaded with flefli, a rowel
may fometimes be neceflary ♦, as may alfo
a gentle purge or two, to fome, when
the diflemper is gone off.

C H A P. IV,
Of FEVERS in generaL

AS I piirpofely avoid giving defcrip-
tions of difeafes, or fo much as
guefTing at the caufes within, which bring
them about, I fliall immediately enter
upon the fymptoms which denote a fimple
fever prefent. T^efe are great refllefs-^pj^e ^,.^
nefs, the horfe ranging from one end ofptcms of
his rack to the other; his flanks beat ;f"e\'er.
his eyes are red and inflamed ; his tongue
parched and dry ; his breath is hot, and
imells ftrong ; he lofes his appetite, and
nibbles his hay, but don't chew it, and is
frequently fmclling to the ground ; the

whole

32 Of FEVER S.

whole body is hotrer than ordinary
(though not parched, as in fome inflam-
matory dilbrders •,) he dungs often, little
at a time, ufually hard, and in fmall bits *,
he fometimes ftales v/ith difHculty, and
his urine is high coloured ; his flanks
bear, and he feems to thirft, but drinks
little at a time, and often ; his pulfe beats
full and hard, to fifty ffrokes and up-
wards in a minute.

The me-
thod of
cure.

The firfl intention of cure is bleeding-,
to the quantity of two or three quarts, if
the horfe is ftrong, and in good condi-
tion 5 then give him a pint of the follow-
ing drink four times a day ; or an ounce
of nitre, mixed up into a ball with ho-
ney, may he given thrice a day, inftead
cf the drink, and wafhed down with
three or four horns of any fmall liquor.

The fever
balls and
drink.

TAKE of baum, fage, and camo-
mile flov^ers, each a handful, liquor-
ice-root niccd half an ounce, fal.
prunel, or nirrCj three ounces -, in-
fufe in two quarts of boiling water ;
when cold, ifrain off, and fqueezc
into it the juice of two or three le-
mons, and fweeten with honey.

A remark, /^g t|^e chief ingredient to be depended
on in this drink is the nitre, it may per-
haps

Of FEVERS. 33

haps be as v/cll given in water alone ;
but as a horfe's ftomach is foon palled,
and he requires palatable medicines, the
other ingredients may in that refpedt
have their ufe. Soleyfel for this purpofe
advifes two ounces of fait of tartar, and
one of fal armoniac to be diffolved in
two quarts of water, and mixed with a
pail of common water, adding a handful
of bran or barley flower to qualify the
unpleafant tafte : this may be given every
day, and is an ufeful medicine.

The following alfo may be given for
this purpofe,

TAKE RufTia pearl-aflies one ounce, ^ f^^.gj,
diftilled vinegar one pint, fpring drink, or
water two pints, honey four ounces : neutral
give a pint three or four times a"^^^^"*"^"
day.

This neutral mixture, and the nitre
drink above, may be taken alternately;
they are both efficacious remedies, and
in fome places may properly enough be
joined with the camphor drink, p» 41,

.His diet fhould be fcalded bran, given The dies
in fmall quantities ; which, if he refufes, in fevers,
let him have dry bran fprinkjed with
water : put a handful of p-icked hay into

D the

34 0/ F E V E R S.

the rack, which a horfe will often eat,
when he will touch nothing elfe: his
water need not be much warmed, but
fhould be given often, and in fmall quan-
tities : his cloathing fhould be moderate,
too much heat and weight on a horfe being
improper in a fever j which fcarce ever
goes off in critical fweats (as thofe in the
human body terminate) but by Itrong
perfpiration.

Obferva- If in a day or two he begins to eat
^^^^' his bran, and pick a little hay, this me-
thod with good nurfing will anfwer ; but
ii' he refufes to feed, more blood fliould
be taken away, and the drinks continued i
to which may be added two or three
drams of faffron, avoiding at this time
all hotter medicines. The following glyf-
ter fhould be given, which may be re-
peated every day, efpecially if his dung
Is knotty and dry,

Theemol- TAKE two handfuls of marlli-mal-
lient giyi- lows, and one of camomile flowers s

fennel-feed an ounce ; boil in three
quarts of water to two, ftrain off,
and add four ounces of treacle, and
a pint of linfced oil, or any common
oil.

Two

ter.

0/ F E V E R S. 35

Two quarts of water-gruel, fat broth Remarks.
or pot-liquor, with the treacle and oil, will
anlwer this purpofe ; to which may be
added a handful of fait. Thefe fort of
glyllers are properer than thofe with
purging ingredients.

- The following opening drink is very
effectual in thefe fevers, and may be given
every other day, when the glyfters fhould
be omitted : but the nitre balls or drink
may be continued, except on thofe days
thefe are taken.

T A K E of cream of tartar and Glau- An open-
ber falts, each four ounces , diffolve ing fever
in barley-water, or any other Uquor : <l"nk-
an ounce or two of lenitive eleduary .
may be added, or a dram or two of
powder of jalap, to quicken the
operation in fome horfes.

Four ounces of Glauber falts, or cream Others for
of tartar, with the fame quantity of leni- ^^^5 pur-
tive eledluary, may be given for the fame P°^^*
purpofe, if the former fhould not open the
body fufficiently.

In four or five days the horfe gene- The figns
rally begins to pick his hay, and has a of reco-
fceming relifh to food -, though his flanks ^'^^y-

D 2 will

36 or F EV E R S.

will heave pretty much for a fortnight :
yet the temper of his body, and return of
appetite, Ihew that nothing more is re-r
quifite to complete his recovery, than
v^alking him abroad in the air, and allow-
ing plenty of clean litter to reft him in
the flable.

Pra<!lijal '^^'^s method of treating a fever is fim-
obferva- pie, according to the laws of nature -, and
tions. is confirmed by long experience, to be
infinitely preferable to the hot method.

The intention here is to leflbn the quan*
tity of blood, promote the fecretions of
urine and perfpiration, and cool and di-
lute the fluids in general.

An ufeful How far vinous cordials, ftrong beer-
xeflcaion. drinks loaded with fiery powders, and
fuch methods, are likely to anfwer thefe
purpofes, is fubmitted to the judicious
obferver ; as alfo, whether adopting the
cool one in its ftead is not as real an im-
provement in farriery as phyfick.

Acorn- There is another fort of fever that
pound horfes are fubje(5l to, of a more complicate
fever. ^^jj irregular nature than the former ;

which, if not properly treated, often

proves fatal,

Tha

0/ F E V E R S. 37

The figns are a (low fever, with Ian- ^^^ ^y^-
guifhing and great depreffions ; the ^°"^^*
horfe is fometimes inwardly hot, and
outwardly cold ; at other times hot all
over, but not to any extreme; his eyes
look moid and languid ; he has a conti- '
nual moifture in his mouth, which is the
reafon he feldom cares to drink, and when
he does, it is but little at a time. He
feeds but little, and leaves off as foon as
he has eat a mouthful or two •, he moves
his jaws in a feeble, locfe manner, with
an unpleafant grating of his teeth ; his
body is commonly open ; his dung foft
and moid, but feldom greafy ; his ftaling
is often irregular, fometimes little, ac
other times profufe, feldom high-colour-
ed, but rather pale, with little or no "fe-
diment.

When a horfe*s appetite declines daily,
till he refufes all meat, it is a bad fign.
When the fever doth not diminifh, or
keep at a (land, but increafes, the cafe is
then dangerous. But when it fenfibly
abates, and his mouth grows drier, the
grating of his teeth ceafes, his appetite
mends, and he takes to lay down (which
perhaps he has not done for a fortnight)
thefe are promifing figns. A horfe in thefe
fevers always runs at the nofe, but not

D 3 the

38 0/ F E V E R S.

the kindly white difcharge, as in the
breaking of a cold, but of a reddifh or
greenifh dufl^y colour, and of a confid-
ence like glue, and flicks like turpentine
' to the hair on the infide of the noftrils :
if this turns to a gleet of clear thin water,
the horfe's hide keeps open, and he mends
in his appetite j thefe are certain figns of
recovery.

The far- The various and irregular fymptoms
rierrnould^l^^^ attend this flow fever, require great
be con- ^^^^ ^^ diredl the cure, and more know-
fulted. ledge of the fymptoms of horfes difeafes,
than the generality of gentlemen are ac-
quainted with. The experienced farrier
fliould therefore be confulted and attend-
ed to, in regard to the fymptoms; but
very feldom as to the application of the
remedy, which is generally above their
ccmprehenfion •, though it may be readily
fele6led, by duly attending to the obfer-
vations here inculcated.

The cure. Firft then, a moderate quantity of
blood, not exceeding three pints, may
be taken away, and repeated in propor-
tion to his ftrength, fulnefs, inward
forenefs, cough, or any tendency to
inflammation. After this, the fever-
drink, p. 32. may be given, with the
addition of an ounce of fnake-root, and

three

(y F E V E R S; 39

three drams of faffron and camphor,
difTolved firll in a little fpirit of wine ;
the quantity of the nitre may bepellcned,
and thefe increafed, as the fymptoms in-
dicate.

The diet fliould be regular ; no oats The diet.
given, but fcalded, or raw bran fprin-
kled *, the beft-flavourcd hay ihould be
given by handfuls, and often by hand,
as the horfe fometimes cannot lift up his
head to the rack.

As drinking is fo abfolutely necefiary Dilution
to dilute the blood, if the horfe refufes to nece/Tary.
drink freely of warm water or gruel,
he muft be indulged with having the
chill only taken olf, by (landing in the
flable j nor will any inconvenience enfue,
but oftener an advantage : for the nau-
feous warmth of v/ater, forced on horles
for a time, palls their ftomachs, and
takes away their appetites, which the
cold water generally reftores.

Should the fever after this treatment When thf
increafe, the horfe feed i^little, ftale often, ^ever in-
his urine being thin and pale,, and his "^^^^''^*'
dung fometimes loofe, and at other times
hard ; fhould the moifture in his mouth
continue, his {k\,\ being fometimes dry,
and at others moift, with his coat looking

D 4 flaring.

4© 0/ F E V E R S.

flaring, and furfeited. Upon thefe irre-
gular fympcoms, which denote great
danger, give the following balls, or
drink j for in thefe cafes there is no time
to be loft.

The com- TAKE of contrayerva-root, myrrh,

pound fe- ^nd fnake-root powdered, each two

vcr balls. drams, fafFron one dram, mithri-

date or Venice treacle half an ounce;

make into a ball with honey, which

fhould be given twice or thrice a

day, with two or three horns of an

infufion of fnake-root, fweetened

with honey -, to a pint and a half

of which may be added, half a pint

of treacle water, or vinegar, which

latter is a medicine of excellent ufe,

in all kinds of inflammatory and

putrid diforders, either external or,

internal.

Should thefe balls not prove fuccefsful,
add to each a dram of camphor, and
where it can be afforded, to a horfe of va-
lue, the fame quantity of caftor. Or, the
following drink may be fubftitutedin their
flead for fome days.

The fever TAKE of contrayerva and fnake-root,

drink. of each two ounces, liquorice-root

fliced one ounce, faflron two drams ;

2 infufe

0/ F E V E R S. 4i

infufe in two quarts of boiling water
clofe covered for two hours, drain off,
and add half a pint of diftilled vi-
negar, four ounces of fpirit of wine,
wherein half an ounce of camphor is
dilTolved, and two ounces of mithri-
date or Venice treacle ; give a pint of
this drink every four, fix, or eight
hours.

A more fimple drink and perhaps full
as efficacious may be thus prepared.

TAKE camphor one dram diflblved The cam^
in redluied fpirit of wine one ounce, P^.^r
then gradually pour on a pint of di- ^'^^'^'^
Hilled vinegar warmed, and give for
two dofes. The quantity of camphor
may be increafed.

Should the horfe be coflive, recourfe Obferva-
muft be had to glyfters, or the opening tioa.
drink : fhould he purge, take care not
to fupprefs it, if moderate ; but if, by-
continuance, the horfe grows feeble, add
djafcordium to his drinks, inftead of the
mithridate •, if it increafes, give more po-
tent remedies.

Let it be remembered, that camphor
is a very powerful and effedlual medicine,
in thefe kirrds of putrid fevers j being

both

42 0/ F E V E R S.

ixoih aclive and attenuating, and parti-
cularly calculated to proiTiote the iecre-
tions of urine and perfpiration : it has
been long celebrated in malignant fevers,
as it gives motion to ftagnant humours,
in the mpft diflant parts, and promotes
their expu'iion by the common outlets ;
nitre may be advantageoully joined with
it in many cafes. 1 htfc are the medi-
cines that are chiefly to be depended on in
putrid epidemic fevers, where the circu- '
lation is (low and languid, the blood and
juices tending to coagulate, putrefy, and
run into grumes.

Ohferva- A horfe fliould drink plentifully to pro-
*^'^"' mote the operation of thefe medicines ; but

infiead of them to a hoife of fmall value,
give an ounce of diapcnte, and half an
ounce of mithridate, and one dram of
camphor, with a ftrong infufion of rue,
jcordium, and fnake root, in the manner
as above direded.

Symp- ^Regard fliould alfo be had to his

tomstobe italing ; which if in too great quantities,
jegsrded. f^ ^^ manifeftly to deprefs his fpirits,
fhould be controuled by proper reftrin-
gents, or by preparing his drinks with
lime-water. If, on the contrary, it hap-
pens that he is too remifs this way,
and fiales fo little as to cccafion a-fuli-

I nefs,

0/ F E V E R S. 43

nefs, and fweHing of the body and legs,
rccourie may be had to the following,
drink :

>

TAKE of fait prunel, or nitre, oneAdrinkto
ounce ; juniper berries, and Venice promote
turpentine, of each half an ounce ; '^""^•
make into a ball with oil of am-
ber.

Give him two or three of thefe balls, at
proper intervals, with a dccodionof marfh-
mailows, fweetened with honey.

But if, notwithftanding he method we ,-
have laid down, a greenifli or reddifh jq^^s' i^^""
gleet is difcharged from his noftrils, with fevers.
a frequent fneezing : if he continues to
lofe his fiefh and becomes hide bound ;
if he altogether forfakes his meat, and
daily grov/s weaker : if he fwells about
the joints, and his eyes look fixed and
dead -, if the kernels under his jaws fwell,
and feel loofe *, if his tail is raifed and qui-
vers ; if his breath fmells ftrong, and
a purging enfues with a difcharge of foetid
dark coloured matter : his cafe may then
be looked on as defperate, and all future
attempts to fave him will be fruitlefs.

Tbc

44. 0/ F E V E R S.

Signs of a The figns of a horfe's recovery are
"^^*"^'^'^^^" known by his hide's keeping open, and
^^^^y- his flcin feeling kindly ; his ears and feet
will be of a moderate v/armth, and his
eyes bvifk and lively j his nole grows
dean and dry ; his appetite mends, he
lays down well, and bothilales and dungs
regularly.

Cautions. Be careful not to overfeed him on his re-
covery ; let his diet be light, feeds fmall,
and increaled by degrees, as he gets
llrength : for by overfeeding, horfes iiave
frequent relapfes, or great furfeits, which
are always difficult of cure.

Praaical This is the mod fuccefsful method of
obferva- treating thefe irregular, malignant fevers ;
where it is evident, by the various efforts
nature makes to relieve herfelf, fhe wants
afiiftance, and a fpur to quicken her mo-
tions. For by the ufe of thefe warm me-
dicines, a crifis, or termination of the dif-
eafe, is quickened and, promoted, as ap-
pears by the alteration made both in the
urine and fkin ; the former of which, by
its thicknefs, fhews flgns of concodion,
as it is called, or of a feparation of the
feverifh matter from the bood ; and the
latter, by its fmoothnefs and gloffinefs,
proves that a regular and free perfpiratioil

is

tion.

- 0/ F E V E R S.

is obtained : thefe two fecretions are of
fuch importance to the welfare of every
animal, that the necelTity of redtifying
them, when difordered, is obvious from
the confequences.

If this fever fhould be brought to inter- Thectr'^
mit, or prove of the intermittino; kind, ^^^". ^"^
immediately after the fit is over, give an ^-^^^^^.^ *»
ounce of Jefuit's bark, and repeat it every
fix hours, till the horfe has taken four or
fix ounces : fhould eruptions or fwellings
appear, they ought to be encouraged, for
they are good fymptoms at the decline of
a fever, denote a termination of the dif-
temper, and that no farther medicines are
wanted.

The true reafons perhaps why fo many Reafons
horfes mifcarry in fevers, are, that their ^vhy fo
mafters, or doflors, will not wait with JJg^^fJ^^'^'
patience, and let nature have fair play : feveis.
that they generally neglefl bleeding fuffi-
ciently at firft •, and are conftantly forcing
down fugar fops, or other food in a horn,
as if a horfe mud be ftarved in a few days,
if he did not eat : then they ply him twice
or thrice a day with hot medicines and
fpirituous drinks, which (excepting a very
few Cafes) muft be extremely pernicious to
a horfe, whofe diet is naturally fimple, and
whofe ftomach and blood, unaccuftomed

to

46 Of F E V E R S.

to fuch heating medicines, mufl be greatly
injured, and without doubt are often in-
flamed by fuch treatment.

Of epi- ' From the experience we lately had of
demic fe- the epidemic cold and fever among our
vers. horfes, and from the obfervations of
others in the years 1732 and 1734, i£
evidently appeared that the fimpleil me-
thod of treatment fucceeded bell. Thus
it is proper to bleed largely at firft, to
the quantity of three quarts, if the horfe
is full and ftrong: and if it appears that
his lungs are not relieved by it, but con-
tinue ituffed and loaded, the bleeding
fhould be repeated ; and a rowel may be
put in his cheft or belly.

A creneral Dilute the blood with plenty of water,
method of or white drink j kt his diet be warm bran
cure. maihes, and his hay fprinkled. Should
the fever rile, which will be known by
the fymptoms above defcribed, give him
an ounce of nitre thrice a day in his water,
or made up in a ball with honey. Let
his body be kept cool and open, with the
opening drink, given twice or thrice a
week ; or an ounce of fait of tartar may
be given every day, diffolved in his wa-
ter for that purpofe, omitting then the
nitre. After a week's treatment in this
manner, the cordial ball may be given

' . once

. 0/ F E V E R S. 47

once or twice a day, with an infufion of
liquorice root Iweetened with honey ; to
which may be added, when the phlegm
is tough, or cough dry and huiky, a
quarter of a pint of linfeed, or fallad oil,
and the fame quantity of oxymel fquills.

As the kernels about the throat are Neceilliry
greatly fwelled in thefe cafes, I need not cautions.
mention the necefiity of keeping the head
and throat warmer than ordinary, to
promote a freer perfpiration, and for-
ward the running at the nofe, which in a
horfe anfwers the end of fpitting, or ex-
pedloration in us : but the nole ihouid
never be fyringed, as is fometimes done,
to promote this difcharge, which it of-
ten checks, and occafions bad fwellings
in the neighbouring parts and glands :
for let it be remembered thefe are critical
runnings of nature's own appointments,
which by art may fcon be frullrared.
The following cooling purge is very
proper to give at the decline of the dif-
temper, and may be repeated three or
four times.

TAKE two ounces of fena ; ani- A cooling
feed and fennel bruifed, each half puJ^g^-
an ounce •, fait of tartar three drams •,
let them infufe two hours in a pint
of boiling water \ ftrain off, and

difTolve

48 0/ F E V E R S.

difTolve in it three ounces of Glauber
fait, and two of cream of tartars
give for a dofe in the morning.

This purge generally works before
night very gently, and in fevers, and all
inflammatory diforders, is infinitely pre-
ferable to any other phyfick.

TKe pulfe Before we clofe this chapter on fevers,
of horfes it may be no improper hint to the curious,
^°"^^ H^ ^° ^^^^ notice that a horfe's pulfe fhould
tof" ^ more particularly be attended to than is
cuftomary, as a proper eflimate may there-
by be made both of the degree and vio-
lence of the fever prefent, by obferving
the rapidity of the blood's motion, and
the force that the heart and arteries labour
with, to propel it round. The nigheft
calculation that has been made of the
quicknefs of the pulfe in a healthy horfe,
is, that it beats about forty itrokes in a
minute; fo that; in proportion to the in-
creafe above this number, the fever is
rifmg, and if farther increafed to above
fifty, the fever is very high.

How to How often the pulfe beats in a minute
calculate niay eafily be difcovered by meafuring
t e pulfe. j.|^g j.j^^^ ^-^1^ ^ ^^p watch, or minute

fand-glafs, while your hand is laid on
the horfe's nou fide, or your fingers on

any

^ Of FEVERS. 49

nny artery •, thofe which run up on each
fide the neck, are generally to be feen
beating as well as felt a little above the
chefl •, and one within fide each leg may
be traced with the finger.

A due attention to the pulfe is fo Im- The
portant an article^ in order to form ^\^^Z\^
proper judgment in fevers, that ic would J^/^ji-g
appear amazing it has fo much been neg- of great
levied, if one did not recolle6t, that the import-
generality of farriers are fo egregiouQy ance.
ignorant, that they have no manner of
conception of the blood's circulation, nor
in general have they ability enough to
diftinguifh the difference between an ar-
tery and a vein — With fuch pretty guar-
dians do v/e intruft the healths and lives
of the moft valuable of aninials I ' .

For v^hlch reafon I cannot too much
enforce the neceflity of this ftudy and
pradice, as it is evident to every one
with what fcrupulous attention the hu-
man pulfe is examined in every Feverifh
ftage, and how often the phyfician's
judgment is chiefly diredled by ic. What
difcoveries therefore might not be made
by accurate obfervations on the pulfe of
horfes, both in regard to the quicknefs of
the blood's motion, and to the hardnefs '
of the artery, from its difficult vibrations!

E It

50 0/ F E V E R a

How ufe-It would be a fure guide to diftingulfh
" • an inflammatory fever with denfe fizy

blood, from an irregular deprefied one*,
it would dire6t us more certainly when,
and how often we fhould repeat bleeding
in fevers, and other dilbrders, and when
we fnould draw off blood previous to
purging', or refrain from the latter, till
by lowering the horfe's diet, his conftitu-
tion and blood is reduced to a proper
temper -, for in fuch as are replete and
finauine, without this caution, an inflam-
matlon of the bowels is foon brought on
by the irritations fuch flimulating medi-
cines produce on veiTels too turgid, and
many a horfe's life has been facrificed to
this neglecl, but more particularly, fine,
high fed ones. It would alfo be of ufe
to difcover whether a horfe has recovered
himlelf in due time, after having been
drove hard, either on the chace, or race,
i:Sc, This digrefTion, it is hoped, will
be more readily pardoned, as it is not a
mere matter of fpeculation, but a pradi-
cai remark.

CHAR

ers

[ 5i 1

C H A P. V- ~

Of a PLEURISY, and \n?i2im-
m^iion of thehwngSy &c

THESE diforders have fcarce been ^^^^^^^'^•
mencioned by any writer in far- ^iifo^dei
riery before Mr. Gibfon ; who, by fre» are fre-
quently examining the carcafles of dead quent in
horfes, has found them fubjedl to the dif- iwries.
ferent kinds of inflammations here de-
fcribed.

He has often difcovered matter on the ^[J)fj.^^^^
pleura (or membrane which lines the j.^^^
cheft internally) making its way into the
cheft ; he has found in fome horfes the
whole fubftance of the lungs black, and
full of a gangreened water \ and in others
abfcefles of various fizes ; and, in fhort^
inflammations in every bowel. He has
frequently feen the blood- veflels fo over-
loaded, that the blood has burft out of
the fmaller veflfels, and run over their
carcafiTes in many places, while tlie col-
lar-maker was fleaing of their hides, and
on cutting open the larger veflTels, the
blood has gulhed out as from a fountain,
filling all the cavity of the body j an evi-

E 2 dent

52 0/ J PLEURISY, and

^ dent proof that plentiful evacuatloa
had been negle6led. In order to diftin-
guifh thefe diforders from others, we
fhall defcribe the fymptoms in Mr. Gib*-
fan's own words.

The Tions <« A pleurlfy then, which is an inflam*
^.^.^P'^"- mation of the pleura, and a peripneu-

rily, and , . , . ^ . ' • ^ r i

inHamma- "^^ny, which IS an inflammation ot the
tionof the lungs, have fymptoms very much alike;
lungs. with this difference only, that in a pleu-
rify a horfe fhews great uneafinefs, and
fhifts about from place to place ; the fe*
ver, which at firft is moderate, rifes fud-
denly very high ; in the beginning he
often drives to lie down, but ftarts up
again immediately, and frequently turns
his head towards the affedled fide, which
has caufed many to miflake a pleuritic
diforder for the gripes, this fign being
xommon to both, though with this dif-
ference :

i?A-'''^^n, '' In the orripes a horfe frequently lies

themfroni down, and rolls ; and when they are

Wiegripes. violent, he will alfo have convulfive

twitches, his eyes being turned up, and

his limbs ftretched out, as' if he was dying :

his ears and feet fometimes occafionally

hot, and fometimes as cold as ice •, he

falls into profufe fweats, and then into

cold damps, drives often to dale and

: ^ - . dung,

Inflammation ^7/6^ Lungs.. "^ 53

dung, but with great pain and difficulty ;
which fymptoms generally continue, till
he has fome relief. But in a rleurify, a
horfe's ears and feet are always burning-
hot, his mouth parched and dry, his
pulfe hard and quick : even fometimes
when he is nigh dying, his fever is con-
tinued and increafing ; and though in the
beginning he makes many motions to lie
down, yet afterwards he runs back as
far as his collar will permit, and makes
not the leafl offer to change his pofture,
but ftands panting with fhort (tops, and
a difpofition to cough, till he has relief,
or drops down."

In an inflammation of th*e lungs, feve* The fym-
ral of the fymptoms are the fame, only v^oms of
in the beginning he is lefs adive, and j'^^^"^^^
never offers to lie down during the whole " ^~
time of his ficknefs ; his fever is ftrong,
breathing difHculr, and attended with a
fhort cough; and whereas in a pleurify,
a horfe's mouth is generally parched and
dry, in an inflammation of the lungs,
when a horfe's mouth is open, a ropy
flime will run out in abundance; he gleets
alfo at the nofe a reddifh or yellowifh
water, which (licks like glu§ to the infide
of his noflrils.

E 3 U

rs.

Of a PLEURISY, and

In a pleurify, a horfe heaves and works
violently at his flanks, with great reft-
lefnefs, and for the mod part his belly
is tucked up; but in an inflammation of
the lungs, he always fhews fulnefs, and
the working of his flanks is regular, ex-
cept after drinking and fhifting his pof-
ture; and his ears and feet are for the
mod part cold, and often in damp
fweats.

The cure The cure of both thefe diforders Is the
of a pleu- fame. In the beginning a fl:rong horfe
fify, and „.j^y JqI^^ three quarts of blood, the next

lunps y ''•'^ quarts more-, and ir iymptoms

' ^ * do not abate, the bleedings mufl: be re-
peated, a quart at a time-, for it is fpeedy,
large, and quick repeated bleedings that
are in thefe cafes chiefly to be depended
on. But if a horfe has had any previous
weaknefs, or is old, you muft bleed him in
kfs Quantiti' s, and oftener. Mr. Gibfon
recommend: rowels on each fide the
bread, and one on the belly •, and a
blidering ointment to be rubbed all over
his brifket upon the foremod ribs.

The me- The diet and medicines (hould be both

^ic.nes cooiino;, artenuatinp-, relaxing;, and di-

" ' ^' lutingi and the horfe fhould have warm

mafhes.

Inflammation of the Lungs. 55

ma{hes, and plenty of water, or gruel.
The following balls may be given thrice
a day.

T A K E of fperma-ceti and nitre, of Peaoral
each one ounce ; oil of anifeed balls.
thirty drops j with honey enough to
make a ball.

A pint of barley-water, in which figs The regl-
and liquorice- root have been boiled, "^^" P"^^'
fhould be given after each ball •, to which P^^*
the juice of lemons may be added ; and
if the lungs are greatly opprefTed with a
dry (hort cough, two or three horns, full
of the deco6tion, may be given three or
four times a day, with four fpoonfuls of
honey and liiifeed oil. A ftrong de-
co6lion of the rattle- fnake- root is alfo
much recommended in pleuritic diforders,
and may be given to the quantity of two
quarts a day, fweetened with honey. It
remarkably attenuates the blood, and
difperfes the inflammation, and in fome
parts is deemed a fpecifick for this com-
plaint.

An emollient glyfter fhould be injeded Giy^^^^^^
once a day, to which may be added two ^^^^^^^^X*
ounces of nitre, or cream of tartar.

E 4 In

56 C/" ^ P L E U R I S Y, ^;7i

In two or three days he will probably
run at the noie, and begin to feed ; but
(hoLild he not, and continue hot and lliort-
breathed, you mufl bleed him again, and
give the following glyfter.

. . ^ TAKE fena and marfh- mallows, of
glyfter. " ^^^^ two ounces •, fennel and bay-

berries, each one ounce; boil in
five pints of water to two quarts,
pour off the clear, and add four
ounces of purging falts, two or three
of fyrup of buckthorn, and half a
pint or linfeed, or any common
oi-l.

If by thefe means he grows cooler,
and his pain moderates, repeat the glyf-
ter the next day, unlefs it worked too
much-, then intermit a day-, and when
he comes to eat fcalded bran and picked
hay, leave off the balls, and continue only
the decodion, with now and then a
glyfter.

ObOtva- ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ obferved, that a horfe
' tionl ^ feldom gets the better of thefe diibrders,
unlefs he has relief in a few days; for if
the inflammation is not checked in that
time, it uiually terminates in a gan-
grene.

Inflammation of the Lungs. ^y

grene, or colledlion of matter, which for
\vant of expedoratipn foon fuffocates
him.

But as pleuritic diforders are apt tOThehor-
Jeave a taint on the lungs, great care ie's diet
fhould be taken of the horfe's exercife and ^"/f^^^",
feeding, which fliould be light and open ^^^J^ij" ^^
for two or three weeks. Ttius a quartern tended to,
of bran fcalded, with a fpoonful of honey
and flower of brimftone, may be given
every day, with two or three fmall feeds
of oats fprinkled with chamber lye. In-
(lead of the bran, for a change, give
about a quart of barley fcalded in a dou-
ble infufion of hot water, that it may be
foftened, and the water given to drink.
His exercife fhould be gradual, in an
open air and fair weather -, and v/hen his ■
ftrength is recovered, a gentle purge or
two fhould be given ; that of rhubarb,
when it can be afforded, is beft, or the
purging drink already recommended for
Hhis purpofe.

There is alfo an external pleurify, or j^^ ^xter-
inflammation of the mufcles, between the nal pleu-
ribs, which when not properly treated, ^^/x-
proves the foundation of, that diforder, ?^^^'
called the c heft -founder : for if the in- ^^i^,^
flammation is not difperfed in time, and
the vifcid blood and juices fo attenuated

by

5? 0/ ^ P L E U R I S Y, &c.

by internal medicines, that a free circu-
lation is obtained ; fuch a ftifFnefs and
inaftivity will remain on thefe parts as
will not eafily be removed, and which is
generally known by the name of cbefi-
founder,

Thefigns. The figns of this inflammation, or ex-
ternal pleuriiy, are a ftifFnefs of the
body, Ihoulders, and fore-legs •, attend-
ed fometimes with a (hort dry cough,
and a fkrinking when handled in thofe
parts.

The cure. Bleeding, foft pedlorals, attenuants,
and gentle purges, are the internal reme-
dies j and externally the parts afFed:ed
may be bathed with equal parts of fpirit
of fal armoniac, and ointment of marfh-
mallows, or oil of camomile.

Obferva- Thefe outward inflammations frequent*
tion. ly fall into the in fide of the fore-leg, and
fometimes near the flioulder ; forming
abfcefles, which terminate the diforder.

The dia- The membrane which feparates the
phragm lungs, and more particularly the dia-

anci Oilier . ... ^-p . ^ i r* * n

parts of phragm, or midnrt, is orten alio innam-
thecheft ed •, which is fcarce to be diftinguifhed
fu'jeato from the pleurify, only in this, that when
jnfiamma- ^j^g midriff is greatly inflamed, the horfe

^ ^ will

Of a COUGH, Wc. 59

will fometimes be jaw- fee, and his
mouth fo much clofed, that nothing can
be got in : but the method of cure is the
fame.

CHAP. IV.

»

0/^COUGH, ^77/i ASTHMA.

TH E confequence often of the pre- The cau-
ceding dilbrders injudicioufiy treat- fesofa
ed, are fettled habitual coughs ; which ^^^^^^/^
frequently degenerate into afthmas, and ^ "^
broken-wind.

Various are the caufes afTigned for this
lafl: diforder, which, as merely conjectu-
ral, we fhall wave \ but the appearances
on the dilTedion of broken- winded horfes,
will be taken notice of in the proper
place.

Nothing has more perplexed^ pra(5li- Conghf to
tioners than the cure of fettled coughs; be diftm-
the caufe of which, perhaps, has been S^^j^^ •
their want of attention to the different
fymptoms which diftinguifh one cough
from another : for without ftri6t ob-

fcrvanoe

6q Of a COUGH, and

fervaiice thereof, it is impoffible to find out
the true method of cure.

dun''''^* . Thus if a horfe's cough is of long {land«
ing, attended with lofs of appetite, waft-
ing of flefh, and weaknefs, it denotes a
ccnfumption •, and that the lungs are full
of knotty, hard fubftances, called tuber-
cles, which have often been difcovered on
difledlion. ^/i^ Confumption.

The fiojns The following fip;ns denote when the

r • n DO

ot a moiit cough proceeds from phlegm, and (limy
^^'^S^' matter, that ftop up the velTels of the
lungs.

The horfe's flanks have a fudden quick
motion ; he breaches thick, but not with
his noftrils open, like a horfe in a fever,
or that is broken < winded ; his cough is
fometimes dry and hufky, fometimes
moift, before which he wheezes, rattles
in the throat, and fometimes throws out
of his nofe and mouth great gobs of white
phlegm, efpecially after drinking, or
when he begins or ends his exercife, which
difcharge commonly gives great relief.
Some luch horfes wheeze and rattle to
fuch a degree, and are fo thick-winded,
that they can fcarce move on, till they
have been out fome time in the air ;

though
1

ASTHMA. 6i

though then they will perform beyond
expeftation.

Thefe are properly afthmatlc cafes,
and ought to be diftinguifhed in their
fymptoms from that purfivenefs and thick
windednefs we fee in fome horfes, occa-
fioned by too full, or foul feeding, want
of due exercife, or their being taken up
from winter's grafs. But thefe two lad cafes
are eafily cured by proper diet and exer-
cife ; the one by lowering his keeping, and
the other by increafing it.

The above adhmatlc cafe proves often
very obftinate -, but, if it happens to a
young horfe, and the cough is not of
long (landing, it is greatly relieved, if
not totally cured by the following me-
thod.

If the horfe is full of fiefh, bleed him The cure.
plentifully •, if low in fiefh, more fparing-
ly \ which may occafionally be repeated,
on very great opprefTions, and difficulty
of breathing, in proportionate quan-
tities. ^

As mercurial medicines are found re- Mercuri-
markably ufeful in thefe cafes, give a a.'srecom-
mercurial ball (with two drams of calo- mended.

mel)

6a 0/ ^ C O U G H, a^d

mel) over night, and a common purge
the next morning : or the following,
which is much recommended by Mr.
Gibfon.

Analtera- TAKE gum galbanum, Ammonia^
live purge ^ cum, and aila foetida, of each two
drams •, fine aloes one ounce, faffron
one dram, oil of anifeeds two
drams, oil of amber one dram ;
with honey enough to form into a
ball.

They may be repeated at proper in-
tervals, with the ufual cautions. In the
intermediate days, and for fome time
after, one of the following balls may be
given every morning.

^ ,, - TAKE cinabar of antimony, finely

Balls for i • . j r a

an obftU levigated fix ounces: gum Ammo-

nate niacum, galbanum, and afla foetida,

cough. of each two ounces : garlic four

ounces, faffron half an ounce : make

into a pafte for balls, with a proper

quantity of honey.

Remarks Thefe balls are extremely well calcu-

on them. Jated for this purpofe ; but if they are

thought too expenfive, the cordial ball

may be given, with an eighth part of

powdered

A S T H M a; 63

powdered fquills and Barbadoes tar; or
equal quantities of the above, and cordial
ball may be beat up together •, and where
they can be afforded, balfam of Peru,
ballam of fulphur, and flowers of Benja-
min, would undoubtedly, added to the
cordial ball, make it a more efficacious
medicine in cafes of this fort, as thus :

TAKE of the pectoral or cordial ball An effica-
one pound, balfam of Peru half an ^'^^^ ^^^^
ounce, balfam of fulphur anifated couoh»
one ounce, flowers of Benjamin half
an ounce, honey as much as is fuffi-
cient to form them into a paflie^ give
the fize of a pigeon's egg every
morning.

Exercife in a free open air is very fer- ExercTe
viceable, and the diet fhould be mode- and diet
rate. Horfes fubjed: to any inward op- P^rt^cu-
prefllons of the lungs, fliould never be ^^J^^^^
fuffered to have a belly full ; that is, they tended.
lliould never be permitted fo to diftend
their ilomach with meat or water, as to
prefs againfl: the midriff ; which of courfe
would hinder refpiration. Their hay
fhould even be abridged, given in fmall
quantities, and fprinkled with water -,
and their ufual allowance both of corn
and water, fhould be divided into feveral

portions :

4

64 ' Of a COVG hJ, and .

portions : by fuch a regulation in diet,
horfes may be fo recovered as to do great
fervice •, and in all diforders of the lungs
«it is what fhould principally be attended
to.

The following are the fymptoms of a
dry cough, or afthma.

Thefigns The horfe afflicted with this cough,
of a dry eats heartily, hunts, and goes through his
-Hh °^ bufinefs with alacrity, appears well coated,
and has all the figns of perfed: health ;
yet he fliall cough at particular times al-
moft incefTantly, without throwing up
any thing, except that the violence of the
cough will caufe a little clear water to
diftil from his nofe. Though this cough
is not periodical, yet fome of thefe
horfes cough moil in a morning, after
drinking.

A nervous This may properly be ftilcd a nervous
cough, afthmain a horfe ; as probably it chiefly
what. affedls the nerves in the membranous
parts of the lungs and midriff; and is a
cafe very doubtful, at lead, if not incur-
able : but when the horfe is young,
the following method may be fucceis-
ful.

Take

ASTHMA. 65

Take away Grft a moderate quantity The cure.
of blood ; then give him two drams of
calomel, mixed up with an ounce of dia-
pente, for two nights; and the next
morning a purging ball. Keep him well
cloathed and littered, and feed him with
fcalded bran and warm water.

Once in eight or ten days this purge
may be repeated^ with one mercurial
ball only, given over-night.

The following balls may then be takeni
one every day, about the fize of a pul-
let's egg, the horfe fafting two hours
afterwards •, and (hould be continued
two months, or longer, to be of real
fervice*

TAKE native cinnabar, or cinna- Balls for
bar of antimony, half a pound ; an obfti-
gum guaiacum four ounces •, myrrh, "^^^ '^^Y
and gum Ammoniac, of each two ^°"2^'
ounces ; Venice foap half a pound :
the cinnabar muft be finely levi-
gated, as before obferved, and the
whole mixed up with honey, or
oxymel fquills.

The

66 Of a CO \] GU, a7id

The following alfo will be found an-
ufeful remedy in obftinate dry coughs.

TAKE gum Ammoniaeum, fquills»
and Venice foap, of each four oun-
ces ; balfam of fulphur with ani-
feeds one ounce ; beat up into a
mafs, and give as the former.

Obferva'
tion.

Thcfe mercurial and ponderous medi-
cines are well adapted to open obflrudli-
ons in the lungs, and prevent thole little
knots, or tubercles, which fo frequently
ulcerate, and lay the foundation of an
incurable malady, or confumption : but
the common pedlorals alone will avail'
nothing in old ftubborn coughs, their
efficacy being loft in the long tour they
have to make, before they come to the
lungs ; and indeed, were it otherwife,
without they had fuch powerful openers
joined with them, the^ would be of little
confequence; for where there are any
expe6lations from medicines, fuch are
chiefly to be relied on, which have a
power of diffolving and attenuating the
vifcid humours, opening the I'mall ob-
llrudled veflels, and promoting all the
natural fecretions.

Before

ASTHMA. 67

before we clofe this chapter, it may Coughs
be neceflary to obferve here that fome ^" young
young horfes are fubjedb to coughs on u^^^y !*
cutting their teeth ; their eyes alfo are af- ed.
feded from the fame caufe. In thefe
cafes always bleed, and if the cough is
obftinate, repeat it, and give warm
mafhcs ; which, in general, are alone fuf-
ficient to remove this complaint. But v^^j^^n
when the cough is an attendant on worms, from
as it often is in young horfes, you mull worms,
give fuch medicines as have a power to
dcftroy thofe animals ; particularly mer-
curial phyfick at proper intervals, and in-
termediately half an ounce of -^^thiop's
mineral, mixed up with the cordial, or
pedoral balls, may be given every day.
F/J^ Chapter on Worms*

F 2 CHAP.

[ 68 ]
CHAP. VIL

i

0/fl BROKEN-WIND.

The cauA; ,

of broken 'T' H I S c^iforder hitherto fcems ta

wind. A have been little underftood, but
Mr. Gibfon is inclined to think, that the
fource of it is frequently owing to inju-
dicious, or hafty feeding young horfes
for fale ; by which means the growth
of the lungs, and all the contents within
the cheft, are fo increafed, and in a few
years fo preternaturally enlarged, that
the cavity of the cheft is not capacious
enough for them to expand themfelves
in, and perform their fundions.

erva- ^ narrow contrafled cheft with large

lungs may fometimes naturally be the

caule of this diforder : and it has been

. obferved, that horfes rifing eight years old

are as liable to this diftemper, as at a

certain period of life men fall into afth-

mas, confumptions, and other chronic

difeafes.

tion.

The

Of a BROKEN-WIND. 69

The reafon why this diforder becomes Why hor-
more apparent at this age, may be, that J5^ """S
a horfe comes to his full flrength and ^^^^
maturity at this time: at fix he com- grow
monly fWifhes his growth in heighth ; broken-
after that time he lets down his belly and w^"'^^^*
fpreads, and all his parts are grown to
their full extent ; fo that the prelTure on
the lungs and midriff is now more in-
creafed.

But how little weight foever thefe rca- Obferva-
fons may have, repeated diffedlions have ^^°"-
given ocular proofs of a preternatural
largenefs, not only of the lungs of brok-
en-winded horfes, but of their heart and
its bag ; and of the membrane which di-
vides the cheft; as well as of a remarka-
ble thinnefs in the diaphragm, or mid-
rift.

This difproportion has been obferved The part*
to be fo great, that the heart and lungs, f ^^^^^ ^^
have been almofl: of twice their natural Jjnded'
fize, perfedlly found, and without any horfes.
ulceration whatever ; or any defe(5lan the
wind -pipe or its glands.

Hence

70 0/ ^ BROKEN-WIND.

The pre- Hence it appears that this enormous

ternacural fize of the lungs, and the fpace they oc-

lurgs the ^"PY' t)y hindering the free adlion of

chief the midriff, is the chief caufe of this dif-

caufe. order ; and as the fubftance of^the lungs

was found more flefliy than ufual, they of

courfe muft lofe a great deal of their

fpring and tone.

ThcdilH- This flefhinefs and fize of the lungs

culty in may in a great meafure be the caufe, why

l)reathing the infpirations in broken winded horfes

fQ^^ are difproportionately flow ♦, for we may

obferve that they draw in their breath

flowly, their flanks filling up, and riflng

with difficulty : but that their flanks fall

fuddenly, and their breath burfl:s forth

with violence, both from the mouth and

noftrils ; infomuch that a man in the

dark, by holding his hands on a horfe's

mouth and nofe, rnay eafily diTpover if he

is broken- winded.

Brtken- Whoever conflders a broken-wind in
wind in- this light, muft own that it may be reek-
curable. Qne(j among the incurable difl:empers of
horfes ; and that all the boafted preten-
fions to cure, are vain and frivolous, fince
the utmoft ikjll can amount to no more

than

Of a BROKEN-WIND. 71

than now and then palliating the fy mptoms,
and niitigating their violence.

We fhall therefore only lay down fuch
methods as may probably prevent this
diforder when puriued in time. But if
they fhould not fuccet^d, we fhall offer
fome remedies and rules to mitigate its
force, and to make a horfe as ulefui as pof-
fible under this malady.

It is ufual before a broken-wind ap- Tl^e fym-
pears, for a horfe to have a dry obflinate torn
cough, without any vifible ficknefs, or ^^'^^^^^
lofs of appetite ; but, on the contrary, a broken,
difpofition to foul feeding, eating the wind.
litter, and drinking much water.

In order then to prevent, as much as
poffible, this diforder, bleed him, and
give him the mercurial phyfick above pre-
icribed, which (hould be repeated two or
three times. • -

The following balls are then to be
taken for fome time, which have been
found extremely efficacious in removing
obflinate coughs.

TAKE aurum Mofaicum, finely Balls for a
powdered, eight ounces ; myrrh and b^.^'^^"-
r 4 clicam-

7^ Of a BROKEN-WIND.

elicampane, powdered each four
ounces; anifeeds and bay berries,
each an ounce ; fafFron, half an
opnce -J make into balls with oxymel
fquills,

-Remarks. The aurum Mofaicurti is made of equal
parts of quickfilver, tin, fal armoniac,
and fulphur. We give this medicine, as
flrongly recommended by Mr. Gibl'on ;
but how far the aurum Mofaicum may
contribute to its efficacy, may perhaps
juflly be difputed : as a fubftitute in its
room therefore, for this purpofe, we re-
commend the fame quantity of powered
fquills, or gum Ammoniacum ; or equal
parts of each. For this end alfo the fol-
lowing is offered.

Another TAKE gum Ammoniacum, galba°
for that num, and affa foetida, of each two

purpofe. Qi^nces ^ fquills four ounces, cinar»

bar of antimony fix ounces, faffron
half an ounce •, make into a pafte
with honey. Give the quantity of a
pallet's egg evpry morning.

The diet Broken winded horfes fhould eat fpar-
forbroken ingly of hay, which as well as their corn
v/mded j^ay \^ yetted with chamber- lye, or

Of a BROKE N-W I N D. 73

fair water ; as this will make them lefs
craving after water.

The volatile falts in the urine may Garlick
make it preferable to \\ater, and may \^^^<^om-
the reafon why garlic is found \o elfiea-"^^^ *
cious in thefe cafes : two or three cloves
given at a time in a feed, or three ounces
of garlick bruifeci, and boiled in a quart
of milk and water, and given every
other morning for a fortnight, having
been found very ferviceabie ; for by
warming and ftimulating the folids, and
diflblving the tenacious juices, which
choak up the veflels of the lungs, thefc
complaints are greatly relieved.

Careful feedinor and moderate exercife Broken-
has greatly relieved broken-winded horfesi^^^"^^'^
and though for the firfl: fummer they^^^^J^ ,
have not been able to endure muchconftantly
labour, yet many have been found lefs abroad,
opprefled the fecond, and fome fcarce
perceptibly affedted the third ; and even
able to bear great fatigi;e : and could a
horfe be kept conflantly in the field, and
taken up only when ufed, he might by
this management do good fervice for ma
ny years.

But

y4 Of a BROKEN.WIND.

NecefTary But whoevcr expefts to cure his hoife,
caution, by fending him out to grafs, will find
hinifelf dilappoinced j efpeciaily if he re-
mains abroad after the fprlng grafs, for
on his return to the ftable and dry mear^
he will be more oppreiTcd and fliort ^
breathed than before, for want of the
open air and moill food he had been accuf-
tomed to.

/irerr.ark- Horfcs fent to grafs, in order to be
abieob- cured of an obflinate cough, have oft-
fervadon. en returned completely broken winded,
where the pafture has been rich and fuccu-
' -^^ lent, fo that they have had their bellies
■ conftantly full. As the ill confequence
therefore is obvious, where you have
not the conveniency of turning out your
horfe for a conftancy, you may foil him
for a month or two with young green
barley, tares or any other young her-
bage.

\
Thick '^^ purfive thick-winded horfes, Bar-

winded badoes and common tar have often been
horfe?, given with fuccefs, to the quantity of two
howLrcat fpoonfuls mixed with the yolk of an egg,
^ * diflblved in warm ale, and given falling

two or three times a week, efpeciaily thole

days you hunt or travel,

0/ <z BROKEN-WIND. y;

But in order to make all thefe forts of Their re-
horfes of any real fervice to you, the S^^^"»
grand point is to have a particular regard
to their diet, obferving a juft oeconomy
both in that and their exercife ; giving
but a moderate quantity of hay, corn, or
water, at a time, and moiftening the
former, to prevent their requiring too
much of the latter, and never exercifing
them but with moderation, as has before
been obferved. The following altera-
tive ball may be given once a fortnight
or three weeks, and as it operates very
gently, and requires no confinement but on
thofe days it is given (when warm meat
and water are nercelTary) it may be con-
tinued for two or three months.

TAKE Succotrine aloes fix drams. An altera-
myrrh, galbanum, and Ammonia- p^e purgr
cum, of each two drams •, bay-berries "^
half an ounce : make into a ball
with a fpoonful of oil of amber, and
a fufficient quantity of fyrup of buck-
thofn*

CHAP,

4

[76]

CHAP. VIII.

Of a CONSUMPTION.

The figns T ¥ 7 H E N a confumption proceeds
of a con- V V froni a defeft in a horfe's lungs,
fumpiion. Qj. ^j^y principal bowel, the eyes look
dull ; the ears and feet are moftly hot ;
he coughs fharply by fits ,• fneezes much,
and frequently groans with it; his flanks
have a quick motion \ he gleets often at
the nofe, and fometimes throws out a
yellowifh curdled matter; and he has
little appetite to hay, but will eat corn,
after which he generally grows hot.

The cure. As to the cure, one of the principal
things is bleeding in fmall quantities (a
pint, or pint and half, from fome horfes
is fufficient) which fhould be repeated as
often as the breath is more than ordina-
rily opprefTed, Pe<Elorals may be given
to palliate prefent emergent fymptoms ;
but as diffedions have difcovered both
the glands of the lungs, and mefentery
to be fv/elled, and often indurated, the
whole ftrefs lies on mercurial purges, and

the

0/tf CONSUMPTION. 77

the following ponderous alteratives, given
intermediately.

TAKE native cinnabar, or cinnabar AUerativ*
of antimony, one pound, powder powders,
very fine, and add the fame quan-
tity of gum guaiacum and nitre -,
give the horfe an ounce of this
powder twice a day, wetting his
feeds. ,

The fpring grafs is often extremely The fait
ferviceable, but the falt-marfhes are to n^^^^^s
be preferred, and given to be more de- ^^^^^j,^
pended on than medicines •, for great al-
terations are thereby made in the blood
and juices, and no fmall benefit arifes
from open air, and proper excrcife.

But it may be worth obferving, that 9brcrva-
a horfe frequently relapfes, after ap- ^'^°'
pearances of amendment •, when a yel-
lowilh gleet, or curdled matter runs from
his nofe, and he grows emaciated, is
much addidted to fweat, heaves much
with a reduplicated motion, and has a
fhort rattling cough; under thefe cir-
cumftances there can be httle hopes of
his recovery, or any future fervices from
him; confequently, to fave farther ex-
pences, the bed way would be to difpatch

him as an incurable.

An

I

78 Cf an Apoplexy, 6r

Aremark. As many of the above medicines in
thisj and the preceding chapter for
coughs, may be thought too expenfive
for horfcs of no great value, tar- water
may fupply their place \ and perhaps
will be found on trial no unworthy me-
dicine, as Barbadoes and common tar has
been experitticed very effectual in fome
fort o^ cougi s, and of great fervice to
thick- winded horfes.

CHAP. IX.

Of an Apoplexy, or Staggers, Con-
vulfive Diforders, Lethargy, Epi-
lepfy, aiid Palfy.

Diforders J^ A R R I E R S generally include all
?^^^\ Jr diflempers of the head under two
to be dif- denominations, viz. Staggers and ConvuU
tinguifh- 7?^^^ ; wherein they always fuppofe the
ed. head primarily affedied. But in treating

on thefe diforders, we Ihall diftinguifh be-
tween thofe that are peculiar to the head,
as having their fource originally thence ;

and

Staggers, ^c. 7^

and thofe that are only concomitants of
fome other difeafe, where the head is af-
feded fecondarily by confent of nerves,
the fource of this diforder being in the
ftomach, bowels, ^c. By this method
we fhall avoid many blunders, which
would otherwife arife in praftice, for
want of knowing the true feat of the dif-
order.

In an apoplexy a horfe drops down
fuddenly without any other fenfe or mo-
tion than a working at his flanks.

The previous fymptoms are drowfinefs, J^-^
watery eyes, fomewhat full and inflamed ; of^po°^'*
a difpofition to reel, feeblenefs, a bad piexy, or
appetite ; the head almoft conftantly itaggers^
hanging, or refting on the manger;
foraetimes with little or no fever, and
fcarce any alteration in the dung or urine:
the horfe is fometimes difpofed to rear
up, and apt to fall back when handled
about the head, which is often the cafe
with young horfes, to which it does not
prove fuddenly mortal, but with proper
help they may fometimes recover. If
the apoplexy proceeds from wound?, or
blows on the head, or matter on the
brain, befides the above fymptoms, the
horfe will be frantick by fits, efpecially

after

go Of ah Apoplexy, of

aftel* his feeds, fo as to dart ^nd fly 3t
everything. Thefe cafes feldom admit
of a perfect recovery -, and when horfes
fall down fuddenly and work violently
at their flanks, without any ability to
rife after a plentiful bleeding, they feldom
recover.

The cure. All that can be done is to empty the
veflTels as fpeedily as pofiible, by ftriking
the veins in feveral parts at once, bleed-
ing to four or five quarts, and to raife
up the horfes's head and fhoulders, fup-
porting them with plenty of flraw. If
he furvives the fit, cut feveral rowels;
giue him, night and morning, glyfters
prepared with a ftrong deco6lion of fcna
and fait, or the purging glyfter men-
tioned in the dircdions -, blow once a
day up his noftrils a dram of powder
of afarabacca, which will promote a great
difcharge, afterwards two or three aloetic
purges Ihoud be given; and to fecure
him from a relapfe, by attenuating and
thinning his blood, give him an ounce
of equal parts of antimony arid crocus
metallorum for a month ; or which is
preferable, the fame quantity of cinnabar
of antimony and gum guaicum.

If

Staggers, &c. 8i

If the fit proceeds only from fulnefs of When the
blood, high feeding, and want of fuffi- ^^^SS^rs
cient exercife, or a fizy blood (which is ^^^^^ggr-
often the cafe with young horfes, who, ous.
though they reel, ftagger, and fometimes
fuddenly fall down, yet are eafily cured by
the above method) an opening diet with
fcalded bran and barley will be neceffary
for fome time ; and the bleeding may be
repeated in fmall quantities.

As to the other diforders of the head, Lethargy,
fuch as lethargy, or ficepingevil, epilepfy, ^^'"^'S^'
or falling ficknefs, vertigo, frenzy, and
madneis, convulfions, and paralytica! dif-
orders, as they are moft of them to be
treated as the apoplexy and epilepfy, by
bleeding and evacuations, with the altera-
tives there diredled, we fhall wave treating
on them feparately, but mention fome
particular rules to diftinguifh them, ac-
cording to the plan we laid down, and
then offer Ibme general remedies for the
feveral purpofes.

Thus in order to diftinguifh epileptic Epilepfy
diforders and convulfions (which are of- and con^
ten occafioned by worms, bots, and ul- ^"^^^o'^*-
cerations of the ftomach, bowels and mid-
riff) from thofe which arife from origi-

S2 Of an Apoplexy, or

nal caufes in the head only, we fhall de-
fcribe the fymptoms which diftinguifh
them from each other ; by which means
we (hall be able to avoid any miflake in
the application of the remedy : and as
epileptic diforders have by ignorant far-
rrers been mfftaken for the gripes, we
Ihall alfo diftinguiih thefe diforders by the
fymptoms.

Ho\yepi- In an epilepfy, or falling ficknefs, the
jepticdf- |^Qj.fg j-ggjg ^pjj ftap-gers, his eyes are

orclgrs Arc . ^ dd ' j

dlftin- fixed in his head, he has no fenfe of what
guiihed he is doing, he dales and dungs infen-
frora fibly, he riins round and falls fuddenjy ;
gripes, fometimcs he is immoveable, with his
legs (Iretched out, as if he was dead, ex-
cept only a quick motion of his heart and
lungs, which caufes a violent working
of his flanks ; fometimes he has invo-
luntary motions, and (baking of his
limbs, fo ftrong, that he has not only
beat and fpurned his litter, but the pave-
ment with it ; and with thefe alternate
fymptoms a horfe has continued more
than three hours, and then he has as fur-
prizingly recovered : at the going oft of
the fit, he generally foams at the mouth,
the foam being white and dry, like what
comes from a healthful horfe when he
champs on the bit.

But

Staggers, &c, 83

But in all kinds of gripes, whether The fym-
they proceed from diforders in the guts, P^*^"'.^
or retention of urine, a horfe is often up ^lefcribed.
and down, rolls and tumbles about, and
when he goes to lie down, generally makes
feveral motions with great feeming care-
fulnefs, which fliews he has a fenfe of his
pain, and if he lays ftretched out for any
time, jt is generally but for a Ihort fpace.
Vide Chapter on Gripes.

Epilepfies and convulfions may arlie Epilepfies
from blows on the head, too violent ^"^ <^°""
exercife, and hard (training ; and from ^rifeT ^
a fulnefs of blood, or impoverilhed difFerent
blood, and furfeits; which are fome ofcaufes.
the caufes that denote the original dif-
order.

But the head may alfo be afFe<5led by
fympathy of nerves ; for exceflive pain
in any part of the body will excite con-
vulfions, efpecially if the nerves and ten-
dinous p^rts are affeded, as by wounds,
pundures, and bruifes externally; and
by ulcers, gatherings of matter, .and by
bots and worms, v/ounding and velli-
cating the nervous parts internally •, long
coftiv^enefs has fometimes alfo occafioned
thefe diforders. In all fuch cafes, the

G 2 original

84 Of an Apoplexy, or

original caufe muft principally be attended
to.

The gene- In lethargic diforders the horfe gene-
ra! fymp- rally reds his head with his mouth in the

T^l^ ^^ "^^"g^^' ^^'^ ^^s P^^^ ok^n reclined to
^'* one nde; he will (hew an inclination to
eat, but generally falls afleep with his
food in his mouth, and he frequently
fwallows it whole, without chewing :
emollient gly Iters are extremely necefTary
in this caie, with the nervous balls re-
commended for the flaggers, and con-
vulhons, p 87: ftrong purges are not re-
quifite, nor muft you bleed in too large
quantities, unlefs the horfe be young and
lufty. In old horfes, rowels and large
evacuations are improper, but volatiles
of all kinds are of ufe, when they can
be afforded ; the alterative purge, p. 94.
may be given and repeated on his amend-
ment.

The good '^^^^ diftemper is to be cured by thefe
and bad"^ means, if the horfe is not old and pali
fymp- his vigour. It is a good fign if he has a
tcms. tolerable appetite, and drinks freely with-
out flabbering, and if he lies down, and
rifes up carefully, though it be but fel-
dom.

But

Staggers^ ^c, 85

But if a lethargic horfe does not lie
down, if he is altogether ftupid and care-
lefs, and takes no notice of any thing
that comes near him ; if he dungs and
ftales feldom* and e\^en whrle he fleeps and
dozes, it is a bad fign ; if he runs at the
nofe thick white matter, it may relieve
him, but if a vifcid gleet that flicks to his
noftrils like glue, which increafmg, turns
to a profufe running of ropy, reddilh, and
greenifh matter ; it is an infallible fign of
great decay of nature, and that it will
prove deadly.

Young horfes, from four to fix years, Young
are very fubje<5l to convulfions from bots horfes
in the fpring •, and the large coach breed ^ut)jea to
more than the faddle : they are feized ^^"^r'
without any previous notice, and it bots bots.
and worms are difcovered in their dung;
the caufe feems to be out of doubt, more
cfpecially if they have lately come out of
a dealer's hands.

"When this convulfion proceeds from From the
a diftemperature of the midriff, or any i"''<^"ff'
of the principal bowel?, it is to be diftin-
guifhed from bots and vermin by pre-
vious fymptoms : the horfe falls off his
ilomach^ and grows gradually weak,

G 3 feeble.

86 Of an Apoplexy, or

feeble, and difpirited in his work; and
turns (hort breathed with the lead exer*
cile.

Convulfi- The lively defcription of that unlver-
onsfrom fa] cramp or convLilfion, called by feme
^^^?° the ftag-evil, v/hich feizes all the muf-
other' ^" ^^^ ^^ ^^^ body at once, and locks up
principal the jaws, fo tliat it is impoffible almoft
bovvdsde- to forcc them open, we (hall give in
fcribcd. Mr. Gibfon's own words -, who fays, '* as
foon as the horfe is feized, his head is
raifed with his nofe towards the rack, his
ears pricked up, and his tail cocked,
looking with eagernefs as an hungry
horfe when hay is put down to him, or
like a high-fpirited horfe when he is put
upon his mettle j infomuch that thofe who
are ftrangers to fuch things, when they
fee a horfe (land in this manner, will
fcarce believe any thing of confequence
ails him ; but they are foon convinced,
when they fee other fymptoms come on a-
pace, and that his neck grows ftiff, cramp-
ed, and almoft immoveable; and if a
horfe in this condition lives a few day?,
feveral knots will arife on the tendinous
parts thereof, and all themufcles, both be-
fore and behind, will be fo much pulled
and cramped, and fo ftretched, that he
looks as if he was nailed to the pavement,

with

Staggers, &c. 87

with his legs ftifF, wide, and ftraddling; his
fkin is drawn fo tight on all parts of the
body, that it is almoft impofTible to move
it ; and if trial be made to make him
walk, he is ready to fall at every ftep, un-
Icfs he be carefully fupported : his eyes
are fo fixed with the inaAion of the muf-
cles, as gives him a deadnefs in his looks :
he fnorts and fneezes often, pants con-
tinually with fhortnefs of breath ; and this
fymptom increafes continually till he
drops down dead ; which generally hap-
pens in a few days, unlefs fome fudden
and very effedual turn can be given to
the diftemper."

In all thefe cafes the horfe fhould firft The cure
be bled plentifully, unlefs he is low in fle(h, of convul-
old, or lately come off any hard continued ^^°^^*
duty, then you mufh be more fparing of .
his blood ; afterwards give the following
ball.

TAKE afTa foetida half an ounce, ^hener-
Rufiia caftor powdered two drams, vousball.
valerian root powdered one ounce :
make into a ball with honey and oil
of amber.

This ball may be given twice a d-ay at
firft ; and then once, waflied down with
a deco6tion of mifletoe, or valerian^ fweet-

G 4 cned

nervous
ball.

88 Of an Apoplexy, or

ened with liquorice or honey; an ounce
of afTa foetida may be tied up in a piece
of ftrong coarfe linen rag, and put be-
hind his grinders to champ on. . ~

The laxative purges and emollient glyf-
ters fhould be given intermediately to
keep the body open \ but when the for-
mer balls have been taken a week or ten
days, the following may be given once a
day with the valerian decodion.

Another TAKE cinnabar of antimony fix
drams, aflfa foetida half an ounce,
ariflolochia, myrrh, and bay-berrries,
of each two drams : make into a ball
with treacle and oil of amber.

This is the moft effeclual method of
treating thefe diforders : but when they
are fufpedled to arife from bots and
worms, which is generally the cafe, mer-
curial medicines muft lead the way*
Thus. ,

Amercur TAKE mercurius dulcis, and phi-

^^'^ ^* Ionium, of each half an ounce ; make

into a ball with conferve of rofes,

and give the horfe immediately : half

the quantity may be repeated in four

\ or five days.

^ - The

Staggers, &c. og

The following infufion fliould then
be given to the quantity of three or four
horns, three or tour times a day, till the
fymptoms abate ; when the above ner-
vous balls may be continued till they are
removed.

TAKE penny-royal and rue, of each An mfa-
two large handfuls ; camomile flow- ^^°^'
ers one handful *, afla foetida and
caftor, of each half an ounces faffron
and liquorice root diced, of each two
drams : infufe in two quarts of boil-
ing water ; pour off from the ingre-
dients as wanted.

If the caftor is omitted, add an ounce of
afla foetida.

The following ointment may be rubbed
into the cheeks, temples, neck, flioulders,
fpines of the back and loins, and wherever
there is the greateft contradions and fliff"-
nefs .

TAKE nerve and marfh- mallow oint- ^\n emoi-
ment, of each four ounces ; oil of lient lini-
amber two ounces ; with a fufiicient ^-^^^
quantity of camphorate fpirit of wine :
make a liniment.

To

go Of a72 Apoplexy, or

To horfes of fmall vajue give the fol-
lowing.

A nervous T A K E rue, penny-royal, and to-
mfuiion. bacco, of each a handful ; afla foe-

tida an ounce •, boil in a quart of
forge- water : let the decodtion (land
on the ingredients, ^nd give as the
former.

Obferva- "When the jaws are fo locked up, that
^°^* medicines cannot be given by the mouth,
it is more eligible then to give them by
way of glyfler ; for forcing open the jaws
by violence, often puts a horfe into fuch
agonies, that the fymptoms are thereby
increafed. The infufion above may be
given for this purpofe, or the follow-
ing.

/.nervous TAKE rue, penny-royal, and ca-
g.i>iier. momile flowers, of each a handful,

valerian root two ounces ; boil in
five pints of water to two quarts : in
the [trained liquor di/Tolve caftor and
afla f(Kti']a, of each half an ounce,
or of afla tetida alone one ounce,
common oil four ounces. Give this
glyfler once a day.

In

Staggers, Cs'C. gi

In this cafe alfohemuft beTupported by NutiinVe
nourifhing glyflers, made of milk-pot- g^'^ters.
tage, broths, &'c, which mufb be given
to the quantity of three or four quarts a
day 5 glyflers of this kind will be retained,
and abforbed into the blood ; and there
have been inflances of horles thus fup-
ported for three weeks together, who muft
otherwife have perilhed.

Mr. Gibfon mentions fome extraordi- Fn'iRIons
nary infiances of fuccefs in cafes of this very u^e-
fort by thefe methods, and repeated fric- ^"^ ^" ^^^
tions, which are extremely ferviccable ^^J^^^," ^^^
in all i-onvulfive diforders, and often
prevent their being jaw-fet •, they fhould
be applied with unwearied diligence e-
very two or three hours, wherever any
Itiffnefs or con tractions on the mufcles ap-
pear, for a horfe ia this condition never
lies down till they are in fome meafure re-
moved.

He takes particular notice of a horfe Aiemark-
whofe jaws were fo locked up for three ^.'ble cut e..
weeks, that both lood and medicine were
forced to be given by glyfter •, that not
having recovered the ufe of his jaws for
a fortnight, though he now moved them
with lefs flifFneis he was determined,

from

92 Q/* ^^ Apoplexy, or

from the known relaxing power of opium,
to give him half an ounce of ic, diflcjlved
Jn one of his glyfters, the good < rtects of
which were fo evident, by a crrneral a-
mendment, that he was encouraged to
continue it in the following manner.

TAKE Mathews's pill, and afTa foe-
tida, of each an ounce : make into
a ball.

This ball he gave for one dofe, and
repeated once -, and by this and the ufe of
the nervous medicines given twice a week,
and gentle purging, the horfe was perfed-
ly recovered.

Rowels The ufe of rowels in thefe cafes is gene-
ibmetimes rally unfuccefsful, the fkin being, fo tenfe
of bad jjnd tight, that they feldom aigeft kindly,
q^ence. ^^^ fometrrnes mortify; fo that if they

are applied, they fhould be put under the

jaws, and in the bread.

Remark. The red- hot iron fo frequently run

through the foretop and mane, near the

occipital bone, for this purpofc, has often

..been found to have deftroyed the cervical

lisrament.

In

Staggers, &c. 93

In paralytic diforders, where the ufe of ^^^ pa-
a limb or limbs is taken away, the inter- ^fj^^ders
nals above recommended ihould be given, {^ould be
in order to warm, invicyorate, and attenu- treated.
ate the blood -, and the follov»^ing ilimu-
lating embrocation Ihould be rubbed into
the parts affeded.

T A K E oil of turpentine four ounces, A wartn
nerve ointment and oil of bays, of |timuiac-.'

. each two ounces ; camphor rubbed ^"S'^^^-
fine, one ounce ; redified oil of am-
ber three ounces ; tindure of can-
tharides one ounce.

With this liniment the parts affeaed Hovxaffd.
iliould be well bached for a confiderable
time, to make it penetrate ; and when
the hind parts chiefly are lame, the back
and loins fhould be well rubbed with the
fame : to the nervous medicines above re-
commended, may bs added fnake-roor,
contrayerva, mu Hard feed, horfe radifh
root, fteeped in ftrong beer, or wine where
it can be afforded. Take the followingr
for an example, which may be given to
the quantity of three pints a day alone, or
tv/o horns full may be t^ken afccr the
nervous balls.

TAKE

94 Of a?2 Apoplexy, or

The p?.ra- TAKE fnake root, contrayerva, and

lytic infu- valerian, of each half an ounce ; muf-

^^"* tard feed and horfe-radifli root fcrap-

ed, of each two ounces •, long pepper

two drams : infufe in three pints of

ftrong beer or wine.

When the horfe is recovering from
any of the above diforders, the follow*
ing alterative purge may be repeated
two or three times, as it operates very
gently.

An altera- TAKE Succotrinc aloes one ounce,

and gum Ammoniacum, of each two
drams, faffron one dram \ make in-
to a ball with any fyrup.

How to Where a retention of dung is the caufe
orderf of °^ '^^^^ diforder, the great gut fhduld firfl:
the head be raked thoroughly with a fmall hand,
irom cof. after which plenty of emollient oily glyf-
livenefi. ters fhould be thrown up, and the open-
ing drink given, till the bowels are tho-
roughly emptied of their imprifoned
dung. Their diet fhould for fome days
be opening, and confift chiefly of fcalded
bran, with flower of brimftone, fcalded
barley, Gff.

This

Staggers, &c. 9j

This general method wc hope will give Obferva-
fufficienc light into the nature of thefe dif- '-o"-
orders, and their treatment, without mi-
njjtely entering into their caufes ; which
in fome cafes, perhaps, are infcrutable ;
and v/here the mod plaufible writers have
appeared rather as learned triilers than fa-
tisfadlory reafoners.

C H A P. X.

Of the STRANGLES and
V I V E S.

I"* H E (irangles is a diftemper to TheilraB-
which colts and young horfes are gle^de-
very fubjed: ; and begins with a fwelling ^'^^^l^^^*
between the jaw- bones, v/hich fometimes
extends to the mufcles of the tongue %
and is attended with fo grest heat, pain,
and inflammation, that fometimes, till
matter is formed, the horfe fwallovvs with
the utmoll difficulty.

The fymptoms are extraordinary heat The fym-
and feveriilinefs, with a painful cough, P^^^"^»
and a great inclination to drink without

cdng

96 Of the Strangles, and Vives.

being able ; fome horfcs lofing their ap'
petite intirely, others eating but little,
by reafon of the pain which chewing and
fwallowing occafions : when the fvvilling
begins on the infide of the jaw- bones, it
is much longer in coming to matter than
when more to the middle ; when it
arifes among the glands, and divides
into feveral tumours, the cure is gene-
rally tedious, as it breaks in different
places i and when it forms upwards on
the wind- pipe and gullet, there is fome-
times danger of fuffbcarion, unlefs the

, fwelling foon breaks. B it the m oil dan-
serous kind is, when, befides the above
lymptoms, the horfe runs at the nole;
this by fome is called the ballard (Iran-

' gles.

The cure. As this diforder feems to be critical,
the iiioft approved method is to afTifl na-
ture in bringing the fweUings to maturity,
by keeping them conftantly moid with
- ointment of marfh-mallows, and covering
the head and neck with a warm hood.
But as all fwelhngs in glandular parts
fuppurate ilowly, the following poultice
may be applied hot twice a day : it is
alio a very proper one to ripen, or bring
any other fwelling to matter.

TAKE

Staggers, &c. 97

A fuppu"

,TAKE leaves of marlli- mallows ^^^^"S ^
ten handfuls, white lily root half a^°^ '^^^"*
pound, In feed and fennugreek feed
bruifed, of each four ounces ; bo Id
them in two quarts of water till the
whole is pulpy, and add four onnces
of ointment of marfh- mallows, and
a fufficent quantity of hogs lard,
to prevent its growing ftifF and
dry.

In five or fix days, by thefe means,
the matter is generally formed, and
makes its way through the fkin ; and if
the difcharge is made freely and with eafe,
the opening need not be enlarged ; but
fhould be drefied with the following oint-
ment fpread on tow, flill continuing the
poultice over it to promote the digef-
^ion, and prevent any remaining hard-
jiefs.

TAKE rofin and Burgundy pitch, A general
of each a pound and a half; honey ^iS^^*^^^^
and common turpentine, each eight °^^^"^^"^*
ounces -, yellow wax four ounces ;
hogs-lard one pound ; verdigreafe,
finely powdered, one ounce: melt the
ingredients together, but do not
put in the verdigreafe, till removed
from the fire ; and it fhould be ftir-
H red

98 Of the Strangles, ^;/^ Vives.

red in by degrees, till the whole is

grown ftifFand cool.

t=>

Bleeding If the fever and Inflammation run high,
lometimcs ^nd the fwelling be fo fituated as to en-
nece ary. ^^^nger fufFocation, a moderate quantity
af blood mud be taken away, and the re-
mainder diluted with plenty of water-gru-
el, or warm water, mafhes, k^c,

Obferva- T\it running at the nofe, which often
''°'^* attends the ftrangles, is dangerous *, efpe-

cially if it continues after they have ripen-
ed and broke, as the horfewill be greatly
weakened thereby. To prevent this waHe
and decay, give him every day for fome
time an ounce of Jefuit's bark ; or a
ftrong deco6lion of guaiacum fhavings^
which hath been found extremely benefici-
al in retraining thefe glandular difcharges
when too liberal, and in drying up ulcers
of all kinds in horfes. Vide Chapter oa
Glanders,

If a hardnefs remains after the fores are

healed up, they may be anointed with the

mercurial ointment •, and, when the horfe

has recovered his ftrength, purging will be

. RGceflary.

Thevives The vives or ives differ from the
^Jefcribed. flrangles only in this, that the fwellings

of

Of the Strangles, a72d Y\vt%» 95

of the kernels under the ears of the horfs
(which are the parts at firft chiefly affe(5led)
feldom gather, or come to matter, but
by degrees perfpire off, and difperfe, by
warm cloathing, anointing with the marfh-
mallow ointment, and a moderate bleed-
ing or two. But, fhould the inflamma-
tion continue, notwichilanding thefe means,
a fuppuration mufl: be promoted by the
methods above recommended in the ftran^
gles.

When thefe fwellings appear in an old
or full- aged horfe, they are figns of great
malignityj and often of an inward decay,
as well as forerunners of the glanders.

The mercurial ointmentj above-men-
tioned, may be prepared thus :

TAKE of crude mercury, or quick- A mercu-
filver, one ounce -, Venice turpentine rial oint-
half an ounce ; rub them together in "^^'^^'
a mortar till the globules of thequick-
filver are no longer vifible \ then add
two onnces of hogs- lard.

Some authors recommend this^ oint* Obferva-
ment to be ufed at firft, in order to dif-^*^"'
perfe the fwellings, and prevent their
coming to matter •, bleeding and purg-

H2 ing

100 . of the Strangle?, andV\\t%,

ing at the fame time for that purpofe ;
but as in young horfes they feem to be
critical, the pradtice by fuppuration is
certainly more eligible and fafe \ for
want of properly efFeding which, the
humours frequently fettle, or arc tranf-
latcd to the lungs, and other bowels \ or
falling on the tiefhy parts of the hind
quarters form deep impofthumes between
the mufcles, which difcharge fuch large
quantities of matter, as fometimes kill
the horfe, and very often endanger his
life.

CHAP. XI.

Of the Dfeafes of the EYES.

The dif- Y N order to make the diforders of the
eafes of Jj^ gy^g ^^j] underftood, we fnall confider
dift'n-" them as arifing from different caufes :
gtiifhed. external injuries affrding the globe of
the eye •, and from internal caufes af-
fedting the humours v^ithin the globe.
We fliall confider alfo the eye as natu-
rally weak from a b?J conformation,

which

,X)fthe Difeafes of the EYES. loi

which poffibly may often be here-
ditary.

We fhall thus be able to form a proper
judgment when wafhes, and external ap-
plications, are really ufeful, and to be
depended on •, and when it is not only ab-
furd to apply them, but even extremely
pernicious.

In all recent diforders of the eye from The cure
external injuries, fuch as blows, bices, &c. of exter-
attended with a fwclling of the lid, and a nal inju-
running fr(>m the eye, you mufl firft '"^^^*
fponge the part often with cold fpring
^ water and vinegar; and if much fwelled
bleed immediately, and apply over it a
poultice made of the pulps of roafted or
boiled apples, cleared from their feeds
and hufks ; or of confervt of rofes and
vinegar, with a little bole, and the white
of an egg. When the fwelling is abated,
either of the following wafhes will com.-
plete the cure.

TAKE white vitriol, half an ounce, a cooling
fugarof lead two drams ; diflblve in eye-water
a pint of fpring water; to which
may occafionally be added, when
the rheum is very great, and in-
H 3 flam-

102 Of the Difeafes of the EYES.

flammation removed, half an ounce
of tutty, or compound powder of
cerufs.

Hovvufed. Let the eye and eye lid be bathed three
or four times a day vvich a clean fponge
dipped in this wa(h , or it may be ap^
plied with a feather, leaving a few drops
on the eye. When the veins under the
eye have been turgid, opening them with
a lancet has often been found fuccefs-
fuU

Mr. Gibfon from his own experience
recommends the following, with which
alone he has fucceeded in moft common
cafes.

Another TAKE two drams of rofe-buds, m-

repelling ^^^^ ^y^^^ -^^ j^^|£ ^ '^ ^£ boilinff

eye-water. , u cr ^\^ -

' water % when cold, pour ort the m-

fufion, and add to it twenty grains

of fugar of lead.

This is to be ufed as the former ^ but
I think the quantity of fugar of lead too
fmall, and may occafionally be increafed.

Sometimes

Of the Diftafes of the EYES. 103

Sometimes from the violence of thein- Extraor-
flammation, fucceeding blows, and excer- r'"7J,,„-
nal injuries, the coats or tlie eye Ihall iole
their tranfparency, thicken, and tarn white,
or pearl colour ; in the latter cafe the horfe
has fome glimmering of light ; in the for*
mtr he is blind, while the eye continues in
ihis Hate.

This appearance may arife from a flag- Flow
nation of the lymph, or juices circulating ^^^^^^•
in the cornea, which in their natural (late
are clear and thin, but undergo this
change by the heajt and inflammation ;
a white blifter often forms on the cornea,
the fize fometimes of a grape; this always
proves a relief, and when it breaks, haftens
the cure.

In all thefe diforders, the degree of In- Caution,
fiammation and obftrudion is chiefly to be
attended to, which mud regulate the pre-
ceding remedies in regard to their (Irenth,
fo as to proportion them to the exigency
ofthefymptoms. -

If the horfe be flefhy, and of a grofs The cure
conftitution, bleeding may be repeated •, °^^"^^"^'
and a rowel will be neceflary : let his diet "^^^^°"^*
be fcalded bran or barley j avoiding for

H 4 feme

104

Obferva-
tion.

A film
how re-
moved.

Of the Difeafes of the EYES.

fome days oats, beans, or any thing hard
to chew.

The cooling opening drink, p. 23'
Ihould be given every other day, which
will anfwer better than aloetic purges.

If the eyelids continue fwelled and moid,
and the under fide of the eye inflamed,
an ounce of honey may be added to four
ounces of the above waters •, or the part
may be well bathed with an ounce of ho-
ney ot rofes, and half a dram of fugar of
lead, diflblved in three ounces of fpring
water : to which may be added, when the
eye is very watery, a fpoonfull or two of
red wine, which will help to thicken the
matter and dry it up.

If a film or thick flough fhould remain
it may be taken off, by blowing into the
eye equal parts of white vitriol and fugar-
candy, finely powdered.

Glafs finely powdered, mixed up with
honey and a httle frefh butler, is much re-
commended by Dr. Bracken for this pur-
pofe •, as alfo the following ointment.

TAKE

Of the Difeafes of the EYE S. 105

T iV K E ointment of tutty one ounce. An ojnt-
honey of roles two drams, white "J-"^ for-
vitriol burnt one fcruple : this with a t'j^^^^^^"
feather may be fmeared over the eye
twice a day.

The aq. fapphirina and the juice of
celandine are recommended alfo for this
purpofe, a few drops of either being put
on the eye every day. For the iame par-
pofe, as alfo for bruifes and other dif-
orders of the eye, the follov/ing will be
found ufeful.

TAKE eyebright and celandine of ^^^^.^^/rJ'J
each two handfuls, rofemary tops bruuc6,
half a handful, rofin half an ounce ; <^c.
chop the herbs and boil them over
a gentle fire in three pints of cream,
till it comes to a green oil, then drain
through a fine c^oth, and keep in a
gallipot for ufe.

The quantity of a fmall bean may be
put in the horle's eye, night and morn-
ing.

The next is the famous ointment of
Sir Hans Sioane, where I have only taken

the

io6 Of the Bijeafes of the EYES.

the liberty to double the quantity of
aloes.

Sir Hans T A K E of prepared tutty one ounce,
SloAie's ot lapis haematitis prepared two

ointment. fcruples, of the beft aloes twenty-

four grains, of prepared pearl four
grains -, put into a marble mortar,
and mix with a fufficient quantity of
vipers fat. .

Someob- This medicine, like other noftrums,
fervations was in great efteem while it remained a
on It. fecret ; but fince the difcovery of it, and
an examination of the compofuion, it ap-
pears to vary in nothing from the common
praflice, except in the fubftitution of the
vipers fat for lard, or frefh butter. It
ought alfo to be remarked in Sir Han's
account, that, in the application, he calls
to his alTiftance all the mean^ medical
pradlice has hitherto employed in cafes
of this kind •, as bleeding, cupping, blif-
tering, iffues, alteratives, ^c, — So that
either feme of thefe methods mud do very
littie, proportionably to the trouble they
give, or his medicine lefs, to render both
neccflary. This form may however be
preferable to wafhes, or eye- waters, as it
v/ill remain longer on the parts affected.

Let

Of the Dlfeafes of theE YE 5. 107

Let It be remembered, that is has long Proper
been obferved in praclice, that the eye '^^^"<''^5»
in its firft ftate of inflammation is fo-very
tender, that the eye waters prepared with
tutty, and other powders, aggravate the
diforder; confequently, during this (late,
the tindlures of vegetables, and folutions
of falts, are greatly preferable.

Wounds of the eye may be drefled with Wounds
honey of rofes alone, or with a little fugar of the
of lead mixed with it, adding thereto, ^y®' ^^^
after a few days, an eighth part of tindlure^*^^
of myrrh ; all the preceding diredlions in ^

regard to inflammation being attended to,
efpecially bleeding, rowels, and gentle
cooling phyfick.

When the humours of the eye are Obferva-
thickened, and the diforder is within the '^°"*
globe, fliarp external applications are not
only ufelefs, but extremely detrimental,
by the irritation they occafion, and con-
fequently Ihould be avoided.

In all cafes of this fort, whether moon
eyes, which are only cataradts forming,
or in confirmed ones attended with a weep-
ing, general evacuations, with internal
i^lteratives, can only take place. Let us

dcfcribe

io8 Of the Difeafes of the EYES.

defcribe thefe internal diforders with their
fymptoms.

The fym- 'Bhefe generally make their appearance,

ptom^of vvi^en a horfe is turned five, coming fix ;

ancrca?a-^ at which time one eye becomes clouded,

rads. the eyelids being fwelled, and very often

fhut up ; and a thin water generally runs

from the difeafed eye down the cheek, fo

fliarp as fometimes to excoriate the fkin ;

the veins of the temple, under the eye,

and along the nofe, are turgid and full :

though iometimes it happens that the eye

runs but little.

This diforder comes and goes till the
cataract is ripe ; then all pain and running
difappear, and the horfe becomes totally
blind, which is generally in about two
years. During this time feme horfes have
more frequent returns than others ; which
continue in fome a week or more, in others
three or four; returning once in two or
three months, and they are feldom fo long
as five without a relapfe.

Adryca- There is another kind of moon blind-

laraaje- fjefs, which is alio the forerunner of ca-

taradls, where no humour or weeping

attends. The eye is never fhut up or

clofed here, but will now and then look

thick

Of the Difeafes of the EYES. 109

thick and troubled, at which time the
horfe fees nothing diftindliy - when the
eyes appear funk and perifhingj the cata-
ra6ls are longer coming to maturity \ and
it is not unufual in this cafe for one eye
to efcape,

Thefe cafes generally end in blindnefs Thegene-
of one, if not of both eyes: the mofl: pro- ral event,
mifing figns of recovery are when the at-
tacks come more feldom, and their conci-
nuance grows fhorter, and that they leave
the cornea clear and tranfparent, and the
globe plump and full.

The atttempts to cure catarafls have The cure
hitherto been only palliative, and mici- of^cata-
gating the fymiptoms; yet early care has ^''^^'^'
fometimes been fuccefsful. To this end
the horfe fliould be rowelled and bled at
proper intervals; except where the eyes
appear funk and perilhing, where it is
often pernicious. During the violence
of the fymptoms, obfcrve the cooling
treatment above recommended, giving
him two ounces of nitre every d«^y mixed
into a ball with honey, and bathe the
parts above the eye with verjuice, or
vinegar, wherein rof^-leaves are infufed ;
to four ounces of which, half a dram of.
fugar of lead may be added. 1 he fvvell-

IDg

iio . Of the Difeafes of the EYES,

ing on the lid may afterwards be bathed
with a fponge dipt in equal parts of lime
and Hungary water, mixed together : the
cooling phyfick, p. i8, fhould be given
every fourth day till the eye becomes clear,
and recovers its ufual brightnefs. The foU
lowing alfo is very proper phyfick for this
. purpofe :

TAKE lenitive eleftuary, and cream
of tartar, of each four ounces; Glau-
ber's falts, three ounces 5 fyrup of
buckthorn, two ounces.

"When the weeping is by thefe means
removed, the alterative powders (ch. xxi.)
Ihould be given every day, till two or
three pounds are taken, and, after an in-
terval of three months, the fame courfe
ihould be repeated. This method has
often been attended with good fuccefs,
where the eyes have been full, and no
way perifhed; in that cafe bathe or fo-
ment them with the following, twice a
day.

TAKE crude fal arnioniac two drams,
difTolve it in a pint of lime-water,
and add to it four ounces of brandy,
©r Hungary water,

>*

This

of the Difeafes of the EYES. ni

This will a6b as a flimnlus, and may
help to thin and rarefy the gummy juices,
and bring new fupplies of nourifliment
10 the perifhing eyes.

This courle not fucceedlng, in order Mercuri-
more powerfully to open the vefTels of the ^Is recoru-
chryftalline humour (which in thefe cafes "^^"'^^v
is always found opake, and when the
catara6l is confirmed, intirely lofes its
tranfparency) and hinder as much as pofTi-
ble the forming of obftrudlions, mercurials
are chiefly to be depended on: thus give
every other day, for three or four morn-
ings, two drams of calomel, mixed up
with conferve of rofes •, and then purge otF
with the common ball.

During thiscourfe particular care fhould The alte-
be taken of the horfe : after repeating this, natives
the alterative powders before- mentioned ^^^^^^^
fhould be given, fo^r fome weeks or months, pended
if you expert any benefit from them ; on.
or they may be beat up into a ball with
live millepedes, and an ounce and a half
given every day : if thefe fhould not fuc-
ceed, and the horfe is a valuable one,
the turbith courfe, recommended in the ,
chaper on alteratives, fcems to be the
maft promifing method left. But to

horfes

112 Of the Difeafes of the EYES.

norfes that are not fo, an ounce of anti-
mony ground into an impalpable powder,
may be given every day in one of his feeds^
for three months or longer ; or a ftrong
deco6lion of guaiacum fhavings may be
given for feme time, to which crude
antimony may be given in the following
manner.

An altera- TAKE guaiacum fhavings one pounds
live drink. crude antimony tied in a rag, the

fame quantity •, boil in two gallons
or forge- water to one, and give a
quart a day, either alone, or mixed
with his water.

Dr. Bracken advifes as much as will lie
on a fixpence, of the following powder,
to be blown up the horfe's noftrils once a
day.

A ftimu- TAKE turbith mineral two drams,
lating afTarabacca powdered, half an ounce ;

fnufF. i-Qix, and keep in a bottle, well

corked.

Nor let any one wonder at the tediouf-
nefs of the courfe here recommended, as
the intention in curing is to alter the
whole mafs of fluids, to fufe and atte-
nuate them in fuch a manner, that they
1 may

of the Blfeafes of theY.\ "^ S. 113

may cirtulace freely through the minuted
vefTels, particularly thofe of the eye,
which are exquifitely fine ; and when
the blood is in a vifcid flate, may be fup-
pofed eafiiy retarded in its circulation
through them; the confequence of which,
if not foon removed, when once fixed,
will be an immediate obftruirdon, and of
coDrfe occafion total blindnefs.

Tying up the temporal arteries is by Obferva-
fome much commended, efpecially in ^^^ns.
full eyes ; for by this means the circu-
lation of the blood to them is greatly
impeded : but to flat deprefled eyes this
operation muft be injurious, as it would
deprive them of their necefTary nourifh-
ment, and tying up the veins would
feem here the mofl: proper. But the
taking up the veins where the eyes are
full, muft for the moft part prove hurt-
f»jl, by cutting off the channels which
fliould convey the blood and juices from
them into the courfe of circulation, and
confequendy increale the diltcmperj in-
Head of abating it.

The haws is a fwelling and fpunginefs The haws
that grows in the inner corner of the eye, ^'^^^*
fo large fometimes as to cover a part of
the eye. The operation here is eafiiy

I perforn:*

114 0/ /£(? G L A N D E R S:

performed by cutting part of it away j
but the farriers are apt to cut away too
much: the wound may be drefled with
honey of rofes \ and if a fungus or fpon-
gy flefh arifcs, it fhould be fprinkled
with burnt a'um, or touched with blue
vitriol.

CHAP. XII.
Of //^6 G L A N D E R S.

len^hu' T^ H E caufe and feat of the glanders
therto but ^^^ till lately been lb imperfedly

little un- handled, and fo little underftood by the
derftood. writers of this diftemper, that it is no
wonder it fhould be ranked among the
incurables: but a new light having been
thrown on this whole affair by the ftudy
of M. La FofTe, the King of France's
farrier, who has been at the pains to
trace out, and dilcover, by difledlions,.
the fource and caufe of this diforder ♦, we
hope the method he has propofed, with
fome further experiments and improve-
ments, will foon bring to a certainty of
cuie (in mofl cafes at leaft) a diftemper

fO'

0///5^ GLANDERS, 115

{o dangerous to our horfes, and that hi-
therto has eluded the force of art.

Before v/e make mention of this work,
which has the approbation of the Royal
Academy of Sciences, it will not be un-
acceptable to our readers, we apprehend,
to have a more particular account of the
fymptoms of this diforder from M. La
FolTe, that we may the better judge of
the merit of our author and his difco-
Veries.

This gentleman then has diflinguifhed
feven different kinds of glanders, four
of which are incurable*

The firfl proceeds from ulcerated
lungs, the purulent matter of v/hich
comes up the trachea, and is difcharged
through the noftrils, like a whitifh li-
quor, fometimes appearing in lumps
and grumes : \a this diforder, though
the matter is difcharged from the
noftrils, yet the malady is folely in the
lungs.

The fecond is a wading humour, which
\3rually feizes horfes at the decline of a
difeafc, cau fed by too hard labour : this
defiuxion aUb proceeds from the lungs.

I 2 ^ The

ii6 0///!^^G LANDERS.

The third is a malignant difcharge,
which attends the ftrangles fometimes,
and falls upon the lungs, which runs ofF
by the noftrils.

The fourth is, when an aGrimonious
humour in the farcy feizes thefe parts,
where it foom makes terrible havock.

^ The fifth kind we fliall defer ibe by
and by, as arifing from taking cold.

The fixth kind is a difcharge from the
ftrangles, which fometimes vents itfelf at
thenoftrils. ^/^^ Strangles, chap. x.

Thefe are the various diforders which
have been obferved fometimes to throw
matter out from the noftrils 5 let us now
defcribe the real glanders.

The gene- The matter then difeharged from the
raJ fywip- noftrils of a glandered horfe, is either
^°^'^^* white, yellow, or greenifli, fometimes
ftreaked, or tingid with blood : when the
difeafe is of long ftanding, and the bones
are fouled, the matter turns blackifh,
and become* very foetid ; and is always
attended with a fwelling of the kernels
or glands under the jaws 5 in every other

refpccft

Of the GLANDERS. 117

rffpecSt the horfe is generally healthy and
found, till the diftemper has been of fome
continuance.

icu

It is always a bad fign, when the mat- p^^^
ter flicks to the infide of the noftrils, fymp
like glue or ftiff pafte •, when the infide toms.
ofthenofeis raw and looks of a livid, or
lead colour : when the matter becomes
bloody, and ftinks, and when it looks of
an afh colour. But when only a limpid
fluid is tirft difcharged, and afterwards
a whitifh matter, the gland under the
jaw not increaiing, and the diforder of
no long continuance, we may expe6b a
fpeedy cure -, for in this cafe, which
arifes from taking cold, after a horfe
has been over-heated, the pituitary mem-
brane is but flightly inflamed, the lymph
in the fmall veflTels condenfed, and the
glands overloaded, but not yet ulcer-
ated.

From thefe fymptoms and fome ob- obferv*
fervations made both by Braken and tion,
Gibfon, it is plain they were not abfolute
ftrangers to the feat of this diforder,
though they negledled pufhing their en-
quiries to the fountain-head, and con-
fequently were at a lofs to know how to
apply the remedy to the parts aflTedied.

I 3 But

ii8 Cfthe GLANDERS.

Difieai- But onr author, after examining by dlf-
ons prove feflion, the carcafTes of glanuered horfes,

the leac of , ^ . n • o r • • ^

the <Tlan- ^"^ making a Itrict Icrutiny into the

ders'^to be ftate of the vifcera^ aiTifted for that pur-

jn the ca- pofe by ingenious and expert anatomifts,

T-T ^H ^^" years together, affirms this dif-

snd not ' ^^^^ ^^ ^^ altogether local ; and that the

in the vif- true feat of it is in \\iQ pituitary mem-

ceia. brane, which lines the partition along

the infide of the nofe, the mamllary finujjes

or cavities of the cheek-bones on each

fide the nofe, and the frontal finujfes or

cavities above the orbits of the eyes ; that

the vifcera, as liver, lungs, &c, of glan-

dered horfes are in general exceeding

found *, and confequently that the feat

of this diforder, is not in thofe parts, as

has been aiTerted by mofc authors ; nor

indeed is it probable it fhould : for how

could fuch horfes preferve their appetite,

their good appearance, fleek and fl:ining

coats ', in a word, all the figns of health

for many years together (which many

glandered horfes are knov/n to enjoyj

with fuch diftempered bowels ?

Ocular But on nicely examining the heads of

demon- fuch horles, he found the cavities abov^
iiracion of nientioned, more or lefs, filled with a
^^' vifcous (limy matter, the membrane

which

OftbeGLAl<!DERS. 119

which lines both them and the noflrils
inflanned, thickened, and corroded with
fordid ulcers, v/hich in fome cafes had
eat into the bones. Thefe ftmjfes or ca-
vities will be better underflood by refer-
ring to the annexed plate. .

He obferves, that when glandered ^o"^^ cu-
horfes difcharge matter from both no- J-^^"^^^^^"^^
ftrils, both fides of the membrane and
cavities wxre afFe6led ; but v^hen they
ran at one noftril only, that fide only was
found diftempered.

It Is a curious remark of our author,
that the fublingual glands, or the kernels
'fituated under the jaw-bone, which are
always fwelled in this diftemper, do not
difcharo-e their lymph into the mouth,
as in mtn, but into the noftrils ; and that
he conftantly found their obftrudion
ao-reed with the difcharge: if one gland
only was affedled, then the horfe dif-
charsed from one noftril only, but if
both were, then the difcharge was from
both.

He fometimes, though rarely,^ found ^^^-^^
the bony partition of the nofe carious or f,^^^^^^^
rotten •, but that the fpongy bones about rotten,
this part muft fuffer from the acrimony
^ I 4 ^^

I20 0/ /fo G L A N D E R S.

of matter long pent up, is not at all to
be doubted, though the more folid ones
may efcape.

The cure The feat of this diforder thus difcover-
bytrepan- ed, our author with great ingenuity has
*"g* paved the way for cure, by trepanning

thefe cavities, and taking out a piece of
bone ', by which means the parts affedled
may be wallied with a proper injedion,
and, in fine, the ulcers eterged, healed,
and dried up.

Byinjec- But as from the obfervations fince
twvs and ^-jade by this gentleman, there are dif-
tions^^' Cerent fi'ccies of the glanders, fo the
- cure of the milder kinds may firft: be at-
tempted by injedions and fumigations.
Thus after taking cold, fhould a horfe,
for fifteen or twenty days, difcharge a
limpid fluid, or whitifh matter, from one
or both noflrils, the* glands under the
jaw rather growing harder than dimi-
nidiing, we may exped it will degene-
rate into a true glanders. To prevent
which, after firft bleeding, and treating
him as we have directed for a cold, let
an emollient inje6lion, prepared with a
deco(ftion of linfeed, marfh m.illows, elder,
camomile-flowers, and honey of rofes,
or fuch hke, be thrown up as far as pof-

fible

0//y6^ GLANDERS. 121

.fible with a firong fyringe, and repeated
three times a day : (hould the running
leffen, or be removed in a fortnight
by the ufe of this injedion, areftringent
one may now be prepared with tindnreof
roles, lime-water, Qc, p. 126. and the
noflriJs fumigated with the powders of
frankincenfe, maftich, amiber, and cin-
nabar, burnt on an iron heated for that
purpofe ; the fume of which may eafily
be conveyed through a tube into the
noftrils.

This method has been found fuccefsful
when ufed in time •, but the methods of
cure depend on the (lubbornnefs of the
diforder, and when inveterate, recourfe
muft be had to the operation above de-
fcribcd.

This operadon he has performed on The fuc-
three horfes -, two of whom difcharged cefs in re-
from one noftril only, and the third from ^^'^^ ^°
both : the two firft he trepanned on that tio^n°^^^*'
fide of the head which was affedled, and
to the other he performed it on both •,
and found that the wound and per-
foration filled up with good ffelh in
twenty-fix days, and that the horfes
fufFered no inconvenience from the opera-
tion ;

122 Of -the GLANDERS.

tlon ; though after this experiment they
were put to'death.

Why not The dircdbions and orders of the civil
broughtto government of France, which hinder

mfi^ancT P^°P^^ ^^'^^ keeping glandered horfes
' long, prevented M, La Fofle repeating
his attempts, and pulhing his experi-
ments further \ but it is to be hoped that
fo ufeful a projedt will be purfued to its
utmofc extent, as it feems fo promifing
in the execution, and is fo important
in its confequences: to v^hich end we
fliall beg leave to animadvert on what has
been faid, and offer our opinion both in re-
lation to the difeafe, the operation, and
the manner of conducing the cure.

Proved to I^ order to prove that a great inflam-
arireorigi- mation of the pituitary membrane is al-
nally from ^^yg ^-j^g ^^^f^ ^^ ^|^g glanders, M. La

Z'flT' Foffe has attempted to bring on an in-
flamimation upon the lame membrane,
by a. corrofive injedion •, and when the
injecTcion was only thrown into one fide,
the maxillary lymphatic glands were fwel-
Jed on the fame fide, and that noflrii
only produced the difcharge •, but when
both nodrils were inje6led, thefe^ fymp-
tcns appear on both fides. 'i his gen-
tleman has alfo obierved, that the bone

of

O/ //?^ G L A N D E R S. 123

of the maxillary finns being broke by the
kick of another horfe, the ufual fymptoms
of the glanders foon appeared, from the
inflammation the pituitary membrane
fuffered on the occafion.

The orio-inal fource and caufe then of The true
this diforder, feems to be an inflamma- "ufe and
tion of the glands, and membrane that ^^^^°^^^®
lines the noftrils and thefe cavities -5 which, ^
if not difperfed in time, will form mat-
ter, and ulcerate and erode the bones,
for want of a free difcharge to unload
the cavities, and of proper applications
to cleanle and deterge the ulcers : vio-
lent colds, or a feverifh tranflation, fet-
ting here may alfo occafion the fame
complaint, and are probably the general
caufes.

There Is a diforder in men, called An ana-
Dzena, that has great fimilitude to this logy be-
in horfes, and arifes often from an in- ^^^^^ ^^^
flammation in the maxillary ftnuffes. or ? j" ^^^*
cavicies in the cheek-bones, from whence tergather-
enfues a colledion of matter; which ed in the
when the cavity is full, or the head pro- cheek-
perly inclined, runs over into tha nofe, °^"^°'
and would conftantly difcharge thence
like a glandered horfe, was the head
i:ontinued in the fanie pofition. The

furgical

i24 0/^ //5^ GLANDERS.

f^irgical cure is the taking out one or
more teeth from the upper jaw, and
perforating the cavity with a proper in-
ftrument, in order to make a depending
orifice for the matter to flow through ;
and to make way for fyringing the parts
afFeded with proper inj^dtions, which in
this cafe are thrown through the cavity
into the nofe.

I

The ra€- The fimilarity of thefe two cafes, with
thodof the method of cure, and the fuccefs at-
hothmuch ^^^^'"g ^^^ furgical treatment (which
slike. was fird invented and perfedled by our
counti7men Drake and Cowper) un-
doubtedly gave the firft hint for trepan-
ning, and fyringing thefe cavities in
horfes ; and it is moft probable, that
when the operation is attempted in time,
before the bones become rotten, it will
be attended with equal fuccefs; but after
opening the cavities, fhould it by probing
be difcovered, that the bones are in that
Hate, the beft way then would be to dif-
patch the horfe, to prevent unneceflTary
trouble and expence.

The parts fixed on for applying the
trepan, are pointed out in the plate, and
the manner of fawing out the bone will
eafily be underltood by a view of the

inftru-

0/ //;^ G L A N D E R S. 125

inftrument, and the explanation annex-
ed.

The perforations being made, our Direa\-
next bufiners is to prevent their filhng ons to be
up too fall j as it may be necefTary to o^^^r^'^^

. ^ , c r T V r after the

keep them open tor tome weeks berore opsratior^
a cure can be effefled •, for which pur-
pofe, after the ufe of the injection, let
the upper one be filled up with a piece
of cork, waxed over, and adapted exadly
to its fize: the lower one may be kepc
open with a hollow leaden tent, through
which there will be a conflant drain of
matter fron the finufles, which will be
greatly favoured by this depending ori-
fice, and both be detained by a proper
bandage.

If this method fliould not prevent the Cauftick.s
granulations, or fhoots of the ftefli, andcaute-
from filling up fo fail as to choak up ^^J'^^^ ^^
the perforation, and by that means hinder
the inje6tions palling freely^ they mull
be fupprefled by rubbing with cau-
flic medicines, or touching with the
adlual cautery ; as may alio the bony
edges ; which by obliging them to ex-
foliate or fcale off, will retard the heal-
ing.

4

The

126 Of the GLANDERS.

Injeflions The inje6lions firft made ufe of^ fliould
'^^°"^" be of a deterfive nature 5 as a decodion
^^^ ^ ' of birthwort, gentian, and centaury : to
a quart of which, if two ounces of
-^gyptiacum and tindlure of myrrh are
added, it may be as proper as any 5
and when the difcharge is obferved to
abate, and the colour alter to a thick
white matter, the injedlion may be
changed for barley-water, honey of rofes^
and tinflure of myrrh ; and, finally,
to dry up the humidities, and recover
the tone of the relaxed glands, Bate's
alum water, or a folution of colcothar,
vitriol, lapis medicamentofus, or fuch
like, in lime-water, will moft probably
compleat the cure. Dr. Bracken recom-
mends the following :

TAKE of alum and white vitriol
powdered, of each four ounces -, cal-
cine them in a crucible ^ when cold,
powder the calx, and mix it with
a gallon of lime-water, and a quart
of vinegar : decant the clear for
ufe. ' ^

Internals But whoever is at all acquainted with
neceffiiry pradlical furgery, well knows that with-

theTu^re?' ^"^ ^^'^ afTiftance of internals, efpeciaily

in

0//>&^G LANDERS. 127

in glandular diforders, the cure is not fo
eafily effected, nor rendered compleac
or lading : I therefore advife a ftrong
decodion of guaiacum chips to be given
every day, to a quart or three pints,
throughout the cure, and when the mat-
ter lellens, to purge at proper intervals^
and put a rowel into the horfe's cheft,
in order to divert the fluids from their
old channel : if thefe fhould not fucceed^
mercurials may be given with the phy-
fick ; and the alterative powders with
lime-water may be taken for a time, if
the horfe is worth the expence. Vids'
Chapter on Alteratives.

Jn EXPLANATION of the
Heads and Trepan.

B. B. two lines reprefenting the bounds
of the cerebellum, or back part of the
brain, v/hich is very fmall in a horfe,.
in proportion to that of a man, as well
as the brain itfelf, which commences
from the line D.

C. C. a line where the fuperior part of
the fjnu3 frontalis commences, together

with.

'<28 0//ZvGLANDERS.

- "With a view of the bottom of the finUs^
which terminates between the lines D
and E, where there appears a fubftance
in the form of a pear, which is the os
ethmoides, or fieve-hke bone ; through
which theolfa6lory nerves pafs, by which
the pituitary mem'brane receives its fen-
fibility, and the fenfe of fmelling is per*
formed.

E, reprefents the beginning of the
maxillary finus, which terminates at
M.

The (haded fpace which may be ob-
ferved between thefe two lines, rcpre-
lents the great cavities. 1 he oblique
ray marked F, is a bony partition, which
feparates this fmus into two parts, that
have no communication : and fometimes
it happens (though but rarely) that there
are two bony partitions •, and for this
reafon they are reprefented by the lines
marked F and G. It alfo fometimes
happens (but fliil more feldom) that there
are horfes, in whole heads we do not
find any of thefe bony partitions.

N, points out the place of the cornets
orhofns. O, the redoubling. P, their
middle part. Q, the inferior part of

them.

Of the GLANDERS. 129

them. M, the bony canal or pipe which
guards the maxillary nerve.

A, A, the feptum narium, or partition
>yhich divides the nofe from top to bot-
tom, and conftitutes the two nollrils.

L, in the head that is intire, points out
where the trepan fhould be applied on the
frontal finus, when we have reafon to be-
lieve the glanders is fpread into this fmus.
However, I think it fafefl to apply it fird
on E, for the reafon s mentioned in the
next explanation, and becaufe the brain
may be endangered, iliould the finus be
miftook.

E, the place where the trepan may be
applied, in order to cleanfe the maxillary
finus. The round mark between D and .
E (which is the imprelTion of the trepan)
is hov/ever on experience preferred by the
author, as the properefl: place \ as one
orifice would then be fufHcient to wafli all
the parts both above and below, with the
injedion.

But in general, when the niaxillary
fmus only is affedted, penetrate but the
upper parr, where the fyringe points, or
thereabouts, and your cxpec^cations will

K be

130 0///&^GLANDER S.

be anfwered •, fliould they not, there feems
fo little danger in the operation, that you
may again perforate at the places above-
mentioned, higher up. But a proper
number of experiments will foon fettle
this point with certainty.

H, in, the head that Is intire, points
out the place where another hole or perfo-
ratiori Ihculd be made, as a drain to
'give ilTue to the glanderous matter wafli-
ed away by the injection ; v/hich could
not be dilcharged without fuch a depend-
ing orifice , and perhaps this perforation
alone, in many recent cafes, would be
fufBcient, provided the injedion pafTed
freely upv^ards, and the hole was kept
open by iLcans of a hollow leaden pipe
conftantly retained in it for that purpofe,
and to procure a freepafiage for the mat*

tCT.

I, reprefents the injedion puihed in by
the fyringe, which flows out by the orifice
and the noiiril K ; during the ufe of the
fyringe, it is neceffary to hold the noftrils
^Icle.

If, in the maxillary finus, indead of
one, there happens to be two bony par-
titions, it is abfolutely neceffary to pierce

through

Of the GLANDERS. 131

through them both, by means of a ftilet-
to, or fharp-pointed tuck, as in the man-
ner reprefenttd in the cut of a horfe's head
opened \ though this conformation fcidom
occurs.

As thefe bony partitions may in fome
particulars vary, fhould the iliietto not
have the defired effedb, and the injedlion
thrown in by the fyringe not come out
at H ; in fuch cafe the Hquor fiiould be
injected upwards, through the orifice made
by the tiiletto or trepan at H.

As in young horfes the frontal and
maxillary finufles are very fmall, it will
be proper to dired: the trepan towards
the interior part of the nofe ; odierwife
theinflrument might work upon the roots
of the teeth, which incline towards the
finus, and would in fuch cafe be an infur-
mountable obftacle to the operation.

R, the inftrument or trepan. S, the
handle which turns it. T, the faw-part
to be applied to the bone.

From a view of this inftrument, the
manner of working it will appear fimple
and eafy •, the cooper's nianaging his wim-
ble being ^ proper directory.

K 2 - The

132 Ofthe GLANDERS.

The inftrument called the trephine ^
which is chiefly ufed by our Englifli fur-
geons in perforating the fl<:ull, will equal-
ly anfwer this purpofe ; and if any diffi-
culties fhould arife, notwithftanding this
defcription, the gentlemen of the faculty
will foon make it familiar and intelli-

gible.

Before the application of the trepan,
or trephine, it is quite necefTary to ob-
ferve, that a circular piece of the fkin
Ihould firft be cut off, with the mem-
brane which covers the bone, about the
fize of a half-crown piece •, in order to
make the inftrument work the eafier, and
to prevent the inconveniencies which might
arife from the external wound's healing up
too fad.

The fyringe fliould be large enough to
contain half a pint of injedion.

CHAP.

^/.J.

/<r'//w^/ ^./j-x.

'«#>

[ 133 ]

CHAP. XIII.

0/ -'/'^ C H O L I C cr G R I P E S,

and Pains in the Bowels, from fiid-
den Accidents.

THERE feems to be no diilemper The
fo little underftood by the common g^pes in
farrier, asthecholic or gripes in horfes, /^°J *
one general remedy or method ierving derftood
them in all cafes-, but as this diforder byfarriers.
may be produced by very different cauies,
the method of cure muft alfo vary, other-
wife the intended remedy injudicioudy
applied, will not only aggravate the com-
plaint, but make it fatal. We ihall di-
vide this diforder into three different fpe-
cies \ the flatulent or windy, the bilious ^, ,.^
or inflammatory, and the dry gripes ; each rent kinds
of which we fliall difl:inguifh by their diffe- of gripes,
rent fymptoms, and then point out the
proper remedies.

The flatulent or windy cholic is thus The fym.
known. The horfe is often lying down, pt^*€>f
and as fuddenly rifing again with a jy-^^-clio-
fpring ; he ftrikes his belly with hhs hin-
der feet, fl:amps with his foie feet, and

K 3 refu fcs

134 Of the CHOLIC, or

refufes his meat j when the gripes are
violent, he will have convulfive twitches,
his eyes be turned up, and his limbs
ftretched out as if dvinir, his- ears and
feet Deing alternately very hot and cold ;
he falls into pi-ofufe fweats, and then into
cold damps -, ftrives often to ftale, and
turns his, head frequently to his flanks ;
he then falls down, rolls about, and often
turns on his back -, this laft fymptom
proceeds from a floppage of urine, that
almoft always attends this fort of cholic,

which may be increafed bv a load of

- ' ^

dung preffing on the neck of the blad-
der.

Cubbing Thefe are the general fymptoms of
horfes cholic and gripes from wind, drinking
very Tub- ^.QJ^j ^vater when hot, and when the per-

lectto this r • I 1 . • -1 1 *■

cholic. fpii'aole matter is retained, or thrown on
the bowels by catching cold ; in all which
cafes they are violently didended. Crib-
bing horfes are more particularly fubjedl
to this complaint, by reafon they are
conflantly fucking in great quantities of
air.

The cure. 'pj^^ p^,.^ intention is to empty the
firait gut with a fmall hand dipt in oil,
which frequently makes way for the con-
fined wind to difcharge itfelf; and by

eafing

- GRIFES, &c. 135

cafing the neck of the bladder, the fup*
prefTion of urine is taken off, and the horfe
flaks and gets eafe.

Farriers generally flrike a fleam into
the bars of a horfe's mouth, which feems
to be of little or no ufe -, for where a quan-
tity of blood is intended to be taken away,
the veffels of this part are neither large or
numerous enough to furnifli it -, fo that it
is more eligible to take it from the neck
vein, and is always proper in full, fan-
guine, plethoric, young horfes.

The following ball and glyfler feldom
fail of giving relief in thefe cafes.

TAKE Strafburg or Venice turpen- A ball for
tine, and juniper- berries, pounded ^^^ ^!'^^"-

^ of each half an ounce; fal prunella, ^"/^v-^j,
or faltpetre, an ounce; oil of ju-cholic.
niper one dram-, fait of tartar two
drams : make into a ball with any
fyrup. It may be giv^en whole, and
wafhed down with a decodion of
juniper-berries, or a horn or two of
ale.

If the horfe does not break wind, or Remark,
flale plentifully, he will find no relief ;
therefore in an hour or two give him ano-

K 4 ther

136 Of the CHOLIC, or

another ball, and add to it a dram of fait
of amber ; which may be repeated a third
time, if found neceffary. During the fit,
the horfe may be walked and trotted gent-
ly, but fhould by no means be harrafled
beyond his ability, or dragged about till
he isjaded.

A glyfter The following glyfler may be given,
for wind. |3(.|-^e^n xX\{t balls, or alone, and repeated
occafionaily.

TAKE camomile flowers two hand-
fuls; anife, coriander, and fenel
feeds, of each an ounce ; long pep-
per, half an ounce: boil in three quarts
of water to two *, and add Daffy's
elixir, or gin, half a pint -, oil of
amber, half an ounce \ and oil of
camomile, eight ounces..

The fubfequent balls and drink are alfo
very proper for this purpofe, and to re-
move gripes occafioned by drinking cold
water when hot, or catching cold after
violent exercife.

A bsll for TAKE powder of anife, cumin, and
wind.. fennel feeds, of each half an ounce ;

camphor two drams ; pellitory of
Snain, one dram \ oil of juniper, fifty

drops :

GRIPES, G?^. 137

drops : make into a ball with any
fyrup, and wafh it down with a horn
or two of ale.

Or,

TAKE mithridate, or Venice trea-Adrink
. cle, two ounces j Matthews's pill, for the
two drams •, camphor, one dram, ^^°^^*
diflblved in a little fpirit of wine ;
powder of frefh anifeed one ounce ;
or the fame quantity of the cordial
ball ; diflblve in a pint and a half of
ale.

Or,

• TAKE philonium one ounce, or an Another
ounce and half ; tin6ture of fena, or <innk.
Daffy's elixir, and falladoil, of each
half a pint ; give warm for a drink,
and repeat it if neceflary.

Either of thefe medicines are well cal-
culated for this purpofe ; bur, as the in-
gredients may not always be ready at
hand, or procurable, we (hall put down
a couple of drinks, that have frequently
on trial been found fuccefsful, and are
eafily prepared. It is to be obferved, that
the horfe (hould be well rubbed, cloath-
ed, and littered with clean ftraw up to his
belly.

TAKE

13B

OJ the C H 0 L I C, or

Drinks for
the fame
eafily pre-
pared.

TAKE of Caflile foap, or hard foap,
nitre or falt-petre, of each one
ounce; juniper-berries and ginger,
each half an ounce ; Venice tur-
pentine or rofin, difTolved with the
yolk of an egg, ^\^ drams : mix
with a pint and a half of warm ale,
or a decodion of juniper- berries,
with a large onion boiled with them.
This may be repeated twice or
thrice.

Or,

Another. TAKE a pint of brandy, rum, or
geneva, with as much fvveet oil,
and give for a drink. Should this
not fucceed, boil an ounce of pep-
per or ginger in a quart of milk,
and add to it a handful of fait, and
half a pint of oil •, this given warm,
will (according to Burdon) purge
in two or three hours.

S'gns of
a hor fe's
recovery.

The figns of a horfe's recovery, are his
lying quiet, without darting, or tumbling,
and his gathering up his legs and ceafing
to lafh out ; and if he continues an hour
in this quiet poilure, you may conclude
all dapper over.

The

GRIPES, ^c. 139

The next fpecies of choUc we fhall The bi-
defcribe, is the bilious or inflammatory ; ^^0*^5 or
which, befides moil: of the preceding '^^^^^j^^^'
iymptoms^ is attended with a fever, i.^. or
great heat, pantivg and drynefs of the gripes,
mouth •, the horfe alfo generally throws defcribed.
out a little loofe dung, with a hot fcald-
ing water, which when it appears black-
ilh, or of a reddifh colour, and fcctid
fmell, denotes an approaching mortifica-
tion.

In this cafe tlie horfe fiiould immediate- The cure.
ly be bled to the quantity of three quarts :
and it fhould . be repeated, if the fymp-
toms do not abate in few hours. The
emollient glyfter, with two ounces of
nitre diffolved in it, fliould be thrown
np twice a day, to cool the inflamed
bowels ; plenty of gum Arabic water
fhould be taken, and a pint of the fol- '
lovv'ing drink given every two or three
hours, till feveral loofe ftools are pro-
cured ; and then it fhould be given only
night and morning till the diforder is re-
moved.

TAKE fen a three ounces, fait of A cooling
tartar half an ounce •, infufe in a p'jrging
quart of boiling v/atcr an hour or ^'■"^^^''

two ;

140 0//;^^CHOLIC,

two; then ftrain off, and add two
onnces of lenitive eleduary, and four
of Glauber falts.

Badfymp- If this diforder is not removed by thefe
toms. means, but the inflammation and fever
increafe, attended with a difcharge of the
flcfh-coloured water above defcribed, the
event will moft probably be fatal : and
the chief thing to be depended on nov/,
mud be a flrong decodlion of Jefuit's bark,
given to the quantity of a pint every
three hours, with a gill of red Port
wine.

APcrengtli- A quart of the fame may be ufed for a
ningglyf. glyfter, with two ounces of Venice tur-
^^^' pentine, diflblved with the yolks of two

eggs, an ounce of diafcordium, and a
pint of red wine, and given twice a day :
if the horfe recovers, give two or three
mild rhubarb purges.

To a horfe of litde value give the fol-
lowing •, which in thefe cafes has been
found fuccefsful.

An altera- TAKE diapente one ounce, diafcor-
tivehdlL dvum half an ounce, myrrh in pow-

der two drams •, make it into a
ball with two drams of oil of am-
ber,

2

GRIPES, &c: H^

ber, and given twice or thrice a
day.

The laa we fliall defcribe Is the dry ^^^^J'l^
gripes, or the cholic, which arifes often fcribed.
from coftivenefs : it is difcovered by the
horfe's frequent and fruitlefs motion to
dung, the blacknefs and hardnefs of the
dung, the frequent and quick motion of
his tail, the high colour of his urine, and
his great reftlefsnefs and uneafinefs.

In this cafe the ftrait gut Ihould be ex- The cure.^
amined, and emptied with a fmall hand
oiled properly for that purpofe ; the
emollient oily glyfter, p. 23. fhould be
thrown up twice a day ; and the above
purging drink given, till the bowels are
unloaded, and the fymptoms removed.

The diet for a horfe in the gripes jy jj^^^
ihould be fcalded bran, warm water-
gruel, or white water, made by diflblving
tour ounces of gum Arabic in a quart
of water, and mixing it with his other
water.

From this hiftory and divifion of gripes Some pro-
and chohcs, with their different treat- per cauii-
mcnt, it appears how abfolutely^ necef- ^"^s^^"*^
fary it is they fhould be well under-

jftood.

HO OftkCHQLlC, &c.

ftood, in order to be managed fkilfullyl
it is plain too, that violent hot medicines
fhould in every fpecies of this diforder be
guarded againft, and given with grea
caution and diicretion, even in the firft
kind of flatulent cholic, where indeed
they can only be wanted -, yet too often,
when prepared by the farriers, with oil
of turpentine, geneva, pepper", and brine,
&c, they even increafe that diforder, by
Itimukting the neck of the bladder too
forcibly J heating the blood, and inflam-
ing the bowels, till a mortification is
brought on them. Thefe are in general
the conflant appearances of horfes that die
of this diforder, whofe bowels being ex-
amined for that purpofe, have been found
inflamed, full of red and livid fpots, fomc-
times quite blacked, crifped with extreme
heat, and rotten.

CHAP.

t H3 1

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Lax and Scouring, ivilh other
Diforders of the Stomach and
Bowels,

IT /s fometimes a nice matter to form A purging
a proper judgment when to controul"^^^'*
or encourage a loofenefs, but thefc gene-^^'T^^
ral rules may be adiredion : If a healthy ^ '^^^*
full horfe, on taking cold, or upon hard
riding, overfeeding, eating unwholefome
food, or with a flight fever, fhould have
a moderate purging, by no means think
of flopping it ; but rather encourage
it with an open diet, and plenty of
warm gruel : but if it continues long,
with gripings, mucus of the bowels
coming away, and the horfe lofing his
appetite and ?iQ?ny it is then high time
to ^ give him proper medicines : if he
voids great quantities of fiime and greafy
matter, give him the following drench,

and repeat it -every other day for three
times.

TAKE lenitive elecluary and cream An open-
of tartar, of each four ounces ;ing drii^k.

yellow
4

144 ^J ^^^ L^^ ^^^^ Scouring, <Sfr.'

yellow rofin finely powdered, one
ounce ; and four ounces of fweac
oil : mix with a pint of water-gruel.

The following alterative ball alone has
been found fuccefsful for this purpofe,
"when given twice a week, with fcalded
bran and warm gruel.

tiv"etair TAKE Succotrine aloes, half an

ounce ; diapente, one ounce : make
into a ball with the juice of Spanifh
liquorice difTolved in water, and a
Ipoonful of oil of amber.

To this may be added two drams of
myrrh, and a dram of fafrron, and
(where It can be afforded) half an ounce
of rhubarb.

How When the purging is attended with a

whh a ^^^^^' rhubarb Ihould firft be given, to
fever. ^^ quantity of half an ounce, with an
ounce and half of lenitive eledluary : at
night, after the working, give half an
ounce or more of diafcordium in a pint of
red wine mulled with cinnamon, and
repeat it every day, and the rhubarb ball
once in two or three.

But

Qf fi?e Lzx and Scouring^ &c. 14 j

But if the diflemper increafes, the
horfe's flanks and bel!y look full and
diftended, and he appears griped and in
pain, let this glyiler be given, and the
quantity of dialcordium increased to an
ounce, in his night-drink.

TAKE camomile flowers one hand- A reHrin-
ful, red rofes half a handful, pome- S^^'g^y^-
granate and balauftines, of each an ^^'*
ounce i boil in two quarts of water
to one, (train off and diffolve in it
two or three ounces of diafcordium,
and one of mithridate ; to which
may be added a pint of Port wine.
Repeat it once a day.

If the flux continues violent, give an Varioui
ounce of roach-alum, with an ounce reftringcnt
and a half of bole, twice a day : or dif-<innks.
folve double this quantity with two
ounces of diafcordium, and the cordial ball
in two quarts of hartfhorn drink ; to
which may be added a pint of Port ; and
give the horfe three or four times a day
a pint of this drink. For this purpofe
alfo a (Irong decodlion of oak bark may
be given, with either of the above re-
medies, and to the fame quantity ; even

L by

146 OffheLix and Scouring, &c.

by itfelf, it will be found on trial no in*
confiderable remedy.

Particular When the difcharge is attended with
O'mp- an acrid mucus or flime, the griping and
pamsare very levere ; the common lining
of the bowels being wafhed away; in
this cafe the following glyfter fhould
frequently be injedted warm,

T A K E of tripe-liquor or thin ftarch
two quarts, oil of olives half a pint,
the yolk of fix eggs well broke, and
two or three ounces of coarfs
fugar. ,

Thefigns Some horfes having naturally weak
of indi- ftomachs and bowels, throw out their
^^ ^°"* ahment indigefted, their dung is habitu-
ally foft, and of a pale colour, they feed
poorly, and get no flefh : to remedy this
complaint, give the following purge
two or three times, and then the in-
fufion to the quantity of a pint every
morning.

The fio-

niach TAKE Succotrine aloes nx drams,

pur^e. rhubarb powdered three drams,

myrrh and faffron each a dram :
make into a ball with fyrup of gin-
ger.

TAKE

of the Lax and Scouring, t£c. - 147

TAKE zedoary, gentian, Winter's The
bark, and orange peel, of each two ^^mach
ounces ; pomegranate bark and ba-
Jauftine, of each an ounce •, camo-
inile flowers and centaury, each a
handful •, cinnamon and cloves, each
an ounce: infufe in a gallon of Port
or £lrong beer.

The bloody flux is a diflemper horfes q-j^^
are not very fubjecfl to *, however, as it bloody
fometimes does occur, whenever blood fiux de-
is difcharged, attended with gripings, Scribed,
and great pain in bowels, if the flux
is not fpeedily refl:rained, the horfe pro-
bably may foon be lofl; -, we recommend
therefore the following glyller and drink
for that purpofe.

TAKE oak bark four ounces, tor-Areftrin-
mentil root two ounces, burnt hartf- S^'"^ sb'^"
horn three ounces •, boil in three
quarts of forge- water to two : ftrain
oflf, and add two ounces of diafcor-
dium, four ounces of ftarch, and
half a dram of opium.

A glyfter may alfo be prepared with
the fame quantity of fat brorh, flarch,
and opium, in order to plaifter over the

L 2 coat s

148 Of the Lax ajjd Scouring, ^c.

coats of the bowels, and abate their vio-
lent irritations. Alfo,

Are- TAKE foft chalk two ounces, mi-

ftnngmg thridate or diafcordium one ounce,

^^"'^' powder of Indian root half a dram,

liquid laudanum fifty or fixty drops ;
difTolve in a pint of hartfhorn drink,
and add to it four ounces of cinna-
mon water, or red wine. Give it
twice % day,

' Gum Arabic diflblved in hartfhorn
drink, or in common water, fhould be
the horfe's ufual drink.

A necef- Jt may necefiary in this place to
^^^.' ^^^^^" obferve, that thofe fcourings that fucceed
long continued ficknefles, fuch as farcies,
putrid fevers, or an inflamed flate of
blood, where proper bleedings have been
negleded, in general end fatally ; efpe-
cially if the dilcharge is a foetid (lime, of
a dirty brown colour like brine \ and the
fame matter runs from their nofes ; for
in fuch cafes the texture of the blood is
diflblved, and the whole mafs of fluids
is become putrid, and runs off through
thefe outlets : and as they refemble
the coliiquative diarrhoeas that termi-
nate confumptive cafes in the human

body,

Of the Lax and Scouring, &c. 149

body, To like them alfo are they incura-
ble.

When horfes are apt to be coftive. Remedies
from whatever caufe it arifes, gentle ^or cof- ^
openers (hould be given, fuch as cream J^^^^/^^^^ ^"
of tartar, Glauber falts, and lenitive '* «
elecluary : four ounces of any two of
thefe difTolved in warm ale, whey, or
water, given every other morning for
two or three times will anfwer this pur*
pofe ; efpecially if affifted by an oily
emollient glyfter, prepared with a hand-
ful of fait : fcalded bran, or barley, with
an ounce of fenugreek, and linleed, oc-
cafionally given, will prevent this com-
plaint. But where it is conftitmional, obferva-
and proceeds from the power and force tion.
of digeftion in the ftomach and guts, as
itfometimcs happens, and the horfe is
otherwifc in pcrfe6l health, no inconve-
nience will arife from it ; and it is ob-
ferved that fuch horfes are able to endure
great fatigue and labour.

L3 CHAR

[ I50 1

CHAP- XV.
0/ W O R M S ^W B O T S.

The diffe. A UT H O R S have defcribed three
rent kinds f\^ different forts of worms that af-
of worms £^^ horfes, viz. Bots, which young horfes
defcnbed. ^j.^ ^^^^^ troubled with in the fpring :
the RoturJi^ or thofe refen^bhng earth-
worms; and the 4/672n^fJ, or thole about
the fize of the largeft fewing- needle,
with flat heads.

Bots in the The bots which breed in the flomachs
ftomachs Qf horfe% and are fometimes the caufe of
""Lk'hA convulfions, appear to be very large
" maggots, compofed of circular rings,
with little Iharp prickly feet along the
fides of their bellies (like the feet of hcg-
lice) which by their lliarpnels (like the
points of the 'finea needles) feem to be
of ufe to fallen them to the part where
* they breed and draw their nourifliment,
and to prevent their being loofened from
' fuch adhefion, before they come to ma-
turity. The eggs from whence thefe
bots are produced, are difperfed into
clufters all round theiower orifice of the
ilomach, and are laid under the inner

coat.

0/ WORMS and BOTS. 151

coat, or thin membrane of the ftomach-,
fo that when the animals come to form
and life, they burft through this inner
coat with their breech and tail (Irait out-
wards, and their trunks fo fixed into the
mufcular, or llefhy coat of the ftomach,
that it fometimes requires a good pull to
difengage them ; from the blood of this
laft coat they draw their nourifhment,
which they fuck like fo many leeches,
every one ulcerating and purfmg up the
part, where it fixes like a honey-comb:^
and they often make fuch quick havock,
as to deftroy the horfe.

The fymptoms of worms are various, The flgns
The bots that many horfes are troubled ofworms.
with in the besinnino; of the fummer, are
always feen flicking on the flrait gut, and
are often thrufl: out with the dung, with
a yellowifh coloured matter like melted
fulphur •, they are no ways dangerous
there, but are apt to make a horfe reft-
lefs and uneafy, and rub his breech againft
the polls. The feafon of their coming
is ufually in the months of May and June,
after which they are feldom to be ieen,
and rarely continue in any one horfe
above a fortnio-ht or three weeks. Thofc
that take their lodgment in the flomach,
are extremely dangerous, by caufing con-

L 4 vulfionsj

152 (y W O R MS and B O T S.

vulfions; and are.feldom dircovered by
any previous figns before they come
to life, when they throw a horie into vio-
lent agonies. Vide Convulfions. The
other kinds are irore troubjefome than
dangerous j but are known by the fol-
lowing figns. The horfe looks lean and
jaded, his hair ftaresas if he was furfeited,
and nothing he eats makes him thrive •,
he often flrikes his hind feet againft his
beliy, is fomctimes griped, but without
' the violent fymptoms that attend a cholic
or ilrangury , for he never rolls and tum-
bles, but only (hews uneafinefs, and
generally lays himfelf down quietly on his
belly for a little while, and then gets up
and falls a feeding : but the fureft fign is
v/hen he voids them with his dung.

The cure For the cure of bots in the flomach,
of bots. vve have already taken notice that calomel
fhould firft be given in large quantities,
and repeated at proper intervals; vide
p. 88 . i^thiop's mineral, or fome of xh^
under- mentioned forms, may be given
afterwards.

But bots in the flrait gut may be cured
by giving the horfe a ipoonful of favin
cut very fmall, once or twice a day in
his oats or bran moiflened j and three

or

0/ W O R M S afid B O T S. 153

or four cloves of garlic may be added to
advantage. Give alfo aa aloctic purge
between whiles. Ihe following (lands re-
commended. ^

TAKE fine Succotrine aloes, ten a purge
drams ; frelh jalap, one dram , aril- for v.orms
tochia, or birtiiwort and myrrh
pov/dered, of each two drams ; oil
of favin and amber, of each one
dram ; fyrup of buckthorn enough
to form into a ball.

But as the fource of worms in gene- Thegene-
ral proceeds from a vitiated appetite and ral cure of
a weak digeftion, recourfe muft firft be ^^'^''^'^^*
had to mercurials, and afterwards to fuch
things as are proper to ftrengthen the
ftomach, promote digeftion, and by de- '
ftroying the fuppofed ova, prevent the re-
generation of thefe animals. Thus, Mercurial
two drams of calomel may be g-iven with P^'S^^
hair an ounce or diapente, and mixed up
with conferve of wormwood over-night;
and the next morning the above jjiirge :
thefe may be repeated in fix or eight
days. Or the following mercurial purge
may be given, which will be lefs troublc-
fome, and no lefs efficacious.

TAKE

154 Of ^¥ OR MS and B O T S.

A mercu-
rial.

TAKE crude quickfilver, two drams;
Venice turpentine, half an ounce •,
rub the quickfilver till no gliflening
appears : then add an ounce of aloes,
a dram of grated ginger, thirty drops
of oil of favin, and a fufficient quan-
tity of fyrup of buckthorn to make
a ball.

A worm-
powder.

One of thefe balls may be given every
fix days, with the ufual precautions in
regard to mercurial phyfick 5 and thefe
powders intermediately.

TAKE powdered tin and i^thiop's
mineral, of each half an ounce \
give every night in a mafli, or his
corn.

dicines
lecom-
mended

Various The various preparations of antimony
worm me^ jjj^(5 m.ercury mud be given feveral weeks
together, in order to get entire riddance
of thefe vermin. The ^thiop's mineral
may be given to the quantity of half an
ounce a day \ the mercurius alkalifatus
to two drams a day, incorporated with a
bit of cordial ball. The cinnabar pow-
ders, as diredled in the farcy, are no lefs
effedual : and when worms are bred

from high feeding, or

unwho'efome
food.

Of W O R M S and B O T S. 155

food, rue, gailick, tanfy, favin, box,
and many ':ther fimples, may be given
ilicceisfully, being for that purpole mix-
ed with their food ^ as alio, cue to-
bacco, from half an ounce to an ounce a
day.

As the generation of worms perhaps ^^b^adl-
principaily proceeds from a weak fto- ^^^^^
mach, and bad digcifion, if tne horle be
of a tender conftitution, and a bad feed-
er, the following bitter drink fliould be
o-iven to flrengthen his ftomach, and mend
his digeftion ; which will prevent the
formation of thefe animals, intc^oofing
now and then a gentle ftomach p^^rge,
prepared with an ounce and half ot hi:ra
picra made up into a bail, with fyrup of
buckthorn.

TAKE gentian root, zedoary, and Aflc mach
galangals, of each two ounces ; ca- (^i'n^*
momile flowers, and tops of cen-
taury, of each two handfuls ; Jefuit's
bark powdered, two ounces •, filings
of iron half a pound •, juniper-berries
four ounces : infufe in three gallons
of ale for a week, fhaking the veflel
now and then ; and give a pine of
this night and morning.

To

156 Of theY EI.LOW S, or

To anfwer this purpofc alfo, an ounce
of fiiings of fteel, finely powdered, has
been luccefsfully given every day for a
fortnight, or longer, in the horfe's corn.

C H A P. XVJ.

0/-//.'£' YELLOWS, orJAUN-

DICE.

The fym- J J QRSES are frequently fubied to

thejaun- 1 ^ this diflemper : which is known by

dice de- ^ dufky yellownefs of the eyes •, the infide

Icribed. of the mouth and lips, the tongue and

bars of the roof of the mouth, looking

alfo yellow. The horfe is dull, and re-

fufes all manner of food; the fever is

flow, yet both that and the yellownefs

increafe together. The dung is often

hard and dry, of a pale yellow, or light

pate green. His urine is commonly of a

dark dirty brown colour, and when it

has fettled fome time on the pavement,

it looks red like blood. He ftales with

fome pain and difficulty j and if the dif-

temper

JAUNDICE. 157

temper is not checked foon, grows deliri-
ous and frantick. The offTide of the
belly is fometimcs hard and diftended;and
in old horfes, v;hen the liver has been
long difeafed, the cure is Icarce praclica-
ble, and ends fatally with a wafting di-
arrhoea : but whtn the diilemper is recent,
and in young horfes, there is no fear
of a recovery, if the following diredions
are obferved.

Firft of ail bleed plentifully ; and give xhe cure,
the laxative glyfter, p. 34. as horfes are
apt to be very coftive in this diftem-
per ; and the next day give him this
purge.

TAKE of Indian rhubarb, powdered, a nnr^e
one ounce and a half-, faifron, two fbrche
drams •, Succotrine aloes ux drams ; j-undice,
fyrup of buckthorn a fuiHcient quan-
tity.

If the rhubarb fnould be found too
expenfive, omit ir, and add the fame
quantity of cream of tartar, and half an
ounce of Caftile foap, with four drams
more of aloes. This may be repeated
mo or three times, giving intermediately
the foilovv'ing balls and drink.

TAKE

158 <y /Zv Y E L L O W S, or

Tbeo?ea. TAKE of ^thiop's mineral, half an
^^ ounce \ millepedes the fame quanri-

ty ; Caftile foap, one ounce \ make
into a ball, and give one every day,
and walh it down with a pint of this
deco6lion.

Tiieopen- TAKE madder root and turmerick,
lag cm\£. ^^£ g^^,[^ fQ^^j, Qunces •, burdock root

fiiced, half a pound ; Monk's rhu-
barb, four ounces ; liquorice fiiced
two ounces : boil in a gallon of
forge-water to three quarts \ (train
ofi-^ and fweeten with honey.

Balls of Cailile foap and turmerick,
may be given alfo for this purpofe, to
the quantity of three or four ounces a
day \ and will in moft recent cafes fuc-
ceed.

Mercun- gy ^t^^ means the diftemper generally

3iS lonic— 1 . 1 1 • 1 1 J • r

times ne- ^^^'^^^-'^ ^"^ ^ Week ; which may be dilcover-
celTary. cd by an alteration in the horfe's eyes
and mouth ; but the medicines muft be
continued till the yellownefs is entirely
removed. Should the diftemper prove
obitinate, and not fubmit to this treat-
ment, you muft try more potent reme-
dies, viz. mercurial phyfick repeated

two

JAUNDICE. 159

two or three times at proper intervals ;
and then the following balls.

TAKE fait of tartar two ounces, cin- Alterative
nabar of antimony four ounces, balls for
live millepedes and filings of fleel, ^^^ J^""^"
of each three ounces : faffron half ^^^*
an ounce, Caflile or Venice foap
half a pound : make into balls the
fize of a pullet's egg with honey,
and give one, night and morning,
with a pint of the above drink.

It will be proper on his recovery to
give two or three mild purges, and if a
full fat horfe, to put in a rowel.

CHAP. xvir.

Of the Dijorders of the Kidneys and

Bladder.

*Tr H E figns of the kidneys being hurt x^e fym-
^ or affeSed, are a weaknefs of the ptoms
back and loins, difficulty of flaling, ofhurts In
faintnefs, lofs of appetite, and deadnefs ^^^ ^^'"'
in the eyes j the urine is thick, foul, and ^^'

fometimea

1 6o 0/ the Di I orders of,

fometimes bloody, efpecially a^ter a vio-
lent drain. A horfe difeafed in his kid-
neys can fcldom back, that is, move
ftraight backwards, without pain, which is
vifibJe as foou as he is put to the trial : the
fame thing is obfervable indeed in horles,
whofe backs have been wrang and wrench-
ed, but with this difference, that in the
latter there is feldom any defed; or altera-
tion in the urine, exeept that it is higher
coloured.

r

The re- Bleeding is the prime remedy, and
^^^^>'' that plentifully, in order to prevent in-
flammation, and the more fo, if a fever
attends a difiiculty in ftaling, for then
we may lufpc61: the kidneys already in-
flamed. A. rowel in the belly has been
found ufeful, and the following balls
may be given twice or thrice a day, with
a pint of marfli-mallow decodlion, in
v/hich half an ounce of gum Arabic is dif-
lulved, with an ounce of honey.

mn?, ball.

Aarength. JAKE Lucatelli's balfam cfic ounce,
fpcrma ceii fix drams, fal prunelliE
half an ounce \ mix into a ball with
honey : if the urine is bloody, add
half an ounce of Japan earth.

Should

the Kidneys and Bladder. 1 6 1

Should the fever continue, bleed
largely, give emollient glyfters, and the
cooling opening drink, p. 32. till ic
abates.

If the urine pafles with difficulty and
pain, notwithftanding thefe means, give
this ball, and repeat it twice or thrice a
day, till the horfe flales freer and with-
out pain, his urine becomes of a right
confidence, and is free from any purulent
fettlement.

TAKE balfam of Copivi, or Straf- A diuretic
burgh turpentine, and Venice foap, ^^^'
of each one ounce •, nitre fix drams,
myrrh powdered two drams ; make
into a baii with honey, and wafh it
down with the marfh- mallow decoc-
tion,

Bwt if this- method fhould not be fiic- obferva-
cefsful, and the urine continues turbid, tlon,
grows coffee- coloured or foetid, the horfe
lofing his appetite and flefh ; it is a fure
fign of ulceration in the kidney; which
if the above remedies do not foon remove,
you may depend on it tire horfe will go
into a confumption, and is incurable.

M As

1 6 2 Of the Diforders of the

Tho^cauf- As afupprefTiCQ of urine arifes fome-
^r'iHouof^*'"^'^^ from an intiammation of the kid-
urine/^ ^'^y ' f^^ ^^ others, from a paralytic dif-
order, dilabling them in their office of
feparating the urine from the blood \ in
this latter cafe the bladder is ufually emp-
ty, fo that a horfe will make no motions
to dale, and if he continues a few days
in this condition, his body will (well to
a great degree, breakingout in blotches
all over, and death will foon clofe the-
fcene.

The cure. If it arifes from inflammation, . bleed
largely^ and treat the horfe as above re-
commended ; but if not, give fiimulating
glyfters, and llrong diuretics, fuch as
the following balls, once in four hours ;
for if a horfe dales not in thirty hours,
his danger mud be great.

A riimu- TAKE juniper-berries powdered one

' latingdiu- ounce, fal prunellas fix drams, ethe-

retic ball. real oil of turpentine half an ounce,

camphor one dram, oil of juniper
two drams ; make into a ball with
honey, and give after it three or
four horns. of the marfh- mallow de-
Goftion and honey.

Or,

kidneys <J«</ Bladder. 163

Or,

TAKE fquills powdered two or three Another,
drams, nitre half an ounce, or fix
drams ; make into a ball with ho-
ncyi

Or,

The following, which is more forcing,
and fhould be given with caution,

TAKE cantharides well dried, from Another
one fcruple to half a dram •, cam- ^^^J|][°/*
phor diflblved in oil of almonds, ^[^„
from one dram to two ; nitre and
Venice foap, of each an ounce ; miX
into a ball with fyrup of mar(h-mal-
lows.

"When this lad ball is given, the horfc
fliould be made to drink plenty of water,
with gum Arabic diflblved in it ; the fol-
lowing glyfter may alfo be given at the
fame time.

TAKE of Barbadoes aloes two ^(^jj^^j^^^
ounces j the fame quantity of Venice ting gly
turpentine, beat up with the yolks fter.
of two eggs : jalap powdered two
drams; juniper and bay- berries,
each a handful, bruifed and boiled
M 2 in

164 Of the D if orders of the.

in two quarts of a deco6lion of mal-
lows ; flrain off, and mix by degrees
with the above, to which add a pint of
linfeed oil.

I

An em- If the complaint is not removed by

^^?ft-^°" thefe means, rub the horfes reins well
htine"^"* with two parts of oil of turpentine, and
poultice. ^^^ of oil of amber; and apply a poultice
of garlick, horfe-radifh, muftard feed,
camphor, and green foap, fpread on thick
cloth, over them. Give the horfe alfo
two drams of calomel over night, and a
moderate purge the next morning. Thefe,
perhaps, are the chief and beft remedies
that can be given in this generally fatal
diforder.

The Aran- When t\\t ftrangury in a horfe does not
gury how arife from wind, or dung prefling on the
to be j^^^i^ ^jT j.|^g bladder (as Was obferved in

the chapter on cholick) the caufe is from
inflammation, or too long a retention of
the urine. Such horfes make frequent
motions to ftale, (land wide and Itrad-
dling, are full, and have their flanks dif-
tended. In this cafe bleed largely ; give
the following drink, and repeat it every
two hours, for two or three times, till the
horfe is relieved.

take;

Kidneys and Bladder ' 1 6 j

TAKE Venice turpentine broke with A drink
the yolk of an egg one ounce, nitre ^^^^^^
or Jal prunella fix drams, half a ^^"S"^y«
pint of fweet oil, and a pint of white
wine.

If this drink fhould not have the defired
effedl, the diuretic ball above mentioned
may be given in the fame manner, omit-
ting the myrrh.

Give the horfe "plenty of the marfh-
mallow decoction -, in a quart of which .
diflblvean ounce of nitre and gum Arabic,
and two of honey. . -

Horfes fubject to a diabetes, or profufe Adiabetes
flaling, if old, or of weak conPcitution, how treat-
are feldom cured ; they foon lofe their ^'^^
flefh and appetite, grow feeble, their
coat ftaring, and they die rotten. Of a
young horfe there are more hopes •, but
he mud not be indulged with too much
water, or moill food. Give him the fol-
lowing :

TAKE Jefuit's bark four ounces, a drink
. biftort and tormentil root of each for a dia-
two ounces ; boil in two gallons of ^^^^^2'
lime-water to the confumption of
M 3 half,

l65 OftheDiforders, Sec

half, and give a pint three times ^
day.

Others for Let the horfe drink two or three quarts
that pur- a day of lime-water •, and if thefe mcdi-
P°^^* cines fhould not fucceed, give a quart of

ftrong alum poflfet, three pr four times a

day.

This method is proper alfo for a horfc
who (tales blood ; or the following balls
may be given for that purpofe, if the
bleeding is profufe.

Balls for TAKE bole armoniac one ounce,
f J^^"? Japan earth half an ounce, roach-al-

lum two drams, elixir or vitriol one
dram ; make into a ball with con-
ferve of rofes, and give it every fix
hours.

As this diforder generally proceeds from
too violent exercife, over- draining, &c.
repeated bleedings in fmall quantities are
abfolutely neceffary, till the mouths of the
ycflels clofe up.

CHAP.

CHAP. XVIII.
OJ MOLTEN-GREASE,

B

Y molten -greafe is meant a fat or Molten-
oily difcharge witii the dung, and g^^^^^
ariles from a colliquation or melting ^ ^^*
down of the fat of the horfe*s body, by
violent exercife in very hoc weather. It The fym-
is always attended with a fever, heat, ptonis*
reftleffnefs, darting, and tremblings,
great inward ficknefs, fhortnefs of breath,
and fometimes with the fymptoms of a
pleurify. His dung will be extremely
greafy, and he will fall into a fcouring^
his blood will have a thick fldn or iat
over it when cold, of a white or yellow
hue, but chiefly the latter ; the con-
gealed part, or fedimenr, is commonly a
mixture of fize and greafe,- which makes
it fo extremely flippery, that it will not
adhere to the fingers, and the fmall por«
tion of ferum feels alfo flippery and clam-
my. The horfe foon lofes his flefh and
fat, which probably is diflJblved and ab-
forbed into the blood : and thofe that
furvive this fliock, commonly grow hide-
bound for a time, their legs fwejling

M 4 both

i68 Of MOLTEN-GREASE.

both before and behind, and continue in
this dare till the blood and juices are
redified ; and if this is not done efFedlu-
ally. the farcy, or fome obftinate fur-
feic, generally follows, very difficult to
remove.

The cure. \^ the firfl: place bleed plentifully, and
repeat it for two or three days fucceffive-
]y in fmaller quantities ; two or three row-
els fhould alio be immediately put in,
and the cooling emollient glyfters, p. 34.
daily thrown up to abate the fever, and
drain off the greafy matter from the in-
teftines. By the mouth give plenty of
warm water, or gruel, with cream of tar-
tar, or nitre, to dilute and attenuate the
blood ; which in this caie is greatly dif-
pofed to run into grumes, and endanger a
totalftagnation.

purging When the fever is quite gone off, and
wlien ne- ^\^^ horfe has recovered his appetite, gen-
tle aloetic purges fhould be given once a
vv'eek, for a month or fix weeks, in order
to bring down the fwelled legs ; but if
the purgative ingredient does not exceed
half an ounce, or fix drams of fine aloes,
5t only opens the belly gently *, and, with
the other medicines joined with it, pafTes
into the blood, adls as an alterative, and

operates

0/MOL TEN-GREASE. 169

operates both by urine and per fpi ration ;
as will appear by the horff's (laiing plen^
tifully, and the kindly feel of his fkin.
To this end give the following, which,
repeated for fome time, will entirely re-
move this diforder.

TAKE of Succotrine aloes fix drams, An altera,
of gum guaiacum powdered half an tive pangs
ounce, of diaphoretic antimony, and
powder of myrrh, of each two drams:
make into a ball with fyrup of buck-
thorn.

Or, it may be prepared with an ounce
of aloes, Cix drams of diapente, and a
fpoonful of oil of amber.

Thefe will fcldom take a horfe from
his bufinefs above two or three days in a
week ; neither will he lofe his flefh or ap-
petite with them •, bur, on the contrary,
mend in both : which cannot be obtained
by any other method of p^^rging *, and
gives this greatly the preference in many-
cafes.

Two ounces of nitre mixed up into a Alterative
ball with honey, and a dram of camphor, balls.
will alfo be found an excellent nriedicine
for this purpofe, as it will powerfully
attenuate the blood, and promote the

due

J 70 Q/' Surfeits, Mange, and

due fecretions ; to which end it fliould be
given every day for a fortnight, or three
weeks.

CHAP. XIX.

Of Surfeits, Mange, and Hide-
Bound.

SUrfeits arife from various caufes : but
are commonly the effeds of fome
difcafes not attended to, or that have been
ill cured.

Surfeits A horfe is faid to be furfelted, when
dcfcribed. his coat flares, and looks rufty and dirty,
though proper means has not been want-
ing to keep him clean. The fkin is full
of fcales and dander, that lays thick and
mealy among the hair, and is conftantly
fupplied with a frefh fuccefTion of the
fame, for want of due iranfpiration.
Some horfes have hurdles of various fizes,
like peas or tares •, feme have dry fixecl
fcabs all over their limbs and bodies :
others a moifture, attended with heat and
inflammation 3 the humours being fo

Iharp,

Hide-Bound. 171

fliarp, and violently itching, that the
horfes rub fo incefTantly, as to make
themfelves raw. Some have no eruptions
at all, but an unwholefome look, and are
dull, fluggifh, and lazy j fome appear
only lean and hide-bound i others have
flying pains and lamenefs, refembling a
rheumatifm : fo that in the furfeits of
horfes, we have almolt all the different
fpecies of the fcurvy and other chronical
(diltempers.

The following method is ufually at- The cure,
tended with fuccefs in the dry fpecies.
Firft take away about three or four pounds
of blood ; and then ^ive the following
mild purge, which will work as an altera-
tive, and fhould be repeated once a week,
or ten days, for fome time.

TAKE Succotrine aloes fix drams, or An altera-
one ounce ; gum guaiacum half an tivepurge.
ounce •, diaphoretic antimony, and
powder of myrrh, of each two drams:
make into a ball with fyrup of buck-
thorn.

In the interniediate days, an ounce of
the following powder fhould be given,
morning and evening in his feeds.

TAKE

ceis.

172 Of Surfeits, Mange, and

Thcalter- TAKE native cinnabar, or cinnabar
atjvep^v- of antimony, finely powdered, half

a pound ; crude antimony, in fine
powder, four ounces ; gum guaia-
cum alfo in powder, four ounces :
make into fixteen dofes for eight
days.

This medicine mud be repeated till the
horfe coats well, and all the fymptoms of
furfeit difappear. If the horfe is of fmall
value, two or three common purges fhould
be given, and half an ounce of antimony,
with the fame qauntity of fulphur, twice
a day, or the alterative balls with camphor
and nitre, as direded in the preceding
chapter.

If the little fcabs on the fkin do not
peel ofi^, anoint them with the mercurial
ointment ; during the time of ufing
which, it will be proper to keep the
horfe dry, and to give him warm water.
This ointment properly rubbed into the
blood, with the affiilance of purging
phyfick, has frequently cured thefe kind
cf forfeits, without any other affift-
a nee.

The

Hide-bound, 175

The wet furfelt, which is no more than The raoia
a moift running fcurvy, appears on dif- ^ ^^j
ferent parts of the body of a horfe, at- ^^* ^ '
tended fometimes with great heat and in-
flammation ; the neck oftentimes f.vells
Co in one night's time, that great quan-
tities of a hot briny humour iflues forth,
which, if not allayed, will be apt to col-
lect on the poll or whithers, and produce
the poll- evil or fiflula. This difeafe alfo
frequently attacks the limbs, where it
proves obftinate, and hard to cure ; and
in feme horfes fhews itfelf fpring and
fall.

In this cafe bleed plentifully, avoid T^scure.
externally all repellers, and give cooling
phyfick twice a week j as, four ounces
of lenitive eledluary, with the fame quan-
tity of cream of tartar •, or the latter, with '
four ounces of Glauber falts, quickened,
if thought proper, with two or three
drams of powder of jalap, diflblved ia
water-gruel, and given in a morning
fading.

After three or four of thefe purges Nitre re-
two ounces of nitre made into a ball with comiu«u«l-
honey, may be given every morning for^^*

'* '■ ' a fort-

174 C/ Surfeits, Mange, and

2L fortnight \ and> if attended with fuccels,
repeated for a fortnight longer.

How The powders above-mentioned may

given. alfo be given with the horfe's corn ; or ^
ilrong decodLton of guaiacum fhavings^
or logwood, may be given ilone to the
quanticy of two quarts a day. ThefCi
and indeed all alterative medicines, muft
be continued for a long time, where the
diforder proves obflinate.

Hide- The diet (hould be cool and opening,

bound, as fcalded bran or barley ; and if the
how treat- j^Qj.fg \^ hide-bound, an ounce of fenu-
greek feeds fhould be given in his feeds
for a month or lono-er: and, as this dif-
order often proceeds from worms, give
the mercurial phyfick too, and afterwards
the cinnabar powders, as above direded ;
but as in general it is not an original dif-
eafe, but a fymptom only of many, in
the cure, regard muft be had to the firft
caufe : thus, -is it is an attendant on fur-
feits, fevers, worms, i^c. the removal
of this complaint muft be variouflyef-
fedled.

The ^" a mangy horfe the fkin is generally

mange de- tawny, thick, and full of wrinkles, efpe-
fcribed. cially about the mane, the loins, and tail ;

and

Hide-Bound, 17^

and the little hair that remains in thofc
parts {lands almofl: always ftraight out or
briflly : the ears are commonly naked and
without hair, the eye and eyebrows the
famej and when it affcdbs the limbs, ic
gives them the fame afpe<51: ; yet the fkiri
is not raw, nor peels off, as in the hot in-
flamed furfeit.

Where this diftemper is caught by in- Ho-y?
fe6i:ion, if taken in time, it is very eafily cuici,
cured : and I would recommend a ful-
phur ointment as moPc effedual for that
purpofe, rubbed in every day. To purify
and cleanfe the blood, give antimony and
fulphur for feme weeks after. There are
a great variety of external remedies for
this purpofe, fuch as train-oil and gun-
pow^der, tobacco fteeped in chamber- lye,
tjfc. Soleyfel recommends the follow-
ing.

TAKE burnt alum and borax In OFntmeai
fine powder, of each two ounces j ^or the
white vitriol and verdigreafe pow- "^^''-S^*
dered, of each four ounces; put
them into a clean pot, with two
pounds of honey, ftirring till they
are incorporated ; when cold,, add
two ounces of ftrong aqua forcis.

But

176 Of Surfeits, Mange, and

. But when this diforder is con trailed by
low feeding, and poverty of blood, the
diet mud be mended, and the horfe pro-
perly indulged with hay and corn. The
following ointments are effedlually ufed
for this diforder, rubbed into the parts
afFeded every day.

for the
mange.

Omtments TAKE powdered brimftone, train-oil,
and tar, or each equal quantities ; to
which may be added ginger,, or white
hellebore.

Or,

TAKE fulphur vivum half a pound,
crude fal Armoniac one ounce, hogs-
lard, or oil, a fufHcient quantity to
form into an ointment.

Or,

TAKE qulckfilver, and oil of vitriol,
of each one ounces hogs-lard one
pound, fuiphur vivum tour ounces,
oil of turpentine one ounce and
half.

Thefe are both very powerful remedies
for this diforder, and can fcarce fail of
fuccefs.

ct To

Hide-Bound, 177

To the two firft, occaflonally, may be
added a third part of mercurial ointment;
but as fulpher is in general allowed to be
the fpecific in the itch, and being found
both more fafe and efficacious than mer-
cury, fo we apprehend it will fufficiently
anfwer the purpofe here; for as this dis-
order feems bed accounted for by Lewen- Obferva-
hoeck, from certain fmall infedls he dif- tion.
covered in the puftules by the microfcope;
fo it feems as if they were deftroyed by
the fleams of brimftone, though only »

raifed by the heat of the body; for in the
human body, the itch may be cured by
partial fulphureous un(5lions on the legs
only; but where the mange proves ob-
ilinate in horfes, let the parts be wafhed
with the fubHmate water in Chap, xxv.
before the application of the ointment,
and fubjoin the internal ufe of fulphur,
in order to diffufe the fleams more cer-
tainly through the fkin ; there being
reafon to believe, as in the itch, that the
animalcula may fomctimes lie too deep,
to be thoroughly deftroyed by external
appjicauons only.

N C H A P.

[ ^78]

CHAP. XVIL
Of the FARCIN or FARCY-

The farcy ^TT^ H E true farcy is properly a diflem-
defcribed. J_ per of the blood veirels, which
generally follows the track of the veins,
and when inveterate, thickens their coats
and integuments, fo that they become
like fo many cords. 1 fhall not defcribe
the different forts of farcies, feeing they
are only degrees of one and the fame
diftemper-, but proceed to paint the
didemper by its fymptoms, which are
pretty manifeft to the eye.

Thefymp. At firft one or miOre fmall fwellings,
touis. or round buds like grapes or berries,
fpring out over the veins, and are often
exquilitely painful to the touch-, in the
beginning they are hard, but foon turn
into foft blifters, v/hich, when broke,
difcharge an oily or bloody ichor, and
turn into very foul and ill-di'pofed ulcers.
In fome horfes it appears on the head
only, in fome on the external jugular;
in others on the plate vein, and runs
downwards on the infidc of the fore- arm

towards

©/ the FARCIN or FARCY. 179

towards the knee, and very often upwards
towards the brifket; in fome the farcy
fhews itfelf on the hind parts, about the
pafterns, and along the large veins on the
infide of the thigh, rifing upwards into
the groin and towards the (heath ; and
fometimes the farcy makes its appearance
on the flanks, and fpreads by degrees to-
wards the lower belly, where it often be-
comes very troublefome.

When the farcy appears on the head When
only, it is eafily cured; efpecially when "^°^^ ^^;
it is feated in the cheeks and forehead, ^^'^^^^®-
the blood-vefiels being here fmali; but
it is more difficult when it affedls the lips,
the noftrils, the eyes, and kernels under
the jaws, and other foft and loofe parts,
efpecially if the neck vein becomes cord-
ed. When it begins on thie outfide of the
fhoulder or hips, the cure is feidom diffi-
cult ; but when the farcy arifes on the
plate vein, and that vein fwclls much,
and turns corded, and the glands or
kernels under the arm -pit are affeded,
it is hard to cure \ but more fo when the
crural veins within-fide of the thigh
are corded and befet with buds, which
affedt the kernels of the groin, and the
cavernous body of the yard. When the
farcy begins on the pafterns or 'lower

N 2 limb^

i8o Of the FARCIN or FARCY.

limbs, it often becomes very uncertain
unlefs a timely (lop is put to it i for the
fwelling in thofe dependent parts gro\vs
fo excelTively large in fome conftitutions,
and the limbs fo much disfigured thereby
with foul fores and callous ulcerations,
that fuch a horfe is feldom fit for any
thing afterwards, but the meanefl drudg-
ery: but it is always a promifing fign,
wherever the farcy happens to be fituate,
if it fpreads no further. It is ufual to af-
fect only one fide at a time, but when it
paiTcs over to the other, it fhews great
malignancy, when it arifes on the fpines,
it is then for the moft part dangerous,
and is always more fo to horfes that are
fat and full of blood, than to thofe that
are in a more moderate cafe. When the
farcy is epidemical, as ibmetimes hap-
pens, it rifes on feveral parts of the body
at once^ forms r.afty foul ulcers, and
makes a profufe Tunning of green ifh
bloody matter from both noftrils j and
foon ends in a miferable rot.

General From this defcription of the farcy, it
fpecifics will appear how greatly thofe may be
of little, difappointed, who depend on fome fingle
fpecific drink or ball for a certain cure;
for the fymptoms are fometimes fo fa-
vourable, that it is eafily conquered by a

very

Of the FARCIN or FARCY. i8r

very fimple management*, and when it
arifes fuperficiaily upon the fmaller vef-
fels, it will often so off with moderate
labour v/ithout any other means than
bleeding. Such inflances as thefe may
eafily give a reputation to things of no
great efficacy, and bring them into
efteem-, but whoever has acquired any
true notion of the farcy, will know that
this diftemper is not to be conquered but
by fuch things as are fitly adapted to the
various fymptoms that occur in the diffe-
rent ftages of it. To avoid therefore the
perplexity that arifes from the various
complications fo ufual in the farcy, we
fhall confider it in its different dates, or
degrees, viz, when it feizes only the
fmaller vefltls; when the larger veins are
corded, and the it(tx^ paflerns, and
flanks affeded ; and laftly, when the
farcy, beginning on one fide only, breaks
out on the other alfo, and affects the
whole body.

When the farcy makes its firft ap- xhe firft
pearance on the head, it rifes on the finge of
cheeks and temples, and looks like a net- the farcy.
work, or fmall creeping twigs full of
berries. Sometimes it inflames the eye,
and fometimes little bliflers or buds run
along the fide of the nofe. It arifes often

N 2 on

iSa Of the FARCIN Or FARCY.

on the outfide of the fhoulder, running
along the fmall veins with heat and in-
flammation; and fometimes a few fmall
buds appear near the withers, and on the
outfide of the hip. In all thefe ap-
pearances, the difeafe being fuperficial,
and affeding only the fmaller veflel, is
eafily conquered by the following me-
thod, when taken in time •, for the fym-
pleil: farcy, if negleded, may degenerate
into the worft lore.

Bleeding This didemper then being of an in-
almoftai- fiammacory nature, and in a particular
^^J} "^" manner affeding the blood-veffels, mud
necefTarily require large bleeding, parti-
cularly where the horfe happens to be
fat and full of blood. This always checks
the beginning of a farcy, but is of fmall
fervice afterwards; and if a horfe is low
in fiefh, the lofs of too much blood fome-
times proves injurious. After bleeding,
let the horfe have four ounces of cream
of tartar and lenitive eleifluary; which
may be given every other day for a week,
to cool the blood, and open the body;
and then give nitre three ounces a day,
for three weeks, or a month; and anoint
the buds and fweliings with the following
ointment twice a day.

TAKE

Of the FARCIN or FARCY. 183

TAKE ointment of elder four ounces, An ©Int-
oil of turpentine two ounces, fugar "^^"^ ^Q**
of lead half an ounce, white vitriol ^ ^ ^ ^*
powdered two drams; mix together
in a gallipot.

The buds fometimes by this method
are difperfed, leaving only little bald
fpots, which the hair foon covers agair».
When they break and run, if the matter
be thick and well digefled, they will
foon be well ; but in order to confirm
the cure, and to difperfe fome little
Jumps which often remain for fome time
on the fKin without hair, give the liver Liver of
of antimony for a month ; two ounces antimony
a day for a fortnight, and then one a ^ccom-
day for the other fortnight: by follow- "''"'^''^•
ing this method, a farcy which affedls
only the fmall vefiels, may be (lopped in
a week or ten days, and foon after fbtally
eradicated.

When the farcin affedls the larger When th«
blood veflels, the cure is more difficult; I^^rger
but let it always be attempted early : ^^"f ^j"*
therefore, on the plate, thigh or neck ^^^ ^^^^
veins appearing corded, bleed imme- is more
diately on the oppofite ?i^^.^ and apply difficult
the following to the corded vein.

N 4 TAKE

1 84 Of the FARCIN or FARCY.

Mini- TAKE oil of turpentine in a pint

mentto bottle fix ounces ; oil of vitriol three

anoint the , , -i r • • , .

corded ounces ; drop the Oil or vitriol into

veins. the oil of turpentine by little at a

time, otherwife the boitle will burfl;

when it has done fmoking, drop in

more oil of vitriol, and fo on till

all is mixed.

This mixture is one of the bed univer-
fals in a beginning farcy, but where it is
feated in loofe fieihy parts, as the flanks
or belly, equal parts of the oil of vitriol
and turpentine are necelTary.

How Rub the parts fird with a woollen

ufcd. cloth, and then apply fome of the miX'
ture over the buds, and wherever there
is any fweiling, tvvice a day. Give the
cooling phyfick every other day, and
then three ounces of nitre every day for
fome time. This method muft be con-
tinued till the buds digeft, and the cord
diiTolvesj and when the fores run plenti-
fully, tiie matter digefts well, and the
lips and edges are no ways thick or cal-
lous, may expect a fpeedy recovery ;
yet to confirm the cure, and prevent a
lelapfe, give the liver of antimony, or
crude antimony, as above directed \ and

to

Of the FARCIN or FARCY. 185

to heal the fores and fmooth the fkin,
drefs with bees-wax and oil.

"When the farcy begins on the flanks, The farcy
or towards the lower belly, it often takes on^the
its rile from a fingle punfture of a iharp ^f^^^i^
fpur. The pain and fmarting is one fure of cure,
fign to diftinguifh the farcy from com-
mon accidents : the daring of the hair,
v^hich Hands up like a tuft all round the
buds or blilters, and the matter that
iffues from the buds, which is always
purulent and of a clammy, greafy con-
fidence, are other certain figns. After
bathing with the mixture above-men-
tioned till the ulcers are fmooth and heal-
ing, fhould the fwelling not fubfide, to
prevent the fpreading of the buds, and
to difperfe them, bathe with either of
thefe mixtures as far as the center of the
belly j and at the fame time give a cojrfe
of antimonials, as will prefently be pre-
fcribed.

TAKE fpirits of wine four ounces ; ^'^<^"^|-

., ^ . * . , , . r 1 ent ana

oil or vitiiol and turpentine, or each repellin<T
two ounces; white wine vinegar or waHies.
verjuice, fix ounces.

Or,

1 86 . Of the FARCIN or FARCY.

Or the following:
TAKE fpirits of wine redlified four
ounces, camphor half an ounce,
vinegar or verjuice fix ounces, white
vitriol difTolved in four ounces of
fpring water, one ounce , mix to-
gether.

The farcy In the lower limbs the farcy lies, fomc-
liowdi(- times concealed for a great while, and
ed"fro'' ' niakes fo flow a progrefs, that it is often
thegreafe. mifti^kcn for greafe, or for a blow or
kick, and goes by the general appellation
of an humour fettled there. In order
to diftinguifh the one from the other,
we fliall obferve, that a kick or bruife
is generally attended with a fudden fwel-
ling, or a contufed wound, which for the
moft part digefts eafily: the greafe is al-
fo a fmooth fwelling that breaks cut above
the bending of the pafterns backwards;
but the farcy begins on the paftern joint
ufually with one bud, and runs upwards
like a knotty crab-tree.

^^ Very fimple means has fometimes (lop-

ncralme- P^d it, before it has begun to fpread;
thod of a poultice with bran and verjuice bound
core. round the part, and renewed once a day,
will often alone fucceed^ and if proud

flefh

Of the FARCIN cr FARCY. 187

fiefh (hould arife, touch it with oil of vi-
triol, or aqua fonis, an hour before you
apply the poultice; for when the diftem-
per is local, as we fuppofe it here, it is
to be conquered by outward applica-
tions.

When the didemper grows inveterate,
and refifts the obove method, and the
vcflels continue corded, Gibfon recom-
mends the following mixture.

TAKE linfeed oil, half a pint; oilAmixture
of turpentine and petre, of each ^^'^ *° ^°"
three ounces; tindlure of euphor- J^^^*^^^^
bium and hellebore, of each two
drams : the foldier's ointment, two
ounces, or oil of bays; oil of ori-
ganum, half an ounce; double aqua
fortis, half an ounce; afcer t\\^
ebullition is over, add two ounces of
Barbadoes tar.

Rub this into the corded veins, and
w^herever there is a fwelling, once in two
or three days; but if the orifices are
choaked up with proud flefh. or the
fkin fo much thickened over the ulcers How tTie
as to confine the matter, in either. cafe it ^"*^* , ,

rr ^ 1 fr filOuld be

is neceflary to make an open P^^^g^dreiTcd
v/ith a fmall hot iron, and deftroy the

1 proud

j88 Of the FARCIN or FARCY.

proud fle(h, after which it may be kept
down by touching with oil of vitriol,
aqua fortis, or butter of antimony. A
falve may alfo be prepared with quick-
filver and aqua fortis, rubbing any quan-
tity of the former with enough of the
latter to the confidence of a liniment -,
fmear the ulcers with this whenever they
appear foul, and you will find it prefera-
ble to moil other eating medxines.

Cautions Our farriers, after opening the buds,
in regard p^^ jj^ ufually a fmall quantity of corro-
to the ufe ^^^^^ fublimate or arfenick, which they call

of lubii- . 1 r 1 • r

mate. conng out the larcy: this may anlwer
"where the buds are few, and not fituated
near large blood-vefiTels, joints, or ten-
dons ; others ufe roman vitriol, or fub-
limate and vitriol, in equal quantities ;
but let it be remembered, that many a
horfe has been poifoned by thefe medi-
cines ignorantly ufed, and in too large
quantities \ which fliould be a caution to
huntfmen not to fuffer their hounds to
feed on the carcafes of farcied horfes, as
the greatefl part of a pack have been poi-
foned by that m»eans.

Very dcf- I fhall now mention fome of the def-
perare perate methods, and more violent kinds
methods ^f niedicines eiven by fome internally :
"^^^"^ ^ 4 thus,

Of the FARCIN or FARCY. 1S5

thus, from four to eight ounces of lapis the cure
calaminaris, to which two ounces of tutty of the
finely powdered is added, with other me- ^^^^7*
tallic fubftances, have been given. Some
give a pound of barrel foap boiled in dale
beer, with favin, rue, and other herbs '
of that intention. Others go , yet fur-
ther, being determined to kill or cure,
by giving drinks prepared with green
vitriol, roach-allum, Roman vitriol, oil
of vitriol boiled in chamber- lye, with
hemp-feed, hemlock and common fait.
Thofe who ufe nothing but the decodti-
ons or juices of herbs, fuch as wormwood,
rue, or elder particularly, ftand a much
better chance for a cure, if given in
time-, but when the diftemper is grown
inveterate, nothing comes in competi-
tion with mercurial and antimonial medi-
cines.

The following balls are proper in every
flate of the farcy, and when the diftem-
per has been in its infancy, before the
ikin was much defaced, has often cured
it in a week or two, by giving them only
once or twice a day : but in an old farcy
they fhould be given for two or three
months together, '

TAKE

ipo OJ the FARCIN or FARCY.

The alte- ^^ A K E of native cinnabar, or cin-
rative nabar of antimony^ eight ounces ;

*^^- . long birthwort and gum guaiacum

powdered of each four ounces;
make into a parte with honey, and
form into balls of the iize of a large
walnut, and roll them in liquorice
pOiWder.

Mercuri- The tcdioufnefs of this courfe has en-
alsgene- couragq^ the giving of mercurials, and
rally fac- indeed where they are diredled with fkill,
when ^^^y "^^^ ^^ attended with fu cce fs ;
gj'v^en ^^^ ftronger preparations, as the red and
wiih feill. white precipitates, and turbith, being com-
bined with fharp faline parts, may be
hazardous aud injurious ; but the latter
given in fmall quantities have been found
very fuccefsful in fuch kind of inveterate
diforders. Mr. Gibfon fays, he has given
it to a dram at a dofe, where the limbs
have been greatly fwelled; that in forty-
eight hours the fores were all dried up,
and the limbs reduced : but that it made
the horfe fo violently fick for feveral days,
and fcoured him to fuch a degree, that it
could not be repeated.

Turbith One would ha)*e thought that the fuc-

(hould be cefs attending this medicine fo fuddenly,

given m tnight have encouracred Gibfon to have

*"*'• ° . - made

Of the FARCIN or FARCY. igt

made further trials in fmaller quantities, quantities
which had he done, it is more than pro- ^^^ ^^"^^«
bable he would nor have been difappoint-
cd: for the grand fecret in giving mer-
curials as alteratives, is the introducing
them into the blood, without operating
on the ftomach and bowels ; and to A<^
this effectually, they miUft be given in
fmall C[uantities, and fo bridled, as to
controul their force on the firft paiTages:
taken in this manner, they will mix gra-
dually with the blood and juices, and
operate both elfeclually and fafely.

The method I would recommend is as Balls with
follows: give one fcruple or half a dram turbith

of turbith, mixed into a ball v/ith an ^^^°?'j
r XT • r 1 -1 mended,

ounce or Venice ioap, every other night

for a fortnight •, then abflain a week or
ten days, and repeat it again. Should
this baJl purgp, or make the horfe fick,
mix it up with two drams of philonium,
or with four or five grains of opium, or
camphor; with thcfe reflridlions it may
be given for fome weeks; but fliould the
horle's mouth be found tender or fore,
you mufl refrain giving, till that com-
plaint is removed by gentle purges; and
then return to it again in fmaller quan-
tities ; for as the effedis of mercurials
are very different in the different confti-

tucions.

192 Of the FARClN or FARCY.

tutions, both of horfes as well as men %
fo the quantity muft be varied, in pro-
portion to the operation, which is not
intended here to be fenfible, but to work
imperceptibly on the blood and juices,
correding them as a powerful alterative:
during the whole courle, particular care
Ihould be taken that he gets no cold.
Vide Chapter en Alteratives.

A^^j Two ounces of quickfilver divided

rative^^"' With an ounce of turpentine, and made
mercurial up into four balls, with diapente and
ball* gum guaiacum of each two ounces, and
a fufiicient quantity of honey, have for
this purpoie been fuccefsfuUy given, one
ball twice a week-, but gentle purga-
tives (hould be interpofed, to prevent a
falivation, which fome horfes are very
prone to, on taking mercurials, though
in fmall quantities.

Dr. Bracken recommends the knots
and cords to be rubbed with the mer-
curial ointment before they break, in ,
order to difperfe them, and after break-
ing, to drefs the fores with equal parts of
Venice turpentine and quickfilver : if by
thefe means the mouth (liould become
. fore, treat as above.— This method fecms
to be effedlual with proper care.

The

Of the F A RC I N (?r F A R C Y. 193

The following is alfo recommended by
the fame gentleman.

TAKE butter of antimony and be- An altera-

• 111

zoar mineral, of each one ounce ; "^'^ ^'^^^'
beat up with half a pound of cordial
ball, and give the bignefs of a wal-
nut, or three quarters of an Ounce,
every day for two or three weeks,
falling two or three hours after it.

As moft preparations from antimony
are of ufe in the farcy, fo from two drams
of antihedicum Poterii to half an ounce,
may be given with a bit of cordial ball,
every other day, for fome time ; for in
thefe obftinate cafes the very crafis of the
blood muft be altered, which can only be
effeded by degrees, and of courfe is a work
of time.

We (hall here take notice of what is The water
called the water farcy, which has no re- ^^^*^y» ^'^
femblance to a true farcy, either in its ^"^^t^^*
caufe, fymptoms, or effeds, but has only
obtained this name through cuflom and
ignorance.

This water farcy then is of two kinds ; Thedrop-
one the producl: of a feverifh difpofition, ^Vo^ ts^o

O termi. ^^"^^'

194 Of the FARCIN orY A R C Y.

terminating on the fkin, as often happens
in epidemical colds \ the other is dropfi-
cal, where the water is not confined to
the belly and limbs, but fliews itfelf in
fe.veral parts of the body, by foft fwell*
ings, yielding to thepreffure of the finger.
This lail kind ufually proceeds from foul
feeding, or from the latter grafs and fog,
that often comes up in great plenty with
continual cold rains, and breeds a flug-
gifii vifcid blood. In the former cafe, I
have feen the limbs and whole body enor-
moufly fvvelled, and very hard, the belly
and flieath greatly diftended; which were
as furprizingly reduced in four and twenty
Scirifying hours, by Plight fcarifications, within fide
the ikin, the leg and thigh, with a fharp pen-
fornetimes j^^ife^ and three or four ftrokes on the
ml'^'^" fldn of the belly on each fide the fi-.eath;
from thefe fcarifications there was a con-
fiant and furprizing large dripping of
water, which foon relieved the horfe ;
when a few purges compleated his reco-
very.

The ge- In the other fpecies of dropfy, the cura-
neial cure ^j^,^ intentions are to difcharge the water,
cll difor- recover the crafis or ftrength of the blood,
dcri. ' and brace up the relaxed fibres through-
out the whole body. To this end, purge
once a week or ten days > and give inter-
mediately

Oy /^^^ F A R C I N cr F A R C Y. 195^

mediately either of the following drinks,
or balls.

TAKE black hellebore fre(h gather- An nitera.
ed, two pounds ; wafli, bruife and ^'^^^'^"^^-
boil in fix quarts of water to four ;
then (train out the liquor, and put
two quarts of white wine on the re-
maining hellebore, and let it infufe
warm forty-eight hours; then ffrain
off, mix both together, and give the
horfe a pint night and morning.

TAKE nitre two ounces, fquills pow-'^^^^ ^'^^'
dered, threedrams, or halt an ounce*, ^^"'^ ^'^'^'
camphor one dram^ honey enough
to form into a ball : to be given once
a day alone, or wafiied down with a
feorn or two of the above drink.

TA K E of the leav^sand bark of elder, A diuretic
of each a large handful ; camo- ^"^^^'
mile flowers half a handful, juniper
berries bruifed two ounces : boil in a
quart of water, to a pint and a half;
to which add honey and nitre, of
each one ounce.

Give this drink every night, or night
and morning; and to compleat the^ cure,
and ftrengthen the whole body, give a

O 2 pint

196 0/ //r F A R C I N (^r F A R C Y.

pint of the fLibfeqiient infufion every night
and morning for a fortnight, fading two
hours after it.

Aftiengfh- TAKE gentian root and zedoary, of
ning drink. each four ounces ; camomile flow-

ers and the tops of centaury, of each
two handfuls ; Jefuits bark powder-
ed, two ounces -, juniper berries, four
ounces •, filings of iron, half a pound :
infufe in two gallons of ale for
a week, fhaking now and then the
vefTel.

Before we clofe this chapter, we think
proper to lay down the fymptoms of an
incurable farcy, that the owners of fuch
horfes may fave themfelves unnecefTary
expence and trouble in their endeavours to
obtain a cure.

The fym- When a farcy, by improper applications,
ptoms of or by negledb, has fpread and increafed,
an incura- ^^^ ^f^^^ j^Pjo; continuance refilled the

''^* medicines above recommended; iffrefh
buds are continually fprouting forth,
while the old ones remain foul and ill-
conditioned ; if they rife on the fpines of
the back and loins ; if the horfe grows
hide-bound, and runs at the nofe; if ab-
fcefles are formed in the iielhy parts be-
tween

0///^^ F A R C I N ^r F A R C Y. 197

tween the interftices of the large mufcles ;
if his eyes look dead and lifelefs ; if he
forfakes his food, and fcours often, and
his excrements appear thin and of a black-
ifli colour ; if the plate or thigh veia
continues large and corded after firing,
and other proper applications, thefe fymp-
toms denote the diftemper to have pene-
trated internally, and that it will degene-
rate into an incurable confumption : it is
mod probable alfo, that the whole mafs
of fluids are tainted, and become irreme-
diable by art.

CHAP. XXL

0/^ Alterative Medicines;

BY alteratives, or altering medicines, What Is
are to be utiderftood fuch as, having "^eant by
no immediate fenfible operation, gradu- ^^^"^^^^^
ally gain upon the conftitution, by '^"^'''"^'
changing the humours or juices from a
(late of diftemperature to health. "This
intention in fome cafes may perhaps be
effeded by corredling the acrimony of

O 3 the

19? Of Alterative Medicines.

the juices, and accelerating the blood*5
motions •, and in others by attenuating,
or breaking its particles, and dividing
thofe cohefions which obQrndl the ca-
pillaries, or finer veiiels •, and fo pro-
mote the due lecretions of the various
fluids. It is ceitain that many have but
an indiiTerent opinion of a medicine, that
does not operate externally, and gratify
their fenfes with a quantity of imagined
htanours injected from the body : but let
fuch people remember, that there are
good humours as well as bad, Vv-hich are
thrown off together ; that no evacuating
medicine has a power of feieding, or fe-
parating the bad from the gooJ : and
confequently tb.at they are thrown out only
f ^ ^^^ in a proportionate quanLity. Thefe few

to be pie- , . ^ i_ r rr- • • ^i_ •

f /,,, hints may be lumcient to convmce the lu-

lerrea to , ■' , _ , '

pulses. dicious reader of the great advantages a-
rifingfrom alteratives, and the preference
due to them, in moft cafes, over purga-
tives ^ nnlefs it could be proved, as al-
ready mentioned, that the latter could cull
out, and feparate fiom the blood the bad
humours {^A^X'j^ leaving the. good behind •,
but this eledivc power has long been juff-
ly exploded as ridiculous and uncertain,
fince it is plain, that all kinds of purging
medicines differ only in degree of ft rength,
jand operate odierwife upon different

humours^

0/ Alterative Medicines. 199

humours^ than as they ftimulate more or
lefs.

We fliall therefore take this opportu- Nitre re-
nity of recommending^ fome alterative ^°"^-

T • J • I r 11 mended as

medicines, which are not lo generally ^^ aj^gj-a-
known as ihey ought to be •, and that \\^q^
too on the fared grounds, a proper ex-
perience of their good effecls in repeated
trials. The firft then is nitre, or purified
falt-petre, which has long been in great
efteem, and perhaps is more to be de-
pended on in all inflammatory fevers
than any other medicine whatever: but
befides this extenfive power of allaying
inflammatory diforders, it is now offered
as a remedy, taken in proper quantities,
as an alterative for forfeits, molten-greafe,
hide-bound, greafe-heals, (^c. And, as
it has been known to fucceed even in
the cure of the farcy, what other dif-
tempers in horfes, arifing from vitiated
fluids, may it not be tried on, with a
flrong probability of fuccefs ? "Jliis greac
advantage will arife from the ufe of this
medicine over mod others, that, as its
operation is chiefly by urine, it requires
no confinement or cloathing; but the
horfe may be v/orked moderately through-
out the whole courfe. This medicine
has been found equally efficacious (by

O 4 many

2

tions on

them.

2 00 0/ Alterative Medicines.

many trials made in one of our hofpitals)
in corredting the acrimony of the juices,
and difpofing the mod obftinate and inve-
terate fores to heal up ; and hence pro-
bably it came recommended as an altera-
tive to our horfes.

Obferva- One of our moft eminent phyfical writ-
ers is very copious in the praife of this
medicine, and my Lord Bacon had fo
high an opinion of it, that he believedit
would prolong life; it is very certain,
that it is a great refiiler of putrefadion,
which our very cooks are no ilrangers
to: if then it will preferve the flefh of
dead animals, why not the blood and
juices of living ones ? That it renders them
more fluid, may be proved by mixing a
folution of it with blood fre(h drawn,
which will not only prevent the coagula-
tion, but change its very colour, from a
dark black to an elegant florid red, and
preferve it fo for fome time. Malpighius
has informed us, that he injedted it into
the very blood-veffels of a dog, where it
intimately mixed with the blood without
any detriment, or remarkable alteration,
except a more copious difcharge of urine.
Its power alfo of deilroying worms is very
remarkable. In fliort, a more ufeful me-
dicine perhaps fcarce exifts, and there

is

O/* Alterative Medicines.^ 201

IS no doubt to be made, when it comes
into more general ufe, its own merit
and good efte6ts wiH fufficiently recom-
mend itfelf. We fhoiild not have pre-
fumed to fay fo much in its favour, were
we not thoroughly convinced of its great
utility, and believe it to be, in many cafes,
one of the be ft and fafeft alteratives we
have,

in

colds.

We have already taken notice of its A good
great efficacy in removing fevers, and niedicine
think that in the beginning of colds,
(which are the forerunners ot fevers) was
this medicine given early, inftead of
peroral drinks, or the ufual balls, thofe
complaints would be much fooner re-
moved, without incurring any danger
of the diftemper's fettling on the lungs,
which the tampering too long with thofe
forts of medicines too often lays a foun-
dation for : we muft confefs it would be
a difficult undertaking, to perfuade moft
farriers, that their healing drinks, or
horfc balls, are very improper on thefe
occafions, but more efpecially when
given at firft; but gentlemen will rcii-
dily perceive the force of reafon, when
they find that the intention here aimed at,
is to cool and attenuate in general the
whole mafs of fluids \ by which method,

the

202 0/x^lterative Medicines.

the blood, which is now become too
thick to circulate freely through the
ftnall vefiels of the lungs (and is the ori-
ginal caufe both of the cough. Huffing
up, and laborious breathing) is rendered
fufliciently fluid for that purpofe, by
the ufe of this medicine -, as all the fe-
cretions are promoted by it at the fame
time.

Nirre, The quantity of nitre given at a time

how to be fliould be from two to three ounces a
given. ^^y .^ ]g|. jj. jjp finely powdered, and then

mix with it, by little at a time, as much
honey as will form it into a ball ; give it
every morning fading for a month •, or
it may be given at firfl for a fortnight only,
intermitting a fortnight, and then repeat
it. If it be obferved that the horfe fhews
an uneafmefs at the flomach after taking
it, a horn or two of any liquor fhould be
given after it, or it may be diffolved at firfl:
in his water, or mixed with his corn ;
though the ball, where it agrees, is the
eafiefl: method of giving,

Befides the mercurial m.edicines recom-
mended in the farcy, which we have al-
ready animadverted on •, in very obftinate
cafes, the following method of giving tur-
bith has been found extremely fuccefsful,

after

0/ Alterative Medicines, 203

after bleeding the horfe twice or thrice, if
full of blood, and in nefh.

TAKE tnrbith mineral one dram, A mercu-
camphor half a drain, diapente half ^".-'^^^l^era-
an ounces make into a ball with '^^^*
honey.

Give one of thefe balls every other
morning for a fortnight-, reft a fortnight,
and then repeat them in the fame man-
ner. During this courfe, the horfe fhould
be kept warm, in order to heighten the
perfpiration ; and particular care (houid
be taken that he catches no cold : let him
be bled once in ten days about two quarts ;
and thofe days the balls are omitted, take
him out for half an hour, if the weather
is fair, and when he comes in, let him be
well curried for an hour •, after this courfe
is finidied, give him a quart of hemp-feed
in his corn every day for a month: but
as the horfe's mouth will probably be fore,
his feed Ihould be boiled oats, barley, and
fcalded bran.

As the operation of mercurials both Mercuri-
in men and horfes is very precarious, if alsope-
the qu.mtity aoove mentioned gripes the . ,
horfe, or purges him, in (lead of the dia- on horfe«
pente, mix it up with two drams of phi-
Ionium,

2C4 0/ Alterative Medicines.

Ionium, or half a fcruple of opium, or
camphor; (hould it affedl his mouth fo
much as to render him incapable ot eat-
ing even foft food, the purging drink
fliould be given him, fo as to procure
thrte or four (tools every day, and the
ball forborn till this complaint is remov-
ed. But this medicine, 1 think, may in
fome horfes fucceed better, by giving
the turbith in lefs quantities, and for a
longer time, a fcruple every night, or
half a dram every other night ; which
method I think fafeft to begin with, in
order to judge of the horfe's conftitu-
tion ; and as we have more particularly
explained in the chapter on Farcy.
Alter this courfe, a flrong decodion of
guaiacum, or the alteradve powders,
fhould be given for a month ; or lime-
water may be given for his conftanc
drink, at firft mixed with his water, af-
terwards alone.

The guaiacum decoftion may be pre-
pared thus;

rnjjg TAKE of the fhavings of guaiacum

fweetning two pounds, liquorice root fliced four

dunk, ounces, crude antimony, groDy pow-

dered, and put into a bag, one pound;
boil in three gallons of fpring water

for

Of Alterative Medicines. 205

for an hour, and keep the decodlioa
upon the ingredients in a clean earth-
en pan for ufe.

This is both a cheap and efficacious In what
medicine in alJ foulnels of the fkin, and ^^^^^ ^^ ^^
very proper to be given after a courfe of ^*^^^'
mercurials j for it will fweeten and cor-
red: the blood and juices, and, by pro-
moting the fecretions, dry up fuperfluous
humidities on particular parts, as in the
llrangles, all glandular diforders, and old
running fores. Four horns full fliould be
given twice or thrice a day, and continued
" two or three months in obftinate cafes, in-
termitting now and then a week, that the
horfe may not be cloyed with continual
drenching.

When horfes take drinks with great re-
lu6tance, powders mufl be given in their
feeds; thus crude antimony, or liver of
antimony finely powdered, may be given
to the quantity of half an ounce, night
and morning ; but in all furfeits, gum
guaiacum mixed with antimony is found
more efficacious. Thus,

TAKE of crude antimony finely The at-
powdered, or, v/here it can be af- ^^•"^tive
forded, cinnabar of antimony, and ^°^ ^"*
4 gum

2o6 - Of Alterative Medicines.'

gum guaiacum, of each a pound 2
mix together with an oily pelUe, to
prevent the gum's caking : divide
the whole into thirty-two dofes, viz,
an ounce each dofe : let one be
given every day in the evening
" ked.

Or,

Analtera- TAKE of cinnabar of antimony, gum
tive ball. guaiacum, and Caftile or Venice

foap, of each half a pound; fait of
tartar four ounces •, beat them up in-
to a niafs, and give an ounce every
day. To thefe may be added very
advantageoufly, an ounce and a half
of camphor,

Thefe are excellent alterative medi-
cines, particularly for furfeited horfes ;
they will redlify the fluids, open the
horfe's hide, promote the fecretions,
and make him coat well ; they v/ill
likewife fufe and thin the blood, and
therefore are extremely proper when the
juices are too vifcid and fizy, which
often occafion lamenefs in various parts :
in ihort, thefe fort of medicines are to
be preferred to moft others of this kind,
as they are given with greater fafety,

and

Of Alterative Medicines. 2 07

and require no confinement, cr particu-
lar diet.

They feem well calculated alfo for run- Are pro-
ning-horfes (efpecially the latter) whofe P^^ ^p^
fluids of courfe, from the violence of[^""r'"^'
their exercife, are often fubjed: to great
alterations -, which will with more fafety,
and lefs inconvenience, be remedied by
thefe means, and a gentle alterative purge
given once a week or ten days, than the
ufual method of treating them with flrong-
er purgatives ; which befides difqualifying
them for their exercife for fome time, will
not alone anfwer this intention, till the
blood has been faturated with medicines
of this kind.

^thiop's mineral given to the quantity iEtliIop'3
of half an ounce a day, is a very good mineral ^
fweetener and corredor of the blood ^P^^°^^^''
and juices; but it has been obferved, af- j^^jj-j-^^^
ter having been taken a v/eek or ten days,
to make fome horfes flabber, and unable
to chew thdr hay and oats ; and the fame
fymptoms have arofc, where only two
drams of crude mercury has been given,
and continued about the fame fpace of
time.

Whenever

20 8 Of Alterative Medicines,

The Whenever therefore mercurial prepa-

caufe. rations are given to horfes, they fhould
be well attended to, and fufficient inter-
vals be allowed, to prevent a flux on the
mouth and nofe. The reafon why thefe
kind of mercurials will flux horfes fooner
than men, may be owing to the mouths
of the ladteals in horfes being more open,
large and free, than thofe in men -, whofe
orifices may alfo be furred up by vifcid
oily things, to which inconveniences horfes
are not fo liable, by reafon of their Am-
ple diet; befides, the horizontal fitua-
tion of the guts of horfes may contri-
bute not a little Co it, by preventing the
mercury from pafTing through them fo
quick as in men •, and the depending
fituation of the horfe's head, may occa-
fion its being fo foon aff^ecled, when the
blood is once faturated with mercurial
particles.

Jmpraai- But as it has been found impradlica-
cable to blc to carry a horfe through a falivation^
lahvate ^j. ^.^^^ j.^ j^^^p jhjjj^ ^^^ week under it,

by reafon of the great plenitude or full-
nefs brought on all the velTels of the
head, fo that the horfe can neither chew
his food, nor fwallow liquids ; whenever
fuch fymptoms appear, the medicine mufl:

be

Of Alteratlv^e Medicines. 209

belaidafide, till by purging, as before
mentioned, they are removed.

The following mercurial alterative ball
may be given under the above reftridtions,
in obftinate cafes.

TAKE crude mercury one ounce. An altera-
Venice turpentine three drams ; rub ^^^^ »^^^-
them together in a mortar, till the^""^'^^'^^*
quickfilver is thoroughly divided,
and then add of gum guaiacum,
finely powdered, two ounces-, dia-
gridium in powder half an ounce :
mix with honey, and divide into
eight balls : give one every other
night for a month, or longer. Dur-
ing this courfe, care fliould be
taken that the horfe gets no cold,
for which it is bed profecuted in
lummer.

^ As may alfo the following antimonials
m the like cafes.

■^^^^ ^^,^^e glafs of antimony, Altent.Ve
nneiy powdered, two ounces; crocus ^'i^'"^^"^-
metallorum, finely powdered, four ''^^ ^'^*''*
ounces; Venice foap {x^ ounces:
make into twelve balls with honey
and give one every* night. '

^ The

210 Of Alterative Medicines.

Purging • The great inconveniences that attend
Tiver"'' ^^^^ P^i-gifig of horfes in the ufual man-
in fmall "er^ make the following method of giv-
quantides ing thofe kind of medicines eligible in
are alfo niofb cafes ; for though their operation
good alte- j^y ^\^^ bowels is thereby greatly klTened,
rRiivcs« 11/'** 1

yet the other iecretions are more advan-

tageouOy increafed ; for by giving them
in fmall quantities, or combined with al-
teratives adapted to the cafe, they pafs
into the blood, and (as has been before
explained) adl more powerfully, by break-
ing the cohefions of the vifcid fluids,
cleanfing the finer vefTels, where proba-
bly obilrudlions are formed, than when
they adl more fenfibly on the bovv^els.

Thus in furfeits, flying lameneflfes, ^c.
give the following mafs divided into eight
balls •, one may be taken twice or thrice
a week, according to their operation.

An altera- TAKE lenitive elefluary eight ounces,
live purge jalap and fcammony powdered, of
each one ounce ; cinnabar, and gum
guaiacum, of each two ounces; cam-
phor half an ounce, fyrup of buck-
thorn a fufficient quantity to form
them.

I

Or,

ty Alterative Medicines. lit

Or,

TAKE aloes fix dramSi gnm guai* Forms of
acilm half an ounce, diaphoretic |""^!^"^^*
antimony and fait of tartar, of each ^^^^'^®*-
two drams -, make into a ball with
any fyrup.

Alfo,

TAKE the fined Succotrlne aloes
half an ounce, or fix drams ; cream
of tartar halt an ounce ; powder of
jallap and fait of tartar, of each one
dram : make into a ball with oil of
amber. ,

One of thefe may be given every week
for a month or fix weeks, with fcalded
bran, and warm water -, the firft day it
will operate by urine, the next day both
ways, but very gently by ftool, unlefs it
fhould meet with a redundancy of flime in
the bowels.

Six drams of aloes, with half an ounce Alterative
of diapente and fait of tartar, may be purges,
given as an alterative purge in molten-
greafe, &c,

P 2 Or,

2 12 (y Alterative Medicines.

Hiera picra and coloquintida with fait
of tartar may be given in the fame man-
ner ; and for obftrudlions in the lungs,
and to thick-winded horfes, take the fol-
lowing.

A gentle Galbanum, Ammoniacum, and alTa
purge for foetida, of each two drams •, fine

^^!^^ aloes half an ounce, or fix drams ;

faffron one dram \ honey a fufficient

quantity.

But, as we have already occafionally
offered various forms of this kind, we
fhall avoid giving here any more fpeci-
mens.

Forms A deco6lion of log-wood, prepared like

of diet that of guaiacum, is alio fuccefsfully given

drink. [^ furfeits.

»

Lime-water, prepared with (havings of
fafiaphras and liquorice, is a good diet
drink, to fweeten and correal a horfe's
blood ; and may be given with the nitre
balls for that purpofe.

Tar-warter. alfo, as has before been
hinted, may in many cafes be well wofth

trial :

0/ H U M O U R S; 21

trial : but kt it be remembered, that all
medicines of this kind (hould be conti-
nued a confiderable time, in obftinate
cafes.

oi

T

CHAP. XXII.
Of HUMOURS;

H E word humours (which has an The term
unbounded latitude both in /)^j[y/<:^ humours
and farriery, and is too often a proper ^"^^J^^_^^®
fandluary for the ignorant to fly to in^^Q^^"
both profelTions) feeras to be llrangely .
mifapplied, and in general but little un-
derftood ; otherwife it would not be fo
indeterminately ufed as it is, when the
diforder is not in the fluids, but merely in
the veflTels.

Thus it is often affirmed, that humours Veryim-

fall down on the limbs, when with more properly

propriety it might be faid, they cannot ^fid fome-

fo well rife up, or circulate fo freely in""^^^to

VI- ^• 1 1 jt lall down.

perpendicular as m diagonal canals ; tor
the force of the heart is the fame, whether
to raife a column of blood in an upright

P 3 or

214 fy H U M O U R S.

or horizontal direclion, though it Is not

the fame in refped to the fituation of the

veflels : for when any animal is eredl^ the

blood-veffels in the legs are more on a

Swellings ftretch by far than when he lies down ;

in the legs and if the vefTels are in a lax ftate natu-

often ow- rally, or relaxed by external iniuries, they

laxed vef- ^^'^ "^^ ^^^^ '^^ propel the fluids forward,

fels. and hence from a retarded circulation arifes

a fwcUing in the part affected.

Dr. Bracken fto whom all true lovers
of horfes are much indebted for the
pains he has taken to explode falfe no-
tions, and embeliifli true ones) has en-
deavoured to fet this matter in the cleared
light; which indeed he has done to the
fatisfaclion of the unprejudiced, and of
every one who can underftand, and does
not wilfully ihut his eyes on fo clear a
do6lrine.

'r^^ It would be to little purpofe therefore

7 ^ to enforce it, unlefs the reader would be

anatomy . ' i • r ir ^

abfolutely ^^ ^he pains to rorm to nimleJr a clear
neceflary. idea of the blood's circulation, with the
fecretions from it ; and confider the folids
as compofed of elaftic fibres, or fpringy
threads, which are fometimes in a lax or
loofe ftate, and at others in a tight or firm
one.

This

©/■HUMOURS. 215

This knowledge "A^ould foon convince
him, that the extreme parts may be
fwelled without humours faljing down
upon them, from a difficulty in the circu-
lation (as before explained) to puQi en
blood in perpendicular columns, or from
a laxity of the veflels themfelves.

In order ro make this do6lrine as fa- The fall-
miliar as pofiible, let us fuppofe that a ingrown
man, or horfe, in perfe6l health, whofe ° '

, , T 1 • • *■ . I in T mours ex-

blood and juices are in the belt condi- pi^ined

tion, receives a violent blow on the leg, by a fa-
the confequence of which is a bruife, and miliar
fwelling : if the limb of either is kept in *^^^^*
a perpendicular fituation with little or
no motion, the fwelling will continue ;
and we may fay, if we pleafe, the bu-
mours are fallen into it: but change only
the pofition, and continue the limb of
either in a fupine or level one ; the fwell-
ing will then foon abate, and the humours
difappear. In this cafe, where were the
humours before the accident ; how came
they \o fuddenly to the injured limb, and
fo foon to difappear ? Is it not more rea-
fonable to fuopofe the fwelling arofe from ^^^^^^'"gs

o accounted

a retarded circulation in the part injured, for from
the vefTels by the violence of the blow retarded
having loll their tone, and were fo pre- circula.

P 4 terna- ^^°"-

^i6 0/ H U M O U R S.

ternaturally diftended by the ftagnant

blood, that a free circulation through

the part was thereby interrupted ; and

that this fwelling would have continued,

had not the obftrudlion been removed by

a different pofture, aflifted by proper

applications ? and is it not obvious in

^ed in^ '' ^I'opfical,- and other fwellings, in the ex-

dropfical treme parts, from lax fibres, that though

jliabits. the legs (hall be enormouQy fwelled, after

having been in an cred pofture all the

day •, yet that after laying twelve hours

in a fupine one, they ihall recover their

natural fhape ?

The blood This is by no means intended to prove,
and juices that there are no bad humours, or juices,"
orten vi- jn the blood, or that they do not attend,
^'^ '^ and affecl fome particular parts ; (daily
experience would contradict fuch an at
fertion,' particularly in cancerous, fchro-
phulus, venereal, and fcorbutic cafes in
the human body, and the fr^ rcy, furfeits,
ftrangles, ^c. in horfes ;) but only to
guard againft the promifcuous ufe of the
term, and to evince, that in many cafes
where the humours are faid to abound,
and caufe fwellings, the fault is in the
vefiels, which have not force enough to
propel the circulating fluids, or a per-
j^endicular column of blood; as often

. happens

Of HUMOVRS. 217

happens to the veflels of the legs and ex-
treme parts.

Thus we fee that a languid circulation. Limbs
relaxed veflels, and want of mukuhrf%^^
power to pufh on the fluids, may, by i'^*- without
tarding the circulation, occafion fwelHngs humours.
in the extreme parts, without any fulpi-
cion of bad humours, or the blood's be-
ing at all in fault. This might be farther
illuflrated by thofe fwellings in man, called
the piles, where the afcent of the venal
blood interrupted by its own weight, the
want of force in the veflfels, and of aflifl:-
ance from the circumjacent parts to pufh
on the circulation : but, we hope, what has
already been faid, will fufficiently anfwer
ourdefign.

The inference to be drawn from hence The cure
is, that the cure mufl: be difl^erently di- muft be
redled when the fweilinp; proceeds from ^ireaed
the blood and juices, and when from the -^ ,
foiids or veflfels. In the former cafe, eva-
ruations and alteratives are neceflTary to
leflfen their qua: tity, and re6tify their qua- '
lity; in the latter, externals, proper exer-
cife, and good diet.

Conformably fwelled leg% arifing from ^"/^ be
poverty of blood, laxity of veflels, and ^f"^^ ^^

£i8 0/HUMOURS.

low diet, would be increafed by evacua-
tioiis, ?nd cured by recruiting the con-
flitution But fwelled legs from a grofs
conftitution, where the vefTels are too
replete, and rhe blood in bad condition,
will feldom be cured without bleeding,
purging, roweling, and alteratives; un-
lefs, perhaps the horfe is turned out to
grais.

The word To treat this rubje61: properly, and
humours prove in a ftri6l fenfe what ought to be
abufed by ^^riderfiood by the v/ord humours^ would
faniers. take up more time than the brevity we
have prefcribed ourfelves will admit on ;
but theie hints may be lufficient to expofe
the abfurd cant of farriers, who are eter-
nally mifapplying a term they by no nieans
underfland, and making the word humours
fubfervient to all purpofes.

Obferva- We fhall conclude this chapter how-
tionson evcr With obferving, that there are more
humours, j.]^^^ thirty different juices, or humours^
conflantly floating in, and feparated from
the blood; the chief of which are the
bile, perfpirable matter, fweat, faliva,
urine, lymph, kQi\^ i^c. which, when
properly m.ixed and thrown off in due
quantity from it, are extremely neceffary
to the health, and welfare of the animal ;

' but

Of HUMOURS. 219

but when once perverted, irregularly
carried on, or fuppreffed, they then be-
come noxious, and are produ6live of
many and various diforders. Thus from
an obfcrudlion of the bile, the yellows, Howtliey
St. Anthony's fire, eryfipelatous fevers become
and fweilings may be occafioned \ the con- noxious,
fequence of fo acrimonious a fluid mixing
unduly with the blood : by colds, or a
fud^en checking of fweats, or perfpira-
tion, that matter which fhould freely flow
oflf through the pores, is fuddenly thrown
back on the blood, which increafes its
quantity, and vitiates its quality; from
hence the ferum of the blood may be-
come acrid and (harp ; the mafs of fluids
in general may thus be tainted, and by
thickening, form obfl:ru61:ions in the
glands, or fine vefl^els : the other juices,
or humours, may aifo be perverted by
various caufes, as foul feeding, impro-
per diet, i^c, and produce variety of dif-
eafes, by rendering the blood too thick,
thin, or acrimonious. Thus much we
have thought neceflTary to obferve in re-
lation to humours \ wherein may be ob-
ferved, how much the term is mifunder-
llood and abufed ; as in their natural
ftate, they are not only amicable, but
neceflTary : yet when obfl:ructed oY per-
verted, they are the caufe of almofl: all

difeafes ;

220 OJ RO WELLING.

difeafes; that, in fine, health con fills in
a due temperature, or mixture of them,
and the predominancy of any one, is fuf-
ficicnt to excite a morbid flate in that
conftitucion.

CHAP.. XXIIL
0/ R O W E L L I N a

Rowelling fTp HERE feems to be no remedy fo
defined. J^ much made ufe of, and fo little
underftood by farriers in general, as row-
.elsj for which reafon we fhall endea-
vour to fee the whole affair in a clearer
light, than hitherto it has appeared in.

We fhall begin then by defcribing
rowelling, which is an artificial vent
made between the fKin and flefli, in order
to unload and empty the veffels in general,
and thereby relieve particular parts, when
too much opprefTed by a fulnefs or re-
dundancy.

Tlicgene- fj^g general and abfurd reafoning of
ral notion f^j-j-jg^.g ^^ ^\^^ effcds and ufe of rowel-

in'> rowels ^^"§5 i^ iow^^ meafure makes this chapter

abTurd. -the

Of ROWELLING. sai

the more neceflary, as it is too notorious
how impertinently they talk on this fub-
jc6l : for, in fliort, with them, a rowel is
to draw off all the bad and corrupt hu-
mours from the blood, by a fort of ma-
gick. ,

It is neceflary to obferve, that the mat- ^^^^ ^^*
ter generally difcharged by a rowel, is ^ ^'^^^'
nothing more than an ouzing from the
extremities of the vefTels divided in the
making of it •, in fa6l then, it is blood,
which lofes its colour, by being fhed ouc
of the vefTels, the warmth of the part,
and its confinement.

If this is granted, it will evidently ap- The ufe
pear, that the good effeds enfuing this °^ ^°^^'^^^*
operation muft be owing to a gradual
depletionr, or emptying of the velTels in
general -, by which means the furchargc,
or load on a particular part, is taken ofF
and removed ; and impurities, or bad
juices (generally called humours) run off
with the good in proportion to their quan-
tity in the blood.

To imagine f articular humours are Particular
thus feparately, and alone difcharged humours
from the blood, through thefe orifices, "?^ ^^^"

• • 1 ^ 11 .J chareeu

IS an opinion but too generally received, ^ ^^^,

though

222 (y ROWE LLING.

though a very abfurd one •, and muH: be
very pernicious in its confequences, from
the bad effects it may have in pradlice ;
as muit the fame reafoning alfo in regard
to purging.

RoweLs Thus to lean hide-bound horfes, and
^'toV""' thofe of a dry hot conftitution, the dif-
charge, by depriving the conlVitiition of
fo much blood and fluids, is daily ex-
haufting the ftrength of the animal; and
may be prod^/dlive of bad confequences,
by defrauding the confl:itution of a ne-
cefTary fluid.

When But in diforders from fulnefs, attended

proper, ^vith acrimony, or fliarpnefs of the juices,
and with defluxions on the eyes, lungs,
or any part of confequence ; the gradual
difcharge, brought on by thefe means,
will contribute to lefl^en the fulnefs on
the parts afi'edled, and give the vefl^els an
opportunity of recovering their tone, while
evacuating and alterative medicines are
doing their office.

Obferva- It may be necefl!ary, however, to ob-
tons. ferve, that there is a wonderful commu-
nication between the veflels of the cellu-
lar membrane under the fkin, which re-
markably appears, by inflating thofe of

Iheep,

0/RO WELLING. 223

fhcep, calves, ^c, by the butchers ;
hence probably it is that fome diforders
of this integument are fo apparently re-
lieved by iflues, or rowels, without our
having any recourfe to that general de-
pletion of the velTels, we have juft ob-
served, to account for it ; and hence alfo t-fo«' vifc-
may be deduced their utility, fomecimes ^^^^^." |
in draining off any extravafed fluids,
which may lodge between the interftices
of the mufcles, after violent drains of the
fhoulder; alfoindifcharging fuch vicious,
or fharp fluids, as are thrown on the
membranes, and occafion thofe flying
pains, and lamenefl~es, which we find are
often removed by this local remedy,

Thefe obfervations, with fome few In-
terfperfed in the preceding chapters, it
is hoped, will be of fome ufc to recon-
cile a very vague term to fome mean-
ing.

CHAP.

[ 224 ]

CHAP. XXIV.

Of Strains in Vanous Parts.

Stramsde- TT IS necelTary to cbferve, that in all
j^ribed. J[ drains, the mufcular or tendinous
fibres are overfcretched j and fometime3
ruptured, or broke. To form there-
fore a true idea of thefe diforders, let us
firll confider every mufcle and tendon
as compofed of fpringy, elaftic fibres,
which have a proper power of their own
to contrad and extend themfelves ; or,
to make their aclion more famiHar, let
us compare them to a piece of cat-
gut, that we may the better judge with
what propriety oily medicines are dirc6led
for their cure. Thus then, if by a vio-
lent extenfion of this cat-gut, you had fo
overflretched it, as to deftroy its fpringi-
Ollyme- nefs or elafticity, and was inclined to re-
dicines cover its loft: tone ; would you far that
improper purpofe think of foaki*ng it in oil ? And
for ilrains. j3 j^Q|. jl^g method of treating flirains, or

CD ^

overfl:retched mufcles and tendons, full
as prepofterous, when you bathe or foak
them in oily medicines, at a time that
they want reftringents to brace them up ?

Yet

;•

Of Strains in Various Parts. 225

Yet CLiflom has fo eftablifhed this prac-
tice, and fallacious experience feemingly
fo confirmed it, that it would be a dif-
ficult taflc to convince the illiterate and
prejudiced, of the ablurdity •, who, by
attributing effecfls to wrong caufes, are
led into this error, and the oils ufurp the
reputation that is due only to reft and
quiet : they feem, however, to be aware
of the ill confequences, by their adding
the hot oils, as fpike turpentine, and
origanum ; which though they in fome
meafurc guard againft the too fupphng
quality of the other oils, yet the treat-
ment is ftill too relaxing to be of rc^al
fervice.

And indeed, in all znolent ftrains of^^^'^^ge
either tendon or mufcles, whatever opi- p"^ g^^. -^^
nion we may entertain of bathing and f^rains.
anointing with favouring noftrums, which
often fucceed in flight cafes, where per-
haps bandage alone would have done ;
yet it is the latter, with proper refting
the relaxed fibres, till they have tho-
roughly recovered their tone, that are
the chief things to be depended on •, and
frequently fome months are neceflary for
cffeClino; the cure.

Q. All

-1)

2.6 OJ Strains In Various Parts.

Time and All violent drains of the ligaments^
turning to ^,j^i^}-^ conned: the bones too;ether, efpe-

crats often . ,', , - r ^ i • i . .^

ntcdiary. cially thofe ot the thigh, require time,
and turning out to grafs, to perfedt a
recovery. External applications can avail
but little here, the parts affedied laying
too deep, and fofurrounded with mufcles, •
that medicines cannot penetrate to them.
The fooner, in thcfe cafes, a horfe is
turned out to grafs, the better, as the
gentle motion in the field will prevent the ,j
ligaments and joint-oil from thickening,
and of courfc the joint itfelf from grow-
ing flifFj nor do 1 believe that firing, fo
commonly pradtifed in this cafe, is of
half the confequence as reft, and turn-
ing out for a confiderable time ; which,
by the bye, is always advifed at the fame
time the horfe is fired. I could not avoid
faying thus much, in order to fliew the
great advantages of reft in all ftrains,
and that no horfe ftiould be worked till
he is thoroughly recovered.

The Hens "When a horfe's fhoulder is overft rained,

ofaftri^^ined i^g does not put out that leg as the other,

inou cer. ^^^ ^^ prevent pain, fets the found foot

hardily on the ground to fave the other ;

even though he be turned ftiort on the

lame fide, which motion tries him the

m€>ft

6/* Strains ///Various Parts. 227

tnofl: of any. When trotted in hand,
inftead of putting his leg forward in a
right line, he forms a circle with the
lame leg; and when he ftands in the
flable, that leg is advanced before the
other.

In order to cure this lamenefe, firft The cure,
bleed him, and let the whole Ihoulder
be well bathed three times a day with
hot verjuice or vinegar, in which may
be diflblved a piece of foap ; but if the
lamenefs continues without fwelling, or
imflammation, after refting two or three
days, let the mufcks be well rubbed for
a confiderable time, to make them pe-
netrate, with good opodeldoch, or either
©f the following mixtures.

TAKE camphorated fpirits of wine, Mixtures
two ounces ; oil of turpentine, one for flrains.
ounce ; this proportion will prevent
the hair coming off.

Or,

TAKE thebefl: vinegar, half a pint;
fpirir of vitriol, and camphorated
fpirit of wine, of each two ounces.

When the fliouldcr is very much fwell- A fomen-
cd, it fhould be fomented with v/ollen ^*^'^"*

0^2 cloths

22S Of Strains in Various Parts.'

cloths (large enough to cover the whole)
wrung out of hot verjuice and fpirit of
wine ; or a fomentation prepared with a
flrong deco6lion of wormwood, bay-
leaves, and rofemary ; to a quart of which
may be added half a pint of fpirit of
wine.

A rowel in the point of the fTioulder
in this cafe often does great fervlce ; cfpe-
cially if the drain has been very vio-
Borlng lent, and the fwelling very large •, but as
and peg- to boring up the Ihoulder with a hot
ging con- \^Q^ ^^^ afterwards inflatins; it, is both
a cruel and abiurd treatment; and the
pegging up the found foot, or fetting
on a patten-fhoe, to bring the lame
fhoulder on a flretch, is a mod prepofte-
rous pra<!^ice, and dire6lly calculated to
render a horfe incurably lame ; for it can
only be neceffary in cafes the very oppo-
fite to this, where the mufcles have been
long contraded, and v/e want to flretch
them out.

Reftrln- Where poultices can be applied, they
gent poul- are at firft undoubtedly very efteclua),
ticesvery ^^^^^ bathing with hot vinegar or ver-
ftrafnT.^" juice, and a"re to be preferred greatly to-
cold charges, which, by drying fo foon

on

of Strains in Various Parts. 229

on the part, keep it flifF and iineafy :'
'let them be prepared with oatmeal, rye-
flovver, or bran, boiled up in vinegar,
ftrorr^ beer, or red wine lees, with lard
enough to prevent their growing ftiff; and
when by thefe means the inflammation
and fweUing is brought down, bathe the
part twice a day with either of the above
mixtures, opodeldoch, or camphorated
fpirits of v/ine ; and roll the part three BanHnfre
or four inches, both above and below, advifed.
with a ftrong linen roller, of about two
fingers width; which will contribute not
a little to the recovery, by bracing up
the relaxed tendon ; and perhaps is more
to be depended on than the applications
themfelves.

As opodeldoch is varloufly made, and
thofe ufually Ibid in the fhops do not
feem fo well calculated for horfes, w^e
■fhall infert the following, as better adapt-
ed to this purpoie, and recommend it
to be kept ready prepared for the ufe of
the ftable ; it being not only very proper
for the above ufe, but for bruiles, cold
fwellings benumbed parts, and for dif-
perfing many other fuch fort of tumours :
it may occafionally alfo be given ^inter-
nally for the gripes from wind, or taking
cold ; for the (trangury, alfo and as a

Q.3 cordial i

2

23^ ^f ^^^^'^^^ /;? Various Parts.

cordial j one ounce or more may be
taken for a dofe in a pint of ale.

A warm TAKE Jamaica pepper, four ounces ;
limmem, Winter's bark, caraway feeds, laurel,

dodu° ^' and juniper-berries bruifed, of each

two ounces •, rofemary, marjoram,
and lavender flowers, of each one
©unce •, redlified fpirit of wine, three
pints : let them digeft in a warm
place ten days, then ilrain off the
tindture, and diflblve in it Venice
foap a pound and a half j camphor,
three ounces •, Barbadoes tar, four
ounces •, oil of turpentine, {\% ounces \
oil of amber, two ounces : mix and
make a liniment.

Sisnsof ^" ftrains of the coffin-jaint^ that have
ftrainsin not becn difcovered in time, there will
the coffin, grow fuch a ftiffnefs in |he joint, that the
horfe will only touch the ground with his
toe •, and the joint cannot be played
with the hand : the only method here is
repeated bliftering, and then firing fuper^*
ficially,

Strains in Strains of the hack finews are very
the back common, and are eaCly difcovered by
finevvs ^^ fwelling, which extends fometimes

anrciireT ^^om the back fide of the knee down to

the

0/Strains in Various Parts. 231

the heel, but for the moll part the horfe
fets that leg before the other. The ten- .
don fhould be well bathed three or four
times a day with hot vinegar •, and it
much fwelled, apply the poultices above
recommended J and when the: Iwelling is
down, bathe with the mixtures above,
or with camphorated fpirit of wine and
oil of amber, in which is dilfoived as
much camphor as the fpirits wiH cake up ;
and roll up the tendon with a proper
bandage, or laced Hocking •, which Ult
properly fitted to the limb, might be
wore to great advantage, not only in
thefe fort of injuries, but in moil others,
■where there is a difpofition to the greafe,
or other fwellings of the limbs, from
weak and relaxed fibres. Currier's fiiav- p^cmedies
ings wetted with vinegar have been found for ibains
ufeful for this purpofe : as has alfo tar
and fpirit of wine-, but where the tendon
has -luffered by repeated injuries ot this
kind, the cafe will demand bliftering,
firing, and proper reft.

Strains of the knees and pafterns arife fre- Strains of
quently from kicks, or blows ; if they are the knees
much fwelled, apply firfh the poultices ; ^"^ P^^*
and when the Iv/elling is abated^, baihe
with the above, or the following.

0^4 TAKE

232 (y Strains /;/ Various Parts.

Mixtures TAKE Vinegar, one pint ; camphora-
fof lirainr • ^^^ fpirits of wine, four ounces ; white

vitriol, difiblved in a little water,
tvvo drams.

Or,
TAKE the whites of three or four
eggs, beat them into a froth with a
fpoon i to which add an ounce of
roach-alum, finely powdered ; fpirit
of turpentine, and wine, of each
half an ounce: mix them well to-
gether.

The following is alfo much recom-
mended by the French writers, and has
been found very fuccefsful in fome old
drains, when other remedies have failed.

A poultice TAKE one pound of tar, and two
iorold ofredified fpirit of wine : ilir them

^'^^^^^^' together over a fire till they incorpo-

rate (but take care the flame does
not catch the fpirits :) then add two
ounces of bole, finely powdered ; and
a fufficient quantity of oatmeal to
bring it to the confitlence of a poul-
tice ; to which add lard enougii to
prevent its giowing dry : apply it
jpread on cloth tvv'ice a day.

As

Of Stmns hi Various Parts. 23

-^

As great vveaknefs remains in the paf- Turning
terns after violent ilrains, the beft method ""^^'^^ .
IS to turn the horle out to grals till he is proper.
perfe6tly recovered ; when this cannot be
complied with the general way is to blifter
and fire.

When a horfe is lame in ihcfeifle^ he The figns
generally treads on his toe, and cannot of lamc-
fet the heel to the ground. Treat him at "^fsin die
firft with the vinegar and the cooling re-^'-' ^*
ftringents ; but if a large fwelling, with
puffinefs, enfues, foment it well with the
difcutienc fomentation till it difperfes ;
and then bathe the part with any of the
above medicines.

A lamenefs in the ijohirle-hone and The figns
hip is difcovered by the horfe's drag- oflame-
ging his leg after him, and dropping "^i^.'J^^^*
backward on his heel when he trots. ^^Ton^/
the mufcles of the hip are only injured,
this kind of lamenefs is cured cafily -, .but
when the ligaments of the joint are af-
fected, the cure is often very difficult,
teaious, and uncertain. In either cafe, ac
firfl bathe the parts well with the cool-
ing medicines, tour or five times a^day ;
in the mufcular ftrain this method alone
may fucceed j but in the ligamentous, it

IS

*34 0/ S trains /;2 Various Parts.

is reft and time only can reftore the inju-
red parts to their proper tone.

che hock. Strains in the hock are to be treated by
foaking the parts with coolers and re-
pellers \ but when the ligaments are hurt,
and they are attended with great weak-
nefs and pain, ufe the fomentation. If
a hardnefs Ihould remain on the outfide,
it may be removed by repeated blifter-
ing -, if within it may be out of the
power of any external applications to
remove ; however, the joint fhould be fired
gently with fmall razes or lines pretty
clofe together, and then covered with a
mercurial plaifter. To the difcutient fo-
mentation above mentioned may be added
crude fal armoniac, with a handful of
wood afhes boiled in it.

The bliftering ointment for the above
purpofes may be found in the chapter of
Bone-Spavin 9 but the fubiimate fliould
be pmicteA

Firing for xhe firing ufed for the ftrengthening
fhTfinews ^^^^^^^ finews or tendons fhould ad
how it <^"^y o^ t^e fkin, which by contrading
ihould be and hardening it all round the finews,
perform- comprefifes them more firmly like a ban-
dage. The bow^men of old fubmitted

to

3

ed.

Cy Strains in Various Parts.^ 23 r

to this operation, in order to give
llrength to the mufcles and tendons of
their arms. A proper degree of fkill is
very requifite to perform it effectually
on a horie •, for a due medium (liould be
obferved, and the inftrument neither fo
flight) y applied, as to fcarify the flcin
only fuperficially, nor fo deep as to wound
or cauterize the finev/ or its (heath : in
the former cafe, the wounds not pene-
trating the fkin at ail, the fears would
not be hard enough to a6l wich a fufii-
cient preffure on the tendon -, and in the
latter, the fire being given too deep,
might (lough off the tendon itfelf, the
confequence of which would be a lofs of
fubflance, and of ccurfe a lamenefs would
enfue from a contra61:ed fmew. The lines
fhould be drawn pretty clofe together
on each fide of the joint or finew, fol-
lowing the courfe of the hair -, no crofs-
lines (hould be made, as they but disfigure
the horfe afterwards, without any real
ufe. The firing inftrumcnt, or knife,
II ought to be a little rounded on the edge,
■ gradually thickening to the back, that
it may retain the heat for fome time,
but (hould not be applied till the flaming
rednefs is partlj^ gone off. The cauterized
parts may be bathed with fpirit of wine
^\ firft, and anointed afterwards with

bees-

zi^ Of TUUOUKS and

bees-wax and oil; which alone is fufficient
to complete the cure.

CHAP. XXV.

(y T U M O U R S and
I M P O S T H U M E S.

rw^ U M O U R S, or fwellings arife
i either from external injuries, or in-
ternal caufes,

Swellings Swellings caufed by external accidents,
/ram ex- as blows and bruifes, (hould at firft be
ternal treated with reftringents -, thus let the
l^Q^/* part be oathed frequently with hot vine-
treuted. gar or verjuice, and, where it will admit
of bandage, let a flannel wetted with the
fame be rolled on ; if by this method
the fwelling does not fubfide, apply, ef-
pecially on the legs, a poultice with red
wine lees, ftrong-beer grounds, and oat-
meal, or with vinegar, oil, and oatmeal ;
cither of thefc may be contiiiued twice a
day after bathing, till the fwelling abates ;
when, in order to difperfe it entire! y» the

vinegar

IMPOSTHUMES. 237

vinegar fhould be changed for campho-
rated fpiric of wine, to four ounces, of
which may be added one of fpirit of fal
armoniac •, or it may be bathed with a
mixture of two ounces of crude fal ar-
moniac boiled in a quart of chamber-lye,
twice a day, and rags dipped in the fame
may be rolled on.

Fomentation made by boiling worm- Fomenta-
wood, bay-leaves, and rofemary, and ^^^"\°^^^a
adding a proper quantity of fpirits, are "^^'^^^Z*
often of great fervice to thin the juices,
and fit them for tranfpiration ; efpecially
if the injury has affeded the joints.

But in bruifes, where the extravafated
blood will not by thefc means be dif-
perfed, the fliorteft way is to open the
ikin, and kc out the grumes.

Critical tumours, or fwellings, which Obfervs-
terminate fevers, fhould by no means be ^^^"•
difperfed ; except when they fall on the
paftern or coffin-joint, fo as to endanger
them: in this cafe the difcutient fomen-
tation, p. 227. fliould be applied three or
four times a day, and a cloth or flannel
frequently wrung out of the fame fhould
be bound on, in order to keep the joint
continually breathing. .

But

«38 0/ TUMOURS ^;?^

Critical But if the fwelUng fixes under the
<hoal"i^e 3^^^' behind the ears, on the poll,
brought to withers, or in the groins and (heath, ^c,
matter. it fhould be encouraged and forwarded
by ripening poultices, wherever they can
be applied •, oatmeal boiled foft in milk,
to which a proper quantity of oil and
lard is added, may anfwer this purpofe ^
or the poultice recommended in the chap-
ter of Strangles : thefe may be applied
twice a day till the matter is perceived
to flu6luate under the fingers, when it
ought to be let out ; for which purpofe
let the tumour be opened with a knife, or
ilrong launcet, the whole length of the
fwelling, if it can be done fafelyj for
nothing contributes fo much to a kind
healing, as the matter's having a free
difcharge, and the openings being bigi,
enough to drefs to the bottom.

The fore Pledgets of tow fpread with black or
how dref- yellow bafilicon (or the wound oint-
f^<^* m.ent) and dipped in the fame, melted

down with a fifth part of oil of turpentine,
fhould be applied to the bottom of the
fore, and filled up lightly with the fame,
without cramming \ it may be thus dref-
fed once or twice a day, if the difcharge
is great, till a proper digeftion is pro-
cured,

IMPOSTHUMES. ij^^

cured, when it fhould be changed for
pledgets fpread with the red precipitate
ointment, applied in the fame manner.

Should the fore not digefl kindly, but r . ..
^1 • 111 I % romenta-

run a thin water and look pale, foment tions and

as often as you drefs, with the above fo- poultices
mentation ; and apply over your dreffm cr recom-
the ftrong-beer poultice, and continue ^^^^{"^
this method till the matter grows thick, dLftion>
and the fore florid. ^

The following ointments will gene-
rally anfwer your expedations in all
common cafes, and may be prepared
without, as well as with, the verdi-
greafc,

TAKE Venice turpentirfe and bees- The
wax, of each a pound ; oil of olives, ^vound
one pound and a half ; yellow rofin',^"^^"^'^^
twelve ounces : when melted toge-
ther, two or three ounces of verdi-
greafe, fiocly powdered, may be flur-
i red in, and kept fo till cold, to pre-
vent its fubfiding.

TAKE of yellow bafijicon, or the The red
above ointment, without verdi- precipi.
grcafe, four ounces ; red precipitate, ^^^^«'nt-
finely powdered, half an ounce : mix '"^'^'•

them

240 Of TUMOURS a?2d

them together cold, with a knife or
fpatula.

Howufed. 'T^is lad, applied early, will prevent a

' fungus, or proud flefli, from fliooting

out; for ifyoudrefs too long with the

above digeftive, the fungus will rile fall,

and give fome trouble to fupprefs it -, when

it will be neceflary to warti the fore, as

often as you drefs, with a folution of

blue vitriol in water, or to fprinkle it

with burnt alum and precipitate. If

thefe fhould not be powerful enough,

touch v/ith a cauftick, or walh with the

Thefubli- fublimate water, made by diflblving half

matewafh. ^^ q^^^^ of corrofive fublimate in a pint

of lime-water. -7^

I

Ob'-erva- But this trouble may in a great mea-

tion. fure be prevented, if the fore is on a

part where bandage can be applied with
comprelTes of linen cloth : for even when
thefe excrefcences regerminate, as it were,
under the knife, and fpring up in fpite
of the caufticks above mentioned, they
are tp be fubdued by moderate compref-
fion made on the fprouting fibres, by
thefe means.

Wherein Authors on farriery have in general
authors given very proper receipts to aniwer

are de- CVery

ficient

IMPOSTHUMES. 241

every intention of this kind by medicines ;
but as they have not, I think, laid down
fufficient rules for their appl. cation in
thole cafes where they are mofl: wanted,
I hope the following general diredions
will not be unacceptable •, as the difficulty
in healing fome kinds of fores arifes fre-
quently from the unlkilful manner of dref-
fing them.

It may be necefTary then to obferve How fore^
here once for all •, that the cures of mod J^°^^^j^^
fores are efFecled by the fimpleft me-
thods, and that it is often of much more
confequence to know how to drefs a fore,
than what to drefs it with •, and in this
confifts indeed the chief art of this branch
of furgery ; for the mod eminent in that
profeffion have long fince difcovered,
that variety of ointments and falves are
unnecedary in the cure of mod wounds
and fores, and they have accordingly
difcarded the greareft part, formerly in
repute for that purpofe ; repeated obfer-
vations havino; taught them, that after
the digedion, nature is generally dif-
pofed to heal up the wound fad enough
herfelf, and that the furgeon's chief care
is to prevent a luxuriency commonly
called proud flefh ; which all ointments,
wherein lard or oir enters, are but too

R prone

242

Some par-
ticular di-
redions
for that
purpofe.

Of TUMOURS and

prone to encourage, as they keep the fibres
too lax and fupple : and which dry lint
alone, early appled, as eafily prevents, by
its abforbing quality, and light comprefTion
on the fprouting fibres.

Thus, if a hollow wound or fore is
crammed with tents, or the drefilngs are
applied too hard, the tender fhoots of
flefh from the bottom are prevented pufh-
ing ap ; and the fides of the fore in time
from this dillention may grow horny, and
turn fiftulous : nor has the matter by this
method a free difcharo;e.

On the other hand, if fores of any
depth are drefl^ed fuperficially, the exter-
nal parts being more difpofed to heal
and come together than the internal,
they will fall into conta6l, or heal too
foon •, and the fore not filling up pro-
perly from the bottom, will break out
afreih.

Hence we may juftly conceive what lit-
tie (Irefs is to be laid on famous ointments,
or family falves, unfkilfully appled ♦, for
unlefs this due medium is obferved, or
obtained in the drefTing, no hollow fore
can heal up properly.

I thought

I M P O S T H U M E S. 243

I thought it neceflfary to be a little ex- Frequent
plicit on this head, as gentlemen To fre- ^"^P-
quently complain of being difappointed n^e"j
in their cures, notwithftanding the ex- happen
cellency of their ointment, or balfam-, from dref-
and to convince them, that lefs confidence !!"^^",'J'
fhould be put in thefe favourite medicines ^ " ^'
than is generally imagined •, for where the
habit is found, and the blood and juices
in good condition, there are few fimple
dreflings that will not fucceed ; and when
otherwife, the mod pompous will not
avail, till thefe are redtitied by proper in-
ternal medicines.

As foon then as a good digeftion Is Thefigns
procured (which is known by the thick- of good
nefs and whitenefs of the matter difcharg- ^'S-^^^"*
ed, and the florid red colour at the bot-
tom of the fore) let the drefiings be
changed for the precipitate medicine ;
or the fore may be filled up with dry lint
alone, or dipped in lime-water with a
little honey and tindlure of myrrh, or
brandy •, about a fifth part of the latter
to one of the former : a pledget of lint
dipped in this mixture fhould alfo be ap-
plied to the bottom of the fore, which
fhould be filled up with others to the fur-
face or edges, but not crammed in too

R 2 hard

244 Of TUMOURS and

hard as before obferved, nor yet applied
too loofely.

Digefllve By this method, the fore would incarn
ointments or heal lip properly, and foft fpongy fltfli
^^g^"^"°^ would be prevented or fupprefled in time ;
nued too whereas, when ointments or Iklves are too
loDg. long continued, a fungus, or proud flefli,
is thereby fo encouraged in its growth,
that it requires fome time to deftroy and
eat it down again : a proper comprefs of
cloth, and a linen roller, is abfolutely ne-
ceflary both for this pur pofe, and to fee u re
- on the dreflings, wherever they can con-
veniently be applied.

An over- To illuftratc what has been faid, I
reach de- ^^ ^^^ |.|^|g Opportunity of (hewing

how a wound from an over-reach fhould
be treated, as I find it fometimes proves
very difficult of cure. This wound is
caufed by the point of the hind flioe's
cutting into the horfes fore heel j and
when it is only fuperficial, or flight, is
in general eafily cured by wafliing it
clean, and applying the wound-ointment :
but it fliould be obferved, from the nature
and manner of the injury, where
the blow has been fmart, that it differs
widely from a common cut; the part
here being both torn and bruifed ; and

confe-

I M P O S T H U M E S. 245

confequently it requires to be properly di-
gefted in order to lay a good foundation
for healing.

For this purpofe, after wafliing out Ho^v
any dirt or gravel with foap fuds, ^c, cared.
let the wound be digefted, by drefling
it with doflils of lint dipped in an ounce
of Venice turpentine, divided with the
yolk of an egg, to which half an ounce
of tindure of myrrh may be added ;
over this drefling I fhould advife the
turnep-poultice, or that with ftrong-beer
grounds and oatmeal, to be applied three
or four times, or oftener, till the digeftion
is procured, which is known by the figns
abovementioned, and then both thefe
dreflings may be changed for the pre-
cipitate medicines, or the lime-water mix-
ture ', obferving always to apply the dof-
fils carefully to the bottom to fill up the
fore with the fame even to the furface,
and to bind all on with a comprefs and
roller : and if any cavities appear, that
cannot conveniently be dreffed to the
bottom, they fhould always be laid open,
or no proper foundation for healing can
be obtained. The hoof alfo fhould be
kept fupple, or pared away, when the
growth of it interrupts this end, as fome-
times is the cafe*

R3 CHAP.

[ 246 ]

CHAP. XXVI.

■N.

Of WOUNDS in General.

The lips T K all frefh wounds made by cutting
ofallfrefti J^ inftruments, there is nothing more
fto^Ji'lfbe required than bringing the lips of the
brought wound into contadl by luture or bandage,
into con- provided the part will allow of it ^ for on
taa. wounds of the hips, or other prominent

parts, and acrofs feme of the large muf-
cles, the flitches are apt to burft on the
horfe's lying down and rifing up in the
.flail •, in fuch cafes the lips fhould not be
brought clofe together : one flitch is fuffi-
cient tor a wound two inches long ; but in
large wounds, they fhould be at an inch
or more diilance •, and if the wound is
deep in the mufcles, care fhould be taken
to pafs the needles proportionably deep,
otherwife the wound will not unite pro-
perly from the bottom.

tjq^ "Should the wound bleed much from an

bleeding artery divided, the firfl ftep fhould be
in wounds to fecure it, by pafTing a crooked needle
fhould be underneath, and tying it up with a wax-
Hopped. ^^ thread : if the artery cannot be got

at

0/ WOUND S. 247

at this way, apply a button of lint or tow
to the mouth of the bleeding veflcJ, dip-
ped in a ftrong folution of blue vitriol,
ftyptic water, oil of vitriol, or hot oil of
turpentine, powdered vitriol, or colco-
thar, ^c. and remember always to apply
it clofe to the mouth of the bleeding vef-
fels, and take care that it is kept there
by proper comprefs and bandage till an
efchar is formed ; otherwife it will elude
your expedations, and frequently alarm
you with frelh bleedings.

In a memoir prefented to the Royal Theeffi*
Academy of Sciences by M. La Fofle ^^^l_l[^^^^
he gives an account of the fuccefs he had ^^
met with in flopping the bleedings of
very confiderable arteries in horfes by
the application of the powder of puff-
balls, the arteries cicatrizing by this means
only, without any fucceeding hemor-
rhage. This Lycoperdon, or puff-ball,
was made ufe of for this purpofe in hu-
man fubjefts, about 160 years ago, by
Felix Wurtz, a famous old furgeon in
Germany -, but he does not feem to have
a thought of trufting to it in fuch confi-
derable arteries, as M. La Foffe mentions,
viz. thofe of the leg and thigh, the bleed-
ings from which divided veffels he ftopt
in a few minutes by the ufe of this pow-

R 4 der

248 0/ W O U N D S.

der only. The agarick of the oak may
alfo be ufed for this purpofe, where it can
be retained by a proper bandage.

^k^^il^" Thefe applications, as indeed all ftyp.
ticks, feem to a6t by conftringing the
, extremity of the vefTel, or choaking it up,
till a grume of blood is formed inter-
nally, which plugs up the orifice ; and has
been found to adhere to it fo, as to confti-
tute one body with the veiTel. M. La
FofTe has prov^ed this by flitting an artery
vp longitudinally, when he found that
the little grume of clear blood was of
a firm confidence, of a lively red,
in form of a cone or fugar-loaf, the ba-
fis of which adhered to the little inclofing
membrane, which fl:iut up the artery with-
out ; the pocar of which floated in the
- cavity of the vefifel.

Obferva- I purpofely avoid fetting down any fa-
tions. rnous receipts for frefli wounds, whether
ointments, or Fryar's balfams, being well
aflTured, that in a healthy found confl:i-
tution, nature furniflies the beft balfam,
and performs herfelf the cure, which is
fo often attributed to the medicine: when
it is otherv/ife, and the blood is deprived
of its balfamic ftate, as will appear from
the afpecl of the wound, and its manner

of

0/ W O U N D S. 249

of healing, it muft be redified by proper
internal medicines, before a good founda-
tion for healing can belaid by any external
applications whatever.

The lips of the wound then being PrelTi '
brought together by the needle or ban- wounds,
dage, it needs only to be covered with j!'^^ ^^^^-
rags dipped in brandy, or a pledget of ^ '
tow fpread with the wound-ointment, in
p. 239. the diredions in the preceding
chapters being obferved, and the wound-
ed part kept as much as pofifible from
motion.

Remember to drefs all wounds of the 9^^'-'''^'^*
joints, tendons, and membranous parts, ^'°"*
with terebinthinate medicines -, to which
may be added honey and tindlure of
myrrh ; and avoid all greafy applications
whatever: fomentations and poultices are
alfo generally here of great ufe ; the for-
mer thin and attenuate the impadled fluids,
greatly prom.ote a free perfpiration in the
limb, and facilitate the unloading the fur-
charge on the veflels, by quickening the
motion of the fluids •, while the latter, by
relaxing the vcfTels, abate their tenfion,
and relieve the obftrudion, by promoting
digeftion.

Pundured

350 0/Vv^OUNDS.

Pi]Ti£^ured Pun6tured wounds from thorns, or

wcunds, any other accidents, Ihould be treated in

Irow treat- ^j^^^ f^d^g manner \ applying the beer, or

bread and milk poultice over the drefling,

till Tome figns of digeClion appear, and

fomenting the part well every day. This

method is alio very fuccefsfully ufed to

Swellings thofe fwellings, which often arife on the

from ^ iieck from bleeding, the fores being

bleedmg, fp^nkled with precipitate, and burnt

Jrow treat- \ i i r i i_

^^^ alum powdered, to fetch out the core,

or fungus, vi^hich choaks up the orifice.
The ufual method is to introduce a piece
of vitriol, or fublimate, which often
brings on a plentiful difcharge, fetches
out the core, and makes a cure ; but it
is often with the lofs of the vein, and it
fometimes leaves a large fwelling and im-
pofthumation.

Gun fliot In gun-fhot wounds, when the ball has
wounds, j^Qj. penetrated too deep, it fhould be
^ t^eat- ^xtj-^jc^e^j^ jf i|. can be fetched away with-
out difturbance, together with any extra-
neous bodies that might pafs in with it ;
the wound fliould be drefled with the
old dio-eftive of Venice or common tur-
pentine, divided with the yolks of eggs,
to which may be added fome honey and
tindure of myrrh. The entrance of

thefe

0/ WOUNDS. 2JI

thefe wounds frequently requires to be
enlarged, and a depending orifice fnould
always be procured, if pofiible; and if
the wound Qiould not digeft kindly, apply
the beer- poultice, and foment with the dii-
cuticnt fomentation, p. 237.

In fcalds, or burns from gunpowder. Scalds and
or any other caufe, when the Ikin re- burns,
mains intire, bathe the part well, and ^^^ '''^^^*
keep it foakcd with rags dipped in fpirit
of wine camphorated : fait bound thxk
on the part has been found very efifedlual
for this purpofe : and indeed all faline
and fpirituous applications excel others,
while the fldn is yet unbroke ; but when
the fkin is feparared, anoint the parr,
and keep it conitantly fupple with linfeed
or fallad oil, and a plaiiler fpr^ad with
bees wax and oil : if the fkin is fo fcorch-
ed, that floughs mud be digefled out,
drefs with the wound ointment and oil of
turpentine, and finiOi the cure with any
drying ointment. Should the horfe be
feverifh from the pain, bleed him, give
cooling glyuers, and treat him as we
have directed in fimple fevers.

The fire, fuppofed to be left in the Obferva-
part after injuries of this kind, isnothing ^^°"*
more than the inflammation, which is

^hc

252 0/ULCERS.

the natural effed of luch caufes ; fo that
the whimfical notions and conceits con-
cerning fire remaining in the burnt parr,
is extremely abfurd.

CHAP. XXVII.

C/ U L C E R S //z GeneraL

E ilia! I not here enter into a de-
fcription of each particular fpe-
cies of ulcers, but only lay down fome
directions for their general treatment •,
by which means we fliall avoid the uiuai
prolixity of authors on this fubjed, and
yet fnall endeavour to give fo general an
idea of the nature of ulcers, as we hope
vtill be fuliiciently inftrudive both of the
application, and of the proper remedy to
each.

The cure It may be neceflary to obferve, that
of fome ^Q j^-,3y often in vain purfue the beft me-

ujcers m , J ' r i i r •

vain at- tnods ot cure by external applications,
tempted unlcfs we have recourfe to proper internal
widiout remedies ; for as all ulcers, difficult to
jnternah. |-,^.^]^ proceed from a particular indifpo-r

fition

0/ ULC ERS. 253

fition of the blood and juices, before the
former can be brought into any order,
the latter mud be corrected by alteratives,
and fweetening medicines.

The firft intention in the cure of ul- The gene-
cers, is bringing them to digeft, or dif- ^^ ^^'
charge a thick matter ; which .will, in curing ul-
general, be efFefled by the green oint- ccrs.
ment, or that with precipitate -, butfnould
the fore not digefl kindly by thefe means,
but difcharge a gleety thin matter, and
look pale, you mud then have recourfe
to warmer drelTings, fuch as balfam, or
oil of turpentine, melted down with your
common digeftive, and the {lTono;-beer
poultice over them : it h proper alfo in
thefe kind of fores, where the circulation
is languid, and the natural heat abated,
to warm the part, and quicken the mo-
tion of the blood, by fomenting it well at
the time of dreffing •, which method will
thicken the matter, and roufe the native
heat of the part, and then the former
drefllngs may be re-applied.

If the lips of the ulcer grow hard or
callous, they mufl be pared down with a
knife, and afterwards rubbed with the

cauftick.

Where

254 Of VLCERS.

Ulcers Where foft fungous flefli begins to rife,

^'^ , it (hculd carefully be fuppreffed in time,
|[q^ otherwife the cure will go on but flowly ;

if it has already fproured above the fur-
face, pare it down with a knife, and rub
the remainder with a bit of cauftick ; and,
to prevent its rifing again, fprinkle the
fere with equal parts of burnt alum, and
red precipitate ; or waih with the fubli-
mate water, and drefs with dry lint even
to the lurface, and then roll over a com-
prefs of linen as tight as can be borne ;
for a proper degree of prejfTure, with mild
applications, will always oblige thefe
fpongy excrefcences to fubfide, but with-
out bandage the ftrongeft will not fo well
fuccecd.

Hollow -^^1 finuffes, or cavities, fliould be laid
ulcers. open as foon as difcovered, after ban-
dages have been ineffedlually tried ; but
where the cavity penetrates deep into the
mufcles, and a counter opening is im-
praclicable or hazardous ; where, by a
continuance, the integuments of the
mufcles are conftantly dripping and melt-
ing down : in thefe cafes, injedlions may
be ufed, and will frequently be attended
with fuccefs. A decodlion of colcothar
boiled in forge- water, or folution of lapis

medi-

0/ U L C E R S. 2SS

medicamentofus in lime-water, with a
fifth part of honey and tindlure of myrrh,
may be firft tried, inje(5ling three or four
ounces twice a day •, or fomc refin, melt-
ed down with oil of turpentine, may be
ufed for this purpofe : if thefe fhould not
fuccced, the following, which is of a iharp
and cauftic nature, is recommended on
Mr. Gibfon's experience.

TAKE of Roman vitriol, half an a drying
ounce : didolve in a pint of water, injediajs.
then decant and pour oif gently
into a large quart bottle: add half a
pint of camphorated fpirit of wine,
the fame quantity of the bed: vinegar,
and two ounces of i^gyptiacum.

This mixture is alfo very fuccefsfully
applied to ulcerated greafy heels, which
it will both cleanfe and dry up.

Thefe finufTes, or cavities, frequently Fiftolous
degenerate into fiftuU^ that is, grow ulcere,.
pipey, having the infide thickened, and
lined, as it were, with a horny callous fub-
flance. In order to their cure, they mufl:
be laid open, and the hard fubftance all
cut away ; where this is impradicable,
fcarify them well, and truft to the pre-
cipitate medicine made ilrong, rubbing

now

256 0/ U L C E R S:

now and then with cauftick, butter of an-
timony, or equal parts of quickfilver and
aqua fortis.

Ulcers When a rotten or foul bone is an at-

with toul tendant on an ulcer, the fiefh is generally
loole and flabby, the dilcharge oily, thin,
and llinking, and the bone difcovered to
be carious, by its feeling rough to the
probe pafTed through the flefh for that
purpofe. In order to a cure, the bone
muft belaid bare, that the rotten part of
it be removed •, for which purpofe, de-
llroy the loofe fiefh, and d^efs with dry
lint ; or the doiTils may be preflcd out
of tindure of myrrh or euphorbium : the
throwing off the fcale is generally a work
of nature, which is effcc^ted in more or
lefs time, and in proportion to the depth
the bone is affeded -, though burning the
foul bone is thought by fome to haflen its
feparation.

What in- Where the cure does not properly fuc-
ternaJs ceed, mercurial phyfick fhould be fyiven,

proper to j , * ^ . , ^ ,

correaihe ^^'^ repeated at proper intervals : and to
blood. corre6t and mend the blood and juices,
the antimonial and alterative powders,
with a decodion of guaiacum and lime-
waters, are proper for that purpofe. yuie
Chapter on A^Uratives,

4 - This

0/^ BONE-SPAVIN, ^^7

This general method of treating ulcers
or fores, if properly attended to, will be
found applicable tQ particular cafes ; fo
that to avoid repetitions, we refer the
reader to this chapter.

k

CHAP, xxviir.

Of a BONE-SPAVIN.

WITHOUT entering at all into the A fpavm
caufe of this diforder, which is a ^efcribed.
bony excrtfcence, or hard fwelling, grow-
ing on the in fide of the hock of a horfe's
leg, v;e fhall content ourfelves with de-
fcribing the different kinds thereof, by
their fymptoms ; and then enter on their
cure,

A fpavin, that begins on the lower part
of the hock, is not fo dangerous as^ that
which puts out higher, between the two
round procefles of the leg-bone; and a
fpavin near the edge is not fo bad as that
which is more inward towards the middle,

S as

258 O/^ BONE-SPAVIN.

as it does not fo much afftd the bending
of the hock -

The diffe- • A fpavin, tlrat comes by a kick or blow,
rentkinds. is at firft no true fpavin, but a bruife on
the bone, or membrane which covers it v
therefore not of that confequence, as when
it proceeds from a natural caufe ; and
thofe that put out on colts, and young
horfes, are not fo bad as thofe that happen
to horfes in their full ftrength and matu-
rity ; but in very old horfes they are gene-
rally incurable.

Some pre- The ufual method of treating this dif-
P?r cau- order, is by blifters and firing, without
i-ions. gj^y regard to the fituation, or caufe
whence it proceeds. i hus, if a fulnefs
on the fore part of ihe hock comes upon
hard riding, or any other violence, which
threatens a fpavin ; in that cafe, fuch
coolers and repellers are proper, as are
recommended in ftrains and brwifes.
Thofe happening to colts and young
horfes are generally fuperficial, and re-
quire only the miilder applications ; for it
is better to wear them down by degrees,
than to remove them at once by feverc
means.

Various are the . prefcriptions for the
^ ■ blifter-

0/^^ BONE-SPAVIN. ^59

bliftering ointment •, but the following,
on proper experience, ftands well recom-
mended by Mr, Gibfon.

TAKE nerve and marfh-mallow oint- Theb^f-
ment, of each two ounces-, quick- ^^""g

r% ^L LI u 1 Ointment.

lilver, one ounce, thorough ly broke,
with an ounce of Venice turpentine ;
Spanifh flies powdered, a dram and
a half; fublimate, one dram •, oil of
origanum, two drams.

The hair is to be cut as clofe as pof- How to be
fible, and then the ointment applied pretty ^^^^*
thick over the part-, this fliouid be done
in the morning, and the horfe kept tied
up all day without any litter till nighc ;
when he may be untied, in order to lie
down ; and a pitch or any (licking plaifler
may be laid over it, and bound on with
a broad tape or bandage, to keep all
clofe.

After the blifter has done running, when r^,
/and the fcabs begin to dry and peel off, it newed.
may be applied a fecond time, in the fame
manner as before -, this fecond application
generally taking greater effect than the
firft, and in colts and young horfes makes
a perfed cure,

S 2 When

"2,(^0 O/' ^ B O N E-S P A V I N.

Obferva- When the fpavin has been of long
tion. (landing, it will require to be renewed,

perhaps, ^vo, or fix times ; but after the
lecond application, a greater diftance of
time mull be allowed, otherwife it might
leave a fear, or caufe a baldnefs ; to pre-
vent which, once a fortnight or three
weeks is often enough; and it may in
this manner be continued fix or leven
times without the leafl blemifh, and will
generally be attended with fuccefs.

But the fpavins that put out on older,
or full -aged horfes, are apt to be more
cbftinate, as being feated more inward }
and when they run among the finuofities
ct the joint, they are for the moft part
incurable, as they then lie out of the
reach of applications, and are arrived to
a degree oi impenetrable hardncfs.

Sonierau- '^^^ ^^^'^^ method in thefe cafes is to
tiops in fire diredly, or to ufe the (Irongeft kind
regard to of cauftic blifter? ; and fometimes to fire
^^""? ^""^ and lay the blifier immediately over tha
part •, but this way feldom fucceeds far-
ther, than putting a flop to the growth of
the fpavin, and is apt to leave both a
blemifli and fliffnefs behind; befides the
great rifl^ run (by applications of thefe

fiery

Of a BONE-SPAVIN. 261

fiery and cauftic medicines to the nervous
and tendinous parts about the joints) of
exciting violent pain and anguifh, and
deftroying the limb.

The befl: and fafeft way therefore, is to The blif-
make trial of the blifterino; ointment ^^"ng

, J .• '^ J* . ointment

above, and to continue it, according to ^.^ qj^,_
the dire6lions there laid down, for fome mended,
months, if found neceflary; the horfes in
the intervals working moderately : the
hardnefs will thus be difTolved by degrees,
and wear away infenfibly.

Where the fpavin lies deep, and runs Di eaions
fo far into the hollow of the joint, that for firing.
no application can reach it, neither firing
nor medicines can avail, for the reafons
above-mentioned s though bold ignorant
fellows have fometimes fucceeded in cafes
of this fort (by men of judgement deemed
incurable) by the application of cauftic
ointments with fublimate, which a<5t very
forcibly, enter deep, and make a large
difcharge, and by that means deftroy a
great part of the fubftance, and diffolve
away the remainder. Though, whoever
is at all acquainted with the nature of
thefe medicines, muft know how danger-
ous in general their operation is on thefe
occafipns, and that a proper prepared

S 3 cautery

262 Of a CURB and

cautery made like a fieam, under the di-
redlion ot a f]<ilful hand, may be applied
with lefs danger of injuring either ten-
dons or ligaments. After the fubftance
cf the fwelling has been properly pene-
trated by the inftrument, it mull be kept
running by the precipitate medicine, or
mild bliflering ointment. Where the
fpavin lies not deep in tht joint, and the
bliifering method will not fucceed, the
fwelling may be fafely fired with a thin
iron forced pretty deep into the fubflance,
and then llriould be drefled, as is above
diredled.

CHAP. XXIX.
0/^CURB ^nd RING-BONE^

AS a fpavin rifes among the bones
on the forepart of the hock, fo a
^tfciibed. curb takes its origin from the jundlures
of the fame bones, and rifes on the hind
part, forming a pretty large tumour over
the back prut of the hind leg, attended
with fliffnefs, and fometimes with pain
and lamenefs^

I A curb

R I N G-B ONE. 263

A curb proceeds from the fame caufes How cured.
that produce fpavins, viz. hard riding,
ftrains, blows, or kicks. The cure at firlt
is generally eafy enough effefed by bliller-
ing, repeated two or three time?, or oftener.
If it does not fubmit to this treatment,
but grows excefiively hard, the quickeft
and iureft way is to lire with a thin iron,
making a line down the middle from top
to bottom, and drawing feveral lines in a
penniform manner pretty deep •, and then
to apply a mild bliftering plaifter or oint-
ment over it. — This method will entirely
remove it.

There is another fwelling taken notice A jardon.
of, on the outfide of the hock, which is defcribed.
called a Jardon, This commonly pro- ,^

ceeds from blows and kicks of other
horfes-, but frequently happens to ma-
naged horfes, by fetting them on their
haunches : it is feldom attended with
much lamenefs, unlefs it has been ncg-
le6ted, or fome little procefs of the bone
be broke. It (hould firft be treated with
the coolers and repellers in page 273, and
274: but if any fwelling continues hard,
and infenfible, the beft way is to blifter
or fire ; but mild blifters alone generally
fucceed.

S 4 The

264 . 0/ ^ C U R B, tSc,

A ring- The ring-bone is a hard fwelling on the
^°!f , ^^' kwer part of the paftern, which gene-
rally reaches halfway round the fore-part
thereof, and from its refcmblance to a
ring, has its denomination. It often a-
rifes from drains, i^c. and when behind,
from putting young horfes too early upon
their haunches \ for in that attitude a
horfe throws his whole weight as much,
if not more, upon his pafterns, than on
his hocks.

The?r dif-
ference. When it appears diflindlly round the

paftern, and does not run downwards
toward the coronet, fo as to affecfl the *
coffin-joint, it is eafily cured-, but ific
takes Its origin from Ibme flrain or de-
fed; in the joint originally, or if a cal-
lofuy is found under the round ligament
that covers that joint, the cure is gene-
rally dubious, and fometimes impradti-
cable ; as it is apt to turn to a quittor,
and in the end to form an ulcer upon the
hoo^

The ring-bones that appear on colts ^"-'^''

and young horfes, will often infenfibly

wear off of themfelves without the help

of Bny application ; but when the fub-

ftance remains, there needs no other

remedy

0/ S P L E N T S. 265

remedy befides bliftering, unlefs, when
by long continuance, it is grown to an ob-
ftinate hardnefs, and then it may require
both bliftering and fifing.

To fire a ring-bone fuccefsfully, let The cure,
the operation be performed with a thin-
ner inftrument than the common one,
and let the lines or razes be made not
above a quarter of an inch diftant, crofs-
ing them obliquely, fomewhat like a
chain : apply a mild blifter over all, and
when quite dried up, the rupture plaifter;
and then turn the horfe to grafs for fomc
time.

CHAP. XXX.
0/ S P L E N T S.

THESE are hard excrefcences that Splents
grow on the fhank-bone, and arc defcribcd.
of various (hapes and fizes. Some borfes
are more fubjed to fplents than others;
but young horfes are moft liable to thefe
infirmities, >yhich often wear off, and

difappear

4

266 0/ S P L E N T S.

dlfappear of themfelves. Few horfes put
» out ipients after they are leven or eight
years old, unlefs they meet with blows or
accidents.

A fplent that arifes in the middle of
the fhank bone is no ways dangerous ;
but thofe thar ariie on the back part of
this bone, when they grow large and
prefs againft the back finue, always
caufe lamenefs or ftiffnefs, by rubbing
againft it: the others, except they are
fituated near the joints, feldom occafion
lamenefs.

BcA let As to tlie cure of fplents, the bed: way

alone, if is not to meddle with them, unlefs they
they oc- ^j^^ f^^ lare;e as to disfigure a horfe, or

lainenefs. ^^^ ^^ fituated as to endanger his going
lame.

llie cure Splents in their infancy, and on their
iugeaeral. ^^.^ appearance, fliould be well bathed
with vinegar or old verjuice; which,
by flrengthening the fibres, often put a
flop to their growth: for the membrane
covering the bone, and not the bone
itfelf, is here thickened : and in fome
conftitutions purging, and afterwards di-
uretic drinks, will be a great means to
remove the humidity and moifture about

the

0/ S P L E N T S. 267

the limbs, which is what often gives rife
to fuch excrefcences.

Various are the remedies prefcribed v^arlon*
for this difdordcr ; the ufual way is to remedies
rub the fplent with a round flick, or the ^°^ ^^^*
handle ot a hammer, till it is almoil raw, P"''^"^
and then touch with oil of origanum.
Others lay on a pitch plaifter, with a
little fublimate, or arfenick, to deftroy the
fubftance: fome ufe oil of vitriol ; fomc
tindture of cantharides : all which me-
thods have at times fucceeded ; only they
are ap^ to leave a fear with the lofs of
hair. Thofe applications that are of a
more c aullic nature, often do more hurt
than good, efpecially when the fplent is
grown very hard, as they produce a rot-
tennefs, which keeps running feveral
months before the ulcer can be healed, and
then leaves an ugly fear.

Mild blifters often repeated, ss recom- Mild blif-
mended in the chapter of Bone-Spavin^ ^^^s are to
fhould firft be tried as the mott eligible ^^^7jf"'
method, and will generally fucceed, even finng.
beyond expedlation : but if they fail, and
the fplent be near the knee or joints, you
mud fire and blifter in the fame manner
as for the bone fpavin.

Splents

26S 0/tie ?oll-evil:

When Splents on the back part of the (hank-

firing is bone are difficult to cure, by reafon of
neceflkiy. (|^g j^j^^^j^ finews covering them •, the bed
way is to bore the fplent in feveral places
with an iron not very hot ; and then ta
V fire in the common way, not making
*^ the lines too deep, but very clofe to-
gether.

CHAP. XXXI.
0/ the POLL-EVIL.

The poll- •T* HE poll-evil is an abfcefs near thc^

f ^'-h^H* P^^^ ^^ ^ horfe, formed in the finuffes

^^ ^ ' between the noil- bone, and the upper-
mod vertebrae of the neck.

Kow cured. ]f Jt proceeds from blows, bruifes, or
any external violence, at firft bathe the
fwelling often with hot vinegar ; and if
the hair be fretted off with an ouzing
through the fkin, make ufe of two parts
pf vinegar, and one of fpirit of wine ;
l^ut if there be an itching, with heat and

inflam-

Of ibe?O^L-EY It: 269

inflammation, the fafeft way is to bleed,
and apply poultices with bread, milk,
and elder flowers: this method, with
the aflifliance of phyfick, will frequently
difperfe the fwelling, and prevent this
evil. .

But when the-tumour is critical, and has How
all the figns of matter, the beft method treated, ^
then is to forward it, by applying the ^^^^^ ^""
ripening poultices already taken notice
of, till it comes to maturity, and burfl:s
of itfelf -, or if opened with a knife, great
care fhould be taken to avoid the tendi-
nous ligament that runs along the neck
under the mane : when mater is on both
fides, the opening muft be made on each
fide, and the ligament remain undi-
vided.

If the matter flows In great quantities, Vzrloas
refembles melted glue, and is of an oily methods
confiftence, it will require a fecond in- *"^^*
cifion, efpecially if any cavities are dif-
covered by the finger or probe-, thcfe
fliould be opened by the knife, the ori-
fices made depending, and the wound
drefled with the common digeftive of
turpentine, honey, and tindureof myrrh,
and after digeftion, with the precipitate
•intment ; or walh the fore with the fol-
lowing.

%^o Cy/^^POLLEVIL*

lowing, made hot, and fill up the cavity
with tow foaked in it.

A drying TAKE vinegar, or fpirit of wine,
waHi. half a pint ; white vitriol diflblved

in fpring water, half an ounce \ tinc-
ture of myrrh, four ounces.

This may be made fharper, by adding
more vitriol ; but if the fiefh is very lux-
uriant, it Ihould firfl be pared down with
a knife before the application : with this
wafh alone Mr. Gibfon has cured thisdif-
order, without any other formality of dref-
fing, wafliing with it twice a day, and lay-
ing over the part a quantity of tow foaked
in vinegar, and the white of eggs beat
together. This lad application will ferve
inftead of a bandage, as it will adhere
clofe to the poll, and come off eafy when
there is occafion to drefs. Some wafh with
the phagedsenic water, and then fill up the
abfcefs vnl\i loofe doffils of tow foaked
iniEgyptiacum and oil of turpentine made
hot, and continue this method till the
cure is effected.

But the mod compendious method of
cure, is found by obfervation to be by
fcaldin^, as the farriers term it, and is
thus profccuted when the fore is foul, of

a bad

O/^i&^POLL'EVIL. 271

a i?ad difpofition, and attended with a pro-
fufion of matter.

TAKE corrofive fubllmate, verdi- Thefcald-
greafe in fine powder, and Roman ing aaix-
vitrol, of each two drams; green ■^"^^'
copperas, half an ounce*, honey or
i^gyptiacum, two ounces; oil of
turpentine and train oil, of each
eight ounces ; redified fpirit of
wine, four ounces : mix together in
a bottle.

Soir.e make their fcalding mixture mild-
er, ufmg red precipitate initead of the fub-
limate; and white vitriol inflead of the
Wue. The following has been fuccefsfully
u fed for this purpofe, viz. half an ounce of
verdigreafc, half a pint of train oil, four
etJBces of oil of turpentine, and two of oil
of vitriol.

The manner of fcalding is firft to clean The me-
the abfct'fs well with a piece of foonge ^'^"^ ^^
dipped in vinegar ; then put a fufnci£?nc ^^ *'
quantity of the mixture into a ladle with
a fpout, and when it is made fcalding
hot, pour it into the abfcefs, and clofe
the lips together with one or more lUches.
Tiiis is to "remain in feveral days, and if
y}od m.ttcer ap;-ears, and not in an over-
great

27a Of a Firtula ana

great quantity, it will do well without anf"
other drcfiing, than bathing with fpirit of
wine; if tlie matter flows in great abun-
dance, and of a thin confidence, it muft
be fcalded again, and repeated till the

matter lefTens and thickens. \

\ -

Obferva- Thefe liquid corrofive drefllngs agree
t'on. well with horfes, whofe fibres are flift'
and rigid, and whofe juices are oily and
vifcid *, in this cafe they contradl the vef-
fels of the tendons on the hind part of the
head and upper part of the neck, which
are continually ipewing out a matter or
ichor that can hai'dly be digefted, or the
profufion abated without fuch applications
as thefe.

CHAP. XXXII.

Of a Fiftula and Braifes on the Wi-
thers, Warbles on the Back, and,
Sit-Fafts.

liruires TJ RUISES on the withers frequent-
^(^^^ Jl) ^y innpofthuiiiate, and for want of
wirhers. ^^j.^ ^^^^ fiftulous ; they arifc often from

caufed. P"*^'^"

Bruifo 071 the Withers, ^c. 273

pinches of the faddle, and fhould be
treated with repcllers •, for this purpofe ^ ^"^^*
bathe the tumour well with hot vinegar
three or four times a day ; if that does
not fucceed alone, an ounce of oil of
vitriol may be put to a quart of vinegar,
or half an ounce of white vitriol diiTolved
in a little water, and added to the fame
quantity. Thefe are generally very ef-
fedtual repel'.ers for this purpofe in horfes,
and will frequently prevent impofthuma-
tion : when the fwelling is attended with
heat, fmarting, and little hot watery pim-
ples, the following mixture will then be
more proper to bathe with.

TAKE two ounces of crude fal Am- a repel-
moniac, boiled in a quart of lime- ling wafb.
water; where that cannot be had,
a handful of pearl or wood-afhes
may be boiled in common water;
pour off the deco6lion when fettled,
and mix with it half a pint of fpiric
of wine : anoint the part afterwards
with linfeed oil, or elder ointment,
to foften and fmooth the fkin.

But when thefe fwellings are critical, When cH-
the confequence of a fever fettled oh this ^'"1, how
part, you muft avoid the repelling me- '^^^^^^*
thod, and alTift in bringing the fwelling

T to

274 ^f ^ Fiftula and

to matter, by means of fuppuratlng poul-
tices : experienced farriers advife, never
to open thefe tumours till they break of
themfelves : for if they are opened before
they are ripe, the whole fore will be
fpongy, and difcharge a bloody ichor,
which foon degenerates into a fordid
ulcer. But take care to enlarge the
openings, and pare away the lips, that
your dreflings may be applied eafily ;
and avoid the ligament which runs along
the neck to the withers: if a gathering
forms on the oppofite fide, open it in
the fame manner, but take care they in-
cline downwards, for the fake of depend-
ing orifices, and letting the matter flow
off eafily. For the method of drefllng,
we muft refer to the preceding chapter;
and if the bones fhould be found foul,
they muft be drefi^ed with tincture of
myrrh till they fcale off: if the fungus is
very troublefome, and the difcharge
oily, yellow and vifcid ; pledgets foaked
in the following, made hot, have been
found very effectual, bathing the fwell-
ing round with fpirits of wine and vi-.
negar. -

A drying TAKE half an ounce of blue vitriol,
walh. diffolved in a pint of water : oii of

turpentine, and redtified fpirit of

wine,

3

Bruifes 07i th Withers, ^c. 275

Wine, of each four ounces ; white
wine vinegar, fix ounces ; oil of
virtriol and ^gyptiacum, of each
two ounces.

Thefe fharp liquid applications are obferva-
often found more efficacious drefTings tion.
than ointments with precipitate, or ver-
digreafe, or indeed any other digeftives ;
as they infinuate themfelves more readily
into the interftices of the fung«, or lit-
tle quag holes, fo commonly obferved in
thefe kind of ulcers ; and at the fame time
level and deftroy the rifing, and exube-
rant pupillas ; whereby the ulcer grows
more fmooth and dry, foon heals up, and
cicatrifes.

"When the cavities are truly fiflulous,
the callofities muft be cut out, where it
can be done, with a knife -, and the re-
mainder deflroyed by corrofives, viz,
precipitate, burnt alum and white vi-
triol, as we have already obferved in the
chapter on Ulcers,

Warbles are fmall hard tumours under ^y^j-^^j^g
the laddie part of the horfes's back, oc- defcribed.
cafioned by the heat of the facidle- in tra-
velling, or its uneafy fituation. A hot
greafy difh-clout at firft frequently ap-

T 2 plied.

276 Oj Wind-Galls, Blood,

plied, will fometimes remove them.^
Camphorated fpirits of wine are alfo very
^ effedtual for this purpofe to difperfe them,
'to which a little fpirit offal Am.moniac
may be added. The repellers above-
mentioned are fuccefsfully applied in thefe
cafes, and if you are obliged to work the
horfe, take care your faddle is nicely
chambered.

A ITt-faft, A ftt'faft proceeds generally from a
what. warble, and is the horfe's hide turned
horny, which, if it cannot be difToived
and foftened, by rubbing with the mer-
curial ointment,, muft be cut out, and
treated then as a frefli wound.

CHAP. XXXIII.

Of Wind-Galls, Blood, md Bog-

Spavins.

Wind- A ^ind-Gall is a flatulent fuelling,
galls de- jML which yields to the prclTure of the
fcribed. finger, and recovers its fliape on the re-
moval thereof: the tumour is vifible to
the eye, and often feated on both fides

I of

^;/^ Bog-Spavin Si 1277

t)f rfie back fHiew, above the fetlocks on
the fore legs ; but moft frequently on the
hind legs-, though they are met within
various parts of the body, wherever mem-
branes can be fo feparatcd, that a quan-
tity of air and feroficies may be included
within their duplicatures.

When they appear near the joints and How
tendons, they are generally caufed by caufcd. •
itrains or bruifes on the finews, or the
fheath that covers them ; which by being
overlireched, have fome of their fibres
ruptured ; whence probably may ouze
out that fluid which is commonly found
with the included air : though where thefe
fwellings fhew themfelves in the interflices
of large mufcles, which appear blown up
like bladders, air alone is the chief fluid ;
and thefe may fafejy be opened, and treat-
ed as a common wound.

On the firfl appearance of wind-galls. How tKey
their cure fliould be attempted by reftrin- ^^^^^.^^
gents and bandage •, for which purpofe,
let the fwelling be bathed twice a day
with vinegar, or verjuice alone, or let
the part be fomented with a deco6lion of
oak-bark, pomegranate, and alum boiled
in verjuice i binding over it, with a roll-
er, a woollen cloth foaked in the fame.

T 3 Some

me

278 O/Wind-Galls, Blooa,

Some for this purpofe ufe red wine lees,
others curriers lliavings wetted with the
fame, or vinegar, bracing the part up
with a firm bandage.

Repeated If this method, after a proper trial,
bliilering (hould not be found to fucceed, authors;
^^'°^' have advifed the fwelling to be pierced
with an awl, or opened with a knife;
but mild bliftering has in general the pre-
ference given to thefe methods ; the in-
cluding fluids being thereby drawn off,
the impadled air difperfed, and the tu-
mour gradually diminifhed. A little ot
the bliftering ointment fhould be laid on
every other day for a week, which brings
on a plentiful difcharge, but generally in
a few days is dried up, when the horfe
may be put to his ufual work-, and
the biftering ointment renewed in that
manner once a month, or oftener, as the
horfe can be fpared from bufinefs, till
the cure is compleated. This is the only
method to prevent fears, which firing of
courfe leaves behind, and unlefs fldlfully
executed, too often likewife a full-
nefs on the joint, with ftiffnefs : the mild
bliftering ointment, where the fublimate
is left out, is the propereft for this pur-
pofe,

A bicod'

i?/z^Bog-Spavinsi 279

A hkod-fpavin is a fwelling and dilata- A blood-
tion of the vein that runs along the in- jP^.y^^'l'^^"
fide of the hough, forming a little fofc
fwelling in the hollow part, and is^ often
attended with a weaknefs and lamenefs of
the hough.

The cure fhould be firft attempted with The cure,
the reftringents and bandage above re-
commended, which will contribute greatly
to ftrengthen all weakneOes of the joints,
and frequently will remove this diforder,
if early applied ; but if, by thefe means
the vein is not reduced to its ufual di-
menfions, the fkin fhould be opened, and
the vein tied with a crooked needle and
wax-thread pafled und(rrneath it, both
above and below the fwelling, and the
turgid part fuffered to digeft away with
the ligatures : for this purpofe, the wound
may be daily dreffcd with turpentine,
honey, and fpirit of wine, incorporated
together.

A hog-fpavin is an incyfted tumour on Abog-
the infide the hough, or, according to^P^.^'"^^-
Dr. Bracken, a colledion of brownifh^*^^^^^'^*
gelatinous matter, contained in a bag,
or cyft, which he thinks to be the lubri-
cating matter of the joint altered, the

T 4 common

^So

The ope.
ration
and cure.

O/Wind-Galls, Blood, &c.

common membrane that inclofes it, form-
ing the cyft : this cafe he has taken the
pains to illuftrate in a young colt of his
own, where he fays, when the fpavin
was preffed hard on the infide the hough,
there was a fmall tumour on the outfide,
which convinced him the fluid was within-
fide the joint: he accordingly cut into it,
difch^rged a large quantity of this gela-
tinous matrer, drefltd the fore with dofllls
dipped in oil of turpentine, putting into
it, once in three or four days, a powder
made of calcined vitriol, alum, and bole:
by this method of drclTing, the bag
floughed off, and came away, and the
cure -was fuccefsfuhy conipleated without
any vidhk fear.

Recom- This difordcr, according to the above

jnendcd dcfcription, will fcarcely fubmit to any

n'liewad-^^^"^ m.ethod except firing, v/hen the

gaKs. ^y^ ought to be penetrated to make it

eifcdual; but in all obftinare cafes that

have refilled the above methods, both

the cure of this, and the fweliings called

wind-galls, fhouid, i think be attempted

in this manner. If, throuf;h the pain

attending the opperation or drefllngs, the

joint fhouid fwcll and inflame, foment it

tv/ice a day, and apply a poultice over the

dreflings till it is reduced.

CHAP.

[ 28i ]

CHAP. XXXIV.

(yMallenders and Sallenders.

MAllenders are cracks in the bend Malfeni-
of the horfe's knee, that difcharge ^^" j^*
a fliarpe indigefled matter -, they are often
the occafion of lamenels, ftiffnefs, and
the horfe's flun^bhng.

Sallenders are the fame diftemper, fi- Sallen-
tuate on the bendino; of the hoimh, and tiers what,
occafion a lamenefs behind.

They are both cured by waihing the How
parts with a lather of foap warmed, or cured.
old chamber-lye-, and then applying over
the cracks a ftrong m.ercurial ointm,enc
fpread on tow, with which they flioukl be
drelTed, night and morning, till all the
fcabs fall off- if this fliould not fiicceed,
anoint theiw nio;ht and morning; with a
little of the following, and apply the above
ointment over it.

TAKE hogs- lard, two ounces -, fub- An oint-
limate mercury, two drams. . mentfor

that pu;-
pofe.

Or,

282 Of Lampas, Barbs, and

Or,

TAKE hogs-lard, two ounces j oil of
vitriol, two drams.

Take the next from Gibfon, which Is
to be depended on.

Another. iEthiop's mineral, half an ounce-, white
vitriol, one dram; foft green foap,
fix ounces.

Anoint with this often, but firft clip
away the hair, and clear the fcabs. On
their drying up, it may be proper to give
a gentle purge or two ; or the nitre balls
may be taken advantageoufly, for a fort-
night or three weeks.

CHAP. XXXV.

Of Lampas, Barbs, and Wolves

Teeth.

THe lam- 'T^ H E lampas is an excrefcence in the

pas de- A j-QQf pf j-j^g horfe's mouth, which

Scribed, jg fometimes fo luxuriant, that it grows

above the teeth, and hinders his feeding.

The

Wolves Teeth. ' 283

The cure is in lightly cauterifing the
flefh with a hoc iron, taking care that it
does not penetrate too deep, fo as to fcale
off the thin bone that Hes under the up-
per bars ; the part may be anointed with
burnt alum and honey, which is proper
for moft fores in the mouth.

This- operation is by fome thought to Obferva-
be entirely unneceflary •, it being a gene- t'O"*
ral obfervation with them, that all young
horfcs have their mouths more or lefs full
of what are called lam pas ; and that fome-
times they rife higher than the fore-teeth :
but they further obferve, in proportion
as a horfe grows older, the roof flattens
of itlelf, and the teeth then appear to rife.
We are obliged to the ingenious M. La
Fofld for this remark, and hope it will be
the means of aboliOiing this cruel and un-
neceffary operation.

Barbs are fmall excrefcences under the Bubs
tongue, which may be difcovered by J^'^;^^' ^"^
drawing it afide, and are cured by cut- J^;^^^
ting dole off, and wafhing with brandy,
or lalt and water,

A horfe is faid to have wolvej teeth, Wolves
when the teeth grow in fuch a manner, |^^^^^»
that their points prick or wound either '''

the

^h Of fie GREASE.

the tongue, or gums, in eating. Old
horfes are molt liable to this infirmity,
and whofe upper overfhoot the under
teeth in a great degree.

The cure. To remedy this evil, you may either
chop off the fuperfluous parts of the
teeth with a chifel and mallet, or file
them down, which is the better way, till
you have fufficiently wafted them.

CHAP. XXXVI.
Of fhe GREASE.

The T N oi'<^er to^ treat this diforder with
greafeto A Tome propriety (without having re-
be confi- courfe to humour/hUmg down for its ex-

d.To'rl'o'fP^"''^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ confider it as arifing
the ve/Tds ^^^^ ^'^^0 different caufes ; a fault or re-
as well as laxation in the veffels, or a bad difpofi-
thebJood. tion in the blood and juices ; but unlefs
the reader has fome idea of the blood's
circulation, or will give himfelf a little
trouble to obtain it, this dodlrine will be
of little ufe to him, and he mull be con-
tent to be ftill impofed on with the ufual

cant

Of the GREASE. 285

cant of humours. We have already ex-
plained our meaning on this fubje6l in
a preceding chapter, and fhall here only
oblerve, that the blood and juices (or
humours^ for there are always fome in the
bed ftatc of blood) are brought to the
extreme parts by the arteries, and re-
turned by the veins •, in which latter, the
blood is to rife in perpendicular columns,
to return the circulating fluids frorri the
extremities: hence fwellings in the legs ^<>^^.
of hcrfes may eafily be accounted for, i),^^|,'g"^"'
from a partial ftagnation of the blood limbs are
and juices in the tiner velTels, where thecccafioa-
circulation is moft languid; and efpeci- ^^•
ally when there is want of due exercife,
and a proper mufcular comprefiion on the
yeflels, to pufli forward the returning
bloody and propel the inert and haifftag-
nating tiuids through their vefTels ; in
fhorr, the blood in luch cafes cannot fo
readily ^fcend as defcend, or a greater
' quantity is brought by the arteries thati
can be returned by the veins.

The greafe then, confidered in this The
light, mud be treated as a local com- g^^a^c,
plamt, where the parts aff'eded .ire ^alone \^^^ ^
concerned, the blood and juices being times be-
yet untainted, and in good condition -, treated as
or as a diforder where they are both com- '^c^^-

plicated:

285 Of the G R E A S E.

plicated: but when it is an attendant
on fome other diftemper, as the farcy,
yellows, dropfy, ^c, fuch difeafes mud
firft be cured before the greafe can be re-
moved. In the former cafe, moderate
exercife, proper drefling, cleanlinefs, and
external application, will anfwer the pur-
pole -, in the latter, internals muft be
called in to our afilftance, with proper
evacuations.

How Whenahorfe's heels are firfl: obferv^ed

iwcUed to fwell in the liable, and fubfide, or go
^\^\a down, on exercife -, let care be taken to

comes in, with foap-fuds, chamber- lye,
or vinegar and water, which with pro-
per rubbing will frequently prevent, or
remove this complaint : or let them be
well bathed twice a day with old verjuice,
or the following mixture, which will
brace up the relaxed veflTels -, and if rags
dipped in the fame are rolled on, with
a proper bandage, for a few days, it is
Bandage ^^^^ \\V.tVj the fweUings will fcon be
^^^nded removed by this method only, as the
"^^" ' bandage will fupport the vefiels, till they
have recovered their tone. To anfwer
this end alfo, a laced ftocking made of
ftrong canvas, or coarfe cloth, neatly
fitted to the part, would be found ex-
tremely

Of the GREASE. 287

trcmely ferviceable, and might eafily be
contrived by an ingenious mechanick.

TAKE rcdlified fpirit of wine, four A repel -
ounces ; diflblve in it half an ounce ^^^'"^ ^'^ "
of camphor, to which add wine-
vinegar, or old verjuice, fix ounces;
white vitriol diflblved in a gill of
water, one ounce : mix together,
anti fhake the phial when ufed.

But if cracks or fcratches are obferved, Cracks

hcv^
ed.

which oufe and run, let the hair be clip- ^^^^ treat-

ped away, as well to prevent a lodgement
(which becomes flinking and ofl^enfive
by its ftay) as to give room for wadiing
out dirt or gravel, Vv^hich, if fuffered to
remain there, would greatly aggravate
the diforder.

When this is the cafe, or the heels are Pouhice-!
full of hard fcabs, it is neceffary to begin °^|[^^.^^"
the cure with poultices, n^ade either of
boiled turnips and lard, with a handful
of linfeed powdered -, or oatmeal and
rye-flov/er, with a little common turpen-
tine, and hogs-lard, boiled up with
flrong beer grounds, or red wine lees.
The digelUve ointment being applied to
the fores for two or three days, with
•ither of thcfe poultices over it, will, by

foftening

288 Of //^^ G R E A S E.

foftening them, promote a dlfcharge,
unload the velTels, and take down the
fwelling: ; when they may be dried up
with the following.

A drying TAKE white vitriol and burnt alum,
water. of each two ounces ; iEgyptiacum,

one ounce i lime-water, a quarter
three pints : walli the fores with a
fponge dipped in this, three times a
day, and apply the common white
ointment fpread on tow ; to an ounce
of which may be added two drams
of fugar of lead.

Or the following wafh and ointment
may be ufed for that purpofe.

Another TAKE half an ounce of Roman vi-
drying xxioiy difTolvc it in a pint of water i

wacer. ^^^ decant oflFthe clear into a quart

bottle, add half a pint of campho-
rated fpirits of wine, the fame quan-
tity of vinegar, and two ounces of
uSlgyptiacum.

A drying TAKE honey four ounccs •, white or
ointment. red lead powdered, tv/o ounccs ;

verdigreafe, in fine powder, one
ounce: mix together. ^

Sgmc

0/ //^rGRE AS E. ' • 2^8,

Some for this piirpofe apply alum- Other
curd ; others a ftrong folution of alum ^^^^^*
in verjuice, with honey; and many of
thefe forms may eafily be contrived. But
let it be remembered, that as foon as the
'fweihng is abated, and the moifture lef-
fened, it would be very proper to keep
the legs and pafterns rolled up with a firm-
bandage, or linen roller, two or three
fingers wide, in order to brace up the re-
laxed veflels, till they have recovered their
natural tone.

This method is generally very fuccefs- How
ful, when the diltemper is only local, ^^f^'^^
and requires no internal medicines; butf^^-^^aj^
if the horfe be full and grofs, his legs internal
greatly gorged, fo that the hair (lares ^^^^s*
up, and is v hat fome term pen-featheredy
and has a large {linking difcharge from
deep foul fores, you may expedl to meet
with great trouble, as thefe diforders are
very obflinate to remove, being often oc-
cafioned by a poor dropfical (late of blood,
or a general bad difpofition in the blood
and juices.

The cure in this cafe, if the horfe is
full and flelhy, muft be begun by bleeds
ing, rowels, and repeated purging; after

U which,

290

A diuretic

drink.

Nitre re-
com-
mended.

Diuretic

balis.

0/ ^^^ GRE ASE.

which, diuretic medicines are frequently
given with fuccefs. Thus,

TAKE four ounces of yellow rofin,
one offal prunellae; grind them to- |
gether with an oiled peftle, add a
dram of oil of amper, and give a
quart of forge- water every morning
fading two hours before and after
taking, and ride moderately.

As this drink is found very difagree-
able to fome horfes, I would recommend
the nitre balls in its ftead, given to the
quantity of two ounces a day, for a
month or fix weeks, mixed up with ho-
ney, or in his feeds : take the following
alfo for that purpofe.

Yellow rofm, four ounces; fait of tar-
tar, and fal prunellas, of each twQ I
ounces •, Venice foap half a pound ;
oil of juniper, half an ounce: make
into balls of two ounce weight, and
give one every morning.

Or,
TAKE nitre, two ounces ; camphor,
one dram : honey enough to make
into a Ijall : give as the former.

The

Of the GRE A S E. 291

The legs, in this cafe, ilioiild be bathed Fomen-
or fomented, in order to breathe out the ^^^'^"s
Itagnant juices, or to thin them, lo that ^eceiTary.
they may be able to circulate freely in
the common current. For this purpofe,
foment twice a day with the difcutient
fomentation, p. 237, in which a hand-
ful or two of wood-afhes has been boiled ;
apply then the above poultices, or the
following, till the fwelling has fubfided,
when the fores may be drelTed v/ith the
green ointment till they are properly di-
gefted, and then dried up with the water
and ointment above recommended.

TAKE honey, one pound ; turpen- A difcu-
tine, fix ounces; incorporate with a^!^"^P°"^*
fpoon ; and add of the meal of fe-
nugreek and linfeed, each fourounces;
boil in three quarts of red wine lees
to the confidence of a poukice ; to.
which add, when taken from the fire,
two ounces of camphor in powder :
fpread it on thick cloths, and apply
warm to the legs, fecuring it on with
a firong roller.

If the fores are very foul, drefs^them
with two parts of the wound ointment,
and one of i^gyptiacumj and apply the

U 2 foli owing-,

292 Of the GREASE.

following, fpread on thick cloths, and
rolled on.

A clean- .T A K E of black foap/ one pound ;
ling pouL honey, half a pound; burnt alum,

^^ce. four ounces J verdigreafe powdered,

two ounces; wheat- flour, a fufficienc

quantity.

are necef-
lary

When al- If the diuretic balls Ihould not fuccced,
teratives ^ they muft be changed for the antimonial
and mercurial alteratives, already men-
tioned ; but turning a horfe out in a field,
where he has a hovel or (bed to run to
at pleafure, would greatly contribute to
quicken the cure, and indeed would in ge-
neral efFedt it alone •, but if this cannot be
complied with, let him be turned out in
the day-time.

A large If the horfe is not turned out, a large
itall necef- and convenient flail is abfolutely necef-
W* fary, with good dreffing and care: this
ftali fhould be fix feet wide, that a tall
horfe may (hoot out his legs at length,
fo that the blood may circulate freely,
w^ithout meeting with refiftance, which
it naturally muft, when a horfe lies all
on a heap, or with his legs under him :
nor fhould the ftable be paved with too
great a declivity ; for if the horfe flands

too

0///^^ GR E A SE. 293

too low with his hind legs, mofl of his
weight will reft upon them, and give him
the greafe, efpecially if he is at all inclined
to be gourdy.

Thelaft thing we fhall recommend, is a horfc
a method to oblige a horfe to lay down lying
in the ftable. This undoubtedly is of^o^v"»of
the utmoft confequence, as it will not a Sf^^^^^^'
Jictle contribute to the removal and cure ^^^'
of this diforder; for by only changing
the pofitions of his legs, a freer circula-
tion would be obtained, and the fwelling
taken down: whereas, in general, it is
greatly aggravated by the obftinacy of
the horfe, who refufes to lie down at all
(probably from the pain it gives him to
bend his legs for that purpofe) by which
means the ftiffnefs and fwelling increafes,
till the over-gorged and diftended veffels
are obliged to give way, and by burfting,
difchargethe fluids, which fhould circulate
through them.

The method propofed by Dr. Bracken, How to
is to tie up one of his for e feet clofe, and {"^^^ ^^^
to faften a cord, or fmall rope about the ^^y^*"^''"'
other fetlock, bringing the end of it
over the horfe's (boulders ; then let him
be hit or kicked with your foot behind
that knee, at the fame time pulling hi$
' U 3 - nofc

2 94 0/ Scratches, Crown -Scabe,

nofe down flrongly to the manger, yoU
will bring him upon his knees, where he
fhould be held till he is tired, which
cannot be long-, but if he does not lie
down foon, let him be thruft fideways
againfl his quarters to throw him over :
by forcing him down feveral times in this
way you may teach him to lie down at
the fame words you firft ufed for that pur-

pofe. Other means are recommended

for this purpofe, fuch as tying the horfe*s
tail With a cord, touching his fkin with
oil of vitriol, ^c.

Thus have I endeavoured todiflinguifh
this dilbrder, and to point out when and
where internals are necelTary, and in what
cafes the cure may be ^ffeded by external
applications only.

CHAP. XXXVIL

i
O/'Scratches, Crown-Scabs, Rat-tails

a?2d Capellets.

Scratches in the heels have fo much
affinity with the greafe, and are fo
often concomitants of that diflemper,
that the method of treating them may be

fele(5tec}

1

Rat-Tails, and Capdlets. 2^^

iele<5ted chiefly from the preceding chap-
ter ; which at firft fliould be -by the lin-
feed and turnep poultice, with a iittle
common turpentine to foften them, and
relax the vedels ; the green ointment
may then be applied for a fev/ day to
promote a difcharge, when they may be
dried up with the ointments and wafhes
recommended in the above chapter. It is Scratches
beft afterwards to keep the heels fupple, ^^^^^ ^^^^'"^
and foftened with curriers dubbing, ^ *
which is made of oil and tallow. This
will keep the hide from cracking, and
be as good a prefervative as it is to lea-
ther; acd by ufmg it often before exer-
cife, will prevent the fcratches, if care is
taken to wafh the heels with^ warm v/ater
when the horfe comes in. When they
prove obftinate, and the fores are deep,
ufe the following ; but if any cavities or
hollow places are formed, they Ihould
firft be laid open, for no foundation caa
be laid for healing, till you can drefs to
the bottom.

TAKE Venice turpentine, four ounces; An olnt-
quickfilver, one ounce •, incorporate ment for
Vv^ell together by rubbing fome time, obihnace
and then add honey and iheep's-fuet, ^^^^^^^-^•
of each two ounces.

U 4 Anoint

29^ (y Scratches, Crown-Scabs,

Anoint with this once or twice a day •,
and if the horfe is full or flefhy, you muft
bleed and purge-, and if the blood is in a
bad (late, the alteratives muft be given to
redlify it.

The The crown-fcab is an humour that

r T"h breaks out round the coronet, which is M
treated °^^ ^^^y fharp and itching, and attended
with a fcurfinefs : fharp waters prepared
■with vitriol are generally ufed for the
cure ; but the fafeft way is firfl to mix
marfh-mallovv and yellow bafilicon, or
the wound-ointment, equal parts, and to
fpread them on tow, and lay all round the
coronet. A dofe or two of phyfick may
be very proper, with the diuretic drinks,
p. 290, and the alteratives above recom-
mended, in rebellious cafes. Fide Chap- ^
ter on Alteratrces.

Rat-tails Rat-tails are excrefcences, which creep
what, and from the paftern to the middle of the
hawcuied. (j^^j^i^s^ and are fo called from the re-
femblance they bear to the tail of a rat.
Some are moid, others di;y \ the former
may be treated with the drying ointment
and walhes, p. 288. the latter with the
mercurial ointment, p. 99. If the hard-
nefsdoes not fubmit to the iaft medicine,

ic

Rat-Tails, mid Capellets- 297

it (hould be pared off with a knife, and
drefled with turpentine, tar and honey,
to which verdigreafe or white yitjiol may
occafionally be added; but betore the
ufe of the knife, you nnay apply this oint-
ment.

TAKE black foap, four ounces; An otnt-

mentfor
rat- tails.

quicklime, two ounces*, vinegar "^^"^'^*'

enough to make an ointment.

There are particular fwellings which Capellets
horfcs are fubjedl to, of a wenny nature, ^^^f» ^^
which grow on the heel of the hock, and ^"^ ^|J
on the point of the elbow, and are called
by the French and Italians Capellets : they
arife often from bruifes and other acci-
dents ; and v/hen this is the cafe, fhould
be treated with vinegar and other repel-
lers ; but Vv^hen they "grow gradually on
bgth heels, or elbows, we may then fuf-
pe6t J:he blood and juices in fault; that
fome of the veiTels are broke, and juices
extravafated ; in this cafe, the fuppura-
tion fliould be promoted, by rubbing the
part wiih marth-mallow ointment, and
when matter is formed, the f!%in (hould
be opened with a lancet, in feme de-
pendent part towards one fide, to avoid
a fear: the drtiTings may be turpentine,
honey, and tindure of myrrh. The re-

laxed

298 <y Scratches, Crown -Scabs, Cfc.

laxed fkin may be bathed with equal
parts of fpirit of wine and vinegar, to
which an eighth part of oil of vitriol may
be added. The contents of thefe tumours
are various, fometimes watery, at others
fuety, or like thick pafte ; which, if care
be not taken to digeft out properly with
the cyfl, will frequently colled again:
was it not for the disfigurement, the
fliorteft method would be to extirpate
them with a knife, which, if artfully ex-
ecuted, and the fkin properly preferved,
would leave very little deformity.

When thefe tumours proceed from an
indifpofition of the blood, they are befl:
let alone, efpecially thofc of the watery
kind, which will often wear off infenfibly
without any applications ; but when they
are like to prove tedious, endeavour to dif-
perfe them by bathing with repellers, and
have recourfe to rowels, purges, and diu-
retic medicines, to carry off the fuper-
fluous juices, and corred the blood.

CHAP.

[ 299 ] '

CHAP. XXXVIII.

Of the D if cafes of the FEET.

Of Narrow Heels, and Binding of th$

Hoof, ^c.

THOUGH narrow heels in gene- Narrow
ral arife from a natural defedt, yet^eels often
they are often rendered incurable by t)ad f ^'^"^^^g^
{hoeing-, for fome farriers hollow thej^g,
quarters fo deep and thin, that they may
be pinched in with the fingers, and think
by that method to widen them out by a
ilrong broad-webbed flioe; but this
turns them narrow above, wires their
heels, and dries, or rots the frog. The How they
bed way in all fuch cafes is not to hollow fl^ould be
the foot in fhoeing, and to pare nothing"^^"^S^^»
out, but what is rotten or foul, if the
foot be hard and dry, or inclined to be
rotten, bathe it often with chamber-lye,
or boil two pounds of linfeed bruifed in
two quarts of the fame, to the confidence
of a poultice, then add fix ounces of foft
green foap, and anoint the foot with it
every day, rubbing a little of it upon the
ible.

Or,

300

Of Narrow Heels, and

An oint-
ment for
the hoofs.

How dfy
hoofs
fhould be
treated.

Or,
TAKE bees-wax, two ounces ; fredi
butter, or Jard, fix ounces ; tar, one
ounce; as much linfeed, or neats-
foot oil, as will make it the confift-
ence of a fmooth ointment.

The hoofs. If too dry, may be anoint*
ed with the above, or with lard only;
fome for this purpofe ufe tar, tallow, and
honey, but moft greafy and undluous
applications will anfwer this intention:
the feet alfo, if too dry, may be fluffed
with bran and lard heated, or worked
up together in the hand ; which is very
proper alfo to apply every night, when
your horfe is travelling, in hot weather,
on roads that are dry and hard; cow-
dung likewife is a proper fl:uffing for the
izn^ but vinegar fhould cautiouHy be
mixed with it; for though it is a known
cooler, it is a remarkable reftringent,
which in this cafe would be extremely
prejudicial ; inftead of which, a pint of
frefh butter may be firfl appliedio the fole,
and the cow-dung laid over it.

Hovmoift There

Jjoofs.

is another diforder the hoofs

^ odd be ^'^ ^""^-i^^ ^^' ^^^"-"^ ^' ^^''^ ^^^"g ^00
fieaied. ' ^^itand moift ; thismaybeconftitutioiial.

or

Binding of the Hoof, G?c. ^oi

or proceed from going much in wet and
marfhy grounds, ftanding conftantly in
wet litter, or any infirmity that may
bring too great a moifture into the ittx..
In this cale, the horfe's hoofs may be
bathed every day with warm vinegar,
verjuice, copperas- water, and fuch like
reftringents *, to which may be added galls,
alum, i^c. remembering to let the horfe
ftand conftantly dry.

We fay a horfe is hoof- bound, when Hoof-
the hoof is fo tight round the initep, ^^^^^*
that it turns the foot fomewhat into the ^^""^^
fhape of a bell. This is caufed fome-
times by fiioeing as above, to widen the
heel, and fometimes by cuttino- the toes
down too much, which gives ^hat jfhape
to the foot, and caufes the horfe to go
lame.

To remedy this diforder, Mr. Gibfon How re.
recomn)ends the following method. Let m^^icd,
the foot be drawn down from the coro-
net almoft to the toe with a drawing
knife, making feven or eight lines or
razes through the hoof, almoO: to the
quick \ afterwards keep it charged with
pitch or rofin, till the lines are wore out
in (hoeing, which will require feveral
months 5 therefore horfes are generally

turned

302 6/* Sand-Cracks ^;;^ Quittof S:

turned out to grafs. Before we clofe this
chapter, take thefe ointments for the feet
and hoofs, viz,

Oint- Sweet oil, rofin, and hogs-lard, each a

ments for pound ; bees-wax, two ounces j honey,

*^d^r^f a pound : melt together.

Or,

TAKE bafilicon, one pound; wax
and neats-foot oil, of each half a
pound ; rofin, four ounces : mix to-*^
gether.

CHAP. XXXIX.

Of Sand-Cracks and Quitters.

A fand- \X7 ^^'^ '^ called a fand-crack, is a

crack de- VV ^^"^^ ^^^^^ ^" ^^^ OUtfide the hoof ;

fcribed. jf it runs in a ftrait line downwards,
and penetrates through the honey part of
the hoof, it often proves troublefome to
cure ; but if it pafes through the liga-
ment that unites the hoof with the coro-
net, it is then apt to breed a quittor, or
falfe quarter, which is dangerous.

When

of Sand-Crack-s and Qulttors. 303

When the crack only penetrates How
through the hoof, without touching the treated,
ligament, unlefs the hoof be hollow,
it may eafily be cured, by rafping only
the edges fmooth, and applying thick
pledgets of bafilicon, and binding them
down with a piece of foft lift ; if fome
precipitate be added to it, this medicine
will be improved thereby, and in gene-
ral anfwers the end, without any other
application. But if you perceive any
hollownefs under the hoof, and that the
cleft has a tendency to penetrate through
the griftle or ligament, the beft method,
in that cafe, is to fire out of hand with
irons that are not made too hot, firft
rafping very thin and wide, from both
fides of the cleft: the horfe muft not
carry any weight for fome time, but be
turned out to grafs, or wintered in a good
farm -yard.

A quittor is an ulcer formed between A qulttor
the hair and hoof, ufually the infide defcribcd,
quarter of a horfe's foot ; it arifes often
from treads and bruifes, fometimes from
gravel, which, by working its way up-
wards, lodges about the coronet : if it is
only fuperficial, it may be cured with
cleanfing dreflings, bathing the coronet

every

304 Of Sand- Cracks ma Quittors.

every day with ipirit of wine, and drefs-
ing the fore wiih the precipitate me-
dicine.

How But if the mal:ter forms itfelf a lodg-

cured in ment under the hoof, there is no way

particular ^^^ ^^^ come at the ulcer, but by taking

ofxpart of the hoof j and if this be done

artfully and well, the cure may be efFeded

without danger.

. When the matter happens to be lodged
near the quarter, the farrier is fometimes
obliged to take off the quarter of the
hoof, and the cure is then, for the mod
part, but palliative V for when the quarter
grows up, it leaves a pretty large feam,
which weakens the f:^ot •, this is what is
called a falfe quarter, and a horfe, with
this defed, feldom gets quite found.

How I^ t^^ matter, by its confinement, has

cured rotted the coffin-bone, which is of fo foft
wlien the ^nd fpongy a nature, that it foon be-

bonei's af~ ^^"^^^'^ ^^^ 1^^ muft enlarge the opening,
ftded. cut away the rotten flefh, and apply the
adiual cautery, or hot iron pointed pyra-
midically, and drefs the bone with dof-
fils of lint, dipped in tindlure of myrrh,
and the wound with the green or pre-
cipitate ointment. When the fore is not

enlarged

of Wounds in the Feet, ^c, 305

enlarged by the knife, which is the bed
and lefs painful method, pieces of fubli-
mate are generally applied, which bring
out with them cores, or lumps ot fiefh •,
blue vitriol powdered, and mixed with a
few drops of the oil, is ufed alfo for this
purpofe, and is faid to ad: as efFedually
and with lefs pain and danger : during
the operation of thefe medicines, the foot,
I think, Ihould be kept in fome foft poul-
tice, and care fhould be taken, during
the whole drefling, to prevent proud flelh
rifing, which otherwife will not only re-
tard the cure, but prevent a firm and
found healing.

CHAP, XL.

Of Wounds in the Feet, from Nails,
Gravel, £sf^.

Accidents of this fort are very com- Wounds
mon, and fometimes, for want of in the feet
early care, prove of bad confequence -, ^°"/^
for the parts being naturally tender, are [.'"'"be"
very fufceptible of inflammation ; and attended
when matter is once formed, if a free to

X dif-

3o6 CyWounds in the Feet,

difcharge is not procured, the bone, which
is fpongy, foon becomes afFed:ed, and the
whole Toot is then in danger.

In what When any extraneous bodies, fuch as
mannar nails, ftubs, thorns, i^c. have paflcd into
^^^y , the horfe's foot, you fhould endeavour

t!-ea"ed in ^^ %^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^" ^^ pofilble ', and

general, after wafliing the part with oil of turpen-
tine, drefs the hole with lint dipped in
the fame, melted down with a little tar 5
the foot may be- flopped up with bran
and hogs lard heated together, or put it
into the turnep, or any foft poultice :
this method is generally fuccefsful, when
the nail, ^c. is intirely removed ; but
if any piece, or particle, fliould remain
behind, which may be fufpeded by the
degree of pain, and difcharge of matter -,
after paripg away the fole as thin as pof-
fibie, introduce a bit of fponge tent, in
order to enlarge the hole, that it may be
drawn out by a fmall pair of forceps, or
brought away by digeftion: if this method
fhould not fucceed, but the lamenefs con-
tinues, with a difcharge of a thin, bloody,
or (linking matter, you mud no longer
delay opening the wound with a drawing
knife to the bottom, and then drefs as
above direded, or with the turpentine di-
geftive, divided with the yolk of an egg,

and

fro77i Nails, Gravel, ^c. 307

and a little tindure of myrrh; afterwards

with the precipitate medicine.

/•

If the lamenefs proceeds from pricking When
in flioeing, the foot fhould be pared thin ^^?"J.
on the wound fide, and after drefling with i^^fl^Q^J-L
the tar and turpentine, let it be Hopped
with the poultices above mentioned, or
with two ounces of common turpentine,
melted down with four of lard : fhould
this method not fucceed, follow the above
diredtions.

If the nail penetrates to the joint of the What
foot, where matter may be formed, and wounds
by its long continuance putrefy, fo as to ^^^^^"g^"
erode the cartilages of the joint, the cafe
is incurable.

If the nail has pafTed up to the nut-
bone, it is incurable, becaufe this little
bone cannot exfoliate, and becaufe the
cartilaginous part of it is deflroyed, as
foon as injured.

If the nail has not pafied to the tendon,
the horfa will do well, without a necefiTity
for drawing the fole; but if the terldon
is wounded, the fole mufl be carefully
drawn, becaufe a finovia and gleet is dil-
charged.

X 2 When

3o8 Of Wounds in the Feet,

When When gravel is the caufe, it for the

from rnofl part follows the nail-holes, and if
gravel. j^. g^fg j-q ^.j-jg quir]<j cannot return, un-

\t{% it is fcraped out -, for the make of the
hoof which is fpiral like an ear of corn,
favours its afcent, fo that the gravel con-
tinues working upwards towards the co-
roner, and forms what the farriers call a
quittor- bone.

The cure. The nature of this diforder points out
the method of cure, which is to be as ex-
peditious and careful as poflible, in get*
ting out the gravel ; if it is found difficult
to efFe6l this, let the fole or hoof be pared
thin, and ifneceflary, the wound enlarged
to the bottom, and then dreflfed up as
ufual. Should the coffin-bone be affeded,
you muft follow the direcSlions laid down
in the preceeding chapter, remembring
always to bathe the hoof with vinegar,
or repellers, in order to allay the heat
and inflammation, which often happen
on fuch occafions \ and fhould the pain
and anguifli alTedl the legs, treat them in
the fame manner, or charge the leg and
paflern with a mixture of wine lees and
vinegar.

Figs

I

I

from Nails, Gravel, ^c\ 309

Figs are fpongy fwelllngs on the bottom Figs,
of horfes feet, generally on the fides of the '''^'^^^^^^
frufh. Thefe, or any other kind of ex- f^7m,\'c.
crefcences, fuch as warts, corns, grapes,
i£c. are beft removed by the knife-, and
if any part of them be left behind, or
fhould flioot up afrefh, touch them with
the cauftick, or oil of vitriol, aad drefs
with i^gyptiacum ; to which may be add-
ed, when they are very rebellious, a
fmall quantity of fublimate : when the
roots are quite deflroyed, you may incarn
with the precipitate medicines, and dry
up the fore with the foilov/ing.

TAKE of white vitriol, allum, and A drying
galls in powder, of each two ounces ;^^»^^-
diflblve them by boiling a little in
two quarts of lime-water, and keep
in a bottle for ufe, which fliould be
fhook when ufed,

Thefe drying kind of medicines areSomepro-
feldom ufed to advantage before the knife; F^. obfer-
which fliould not be fpared on thefe oc-''^^^^^'^^*
cafions, even though the roots of feme
of thefe excrefcences are fixed, as they
frequently are, on the tendon and fole;
for they muft be intirely extirpated before
a radical cure can be performed. Should

X 3 a large

3^0 .0/ Wounds in the Feet,

a large bleeding enfue, from a divifion of
the artery in the bottom of the foot, ap-
ply clofe to it a button of tow, or lint
covered with powder of alum, or with
vitriol and bole; fill the whole foot up
with dry dreffings, clofdy applied, and
iecure them on by a proper bandage. Ob-
lerve the preceeding directions in regard
to inflammation, and drefs the wouncf ac-
cording to the rules we have already laid
down.

As in this and other chapters we have
mentioned the danger of wounded ten-
dons and membranous parts, we cannot
clofe It without mentioning fome curious
obfervations of the learned Mr. Haller,
who, by a number of experiments made
on the irritable and fenfible parts of a va-
riety of animals, has endeavoured to over-
throw this dodrine entirely, though fo
long held facred. As xhe experiments,
which fupport his opinion, have opened
to us a new field of difcoveries, which
may be of fervice in their confequences,
we fhall, for the fake of the curious reader,
mention a^-few of them.

Contrary then to the general opinion,
he proves firft, that tendons are incapable
ot all fenfation and pain j this pofition

he

from Nails, Gravel, ^c, 311

he has confirmed a hundred times, by a
variety of experiments, as cutting, prick-
ing, and wounding them in various ftiapes;
the animal all this while continuing quiet
and eafy, fhewing not the leaft fign of
pain, and when let loofe, walked about
perfedlly eafy : the ligaments and cap-
fulse of the joints he alfo affirms to be
equally fenfible of pain, by a variety in
of experiments, made by filling the ar-
ticulations with oil of vitriol, ^c, the
animals fhewing no fenfe of pain from
fuch acrid applications \ and thefe wounds,
hitherto thought fo dangerous, werecafily
healed with nothing but the animal's faliva,
often even without it. Other experiments
he has made on thefe parts with needles,
or fliarp inflruments, with the fame
fuccefs : in fhort, he endeavours to prove
the periofteum infenfibie, the diira^ pia
mater^ all membranes ; and whatever parts
like thefe, are deftitute of nervous filla-
ments, he fays, are void of pain ; and
In proportion to the quantity of them,
the part is more or lefs fenfible, or fub-
je61; to pain. As this doftrine, and the
experiments which fupport it, are now
under the confideration of the learned,
we may foon cxpedt the refult of^ their
enquiries : we Ihall only take the liberty
to remark, that this new do6lrine has

X 4 yet

312 0///5^ Running-Thrufli, Canker,

yet made no alteration in pradice, nor
probably will ; fince phyfieians and fur-
geons have chiefly to do with tendons,
membranes, ^c» in an inflam„ed, or mor-
bid ftate, not in the found flate thefe
experiments were made; for though in
the latter, they may appear to have little
or no fenfations, yet when inflamed, as
in the former, experience muft convince
us, thev are often attended with intenfe
pains and fatal confequences ; as in the
pleurify and phrenitis, in pun6lured and
overftrained tendons and ligaments, efpe*
cially when thefe accidents happen in mor-
bid habits, and an inflammatory ft ate of
blood.

■•*

CHAP. XLT.

Of the Running- Thru fli. Canker, and
Lofs of Hoof.

THE thrufli, or frufh, is an impof-
thume, that fometimes gathers in
nmgthrurn [{^g frog •, or a fcabby and ulcerous dif-
deicnbed. pQfj^^Qj^^ which fometimes caufes it to fall
off: when the difcharge is natural, the

feet

a?7d Lofs of Hoof. jij

feet fhould be kept clean, but no drying
wailies made ufe of, it being thought as
unfafe to repel fome of thefe difcharges,
as to cure Ibme fvveaty feet.

When an impoftume, or gathering The me-
appears, the fafeil way is to pare out the '^^od of
hard part of the frog, or whatever ap- ^^^^*
pears rotten-, and wadi the bottom of
the foot two or three times a day with
old chamberlye-, this is the fafeft and bed
way of treating them. But when a horfe
has been negledled, and there is a ftrong
flux to the part, it is apt to degenerate
into a canker^ to prevent which ufe the
following.

TAKE fpirit of v^ine and vinegar, a wafh
of each two ounces; tindlure of for the
myrrh, and aloes, one ounce •, M- t^'"^^^-
gyptiacum, half an ounce: mix to«
gecher. *

Bathe the thrufli with this, wherever
there appears a more than ordinary moi-
fture, and lay over the ulcer a little tow
dipped in the fame. The purges and diu-
retics recomniended in the greafe, lliould
be given at this time, to prevent^the in-
conveniences that the drying up thele
difcharges frequently occafion.

A canl^ier

314 Of the Runnlng.Thrufh, Canker,

A canker A cankcr in the foot proceeds, for the
wh^rdf'^* rnoftpart, from thrulhes, wlien they prove
cure. ^ rotten and putrid, though many other
caufes may produce this dilorder. The
method ufed by farriers for the cure, is
generally with hot oils, fuch as vitriol,
aqua fortis, and butter of antimony, which
are very proper to keep down the rifing
flefh, and fliould be ufcd daily, till the
fungus is fuppreffed, when once in two
days will be fufficient, ftrevving fine pre-
cipitate powder ower the new-grown lielh
till the fole begins to grow.

Obferva- There is one great error committed
tion, often in this cure, that is, in not having
fufficient regard to the hoof; for it fliould
not only be cut off, wherever it prclfes on
the tender parts, but fhould be kept foft
with linfted oil •, and as often as it is drefs-
ed, bathe the hoof all round the coronet
with chamberlye. Purging is very pro-
per to compleat the cure.

The lofs The lofs of the hoof may be occadoned

Z c\. t>y whatever accident may bring an im-
hoof, how ^ rt • • 1 r "^ 1 ^, ,

jepaired. poltumation m the iect, whereby the

whole hoof becomes loofencd, and falls

off from the bone. Jf the cofRn-bone

remains

a?2d Lofs of Hoof. 315

remains uninjured, a new hoof may be
procured by the following method.

The old hoof fhould by no means be Remark.
pulled off, unlefs fome accident happens,
that requires its removal, for it ferves as
a defence to the new one, and makes it
grow more fmooth and even •, and indeed
nature will in general do this office at her
own proper time. — On the removal of
the hoof, a boot of leather, with a ftrong
fole fhould be laced about the paftern,
bolftering and flopping the foot with fofc
flax, that the tread may be eafy : drefs the
fore with the wound ointment, to which
fhould be added the fine powders of myrrh
maftich, and olibanum. If this medi-
cine fhould not be fufEcient to prevent a
fungus, burnt alum, or precipitate, may
be added to it, and the luxuriant fiefh
may be daily wafhed with the fublimate
water.

CHAP.

[ 3>6]

CHAP. XLII.

Of Venemous bites from Vipers and
' Mad Dogs.

Thcac- ■*TP H E aflion of poifons on animal
tion of JL bodies has hitherto appe.ared of fo
poifcns, -p^tricate a nature, and the nervous fyftem,
account! which is fo principally affeded by them,
cd for. fo imperfea:ly underftood, that it is no
wonder the mod ingenious authors have
given fo little fatisfadion in treating this
fubied-, we fliall therefore only offer
fuch remedies and methods of cure, as
fland recommended to us on the beft au-
thority.

The fx- The firft intention is, to prevent the
ternalrae- poifon mixing with the blood; this pof-
thod of ^^j^iy vn\^x. be affefted, if the part would
^^^' admit of being inftantly cut out with a
knife-, the cupping-glaflcs might be ap-
plied to empty the velTels, and the wound
afterwards cauterized with a hot iron. The
furrounding parts fliould afterwards be
well bathed with falad oil, and the fore
dreffed once or twice a day with hot
i^gyptiacum. It is neceffary alfo, that

of VenoAious Bites, Gfr. 3 ly

it fliould be kept open for forty days at
lead with a piece of fponge, or orrice
root fmeared over with the precipitate
ointment, or that prepared with Spanifh
flies : thefe feem to be the chief external
remedies to be depended on.

Internally, for bites from vipers, may The in-
be given cordial medicines, fuch as Ve- ^^^"^^ ^^-
Bice treacle and fait of hartfhorn, an ounce bites from
of the former, with a dram of the latter, vipers.
every night for a week •, or where it can
be afforded, a proportionate quantity of
the famous Tonquin remedy of mufk and
cinnabar, fo much recommended in bites
from infeded animals.

To prevent the tragical effeds of the Dr.Mead's
bite from a mad doe;, sive the above ^^'^}^,^
medicines ; or the method recommended for bites'
by Dr. Mead may be purfued in the fo\- fiom mad
lowing manner : take away three quarts ^°ss«
of blood, and give the hcrfe night and
morning half an ounce of afh-coloured
ground liverwort, and a quarter of an
ounce of pepper ; this remedy may be
continued a week, or ten days, when
the horfe fhould be plunged into a river,
or pond, every morning, for a- month or
fix weeks.

The

3^

8

Of Venomous Bites, from

mercuria
method
recom-
mended
for the

Drjamesjs The following merciirial method having
been found fuccefsful, both in dogs and
men, we here recommend it as a remedy
for horfes, and indeed think it more to be
depended on than mod others. Dr. James
has given a full account of it in the Phi-
lofophical Tranfadlions, from which, for
the lake of the curious reader, we give the
following abftrad.

*« About Michaelmas 173 r,Mr. Floyer,
of Hants, complained, that he was
afraid of a madnefs amiOng his fox-
hounds ; for that morning one had
run mad in his kennel : the Doflor
took this opportunity of telling, that
he had long believed, that mercury
would, if tried, prove the bed remedy
againll this infe6lion. Mr. Floyer neg-
le^led this advice till the February fol-
lov/ing : mean time he tried the me-
dicine in Bates, commonly known by
the name of the pewter-medicine, as
alfo every thing elfe that was recom-'
mended to him by other fportfmen,
but to no purpofe •, for fome of his
hounds run mad almofl: every day
after hunting-, upon this he took his
hounds to the fea, and had every one
of them dipt in. the fait water •, and

at

c;

Vipers and Mad Dogs. 3 1 6

" at his rerurn, he brought his pack to
•' another gentleman's, fix miles diftance
" from his own. But, notwichftanding
this precaution, he loft fix or fevea
couple of dogs in a fortnight's time.
At length in February, Mr. bloyer tried
the experiment, the Dodlor had recom-
mended, upon two hounds that were
mad, and both very far gone ; they
lefufed food of all forts, particularly
'' fluids, Havered much, and had all the
fymptoms of a hydrophobia to a greac
degree *, that night he gave twelve
grains of turpeth mineral to each of
" the two dogs, which vomited and
purged them gently : twenty four hours
after this, he gave each twenty-four
grains •, and after the fame interval,
he gave forty-eight more to each : the
dogs falivated very much, and foon
after lapped warm milk ; at the end of
twenty-four hours more, he repeated
to one dog twenty-four grains more,
*' and omitted it to the other ; the dog
that took this laft dole, lay upon the
ground, falivated exrremely, was in
great agonies, and had all the fymp-
toms of a falivation raifed too quick ;
but got through it j the othex relapfed
** and died.

" To

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cc

cc
cc
cc

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cc
cc
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320 of Venomous Bites, ^c.

** To all the reft of the pack he gave
" feven grains of turpeth for the firft
'' dofc, twelve for the fecond dofe, at
twenty-four hours diftance, which was
repeated every other day for fome little
time. The method was repeated at
the two or three fucceeding fulls and
*' changes of the moon : from this time
*' he loft not another hound •, and though
*' feveral afterwards were bit by ftrange
dogs, the turpeth always prevented any
ill confequences.

«(

«(

cc

*' The Doctor and his friends tried the
** fame thing upon a great many dogs,
" and it never failed in any one inftance ;
though dogs bit at the fame time,
and by the fame dogs, have run mad,
*' after moft other medicines had been
*' tried."

In what 'pi^g |-^^g method may be obferved in

manner . . . . ... i r i

given to a g^^^^g ^^his medicine to a horle, the quan-
horfe. tity only being angmented to two fcruples,
or half a dram each dofe ; the diredions
laid down in the chapter on Farcy
being attended to. There are various
other remedies direded for thefe purpofes,
but the prefentj I think, are d^iefly to be
relied on.

We

(y Gelding, Docking, (Sc. 321

We (hall clofe this chapter, however,
with the following, which has long been
in great efteem, and is by fome thought
to be an infallible cure for the bite of a
mad dog.

TAKE fix ounces of rue ; Venice A drink
treacle, garlick, and tin fcraped, of ^^^ ^^^^'
each four ounces •, boil in two quarts J^°"^
of ale over a gentle fire to the con-
fumption of half; llrain off from
the ingredients, and give the horfe
four or five ounces every morning
failing.

The ingredients may be beat in a mor-
tar, and applied daily to the wound as
a poulcice.

CHAP. XLIir.f '

Of Gelding, Docking, and Nicking
of HORSES.

TO treat of the operations in. far-
riery, is fomewhat foreign to our
original defign ; but as we have a ne.v
apparatus and method to ofrer, con-

Y cerning

32 2t 0/* Gelding, Docking, a7id

ccrning the Nicking of horfes, we arc
induced alfo to make fome few obferva-
tions on Geldings and Dockings efpeci-
ally as the fymptoms of the latter, and
manner of treating them, are on fimilar
principles.

Some ufe- Without entering into particulars, we
ful obfcr- fhall only obferve, that the Gelding of a
vations on fQ^l is an Operation of little confequence,
^^ '"^* and feldom attended with any bad fymp-
toms ; yet the extirpating the ftones of a
full grown horfe, requires the care and
ingenuity of a good artifl. The ufual
method of fecuring the fpermatic veflels,
is by cauterifing their extremities, and
filling up the fcrotum or bag with fait:
this method, though fuccefsfully prac-
tifed on young colts, Ihould by no means
be trufted to in grown horfes •, but after
the fcrotum is opened, and the ftone
turned out, a ftrong waxed thread fhould
be tied round the cord, and then the
Tj^e tefticle cut offj this undoubtedly is the

ligature moft effe6tual way to fecurc the veiTels,
preferred ^ls the efchar from burning may, by ac-
!?.,l^!,. cidents, be removed, and a profufe bleed-
ing enfue before it is difcovered.

The wound may be drefTed with the
ufual digeftivej but fhould a fever, or

inflam-

cautery.

Nicking of HORSES. 323

inflammrion enf>je, bleed largely, and The
follow the directions laid down in the J?''^'!"^^ °
chapter on Fevers: fliould the belly ^J^^ ^^^^'^^
and fheath fwell, foment twice a day, ral treat-
and bathe often with oil of rofes and "lent.
vinegar, till the tumour fubfides, and
wound digefts, .

In regard to the Docking of horfes, Some gc-
though it is an operation fo common, "^''^^ *^'-
and in p-eneral lb fuccefsfuliy executed: T^^'^"^

'p. J , , -^ .^ 'in relation

yet as it does now and then mifcarry, to dock-
by an inflammation and gangrene fuc- ing.
ceeding, which fometimes are communi-
cated to the bowels ; we have thought
proper to lay down fome general rules
and directions, both in relation to the
operation, and the fubfequent manner
ot treating the fymptoms; and as thefe
moft probably arife from the tendons of
the tail, fuffering by an injudicious ap-'
plication of the knife or fearing-iron, or
an improper feafon for the operation,
we fhall firfl obferve, that the very hoc
or cold months are by no means proper
for that purpofe, for reafons we appre-
hend obvious to every one : the next ob-
fervation we fhall make is, that it fhould
always be performed by incifion, or the
chopping engine -, the knife being pafTed
through the tail from above, while it

Y 2 lays

324 0/ Gelding, Docking, and

lays on the block ; for when the cutting
inftrument is applied underneath, the ^
blow is then given on the tail, which of
courfe, by bruifing the tendons, may well
be fufpedted to occafion bad fymptoms.
The lad obfervation we fhall make, is in
regard to the fearing-iron, which fhould
be fmooth, and better polifhed than thofe
generally ufed, and ought to be rubbed
clean on a woollen cloth, before the
application to the flump, otherwife the
fparks, which fly from the iron, are apt
to occafion great pain, with fwelling
both of the (heath and fundament ^ nor
fhould it ever be applied flaming hot, for
then it brings the burnt part away with
itj and as it requires a re-application,
in order to form a new efchar on the
veflels, the bone by thefe means is fre-
'quently left too much expofed, fo that it
is often a confiderable time before it is
covered.

The man- Farriers feldom apply any thing to
3fier of the fl:ump ; which need only be anointed
dreiTing ^\^^ fj^g wound ointment, and when the
and "ene- ^^^har is digefled ofi^, may be waflicd
ral t?eat- with allum or lime-waters: but if an in-
mcm. flammation cnfues, with a difcharge of
thin matter, the turpentine digeftive, with
tiixfture of myrrh, p. 245. fhould be ap-
plied;.

Nicking ^HORSES. 325

plied, with the bread and milk poultice
over itj bathe the rump often with oil
of rofes and vinegar, bleed krgely, and
obferve the cooling method laid down in
the chapter on Fevers \ and if the fun-
dament is fwelled, and the inflammation
at all fufpeded to be communicated to
the bowels, let cooling emollient glyf-
ters particularly be injected two or three
times a day. Should a gangrene enfue,
add iEgyptiacum to your drelTings, and
fpirits to the fomentation •, and apply
over all the (Irong-beer poultice, with
London treacle, twice a day. — Thefe
feem to be the only means to be depend-
ed on, and will without doubt, in ge-
neral, be fuccelsful, when applied in due
time.

Before we defcribe the operation of Nicking
Nicking^ it may be neceflary to enquire ^'°^v ^^-
how the effedofit (the elevation of the ^°^'^"^^^
tail) is brought about j and in order to
know this, and judge with proprieiy of
the operation, we muft confider the tail
as elevated or lifted up by one fet of
mufcles, and deprciTed or pulled down
by another.

It is fomewhat remarkable that Snape, Obferva-
Saunier, and Gibfon, who, in general, are tion.

Y 3 pretty

326 Of Gelding, Docking, and

pretty exadt in their anatomical defcrip-
tions, fhoiild omit, in their account of
the mufcles of a horfe, to defcribe thofe
of the tail: for which reafon, as a proper
opportunity has not offered to fupply this
omiilion by making a compleat diflec-
tion with that accuracy we could have
wifhed, it is hoped the fubfequent imper-
fed: defcription will be excufed, as it was
taken only from a tail that was diffeded
after docking- 1

Ananato- Here we obfervcd, that the mufcles,
mical de- ^j^j^^}-^ elevate the tail, are more nume-

of the tail. ^^"^5 ^^^g^ 2nd (Irong, than thofe that
deprefs it ; that they are clofely conne6led
to the bones of the tail by flefhy fibres,
and terminate in flrong tendons at the
extremity : but the mufcles of the latter
foon forni into tendinous expanfions, and
three large tendons, which are inferted
into the latter bones of the tail: there
. are feveral other fmali tendons, which
run 'laterally, whofe ufe, moft probably,
is to move the tail fideways. The arteries
are four in number, and run fometimes
above the bones of the tail, confequently
cafily avoided by a dextrous hand, as
they cannot readily be wounded by the
knife, in dividing the tendons necefiary to j

be cut in this operation.

The

Nicking ^/HORSES. '327

The art of nicking horfes then chiefly The ope-
confifts in a tranfvcrfe divifion of thefe ^^^^^ion^^e-
depreffing tendons of the tail, and fuch "^^
a pofition afterwards, as will keep their
extremities from coming again into con-
tads fo that an intervening callus fills
up the vacuity : by thefe means an ad-
ditional power is given to the antagonifl
mufcles, 1.72;. the elevators •, the counter-
a6lion of the depreflers being manifeftly
abated by the divifion of the tendons, and
the intervention of the callus.

The ufual method of fupportlng the xhe In-
tail by a pulley and weight, is liable toconvcni-
many exceptions, the extremities of the encies of
divided tendons not being by that me- ° ,
thod kept fufficiently afunder; the fitu-
ation of the tail being rather inclined to
a perpendicular, than a curved diredlion ;
this pofition too is liable to many varia-
tions, from the difiTerent movements of
the horfe, and is the reafon that the tail
frequently inclines to one fide; as the
nick may heal up fafl:er on one fide than
the other-, the difagreeable fituation the
horfe muft (land in, with a weight con-
ftantly hanging to his tail, is another
material objedion, befides the necefilty

Y 4 of

328

A new

method
recom-
mended.

(y Gelding, Docking, ^i^i

of removing it when the horfe is exercifed
or taken out to water.

To remedy thefe inconveniences, and
perfed: this operation, a very ingenious
gentleman, Who had thoroughly confi-
dered it, has been fo kind as to favour
me with a draught, and defcription of a
machine he contrived for that purpofe-,
which has been practifed frequently with
the expedled fuccels, and indeed at firft
view appears in every refpefl calculated to
corre(5l all the defeds in the old one : as t
doubted not its reception being perfedlly
agreeable to the public, I have ordered a
plate to be engraved, which, with the
annexed defcription, will, I hope make
it very familiar and intelligible to every
capacity.

Obferva- ^^ regard to the operation, it is worth
tions in notice, that the extremities of the ten-
regard to dons, which jut out in the operation,
ijie opera- j^gg^ not here be cut off, as is cuftoma-
^^^"' rily done; the number of the incifions
muft be in proportion to the length of
the tail, but three in general are fuffi-
cient. The mod approved method of
drefling at firfl is with powdered rofin,
and Ipirit of wine, applying a foft dofTiI
pf lint or tow, dipped in the fame, be-
tween

Nicking /HORSES. 329

tween each nick, and lapping the tail up
with a linen cloth and broad fillet ; which
the next morning fhould be cut open
down the back part of the tail, and the
niorning after be gently taken off; when
it will be proper to plat the hairs, in order
to keep them clean, and to fet the tail,
as will be direded in the plate and re-
ferences.

Every two or three days the tail fliould Somege-
be let down, and the upper part next the rieral di-
rump bathed with hot vinegar-, and if it ^^'^^^^^^^
begins to crack, and the hair comes off,
a little tindure of myrrh will foon put a
flop to it. To obviate any threatening
fymptoms that may arife in regard to the
wounds, have recourfe to the above di-
yedlions on docking.

After Cix or eight days, it will be pro-
per to let the horfe (land without the ma-
chine for a few hours, and then be rode
about, in order to obferve how he car-
ries his tail; by which means you will
the better judge how to fallen it down,
whether to confine it clofer, or give it
more fcope : after the wounds are healed
up, it may be necelTary to keep the tail
fufpended, till the callus is confirmed,
iat leaft for fome hours in the day,

though

-^30 Of Gelding, Docking, and

^

though a greater liberty may now be al-
lowed it.

4/ the ma-

Thead- Thus this machine anfwers every in-
vaiitage^s^ tention, is far preferable to the pulley, as
it keeps the tendons properly feparated,
and the tail in a certain pofition \ fo that
the wounds heal up uniformly, without
any rifk of its being call to one fide ;
the horfe alfo is more at eafe, having no
weight conftantly pulling and teazing
him, and may be taken out to water or
exercife, without any inconveniency, or
difturbance.

DlreBions for the Application of the
Nicking Machine 5 and Explajia-
tion of the Plates.

WHEN the hair of the tail is pro-
perly platted, and tied with a
knot or two at the end, the pad, ^r, as
delcribed in Fig. I. mufl: be put on, and
the machine as in Fig. II. buckled to
them, letdng the part G in the machine
lie over the part of the tail that joins to
t\\5. horfe's rump; then let an alTiftant,
Handing on the fide rail of a brake, or
aay other conveniency that may place

him

Nicking ^HORSES. 331

him above the horfe, raife the horfe's
tail very gently, till the knot of the tail
gets fo far beyond the firings L L in
Fig II. that it may be tied down, which
being done, the tail may be let down
lower, or taken up higher at pleafure.
It is to be obferved, that the ligature is
not made on the tail itfelf, but on the
platted hair, at the extremity of the
flump.

The machine. Fig. II. mud be made
of a peace of tough wood, about a foot
long, viz. from A to B, and about 19
inches broad from C to D, and 7 or 8
inches thick. The under part mufl be
hollowed, fo as to let in the horfe's rump,
and that the wings C D may reft on his
buttocks. To receive the tail, a groove
mufl be cut from G to H, about 3 inches
wide, and 3 deep at G, lefTening gradu-
ally both in height and breadth to H,
Holes muft be made at certain diftances
in the groove, as at H, for the ftring, and
a nick cut to receive the billet from the
fkrap K. Two buckles fixed to the ma-
chine, as at 1 I.

The pad, ^c. are fufEciently defcribed
in Fig. I. and its references; the wood
mufl be flopcd off from E to C and A,

and

332 Of Gelding, Docking, Gf^:

and fo on to the other fide, to lighten the
machine, and hollowed at B G and F.

Fig. I.
Reprefents a horie with his tail in the
frame, or machine. A, is a pad, to
which is faflened a circingle B. C C, two
Tide ftraps, one on each fide of the horfe,
faftened to the circingle, to keep the
machine from going to either {\^^, D,
a breafl plate, to prevent the pad, i£c,
flipping back. E, a ftrap fixed to the
pad, and buckling to the machine, to
keep the tail on the (Iretch at plcalure.
F, the firing tied on the hair, to confine
the tail down to the machine.

Fig. II.
From A to B is 12 inches. From C to
D, meafijred with a firing drawn over
EF, is 19 inches. From the top of the
groove at E to the bottom G, is 3 inches.
From E to F, the widefl part of the
groove, is 3 inches, gradually narrowing,
as a tail lefTens to its extremity. 1 he
Tdots about H are holes in the groove,
through which a piece of tape or pack-
thread mufb be put, according to the
length of the dock, and the diftance of
the knot, to tie the tail down behind the
knot. I I, the buckles, to receive a

ftrap

A' //uv/r J^ 3(i '2. '.

<l

Of Ruptures, Antlcor, S*r. 333

ftrap from the circingle on each fide, as
defcribed in Fig. I. which keeps the ma-
chine from turning to either fide. K, the
flrap with a biilet and buckle, which
comes along the back from the pad, and is
faftened to the machine through a nick
cut juft above H. LL, the ftring, to tic
down the tail. B G F, the hollow tQ
let in the rump.

Fig. III.

Reprefents the horfe with the machine
on, (landing diredly before you, where
the depth of it is fhewn, being thre«
inches.

CD, the extremities of the wings,

E F, the upper part.

.»•»

CHAP. XLl V.

Of Ruptures, Antlcor, Colt-Evi!,
or Gonorrhoea, and Dfeafes of the
Mouth.

HAVING omitted In their proper
places to fpeak of the above dif-
orders, fome of which are not very com-
mon.

334- Q/* Ruptures, Anticor,

mon or peculiar to horfes in this climate,
we have thought proper to throw them
together in this laft chapter, that the
reader might not be difappointed in his
enquiries after their cure.

Ruptures In regard then to ruptures, though
defcribed. j-j^^y ^j.^ generally divided into particular
.clafles, we fhall only obferve, that by
violent efforts of the horle, or other ac-
cidents, the guts or caul may be forced
between the mufcles of the belly at the
navel, and through the rings of the
mufcles into the fcrotum or cod. The
fwellings are generally about the fize of
a man's fift, fometimes much larger,
defcending to the very hock ; they are
frequently foft, and yield to the prelTure
of the hand, when they will return into
the cavity of the belly with a rumbling
noife ; and in moft the vacuity may be felt
through which they paiTed.

The me- On their firfl appearance, endeavours

thod of fhould be made to return them by the

treating ^3^^. ^^f jf ^^e fwelling fhould be hard

rup ures. ^^^ painful, in order to relieve the ftric-

ture, and relax the parts, through which

the gut or caul has pafTed, let a large

quantity of blood be immediately taken

away, and the part fomented twice or

thrice

Colt -Evil, &c. 33 J

thrice a day, applying over it a poultice
made with oatmeal, oil, and vinegar,
which fhould be continued till the fwell-
ing grows foft and eafier, or the gut is
returned. In the mean time it would be
proper to throw up emollient oily glyders
twice a day, and to let the horfe's chief
diet be boiled barley, fcalded malt, or
bran.

Should the fwelling afterwards return, Reflrin-
we apprehend the reltringent applications S^^^^^ ^
ufually recommended on thefe occafions, ^^^^^*^
will avail little without a fufpenfory ban-
dage ; fo that an ingenious mechanic in
that art is chiefly to be relied on for
any future alTiftance ; though it has been
obferved, that with moderate feeding,
and gentle exercife, fome horfes have
continued to be very ufeful under this
complaint.

The anticor is a diforder not very com- The ais^
mon among our Englifh horfes, or thofe^^'".^^^'^"*
ill northern climates : but it is particularly
taken notice of by the French, Spanidi,
and Italian writers*, who dtfcribe it a
malignant fwelling in the breafi:,^ which
extends fometimes to the very Iheath un-
der the belly ; it is attended wirh a fever,
great deprefllons and weaknefs, and a

total

33^ ^f ^"Pt"^^s> Anticor,

total lofs of appetite ; but this laft fymp-
tom may probably be owing to an inflam-
mation, which is fuppofed to afFedt the
whole gullet and throat, fo great as to
make the horfe fwallow with the utmofl:
difficulty, and to endanger fufFocation.

The cure. The cure fliould firll be attempted by
large and repeated bleedings, to abate
the inflammation 5 emollient glyfters
fhould be injeded twice or thrice a day,
with an ounce of fal prunellas in each,
and the cooling drink in the chapter on
Fevers fhould be given inwardly ♦, the
fwelling (hould be bathed with the marfli-
mallow ointment, and a ripening poul-
tice, with onions boiled in it, (hould be
daily applied over it. If by this method,
continued four or five days, the inflam-
mation in the throat and gullet is remov-
ed, our attention fliould more particular-
ly turn to encourage the fwelling at the
breaft, and bring it, if pofllble, to matter:
to which end, continue the poultice, and
give two ounces of Venice treacle diflTolv-
ed in a pint of beer every night : when
the fwelling is grown foft, ic mufl: be
opened with the knife, and dreflfed with
the turpentine digefl:ive, the danger now
being over.

But

^ 2

Colt-Evil, &c. 337

But fhould it be found impradllcable Some par-
to bring the fwelling to matter, and it J'^^^j^J^^"^^^"
increafes upwards, fo as to endanger fuf-
focation ; authors have advifed to pierce
the tumour with a hot pointed cautery
in five or fix places, to drefs with the
above digeftive-, and, in order to (limulate
and promote a greater difcharge, to add
to it a fmall quantity of Spanifh flies and
euphorbiumMn powder; fomenting ac
the fame time, and bathing the circum-
jacent parts with ointment of marfh-mal-
lows. iVl. Gueriniere, as well as Soleyfel,
have advifed opening the fl^in, when the
tumour cannot be brought to matter, in
order to introduce a piece of black hel-
lebore root fleeped in vinegar, and to con-
fine it there for twenty-four hours ; this
alfo is intended as a (limulant, and is faid
to anfwer the intention, by occafioning
fometimes a fwelUng as b'g as a man's,
head.

Befides the diforders of the mouth, ^'^or^^^rs
which we have already animadverted on,°^^^'^
there are frequently obferved on the in-^Jv^j^^^j
fide the lips and palate, litde fwellings
or bladders, called g{^p : flitdng them
open with a knife, or lancet, and wa(h-
ing them afterwards with fait and vine-

Z gar.

338

Canker,
what.

Of Ruptures, Anticor,

gar, is in general their cure-, but when
they degenerate ii to what are called
cankers^ which are known by little white
fpecks, that fpread and occafion irregular
ulcers ; the bell method then is to touch
them daily with a fmall flat cautery, mo-
derately heated, till the fpread ing is flop-
ped, and to rub the fores three or four
times a day with iEgyptiacum, and tinc-
ture of myrrh, (harpened with oil, or
fpirit of vitriol : when by this drelling the
fhoughs are feparated, they may be waflied
frequently with a fponge dipped in cop-
peras, or fublimate water, if they con-
tinue to fpread ; or a tin6lure made by
dilTolving half an ounce of burnt alum,
and two oiinces of honey, in a pint of
tindure of rofes. Either of thefc will
dry them up, and are very ufeful in moft
diiorders of the mouth.

A relaxa-
tion of
the pa-
la:e.

A relaxation, and fwelling of the pa-
late, fometimes happens to liorfes on
catching cold. To remedy this difor*
der, blow pepper on the part, or anoint
it with the fame mixed up with honey.
The tincture above-mentioned may be
ufed for this pnrpofe, to which may be
added half an ounce of fpirit of fai armo-
niap.

The

Colt-Evil, Gfr. 339

The colt-evil is fuppofed to arife from The col t-
ftoned colts having full liberty with evil, and
mares, before they are able to cover ^"''^*
them ; whence frequently enfues an ex-
coriation, or fretting on the glands, and
a fwelling of the (heath : this laft diforder
frequently proceeds too from dirt, or
filth lodging there, and is often removed
by wafhing the part clean with butter
and beer: but when the yard itfelf is
fwelled, foment it twice a day with
marlh- mallows boiled in milk, to which
may be added a little fpirit of wine ;
anoint the excoriation with the white
ointment, or wafh it with a iponge dip-
ped in lime, to a pint of which may
be added two drams of fuger of lead:
the yard Ihould be fufpended up to the
belly *, and if the fwelling (hould increafc
with inflammation, bleed, and give the
cooling phyfick, anoint with ointment of
elder, and apply the bread and milk
poultice.

If a fimple gonorrhoea, or feminal The go-
gleet, is obferved to drip from the yard "orrhoev ^
(which is often the cafe in high-fed young *"^ '"'^*
horfes, where a relaxation of the glands
and feminal veflels has been brought on
by frequent cmiflions) let the horfe be

Z 2 plunged

340 Of Ruptures, Anticor,

plunged every day into a river or pond ;
give him two or three rhubarb purges, at
proper diftances, and intermediately the
following balls.

A TAKE of balfam of Copivi, or Ve-

ftrengjh- pj^g turpentine, olibanum, and ma-

^""^ ^ * flich powdered, of each two drams;

bole armoniac, half an ounce : mix

up into a ball with honey, and give

•: it night and morning, till the dif-

'j- ' charge lefTen?, and then every night^^

till it goes off.

J^'trength- - Balls prepared with rhubarb and tur-
^'"p pentine may alfo be given for this pur-

p.ofe, two drams of the former, with half

ah ounce of the latter.

9-

Cbferva- The Indian rhubarb is not expenfive;

tion. It may be bought, at prime coll, under

twelve pence an ounce. "^

But fhould this method not prove fuc-
cefsful, two or three fpoonfuls of the fol-
lowing injection may be thrown up his
yard every day with a fyringe.

Aninjec. TAKE balfam of Copivi, half an

^ion. ounce; break it with the yolk of

>n egg, arid -add to ft iinrr-wate.'^

'■ wii •• : half

Colt-Evll, &c. 341

half a pint ; honey of rofes, two

ounces.

When an ulcer on the profl-rate glands AVhen
is fufpeded, this inje6lion is very proper ^^eful.
at iirft, to deterge and heal the fore •,
but thofe more reftringent fhould after-
wards be ufed, in order to clofe up the
relaxed dudtsj for this purpofe take the
fullowing,

Tin6lure of rofes, one pint; burnt A refln'n-
alum, two drams; w^hite vitriol, half ?'^S '"-
a dram, or a dram. j-ftion.

But it is worth remarking, that if the Remark.
horfe continues to fhed his feed, by rub-
bing his yard againft his belly ; no medi-
cines will avail, till he is cured of this vi-
cious habit; which probably nothing will
fo effectually contribute to remove, as
caftration.

Z 3 A P P E N-

[ 342 ]

APPENDIX.

C H A P. I.

Of particular diforders of the

FEET.

The canfe TTHE following obfervations and dif-
o this J- coveries from M. La FofTe, are fo
chapter, important in their nature, and of fuch con-
fequence to the publick, that in order to
render this edition more compleat, we
have thought proper to iulert them here
by way of Appendix^ for the benefit of
thofe who are not acquainted with that
gentleman's valuable performance,

Thcjg- And henc« it will demonftrably appear,
norance how lamentably ignorant farriers have
of farrieis. hitherto been, of the diforders attending

the

of particular DiforJerSy Sec. 343

the feet of horfcs ; particularly of thofe
fra(5lures, to which the coronary and nut-
bones are liable j as well as of the tendo-
achilles, which this bone fuftains ; alfo,
of the different degrees of violence, to
which this tendon is fubjed, from the
moil flight diftradion, or draining of its
fibres, to its total rup:ufe.

Though the difcovery of thcfc dif-Theuti-
orders does not lead us to the manner 'j^y^^.-
of curing them all, becaufe fome are in coveries."
their nature abfolutely incurable, as the
fradures of the coron iry and nut- bone ;
yet it is of very great ufe, by undeceiving
us in a point, that was always hitherto
thought curable, from the ignorance of
former praditioners •, and confequently
the owners of fuch horfcs will no longer
be impofed on, and for the future will
fave the expences of a cure, that mud be
attempted in vain : for we may be con-
vinced by the examination of the plates,
that if it was even pofTible to keep the
bones together, fo as to favour their
uniting, the fradure being in a joint,
there would remain a fliiTntfs, or callus,
which would render the horfe unfit for
fervice.

Z 4 In

344

Of particular Diforders

The
plates
mull be
fludied.

In order to be thoroughly acquainted
with thele diforders of the feer, the ana-
tomical plates of the diffedled parts mult
be attended to : which indeed are fo well
dcfigned, that the nature and feat of
each may be fufficiently known, to make
a true prognoftic of their different kinds,
without having ftudied anatomy, the
mechanifms and fundlions of the parts
being made obvious to common capaci-
ties.

Common From hence it will be difcovered, that
errors ex- the lamenefs in horfes, which commonly
pofed. is looked for in the fhoulders, hips, or
haunches, is in the foot.

Firjl^ Proceeding either from the com-
prefTion of the fleQiy fole, by the coronary
bones pulliing againft it-, which lamenels
often becomes incurable, by the coalefcing
of thefe bones, for want of applying re-
medies in due time.

Secondly^ The great tendon, called ten-
do-achilles, is frequently ruptured, very
often overilrained.

Thirdly^

oftheX: E E T. 345"

nirtily. The coronary bones are fome-
times fra6lured into three pieces, or more.

Fourthly^ The nut-bone into two, fome-
times three parts, but always fradlured
with the coronary bone.

Fifthly^ The foot-bone is fradlured in
two. ^

Sixthly^ From bad fhoeing, many and
various lameneiTes enfue.

Thefe diforders M. La FofTe has clear- The^ ^^^
ly defcribed, and after many tedious and pj^^jned."
fruitlefs endeavours to cure thefe com-
plaints, by variety of diffedions, he has
found the tendo-achilles fometimes rup-
tured near the infertion, and the coronary
bone broke into three pieces, without any
diflocation ; perhaps the reafon of this
may be drawn from the confideration of
the manner in which the coronary bone
is joined to the pattern, and foot-bones,
by their (Irong ligaments ; which being
three in number, each feems to have re-
tained its part of the bone, and favoured
its divifion into three parts.

It is remarkable, that thefe accidents Caufcd

ts ; the \y Z'

fudden fof^s.

fometimes enllie very fiio-ht efforts ; the ).y J^^'^f.

' *=» ^ , , flight er-

34^ Of particular Difordsrs

. fudden fpring of a horfe, at fetting off,
or the leafl falfe (Icrp, being lufficient for
that purpofe.

Rov»r A lamenefs frequently cnfues a com-

diefe prefTion of the coronary bone ; for that

laoiencfTcs being in motion, it raifes and puflies the

- *^^"y Dut-bone againft the tendon^ which puts

T ' the flefhy lole in a ftate of compreflion,

2s if between an anvil and a hammer: if

the inflammation brought on by thcfe

means is not difculfed fo^n, by proper

applications, or drawing the foie, the cafe

becomes incurable.

Thus we fee, that an effort, or drain,
which might not be violent er^ough
to fradure the coronary, or nut bones,
nor even rupture the tendon, may pro-
duce an inflammation of the flefhy foie,
and be communicated to the ligaments,
tendons, and capful^ of the joints. As
ihe confequence of fuch inflammation
is generally an anchylofls, or ftlfi^joinry
Br3wTn.g fo the drawing the foie, according to M.
«ft€ fale L^ Foflc's repeated experience, prevents
anendVd ^"^^ fliff^nefs, and ofTifications, as it
relieves the flefliy foie from prefiiire:
for the foie is regarded as an expan-
fian of the mufcles and tendons of the
foot •, and as this operation enlarges

the

of' the FEET. 347

the fpace in the hoof, the fleHiy folc
being no longer preffc^d, its inflammanoa
ceafes and the foot recovers its natural
itatc.

When the fole is drawn, the foot Tliemsr-
fhould be fuffered to bleed, in order to ner m
empty the blood -veflcls, and lymph a- Jreflln^.
ticks: let it be drefled with the turpen-
tine digeftive; but do not bind it up too Whytlie
flrait, and let the hoof be drefled with |^"^^ *'^
emollients, to n>oi(len, (xcend, ^'"^^ douk be
fofren the pans : for the hoof of a horie kept
may be compared to a fponge •, when ic moiit.
is dry, it contracts iif if, even to the
inner parts; if it be moilkned, it foften%
and dilates: if he Hand long in a ftable^
without taking care to keep the hoofs
moiH:, he o^ten goes lame •, becaufe the
hoofs are fufceptible of contradion, as
well as dilatation.

The comprcfTion in the hoof h 'ppen^ The com-
by the coronary pufliinc^ i^^ainCt the nut- P*'^^^"^"-'
bone, upon which it partiv moves, as we r

I - 1 I r I • 1 1 lor anntc-

have oblerved before; which having the niically.
a6l;ion of aievtjr, takes tor ics point of
fupport the upper and tore part of the
foot bone comprefFtd ; the nut bone,
which it railes, and which puflies againft
the tendo-achilles ; which tendon prefies

the

348 Q/ particular Diforders

♦ the flefliy fole againft the horny one:
and all thefe combined ccmprefTions pro-
duce an inflammation upon the flefhy
foie, which ipreads all over the other

parts.

From the It is extremely probable, that the dif-
difterent ferent attitudes of a horfe's foor, over-
attitude charo-ed at the lame time with the weiaht

or the ^ ^

foot. ^- ^^^ body, cauies the diff-rent fradures

of the coronary and nut bones : for v*'hen
the foot has not a direcSt pofition, the
joints are twifted, as wlien a horfe treads
upon the point, or toe of the hoof-, the
upper and inner part of the coronary
bone, which is in an oblique pofition,
prefTed in that Ifate by the burthen of
his own body, is forced to yield on one
fide, and rife on the other \ its lower
and back parts, which now rife, drive the
nut-bone againil the tendo-achilles, which
fuftains it: the tendon in its turn prelTes
againft the flefliy fole, which is alfo com-
prcffed againft the horny fole, which is
its point of fupporf, the tendon, coro-
nary, and nut-bones become fra6lured
upwards and backwards, by the paftern,
which alfo had an oblique pofition ; and
downward and forward, by the foot or
coffin-joint, which here a6ts as a wedge :

let

of the FEET. 3^9

let us now fee how thele diforders arc to
be difcovered.

Strong compreffions are diftingnlfhed, Ho^v
by pufhing the thumb upon the coronet, compref-
which makes a horfe feel as fharp a pain, |j°"^ ^^^
as if there was a fradlure ; when the com- gd^^^^"^'
prefilon is not fo violent, as that it can-
not be thus known by the coronet, it mud
be examined in the foot-, the horny fole
muPc be pared till it becomes flexible
under the tool, which mud be done as
near the frog as can be*, the tool mud
be prefTed, and if the horfc is fenfible
of it in that*place, v/e may be aflured that
there is a comprefTionof the coronary bone
upon the nut- bone.

The length of time the comprefllon has Obfervi*
continued, may be known by the adhefion tion.
of the horny to the flefhy fole ; for the
horfe bleeds but little after drawing it,
becaufe of the interception of the fluids
by the compreffion.

Fradlures of the coronary bones are Howfrac-
diftinoruifhed in raifino^ the foot by the tures are
lower part, where a fmall tumour is ob- Qiicovcr-
ferved; the foot mud be drawn forward, ^ *
and prefTed upon the coronet with the
thumb 'and if there is a fradlure, a ratling
' ^'*^^ wiU

S

3 50 Of particular Diforders

will be perceived : when the tendon is not
ruptured, it fultains the bones, and as it
is their point of fupport, the noife k leis
lenfiblej but it is bed diftiriguifhed when
the tendon is divided.

The me- The method of curing th^ comprefTion,
thod of is to pare the fole to the quick, to let him
^^^^ bleed at the point of the foot; then drL'fs
it up with oil of turpentine, and apply an
emollient poultice all over the foot, and
round the coronet: afterwards foment
with the difcutient fomentation; above
three- fourths of thefe cafes, according to
M La. Fofle, are cured without drawing
the fole, but the mod certain remedy is
to draw it immediately -, by this method he
has cured horfcs in fifteen days, that were
not able to put their feet to the grouncj.

The rup- The rupture of the tendo achHIes is
tureofthe^yj.g(j bv comprefs and bandage dipt in

tendon . *' •'•• 11 • ^u ^.,

ho.vcurcd. '^if^egar or verjuice, only keeping the ex-
tremities of the tenc|on in clofe contadb:
this is greatly favoured by binding the
fetlock, and keeping it in that poluion,
by a fplint externally applied^ fo that the
foot cannot bend outwards.

Reflexions From thefe obfervations, it may be
«.n the concluded, as alfo from the nature of

J tend!-

of th F EE T. 351

tendinous and membranous fibres, the
tenfions and elafticity of which is very
great in the foot, that chey are fufceptible
of all the unhappy confcquenccs of com -
prcfTion*

That it is to no purpofe tokeephorfts FraQurci
who have any fradures, except in tbe^^^r^'^c
foot-bone, which is capable ot unitingi ^^^^'^
becaufe it has fo little motion, and is fo ^^^^ ^^^j.
firmly fecured. There can be no hopes incuraWfi.
of curing the fradlures of the nut and
coronary bones, as we do the ruptured
tendo achilles, for all their articulations
are in continual motion ; and if by chance
they (hould unite, the horfc would ftill
be inevitably lame, by the callus formed
in the joint.

That in cafes of all ftrong comprefTions Ccmpref-
upon the fiefliy fole, againll the horny fions ol
fole, which is an expanfion of the muf-^''^^^'
cles and tendons of the foot, the in- ^.^^^

quewce
ont

flammations will oflify the joints of the proper
foot, by the ilagnation of the fluids-, un- care-
lefs care be taken in time to difperfe it by
medicines, or drawing the fole.

CHAP.

[ 352 ]

CHAP. II.

Refiedliom on Jhoeiiig HORSES.

Thehorfe X T IS no fmall pleafure to obferve, that
worthy J|_ ("q uleful an animal as the horfe, is not
of^men of ^^0*^8^- unworthy the ftudy, and even
letters. manual afTiftance, of men of reading, ana-
tomical knowledge, and a capacity to
form their pradice upon judicious and
well conducted experiments: the obfer-
vations in the former chapter fufficiently
confirm our aflertion, nor will the fubfe-
quent ones in this, give the curious rea-
der a lefs favourable opinion of M. La
FolTe's abihties, who feems to be a per-
itd: mailer of his fubje6l; as the points he
treats on are a fet in a new light, and are
very material to the prefervation of the
animal he patronises.

Shoeing Indeed the affair of fhoeing horfe^ is
horfesan fo important in its confequences, both for
important ^j^^ preftrvation of the foot, the fafety
of the legs, and the eafe of their motion,
that we cannot be too attentive to any
innovations that may be recommended
to us in thisrefpedtj we fliall therefore

give

R efeBiom on fioeing HORSES:. 353

give that gentleman's fentiments on this
fubje6b, with fuch animadverfions as have
occurred to us.

In order to underftand this new me-
thod of fhoeing, it is necellary firft to
premife the following obfervations, and
attend to the anatomical plates before re-
ferred to.

It is mod certain, that all horfes, ex- Shoes not
cept fuch as have their feet overgrown, intended
or fuch as may have a particular occafion ^ ^^^^^*
of being fhod to preferve the fole, may,
at any rate, go without fhoes •, and there
are many examples, without mentioning
the cuftoms of Arabia, or Tartary, of
horfes who are daily at work, without
the leaft need of ever being fhod : but
as we employ all our care and addrefs to
hollow the foot, by paring it even to the
quick, and to form an exa£b fine frog,
it becomes abfolutely neceffary to fet fhoes
on them.

The original defign of fhoeing horfes, Shoeing
was undoubtedly intended, as a preferva- firft con-
tivc of the hoof, and a defence, of the ^"^^^ ^*
fole; but no one fure could think it ^"^^^^^^
leceflary to pare away what he wanted

A a to

,3 54 Refedikm on JJ.oeing HORSES.

to preferve by the ufe of the fhoes ;
becaufe that would be to a6t contrary
to his firft principles, and deftroy his own
work.

The ab- This precaution could never be recom-
furdity of rncnded, but in cafes where the horny
pirirgthe|Q|g jg uneven, infomuch that the fhoe
could not bear equally upon it, which
would take off from its neceflary firm-
nefs ; in fuch a cafe it may be reafon-
able, otherwife it would be very ab-
furd.

Let us now obferve the going, as well
as the external and internal flrudlure of a
horfe's foot.

Howdlf- The horfe then who draws, prefies firft
ferent on the toe, then fucceflively on the fides,
horfes ^q g^fg ^^ ^-q^ . 1-^^^ ^-j^^ horfe's heel

thefo^t y^^^^^ upon the heel of the flioe, from
which it immediately rifes again.

The faddle, or pack-horfe, places the
toe but lightly, fo that the point of fup-
port is fixed neither upon the heel or
toe, but between both \ which it is eafy
to demonftrate anatomically. Fig. i.
Plate II.

Thus

ReJlcBioju onJJjoe'mg HORSES. 355

Thus the cannon-bone 3, prefles on How the
the paftern 4, this on the coronary 5, HJ^^^q^^^
the coronary upon the cofHn, or foot- ^^^ adua-
bone 6, and upon the nut-bone 3, Fig 2. ted.

By this defcription of the bones, we
may obferve two eflential things, which
lay open the faults in the prefent method
of fhoeing, and point out the means of
being able to remedy them for the future ; Where
one is, that the effort of the weight of the weight
a horfe does not bear either upon the toe 9^^^
or heel, but on the middle between both ; ^.^^rs.
the other fhews the greater the diftance of
the fole from the ground, or from what-
foever point of fupport, the more the
pufhing the coronary bone upon the
nut-bone will fatigue the nerve or tendon
upon which it refts, by the inordinate dif-
tenfion it undergoes at every flep the
horfe takes.

Thus we fee, that by hollowing away By paring
the fole in paring, the horfe is fultained away the
only upon the walls of the hoof, which ^<^>e, u is
havinor no affiftance of fupport from the "'^f/"^
horny lole, is immediately worn, and hoofs.
battered by the weight of the horfe's
body j and the fooner he treads upon

A a 2 any

3 56 Reflectiom mijlcelng HORSES.

any hard fubdance the fooner he grows
quite lame.

Other in- For by the conne6lion, thicknefs, and

conyeni- flexibility, as well as contexture of the

from par- ^^^"7 ^^^^' ^^ fecms to be wholly deftined

ingthe ^7 nature to ferve as a cufhion to the

foie. flefhy fole and tendon, which reds upon

it in order to break the violent fhocks

of a pavement, ftone, or any kind of

flump, or external violence ; but by

paring it away in the cuftomary manner,

the horfe loies his defence of nature

againft flumps, nails, glafs, i£c. and thus

the flefhy fole becomes eafily bruifed, or

wounded.

Why the It is obfervable, that a horfe feldoni
horfe goes go€s eafy or efcapes being foon jaded,

" h^^^^h ^^ ^^ ^^^S ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ upon the ground,
frog^isnot^^ it is the only point of fupport to the
in contaa tendon •, fo that if you keep it at any
with the diftance from the ground, by paring ic
ground, away, an inordinate diftenflon will hap-
pen to the tendon •, which being repeated
at every flep he goes, fatigues it, and
caufes an inflammation ; whence alfo
relaxations, defluxions, and tendinous
fweilings, efpecially after long journeys,
or hard riding, which are occafioned
more by the paring of the fole, than the

length

ReJUSlions on Jhoeing HORSES. 357

length of the journey •, experience has
fhewn, that the frog neither fuffers, or The frog
has fhewn the lead fign of fatigue or receives
fenfibility, by being thus expofed : and '^y^bdng
indeed, from the ftrudlure of it, it is expofed.-
fcarcepoflible •, for being of a foft, fpongy,
flexible fubflance, by its natural elafticity
it yields to the weight of the body the
inftant the horfe prefTes his feet to the
ground, and immediately recovers it again:
however, there is one cafe, whereby the
frog may occafion lamenefs, which is,
when it grows hard or dry •, but by taking
off the little end of the frog, this diforder
is foon remedied.

As the bad confequences of Paring ^j^^ ^f^
away the fole and frog have been pointed feds of
out, and, I think evidently proved, let modern
ps obferve now the ill eftedls of modern ftiodng.
Ihoing ; for it is upon the form of the
fhoes, and manner of fetting them on,
that not only the prefervation of the foot,
but alfo the fafety of their legs, and the
cafe of their motion depends.

In effedl the more eafy our flioes fet
upon us, the more a(5live we are. ; fo a
large, long, thick fhoe, ought to have
the fame etfcdV upon horfes, that wooden

A a 3 Ihocs

358 RefeBions en fioeing HORSES.

fhoes have upon us; that is, make them
heavy, unwieldy, and hobbling.

The in- ^ ]QPg fj^Qg jg not only perfedly ule-

enceTf ' lefs, put it IS even prejudicial ; for the

long horfes heels coming to fink upon thofe

ilioes. of the fhoes, the longer the lever, the

greater will be the drag upon the clinches

of the nails of the toe ; and thus horfes

will be more apt to flrike them off on

" many occafions, efpecially when they arc

apt to over- reach.

or wide The longer the flice is, and the more
flioesallo. j^ covers the fole, the more liable the
horfe would be to fall, trip, and hobble in
his walk : particularly if he goes on a
pavement -, becaufe the furface being
formed of round parts, and the fhoe
having a large uniform hard face, he can
fcarce have above two or three points of
fupport.

Strong It is thought by fome, that flrong fhoe-

ihoe-heels heels are an eafe to the weak heels, and
are very fetlocks of horfes *, as if the body of the
''"^f^' ^t fhoe was flexible enough to yield to the '

the horle, ,,,,,, , Pi- • .1.

and why. horle's heel ; and under this notion they
raife the flioe-heel, and leave a vacant
fpace between that and the horfe's heel ;
but the dirtd contrary happens, for it

is

Reflexions on Jlmmg HORSES, 359

is the hoof that, by its flexibility, yields
to the (hoe-heel, which is quite inflexible;
the thicker the fhoe-heel is, the more
fubjedl that of the horfe is to meet it, and
inftead of being eafed, the horfe's heel
becomes more compreflTed, as if in a con-
Han t vice, becaufe it has always the fame
point of fupport.

By this means they deprive them of '
the liberty of going with eafe upon a
pavement; becaufe the flioe does not bear
upon a level, and produces an effed, like
that of a pivot, upon the middle of the
fhoe-heels, and the vault'or hollow.

To obviate thefe inconveniencies, M. M. La
La FoflTe propofes the following method FofTe's
of fhoeing ; that neither the fole or frog "J^^^?°^ °^
fhould be pared at all ; for neither will °^^"S'
ever become too large by its growth *,
but in proportion as it grows, it will dry,
fcale, and fall ofl^ in flakes \ that the edge
of the hoof, if thought too long, fhould
be taken down as ufual \ and then a Ihoe,
in form of a half moon, fet on, reaching
the middle of the hoof -, the heels may
be thinned, and the flioes made a little
longer for fuch horfes as have weak

hoofs.

A a 4 Eighc

360 Refe5lions on/hoeing HORSES,

Eight Imall nails, made in the old way,
that is, having very fmall heads, are in-
crufted in the holes, which are made, as
the head is, in an oblong form ; the figures
lx)th of the fhoe and nail are to be feen in
the firft anatomical plate. This is the
whole myftery.

The ad- gy ^ j^jg method the fole is preferred,
thiTme-*^ and con fequently the foot defended againfl:
ihod. ^^i'd OJ* Aarp bodies, which the horfe
may chance to tread on : thus inflam-
mations, and dangerous comprefTions, arc
avoided, and the many inconveniences
already mentioned, from the lodgment of
fand, gravel, or ftones.

'Other ad- Another advantage arifmg from this
van ages, j^^^j^q^ ^f (hoeing, and preferving the
fole, that natural defence againft external
injuries, is, that in not paring away the
fole, nor fetting on any more (hoe than
is neceffary to prefcrve the horny fole,
the horfe will noe be fubjedl to flip, either
on the winter's icy pavement, or -the dry
Ifmooth one of the fummer.

The ufe

of the frog For by making a horfe walk upon the
vviien^they fi'og? ^^^^ partly upon the heel, the for-
touch the mer being fl:rong]y rubbed, and puflied
sround. againft

RejieBiom on Jlming HORSES. 361

againfl: the ground, or pavement, im-
.prefles idelf, as it were, by the weight
of the horfe's body, into the inequalities
and interftices it happens to meet in its
way •, by this means, the foot rafting on
a great many more parts, v/hich mutually
eafe it, by nmltiplying the points of fup-
port, gives the animal a ftronger adhe-
rence, and more fecurity upon fhe place
lie goes.

By paring away the fole, the air, when The in^'u-
it is in this thin (late, penetrates, and J ^^''^ ^'^
dries it to fuch a degree, that by its con- jj^^^^^jg
tradlion it comprelfcs the fleihy lole, fo^henpar^
as to lame the horfe. cd.

in-

By this means, alfo, fand and gravel Ocher-
get in, and are ground between the fole juries to
and fhoe •, and again between the horfe's ^^^ ^"^^
heel and thofe of the llioe •, which not ^^' P'V^S

J., . . ^ the lole.

readily coming out again, caule com-
preffions, inflammations, i^c. which laft
accidents are very often the efFeds of a
ilone's being wedged in between the Hioc-
heels.

To recapitulate the whole.

The weight of the faddle-horfe doei
not prefs upon the toe or hed, but on

the

362 Refle5foins en Jhoeing H O R S E S.

the middle between both ; fo that the
greater the diftance of the fole from the
ground, or from whatever point of fup-
port, the more the great tendon will be
fatigued, by the inordinate diftention it
undergoes at every ftep.

The lar- The more the fole is covered by the

ger the fhoe, the more the horfe will flip, Aide,

horfe's ^j. £^|j . becaufe the furface being formed

J^2^£j.j^ ^ of round parts, and the fhoe having a

he pocs. large uniform hard face, he can fcarce

have above two or three points of fup-

port ; fo that the greater contad the

horfe's foot has with the ground, the more

points are multiplied j and the fafer of

confequence he goes.

By flioeing, no other intention could
be expefled, but preferving the hoof,
after paring away its luxuriancy.

That long fhoes, and raifing the (hoe-
heel, is a very pernicious cuftom.

Many in- By paring away the horny fole, it
conveni- hardens in proportion to its being thin-
cncies jjg^j^ 3nd by comprefling the flefliy fole,

rinrthT n^^^^^^ a ^o^^^ l^^e • he lofes alfo the
fole. defence of nature againft external bodies,

by

RefleSfions onjljoelng HORSES. 363

by which means the flefhy fole becomes
often wounded, bruifed, ^c>

By paring the frog fo much away, that Alfofrom
it is not in contadl with the ground, the paringthe
tendon will be inordinately diftended ; ^^^2-
by which means, it becomes fubjedt to
inflammation, relaxation, defluxion, and
rupture.

Lajlly^ It appears from the anatomy The pre-
of the foot, that horfes are chilly lame Tent me-
in thofe bones and its tendon; that the ^^^d of
prefent method of fhoeino; contributes ^^^^'^Z*
greatly thereto, by parmg away the butes to
horny fole, and hollowing the foot *, by the fre-
which means, the flefhy fole becomes q^^^^t
more expofed to accidents, and the ten- |n"Jhe^^^*
don fatigued, ftrained, and ruptured ; feet,
its fupport being taken away by paring
the frog.

We may learn alfo from hence, that The fhoe
no more of the toe fhould be pared away, fhould be
than to keep the foot uniform with the ^^5' ^^^
fhoe -, that the (hoe Ihould be made flat, ^^[JoJ''
in order to adapt itfelf the better to the
foot ; not made too thick or hollow, nor
projeding beyond the horfe's heel.

2

This,

364 RefeSiions onjhoewg HORSES.

This is the fubriance.of M. La Fofie*s
new method of fhoeing •, which from its
fimplicity, and the great eafe of perforni-
gf^^g 0I3. ing ir, feems to deoiand our regard and
jeciions to attention : but though it appears well
i^n nie» calculated for the flat pavements and
^^^/'^ roads of JFrance, yet we doubt its gene-
" ral futcefs with us •, efpecially in fome of
our rough (lony countries, where the heel
and frog, being left fo entirely de-
fcnccUfs, nnight be liable to frequent in-
juries from fuch irregular loofe bodies,
as flints, loofe ftones, i£c» We fhould
fufpedl alfo its fuccefs on moift, greafy,
and fiippery foils or chalks ; where the
fhoe-heel, or cramps feems of great ufe
to fupport a horfe, by the imprefllon it
makes in the furface, how inconvenient
foever it may be in other refpeds -, though
k mull: be confefled, from our method of
flioeing race horfes, where the whole foot
comes into immediate conta6t with the
ground, notwithftanding the courfe they
j\3w over is often very flippery, yet they
fcldonifall.

Tnoogh But though this method may not be
i>mot ge- |-Q generally adopted by us, in its utmoft
h^re^yei ^^ttnt,* for the reafons above given;
has arcat as well as from the difl^srent texture of
me:!;. horfes

Reflexions cnjhoelng HORSES. 365

horfes feet, which in fome will always
demand a particular method of fhoeing'i
yet it urvdoubtedly may fuit many horles,
and many diftvrerit parts of the kingdom ;
and this particular advantage every one
may reap from it, viz, to pare away as
little of the fole and frog, as poffible,
even in the old method of (hoeing : the
many inconveniencies of which, we ap-
prehend, have been fufficiently pointed
out, and amply explained \ and v.'ould
by this means, be in a great meafux^
©bviated.

EX PL A-

[ 366 ]

EXPLANATION of the
Anatomical FIGURES.

Plate the Fir ft.

TH E firft figure reprefents the bot-
tom of a horfe's foot.
^, a^ a^ is the horny fole.
^, the frog.

2. The ^c^/ towards its lower edge,
called by the author the wall of the foot*

Figure the fecond, fhews the horny
Ible ^, raifed from the flcfliy fole c^ r, r,
round which is the enchannelled flefli, 6.
placed in the fulcus of the inner furface
of the hoof, 5, the horny part of which
is foft and white.

Figure the third reprefents the under
part of the flelhy fole r, raifed from the
foot-bone * d^ d, d, g, the covering
or(hQZthoi tht^endo-Achi/les. 2. The car-
tilage. 6. The edge of the flefliy fole con-
fined in the furrow of the channelled horny
fubitance,

* The foot-bone is Gibfon's Copn-bene.

Expla-

^nattym .lHai<

\ ^Iic lU'w fi.t/t . UiJVil %j/i*>C

^t

■"^5

/ .\\'li/, '

^/i<i.^i

fit- y\i/ic ^l/io.

I'dt.l

T.7i4js//\yr

^/.//r •/// . I'late X .

JJi.iJiiv/.'-

E X P L A N A T I O N, Sff . 367

Explanation of the Figures of the Second

Plate,

The fourth figure fhews a back view of
the leg.

7. Thefkin laid open, in order to view
the inner fofc parts belonging to the ar-
ticulations.

8. The apneurotic membrane, formed
of different laminae, which feperate the
mufcles and cutaneous tendons.

9. and 3. Are partly the covering of
the fiexor tendon of

5. The coronary bone *, which ferves
as a covering to the Te7ido- Achilles^ 10.

II. The ligament of the cannon-bone,
the paftern and the coronary bones.

16. The cup or caplula of the tendon
of the coronary bone.

18. The cannon-bone -j'.

6. The foot- bone.

Figure the fifth is the fame leg, and In
the fame view.

2. The foot-bone.

* The coronory bone Is the little paflern of
Gibfon,

t French authors call thofe bones Cannon-bonesy
both before and behind, which Gibfon calls in the
fore legs, the Shank-bonesy and in the hind legs, the
hijlcp'hones,

I. The

363 EXPLANATION of the

I. The T^endo- Achilles^ difleded to fhew
the coronary bone. 6.

3. The nut bone *.

4. The concave part of the foot-bone
to which the tendon is fixed.

7. The ligament of the foot-bone with
the nut- bone.

8. The ligament of the tendon with
the nut- bone*

Figure the fixth, reprefents the ^en^o-
Achilles raifed and feparated from figure
5, to fhew the lamina 8, which ferves as
a ligament to the nut- bone of the fame
figure.

Elgure the feventh, fhews the cnchan-
nelled flefh. i. The wall or hoof being
raifed from it. 2. The rough border that
furrounds the enchannelled fleih above
the hoof,

3. The cartilage of the foot.

4. The extenfor tendon of the foot.

Figure the eighth, demonftrates the bone
of the foot Z; the enchannelled flefh of
which is raifed with the cartilage.

* The nut-bone, called by the French, Os de la
noix, is a little oblong bone placed acrofs at the
junction of the little and great pafterns behind,
which is not taken notice of by Gibfon.

5. The

^n,it,mi.l'lolc^.

f.H.iJirtJ,'

Anatomical FIGURES. 369

5. The ligament of the coronary-bone
with that of the foot.

3. and 4. The extenfor tendon of the
foot.

The Third Plate, containing Figures of the
ojieology and fra6iure .of the bones.

Figure the firfl-, reprefents a fore view
of the leg.

3. The cannon-bone cut acrofs at the
upper end.

4. The paftern-bone.

5. The coronary- bone.

6. The foot-bone.

The fecond figure is a back view of the
fame leg.

8. The cannon-bone,

4. The paftern.

5. The coronary-bone.

3. The nut-bone, which cannot be
feen in a fore view.

6. The foot, or coffin-bone.

The third figure is another back view
of the fame leg.

16. The place where the artery divides
into two branches.

4. The holes into which thefe two
branches pafs in the foot.

B b 5. The

370 E X P L A N A T I O N, G'r.

5. Thedidfibutionofthefe two branches
round the foot.

6. The foot-bone.

The fourth figure is the coronary-bone
viewed anteriorly with the marks of its
fradures, i, 2, 3.

The fifth figure is the fame coronary-
bone in a back view, with the appearance
of the fame fradures, i, 2, 3.

The fixth is the nut-bone fradlured
into three parts, 4, 5, 6,

The feventh fhews the fame bone frac-
tured into two, 4, 4.

The eighth is a figure of the foot-bone
viewed on its upper lurface fradured in
two, with the mark of the fracture, 6, 7

The ninth is a view of the under fur-
face of the fame bone, with the fradlure
marked 6, 7. This bone is very fpongy.

THE

THE

INDEX,

why 6. Good for worms
A and eyes 112, 153

Appetite to mend 155

Apoplexy or daggers defcri bed -

AGARIC recommended 79- The cure So. When
Page 248 not dangerous. 8r

Air neceflary for confumptive -Aqua fapharina proper for
horfes 77 ^^nis 105

— injurious to the fole 361 Artery, temporal, when to be
Alteratives ufed by foreigners tied up nj

2 Afcarides, or needle worms
Alterative purges 169. 171 150

what meant by the Aflhma, ^id^ Cough.

term 197. Medicines re-
commended 198. Various
forms of 199, 200

Anatomy of a horfe's tail 201 fi

Anticor defcribed, and method
of cure 335, 336

Antimonials proper for horfes Balls, peftoral 29. Some ob-
taken from grafs 6. Should fervations on them 30,
be finely powdered, and Cordial, or Bracken's jL

B b 2 For

INDEX.

For an obdinate cough 62,
65, 7 1 . The common pec-
toral ones of no ufe in old
obilinate coughs 66. Balls
for the jaundice 158. Alte-
rative for the jaundice 159.
To make a horfe ftale 161.
For the fame, more forcing
160, 161. For piffing blood
166. Alterative 190, 193,
206. Of the fame kind,
more powerful 191, 192,
193. Alterative mercurial
^09. Antimonial ibi^. Diu»
retic 301. Fever 32, 40

Barbs how cured 293

Beans, their property and ufe

2

Bleeding when moft necefiary
1 1. Cautions concerning it

12

I ■ ■■ how flopped 246

Blifter ointment 259

51oody-flux defcribed, and
cure, 147. Some neceffary
obfervations 148

Blood-fpavin, what 288

Bone-fpavins defcribed 257
The method of cure 258

goring a horfe's flioulder con-
demned 228

Bots, vide worms.

Bracken (Dr.) an author all
gentlemen are obliged to 214

.Bran, feme cautions in the ufe
ofit. 2

Bran and beans when molt
necefiary 9. Scalded when
proper ^o

Broken-wind defcribed fron*
difTedions 68, 69. Incur-,
able 70. How relieved 72,
73. Proper cautions and
obfervations 74>7S

Burns of all kinds, how treated
251. The fuppo(cd fire left
behind imaginary ibid*

Camphor recommended 40,
41. —— with nitre recom-
mended 42

Cankers in the foot, how cured
314. In the mouth de-
fcribed 338

Capellets, what, and how
treated 297

Catching cold, what 26

Cautery recommended in
cankers 338

Cheil-founder, what 5/

Cholic, I'ide Gripes.

Cofiin-bone rotted, how cured

304
Cold charges not preferable to

poultices 229

Colds, their caufes 26. The

fymptoms 27. How cured

28, 201
Compreflions in the hoof dif-

covered 349
. of bad confe-

quence 35'

Confumption defcribed 76

The

1 N D E X.

the cure ^•]> fome pro-
per obfervations ibid

Convulfions arife from various
caufes 83. defcribed 84.
The cure 87. Fridlions re-
eommended 9^

Corns, how treated 309

Coftivenefs, how cured and
prevented 1 49

Coughs, how diftlnguilhed 59
The fymptoms of a moift
one 60. The cure 61.
Some ufeful obfervations
62. Symptoms of a dry
cough and afthma 64..
Young horfes fubjeft to
coughs on cutting their
teeth 67. Are an attendant
on worms ibid*

Crack'd heels, how treated

287

Cribbing horfes, what 134.
How managed 8

Crown fcab, how treated 307

Curbs defcribed, with the cure

262, 263

D

Diforders (particular) of the
feet, how treated 342

Docking of horfes, remarks
thereon 328

Drawing the fole recom-
mended 346

Drink to pirombte urine 43
An alterative one 1 12. An
opening one 143. A re-
ftringent one 14^, 148.
To ftrengthen the ftomach
l55vFor the ftomach 147*
For a fever 40, 47.

*"' for the jaundice 15 8 •
For the ftranguiy 165. For
profufe Italing ibid. For
thcdropfy 195. Toftrength-'
en the conllitution J96.
To fweeten the blood 204,
Diuretic 290* For veno-
mous bites 321. Grofs
powders improper in them

21

Dropfy defcribed 193. The
cure 194

Dealers horfes, how they
Ihould bemanaged 9

Diabetes, or profufe ftaling,
how treated 165

Diaphraghm inflamed, fymp-
toms of, and cure 58

Diet proper in fevers 46. For
obftinatc coughs • 63

Difeafes of the feet, how
■cured 345

Epilepfy, or falling-ficknefs,
defcribed 82. How diftin-
guiflied from gripes ibidi
Caufed fbmetimesby worms
or bots 8!;. How cured
87, %%, When caufed by
collivcnefs 94

B b I

Exercifc

I N D E X.

Exerclfc recommended 8. Of
great fervice i

E.^fplanation of the anatomical
plates 366

Eyes, the difeafes they are in-
cident to 100. How diftin-
guilhed iSiJ. Their gene-
ral treatment 10 1. An eye-
water ii;iJ, Films, how
removed 104. Ointments
for films 1 05, 106, no.
Obfervation and cautions
106, ro7. Moon-eyes, or
cataraftsdefcribed 108. The
cuic 109, no

Farcin, or farcy, dcfcribed
178. The various kinds
l"9. General fpecificks
often uncertain 180. The
method of cure 186, 187,

188, 189,

incurable, defcribed,

196

Fed horfes, fome cautions con-
cerning them 9

Fever, the fymptoms of 31.
The cure 32. The diet
neceffary 33. Opening
drinks recommended 35
Some practical obfervations
on fevers 36, 44. Com-
pound dcfcribed 36. The
€uie 38. Balls 40. Drink

41. Camphor recommend-
ed in fevers 38. Intermit-
ting fevers 45. Epidemic,
the general treatment of

Firing, how performed 234.
NecefTary in fome old llrains
/^/V. In fplents, wind-
galls, ^c. 268. In fpavins,
recommended 261 . In curbs
and ring-bones 265. In
j'ardons 263

Fillula, in general, how treat-
ed 255. On the withers,
how cured 271

Fomentation for ftrains 228

■ of fingular ufe

239

Fraftured bones of the feet dil-
covered 349. The cure 350

Fradlures of the fmall bones
incurable 35,1

Garlick recommended for
broken-winded horfes 73

Gelding horics, obfervations
thereon 322

Giggs, what, and how cured

337
Glanders, hitherto but little

underflood 1 14. The fymp-
toms defcribed 1 1 5
^■- the feat of the difor-
der proved by difledUons

11 S.

INDEX*

1 18. Some curious obferya-
tions 119. The cure by
trepanning 120. The caufs
of this dillefnper 123.
Compared to the ozena in
men ibU, Diredlions in re-
gard to the operation i 24.
The injedions recommend-
ed 126. The internals re-
commended ibid.
Glyfters, proper obfervationa
on 22. Forms of 23. ix\
general eafily prepared 24.
A reftringent one 25, 145,
147. Emollient 23. Purg-
ing ihid. For fuppreifion
of urine 163. Nutriritive

2.Z

Gonorrhoea in horfe^ what
339, How caufed ibid.
Cailration advifed 341

Grafs often neccflary and why

■ 4
Greafe defcribed 284. To be

■treated fometimes locally

285. Treatment in general

289

^Gripes in horfes, little un-
derftood by farriers 133.
Divided into three fpecies
ihid. From cold or wind
defcribed i-bid. The cure
134. Inflammatory or bi-
lious 139. The cure /^/V,
The dry gripes defcribed,
and cure 141. Proper cau-
tions and obfervations ibid.

Gunfhot wounds, how treated

250

H

Haller's fyftem, what 310
Haws, defcripiion of,andcoEe

113
Hay, fome obfervations ©n 2
Heels, narrow, what, and

how treated

^^

Hide-bound, what, and cur«

Hoofs to be kept moiil, and
why 34y

dry how treated 300.

Moift and foft, how treateM
ibid. Hoof- bound what
meant by it 301 . Lofs of,
how repaired 3.14

Horfe worthy the ftudy e^
men of letters 352

why not Aibjedl to com-
plicated difordeVs j

Horfes who eat their litter,,
how cured 3. Beft abroad
all the year, and why r.
When taken from grafs,
how managed 6. Drinks
(hould be made palatable
21. Balls, obfervations on,
them ibid. How to make
lay down 293

Humours attempted to'be ex-
plained 213. As much
abufed in phyfick as farriery
218. A^ familiar cafe 215.
Not always the caufe of
fwelled limbs 217. The
vefTtls not the fluids, fome-
times in fault ibid. The

iiife-

I N £) E X.

inference to be drawn from
thence 217. A fubjeft too
cop.ous to be explained
here ± 1 8

Humours, more than thirty al-
ways in the body ibid.

J

James (Dr.) his remedy for

the bite of a mad dog 318

jardons defcribed with the cure

Jaundice defcribed 156. The
cure 157

Jaw fet, niide convulfions.

Ignorance of farriers expofed
Indian rhubarb not dear 340

K

Kidney?, diforders of, de-
scribed 159. The cure 160.
Obfervation thereon 161

Knee ilrained, how cured

251

Lamenefs njide ftrains, frac-
tures,
Lamenefs incurable 346

Lampas defcribed 282 i The
cure 283

Lax and fcouringj fome re.
marks thereon 143. How
cured 545, 146

Lethargy, or fleepy evil, how

treated 85

fymptoms of 84

Lungs inflamed j the fymptoms
ot 53. How dilBnguifhed
from the pleurify 54

Long fhoes inconvenient 358

M

M. La FofTe, who 1 r 4

— . method of fhoe-

Mad dog, bite of, how treated

317

Mallenders what, and how

cured 281

Mange defcribed, and cure

174
Mead (Dr.) his medicines for

the bite of a mad dog

3«7

Medinines injurious to healthy

horfes i

Mercurials fliould be given in
fmall quantities, as altera-
tives I go
Mercurials, why they fre-
quently falivate horfes 208
Mixtures for drains, 227, 232
Scalding 27 1. Obferva-
lions thereon 272

Moltea

INDEX.

Molten greafe defcribed, and
cure 167, 168

Neutral mixture 33

Nitre recommended 28, 199,

201. Obfervations on it

200
Nicking horfes, a new method
of 326. The advantages
that occur 330. The me-
thod defcribed 327

O

Oats, their property 3

Obfervations and dire<^ions
for dreffing fores of all kinds

241

Ointment, a general one for
wounds, ^c. 97. A mer-
curial one 99 For the
farcy 183, 184, 187. For
wounds and fores 239

i bliftering 259. How

ufed ibid* Some cautions
in regard to it 260. Drying
288. For obftinate fcratches
295. For rat-tails 297,
For dry hoofs 300. For the .
ieti and hoofs 302

Opodeldoch, a new form of

230

Over-reach defcribed, andcure

244

Paify, how cured 93

Pafture near great towns, not

good 5. What months beft

ibid.
Paring the fole, abfurdity of

Perfpiration explained 26

Pleurify defcribed 52. How
diftinguifhed from gripes
ibid. The cure 54. Some
practical obfervations ^6
External defcribed 57

The cure r8

Poll-evil defcribed, and the
cure 263. The vario-^s me-
thods of cure 269, 270

Poultice, a fuppurating cue
97. Poultices for (trains
229. Softening and digeft-
ing 287. Difcutient and
difperfrng 291, 292. Clean-
fmg 249. How they operate

ibid.

Powders, alterative 77, 172,

205

Pricks in ihoeing, how cured

Puff-balls recommended 247
PuKe of horfes fhould be at-
tended to 48. How calcu-
lated ibid, _^The importance
of it 49. The ufe and ftudy
of it recommended 50

Purges for horfes (hould firft
be mild 14. Miltakes con-
cerning

INDEX.

cemfng purges re^lified 14. Rowels when neceflary 31

Given in Imall q-iantities Rowellingdefcribed 220. The

ail as alteiatives 15. Cau- abfurd realbning of farriers

tions in regard to mercurial expofed ibid. The ufe of

purges ihid. How they 221

tliould be given, nnd work- Running thrufh, how cured

ed oft" /^/V. Forms of purges 312

16^ Cooling liquid purges Ruptures defcribed, and how

recommended 18. For the treated 33^
fiomach 146. For the worms

1^5, 154. For the jaun- S
dice 1 57, 158

Purging when nccelTjry 13. Sallendcrs how cured 281

Cautions concerning it 12 Salt malhes, the properties of

Purging medicines recom- 4

mended to be given in fmall Sand-cracks how treated 303

quantities as alteratives 210. Scalds how treated 251

The reafons for it, with Scalding, what meant by it

fome forms 211, The form 2;j. Defcribed ihid.

ibid. Scratches and cracks, how

cured 29^

Sea-water much recommended

<L 4

Shoeing horfes, the confe-

quence of 1 r2

QuittOFs defcribed, and cured ^^^ mi^tidtd by na-

303* 304 ture 353

to preferve the hoof
1^ ibid^

Sit-faft, what, and how cured

276

Rat-tails what and how cured Snuff for the eyes 1 1 2

296 Soiling, obfervations and cau-

Remcdies forever-purging 19. tions about 7, 8

for griping phyfick ibid. To Spavins blood and bog, what

promote purging ibid. 279, 280. Their cure ;^y//.^

Ring-btmes defcribed, wich SpJents defcribed, with their

the cuj;e 264, 265 cure

INDEX,

cure 265 Repeated blifters
recommended 267

Stag-evil, 'Vide Convulfions.

■ what 86

Stalls Ihould be wide for lame
horles 292

Stomach and guts of horfes
comparatively thin 13

Strains defcribed 224. Re-
ftringents recommended
228. Oily medicines im-
proper 224. Bandage and
rell recommended 225. Blif-
tering and firing fometimes
necellary 234

Strangles defcribed 9^. The
cure 96. Obfervations on
them 98

Strangury, how treated and
cured 1 64

Stuffing for horfes feet 300

Stypticks, how they operate

248

Surfeits defcribed 170. The
cure 171, 17}

Swelled limbs accounted for,
without having recourfe to
humours always 285

1 heels, how treated 287

Swellings from bleeding 250

Symptoms in fevers, bad 3*9,

43-

Good

44

Tamours and Avclllngs de-
fcribed 236. Their general
treatment 237* When cri-
tical 238. DireAiong for
opening and dreffing them

241

Tendon ruptured, howr cured

350

Tar- water advifed in
coughs

fome
7«

Viper bite how to be treated

3«7

Vives, defcription of and

cure 99, ICO

U

Ulcers, in general, defcribed

252
Ulcers, in vain fometimes at-
tempted without internal

remedies

W

Warbles, how cured 275

Wa(he5, repellers 185. Subli-
mate 24O. Drying, for fores
255, 2(;7. Repelling 185,
I ^6, 287.. Drying ones 270,
273, 2b8. For a running-
thrulh 315

Wmd-

INDEX.

Wind-galls what, and how
cured 276. 277

Withers bruifed, how treated

272

Wolves-teeth what and how
cured 283

Worms, the different kinds
defcribed 150. The fpecie
called bots ibid. The fymp-
toms of bots and worms
151. The general cure
152, 154, 155

Wounds defcribed 24(5. How

to (lop bleeding 246. Nof-
trums not to be depended
on 248. On tendons, how
drefTed 249. Pundured,
how to be drefled 250.
Gun-fhot, how treated ibid.
In the feet, from nails, gra-
vel, ftubs, ^c, how cured

305

Yellows, 'ijide Jaundice,

FINIS.

"\

Webster Family Librar\' of Veterinary Medicine

r -liolno of

Tie