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GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL NOTES ON MEXICO

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BY

MATIAS ROMERO

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

NEW YORK AND LONDON finic&erboc&er press 1898

COPYRIGHT, 1898

BY MATIAS ROMERO

Ubc Itnicberbocfeer press, flew J2orfe

PREFACE.

I am printing in book form the several articles that I have pub- lished from time to time during my many years' residence in the United States, with a view to dispel errors prevailing here about Mexico, and so promote the good will and increase the commercial, political and social relations between the two countries. Those papers are preceded by one containing geographical and recent statistical in- formation on Mexico, that I have not seen collected in any single book in the English language. To answer a great many demands for infor- mation that I constantly receive from citizens of this country, I have concluded to give at once that paper to the public.

WASHINGTON, January 31, 1898.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL NOTES ON MEXICO I

PART I. GEOGRAPHY .... 3

Location, Boundaries and Area .... 5

Location .......... 5

Boundary with the United States 5

Boundary with Guatemala . 6

Boundary with Belize ........ 6

Cession of Mexican Territory to the United States ... 7

General Characteristics . . . . . . . 8

Geology ........... 12

Mining ............ 13

Silver 13

Real del Monte Company . 15

New Mines, Topia . . . . . . . .17

Li Hung Chang and the Mexican Silver Mines . . .18

Gold 19

Coinage of the Precious Metals 21

Coinage of Mexico from the Establishment of the Mints

in 1537 to the End of the Fiscal Year 1896 . . 21 Iron . . . . .' . . . . .21

Iron Foundries .......... 22

Copper . . . .22

Quicksilver 23

Coal ........ 23

Mexican Miners 25

Mining Laws 25

Mints and Duties on Silver . 27

Smelting Plants ..... ... 28

Mexican Metallurgical Company ...... 28

National Mexican Smelter at Monterey .... 28

VI

Contents.

Central Mexican Smelter 29

Velardena Mining Company 29

The Chihuahua Mining Company 29

The Mazapil Copper Company, Limited .... 29

Sabinal Mining and Smelting Company, Chihuahua . . 29

La Preciosa .......... 29

The Boleo Smelter 29

Orography 29

Hydrography .......... 32

Climate 35

Summary of the Meteorological Observations Taken in

Several Cities of Mexico during Several Years . 38 Summary of the Meteorological Observations Taken in

Several Localities of Mexico during the Year 1869 . 39

Mexico as a Sanitarium ........ 41

Flora ............ 42

Coffee 44

Sugar-cane . -45

Tobacco -45

India-rubber . . . . ... . . . -46

Cotton 48

Agave 48

Henequen . 49

Pulque 49

Cactus ........... 51

Cocoa . 51

Vanilla 52

Silk Culture 53

Cochineal 53

Rice 53

Chicle, or Chewing-gum 53

Yuca 54

Ginger . 55

Canaigre 55

Peppermint . 55

Cabinet and Dye Woods 55

Grasses 56

Alfalfa . 56

Cattle-raising . 56

Sheep ... 58

Products of Cold and Temperate Regions 58

Fruits 58

Oranges 59

Lemons . .... 60

Contents. vii

PAGE

Limes and Shaddocks . . . 61

Bananas .... . . . . . . .61

Pineapple ". . .62

Cocoanut . 62

Mangoes . 63

Alligator Pear -63

Mamey 63

Zapote 63

Papaya -63

Flowers -63

Irrigation 64

The Nazas Irrigation ........ 67

Fauna 70

Ethnology . . . -72

Mexican Indians ......... 72

Increase of Mexican Population 76

Decrease of the Indian Population 77

The Spaniards in Mexico ....... 78

English and Germans in Mexico ...... 79

Americans in Mexico 79

Ruins 80

Uxmal 80

Palenque '•-..' . .81

Cholula . 81

Teotihuacan 81

Mitla 83

Languages 85

Synopsis of the Indian Languages of Mexico according to

Don Francisco Pimentel ...... 86

Population 89

Classification of Mexican States ...... 90

Area and Population of the United Mexican States . . 91

Religion ....;. 92

Protestantism in Mexico .• . 95

Political Organization 98

Political Division ......... 99

Army and Navy . . . . . . . . -99

Education 100

Universities Established by the Spanish Government . .101 School of Medicine ........ 102

School of Engineering ........ 103

Mexican Technical Schools in the Present Time . . . 103 Reorganization of the Technical Colleges .... 104

Primary Education 104

viii Contents.

PAGE

School Statistics 105

Libraries ^ 106

Newspapers 106

The Valley of Mexico . 106

The City of Mexico . 107

Climate . . . .no

Mortality in the City of Mexico . . . . . in

Climatological Data of the City of Mexico . . . .112 Summary of the Meteorological Observations of the City of

Mexico in 1896 113

Railways ........ • IT5

President Diaz's Railway Policy . . . . . 117

President Diaz's Statistics on Mexican Railways . . .118 Financial Condition of Mexican Railways . . . 119

Annual Buildings and Earnings of Mexican Railways . 120 Approximate Tonnage Moved by Central, National, Inter- oceanic, and Mexican Railways for Ten Years ended December 31, 1896 .......

Telegraphs ... .......

Postal Service

Public Lands

Immigration

Immigration from the United States .....

Public Debt

Banking

Patents and Trademarks

Patents ..... ...

Trademarks

Shipping and Communications . . .

Money, Weights, and Measures .....

Non-Official Publications (English) ... .

PART II. — STATISTICS .... 135

Revenues and Expenses 137

Revenue and Expenses of the Federal Government of Mexico

in 1808 and from 1822 to June 30, 1867 . . . 139 Revenue and Expenses of the Mexican Government from

July i, 1867, to June 30, 1888 140

Revenue and Expenses of the Mexican Government from

July i, 1888, to June 30, 1896 141

Federal Appropriations during the Fiscal Years from 1868 to

1895 142

Sources of Revenue . ... . 143

Import Duties 143

Contents. ix

PAGE

Additional Import Duties . 4 144

Export Duties .... .... 144

Amount of Import Duties 144

Custom Receipts from 1823 to 1875 145

Internal Revenue 146

Receipts of the Custom Houses during the Twenty-seven

Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 1896 .... 147 Internal Revenue Receipts from January i, 1875, to June

30, 1896 ......... 148

Direct Taxes . 148

Receipts from Direct Taxes in the Federal District during

the Twenty-seven Fiscal Years Ending June 30, 1896 . 149

Revenues of the Mexican States from 1884 to 1895 . . 150

Expenses of the Mexican States from 1884 to 1895 . . 151

Revenues of the Municipalities of Mexico from 1884 to 1895 152

Expenses of the Municipalities of Mexico from 1884 to 1895 153

State and Municipal Finances 154

Foreign Trade . 155

Imports 155

Mexican Imports and Exports from 1826 to 1828 . . 155 Imports in Mexico from July i, 1872, to June 30, 1875, and

in the year 1884-1885 . •. . . . . 156 Imports in Mexico from July i, 1885, to June 30, 1886, and

from July i, 1888, to June 30, 1890 .... 157 Imports in Mexico from the Fiscal Year 1892-1893, to the

Fiscal Year 1895-1896 . . . . . . 158

Exports . 159

Imports in Mexico by Countries in the Fiscal Years 1888-1889

and 1889-1890, and Imports and Exports by Countries

and Custom Houses in the Fiscal Years 1894-1895 and

1895-1896 160

Exports of Mexican Commodities from July i, 1886, to

June 30, 1896 . . .-" . . . 162 Statement of Exports of some Agricultural Products during

the Fiscal Years from July i, 1877, to June 30, 1896 . 164 Value of Imports from Mexico from July i, 1882, to June

30, 1892 .... .... 165

Resume of Total Imports .... . . . 167

Destination and Value of Exports from Mexico in the Fiscal

Years from 1882 to 1892 168

Total Exports 169

Trade between Mexico and the United States . . . .170 Total Imports to Mexico and Imports from the United

States for the Fiscal Years 1872-1873 to 1895-1896 172

x Contents.

PACK

Total Exports from Mexico and the Exports to the United

States from 1877-1878 to 1895-1896 .... 173 Statement of the Commercial Transactions between Mexico

and the United States from 1826 to 1850 . . .173 Commerce in Merchandise between the United States and

Mexico by Years and Decades from 1851 to 1897 . 174 Total Commerce between the United States and Mexico by

Years and Decades from 1851 to 1897 . . . 175 Quantities and Values of the Principal and all other Articles

of Imports into the United States from, and of Exports

from the United States to, Mexico, 1858-1883 . .176 Quantities and Values of the Principal and all other Articles

of Imports into the United States from, and of Exports

from the United States to, Mexico, from 1889-1897 . 181

Increase of Trade during the year 1896-1897 . . .184

Leading Merchandise Imports from Mexico . . .184

Exports from the United States to Mexico . . . 184

Tropical Products Supplied by Mexico to the United States 185

Cattle Exported to the United States 186

Coinage 186

Coinage by the Mexican Mints from their Establishment in

1535 to June 3°, 1895 . . 187

Production of Gold and Silver in Mexico in 1879-1880, 1889-

1890, and 1894-1895 188

Export of Precious Metals and Minerals from Mexico in the

years 1879-1880, 1889-1890, and 1894-1895 . . 188 Exports of Silver from July i, 1872, to June 30, 1896 . . 190

Mexican Gold Exports . . 190

Mexican Gold Exported to the United States . . .191 Imports of Gold Bullion, Ore, and Coin from Mexico into

the United States from 1891 to 1895 .... 191 Imports of Gold Bullion, Ore, and Coin from Mexico into

the United States from 1892 to 1896 .... 191 Gold Exported from Mexico to the United States from 1891

to 1896 192

Railways . . . . 193

Statement by the Department of Communications of Mexico

of the Railroad Mileage in Operation on October 31,

1896 193

Resum£ of Railways in Mexico in 1895 . . . . 195

Mexican. Central 196

Mexican National . . . . . . . . .196

Earnings and Expenses of the Mexican National from 1889

to 1896 198

Contents xi

FACE

Mexican International 199

Mexican Southern . 200

Other Railroads . 201

Mexican Railroad 201

Interoceanic Railway ....... 202

Sonora Railway 202

Hidalgo and Northeastern Railway 202

Merida and Progreso Railway 203

Tehuacan and Esperanza Railway 203

Merida and Peto Railway ....... 203

Sinaloa and Durango (Altata to Culiacan) Railway . . 204

Merida and Campeche Railway 204

Merida and Valladolid Railway ..... 204

Tlalmanalco Railway ........ 205

San Juan Bautista and Carrizal Passenger Railway . . 205

San Andre's and Chalchicomula Railway .... 205

Orizaba and Ingenio Railway ...... 206

Santa Ana and Tlaxcala Railway ..... 206

Cardenas and Rio Grijalva Railway ..... 206

Toluca and San Juan de las Huertas Railway . . . 207

Vanegas, Cedral, Matehuala, and Rio Verde Railway . 207

Merida and Izamal Railway ...... 207

San Marcos and Nautla Railway ..... 207

Monterey and Gulf Railway ...... 208

C6rdova and Tuxtepec Railway . . . . . 208

Maravatio and Cuernavaca Railway 208

Salamanca and Santiago Valley Railway .... 208

Monte Alto Railway . . . . . . . . 209

Valley of Mexico Railway ....... 209

Puebla Industrial Railway ...... 209

Mexican Northern Railway 209

Mexico, Cuernavaca, and Pacific Railway . . . 209 Federal District Tramways . . . . . .210

Veracruz and Alvarado Railway 210

Total Traffic and Receipts of Mexican Railways . . .210 Traffic and Receipts of the Mexican Railways . . .211 Railway Subsidies Paid by the Mexican Government . . .211 Subsidies Paid by the Mexican Government to Railway Com- panies up to June 30, 1896 ..... 212 Detailed Statement of the Subsidies Paid by the Mexican

Government to the Railway Companies . . .213

1. Mexican Railway 213

2. Hidalgo Railway 213

3. Veracruz & Alvarado Railway . . . . .213

xii Contents,

PACK

4. Mdrida & Peto Railway 213

5. Interoceanic Railway . . . . . . .214

6. Occidental Railway .214

7. Mexican Central and sundry branches . . . .214

8. Mexican National and branches . . . . .215

9. Sonora Railway with a branch 216

10. Me>ida & Valladolid Railway with a branch . .216

ir. Me"rida & Campeche Railway via Kalkini . . . 216

12. San Marcos & Nautla Railway . . . . .216

13. Toluca & San Juan de las Huertas Railway. . . 217

14. Vanegas, Cedral, Matehuala, & Rio Verde Railway . 217

15. Jimenez & Sierra Madre Railway . . . .217

16. Mexican Southern Railway . . . . . .217

17. Tonala & Frontera Railway . . . . . .217

18. Monterey & Mexican Gulf Railway . . . .218

19. Tecolula & Espinal Railway . . . . .218

20. Pachuca & Tampico Railway . . . . .218

21. Maravatio & Iguala Railway . . . . .218

22. Mexican Northeastern Railway . . ,. . .218

23. Veracruz & Boca del Rio Railway . . . .219

24. Tula, Zacualtipan & Tampico Railway . . .219

25. Matamoros, Izucar, & Acapulco Railway . . .219

26. Lower California Railway . . . . . .219

27. Monte Alto Railway ... .... 219

28. Tehuantepec Railway . . . . . . .219

1. Contractors, Edward Learned & Co. . . .219

2. Contractor, Mr. Delfin Sanchez . . . .220

3. Mac-Murdo Contract . . . . . .220

4. Stanhope, Hampson, & Corthel Contract. . . 220 Public Debt 221

Statement of the National Debt of Mexico to June 30, 1896 221

Statement of the Federal Public Debt on June 30, 1896 ' . 222

Post-Office and Telegraph Service 223

Post-Offices in Mexico in 1895 by States . . . .223 Earnings and Expenditures of the Post-Office and Telegraph

Services from July i, 1869 to June 30, 1896 . . 224 Number of Pieces Transported by Mexican Mails from 1878-

1879 to 1894-1895 ....... 225

Banks 225

List of Mexican Banks 225

Situation of the Mexican Banks on December 31, 1894 . 226

Public Lands .......... 226

Free Titles of the Indian-town lands issued to the inhabitants

from 1877 to 1895 227

Contents, xiu

PAGE

Titles issued for unwarranted possession of Public Lands by

Private Parties in 1894 and 1895 .... 227 Titles of public lands issued to Private Parties in 1894 and

1895 227

Titles issued in 1894 and 1895 to Surveying Companies . 228

Education ........... 228

Newspapers Published in Mexico in 1895 .... 228

Public Schools supported by the Federal, State, and Muni- cipal Administrations in 1895 . . . . .229

Schools supported by Private Parties . . . . .231

Public Libraries in Mexico . . . .- . . . 233

Manufacturing Establishments in Mexico in 1893 . . . 233

Summary of Factories existing in Mexico in 1893 . . 236

Navigation 237

Vessels arrived at-Mexican Ports in 1895 .... 238

Vessels departed from Mexican Ports in 1895 . , . 239

Resum6 of arrivals and departures from 1885 to 1895 . . 239

Foreign Passengers arrived at Mexican Ports in 1895 . . 240

Foreign Passengers departed from Mexican Ports in 1895 . 241 General resume" of Passengers arrived and departed by Port

and Rail in 1895. . . • . . . . 242 Vessels arrived at and departed from Mexican Ports during

the Fiscal Years 1894-95 to 1895-96 .... 243

Agricultural Products :

Resume" of Agricultural Products in Mexico . . • . 243

Conclusion ........... 244

ADDENDA . . . . .245

Federal Revenue and Expenses of Mexico in the Fiscal Year

1896-97 . . 245

Imports and Exports of Mexico by Countries and Custom-

Houses in the Fiscal Year 1896-97 ..... 246

Trade between Mexico and the United States during the first

nine months of the Calendar Year 1897 . . . .247

Mexican Exports to the United States 247

Mexican Imports from the United States 248

APPENDIX 249

Mexico as a Central American State 249

Five States of Central America . , 250

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . .251

Geographical Extension of Central America ... . .251

xiv Contents,

PAGE

Mexican Profiles 253,

From Veracruz to Mexico by Orizaba, by the Mexican

Railway ......... 255

From Apizaco to Puebla, a branch of the same road . . 253

From Veracruz to Mexico, by the Interoceanic Railway . 254 From the City of Mexico to Morelos, a branch of the same

road .......... 254

From Puebla to Izucar de Matamoros, a branch of the same

road 255

From Mexico to El Paso del Norte or Ciudad Juarez by the

Central Mexican Railroad 255

From Aguascalientes to Tampico, a branch of the same road. 257 From Irapuato to Guadalajara, a branch of the same road . 258 From Mexico to Laredo Tamaulipas by the Mexican Na- tional Railway . . . • . . . . 25$ From Acambaro to Patzcuaro, a branch of the same road . 261 From Piedras Negras or Ciudad Porfirio Diaz to Durango,

by the Mexican International Railway . . .261

From Sabinas to Hondo, a branch of the same road . . 262

From the City of Mexico to Cuernavaca and Acapulco . 262

From Puebla to Oaxaca, by the Mexican Southern Railway. 263, From Coatzacoalcos to Salina Cruz, by the National Te-

huantepec Railway 263

From the City of Mexico to Pachuca, by the Hidalgo and

Northeastern Mexican Railway 264.

Northeastern Railway from Mexico to Tizayuca . 264

Hidalgo Railway to Tuxpan 264

From Tepa to Pachuca, a branch of the Hidalgo Rail- way . . . . . . " . . . 264

From San Augustin to Irolo, a branch of the Hidalgo

Railway ........ 264

Bridie-Path from Durango to Mazatlan .... 265

Wagon Road from Manzanillo to Guadalajara . . . 265

Wagon Road from Tehuacan to Oaxaca and Puerto Angel . 266

THE VALLEY OF MEXICO'S DRAINAGE . 266

Topographical Conditions of the Valley of Mexico . . 267

Work done by the Indians ....... 267

Work done by the Spaniards ...'.. 269

Work done by the Mexican Government .... 274

The Tunnel 276

The Canal 277

The Sewage 279

Completion of the work 279

GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL NOTES ON MEXICO

GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL NOTES ON MEXICO.'

(Corrected to June 30, 1897.)

FOR a long time past I have felt the need of a short treatise con- taining geographical and statistical information about Mexico, to answer the many queries received on that subject by the Mexican Legation in Washington. A statistical abstract about Mexico, such as most nations publish every year, is greatly needed, especially now when the attention of business men and young men is awakening to the possibilities of Mexico. It was partly with the purpose of supplying that need that I prepared this article, which will, I hope, at least serve

1 This article first appeared in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York of December 31, 1896. A club of the City of Washington requested me, in January, 1888, to deliver a lecture on Mexico, and, as I had not time to prepare one, I consented to give an informal talk on the subject, which I did on January i6th of that year. Most of my talk was taken down by a stenographer, and was the basis of the article which appeared in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York. That Society did me the honor of electing me one of its honorary members, at the request of Honorable Frederick A. Conkling, on January 25, 1870, and I have ever since felt that I owed it a debt which I could only pay by sending it a contribution about Mexico. The pressure of my official duties in Washington on the one hand, and my inability to treat properly the many subjects connected with a description of Mexico, added to the difficulty of compressing them into a few pages ; on the other, delayed that work much longer than I desired or expected. I have added considerably to this article in the present edition, especially in that part which embraces statistical information about Mexico, and I am sure that in so far as concerns the fulness of that information and the most recent data, my article stands above any previous publication on the subject.

I

2 (Beograpbical ano Statistical Iftotes on flDejico.

to call attention to that country, and awaken a desire for reading other and better monographs and books on Mexico written by more com- petent men. I have borrowed from the descriptions of others, espe- cially in what appears under the heading of Geology, Geography, and Fauna.

PART I.

GEOGRAPHY

I. GEOGRAPHY.

LOCATION, BOUNDARIES, AND AREA.

Location. — Mexico is situated between 14° 30' 42* and 32° 42' north latitude, and between 86° 46' 8* and 117° 7' 31* 89 longitude west of the meridian of Greenwich, embracing therefore 18° n' 18* of latitude and 30° 21' 23" 89 of longitude. It has an area of 767,326 square miles. It is bounded on the north by the United States of America, on the southeast by Guatemala and Belize, on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the north and east by the Gulf of Mexico and the Carribean Sea.

Boundary with the United States. — The boundary with the United States is fixed by the treaties of February 2, 1848, and December 30, 1853, and begins at the mouth of the Rio Grande River on the Gulf of Mexico, follows the river for 1136 miles, beyond El Paso, Texas, to the point where it strikes parallel 31° 47' north latitude, and from there runs along said parallel for a distance of one hundred miles, and thence south to parallel 31° 20' north latitude ; from there west along this parallel as far as the mth meridian of longitude west of Greenwich ; thence in a straight line to a point on the Colorado River, twenty English miles below the junction of the Gila ; thence up the middle of the said River Colorado to the intersection with the old line between Upper and Lower California, and thence to a point on the Pacific Ocean, distant one marine league due south of the southern- most point of the Bay of San Diego ; the total distance from El Paso to the Pacific being 674 miles. The whole extent of the boundary line between the two countries is 1833 miles.

The boundary line with the United States runs from southeast to northwest, the mouth of the Rio Grande being in 25° 57' 14" 74"' north latitude ; while the line reaches on the Pacific latitude 32° 32' i" 34"' ; the point where the boundary line strikes the Colorado River is farther north, reaching 32° 42' of north latitude. Mexico has, therefore, on the western, or Pacific side, 6° 34' 46" 20"" of latitude more than on the eastern or the Gulf of Mexico side.

6 (Beograpbical "Rotes on flDejtco.

Boundary with Guatemala. — The boundary with Guatemala is fixed by the treaties of September 27, 1882, and April i, 1895, and runs from a point on the Pacific coast three leagues distant from the upper mouth of the River Zuchiate, and thence, following the deepest channel thereof, to the point at which it intersects the vertical plane which crosses the highest point of the volcano of Tacana, and distant twenty- five miles from the southernmost pillar of the gate of Talquian, leav- ing that gate in the territory of Guatemala ; the determinate line by the vertical plane defined above until it touches the River Zuchiate at the point of its intersection with the vertical plane which passes the summit of Buenavista and Ixbul ; the determinate line by the vertical plane which passes the summit of Buenavista, determined by the astro- nomical observations, and the summit of the Ixbul hill from where it intersects the former to a point four kilometres beyond said hill ; thence to the parallel of latitude which crosses the last-named point, and thence eastward until it reaches the deepest channel of the Chixoy up to its junction with the Usumacinta River, following that river until it reaches the parallel situated twenty-five kilometres to the south of Tenosique in Tabasco, to be measured from the principal square of that town ; the parallel of latitude referred to above, from its inter- section with the deepest channel of the Usumacinta, until it intersects the meridian which passes at one third of the distance between the centres of the Plazas of Tenosique and Sacluc, this distance being calculated from Tenosique ; from this meridian, from its intersection with the parallel above mentioned to the latitude of 17° 49' ; and from the intersection of this parallel with the latter meridian indefinitely toward the east.

The southern end of the Guatemalan line on the Pacific is in 14° 24' north latitude, while the northern end, on the Caribbean Sea, is in 17° 49' north latitude, being a difference of 3° 25' in favor of the latter. The calculated length of the southern boundary is 642 miles.

Boundary with Belize. — To the southeast of Yucatan extends the territory of Belize, occupied by a British settlement under a permit granted to them by the Spanish Government to cut wood within the limits mentioned in the treaty concluded between the Kings of Great Britain and Spain on November 3, 1783, and amended on July 14, 1786.

British Honduras, according to Mr. George Gil, F.R.G.S., in his book, " British Colonies," published in London in 1896, was declared a separate colony of Great Britain, under a Lieutenant-Governor sub- ordinate to the Governor of Jamaica, in the year 1862, previous to which time it had been a dependency of Jamaica. In 1884 a Governor and Commander-in-Chief was appointed, by Letters Patent, and thus the colony became independent of Jamaica. On April 30, 1859, Great

^Location, Boundaries, and Hrea. 7

Britain signed a treaty with Guatemala, within whose boundaries most of British Honduras was situated, denning the boundary of that colony.

The limits between Mexico and Belize are defined by a treaty signed at the City of Mexico on July 8, 1893, and ratified by the Mexican Senate on April 19, 1897, and begin at the mouth of Bocalarchica — a strait which separates the State of Yucatan from Ambergris Key and adjacent islands, runs along the centre of the channel between said islands and the mainland, in a southeasterly direction, until it reaches the parallel 18° 9' north latitude ; thence northwesterly at an equal distance between two keys marked on the map annexed to the treaty, to meet the parallel 18° 10' north latitude ; thence, turning toward the west, along the neighboring bay, as far as 88° 2' west meridian, thence toward the north until it reaches the parallel 18° 25' north latitude, thence it runs toward the west as far as meridian 88° 28' 32" north, this point being the mouth of the Hondo River ; thence following its deepest channel, passing to the west of Albion Island and running up the Arroyo Azul until the latter stream crosses the meridian of the Garbutt Falls at a point north of the boundary lines of Mexico, Guatemala, and British Honduras ; and from that point following the meridian of Garbutt Falls, running in a southerly direction up to 17° 49', north latitude which is the boundary line between Mexico and Gua- temala, leaving the so-called Snoska or Xnobba River in a northerly direction and in Mexican territory.

Cession of Mexican Territory to the United States. — Mexico has ceded to the United States, by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo of February 2, 1848, and the Gadsden Treaty of December 30, 1853, 930,590 square miles, comprising over one-half of her former territory. The same cession is considered in the United States under three heads — first under the boundary treaty signed in Washington on April 25, 1838, between the United States of America and the Republic of Texas, under which Texas was annexed to the United States in 1845; second, under the cession of the Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty, and the third under the Gadsden Treaty.

As Mexico did not recognize the independence of Texas until the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed, we consider that she only gave her consent to that annexation by said treaty, and therefore that the cession of territory made then to the United States embraced also Texas.

Mr. S. W. Lamoreaux, former Commissioner of the General Land Office, published in 1896 a map of the United States, which contained in detail the different sections of territory annexed to the same in dif- ferent periods from France, Spain, Mexico, and Russia, where the Mexican annexations are clearly defined. From official data of that office, I take the following figures representing the area of each of the Mexican cessions :

8 Oeograpbical notes on flDejico.

First, annexation of Texas, which embraces in whole or in part the following States and Territories :

Sq. Miles.

Texas 265,780

Colorado, in part 18,000

Kansas, in part 7, 766

New Mexico 65,201

Oklahoma 5,74°

Total 362,487

Second, cession by the Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty, em- bracing in whole or in part the following States and Terri- tories :

Sq. Miles.

Arizona 82,381

California 157,801

Colorado, in part 29,5°°

Nevada 1 1 2,090

New Mexico 42,000

Utah 84,476

Wyoming, in part 14,320

Total 522,568

Third, cession by the Gadsden Treaty, containing ad- ditions to the following Territories :

Sq. Miles.

Arizona 3^,535

New Mexico 14,000

Total 45,535

Grand Total in Square Miles 93°>59°

General Characteristics. — Mexico is bounded on the east by the long curve of the Gulf of Mexico and by the Caribbean Sea, and its eastern coast is 1727 miles long; on the west it is washed by the Pacific Ocean, its coast describing the arc of a still larger circle, for a length of 4574 miles ; but after passing the latitude of the City of Mexico, about the meridian 19° of north latitude, going south, the continent makes a decided turn towards the east, the Gulf of Mexico forming the northern border, and the Pacific Ocean the southern border.

Mexico has the shape of a cornucopia, with its narrowest end tapering toward the southwest, its convex and concave sides facing

^Location, 3Bou^aries, a^ area* 9

the Pacific and the Atlantic, respectively, and its widest end toward the north, or the United States. I look forward to the time, which I do not think far distant, considering our continuity of territory to the United States and our immense elements of wealth, when we shall be able to provide the United States with most of the tropical products, such as sugar, coffee, tobacco, india-rubber, etc.,1 which they now im- port from several other countries.

The widest portion of Mexico is, therefore, its northern extremity, or its boundary with the United States. The narrowest point is the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, about one hundred miles from one ocean to the other ; and after passing it the country expands again to the south- east towards Yucatan and Chiapas until it reaches the boundary with Guatemala and Belize.

Yucatan resembles but little in its configuration Mexico proper, as it is a level country formed by coral reefs and beds, and whose ruins show it to have been the seat of a high civilization and an advanced people.

Although the greater part of Mexico is on the North American con- tinent proper, as the Isthmus of Panama divides North from South America, a large portion of it lies in Central America. Geographically speaking, Central America is the portion of North America embraced between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Panama, and of this vast territory Mexico holds about one-third. In a paper published in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York, of March 31, 1894, I dealt especially with this subject.*

The broken surface of Mexico formerly made travelling there very difficult, for which reason the country was but little known, even by Mexicans themselves, as its configuration did not allow of the building of good roads, and to travel any considerable distance it was necessary to go by mule paths, without comfortable inns, and running great risks, owing to the disturbed condition of the country. It required, there- fore, time, expense, endurance, and an object in view to travel widely there. I was always desirous of knowing as much as possible of the country, and I have made long trips, many of them on horseback, solely for the purpose of studying certain regions, and I think that before the railway era, I was perhaps one of the Mexicans who knew

1 In his Notes on Mexico, Lempriere, a distinguished traveller and historian, says : " The merciful hand of Providence has bestowed on the Mexicans a magnificent land, abounding in resources of all kinds — a land where none ought to be poor, and where misery ought to be unknown — a land whose products and riches of every kind are abundant and as varied as they are rich. It is a country endowed to profusion with every gift that man can desire or envy ; all the metals from gold to lead ; every sort of climate, from perpetual snow to tropical heat, and of inconceivable fertility."

3 A copy of that paper is appended to this article.

io Oeosrapbical Betes on

most of the country and who could, therefore, most clearly realize the difficulty of knowing it thoroughly. From this it can be readily under- stood how difficult it would be for a foreigner, without any previous knowledge of the country and ignorant of its language, to know it by a few days' sojourn there. Yet many travellers who have been in Mexico only a few days write about it on their return home, just as if they knew it perfectly, making necessarily many serious and sometimes laughable mistakes.

The natural beauties of Switzerland are well known ; but to me that country is hardly to be compared with Mexico, as everything in Mexico is on a much grander scale. In the latitude in which Switzerland is situated the snow line is quite low, and, therefore, most of the peaks of the Swiss mountains, while not so high as the Mexican mountains, are covered with perpetual snow, which embellishes the country, and which, melting in summer, supplies the beautiful lakes of that country with fresh water. Therefore, only in the beauty of many snow peaks, beautiful fresh-water lakes, good roads, and fine hotels has Switzerland the superiority over Mexico.

Historians, travellers, and writers of the present day compare Mexico with Egypt. There is no doubt that between the legends and romance with which the history of each of these countries abounds there is a striking resemblance. The pyramids and ancient relics in the form of buildings, images, and undeciphered hieroglyphics on stones, coins, etc., found in both countries, all contribute to the general belief that, centuries ago, the people of Mexico and Egypt were connected by some tie, were in some way of the same race and had the same ideas. To-day in Mexico, the manner of living, of cultivating the soil, and many other peculiarities in the manners and customs of the Mexican people forcibly remind the traveller of Upper and Lower Egypt.1

1 In a very bright article about Mexico by Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, published in Harper's Illustrated Monthly Magazine for June, 1897, 1 find the following sentence supporting my assertion :

" In the cities he is reminded of Spain, and often of Italy (since the Catholic Church prevails), but in the country and in small towns the appearance is Oriental, or rather Egyptian. This resemblance to Egypt is due to the color or colors of the inhabitants, to the universal use of the donkey as a beast of burden, to the brown adobe walls and mud huts covered with cane, to the dust on the foliage, the clouds of dust raised in all the highways, and to a certain similarity of dress, so far as color and rags can give it, and the ability of men and women to squat all day on the ground and be happy."

Mr. Theodore W. Noyes, of Washington, in a descriptive article on Mexico, pub- lished in December, 1895, makes the following parallel between Mexico and Egypt :

" . . . The Egyptian shaduf finds its counterpart in the well sweep of Irapuato where strawberries are grown and sold every day in the year, and where irrigation is resorted to, systematized, and on a grand scale. In the absence of trees and rocks

^Location, iJBounfcaries, an& Hrea. n

I, myself, although I have only visited Lower Egypt, and that as a tourist in a very hasty manner and for a very few days, was greatly struck by the great similarity that I found between the two countries and between the habits of the native Egyptian and the Mexican In- dians. The Egyptian plows are used by the Mexican Indians, and they are drawn in Mexico as in Egypt by oxen whose yokes are fast- ened to their horns, while in other countries they are fastened on their necks. Several of the agricultural products of Egypt and Mexico are exactly the same, and the way in which foods are prepared in both countries is, too, very similar ; and I also found similar traits and race characteristics between the Egyptian Copts and some tribes of the Mexican Indians.

The great difference between Egypt and Mexico is that Mexico lacks " irrigation," which has made Egypt — that small corner of the earth — the most remarkable and productive country in the world. Owing to the great stretch of latitude from the Rio Grande to the Guatemala boundary, everything that grows in Egypt, and in fact in any other part of the world, can be produced in Mexico by the aid of irrigation.

the Egyptian shaduf is small, is composed of prepared timbers, and the counterpoise to the well bucket is an immense chunk of dried, hardened Nile mud. The Mexican .shaduf utilizes a forked tree and swings across it a long tapering tree trunk or branch, and the counterpoise consists of a large sink stone or mass of stones fastened together. Although Mexico stretches farther south than Egypt, the two countries lie, generally speaking, between the same parallels of latitude, but the altitude of Irapuato is 5000 feet above the sea-level of the Nile, so that the same degree of undress is not expected or found in the Mexicans as in the Egyptian shaduf workers. I saw, how- ever, in the neighborhood of Irapuato two Indians at well sweeps working side by side who were dressed only in white cotton loin cloths, who looked like the twin brothers of shaduf workers whom I have seen photographed on the Nile. . . . The water- carrier of Cairo is much like his brother of Guanajuato, where a long earthen jar is used. The groups about the fountains with jars of water bodily borne on the women's heads or on a protecting turban-like ring, or balanced on the men's shoulders, are also Oriental. Corn is ground between two stones in Asiatic fashion.

" Egyptian sand spouts are common. Also Egyptian types of domestic utensils of pottery. The Mexican woman with a baby at her back securely fastened in the reboso, which throws the infant's weight on the mother's shoulders, is to be compared with the Egyptian woman whose reboso covers her face while the child straddles her shoulders, holding to her head and leaving her hands unfettered as in the Mexican fashion. There are no Egyptian camels, but even more numerous donkeys, the patient burros. The Indian villages, either of adobe or bamboo, the thatched roofs and organ cactus fences, and alive with goats, donkeys, or snarling curs, are African in effect. There Aztecs picture writings resemble the Egyptian, the paper being made from the maguey instead of the papyrus. The Aztecs employed captives on great public works as in Egypt. Mexico thus has pyramids with much broader base than those of Egypt, though not nearly so high, and idols quite as ugly. Gold ornaments, beads, and other highly prized antiquities are found in the tombs as in Egypt."

iz <Seo0rapbical IRotes on flDejico.

GEOLOGY.

The geology of Mexico has been but imperfectly studied. In the higher ranges the prevailing formations are granite, which seem also to form the foundations of the plateaus, above which rise the traps, basalts, mineral-bearing porphyries, and more recent lavas. Hence, Lyell's theory that Mexico consisted originally of granite ranges with intervening valleys subsequently filled up to the level of the plateaus by subterranean eruptions. Igneous rocks of every geologic epoch cer- tainly form to a large extent the superstructure of the central plateau. But the Mexican table-land seems to consist mainly of metamorphic formations which have been partly upheaved, partly interpenetrated, and overlaid by igneous masses of all epochs, and which are chiefly represented by shales, greywacke, greenstones, silicious schists, and especially unfossiliferous limestones. All these formations are alike remarkable for the abundance and variety of their metalliferous ores, such as silver, silver glance, copper, and gold. Gneiss and micaceous schists prevail in Oaxaca and on all the southern slopes facing both oceans. But the highest ranges are formed mainly of plutonic and volcanic rocks, such as granites, syenites, diorites, mineral-bearing trachytes, basalts, porphyries, obsidian, pearlstone, sulphur, pumice, lavas, tufa, and other recent volcanic discharges. Obsidian (itzli) was the chief material formerly used by the natives in the manufacture of their cutting implements, as shown by the quarries of the Cerro de las Navajas (Knife Cliff), near Real del Monte and Pachuca in the State of Hidalgo. Vast deposits of pumice and the purest sulphur are found at Huichapam and in many of the craters. But immeasurably the most valuable rocks are the argentiferous porphyries and schists of the central plateau and of Sinaloa, unless they are destined to be rivalled by the auriferous deposits of Sonora. Horizontal and strati- fied rocks, of extremely limited extent in the south, are largely devel- oped in the northern states, and chalk becomes very prevalent towards the Rio Grande and Rio Gila valleys. To this chalk and to the sand- stones are probably due the sandy plains which cover vast tracts in North Mexico, stretching thence far into New Mexico and Texas. Here the Bolson de Mapimi, a vast rocky wilderness inhabited until recently by wild tribes, occupies a space of perhaps 50,000 square miles in Coahuila and parts of the surrounding States.

None of the horizontal layers seem to be very rich in ores, which are mainly found in the metamorphic, palaeozoic, and hypogene rocks of Durango, Chihuahua, and the south. Apart from Sinaloa and Sonora, which are now known to contain vast stores of the precious metals, nearly all the historical mines lie on the south central plateau at elevations of from 5500 to 9500 feet. A line drawn from the capital to Guanajuato, and thence northwards to the mining town of Guadalupe

13

y Calvo of Chihuahua, and southwards to Oaxaca, thus cutting the main axis of upheaval at an angle of 45°, will intersect probably the richest known argentiferous region in the whole world.

Of other minerals the most important are copper, found in a pure state near the city of Guanajuato, and associated with gold in Chihua- hua, Sonora, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, and elsewhere ; iron in immense masses in Michoacan and Jalisco, and in Durango, where the Cerro del Mercado is a solid mountain of magnetic iron ore ; lead associated with silver, chiefly in Oaxaca ; tin in Michoacan and Jalisco ; sulphur in many craters ; platinum, recently found in Hidalgo ; cin- nabar, also recently found in Morelos and Guerrero ; " steppe salt " in the sandy districts of the north ; " bitter salt " at Tepeyac and many other places ; coal at various points ; bismuth in many parts ; marble, alabaster, gypsum, and rock-salt in great abundance throughout the plateaus and the sierras.

MINING.

Mexico is, perhaps, the richest mining country in the world, and the production of silver — notwithstanding the imperfect methods and other drawbacks with which it has contended — represents over one-third of the product of the world, according to official statis- tics. Almost all the mountains of Mexico are of the metalliferous character, but those which seem richest in mining deposits are the western cordillera, extending from the State of Oaxaca to Sonora, a distance of about 1600 miles from northwest to southeast.

Humboldt gave as his opinion that Mexico would be " the treasure house of the world." Subsequent history has, in a great measure, con- firmed the opinion of the great savant of his time. Still a more con- servative authority has quite lately asserted that only one-tenth of the mining resources of Mexico is known. This last estimate, I am sure, is inside rather than outside of the facts. Mexico has always been considered the great silver producer, and, considering her area, and taking the century as a measure, she is the greatest silver producer of the world.

Silver. — The central group of mines in the three mining districts of Guanajuato, Zacatecas, and Catorce, in the States of Guanajuato, Zaca- tecas and San Luis Potosi, which have yielded more than half of all the silver heretofore found in Mexico, lies between 21° and 24° 30' N., within an area of about 13,000 square miles. Here the Veta Madre lode of Guanajuato alone produced $252,000,000 between 1556 and 1803.

In the beginning of this century Humboldt found two Guanajuato mines — the famous " Conde de Valenciana " and the " Marques de Rayas " — producing annually 550,000 marks, 4,400,000 ounces, of silver,

14 Geoarapbical Betes on

one-seventh or one-eighth of the entire American output. From Janu- ary i, 1787, to June n, 1791, the Valenciana yielded 13,896,416 ounces of silver, its ore averaging a little over 100 ounces to the ton. Though flooded, this fine old mine is still far from exhausted.

Gold occurs chiefly, not on the plateau in association with silver, but on the slopes facing the Pacific, and apparently in greatest abun- dance in Sonora, near the auriferous region of Lower California. The production would have been larger if an improved process of reducing the metals had been used, but during the whole colonial period and up to the present time, we have used the patio system, which consists in grinding the ore, stirring it until it is reduced to a fine dust and mixing it then with salt and copper amalgam ; after the paste dries somewhat, salt is added in proportion to the amount of silver supposed to be in the ore ; the material is then mixed with shovels and trodden by mules, and, after a day or two, another mixture of copper, vitriol, and salt is added ; after that it is mixed and trodden again ; then quicksilver is finally added, and then more mixing and treading. This process is repeated from five to fifteen times until the silver and quicksilver unite to form an amalgam, which is gathered into bags, and that requires about forty days. Most of the quicksilver is squeezed out and the rest is evapo- rated and run off into tubs. This method saves 50 or 60 per cent, of rich ore and, besides being very long, is rather imperfect, as it leaves a great deal of silver in the ore, and only rich ores could be treated by it ; but it was on the whole the easiest and cheapest.

Some of the old mines were worked until finally they became so deep that, with the methods then used, as buckets were employed instead of pumps, and steam had not been employed as power, it was impossible to drain them. Naturally in a deep mine the water flows in from springs, and the deeper a mine becomes the more water it has. These mines were worked until it was seen that it was impossible to drain them, and then they were abandoned, even though they were rich in metals. During our war of independence almost all the mines were abandoned for the want of guarantee to life and property, and the mining industry, therefore, declined considerably ; but recently the old mines have been worked again and the production of silver has in- creased very considerably.1

1 Mr. J. A. R. Waters of the firm of Waters Bros., Mining Engineers of the City of Mexico, said of his visit to the Jesus Maria District of the State of Chihuahu, where he went to examine the mine worked by the Pinos Altos Co., as follows :

" The district is very thoroughly mineralized and is pierced by veins more frequently than any district I ever saw. The general formation is very similar to that of Cripple Creek, with the exception that it is not traversed by the great porphyry dikes that occur there and in other parts of Colorado. The country formation is largely braccia. The ore is generally free milling, and is treated with stamps and pan amalgamation, the finer ores being treated with Huntington mills. There is little waste of values."

15

Real del Monte Company. — It would be interesting to refer briefly to the ups and downs of one of the mining enterprises of Mexico — the Real del Monte — as a typical case which exemplifies what has happened with many other of our mines, namely, that sometimes they yield large profits, and soon afterwards they cause tremendous losses. The Real del Monte is located about three miles from Pachuca, a large mining centre and the capital of the State of Hidalgo, distant about sixty miles southeast of the City of Mexico.

In 1739, a Biscayan, by the name of Don Pedro Jose Romero de Ter- reros, came from Santander and settled in Queretaro. He acquired a fortune of $60,000 in a small store in 1749, closed up his affairs, and started to return to his native land. On reaching Pachuca he met an old mining friend, Don Jose Alejandro Bustamante, who called his attention to the Real del Monte. In company with Bustamante he staked out the Biscaina, Santa Brigida, and Guadalupe mines and began to get the water out, but they soon exhausted their united funds. How- ever, they succeeded in raising money in the City of Mexico on hard terms and drained their properties by a tunnel, which started at Moran, on the northern slope of the mountains, and, running 9000 feet through hard porphyry rock, struck the vein at a depth of 600 feet. This was accomplished a few years later in 1759. Bustamante by this time had died, but Terreros continued the work. On striking the vein he drained it, and in 1760 began the erection of the Hacienda de Regla, to work the rich ore he was taking out. He took out $15,000,000 at a small cost, repaid his advances, built and presented to the King of Spain a man-of-war and 4700 bars of silver, for which he was created Conde de Regla. He lived in grand style in the City of Mexico, and built a palatial residence on Cadena Street.

He died in 1781, and was succeeded by his son, the second Conde, who from 1774 to 1783 struggled with the water, which, as depth was attained, was very severe ; according to Ward, twenty-eight horse-whims were employed in the drainage at great expense and unsuccessfully. However, they had gotten down to 324 feet below the Moran adit on the Biscaina vein in the Guadalupe and Santa Teresa shafts. The production was $400,000 per year, drainage costing $250,000 per year, and sinking was abandoned, and the work was confined to drifting above water level.

From 1801 to 1809, $300,000 per year was taken out, but the cost of extraction was severe. Humboldt visited the property, and in 1810 the war of independence broke out, and all operations were suspended. Meanwhile the water rose and the Moran tunnel caved in, and so allowed the water to rise to an enormous height, and the district went to rack and ruin.

In 1822 the Conde's administrator, Don Ignacio Castelazo, made a

16 <3eo$rapbical notes on flDejico.

report, and by his Italian mining friend, Rivannoli, sent it to the Conde, who was living in England.

That country was only too anxious to reap for themselves some of the spoils that Spain had gleaned from Mexican mines. Here was their opportunity, many became interested, and the celebrated mining expert of that day, Mr. John Taylor, the founder of the present Lon- don firm now so heavily interested in South Africa, Taylor Bros., was sent to make an examination, and in 1824 the English Real del Monte Company was formed on the following terms : — The company leased the mines and haciendas for twenty-one years : ist. The capital in- vested was to be returned from the products of the mines with interest ; ad. The Conde was then to have one-half of the remaining proceeds yearly ; 3d. Meanwhile he was to receive $16,000 per year as an ad- vance against his portion or anticipated profits. In case of failure of this third clause the lease would be cancelled and everything revert to the Conde. As the outlay amounted to over $5,000,000 and no profit ensued, it amounted to a rent of $16,000 per year.

In 1824 Captain Vetch, of the Royal Engineers, was sent out as manager. He brought three ships filled with one thousand tons of machinery, pumps, etc., and after untold trials in transportation and erection, finally got them to their destination. All this was done by English engineers, machinists, miners, and workmen, nearly all Cor- nishmen, under the direction of Colonel Colquhoun, a Peninsular veteran, who finally died of yellow fever with over fifty of his men. After unheard-of troubles they got everything by 1826 safely landed in the Real del Monte. The magnitude of the task may be understood when the almost roadless condition of the country is considered, and the bringing up of the machinery from the coast was a splendid exam- ple of British tenacity and pluck.

Captain Vetch had now cleaned out the Moran adit and the Dolores shaft, and the machinery was at once erected. The stock now rose from $500 to $8000 per share. The Conde had, in the meanwhile, borrowed money from the company and made the twenty-one-year lease perpetual, the annual rent of $16,000 remaining in force.

By 1829 Captain Vetch had grappled with the water question, and with an annual cost of $30,000 had accomplished what the first Count "had paid $250,000 for,and extracted metal 324 feet below the Moran adit.

Captain Tindall, R.N., succeeded Captain Vetch, and a new shaft (1830) was commenced on the Santa Teresa and called the Terreros shaft. It was 1140 feet to the vein and was started at four points, and was connected in 1834 by drifts run from several levels, and then raised and sunk on. The work came out as true as if it had been done from the surface, thanks to the correctness of the plans of the English mine surveyors.

AMning. 17

A 54-inch engine was erected, and with it they sank to 720 feet below the Moran adit. At this point water overpowered them. This was in 1838, and Captain John Rule, who had succeeded Captain Tin- dall, put in a 75-inch engine at Dolores, and removed the 54-inch one to Acosta. Captain Rule enjoyed a salary of ^10,000 per year, and all other payments were in proportion. He struck two bunches of rich ore, one on the Santa Brigida, near Acosta, and the other on La Biscains, near Dolores. From these two and one at Torreros they had produced $10,481,475 at a cost of $15,381,633 or nearly $5,000,000 loss in twenty-three years. By 1846 the stock had fallen to $12.50 from $8000 a share.

In 1848, Mr. J. H. Buchan arrived, representing the English stock- holders. He found water in the mines and increasing ; a heavy debt of $5,000,000, bearing a tremendous interest ; no money on hand and no ore. So in October, 1848, by order of the bondholders he turned over the business to a Mexican company — the present one — composed of Manuel Escandon, Antonio and Nicanor Beistegui, Mr. Mackintosh, and others for the paltry sum of $130,000. The haciendas, stock, and ores on hand were worth millions, but the English company could not dispose of them.

This was the end of the famous English Real del Monte Company. Their Mexican successors reduced expenses, completed the adit from Omotitlan commenced by the first Conde, which, running 13,500 feet, cut the mines mo deeper and struck immediately the bonanza in the Rosario, which tradition says had previously been discovered and covered up by Captain Rule.

New Mines, Topia. — We have now a great many districts that were not known by the Spaniards and have recently been discovered. No- table among them is the Sierra Mojada district in the State of Coahuila. The State of Durango has, on the west slope of the Sierra Madre mountains, the mining camps of Topia, Sianori, Birimoa, Gusanillas, Canelas, Ventanos, El Pando, Rodeo, and San Fernando ; and with the exception of San Fernando they are close together, a square, one of whose sides is forty miles, would almost cover them all. This section has all the elements to form the basis of a great mining and smelting centre, as is evident by the great deposits of galena in the Topia dis- trict ; in fact, this is the only place on the coast where lead ore is found in abundance ; and smelting, if done at all, must rely on Topia for its supply of lead ores. In no other part of Mexico are lead ores so cheap, because of the fact that to realize on them at all they must be transported on mule-back to Culiacan in the State of Sinaloa, a dis- tance of 106 miles, at a rate of $26.40 silver per ton, and from there by rail to Altata, a distance of thirty-nine miles ; and from Altata by steamer to San Francisco, or to Guaymas, and thence by rail to the

1 8 (Beoarapbical Botes on flDejico.

smelters in the United States, very much at the same cost. La Liona mine of this district is a very rich mine, its vein being almost vertical, and is tapped from both sides of the mountain, with tunnels at right angles to the vein. Where the tunnels intersect the vein, the vein is driven on in both directions from the tunnels ; slopes are opened, and chutes for ore are put in every seventy-five feet. The vertical distance between the tunnels is 125 metres. This mine can easily produce one thousand tons per month of clean galena, and would produce that much metal if there was a market for it.

There are other mines as large and perhaps better than La Liona, as, for instance, La Madrugada mine, formerly owned by Santa Fe Railroad employees, but now controlled by Mr. Charles Miller, of Franklin, Pa., connected with the Standard Oil Company. Topia is a great dry-ore camp as well. One thousand tons of dry ores can easily be mined there per month, were there a market for them, such as a commercial smelter located centrally to treat the ores of this and adjoining districts. Such smelter would have the advantage of an inexhaustible supply of good water the year round, fine iron ore, and limestone for fluxes.

At Topia there are four mills for the treatment of zincy ores, and dry ores assaying below one hundred ounces silver per ton. The lixiviation process by hyposulphite of soda is employed in the four mills or haciendas, two of them employ occasionally the patio process as well. Two of the mills and two mines are lighted by electricity ; the dynamo that furnishes light for one of the mills and both of the mines is driven by water power. Below the mills operated by water power, there is sufficient fall and sufficient water to furnish the power to operate compressed-air drills in all the large mines.

The other mining camps of this district, although not so well devel- oped as Topia, are also in process of development and in a very good condition. Velardena is also in the State of Durango, but on the other or eastern side of the mountains, and is located in a comparatively new district, where the previous owners had failed. Mr. James F. Mathews purchased the Velardena property, erected a smelter after the Interna- tional Railroad Company had extended their main line from Torreon to the city of Durango, passing near the mine, and from the beginning has run five of the six furnaces almost continuously. During 1896 the Velardena smelter smelted on an average 175 tons of ore per day.

Li Hung Chang and the Mexican Silver Mines. — When Li Hung Chang, the Chinese Viceroy, was in Washington, in August, 1896, he inquired of me about the production of the Mexican mines, and I, trying to be conservative, informed him that they produced about $50,000,- ooo a year. He then inquired how long they would continue yielding that amount. I answered that it was uncertain, but that, judging from present appearances, it could safely be said that it might be for one

HMning. 19

hundred years. This seemed incredible to him, and he said that I had been so long absent from Mexico — for he had previously asked me how long I had been in this country — I could not know the real wealth and abundance of our mines, and he was very positive that I had made a mistake. He assured me that the silver mines in China yielded occa- sionally something, but soon were exhausted, and it was impossible to get any silver out of them, and judging the Mexican silver mines from those he had seen at home, he was, of course, incredulous as to their yield.

Some years ago, and when the Mexican mines only yielded about $20,000,000 a year, I predicted that their annual yield would reach $100,000,000, and that prediction is about being verified, as the present product exceeds $60,000,000.

Gold. — Gold was used freely in Mexico before the Spanish con- quest, and history teaches us how Cortez induced Montezuma to deliver to him his gold treasury.

As soon as Mexico was conquered, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, one of the cotemporary historians, tells us that Cortez inquired very carefully about the place where the Indians obtained their gold, whether there were placers, mines, or washings, and his agents were taken to some localities in the State of Oaxaca, where they were told was the gold supply, but, whether the Indians concealed the real location of the gold deposits, or for other reasons, the Spaniards did not obtain much gold. I have known recently of unavailing efforts having been made of persons from the United States who have tried to ascertain the localities where the Indians obtained their gold, that is — the places which were shown to Cortex in Oaxaca as gold deposits.

There is a river in the State of Guerrero which flows over a coun- try with hills abundant in gold formation, which carries nuggets that the natives find without any difficulty, and it is called for that reason the Gold River. That river passes over some mountains where gold is found, and then comes to a place where a natural dam is formed, and the gold carried by the washings in the rainy season sinks when reaching that place, and every indication shows that there must be a very large deposit of gold there. A military engineer suggested, the last time I was Secretary of the Treasury in Mexico, that the bed of the river be changed by the Mexican Government, a work which did not present serious obstacles, and thus allow excavations to be made and the gold deposits found. It was thought advisable to make some preliminary examinations in the way of boring, and for that purpose the necessary orders were issued to send soldiers there, but I under- stand the project was given up and nothing was accomplished. I have no doubt that at some future time that matter will be taken up, and a great deal of gold will be found there.

20 (Beograpbfcal "Notes on flDejico.

Our production of gold has so far been comparatively small, be- cause the mining and reduction of gold are more difficult and expensive than the same operations in silver, and our gold production has really been the amount of gold which has been found in our silver. For many years, when the amount was small, it was not separated, and for that reason old Mexican dollars have in China greater value than newly coined ones; but recent improvements have made it easy and cheap to make the separation of the two metals. Now that gold has risen so much in value, its mining is beginning to be developed in Mexico on a comparatively large scale, and I have no doubt that before long Mexico will be one of the largest gold producers of the world.

Mexico is an undeveloped country, in fact there are parts of Mexico as unknown as was Central Africa a few years back. From the Sonora gold district, south, on the west side of the Sierra Madre, to the State of Oaxaca, there is a gold belt as rich as California, Alaska, and South Africa combined. It is known that in the State of Sinaloa there are gold placers and gold washings, and that they are also found in every State from there south on the line of this belt.1

The gold output of Sonora, now beginning to attract attention, is only the first contribution of Mexico to the world's stock of the yellow metal. The west side of the Sierra Madre has a belt rich in gold, and when the world discovers this fact capital will flock to Mexico to dig it out, and Mexico will become one of the first gold producers of the world, as she has been in silver.

Specimens of " float " rich in gold have been brought from the State of Guerrero. These indications of gold have not been followed up, because no one has been progressive enough to advance the means necessary to prospect this belt. To prospect in a country where often water fit to drink must be carried, where food for man and beast must be carried, and where in many places roads must be cut with machete and axe, cannot be done without the spending of money in outfit and expenses.

The principal gold-producing States will be Sonora, Sinaloa, Guer- rero, and Oaxaca, but in all of them gold-mining is yet in its beginning.

1 I take from a report of Mr. Cramer, a mining engineer sent to Mexico by the Geological Society of Washington, D. C., as Commissioner to explore the gold fields of that Republic, the following, which refers to only one of the many new gold fields that are being found there :

" There exists an extensive ' gold placer ' situated about thirty miles from Durango in the mountain devoid of vegetation ; the rock that is found in greater quantities is porphyry. I estimate that one ton of ore will yield at least $50 of gold.

" Gold is found all over the mountain, though in such imperceptible filaments that it is hard to recognize it with the naked eye ; however, every piece of stone con- tains the same proportion of gold."

21

Coinage of the Precious Metals. — Mexico has produced about one- half of the silver supply of the world. In the statistical portion of this paper I shall give full details of the production of gold and silver in Mexico, coinage, etc., and here I will only append the total coinage of gold and silver according to official statistics of the Mexican Govern- ment, which is the following :

COINAGE OF MEXICO FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MINTS IN J537 TO THE END OF THE FISCAL YEAR OF 1896.

COLONIAL EPOCH.	GOLD.	SILVER.	COPPER.	TOTAL.
$ 8,407,950 19,889,014 4°i391.447	$ 752,067,456 441,629,211 888,563,989	$ 200,000 342,893	$ 760,765,406 461,518,225 929,298,329
Pillar coin 1732 to 1771
INDEPENDENCE, Iturbide's Imperial Bust, from 1822 to 1823	$68,778,4"	$2,082,260,656	$ 542,893	$2,151,581,960
$ 5S7,392 45,040,628	$ 18,575,569 740,246,485		$ 19,132,961 790,522,290
$5,235,I77
REPUBLIC. Eagle coin, from i July, 1873, to 30 June, 1896
$45,598,020	$ 758,822,054	$5,235,I77	$ 809,655,251
$11,561,0801$ 557,581,690	$ 203,296	$ 569,346,066

Colonial Epoch. Independence. . , Republic

SUMMARY.

.1537 to 1821 $2,151,581,960

. 1822 to 1873 809,655,251

. 1873 to 1896 569,346,066

Total 13,530,583,277

Iron. — Iron, the most useful of all the metals, is found in such vast abundance in Mexico that, could it be even partially utilized, that Re- public would become one of the wealthiest of modern communities. One of the largest mines was discovered by Gines Vazquez del Mer- cado, in Durango, in 1562, and its appellation of " Cerro del Mercado " still preserves his name. The hill, which is 4800 feet long by 1100 feet in width and 640 feet in height, is almost a solid mass of mineral, aver- aging about seventy per cent, of metal and from which could be ex- tracted more than 300,000,000 tons of solid ore ; this only to the level of the plain, beneath which it probably extends to an unknown depth.

The iron is also magnetic to a high degree and its power is greater when the grain is fine. This may delay fusion, but the result is an ex- cellent wrought iron, with none of the inconveniences caused by earthy substances mixed with the iron. I have no doubt that when the coal mines are developed the iron industry will make great strides and that we will be able to manufacture most of at least the low grades of the iron goods required for our comsumption. In several other places besides our Iron Mountain we have iron with very little phosphorus, which makes first-class steel and is as good as the best produced in Cuba or Spain.

22 Oeoarapbical motes on flDejfco.

The deposits of iron in Mexico are sufficient to supply the universe for centuries to come. There is but one thing lacking, and that thing is — cheap fuel. Nature never works by halves ; those immense de- posits of iron never were put where they are without the means near at hand for their utilization. Coal exists, but it has not been mined yet on a large scale, as it will be hereafter.

But even at the present time the principal supply of pig-iron comes from native ore, the output being consumed by the producers in the manufacture of iron goods. The main iron mines now being worked are located at Durango, Zimapan, Zacualtipan, Tulancingo, and Leon. For the most part these mines are found in the midst of great forests, in consequence of which cheap fuel is found in the form of charcoal, the iron made from which being of very superior quality, free from phosphorous, and, price and other things being equal, is always pre- ferred to the imported pig. It is manufactured in charcoal furnaces exclusively.

There is, however, quite a considerable amount of pig imported, principally from Alabama, and Scotch pig from England. The great drawback to importations heretofore has been the immense quantity of scrap iron, which, during the lapse of centuries, had accumulated, un- used, throughout the Republic. This, however, is becoming well-nigh exhausted ; and for that reason the demand for imported pig is increas- ing, the native output not keeping pace with the need for it. Much scrap iron also has come from railroads, another source of supply which is not increasing with the demand.

Imported pig ranges in price in the City of Mexico from $50 to $60 silver per ton, the native producers aiming to keep their price just about the same.

Iron Foundries. — There are in the City of Mexico, in addition to several small ones, seven large foundries, as follows : the Mexican Central Railroad foundry, the Mexican National Railroad foundry, the Artistic, the Delicias, Charreton Bros., V. Elcoro & Co., and Hipolito David. There are also large foundries at Pachuca, Puebla, Chihuahua, Durango, and Monterey, as well as smaller ones at Irapuato, Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Veracruz, Guadalajara, Mazatldn, Oaxaca, and Morelia.

Copper. — Copper is now quite an important product of Mexico, and is used to a certain extent in the country, but as the supply far exceeds the home demand, it is exported to the United States and Europe. That which finds its way to this country enters chiefly in the form of matte, and is refined into casting or electrolytic copper. What goes to Europe is blister copper, or approximately so, from the Boleo mine in Lower California, where a French company is working a large group of copper mines. The point of most activity is Santa Rosalia, on the

23

Gulf of California, where the company treats the ore in its own smelt- ing plant adjoining. The matte, or black copper, is sent to Europe in the same vessels that bring out coke. The company gives employ- ment to thousands of hands directly and indirectly, owns its own steamers, and solicits workmen all along the coast. But this enter- prise, large as it is, shows the progress that has been made and the difficulties overcome by individuals. The country itself is arid and sterile, and there is little encouragement for others to prospect, or even develop, when found, apparently good prospects, owing to the natural difficulties to be overcome and the vast capital necessary to successfully carry on mining operations ; as success is hardly to be obtained except by treating the ores on the ground, as the Boleo Com- pany has done.

At the same time the enterprising firm of Guggenheim has estab- lished its works at Aguas Calientes, adding very considerably to the copper product, and the increase of matte shipments from San Luis Potosi and Monterey makes a large difference from former returns. To judge from the official figures, the amount of copper produced in 1896 was not less than 22,000 metric tons, the greater production being from the Boleo mines.

Quicksilver. — The production of quicksilver can only be approxi- mated from imports, as the native production is far short of the re- quirements of the country. In 1895 the amount imported was 818,704 kilos, with a value of $541,664, while during the past year the amount imported was 854,526 kilos, with a value of $574,153. The only infer- ence to be drawn from these figures is that the production in Mexico in the past year as compared with 1895 has not increased, and the figures of production given in the Engineering and Mining Journal of 1895 may be accepted as correct for 1896.

Coal. — Fuel is perhaps the greatest and most pressing need of Mexico. For centuries the population of the whole country has used wood for fuel, until the most thickly inhabited portions of the country are completely destitute of trees. This condition of things is a very serious objection to the increase of manufacturing, as it is impossible to manufacture cheaply when fuel commands a very high figure. Coal, which has to be transported sometimes for thousands of miles before it reaches the centre of the country, becomes very expensive. At present rates the cost of wood in the City of Mexico is equal to $14 a cord, while coal ranges from $16 to $22 per ton according to grade, and one source of supply is the artificial fuel of compressed coal dust brought from England, and in use not alone on the Veracruz Railway, but in various local industries, while coal also comes from West Virginia, Alabama, etc. The distances of the sources of coal supply and its •consequent cost led to the attempt of utilizing the peat deposits which

24 <3eo0rapbical Botes on

are of great extent and practically inexhaustible within ten miles of the City of Mexico.

In the Tlahualilo district of the State of Coahuila, for instance, owing to the distance from the nearest coal mines, the question of fuel is very important, as there are at present more than three hundred horse-power in constant use, and the amount is steadily increasing. The main supply is from the mesquite brush, which is cleared from the new lands as the work of ditching and preparation advances. The hulls of the cotton seed also make a hot but quick fuel for some of the larger stationary engines. The wheat, straw and cotton bushes are utilized for brick-burning and for the domestic purposes of the labor- ing population.

Those acquainted with industrial conditions in Mexico and making investigations with a view to the establishment of new industries in that Republic, are consequently impressed with the fact that, in spite of the cheap labor, favorable climatic conditions, and good home markets, the lack of cheap fuel is exceedingly detrimental to a large proportion of the industries of this country ; but fortunately large de- posits of coal are now being discovered in the Republic. At Salinas, in the State of Coahuila, a large bed of coal is being worked by the International Railroad Company, which furnishes fuel for that road and even for a portion of the Southern Pacific Railroad and for some of the manufactories in Monterey. In the district of Tlaxiaco, in the State of Oaxaca, a very rich coal-field has been discovered, but for the present it is inaccessible and before a railroad can be built to tap it it cannot be used, as the expense of transportation would be exceed- ingly high. Sonora contains a carboniferous area, several miles in ex- tent, with innumerable veins from five to sixteen feet in thickness, of hard, clean, anthracite coal, carrying as high a percentage in fixed car- bon as the best coal mined in Wales. The ledge is thirty miles in length and averages sixteen feet in width, showing a quantity sufficient to supply the entire Pacific coast with anthracite coal of the first quality for years to come. The configuration of that State and the proximity of the sea make it comparatively easy to work it.

At Jiquilpan, State of Michoacan, almost immediately south from Negrete station on the Guadalajara branch of the Mexican Central Railroad, a large coal-field has been discovered. While it is not prob- able that either anthracite or first-class bituminous coal will be found in these fields, still the great value of even an ordinary class of coal will be appreciated by those acquainted with industrial conditions in Mexico. The coal measures of the Chapala district probably belong to the tertiary period, and lie in stratified rock overlaid by an outflow of basalt or lava, at an elevation of 250 or 300 feet above Lake Cha- pala. The general series of rocks has been examined and pronounced.

/IDmmcj. 25

as coal-bearing by an eminent geologist. The measures are quite ex- tensive, being easily traced from Yurecuaro to near Ameca with oc- casional interruptions through volcanic intrusion. The developments already made, show that the coal or lignite veins extend over perhaps thirty square miles. How much beyond these limits, it would be im- possible to state. It exists in considerable quantities. There are a number of veins overlying each other, and varying from two inches to fifty inches in width ; but, as the explorations have not yet found the veins in place, it is impossible to say exactly what their condition will be. A feature which adds considerably to the value of these deposits is an extensive deposit of bog iron in the immediate vicinity. If further exploration discovers considerable quantities of commercially valuable coal, it is easy to estimate the results to the industries. Other beds of coal have been discovered but of less consequence, and in several of the northern states of Mexico there are known to exist large deposits.

Mexican industries will be completely revolutionized when they can use cheap coal instead of wood for all purposes, thus cheapening the cost of manufacturing by using cheaper fuel, which is so important an item of expense in manufacturing.

Mexican Miners. — While the laborers employed in Mexico will not compare in efficiency with the labor of the miner in the United States, it must be borne in mind that the American miner works eight hours and receives $3 per day, or $6 in Mexican money, and $6 in Mexican money will employ from eight to twelve Mexicans, wages varying from 5oc. to 75c. per day. As for the climatic conditions, it is only necessary to say that in all the mining districts of Mexico a miner can work 365 days in the year. There is never any snow or cold weather in winter, and the heat in the summer is not so extreme as in St. Louis, Chicago, or New York, and never enervating. A pair of blankets at night are indispensable every night in the year.

Mining Laws. — The mining laws of Mexico issued during the Spanish rule, which were kept in force until 1884, were both liberal and wise, and were intended to encourage mining. The domain of the mines remained in the Government and it gave temporary titles to any- body who discovered one, and who was willing to work it, but only as long as work was done in the mine. When the discoverer or owner could not for any reason continue to work it, and allowed a certain time to elapse without doing any work, the mine reverted to the Government and anybody else willing to work it could obtain a tem- porary title over it. This system was changed, by our Mining Code of 1884, to the effect of giving the mines in fee simple to the discoverers of the same, whether they were worked or not by those who denounced them, and the only cause for forfeiting the title is the failure to pay a

26 Oeograpbical iRotes on

tax of $10 per pertenencia, a " pertenencia " being our unit of a mining property and consisting of a hectare or a square 100 metres on each side, equivalent to 2.47 acres. The rights of the owner of the land are not interfered with, and in case anybody discovers a mine upon another man's property, the landlord continues to own the surface, and all the discoverer is entitled to is the mineral underground and so much of the surface as is necessary to work it, for buildings and other mining requirements, and for that the owner of the ground is compensated by agreement, or, if no amicable agreement can be reached, by arbitration.

Mining litigation is quite rare in Mexico, and it does not take long to get a final decision, as mining cases are tried before a single judge, and appeals lie to the Supreme Courts of the different states, and to the Federal Supreme Court in Mexico. To the honor of the courts in Mexico be it said, as may also be said of the judiciary in the States and the United States Federal Courts, they are above reproach.

A concise statement of the provisions of the present mining laws of Mexico will not be out of place here.

The law grants to all inhabitants of the country the right to acquire and work mines. He has to denounce a new mine. A denouncement means making a location. When the location of a claim has been determined upon, all possible data are obtained concerning it before the denouncement is made. It may be a rich old mine, and yet if the law has not been complied with it is subject to relocation. The law grants to any inhabitant of the Republic the right to explore for mineral. All districts have their mining agents and all the prospector has to do is to have the regular form of petition used in making out a denounce- ment, as it is called, made out and submitted to the mining agent of the district. If there does not happen to be a mining agent in the district, the petition is presented to the local postmaster. The expense of registering the petition is $i. After registering the petition, the mining agent has thirty days in which to appoint an expert to examine the property, who has eight days in which to reply to the summons, and if he accepts the service, the mining agent issues in duplicate a document stating that the claim has been denounced and directing objecting parties to make known their prior claims within a period of four months from the date of the denouncement, or forfeit any right to the property.

The charge of the expert for making a report upon the claim, to- gether with the plans, is about $15 per claim and travelling expenses. The expert has sixty days in which to send in his plans and report. The notification that the property has been denounced is published in the official journal of the district, the cost of which varies in the different states, from $2 to $4 being the usual fee.

27

The cost of making up a mining title is from $10 to $12. Titles, when once granted, unless fraud is shown, are irrevocable so long as the taxes are paid, which are ten dollars per year on each " pertenencia," and no work or manual labor is necessary to hold the same. The taxes may be paid quarterly or annually, at the discretion of the holder, to the mining agent of the district in which the property is denounced, or by special arrangement they may be paid at the office of the Fed- eral Treasury in the City of Mexico. After the title is granted, it must be registered in the district where the denouncement is made, and also entered upon the books of the stamp office, for which no fees are charged.

MINTS AND DUTIES ON SILVER.

Under the Spanish laws all silver paid a duty ; and as most of it was coined, that duty was levied on coinage, and the exportation of bullion was prohibited ; but of course a great deal was smuggled, both during the Spanish rule and still more when Mexico was opened to foreign trade after our Independence. When I occupied for the first time the Treasury Department of Mexico in 1868, it seemed to me an outrage against the mining industry of the country to require the miners — especially those who were far removed from the mints — to take their bullion from the mints, at a heavy expense and risk, coin it there and take it back to the mines, and from there to the ports to be exported to London, where it was often again turned into bullion ; and as the contracts made with the lessees of the mints did not allow the free exportation of bullion, I proposed and succeeded in having en- acted a law for the purpose of allowing bullion to be exported, pro- vided that it paid the coinage duty at the respective custom-houses for the benefit of the mint's lessees ; and this condition of things, extra- ordinary as it may seem, was a great relief to the silver producers, and continued until the Mexican Government could recover all the mints and be free to legislate on the subject, which it was able to do par- tially during my last incumbency of the Treasury Department ; they all since having been recovered.

We had thirteen mints in the country to coin the silver extracted from our mines, which, in the precarious condition of the Mexican Treasury, were sometimes rented to private parties who advanced a sum that seemed large at that time, although it was a trifle in compari- son to their profits, as they collected a duty of nearly 4% per cent, upon the amount of bullion coined, and they credited to the Govern- ment only i£ per cent, of the same, the laws requiring that only coined silver could be exported. But now that silver can be transported easily from the mine to the mint, since a railway system has been built, the mints have been reduced to four, — one in the City of Mexico, which

28 (BeoQrapbical Botes on /IDejico.

is the principal one ; one at each of the cities of Guanajuato, Zacatecas,. and Culiacan, the last being the capital of Sinaloa.

Besides the mint or coinage duties, silver was taxed in Mexico with an export duty which sometimes was as high as twelve per cent, on the value of the silver, which, together with the mint duty, amounted to seventeen per cent, not taking into account other taxes and local duties. Only the rich character of the Mexican mines could stand that burden.

The duties on silver have been readjusted and reduced consider- ably, until now they only amount, as established by the law of March 27, 1897, to a coinage duty of two per cent, and a stamp duty of three per cent., which are paid at the Assay Office of the Mint when coined, or at the custom-house when exported in bullion, ores, or other com- pounds. When exported in ores in their crude condition, the duty has a rebate of ten per cent. A small duty representing the cost of the operation is also charged for assaying, refining, smelting, and separat- ing the metals.

SMELTING PLANTS.

The Tariff Act of October i, 1890, having levied a duty upon lead ore, which prevented that Mexican product from coming into the ». United States in the shape it had come before, the American com- panies, who had been developing the lead ore in Mexico, established smelting plants in the country for the purpose of treating there the lead ore, and sending it as pig-lead to the United States.

The smelting plants that have been established in Mexico, and their capacity and output, taken from official data received from the Mexican Government, up to December 31, 1896, are the following :

Mexican Metallurgical Company. — This company, of which Mr. Robert S. Towne is president, obtained a charter from the Mexican Government on March 20, 1890, to establish five smelting plants in Mexico, two with the minimum capacity of 200 tons a day, two of 150 tons, and one of 100 tons. The first one is located at Morales, five kilometres west of the city of San Luis Potosi. During the fiscal year 1895 to 1896, this plant received 62,370 and 020/1000 metric tons of ore from the States of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango. Guanajuato, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon, Queretaro, San Luis Potosi, and Zacatecas. This plant yielded during the same year 16,019 an<^ 070/1000 metric tons of base lead bullion, with 3,198,924.14 troy ounces of silver, valued at $4,882,177.50 ; and 8268 and 37/100 troy ounces of gold, valued at $161,338.63.

National Mexican Smelter at Monterey. — This company, whose president is Mr. Daniel Guggenheim, obtained a charter from the Mexican Government on October 9, 1890, to establish three smelting plants in Mexico, two with a minimum capacity of 300 tons per day,

29

and one with 100 tons. The first plant is located in the outskirts of the city of Monterey, has ten furnaces of the water-jacket system, and seven smelting furnaces for lead ore. From July, 1892, to June, 1896, this plant has smelted 521,809 and 769/1000 metric tons of ore, yield- ing 78,067 and 141/1000 tons of lead, with 515,382 kilograms of silver, with a value of $21,824,597.93, having used foreign coke to the value of $1,474,385.81, and Mexican coke to the value of $73,268.08.

Central Mexican Smelter. — The second smelter of the Guggenheim Company is located at Aguascalientes. It has a department for con- centrating copper ores, one for smelting the same ores, consisting of three furnaces, and another with four furnaces for smelting lead ores. This plant smelted from the 26th of December, 1895, 606 and 190/1000 tons of lead, containing 6502 kilograms of silver and 28 and 71/100 kilograms of gold, with a value of $341,091.

Velardefia Mining Company. — This company, whose president is Mr. Edward W. Nash, obtained a charter from the Mexican Government on May 15, 1893, for the construction of two smelting plants in Mexico, with a capacity of 200 tons a day each. From November 30, 1893, to June 30, 1896, this plant smelted 110,000 tons of ore, yielding 9069 and 680/1000 tons of lead containing 1,850,685 troy ounces of silver and 6192 ounces of gold.

The Chihuahua Mining Company. — This company, whose president is Mr. John B. Shaw, obtained a charter from the Mexican Govern- ment May 26, 1893, and is located near the city of Chihuahua. Up to July 28, 1896, it had smelted 28,555 tons of lead ore, yielding 3761 tons of lead and 529,450 troy ounces of silver.

The Mazapil Copper Company, Limited. — This company established a plant at Concepcion del Oro, Zacatecas, and has smelted 5000 tons of lead ore containing silver.

Sabinal Mining and Smelting Company, Chihuahua. — This company owns the mines of Santa Juliana and Santa Inez, which yield 30 per cent, of lead, with a mixture of silver, and smelts their ore, notwith- standing that the cost of a ton of coke amounts to $37.50.

La Preciosa. — A smelter under that name has been established at Tepeyahualco, State of Puebla, but I do not have any data about the company owning it, and the date of its contract with the Mexican Government, nor the amount of ore smelted there.

The Boleo Smelter. — I have already spoken of this plant, which smelts copper ores at Santa Rosalia, Lower California.

OROGRAPHY.

Mexico is traversed by two cordilleras or high ranges of mountains running almost parallel to the coast, one along the Guft of Mexico and the other along the Pacific Ocean. The former runs from ten to

30 (Beoarapbical ttotes on flDejico.

one hundred miles from the coast, leaving an imperceptibly inclined plane from the sea to the foot of the mountains ; while the cordillera on the Pacific side runs, on the whole, very near the coast, leaving a very narrow strip of land between the same and the sea, and from this run several branches in different directions. The most continuous range is the Sierra Madre of the Pacific, which may be traced, at a mean elevation of over 10,000 feet, from Oaxaca to Arizona. Parallel to this is the Lower Californian range (Sierra de la Giganta) 3000 feet, which, however, falls abruptly eastwards, like the Atlantic escarp- ments. The California peninsula seems to have been detached from the mainland when the general upheaval took place which produced the vast chasm now flooded by the Gulf of California. Corresponding with the Sierra Madre on the west are the more interrupted eastern scarps of the central plateau, which sweep around the Gulf of Mexica as the Sierra Madres of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas at an elevation of about 6000 feet. These are crossed by the routes from Tula to Tampico, the highest pass being 4820 feet ; from Saltillo to Monterey 3400, and at several other places.

Of the central cross ridges the most important orographically and historically is the Cordillera de Anahuac, which surrounds the Mexi- can (Tenochtitlan) and Puebla valleys, and which is supposed to cul- minate with Popocatepetl and Ixtacihuatl. But these giants belong to a different or rather more recent system of igneous upheaval, running from sea to sea between 18° 59' and 19° 12' N. in almost a straight line east and west, consequently nearly at right angles to the main axis of the central plateau. The line is clearly marked by several extinct cones and by five active or quiescent volcanoes, of which the highest is Popocatepetl, lying south of the capital, nearly midway between the Pacific and the Atlantic. East of the central point of the system are Citlaltepetl, better known as the peak of Orizaba, on the coast south of Veracruz, to which correspond on the west the recently upheaved Jorullo in Michoacan, Colima (12,800) near the coast in Jalisco, and the volcanic Revillagigedo group in the Pacific. South •of this line and nearly parallel, are the sierras of Guerrero, and south- east of the Tehuantepec Isthmus those of Oaxaca and Chiapas towards the Guatemala frontier. In the same direction run the islands of Cuba and Hayti, which probably belong to the same Central American system.

In the course of centuries these high mountains have become dis- integrated by the rains and other natural elements, and a great many spaces between them filled up, forming a series of valleys and other spots quite delightful in climate and very rich in agricultural resources. This series of valleys, which we call the central plateau, runs from about one hundred and fifty miles east of the City of Mexico, travers- ing all of Mexico in a northwesterly direction. So level is the plateau

that even when there were no wagon roads in Mexico one could travel in a carriage from the City of Mexico to Santa Fe. Baron Humboldt and other geologists considered the Cordilleras of Mexico as a portion of the Andes of South America, which originate in Patagonia, extend- ing over the whole of that continent ; but researches were made spe- cially by a corps of engineers, who surveyed Mexico during the French Intervention, arrived at a different conclusion, and consider that the Andes proper end in Panama, and that the Mexican Cordilleras are entirely independent from that lofty chain of mountains.

In contrast with the plains and at times barren districts of the central plateau, it is occasionally broken by depressions of the soil, known as barrancas, descending sometimes one thousand feet and measuring several miles across, which are covered with a luxuriant vegetation of trees and shrubs, and watered by small streams running through the middle of the valley. Among the most remarkable ones are the barranca de Beltran descending the western slope from Guadalajara to Colima, and the barranca de Mochitilte from Guadalajara to Tepic.

One of the pre-eminently interesting features of Mexico is the mountain of Jerullo, in this section, which has been born within recent times. The natives described to Alexander von Humboldt the con- vulsions of the earth during its birth, and the frightful spectacle of the huge mass thrusting its giant shoulders among its neighbors, making room for itself in their ranks.

The best way to illustrate the broken surface of Mexico is to give the altitudes of some of the principal localities, both from the coast to the interior and from the interior back to the coast, taken from the measurements made by the railroad companies and by the engineers of the Mexican Government in the national wagon roads where railroads are not yet running. I append to this paper a list of such altitudes, with their distances, whenever I have been able to find them, which I consider the* best illustration that could be presented on this subject.

MOUNTAINS.	STATES.	ELEVATION IN FEET.
Popocatepetl	Mexico. ...
Orizaba	Veracruz and Puebla	IT 962
Toluca	Mexico	1C oin
Ixtacihuatl	Mexico and Puebla
Colima	Jalisco
Zapotlan	Jalisco .	12 7 A 1
San Martin or Tuxtla	Veracruz	4O2I
Tancitaro	Michoacan. . .	12 Af)"J
Jorullo	Michoacan. . . .	42fic
Tacana or Soconusco	Chiapas ... .	7 4^6
	Federal District	9711
	Federal District	13 628
Cofre de Perote	Veracruz	I -I Aie
Zempoaltepec	Oaxaca .	II Idl
	Michoacan ....	10 905
Veta Grande	Zacatecas	Q I4O

32 Oeoarapbical IRotes on /IDejico.

The above are the principal mountain peaks of Mexico, the first ten being volcanoes, with their heights according to the most recent measurements :

HYDROGRAPHY.

The eastern Mexican coast, washed by the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, is low, flat, and sandy, except near the mouth of the Tabasco River, where at some distance from the coast appear the heights of San Gabriel, extending northeast and southwest for sev- eral miles ; but the majestic mountains of Veracruz, especially the volcano of Orizaba, visible for many leagues to seaward, form a pictur- esque background which relieves the monotony of the shore region of that State. On the Pacific side the coast, although generally low, is here and there roughened by spurs extending from the cordillera to the ocean.

The principal gulfs are those of Mexico, California, and Tehuante- pec, the first of which ranks among the largest in the world.

We are not blessed with good harbors on the Gulf coast. Vera- cruz is an open roadstead, and we are now spending large sums of money in trying to make it a good port. Our best harbors are on the Pacific coast, as Acapulco, which is a large one ; Manzanillo, a very fine although a very small one ; and La Paz, on the Gulf of California. By artificial means we expect to improve our harbors considerably.

The development of the harbor of Tampico is remarkable. A short time ago the depth of the bar roadstead was only eight or nine feet. Now steamships drawing twenty-four feet of water enter the port. The deepening of the entrance to the harbor has been accom- plished by means of jetties, just as the mouth of the Mississippi was deepened by the Eads jetties. A very large part of the imports of Mexico enter now by the port of Tampico.

The more noteworthy bays are those of Guaymas, Santa Barbara, Topolobampo and Navachiste, in the Gulf of California ; Concepcion, La Paz, and Mulej^, on the west coast of the same gulf ; San Quentin, Magdalena, and Amejas, on the Pacific coast of Lower California ; and San Bias and Valle de Banderas, on the coast of Tepic.

We have no lakes as large as those with which the United States is favored, and the Lake of Chapala, a beautiful spot where country houses are now being built, is the largest lacustrine basin in Mexican territory. The Valley of Mexico has six lakes, two of fresh and six of salt water. The other lakes in Mexico are Catemaco, in the State of Veracruz ; Cairel and Carpintero, in the State of Tamaulipas ; Encan- tada, in Tabasco ; Bacalar, in Yucatan ; Alcuzague, in Colima ; Cuit- zeo, Tacascuaro, and Patzcuaro, in Michoacan ; Yuriria, in Guanaju- ato ; and Meztitlan, in Hidalgo.

33

Mexico has a great many islands, situated near the coast, although not any of very great area, the greater number being uninhabited, although some of them are very fertile, and could be the seat of a large population. Among the most important are : El Carmen, the largest in the Gulf of Mexico ; San Juan de Ulua and Sacrificios, opposite the port of Veracruz ; Mujeres, in the Caribbean Sea ; Guada- lupe, about seventy-five miles from the west coast of Lower California; the Tres Marias group, about thirty miles from the same coast ; the Revillagigedo group, not far from the coast of Colima ; and adjoining the coast of the State of Michoacan, the Alcatraz Island.

As I have already stated, Mexico has a very broken surface, with high mountains, causing streams to run down a very inclined plane, forming torrents with rapid cascades, which contribute to embellish the natural features of the country. These conditions, however, pre- vent us from having large navigable rivers, and furnishing a cheap way of transportation, which is one of the greatest advantages the United States enjoys, and which so largely contributed in its early days to the development of the country, making transportation to long distances both easy and cheap. While the torrents descending from the mountains afford an immense water-power — which, in the course of time, may be used as a motor for industrial purposes — they meet when they reach a valley and run smoothly there through a ravine until finally they reach the coast, and it is therefore only at a compara- tively small distance from the sea that they can be made navigable.

Our principal rivers, measuring their positions from north to south, are the Rio Grande — which from El Paso, Texas, to the sea, is the boundary line between the two countries, and which used to be a large river ; but as it rises in Colorado and passes through New Mexico, and the inhabitants of both have taken for irrigation purposes most of the water that it carries, it becomes entirely dry during the dry season after the freshets, very much to the distress of the inhabitants of its borders from El Paso to Ojinaga, especially on the Mexican side, which has been inhabited for three hundred years, the people using the water for irrigation — on the other side there being hardly any population, — and now they find that their farms are entirely worthless for want of water. After passing Presidio del Norte, now called Ojinaga, theCon- chos River and other tributaries of the Rio Grande River supply it with water, although not to the extent it had before the water was taken in Colorado and New Mexico. The Mescala, or Balsas River, rises in the central plateau near the Valley of Mexico, passes by the State of Puebla to the southwest, by Mixteca of Oaxaca, and finally empties into the Pacific at Zacatula. As indicated by its name, it is, to a lim- ited extent, navigable along its lower reaches ; above the bar it is accessible to small craft, which, higher up, are arrested by rapids,

VOL. 1 — 3

34 Geograpbical "Notes on /iDejico.

whirlpools, and a high cascade. The Panuco River rises north of the Valley of Mexico. Under the names of Tula and Montezuma it de- scribes a vast semicircular bend towards the west across the Hidalgo uplands and collects the waters of the Huasteca of Veracruz and Ta- maulipas, beyond which it is joined by the various streams flowing from Queretaro, and finally empties into the Gulf of Mexico at the port of Tampico. The Tampico bar, improved by jetties, is now the best harbor on our Gulf coast. The Rio Lerma or Santiago, the Tololotlan of the Indians, is also a considerable stream. By the riverain populations it is, in fact, known as the Rio Grande, while the inhabitants of Michoacan call it also Cuitzeo, from the large lake situated in their State. It rises in the State of Mexico in the very centre of the Anahuac plateau, and its farthest sources, issuing from underground galleries, descend from the Nevado de Toluca down to the twin lake of Lerma, the remains of an inland sea which formerly filled the Upper Toluca valley north of the Ne- vado volcano. At its issue from the lake, or rather marshy lagoon,, the Lerma stands at the great altitude of 8600 feet, and during its winding northwesterly course across the plateau, the incline is very slight. In this upland region it is swollen by several affluents, some of which, like the main stream itself, flow from lakes dotted over the table-land. After completing half of its course at La Barca, the Ler- ma is still 5600 feet above sea-level. Here, some 280 miles from its source, it enters the large Lake Chapala, near its eastern extremity ;. but about twelve miles below the entrance it again emerges through a fissure on the north side of the lake, and still continues to flow throughout its lower course in the same northwesterly direction.

The Grijalva and Usumacinta rivers, rising in the State of Chiapas,, after being joined by many others, some of them coming from Guate- mala, empty into the Gulf of Mexico by one of its mouths at the city of Frontera in the State of Tabasco. The Papaloapam River rises in the State of Oaxaca, passes through the State of Veracruz, and emp- ties into the Gulf of Mexico at the town of Alvarado, a few miles south of Veracruz.

The rains increase considerably the amount of water in the rivers, but as their duration is not very long this soon subsides. When the streams rise near the sea, as is the case on the coast of Chiapas on the Pacific, they become so swollen immediately after the rains that it is impossible to ford them, and as there are no bridges, it is necessary ta wait until early the next day when the freshet has subsided.

Springs are rare, and some of the rivers run in deep mountain beds, without receiving smaller tributaries, while the rapid evaporation on a light soil, covering porous rocks, leaves the surface dry and hot and unable to support much vegetation beyond the cactus and low grasses.

Climate. 35

We are blessed with quite a number of mineral springs, although very few of them are used, most of them being at places not easily ac- cessible ; but in this regard I do not think we have any cause to envy any other country.

CLIMATE.

By looking at the map it will be perceived that Mexico, being inter- sected by the Tropic of Cancer and stretching across eighteen parallels of latitude, must, from its position alone, necessarily enjoy a great diversity of climate. But from its peculiar configuration this feature is affected far more by the altitude of the land than by its distance from the pole or the equator. This is especially true of the more fertile and populous section lying within the torrid zone, where three distinct climatic regions are distinguished, not according to their hori- zontal, but according to their vertical position. The warm climate has the heat of the torrid zone and prevails on the sea-coast in the sandy and marshy tracts fringing the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean, in other low places below 3000 feet above the level of the sea, and in some of the valleys higher than that, but protected entirely from the winds. But the night breezes refresh the temperature in the even- ing and make it bearable during the day, the heat never being so oppressive as it is in summer in the more northern latitudes. This region is also much refreshed in summer by the rains, which are abundant and fall regularly during that season. The heat of the sun increases considerably the evaporation from the sea, and when the evaporation reaches the cool atmosphere of the sky, it is naturally con- densed into water and falls in this region. The rains begin generally in June, increase considerably in July, and end in November, although this varies in different regions, the rains lasting longer in those near the sea than in the inland districts. They are so abundant that they form the main reliance of the agricultural industry, and there are few regions which use water for irrigation, depending entirely upon the rainfall ; therefore, when in a year by some atmospheric phenomena, the rains are late or very scarce, we had a famine in Mexico, which can now be averted by importing cereals through our railroads, as was the case in 1893. The rains fall regularly and at fixed intervals, that is, about from one to three hours every day, and after the rain is over, the atmosphere is clear and pleasant, and in well drained places the ground becomes dry, so that it causes no inconvenience to the in- habitants.

The rains have such a decided effect on the atmosphere that in most of the country the seasons are divided into the rainy and dry season, and very few realize what spring and fall mean. As our climate is so even, the trees do not lose their leaves at any given time, but one

36 <5eo0rapbical TRotes on flDejtco,

by one as they grow old and die ; and as the leaves die they are re- placed gradually and imperceptibly by new ones, so that the phenome- non familiar to northern latitudes, of trees losing all their leaves in the autumn and regaining them in the spring, is quite new to anybody going to a temperature that has both extremes.

The differences of climate depending upon the different degrees of altitude are so great in Mexico that the vegetable products of this vast country include almost all that are to be found between the equator and the polar circle.

The mean temperature in the hot region varies from 77 to 82 de- grees, Fahrenheit, seldom falling below 60, but often rising to 100 degrees, and in the sultry districts of Veracruz and Acapulco occa- sionally to 104 degrees, although the heat is not oppressive as is the summer heat of the eastern portions of the United States. The vege- tation is, of course, in consequence entirely tropical. In the southern region the climate on both seaboards may be described as humid, hot, and rather unhealthy, and in places where stagnant water and marshes exist — which are often found on the coast on account of the sea water flowing in and remaining there — intermittent and remittent fevers pre- vail, and in some localities during the summer yellow fever and black vomit are endemic. These conditions could easily be remedied by proper drainage of the swamps and marshy districts.

The heat of the Gulf of Mexico when the atmosphere begins to cool in the polar regions causes a depression in the barometer, and conse- quently very strong north winds, which sweep over the coast with ter- rible force, causing great havoc. They generally begin in September and last until the winter season sets in about December. As the country is narrow, the effect of the north wind is felt all over it and that is the prevailing wind. In the City of Mexico, for instance, not- withstanding its altitude and that it is protected by high mountains from the northern winds, the temperature falls when the northerns prevail on the Gulf coast, and it becomes cloudy and drizzly, and the same effect is felt, more or less, in other portions of the country. As the country narrows towards the southeast, especially at Tehuantepec, the northern wind blows with but small obstacles, and its force and effects are felt all over it. The districts in the mountains bordering the Pacific are affected in the same way as the City of Mexico.

From 3000 to 5000 feet above the level of the sea is located our temperate zone, which succeeds the hot zone in a verticle position, and embraces all the higher terraces, and portions of the central plateaus themselves. The mean temperature is from 62 to 70 degrees, Fahrenheit, varying not more than 4 to 5 degrees during the season, thus making one of the very finest climates on the face of the earth. In this privileged region both extremes of heat and cold are unknown,

Climate. 37

and it has several cities — Jalapa and Huatusco in the State of Vera- cruz, Chilpancingo in Guerrero, Ameca in Jalisco, and many others too numerous to mention here. As these places are generally located on the slopes of mountains and not far removed from the ocean, the evaporations from the sea form clouds which are detained in their course by the high peaks and are precipitated into rain. In this region the semi-tropical productions are abundant, and with them are often combined the products of tropical and cold regions. I have seen in my own native place, the city of Oaxaca, located in the temperate region, a farm where wheat and sugar-cane were growing on the same piece of ground.

The cold region is located from 7000 feet above the sea-level up- wards, and has a mean temperature of from 59 to 63 degrees, Fahrenheit. Most of the grand central plateau is located in this region, except in such places as are in a great depression of ground and in deep ravines, where a warm temperature and tropical products are found. The rainfall is about five times less than in the temperate zone. This region, of course, produces all the growths of the cold latitudes, as wheat, oats, apples, etc., etc.

The portion of the country that is most thickly inhabited lies in the central plateau, and is quite high above the level of the sea, and so sheltered from the winds and storms by the mountains as to make the climate even, temperate, and delightful. The impression pre- vails in the United States that Mexico, lying to the south and run- ning towards the equator, must be much warmer than this country ; but this is not so. Even in warm places, like the lowlands on the coast, we do not have the extreme hot weather that is experienced in summer in the United States. The sea breezes refresh the atmos- phere at night and cool it considerably, making, therefore, a very great contrast with the summer heat in this country. The medium climate of the Valley of Mexico, for instance, which is the one that has been best observed and understood, varies comparatively little between summer and winter, its greatest variations being between day and night on the same day.

The climatic conditions of Mexico are undergoing great changes on account of the destruction of the forests. The country had formerly a great deal of rain and much humidity in the atmosphere, being covered with thick forests ; but with the difficulty of transporting the coal already found, the population has had to depend entirely for their supply of fuel upon charcoal, and this has in the course of time denuded the mountains, changing very materially the climatic con- ditions of some regions in the country. But in the lowlands, being thinly inhabited, the case is different, and the country is still so thickly wooded that it is impossible to pass through it, unless an open path

38 (Beograpbical IRotes on /IDejico.

is made with a great deal of difficulty, by felling very high trees and low brush and weeds. In this region abound forests of mahogany, cedar, rosewood, etc. I will later state more in detail the conditions of the fuel question in Mexico.

As a whole, the Mexican climate, if not of the most invigorating nature, is certainly one of the most delightful in the world. The zone of temperate lands, oceanic slopes, enjoy an everlasting spring, being exposed neither to severe winter, nor to intolerable summer heats ; in every glen flows a rippling stream ; every human abode is embowered in leafy vegetation ; and here the native plants are inter- mingled with those of Europe and Africa. Each traveller in his turn describes the valley in which he has tarried longest as the loveliest in the world ; nowhere else do the snowy crests or smoking volcanic cones rise in more imposing grandeur above the surrounding sea of verdure, all carpeted with the brightest flowers. In these enchanting regions there is still room for millions and millions of human beings.

The following table prepared by the Meteorological Observatory of the City of Mexico shows the meteorological conditions of the principal Mexican cities during several years, their elevation upon the sea-level being marked in metres and the temperature under the Centigrade scale.

SUMMARY OF THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN IN SEVERAL CITIES OF MEXICO DURING SEVERAL YEARS.

LOCALITIES.

«

E

Number of years 1 of observation.

Mean barometrical pressure.

TEMPERATURES IN THE SHADE.

Relative humidity. |

CLOUDS.

WIND.

X

_o

1

2 <U >

Prevailing direction.

Prevailing direction.

|||| "> rt * X

25 40 25 25 24 48 24 ii 22 46 22 9 22 4 21 53 21 41 21 7 21 I 20 59 20 41 20 35 20 7 J9 49 ,9 31 19 26 19 12 19 03 18 36 17 04

m. 495-6 1633.0 34-2 2496.0 1890. o 1924.0 1861.0 376.0 2060.0 1567.0 1850.0 2460.0 1976.0 2138.0 2282 . 5 2322.6 2172.0 3-5 1541.0

i i 4 10 9 10 z I4 5 2 7 3 i i i 15 14 I

mm. 709.1 632.1 754-9 759-3 573-4 6,3-4 607.8 605.1 765-1 617.4 601.3 763.0 636.2 613.8 574-8 583.6 760.4 636.6

O 34-1 33-9 24.0 34-0 35-6 3°-7 35-5 33-i 27.2 "3'i'.'6 28.6

0 "'1 —2.8 12-5 !0.3 6.1 —1.8 12.2 2.8 IO.O — I.I 1.3 -4-5 "0.6 —1.7 0.8

0 21.0 16.8 25.6 25.2 13.2 17.4 18.2 18.6 23.0 17^6 24-5 19-7 18.1 i3-7 18.3 16.1 '5-4 '5-5 '5-7 25-3 20.6

61 62 1 81 89 53 59 5" 60 60 62 80 So

4-4

'"N."'

S.E. N.

mm. .... 3413.5 *-4 527-3

Saltillo, Coah

3-4 3-2 4-4 4.0 4-9 5-3 4-3

N.W. S.E. W. S.S.E. ' S.W.' '

N.W. S.E. E w.s.'w. N. N.'N'.W.

1.7 519.2 2.6 819.1 1.3 389.0 T-2 537-0 .... 542.2 .... 2019.3 0.6 729.8 , . Q6i c

San Luis Potosi, S. L. P. Pabellon, Ag Aguascalientes, Ag Huejutla, Hid

Tuxpam, Ver Guadalajara, Jal Oueretaro, Oue

N.W.

w.

.... 1654.3 : 861.9

4.1 4-2 3-5 4-3 S-o

' S.W.' ' E. E. S.W.

E. N.E. N.E. W. N.W. N.W.

0.6 602.2 2.4 436.8 .... 567.1 . .. .1110.4 0.8 614.8 668.1

San Juan del Rio, Que. . Patzcuaro, Mich Mexico, D F

Tacubaya, D F

Puebla, Pue

4-7 4.8

E.N.E. N.

N.E. N.E. W.

1.9 926.0 . . . . 2264.0 649.3

Tlacotalparn Ver

Oaxaca, Oax

3*-9

6.2

Climate.

39

SUMMARY OF THE METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN IN SEVERAL LOCALITIES OF MEXICO, DURING THE YEAR l8%. d^ _	EVAPORA-	TION.	J-4	g- : : : r» o. : m « : ooo o o vo : : : : *. : : m : o : : o :
E:i **" i*88 i*0^3 voo<:.: * : : " : m |S:
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E .
•puooas jad Xji	.t-^ : « : 0*0 : o « o :m^ooo:«^otx :-o
e'Svo : 2 :*&!? : S"0 I? : K'S g°2 8 : 2 " S'S j E"S
WINDS.	Prevailing direction.	^ • • i £ • . ^ i
•^ Cx3 td^- '-* * P^CJ^'^Cd ^n W't^Ci]
^ ^Z *"^" P'^*4."^ WWIS*s'»i -I^w
W ^ W!
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CLOUDS.	Dominant direction.	w . : : ^ : :
.fe »-J ^ ^ J^ • ^ *^ * Cz3 W ^ • * WWW * * W
. . z . . • •
M <	•UtEJ JO Italic JEHU -UE UEdJ^	mm "^^2:.^5^ m4m4~P;4:^4"4:. ! m^
Highest rain- fall in 24 hrs.	• • *O O t"-00 00 M O ONOO O M • -<4-VO \O -^-00 O O »O « 1OOO • O \O
g :<S fta*ft|MA ft|fe^&t^8iaiij*R
ii!!l|iil!|lij!|lSJ!;l{
1 -'	i?l IP?!!!! :|ipp||H||i|
Jo iMsilliMo ilAflU* i^litli-l j
733	o>« oo«-*>-o -«rsO o-ooomm^oooo moo oo « •*«
i«! Smi^^jmct^ iSiiHtsss^s^sil
JO sAlJQ	o"K. 2 o~o 8~^ •' ?-" ? 5-Sm™ m?™ &.«>*§;>* : : mm
. .
•Xjipiranu	&£ tS1*:"^^?.?; m\8 ^vS ""m m : vo1 m : ™ : ^ m :
TEMPERATURE IN THE SHADE.	d 1	oo-* «ovo«-<-Htx«m ominM«coOM«ooooo:<>MO
I T i MM 1 l!i:"l
X c "a	•*« Mumot^om moo Ooomot^mmmm«*(^.MOO
0 *^ ^SSSm5-S5-rt m ? m"m m m m% «S m" tmmm
• oo oo CT-^m^-tH o -^00 oo m ooo « « m •««• H m « moo • o M m
0 :?U1?'2^CS?3J?S>V2 >2S>2S2'^<Sn"^^2vr:S>^8
O	I J 3 Un'	_B	gO^ fOO'Ow"^* "^OO OO O O fOVO OO g'^-'N lOglO "H3^O t*)
BAROMETI	PRESSURE R TO 0	•	CQ* ovo "ooe* ^•^•O*M Moorowoooo»-w\dowO "*OtN.o
mean.	• : m tN.\o mm« :oo 10 M n ooo oiooo^oroww^ ! m oco
1 jl IJi*l|Mi ^dHm^sHlsi^sl1
•E3S 3tp	0 r- oo oo 0 mvo ornmm ->OOiHOixo«mmoo -vooo
SS^ «a|¥S.H "§• ^Sm^^^ofoTvS :"*ft
•)Bq •£!
a •<	w u 3 8S| : : '• 1.1.1 : :- : 1 :- S '§ S = i i || go j g|3 I i ; •£ ;| S § ; : : . ^ rf txO D _. • rt ^^ rt "3» •*•• ^ 3 u 5

40 (Beograpbical iRotes on flDejico.

The table on page 39 shows the results of the meteorological ob- servations taken in the principal cities of Mexico during the year 1896.

Professor Mariano Barcena, director of our National Meteorological Observatory or Weather Bureau, furnished me the following data about the maximum and minimum of temperature and greatest oscillation both in summer and winter of several cities in Mexico, located both at the sea-level like Merida and Mazatlan, at different altitudes like Jalapa, San Luis Potosi, Oaxaca, and at the highest level like the cities of Mexico, Pachuca, and Zacatecas, showing the mildness of the Mexi- can climate.

CITY OF MEXICO.

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 84.9, May 5th.

Maximum temperature in winter 72.0, December.

Minimum temperature in winter 32.9, January and February.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 13.7

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 32.9

PUEBLA (STATE OF PUEBLA).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 83.8, April.

Maximum temperature in winter 74-7, February.

Minimum temperature in winter 32.9, January.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 36.3

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 34.4

OAXACA (STATE OF OAXACA).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 93.7, May.

Maximum temperature in winter 83.1, February.

Minimum temperature in winter 39-2, January and December.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 39. 1

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 37.8

JALAPA (STATE OF VERACRUZ).

Maximum temperature in shade in summer 89.6, April.

Maximum temperature in winter 87.1, December.

Minimum temperature in winter 33-8, February.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 35.3

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 32.0

QUERETARO (STATE OF QUERETARO).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 90.1, April and June.

Maximum temperature in winter 80.4, December.

Minimum temperature in winter 32.9, January.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 39.4

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 34.7

Climate. 4*

GUANAJUATO (STATE OF GUANAJUATO).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 91.9, April.

Maximum temperature in winter 82.0, February.

Minimum temperature in winter 36.0, January.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 36.7

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 36.7

LEON (STATE OF GUANAJUATO).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 91.6, May and June.

Maximum temperature in winter 77-O> February.

PACHUCA (STATE OF HIDALGO).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 80.2, May.

Maximum temperature in winter 77-O, December.

Minimum temperature in winter 32-4i December.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 33.3

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 28.6

REAL DEL MONTE (STATE OF HIDALGO).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 80.2, March.

Maximum temperature in winter 74.1, January.

Minimum temperature in winter 31.6, January.

SALTILLO (STATE OF COAHUILA).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 89.6, April.

Maximum temperature in winter 75-7, January.

Minimum temperature in winter 12.2, February.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 32.8

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 25.6

MERIDA (STATE OF YUCATAN).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 103.6, April and June.

Maximum temperature in winter 92.8, January.

Minimum temperature in winter 47.8, February.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 37.1

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 38.7

MAZATLAN (STATE OF SINALOA).

Maximum temperature in the shade in summer 91.0, September.

Maximum temperature in winter 84.0, December.

Minimum temperature in winter 15.8, February.

Greatest oscillation in one day in winter 16.9

Greatest oscillation in one day in summer 17.5

MEXICO AS A SANITARIUM.

Although the City of Mexico, on account of its present unsatisfac- tory sanitary conditions, of which I will treat in speaking of that city and which I am sure will be remedied before long, cannot be consid- ered now as the best place for invalids, there are many other localities in the country presenting great advantages as sanitariums.

42 (Beograpbical Botes on /IDejico.

The mild nature and evenness of most of our climate is very favor- able to certain diseases — especially pulmonary ones — and when that advantage becomes well known the central plateau of Mexico will be the best sanitarium for lung diseases, and especially for tuberculosis. Other lung diseases requiring a warmer climate could find desirable places in certain valleys in the temperate zone like Cuantla, Cuerna- vaca, Tasco, Iguala, and others. These very conditions, namely, the even and mild climate both in summer and winter, will make it a coun- try visited by thousands of pleasure or health seekers who wish to escape both extremes of the northern climate. Even now we would have a much larger travel from this country if we had convenient ac- commodations for travellers, but our hotels are not yet as comfortable as those in the United States.

FLORA.

The short and imperfect description of the climate of Mexico, made above, will show that we can raise all the products of the three different zones into which the earth is divided, and the most re- markable thing is that we can raise them almost on the same ground. By going only a few miles, for instance, travelling on horseback four or five hours from a low to a higher locality, we change from the torrid to the temperate zone, and therefore we can have the products of both with comparatively little trouble ; and by going four or five hours higher still, we change from the temperate to the frigid zone, and these are advantages of our geographical position which can be appreciated only by those who have experienced them.1

1 Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, editor of Harper's Monthly Magazine, in a brilliant article published in the July, 1897, number of that periodical, gives the follow- ing description of the rapid descent from the cold to the temperate and hot regions of Mexico, which may be considered as a specimen of the scenery in many other localities of that country. In many other places, where there are no wagon-roads, but only a footpath, the descent is a great deal more rapid, often 5000 feet in four or five miles, and then the contrast is still greater. At Maltrata for instance, an Indian town about 5000 feet above the level of the sea, the natives offer their tropical fruits to the passengers of the Mexican Railway going from Veracruz to the City of Mexico, and they leave with what they have left after the train starts to climb the mountains to the Central Plateau to an altitude of about 9000 feet, and they reach Esperanza, the first station on the Central Plateau far ahead of the train, which has to describe a long, zigzag course before getting there. I have selected the following ex- tract from Mr. Warner's article because it relates to one of the historical places of Mexico :

" Cuernavaca is distinguished as the actual meeting-place of the pine and the palm. It lies only a little more than fifty miles south of the City of Mexico ; but in order to reach it there is a mountain to be crossed which is at an elevation of over ten thousand feet. A railway climbs up this mountain, over the summit, to a wind-swept plain, in the midst of pine forests, called Tres Marias — marked by the sightly peaks of the Three Marys. By long loops and zigzags it is crawling down the mountain on

flora. 43

The Mexican Southern Railway, from Puebla to Oaxaca, descends in a few hours, by a series of fertile terraces, from an elevation of seven thousand feet to one of about seventeen hundred and fifty feet, when ths wonderful Canon de los Cues is reached, a region of cocoa-nuts and bananas. But all the valleys and terraces in March are green or yellow with wheat and corn and sugar-cane. It confuses one's ideas to pass a field of wheat, the green blades just springing from the ground, and then a field ripe for harvest, and then a threshing-floor where the grain is being trodden out by mules. This means that you can plant and reap every day in the year, if you can obtain water in the dry season, and do not wait for the regular and copious summer rains.

The magnificent arboreal vegetation embraces one hundred and fourteen different species of building timber and cabinet woods, includ- ing oaks, pines, firs, cedars, mahogany, and rosewood ; twelve species of dyewoods ; eight of gum trees : the cacao and india-rubber, copal, liquid-ambar, camphor, turpentine, pine, mezquite yielding a substance

the other side to Cuernavaca. Mexico City has an elevation of seven thousand five hundred feet, Tres Marias of about ten thousand, and Cuernavaca of five thousand. The descent by the wagon-road is in length only twelve miles, but the drop in that distance is five thousand feet, so that the traveller passes very quickly from temperate to tropical conditions.

" From the heights Cuernavaca seems to lie in a plain, but it is really on a pro- montory between two barrancas, and the whole country beyond is broken, till the terraces fall off into more tropical places, where the view is bordered by purple mountains. Indeed, the little city in the midst of this tumultuous plain is surrounded by lofty mountains. The country around, and especially below to the south, is irri- gated, and presents a dozen contrasts of color in the evergreen foliage, the ripening yellow crops of sugar-cane and grain, the clusters of big trees here and there about a village or a hacienda, and the frequent church-towers. All this is loveliness, a mixture of temperate and tropical grace, but there is grandeur besides. Looking to the east, say from the Palace of Cortez, over the fields of purple and green and yellow and brown, where the graceful palms place themselves just as an artist would have them in the foreground of his picture, the view is certainly one of the finest in the world. There is in the left the long mountain range with the peaks of Tres Marias, and along the foot of it haciendas and towers, cones of extinct volcanoes and noble rocky promontories. To form the middle-distance mountains come into the picture, sloping together to lead the eye along from one ' ' value " to another, violet, purple, dark or shining as the sun strikes them, while on the left is a noble range of naked precipices of red rock, always startling in color. It is some two thousand feet up the side of one of these red cliffs that there is the remains of an ancient city of Cliff-dwellers — almost inaccessible now, but once the home of a race that understood architecture and knew how to carve. The lines of this natural picture, the fields, the intervening ledges, the lofty mountains, all converge to the spot the artist would choose for the eye to rest, and there, up in the heavens, are the snow-clad peaks of Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl, about seventeen thousand five hundred feet above the sea, volcanic creators of the region, and now undisputed lords of the landscape. In the evening these peaks are rosy in the sun ; in the morning their white immobility is defined against the rosy sunshine."

44 Oeoorapbtcal notes on /IDejfco.

similar to gum-arabic, dragon trees, and the almacigo or Callitris quadvalvis, from which sandarac is extracted. Among the oil-bearing trees and plants, of which there are seventeen varieties, are the olive, cocoa palm, almond, sesame, flax, the tree yielding the balsam of Peru, and others. There are fifty-nine classified species of medicinal plants, and many more are "mentioned by botanists as still unclassified by science.

Of the many delicious fruits which grow in the tropical regions, only a few — the pineapple, the banana, and the cocoa-nut — are known in this country, the orange being rather a semi-tropical fruit. The others require, as all fruits do, cultivated taste, and, therefore, if im- ported here would not find a market. Even those which do come here are of very inferior flavor, owing to the fact that they are cut green so as to prevent their decay during transportation, and they, of course, have a less agreeable taste than in the place where they grow. Of the banana, for instance, we have about twenty varieties, some of which — the richest in my opinion — grow to a size from twelve to fifteen inches in length and from two to three inches in diameter.

We can raise in Mexico all the products of the world because we have all climates, from the perpetual snow to the burning sun of the equator ; but it would take a great deal more space than I can dispose of in this paper, to mention all the agricultural products we can raise, and I will, therefore, confine myself to only such as I think are now of more importance.

Coffee. — Mexico has many localities well suited for the raising of coffee, and the production of that berry can in the future be very largely increased. In the proper locality, namely, zone, ground, and climate, coffee can be raised on a large scale at comparatively small cost, affording always a large profit, whatever may be in the future its price in foreign markets.

I have had personal experience in coffee-raising, having made a coffee plantation in the district of Soconusco, in the State of Chiapas ; and I took especial interest in visiting other plantations, both in Mexico and Guatemala, where coffee had attained a large development. My experience has shown me that the best zone for coffee is located between one and five thousand feet above the level of the sea, as coffee is not a product of the hot but of the temperate zone. On the highlands, as a rule, the quality of the coffee is better and the yield large, while the lowlands give an earlier but smaller yield. There are coffee planta- tions in Mexico, almost down to the level of the sea, which are yielding coffee, and from that to the elevation of six thousand feet, producing also a very good quality of coffee. For further information on this subject, I refer the reader to a treatise on coffee-raising on the south- ern coast of the State of Chiapas, which I published in the City of

Jflora. 45

Mexico in 1874, and which contains detailed information on the sev- eral factors affecting that industry.

It is interesting to know the production of coffee in Mexico, taken from some statistics for 1896 :

Cordoba produces .».. . 10,000,000 Ibs.

Huatusco and Coatepec sf. . . 10,000,000 "

Oaxaca 6,000,000 "

Tabasco 5,000,000 "

Chiapas 3,000,000 "

Other districts 26,000,000 "

60,000,000 Ibs.

Sugar-Cane, — Mexico has many localities where sugar-cane can be raised at a very small cost, and where that industry can be made very lucrative, although we hardly produce enough sugar for our home con- sumption. From the sea-level to the frost line, which ranges, in differ- ent localities, from three to five thousand feet above the sea-level, sugar-cane can be raised in Mexico to great advantage. I have seen the cane in some places, especially in Soconusco, attain a height of twelve feet and a diameter of about five inches ; and in some localities it lasts from ten to eighteen years without need of replanting, and can be cut for grinding twice a year. When it is considered that in some places, like Louisiana, sugar has to be planted, as I believe, every two years, and that it is liable to be destroyed by frosts, the advantages of Mexico for that industry are apparent.

The favorable conditions of Mexico for raising sugar-cane are so great that I have seen the natives in the Indian town of Loxicha, in the State of Oaxaca, plant a small plot of sugar-cane, grind it with primitive wooden mills moved by hand power, using very primitive earthen pans, to evaporate the juice and make brown sugar — losing of course a great part of the saccharine matter in the cane, — transport the sugar, sometimes a distance of thirty miles on mule-back, and sell it at one cent per pound, and still make a profit.

For sugar-cane the lowlands are the best, and the plant is essen- tially a tropical one. It will grow, however, at very considerable alti- tudes, but when planted in the mountains it takes a longer time to ripen, and soon ceases to give remunerative crops. There was in southern Veracruz a sugar-cane only six months old which had a circumference of 7$ inches. Where that cane grew the yield of cane per acre was about 80 tons when twelve months old. The elevation was something like 1000 feet. It is true, however, that the bulk of the cane grown in Mexico is to be found above 2000 feet, but I am convinced that a lower altitude would produce even better results.

Tobacco. — Among the tropical products of superior quality that we

46 Oeograpbical taotes on /IDejico,

raise in the hot zone, I should mention tobacco, the Mexican tobacco being, in General Grant's estimation, superior to the Havana article. The natural conditions of soil and temperature are the same in Cuba and Mexico, but we had not the superior experience of the Cubans in curing the leaf until the late insurrection broke out in Cuba, in 1868, when a great many Cubans went to Mexico to plant tobacco. As the land has been planted in Cuba with tobacco for nearly four hundred years, and as tobacco is a very exhausting crop, it has become indis- pensable to manure the land with guano, while in Mexico we have virgin land, and tobacco being a comparatively new industry, no guano needs to be used. General Grant, whom I consider a competent judge, detected the taste of guano in the Havana cigars, of which ours is free, and he, therefore, preferred to smoke the Mexican cigars.

In Cuba the exhausted soil cannot produce1 all the leaves that are required for the world's supply of Havana cigars, and the want can only be filled through the use of Mexico leaf tobacco, the weed produced in other countries having similar conditions. The Marquis de Cabanas sent to Sumatra a quantity of seed when it became obvi- ous that the soil of the tobacco region of Cuba was fast being worn out. He sent seed also to Java and to the United States, but it was found that it was impossible to raise tobacco of the quality of that raised in Havana anywhere but in Mexico. That raised in Java from Havana seed was very coarse and rank, replete with nicotine and meconic acid, and devoid of those delicate essential oils that give the Havana and Mexican tobacco their fine aroma.

The tobacco plant is a native of the tropics, and thrives best in the hot lands. It is a hardy plant, however, and will grow well in northern latitudes in the summer time. It often happens that the land in the tropics is actually too rich for the successful cultivation of tobacco.

India-Rubber. — The lowlands of Mexico, especially those adjoining the Pacific Ocean and which have a very warm and moist climate, are very well adapted for the india-rubber tree, which attains a large size and yields a considerable amount of india-rubber. We used to have whole forests of them, which fact shows that they were in their proper conditions of soil and climate, as they could outgrow the rank vegeta- tion of the tropics, and prevent the growth of most of the other large trees in the forests ; but india-rubber gatherers have destroyed most of them, and I imagine that there is a comparatively small number left.

I have always thought that the production of india-rubber would before long cease to be sufficient to supply the demand, and that, therefore, the value of that article would increase with the lapse of time. Now it is to be expected that the enormous expansion during the last few years of the cycle-tire, electrical motor-car, cab, and kindred industries will lead to the bestowal of increased attention on

jflora, 47

the world's rubber supply, which is so intimately associated with the existence of these industries.

Thinking that a plantation of india-rubber trees would be very re- munerative, I devoted considerable attention to that subject, and in 1872 started one of 100,000 trees in a place admirably located for the purpose, bordering on the Pacific Ocean and between two large rivers, in the same district of Soconusco. In an article published in 1872, under the title " India-Rubber Culture in Mexico," I compiled all the information on the subject that I could obtain, supplementing it with the experience that I had acquired. Unfortunately, for reasons of a political nature, I had to abandon that plantation, and when the trees that I had planted grew large enough to yield rubber, they were tapped by the natives and entirely destroyed, but my work gave me an experi- ence which I considered of great value. For further information on this subject I refer the reader to the above mentioned article.

The india-rubber trees that grow in Mexico are not the Haevea guianensis that grows in Brazil, but the Castilloa elastica, and if we have any of the Haevea guianensis I have not seen them.

Enough has been written lately on rubber cultivation to show that the profits, in Mexico at least, would be very great ; indeed, 300 per cent, on the capital invested is a possible return, after five years, from cultivating Castilloa elastica in that Republic. This is a return which provides plenty of margin for contingencies. Rubber-growing is no longer in the experimental stage, as witness the plantation of La Esme- ralda, in Oaxaca, to which further reference is made below. Culti- vated india-rubber plantations are few, for the reason that, in some degree like the coffee plant, the india-rubber tree requires a long period of continuous cultivation before making any return to the cultivator. Mexico affords excellent opportunities for the development of this admittedly profitable industry. On this point the authority of Sir Henry Nevil Bering, the British Minister to Mexico, who, in a recent report to the Foreign Office on the cultivation of india-rubber, says : " The regions most favorable for the growth of this important, yet rarely cultivated, india-rubber tree are the plains of Pochutla, Oaxaca, and also along the banks of the Copalita River where the tree is found in astonishing numbers. Few are the plantations of india-rubber trees existing in the Republic of Mexico. The principal one is La Esmeralda, in Juquila, Oaxaca, which has over 200,000 trees, eight years old." According to the same report the total ex- pense for five years' cultivation of a " rubber plantation of 100,000 trees will not exceed $25,000 in silver and the yield of 100,000 trees at the first year's harvest will bring the planter $120,000, besides the product obtained from the corn, vanilla beans, cacao, and bananas raised from side planting. The net profit on the investment, after de-

48 <3eo0rapbical notes on /IDejico.

ducting the entire cost of the land and all expenses up to the first year of harvesting, will be $95,000, and each of the succeeding harvests, for twenty-five or thirty years, will bring a steady income of over $100,000." This is 400 per cent, per annum net profit on the invest- ment. These calculations are based upon the production of a five- year-old tree, but the report adds that " this product will be gradually increased every year for the next four or five years."

Cotton. — We have many regions in Mexico very favorably located for the cultivation of cotton. I am aware that the cotton-growers of the United States hold that what they call their cotton belt has pecul- iar conditions for the production of their staple, which, in their opinion, do not exist in any other portion of the globe, and they believe, there- fore, that nobody can compete with them in this regard. Without any intention of depreciating the advantages of the cotton belt of this country, I am of the opinion that there are in Mexico lands as well adapted for the production of cotton as the best in this country, and in some regions perhaps better ; yet, notwithstanding these advantages, and although our wages are low, cotton is produced cheaper in the United States, and is sold with profit by the planters for one-half the price that it commands in Mexico. So great is the difference in the price of this staple in the two countries that, notwithstanding an import duty on cotton of eight cents per kilogram, or almost five cents per pound, which is equivalent to fifty cents ad valorem, we import from this country a very large portion of the cotton we manufacture. I do not overlook the fact that cotton is raised here by negro labor, which is considerably cheaper than white labor, but, even assuming that wages in this case be the same in both countries, the difference in cost is so great that some other factor besides labor must enter into the ex- pense of production.

As our cotton manufactories are increasing, more especially be- cause of the protection afforded to home products by the depreciation of silver, we now produce only about one half of the cotton we manu- facture, and have to import the other half from the United States ; but I am sure that before long we shall not only produce enough for our own consumption but also for export.

Agave. — The whole central plateau abounds in many species of agave, which are used for several purposes. In the eastern portion of the plateau, that is, from the City of Mexico towards Veracruz, in the region called the Plains of Apam, the agave yields a large quantity of a white juice, similar in appearance to milk, which when fermented is used as a tonic, and is an intoxicating beverage. The amount of alco- hol it contains is small — about 7 per cent., I believe — but imbibed in large quantities it is quite intoxicating. The use of this beverage, called pulque, has become very extensive in Mexico, and it must have

Jflora. 49

very superior qualities both as a tonic and nutritive, when many live on nothing but corn and pulque. In the mining districts, where a great deal of nervous force is expended working in a high temperature and under very unhealthy atmospheric conditions, this drink is almost indispensable, and I imagine that when a way is discovered to keep it for some time, and its medicinal qualities become better known, it will be exported in considerable quantities and used by foreign countries. From the agave of other districts a drink is made called mescal, which has some remarkable therapeutic properties, the most celebrated being made in a district of the State of Jalisco called Tequila, from which it takes its name ; and in the very dry and stony regions of Yuca- tan another species of agave grows, which seems to derive its food wholly from the atmosphere, yielding a very good fibre, much like ma- nilla, which we now export in large quantities, particularly to New York. All the agave yields a first-class fibre as raw material, either for paper or cordage — some of it being rather coarse, like the Yucatan henequen, and some of it almost as fine and glossy as silk, like pita.

Henequen. — By far the most important of our fibre industries is the cultivation and preparation of the fibre known as " Sisal hemp," so called from the name of the port from which it used to be principally exported, and in the United States as " henequen hemp." The plant which produces it is a species of agave which flourishes to best ad- vantage in stony and arid land at the level of the sea. The present prosperity of the state of Yucatan, a large proportion of which is too sterile to yield any other crop, is due almost entirely to the develop- ment of this industry. The plant requires very little cultivation, and the separation and cleaning of the fibre is effected very cheaply. The yield of fibre is estimated at the rate of 1000 to 1200 pounds per acre.

Pulque. — The pulque plant is indigenous to Mexico, often growing wild on the uplands, where for months and years at a time no rain falls ; and it is also largely cultivated on the Plains of Apam, a large tract of land lying in the States of Mexico, Puebla, and Hidalgo, about sixty miles east of the City of Mexico. The plants are trans- planted when two or three years old with much care, then cultivated in fields especially prepared for the purpose, each acre containing from 360 to 680 plants.

Nature requires the plant to be milked, when the liquor is ready to flow, for the use of man, else the superfluity of juices will cause the growth of a thick stem from the centre of the plant, which shoots up some ten or fifteen feet, putting out branches at the top, with clus- ters of yellowish flowers. These branches are symmetrical, and the effect is like a lofty, branched candlestick.

When the pulque is first extracted, before the process of fermenta- tion sets in, it is sweet and scentless, and in this state is preferred by

VOL. I — 4

50 Oeograpbical notes on flDejico.

those unaccustomed to the drink. The fermentation takes place in tubs constructed for the purpose, and to aid or expedite the process a little " madre pulque," or pulque mother, is added, which hastens the chemical change. At times fermentation is retarded by a cold spell at the vats. When the laborer draws the sweet sap with his rude siphon, made either of a gourd or a calabash and a hollow horn tip, he dis- charges the contents into a pig- or goat-skin swinging at his back. The " agua miel" in this stage is like a green water in appearance and taste. Soon carbonic acid is formed, and it becomes milky, and resembles in taste very good cider. The amount of carbonic acid contained is so great, and the decomposition so incredibly rapid, that in a few hours it would become vinegar if not closely watched. To prevent this the pulque dulce, or sweet pulque, is poured into a tinacal — an oxhide strapped to a square wooden frame, and capable of holding a consid- erable amount of the liquid. These tinacals are of various sizes, to meet the emergencies of the situation.

To the sweet pulque is added an equal proportion of milk, and then a slight dose of infusion of rennet. This is not enough to coagu- late it, but sufficient to induce a slight amount of putrescence, as in cheese. The putrid odor and flavor of pulque as sold in the pulque shops is due to the rennet alone, for the belief that this is caused by the flavor of the pigskin, in which it is brought to market, is without foundation.

From the tinacal it is poured into a hogshead by means of pigskins, and it is transferred to the barrels of venders from the hogsheads of the " haciendado " by means of the same skins.

The plants are wholly independent of rain and storm, and are of a beautiful deep-green color. The pulque is carried every day to the City of Mexico, by special trains, in " barricas," or large tierces, and by " cueros de pulque," or pigskins filled with the liquid.

The plant does not arrive at maturity or yield its sap before its eighth year. During the growth of the plant a central bulb is formed for its coming juices. This is scooped out, leaving a cavity or hole large enough to hold a few quarts. This cavity is made in the bottom and middle of the plant. The juice exudes into this cavity and is taken out daily by being sucked into a long-necked gourd on the siphon principle, by the Indian laborers, and then poured into the tubs taken to the fields and then removed to the vats.

The outlay on each plant up to maturity is calculated generally at about $2, and the return is from $7 to $10, according to the size of the plant. Its period of production is about five months, and each plant supposed to yield from 125 to 160 gallons of liquid during that time.

The principal regions for the cultivation of the maguey are the arid limestone chains of hills, and here, in many places, the hole for the

flora. 51

reception of the young plant is made with a sort of crowbar with a sharp point, used principally in the quarrying of tepatate, the chief building material of the Mexican capital. It is usual to aid the young plant by putting some good soil into the hole. These young plants are suckers which the mature maguey throws out on all sides, and which have to be removed before the heart is tapped for the sweet sap, which is the " agua miel," or honey water, of the pulque.

The leaves of the pulque plant are long and pointed, with prickles along the edges. Sometimes these leaves are very large, and the bunches of them springing from the common stalk are enormous. The bruised leaves are made into a kind of paper — a rather tough, stiff, and hard paper — and they are also used in their natural state as a thatch for the roofs of the common huts or houses occupied by the peons. A kind of thread is also made from the fibrous texture of the leaves. A rough needle and pin are made from the thorn, and from the root a cheap and palatable food is made.

Cactus. — Mexico is often called " the land, of the cactus," and the multitudinous development of cactus forms in that country cannot be appreciated by any one who has not seen them in their home in the hot land. There is a species known as the giant or candelabra cactus, which has a single stem, from which spring innumerable branches, the whole plant resembling an immense candelabrum. I have seen in Oaxaca, some candelabra cacti about twenty feet in height by thirty in diameter. Some cacti shoot in single, column-like stems, others run like leafless vines, and others resemble needle cushions stuck full of needles.

Cocoa. — Cocoa is produced in several localities. That of So- conusco, in the State of Chiapas, is of so excellent a quality that when Mexico was a colony of Spain it was the only kind used by the Spanish royal family. On account of the expense and difficulty of transportation, and the cultivation of cheaper quality in other locali- ties, the production has dwindled down to an insignificant amount, and now hardly enough is grown to supply the demand in that dis- trict ; but it is universally acknowledged that the Soconusco cocoa is the best in the world.

The best elevation for cocoa is from 300 to 1000 feet, and the tree seldom thrives well at an altitude exceeding 3000 feet. Warmth and moisture are necessary for the successful cultivation of this plant.

The State of Tabasco produces a very good quality of cocoa, although it cannot be compared with that of Soconusco. In other places it grows very well also, but for various reasons the production, instead of being developed, has dwindled down until it is not enough for home consumption, and we have to import some, especially from Venezuela and Ecuador. One disadvantage of the cocoa industry is

52 (Seograpbfcal IRotes on /IDejfco,

that the tree requires several years to reach maturity and to bear fruit, and few investors can afford to wait the necessary time.

Vanilla. — The vanilla bean grows very luxuriantly on the Gulf coast of Mexico, and it has been for some time a very profitable production, especially in the counties of Papamtla and Misantla, in the State of Veracruz, on account of the excellent quality of the bean and the high price which it brings. It grows in a region which is subject to intermittent and remittent fevers, and sometimes yellow fever, and where labor is very scarce ; for these reasons it has not attained a greater development. I hardly think there is any locality where the vanilla vine grows better than in Mexico.

Vanilla requires a hot, moist climate, and, therefore, the lowlands are best suited for its culture. Very little of the vanilla produced in Mexico is at present grown at an elevation exceeding 1000 feet. At the same time it is claimed that in some places it thrives up to 3000 feet.

The vines will usually produce considerable vanilla in the third year, and they will yield considerably more during the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh years, and the production then begins to decrease. But before this time new rootlets have been dropped from the old plants, which form new vines that take the place of the old ones ; thus the plantation is kept in a state of continued production. The central portion of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec is one of the most suitable re- gions for its cultivation, as much wild vanilla is found growing in the forests there.

The Mexican vanilla dealers have established five grades, namely : First, vanilla " fina," or legal, the beans and pods of six and a half inches long, or upwards, short in the neck, sound and black, and the beans which become split or open, provided they have the foregoing qualities and the split does not extend more than a third of the pod. This class is again divided into "terciada," which is composed of the shortest pods ; " primera chica," " primera grande," " marca menor," and " marca mayor," the largest of all. Second, " vanilla chica," those pods which differ from the " terciada " only in being shorter, two of them counting as one of the first class. Third, vanilla " zacate," the pods of all sizes, which are off color through being gathered before becoming properly ripe, or being over-cured ; " pescozuda," "vana," " cueruda," and " aposcoyonada," names for pods in a more or less damaged condition. Fourth, vanilla " cimarrona," the wild vanilla in good or fair condition, three pods counting as one of the first class. Fifth, the " rezacate," composed of the very short pods ; of those split all the way up to the stalk, of the badly damaged, of the very immature, and of the greatly over-cured ; of this, six pods count as one of the first class.

flora. 53

After the sizing and classification are finished, the pods are tied up in bunches of 100-150, so as to weigh one pound, and wrapped in filtering paper and tin foil.

Silk Culture. — The mulberry-tree and silkworm industries have a very great future in Mexico, and are destined to produce a veritable revolution in the industries of the central plateau of that country. The mulberry tree can be grown in Mexico almost to an unlimited ex- tent, especially in the central plateau, and, as wages are low, the raw silk can be manufactured at a great profit. Several experiments have been made on a small scale, more particularly in the Valley of Mexico, by Mr. Hipolito Chabon, a gentleman of French descent, and he has obtained most satisfactory results. I have no doubt that the time is not far distant when the silk industry will assume great proportions in Mexico, and we will be able to stand among the foremost silk-producing countries of the world.

Cochineal. — The cochineal is a bug which feeds on the cactus ; and which, when fully developed, is brushed off the cactus leaves and roasted to prevent decomposition, being then ready for market. It is raised to great advantage in Mexico, and especially in the valleys of the State of Oaxaca. When it was the only article used to dye red it was very valuable, commanding sometimes between four and five dol- lars per pound, and it made the wealth of that State. But recent dis- coveries in chemistry have supplied other substances for dyeing which are very cheap, especially aniline, and the price of cochineal has fallen considerably, so that now it is hardly raised at all. When it had a high price, it was raised in Guatemala, and it was the beginning of the wealth of that State. It is now raised, I understand, in several other countries.

Rice. — Rice grows very well in Mexico, and I have not seen any district where it is necessary to inundate the fields to favor its produc- tion, although I understand it is also raised in that way in some locali- ties. It is generally planted just as wheat and barley are in the United States, needing no irrigation and depending entirely on the rainfall. I imagine that raising rice by inundation would be more expensive, and also be dangerous, because it could not fail to affect the salubrity of the country.

Chicle, or Chewing-Gum. — This article, like many others, grows wild in Mexico, where the demand that has arisen for it in the United States has begun to develop its production. For some time past the shipments from Mexico have been on an increasing scale, owing, no doubt, to the comparatively high prices which ruled early in 1896.

Every year a larger extent of forests is worked for chicle, result- ing in a steady growth of the production since the gum first became an important commercial article, about ten years ago. Prior to that

54 <3eo0rapbical IRotes on /JDejico.

time 7 or 8 cents a pound was considered a good price, and in 1896 it was sold at 36 cents. The importation into the United States con- stitutes almost the entire production, and the amounts and values are thus officially reported by the Statistical Bureau of the United States for the fiscal years ending June 30 :

1894. 1895-96.

Chicle 1,903,655 lib. 3,618,483 lib.

Value $490,438 $1,167,101

» Average 25$ cents per lib. 32 cents per lib.

The following statement has been compiled from official data col- lected by the Mexican Government, the value of the chewing-gum being in silver :

Year. Pounds. Value.

1885-86 929,959 $ 156,402

1886-87 1,254,853 353,641

1887-88 1,542,794 371,673

1888-89 2,037,783 592,810

1889-90 1,827,131 714,242

1890-91 2,457,653 1,284,682

1891-92 2,494,177 703,572

1892-93 1,757,813 705,167

1893-94 2,645,722 803,019

1894-95 1,668,636 679,367

1895-96 3,297,371 1,527,838

Total 21,913,932 $7,892,413

Yuca. — Yuca, or starch-plant, called manioc in South America, is a bush from four to six feet high, having tubers, like horse-radish, six to ten to every plant, and weighing from one to twelve pounds each. It is an important product of Chiapas and may be sown at any time, but it is better to do so from the stems when the rains begin, say in the month of May, by opening ditches five feet apart, and planting the cuttings, eight inches long, in them consecutively, leaving one foot be- tween. Vegetable and sandy soil is best adapted for it, although it can be planted and will thrive in any kind of land. In arid and hard soil it needs plowing. If the land has been thoroughly cleared before planting it requires but little weeding during cultivation. A year after being sown, if the soil is rich, it will begin to yield tubers which must be dug up at the time the tree begins to flower. In replanting after digging the tubers, a slip is left standing and this will bear in twelve months. Besides extracting the starch from the tubers, the leaves are used as fodder for stock.

Sir Henry Dering, the British Minister to Mexico, sent recently to the Foreign Office some practical notes on the cultivation in Mexico of the " Yuca" or cassava plant, pineapple, ginger, " chicle " or chewing-

Jflora. 55

gum, sarsaparilla, jalap, licorice, canaigre, and ramie, and I shall quote here from his notes on some of those products.

The yuca is to the peon, in the tropical section of the Republic, what potatoes are to the poor and working people of Ireland. Yuca is a native of the country, and its rise dates back before the conquest of Hernan Cortez, and it has always formed a portion of the food of the ancient and present Mexicans, especially those living in Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, and Yucatan. It has been estimated that the returns of yuca cultivation are immense ; the yield of an acre contains more nutritive matter than six times the same area of wheat.

Ginger. — Ginger is found growing wild in various parts of Mexico. The returns from an acre of land vary considerably, but when culti- vated under favorable conditions, the crops ought to be 4000 pounds and upward. A ten-acre patch would yield annually from $5000 to $7000.

Canaigre. — Though for years canaigre has been used in Mexico, both for medicinal and tanning purposes, it has but recently attracted the attention of the outside commercial world as a valuable source of tannic acid. The result of investigations has been to create a great demand for canaigre in the tanning business of European countries, and more recently in the leather-making centres of the United States. The only supply now to be obtained of this plant is from the wild growth along the rivers and valleys of Western Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico, and a fear has been felt for some time that with the con- stantly increasing demand the present sources of supply must become exhausted.

Peppermint. — Water mint (mentha vulgaris) thrives very well on the central plateau of Mexico and in some sections of the warm zone, especially along the rivulets and small lakes. There is no reason why the peppermint (mentha piper itd), as well as spearmint and tansy, should not grow in abundance in Mexico, as they belong to the same family and require the same climatic conditions. As the oil of pep- permint is very extensively employed in medicines and the arts, the cultivation of this plant will be profitable to Mexico.

Cabinet and Dye Woods. — In the low, hot countries we have all the cabinet woods growing wild and a great many dye woods, some of which are indigenous to Mexico, like the Campechy wood, not being found in other countries. It would take too long to enumerate the different kinds of cabinet woods we have, and I will only say that it happens with them as with our fruits, that only such of them as have been introduced here, like mahogany, cedar, rosewood, ebony, and a few others, are known in this country and in Europe, while hundreds of other kinds as hard as those and of as fine, if not a finer grain, are found in the wild woods of Mexico.

56 6eoarapbical notes on

Grasses. — In the lower regions of Mexico, especially at the sea-level,. we have various grasses which can be grown at very little expense and which make very good food for cattle, fattening them very much, and in comparatively short time. While I lived in Soconusco, I used to buy lean cattle, three years old, at $10 per head ; and letting them pas- ture on the grass, the expense being little more than that of a few men to take care of the cattle, without providing them with any shelter,, pens, or anything of that kind, only giving them about once a month some salt, at the end of four or five months they became very fat and could be sold on the spot at $25 a head. The fattening grasses can be very easily cultivated, because they are of such rank growth that they do not allow any other vegetation to spring up on the same spot, and so save the expense of cleaning the ground of weeds ; which, in the hot regions is very great, as vegetation is there very rank.

Alfalfa. — The alfalfa grows very luxuriantly in almost every place in Mexico, and it is so abundant there, that it has very little com- mercial value. It is nowhere dried and kept for fodder, but of course such use can be made of it. Land good for alfalfa has a very low price, and we are greatly surprised when we hear that in California the alfalfa land is worth $ too an acre.

Cattle Raising. — Mexico has special advantages for the raising of cattle, not only because of its mild climate, which renders unnecessary the many expenses required in the northern section of this continent, but also on account of the grasses that grow in several localities and that constitute very good food for cattle, as I have just stated.

Mexico will be, before long, a very large producer of cattle and other animals, and they will form a large share of her exports. Mexico has sent within two years about 400,000 small undeveloped cattle to the United States at about $15, Mexican silver, per head, and has also sent nearly her entire output of cotton-seed meal to the United States and Europe at about $16, silver, per ton. The meal sent to the United States is fed to cattle. The Mexican cattle sent there take the place of the better stock which is sent to Europe, causing virtually a five-thousand- kilometre railway haul against the short haul in Mexico to reach the coast. In addition we have to pay import duties in the United States. This is a sufficient evidence that a large profit could be made by fat- tening cattle with the cotton-seed meal in Mexico, and shipping the fattened cattle direct to Europe, even using the best cattle of the country. But rapid improvement should be made in the class of cattle for beef purposes. Cotton-seed meal is the feed to be relied on chiefly. The quantity of it produced already is sufficient to fatten a large num- ber of stock. The cattle should also be fed with a small amount of corn along with the meal during the last month of feeding to harden and whiten the meat, as feeding only with cotton-seed meal makes the

fflora. 57

meat dark, and militates against its selling value to some extent, and the corn can be easily and profitably supplied. The total cost of fat- tening a steer should not reach $15 silver. There is an unlimited de- mand in Europe for choice meats at about i2C., gold, per pound, and no import duties have to be paid. Poor classes of meat are a drug in all markets of the world. With these great advantages placed within easy reach, the producers in Mexico of grain and stock have a guarantee of ready sale at good prices for all they can produce.

Inquiry was made in Liverpool about the possibilities of the Mexi- can live-animal trade with England, and it was found that the initial difficulty is the small size of the Mexican cattle, as cattle weighing 1 200 pounds are considered small by the trade there, and from 900 to 1000 pounds is therefore extremely small. The smallest Texan cattle ever imported in Liverpool averaged 1226 pounds.

The best Mexican steers can be made to weigh 1200 pounds if well fattened. The difference in cost of transportation on account of lighter weight is but small in proportion to the cheapness of Mexican cattle. Cattle breeders in Mexico, on the whole, have not advanced much in developing good breeds of cattle. They do not appreciate their value, nor would they pay one-half their actual cost, though they can be had from the United States at half of what they would cost from Europe. Herefords are the best breed. I am sure that the rail- roads will do all they can to encourage that industry by charging as low rates as possible, as they would thus develop an industry which in the course of time would become very profitable to them.

A great need of Mexico is a reliable supply of good and healthy water through artificial means, well distributed over the stock ranges to prevent the great loss by death through lack of water, as well as the heavy shrinkage of meat and tallow, by so much unnecessary travelling of stock to water. They cannot grow fairly, much less fat- ten, and over one-half the annual increase die of exhaustion, while the value of the stock lost in one year would supply permanent water at convenient distances and prevent three-fourths of the loss and shrink- age now sustained. It has been amply proved that stock water can be secured under the most unfavorable conditions.

It would be to the advantage of the breeder to import some Eng- lish short-horn bulls, with the object of breeding larger cattle, so as to make profitable the export of cattle to England, as animals should weigh from 1200 to 1300 pounds. This has been done in Texas and in the Argentine with beneficial results, and the improvement in the cattle from the latter place has been most marked during the last five years. With the proper attention, the same good results could be achieved in Mexico.

The English steamers that bring a large quantity of merchandise

s 8 Oeoarapbfcal IRotes on dDejico.

to Mexican ports have trouble in even securing ballast to get out of those ports, and have to traverse the Gulf and United States coasts to secure loads for the return trip. Their owners are willing and ready to supply facilities for the exportation of live stock and frozen meats if assured of a sufficient traffic to justify them in the expense, for they pre- fer reloading direct for Europe to going elsewhere for freight. The time required to return direct from Mexican ports is but little more than from New York and Baltimore, and is sufficiently short to warrant good service in transportation of live stock, and the cost would prac- tically be the same as from United States ports. The United States is beginning to export beef and stock from Galveston to Europe, which is practically the same distance as from the Gulf ports of Mexico.

Mexico could export annually and easily after the next ten years 400,000 of fattened cattle, which would increase considerably the amount of our exports, and this trade would greatly assist the develop- ment of many other industries.

The desired result in question could be hastened by mixing good foreign labor with the native labor. The latter would be better fed, clothed, and educated, as well as encouraged, taught, and compelled to do better work, and thus the country's physical and mental welfare would be greatly promoted.

Sheep. — The same conditions apply to the sheep and wool industry. It is a great mistake for the Mexican sheep-owners to raise a class of sheep that yield each only from one to two and one-half pounds of very coarse and inferior wool, annually, while they themselves wear goods manufactured from foreign wools, and the domestic-cloth manu- facturers are also under the necessity of importing largely of fine wools. Mexico possesses natural resources for producing all the wools of every grade that she needs, with a large quantity over for export, not to speak of choice grain -fed mutton for domestic and foreign consumption.

The custom of killing so much poor stock is a terrible waste of re- sources, as one well-fattened animal will render twice as much as a thin or poor one.

Products of Cold and Temperate Regions. — I will not speak of the products of the cold and temperate regions of Mexico, such as Indian corn, wheat, oats, barley, and others, because their cultivation is well understood in the United States, and I could say here nothing new to the American reader, but will only state that they all grow very well in the proper regions of Mexico.

FRUITS.

We produce in Mexico a great many tropical fruits that are not sent to the United States because there is no market for them for the reason that they are not known here. Some of them are delicious,

ffrufts. 59

and with the facilities of communication, I have no doubt that they will become known and a taste will be developed for them in this country. I will speak here only of such of our tropical fruits as come to the United States.

The advantage of tropical fruits growing in their proper zone and climate is immense, as the expense of planting and cultivating them outside of their proper limits is very great and there is always danger of their destruction.

Oranges. — Orange trees, like any other fruit trees, depend in Mexico on the rain, and, except in a private garden or private grounds, are not irrigated. While the orange tree is a hardy plant, it thrives best and yields the most luscious fruit in the tropics. Elevation exceeding 2500 feet is not, as a rule, desirable for orange culture.

The advantages of irrigation in orange culture are great in the sub- tropical regions of Mexico. The fruit of the irrigated orange tree is of a very superior quality, while the tree itself has a longer lease of life and is less subject to attacks from insects and diseases of a fungoid nature. One of the conditions primarily requisite to the growing of a marketable orange is that the trees be watered at judiciously regulated intervals during and for a short time after the blossoming season. At- tacks from insect and fungoidal pests, which are most disastrous, and to which the trees are peculiarly subject during the blossoming period, are rendered even more dangerous by the prevalence of a considerable amount of humidity in the atmosphere which is always conducive to the development of parasitic germs or fungoidal spores. An abund- ance of moisture in the ground but a comparatively small amount in the air is the condition most to be desired during and just after the blossoming season. This is to be had by irrigation, but, generally speaking, not without it. Under irrigation, the soil is also much less subject to deterioration, owing to the superior fertilizing properties of water taken from wells and streams. Rain water, aside from contain- ing a small percentage of ammonia, which it receives from the air, only acts as a medium to transmit the nutriment from the soil to the tree, while water taken from wells or streams holds in solution the renewing materials which are directly communicated to the plant proper.

In the more elevated orange districts of Mexico, the trees should be watered about once every twenty days during the dry season.

In some places our oranges are as sweet as if they had been preserved in sugar, and this, notwithstanding the fact that no attention is paid to their cultivation, that they grow almost wild, and without irrigation.

I think that the distillation of orange blossoms would prove very profitable. The production of flowers per tree is given at from 22 to 55 pounds in the case of sweet oranges, and from 60 to 100 pounds per tree from the bitter variety.

60 Oeograpbical notes on flDejico.

In flavor and productiveness the Mexican orange is unsurpassed. In the majority of the districts but little care or attention is given to the cultivation of the trees. Scientific orange culture in Mexico is practically unknown. The introduction from other countries of dif- ferent varieties of the plant for experimental purposes is just being commenced.

The price of oranges in Mexico at the present time, in districts reasonably near lines of transportation, is about $11 per thousand, Mexican money, on the tree. It is the practice of the producer to sell the fruit on the trees, the buyer picking, packing, and shipping it at his own expense.

About one hundred trees are usually set out to the acre, the average yield being from 800 to 1000 oranges to the tree. I know of trees in Mexico which have a record of having produced 10,000 oranges. This, however, is very exceptional.

A properly cultivated and prudently managed grove at the end of five years' growth should prove as profitably as a coffee plantation of the same size, at the end of five years.

The production of the orange trees begins in the third or fourth year and increases up to the twelfth, and, in some cases, to the fifteenth or sixteenth year. It is considered best to cut the fruit up to the fifth year, not permitting it to mature.

A book prepared by Frederico Atristain, entitled Cultivo y explota- -cion de Naranja, and published by the Department of Fomento of the Mexican Government, contains a great deal of reliable information on the subject of orange culture in Mexico.

After an orange tree has been yielding sweet oranges for many years, it very likely exhausts the substances of the earth which give the sweet taste to the fruit, and it begins to lose its sweetness, until finally, if the land is not manured, as is almost always the case in Mexico, the oranges become bitter.

A recent cyclone, which lowered considerably the temperature in Florida, destroyed in one day, I understand, about 12,000,000 orange trees, thus causing ruin or serious loss to thousands of men engaged in that large industry, while the orange region in Mexico is entirely free from frosts and consequently from such dangers.

Lemons. — In the hot and temperate regions of Mexico lemons grow very well. There are some districts of the country, like Soconusco, where the natives plant the lemon trees very close together, for the purpose of making a hedge or fence, and, notwithstanding that the trees have not the necessary conditions of sunlight and air for their proper development, they grow very well. I do not know of any place in Mexico where lemons have been cultivated for commercial purposes ; but I am sure they could be made a very lucrative industry.

ffruits* 6 1

Limes and Shaddocks. — Lime trees prosper very well in Mexico, bearing large amounts of delicious fruit. I have not seen in the United States any of our limes, at least such as are imported here are not like ours, and I have no doubt that if known our limes would find a good market in this country. The lime should not be planted at an altitude exceeding 1000 feet. We grow also a very large kind of shaddock, which we call " toronja," and which is not imported in this country, but which if known here would find a good demand. It grows very luxuriantly and attains at times a very large size, even eight inches in diameter, having a very thick peel.

Bananas. — The banana thrives anywhere from the sea-level to an elevation of 5000 feet, and is one of the many Mexican fruits which yield to the planter an immense profit. The whole Mexican coast produces the banana spontaneously and in very great abundance. On the lands near the sea, at an elevation of 600 to 700 feet, large planta- tions of bananas can be started at a cost of five cents per plant, in- cluding all expenses. At the end of the first year, the plants begin to bear, and 1000 plants, which have cost $50, will produce $1000 as a minimum. The following year the yield is double that amount, and almost without expense. At the end of one year, the plant produces one bunch which is worth in the United States from 75 cents to $i gold, the cost to the farmer being not more than 25 cents per bunch in Mexican currency. After the first year, the sprouts from the old plant grow up and give double the first year's yield.

There is perhaps no tropical plant easier of cultivation than the banana. The suckers having been planted out at the commencement of the rainy season, they will grow vigorously, and produce fruit in about a year. The land must be kept free from weeds, and an oc- casional turning up of the soil will prove beneficial. Before the plant throws out its flowering stem, suckers will make their appearance above the ground, and these will require careful attention. While the plant is young, all the suckers except one should be cut away, the best plan being to sever them with a sharp spade. Thus all the vigor of the plant is thrown into the fruiting of the first stem, and the growth of the one to supplant it, and, in this way, fine large bunches can be reckoned on. The second stem usually produces a finer bunch of fruit than the first, but, as the land becomes exhausted, the bunches of course decrease in size, and this shows the necessity for manure in some form or other.

Bananas are used extensively as shade for young coffee and cocoa trees, and in places where an export banana trade has been established, the formation of a cocoa plantation is a very inexpensive matter, as the return in fruit from the bananas will pay for the cultivation of the cocoa until the trees are able to give a small crop.

62 Geoarapbical notes on

The important feature, and the one upon which the success and profit of the industry depend largely, is that of cheap and certain trans- portation facilities. That requisite is easily obtainable ; for instance, there are extensive and cheap lands for sale along the Tampico branch of the Mexican Central Railroad, from which the fruit can be shipped either all by rail, or by rail to Tampico, and thence by boat.

We have many kinds of bananas in Mexico, of different sizes, colors, and flavors, ranging in length from two to eighteen inches, and from one-half of an inch to three inches in diameter. The largest, which in some places are thought unfit for food, are in others, like So- conusco, considered the best ; very likely on account of their different quality. When roasted the latter are very juicy, and taste exactly as if they had been preserved in sugar. Some people on the coast live al- most entirely on bananas, this fruit forming their principal food. The banana is likewise a tropical plant, and thrives best on the lowlands.

Pineapple. — The Toltecs and Aztecs knew how to cultivate the pine- apple, and when the Spaniards conquered Mexico, they found the fruit in the markets of the towns on their way from Veracruz to the great Tenochtitlan. " From time immemorial," Sir Henry Bering says, " the pineapple has been cultivated in Amatlan, a town five miles south of Cordoba, from where the ancient Mexicans used to get their main supply." Now it is grown in tropical Hidalgo, Puebla, Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Morelos, Guerrero, Michoacan, Colima, Jalisco, and Tepic. " Besides the fruit being very delicious and whole- some," Sir Henry Bering says, " a fine wine and vinegar are made of the juice. The leaf furnishes a fibre of extraordinary strength and fineness, making it even more valuable than the fruit. The fibre is made into ropes, cables, binding twine, thread, mats, bagging, ham- mocks, and paper. A pineapple rope three and a half inches thick can support nearly three tons. A textile fabric as fine and beautiful as silk is made of this fibre too. It is believed that the fine cloth of various colors used by the upper classes among the Aztecs was made of the pineapple fibre. The modern Mexicans do not manufacture it much now, except in the Isthmus, where the Zapotec Indians still make a cloth from it and from wild silk. One cause for its disuse is the slow and wasteful manner in which it is separated." Pineapples will grow at elevations of from 2000 to 3000 feet above the level of the sea, but the best and most delicate fruit is produced on the lowlands.

Cocoa-Nut. — We have in our lowlands near the sea many kinds of palms called corozo, bearing different kinds of fruit, growing in large bunches and the fruit very abundant, being in the shape of a small egg, very rich in oils, and making also a very good food, although it is hardly used now for any purpose. The palm tree bearing the cocoa-nut grows, of course, very luxuriantly, and does not require any care after

jflowers. 6$

it is once planted. The cocoa-nut prefers the sea-coast and high tem- perature. The saline breezes from the sea are very beneficial to it, I have not seen in Mexico the species of palm bearing the date, perhaps because it has not been planted there ; but I am sure that we could raise it, as we have several sections with a climate similar to that of Egypt and Asia Minor, where the date palm grows so well.

Mangos. — The mango is a very fine fruit, but requires a cultivated taste, and is generally disliked the first time it is eaten. It has a very large bone, although that is not the case in fine qualities, called Manilla mango, which has a very thin one and a great deal of pulp. The mango occasionally comes to the United States, but being a very frail fruit, has to be taken from the tree when very green. It does not ripen well, and, if taken when beginning to ripen, it reaches its desti- nation in a decayed condition.

Alligator Pear. — The alligator pear is one of the most delicious fruits that we raise in Mexico, and is properly called vegetable butter, being a good substitute for butter. It is not eaten by itself ; the most usual way to eat it is in salad. We have several kinds and sizes of this fruit. The seed of the alligator pear is oval-shaped and quite large, about 4 inches in length by \\ in diameter, and of some oily substance, which, I have no doubt, has some good medicinal properties.

Mamey. — The same is the case with the seed of the mamey, a fruit unknown in the United States, having a red pulp, and a very large seed covered with a thin shell. The Indian women extract an oil from that seed and use it for their hair, and I think it must have many more useful medicinal properties.

A great many other of our fruits have seeds containing substances which I have no doubt will be found, when analyzed, to be very valua- ble to therapeutics.

Zapote. — The zapote is one of our tropical fruits which does not come to this country. I have just heard that the seeds of the zapote have recently been found by a Mexican doctor to be a very good nar- cotic, which does not produce the ill effects of the drugs now in use.

Papaya. — This fruit, which grows in our hot lands resembles the melon in shape, pulp, and seeds, but its color is of a yellowish-red. It was considered a very common fruit, but recently it was found to be a powerful digestive, and it is already used in Europe as a medicine under the name of Papaine.

Flowers.

Mexico is a favored country for flowers. They grow wild in a great many places, and they can be raised at very little cost, as there is no need of hot-houses or any other expensive appliance to cultivate them. The Indians in the small towns around the City of Mexico

64 Geograpbical notes on /IDejico.

make a business of raising flowers, and they sell handsome bouquets, as artistically made as any in this country, for a mere trifle. A bouquet which, for instance, in New York would cost $5 in winter, could be had in the City of Mexico all the year round for 25 cents ; and I look forward to the time when flowers will be exported in large quantities from Mexico to the United States if the protective policy of the country does not interfere.

IRRIGATION.

At the time of the Spanish invasion of Mexico, the Indians in those parts of the country where the population was greatest were dependent upon irrigation for a large part of their cereals, and for cotton, which played so important a part in their economy. As the same method had been employed from time immemorial in Spain, it followed that on the partition of the soil among the Spanish conquerors, irrigation became an important factor in their agriculture ; but with expansion of popu- lation large tracts of land have come to depend entirely upon the rain.

In recent years Mexican agriculture has depended almost altogether on the rainfall, except in a few places well supplied with water, and where irrigation is both cheap and easy ; but the inhabited portions of the country have been depleted of their timber by the natives for the purpose of using the wood for fuel or lumber. In more recent years, the building of railroads has increased considerably the demand for wood both for sleepers and for fuel for locomotives, and the consequence is that a great change is taking place in the climatic conditions of the country and that fuel is exceedingly high. In no other country is there so much timber — a good deal of it not yet full grown — consumed an- nually as in Mexico. The consumption of timber for railroad purposes alone, not to mention that used in mines, smelters, and as fuel in cities and towns, is incalculable.

Competent authority in Mexico, among whom is the Inspector of Manufactories, created for the purpose of insuring the collection of the internal-revenue tax, considers that only in the Federal District of Mexico the consumption of wood exceeds 4000 English cords daily, used as fuel in the factories, railroads, and other plants of that city.

The consumption of charcoal by private families in the old-style open cooking grates is at least 500,000 pounds in the Federal District of Mexico, which is equivalent to 2,500,000 pounds of wood taken from the scanty forests of the central plateau, and that consumption would be very much reduced if, instead of those old-fashioned grates, iron cooking stoves should be used ; and to encourage their use, when I was last in the Treasury Department of Mexico, I was instrumental in re- ducing considerably the duties on the same.

Another cause of the destruction of the forest in Mexico consists

UrriQation. 65

in the primitive way in which the Indians raise their crops. They own in common a large tract of land, and they begin to till near their towns, commencing by destroying the forests and planting every year in a dif- ferent locality, because, more especially in the lowlands, the vegetation springs up so rank after the first year's crop that it is very difficult to keep the ground clear of weeds. In this way they clear new land every year, going farther and farther from their town, until sometimes their crops are raised at a distance of as much as thirty or forty miles from their homes. The natural result is the destruction of the forests around the towns and at some considerable distance from the same, and con- sequently the diminution of the rainfall. I was greatly struck, on my last visit to Mexico, in 1896, by the scantiness of water at an Indian town called San Bernardino, in the sierra district, about five miles north of Teotitlan, the county seat of the district, which I had visited in November, 1855, and found then exceedingly abundant in rainfall and consequently in water, as well as all the mountains north of that place, which extend for about eighty miles to the lowlands on the Gulf of Mexico. On my recent visit, however, I found a great scarcity of water : a small stream of probably not more than one-half an inch in diameter, carried in very primitive wooden troughs, was all the water the town had, and that only during the rainy season, the people being obliged to go a considerable distance for water in the dry season ; this being only one illustration of what the destruction of the woods is doing in Mexico.

The city of Oaxaca, at the foot of the Sierra, used to be, in my young days, very well supplied with water, using for that purpose several streams coming from the mountains ; but during the last dry season the scarcity of water has been such as to cause a real water famine.

The diminution of the rains, together with other atmospheric phe- nomena, which takes place from time to time, produces in some years drought that prevents the crops from being raised ; as the country pro- duces at present only the corn necessary for its consumption, which cannot be kept from year to year on account of its being eaten by in- sects. This diminution was very disastrous before the railroad era, caus- ing serious famines. Since the railways were built, we import in such years corn from the United States, spending several millions of dollars in providing ourselves with that staple. All that will be changed, and we shall be able to produce cereals enough not only for home consump- tion, but even for export, when we begin to use irrigation. The con- figuration of the country allows dams that will retain sufficient water both for irrigation and manufacturing purposes, to be built at compara- tively little expense.

Large tracts of land in Western Asia, Northern Africa, and South- ern Europe — countries which, according to historians, were once densely

VOL. I — 5

66 (Beograpbical notes on flDejico.

populated and gardens of the world — are now uninhabited and barren wildernesses ; and this has been brought about by the wholesale de- struction of the forests and the absence of any law to protect them and provide for their replanting. In the United States it has been seen that not only does the decrease of the forest area lessen the rainfall, but also the fall of snow in the winter months, the consequence being a marked decrease in the supply of water for irrigation purposes from the streams and rivers dependent for their supply on the snowy moun- tain tops.

Along the Mississippi River it is a common observation of the river pilots and old steamship hands that the summers are becoming more and more dry and the streams smaller, and that the big river itself has shown a marked decrease of " navigability " every year during the past twenty years. All this is caused by the indiscriminate chopping down of the forests at the head of the principal tributaries of the big river. Statistics from Russia, Germany, Spain, Italy, Palestine, Australia, and India all prove beyond a doubt that the protection of the forests is a matter of vital importance.

Mexico is not only suffering from an annual decrease in rainfall, owing to the continual decrease in the timber-bearing area, the rainfall being more and more unequal every year during the past twenty years but the winters are becoming more and more severe, and the frosts are reaching farther and farther south each year. This is undoubtedly due to the wholesale destruction of timber now going on throughout that Republic.

The Government can cope with this matter only by legislation, and having before it the example of the rest of the world, the Mexican Gov- ernment should act without delay and in a manner that would benefit, not only the present, but also future generations ; and I understand it has been studying the advisability of prohibiting the use of wood for the locomotives and sleepers. Experience has shown that in tropical coun- tries iron sleepers last much longer, and are, on the whole, cheaper than wooden ones, and our supply of coal will soon be ample enough to furnish all the fuel necessary for the railway and mining industries.

One of the most profitable investments for capital in the near future will undoubtedly be the construction of reservoirs in the mountains,, dams in the rivers, artesian-well boring, the erection of pumping ma- chinery on a large scale, together with the introduction of modern devices and appliances that will facilitate the successful cultivation of the soil and assure crops of all descriptions in all parts of the country where it has been proved that irrigation must be resorted to. Not only are these requirements essential for the conservation of water for irriga- tion purposes, but many large cities throughout the Republic are with- out any certain water supply ; and many that have a sufficient supply

flrriaatton. 67

show by their death-rates that that supply is bad, and during the greater part of the year is the cause of wide-spread disease.

Again, much is to be gained by the use of these waters for the gen- erating of power for the use of factories, mines, electric lighting, rail- ways, and street cars, even should one hundred miles or more intervene between the generating plant and the machinery it is proposed to apply to it.

It seems marvellous that the Mexico of to-day — presenting, as it does, more natural resources, a greater variety of climate, cheaper labor, and better facilities for the construction of dams, reservoirs, canals, etc., than almost any other country — should be so far behind the times in a matter that has become an absolute necessity before the greater portion of its area can be thoroughly populated. The great increase in value of a piece of land after it is irrigated ought to be in- ducement enough for capital to be invested in such works. Compe- tent engineers contend that Mexico, owing to its topographical and geological features, will be found to present most favorable conditions for the construction of reservoirs, dams, gravitation canals, the erection of pumping plants driven by wind, steam, gasoline, electricity, or even water power, and also for the cutting off and bringing to the surface of the underflowing waters, which are known to exist in greater abun- dance there than elsewhere on the face of the globe, as nature has been very prodigal to it in these respects.

Irrigation in arid countries is the corner-stone of civilization, and, to make a country self-sustaining, agriculture should be the first aim of its inhabitants. Agriculture must come first ; manufacturing and mining cannot thrive until the food supply is forthcoming.

With the extension of railway lines and the notable impulse given to agricultural enterprise within the last twenty years, Mexican land- owners have improved more and more upon the earlier methods, and have, to an increasing extent, applied the principles of engineering science to the methodical cultivation of the large tracts into which their holdings are usually divided.

The Nazas Irrigation. — Some notice of an irrigation enterprise in Mexico will show how much we are now doing in this line.

The great plan of northern Mexico embraces nearly the whole of the States of Chihuahua and Coahuila, being bounded east and west by the sierras of the Pacific and Gulf coasts respectively. It consists of two watersheds, — that of the Rio Grande to the north, and the the so-called desert of the Bolson of Mapimi in the south. It is about four hundred miles wide by six hundred long, and maintains a general level of about four thousand feet above the sea, although much broken by local mountain ranges. The Bolson of Mapimi has much the same formation as the basin of the Great Salt Lake.

68 0eo0rapbical notes on flDejico.

It receives the drainage of all the eastern slopes of the Durango sierras and the western slopes of the Coahuila ranges, but possesses no outlet. As a consequence, throughout its whole area, the rivers run into broad, shallow lakes, whence the waters are gradually lost by evaporation during the dry season. Of these rivers, the largest is the Nazas, which has a course of nearly three hundred miles from its source to where it is dispersed over the shallows, called on modern maps Lake Mayran. Sixty or seventy years ago the Nazas discharged its waters into a series of extensive lagoons, occupying what is now the fertile Laguna district of Durango and Coahuila.

At that time a phenomenal and long-continued rainfall so over- charged the, then, bed of the Nazas as to cause it to open a new course, and leave the Cayman lagoons thirty miles on one side. In the course of years these lagoons were converted into a mesquite wil- derness, almost dead level, and composed of a deposit of the finest detritus, of unknown depth. The central depression of this lake-bed filled a broad valley running north and south, and surrounded by a parallelogram of mountains. The area thus comprised was about two hundred and ten square miles of pure vegetable loam, locally known as the Lake of Tlahualilo. This cuenca, or bowl, was the spot chosen about six years ago for the establishment of the great irrigation enterprise.

The problems involved called for courage and high administrative qualities, as well as technical engineering knowledge. It had early developed that the lands left dry by the changed course of the river were of extraordinary fertility, and half a century ago these tracts, immediately adjacent to the river, had been taken up and brought under irrigation after the rough methods then practised. The result was that, by 1890, about 250,000 acres of this land were under ditch, and the region was producing the greatest part of the cotton grown in Mexico, as well as heavy crops of corn and wheat. The Tlahualilo basin was known to be the richest portion of this district, but the thirty miles of sun-baked desert separating it from the present course of the river presented an obstacle to utilization which proved too formidable for the cultivators of the Laguna country. In 1889 a project was formulated for carrying a ditch across the intervening desert to the head of the Tlahualilo cuenca, and converting the whole of the latter area into a huge hacienda.

Preliminary survey showed that the lowest level of the basin to be irrigated was about 100 feet below the point on the river Nazas which it was proposed to dam ; that the main canal, on account of topographical conditions, would require a development of 39 miles ; and that the slope of the lands within the basin was such that about 175 square miles out of the 210 composing the basin could be advan- tageously irrigated. A company was formed to undertake the work.

Irrigation, 69

A dam of piles and riprap was thrown across the river at a point where it is about 1500 feet wide at flood. From this dam the line of the main canal was traced to the entrance of the Tlahualilo, — a distance of 39 miles. The canal terminated in a distributing tank at the en- trance to the irrigable area, whence it bifurcated, one arm being car- ried along the western side of the basin.

The rainfall in the Bolson of Mapimi is confined to a few days of heavy showers about the beginning of June and the beginning of De- cember. But up in the mountains of Durango, where the Nazas takes its rise, the rainfall at the same season is very heavy and protracted, resulting in high water in the river, which lasts for several weeks at a time. It is during these freshets that the cultivated lands in the Nazas district are irrigated. For the rest of the year they receive no water, except from occasional brief showers. In the Tlahualilo basin, a week or ten days of irrigation is all that is needed in the course of a year, the water soaking easily and quickly through the almost impalpable silt, and the hot sun forming a protecting crust which checks evapora- tion, and retains the moisture in the subsoil for a surprisingly long time. In fact, owing to their long roots, the cotton plants strictly re- quire irrigation only once every other year, but corn and wheat, of course, must receive it at each planting. The distribution of the waters is regulated by government schedule, each property on the river being allotted its proportion of water, according to priority of settlement. Each canal on the river is permitted to take as many irri- gations as it desires during the season of high waters, but in strict rotation. That is, after a property has taken one quota, it cannot re- peat the process until all the others have taken theirs, when its second quota is available. Where another property, as often happens, does not care to use all the water to which it is entitled, its further allot- ments may be used by its neighbor. The waters, on leaving the river, are heavily charged with sediment largely volcanic in its origin, and this is deposited on the lands at each flooding in the shape of extremely fine mud.

Six years of experience with this property demonstrates the fact that irrigation, when applied to fertile land under a carefully planned and thoroughly executed system, where the water supply is owned by the user, puts agriculture among the least dubious of industries. The system adopted by the Tlahualilo Company is especially worthy of atten- tion, because of the notable unity of plan pursued from the inception of the enterprise to its fullest development, and of its resultant econo- mies. It was on this property that a disastrous experiment of colo- nization from Alabama took place in the year 1896, when hundreds of negroes were taken from Alabama and other points of the southern portion of the United States under the supposition that they could

70 0eo0rapbical iflotes on flDejico.

withstand the down-pour of the tropical sun of Mexico, and by their knowledge of the cultivation of cotton succeed in carrying out the purpose of the men who undertook the enterprise. Unused to food conditions in Mexico, especially for want of bacon and corn bread, they were infested with sickness, which caused great mortality among them, and frightened and demoralized they fled from Tlahualilo, this experiment showing very plainly that Mexican planters cannot rely for labor on the colored people of the United States.

The production of cotton and corn in the vicinity of Torreon can be increased eightfold by building reservoirs in the Nazas River and its tributary canons, to hold the water back for the irrigation of the vast area of fine cotton and corn lands that are yet unproductive, simply through the non-retention of the great amount of water flowing to the sea, unused, annually, and the same result could be obtained by doing the same thing with many other rivers in Mexico. With one- fourth of the water now needed to produce a good crop, the same amount of grain can be produced by good cultivation. The reason is that by the methods now in vogue in most parts of the country, so little soil is loosened, by the plow that nearly all the water runs off, where rain is relied on, and only with a great amount of rain can a crop be raised. When irrigation is used, the water required to keep the hard ground moist is entirely in excess of the reservoir, rain, and river sup- plies. This is the reason of the short grain supply and of the necessity for importing during years of drought large quantities of corn. If the ground were plowed deep and well, it would absorb most of the rainfall and create sufficient surface moisture to meet the moisture from below, which would counteract the dry action of the atmosphere on the soil and roots of the grain, which, by its luxuriant growth, would soon shade the ground, and thus contribute still further to the retention of moisture.

The fact is, taking Mexico as a whole, that there is not a year so dry but that with good cultivation, sufficient grain can be raised to supply domestic demands, while all the excess above that quantity in favorable seasons should be used as feed for stock, which would supply the large quantities of lard, tallow, hard-oil, etc., now being imported, and would leave a large amount for export, together with a consider- able quantity of meat for the same purpose, thus helping to cover the balance of foreign trade and keeping our silver dollars in the hands of the farmers and stockmen, to improve and increase their lands, herds, and flocks.

FAUNA.

The present Mexican fauna belongs, like its flora, to the North American zone, so far as regards the plateau regions, and to the An- tilles in respect to the coast lands round the Gulf, while that of the

jfauna. 71

Pacific seaboard is intermediate between the Californian and South American. In the general aspect of its terrestrial animals, Mexico is connected more with the United States, whereas in its marine forms the reverse movement has taken place. Thus the prevailing species in the Gulf of Mexico as far as Tamaulipas and Texas, and the Pacific coast northwards to Sonora and Lower California, have migrated from South America. The species in the two oceanic basins differ almost completely ; and, despite the proximity of the Pacific and Atlantic shores, their shells are quite distinct.

The fauna includes three species of large felidae, the puma or American lion, jaguar, and ocelot ; among the smaller is the wildcat. Wolves are common in the northern States, and also the coyote ; be- sides which there are bears, wild boars, and bisons. A species of sloth is found in the southern forests, with five varieties of monkeys. Of the other wild animals the principal are hares, rabbits, squirrels, two or three kinds of deer, beavers, moles, martens, and otters.

All the domestic animals introduced by the early Spanish settlers have multiplied prodigiously. The horses, though small, retain the spirit and graceful form of the Andalusian or Arabian stock, from which they mainly sprang.

The waters of the estuaries and coast streams teem with fishes, all the numerous varieties of which differ on the two oceanic slopes, but still present a certain analogy in their general distribution. Turtles are taken in considerable numbers on the coast, and the carey, or turtle-shell, of Yucatan and Guerrero is the object of a trade valued at $20,000 yearly.

The ophidians are represented by a few boas in the southern forests, and several species of snakes, some extremely venomous, as the rattle and coral snakes. The largest lizard is the iguana, whose flesh is by some of the natives used as food. Noxious insects infest the hot regions in myriads ; alacranes, or scorpions, in two different varieties, are everywhere feared, and many children were every year killed by their sting in the city of Durango before the proper antidote was found and used. Scolopendras, gigantic spiders, tarantulas, and mos- quitoes abound.

Bees are numerous and their wax is an article of export, and the silkworm, though comparatively neglected, yields an annual profit of some importance. The birds of prey are eagles, hawks, and zopilotes, or turkey-buzzards, the scavengers of the coast towns, with three or four species of owls. Domestic fowl are extremely abundant. The parrots, humming-birds, trogons, and so forth, vie in richness of plumage with those of Brazil, and the Mexican songsters, the prince of which is the zenzontle, or mocking-bird, are unequalled by those of any other country.

72 Oeoarapbical notes on flDejico.

Of all the Mexican fauna, two only have been domesticated : the huahulotl (Meleagris Mexicana), which is a species of duck, and the turkey, introduced into Europe by the Spaniards from the West Indies, hence by the French called " coq d'Inde." The techichi, an edible dumb dog, was soon exterminated when taxed by the Spanish authori- ties. The other farmyard animals have all been introduced into Mex- ico by the conquerors.

In the Gulf of California, and especially near La Paz, and the neigh- boring archipelagoes, extensive beds of pearl oysters are fished. Some other islands in the same gulf are frequented by myriads of various species of aquatic birds, and have already yielded many hundred car- goes of guano.

It is noteworthy that the Pacific islands, lying at some distance from the coast, have all a fauna different from that of the mainland. Thus the little Tres Marias group, about sixty miles off the coast of Jalisco, has a special species of humming-bird. The Revillagigedo Archipelago also forms a separate zoological zone, and the island of Guadalupe, over one hundred and fifty miles distant from Lower Cali- fornia, has eleven species of land birds, every one of which differs from the corresponding species on the adjacent continent.

ETHNOLOGY.

Mexico is inhabited by native Indians found there during the Span- ish conquest, by descendants of the conquerors of Mexico and other European races, and by a mixture of the two. There are so few in- habitants of African descent that it is hardly worth while speaking of them. The proportion of this population is about as follows : Of Eu- ropean descent, 19 per cent. ; native Indians, 43 per cent. ; mixed races, 38 per cent.

Mexican Indians. — The native Indians found by the Spaniards be- long to several nations and tribes, having different features and entirely distinct languages. The principal of these tribes are the following, some of which are now extinct :

Otomi, Apache, Tarahumara,

Chichimec, Irritilas, Tepehuan,

Huaxtec, Tamaulioecs, Sabaibos,

Totonac, Zacotec, Acaxee,

Mixtec, Huastec, Xixime,

Zapotec, Zoque", Concho,

Mahuas, Opata, Manosprietas,

Toltec, Guaicuri, Comanche,

Olmecs, Yaqui, Cuachichils,

Xicalancs, Mayo, Tarascos,

Tula, Seri, Mixe".

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These tribes have been classified in the following families :

Mexican Family ; Totonaca Family ;

Sonorense Opata-Pima Family ; Mixteco-Zapoteca Family ;

Guaicura y Cochimi Laimon Fam- Matlalzinga 6 Pirinda Family ;

ily ; Maya-Quiche Family ;

Seri Family ; Chontal Family :

Tarasco Family ; Huave Family ;

Zoque-Mixe Family ; Apache Family ;

Otomi Family.

There is a great deal of similarity between the Mexican Indians and the Malay Asiatic races — especially the Japanese branch — which gives foundation to the idea that the aborigines of Mexico originally came from Asia, or vice versa.1 Their intensely black hair and eyes, their brown or yellow color, their small stature and the slight obliquity

1 The following extracts from the San Francisco, Cal., Bulletin of June 7, 1897, confirm my views on the subject :

" Information is received from Australia concerning the reports of F. W. Christian of the Polynesian Society, who has returned to Sydney after an extended tour of the islands of the South Seas, the Caroline group especially, where he has been on a suc- cessful search for ethnological specimens. These reports are of great importance to the scientific world and are said to let much light on a vexed question which has puzzled the most learned savants for years. Mr. Christian has discovered extensive traces of the Chinese and Japanese in the islands of the Pacific, and claims to have discovered evi- dence pointing to the existence of a civilization of nearly two thousand years ago, which is linked with the ancient civilization in Central America, and will probably explain the origin of the Aztec races.

" Under the auspices of the Polynesian Society, according to advices from Sydney, •via Honolulu, received per Coptic yesterday, Mr. Christian worked. The gentleman spent nearly two years looking for traces of the Chinese in the islands, and was lucky enough to find ancient records, specimens of handiwork and weapons which proved that Asiatic races were extensive traders among the South Sea group thousands of years ago. Evidence of a very decisive nature was secured which shows that a large trade was carried on via the islands of the Caroline group, between China and Central Am- erica, and that the ancient Chinese were more inclined to emigrate than their latter-day brethren and colonized extensively.

" Extensive inquiries were made as to the traditions of the islanders, and many discoveries were made concerning the early history of the Malays with regard to naviga- tion, all proving that the Torres strait's route to the Pacific was not taken, but that voyages were made to many of the Caroline islands.

" The coincidence is a strange one that a despatch from Hermosillo, Mexico, dated June 6th, reports that a rock recently discovered in the mountains of Magdalena dis- trict, State of Sonora, which is covered with Chinese inscriptions, has just been visited by Sen Yup, a well-educated Chinese of Guaymas. He says the inscriptions are Chi- nese, but are somewhat indistinct. He made a copy of them, and has translated enough of the lines to show that the writing was probably inscribed on the rock at least two thousand years ago."

74 Oeoarapbical IRotes on /IDejico.

of their eyes, are features common to the Mexican Indians and the Japanese. When I first came to Washington, at the end of 1859, not having been out of Mexico before, I retained very vivid recollections of the Mexican Indians, with whom I had been somewhat closely asso- ciated ; and shortly afterwards the first Japanese Embassy came to this country and was received in a very solemn manner by Mr. Buchanan, then President of the United States. The Embassy consisted of about forty persons altogether, comprising ministers, secretaries, interpret- ers, servants, etc., and were dressed in their national gala costumes, not having yet adopted the European one. The Diplomatic Corps having been invited to the reception, I attended as a member of the same, and was greatly struck by the remarkable similarity which I found between the Japanese members of the Embassy and the Mexican In- dians, whom I had just left. It seemed to me that had I collected at random forty Mexican Indians and dressed them in the same gorgeous costumes that the Japanese wore, nobody could have detected the difference.

Some of the Indian languages seem to me to resemble strongly the Oriental ones, though of course I cannot speak with authority, as I do not know any of those languages and have heard only the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean spoken ; but I am sure that if any educated and intelligent Chinese should go to Mexico and spend some time among the Indians, he would find traces in the language which would con- tribute greatly to clear up this problem. Mr. Tateno, a former Japanese Minister, who visited Mexico, found, during his short stay in that coun- try, several words that are used in Japan and that have the same mean- ing in both countries. I am aware that Senor Pimentel, a very learned philologist, who made a special study of the languages of the Mexican Indians, finds no similarity at all between them and the Chinese or other Oriental languages ; and that even the Otomi language, which is monosyllabic, he finds to have no similarity to the Chinese. But, notwithstanding that great authority, I believe that the aborigines of both continents, that is, Asiatic and American, were originally of the same race, and that there must be some relationship between their respective languages.

The Indians of the different tribes do not generally mix with one another, but intermarry among themselves, and this fact contributes largely to their physical decay, and makes very difficult, at least for some time to come, the complete assimilation of all the Mexican popu- lation.

The Mexican Indians are on the whole a hard-working, sober, moral, and enduring race, and when educated they produce very dis- tinguished men. Some of our most prominent public men in Mexico, like Juarez as a statesman, and Morelos as a soldier, were pure-blooded

75

Indians,1 and fortunately there is no prejudice against their race in Mexico, and so when they are educated they are accepted in marriage among the highest families of pure Spanish blood.3

I have been a great deal among them, and my knowledge of their characteristics only increases my sympathy and admiration for them. In the State of Oaxaca, for instance, where I spent the early years of my life, I have seen Indians from the mountain districts, who, when they had to go to the capital, especially to carry money, would form parties of eight or ten to make a ten days' round trip, carrying with them their food, which consists of roasted ground corn, which they take three times a day ; stopping at a brook to mix it with water, and

1 Sir William Kingston, President of the Surgery Section in the Second Pan- American Medical Congress, held at the City of Mexico in October, 1896, in an in- terview which was published by The Gazette of Montreal, Canada, of December 2, 1896, said, concerning his visit to Mexico, among other things :

" The pure-blooded Indian was seen on all sides. . . .

' ' The Spaniards would seem to have pursued the same course as was followed by the original French settlers, they did not shove aside the native Indians as useless lum- ber, to be gotten out of the way, as a distinguished Harvard professor puts it, but they treated them as people in possession of the soil, with whom it was not only right but proper to ally in marriage. I have always regarded our North American Indian as the best type of the aborigines in stature. I still believe he is, but not so in intellect. The broad, massive forehead of the native of Mexico, and his soft but prominent and intelligent eye, are evidences of mental power. . . ."

* I take from a spicy article published by Mr. Charles Dudley Warner, in Har- per's Magazine for June , 1896, the following description of the dress of the poorer classes in Mexico :

" Herbert Spencer might extend here his comments on the relation of color to sex. It is the theory that all the males of birds have gay plumage in order to make them attractive to the other sex, while the females go in sober colors. This is also supposed to hold true of barbarous nations. The men who dress at all, or use paint as a substitute, wear bright colors and more ornaments than the women, while the gen- tle sex is content to be inconspicuous. Needless to say that in what we call civiliza- tion, this rule is reversed. The men affect plain raiment, while the women vie with the tropical birds of the male gender. Tried by this test Mexico has not reached the civilization of the United States. The women of the lower orders are uniformly sober in apparel, and commonly wear drawn over the head a reboso in plain colors. The scant dress is usually brown or pale blue. It is the men who are resplendent, even the poorest and the beggars. The tall conical hats give to all of them an " operatic " dis- tinction ; the lower integuments may be white (originally) as also the shirt and the jacket ; or the man may have marvellous trousers, slit down the sides and flapping about so as to show his drawers, or sometimes, in the better class, fastened down with silver buttons ; but every man of them slings over his left shoulder or wraps about him, drawing it about his mouth on the least chill in the air, a brilliantly col- ored sarape, or blanket, frequently of bright red. Even if he appears in white cotton, he is apt to wear a red scarf round his waist; and if he is of a higher grade, he has the taste of a New York alderman for a cravat. This variety and intensity of color in the dress of the men gives great animation and picturesqueness to any crowd in the streets, and lights up all the dusty highways."

76 (Beoarapbical notes on flDejico.

sleeping on the bare ground, preferring always the open air ; getting up before daylight and starting on their journey at daybreak imme- diately after their early meal, speaking no Spanish and travelling about forty miles a day. When they reached the city of Oaxaca, they would remain there one or two days, and go back to their homes with- out taking part in any dissipation. They prefer to live in the high, cool localities, and they have their patch of ground to raise corn and a few vegetables in the hot lowlands, sometimes thirty miles away from their homes, and carry their crops on their backs for all that distance. They make very good soldiers, and military leaders have used them to great advantage during our revolutions.

Professor Starr's theory that we are all on this Continent assuming the type of the Indian, is, in a measure, true. It is nothing new, for it was already indicated by an English physician travelling in the British colonies before the United States were thought of.

The great task of the Mexican Government is to educate our Indians and make them active citizens, consumers, and producers, elevating their condition. Before we think of spending money to en- courage European immigration to Mexico, we ought to promote the education of our Indians, which I consider the principal public need of the country.

Increase of Mexican Population. — In the beginning of the century Baron Humboldt, who visited Mexico and studied very carefully the conditions of the country, thought that the Indian race, which was then very numerous, would continue to increase and would be the pre- ponderant race of Mexico, as far as numbers were concerned, as it showed a large proportion in a census made in 1810 by Don Fernando Navarro y Noriega, and which appears in Baron Humboldt's Political Essay of New Spain. According to that census the population of Mexico was then divided as follows :

European and American Spaniards 1,097,928

Indians 3,676,281

Mixed races or castes 1,338,706

Secular ecclesiastics 4,229

Regular ecclesiastics 3,112

Nuns 2,098

Total 6,122,354

Including among the Europeans the ecclesiastics and nuns, the population was, according to that census : —

Europeans 1,107,367 or 18 per cent.

Indians 3,676,281 " 60 '

Mixed races 1,338,706 " 22 " "

Total 6,122,354 " 100 " "

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In the census of 1875 the following results appear : —

European race and descen-

dants of the Spaniards ...... 1,899,031 or 20 per cent.

Mixed race .................. 4,082,918 " 43 " "

Native Indian race ........... 3,513,208 " 37 " "

Total 9,495,157 "100

The increase of population in the 65 years which elapsed between the two censuses mentioned, deducting from the census of 1810 the inhabitants of Texas, New Mexico, and Upper California, who had passed to the United States, numbering 58,338, was

Population of 1810 6,064,016

Census of 1875 9,495, 157

Increase of the population in the 65 years 3,431,141

From the preceding data it appears that the European race nearly doubled its population in the space of 65 years, and at the rate of i.i per cent, of increase per year ; that the mixed race trebled it at the rate of 3.25 ; and that the native race diminished it at the rate of 0.058 per cent, per annum.

Families in Mexico are generally very large, often having ten or fifteen children. I remember how much surprise it caused in Wash- ington, my stating in the presence of Senor Don Jacobo Blanco, the Mexican Commissioner in the late International Boundary Com- mission, who was recently here for a year finishing his office work and maps and preparing his report, that he was the twenty-fourth child in his family, his father having been twice married.

Decrease of the Indian Population. — It further appears that the In- dian population has been decreasing since the beginning of the present century, notwithstanding the fact that the Indian race on the whole is very prolific.

The causes of the decrease of the Indian population in Mexico are various ; bad nourishment, insufficient shelter from the inclemency of the weather, wretched attendance in sickness, and many others, some of which I shall mention here, having contributed toward the degener- ation and decline of the race.

The small-pox, owing to the carelessness or indolence of the par- ents in regard to vaccination, or their repugnance to it, causes deplor- able ravages in this race, more especially among the individuals that live at any considerable distance from the cities.

Indian women, even when far advanced in pregnancy, do not ab-

78 <5eo0rapbfcal Hotes on /IDejico.

stain from hard labor, and, without any care for their coming offspring, continue grinding their corn until the moment of parturition. Then, before the proper time for taking the child from the breast, it is fed with food unsuitable for its age and difficult of digestion, which occa- sions diarrhoea or other maladies that either cause its death or at least contribute to its imperfect development.

Another circumstance which causes the degeneration of the Indians is their premature marriages. In Mexico the marriageable age for wo- men has been fixed by law at eighteen years, and in the tierra caliente, or hot country, at fourteen ; but in some places Indian girls are married at twelve. Every Indian father considers it his duty to marry his children, whether boys or girls, as soon as they are of age, the parents of course making the match to suit themselves.

This used to be the case not only with the Indians, but even with persons of Spanish descent. I once heard General Degollado, a very good and prominent man in Mexico, say, that the day he married he took, immediately after the ceremony was over, his bean-shooter and went to shoot birds, because he had no conception of what he had done, his parents having arranged the match for him ; but he added that he could not possibly have made a better choice of a wife.

The Indians are strong by nature ; and in this is to be found the fact that so many of them reach an advanced age, in spite of their scant and poor food, their unhealthy mode of living, and their damp and un- wholesome habitations, consisting of miserable huts where whole families are huddled together.

The Spaniards in Mexico. — The Spaniards are a money-making, wonderfully frugal race, since they have been battling with hard con- ditions at home for centuries. The Spaniard in Mexico is — as Richard Ford who spent thirty years in the peninsula, and who was a close ob- server, depicts him — a hardy, temperate man, well fitted, under favor- able conditions, to become a dominant influence.

In Mexico, the energy of the Spaniard is remarkable. He is force- ful of word and phrase, energetic in his movements, immensely vital, tremendously persistent, and wonderfully enduring. After thirty years behind a counter selling groceries, he retires, a man of fortune ; not always large, but sufficient, and is still a man of force and ready for undertakings demanding good brain power and courage. They come over mere lads, from ten to fifteen, toil and moil, feed frugally, and sleep hardly, and they become millionaires, bank directors, great mill owners, farmers on a grand scale, hot-country planters and monopolists, for the Spaniard is born with the " trust" idea ; while his sons are too often dudes and spendthrifts.

The thrifty Spaniard toils and saves, and his ambition is to marry a rich girl, frequently the daughter of a Mexican landowner, and so he

79

lays the foundation for permanent wealth ; for everywhere, the world over, the man who gets the lands and holds on to them is the wealthy man. Speculators and financiers come and go like bubbles on a river, but the landed proprietor keeps a permanent clinch on humanity.

There is one check to the growth of Spanish influence in Mexico, and that is the climate. All Europeans, no matter what their nation- ality, become physically modified by residence in the new world ; and nowhere is the effect of climate more noticeable than in the tropics. The children of the Spanish residents are less energetic than the parents, and the third generation are altogether Creoles. Just as the Mexican of Spanish descent is, as a rule, less energetic, not so vascular, and less vigorous than the Spaniard, so is the American less full-blooded and leaner than the Englishman. The change that takes place in the hu- man organization, transplanted from the old world to the new, is a pro- found one.

English and Germans in Mexico. — The present century has seen many changes in the commercial world of Mexico ; the great English houses have almost all disappeared ; especially has this been marked in the dry-goods, or draper's business. The Germans, with superior econ- omy, if with no more of enterprise, drove the English out of that pro- fitable business, and in time themselves succumbed to the still closer methods of the Barcelonettes who gained a foothold in the business which they have successfully maintained. The dry-goods business in the Republic is largely in the hands of men who speak the French language. From the great houses of the capital go forth bright young men, trained to business habits who are established over branch con- cerns in the interior and coast towns. Their employers become their backers, and a close intimacy is maintained, to the mutual advantage of older and younger merchants.

Very few of the foreigners who settle in Mexico, and especially Spaniards, are educated, as most of them hardly know how to read and write. They very seldom become naturalized Mexicans, and almost always keep their allegiance to the country of their origin. That seemed natural when Mexico was in constant turmoil, and many of the foreigners going there expected to make large fortunes by means of diplomatic claims ; but that reason can hardly hold good now, when the country is at peace, and perfect security is extended to every in- habitant. If the foreigners continue keeping their old nationality when they become permanent settlers of Mexico, some changes may be necessary in the legislation of the country affecting their condition.

Americans in Mexico. — It will be very difficult for the fun-loving, self-indulgent, Anglo-Saxon Englishman of America to compete with these self-denying Spaniards, capable of living with the nose to the grindstone twenty, twenty-five, or thirty years, eating always sparingly,

8o aeogtapbtcal notes on

drinking wine, but in moderation, spending no money, dressing poorly, and ever with a fortune accumulating. The American wants to cut a dash and so does the Englishman, else the English would have main- tained their commercial supremacy in Mexico. They lost it to the more frugal and economical Germans.

The American is a speculator, a dreamer of golden dreams ; he lives for the eyes of other people ; he is not capable of the patience that keeps a man tied to a desk or shop for half a lifetime, making a savings bank of himself.

Some Mexicans are afraid that a free influx of citizens from this country may Americanize it. This is true as to the means of trans- portation, the introduction of electric lights, improved hotel accomo- dations, and where similar improvements are concerned. But there is no doubt of the persistence of traditions and habits, and the influence of climate. It is difficult to introduce the American push and restless- ness in business, and to overcome the habits formed in many centuries of letting the morrow take care of itself. There must be the mid-day siesta, and the number of working days is reduced by several feast days, saints' days, and holidays, besides the Sundays. There is no doubt that the productiveness of nature is an inducement to very leisurely labor, and the lack of any sharp division of seasons is a sort of moral discipline, as well as a stimulus to extra exertion in summer to prepare for winter. What must be the effect upon character when this stimulus is wanting ? It is possible, of course, that industry will be stimulated by the inflow of settlers from the north, and that Mexico will take on new enterprise and productive vigor ; but I think it is easier for Americans in Mexico to fall into Mexican ways and Mexican moral views than it is to convert the Mexicans to the American view of life. I do not doubt that Mexico has a great industrial, agricultu- ral, and manufacturing future, but I fancy that its power of absorp- tion, like that of Egypt, is greater than its facility of adaptation.

Ruins, — We have in Mexico some of the most ancient and remark- able ruins, and although there are different surmises about the time at which they were built and the people who built them, nothing is known positively about them.

The principal ones are in Uxmaland and Chichen Itza in Yucatan Comalcalco in Tabasco, Teotihuacan and Cholula in Puebla and Tlaxcala, and Mitla in Oaxaca.

Uxmal. — Uxmal is not far from the city of Merida, the capital of the State of Yucatan, supposed to have been built by the Mayas, and different books have been written about them, especially one by Dr. Augustus Le Plongeon, a French savant, who passed many years in Yucatan, studying its magnificent ruins, and published in New York, in 1896, a book entitled Queen Mod and the Egyptian Sphinx, in which

81

he contends that the empire of the Mayas, which had its seat at Yuca- tan, was the cradle of civilization, and that from there it went to India, Egypt, and finally to Greece and Western Europe.

Palenque. — Very likely the same Mayas built the large ruins which still exist in the district of Palenque in the State of Chiapas, and in some places in Guatemala.

Cholula — The great pyramid of Cholula, made known to the scien- tific world by Humboldt, which is eight miles from Puebla, has been pictured and described. Its base is 1000 feet on each side, and it is built in two great terraces, the first being 71 feet, and the second 66 feet, in height. The top is 203 by 144 feet. So far as investigations have revealed, the great pyramid is artificial and is constructed of sun- dried brick.

Teotihuacan. — Teotihuacan, an ancient city lying twenty-five miles northeast of the City of Mexico, and occupying an area of about one and a half or two miles, contains some of the most remarkable series of ruins. To the north of the ruins is a truncated pyramid, rectangu- lar in form, squared to the points of the compass, and known as the Pyramid of the Moon. South of it, at a distance of about 1300 yards, is another pyramid of similar form, known as the Pyramid of the Sun. Its perpendicular height is 223 feet, and its base measures about 735 feet from east to west. Both pyramids are united by a straight street, which starts from a circular plaza at the south side of the Pyramid of the Moon, and loses itself in the barranca south of the Pyramid of the Sun.

These colossal pyramids are regarded as among the most ancient monuments of Mexico, far antedating the civilization found by the Spaniards. They are wonderful illustrations of what perseverance and time will accomplish. Now even the means which the builders used for handling the immense blocks of volcanic stone with which they constructed is unknown. Other ruins, in the character of little mounds, are found scattered over the extensive plain in which the two pyramids are situated. The street or avenue which united the latter is called the " Road of the Dead." Along its entire length, parallel to it on both sides, there is a terrace constructed of cement, clay, and broken lava, faced with a coating of mortar or plaster, highly polished, and painted red and white. Desire Charnay removed the rubbish from one of the mounds on the side facing this road, and discovered what he calls a " palace," with two large halls and various small rooms. In 1886, Senor Don Leopoldo Batres made an excavation in one of the mounds, and found two polychrome frescos painted on the wall of the building which was laid bare. The question is naturally asked, how these monuments came to be covered ? Was it by an earthquake, or by the hands of the builders themselves? Senor Batres inclines to

VOL. I — 6

82 (Beograpbical IRotes on flDejico.

the latter view, as he found the roofs of the houses perfectly preserved, while the interior of the rooms was in every case filled with stones neatly fitted into the spaces, and joined with a clayish cement to form a compact mass. His conclusion as to the pyramids is, that they are two great temples erected to two old Mexican divinities. Each pyra- mid consists of five terraces, which diminished in size until the height of 223 feet was reached. Each has on one of its sides a stairway six and one-half feet in width, which makes five zigzag turns, and leads to the sanctuary or shrine on the summit. The outer surface of the pyramids, and perhaps the interior as well, was plastered over with a mortar of lime, hard and smooth, and decorated with frescoes, repre- senting quasi-historical events and scenes.

The small mounds scattered over the area occupied by the ruins were, according to Batres, dwellings and small shrines. Each con- tained from six to twelve rooms, quadrangular and rectangular in form. The cornices as well as the walls were beautifully ornamented in colors. On some as many as twenty tints had been used. The doors were rec- tangular, never trapezoidal in form, although the latter style has been erroneously attributed to ancient American architecture. They meas- ure eight feet in height by about three feet in width. The houses had neither windows nor balconies. The city was crossed by subterranean aqueducts constructed of stone, the walls of which were plastered with firm and smooth mortar. Near the Pyramid of the Moon, among the rubbish, there was a monolithic statue of colossal dimensions. It rep- resents a woman with a characteristic head-dress, and wearing a neck- lace of four strings of beads. Travellers in Teotihuacan can find countless miniature heads modelled in clay anywhere on the freshly- plowed stretches of level land that lies across the broad, straight Micoatl, or " Path of the Dead." They vary in length from one to two inches, and invariably have nothing more than a neck attached to them. They may be distinguished by this peculiarity from those that are applied as ornaments to terra cotta vases, and from fragments of " idols." The features and peculiar head-dresses that adorn these little heads of Teotihuacan vary greatly, and this diversity has given rise to, and been quoted in proof of, the migration of tribes, of the mix- tures of widely differing races, or of their succession to each other in the occupation of the Valley of Mexico. Owing to the unfamiliar aspect of some of these head-dresses, it has been asserted that they could not be even " Toltec," but must be relics of still more remote and unknown races of men. Various uses have been assigned to them, the commonest supposition being that they were in some way associated with ceremonies relating to the dead. There is probably no subject connected with Mexican archaeology, except the calendar, that has given rise to more discussion. Dr. E. B. Tylor regarded them as a puzzle,

83

and Professor F. W. Putnam has spoken of them as the " riddle of the many heads." Desire Charnay saw in some of them Chinese and Japanese masks, and even types of the white race, proving in his opin- ion how many races must have been mingled or succeeded each other on this old continent.

Mitla, — About twenty miles east of the city of Oaxaca is an Indian town called Mitla, near which still remain the ruins of great edifices and palaces. The temples were built, it is supposed, by the ancient Zapotecas, and are the most interesting relics of the earlier civilizations of Mexico. The first description of these ruins was given by the Spanish priest, Burgoa, who accompanied the conquerors of Monte- zuma. The interior of the principal hall or room of the main palace is supposed to be the teocali of the high priest. The peculiar archi- tecture and elaborate and grotesque decoration can easily be observed. It is astonishing to see the enormous size of the stones used in the walls of these temples. Professor Bickmore said that he had seen nothing to equal them except at Baalbec, in Syria. At Mitla are found some clay images, mostly miniature, doubtless of gods, but some of them no doubt portraits, and some of these bore a striking resemblance to the little heads found at the pyramids of the Sun and Moon in the Valley of Mexico ; that is, some of them had the slant Oriental eyes, and others Ethiopian features, very different from any races we now know in these regions. The ruined temples of Mitla are covered with stucco, which was painted Pompeiian red. There is a pyramid also at Mitla, and there are some elaborately wrought sepulchral chambers. ?ru*s. &r>

I borrow from M*». Vivien Cory the following extracts of }m de- scription of the ruins of Mitla.

" There are four of these places ; the first is almost entirely destroyed, only some huge monolithic slabs supported horizontally upon tottering piles of broken stones re- maining ; while everywhere amongst the ruins have sprung up the grass huts of the Mexican Indians, and of the fourth or one farthest from the hamlet nothing but indi- cation of the site is left, upon which the Spaniards have reared a modern church. It is in the two palaces that lie between, each slightly raised above the surrounding country on a separate eminence, that the interest centres.

" One of these is in the form of a double Greek cross, its stem running north and south, and its arms extended east and west. In the centre is the large court, surrounded on all sides by rising ground and ruined mounds of stones : there are traces still remain- ing of the foundations, that speak of four apartments built upon these mounds to face the court, but of these those on the west and south sides have disappeared ; on the east side, only two colossal pillars and a portion of the walls remain, while to the north side the whole apartment forming the head of the cross has been spared and stands almost unharmed in its original beauty and richness. The fajade of this apartment extends the whole length of the court, one hundred and forty-one feet, and its height is a little over fifteen feet : the material is freestone, the color a faint, dull, amber tint, soft as the light seen in the sky at evening. In the centre are three square portals and above these

84 Oeograpbfcal notes on

forming the head-piece to them all extends one long and narrow panel of carving, a high relief of the natural stone on a crimson ground. The whole fa9ade is composed of a series of these panels, from the straight line of the foundation-stone to the straight line of the summit, nine panels being on each side of the entrance, arranged in three tiers, divided by horizontal bands of the natural stone. In some of the panels, the ground retains still a faint tint of its former rich vermillion, in others, all color has subsided into the soft neutral shade of the freestone. The designs are wonderfully rich and varied, thirteen different patterns being represented on this fa9ade alone ; all these designs are remarkable for the straight lines in which they are executed and the absence of all curves. Throughout all the ruins, upon the walls of which appear twenty-three different models of carving, only two of these represent any curve in their design. In one of these two there is visible the form of the Arabic letter ' L ' placed horizontally, and in the other a double curve ' S,' possibly intended to represent or suggest the snake. With these exceptions the designs are of the Greek key pattern, variations on this, or parallelograms.

" Behind this fa9ade is a narrow court, roofless as all the courts are, and empty, save for six colossal pillars standing at even distances down the centre, and giving to this chamber the name of Hall of the Monoliths. Each pillar is one solid stone, eleven feet high and eleven feet in circumference. A low stone passage leads from this chamber northward to the smallest and richest court of all, entering it at the southeast corner. There is comparatively little trace of the destructiveness of the elements or the iconoclasm of man here. The court and all the four chambers opening from it are perfect and singularly rich in carving. The court is perfectly square and the chambers are entered from it, each through one square doorway, the roof of which is formed by a huge monolith, thirteen feet long and with a richly carved face. Of these four lin- tels each has a separate design. Each of the four walls has six panels, the uppermost extending the whole length of the wall, two smaller panels being on either side of the entrance, and one long narrow one above it. Between the panels stand out in high relief the horizontal and vertical edges of the freestone, forming a symmetrical frame to each panel.

" Within the four chambers the walls are designed differently, the carving running simply and evenly round the entire room in three straight horizontal bands, each band possessing a separate pattern and being about three feet in width. Beneath these bands of carving was originally, evidently, a dado of vermillion stucco, of such fine and delicate quality that the smooth and polished surface resembles marble. Portions of this delicate stucco still adhere to the crumbling walls in places and are of various colors, scarlet, black and white. In some instances this stucco seems to have been plain, simply bearing a brilliant polish, in others, there remains distinctly traced in white upon a crimson ground, a wierd, fantastic, yet handsome design, the head ; half horse, half dragon, repeated in. four inch squares. This latter ornamented stucco, how- ever, does not appear except in the fourth palace, containing the Spanish church, where it is visible on the walls of one of the courts, now used as a stable for the padre's horse. Leaving the richest of the centre palaces, passing through a gap in the ruined wall on the south side, descending the elevation on which it is placed and ascending the op- posite eminence, the patio of the second palace is reached. This is almost wholly in ruins ; three of the fa9ades that face the court remain indeed, but the great smooth slabs with which the walls were faced have been torn away at the base, and most of the beautiful panels of carving stripped from the front. Yet it is in this ruined palace that one lingers longest and to which one's feet return, drawn by an irrisistible fascination ; for this palace contains the tomb and the pillar of death.

" This subterranean vault is called by general consent a sepulchre, but there is no line of history, no record, no tradition even, left to explain to us its origin and use. It

Xanguaoes. 85

may have been a torture-chamber, sacrificial hall, or tomb. The excavation is but a little below the surface of the court, now carried down so deeply that the light is wholly ex- cluded. From the entrance there is enough to fill the interior with a sad, gray twilight. The vault is in the form of a simple cross lying north and south ; its walls are massive and heavily decorated with panels of carving let into their sides, while it is roofed by enormous monolithic slabs that reach from wall to wall. In the centre of the cross, just where by descending a few steps one enters the tomb, stands the pillar of death, round which, the Indians say, should a man clasp his arms he must shortly afterwards die. Does not this very tradition, handed down perhaps through the long file of count- less years, seem to indicate that this pillar was some ancient stone of sacrifice to which human victims were bound or chained, and from which death alone released them ? As one gazes at the massive column, that one man's arms alone could not entirely en- circle, the eye notices an indentation round the base where the column sinks into the floor. The stone is corroded and worn away as by the long friction of ropes or chains.

" Most of the panels do not consist of actual carving, though they produce that effect at a few yards' distance ; they are formed in reality by small slabs of the freestone cut perfectly square and inserted edgeways into the wall, the remaining edges standing out at various distances from it and thus forming the different designs. This, although a work of infinite patience, does not necessarily presuppose a high stage of civilization, no instrument sharper than hard stone being required to cut the slabs of soft freestone ; and that only a stone instrument was employed by the workers seems indicated by the fact that, in the large panels where the stone is actually carved, the edges are not sharp, but rounded, as if made with a blunt tool. The effect of the panels of inserted squares of stone, however simply produced, is that of the most finished and clear-cut carving and the designs themselves are rich and elaborate. There is no crudity, no harshness in them, no suggestion of the primitive savage's scratching on his native rock ; but rather that of Greek work on some Athenian temple. The patterns have a complicated elegance and distinction of line that can only be produced by a people of cultivated mind and eye.

" Evidence, too, of what high grade of civilization in some ways at least they must have arrived at, lies in the gigantic stones that they have placed as lintels over their doorways and which in their immense weight and bulk have defied the greed or rage of all the succeeding races to remove or destroy. The mystery here is the Egyptian mystery of the Pyramids ; that these enormous blocks of stone are resting here in po- sitions and elevations where it would require all the modern knowledge of mechanics, engineering skill, and mechanical appliances to place them ; and, as in Egypt, so here the mystery will never be solved, as the builders have passed hence and left no clue. The solid stone rests there upon its supporting pillars before the eye as it has rested for a thousand years, but how the perished hands lifted and placed it there remains its own inviolable secret.

' ' Leaving the palace court by the south side and following the road to the dry and stony bed of a wide river, if one turns aside here a little to the eastward he finds him- self facing a Zapotecan mound, a solid base composed of earth and stones, in which are visible at intervals large slabs of cement, portions of terraces and tiers that originally formed its sides. Ascending this, from the summit one can overlook the whole valley."

LANGUAGES.

About one hundred and fifty different Indian languages are known to have been spoken by the Mexican Indians. The Spanish monks accompanying the conquerors and who went to the country soon after-

86

Geographical Hotes on

wards compiled grammars and even dictionaries of some of these languages ; but the Indians falling into a semi-barbarous state after the conquest, having lost their civilization and literature, their lan- guages have either disappeared completely or become very primitive, and it is ascertained that some of them have become entirely extinct.

The Spanish is, of course, the language of the country and most of the Indians speak it, although very imperfectly and incorrectly ; only a small portion of them speaking no language but their own.

The chief languages spoken in Mexico proper, excluding Chiapas and Yucatan, are as follows :

Nahuatl or Mexican (Aztec) with Acaxee, Sabaibo, Xixime, Cochimi, Concho and other members of the same family.

Seri, Upanguaima, and Guaima.

Papago, Opata, Yaqui, Mayo, Tarahumara, Tepehuan, Cora, etc.

Apache or Yavipai, Navajo, Mescalero, Llanero Lipan, etc.

Otomi or Hia-hiu, Fame, Mazahua, etc.

Huaxtec, Totonac.

Tarascan, Matlaltzincan.

Mixtec, Zopotec, Mix6, Zoque", Chinantec.

Senor Don Manuel Orosco y Berra wrote a treatise on the language of the Indian tribes in Mexico entitled " Geography of Languages," which describes the languages of the races who inhabited Mexico, and Senor Don Francisco Pimentel enlarged upon that work, making philological comparisons, and from the data collected by both authors Senor Don Antonio Garcia Cubas a distinguished Mexican geographer made the following synopsis of the Indian languages spoken in Mexico.

SYNOPSIS OF THE INDIAN LANGUAGES OF MEXICO, FORMED ACCORD- ING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF DON FRANCISCO PIMENTEL. NOTE. — The sign * indicates that the classification is doubtful.

GROUPS.	FAMILIES.		LANGUAGES.	DIALECTS.
			1st Order. — Languages polysyllabic, polysynthetic of sub-flexion.
	I.			(Conchos, Si- naloense, * Ma-
•<	MEXICAN.	*2	Cuitlateco	se, _ Ahualulco, Pipil, Niquiran.
g 9		3 4	Opata, Teguima or Teguima Sonorense Eudebe, neve or hegue, dohme or dohema-
5
		6		JTecoripa.
H				Sabaqui. Various.
		H	Papago or Papabicotan
		<3	to 12. El Yuma comprising Cuchan, Cocc- maricopa or Opa, Mojave or Mahao, Die- gueno, or Cufieil, Yavipai, Yampai, and
		'3	* Cajuenche, Cucapa or Jallicuamay
		'5

GROUPS.

FAMILIES.

LANGUAGES.

DIALECTS.

1st Order. — Languages polysyllabic, polysynthetic of sub-flexion.

II.

SONORENSE OR OPATA-PlMA.

16. Tarahumar .

17. Cahita or Sinaloa

18. Guarave or Vacoregue

19. Chora, Chota, Cora del Nayarit .

(Varogio or Chi- nipa, Guaza- pare, Pachera, and others.

i Yaqui, Mayo, •< Tehueco or Zua- (que.

Muutzicat, Teacucitzin, ..Ateanaca. 30. Colotlan ,

21. Tubar | Various.

22. Huichola.

23. Zacateco. .

24. Acaxee or Topia, comprising Sabaibo, Tebaca,

and Xixime, the fast of doubtful classi- fication.

COMANCHE SO- SHONE.

25. Comanche, Nauni, Paduca, Hir.tan or Getan.

26. Caigua or Kioway .

1 27. Shoshone or Chochone.

;j8. Wihinasht.

129. Utah. Yutah or Yuta.

30. Pah-Utah or Payuta.

31. Chemegue or Cheme-huevi.

32. Cahuillo or Cawio.

34. Netela.

35. Kizh or Kij.

36. Fernandeno.

37. Moqui and some others spoken in the United _ | __ States .

IV. TKXANA OR COA- 38. Texano or Coahuilteco ........................ Various.

HUILTKCA. _ __

iKiwomi or Ki- vome, Cochi- teumi or Qui- me, Acoma and Acuco.

40. Tesuque or Tegua ............................ Various.

41. Taos, Piro, Suma, Picon.

42. Jemez, Tano, Peco.

43. Zuni or Cibola .

144. Mutsun. ..T 45. Rumsen.

VI- 46. Achastli.

MUTSUN. 47. Soledad.

48. Costeno or Costanos and other languages of _ California .................. ,

49. Guaicura, Vaicura or Monqui. VII. 5°- Aripa.

_ s1- Uchita.

GUAICURA. ^2 Cora

_ 53. Concho or Lauretano .........

54 to 57. Cochimi, divided into four sister lan- guages, viz.: Cadegomo and the languages

,, used in the missions of San Javier, San

COCHIMI-LAIMON. joaquin, and Santa Maria.

_ 58. Laimon or Layamon ..........

IX. 59- Seri or Ceri ..................

o 60. Guaima or Gayama ..........

_ 5KRI' _ 61. Upanguaima .................

X. 62. Tarasco ....................

TARASCA. ^3- Chorotega de Nicaragua .....

XI. 64- Mixe ........................................ Various.

65. Zoque .....

ZOQUE-MIXE. 66 Tapijulapa

Various.

88

Oeograpbical "Hotes on flDejtco.

GROUPS.

FAMILIES.

LANGUAGES.

DIALECTS.

XII _, ' 67. Totonaco (mixed language) Four.

2d Order. Languages polysyllabic polysynthetic of juxtaposition.

68. Mixteco Eleven.

69. Zapoteco Twelve.

70. Chuchon Two.

71. Popoloco ,

72. Cuicateco Two.

MIXTKCO-ZAPO- 73. Chatino . .

TECA. 74. Papabuco.

75. Amusgo

76. Mazateco Two.

*77. Solteco ,

'78. Chinanteco .

XIV. PIKINDA OR MA- 79. Pirinda or Matlalzinca.; Various.

TLALZINCA.

3d Order. — Languages Polosyllabic Synthetic.

80. Yucateco or Maya.

81. Punctunc

82. Lacandon or Xochinel ,

83. Peten or Itzae.

84. Chanabal, Comiteco, Jocolobal.

85. Choi or Mopan . .

86. Chorti or Chorte .

87. Cakchi, Caichi, Cachi or Cakgi.

88. Ixil, Izil.

89. Coxoh... MAYA- 90. Quiche, Utlateco.

91. Zutuhil, Zutugil, Atiteca, Zacapula.

92. Cachiquel, Cachiquil

93. Tzotzil, Zotzil, Tzinanteco, Cinanteco

94. Tzendal, Zendal.

95. Mame, Mem, Zaklohpakap.

96. Poconchi, Ppcoman.

97. Atche, Atchi

98. Huaxteco j Various.

'99. Haitiano, Quizqueja or Ids, with their af- finities, Cubano, Borigua and Jamaica

XVI. *ioo. Chontal doubtful in its morphologic char-

CHONTAL. actcr-

XVII.

*ioi. Huave, Huazontccn. DERIVATIVES OF »I03- Chiapaneco NICARAGUA.

f North American Apache, Mexi-

XVIII. ca?. Apache,

, Mimbreno,

APACHE. 103. Apache ] Pinaleno, Nava-

jo, Xicarilla or

Faraon, Lipan

Mescalero.

4th Order. — Languages cuasi-mo- nosyllabic.

XIX. OTOMI.

104. Otomi or Hiahiu

105. Serrano

1 06. Mazahua

107. Fame I Various.

108. Jonaz or Meco. (Perhaps the rest of the

ancient Chichimeco) |

population* 89

POPULATION.

We have until recently taken a regularly correct census of our population. The first reliable census was made in 1795, under Revil- lagigedo's viceroyalty, the second in 1810 by Don Fernando Navarro y Noriega, the third one was estimated by Mr. Poinsett, United States Minister in Mexico, in 1824, and the others have been taken by the Mexican Government.

The following is a statement of the general results of our various censuses :

Years. Inhabitants.

1795 5,200,000

1810 6,122,354

1824 6,500,000

1839 7,044,140

i854 7,853,395

1869 8,743,614

1878 9,384,193

1879 9,908,01 1

1886 10,791,685

1895 12,570,195

The population of Mexico appears to be, from our last census, taken in 1895, 12,570,195, which would give 16.38 for each square mile ; but from my personal knowledge of the country, I am quite sure that it is not less than 15,000,000. It is very difficult to take a correct census in Mexico, because there is not the proper machinery in operation for that purpose, and especially because a great many districts are inhabited by Indians, who are impressed with the fear that if they inscribe themselves in the census they will be taxed or drafted into the military service, and they try to avoid registration.

A great many of our people live in such remote districts that they are practically cut off from communication with other portions of the country, and in fact are almost isolated ; and this constitutes still another difficulty in the way of taking a correct census. These people generally raise everything they need for their living, as well as for their clothing. They also raise their domestic animals, and wear either cotton or woollen clothes, manufactured by the women. The configu- ration of the country, which makes transportation very expensive, to- gether with the very sparse population, has caused their isolation, and this explains why some agricultural products which are very cheap in other countries are very dear in certain districts of Mexico, as prices can be easily controlled, there being no possibility of competition. While sugar, for instance, costs 25 cents per pound in some districts, it can be had in others for one cent. This fact shows also that a year of good crops was often a real misfortune to these districts.

90 Oeoarapbical "Rotes on flDejico.

The upper lands being the healthiest, most of the population in Mexico is settled in the central plateau ; a relatively small portion lives in the temperate zone, while the torrid zone is very thinly popu- lated. I imagine, at a rough calculation, that about 75 per cent, of the population make their abode in the cold zone, from 15 to 18 per cent, in the temperate zone, and from 7 to 10 per cent, in the torrid zone.

From the synopsis of our censuses, inserted above, it appears that the population in Mexico has duplicated during the last century, and although that increase does not keep pace with the increase in the United States, because this has been really wonderful, it compares favorably with the increase in other countries. Mexico also, as a new country and one full of possibilities, ought to have increased its popu- lation more rapidly, but its slow progress can be accounted for in several ways.

Under the head of Ethnology I enumerated the different races inhabiting Mexico and stated the number of inhabitants belonging to each, and I gave at length the reasons for the slow increase of the In- dian population, which is the largest in Mexico. I will only add here that while the Indians lead a very abstemious and simple life, marry while very young and generally have a family of several children, they are at the same time subject to epidemics. Notwithstanding that the race on the whole is sturdy and little subject to disease, the mortality is very large among the children for want of proper nutrition and care. The losses caused by our civil wars could not at all explain the slow increase of our population, and the only way in which I can account for it is that they are not so well prepared as the people of the United States and other more advanced countries, to bear the discomforts of life and climate, and that, therefore, they cannot bring up all the children born in the family, among whom there is annually a great mortality.

Classification of Mexican States. Under the Spanish rule Mexico was divided into several provinces, the Spaniards trying to divide the provinces in accordance with the different nationalities of the aborig- ines found there, and each province possessing a very large extent of territory. After our independence and when we established a Fed- eral government, each province was made a state, and since then some of the largest states have been divided into two or even three smaller ones. In the chapter on Political Organizations I shall give further information on this subject.

The Mexican states are classified in several ways, and generally as Northern, Southern, Central, Pacific, and Gulf States ; but it is difficult to make a proper division of them, because there are several included in two denominations. I will, therefore, divide them into Northern States, calling so those bordering on the United States ; Southern States,

population.

those bordering on Gautemala and Belize ; Gulf, Caribbean Sea, and Pacific States, those bordering on their respective waters ; and Central States those which do not belong to any of the above denominations, although I do not consider this a proper classification, because the State of Tamaulias included among the Northern States, and the States of Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatan among the Southern States, are all on the Gulf of Mexico, and are, therefore, Gulf States, the latter being also washed on their southern side by the Caribbean Sea, and the State of Sonora, classified as a Northern State, borders on the Pacific ; the State of Chiapas, included among the Southern States, also borders on the Pacific, and, therefore, is, like Sonora, also a Pacific State.

Our last official census, taken in 1895, gives the following results by States, which I compared with the census of 1879.

AREA AND POPULATION OF THE UNITED MEXICAN STATES.

STATES.	AREA IN SQUARE MILES.	POPULATION	POPULA- TION PER SQUARK MILE.	CAPITAL.	POPULA- TION.
in 1879.	in 1895.
Southern States bor- Northern dering on States Terri- At- Guate- bordering tories. Central. Pacific. lantic. mala. on the U. S.	Tamaulipas	32.585 24,324 62,376 87,880 76,923 35,214 18,091 10,075 27,230 ag,2IO 35,392 25,003 22,88l 2,273 31,855 33,681 2,951 38,020 ",374 8,920 2,774 9,250 12,207 3,558 i,595 25,323 24,764	J4°,i37 203,284 130,026 225,541 "5,424 302,315 90,413 104,747 205,362 542,918 744,000 295,590 661,534 65,827 983,484 186,491 140,43° 190,846 834,845 427,350 159,160 7'o,579 784,466 203,350 138,088 516,486 422,506	204,206 309,607 235,638 266,831 191,281 297,507 90,458 '34,794 313,678 855,975 882,529 417,621 889,795 55,677 1,107,863 256,414 103,645 294,366 1,047,238 548,039 159,800 838,737 979,723 227,233 166,803 570,814 452,720 144,308 42,287 484,608	6-3 I3.I 3-7 3-0 2-4 8-4 5-0 13-3 "•5 29-3 24-9 16.7 38.8 24-5 34-8 7-6 35-i 7-7 92.1 61.6 57-6 90.7 80.2 63.9 104.6 22.5 18.2 12.8 0.7 1046.7	Ciudad Victoria. .	14,575 56,855 '9,654 18,521 8,376 36,720 16,631 27,036 7,882 18,173 32,641 6,204 32,287 19,305 83,870 14,205 3',6i9 42,165 39,337 52,189 8,554 23,648 9i,9i7 32,790 2,874 69,676 40,026 16,266 4,737 i,259 339,935
	Saltillo
	Hermosillo M6rida
	Campeche
	5. Juan Bautista.. Tuxtla Gutierrez .
	Chilpancingo
	Guadalajara
Aguascalientes —	Aguas Calientes. .
Guanajuato	Guanajuato
	Cuernavaca
Puebla	Puebla
Tlaxcala
San Luis Potosi.. .	San Luis Potosi . .
Lower California. . Federal District . .	58,345 463	30,208 351,804	La Paz and Ensenada de Todos Santos . . Dity of Mexico . . .
	Totals	767,226	9,908,011	12,570,195

92 (Beograpbical notes on flDejico.

RELIGION.

All Mexicans are born in the Catholic Church, that being the pre- vailing religion of the country ; but there is no connection between Church and State, and the Constitution guarantees the free exercise of all religions.

While Mexico was a colony of Spain and for many years afterwards, the catholic religion was the only one allowed in the country, and anybody professing any other would expose himself to great hardships if he avowed that he was a dissenter, especially while the Inquisition was in existence.

The clergy became one of the principal pillars of the Spanish dom- ination in Mexico. In the early part of the present century the Church was flourishing, and it was the high-water mark of clerical pros- perity. The humble Mexican priests did the hard laborious work, while the Spanish-born ecclesiastics filled the great bishoprics and other great posts and lived at their ease, and the great convents in their most lucrative positions of control were practically in Spanish hands.

Huge convents occupied a considerable part of the site of the City of Mexico, Puebla, Morelia, Guadalajara, Quer^taro, and other cities. The incomes of the convents were derived from endowments, amounting to a large sum. To support the high ecclesiastics, great sums were derived from tithes. The archbishop of Mexico had an income of $130,000 a year; the bishops of Puebla, $110,000; of Michoacan, $100,000 ; and of Guadalajara, $90,000. Meantime, the parish priests, who bore the brunt of Christian work among the masses, were living on very moderate sums. The Church erected in Mexico buildings which are remarkable for their dimensions and taste.1

1 Mr. Charles Dudley Warner in the Editor's Study of Harper's Illustrated Monthly Magazine for July, 1897, speaks in the following way of the church edifices in Mexico :

" Somebody of authority, by the way, ought to explain why Mexico has so many church edifices that go to the heart of the lover of beauty, and why the United States has so few that are interesting. Aside from the great Gothic monuments in Spain, Mexico surpasses Spain in interesting ecclesiastical architecture. It has more variety, more quaint beauty, more originality in towers and fa9ades. The interiors are gener- ally monotonous, and repetitions of each other. The Spaniards, in an age of faith, built churches, convents, monasteries, all over the county, in remote and unimportant Indian villages, and as far north as their patient ministers of religion wandered, even to the bay of San Francisco. In these edifices the Spanish ingenuity and enthusiasm prevailed, but they were largely executed by Indian builders and artists ; and if there is Sarasenic feeling shown, there are also, especially in ornamentation, traces of that aboriginal artistic spirit which, long before the Spanish conquest, executed both in stone and in pottery singularly attractive work. Even within a hundred years of our own time Indian genius has been distinguished. Those who think that this genius is only exhib-

IReligion. 93

Not all the great dignitaries of the Church exhibited an unchristian selfishness, for many often spent their income in pious and charitable works, and in prosecuting missionary undertakings among the Indians of the remote distances.

The wealth of the Church was loaned out at a moderate rate of in- terest to landed proprietors, who formed the moral support of the Church among the laity and whose influence was prodigiously strong. The wealth of the Church was mostly in mortgages, while it held a large amount of real estate. In the City of Mexico and other places, the clergy owned a large portion of the real estate and held a great many mortages, and, to its credit be it said, was not at all usurious, ex- acting only a fair rate of interest and being hardly ever oppressive in dealing with delinquent debtors.

After the Revolution which effected the independence of the country, the ecclesiastical life began to cease having many of the attractions it had before. While many men became friars from genuine inclination and vocation, not a few went into the religious life because it gave them support without hard labor, and because it was one of the best careers opened to young men at the time.

The nunneries sheltered a great many pious women, who effected some good as educators of the young, as almoners for the wealthy, and as nurses of the sick. There were abuses, of course, but on the whole the religious life afforded a refuge for many thousands of good women who felt drawn to works of charity and usefulness. Rich young girls were often over-persuaded to enter the convents, by avaricious and scheming priests, but such abuses are common to all religions. The Liberal party thought that the best way to destroy the Church influence in Mexico was to suppress convents, both of friars and nuns, because they

ited in bizarre forms, and in such small details of design and color as the potter can attain, should see at Queretaro the work of Tresguerras, architect, sculptor, and pain- ter. Any modern architect, who is led away by straining after effect in a grotesque combination of distinct Greek styles with mediaeval and early English, having no note of originality anywhere, could study with profit the simple elegance — as simple as the Old Louvre — of the Bishop's Palace in Queretaro, or the wood-carving in the church of the sequestered Convent of Santa Rosa. In my remembrance there is not, on such a great scale, any wood-carving in the world equal to it in freshness and largeness of execution and in beauty of design. It could not have been all done by the hand of Tresguerras, but it was all from his designs and under his superintendence. Of course, as to civic and ecclesiastic architecture, climate and lack of popular taste for the beauti- ful put limits upon our architectural work, but it is worth the while of the American architect to consider whether he cannot learn more from our sister republic below the Tropic of Cancer than he is likely to get from the well-studied structures of Europe. In many petty and poverty-stricken Indian villages are charming towers and curious fa$ades which would be a most valuable education in the principles of taste to any American community."

94 (Beoarapbical Botes on flDejfco.

were considered a nest of superstition, and they thought that the best interest of the country required to close them.

During our civil wars the clergy contributed large amounts to the support of the conservative governments, which it often established. It is thought that in 1853, General Santa Anna abandoned the Con- servative Government, which he then presided over, because the Arch- bishop of Mexico did not give him all the money he required to carry on the war waged against him by the Liberal party.

The wealth accumulated by the Church of Mexico was used for the purpose of supporting the conservative governments, whose policy was to keep the statu quo, and was therefore opposed to progress of any kind. The Church became a very prominent factor in politics, and could upset and establish governments at its pleasure, fomenting the many revolutions which were constantly breaking out. It was thought necessary, therefore, to destroy the political power of the Church before we could establish and maintain peace, and that work was done by what we call our Laws of Reform, issued in 1859, which established a complete independence between the Church and the State, and were intended to completely end the domination of the Catholic Church in civil affairs in Mexico : the Church property was confiscated, so that even the houses of worship are now the property of the government ; all convents of friars and nuns were closed, all religious ceremonies — such as processions and wearing a distinctive dress, — were ordered to be confined to the interior of the edifices ; the cemeteries were secularized, and marriage made exclusively a civil contract. No religious instruction or ceremony is allowed in the public schools, and never is a prayer offered as a part of the program of a national celebration. In an article, which I published in the North American Review, of January, 1895, entitled " The Philosophy of the Mexican Revolutions," I dwelt especially on this subject, and to that article I refer the reader who may desire more detailed information.

The Liberals were not the first to dispose of the Church property and revenues, as the Spanish Government, under the rule of Godoy, in 1805 and 1806, to secure funds to form a redemption provision for the royal vales or credit notes, pounced on the property of the Church in Mexico, and that, later on, when the Mexicans rose in their war for independence, the royal authorities took another part of the Church's wealth to fight the patriots.

The bigoted Catholic element which used to be decidely opposed to any liberal government and was always conspiring to overthrow it, has since the downfall of Maximilian, become satisfied that the condi- tion of things has changed having accordingly changed their course, and now there are thousands of progressive catholics in Mexico sincerely devoted to their Church, who see only danger and eventual

95

disastrous defeat in the adoption of a program of reaction. They go with the times and support the administration of Gen. Diaz because, on the whole, it suits them, and manifests no hostility to their con- scientiously held convictions. The pope's influence seems to be directed to assuaging ancient rancors, and to the calming of passionate resentments, which is a great deal better for the Church.

Protestantism in Mexico. — The Liberal party proclaimed as an inherent right of man, freedom of conscience and the free exercise of one's religion ; but the question was really only a theoretical one, since excepting a few foreigners, no one in Mexico had any other religion than the Catholic. The clergy, the Church party, and all strict Mexican catholics were greatly opposed to the intro- duction of Protestantism, because protestants were looked upon as heretics whose purpose was to divide the Mexican people into dif- ferent sects, disturbing their religious unity, which they considered a source of national strength, and ultimately aiding in what some Mexicans fear is the aim of this country, that is : the final absorption of Mexico. When the struggles between the Liberal and the Church party terminated in favor of the former in 1867, with the withdrawl of the French army from Mexico and the downfall of Maximilian, the time came to put into practice the principles of the Liberal creed, and protestant organizations in the United States sent missionaries to Mexico for the purpose of establishing and propagating the protestant religion there. The Mexican Government could not refuse to allow the missionaries the free exercise of the Protestant or any other faith, because that right was guaranteed to all men in our constitution, and also because it has been a principle for which the Liberal party had been contending during many years.

But we went, then, further than allowing the Protestants the free ex- ercise and preaching of their religion, and as I am in a measure respon- sible for that step, I think it proper to give my reasons for the same. My opinion has never been favorable to missionary work, because al- though I recognize that some religions have higher moral principles than others, I think that on the whole they are all intended to accomplish the same purpose, that all are good, when practised in good faith. It has always seemed to me that Christian missionaries sent to heathen countries would be looked upon in the same manner as would be heathen missionaries sent to Christian countries. But even supposing that it should be proper and desirable for the Christian religion, on account of its high morals and principles, to send missionaries to heathen countries for the purpose of converting them to Christianity, that principle would scaracely hold good in Christian countries of different denominations, and Catholicism is a Christian religion — what- ever abuses it may have committed, — and I think the natural tendency

96 (Beoarapbical IRotes on

of all religions when they are predominant is to absorb and misuse power ; but that Protestants should send missionaries to a Catholic country seems to me inconsistent. In principle, therefore, Mexico is hardly the proper field for Protestant missionaries, notwithstanding that there is a great deal of room for improvement there, in so far as religious matters are concerned.

After having witnessed the terrible consequences of religious intol- erance and political domination of the Catholic Church in Mexico, I was of course greatly impressed with the condition of things existing in the United States, where all religions are tolerated and none attempts to control the political destinies of the country. I thought that one of the best ways to diminish the evils of the political domination and abuses of the clergy in Mexico was to favor the establishment of other sects, which would come in some measure into competition with the Catholic clergy and thus serve to cause it to refrain from excesses of which it had been guilty before. When, after having lived for ten years in the United States, from 1859 to 1868, I returned to Mexico and took charge of the Treasury Department there, just at the time when the religious question was being solved, I, therefore, favored the establishment of a Protestant community as planned by Mr. Henry C. Riley, since made a Bishop, a gentleman of English parentage, born in Chili, who had been educated in London and New York and was graduated with high honors at Columbia College, New York, who spoke equally well English and Spanish, and eagerly desired to establish a Mexican National Church in competition with the Roman Catholic, in which undertaking, I understand, he used his own funds. He proposed to buy one of the finest churches, the main church of the Franciscan convent, which had been built by the Spaniards, located in the best section of the City of Mexico, and which could not now be duplicated but for a very large amount of money ; and with the hearty support of President Juarez, who shared my views and who was perhaps a great deal more radical than I was myself on such subjects, I sold the building which had become national property after the confiscation of the Church property, for a mere trifle, if I remember rightly about $4000, most of that amount being paid in Government bonds which were then at a nominal price.

The magnificent building sold to Dr. Riley's community was bought recently by the Catholic Church to restore it as a Catholic temple, for the sum of $100,000, as I understand. My assistance was rendered to the Protestant cause for the reasons that I have stated, and not because I had adopted the Protestant faith ; therefore the action of the Mexi- can Government in the matter at the time I speak of, was all the more praiseworthy. Dr. Butler bought about the same time another part of the same convent of San Francisco, where he established a Methodist Church in a very creditable building.

•Religion. 97

It is true that a great many Mexicans, namely the Indians, do not know much about religion and keep to their old idolatry, having changed only their idols, that is, replaced their old deities with the images of the Saints of the Catholic Church, but it would be difficult for the Protest- ant missionaries to reach them. The Spaniards labored zealously to make the natives adopt the Catholic religion, and although they suc- ceeded wonderfully, it was a task too difficult to fully accomplish in the three centuries of the Spanish domination in Mexico.

I do not think that the American Protestant missionaries in Mexico have made much progress, and I doubt very much whether Mexico is a good field for them ; but they are satisfied with their work, and they think that under the circumstances, they have made very good progress.

The number of Catholic churches and chapels in the country was, in 1889, 10,112, while the number of Protestant places of worship was 119. On August 12, 1890, there were in the municipality of Mexico 320,143 Catholics and 2623 Protestants.

The American missionaries, and especially Dr. Riley, whom I con- sider a very benevolent and unselfish man, have established Protestant schools and asylums for children, spending considerable money in main- taining such institutions. Of course poor parents were glad to send their children to the Protestant schools and asylums when they could not afford to keep them at home or send them to more desirable places, and these Protestant institutions were of a very benevolent character and worthy, therefore, to be encouraged. Parents in such cases de- clared themselves to be partial to Protestantism, but only for the sake of having their children accepted in the Protestant schools and asylums, and this made the Protestants think they were making a great many converts.

Now and then a Catholic priest would renounce Catholicism and accept Protestantism, and such occurrences were always considered as great triumphs for the Protestant cause, but although in some instances such changes have been made in good faith, in others they were made for selfish purposes, and they never had any great weight with the community.

I have no prejudice against Protestantism ; on the contrary, I ad- mire greatly many of its principles, and in speaking on this subject I consider myself perfectly impartial and unbiassed.

In February, 1888, the Evangelical Assembly, representing the vari- ous Protestant denominations and Evangelical Societies conducting missionary operations in the Republic of Mexico, was held in the City of Mexico. They claimed that, notwithstanding the difficulties of language and climate and the other obstacles with which they had to contend, they found that they had over 600 congregations, 192 foreign and 585 native workers, over 7000 in the day schools, and about 10,000

98 (BeoQrapbical iRotes on /iDejico.

in the Sunday-schools, 18,000 communicants and a Protestant commu- nity of over 60,000 souls. Ten small publishing-houses are turning out millions of pages each year, and their church property is valued at nearly a million and a quarter dollars in silver.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION.

Mexico was the largest and richest American colony of Spain, and for this reason it was called New Spain. The City of Mexico grew during the Spanish rule to be larger than Madrid, the capital of the Spanish Kingdom, the population of the country being estimated in 1810, just before the independence movement began, at 6,122,354; while the public revenue of the whole colony amounted to the very large sum of $20,000,000 yearly, the only exports of the country being silver and gold, and commodities of great value in small volume and weight, such as cochineal, vanilla, indigo, and a few others.

Mexico accomplished her independence in 1821, and since then has had two Federal Constitutions, both modelled after the Constitu- tion of the United States ; two Central Constitutions, which organized the country into a centralized republic, and two ephemeral empires, one under Iturbide, lasting ten months, from 1822 to 1823, and the other under Maximilian, established by French intervention, lasting from 1864 to 1867.

Mexico is now organized, under the Constitution of the 5th of February, 1857, with its several amendments, into a Federal Republic, composed of twenty-seven states, two territories, and a federal district, and the political organization is almost identical with that of this country. The powers of the Federal Government are divided into three branches — Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. The Legislative is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate ; the mem- bers of the House are elected for two years and the senators for four, the Senate being renewed by half every two years. Representatives are elected by the suffrage of all male adults, at the rate of one mem- ber for every 40,000 inhabitants. The qualifications requisite are to be at least twenty-five years of age and a resident of the State ; and for senators thirty years.

The Executive is exercised by a President elected by the electors popularly chosen, who holds his office for four years, without any provision forbidding his re-election. He has a cabinet of seven mem- bers, namely : Secretary of Foreign Affairs, of the Interior, of Justice and Public Instruction, of Fomento, which means promotion of Pub- lic Improvements, and includes public lands, patents, and coloniza- tion ; of Communications and Public Works, of the Treasury, and of War and Navy. No Vice-President is elected, but by an amend- ment to our Constitution, promulgated April 24, 1896, in the per-

fcolittcal ©roantsation. 99

manent or temporary disability of the President, not caused by resignation or by leave, the Secretary of State, and after him the Secre- tary of the Interior, shall exercise that office until Congress elects a President pro tempore. In case of resignation, Congress, accepting it, elects a President pro tempore, and in case of leave the President re- commends to Congress the person to fill that office.

The Federal Judiciary is composed of a Supreme Court, consisting of eleven Judges, four substitutes, one Attorney-General, and one Fis- cal, chosen for six years; three Circuit and thirty-two District Courts.

The States are independent in their domestic affairs, and their governments are similarly divided into three branches : the Governor, the Legislature, and the State Judiciary.

As we adopted the federal system rather to follow the example of the United States than to suit the conditions of Mexico, that system did not work with us so easily or so satisfactorily as it works here ; and the tendency is rather to centralization and to the increasing of the powers given by the Constitution to the Federal Government. In the article above mentioned published in the North American Review, for January, 1896, entitled, "The Philosophy of the Mexican Revo- lutions," * I dwelt particularly on the results of our having copied al- most literally the political institutions of the United States, and gave a general idea of our political condition.

Political Division. — When the federal system was established in Mexico, in 1824, each of the old provinces under the Spanish rule was organized as a State, and our Constitution of October 4, 1824, enumer- ated nineteen States. After the war with the United States we lost Texas, New Mexico, and California ; but since then as I stated in the chapter on population some of the larger States have been divided into two, or even three States, as was the case with the old State of Mexico, out of which were formed the three present States of Mexico, Hidalgo, and Morelos. Our present Constitution, of February 5, 1857, enumerates twenty-four States ; but we now have twenty-seven.

The tabular statement published above, under the head of " Popu- lation," shows the number of States which form the Mexican Con- federation, their area, population, and capital cities.

Army and Navy. — During our civil wars, and for some time later, we had to keep a very large standing army, and our army acquired re- cently a very high degree of discipline and efficiency. The Liberal party always favored the reduction of the army, while the Church party favored a large army, as our old regular army, on the whole, took sides with the Church. Soon after the restoration of the Republic, in 1867, the Mexican army consisted of : Infantry, 22,964 ; engineers, 766 ; ar-

1 This article will appear in this volume under the head of " Historical Notes on Mexico."

ioo (Beoarapbical "Rotes on flDejtco.

tillery, 2304 ; cavalry, 8454 ; rural guards of police, 2365 ; gendarmerie, 250 ; total, 37,103 ; and was commanded by n Major-Generals, 73 Brigadier-Generals, 1041 Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, and Majors, and 2335 Commissioned Officers. The total fighting strength, including reserves, is stated to be 132,000 infantry, 25,000 cavalry, and 8000 artillery. Every Mexican capable of carrying arms is liable for mili- tary service from his twentieth to his fiftieth year.

Notwithstanding that General Diaz is himself a soldier, he has fol- lowed the policy of the Liberal party of reducing the army as much as possible, and in his report of November 30, 1896, in which he informs his fellow citizens of his results of his sixteen years administration, he gives the following figures, showing the reduction he has been able to accomplish in the army since 1888 :

The army had, in 1888, according to President Diaz's report, the following personnel :

Major-Generals 16

Brigadier-Generals 84

Commissioned Officers i,205

Non-Commissioned Officers 2,566

Soldiers 29,367

Total 33,238

In 1896 the personnel had been reduced in the following numbers :

Generals 24

Commissioned Officers 166

Non-Commissioned Officers 299

Soldiers 8,170

Total 8,659

The Mexican navy is now in its inception, as it consists of a fleet of two dispatch vessels, launched 1874, each of 425 tons and 425 horse- power, and severally armed with a four-ton muzzle-loading gun, and four small breech-loaders. A steel training ship, the Zaragoza, of 1200 tons, was built at Havre, in 1891 ; four gun-boats are building, and a battle-ship and cruiser are projected ; five first-class torpedo- boats have been ordered in England. The fleet is manned by ninety officers and five hundred men.

EDUCATION.

In 1521, the City of Mexico fell into the hands of the conquering Spaniards, and exactly eight years after that event there was established in the City of Mexico the College of San Juan de Letran, for giving secondary education to intelligent Indians as well as to the sons of the

Btmcation, 101

invading race. Thus, ninety years before the landing of the Pilgrims, the City of Mexico had its "Harvard."

Universities Established by the Spanish Government. — The first vice- roy of New Spain, as Mexico was called then, fourteen years after the conquest, petitioned the King of Spain to permit him to found a university in Mexico, and, anticipating from his knowledge of the good-will of the Spanish-rulers that the desired permission would be given, the viceroy took the responsibility of establishing certain classes in the higher learning, a fact which does not support the commonly held theory that Spain has always been the enemy of edu- cation and of popular enlightenment. Owing to the slow means of communication in those days, and the legal steps necessary to be taken in the mother country, the university was not formally established until 1553, or eighty-three years before Harvard College was opened. The great event of setting on foot the university came under the enlightened rule of the second viceroy, Don Luis de Velasco, who did so many great things for Spain's new dependency.

Later on, in 1573, there were founded in Mexico the colleges of San Gregorio and San Ildefonso, the latter still open, but modernized into the national preparatory school, a really great institution in that city of many schools. A few years later, long before the iyth century had dawned, came the founding of two more colleges and a divinity school, so that in the first sixty-five years of Spain's control in Mexico no less than seven seats of the higher learning had been established on secure foundations.

No wonder that Mexico's capital became known as the Athens of the new world, producing men of great learning, such as Don Juan Ruiz de Alarcon and such notably erudite women as Juana Inez de la Cruz. The extensive library of " Americana," belonging to Don Jose de Agreda, of that city, containing over 4000 books, many of them invalu- able, attests the literary, antiquarian, scientific and artistic activity of the Spaniards who planted there in a short space of time so much of learning and such vast institutions dedicated to the instruction in all the higher branches of knowledge.

At the outset the University of Mexico gave instruction only in mathematics, Latin and the arts. Medicine and surgery were not esteemed highly during the middle ages, and it was not until long after the revival of learning in the Renaissance that the physician came to be considered as a true man of science. So it is not to be marvelled at that the University of Mexico waited until 1578 to establish a chair of medicine — the first in the new world discovered by Columbus. The first chair of medicine was a morning class, and a single professor carried his students through a four years' course unaided. In 1599, a second medical professorship was added ; in 1661, anatomy and surgery

102 <3eoarapbical "Rotes on flDejico.

were added, and, consequently dissection was authorized. At the outset the viceroys appointed the professors, but after a time the candidates for chairs had to win the coveted prizes through competitive examinations.

The early students were not railroaded through. They had to study four years to obtain the diploma of a bachelor of medicine ; then went out into active life, and, on gaining practical knowledge, received, passing a fresh examination, the diploma of licentiate of medicine, and, later, that of doctor of medicine.

School of Medicine. — In 1768 a decree was issued for the establish- ment in the City of Mexico of a royal college for surgeons, similar to institutions in Cadiz and Barcelona. This college was a very com- plete one, instruction being given in anatomy and dissection, in physiology, operations, clinical surgery, and medical jurisprudence. There were graduated also from the college all the dentists, bone- setters, phlebotomists, and midwives. A knowledge of Latin was not essential to receive a medical degree until 1803.

In 1821, Mexico having achieved her independence, the same care- ful watch over education continued, and in 1833 a general revision of educational institutions was ordered under the administration of Don Valentin Gomez Farias a leader of the Liberal party and the univer- sity was closed, because it was considered to have conservative tend- encies, and a general board of education organized, which, among other things established what was called the School of Medical Science, with ten professors, giving a remarkably complete and modern course. On account of a revolution which occurred in 1834 which overthrew the Gomez Farias Government, the new school of medicine was closed, and the old university reopened ; but, as the officials of the university, on making a careful study of the conditons of the new school of medicine rendered an impartial report, setting forth its manifold ad- vantages it was decided to keep open the institution.

The incessant revolutions and consequent changes of government brought many evil things to pass, and the medical professors at times found themselves without salaries, and nobly devoted themselves to their classes without remuneration. They at one time were deprived of their building and literally thrown into the street. Better times came, however, the successive governments began to give substantial aid to the school, and in 1845 it took the name it still bears, the National School of Medicine. After more vicissitudes, many movings and trials which bore hard on the enthusiastic professors, the National School of Medicine finally was located where it now remains, in a part of the enormous edifice belonging formerly to the Inquisition.

In the chaos of succeeding revolutions the salaries of the professors were often unpaid, but the devoted men of science struggled on,

E&ucation. 103

assisted by wealthier students and contributing often out of their own slender means to keep the school alive ; but, in 1857, a better era commenced, and not since then, with rare exceptions, have there been any interruptions in financial aid from the various governments. All the other institutions of learning suffered the same fate and were ex- posed to similar ups and downs.

School of Engineering. — Our mining college is the best in Spanish America, and it was established when engineering was hardly taught, and endowed by a portion of the taxes levied by the Spanish Govern- ment on mines. Its edifice is one of the best built by the Spaniards in their colonies, and still stands as a great monument, embellishing the City of Mexico.

The above given facts will show how early did Mexico open great schools for the higher ed&cation, and how solicitous was the Spanish government to maintain them. But, three centuries of devo- tion to learning, antedating the war for independence, planted there firmly a love of knowledge which is now exhibited in the great government schools, in a city full of students, in innumerable pri- vate schools, in the well-filled public primary institutions, in night schools for adults, and in the thirty-five bookstores of that city.

Mexican Technical Schools in the Present Time. — The edifice of the first University in America, founded by the Spanish crown in 1551, is to-day occupied by the National Conservatory of Music. The National Academy of Art, ancient Academy of San Carlos, stands where Fray Pedro de Gante founded, in 1524, the first school of the New World — a school for Indians. The Normal School for males, with its six hundred pupils and its first-class German equip- ment, occupies the old convent of Santa Teresa, (1678). The Normal School for females has fourteen hundred pupils, an expensive building of 1648. The fine old Jesuit College of San Ildefonso, erected in 1749 at a cost of $400,000 is now filled with a thousand pupils of the National Preparatory School. The National College of Medicine is housed in the old home of the Inquisition (1732), an edifice whose four hanging arches at each corner of the lower corridor are famous. The building was taken for its present purpose in this century, the Holy Office dying in America with the Independence, but the medical col- lege was established by royal decree of 1768. It has now several hundred pupils. San Lorenzo (1598) is now the manual training- school where poor boys are gratuitously taught lithography, engrav- ing, printing, carpentry, and many other trades. The similar institution for girls is of course modern, dating only from 1874. The National Library, with its 200,000 volumes, dwells in the splendid sequestered Church of San Agustin. The National Museum occupies part of the million-dollar building erected in 1731 for the royal mint. And so on

104 <3eo0rapbical "Rotes on /iDejico.

through a list that would rival that of any other country. The School of Mines and Engineering, however, stands as one of the first. Its magnificent building of Chiluca, the nearest to granite the valley affords, was built for it by Tolsa in 1793, and cost three millions. The institu- tion named the Colegio de la Paz, better known as the Vizcainas is one of the principal establishments for the education of young women, founded in 1734, at a cost for construction alone of about $2,000,000, subscribed by three Spanish merchants, who also provided funds for its support. These funds, when insufficient to meet expenses, are sup- plemented by the Federal Government. We have also a very high grade Military School located at the historical grounds of Chapulte- pec, which educates fine soldiers.

As late as 1824 Humboldt declared, " No city of the New Con- tinent, not excepting those of the United States, presents scientific establishments so great and solid as those of the capital of Mexico." Except as to the buildings, of course, so much could not be said to- day, as wealth and numbers have made other countries take more rapid strides in higher education. Some of the universities of the United States pay even $10,000 a year to professors and they there- fore can secure the best talent.

From the time of the Spanish domination in Mexico to but a few years ago, the Mexican Government considered itself bound to give to the people free secondary education, and for this purpose colleges for all literary and scientific professions were established in the City of Mexico, and each State did the same in its respective capital, in so- far as its means allowed it, so that anybody who intended to follow a scientific career could do so without any expense to himself.

The result of the free technical schools has been that most of the young men of well-to-do families in Mexico follow a literary career and that does not cost them anything, and we have more lawyers,, doctors, engineers than we really need for the country.

Reorganization of the Technical Colleges. — We had before 1868 sev- eral higher colleges and in each of them the same careers were taught, as law, medicine, engineering, etc., but in the reorganization of our national colleges which took place in that year, it was thought proper to establish a special college for each career, and a preparatory col- lege for such elementary studies as would be required for all careers, such as elementary mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc., etc., so that we now have in the City of Mexico, supported by the Federal Govern- ment a special school for engineering, one for law, one for medicine, another for agriculture, etc., etc., but each State generally supports one technical college where all literary careers are taught.

Primary Education. — Comparatively little attention was paid to the primary education, and the public schools were so deficient that

Efcucation* 105

parents of some means did not send their children to them, but to private schools where they were better attended to. The fact that the elevation of the people depends on their primary education has caused common schools to be established in the country, and now the States vie with each other for the purpose of establishing the best system of common schools and increasing their number.

The Mexican Government has been too much disturbed since its independence to earnestly promote the education of the Indians. I consider that one of the first duties of Mexico is to educate the large number of Indians which we have, and when that is accomplished the whole condition of the country will change, as it will be able in a few years to increase by several millions its productive and consuming population.

In 1896 the Federal Congress of Mexico passed a law which was promulgated on June 3d of that year, making primary education obliga- tory on all the inhabitants of the Federal District and Territories, and placing public education under the control of the Federal Government, having been before under the respective municipalities.

In almost all the States education is free and compulsory, but the law has not been strictly enforced. Primary instruction is mostly at the ex- pense of the municipalities, but the Federal Government makes frequent grants, and many schools are under the care of the beneficent societies.

School Statistics. — Statistical reports on public instruction for 1876 showed an aggregate of 8165 primary schools, with an attendance of 368,754 children of both sexes throughout the Republic. Reports for 1895 show a total number of public schools for both sexes through- out the Republic amounting to 10,915, in which are instructed 722,435 scholars, at an aggregate cost of $5,455,549.60. The proportion of children of both sexes attending the school is, with respect to the general population, nearly five per cent., and that of the children of school age, actually attending school about 27 per cent, with an aver- age yearly outlay per capita of $7.55. The entire number of private schools for both sexes, including those supported by religious and civil associations, is 2585, with a total attendance of 81,221. Adding these to the preceding figures we have an aggregate of 13,500 schools with an attendance of 803,656 scholars. The number of schools in the country for professional technical education is 136, attended by 16,809 pupils of both sexes.

In the Federal District there are 454 public primary schools with an attendance of 44,776 pupils, and 247 private schools with an attend- ance of 19,334 pupils. In the matter of education Mexico now stands upon a plane as high, if not higher, than any of the Spanish American Republics, out-ranking even Chili and the Argentine Republic, both of which greatly surpassed her in former years.

106 <3eoarapbical IRotes on flDejico.

The statistical part of this paper will contain detailed information about the number of schools established in each State, their cost, etc., during the year 1895, which complements the information embraced in this chapter.

Libraries. — Many great and noteworthy public and private libraries attest the ineradicable love of learning characteristic of the Mexican people. In 1894 there were in the Republic the National Library, with 200,000 volumes, and 102 other public libraries. There were in that year 22 museums for scientific and educational purposes, and 3 meteo- rological observatories. Our National Library at the City of .Mexico collected all the books possessed by the libraries of the different con- vents when they were suppressed by the National Government, and has therefore a very large number of rare and valuable books.

Newspapers. — The number of newspapers published was 363, of which 94 are published in the capital : 4 in English, 2 in French, and i in German, showing that the Press has not attained there the great de- velopment that it has in this country.

THE VALLEY OF MEXICO.

The Valley of Mexico is one of the finest spots in the world. Sur- rounded by high mountains — almost at the foot of the two highest in the country, Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl — with a very rare and clear atmosphere and a beautiful blue sky, especially after a rain ; it is really a centre of magnificent scenery. The rareness of the atmosphere makes distant objects appear to be very near, and when looking from the City of Mexico at the mountains which surround the Valley, one imagines that they are at the end of the City, while some of them are at a distance of forty miles. The view of the Valley from Chapultepec Hill, which is about one hundred and fifty feet high and distant about three miles from the City, towards its western extremity, where our military school now is and where the President has made his summer residence, is one of the most beautiful with which the earth is endowed. I have seen the Bosphorus, Constantinople, the Bay of Naples and other spots in the world which are considered to be most remarkable for their natural beauty, but I think the view of the Valley of Mexico from Chapultepec can be advantageously compared with any of them, if it does not excel them all.

Six lakes are within the limits of the Valley, — Chalco, Zochimilco, Texcoco, Xaltocan, San Cristobal, and Zupango, the two former being of fresh water and the others of salt water — and, as they have no natural outlet the City of Mexico has been deprived for some time of a proper drainage and its health has been affected very materially thereby. But the colossal undertaking of making an artificial outlet is

ZTbe Citg of flDejico, 107

now practically finished. In an article which I published in the Engineering Magazine in January, 1895, I dwelt especially on the work done during four centuries to accomplish that great end.1

The prevailing wind in the Valley of Mexico is northwest and north-northwest, which blew 250 times during the year 1883 ; while the southern winds, which are very dry, are rare, as they only blew 5 1 times in that year ; but at the same time they have greater velocity than the others, and the greatest relative velocity of the winds is 3.0. The west and northwest winds are very damp.

At the present stage of industrial development, speaking especially of the Valley of Mexico, the question of a cheaper combustible is the one of supreme importance. In the absence of water-power of im- portance and permanence of volume, the only solution of the problem so vital to the growth of manufactures there lies in procuring abundant and cheap fuel.

THE CITY OF MEXICO.

The City of Mexico, located in the western end of the valley, on the Anahuac plateau, at an altitude of 7350 feet above the sea level in 19° 26' north latitude and 99° 07' 53" .4 longitude west of Greenwich, covering about twenty square miles, is one of the most ancient cities of this continent, was the capital of the Aztec Empire, of the Spanish Colony of New Spain and now of the Mexican Republic, and of the Federal District of Mexico.

Mexico dates either from the year 1325 or 1327, when the Aztecs, after long wanderings over the plateau were directed by the oracle to settle at this spot. For here had been witnessed the auspicious omen of an eagle perched on a nopal (cactus) and devouring a snake. Hence the original name of the city, Tenochtitlan (cactus on a stone), changed afterwards to Mexico in honor of the war god Mexitli. The eagle holding a snake in her beak and standing on a cactus upon a stone, is the coat-of-arms of the Mexican Republic. With the progress of the Aztec culture the place rapidly improved, and about 1450 the old mud and rush houses were replaced by solid stone structures, erected partly on piles amid the islets of Lake Texcoco, and grouped around the cen- tral enclosure of the great teocalli. The city had reached its highest splendor on the arrival of the Spaniards in 1519, when it comprised from 50,000 to 60,000 houses, with perhaps 500,000 inhabitants, and seemed to Cortes, according to Prescott's, " like a thing of fairy crea- tion rather than the work of mortal hands." It was at that time about T2 miles in circumference, everywhere intersected by canals, and connected with the mainland by six long and solidly constructed causeways, as is clearly shown by the plan given in the edition of

1 That article is appended to this paper.

io8 6eograpbical Botes on flDejico.

Cortes's letters published at Nuremberg in 1524.' After its almost destruction in November, 1521, Cortes employed some 400,000 natives in rebuilding it on the same site ; but since then the lake seems to have considerably subsided, for although still 50 square miles in extent, it is very shallow and has retired two and a half miles from the city.

During the Spanish rule the chief event was the revolt in 1692, when the municipal buildings were destroyed. Since then Mexico has been the scene of many revolutions, was captured by the United States Army after the battle of Chapultepec, on September 13, 1847, and by the French Army under Marshall Forey in 1863. But since the over- throw of Maximilian, and the French Intervention in 1867, peace has been established and it has become a great centre of civilizing in- fluences for the surrounding peoples.

The City of Mexico is 263 miles by rail from Veracruz on the Atlantic, 290 from Acapulco on the Pacific, 285 from Oaxaca, 863. from Matamoros on the frontier with the United States, and 1224 miles from El Paso. Mexico is the largest and finest city in Spanish America, and at one time larger than Madrid, the capital of Spain, forming a square of nearly 3 miles both ways, and laid out with perfect regu- larity, all its six hundred streets and lanes running at right angles north to south and east to west, and covering within the walls an area of about ten square miles, with a population now of 539,935.

The present City of Mexico is almost twice as large as the old one, it having increased towards the northwest, and, strange to say, the new portion is not laid out as regularly as the old one. All the main thoroughfares converge on the central Plaza de Armas, or Main Square, which covers 14 acres, and is tastefully laid out with shady trees, garden plots, marble fountains, and seats. Here also are grouped most of the public buildings, towering above which is the Cathedral, the largest and most sumptuous church in America, which stands on the north side of the plaza on the site of the great pyramidal teocalli or temple of Huitzilopochtli, titular god of the Aztecs. This church, which was founded in 1573 and finished in 1657, at a cost of $2,000,- ooo, for the walls alone, forms a Greek cross, 426 feet long and 203 feet wide, with two great naves and three aisles, twenty side chapels, and a magnificent high altar supported by marble columns, and surrounded by a tumbago balustrade with sixty-two statues of the same rich gold, silver, and copper alloy serving as candelabra. The elaborately carved choir was also enclosed by tumbago railings made in Macao, weighing twenty-six tons, and valued at about $1,500,000. In the interior, the Doric style prevails, and Renaissance in the exterior, which is adorned by five domes and two open towers 218 feet high. At the foot of the

1 Reproduced in vol. iv. of H. H. Bancroft's History of the Pacific States, San Francisco, 1833, p. 280.

Ube Cits of flDejfco. 109

left tower was placed the famous calendar stone, the most interesting relic of Aztec culture, which is now at the National Museum.

The east side of the plaza is occupied by the old vice-regal resi- dence, now the National Palace, with 675 feet frontage, containing most of the Government offices, ministerial, cabinet, treasury, military headquarters, archives, meteorological department with observatory, and the spacious halls of ambassadors, with some remarkable paintings by Miranda and native artists. North of the National Palace, and forming portions of it, are the post-office and the national museum of natural history and antiquities, with a priceless collection of Mexican relics.

Close to the cathedral stands the Monte de Piedad, or national pawnshop, a useful institution, endowed in 1744 by Don Manuel Romero de Terreros with $375,000, and now possessing nearly $10,- 000,000 of accumulated funds. Facing the cathedral is the Palacio Municipal, or City Hall, 252 feet by 122, rebuilt in 1792 at a cost of $150,000, and containing the city and district offices, and the mer- chant's exchange.

Around the Plaza San Domingo were grouped the convent of that name, which contained vast treasures buried within its walls, the old inquisition, now the school of medicine, and for some time the Custom House, which has now been removed to the city boundary. In the same neighborhood are the Church of the Jesuits and the School of Arts, which is, in the language of Brocklehurst, " an immense work- shop, including iron and brass foundries, carriage and cart mending, building and masonry, various branches of joinery and upholstery work, and silk and cotton hand-weaving."

Other noteworthy buildings are the national picture gallery of San Carlos, the finest in America, in which the Florentine and Flemish schools are well represented, and which contains the famous Las Casas, by Felix Parra ; the national library of St. Augustine, with over 200- ooo volumes, numerous MSS., and many rare old Spanish books ; the mint,1 which since 1690 has issued coinage, chiefly silver, to the amount of nearly $3,000,000,000 ; the Iturbide Hotel, formerly the residence of the Emperor Iturbide ; the Mineria, or schools of mines, with lecture- rooms, laboratories, rich mineralogical and geological specimens, and a fossil horse, three feet high, of the Pleistocene period.

1 The Spanish Government intended during last century to build a spacious, costly, and magnificent mint in the City of Mexico, and its plans and specifications were approved by the king, but by a mistake of the clerks in Madrid, they were forwarded to Santiago, Chili, instead of being sent to the City of Mexico, and it was in consequence built there. The building was so fine that, not having any mint at Santiago, it was used as the Government House, and it is now the Executive Mansion and Departments, and it is called " La Moneda," an abbreviation of " La Casa de Moneda," which is the Spanish name for mint.

no 6eo<jrapbfcal "Notes on flDejico.

Among the twenty scientific institutes, mention should be made of the Geographical and Statistical Society, whose meteorological depart- ment issues charts and maps of unsurpassed excellence.

Owing to the spongy nature of the soil, the Mineria and many other structures have settled out of the perpendicular, thus often pre- senting irregular lines and a rickety appearance.

Before 1860 half of the city consisted of churches, convents, and other ecclesiastical structures, most of which have been sequestrated and converted into libraries, stores, warehouses, hotels, and even stables, or pulled down for civic improvements. Nevertheless there still remain fourteen parish and thirty other churches, some of large size, with towers and domes. San Francisco Street is the leading thoroughfare, and is rivalled in splendor only by the new Cinco de Mayo Street, running from the National Theatre to the cathedral.

It would take a great deal more space than it is convenient to give in this paper, should I attempt to make a longer description of the City of Mexico which, being one of the oldest on this continent and the largest and principal one during the three centuries of the Spanish rule, it has quite a number of remarkable buildings and monuments and a very important history, a great deal of romance being connected with it.

The City of Mexico is not only the capital of the country, but the real head of the Republic ; and the aim of all other Mexican cities is to follow in its footsteps and imitate as much as possible the City of Mexico, which to them is a beau ideal and a real paradise.

The City of Mexico is now literally encircled with a belt of fac- tories— cotton, paper, linen, etc., packing houses, brick works, cork factories, soap works, etc., and cheaper fuel will add largely to their number. They have been able to show profits under the load of a dear combustible, and they will welcome the introduction of any fuel, which will enable them to work even more successfully.

Climate. — From the official reports of Professor Mariano Barcena, Director of the National Meteorological Observatory of the City of Mexico, of the weather conditions in 1895, it appears that there were 121 cloudy days. But the rains were mostly at night or late in the afternoon, of short duration, and immediately succeeded by sunshine showers. Long periods of rainy weather are unknown there. The total rainfall for the year, less than twenty inches, will convey a fair idea of the dryness of the climate. The mean temperature in the shade for 1895 was 60 degrees, the highest being 65, reached in April, and the lowest 53, in January, a temperature rather which avoids both extremities. The mean temperature for the summer months were : June, 64 degrees ; July, 62 ; August, 62 ; September, 61.

The table on page 112, prepared by the Weather Bureau of the City

TTbe Git£ of

of Mexico, contains the average annual climatological data of that city from the years 1877 to 1895.

More detailed data about the climatological conditions of the City of Mexico during the year 1896, prepared also by our Weather Bureau, is appended on page 113.

Mortality in the City of Mexico. — During the year 1896 the total mortality in the City of Mexico, under a recorded population of 330,698, was 15,567, not including 1275 still-births, equivalent to 4.70 percent. The principal diseases which caused that mortality were those affecting

1 A BRIEF HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE METEOROLOGY IN THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC.

Priest Jose Antonio Alzate stands in the first place among those who have culti- vated the meteorological science in our country, being he who first devoted himself to its study, and made regular observations during more than eight years, as he himself says in his Description topogrdfica de Mexico (i 738 to 1 799). Of these observations, he, unfortunately, only published those belonging to the last nine months of the year 1769, in his famous Gaceta de Literatura de Mexico, 1788 to 1795. He also published many articles describing some phenomena and instruments, climates of towns, value and usefulness of observations, as he had done in others of his publications : Diario Liter- aria de Mexico, 1768 ; Asuntos varios sobre Ciencias y Artes, 1772 to 1773 ; and Ob- servaciones sobre la Flsica Historia Natural y Artes titiles, 1787. He was the first in determining the height of the City of Mexico.

After these labors of Father Alzate, we find in the journal El Sol regular series of observations published, daily, from the I4th of June, 1824, to the I4th of January, 1828. Dr. John Burkart in 1826 ; Sr. Francisco Gerolt from 1833 to 1834, at the School of Mines ; Sr. Jose Gomez de la Cortina, Conde de la Cortina, from 1841 to 1845 ; the members of the Geographical Section of the Army Staff from 1842 to 1843 ; the Astronomer Sr. Francisco Jimenez in 1858 ; the School of Mines in the years 1850, 1856, 1857, and 1858 ; Sr. Ignacio Cornejo, M.E., at the same school from 1865 to 1866 ; and Sr. Juan de Mier y Teran at the " Escuela Preparatoria " from 1868 to 1875, respectively, made some meteorological observations.

A series of observations from 1855 to 1875 were made at the Hacienda de San Nicolas Buenavista, and another one at the city of Cordoba from 1859 to 1863, by Dr. Jose Apolinario Nieto ; Sr. Carlos Sartorius at the Hacienda del Mirador (State of Veracruz) ; Sr. Miguel Velazquez de Leon, and his sons, Joaquin and Luis, engi- neers, from 1869 up to the present, at the Hacienda del Pabellon ; Sr. Gregorio Bar- reto from 1869 to 1880, at the city of Colima ; General Mariano Reyes, Sr. Jose Maria Romero, engineer, and Sr. Pascual Alcocer, from 1870 to the present date, at the city of Queretaro ; Sr. Lazaro Perez from 1874 to 1885, at the city of Guadalajara ; Sr. Isidore Epstein at the City of Monterrey, 1855 ; Sr. Vicente Reyes, a civil engi- neer and architect, at the city of Cuernavaca, 1873, 1874, and 1876 ; Sr. Joaquin de Mendizabal Tamborrel, an engineer, at the city of Puebla, 1872 to 1873 ; Sr. Augustin Galindo at the same city, 1875 ; Professor Manuel M. Chazaro at San Juan Michapa (State of Veracruz), 1872 to 1873 ; Priest Pedro Spina, S. J., at the city of Puebla, 1876, and perhaps many others from whom we have no notice, have devoted them- selves to making meteorological observations.

The " Sociedad de Geografia y Estadistica " the most ancient scientific society in Mexico, distributed, in 1862, some instruments and instructions to observers.

Finally, on the 6th of March, 1877, being President of the Republic, General

112

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the digestive and respiratory organs, the former amounting to 4472 or 1.35 per cent, of the population and the latter to 3904 or 1.18 per cent, of the population, and both causing 8376 deaths or 53.81 per cent, of the total number of deaths. Deaths by typhus and typhoid fevers and small-pox, which are supposed to make such great ravages in the City of Mexico, were in reality insignificant, the deaths by the former amounting in that year to 480 or 0.14 per cent, of the population, and the deaths by small-pox were, in the Federal District, embracing the City of Mexico and twenty-three suburban towns, 217 or 0.047 Per cent, of the population of the District which is 473,820. Small-pox only attacks the very poor people, and, strange to say, also foreigners, even in case they have been vaccinated in their country, and to be free from small-pox they must be vaccinated in Mexico.

The months of the greatest mortality during the same year were from February to May, and of the smallest the month of August, show- ing that the unhealthy months are the dry months, that is before the rains set in.

The mortality in the City of Mexico is indeed very large, and it is due principally to two causes, first, the want of proper drainage and sewerage for the refuse of the city, a trouble which is now almost com-

Porfirio Diaz, and by the suggestion of General Vicente Riva Palacio, then Secretary of Public Works, the Central Meteorological Observatory was established. From that date up to the present, an uninterrupted hourly observation is regularly taken during the day and the night in the Central Meteorological Observatory. Some mag- netical observations have also been made, and the Observatory is now thought of be- ing removed to a more suitable spot.

After the establishment of the Central Meteorological Observatory, some official or private meteorological stations have also been established as follows : Aguascalien- tes (Instituto del Estado) ; Guadalajara (Escuela de Ingenieros), observer, Augustin V. Pascal ; Guanajuato (Colegio del Estado), observer, Genaro Monies de Oca ; Leon (Escuela Secundaria), observer, Mariano Leal ; Mazatlan (Observatorio Astronomico y Meteorologico), observer, N. Gonzalez ; Oaxaca (Colegio del Estado), observer, Dr. A. Dominguez ; Pachuca (Instituto del Estado), observer, Dr. N. Andrade ; Puebla (Colegio Catolico and Colegio del Estado), observers, Priest P. Spina and B. G. Gon- zalez respectively ; Queretaro (Colegio Civil), observer, J. B. Alcocer ; San Luis Po- tosi (Instituto del Estado), observer. Dr. G. Barroeta ; Toluca (Instituto del Estado), observer, S. Enriquez ; Veracruz, observer, G. Baturoni ; Zacatecas (Instituto), J. A. Bonilla. Dr. Manuel Andrade, of Huejutla ; Dr. Matienzo, of Tampico; Father Perez, of Morelia ; Father Arreola, of Colima ; Father Castellanos, of Zapotlan ; Sr. Pascual Borbon, of Tacambaro, are enlightened observers to whom the Central Me- teorological Observatory is indebted for their valuable co-operation, and also to the telegraph operators of the " Telegraph system," who send, daily, some weather obser- vations to this office.

The staff of the Central Meteorological Observatory is now as follows : Director, Mariano Barcena ; Vice-Director, Jose Zendejas, C.E. ; Second Observer, Francisco Toro ; Assistants, Rafael Aguilar, Francisco Quiroga, Angel Robelo, Jose Torres, and J. I. Vazquez.

1Railwa£s. us

pletely remedied, and the second, the unhygienic way of living of the poor classes, among whom takes place the largest mortality.

The very large number of still-births which occurred in the City of Mexico in 1896, almost exclusively among the poor classes, shows the little care that the poor women take of themselves, and is enough to ex- plain the present large mortality.

RAILWAYS.

For many years the government earnestly endeavored to further the construction of railroads in Mexico, but the broken surface of the country made the building of these roads very expensive. Until 1873 the means of internal locomotion were mainly limited to a few wagon roads, over which travelled twenty-four regular lines of diligences, under one management ; and bridle-paths from the central plateau over the sierras and terrace lands down to a few points on both coasts.

In 1854 the first railroad was finished, connecting the City of Mex- ico with Guadalupe, about three miles in length, and another from Veracruz to Tejeria towards the City of Mexico about twelve miles in length ; these being the only railroads that were built, up to 1861. During the French Intervention the French army extended the Tejeria road to Paso del Macho, about thirty-five miles further, to the foot of the mountain, so as to be able to transport their army, with the shortest delay possible, out of the yellow-fever zone, toward the central plateau ; and an English Company, which had a grant for a road from the City of Mexico to Veracruz, which was supposed at the time to be the only one that could be built in Mexico, extended the Guadalupe road to Api- zaco in the direction of Veracruz and not far from Puebla.

No construction of consequence was done immediately after the French Intervention, because the country was generally in a disturbed condition, although several efforts were made in that direction by President Juarez, under whose administration a new and very liberal grant was given to the Veracruz railway company. The Veracruz road was finished in 1873, during SeBor Lerdo de Tejada's Presidency, and when General Diaz became President in 1876 he earnestly pro- moted railroad building ; and we now have two trunk lines connecting the City of Mexico with the United States — the Mexican Central to El Paso, Texas, with a branch from San Luis Potosi to the port of Tampico, and another from Irapuato to Guadalajara, which has re- cently been extended to Ameca, towards the Pacific ; and the Mexican National to Laredo, Texas, with several branches. Another trunk line from Eagle Pass to Torreon and Durango, which it is intended shall finally reach the Pacific, has also been built by Mr. C. P. Hunt- ington and his associates. There is besides a line from Nogales to Guaymas, built and owned by the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe

n6 (Beosrapbical iRotes on /IDejico.

Company ; and these four lines connect us with the main systems of the United States, our lines being in fact extensions of the United States railway system.

We have now two lines from the City of Mexico to Veracruz, the old Veracruz road passing by Orizaba, and the Interoceanic, which runs from Veracruz by Jalapa and the City of Mexico and is intended to reach the Pacific. All of our roads, excepting the one built by Mr. Huntington, have had large subsidies paid by the Mexican Govern- ment, and in one case, that of the Veracruz railroad, the subsidy paid was $560,000 per year, for twenty-eight years, or about $57,471 per English mile, although the average subsidy per mile, according to President Diaz's report, dated November 30, 1896, is $14,380.

The Tehuantepec railway, running from Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf of Mexico to Salina Cruz on the Pacific, about one hundred and thirty miles in length, has been built at great expense and at a great sacrifice by the Mexican Government. I published in the Engineering Maga- zine for March, 1894,' an article stating the different efforts made by the Mexican Government to have that road built, and the advantages that we expected from it as a highway of trade between the Atlantic and the Pacific. The Mexican Government has recently made a con- tract with Messrs. E. Weetman, Pearson & Son, of London, for the building of good harbors at both ends of the road, and when that is accomplished we expect that a great deal of eastern trade will pass through Tehuantepec.

With the exception of the Tehuantepec road, we have not yet any road running from the Atlantic to the Pacific, although several are in process of construction. The descent of the mountains is on the Pa- cific slope a great deal more difficult than on the Gulf coast, where the large centres of population are located near the Gulf, and this explains why none of the roads have so far been able to reach the Pacific Ocean.

Our railway system extends now, in the direction of Guatemala, as far as the city of Oaxaca, where we are only about five hundred miles away from our frontier with Guatemala. In other directions, our sys- tem reaches the principal cities and commercial and mining centres of the country.

The total mileage of railway in 1895 was 6989^ English miles. President Diaz, in his above mentioned report gives, the total mileage of railways in Mexico as 11,469 kilometres or 7126 miles ; and in his message to Congress on April i, 1897, he stated that the railway mile- age had been increased by 238 kilometres 550 metres, finished and received by the Government, and 248 kilometres built, but not yet re- ceived officially, making a total mileage of 11,955 kilometres 550 metres, or 7.429 miles.

1 This paper will appear in this volume.

117

President Diaz's Raihvay Policy. — President Diaz deserves a great deal of credit for his efforts to promote in Mexico, material improve- ments, and especially in railroad building. When he came into power, in 1877, public opinion was very much divided as to the policy of allowing citizens of the United States to develop the resources of the country by building railroads, working mines, etc. Our experience of what took place in consequence of the liberal grants given by Mexico to Texan colonists made many fear that a repetition of that liberal policy might endanger the future of the country by giving a foothold in it to citizens of the United States who might afterward, if circum- stances favored them, attempt to repeat the case of Texas. President Lerdo de Tejada seemed to share such fears judging by his policy in this regard. But President Diaz, as a broad-minded and patriotic statesman, believed that the best interest of the country required its material development, and that it would not be advisible to discrimi- nate against citizens of the United States, as that country was more interested than any other, on account of its contiguity to Mexico, in developing the resources of our country by building an extensive system of railways, and would, therefore, be more ready than any other to assist in building them. He trusted, at the same time, that when the resources of the country should be more fully developed, it would become so strong as to be beyond reach of the temptation by foreign states or individuals. The results of the work done in Mexico so far show that General Diaz acted wisely, and proved himself equal to the task before him.

Many in Mexico, and myself among the number, thought that, as the railroads were such lucrative enterprises, especially in a country endowed with so many natural elements of wealth as Mexico, it would not be judicious to give their promoters any pecuniary assistance, in the shape of subsidies or otherwise, the more so as the finances of the country were then in a critical condition, and it would not be wise to increase its burdens by large pecuniary subsidies in aid of private en- terprises. My opinion in this case was based mainly on what I had seen in the United States, namely : that long lines of railways are built in this country without any pecuniary assistance from the Govern- ment, and that when the Government subsidized any one line it be- came a source of great dissatisfaction and very unpleasant questions, which are yet unsettled. We feared also that such large subsidies as were asked by the railway promoters would amount in the end to so large a sum as to make it impossible for Mexico to pay it, discrediting the country. But in this case General Diaz's view seems to have been the right one, in so far as that it afforded a great inducement for the immediate building of large trunk lines of railways, which, without subsidy, might have been delayed for several years. He thought it

us Oeograpbical Botes on flDejico.

worth while to spend large sums of money for the purpose of having railways built without delay, rather than trust to the fluctuations of confidence and credit in the foreign exchanges, that would enable the prospective companies to obtain the funds necessary to build their roads, trusting, at the same time, that the material development of the country promoted by the railroads would yield revenue enough to pay all the subsidies granted. Fortunately all railroad subsidies contracted by Mexico have been punctually paid, and their amount forms now a large item of our national debt. To pay some of them the mistake was made of negotiating a sterling loan on Europe, to pay a silver debt ; but even in that way the transaction is not altogether a bad one.

General Diaz's policy was to give a railway subsidy to anybody asking for it without investigating the responsibility of the concern, with the idea that if the road was built the country would get the benefit of the same, and if it was not built nothing would be lost, as there was in all grants, a clause to the effect that if no building was done within a given time, the grant should by that mere fact be for- feited, the forfeiture to be declared by the Administration.

The system of subsidizing railways has a great many drawbacks, but at the same time commands some decided advantages, like giving the government the strict supervision over the roads who have to sub- mit to it for its approval, tariffs for freights and passengers, the free carrying of the mails, the duty of the company to present to the government a yearly statement of its traffic, receipts, etc., and other similar advantages. In all grants to subsidized railroads there is a stipulation that at the end of ninety-nine years the road-bed would revert to the Mexican government.

President Diaz's Statistics on Mexican Railways. — Before I close this chapter I think it will not be out of place to quote some remarks of President Diaz concerning our Mexican railroads, which occur in his above-mentioned report.

" In 1875 we had 578 kilometres 285 metres of railway, in 1885 we had 5915 kilometres, in 1886, 6018 kilometres, in November, 1888, 7940 kilometres, in June, 1892, 10,233, and including the tramways and other local and private lines, the amount was 11,067 kilometres; in September, 1894, we had 11,100 kilometres; in April, 1896, 11,165 kilometres, and now we have 11,469 kilometres. . . .

" We stand first in railroad building of all the Latin- American countries. Dur- ing the years 1877 to 1892 Mexico built more railroads than any other Latin-American State, being 11,165 kilometres ; the Argentine Republic takes the second place, with 8108 kilometres, and Brazil the third, with 6193 kilometres, built during the years mentioned. The average number of kilometres built per annum in Mexico during this period was 689, the maximum having been reached in

•Railways, 119

1881-82 1938 kilometres

1882-83 , 1727 "

1887-88 1217

1889 1263 "

The number of passengers carried in

1876 4,281,327

1890 19,531,395

1893 22,781,343

1895 24,269,895

The freight handled in

1876 132,915 tons

1890 2,734,430 "

1893 3,798,360 "

1895 4,117.511 "

The gross receipts in

1876 $2,564,870

1890 21,019,960

1893 26,121,624

1897 28,758,450

" The subsidies paid for railroads up to December, 1892, averaged $8935 per kilo- metre of road built and in operation at that date. This average is much less than that of the subsidies paid by other Latin-American countries, the Republic of Chili having averaged $17,635 per kilometre, and the Argentine Republic $31,396.

" The railroad system of the Republic has given the capital direct and rapid con- nection with our principal states. Throughout the length of the central plateau to the frontier, Mexico City is connected with the capitals of the states of Queretaro, Guana- juato, Jalisco, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Chihuahua, and San Luis Potosi by the Mexican Central Railway, and with Durango by the Mexican International ; with the states of Mexico, Guanajuato, Michoacan, San Luis Potosi, Coahuila and Nuevo Leon by the Mexican National ; with the cities of Puebla, Orizaba, Cordoba, Vera- cruz, and Jalapa by the Mexican Railway and by the Interoceanic, and with Tehuacan and Oaxaca by the Mexican Southern from Puebla. Three lines connect the capital with the northern frontier ; the Central, which terminates in Ciudad Juarez ; the National, which runs to Nuevo Laredo ; and the International, which, from its junction with the Central at Torreon, runs to Piedras Negras. And as to our various ports Guaymas is connected with Nogale on the northern frontier ; Manzanillo with Colima ; Matamoros with Reynosa and San Miguel ; Tampico with San Luis Potosi and Mon- terrey ; Veracruz with Jalapa and Mexico ; and the first really Interoceanic railway of the Republic across the Isthmus of the Tehuantepec, united the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by connecting the port of Coatzacoalcos, on the gulf, with the port of Salina Cruz on the Pacific coast. Southward from the capital of the Republic the Interoceanic traverses the State of Morelos, and the Mexico, Cuernavaca and Pacific Railway has its line located to the City of Cuernavaca and is pushing on through the state of Guer- rero to the port of Acapulco. In the peninsula of Yucatan, the lines connecting Campeche and Merida are nearly finished ; while the port of Progreso has rail com- munication with Merida."

Financial Condition of Mexican Railways. — Our railroads are doing remarkably well, and their traffic, especially domestic, is daily increas-

120

(Beograpbical IRotes on /IDejico,

ing and grows in much larger proportion than the foreign, or inter- national traffic ; and they are paying the interest on their debt, which is due and paid in gold, notwithstanding that they collect their freights in silver, which has been for several years at a great discount, losing at the present rate of exchange about one hundred per cent, in the operation ; but their business is such that they can afford to suffer that loss.

In the statistical section of this paper will be found a list of our railroads, their mileage, earnings, and several other data, showing that they are in a prosperous condition, all of which will be of interest to those who desire to have a more intimate acquaintance with the railway system of Mexico. I will only insert here the following statement of the annual building and earnings of the Mexican railways, sup- plementing it with a comparative statement showing the tonnage moved by the principal railway lines, for the ten years ending Decem- ber 31, 1896, which shows a great increase in their business, and con- sequently in their earnings.

ANNUAL BUILDINGS AND EARNINGS OF MEXICAN RAILWAYS.

YEAR.	MILES OF ROADS BUILT.	ANNUAL EARNINGS.
Each year.	Total.
	5,393 47,o87 2,265 3,739 40,748 9i,95o 120,328 429,858 1,204,118 1,073,404 282,523 73,6i4 49,099 323,084 756,522 390,650 784,744 495,015 352,171 14,829 118,810	359,306 364,699 4l8,OOI 414,052 417,791 458,539 550,488 670,817 1,100,675 2,304,792 3,378,196 3,660,719 3,734,332 3,783,432 4,106,516 4,863,060 5,253,096 6,037,752 6,532,711 6,884,842 6,870,015 6,888,811	$2,097,104.55 2,665,496.18 2,799,696.13 2,563,241.00 3,213,434.17 3,400,799.89 3,828,7X8.65 4,504,135.39 5,679,193.37 9,883,719.51 12,102,583.34 .11,089,136.39 10,656,551.42 11,373,667.63 13,310,218.79 16,121,267.79 18,788,142.29 20,9X9,287.14 23,762,172.87 25,363,922.29 25,359,244.06
1874. .
1875.. ,
1876
1877
1878.. .
1870.. .
1880
1881
1882
1883.. .
1884
1885
1886
1887. .
1888
1889
1 890
1891
1892
1801

Uelearapbs.

121

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT, SHOWING APPROXIMATE TONNAGE MOVED

BY THE UNDERMENTIONED RAILWAYS FOR THE TEN YEARS

ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1896.

{Compiled from published reports and information furnished by the re- spective railway companies?)

YEAR.	CENTRAL RAILWAY.	NATIONAL RAILWAY.	INTRROCEANIC RAILWAY.	MEXICAN RAILWAY.	TOTAL.
Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.	Tons.
1887	346,898 477,530 Inc. 34.4 540,479 Inc. 13.1 609,382 Inc. 12.7 867,657 Inc. 42.3 1,091,785 Inc. 25.8 860,187 Dec. 21.2 898,484 Inc. 4.4 1,047,038 Inc. 16.5 1,231,025 Inc. 17.5	77,935 372,800 Inc. 378.3 428,314 Inc. 14.8 472,045 Inc. 10.2 502,856 Inc. 7.3 588,505 Inc. 17. 552,123 Dec. 6.5 558,382 Inc. i.i 636,193 Inc. 13.9 782,106 Inc. 22.9	I4I,09O 197,231 Inc. 39.7 186,222 Dec. 5.5 281,769 Inc. 51.3 277,866 Dec. 1.3 S^S.ig1 Inc. 31.4 380,805 Inc. 4.3 444,191 Inc. 16.6 464,976 Inc. 4.4 479.744 Inc. 3.1	273,194 318,893 Inc. 16.7 354,321 Inc. ii. i 384,584 Inc. 8.2 409,185 Inc. .6 367,980 Dec. 10. 385,923 Inc. 4.8 433,637 Inc. 12.3 453,289 Inc. 4.5 756,330 Inc. 66.8	839,"7 1,366,454 Inc. 62.7 1,509,336 Inc. 10.4 1,747,780 Inc. 15.7 2,057,564 Inc. 17.7 2,413,461 Inc. 17.3 2,179,038 Dec. 9.7 2,334,694 Inc. 7.1 2,601,496 Inc. 11.4 3,249,205 Inc. 24.8
1888
l880. .
l8QO. .
1891
1802. .
1803. .
1804. .
i8cK. .
1806. .
	7,970,465	4,971,259	3,219,085	4,137,336	20,298,145

CITY OF MEXICO, May 19, 1897.

(s.)

A. BLAKE.

TELEGRAPHS.

We have quite a number of miles of telegraph lines in Mexico, and our service is now as good as that of any other country. The first tele- graph line built and owned in Mexico by a private company, liberally assisted by the government, extended from Veracruz to the City of Mexico. On November 5, 1851, the first section was inaugurated from the City of Mexico to Nopalucan, and on May 19, 1852, to Veracruz.

In 1853 another company established a line from the City of Mexico towards the north to Leon in the State of Guanajuato, and in 1865 a line was finished to San Luis Potosi.

In 1868 and 1869 a private company, called the " Jalisco Company " established the line between the City of Mexico and Guadalajara, which was soon afterwards extended to Manzanillo and San Bias. After the restoration of the Republic in 1867, the Mexican government began to

122 Oeoarapbical IRotes on fl&ejico.

build lines to the principal centres of population of the country, and in 1890 it bought the Jalisco line, and in 1894 the Veracruz.

From 1869 to 1876 the States of Michoacan, Oaxaca, and Zacate- cas established several lines in their respective jurisdictions. When General Diaz became President in 1876, the National Telegraphic Lines only had 7927 kilometres.

In 1885 the Federal Goverment transferred to the States, without any cost, all the telegraphic lines which were considered of local inter- est, keeping only such as could be called trunk lines.

In 1893 we had 37,880 English miles of telegraph lines, of which 24,840 belonged to the Federal Government, the remainder belonging in about equal parts to the States, private companies and railways.

The following statement, which I take from the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicano, 1895, shows the telegraphic lines belonging to the Federal Government, to the States, to private companies and to railroads :

Federal Lines 43,416 k 780 m

State Lines 5,544 °68 "

Private Company Lines 4,73° 980 "

Railroad Lines 9,76 1 6 1 r "

General Total 63,453 k 439 "

On November 30, 1896, the total mileage of our telegraph lines was, according to the President's report of that date, 45,000 kilometres, 27,962 English miles, and that amount was increased, according to the President's message of April i, 1897, to 45,259 kilometres, 28,123 miles.

In 1891 the operations of the various lines throughout the Republic involved the transmission of 1,050,000 messages, of which about 800,- ooo were private, and the remainder official. The receipts from this branch of the public service amounted to $469,305 collected at 767 offices ; the expenditure included for repairs an average of $3 per kilometre, and for salaries a total of $671,431.

The proceeds of the Federal telegraphic lines were, according to President Diaz's report of November 30, 1896, as follows :

Fiscal Year, 1883-1884 $239,051

" 1890-1891 462,076

" 1893-1894 524,634

1895-1896 537,308

In the statistical portion of this paper will be found a detail state- ment of the earnings and expenses of the national telegraphic lines of

postal Service, 123

Mexico for the 27 fiscal years which elapsed from July i, 1869, to June 30, 1896, and such data as it is possible to obtain for the ten years which elapsed from July i, 1869,10 June 30, 1879.

Cables. — Up to 1887 there was no communication between Mexico and foreign countries. In 1880 the Mexican Cable Co. built their cables from Galveston to Tampico, Veracruz and Coatzacoalcos, on the Gulf of Mexico, and a telegraphic line from Coatzacoalcos to Salina Cruz, on the Pacific, which was extended to Central and South Amer- ica. Cables had been laid between Jicalango and El Carmen and be- tween the rivers Grijalva and Coatzacoalcos, and now through those cables we are in direct communication with the United States and Europe.

POSTAL SERVICE.

Our postal service has improved considerably of late. It was until recently quite imperfect on account of the difficult and expensive ways of communication. It used to be slow and so expensive that it was almost prohibitory, and up to 1870 the single postage of a letter, weigh- ing one quarter an ounce was 25 cents, and double for any distance ex- ceeding sixty miles. After Mexico entered into the Universal Postal Union, in 1870, the postage of letters for foreign countries was reduced to 5 cents, and that reduction made it necessary to reduce the home postage from 25 to 10 cents. Recently it has been reduced again from 10 to 5 cents.

There were in the whole country, in 1883, one head post-office at the national capital, 53 first-class post-offices, 265 second class, for the most part inefficient, and 518 postal agencies, little better than use- less. The entire service as it was being rendered at 837 stations. The evils resulting from the very high postage were further aggravated by the insecurity of the mails. The revenue of the postal department in that year amounted to $817,244.

The total number of post-offices and postal agencies in 1893 was 1448, and the mail pouches are now transported on railways over a total distance of 10,000 kilometres, or more than 6000 miles. Over the re- maining distances in the interior the mails are conveyed either by stages or by foot or mounted carriers.

President Diaz gives in his report of November 30, 1896, the follow- ing statistics about our postal services :

Post Offices. Postal Agencies.

1877 53 269

1888 356 719

1892 356 1430

i895 469 1471

1896 471 1500

i24 Oeoorapbical Botes on /IDejico,

President Diaz states in his same .report that the total number of pieces distributed by our mails in the year 1878 was 5,169,892, while in the year 1896 the number increased to 24,000,000.

For the purpose of communicating with foreign countries, especially before railroads were finished, the Mexican government granted large subsidies to steamship companies, running especially between Mexican and United States ports, and their amount increased considerably the expenses of our post-office department.

In the statistical part of this paper I shall insert the statement of the earnings and expenses of the postal service in Mexico, in the twenty- seven years elapsed from July i, 1869, to June 30, 1896.

PUBLIC LANDS.

The Spanish government considered itself the owner of lands in Mexico, and it granted them to private parties under certain very liberal regulations. The Indians having been the original owners, and needing the lands to raise their food, and textiles for their clothing, could not be entirely deprived of them, and a large portion of the land was left to each municipality to be held generally in common by the inhabitants of the same. Large tracts of land remain, however, which had not been granted either to the Indians nor to the Spanish settlers, and these we called vacant lands — Terrenos Baldios. The Mexican government succeeded Spain in the ownership of public lands, and with a view to make them available for colonization an easy system to dispose of them at a comparatively low price was established.

The greatest difficulty was to find the public lands, as they had never before been surveyed, and a great many were occupied without title by private parties. As such survey would be very expensive, the Mexican government devised a plan of contracting that work with private companies, paying them with one-third of the land measured, and in that way large portions of the public lands have been surveyed.

It appears from President Diaz's report to his fellow-citizens, dated November 30, 1896, that up to 1888 private companies had surveyed 33,811,524, hectares of public lands, for which they received in pay- ment for their work one-third or 1 1,036,407 hectares. In the four years from 1889 to 1892, 16,820,141 hectares of public lands were surveyed by private companies, of which 11,213,427 hectares belonged to the government, and in that way in less than ten years it was possible to survey 50,631,665 hectares. Out of this amount the government sold to private parties and to colonization companies 1,607,493 hectares, and to private companies who were in possession of public lands held by them without any title, which we call demacias, 4,222,991 hectares. At the same time the government has been trying to divide the lands held in common by the Indian towns between the inhabitants of the

Ummiaration.

125

same, and up to 1888 it had distributed in that manner 67,368 hectares among 2936 titles, and from 1889 to 1892 180,169 hectares among 4560 titles. In accordance with the provisions of our public land Jaws we sold to private parties, who pre-empted the lands for purchase, which we call "dtnuncior" 3,635,388 hectares among 1504 titles, and from 1889 to 1892 1,353,137 hectares among 1218 titles. From July i, 1891, to August 18, 1896, 9,677,689 hectares of land were surveyed, of which 6,504,912 hectares belong to the government, and the balance, 3,172,777 hectares, belong to private companies.

Every year the Department of Fomento publishes under authority of law a price-list of public lands, which have different prices in each state and are sometimes divided into three classes ; the first, second, and third having each a different price. The following is the official price of public lands fixed by the Department of Fomento for the fiscal year 1895-1896 :

STATES	PRICE PER HECTARE	STATES	PRICE PER HECTARE
Aguascalientes	*2 25	Oaxaca	$1 IO
Campeche	I 8O	Puebla	3.-ie
Coahuila	I.OO		a.-ie
	2.2$	San Luis Potosi	2.25
Chiapas	2.OO	Sinaloa ....	I IO
'Chihuahua.	I.OO	Sonora	I OO
Durango	I.OO	Tabasco	2.5O
Guanajuato	•J.-JC		I.OO
Guerrero .	I IO	Tlaxcala	2 25
Hidalgo	2.25	Veracruz	2 75
Jalisco ... .........	2 25	Yucatan	I 80
Mexico	•l.ac	Zacatecas	2.25
Michoacan	2 25	District federal .	5 60
Morelos	4. 5O	Territore de Tepic	2 OO
New Leon	I.OO	Territory of Lower Cal. . .	O.65

In the statistical part of this paper I shall insert some data about the sales of public lands by the Mexican government from 1867 to 1895, and a statement of the titles issued from the years 1877 to 1895.

IMMIGRATION.

It has always been the aim of the Mexican government from the time of the independence of the country, to encourage the immigration of foreigners, because Mexico being so large and the population so scanty, it was considered a necessity to promote the development of the country, to increase the population by inducing the settlement of foreigners, and different laws have been issued for that purpose.

Since the restoration of the Republic new laws have been sanctioned to encourage colonization, which allow colonists and the companies bringing them free importation of their personal goods and such articles

i26 (Beoorapbical iRotes on flDejico,

as they may need for their subsistence and welfare for a reasonable term of years, exempting them at the same time from all kinds of taxes — federal, state, and municipal, — excepting only the stamp tax, and also exempting them from military and other personal service, and some- times even going so far as to give a bounty for each colonist brought to the country. Under such laws several contracts were made with differ- ent companies, and 32 colonies have been planted in different sections of Mexico, of which 13 have been established by the government and 19 by private parties. In 1892 there were only 1266 families with a total number of 10,985 colonists. On the whole, the efforts made and the expenses incurred by the Mexican government in the establish- ment of those settlements of colonists, have had but unsatisfactory results, but they have paved the way for future experiments on a larger scale, especially if undertaken by private parties, and with only such assistance from the government as can be rendered by liberal legisla- tion.

The principle obstacle which has prevented us from having a large immigration is our low wages. Those who immigrate are generally poor wage earners, who want to better their condition, and they could not go to a country where wages are a great deal lower than in the United States, or even in Europe, as they could never compete with the native labor of our Indians. We have now a surplus of labor and a deficit of capital, and cannot have a large immigration until such conditions are changed.

What Mexico needs is capital to develop her resources and give employment to labor, and then immigration will flow in as naturally as water seeks its level. Mexican credit will be established, so far as im- migration is concerned, when her natural resources are developed, this being the only safe and reliable basis of such credit, and this will never be developed until those who have capital to invest are acquainted with the unparalleled opportunities for safe and profitable investment in Mexico. This will only be accomplished by plain, blunt, matter-of- fact and well-informed press agents, who lay before people who have money to invest the plain facts of the case.

Immigration from the United States. — I have often been asked for my opinion of the chances of Americans going to settle in Mexico, and have always answered that while Mexico is desirous of attracting good settlers, and while that country undoubtedly offers great inducements to foreign settlers, especially to those having some means, there are serious drawbacks which ought to be pointed out to the prospective immigrant from the United States, as a warning against a possible failure and disappointment.

The comforts of life in the rural districts of Mexico, where a settler from this country has the best chances, are scanty compared with simi-

Immigration, 127

lar districts in the United States. The difference of race, language, religion, and education between a young man brought up in this country and the small Mexican farmers, are enough to create difficulties at first sight insuperable to any young man from the United States who settles there. If he establishes himself in a district inhabited only by Indians these difficulties are considerably increased. If the settler prefers the hot lands, which are the most fertile and productive, the severity of the climate is such as to challenge the courage of the bravest. The mosquitoes of several varieties, the flies, and many other insects are very annoying, besides the sickness inherent to such climate.

The question of labor is another great difficulty in the way, because, while it is cheap and abundant in the cold regions, it is generally scarce and unreliable in the hot lands.

The conditions of the two countries are so very different that the change experienced by one brought up in this country who goes into Mexico, is very apt to discourage the strongest and most sanguine, at least in the beginning, as the lapse of time makes anybody adapt him- self to existing conditions and to appreciate the advantages of his new home.

The land question is also a serious objection. A large portion of the public lands have already been disposed of, and comparatively little of the public and private lands have been surveyed, and cannot easily be had in small lots. The large land-holders are unwilling to divide their estates, and the Indians holding large tracts of land are very reluctant to part with them at any price.

Coffee raising is undoubtedly one of the most profitable undertak- ings in Mexico, but at the same time it has serious drawbacks. It takes from three to four years before the trees begin to yield, and the planter must be provided with sufficient means to defray not only his personal expenses, but also those of the plantation, like houses, machinery, cultivation, etc., without receiving any proceeds until the third or fourth year. Besides, if he makes any mistake in the selec- tion of his land, his profits will be considerably reduced. The gen- eral impression prevailing in Mexico is that coffee is the product of the hot lands, where the coffee trees need shade ; but a plantation in such lands would cost a great deal more money to make and to keep, and would yield smaller profits than one located in the temperate zone, that is, just below the frost line.1

1 The same views were expressed in Mexico to the State Department by the United States Consuls, and even published in the Consular Reports for August, 1894, vol. xlv., No. 167, pp. 628, 629.

" Consular advices received at the Department of State warn Americans about emigrating to Mexico, with a view to permanent settlement, with insufficient means or without informing themselves in a reliable way as to the prospects for earning liveli-

128 aeograpbical Iftotes on flDejfco,

For the American common laborer who looks to his day's pay for his living, Mexico is unquestionably not the proper place to go. He cannot compete with the Mexican laborer, whose usual pay is from 38 to 50 cents a day in silver, and he boards himself. For the man who has no means, unless he is especially qualified in some particular branch, and knows something of the language, and will work harder and longer hours, it is no place. There is room for the steady, sober, industrious mechanic or miner or tradesman who will adapt himself to new conditions and surroundings, leave all social, political, and other ambitions behind him, and who will attend strictly to his own business.

Those who are safest in going to Mexico are those who have a little capital, say from $2000 in gold and upward, which will give them about twice that amount there; who can look around and decide what they propose to do, and where they want to settle. There is an excel- lent field for the small general farmer of the New England or Middle States type, who will raise a little of everything. Butter, potatoes, hogs, poultry, corn, vegetables, and small grain find a ready sale at good prices. I have seen the common article of corn, which is nearly always a sure crop, sell at from $i to $1.25 per bushel, Mexican money.

It is always best for the mechanic or miner to first secure a job before going to Mexico, and work for wages several months, and in the meantime study the situation, get acquainted with the language, the customs, and the people before going it alone.

The manner of living there and the customs of the people are totally different from those of the United States. Those going there will have to work harder and longer hours than in the United States, but they can save money. Ten years ago Americans went to Mexico to make money and return to the United States ; to-day they go to find homes. I know several Americans who would not live in the United States again.

The climate of Mexico permits a man to work every day in the year. The cost of living and clothing is cheap, and a dollar in Mexi- can money can be made to go as far there as a dollar in American money in the United States, and a dollar there is easier to get.

In mining, Mexico offers inducements superior to any other coun-

hoods. While there are undoubtedly good opportunities in Mexico for enterprise, frugality, and thrift, it is like other countries, a land of varying conditions, and it often happens that disappointment is the result of emigration undertaken upon insufficient or misleading information, or without resources, which are always necessary for success in a new country. Many Americans have been induced by alluring statements as to the cheapness of coffee raising, etc. , to emigrate to Mexico within the past year, and some have lost their all by so doing. For these reasons Consuls desire to caution Americans against the representations of speculators, who are always on the watch for the unwary."

public Debt. 129

try ; and whether a man has a thousand dollars or a million he can go there and make money if he exercises ordinary precaution and judg- ment, and if he makes up his mind to stand the discomforts of the country. It is a good country for the prospector, too, because there are no seasons against him, and there are many new fields entirely un- touched; but he needs money enough to get there with and enable him to obtain the proper kind of outfit, and time to familiarize himself with the requirements of the law and select some district in which he wants to operate.

For the small capitalist, or for a small syndicate, there is no finer field for the organizing of small legitimate companies for the purposes of opening and working old abandoned mines, which are filled with debris or water, and which it will pay to clean out and work, and of which there are still many to be had. In times gone by they were abandoned because of the refractory condition of the ores, or lack of machinery, or want of transportation, all of which conditions have been removed. There is also a fine opening for capital for the exploration of the new gold-fields in the vicinity of Guadalupe y Calvo, in the range between Sonora and Chihuahua, in the State of Guerrero, and in many other localities.

There are in various parts of Mexico educated, experienced, and thoroughly reliable Americans to be found, who have lived a long while in the country, and know the language, the laws, and the people, and would be willing to give reliable information to young Americans wishing to go there.

PUBLIC DEBT.

The public debt of Mexico is represented by bonds drawing differ- ent rates of interest, some payable in gold and others in silver. In 1825, very soon after our independence, we contracted two loans in London, both for 10,000,000 pounds sterling, which we mainly used for buying war-ships and war material. On account of the disturbed con- dition of the country, the interest on that debt could not be paid punc- tually, and the bonds naturally fell to a very low nominal price. In 1851, after the war with the United States, we refunded that debt in new bonds, the interest of which was reduced from 5 to 3 per cent., which we expected to pay punctually, but the disturbed condition of the country made it impossible for us to do it. Finally, in 1888, the debt was readjusted and gold bonds bearing 6 per cent, interest issued, and as we have paid since punctually the interest, they have reached par.

We had issued bonds from 1849 to 1856 to pay claims of English, French, and Spanish subjects under certain conventions signed with those countries, and such bonds were exchanged at different rates for the 6 per cent, gold bonds of our foreign debt.

VOL. I — 9

130 6eograpbical "Rotes on /IDejico.

To build the Tehuantepec Railway we negotiated in London, in 1888, another gold loan for 3,000,000 pounds sterling at 5 per cent, interest.

The subsidies granted to railway companies were payable in sil- ver, with a percentage of our import duties, but as they amounted to a considerable sum their payment reduced the revenue considerably, and the Mexican Government contracted in London in 1890 a gold loan at 6 per cent, interest, with which it paid the subsidies due up to that date to most of the railway companies.

We had to issue besides in 1850 what we call domestic or interior bonds, at 3 and 5 per cent, interest in silver, and we had other indebt- edness of several kinds, caused by loans and other sources when the revenue of the Government was not enough to pay its expenses. All such debts have been consolidated into new bonds of 3 and 5 per cent, interest, payable in silver. Such railway subsidies as were not paid out of the proceeds of the loan of 1890 have been paid with bonds- drawing 5 per cent, interest, paying both capital and interest in silver.

It is very onerous for Mexico when it is on a silver basis to pay in gold the interest of its foreign debt, because we have to buy gold at current prices, and it costs us now more than double its current price. When silver was about 50 cents on the dollar, as compared with gold, 6 per cent, interest of our foreign debt, cost us 12 per cent., and of course the further silver is depreciated the greater will be the cost of paying the interest of our gold debts.

President Diaz gives in his report of November 30, 1896, the follow- ing data about the cost to the Mexican Treasury of buying exchange to place in London the funds to pay us the gold interest on our foreign, debt :

Fiscal year 1888-1889 $ 729,178.17

1890-1891 2,314,477.77

1891-1892 3,225,246.77

" 1892-1893 5,101,223.57

In the second part of this paper I will give a detailed statement showing the different kinds of bonds and obligations which constitute the Mexican debt, and here will only give the figures of the total amount, which are the following :

Sterling Mexican debt $114,675,895.49

Debt payable in silver 88,549,111.80

Total $203,225,007.29

It is not possible to fix the exact amount of the debt of Mexico, either in silver or gold, because of the daily changes in the price of

Banking. 131

silver ; but as silver is the currency of the country, when the Mexican dollar is worth 24 pence in London, the amount of our debt in silver would be equal to our sterling debt, that is : $114,675,895.40 added to our debt will make a grand total in Mexican silver of $317,900,902.78.

BANKING.

Banking in Mexico is in its incipient state. The National Bank of Mexico, established in the City of Mexico in 1882, with its branches in the principal cities of the country, has a monopoly for the issuing of notes in the capital which is only shared by such banks as were in ex- istence before the National Bank of Mexico was chartered, like the Bank of London, Mexico, and South America, established during the French intervention in Mexico and recently remodelled under the name of the Bank of London and Mexico. The Mortgage Bank of Mexico enjoys that privilege also.

On June 3, 1896, a general banking law was issued by the Mexican Congress, which establishes the conditions under which banking insti- tutions can be organized ; but, of course, that does not affect the rights of the National Bank and other banks in the City of Mexico which had been chartered before the date of that law.

Formerly, owing to the expense and dangers of transportation, it was difficult to transport money from one place to another, and there- fore exchange between cities in Mexico was very high, sometimes even ten per cent, from one city to another in the country. The rate has been reduced considerably since the railroads were built, but it is still quite high. To draw money from the City of Mexico to the City of Oaxaca, for instance, and vice versa, costs now one per cent, each way ; when money is required to be sent to smaller places the expenses are much higher, as it is necessary to send a man to the nearest town where the money can be placed by the banks, and pay to him a large commission — the expenses sometimes reaching ten per cent. To keep up this rate of exchange the National Bank makes its bills payable at a certain place so that they cannot be paid at any other.

Banking is very profitable in Mexico. The following is a statement of the earnings and dividends of the National Bank of Mexico, which began with a capital of $3,000,000, increased since to $6,000,000, hav- ing now a reserve fund of $5,500,000, and is owned almost exclusively by Mexicans, being the fiscal agent of the Government :

	NET PROFITS.	DIVIDENDS.
1891	$1 813,623	23 per cent.
1802	1,839 4J8	23 " "
180^ .	2,35^,464	20 " "
1804. .	1,961,801	24 '
180=; .	2,20x3,626	27 " "

132

<3eo0rapbical IRotes on /IDejico.

The following is a statement, from official sources, of the earnings and dividends of the Bank of London and Mexico. Up to 1891 it had a capital of $1,500,000, which was then increased to $3,000,000 :

	NET PROFITS.	DIVIDENDS EARNED, PER CENT.	DIVIDENDS DECLARED, PER CENT.
1880. .	$24 "1,246	16	IO
1890	560 ^m	*6	2O
1801. .	703,522	46	2O
1802	780.067	26	16
1801. .	618 6^	2Ot	16
1804.. .	6O3 178	2O
iSoS. .	cc7,7io	i8i	14.

Recently the capital stock of this bank was further increased to $10,000,000, without any expense to the stockholders, as the reserve fund, which amounted to about $2,000,000, was used to complete the new capital, and was issued to the regular stockholders as a stock dividend. The balance to complete the $5,000,000 of new stock was offered to the public, the subscriptions amounting to $22,000,000, or $17,000,000 more than was wanted.

From this statement it will be seen that the existing banks are prosperous and in a flourishing condition, but the demand for in- creased banking facilities is such that new banks are being formed, and the operations of the old banks increased and extended in various directions.

PATENTS AND TRADE-MARKS.

Patents. — On June 7, 1890, the present patent law of Mexico was issued, and its provisions are very similar to the respective laws exist- ing in this country.

Since the date of that law the following patents have been issued by our Department of Fomento :

YEARS.	PATENTS.	INCREASE.	DIMINUTION.
1890	6-?
1801. .	IM	QO
1802.	168	1C
1801. .	122		46
•r** r8o4.	125	3
1805. .	154	20
	785

Trade-Marks. — On November 28, 1889, our present law regulating trade-marks was promulgated, and since then the following trade- marks have been issued by the Department of Fomento :

Sbfpping.

133

YEARS.	TRADE-MARKS.	INCREASE.	DIMINUTION.
	97
	112	15
1892	161	49
i8cn	108		53
1804. ....	79		29
l8os .	91	12
	648

SHIPPING.

The mercantile marine of Mexico in 1895 comprised 52 steamers and 222 sailing vessels. The shipping included also many small ves- sels engaged in the coasting trade.

In 1893-94, in the foreign trade, 1237 vessels of 1,314,625 tons entered, and 1211 vessels of 1,296,834 tons cleared the ports of Mexico. In the coasting trade 7721 of 1,623,371 tons entered and 7708 of 1,592,754 tons cleared. In 1894-95, in the foreign and coasting trade, there entered 9575 vessels of 3,428,973 tons, and cleared 9557 of 3,359,684 tons.

In the statistical portion of this chapter I will give official informa- tion about the number of vessels and their tonnage, which have entered and cleared from Mexican ports in recent years, the nations from which they came, and other valuable data.

MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES.

The standard of value is silver. There is no paper currency except ordinary bank notes.

The silver peso or dollar of 100 centavos is the unit of coin in Mexico.

The silver peso weighs 27.073 grammes, .902 fine, and thus contains 24.419 grammes of fine silver.

The lo-pesos gold-piece weighs 27.0643 grammes, .875 fine, and thus contains 23.6813 grammes of fine gold.

The weights and measures of the metric system were introduced in 1856 ; but the Indians and other ignorant people use the old Spanish measures. The principal ones are these :

Weight. — i libra=o.46 kilogramme, 1.014 Ibs. avoirdupois.

i arroba=25 libras, 25.357 Ibs. avoirdupois. for Gold and Silver. — i marco=^ libra, 4,608 granos.

i ochava=62 tomines.

i tomin=i2 granos.

20 granos= I French gramme. Length. — i vara — 0.837 metre = 2 ft. 8-^j English inches.

I legua comun (i common league) = 5,000 yards.

i legua marina (i marine league) = 6,666| yards.

134 Geographical Botes on flDejico.

NON-OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS.

The following is a partial and rather incomplete list of (principally English) books about Mexico :

ABBOTT, GORHAM D. , Mexico and the United States. New York, 1869.

BANCROFT, H. H., A Popular History of the Mexican People. 8. London. Resources and Development of Mexico. San Francisco, 1894.

BROCKLEHURST, T. U., Mexico To-day. London, 1883.

BURKE, U. R., Life of Benito Juarez. 8. London, 1894.

CASTRO, LORENZO, The Republic of Mexico in 1882. New York, 1882.

CHARNAY, D., Ancient Cities of the New World. Tr. 8, London.

CHEVALIER, MICHEL, Le Mexique ancien et moderne. 18. Paris, 1886.

CONKLING, HOWARD, Mexico and the Mexicans. New York, 1883.

CONKLING, A. R. Appletoris Guide to Mexico. New York, 1890.

CRAWFORD, CORA HAYWARD, The Land of the Montezumas. New York, 1889.

CUBAS, ANTONIO GARCIA, Mexico, its Trade, Industries, and Resources. Mexico, 1893.

FLINT, H. M., Mexico under Maximilian. 12. Philadelphia, 1867.

GLONER, PROSPER, Les Finances des Etats Unis Mexicains. Bruxelles, 1895.

GOOCH, F. C., face to face with the Mexicans. London, 1890.

GRIFFIN, S. B., Mexico of To-day. New York, 1886.

HAMILTON, LEONIDAS, Border States of Mexico. Chicago, 1882.

HAMILTON, L. L. C., Hamilton's Mexican Handbook. London, 1884.

JANVIER, THOMAS A., The Mexican Gttide. New York, 1886.

KOZHEVAR, E., Report on the Republic of Mexico. London, 1886.

LA BEDOLLIERE, EMILE G. DE, Histoirede laguerredu Mexique. 4. Paris, 1866.

LESTER, C. EDWARDS, The Mexican Republic. New York, 1878.

NOLL, ARTHUR HOWARD, A Short History of Mexico. Chicago, 1890.

OBER, F. A., Travels in Mexico. Boston, U. S., 1884.

PRESCOTT, W. H., History of the Conquest of Mexico. 8. London.

RATZEL, FRIED., Aus Mexico, Reiseskizzen aus den Jahren 1874-75. Breslau, 1878.

RICE, JOHN N., Mexico, Our Neighbor. New York. (No date.)

ROUTIER, G., Le Mexique de nos Jours. Paris, 1895.

SCHROEDER, SEATON, The Fall of Maximiliaris Empire as seen from a United States Gunboat. New York, 1887.

SCOBEL, A., " Die Verkehrswege Mexicos und ihre wirtschaftliche Bedeutung." In Deutsche Geographische Blatter. Band X, Heft I. Bremen, 1887.

Through the Land of the Aztecs ; or, Life and Travel in Mexico. By a " Gringo." London, 1892.

WELLS, DAVID A., A Study of Mexico. New York, 1887.

PART II.

STATISTICS

135

II. STATISTICS.

I do not know of any publication in which the latest statistical in- formation about Mexico is compiled in a concise and complete form. One which perhaps is the fullest, published in Berlin by Messrs. Puttkammer & Muhlbrecht, entitled Les Finances des Etats- Unis Mexi- eains, written by Mr. Prosper Gloner, contains a great deal more statistical information than others, and is of later date.

It has required a great deal of work, energy, and time on my part to collect the data contained in this paper, most of which is of an official character, and I am sure it is the most complete ever published, I having tried to make it very concise, so as to take the smallest space possible.

REVENUES AND EXPENSES.

The financial question was for many years the leading and the most difficult one in Mexico, because the urgent needs of the Treasury, especially on account of the disturbed condition of the country, made public expenses considerably exceed the revenue, and this condition did not allow of a thorough overhauling and settlement of the finances, nor did it contribute to establish the credit of the Government ; but peace having prevailed since 1877, a great improvement has taken place in the financial condition of Mexico ; the revenue has increased con- siderably, and it has finally reached an amount amply sufficient to pay all our expenses. In fact, at the end of the fiscal year, ended June 30, 1896, we had for the first time in the history of Mexico since its independence, a surplus which amounted to $6,000,000. The obnoxious tax which we inherited from the Spanish, called alcabalas, or interstate duties on domestic and foreign commerce, was a great drawback to internal trade, was finally abolished on July i, 1896 ; and the country being now in a condition when radical reforms can be introduced without serious disturbances.

Our expenses as an independent nation are necessarily large, and as a comparatively small portion of our population are really producers

i37

138 Statistical notes on flDejico.

of wealth, upon them lies the whole burden of such expenses ; that is, we are a nation of from twelve to fifteen millions of inhabitants, with a very large territory and a large coast on both oceans, requiring army, revenue, light-house, and police service, and other expensive institu- tions proportionate to such extent and population, when the portion which contribute to such expenses is only about one-fourth or one-third of the same.

It is a very difficult task to give a complete and correct statement of the revenues and expenses of the Mexican Government prior to the year 1867. The disturbed condition of the country made it often quite impossible to keep any account at all : such was the case especially from 1858 to 1860, as during that period the City of Mexico and a large part of the country was occupied by the Church party under Miramon, and from 1863 to 1867 by the French Intervention. Be- sides that cause it was a very difficult matter for us to keep a correct account of public receipts and expenses, in some way for lack of a good system of book-keeping. To make a statement of the revenues and expenses of the Mexican Government since the independence of the country from Spain, I had to rely upon the reports made by Secretaries of the Treasury, which are, however, lacking for many years, and which contain rather an estimate than an account of the revenues and ex- penses, and I have made in that way the statement which I append under No. i, which embraces the revenues and expenses from the year 1808, the last of the Spanish rule in Mexico, to the year 1867.

The forming of accounts was under the charge of the Federal Treasury of Mexico, and the Treasury kept its accounts with a very defective system of book-keeping, which prevented them from being correct. To remedy that difficulty, after the restoration of the Repub- lic in 1867, a bureau of accounts was established in the Treasury De- partment, but its accounts were seldom correct, because it did not have the necessary detailed data to make a complete account, and, as could be expected, the results in the accounts of both bureaus differ widely.

In 1880 the Federal Treasury was reorganized with a large number of clerks with a view to keep a full and correct account of public moneys, and from that year until 1888 their accounts began to be better than before. In 1888 the system was still remodelled and im- proved, and since then that office has been able to keep correct and complete accounts of our public revenues and expenses.

I also append a statement No. 2 of the revenues and expenses of the Mexican Treasury from July i, 1867, to June 30, 1888. The first thirteen years in that statement are taken from the data furnished by the Bureau of Accounts of our Treasury Department. The account of the year 1879-1880 was taken from the account of the Federal

Revenue anfc Expenses.

139

Treasury, and the data for the year 1880-1881 from the accounts pub- lished by the Liquidating Bureau established by the Mexican Govern- ment to close the old accounts and open the new ones under the new system. The accounts of the year 1888-1889, which appear in state- ment No. 3, are all taken from the Federal Treasury of Mexico, and are complete and correct.

I also append a statement of the appropriations approved by the Federal Congress during the fiscal years from 1868 to 1895. The actual expenses never exceeded the appropriations and the revenue was generally below them.

NO. I. — REVENUE AND EXPENSES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO IN 1808 AND FROM 1822 TO JUNE 30, 1867.

	REVENUE.	EXPENSES.
1808 Colonial period	$2O 075 362 25
1822 Independence period	9 328 740 oo	Jill 4SS 777 OO
1821. .	5 249 858 96	3 030 878 50
1824. .	15 254 601 03	15 165 876 05
1825 to Sept. 1st	7OO3 l6l 42	13 no 187 24
Sept. i, 1825, to June 30, 1826	14 77o 711 10	13,112 2OO 65
1826—27	17 017 016 59	16 364 218 36
1827-28	11 flAA O74 60	12 982 092 86
1828-29	Id. SO7 3O7 60	14 016 978 27
1820-10. .	Id IO1 771 28	11 728 4QI 1Q
1810-11 . .	1 8 1Q2 114 06	17 601 289 67
1811-12. .	17 ^82 Q2Q IS	I6.Q17 184 67
1832-33	2O S6l l6o 77	22.1Q2 6O7 QO
1833-34	21 124 216 81	IQ.Q14 4QO 42
i8i4-is . .	18 353 283 oo	12 724 686 62
i8is-i6. .	26 382 303 90	17,766 262 81
1816-17. .	17 127 7O6 IS	IQ 181 118 QS
1837-38	25 018 121 77	26 s88 ios 01
1830. .	2Q Il6 Sl6 64	27.1l8 72Q 71
1840	21,227 26l 41	2I.21S OQ7 67
1841	21 QQS 766 S2	22 997 220 18
1842	30 682 369 40	30 639 711 oo
1843. .	14 Il8 S8l 72	14.O1S 277 11
1844	11 871 OIQ 47	31,260 225 87
184 s. .	24 ISO OSO O4	19 584 812 91
1846. .	24 O26 938 36	27 84S 487 28
1847	26 154 222 84	11 2SI 467 QI
1848 to June 30, 1849	2S 726 717 21	IO 742 876 48
1849-50	18 281 835 38	I7.2QI 211 2S
1850-51	14 OSS SIS 71	14, 477. l6o 06
1851-52	1 1 O22 291 17	10 475 686 10
1852-53	into^/| 298 t\O	16,287,532 90
1853-54	19 028 975 oo	18 726 088 oo
1854-55	26 2SQ Q7O 4S	21 1Q6 O74 7S
1855-56	is. 8SS.SQ7 47	12 Q2O.2S7 6S
1856-57	16 035 609 8 1	12 Q77 26s OO
1857-58	IS S2Q.887 47	15 927 IO2 OI
1858-50. .	14 717 761 76	lf> DOS S^6 45
1859-60	i4.1o6.67S 28	l6 s8q.O14 47
1860-61	12 863 5OO OO	12 750 500 OO
1861-62	15 500,000 oo	15 300 600 oo
1862-63	17,600,000 oo	17 SQS.6QO OO
1863-64	7 ooo ooo oo	6 990 ooo oo
1864-65	S QSO OOO OO	5Q4S.OOO OO
1865-66	5,057,500 oo	5,053,250 oo
1866-67	8 092 ooo oo	8 085 200 oo

140

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1Ret>enue an& Expenses.

141

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1894-1895. — Revenue receipts Loans Nominal

1895-1896. — Revenue receipts Nominal

142

Statistical notes on flDejico.

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•Revenue an& Expenses, 143

Sources of Revenue. — The Federal revenue of Mexico consists mainly of three sources : import duties, internal revenue, and direct taxes in the Federal District. Under the head of import duties we collect du- ties on imports, extra import duties which we call additional duties, and duties on exports.

The sources of revenue of the Mexican Federal Treasury during the fiscal year 1895-1896, were :

Imposts on foreign trade $23,658,692 61

Internal revenue .... 20,447,096 42

Direct taxes in the Federal District and

Territories 3,357, 611 81

Public services 1,81 1,045 3°

Nominal i,955,3°i 94

Total $5 1,229,748 08

Import Duties. — Our tariff is a highly protective one, as we have always maintained a very high rate of import duties, almost prohibitory for a large portion of our population, which under such a system are practically excluded from the use of foreign commodities, to the ma- terial detriment of the fiscal revenue, the public wealth at large, and the advancement of the masses of our people. The causes which have induced such a high tariff are twofold : first, that, in a great measure, protective ideas have prevailed ; secondly, and especially, the need of revenue, and the idea that the higher the rate of duties the larger would be the revenue collected. A new source of protection has been cre- ated by the depreciation of our currency, which acts as a powerful protection to our home commodities, in favor of our manufacturers to the disadvantage of the great body of consumers.

The protective policy in Mexico has been so deeply rooted that notwithstanding that I lean to freer trade, and that I have been three times at the head of the Treasury Department, and once for five years, I never was able to modify substantially that policy, because the con- dition of the Treasury was so precarious, that it would have been very rash to attempt any radical change on the face of a great reduction of an insufficient revenue which would have brought about disastrous re- sults. For the same reason I was unable to do away with the obnox- ious alcabala tax.

Our present tariff is divided into the following sections : ist, animal industry ; 2d, agricultural products ; 3d, metals and its manufactures ; 4th, fabrics ; 5th, chemicals, oils, and paints ; 6th, wines, liquors, and fermented drinks ; 7th, paper ; 8th, machinery ; gth, carriages ; loth, arms and explosives, and nth, sundries.

144

Statistical notes on /iDejico,

Additional Import Duties. — The additional duties collected by the Custom-houses are i|- per cent, of the amount of the import duties, which is levied for the respective municipality ; 2 per cent, of the same duties, for harbor improvements ; and 2 per cent, in revenue stamps, making in all 5^ per cent, of the import duties. The custom-houses collect besides the import duties, tonnage and light-house duties, and pilot fees.

Export Duty. — Our export duties are levied upon cabinet and dye- woods, india rubber, cochineal, coffee, henequen, ixtle, indigo, fequila, jalap, tamarind, tobacco, mother-of-pearl, orchilla, vanilla, zacaton, and onyx.

The following statement shows the amount of export duties col- lected in Mexico from the fiscal year 1881-1882 to 1894-1895, ex- pressing the commodities in which they were collected :

STATEMENT OF THE RECEIPTS FROM EXPORT DUTIES IN MEXICO FROM JULY I, l88l, TO JUNE 30, 1895.

FISCAL YEAR.	RECEIPTS.	COMMODITIES TAXED.
l88l-l882	$122,462 24 144,597 93 179,439 97 161,811 47 107,484 80 106,859 63 114,869 04 81,849 25 98,386 12 86,859 86 96,560 48 91,475 54 1,045,105 44 1,227,719 24	Orchilla, w Orchilla, w Orchilla, w zacaton,	ood. ood, henequen, coffee, ood, henequen, coffee, skins, chewing gum, ixtle, vanilla.
1882-1883
1883-1884
1884-1885
1885-1886
1886-1887
1887—1888
1888-1889
1889-1890
1890—189!
1891—1892
1892-1893
1801—1804
I 804—180^

Amount of Import Duties. — It is very difficult to give a correct state- ment of the receipts of the Mexican custom-houses before the year 1875. I append, however, one made from the reports of the Secre- taries of the Treasury of Mexico, especially those of July 25, 1839, and September 16, 1870, and completed from the years 1839-1851, with data obtained from the Comercio exterior de Mexicojoy D. Miguel Lerdo de Tejada. From the fiscal year 1875-1876, the Statistical Bureau of our Treasury Department began to publish detailed and correct statements of the custom receipts, and I append one embracing the fiscal years from 1875 to 1896 which shows how largely our im- port duties have increased. In the ten years elapsed from 1878 to 1888 the increase was over 67 per cent, as compared with the corre-

1Re venue anfc Expenses. 145

spending period from 1869-1879, and the increase in the last seven years, 1889-1896, was 16 per cent, as compared with the previous ten years, both periods making an increase of nearly 100 per cent, over the first ten years of said statement :

CUSTOMS RECEIPTS FROM 1823 TO THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 20, 1875.

1823. From April ist to September 30 the receipts were $971,345 77, which for a year of 12 months

would be $1,942,691 54

1825. From the ist of January to the ist of August,

1825, the receipts were $4,472,069 37, which for

a year of 12 months would be 7,666,404 63

1825-1826 From the ist of September, 1825, to June,

1826, $6,414,383 26, which for a year of 12

months would be 9,621,574 89

1826-1827 7,828,208 44

1827-1828 5,692,026 70

1828-1829 6,497,288 93

1829-1830 4,815,418 25

1830-1831 8,287,082 92

1831-1832 7,335,637 76

1832-1833 7,538,525 47

i833-I834 8,786,396 94

1834-1835 8,920,408 28

1835-1836 5,835,o68 5 1

1836-1837 4,377,579 52

From July i, 1837, to December 31, 1838, $4,258,411 10.

Corresponding to one year of 12 months 2,838,940 73

1839 5,577,890 67

1840 8,309,918 65

1841 6,597,912 32

1842 6,034,342 29

1843 8,507,478 79

1844 8,254,141 96

1845 5,814,04869

1846 6,747,932 35

1847 1,394,609 52

From January i, 1848, to June 30, 1849, 18 months. . . 6,660,037 96

From July, 1849, to June, 1850 6,338,437 50

1850-1851 5,337,o68 62

From July i, 1851, to June 30, 1852 6,108,835 26

1852-1853, according to the calculations of M. Haro y

Tamariz average from the preceding five years. 4,906,533 17

VOL. I — 10

146 Statistical IRotes on /IDejico.

1853-1854, according to the report of M. Olazagarre

(l855) • 8,399,208 93

1854-1855, according to the report of M. Lerdo de

Tejada (1857) 8,096,208 85

1855-1856, according to the report makes the receipts

for the first six months amount to $3,379,761 35,

which for the year is 6,759,522 70

1856-1857, average for the six years previous 6,854,061 78

1857-1858 6,854,061 78

1858-1859 " " " " 6,854,06! 78

1859-1860 6,854,061 78

1860-1861 " " " 6,854,061 78

1861-1862 " " " " 6,854,061 78

1862-1863 " " " " 6,854,061 78

1863-1864 " 6,854,061 78

1864-1865 " " " " 6,854,061 78

1865-1866 " " " " 6,851,061 78

1866-1867 " " " " 6,851,061 78

1867-1868, according to the amount of the receipts. . . . 9,566,360 99

1868-1869 " " " .... 9,606,491 73

1869-1870 7,824,525 57

1870-1871 10,014,277 60

1871-1872 8,430,211 oo

1872-1873 11,833,117 52

1873-1874 i3>98i,795 42

1874-1875 11,821,533 49

Total $367,725,836 01

Average in one year $7,071,650 69

Internal Revenue. — The Federal Treasury of Mexico depended up to 1867 mainly upon import duties, and as it was not safe to have only that source of revenue, when I occupied for the first time the Treasury Department, I introduced a system of internal revenue through the use of stamps, which met with a great deal of opposition at the time, but which has finally been developed very largely, yielding now almost as much as the import duties. The receipts during the six months from January ist to June 3oth, 1875, amounted to $1,097,- 668 28, which in a whole year would make, duplicating it, $2,195, 336 56, while in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, the receipts amounted to $18,078,952 54, or nearly eight times as much.

We have had since 1861 a comparative large source of revenue called Federal Tax, which up to 1892 was 25 per cent, of all the reve- nues collected by the States and Municipalities in Mexico. That rate

"Revenue anfc Bjpenses.

147

i 1 1 t 1 I }	1 i I 1 1 i :	\O M MOO ro Q lorotxM loop toco |x tx w rOMOO O ro^-w -*oo « tx « CO *O txoo O O O O n vo ro^-0 totxQ MOO fOOO Ocooo O ^ to O ^"VO vo OO W t^ O •* txco O "" ro ^" ^*-vO O W w O OCO 1OVO oo w co 10 10 o w ro *ooo vo vo oo Lnvo roo Ooo tx rx ^ 10 ovo 10 tx txocf M M rooo" O* txocf oo~ ro ro 10 O ^vo »- >-, M o to ro O*co" o O*" O M M o O ^ O 00 oo ro ^ Q f^-O rovo O vo iovo tx ro tx w rovo tx O O CO tovo tx ^- ^-\o vO vO OVO ro tx rO M N VO fOro tOQO tx -^ OOO to	CO CO i	$14,072,642 15		$95,215,215 15 9,521,521 52	$154,738,849 04 15,473,884 9°	$128,007,273 92 18,286,753 42
HCTION.	ii u		CO ct CO	CO ol		"co •	C-. ' cd :	*! o> 1
8 k,	•a!	!iifSriii?!K?KKi!rrr*i	•8.	M		* 10 M oo •*	1O « c?"	M CO s?,
u	11 s	-^- to ^- tn to tx\o vo oo co oo o M ro ro tooo oo o o O O 0_ o ooo co	8	tx o		£°	If	orTc? CO M"
OTAL	RECEIPTS.	u i iiniiiii ii PIII i itiiii i	0?	"5, 00 c?	even years	i	o w rt?	« CO M t* ro>O 00 M
	8	co" d" c? c> u 6" c> o> ro 6~ M" -fco cftCioiotCCT^oNcfo o t^o" c? ro	«	10		3*2	&*°	5-8
	0 1 o	"	^	**	o		z
	"3	[plilPISPfl^S^SlfS	CO 8!	V? 00	V •5 T5	10O R>S-	o oo 00 « «co	CO H oo ••»• si
	o	R.R^vS'co STS 8vScc?vo"vSgvg Kvo o"8 2"cS"cov§- £%«•?.	"5-	o	B a	^f	c?"	K.R
		*- "	tC	~	I	1M	«
«	i	::: :jC*?.S-8Io S;^oovo>?c?2ooc3- S>o ¥"	o	g	B		RrS	00 *
1	;a •3	: : : : cH^RS |S^|tJ%Si?S'SS	E	CO ON	ii		II	M O
EXPORT E	G 1 U	. • • . N VO "4-CO tx O O w txVO ^ M CO VO VO w tx txoo	I	0? H ^	•o o V a o		M	Is
	Precious metals.	d" ro ^ ro M -^vo" tC o « \OCQQO I txtxM\oco tow too txco rooo « •<*• o 0_ co oo tx o O^oo co t-* to .............	10	o>	ages of the t		: :	i i
		co tovo OOVO^-^-WOM v5 Q o o tx w 10 ^-vo to w M w tx ro o	B	1O i	ual avei	«	Set	10 ro
	a £	!IIS!lllfl!lll!!l!!!ffII!l!	ro	1	a TJ	gg,	11	co" cS
			£	4»	a	«	<»	^
IMPORT DUTIES	Additional.	OO O fOCg CO OIO^-MOOVOVO ^M M 0 t^-O ro ^-vo VO -^-vo CO O tO co co oo w row rototx iovo co oow oo M to-^-roo ^vo c* 0 •* O w CO ro tx txVO tovo VO VO CO *O W tOVO •^•txi-.vOWCQOOO ^-M IO	$19,097,57° 3°	CO	Abstract of sur	$11,718,574 33 1,17^.857 43	$2,558,822 22 255,882 22	$4,820,223 75 688,603 39
		vo 0 txwooo txotxrororowco w COM 1-1 w M ~ M tor** tovo o vo co O rooo rovo ro «~ tx «*-vo w o ^oo Oiow O1* tovo vo o M •^•vo M o» to ro fO OVO vovo M"O P4VOOOOO IOM txro -^-vo tx « w M	8-	0>		E	£-co R£	£?
	H	^ to -+QQ o oco'cc" cT o nT r^ txoo* tx to ^ tCoo'otf M" o' o~vo* to ix t-T	1	CJ		t; O- cf tC	Siff	ro cT CO <>
		**	ro	**		4»	M	*
	1 I <		j	E B		&:,; * bO U Jfl rt	= §, •5 2	jl
	U I		V	i)		III
		O M C1 ro ^r io*O t^co o O M M co ^* 10*0 t^oo O Q w « ro ^- lOVO	B			3	1.	1.
	1.	1 1 J_ 1 I > 1^1 ^r± Li^llllilllllllll	1 H	V >			F	f

148

Statistical IRotes on /IDejico.

was increased in 1893 from 25 to 33^ per cent, on account of the deficit caused to the Federal Treasury by the depreciation of silver, and that tax which is paid in Federal stamps, constitutes a very large portion of our internal revenue receipts.

I append a statement of our internal revenue taxes with full details.

INTERNAL REVENUE RECEIPTS FROM JANUARY I, 1875, TO JUNE 30,

1896.

FISCAL YEARS.	GROSS RECEIPTS.	GROSS RE- CEIPTS OF THE FEDERAL TAX.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.	COLLECTION EXPENSES.	NET RECEIPTS.
From January i to June 30, 1875 . . .	$328,631 26	$769,037 02	$1,097,668 28		Per- centage.
1871-1876. . .	$668,930 14 728,192 71 920,901 29 763,879 23 i,3",463 95	$1,145,624 37 1,905,806 66 2,154,249 Si 2,239,267 37 2,336,43' 73	$1,814,554 51 2,633,999 37 3,075,150 80 3,003,146 60 3,647,895 68	$167,937 42 120,334 94 302,6l2 65 300,490 02 484,215 36	9-255 4-567 9.840 10.006 I3-274	$2,247,617 09 2,513,664 43 2,772,538 15 2,702,656 58 3,164,180 32
1876-1877
1877 '878
1878 1870...
1879-1880
Average per an- num in five years	$878,673 46	$1,956,275 93	$2,834,949 39	$275,118 08	9.705	$2,680,131 31
1880-1881	$^037,730 93 1,429,655 61 1,591,189 33 1,919,461 99 3,231,872 75	$2,371,369 31 2,775,H9 84 3,099,179 93 2,912,967 08 3,127,481 85	$3,409,100 24 4,204,805 45 4,690,369 26 4,832,429 07 6,359,354 60	$351,980 oi 376,095 30 420,132 04 441,080 10 489,043 89	10.325 8-943 9.000 9.126 7.690	$3,057,120 23 3,823,710 15 4,270,237 22 4,391,348 87 5,870,310 7I
1881 1882
1882-1883
1883-1884
1884 1885
Average per an- num in five years	$1,841,982 12	$2,857,229 60	$4,699,211 72	$415,666 27	8.845	$4,283,545 44
1885-1886	$2,761,886 56 3,930,429 1 6 4,654,190 93 5,108,911 59 S,57S,o67 62	$3,lis,759 85 3,587,339 96 3,324,937 53 3,679,493 52 3,791,695 27	$5,877,646 41 7,517,769 12 7,979,128 46 8,788,405 ii 9,366,762 89	$428,390 78 638,011 29 728,431 31 771,601 95 799,721 78	7.288 8.486 9.000 8-777 8.538	$5,449,255 63 6,879.757 83 7,250,697 15 8,016,803 *6 9,567,041 II
1886-1887
1887-1888
1888-1889 1889-1890
Average per an- num in five years	$4,406,097 17	$3,499,845 23	$7,905,942 40	$673,237 42	8.516	$7,432,710 98
	$5,624,34° 94 5,402,495 76 6,625,265 53 9,164,063 10 10,098,795 63 12,519,676 93	$3,865,650 49 3,969,987 88 4,431,022 65 5,216,547 31 5,47i,i73 92 5,559,255 61	$9,489,991 43 9,372,483 64 11,056,288 18 14,380,610 41 15,569,969 55 18,078,932 54	$853,834 28 868,161 60 945,076 71 1,120,760 85 1,146,419 41 1,196,053 14	8-955 9.263 8-548 7.190 7-363 6.616	$8,636,157 15 8,504,322 04 io,in,2ii 47 13,259,849 56 14,423,550 14 16,882,879 40
1895-1896
Average in six years	$8,239,106 31	$4,752,272 98	$12,991,379 29	$1,021,717 67	7.865	$11,969,661 63
Total in 21} years.	$85,397,033 94	$70,849,428 66	$156,246,461 60	$12,950,384 83	8.288	$143,799,908 39

Direct Taxes. — The third source of revenue of the Mexican Govern- ment are direct taxes collected in the Federal District, which includes the City of Mexico. They are levied on real-estate, scientific profes- sions, commercial and industrial establishments, and work-shops. The real-estate for the purpose of this tax is divided into rural and urban, the former paying a tax of 12 per cent, on its rent when occupied, and 3 per cent, when not occupied, and the latter paying 8 per thousand of its registered value.

Taxes on professions vary from 50 cents to $20.00 a month. The tax on commercial and industrial establishments is regulated by law. The commercial establishments, which pay license taxes are commis-

1Rex>enue anfc Expenses.

149

sion agencies of all kinds : banking firms ; dry goods, groceries, wines, furniture, and jewelry stores ; insurance companies ; restaurants, hotels, and boarding-houses. Among the industrial establishments are em- braced especially railway, telegraph and telephone companies ; cotton, woollen, and silk mills ; factories of all kinds ; iron smelters ; printing, engraving, and photographic establishments ; coffee, corn, and flour mills, etc., etc.

When the alcabalas were abolished a direct tax was established upon some of the articles which paid the largest sums, namely : pulque, wheat flour, and domestic brandy distilled from molasses.

I annex a statement showing the proceeds of Direct Taxes in the Federal District during the last twenty-seven fiscal years.

RECEIPTS FROM DIRECT TAXES IN THE FEDERAL DISTRICT DURING THE TWENTY-SEVEN FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1896.

FISCAL YEARS.	GROSS RECEIPTS.	COLLECTION EXPENSES.	PER- CENTAGE EXPENSES.	NET RECEIPTS.
		$55,481 65
1871 1872	471,228 78
			* 18
				468 825 57
1878 1879
	592,688 44		8 70
1880-1881	634,498 92		8 27
			7 8?
1882 1883			13 O8
1884 1885		89,892 38	8 27
1885 1886			8 97	931,885 45
l886 1887		84,861 27	8 16
1887 1888
1888 1889			8 68
1889-1890			8 25
		115 817 86	8 06
				,334 980 08
iSoit 180*. . .
			6.81
		78,760 82	8.65
Totals and Annual averages of the		$268,585 04
Annual average
	&? lS^.7^1 08
Total of the fourth five years		$484,864 36
Total of the fifth period of five years				$6,237,272 85
			7 80
Total of the sixth period of two years

150

Statistical IRotes on flDejfco.

00

00 00

jj	O M o* r^co — P*-OO PO O O*" co O <> rC coocT M" ino"" ^ m co m m rC	t» 10	,700,022
h	»		^
	8SK83. II :HHi<a^Ssl:?R i^iSI"	5> H	1
0? H	& r*.co vo « « co I m ooo coo « Q •*• mo t-*. c-. I o '. o- «	J? v>	! <»
	gfciPH ^So^sT&ScSsHlsgg Bail's	K 0?	o-
i	5 o? 3- ° S £!?;?> mm£ go^oomSSCS: :?<£• S-oo oo	« M	£
	»	W •*	V*
	\o "^oo comM o w o co W o O **-oo w m moo o co f*« m O1 O t^.co	& S
S	ffffl^ilM sf llS'l'l sHS EftHtisJq	VO 1O O vo	vo"
	»	00 00 ¥* m	J
	5s2 Hs-f s ss^flH ^Hssfl^t^K	M 5	f
i CO	H « COM civomM moo coOO^MOroco mo m w M « o-vo w	1- s	00 oo
	*>	M CO
	& 5U Sll £1 H 5 ?0?tS i Sol1? Svf 5 1 i1!" « ^§	co m >O CO	00
H	MM^Md'Cm-T-^-moo-^'Moomro mo m w M M o m w	CO "*• O M	00
	~	£ ?	m vo
	Sf|¥HHWf^^ S:IISS8.?£IR%(§I>	m co H \0	o oo
1	*f&m«|5i[|J!S3! p|l*Jlllf5	P	1
	I1 s s^ t? 51. §" s f.<s o? sss ^11 iCi>o? s s 5v? 5.	•*• o-
I	^IfAlfUjmS ^|S»KE»	VO M 00 O 1 °°,	1
	SKS.oo'-vo'vS'S™ •§ *K« «« S! 5- « » ¥ 5« 3«S S 2"	1r ?	?
oo 1	^ffiMfiff}«t. ^JHS?E8«I	v| vS « °.	s
	0 M FN. fs, W CO mO COCO O C> O^O M O M W O"1 Pv CO COO CO IA r^	% S	o
f	o o" *n m co tC o"co O co O o»o co"o co" co o tC ••£ N o"^o* 0^0" CO O^OO O1 -VOO O W CO O r*-O COCO-*- COCO^-C OCOOM POOH	CO VO	1 j
VO CO	m ^co «HcpcOMOxrN.««Mcoo o r*.co oo m co co w oo m\o *• M	$II,7l8,726 28,797,729	$40,516,455
	coco M o O cop"*Ooo mco coco CO^MPOIO 'WOr*. wom<-<	Kv£>	B.
m	? rnS'lf m ^ cf o" co ^^ io m JT ? £?*£ ' ^"cCco1 m tl ^"m	m o^	$
M	;		if
	C* M vo r*- mO CO 0 m r^. t^» 0 t^-O cor-.-^'O -^WON MOO*Om	1 vS	1
1	^ftNraif}mNli.|iK *m	2.1	VO q_ tC <»
STATES.	|ll ill H fillll I h^l Sill i 5 1	Total Federal Treasury	1 H

IRevenue

	^5?laH€il£^SIi1S2 SlS&Sal-lJ'	§.8	I
TOTAL	m t^vo ooco m *«• "^ w t-s ON ^*oo m mco o^vo M m m >- vo n t^i^-m m •*• Q m N <o o ON ^ w oo moo M M vo tx o» m m m m ci Q K ooo	j!	I
	O»oo t^ ON o Q" O MWMro^-^-m^- ^vo m m O • oo • ONOO m r* co »n H ON M « ON O O t-^vo m 0*00 w o w m • « • o» m	O1 M ON m vo m	o
«£	o' t^ -f «^ m 0*00 ef m « o mco vo'oo o **• « tCoo' *,j * Jr* 4»	M 00 « o \d" »n	1 »o
	of'sifvss, HvflHHHIal^^isivSRl	?R	1
1	•	M H	Ov i
	•Ss^lji^s^llJal ^ si sls§ IH^s §1	IS	*s>
M	?IlflSS|l|||fl5s|ft'|Hllfll|	S •*• O »o oo" oo"	VO tC VO
	II'^S'HIIXIHIH HI.I'mHvS'fHI.	•«• OS **) M	S
O	S ? ETv§ § ?*£ § o? oV& £Tg ™ ?oo"vS mvS £• 9-n fc'* S 8 S	vo O	<O »
M	*.	06" A	VO •«*
M	•^oo o w Is* m m u *-> mM OM t**^-M O*M i^. "^oo ON ON m w w m	m oo m nf <> 10 °S 8	S, 1
	<»		a
	mo«o« oot^ot^^-Oooo*-^- J2r''*MM ^^5 ^* O >n mo	10 m	1
|	M w M H m M N o ONOO t>.mH OMvo^-mnMHtx^-t^	JS	6"
	vo co M tx m ^- m\o momooco oooMoovoe»-»t-m t^-oo N	to O>	1
1	*HJ* l^»EnA» «»|mHE$K	|l	eC
	^SH? vS of^H-^^ffi Ig^l^m^Svi	H s	5
00	o? S"^ ? m v? 51 3-oT « ? S> m 2 «"§) ^ « 13 ™ fl.'moo'	tC vo o* *o	s
H	4» "' " M"	o" j	1
	HUIa B> sH'HB.v! ls?isi?<E'li!§vo?	VO vo IO O	•s
I	oo o*vo o w m o ^" N oo t*-vo m tN.oo vo M mwoooo O*^M	VO « m vo Q" vo"	1
	SH??$S> ^ I-^H?-? i^l'iiilS.IIJ	M 00 00 ON *-< M	§
VO S	M	£^	1
	I'Hss'SE IJSSI^S's.'IS.iSal ^S.!	1%	1
00	»wiai« n}lffffff jiH HK	S 5 «» *	vS- H
	vJ^Sm?.?? 5- 5- 1 S- 2 £<£ S?| S : &<§. K. SgvgS,	8 ?	o
I	*55S5H^|?,"^H=|H* SHE	vg1 ? tx h-. 06" ef ^	•5 «»
STATES.	i 11 1 1 j I i 1 1 1 1 i 1 i 1 1 li j 1 1 ! I i j j c o : o •••«•••• sil'lJis a 1 a^l-slJ ^"il a 1 §1 « J § §1	Total Federal Treasui	i H

152 Statistical flotes on /ftejico.

Os 00

00 00

TOTAL.	•»<O in « M co ON M IO ^- O CO	? S c^d		tx f* O* r^ M -4-30 t^ C « OO « M vo COOO C^ 1O O VO Ov COOO O OO « Ov O	vl
Sco-CFSvo1	Co" « C>vf « O Qva		v COVO 1O 1O OOO M M <^-	O* CO	10 CO
M" CO CO	t^M *C	im« M COMVO	n •*
.0 S M	"5-JvK J	CO • Ovv(	'llllll.	o r^oc CO ^- " P*VO c	ili^il! ? f	$7,903,600 3,305.638	$11,299,238
1	00 5 - CO O 10 O-VO 10 -.	HIMffff^ll	nivfslsl 3, ?	6 Sv	CO O
*&*•»«	w N »n CT- O" O-so oo in •*	3 •«• f	; co	2* ^	S
1	ooo •*• in o O txgS M co^ in £	?c«i m n O^OO " w tx O r	mM vo m vn tx ^- fs.co o>vo o M « t«» w OONCOOt^^-O^minrowm t^» oo	10 O VO Ov •8 R M M O CO M	$13,284,648
jf ixso'so m o" *O N O* tx O ^ M m « m	in in u	irl*nf*.M	: S" !" ct * li^ ? ' I?
M	co •-« ^- o co m moo \o so o* M M -*S5 «J" CO 0	N O •<• O O tx OsOO 0 M c M 00 « M *§ CO 0* IxS <N	5- coS	|'^»<gS>§^ | *	$9,760,610 2.745.401	s. «"
00 SO M O « «	i*mtm*m&*tH « »
f	-«••<• «*o\o & ro o m M o>so •^ « 0 c* O ro	SfTs-vt	ll^lff	S"S>f	8O •* N ^CO VO M M M CT sp mt%o» o> o s -^- - mvo tvso ro ^ m	$9,508,881 2,455,435	M CO
in H m tx w -r tN O O*sO >O w	vo co M r vo M 1O ^	" 1O Ov CO *«-CO 1O i-w n COMVO	M^-CIMM VO«^- «
1	sirl/i?	O &	VO M 1^ S,?!?	Oco*io *c?	OvvC vOWOvQtxwOV O 1O OvvO 00 W •«• IJOO + M M Ov	<2 vg- o «	f M
M" <>vo" «" r^ O1 <M 10	%	m	C* VO ^- CO Ov O« C?!? S «Mv2	n u	eT	00 * OO CO fC CO
I	lio-H	^	^^	5 S o"m 2 vo t^ "• •* ^vo O	m o,vO VO • 00 vo Q CO <O M	$7,691,787 2,688,081	S oo_
00^ CO 10 <£ VO CO 10 1O	eo	m	O 1O M O "^ CO v6 •<• i- •«• O Ov	o?c	PS-M :?|?^ 9 "
1	CO M t^CO O oooo vo	i	r^vo m « so *n	t~ •«• 10 OVCO oo r^ « co ov	ff^Sg iKlic? 1 R	vo evi	CO 5>
cfoo" f> i^ vo O- CO •* C1	«j A	J^ m M ro	IfsfffS"	0000>--;*<NOvO •* 00	oo O vo" tf	1 J
	HfloS	LT.	MLS:	Ov ^f Ov M O	5 r^co Sv • o •«••*•* t> oo O 1O tx N . COOO O •<• CO Ov	|*g	s
s*s?	CO	vb" M" 10 1O M CO	lOlOOtf O cf ? JM™ 2	10 o vo" •* . «^ r^ f>vo" co" tf 00 *- M « . COVO O O- CO 00	P	10
00	O> fOCO M	E	S$f?	M •«• o- •«• t> t^vo 10 M r^ vo M M vo O	tiloco- issl-rs 5 8 : s I	"8
«» '	1	10 M CO	"*«*	i^*;^ »*	in n co^ o^	1
f	r-% t^vo Ov lOOp'vo' •£		S COV<	^ O^ . ob' »nso' in	*l	co_oo • so ^co o so ?» « T OO M •*• M	so" so'	$7.073.437
8	t^vo 1O C1 •* ",00 f^		S?P.f	^g : s g ?|	S :	Jft : ?sl,ol ? ?	1 C	M
M		S'2^	*!****	10 .	C5 « . tCvo o co co t-. O'O.wQ1*'**) e* (*< •- M . O\ M ^- M ::•':::: - : 6	1?	VO vo"
STATES.	Aguascalientes Campeche. . .. Coahuila Thianas ...	Chihuahua ...	Guanajuato. . . Guerrero Hidalgo l*li<™	•||||p'	• o 3 "3 n J»J^	::::::: £ :H : -g : §«3.90Bj|8Mav& cflhHH»<NH H U.

TRevenue ant) Expenses.

153

TOTAL.	N **• tx O» O CO ij-ONtxiOwMO^i^1^- txco txoo O^vO VO OO CO ^VO n *O^ ** "^ V> ON CO tx txvo' CONO*WQsCWCOVOVDintxur)ON^''-'VOM *O CO oo o* o M o co ix tx o* to o co cSoo vo « vo Ooo oo co n o» ^ ^ tx »o »o tx O tx. tx iO w lAMOOtntxtxOM txCO ^ ON trj to ^ N •^'OO t^ M ^	m o m m vo" oo" O S. i m «»	$ | *»•
	tx^-'^Ow- Qv coN5r»»OiWO»oOtxco^-»o o^*«co »o vo W VO « OO tx • VO COVO O CO tx N *** O CO COCO tOCO ON • M VO W CO	si?	o vo
1	^M^? R fH'Siii^^^is ^ji? " ?	1s	i 0
	vg'^JS'm vSVmvS s?2 asSvff^s f;?gsrgvS- ? s	"ftoT	X
1	HMVONut ^•n^MOOMtn c>vo *N oo tx IN •* tn o to^Q oo ^- oo	•ai M	I
	^- tnoo txO« to^-«rxtx« J£°° °° "^o0 ^^O tx ro f> cooo 't' M co to	CO VO	s
1	*fC*ffl K^K^^^KSl^lj^H^ls1? r	oo O ^O* CO	1 cT «»>
	?.|«?22 fi^S>JsfS|RSs|Sl|^Sl§ 1 ?	CO M M tx.	s; vo
£	go? R.^ S ? g y^vgeo1 m?o*°«°0xvSmvSc5.2<5.2 8* 5	lo 2	vg
H	^.	*«	A
	l^sSf^ llSSSlS^f^Ufffi&llil •§, I	CO O	tx
f	tx o> o^vo voo «oOtN^txmforx-^txo^txM«« ^oo -»• »o «	J"^	s
	W> O M m O tx O^VO VOCOO^tx^O> «CON ^00 CO CO M OO OO M	11	00 s-
1	w ^ eJ" tx ^ v> tooo trj O VO fTvO — COtOOOOVJ^-QOQ 0 tx txoo «to co CONM OtOM co o M o«-*cococooroo vo ON W CO VOHCO MC*MC*HVO COtOCIMW WW1* M	•* ON	? M
	OQ>*tx co voioto totoooovo ^ovoco o*cotn« co M VOO^di- VO COOCO WCOwCOrxM MCOHtx OvtxCOO> OO O M«^W CO 0 N CO ONtxt-t^lOM N-tOlO M«VOC> tx O	8?	1
ON OO	vooo^5)io « tn«o* O^^oSo^o* 5- o-^S- 5? 5- fovo co 'TO	O oo"	1 o
	coooooo •*• MS. MIO — VOO^ o ^oo *• vo « « o « tx	iK	S
00 00 00	VO ONOO ^0 M O-rnOONO1 ^OO MM ^-MVOW ^ O\	1"	00
	Ir'm? ff 1 HfSot1 I'&SR ^Si 1 5:	vo vo 00 ON CO N	00
00 00	r^ € n ?s>-?8> *m ^	1!	ON Ix ON tx
	i^K. R S1 S'lSml v^llvl 5| Sf P. ^m	O CO	§
M	%wa | & aj^f& HI- «f-sj - -	M_ 00^	tx
	a^v? | §>88 ;»?J><<?o i «.« s-?8^ € ix	en »o ON O	1
f	SS|5 ^RR2;Sv2^S,| Kc? ^^ ft 2	VO ON	1
	MRo? HtRli'SI?^! : C2 m^?l, ? 1	S So	§
?	d^ M N m •* «" txoo'oi" . -»d^ •* 10 10 . oo" N tC tCvo'oo" ON «"	^ ^0	I
STATES.	COrt olDXlH 3 = 3-2^^ — ^S " * = ^ «-- §^ ™~ " ^ « «>-1'S *»'S.	Total Federal Distric	"3 0 H

154 Statistical "Rotes on flDejico.

STATE AND MUNICIPAL FINANCES.

The best way in which I can give the state and municipal revenues and expenses in Mexico, is by inserting the detail amounts of the last twelve years of the revenues and expenses of each of the Mexican States, and a similar statement of the revenues and expenses of the municipalities of each State. That statement gives also the revenues and expenses of the City of Mexico, which have increased very con- siderably of late. In the year 1867, after the restoration of the Re- public, they only amounted to about $800,000, while in the year 1895, they had increased to $3,395,638. (These statements are on pp. 150-153.)

FOREIGN TRADE.

The foreign trade of Mexico was necessarily very small before the railway era, because transportation was exceedingly high on account of the broken condition of the country, and only articles of great value and comparatively small weight could be profitably exported, while the price of foreign commodities became very high, both on ac- count of transportation charges and high import duties. Therefore, only rich people could afford to consume foreign commodities, and the exports of Mexico were practically reduced to silver and gold, and to a few commodities having small bulk and great value.

The normal cost of transportation on merchandise from the City of Mexico to Veracruz, a distance of one hundred Mexican leagues or 263! English miles, used to be, before the railroad connecting both places was built, $68.75 Per ton °f 2200 pounds, or more than 26 cents per mile and ton ; and in extraordinary circumstances, as during the French Intervention in Mexico from 1861 to 1867, the freight was as high as $330 per ton, or over $1.25 per mile and ton. Therefore, no article could be transported unless it was very much needed and it commanded a very high price. The result was that not only the for- eign but also the domestic trade was reduced to its smallest proportions, and that the people raised just enough to provide for the wants of themselves and their immediate neighbors. A fact that may seem in- credible is, that for the same reasons, among the farmers, a good crop was considered a great misfortune.

Since the railways have revolutionized transportation, our products, especially agricultural commodities, have begun to be sent to foreign markets, and their exportation is increasing considerably. As yet the precious metals, especially silver, are the main exports from Mexico, representing during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, 61 per cent, of our total annual exports ; but other commodities are now exported, and they are in a fair way to exceed, before long, the value of our silver exports. I have no doubt that with the opening of our railroads, if our exports continue to increase in the same proportion as they have

^foreign Ura&e.

155

recently done, Mexico will be able to supply the United States with most of the tropical products now consumed and not yet produced here, and even with others, that would find a market if they could be cheaply transported.

The same difficulties which prevented us from having correct ac- counts of our public revenues and expenses, and which I have stated in speaking on that subject, made it very difficult for many years to have correct statistics of our imports and exports.

Imports. — I could not give even a tentative statement, which I could vouchsafe, of our total imports and exports from 1821 to 1867, but the statement of the receipts of our custom-houses from 1823 to 1875, which appears on page 145 gives an approximate idea of our imports, considering that the receipts amount to about from 50 to 60 per cent, of the value of the imports.

I append a detailed statement of the imports and exports in Mexico during the years 1826, 1827, and 1828, and the total imports and exports during the year 1825.

From the fiscal year 1872-1873 our Statistical Bureau began to make its reports, and I have concised them in the three annexed state- ments comprising most of those years, up to the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896. The commodities are divided in their respective classes in accordance with the different schedules of the tariffs then in force.

MEXICAN IMPORTS AND EXPORTS FROM 1826 TO 1828.

MERCHANDISE.	1826.	1827.	1828.
Imports.	$2,384,715 934,295 1,432,578 5,017,700 122,968 2,888,066 728,236 9°. 779 1,430,039 264,424 91,910 63,499 912 444	$2,180,191 493,760 844,732 6,913,126 107,108 2,867,320 489,402 55,ioo 495,743 311,074 103,047 22,816 4,517 i, 080	$1,711,051 245.901 398,003 3,417,766 38,654 3,244,498 306,614 20,260 130,638 332,819 57,i87 44,123 3i8
\Yool
Silk
Cotton
Mixed
\Vines liquors groceries
Haberdashery
Medicines drugs and perfumeries
Books, blank and printed, paper
China, fine and ordinary, crystal and glass. Furniture, of wood and metal
Machines and instruments for mining, science and the arts
Furs
Gold and silver
Total imports
$15,450,565 Total impo $5,847,795 1,356,730 76,440 367,164	$14,889,016 rts in 1825: $ $9,669,428 912,049 1,076,528 513,769	$9,947,832 19,093,716- $12,387,288 1,483,746 448,747 169,005
Exports. Gold and silver
Cochineal
Indigo, vanilla, jalap, and sarsaparilla . . . Other articles of indigenous products
$7,648,129 Total expo	$12,171,774 rts in 1825 : \	$14,488,786 5,085,235.

156

Statistical notes on

oo

00

00 00

OO^OON t^COOmcOTf

OOMOOdUIN

OO^I~>->OCO»>. ^> i, C M M M

O O*

O

o

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ri-i-

1

I -fi -a II 1 if I i

<-> ti

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—

157

		in .«	in N Q m O i-»O *t i*O N co O CO co OO O mo O *t it r-« O coco oOxOmeiOOClinO f» co moo 00 O mo w o oo r-» ooo N HI co i>. •* o HI r» in in ooo Tt it r-» *t o f> M "too oo Or^mino oo o rl-eo oo co T N t it m N e» co r» in Ooo in it HI TT o T}- o O en	co co 00 t
1 GO M		3 Q	OmcomO'^Hic'lcot^coOHiinO O O TOO O >" O*t«~>OinCMOitO<Oe>mininin o oo in *t co O i-c o co in mO r- m *t in w w w Th HI CO O O OQ Ct W M M M Cl *&	N 00 r^ m ^
£ oo CO M	oo CO M M H	w "3 >	i- M o»O NcoNOOmwTj-Oco ^J-O CO m co co r^ m O> coo mwMOMi-icoNvneimcOTj- HI in NcocoO oo M o* O >noo co 1- co O >noo MOOOO^- w ^J- t^comm O^cOt^O^^l'O»>-i O* Ooo M O CM O I^-O vn oo M O^ O^O in 1-1 oo co oo MOOO mO Of^Tj-O'^'W O O» 'J'O CO -3-	O CO CO m 0
	i «! 2 u. 0	Invoice	co r^M mooo rrco t^O Tj-mcovnr^N oo O O>O t^ HI co t^co O» ^f •<*• >n coo oocoOC>i-ioor^ rl- w mOcoii e^ooOMnino^MOcxor^ r-tnw co »O comr^co «r-M"«n w i-TiH^co 41	CO o_ cf in «fr
	E TARIFF	.§'	• O t~> w r^ o i~» I-* Tfo « r^o i-i<rtt-« oo « MNCJO • t>.ooOtnooinaooocoMtot^oooom i-» I-* ooo^^tt^ • 'fQO 'i'O'O ^^fr^O inOM^- «no O co O HI o* e> •O^O'Mi-iHir^^oooaoMoooOO co M inwTfoo ;co«nOOrrNoooo<'S-Ne>«Ti-c»w oo m NWTCO	m O N O O
C> OO 00 M	B H M M Q E	Q	.r^MOaoOCT>Hivor-O''^-CMnoOO « oo MQt^»n • tr^ooi^t-icOTtoocitnNcoOc^M i>. \o OO>Ol>- • TJ-O o^co^ft^- o eico UIMM M co HI e* CT>O '. t^ M CO M M W*	t^ r^ Tj- ef ^
OO CO	p
M		V 3 3	N t^ m w O oo "TO HI \o & CT1 OO COM O W Hiincoc^ O oo O»O HI O>O >n r» co O>O OOCOWO co T^ cOO^OO cooo d co oco o HI e» ^ o o O >nco O «n ao ^ O coo *• O O HI O ao t^eo t^co M 11 0*00 >nt~- ^ o WMOOO	CO •* o CO
		Invoice	O^^-co^l-Tj-cOMr^OOcoincoOCO O CO « Tt t^ co O co r^ HI o< o o>oo ON«o^r»«ncoHi oo r~> >nMO^CT> vn mo O co coco Ocoinm o m C4 N ^ co TJ-O HI cor-iHTf M M M N M «»	•t 8 I
	\NUARY	i/> 0	• CO O •* TtO O CO O O ^foo OO«O O W NOOOOO • N >n cooo N COM £>*fcoO HI in 'S-O ^ HI O M in co •OTfTj-coOOco«OOHiooO"*oo « in intOMm •incOMOr^Mt^HiOI~-r^inmwO O O WMCOCO • VO M CO O N OO CO t^O Nt>.inOOOO OO Tj- vn « M -t	N 00 C4 1
o' 00 CO M	H, h O . in b co to co	a P	. co O> t^ HI o t^O O t^ 'J-ao rj- TJ- 1-1 M M w o t--O ^1- . in CO co in co COO Nwr^cocoOoorf >* l~< CJOOcO • o*O r-»cOT}-O co ON co M HI «OHiTj-in ! o" nT N" w"	? M r^ M •»
m 00 00 M	S M Set M 53 H	V "5 >	o ci co N oo ^-oo -<t *ro ^i-eiOMcoo w « ooc» Ttco W CO ^- "t ^" O TfCO HiOMt^CMttTJ-CO M in NM C>CO coco in r^O mOOMMint^O O"O Tt O « I>i r^O N »1- co w « co mo r^ HI mo t^NrtcoN w O r^r^inr^ comw coO^r-coiniJ-inO mo m«O O ^t OOOco	Tt N vn O l^
	UNDER	o 1 »— I	N O O f- mo Qr^-Omc^coNcor^m in N M coo m coNinwOO O^CT^O^ mo Tj-Nint^ oo O inmcON O^ininwcococo COMOOCO rj-rf c>» « O«f>.O «" m M" ef HI" M m	M l^ M M N «»
			::::::::: | ::::: :g 3 3 : : : : * " " " * C " " " " yj S S '
			;;::;:;,lii ;s; ;§>! a §i;: ;
			: • • • "5 212 • :'n • ' £'3 » w • I H hlUtfl 1^ ll£ * ^
			' iia dll^j's1«£'P ^ -3«: lliljll llll3.lildilfrlqll llallllill^lllrl/rlil	"3 "o H
			HiNcOTrmor^ooc7<Oi-,McoTmot--. oo O OWN

158

Statistical "Rotes on flDejico.

TOTAL.

Invoice Value.

j s

Ifti

M CO, 1

«"oo" ^ t^oo «" <>

$6,963,051

•^ M m ** m O m 000 <M txCTOO M ifc> tx -^- M \O O O d M n^ O C> ••»• M tx M M O OO & ^ ef

O oo 0 o- m co °°J T*tT^: *0 o tx moo o vo vo vo rx «»£ o **- tx.vo co in m * ^ "

2 f cf V*

m (i m M ^- -^-vo in o £. e* M"OO" ^ n r^ ^ M M M H

$42,016,742

a CO c? H

rr rooo o txvo O rx H moo vo

1

vo H^ m m tx &co^ in Q^vcT ^%o" rC\o" m Q O oo o \o M en c> m o>oo ^ ti

5 s

c* so o i-< rx M n co « co tx co en mvo vo O1* q^ \cT incc* m ^ ^T o^vo M tx tx. in M" cf M"

s * I

"jo^ ^ a. tx vo^ OkVH vo" txco mo «

~

« M m tx p» co o

O 1

1893-1894.

rx o M n ci rooo vo

$2,032,589

^o n o ^oo co t*. « K « O OO H M

$5,958,745

-^- « m m o « O o m w vo o M" cf VO~VO~GO' in »^ "S1*"?^ in

o HI 0_

vo tx o •*- m vo «VO vo «

5- 0

! Pi j

$ I <2

VO VO O CO O OO m rx ri

1

\£j «o x> M in o M vff « •* w tx rn o

|

com o •* p-vo 0| vo cOHincomn txvo

VO OO N ~ IN m m-o O « •^ in m •*• ^~

$6,860,459

1 11

I

S N C rx o co in co m c vo vo in

s

DUTIABLE.

Invoice Value.

1 1

in o ro rx o « CO rx vo

1

oo m moo m m o I •*• "i- O ** txvo f^KO M •.*••••••• ^^|- <o »nvo o O^ oo »* ' vo

oo oo o ex p oo « rovo"oo" o" * ci rx HI VO HI M_ OV CO CO

$5,973i443

co 0 oco co' vo tx M in c? tx\o oo m m

1

| Jill

tx ro rx q\

4»

&

^M

«»

1 M

CO HI VOVO vo" CO VO

^

tx mvo co o m O1 ^- « in tx m co CT\

vo 00

O vo *vo M tx O

2

m Q oo w m ^•vo -^-vo t^

ill i^asvg§

o. rx o* vo vo co rx « in txvo

I

M m i- ^vo ^vo •<I-00 M tx O VO H

€

o 5 o M rx * nvS i: * vo m rf

1

vo o -t-vo vo

TR,

! I!!?-R|

1 1

M oo vo o: in

\o ^ m 000° vg" S

SSIIM? i?

0

vo tx Q -*• m \O « vfi ro « MOO 0 m M

o

ro HI ao rooo - «

Ov vb"

ei coco vo

1

|rr

^

^ O NO m

co_

M_ ^- •* m m **• H

I

M" «" CO

B CO 1

lift *rl?r? ts m w tx

I

VO O O CO « M M m m m m »o tx M tx ^ m ^ tx ^0.0^ in c> ^oo' nT in cT vo co m o "^ w CTI

i

llpl

o

c> M co"oo"" in M mvo M o

$6,854,297

ei M" «"

CO ro

4»

"

i" "

M Id a.

i 7 s M

in r- tx, *l *V^"

J

vo in rx M o ex co H^ •* c^ O"

$1,095,909

VO^ * ? H? * 0?

j

I

CO vo' </>

• o •«• O rx • in « m oo

$5,004,533

Invoice Value.

i I 00

3- a* VO CO CO

VO ro

in in «oo « m « o rx tx M «

s

O m in * Q HI rx

|

1

• t?o? o o

1

1

covo" * o O co

1

ro « oo * * oo n m q, .- nT

•£

»

4*

|^MM

j CO ro 0?

6" M" M M

00_ M

vg 0 tjjO^ 0 O tx •* O> o in coin

V 1

ro •«• HI c* vo co O cZ •£ A nTvo" M" vo" SN ?S,l?

1 ci

I

R

'. covo" ci nT i**

$3,395,690

CO s I s "

M co O m Joe. oo CfHTjfw

S

* ocooo m oo * m ro Ov

\0 tC

M CO CT O* (t tx tx vo M « in m CT •<* o «" -£vo" m -^ *o' o m »H Q O « c^vBco^

1 $3,866,891

m o» m w M_ O. £L ^

1 1

in • inop M oo vo » M

O 4

: f> : :<i :::::: ^ : : : : : M : ,5 :.:: : c^ • " •£ % 2 ' ' « 6 ' : ' ' o ' SS 3 = i-F is 3::: Srt

• r*- l» J* li C* * • • •S *»3 *** <v ** . : ° 2||| : :^ : i i Pit Hi • •^J*^^\fi\n invo txod CT1 M M

1 ga| : "5 .SSslTl : •« •§:'»: |u *-s'pc : -S *ff2 1 : *" •'ITS'jfl

jforetgn

159

I append a statement which shows the imports and exports of Mexico during the two fiscal years 1894-1895 and 1895-1896, both by countries and by custom-houses, and the imports and duties by coun- tries in the fiscal years 1888-1889 and 1889-1890.

Exports. — It would be difficult to make a correct statement of our exports previous to the fiscal year 1867-1868. Their amount was very small for reasons already given, and as they principally consisted in silver, and almost all the silver coined was exported the coinage of which we have exact records, can be taken as the amount of exports, with the addition of from 30 to 40 per cent., representing the silver both in coin and bullion smuggled. I give a correct statement of our exports of agricultural commodities from the fiscal year 1877-1878 to 1895-1896, and also a statement of our exports of other commodities from the fiscal year 1886-1887 to 1895-1896, which shows the rapid pace at which they are increasing.

The exports from Mexico are embraced in the following articles :

FRUITS.

MINERALS. Chapopote. Coal.

Copper in bars. Gold and silver coin. Gold and silver bullion. Lead in pigs. Onyx. Opals.

Ores of .silver, copper, and lead.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.

Beans.

Bitter almonds and various

fruits, kernels. Chick-peas. Cocoa. Coffee. Honey. India-rubber. Molasses.

Piloncillo (brown sugar). Sugar, all grades.

FIBRES. Henequen. Ixtle.

Mallows fibre. Pita. Ramie. Sotol. Wool.

ANIMAL PRODUCTS.

Bones.

Cattle.

Chihuahua terriers.

Donkeys.

Goats.

Hair, horse.

Hair, rabbit.

Heron feathers.

Hides, raw and tanned.

Hoofs.

Horns.

Horses.

Mules.

Ox grease.

Sheep.

Skins of sheep and goat,

dressed and undressed.

MANUFACTURES.

Cotton, linen, worsted and silk domestic shawls (re- bozos).

Guadalajara earthenware.

Maguey, brandy (Tequila and mescal.

Preserved sweet meats.

Rag puppets and dolls.

Rags (all sorts).

Bananas.

Cocoanuts.

Lemons.

Limes.

Oranges.

Pine apples.

Walnuts, Nuevo Leon.

Tamarind pulp.

FORESTRY.

Cabinet woods, mahogany, moral, lind-aloe, tepe- guaje, cedar, sandal, eb- ony, and rosewood.

Dye woods, brasil, camphor, moral, and other varieties of logwood.

Orchilla.

SUNDRIES.

Copal, chick, and sundry resinous substances.

Jalap, and other medicinal herbs.

Mother of pearl shells.

Pearls.

Wax, artificial flowers and Tortoise shell from the Gulf

figures. Woollen and worsted Mexi-

of Cortez.

Vanilla.

can plaids or blankets Zacaton brush and broom (Zarapes). grasses.

1 60

Statistical "Rotes on /iDejico.

| FISCAL YEAR.

j

•SJ.HO.lXil

^- 1000 COO- MMVOO-10 **Cx

")^WOO Ovo OM to C* O O^t-^-^lOCOW ^

$I05,Ot6,902

M M ^ tx O> 1 O co HI C- O- v; HI o> q. to H* 6" M

P1^ ° 3_ co • I

i-

<• -^ O co M v "^vo tx co

3^vo 1C HI 00 tx « * .> O-CO CO O CO • IWW^MOMCI vo o <N o

Lr|p>

IMPORTS.

tot^oOMto coO'tOMtorxio ^vo Ov o» tx rx covo *^rx^-ioOc*cov CO* tOVo"o6" lx 06* 1OVO* tx CO o" 6" O"-OO* M* nT cfvO* Ovvo'vo' cTco^txc*IO*?C tx^- totx C1MO1O OOlOMVOtNO* txvo HI to O\ M M H. txco OO HI M «vo_ c^cocoio MOO niovovo (NCOMVO cf •* co M" M" oo"

«" o'vc" cT CO tx O M

•s, 0> CO « £

in I

EXPORTS.

10

?ll Ivf-l

• ^o

« COVO O

VOMtx*OCOMO.« •*- M txQ O- CO M O WO M M txVO IO O^VO tx HI N CM CO txco VO 00 lOvC vb" cf iC

>1000 O- • 1 tOVO vo c 1 CO tO »

\O tx,0> M o"«"8 3" txCO M O> tx

$90,854,953

O « OD_ M (

S!

1 IMPORTS.

g VO

00 fx CO •«• 1 M IO CO C «* tf

m 4 m o ^*

vo « in ^r

O to CO to ov O O VO « O M txoO IO txVO tOHiOO^OlOCOWO'**

*- m m o CO O CO fO vo to n vo" H

1 1 V-

CUSTOM HOUSES

o _u "5 : si «

o Campeche . Ciudad Juarez, o Ciudad Porfiri THxr

1 . . . «

FISCAL YEAR.

1

EXPORTS

4^

1,000,39

. . tx O CO* vo CO . . . .VOCOVO tx« . . . . * O_ O; O •< ' • • • vo" C* C* H* M

r •<•

^ . .00 . vo « ' '. w i K «

; co .' ; ; vo_ ; ; ;

8v VO* O 4»

£ a

^j c

CO tx 10 M IO M

H?' 0 C

- m<

tx M CO H O^VO VCCOOMC4COCOC1

VO CO tx

mvo « ^-co vo O vo t% o- txco

?HsH*H

O CO e^ 4»

s

»

H M VO h

*v*r W <? ^vo" « co O- O CO M tCvo"^

5-3,3 M H

1 ~

"" i"

J

KXroKTS.

10 •§,

« S«"c7 i

M co w tx ^- m • co co

vo • H? I co o

:«2 & .0?

o> S 00 .*

MVO

n M M oo •

co . ef . covo* ' ; M co

!S il

IMPORTS. |

?<& Kgff %€?

o c CO T 10 C n

;3H e

•* M O tx u • w o- tx cove

« Ov H ivo vS C r or or t

H O CO tx lx tx « in -^- m moo

0 CO CO t> co" co o M nT M ^

l^E|:>-!|!f|!

[ lott'ooo'VEf

& CO HI 1 o> 00

DUTIHS.

oo vo H ^ 4

of;"

%

J

StxVO P

00 10

vff co tx8 °§. ET c

^COHTco

M *n o- « vo vo O ^* "^ ^

ss

|

00

•8

in « vo e

10

HI **

?"M

O'-vo 10 •*• N « VO in M in * <•>

VALUE.

in co tx co M »•« m

s>

§g|5J "s^?"

CO tx VO tx CO •*;

oo vo co

« 0 « M co in o •^ M

fcf-SSS; VO* VOO* M* 6" «" 0*

I5 CO

$52.018,648

1888-1889.

DUTIES.

!? «C

tx txO CO

CO-C 10 VO* (*VO* <M CO

tx -f

O N m w vo O tx m M \o co M "i °1 9. "^"S. ^ COVO O CO CO OO ^ M I/)

ffcf M M

CO CO txVO VQ •* O m ix -^- moo vo vo CO COVO COVO

M" b"

$22,477,943

| VALUE.

5J: mw'ft

'Sv^

CO M CO IO O to tx «

z 5,

O CO « <>CO C> co vo coco ^ 5

8"§ S!

vo M N w ro m O

« g. * tx O d

% S tx

1 $40,02 ,,885

r

&

O-CO !»

00

vo-lf ""

#1

M 6^ M

} 5 1

COUNTRIES

: :J o-js : n <<< «(S

E J : « 3-2-3"c 'oo.S'5 " "S-oS? 2Sp3ffiC.

• • a ajiSj J= 'f~O o": )OOUUC.

li isg « u E - - -

|^3|j|||i||||||

^foreign

The following is a list of the value of metals and commodities exported from Mexico during the fiscal year 1895-1896, which shows that they are all either mineral or agricultural products, these being only raw materials : The commodities are placed in the order of their relative importance in value.

METALS.

Gold ore $i6o,555

Gold coin 169,794

Gold bullion 20,377,663

Silver ore 10,885,479

Silver coin 5,246,418

Silver bullion 26,345,160

Sulphate of silver 1,030,156

Foreign gold and silver and silver in other combina- tions 623,371

Total $64,838,596

COMMODITIES.

Coffee $8,103,302

Henequen 6,763,821

Cabinet and dye woods 4,206,880

Copper 3,909,485

Lead 2,531,624

Live animals 3, 546,770

Hides and skins 2,331,999

Chewing gum 1,527,838

Tobacco 1 ,461,090

Vanilla , 1,428,675

Ixtle 690,862

Zacaton — broom root 616,492

Chick-peas 352,737

Coal 270,176

Marble 258,668

Fruits 246,150

Sugar 169,662

Horse hair, beans, and jalap 247,768

All others 1,514,307

Total 40, 178,306

$105,016,902

162

Statistical IRotes on /IDejico.

o

H

vcT

00 00

TOTAL VALUE of exports _r j« __»:_	i uJ2 §2 !li 5 •£	Q 00 « « « vo"vo" M" 10 *T	|	IT. i •e	c?c? t;^ ? ro M" v* tC d" O « -*VO H C« ro M W vo	"*	$3,488,959	$30,145,468	H O,.
	V	•*00 t^vo O	•c	E	vo H 10 n .^	9	H	S	ro 10
J "*	_3	VO H C> 0* M	1	o	00 M 10	>c	**	10 &	<g
	4J*	^cS1?^?	>C	o m	2 vo 1C ro	C3~	g	5?	00
	oc-2 E	eo" ""' ro 2	cf	ro	00 00 M	CO	'	"5	in
	V	10 10 « » O ^ •• .^.^r ~	1	J	10 « t» O O O O ro « •*	o i	1	$1,072,997	1
» DC K	pi	N CO m 10 O t> t^ O " V6 O « 10 IO ro C> O 10 O O & t; 1000^ r-.	5 c?	R cf	& Sri ||	17,247,244	C0_ ro	I e-	1 eT
4D SKINS.	V "B	M VO' H M' 3"	$9,804,996	§ 1	M VO 0 « O o< 0 « ro •^• M" «" cT rT rT	q_	o'	v| R 1	I"
HIDES Al	•1Mi	O ro rovo O oo r> t^ ro M O O 10 **• r^ ro ~^ CJ r; 10	ia | *	t? H 10	llglot si -1 1 1	c I	co' 1 in	t	co" 10
	V	SSsvF	g.	f> c?	• fOOO O •*!• . \o 0*00 10	o	0	R	R
i	"B	*	*		!« *	^	"	1	*
o u		vfs&i?	ro	{	• vfflOCo" tv	0	CO	>0	CO
			o		M rotf CO	CO	H
	t)	1 lei Sl	g	t	cgvoScS?	§	i	$	v?
1	>	r» o^co1 Soo	2	4»	M CO	1.	M	1	vo i.
M 3	1 ac	!!!!!	J? M	CO	a* >- o t^-oo	1	1	i 1	M 8*
				6			B		E
i >			| O	c = D.		five year	§ E	B • g	e B B &
fe 1		VO t-*00 O1 A	Totals in	Averages	0000 CO 00 CO 0s Q1 0s O1 O*	"75 O E-l	Averages	Totals in	|

jforetQtt ZTrafce.

163

o

H

00

00

tff

OS

» ^

O ^

5 0"

ID fo

« r,

u 6 oi3

*o o" f^oo oo

oo **-vo -^- •«••«• m-*

'

a

^

-^- o-v -<-5

O* O1 O* W *

^ txc^a [

(f ro rn 'f cf

W^ M «\6 «

JOOVO 10 ! 00

aN « O O*v

H C w

0 — • V

1 i I

,^i, 3 g

164

Statistical IRotes on /»ejico.

fc.

?o moo m txCO CO M eT mvo" •*• m O-OO 00 « tx

592,270

vo m M o m M" M" 6v co m Ov m m txco

m

VO tx -^ Ov tx S m ? M M

151,040

oo H M m VO tx « O

vg

U 00

tx

ill 1 .1

ef m«f mvo"

»

mvo vo 10 tx

vo

ov o Tt-m *

<#•

O- O « tx M N (M H

»

I

6" M

«= * ** " . * a v a a °

llgS

• c? cToJm • tXM O OV

VO

irofsH

£

CO tx CO M M Svo- et moT

I

oo m « oo

1

•s & *oli or S g g S S.

pis.

• txmvo m

4

m ovcoo1 f l + l 1 +

+

vo co-4- tx m « « M

1

%*° N

VO

rt 4) u m is ^ ££ H

6 u

Value in Mexican Currency.

vo oT 6" M" M" oo •«• M tx m

in

W CO **• IOOO

tx «»

« vo N txOO VO CO CO •«• N moo m •* ov 6" M'OO" mvo" m tx •* o •* CO Ov Ov M tx

Ov 6" M

$ 1,459,690 1,755,314 1,460,133 t, 461,090

tx in

CO o> tx

m m 1

.a s "z * rt "SI- 'S " n „ a

1

Weight in Kilograms.

M m ooo vo M eTqp" tx M" M oo ov tx in

304,214

M O VO O O OO O\OO M « in c^ ro in •* « **• coinoo

Ov CO o"

M O m « O M Ov tx OvVO *£ Qv -^ M" o" VO VO M ^1-vo tx ov O O m

o_

S-*- W Ov vo O O M" CO 6" CO co<o> m m M M M M

vo 1

I5,292,9l6

1

^1 ill

||,

N" 6" •*• co •* •* moo •«• M

VO °; (

M S o S cT

tx

M*VO" M" o" •£

s co"

OV Q CO N M OvoO O M_ 8 txCO txvo" d" m

oo_

!

VO oo" VO

_oj 2^ g ^""S «" .2 u '3 M jj tj,

w e

>

~

»

~

~

4) ^ 2 ^ M O U>

o

" rt a '*'c o

u

.S g

tx 0*^0 « o IN. •<*• MOO 00

V?

CO tx M vo «

In

00 Ov •* tx tx O O VO t^ M

tx

Tt- ov ^*- m o* mvo in

m

s

g

^•S ^ u'-S'o

CJD CJ3 'S —

rx ^-vo <o tx vo "•> m o ^i- oo^vo^ ix ^ •^oo" txoo~ O~ M

VO 1 oo"

vo tx ^ mvo m ovoo co co oo'vo" moo" oo"

i tC

CO CO OVO CO in M O vo O vo" o^ o" **• M

o"

•^•vo « m MVO MVO moo in •*

S M

tx 0- 0-

o"

T c g <c u

s

Value in Mexican Currency.

oo t^-o oo o VOCO tx ix, o> tx M" hTotT o' m o* o\ o « « w M 1"*3

I CO

COM m« e« m ^-vo m m

5. m

txOO MOO oo M oo m o vo M ov co m vo 5 «" cP «" m moo oo vo

tx 00 vo"

tx •* tx « OO M CO « •*;vo^ m q;

1

$9,664,865

tx VO_

•f§ s^! g >

1

Weight in Kilograms.

«o in o vo o* ro o Q ^ tx, c^ rj.^'O. "^ cT M^ cT rn -^

CO

Soo o m « r m •* M_VO_ m w ov -^oo M m M o oo in mvo'vo' m

4.958,959

00 *t" O VO M vScSSo}^, mm tx tCvb"

vo"

vb" m -^ tx

oo_

M S

4,917,996

"°- ^ « B. C 3 * C-o 3 in -T3-S *• O "O « C C JJ

I O"

Value in Mex. Currency.

\O *O *"» O* tx H^oo tx ^ °^ ^^ M" H" M" pr of

1 CO,

CO O QVOCO VO « t> M « M" moo" cf M" M vo 00 « 0 co M_ cj o; 5;

m M m

$ 6,229,460 6,872,593 7,392,245 7,048,557 6,358,220

$ 6,780,215

M tx n tx IxvO 0- 0 V°- o, °, Ov" « v§ CO IX tx tx afvo' t^vo"

$ 7,525,959

m

IX CO oo"

nuii fin iiuipii& ^S-S- - ^'S ^ "•*§*?

i

Weight in Kilograms.

oo 5- txvo oo Bfftrs

19,149,890

0- « CMnoo O tx tx Ov •* •* M_ moc^ q. <>co" mvo'vo" O m M_ m m O* mvo" o" ov m-*--** m

40,364,841

tx o •* O1 O> •«• tx tx tx M Ov O1 txvo tx ••no" M" M" tC m Oj tx m m co m m in m

CO vo Ov

60,424,057 56,625,651 67,157,018 59,342,038

ra.

t-« vo

40,300,816

2 § -3-S S 1 "« ss llg^ll O.O. « &g u «^

c c -A .1?

'S.&SS'S HI «O UI fOVO

?RS.°,a, VO O txOOOO

m

M o tx M m « m tx co"o>

0*

tx Ov 0 OP 0? 5 m m

S

CO

tx tx VO

CJD3 <00 = uXiT

d

|'gg

co « ^min

m <»•

»

00

I*""

4»

vo •*" O

4»

4

I

ORCH

Weight in Kilograms.

IPS

1 N

COCO Ov OVCO C> OVO" O> "" M_OO m ov m

Ov

Ipl

vo 1O

M o * m m m m o* M •*• M CO m m •<• m

O

17,958,485

00 s

•g >« •S-S8-||4

ui

d

M

"i

E

e

l"Ss : JJ S^-s-o c

H it

oo~oo« oo co

in 5 yeai

S.-L

in 5 yeai

I»U

in 5 yeai

m ^* mvo Ov O- Ov Ov 00 OO 00 OO

in 4 yeai

i h 0

V O C

Sg T3«°tl'Sft

3 R

OO OO OO CO CO

SSofofoo

jao

4

imi-in O> Ov O- O-

Jit <

"3

~>

V U V Si O. H HH^ 5

jforeion ZTrafce.

165

f	«CO Q *00 * tx O OO O MOO f>VO *	O* in O vo tx ro m 3O OO tx txOO VO & N OO VO fO O W O	o tx CO M
M~«mcoto	M tx O^OO ^CO OO
„*	vovo IH O M
1890-1891.	OOP* 1O tx O M * tx	vo M 8. CO vo" 1
"vo »	O« M « O» ^t- O \£T tx CO" H"
1 1	0 ~fO « M o M <y	O CO O M c* 00 ro mco tx\o m	c? 1 vl 06" •B
""§* *ff&J£
Ol CO " 00 M	oo txvo ix m tx o ^- m «	Kill	I
— "loS1	"Sf^8
1 I oo	80 m •*- o 0 00 « O	CO C?CO <M O> 10	Ix. CO I
5,°° S$|>	tf * M *o6" tx
	« 8oO O tx	1O tx tx 1OCO 1O	VO m 1 CO
***	co 10 o; S ixco
VO 1 1 f	8QOO Q tx o covo 10	COCO 00 VO OO tx	oo 1 1 •1
**w	VO * O* tx O^VO 3. ON«00_ M
i? 1	lx\O \O tx O* tx oo m M in N 0s «vo 0^-^-0	O MOO MOOVO O O N IxVO M O CO 1000 M « M OO *	$33,774,050 92
"I* ^|j*ff
1883-1884.	O 0 O 0 O> N O^ tx Tj-vO C* H « N m o vo oo oo 10 rooo rooo	o CO 00 R
m « « vo Q M O> O VO «	N CO CJ 00 1O 1O
1882-1883.	O vo ro O •* O « O in m o>op « m ro O	Oio O O vo 10 M 8> « « 1OOO CO ON M «00 00 M	vi? tx 10 VO_ co" VO^ •/;'•
ro" ob~oo * H 10 rr	* rSvo §< o1
NOMENCLATURE.
1 1 si^.ll <<»ooo	.||>| -a 2 :

0s 1O 10 CO txOO M CO tx M CO 1O O- r- O M COVO OO M *loO"*lOrOCON	00 co_	$ 6,058,067 91
1OM *txO M O^lxfxtxOv COCO «M M VO* «1OCO « 10 10 >•
> CO « 00 M OVVO txOO CO * « M OO « O 1O COVO VO tx 1O * txOO O VO	0 cf	$ 6,838,364 62
I'nvSlO M 10 tx O- « 00 M vo" *
IVO Ix O 3 co 8,8	gOcoiotxQioOOOO lOHtxcOONOOOOO lOtxtxlolOO txO 1OM CO	tf ~
'"*%£ N	C« M * tx IOVO O « W M M VO O>OO O M VO
) Q 0 CO r> O VO 10 ) rxO * > M tx CO	SONtxOQQQQQvO OC3«ioOOOOOco CO •«• * tx tx CO COOO 00 O O	V? I vb" 10
} 1OOO cooo^ ^	""""^H 8<^H " §•
88^ M tx * •«• tx « •«• M O	8O IOVO VO O w> O CO*OVO 0 CO O VO txOO >OVO CO CO O COVO M CO « O- M «	VO	vo tx O> tx s
«" eT M	VO CO M c£ f> M CO VOVO txvg^S
MVO M M CO tx	80 0 M 0 0 O O CO 1O * O CO M V? §_ ?v|g|	N -)-	VO SB CO
Mi	-"SSKvS^	2
8 0000 s'cos!	8^-OOOO 0 M o co « o in O M M ^- M CT	8 tx CO •£	CO
M" tC 6- cTvg;	•* o" MoT vo" cT H M VO
IS	8O O ro O ^- O O vo Orotx Oo> oow •^ 10 M tx mvo ^ o H MOoovo mm M o tx tx -^vo ro o •*• o oo «	00
g.0	9	c^
00 O CO CO O OO vo 0 O *VO N	voooomomN «v§	a tT
o« N m ^- o co ex
& oca VO 10 O>	SOtxNOQoo O vo Otxtxinoi-t m M rooo O oo ro m tx \o	VO 00
M CO tx M	«» '"v? S1 : : : : :8 : : : : : ..;... c .	VO " «"
rt...*j • • • 3 "3 : :-TS : : .2 : 2 . v • . 0 . . £X : : v w: ,3 S " J S ^ •» l||l 1| -S

166

Statistical IRotes on flDejico,

O> OO 1 1	"SMSoN^ONinroSSc! tx « VO CO H M^OO^ txOO T(J 0 C	ill	S« o m o N rooo •*• m moo r* N 0 txoo m w ^- moo •* tx i/ CM tx ro m « m •*• txvo ON w M i/	llllliisa	$19,520,910 25
vo"		"	* *
1890-1891.	voomOM«OOoooc4C <•* w « mtxM o ooo ^ •* i/ vooo o eo ON m « movo co M r*% ON N « ON IN OVOO M -^ fx ^	o o*	VO IN -J-CO OOO-*OMOO>OOOO\OO tx ONOO OO O CO txvo 00 O tx 0 ONVO 0 O VO -t- ON M 1OVO « -^- IO >-* M M 1OOO CO O	roMC§ 8 MOO tx O M VO IN CO	§ N
oo vo ON mvo oo o co vo ONOO tx ro oo M ro CO W 00 ON ^" CO M O "* O C< VO H tx	OOO rOt^txM N mON^W tx O M OvOO « O « M	H
1889-1890.	mmOmcooOOQQOC w « co tx co <«•« 0 0 O O C ^- tx H ^ ••»• -<j-oo m ON rovo c	HcflllHHSlrJH	S S* eo° co n oo vo m M ro ci	10 IO 1 1
« co w txvo oo m « « m « OO M ON ** ON CO n M OO Cx tx M	OO VO W ON O CN (^ M CO tx	ON o- moo « •«• O- mvo ro T tX tX M IX VO M M M W H. IH 04 M « H ON H	o" « o^vo" CO CO C1
0% 00 M i	^ g movo ooo coo o mo voocN)inc4O<HOoOtxC ON o o txvo tx o> moo M « o ^•vo CO \O fOOOO txMM i- t> m txoo mvo tx ON txoo w o- •* a co c? « M M *« « H m oo	8 8 roco1 M m 8 8 ON co c? mvo f-oo w co m §c* N w ONOO O ON m H oo O mvo O ONOO « M NO ONOO « N « -<• M ON co rooo M m « ro vo" CN	ro •*• 'tf-vo •* tx w vo vo m « m N CO Q Q ro ON ON ro	00*
i L oo M	vO O ^ O M O O tx 5 ^oo vo m o tx o « rx moo o	o CO	8S88 ?vS5-S en O1 o ^** N m moo O 00 ro ON O ^ ^vo	txoo mmM mrotxtxONro OOO ONO ONW M W tx^*-O	0 mvo O m o vo *«• COOO*O CO ON ^f ON M ONVO « m	$15,572,660 31
CO	'		m m\c	r*		VO CO	„ « jn«
I	vo Q m * N o* cr tx. •* M vo rovo O	1	CO CO O ^ »• m o ci co H	III	•*fOO\ovO txOO O CO CO CO « O*oco <OM Ovmc* ro coco	lff»?	$13,373,011 89
SvO txvo txoO tx M m co en m m	CO	C> CO en	oo' ON CM >H mvo" ON m H	M ON C^	CO ^vFj
VO 00 10 00	M txOO N tx tx O tx o oo vo m IH co	1C	%	8W C ^ c	o ^»- tx M m fx 1W -*ON	o «^txmM o ***'QQ ON CO M CO COOO O O O\ O Ov oo o N inovtx-^-ONW m wmoONMooOoooeo	0000 •* ON 00 vo K O 00 •* O " M tx tx O	ON 00 M M
p.5	r-.	^ tx rn n	« m N ON m	co ro M rooo M O CO n ^-MOO. exM	ICO «"	8VO CO O MCO N VO N
£ 00 00	m^c o txoo o tx. i « ON rooo O1 ro O C CO CO O CO O txvo < vo O vO O 00 O ONOC	8 S	8	8% O 00 £§>	tx O -^	OQtxOrnOOOCO"*- m 0 O O ci m O mvo <H vQvO « tN ONC* txlxONtx ONOO tx ONVO tx txOO « m m ^-vo o rn tx ON ON Ov Ov	irj ON ^1- O OO tx O « vo CO Tt 10 vo c3 coco	o' 1
OO vQ n i	T IN	**	•R5	00 CM tx ON M vo	»O w 00 M t^	ON tx	VO « ^tx
00 1	in •*• O oo O O TT O « O 0 5 w o t** O m tx	s	8 CO	SON ^ mcc	CO CM O1 C SW O u vo ro C O N "^ t M »H -^ ^	•<r ON txoo o w co 0 1 rxOO O "*• m fOvo M	S tx	10 10VO O •*• ON ON M	CO ff 1
1883-1883.	oo •*• M vo oo ON	M VO	8 CO	85-	•S'ZSl	2,S^88Sx?S	"	•«• g tx o •+•0 vo 5	$",047,905 98
vo >- roo O co m u	•*• ^- m m M cs txvo ~t txvo o vo o vO M m
vo" co cT cToo' m oo m oo w vo Cx	VO		M fx	CO 'S - - • •	V)	1
NOMENCLATURE	1 I :•::::::: j :::::: J :::::;:: :S :::::: 3 SoSs o =S,°| :| O O.C U k. k, p cl" V Q g,^ C o « "•" D.O.E §'§•" c"3 | g §"3^	• (^ t-, |_ • Q n^*S*2 «a" ^ «	1 §|L- 1 .S ^c^c g g)§ § aiHHHH>^^

^foreign

167

1	2 0	8 •«•	8 0-	8	« « O to to W O 01 0 *O O O CO IS	| ??! *f	o		•8.	o o
7 1	1 c"		1	to	oT	^ ? ^ 8v vg1 "oV C-. « O- 00	S		c>- n	CO	tC J
i	1	8 2	8	i CO M	O O tx vo -"vf ^t" O M O*O tX CO CO M o* vo vo ^- ">t- co M	« o tx in o o	00 i?		vo £	00 CO ?!	ro
1	1	ro				m 2_ ? !n !n	o S tC		•ft M VO^	1	vo
|	in in	8 ro	8 CO 0	3 i	80 to -«• o o o o tx o t"* *o o *4* C9 O CO O~i M Ol « <<*• ex « « co vo W CO O O CO tx CT»	1 " rog 111	VO 1		N 1	IT	£ 00 00
i	O 1	S	H	H-	CO vo OO O Is* O M	"5*5,*	EL 00 CO		co"	IX CO	I
0? 00	440 09	8	1	8 R M	0 oo to to M -^	OO N OO f- Q *O ^f rx oo co ^ o	1		S	1	0
!	oo"	M	M		Z £ 8 ?	a> o* •*•	i		£ r^ 1	i	•8,
ri 00	ro	0 O	8 I		2 Sill J.	w O to o to to CO O W -^ C* CO \O CO CO O» CO O	§ r-		K t^. CO M	o	1
f	cf in	CO			CO M	M 00 ^ CO	o-	5 p	I	o- 00_	m 00^
f	C3\ 00 M s_ K CO &•	8 eg	8 CO		8 to to tx, co to VO 00 « M CO O tx ^O tO « IO vo tx to O M co	Q co O"» 0 m co CO M O O O vo	Cx CO _M	5 TOTAL EXI	$33,560,502 56	15,631,427 49	$49,191,930 05
1 00	8. 00	8	8		0 N 0 M to ^- ct » 8 °°	r*. tx co to M M CO vO O> to 01 2s ^ vS* §» M 10 •«• «	VO	H fe 0	CO 1 J	VO VO	S r- co
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a	i
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168

Statistical IRotes on /»ejico.

f 1"

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$15,634,833 39

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8

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... $39,638,657 69 ...1...

... $ 39,040 oo

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954,245 74 7,702,324 37

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DESTINATION.

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foreign Urafce.

169

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170 Statistical Botes on /IDejtco.

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

It is quite difficult to make a correct statement of the trade between Mexico and the United States, because the official data of both govern- ments never used to agree, especially on account of the different cur- rencies prevailing in the two countries. As we have the silver standard, all our public accounts are kept in silver, and that makes our exports appear twice as large in value as they really are, when stated in the money of the United States, while we give our imports in the value of the country from whence they come, that is their gold value. That fact, which has often been overlooked, has caused the prevailing idea that there is a very large balance of trade in favor of Mexico, because the exports of United States commodities in Mexico amount to a given figure a year, the imports to this country of Mexican commodities amount to over double that figure ; but it must be borne in mind that the former is in silver while the latter is in gold. For instance, accord- ing to the Mexican Bureau of Statistics the imports into Mexico of merchandise from the United States in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, amounted to $20,145,763, while the exports of metals and com- modities from Mexico to the United States during the same year amounted to $79,651,695, the proportion being almost four to one ; but if the imports are doubled as they ought to be, because the Mexican currency is silver, they amount to $40,291,526, and if the exports of Mexico into the United States, calculated also in silver, are reduced to gold, they will amount to one half or $39,825,847.50.

In corroboration of this statement I will mention the fact that ac- cording to the data of the Statistical Bureau of the United States Treasury Department, the exports to Mexico of commodities and pre- cious metals from the United States during the last fiscal year, end- ing June 30, 1897, amounted to $23,535,213 while the imports into the United States of commodities and precious metals amounted to $30,- 714,366. Since March 1893, however, the Statistical Bureau of the United States Treasury Department, has reduced to gold the silver value of the Mexican metals and commodities imported in this coun- try, and its data come now nearer to the mark, as in the year 1896 it gives the total exports of merchandise from this country into Mexico as $19,450,256, while the total imports of merchandise from Mexico into this country are $17,456,177.

The figures of our exports appear very large in the Mexican re- turns, because our merchandise is sold in gold markets, and their gold price is reduced to silver, and increased in the same proportion in which silver depreciates. It is not therefore the amount of merchan- dise which has increased so much, as that the price has been swollen in reducing it from gold to silver. In that regard the returns from the United States Statistical Bureau are more in conformity with the facts.

ZTrafce witb tbe "dmtefc States. 171

Another cause of the discrepancy between the statistics of both countries is that the Statistical Bureau of the United States Treasury Department had not, prior to March 3, 1893, any data of commodities exported to Mexico by way of the frontier, as there was no law which provided for the collection of such data, and a very large portion of the trade between the two countries is carried on by the frontier, especially since the railroads connecting both countries were finished.1 That deficiency was only in relation to the exports, as the imports were duly declared for the payment of duties, and therefore the statistics of the United States necessarily were deficient and incom- plete about the exports to Mexico of United States commodities, and that accounts in a great measure for the discrepancy between the official data published by both governments, and for the great dis- crepancy between exports and imports which appear in the statistics of the United States for those years.

From the preceding remarks it will be understood why there is such a great discrepancy between the data of the respective Bureaus.

It is very difficult to make a correct statement of the trade between the two countries previous to the organization of the Bureau of Statistics of the United States ; but I found in a book published in Washington in 1860 by Mr. Carlos Butterfield, entitled " The United States and Mexican Mail Steamship Line and Statistics of Mexico," a statement of the imports and exports between Mexico and the United States from 1826 to 1858, taken as he states from official data of the United States Treasury Reports, which I will use.

That statement is complemented by two tables furnished to me by Hon. Worthington C. Ford, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department. The first contains a statement of the trade be- tween the United States and Mexico, during the forty-six years from 1851 to 1897, and the second is a full statement of that trade, includ- ing gold and silver during the same period. (Pages 174 and 175.)

I have prepared besides from the official publications of the Bureau of Statistics of the United States Treasury Department, a detailed statement of the commodities imported into the United States from Mexico, and exported from the United States to Mexico during the

1 For these reasons the statements of the Statistical Bureau of the United States, previous to the fiscal year ended June 30, 1892, contained the following foot-note :

" In the absence of law providing for the collection of statistics of exports to ad- jacent foreign territory over railways, the values of exports to Mexico, from 1883 to 1893 inclusive, have been considerably under-stated. Since March, 1893, there has been a law in force for the collection of exports by railways. According to official in- formation from Mexican sources, the value of imports into that country from the United States during the year ending June 30, 1888, was $19,264,673, including pre- cious metals valued at $38,362. Prior to 1866 the figures include gold and silver im- ported and exported. For 1866 and subsequent years, merchandise only."

172

Statistical IRotes on /IDejico,

years 1858 to 1897, which is complete so far as the records of this government go, and contains very valuable information.

I will give first a partial statement prepared by the Bureau of Sta- tistics of the Mexican Government of the total imports to Mexico and the imports from the United States of America from the fiscal year 1872-1873 to 1895-1896, and then another detailed statement prepared by the same Bureau of the total exports from Mexico and the exports to the United States of America from the fiscal year 1877-1878 to 1895-1896.

From said data it will be seen that the trade of Mexico with the United States is increasing very rapidly, notwithstanding the difficulty thrown in the way by high protective tariffs. Only a few years ago, as will be seen by the appended statement, our largest trade was with Great Britain, the United States occupying the second place, while now the United States occupies the first place, both in amount of our exports and imports.1

Value of exports during the fiscal year 1872-1873 with their desti- nation.

Great Britain $12,479,547.75

United States 11,366,530.76

France 4,604,417.38

Panama (New Grenada) ... 1,579,015.12

Germany 802,643.83

Spain and the Island of Cuba 752,891.91

Guatemala and Honduras. 80,999. 52

Italy 17,389.00

Belgium 4,784.00

Ecuador 2,931.75

Total $31,691,151.02

TOTAL IMPORTS TO MEXICO AND IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES FOR THE FISCAL YEARS, 1872-1873 TO 1895-1896.

	IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.	TOTAL IMPORTS.
	Value.	Value.
1872-1871. .	$5,231,255	$20,166,013
1871—1874. .	S 04,6 6l4	21 282.200
l874— l87"i. .	5 028 616	l8.7Q1.4Q4
1884-1885 First 6 months	«s, O45. "ill	11,893,342
1885-1886 First 6 months	5,145,736	10,585,898
1888-1889	22,669,421	40,024,894
1889-1890	29,080,276	52,018,659
1 892— 1 893	26.21S Q6l	41.411,111
1801—1804.. .	14.351. 783	10.287.480
1804—180'? . .	I S.1 10, 167	14.000,440
1895-1 896	20,145,763	42,253,938

MEXICO, November, 1896.

1 This statement is corroborated by the following extract from an official report addressed to Lord Salisbury by Mr. Lionel Garden, British Consul-General at the City of Mexico, on the trade of Mexico during the year 1896 :

" The great increase in the imports of American goods this year must be regarded by British merchants and manufacturers as another warning that unless they soon make a serious effort, they will have to give up all hope of profiting by the increase in the Mexican import trade, and may even lose part of the very limited share of it they at present enjoy."

witb tbe TUnitefc States.

173

TABLE SHOWING THE TOTAL EXPORTS FROM MEXICO AND THE EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FROM THE FISCAL YEAR 1877- 1878 TO THE YEAR 1895-1896.

	EXPORTS TO THE UNITED STATES.	TOTAL EXPORTS FROM MEXICO.
	Precious Metals.	Commodities.	Total.	Precious Metals.	Commodities.	Total.
1877-1878.	$ 8,664,052	$ 3,676,937	$ 12,340,989	$ 22,663,438	$ 6,622,223	$ 29,285,661
1878-1879. 1879-1880.	7,439,815 6,848,231	4,74?,724 6,568,375	12,181,539 13,416,606	21,528,938 22,086,418	8,362,540 10,577,136	29,891,478 32,663,554
1880-1881.	7,601,767	6,556,424	14,158,191	19,354,704	10,573,994	29,928,698
1881-1882.	5,4Si,73i	8,309,131	13,760,862	17,063,767	12,019,526	29,083,293
1882-1883.	9,°36.773	7,702,325	16,739,098	29,628,658	12,178,937	41,807,595
1883-1884.	12,822,241	9,002,160	21,824,401	33,473,283	13,252,213	46,725,496
1884-1885.	16,404,776	9,448,285	25,853,061	33,774,05"	12,896,794	46,670,845
1885-1886.	15,496,336	9,933,259	25,429,595	29,906,401	13,741,3*6	43,647,717
1886-1887.	16,576,120	11,152,595	27,728,715	33,560,503	15,631,427	49,191,930
1887-1888.	17,915,116	I3.I44,5"	31,059,627	31,006,188	17,879,720	48,885,908
1888-1889.	23,647,92°	17,205,443	40,853,363	38,785,275	21,373,148	60,158,423
1889-1890.	24,098,147	18,924,294	43,022,441	38,621,290	23,878,099	62,499,389
1890-1891.	23,400,833	21,582,253	44,983,086	36,256,372	27,020,023	63,276,395
1891-1892.	30,447,566	19,485,099	49,932,665	49,137,304	26,330,411	75,467,715
1892-1893.	40,113,882	23,723,761	63,837,643	56,504,305	31,004,916	87,509,221
1893-1894.	36,681,273	23,978,970	60,660,243	46,484,360	32,858,927	79,343>287
1894-1895.	38,852,843	28,470,143	67,322,986	52,535,854	38,319,099	90,854,953
1895-1896.	51,071,661	28,580,034	79,651,695	64,838,596	40,178,306	105,016,902
Total....	$392,571,083	$272,185,723	$664,756,806	$677,209,705	$374,698,755	$1,051,908,460

STATEMENT TAKEN FROM THE UNITED STATES TREASURY REPORTS OF THE COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES FROM 1826 TO 1850.

YEARS.	EXPORTS FROM MEXICO INTO THE UNITED STATES.	EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES INTO MEXICO.	TOTAL TRADE BETWEEN THE TWO COUNTRIES.
1826	$ 3 916 ooo	$ 6 281 ooo	$ 10,197,000
1827	5,232,000	4,163,000	q,3Q5,OOO
1828	4 814 ooo	2 886 ooo	7 700 ooo
l82Q.. .	5 026 761	2 331 151	7,357 QI2
1830	5.235,241	4,837,458	10,072,699
1831	5 167 ooo	6 178 ooo	ii 345 ooo
1832.. .	4,203, Q54	3,467,541	7,761,495
1811. ,	5 450 818	5 4O8 OQI	IO.867 QOQ
1814.. ,	8,666,668	5.265,053	13,031,721
1835.. .	n,/inn ,/l^lfi	Q, O2Q.22I	18,519,667
1836...	5,6l5,8lQ	6,040,635	11,656,454
1837	5,654,002	3,880,323	9,534,325
1838...	3.127 153	2 787 362	5,QI4,5I5
1830	5,5 00.707	2,164,097	7,664,804
1840	4., 175, OOO	2,515,341	6,690,34!
1841	3,484,057	2,036,620	5,521,577
1842	1,006,604	1,534,493	3,531,187
1843. . .	2,782 406	1.471,037	4,254,343
TS/I/I. ........	2,387,000	1,704,833	4,181,833
1845	1,702,936	1,152,331	2,855,267
1846	1,836,621	1,531,180	3,367,801
1847	746,818	692,428	1,439,246
1848	1,581,247	4,058,446	5,639,693
1840. . .	2,216,719	2,090,869	4,307,588
1850.. .	2. 135, 336	2,012,827	4,148,163
Total	$102,245,303	$85,610,237	$187,855,540
Average	$4 O8q.8l2	$3,424 4OQ	$7,514,222

174

Statistical IRotes on

STATEMENT SHOWING THE COMMERCE IN MERCHANDISE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, BY YEARS AND DECADES, FROM 1851 TO 1897.

YEAR ENDING JUNK 30.	EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.	IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES.	EXCESS OF EXPORTS (— ) OR IMPORTS (+).
Domestic.	Foreign.	Total.	Free.	Dutiable.	Total.
	$ 1,014,690 1,406,372 2,529,77° 2,091,870 2,253,368 2,464,692 3,017,640 2,782,852 2,252,162 3,309,379	1 567,093 878,557 1,029,054 1,043,616 668,236 1,237,097 597,566 529,973 667,580 2,015,334	$ 1,581,783 2,284,929 3,558,824 3,135,486 2,921,604 3,701,789 3,615,206 3,312,825 2,919,742 5,324,713	$ 27,666 20,564 4,148 111,405 17,508 79,966 62,307 246,894 234,112 586,016	$ 693,120 534,7oo 751,952 826,451 887,242 773,792 964,566 861,607 1,009,972 1,317,415	$ 720,786 555,264 756,100 937,856 904,750 853,758 1,026,873 1,108,501 1,244,084 1,903,431	$ -860,997 -1,729,665 — 2,802,724 — 2,197,630 — 2,016,854
^56
1857 . .	-2,588,333 — 2,204,324 - 1,675,658 -3,421,282
1858
X86o
Total 10 years. . 1861
$ 23,122,795 $ 1,559,062 1,840,720 7,44i,579 7,765,133 13,819,972 3,701,599 4,823,614 5,048,420 3,835,609 4,544,745	F 9,234,106 & 651,364 340,454 1,579,045 1,505,464 2,530,867 871,619 572,182 1,392,919 1,047,408 i,3I4,95S	$ 32,356,901 $ 2,210,426 2,181,174 9,020,624 9,270,597 16,350,839 4,573,2i8 5,395,796 6,441,339 4,883,107 5,859,700	$ 1,390,586 1 253,703 289,011 446,070 385,037 3&),91S 402,568 402,779 482,228 5",3i9 522,907	$ 8,620,817 $ 632,409 441,977 2,597,812 5,743,408 5,850,959 1,323,524 669,157 1,108,439 1,824,845 2,192,758	$ 10,011,403 $ 886,112 730,988 3,043,882 6,128,445 6,220,874 1,726,092 1,071,936 1,590,667 2,336,164 2,715,665	$-22,345,498 $ -1,324,314
1862
1863	-5,976,742 -3,142,152 -10,129,965 — 2,847,126 -4,323,860 -4,850,672
j864
!86s
1866
j857
1868
J86Q.
1870
Total 10 years. . 1871
$ 54,380,543 $ 5,044,033 3,420,658 3,941,019 4,016,148 3,872,004 4,700,978 4,503,802 5,811,429 5,400,380 6,065,974	f 1 1 1 806,277 £ 2,568,080 2,122,931 2,323,882 1,930,691 1,865,278 1,499,594 1,389,692 1,649,275 1,351,864 1,800,519	$ 66,186,820 $ 7,612,113 5,543,589 6,264,901 5,946,839 5,737,282 6,200,572 5,893,494 7,460,704 6,752,244 7,866,493	$ 4,o65,537 976,117 1,156,257 3,065,140 3,026,661 3,863,302 3,920,633 3,756,191 3,723,281 3,981,402 4,852,659	$ 22,385,288 $ 2,233,571 2,846,663 1,211,025 1,319,703 1,311,292 1,229,939 1,448,073 1,528,221 1,511,819 2,356,934	$ 26,450,825 $ 3,209,688 4,002,920 4,276,165 4,346,364 5,174,594 5,150,572 5,204,264 5,251,502 5,493,221 7,209,593	$-39,735,995 $ -4,402,425 -1,540,669 -1,988,736 -1,600,475 -562,688 — 1,050,000
1871 . .
187=; . .
j876
1878 ..
1880	- 656,900
Total 10 years. . 1881 1882
| 46,776,425 $ 9,198,077 13,324,505 14,370,092 11,089,603 7,370,599 6,856,077 7,267,129 9,242,188 10,886,288 12,666,108	£18. 501 £06 & I,973,i6i 2,158,077 2,216,628 1,614,689 970,185 881,546 692,428 655,584 600,608 619,179	$ 65,278,231 $ 11,171,238 15,482,582 16,587,620 12,704,292 8,340,784 7,737,623 7,959,557 9,897,772 11,486,896 13,285,287	$ 32,321,643 $ 5,643,176 5,310,796 . 4,211,328 5,334,689 5,173,441 6,808,757 9,928,122 11,042,772 13,825,242 15,536,100	$ 16,997,240 $ 2,674,626 3,151,103 3,965,795 3,681,797 4,093,580 3,879,215 4,791,718 6,287,117 7,428,359 7,154,815	$ 49,318,883 $ 8,317,802 8,461,899 8,177,123 9,016,486 9,267,021 10,687,972 14,719,840 17,329,889 21,253,601 22,690,915	$-15,959,348 $ -2,853,436 — 7,020,683 -8,410,497 -3,687,806 -+•926,237 "2,950,349 +6,760,283 --7,432,117 --9,766,705 +9,405,628
jSSa
1884
188? ..
1880
1887 ..
1888
1880 ..
1890 Total 10 years. .
$102,271,566 $ 14,199,080 13,696,531 18,891,714 12,441,805 14,582,484 18,686,797 22,726,596	^12,382, 085 & 770,540 597,468 676,920 400,344 423,422 763,459 694,468	$"4,653,651 $ 14,969,620 14,293,999 19,568,634 12,842,149 15,005,006 19,450,256 23,421,064	$ 82,814,423 $ 23,364,519 23,702,496 27,145,469 21,560,011 12,003,789 13,819,698 13,990,017	$ 47,108,125 $ 3,931,473 4,405,029 6,409,630 7,166,995 2,731,999 3,636,479 4,521,555	$129,922,548 $ 27,295,992 28,107,525 33,555,099 28,727,006 15,635,788 17,456,177 18,511,572	$+15,268,897 $+12,326,372 +13,813,526 +13,986,465 +15,884,857 +629,882 - 1,994,079 -4,909,492
1852
1801 . .
1804
!8<j6
1807 ..
Total 7 years . .
$115,225,007	£ 4,326,621	$"9,551,628	$136,485,999	$ 32,803,160	$169,289,159	$+49,737,531

Treasury Department, Bureau of Statistics, September 4, 1897.

WORTHINGTON C. FORD,

Chief of Bureau.

ZTrafce witb tbe Tllmtefc States.

175

STATEMENT SHOWING THE TOTAL COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, BY YEARS AND DECADES FROM 1851 TO I897.

YEAR ENDING JUNE 30.	EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES.	IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES.	EXCESS OF EXPORTS (-) OR IMPORTS (+).
Mer- chandise.	Gold and Silver.	Total.	Mer- chandise.	Gold and Silver.	Total.
1851	$ 1,581,783 2,284,929 3,558,824 3,135,486 2,921,604 3,701,789 3,615,206 3,312,825 2,919,742 5,324,7*3	$ 2,652 3,255 !,734 528 1,200 45° 3,000 72,804 29,360	$ 1,584,435 2,288,184 3,560,558 3,136,014 2,922,804 3,702,239 3,615,206 3,315,825 2,992,546 5,354,073	$ 720,786 555,264 756,100 937,856 904,750 853,758 1,026,873 1,108,501 1,244,084 1,903,431	$ 1,083,993 1,093,942 1,411,885 2,525,334 1,978,080 2,7H,923 4,958,984 4,368,964 4,095,890 5,032,441	$ 1,804,779 1,649,206 2,167,985 3,463,190 2,882,830 3,568,681 5,985,857 5,477,465 5,339,974 6,935,872	$ +220,344 -638,978 -1,392,573 +327,176 -39,974 - 133,558 +2,370,651 +2,161,640 +2,347,428 +1,581,799
1852
1853
iSsi . ,
1855
j856
1857 ^58
1859
1860
Total 10 years.. !86i
$32,356,901 $ 2,210,426	$114,983 $ 5,464	$32,471,884 $ 2,215,890 2,181,174 9,072,212 12,681,554 17,015,080 4,588,218 5,452,248 6,454,263 4,885,107 5,875,396	$10,011,403 $ 886,112 730,988 3,040,882 6,128,445 6,220,874 1,726,092 1,071,936 1,590,667 2,336,164 2,715,665	$29,264,436 $ 2,803,101 1,953,864 1,485,702 1,755,946 1,133,299 2,429,511 2,849,038 4,525,255 4,895,842 10^83,366	$39,275,839 $ 3,689,213 2,684,852 4,526,584 7,884,391 7,354,173 4,155.603 3,920,974 6,115,922 7,232,006 13,099,031	$+6,803,955 $+r,473,323 +503,678 -4,545,628 -4,797,i63 -9,660,907 -432,615 -1,53*, 274 -338,341 +2,346,899 +7,223,635
!86z
1863	9,020,624 9,270,597 16,350,839 4,573,218 5,395,796 6,441,339 4,883,107 5,859,700	5i,588 3,410,957 664,241 15,000 56,452 12,924 2,000 15,696
1864
1865
t866
1867
1868
1869
1870
Total 10 years. .
$66,186,820 $ 7,612,113 5,543,589 6,264,901 5,946,839 5,737,282 6,200,572 5,893,494 7,460,704 6,752,244 7,866,493	$4,234,322 $ 38,500 35,ooo 165,262 57,53i 33,5oi 7,600 5,239 32,180 9,040 3,37i	$70,421,142 $ 7,650,613 5,578,589 6,430,163 6,004,370 5,770,783 6,208,172 5,898,733 7,492,884 6,761,284 7,869,864	$26,447,825 $ 3,209,688 4,002,920 4,276,165 4,346,364 5,174,594 5,150,572 5,204,264 5,251,502 5,493,221 7,209,593	$34,214,924 $14,301,475 4,504,204 12,154,060 8,893,541 6,460,389 7,355,i8i 10,240,319 8,394,146 8,554,598 9,115,824	$60,662,749 $ I7,5">i63 8,507,124 16,430,225 13,239,905 11,634,983 »2.505,753 15,444.583 13,645,648 14,047,819 16,325,417	$-9,758,393 $ +9,860,550 +2,928,535 +10,000,062 +7,235,535 +5,864,200 +6,297,581 +9,545,850 +6,152,764 +7,286,535 +8,455,553
1872 .. ,
1873 1874... .
1875
!876
1877
1878 .
1879
1880
Total 10 years. . 1881 1882
$65,278,231 $ 11,171,238 15,482,582 16,587,620 12,704,292 8,340,784 7,737,623 7,959,557 9,897,772 11,486,896 13,285,287	$387,224 $ 1,500 18,446 96,964 335,635 79,406 110,035 279,812 319,408 176,616 240,912	$65,665,455 $ 11,172,738 15,501,028 16,684,584 13,039.927 8,420,190 7,847,658 8,239,369 10,217,180 11,663,512 13,526,199	$49,318,883 $ 8,317,802 8,461,899 8,177,123 9,016,486 9,267,021 10,687,972 14,719,840 17,329,889 21,253,601 22,690,915	$89,973,737 $ 9,136,324 6,631,938 9,782,986 13,015,901 14,919,611 16,935,396 14,855,765 14,032,637 17,557,248 18,155,809	$139,292,620 $ 17,454,126 15,093,837 17,960,109 22,032,387 24,186,632 27,623,368 29,575,605 31,362,526 38,810,849 40,846,724	$+73,627,165 $ +6,281,388 -407,191 +1,275,525 +8,092,460 --15,766,442 --i9,775,7io +21,336,236 --21,145,346 --27,147,337 +27,320,525
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889 1890 Total 10 years. . 1891
$114,653,651 $ 14,969,620 14,293,999 19,568,634 12,842,149 15,005,006 19,450,256 23,421,064	$1,658,734 $ 227,734 168,584 473,942 708,932 551,064 926,560 114,149	$116,312,385 $ 15,197,354 14,462,583 20,042,576 13,551,081 15,556,970 20,376,816 23,535,213	$129,922,548 $ 27,295,992 28,107,525 33,555,099 28,727,006 15,635,788 17,456,177 18,511,572	$'35,023,615 $ 14,297,431 19,174,034 22,951,604 12,700,199 9,644,160 29,166,241 12,202,794	$264,946,163 $ 41,593,423 47,28i,559 56,506,703 41,517,205 25,279,948 46,622,418 30,714,366	$+148,633,778 $ +26,396,069 +32,818,976 +36,464,127 +27,966,124 +9,722,978 +26,245,602 +7,179,153
1892
1893
i8od .. .
1895
1896 1897.. Total 7 years..
$119,551,628	$3,170,965	$122,722,593	$169,289,159	$120,226,463	$289,515,622	$+166,793,029

176

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	B	<	'o'oo O o- O oo S- •» moo O'W-nmMMOo o»o >o oo r^"5 <o tx	t
!	ICHAND	3 . PS B - !	t^ OOO Ch ** C^VO t^M^ O« lOCht^OO O^miritx mop O « M m« r^H-o «•«•« « t^>o •& « o- * rx m<o o-S •* m t> •	« o "f V a
CO 00 00 IT) CO n o" u	DOMESTIC MEI	i •3 B	./ o« ot^'*m'«'N *oo N o CMO o>o M « t»\o e»> m « o m to y; t^ m « t~»o >o M vo « « o> « moo m •4-00 vooot^o«OM>o>o J >o o> moo_ m*Of Or -rv^ c^ e^ t^oa_ m q. ^oo_.oo_ •* t; M_\O^ ix \n « •* SCNOO* d" mo6r"oo" rCM^oo*-*t^«^«'m»^'-*mc^m •*oo~*o' »o cT c^^o" •*• -*-oo H M vo oo oo m M t^vo t^ « o 10 o>vo oo n oo m M t^ W «MMM MM ?) M x-i ^. f a	uit, Indian corn-i otal, $156,773.
W S	U, 0 CO		OQOm o-t~mmo« inop r» o> t»oo M >o '::::: r It *» S1^" cffoT S ? 5 » o- 3 "oo ? 5-S	8 ~ 3 V •s I
	a		« MOO « mc>o m^ -*oo m o oo" N" •* ..... . Mm«mMmo^-mo«iHMVo	"O «
	i X H	o! H	•	s - •S B6
		X •	O m m^ M f»oo t^ in m \n o~ \n o* m>o oo i/>	^ vs 1- ^ rt « •° ~ " e
		k a z B	O . m^ txso^ txrxM c^mM mcf moo « m 2 ....... wmcimwiH &^o moo « o oo f>	idstuffs, all other, compris tions of, used as food, the general heading " Ani
		YEAR ENDBD J	oo o o M « m •«• m*o t-.oo o> O M « m •«• mvo t»oo o Q M « m m *o^o vovo^o^^o^o^^o^O t^fx^t^t^^r^r^r* t^oo oo oo oo	* Bread and brc breadstuffs, or prepara t Classed under

Urafce witb tbe THnitefc States.

179

	i	I* V	§•« ? m>8 m 5- 8 E «o>»- ? g S^-o Ko'SS^SE'SioS
	Is Q	w 0 <	^- 10 ^-\o ^ w t^ o »o M moo M*OOO mNO M ^^M ioioir>»o M«*O «t«l II M M M M M M * H M M M M ^^O >O «» MM
	2 u < K M	"O a £	lm|l,|-sHH'SsHBm^«HI§>!|gm«
	LBATH	II m	«» €8£«.ro<NSOCh50'c'2 ^*°° ^ *° *° H
	2 J-	* < i2	a swiass&nra &Sr^«si RI^	«'
	2 H	S K	1 &R»N8>^<S>£l^<s!(S^I%l>??S<8f.§>lff<S,§!R:	|
		ft,	«* M M MMMMMn-t-CO	rt" i
	1	i J	M t^ M m*o 't'O t^iomo^o t^ioo*w ^«M m moo ** M m w <>	i
1 I '1	j Z «£ :	1 < j	<* MM	S1 • 2 u: h
C ^	§5£ X H I		^ 5T2 ^*R|S8aR^«*!S»8fRRM8	j i •o
MEXIC<	O " I	i	•	a M
O H			m$$s& 55^1 ma j&mm&&$	"o
HANDISI		•5 0 Bj	«» M «	T3 a s
u tA				1
M				3 i
u £ M	h 0 « M	i		M = «
O C	2 H y <	|	gt *!MOOM wwrowooo- M^m •^CN M v? K	s" u
to 0	k a z			1
en H M	z~		***< *	TJ §
2			.000 Jf^^u,^* 00 «00 0	J
X H	0		:::::::: :'i2oo^«c?'m" mS. *§• m cfvo" 2~>o J?	0
		i	•	i >, •3
		"o u	rf 0« MOOM«Ot,lnVOO.OOMO«r,M
			. . . *iS. 5? vo m •* !T (Too1" ^3- ? 8 «" moo S	R
			<:::::::: : J&gf^SS S^2 Kjfg^Sjfjf	BV
	j j	i a i i		11 o<— • I? rt c Pa
	1 j 1 j	a i j i M	J «j,j J j miJ>J rijjj ': ; m|J,J 141J j jj	* Includil t Include

i8o

Statistical notes on

•aSiatiVHDHHW jo sxHoaxa ivxox		f, fresh ; butter, cheese, condensed milk ; eggs ; fish, dried, smoked, fresh, pickled, other cured ; meats, pre- s ; potatoes ; other vegetables ; vegetables, prepared or preserved.
efo-*?-O~M^O*"cfo"eomM''eoocfeo ^o* tx a en o~ eTo" -T e-T tx
4£. M M M M
•asia -NVHDHMW NOIHHOJ JO SXHOdXH IViOJ.	co O •^•^^•m-^-t'xoci ooo rn o M w MCO ^* N m •* o M txoo r-.oo eoo m -^o o M oo "-1 o moo eooo o* tx O o t**\o M o t**> c* o m en en ^- o ^oo o M o •**• o o ooo o « «^o « oo_ m i-^ O.1^. otxinM"o""omo""»-rorcrrx ^focT cf *0 tf (S tf j rf ** O rnco o « o « irj^r^o mt^.tN.c>^i-M\o « N rove 0*00 •* ui o r^. m M
•3SIC1NVHD -Haw Dixsaivoa jo sxaodxa ivxox	W N O*N O O^COM O*'"*-© O»l/l fOOO OCO ^-CO W O1 O •*• O« U^ N mvO t^.^0 « t^COtv.(>t-i N C>^-f^iT)M ^-O *"*O WOO ts.t^O O
O CT O^O>O M IOO^M rooo i/i ^ ^ O w^O N O rOM O 1000 •<*• O 00 10 0 »0 -^ ^-\O M O 0 Tt-fO^-T*-<S *«f M C^O O H OvOO«fx t% «_ ro inco •* t>.oo t^co Ooo mo ^*-o>Ooo t-» moo •*• C^ ^ c^j co eroTrohTi-rtCtCf^cn'^tnro^iornfO^ro^'^-in in\cT cf m ^ «» M MM
•aSIQMVHDHHK HHHXO	^ r^ ro\o OO^-O>NOOOMO1M« 1/1*0 OO row -*»-w iri-*-*« 0 ro M •* o M ro tN.vo oo rotxfo-«j-fOO^-^-mM en t^vo moo m o vo *o t^-vo oo c*vo O'O'O *H m o co 100*000 •^•romro^M Tj-mt-N
•^-«»o««vo«»o«irj m*o arn^-w -^-mo "- o» m M t>.«o M ifl O C* O 'T W (> d N ONO*O**OO*W ^- t**<O Nl/^W»OC^«OC< t-xu-i^-comioo^io rooo oo r-^vo tx txoo *O t^\O wi I** t^oo m inoo
•jo saa.ix -Dvjnuvw anv CIOOAV	co^o « »o g ^t- *n ^vo o» o FN. M r^o oo M o-vo en m o* « M MO ^o o> IN,\O 0 MOO M CS.M mt^mw muim^M M 1000 m o M c* t*. ^- m *«• o o oo cooo mw -^-c* w\o o <>«oo o o «VIN ^-*-
w M ^- moo VO^-NI-'^O^MM ^f oo *o M m\o M w o ^ -+\O v>
•jo SBHnxovj -nnvw anv ODDVHOX	t«* co t^.\o O •*« O rorn-^-M o t^-oOoo O>^O t^ ^-»o M •*• M m oo^o « M O roe-swvovo *oo &*& mmM O'^^^'H o* r»* t%co
10 ^ (£ C> « eT O'^O ^O~« tCw tCc>M O"M 0 C?tC«"o M IO«"M MM ciot^mwmcs oco « tN-Tj-c-O 0 ^-«vo inco**^
^9- f w
•SHSS		OO«mtN.o*«m tovc oo o « m « m^o en 5- •*• t^-oo \o" t^. 10 «
	«. „„ ff*Rsa*« H S*f 8««^i?s.c
•HaAiisxoinb	a. oo mM*o « o Oco o»tN.M oo Oooop r^vo o^o »n o •*• « • w^o cnc'iM o*w <n« M oco M t>.-«!t-o 0*0 ^o WIOM b*. ^ -M r-.«-^-wo M « tN.M cnorocoooooow OOOM r».in
b«. . m fx'O w M r*« N o* vjoo 1/1 1/1 1^. fo 10 M m« o ^-txcjo ^~ t**.OOicr>c^.oOoois^mwpiN t-x\o O t^vo *^ y 3 t^vo M o*
PROVISIONS.*	,-jaqjo nv	cow O M o* ft •<• o w t^cnmci •^-•*-^-M m*o ts. ^- « M ro o^ M rn rn en t^ 0^*0^ v O M -^-t^M o woo ^M •^-•^•o moo m 10 M « O> o ^0" M'o'»-rin^crTrcrroo'o rnocT rn M" ^ M" M" tC rC\cf cT M M « 11 COM oOfnM^o *r\Q vo \o vo u-» m*o »oco c> tx o^ en ^> */> MMNMM MM
Tj 1 M	g M « ^ c> IN.CO o m^o M o o o co eg « ^ \o o M u^ M o> o o
(X to m t^o O O en « tN. *t-co ^ en M en^o N M ent^wvo ot men vO*O O M trjirj^-i/iM meno « ONOO fi ui ^-VO eo O M en ^-"O
oo m\o t^ M « M moo ^oo >-» en ^*- •*• mso o w co en « mo tN. ^>
^ «_ q_ M^ -^-co »ri ^o •*• t^ M mo tx tx -^-vo ^j-oo t>. o •* m o o M ._ \d" ovcT eC\o" iCin^foenM"o^i?'<? occT -*oo"" M" o" m -£oo~ en en «" Swt^QMioirjo moo o>oo en mo f^ooco M 10*00 o MOO o 3 too O M \o enco rooo oo o-o t^t^oco encnrnme* « IOCOM m
Bacon and Hams.	oo o O oo "^ 'fco iovo o M UIUIMCO M mO^m *TVO t-*. M vc M m	* Provisions, all other, comprise : Beef, salted or cured ; bee served mutton, fresh ; oysters ; pickles and sauces ; pork ; onion
\o »n tC ^f\o^ o o' (>oo"co'o cf tC o M rnco^ •* o^ oo' o M o M rC ^ •^••^-irj«MMMMeneneo«MM M Mnenrn
X o en m o r«* OO « mw O»M m tx o eno occ o O <•*• C* f « co Q M -^-lomHi Of'NfxrO'^^'t-'CO tx.0 moo f- o m mo xh m m m
5 oenO tC^txn -4-O mco'oo*" >**> c o tx.occo -^ri-« mo o--^-ro B ^" ^"O mO 00 tl O N C"1 OO O i- O t^-O M N O T tx OO M ^~ O -*en«H. « M n « M M M M«« ft
ORDNANCE STORKS.	•wqio nv	! eTo . o" cT o . M . I I »
•i3pModun*)	m o en m\o m ^- - O i** enqo O ^** O "ff-oo txQ « tx« txiN.mm wO«t-.?5H^- •m»^ t--O « tx o enco O M tx\o ^ « o « oo
t^ <£\o in ^o'o" I M'SD'XO' C^o^ •<*• o'o' rnoo" i^o" -^ en o mo" en ^ MO« . M««««v-<r««e*«m^^-^f«o
•sasn^ PUB S32puwc3	. . . . . . . ts o • oo « oog w o co m -^ en o en M
" ; T i;..1* o" . «'o" m 0 tCco'o" tCoo" en O moa" o : : : : : : :«5H : m 2" *° M ^c °* M
"IIO 1VHHNIN ONI -iVNiwrmi aanuna ««6	* • . •Mrxrs.txotx^-enoooopoo ^oo oo co m m ^f . . . .0 mco oo 0 m eo txoo -<ro o -^-oroenw mM o . . . . o\o^oo^ Oo^ o^ q_ « M_ H_ en rnco -^ *£ ro M_ M 5^ * '. I ; M N oo oo m o t- ^o 0 tx« txinmtxM TT
< « 3, £o« S|	cocococococooococcc»cocoooco»oococooococooooocococo

Urafce witb tbe IHnitefc States.

181

a o

H W

. ft, O c/J

«,

in f,

H £

* g

ft. X

S3 H

« §

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2 w

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W w J

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W H P

S 5 S

IMPORTS OF MRRCHANDISB.	3 ^ w cij "Si	m\O\O NOO ^#-lT)M O^
* « ,5= g |- £> ?S?
o : z
Jute and other L, grasses unmanu- factured.	»;::::;':' o . . . . . . . . . 0.
NOO O mS o»m« «
o^mvo in^ foro«f-^
«o?£->8 " ftS^g 5-8> ^•fnr^n^o lOtN.t'x^-vo
p*i^a^ail^C
t- u ^- — -j	J*OO*«r^Oooom i N^OO^OiO'OOOt;* i
^S^5-5-K3;5.S>
•vO M rooo^O IOQO mtH •£ o> o •«•« O<HIO *t^ O*oc^mio6 ^oo moo
.S « 6"°' 3 3 **	SII'KRf cf^l
«» m
5-0 OJS"S	S s-l^l- S £ ? §, a
HS^S^^Sa^
«»• M "
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2-^lgl^gfS
«9.MMMM" ""
£i 4-Sj g;g Wg "o*u Q o*n .. « :£ <a	iCTPeT^iooo^cTin^ OOO^OM-^oOOMft
£
|^| ja B-a'a O O <u c	Ot^M^MOO^?^ t O i/i^t-^1*'^ f*^c*> *
	Copper: Pigs, bars, ineots, old, and other un- manufactured.	O-^t-^o iN.o>r^^M 5-
£ N ?<? S H1 ffi S;<g
s^Uiifs 51
§» Sc?^ S | ? ? g.
o. M « « « in t^
	Coffee.	i £ J? 1 1 ? 2 ? ?
ofsf^l^sls
^CO^^VVO «**
a'R&l'Ss'J-f^
irTS^S-^^l &S
^oo^cTocTM ioa> lornocT
	j * JJJT3 S S W.S 0 rfjs 3 fci o ^ " S-S**"	fOM ^\C t^NCO O w M rOMfOWMONO
I|S E J 0 ° 0 a o	I^^2?IH? •
4»
ONIONS HVBA	Illilllll

182

Statistical IRotes on /IDejico,

		*j	HHIH^S;
		52"c 0 0 2	mo ^- 1-*. m t^- m\o M mo^cyo mM cnmM w vo w ** m r^vo ^t* m
		HS.-S 6 u	^N««m«HHH
3 o		|	g-^^1^5
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E 5		Ot3 V	^fl_
J		ft fl	*8^S?%8.8;S'8!
J ^ 4		PI	P*|H™
J 3 fl i		•o 3 ~* o o rt	H -^-00 M t^ N 00 "fOO M M m •«• « m w vo ^g vo en w
H •S	H	rt
B <	MERCHX	B 3	O f1* f> M ;
^ D ^3 34 > * S	h O	li	sm^is
W * H O	2	tJ)O	i&a^WBKffS'
< \ * & 00		•3.3 8.S	•&5^S»?3
q V			o^^o" M «" o^ ON -^ Q!
w <^ H «		en*3
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a" O		oS	iBSssms
E CD		li (6*	H t~ ro H ro O ro
Pi 0		"rt	S?1^5IH
X H		.§	|lf iff
o" H		k
IMPORTS		NDING JUNE	:::::::::
		H i	i i i i i i i ! !
			llHlllH

			O O t^ O vO ro 0*00 1^- roco O* to -^-oo N H tj-
		1	tx tC M ft- o H oT cnvo b MOO •*o»mfr'>
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			2«J"''>^^o^J~f-'<?jn
	4	13 <n - e v j» « B	txoovo t^ « om ro is ^•rouiw •^ot^'-'VO
	i	3 «r.a	OM C^OOO MOO OM « «D t^ •«• M •«• O VO 00
H	u	•o B	fl»
H		(J u	00 t-00 CO M 00 O- « ^ in o w Th rovo -^- ^- N xn o1 1^ -^- o m\o in m
u		o	mo m t^ ^- o o inoo OOO<M«-S-OOOOO«
a s		<
u I		g-ol	\o r> o ovo « e^ o •*• •^-\o o o t^ 01 rooo o r^c^w N inMvovo t^
5 o Q	TUFFS.	*l*j te 1 ^ 5	invp ro ^t- o- tx in t^vo 00*0 M oo ro a- rxvo o ^MHC.H^MHH
o • H	\ u i		t*-O*o t*st*-rnN o m
O ft. X K		c	•<*•« O'O^fnooo N m ^^SSSvS-S1 <» + rn
		o o	tf) r^CO NCOVOVO "-00 Q j oxinm<*inM H m\o y o» * m m m mvo fxoo
			2 -^ w in <<h o H o*vO in 53 m\o M invo m tx tx « ^ -4- ^\o t* o; -^- H vo^ot^ (Q vo" M"OO"
			o^ -*vo vo oo oo m o* t>> M o- <*• o *o 0 mvo oo
	2 <	d, V	« IN.M m^o^cno»H A
	s z	in	^ O-^-t^txO fOO-WOO K VO M ^- « M ^ O OO C4
			2 tC\o" £ oT N in cf «f 2 r-- w D Z
	I
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			JllllliJI
			O« O w M m •* mvo t>. OOCOOOOOQOCOOOOOOO

UraDe witb tbe "dnitet) States.

183

»

^^ nr»

		jj	^Oroo O Tj--*^MO
	1* * 0 Q v> Z H	•S O <	*%• y^-% 5-% Invo *? *
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	eh u 3	Is m	foroc*w N w w •^-u"» <&
	?1	rt^	PN. o» r«. ro^o t^*o r-. u-» »O tN. o ^- tx ON"O O 1^- tx o ro rooo to in r*vo
	n <* g7	3 K eg	° 2 ^"* s <%. x s; j? 0*0 M roo o^o mw M b«» ^-oo oo M rx. « •*•
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	DER AN PLOSIV	88 ^I	moo to o o **• « t^ M oo ^ t^ ro « m t*.oo t*. « m co en •* •*• »o iovo «•>
u in S	Kfl 2g Z Bd	<=l	S tVo C3>ti£.%§ OcSvo*
ERCHA^	a x °s	3 * °l	0 JOODOOCOVO m ££ 4&
S u H	M	i JS u	m t^-oo vo CT« « oo oo r»» 00 VO VO m O> O^ *vO ^
H	o	OS ~ k	VO -^VO CO t^ C* w « CO txO-W « M M «vov3
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• o		0	ocT <^co"" 10 o" H M" «'vo M tv.ioio-'j-intnw •^~
X H		5	«»
		•d	^- to ro « mvo O fnvo dt^toON^-rocoro-^-
	o	£ o	^R^iSSScSS
	• H K	8 C	<*•
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	s 2	u	Of *OOO vO t*» O OO O^ O VQ ^ -*^-O movo 10-4-O JoO O t^O-O en M iot-<.
			H«HMMM««H
	I		toeivo txO 10^-0 t-. vo oo t^oo m to M ro M t>.co iovo w oo M to m
	u	•o i o 8	Ht ^t^txintx^W M SOt-t M«*-OON^-Mfn ^•rofOfO« M « co« «•>
		«• •S O	oiOoowo^O OtnOO Q O oo IN. o^ « « moo M
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			^inmvo foro^-iom
	I H Z a
	YEAR ENDING		o> o n w co v tnvo tv OO OO'O^O'O^O'^Ov

^	S S	S •	1 S-S^-II?-^
H	Pi	I1	o o o t^vo o mf) ^f VO VO tv IOVO * ^t- t^VO
		J jj	CO M °8 10 P.OO •«• t~ 10
	$11	{£'•3 ifi S	vo vo OVO M M cTvO VO 00 VO OOO--9-0000 «
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	V a.	II 2	•*vo vo vo * o moo f-
		a c	VO OOO "OVO OO « (~ O
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	£s	3	^MMMM MM«
	f,	jo'	RlSIS^H
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a' V.	as	|	OO O •f'^'lO^'^'t^fO
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• M	.4		co -rf M ^oo oo « u-ivo ts. fi w en co f^vo « i^-
U U	'3. cy	i	•^- o^oo M m M M \o oo
a	-	-Si	MHS^H
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2 X	E		O\VO VO CO OvOO O^ tN \O M O«OO C* ^ w tx t^ CO
M	S		^ ? g* 1*8 "8*8 ?m
	a	•e	4»
		4	«R^cnl5l|-^S
	s		g mvo vo o oo * o ? M
	i		fc M M M ««M M COtx
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	8	J3 •a	****aaa*w
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	o £	«	flfilfffJI
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	5|	i	CO -"fwOOCOVO M « •*
	JONK 30 —
	YEAR KNDINC		yjiiiyi

1 84 Statistical IRotes on fIDejico.

Increase of trade during the year 1896-97. — The data given in the chapter on Foreign Trade contain detailed statements of the amount of commodities and precious metals exported from Mexico into the United States during the last ten years, and I refer, therefore, to the same, those desiring more detailed information on that subject.

I give, however, a statement of the leading merchandise imported from Mexico into the United States, during the last fiscal year, com- pared with the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, embracing only such imports as are not specifically stated in the data taken from the official reports of the United States Statistical Bureau, and which appear on pages 176 and 177. The following data, also taken from the last official report of the same Bureau, shows a comparative increase of trade.

LEADING MERCHANDISE IMPORTS FROM MEXICO.

FISCAL YEAR FISCAL YEAR

1896-1897. 1895-1896.

Henequen, tons 62,839 S1.1^?

Value $3,809,415 $3,339,l8o

Ixtle fibre, tons 6,313 12,207

Value $335,841 $717,585

Oranges, value $258,340 $212,913

Tobacco, Ibs 749,560 93,197

Value $297,262 $28,025

Mahogany, feet 8,791 10,654

Value $321,800 $414,817

Coal, tons 99,760 72,056

Value $218,456 $146,813

I also append a similar statement of some of the articles exported from the United States into Mexico during the last fiscal year, com- pared with the previous one, ended June 30, 1896, embracing only such exports as are not specifically stated in the data taken from the official reports of the United States Statistical Bureau, appearing on pages 178 to 183, and which I also take from the last official re- port of the same Bureau. When it is taken into consideration that the Mexican imports from the United States during the last fiscal year were made on a falling silver market, the annexed statement shows a con- siderable financial strength.

EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO MEXICO.

( Fiscal year 1896-97 and preceding year.)

1896-97. 1895-96.

Cattle, no 690 1,112

Value $29,186 $39,509

Hogs, no 22,164 i7,54o

Value $263,083 $206,807

witb tbe "dmteS States. 185

1896-97. 1895-96.

Agricultural implements $130,825 $119,838 '

Books, maps, etc $161,143 $107,384

Carriages and cars $615,468 $687,425

Coal and coke, tons 219,111 121,269

Value $643,715 $377,469

Bicycles $73,n7 $24,278

Fruits and nuts $72,654 $78,497

Hops $55,610 $8,289

Hardware $2,874,283 $2,455,40x5

Leather $16,456 $24,014

Crude petroleum, gals 7,090,853 6,779,059

Value $349,021 $392,510

Refined petroleum, gals 836,628 631,147

Value $174,107 $142,761

(Includes lubricating oil.)

Cotton-seed oil, gals 1,616,407 1,588,504

Value $320,496 $337,892

Paraffin, Ibs 2,888,475 2,975,476

Value $144,805 $163,644

Tallow, Ibs 997,216 1,783,788

Value $36,561 $77,050

Hams $28,976 $29,487

Butter $40,089 $33, 169

Wool, Ibs 1,698,952 2,605,150

Value $140,609 $238,316

Tropical Products Supplied by Mexico to the United States. — It will be interesting to state in what proportion Mexican imports of tropical pro- ducts figure in the total imports of said commodities into this country.

From 1892 to 1896 the annual average of importation of vanilla beans into the United States was 205,197 pounds, of which Mexico fur- nished 142,727 pounds, or 69^ per cent. Mexico receives for her vanilla crop, annually, $640,000 gold.

Mexico's average annual exportation of coffee to the United States for the past five years was 28,927,410 pounds, or 4.8 per cent, of the total American purchase of coffee, Brazil furnishing 70 per cent., Central America 7.6 per cent., Venezuela 6.4 per cent., and the British West Indies i.i per cent. There is plenty of room for the Mexican coffee-growing industry to expand. Mexico's fine flavored, mild coffees are steadily gaining in favor in the United States.

In henequen, or sisal grass, Mexico takes the leading place in the im- port trade of the United States, selling, of the total received there, 98.1 per cent. The average annual importation for the past five years was. 50,129 tons, of which Mexico furnished 49,195, Cuba 277, British Aus- tralia 386, and all other countries 271. Mexico received a yearly aver- age, during the five years, for her henequen, of $4,218,267, gold. All of which went to the State of Yucatan.

1 86 Statistical Wotes on /iDejico,

In sugar, Mexico holds but an insignificant place in the American importation, which showed an annual average, during the past five years, of 3,827,799,481 pounds, Cuba furnishing 46.5 per cent, and Hawaii 7.9 per cent.

We could expand very largely our sugar production and supply this country with almost all of that product, but as sugar is produced in Louisiana and as Hawaii is likely to belong to the United States the protective policy of this country will not allow us to supply the United States with that commodity on a large scale.

Mexico is sending on an average every year, 1,400,000 pounds of wool to the United States. In 1892 she exported but 190 pounds.

The United States takes, annually, an average of 50,493,000 pounds of goat skins, of which Mexico furnishes 3,007,000, or 5.9 per cent. Of other hides and skins the United States imports 167, 993,000 pounds, Mexico's share being 4.3 per cent.

The cattle trade of Mexico with the United States increased consid- erably under the liberal provisions of the Wilson Bill, which taxed cattle with 20 per cent, ad valorem. The following statement shows how large the increase of that trade was under that bill :

CATTLE EXPORTED TO THE UNITED STATES. Years. Number. Gold Value.

1892 1,438 $ 7,740

1893 2,597 16,376

1894 1,469 n,857

1895 148,43! 720,864

1896 216,913 1,481,954

(Fiscal years ended June 3oth.)

Mexico has been for at least two years the most important source of supply to the United States for cattle purchased abroad, Canada furnishing, in 1896, cattle to the value of but $18,902, and the United Kingdom $6,684. The cattle trade is one in which American, as well as Mexican capital is embarked, but it will be considerably diminished if not completely destroyed under the highly protective tariff.

COINAGE.

In the chapter on Mining I gave a concise statement of the silver and gold coined in Mexico from the time of its discovery by the Spaniards to the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, and it appears from the same that the total coinage of silver amounted to $3,398,664,400.

According to the report of the Director of the Mint (page 347) on the " Production of Precious Metals in the United States during

Coinage.

187

the Calendar Year 1895," the last one out as this paper goes to press, the total production of silver of the world from 1493 to 1895 is $10,- 345,688,700, the Mexican coinage being over one-third of the whole.

It must be borne in mind that that statement embraces, so far as Mexico is concerned, only the silver coined, and it does not take into consideration the silver used in the arts, which used to be a considerable amount, as almost every well-to-do Mexican had forks, spoons, plates and other table ware and household articles of solid silver. It does not embrace either such silver as was smuggled in bullion, which, consider- ing the large extent of the Mexican sea coast, its scanty population and the general demoralization during our civil wars represents a very large amount. It can, therefore, be safely stated that the production of silver in Mexico, not coined, represents at least from one-fourth to one-third of the amount coined. Therefore, the production of silver by Mexico may be safely estimated at from $5,000,000,000, to $6,000,000,000, which is about one-half of the total product of the world.

The following statement shows the amount of silver coined by the several mints of Mexico from their establishment to June 30, 1895, stating the years in which the coinage was made :

COINAGE BY THE MEXICAN MINTS FROM THEIR ESTABLISHMENT IN 1535 T0 JUNE 30,

PERIOD OF COINAGE.	MINTS.	COINAGE.
1868-1895	Alamos	$ 22 828 869
1863-1866	Catorce	1,321,545
1811-1895	Chihuahua	62,465,756
1846— 180";. .	Culiacan	46 418.160
1811—1895....	Durango	67 128 366
1812-1895	Guadalajara	64,127,846
1^44-18/10. .	Guadalupe y Calvo	4.375.062
1812-1895		307,364,150
	tlerrnosilla	IQ, 650, 5O6
le-jc— 1801;. .	Mexico	2,453,110,110
1857-1893		5,761,045
1827-1893	San Luis Potosi	113,143,358
1810-1812	Sombrerete	1,551,248
1827-1830	Tlalpam	1,162,660
1810-1895		350,341,499
From 1535 to 1895	Total	$1 52O 770.180

I give a statement of the production of gold and silver in Mexico in the fiscal years 1879-1880, 1889-1890 and 1894-1895, which shows

i88

Statistical IRotes on /IDejico.

a considerable increase in each of those years, and this statement only represents such amounts of the precious metals as were either exported in bullion or taken to the mints, and not the production that is other- wise disposed of.

PRODUCTION OF GOLD AND SILVER IN MEXICO IN THE FISCAL YEARS 1879-1880, 1889-1890 AND 1894-1895.

	1870-1880.	1880-1890.	1894-1895.
Kilo- grams.	10 rt o	Value.	Kilo- grams.	Grams.	Value.	Kilo- grams.	E Z O	Value.
	772 622	598 032	$ 521,826 420,131	360 677	219 524	1 243,298 457,6n	I!**7 6,217	260 35i	$ 545,237 4,199,305
Gold exported Total
i*394	630	941,957	1,037	743	700,909	7,024	611	4,744,542
Silver coined, Silver exported .... Total
587,034 74,302	804 310	24,018,529 3,040,079	594,606 362,418	526 697	24,328,326 14,828,361	675,277 747,283	551 490	27,628,981 30,575,104,
661,337	"4	27,058,608	957,025	223	39,156,687	1,422,561	041	58,204,085
Total of gold and
		$28,000,565			139,857,596			$62,948,627

The following statement gives the exports of the precious metals from Mexico during the same years embraced in the preceding table.

EXPORT OF PRECIOUS METALS AND MINERALS FROM MEXICO IN THE FISCAL YEARS 1879-1880, 1889-1890 AND 1894-1895.

	VALUE IN MEXICAN DOLLARS.
1879-1880.	1889-1890.	1894-1895.
			59,660 10,935,353 34,887 164,113 4,139,645
		6,394,662 13,204 96,592 457,611
Foreign gold coined	220,567 760,683 420,132
Mexican gold coined
Foreign silver coined	314,537 16,783,317	I4f,<>33 23,084,489 1,810 7,259-959	485,326 17,077,119 50,866 18,803,876
Mexican silver coined
Base silver
Silver bullion	3,040,079 581
Manufactured silver
	368,872 803,058
		785,009
Argentiferous lead. ...
Argentiferous zinc
21,539,896	38,621,290	52,535,854

Coinage.

189

It may be interesting to state the amount of silver exported and coined in Mexican mints from 1874 to 1896, which is the following :

	EXPORTED.	COINED.
1874—7^. fc	$ 16 038,215	$ ig 386 958
1875-76. .		10.454 OS4
1876-77. .		21,415 128
1877-78. .	20 8 $1 074	22 084 2O3
I878-7Q. .	IQ 11Q 1^1	22 162 988
1870-80. .	2O.1O7 561	24 018 529
1880-81	I7,774,QIO	24 6l7 1QS
1881-82	IK, 7OO.7O4	25 146,260
1882-83	28,441,212	24,083,922
1883-84	^2.242 77O	25 177 17Q
1 884-8";. .	12 77O QOO	25 84O 728
1885-86	2Q.l6o,8l«;	26 991 805
1886-87	32,642,785	26 844 011
1887-88	30,286,247	25,862 077
1888-89	37,982,948	26,031,223
l88o— QO. .	17 QI2 848	24 128 126
1800-01 . .	15.25Q III	24.217 440
l8oi-Q2. .	46,272 loi	25 527 018
I8Q2-Q1 . .	44,101,501	27,169,876
I8Q1-Q4. .	36,012,950	30,185,612
1804— o^	16 716 870	27 628 981
1805-06. .	46,722,823	22,634,788
	$616,741,920	$541,029,630

The preceding statement gives correct data of the exports of silver from the fiscal year 1874-1875 to the fiscal year 1895-1896, excepting the years 1875-1876 and 1876-1877, which are not included for want of data. The difference between the two amounts for these years is $75,712,290, showing the large proportion of silver which was not coined, and was exported in bullion.

The following statement shows that the export of Mexican silver reached almost its minimum in the year 1887-1888, and its maxi- mum in the year 1892-1893, with the exception of the last one. The minimum coincided with the first sterling loan negotiated by Mexico ; the second sterling loan negotiated in 1890 caused a decrease in the export of Mexican silver coin of 26 per cent., as compared with the previous fiscal year of 1889-1890.

The export of silver bullion has steadily increased since 1872-1873, until it was in 1895-1896 seventeen times as large as in the first named year. During the first fiscal year of those embraced in the above table, the export of silver bullion was 1.4 to 22.6 as compared with silver coin, and in the year 1895-1896 the proportion was 15.3 to 20.5. In the year 1872-1873 the export of silver bullion represented 6 per cent, of

190

Statistical Botes on flDejico.

the total export of silver, while in the fiscal year 1895-1896 it repre- sented 20 per cent.

The export of silver ore only began in the fiscal year 1886-1887.

EXPORTS OF SILVER FROM JULY 1ST, 1872, TO JUNE 3OTH, 1896.

FISCAL YEARS.	COINS.	BULLION.	ORES.	OTHER FORMS.	TOTAL VALUE.
	$ 22,626,065 17,021,405 15,372,254	$ 1,459,426 1,217,853 1,843,523	$ 199,596 240,769 79,443	$ 8,716 i,359 3,920	$ 24,293,803 18,481,386 17,299,140
1874-1871. ..
Average in three years	$ 18,339,008	$ 1,506,934	$ 173,269	$ 4,66s	$ 20,024,776
1877—1878	$ 18,120,297 16,366,877 16,783,317 13,183,955 11,607,888	$ 2,560,859 2,650,400 3,040,079 3,976,879 3,540,994	$ 19,920	$ 87 2,812 58i 376 5,079	$ 20,701,163 19,020,089 !9,823,977 17,161,210 15,163,990-
1878-1879
1879-1880 1880-1881
1881-1882	10,129
	$ 15,212,467	$ 3,153,842	$ 6,010	$ 1,787	$ 18,374,086
1882-1883	$ 22,969,584 25,999,876 25,394,262 21,969,958 21,953,759	$ 4,773,928 5,3", 3io 5,899,297 5,261,502 6,128,239	$ 30,105 67,815 1,809,873 3,737,883	$ "3,537 111,112 153,489 145,070 823,951	$ 27,892,154 31,490,113 31,446,848 29,186,403 32,643,832
1883-1884
1884-1885 1885 1886
1886-1887
Average in five years	$ 23,657,488	$ 5,474,855	$ 1,129,135	$ 269,432	$ 30,53i,87°
1887-1888	$ 7,794,245 22,686,337 23,084,489 17,622,171 26,478,376	$ 4,771,328 6,862,510 7,628,831 7,480,354 7,853,757	$ 4,547,250 7,623,589 6,394,662 8,874,457 10,478,264	$ 475,942 830,304 804,869 1,282,151 3,237,116	$ 17,588,765 38,002,740 37,912,851 35,259,133 48,047,513
1888-1889
1890-1891
Average in five years	$ I9,533,i24	$ 6,919,356	$ 7,583,644	$ 1,326,076	$ 35,362,200
	$ 27,170,865 17,386,338 17,077,119 20,377,663	$ 8,126,593 7,881,897 18,803,876 26,345,160	$10,940,750 9,023,596 10,935,353 10,885,479	$ 9,008,215 ","9,345 835,875 1,138,245	55,246,423 45,411,176 47,652,223 58,746,547
i8a";-i8o6. . .
	$ 20,502,996	$ 15,289,381	$10,446,294	$ 5,5*5,420	$ 51,764,092
Total in the twenty-two years	$429,047,100	$143,418,595	$85,898,933	$30,102,151	$688,471,479
Average for the twenty-two years.. .	$ 19,502,140	$ 6,519,027	$ 3,904,496	$ 1,368,279	$31,294,158

MEXICAN GOLD EXPORTS.

Our production of gold used to be very small for reasons already given, but the present high price of that metal is increasing consider- ably our output of the same.

The exports of gold from Mexico in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1896, amounted to $5,800,000, as declared by the Mexican Bureau of Statistics, but even this statement is not correct, as it needs the follow- ing additions, shown by experience and reliable authorities : about 15 per cent, for gold exports made without any return, 2 per cent, for undervaluation, 0.5 per cent, used in the arts in Mexico, i per cent., possibly more now, with the increasing prosperity of the country, re- tained in the banks, 2 per cent, in circulation, making a total of 20.5 per cent, to be added to the official return, which brings up the produc-

flOejican (Bolt) Bjportet),

191

tion of gold in Mexico to $6,989,000 for the year 1896 and even this figure is considered very low.

Mexican Gold Exported to the United States. — The United States is our principal market for the gold we produce.

The following statement furnished to me on February 6, 1897, by the Director of the Mint of the Treasury Department of the United States, contains the imports of gold bullion, ore and coin into the United States, as reported by the Collector of Customs, from 1891 to 1895, and from the fiscal years ending June 30, 1892, to June 30, 1896.

" IMPORTS OF GOLD BULLION, ORE AND COIN FROM MEXICO INTO THE UNITED STATES AS REPORTED BY COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS.

YEARS.	ORE.	BULLION.	COIN.	TOTAL.
1891	$ 222 088	$1 192 183	ft ^67 oic	$ I 781 286
l8Q2. .	711 672	T 714 rt-IO	380 711	2 806 823
1803. .	507.647	I 566 728	265 315	2 33O 6oO
	673, 583	I.O64 721	38 376	I 776 680
1805. .	007,221	2,4.^5 2o6	34 217	3 466 734
Total	$3,112,211	$7 07*2 068	$1 08"? 634	$12 171 213

' ' For additional information see Report on Prodtution of Precious Metals, \ 894, page 248, and the same report for 1895, page 289.

"Yours, R. D. Preston,

" Mint Bureau, February 6, 1897."

" IMPORTS OF GOLD ORE, BULLION AND COIN FROM MEXICO INTO THE UNITED STATES AS REPORTED BY COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS.

FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30.	ORE.	BULLION.	COIN.	TOTAL.
1892	j$ 246 840	$1 336 5Q3	<fi 542 4OQ	$2 125 Q4I
l8oi .	886 284	i 023.565	3OO OI2	3 109 861
1804. .	502, 023	I.2IO.757	116 823	I 829 603
1805	810,066	1.635.853	•?6 835	2.482 753
1896	i, 108,830	2,826,327	72 482	4,007,648
Total	$•7.664.061	$8,033.004	$1 O68 651	$13 eee 806

"Treasury Department, Mint Bureau, February 6, 1897."

Mr. Preston completed the above information with other data ob- tained from private parties in the following manner : communicated to me in a letter dated, February 6, 1897, enclosing the two preceding statements.

"I would add, for your information, that from returns received by this Bureau, from private refineries, and the deposits of foreign bullion at the Mints and Assay

Statistical "Notes on flDejico.

Offices of the United States during the calendar years 1894 and 1895 the amount of gold credited to Mexico was reported to be as follows :

1894. Reported by private refineries as extracted from Mexican ores and

bullion $2,360,765

Gold bullion deposited at the United States Assay Office at New York. . . 735,787 Deposited at the Mint at San Francisco 290,713

Total $3,387,265

1895.

Gold extracted from Mexican ores and bullion by private refineries $3,843,783

Gold deposited at the United States Assay Office at New York 560, 775

Mexican gold bullion deposited at the United States Mint at San Francisco 504,745

Total , $4,909,303

The preceding official data from the United States Treasury Depart- ment was not complete, as will appear from the following table pre- pared by the Bureau of Statistics of the Mexican Republic :

GOLD EXPORTED FROM MEXICO TO THE UNITED STATES. CALENDAR YEARS.

	1891.	1892.	1893.	1894.	1895.	1806.
	$ 16,700 53,769 497,400	$ ioo,595 45,290 279,699 126,184	$ "3,548 9',936 99,415 257,761	$ 5,767 177,089 1,606,152 144,515	$ 87,695 109,421 4,368,898	$ 324,305 477,505 6,851,564 528,460 31,231 3,026
Bullion x
Mixed1
		3W3I 3,026
Sulphite
According to information
$ 567,869 $1,781,286	$ 551,768 2,806,823	$ 562,660 2,339,690	$1,933,523 1,776,680	$4,600,271 3,466,734	$8,216,091 12,171,213
According to information from the United States
Differences	+ $1,213,417	+ $2,255,055	+ $1,777,03°	- $ 156,843	- $1,133,537	+ $3,955,I22
	FISCAL YEARS.
1891-1892.	1892-1893.	1893-1894.	1894-1895.	1895-1896.	TOTAL.
	$ 145,785 74,798 115,642 271,913	$ 55,799 121,915 116,994 256,547	$ 8,889 150,544 3,687,872	$ 160,555 147,981 4,608,959	$ 402,317 536,497 9,003,623 528,460 80,947 31,332
Coined	4i,259 474,156
Bullion1
Mixed J
			80,947 3!,332
According to information
$ 546,704 2,125,941	$ 608,138 3,109,861	$ 551,255 1,829,603	$3,847,305 =,482,753	$5,029,774 4,007,648	$10,583,176 13,555,806
According to information from the United States
Differences	+ $i,579,237	+ $2,501,723	+ $1,278,348	- $1,364,552	— $1,022,126	+ $2,972,630

1 From the ist of July, 1894, the" Bullion" includes the value of the gold contained in the mixed ore.

This instance shows how difficult it is for the commercial statistics of both countries to agree, even when the merchandise is entered with the same value in both as in the present case.

193

RAILWAYS.

The following table contains a list of all the railways, exclusive of the tramways, built in Mexico up to October 31, 1896, prepared by the Department of Communications of the United Mexican States :

OFFICIAL STATEMENT MADE BY THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS

OF THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT OF THE RAILROAD MILEAGE

IN OPERATION ON OCTOBER 31, 1896.

(i) The initials at the beginning of each line of this table stand for the guage of the railroads ; S. for standard, N. for narrow, and B. for both.

NAME.	DATE OF CONCESSION.	LENGTH.	FROM AND TO.
(i) S. Mexican.	Nov. 27, 1867	292 . 50	Mexico to Veracruz and Apizaco
			to Puebla.
S. Merida to Progreso.	Jan. 17, 1874	22.65	Merida to Progreso.
N. Hidalgo.	Feb. 2, 1878	92-43	Tepa to Sototlan, Tepa to Pa-
			chuca and San Augustin to
			Tepa.
B. Veracruz to Alvarado.	Mar. 26, 1878	43-75	Veracruz to Medellin and Me-
			dellin to Alvarado.
N. Merida to Peto.	Mar. 27, 1878	68.97	Merida to Ingenio de Sta. Maria.
N. Interoceanic from	Apr. 16, 1878	489.74	Mexico to Veracruz, Mexico to
Acapulco to Vera-			Puente Ixtla by Morelos and
cruz.			branches of Virreyes to Libres
			and San Nicolas.
N. Puebla to Izucar de	May 6, 1878	52.39	Los Arcos to Cholula, Cholula
Matamoros.			to Atlixco and Atlixco to
			Matamoros.
S. Mexican Western.	Aug. 16, 1880	38.48	Culiacan to Altata.
S. Mexican Central.	Sept. 8, 1880	i,877-i5	Mexico to Paso del Norte, Silao
			to Guanajuato, Irapuato to
			Guadalajara, Aguascalientes
			to Tampico, San Bias to Hua-
			ristemba and Guadalajara to
			Ameca.
N. Mexican National.	Sept. 13, 1880	1,056.16	Mexico to Laredo, Acambaro
			to Psatzcuaro, Matamoros to
			S. Miguel, Mexico to Salto,
-,			belt tramways from suburbs
			of Mexico called La Colonia
			extension to Salto.
N. Mexican National	Sept. 13, 1880	88.30	Manzanillo to Colima and Za-
Construction Com-			catecas to Ojo Caliente.
pany.
S. Son or a. N. Merida to Valladolid.	Sept. 14, 1880 Dec. 15, 1880	262.40 67-53	Guaymas to Nogales. Merida to Valladolid and Pro-
			greso to Conkal.
N. Tlalmanalco.	Feb. 3, 1881	16.56	Tlalmanalco to Chalco and
			Amecameca.
N. Merida to Campeche.	Feb. 23, 1881	97.80	Merida to Campeche, Campeche
			to Calkini and connecting line
			with the railroad from Merida
			to Progreso.

194

Statistical IRotes on /IDejico,

NAME.	DATE OF CONCESSION.	LENGTH.	FROM AND TO.
N. Campeche to Lerma.	Feb. 23, 1881	3.73	Campeche to Lerma.
S. Mexican Interna-	June 7, 1881	658.28	Porfirio Diaz City to Torreort
tional.			and Durango, Sabinas to
			Hondo, Matamoros to Zara-
			goza, Hornos to San Pedro,
			branch from Velardeiia and
			Monclova to Cuatro Cienegas.
N. Nautla to San Mar-	June 25, 1881	47.22	San Marcos toward Nautla and
cos.			branch to Libres.
N. San Juan Bautista to	Sept. 17, 1881	3.57	S. Juan Bautista to Tamulte.
Paso del Carrizal.
S. Chalchicomula.	Sept. 20, 1881	6.43	San Andres Chalchicomula.
S. Orizaba to Ingenio.	Sept. 22, 1881	4.69	Orizaba to Ingenio.
S. Santa Ana to Tlax-	Dec. II, 1882	5.28	Santa Ana to Tlaxcala.
cala.
N . Cardenas to the River	May 12, 1883	4.66	Cardenas to the River Grijalva.
Grijalva.
N. Toluca to San Juan	May 25, 1883	9-77	Toluca to San Juan de las
de las Huertas.			Huertas.
N. Vanegas, Cedral,	June ii, 1883	40.39	Vanegas to Cedral and branch
Matehuala and Rio			to Potrero.
Verde.
S. Tehuacan to Esper-	Nov. 28, 1883	31.07	Esperanza to Tehuacan.
anza.
S. Merida to Izamal.	May 15, 1884	40.91	Merida to Izamal.
S. Chihuahua and Hi-	Nov. 13, 1884	6.83	Chihuahua to the Sierra Madre
dalgo to the Sierra			and Jimenez to Balleza.
Mad re.
N. Southern Mexican.	Apr. 21, 1886	228.00	Puebla to Oaxaca.
S. Tonala to Textla and	Dec. 16, 1886	31.07	Tonala to Kilomete.
Frontera.
S. Lower California.	May 25, 1887	16.78	San Quintin to the Colorado^
			River.
S. Monterey to the Gulf.	Nov. 10, 1887	388.12	Monterey to Trevino and Mon-
			terey to Tampico.
N. Tecolutla to Espinal.	Dec. 10, 1887	13.04	Tecolutla to Espinal.
S. Cordova to Tuxtepec.	May 19, 1888	31.69	Cordova to Motzorongo.
S. Pachuca to Tampico.	June 5, 1888	6.21	Isolated Branch.
N. Maravatio to Cuer-	Aug. 1 6, 1888	40.84	Maravatio towards Cuernavaca
navaca.			and branches to Agangueo to
			Trojes.
N. Mexican Northeast-	Aug. 28, 1888	31.12	Mexico to Tizayuca.
ern.
N. Salamanca to Jaral.	Aug. 30, 1888	21.75	Salamanca to Jaral.
N. Monte Alto.	Aug. 30, 1888	6.21	Tlalnepantla to Pedregal.
N. Veracruz to Boca del	Aug. 31, 1888	13-67	Veracruz to Boca del Rio.
Rio.
S. National Tehuante-	Government	192.38	Coatzacoalcas to Salina Cruz.
pec.	Road.
S. Ometusco to Pachuca.	May 25, 1889	28.40	Ometusco to Pachuca.
S. Puebla Industrial.	July 21, 1889	22.21	Puebla to Constancia, Cholula
			and Huejotzingo.
S. Tula to Pachuca.	Dec. 20, 1889	43-49	Tula to Pachuca.
S. Minero.	Mar. 20, 1890	80.94	Escalon to Sierra Mojada and
			branches.
S. Mexico to Cuernavaca	May 30, 1890	58.65	Mexico to Tres Marias and
and the Pacific.			Puente de Ixtla to Mexcala.
N. Mixcalco to Santa	June 13, 1890	2.77	Mixcalco to Santa Cruz.
Cruz.

TRailwaps*

195

NAME.	DATE OF CONCESSION.	LENGTH.	FROM AND TO.
N. Izucar of Matamoros	Nov. 21, 1890	24.85	Matamoros towards Acapulco.
to Acapulco.
N. Toluca to Tenango.	Nov. 24, 1891	4-35	Toluca to Tenango.
N. Hacienda of Xava-	Mar. 24, 1892	2.49	Hacienda of Xavaleta to San
leta to the San			Rafael Paper Mill.
Rafael Paper Fac-
tory.
S. Esperanza to Xuchil.	Nov. 29, 1892	15.84	Esperanza to Xuchil Station.
N. Guanajuato to Do-	May 24, 1893	6.21	Rincon on the National Rail-
lores, Hidalgo and			road to San Luis de la Paz.
San Luis de la Paz.
S. Villa Lerdo to San	June 3, 1893	15.84	Villa Lerdo to Sacramento.
Pedro de la Colo-
nia.
N. Celaya to the farms	June 2, 1893	9.07	Celaya to the farms of Roque
of Roque and Plan-			and Plancarte.
carte.
N. From La Compania to the Zoquiapan	June 13, 1893	5-17	La Compania to the Zoquiapan farm.
farm.
S. Cazadero to Solis.	May 24, 1893	18.64	Cazadero to point between
			the stations of Solis and
			Tepetongo.
S. Industrial Railroads.	Dec. 18, 1895	1.86	Mexico to Xochimilco.
		d)
	Total	6 7OI 3O
		ui /y* o"

(i) This amount does not include the tramways.

RESUME OF RAILWAYS IN MEXICO IN 1895.

KILOMETERS.

Railroads under Federal Grants io,723,k 113

Tramways 427, 583

Surburban Railways connecting towns 410, 164

Railroads belonging to private parties 87, ooo

Portable Railroad, Decauville System 242, 252

MILES.

6,663,022 265,687 254,863 54,059 150,527

Total u,890,kii2 7,388,158

As I have already stated most of the roads built in Mexico have obtained large subsidies from the government, and that fact has con- tributed very materially to their present prosperous financial condition, as they have used the proceeds of the subsidy, not only to build the roads, but in some cases to pay the interest on their bonds. On the whole Mexican roads are very prosperous, and the following statements taken from the official reports of the principal roads shows their trade and earnings are increasing considerably.

The Mexican roads like the Mexican Government have been very much crippled by their obligation to pay in gold the interest on their bonds and dividends on their shares, and as they collect their freights

196

Statistical "Notes on flDejico.

in silver, they have to buy gold at current prices to pay their gold obligations, and the depreciation of silver causes them a very great loss, but notwithstanding that serious drawback, the increase in their business and earnings has been such as to place them in a position to meet their gold obligations.

I give below a statement of the traffic and receipts of the three principal railways in Mexico, namely : the Mexican Central, Mexican National, and Mexican International, which I have obtained directly from the respective companies. I also give similar statements from the other roads, which I have taken from statements published by the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana of 1895.

Mexican Central. — The Mexican Central is the largest road so far built in Mexico. The whole of the main line was opened for traffic in 1884, and all figures for traffic previous to July i, 1884, were thrown into Construction Accounts. The annexed statement of freights and earnings of this road begins therefore in 1885, and shows a decided increase every year. I also append a statement of the traffic and earnings of this road and its branch from Tula to Pachuca, from 1881 to 1895, taken from the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana of 1895, which has been compiled from data furnished by the company to the Mexican Government. (See first table on page 197.)

EARNINGS OF THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY FROM 1885 TO 1896.

MEXICAN CURRENCY.

CALEN-	MILEAGE	METRIC	FREIGHT	NUMBER	PASSENGER	ALL OTHER	TOTAL GROSS
DAR	OPER-	TONS	EARNINGS.	OF PAS-	EARNINGS.	EARNINGS.	EARNINGS.
YEAR.	ATED.	FREIGHT.		SENGERS.
1885.	1,335.90	226,138	$ 2,287,410 14	512,272	$ 1,100,268 62	$ 171,882 oo	$ 3,559,560 76
1886.	1,235.90	245,398	2,511,028 78	573,896	,168,750 24	177,926 83	3,857.705 85
1887.	1,235.90	346,898	3,458,006 46	601,393	,235,284 05	193,288 16	4,886,578 67
1888.	1,316.40	507,631	4,244,648 52	581,967	,321,511 96	208,170 83	5,774,331 31
1889.	1,461.85	540,546	4,683,290 74	675,144	,420,375 76	233,558 88	6,337,225 38
1890.	1,527.20	609,382	4,702,142 48	723,928	,436,317 68	287,233 92	6,425,694 08
l8ql.	1,665.11	867,657	5,625,668 51	742,993	,470,940 51	277,929 oo	7,374,538 02
1892.	1,824.83	1,091,785	6,183,149 29	73^425	,439,571 60	340,532 80	7>963,253 69
1893.	1,846.64	860,187	6,I30,347 06	792,025	,443,793 73	407,627 52	7,981,768 3I
1894.	1,859.83	898,484	6,440,713 23	945,434	,576,801 33	408,510 72	8,426,025 28
1895.	1,859.83	1,047,038	7,145,041 44	1,030,911	,828,072 61	522,751 63	9,495,865 68
1896.	1,869.60	1,231,025	7,646,257 99	1,259,623	,934,612 78	627,149 62	10,208,020 39
Total..	18,938.99	8,472,169	$61,057,704 64	9,171,011	$'7,376,300 87	$3,856,561 91	$82,290,567 42

Mexican National. — The Mexican National obtained its first con- cession from the Mexican Government in 1877, but it was amended from time to time thereafter, until all the amended grants were grouped in the concession approved July 5, 1886, under which the road is now operated. The old companies did not print any reports, and there is no data running back further than the time when the bondholders took possession of the property at the foreclosure sale, which occurred in the City of Mexico on May 23, 1887. I give a statement of the traffic

197

and earnings of the road from 1873 to 1895, taken from the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana in 1895, which was compiled with data furnished to the Mexican Government by the company.

CENTRAL RAILWAY AND BRANCH FROM TULA TO PACHUCA.

t/3			FREIGHT.
a ^j4	PASSEN-	PASSENGER		MISCELLANEOUS	TOTAL
•% Id	GERS.	RECEIPTS.			RECEIPTS.	RECEIPTS.
>«			Tons.	Kilos.
1881.	303,543	$ 62,270 20	7,012	436	$ 33,413 44	$ 95,683 64
1882.	49I.Q85	442,726 54	202,304	993	1,289,387 24	1,732,113 78
1883.	653,669	726,830 09	167,356	565	2,876,906 29	3,603,736 38
1884.	761,687	I,III,9O6 96	190,423	972	2,662,684 86	3,774,591 82
1885.	694,894	1,111,062 54	331,700	260	2,484,325 68	3,595,388 22
1886.	769,655	1,185,662 53	255,027	in	2,754,6i3 02	3,940,275 55
1887.	797,693	1,251,743 98	356,448	976	3,721,358 13	4,973,102 II
1888.	756,560	1,337,734 -10	519,261	394	4,554,830 53	5,892,564 63
1889.	683,147	1,436,301 06	576,324	408	5,081,628 68	6,517,929 74
1890.	736,730	1,487,086 60	694,966	914	5,212,261 40	6,699,348 oo
1891.	753,276	1,512,415 42	1,005,447	237	6,167,092 56	7,679,507 98
1892.	735,363	1,442,310 99	1,100,364	029	6,534,507 42	7,976,818 41
1893.	792,025	1,443,793 73	860,186	545	6,537,974 58	7,981,768 31
1894.	945,434	1,576,801 35	898,484	071	6,849,223 95	8,426,025 30
1895.	1,030,911	1,828,072 61	1,047,037	836	7,767,793 03	9,595,865 64
Total	10,906,572	$17,956,718 70	8,212,346	747	$64,528,000 81	$82,484,719 51

MEXICAN NATIONAL RAILROAD.

en			FREIGHT.	MISCEL-
«	PAS-	PASSENGER		LANEOUS	TOTAL
w	SENGERS.	RECEIPTS.	Tons.	Kilos.	RECEIPTS.	RECEIPTS.
1873.	247,547	$ 17,425 65				$ 17,425 65
1874.	584,075	40,446 01	298	860	$ 298 86	40,744 87
1875.	486,788	43,027 18	221	140	221 14	43,248 32
1876.	486,000	43,437 24	698	245	709 41	44,146 65
1877.	565,572	52,759 84	346	499	275 75	53,035 59
1878.	529,333	71,193 68	3,209	097	3,845 61	75,039 29
1879.	535,806	74,277 07	8,102	920	15,329 07	89,606 14
1880.	466,897	91,505 23	18,191	400	41,983 90	133,489 13
1881.	903,049	124,452 13	26,234	150	47,320 oo	171,772 13
1882.	900,855	225,267 21	105,549	146	229,586 51	454,853 72
1883.	1,071,835	341,614 87	140,185	779	366,320 26	707,935 13
1884.	878,878	517,316 8O	254,804	ooo	743,423 74	1,260,740 54
1885.	839,573	492,822 92	177,179	ooo	803,291 20	1,296,114 12
1886.	891,711	538,359 97	132,661	000	I,Ol8,Ol8 51	1,556,378 48
1887.	884,541	537,520 17	307,435	ooo	1,120,950 34	1,658,470 51
1888.	907,113	691,915 03	370,300	527	1,880,684 24	2,572,599 27
1889.	929,685	864,309 90	430,166	055	2,640,418 14	3,504,728 04
1890.	937,527	887,437 19	487,598	563	2,684,550 59	3,561,987 78
1891.	998,617	994,951 69	515,164	143	3,057,891 oo	4,052,842 69
1892.	1,012,786	973,768 72	605,545	610	3,643,784 47	4,617,553 19
1893.	935,167	972,488 57	571,524	780	3,191,146 37	4,163,634 94
1894.	576,574	865,698 53	527,440	ooo	3,246,375 07	4,112,073 60
1895.	926,516	1,005,515 55	642,535	071	3,426,841 93	4,432,357 48
Total	17,496,445	$10,467,511 15	5,325,390	985	$28,152,266 II	$38,609,777 26

198

Statistical notes on flDejico.

			O M vC O 00	t— o M en r>- en r- o t"» en en •*•
			»^ O OO 00 M	m oo r-> N O O
		i	M in en w o w i-i w en en	N O m m oo vO O O O^ in t^
w	d	oo M	n O oo oo M" *"*• n r>i in oo 00 O M	& en in o M
53	H OS		£ M'	^n of ef
P	a«		co »r> co co c*	•H >- O O O N
HI	p		^ r** w t"* oo
z	O sz; 3	in	? S s £ 1	O O^ O m en oo w t^ ^t" in vO
^O	y	oo	O^ O C4 ^ vO	Cn MM MM
00	X H	M	M O W	m ^ O M oo
M	9		CO «	«£ N N
O H			cT « "R S en	in M ^ N \O ^ N en en oo
ON 00			O 1- CT> •* en	oo \o e» vO M c>
00		c>	^ TJ- o> oo_ en	p^ M^ cjj T£ M^
M		oo	r- "}• r» m en	O^ t^« M cn in
S		w	oo e^ « N vo	en •* oo co
0			en	^ cT i-T
rt			•B	^B
•-			QS Tj- 1-1 CO O	M in o n N -r
			n en t^ O^ oo	M ^^ \o cs 04 in
%		en	" S §> O1 nT	Q" 0 e^ ^0 2 0
J>		o>	•. * «^ •? ^L	CK^ CO ^ \O^ OO^
5		oo M	in oo O^ N vO	•* vO OO M W 0) oo en m ^~
«			Q\ O^ n	« in >o M in
j			•^ rt* rj- M in	5 S en et c? S
z		B	in M en oo M	0? "2 J? o" 00 £
o		o»	^h O *O t^* HI	q_ Tt o_ o r-»
H		CO M	r^ ^ 0s ^ en	O in Q"
<!			^ C7* M	t^ o r» M en
5r			en	-f r^j _"
			ME	fl|
£5			•i o i f O	^ %^ oo in r^ co
«£			O w en w en	r^ in M TT oo M
O			r^ t-» O co O>	N M M N in in
				MOO) i>. in ^
^		s\	oo o O en o*	•^ *t O o^ J^-
M		oo	\O o" o" en co"	o" t-C d\ ^ rf
~		M	m N in e>« TJ-	O ^ m M \o
H K	CO CO		N" w"	.2 " M"
H	oo		o" 5- 8 o> S	*° °* ^ 0^ M* 0?
fa 0	w"		<» en ^ g en	S 5 S" f: J *
CO	=	Q	N O n in O	0s O* O ^ CO
	S	00	gC7*	-f r^, j-C xn _; oo
in S5	M	»H	T^ O_ O w	K o; « J? '3 "
M p.	O		&	<2 N o
X W	Z		CO •* M n O	TT ^ O 00 OO 04 m r>« t^» co
P Z	O R K	00	m M co t"*» o^	oi en O* oo oo M Tf O OO
•<	•<	OO	N o* N" *>' en	>8 S O e?
tn	P4 H		O^ 00 w	O O» O
O			c*T	en of
fc	X O		VP	^
5 ^	O 0S			: : S |"| ^
<	a			• * PI .S S (-1
W	H			! • O '2s
fa O	OS 0	1		' .2 2 y s
H	b	O M		O J i- : '. « x ^, S «
STATEMEN	1 ft. O O o	EARNINGS F	| « i * •« §	"p ^ — 4) IH O " "> <J §* « w « s < TJ W g> ^ 8 J 1 t I go -s ° 3 '^ a §•
	0$		•^- tX .^ rt ^-H	^^ TJ c3 fl c I r^ ^ ft^ S
			I I 111	g w g -a l^^^
			£ A M H SI	O* £ pj M O

199

I also append a statement of the freights, passengers, express, tele- graphs, and miscellaneous receipts, as well as the expenses and earn- ings of the road from the year 1889 to 1896, taken from the last official report of the companies. It will be noticed that the traffic and receipts of this road, like the Central, have been steadily increasing from the time at which it began to be operated. (See table on page 198.)

MEXICAN INTERNATIONAL RAILROAD COMPANY, GROSS EARNINGS IN MEXICAN MONEY.

YEAR.	NO. OF PASS'G'RS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	FREIGHT.	FREIGHT RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
From Dec. 3d, 1883- 1884 1885..	[ 15.942 9,853 10,411 9,796 41,170 53,194 59-327 64,641 60,967 74,577 77,456 102,858 111,480	$ 32,408 45 25,881 44 29,242 61 32,516 71 125,848 48 140,676 05 149,258 43 170,304 oo 181,378 14 219,624 38 208,551 86 276,514 04 313,904 13	15,129 50,896 55,877 86,889 116,561 180,544 222,856 216,465 390,802 335,200 376,734 469,641 525,951	723 181 079 772 273 270 211 739 838 769 430 859 874	$ 37,575 oo 118,177 80 144,311 09 189,184 86 459,906 57 691,477 04 894,944 35 956,546 91 1,836,958 51 1,743,140 42 1,873,974 91 2,197,463 36 2,453,223 54	$ 69,983 45 144,059 24 173,553 70 221,701 57 585,755 05 832,153 09 1,044,202 78 1,126,850 91 2,018,336 65 1,962,764 80 2,082,526 77 2,473-977 40 2,767,127 67
1886
1887..
1888
1880. .
1890
1801. .
*2»* 1802. .
1801. .
1 804 . .
1895 1896 Total..
691,672	$1,906,108 7213,043,552	018	$13,596,88436	$15,502,993 08

MEXICAN INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY. (STATEMENT FURNISHED BY THE COMPANY.)

YEAR.	AVERAGE KILOMETRES OPERATED.	GROSS EARNINGS.	AVERAGE EARNINGS PER KILOMETRE.	AVERAGE EARNINGS PER MILE.
1884. .	245 . 2O	$ IO1.1O7 08	$421 40	$6l2 17
1885..	27m8	XS4.QZ6 18	562 50,	QO5 IQ
1886	271.58	185 150 2%	676 76	I 098 II
l887. .	271. 58	217 1Q4 11	867 71	I 1o6 41
1888	67-1.07	656 781 41	1. 144 28	I 841 47
1889. .	6l6 14	QII.6q8 51	1.412 71	2 1O5 64
l8QO ,	617 18	I 126 366 41	I 745 64	2 8lO 77
1801 . .	618 10	I IQ7 856 55	I 819 69	2 924 O2
1802. .	746.17	2 OQ5 726 14	2 8O7 80	45l8 67
1893	Q22. IQ	2.O5O.Q14 OI	2,226 15	1 57Q O4
I8Q4.. .	O22 . IO	2 169 121 47	2.-7C2 Id	378e 20
l80^. .	Q47 21	2 664 126 08	2 8l2 ^d	4526 28
1806	I, Oil .02	2 QOO.Q25 11	2,860 ^o	4 6l7 60
Total	8.I2O.Q1	$l6.451.1O4 45	$21,7^8 cn	$14 Q5O 17

Mexican International. The Mexican International, which has been built without any subsidy from the Mexican Government, was opened for traffic in 1883, and its traffic and receipts, like the other two roads, have steadily increased, I append two statements of this road; the

20O

Statistical Botes on flDejtco.

first, furnished me by the company, embraces its traffic and earnings from 1883 to 1896 ; and the second is another statement furnished me also by the company, showing the average kilometres operated, gross earnings, average earnings per kilometre, and average earnings per mile from the years 1884 to 1896. (See the two tables on page 199.)

Mexican Southern Railway. — I give below a statement of the number of passengers, amount of freight and earnings of the Mexican Southern Railway, furnished to me by the Company, embracing nine months of the year 1893 and the whole of 1894, as before the ist of April, 1893, the road was run by the Contractors, and the Company has no data in their possession. I also append a statement taken from the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana of 1895, embracing the traffic and

MEXICAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

MONTHS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	FREIGHT.	FREIGHT RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
1893.
February ....
	12,099 9,943 8,154 11,865 io,375 10,405 10,897 11,893 14,452	$ 14,647 21 11,683 15 7,119 78 8,740 2O 9,577 9i 9,751 47 10,317 54 12,661 99 17,096 43	2,554 2,262 1,344 1,355 2,568 2,019 2,145 3,296 2,943	8 10 790 950 420 330 ooo 150 070 420	$ 20,243 01 15,421 87 9,541 oo 5,707 05 23,762 64 17,322 40 16,941 41 16,276 89 15,702 or	$ 38,172 41 29,506 27 18,209 80. 16,671 95 35,959 30 30,947 32 29,945 71 31,839 26 38,308 76
May
June
July. . .
August
September . . . October November . . . December . . . Total
100,083	$101,595 68	20,489	940	$140,918 28	$269,560 87

Number of Passengers according to official Tables. Tons

142,919. 27,917,510 k.

MONTHS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	FREIGHT.	FREIGHT RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
1894. January February March	15.255 14,900 29,545 16,527 18,229 20,543 19.471 18,218 18,653 17,814 16,300 20,994	$ 16,146 67 14,925 48 21,348 92 17,195 89 14,864 75 15,173 98 14,023 23 I4,6O2 85 15,354 80 14,954 13 14,257 08 18,776 23	3,187 3,060 3,744 4,010 4,322 3,942 3,828 3,515 3,189 2,973 2,453 2,682	880 140 290 380 880 590 no 420 740 5io 800 690	$ 20,083 75 22,616 16 25,224 36 25,184 73 21,406 14 23,279 97 20,637 28 17,531 15 16,285 34 19,374 02 17.145 58 17,900 02	$ 39,725 34 40,935 29 5O,OOI II 45,742 46 39,720 18 42,037 56 38,168 24 35,709 56 35,156 99 38,068 95 34,691 02 40,519 83
April
May
June
Tulv .
August
September. . . October November . . . December . . . Total
226,449	$191,624 oi	40,911	430	$246,668 50	$480,476 53

2OI

earnings of the Company during the years from 1890 to 1895, taken from data furnished by the Company to the Department of Communi- cations of Mexico.

MEXICAN SOUTHERN.

YEARS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	MERCHANDISE.	OTHER RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
1800...
1801.. .	76,788 104,296 143,037 225,447 218,213	$74,259 78 lOg.OII 90 153,233 01 191,624 01 196,462 34	11,506 26,977 27,921 40,911 36,5"	820 490 510 430 210	$ 59,427 26 152,859 II 246,862 75 246,668 50 287,426 59	$ 133,687 04 261,871 or 400,095 76 438,292 51 483,888 93
1802.. .
i8cn..
1804.. .
1805...
Total
767,781	$724,591 04	143,828	460	$993,244 21	$1,717,835 25

Other Railroads. The following statement shows the traffic and earnings of the Mexican, Interoceanic, Sonora, and minor railroads in Mexico, taken from the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana of 1895, compiled from data furnished by the respective companies to the Department of Communications of the Mexican Government.

MEXICAN RAILROAD.

VITA W<5	PASSEN-	PASSENGER	MERCHANDISE.	OTHER	TOTAL
1 E+AR-jf	GERS.	RECEIPTS.			RECEIPTS.	RECEIPTS.
			Tons.	Kilos.
1873...	476,287$ 482.565 39	150,473	812	$ 1,348,344 49	$ 1,830,909 88
1874...	459,601	467,816 73	121,935	229	1,887,028 76	2,354,845 49
1875...	267,776	476,546 91	136,632	65	1,970,008 55	2,446,555 46
1876...	245,675	380,018 73	132,216	831	1,841,717 53	2,221,736 26
1877...	300,591	533,520 58	158,537	56	2,255,466 03	2,788,986 61
1878...	279,893	518,318 74	169,287	672	2,440,513 39	2,958,832 13
1879...	293,179	517,711 92	190,908	638	2,823,013 02	3,340,724 94
1880...	323,088	548,941 72	219,930	162	3,242,343 ii	3,791,284 83
1881...	331,749	587,135 85	278,942	924	4,433,648 24	5,020,784 09
1882...	385,621	696,235 87	333,979	556	5,396,090 55	6,092,326 42
1883...	409,098	710,636 88	373,389	634	5,115,639 84	5,826,276 72
1884...	389,421	655,458 83	236,030	480	3,191,916 10	3,847,374 93
1885...	377,512	603,886 ii	246,169	949	2,812,764 22	3,416,650 33
1886...	367,260	604,278 41	266,432	333	2,714,082 96	3,318,361 37
1887...	380,153	655,312 23	301,185	300	3,141,903 40	3,797,215 63
1888...	393,679	694,138 08	351,070	36	3,352,439 37	4,046,577 45
1889...	444-149	765,118 71	391,627	274	3,512,566 64	4,277,685 35
1890...	502,139	701,916 oo	443,794	979	3,565,083 50	4,266,999 50
1891...	620,988	832,185 94	464,123	453	3,239,764 53	4,071,950 47
1892...	628,591	797,878 35	408,709	417	2,286,389 71	3,084,268 06
1893...	629,892	768,616 68	387,400	277	2,140,061 75	2,908,678 43
1894...	717,076	857,525 26	433,637	485	2,063,486 26	2,921,011 52
1895...	772,139	993,016 63	453,294	579	2,087,844 19	3,080,860 82
Total .	9,995,557	$14,848,780 55	6,649,709	141	$66,862,116 14	$81,710,896 69

2O2

Statistical IRotes on flDejico.

INTEROCEANIC RAILWAY.

YEARS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	MERCHANDISE.	OTHER RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
l88o	228,053 367,116 411,090 4O6,Ol6 634,306 606,510 569,421 621,295 673,169 596,812 657,616 795,625 799.487 879,005 88l,8lO 906,550	$65,277 91 105,083 31 III,O29 25 223,049 58 247,528 50 240,233 70 224,815 ig 239,812 48 254,809 77 271,562 69 383,107 10 456,085 80 466,799 31 486,075 54 491,914 20 491,388 67	",431 49,942 53,382 56,822 131,385 167,970 I48,OOI 174,194 200,386 190,902 288,836 282,311 367,762 383,503 440,648 464,975	145 548 385 222 319 265 913 I56 40O 920 358 491 660 OOO ooo ooo	0 36,515 46 159,535 64 258,221 05 356,906 46 407,593 64 436,345 10 482,003 i 8 570,033 20 658,063 22 710,848 78 1,153,999 13 1,176,562 22 1,376,488 38 1,705,859 74 1,912,192 58 1,771,268 92	$ 101,793 37 264,618 95 369,250 30 579,956 04 655,122 14 676,578 80 706,818 37 809,845 68 912,872 99 982,411 47 1,537,106 23 1,633,248 02 1,843,287 69 2,191,935 28 2,404,106 78 2,262,657 59
1881 ....
1882
1883 ....
1884 ....
188s. .
1886
1887..
1888 1880. .
1800. .
1801. .
1802.
1801. .
1804. .
1805. .
Total . .
IO,O33,88l	4,759.173 oo	3,412,455	782	13,172,436 70	17,931,609 70

SONORA RAILWAY.

i88i		$ 11,303 29			$ 17 254	$28.^8 24
1882 . .. .		68.410 81			I57.6Q4 60	226 105 43
1881 .	11.464	00.461 ^	24 202	Tor	HQ.147 s6	218,808 89
1884 1885 1886 1887 1888	36,428 45,298 38,189 38,335	87,793 47 101,918 90 98,613 06 87,098 20 84,143 57	21,115 29,927 33,635 34,66o 37,621	o o oo> - 0^1 to co coy 0 O M to to	108,531 43 193,189 89 191,981 24 193,981 40 204, 146 63	196,324 90 295,108 79 290,594 30 281,079 60 288,290 20
1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1895	44,691 48,196 56,565 54.621 52,678 62,715	104,367 85 97,662 48 112,919 18 119,784 37 126,657 56 141,744 09	43,321 46,147 53,947 58,867 63,687 69,982	710 870 663 359 055 389	239,697 67 259,360 01 332,938 65 363,128 91 393,319 17 469,950 09	344,065 52 357,022 49 445,857 83 482,913 28 519,976 73 611,694 18
Total. . .	558,451	1,341,878 18	517,117	252	3,244,522 20	4,586,400 38

HIDALGO AND NORTHEASTERN RAILWAY.

1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886., 1887 1888	39,759 30,940 37,198 35,209 51,823 44,666 53,958 55,055 90,241 113,605 127,972 148,540 168,422 214,837 206,194	$ 9,897 17 12,270 02 25,715 04 32,648 22 32,295 08 36,692 27 43,582 66 45,805 05 90,194 56 106,397 87 120,128 18 141,360 09 161,908 45 178,477 10 181,043 96	2,264 7,624 17,852 34,958 40,960 5t,76o 65,524 77,203 100,110 137,467 176,432 186,041 178,174 200,685 164,176	ooo ooo 283 222 794 395 057 173 733 20 1 664 471 047 687 ooo	$ 1,659 36 10,442 30 33,220 80 54,955 16 76,710 43 117,603 55 145,702 22 161,773 18 262,081 27 328,124 49 404,735 74 422,052 91 468,566 69 643,700 93 616,641 61	$ ",556 53 22,712 32 58,933 84 87,603 38 109,005 51 154,295 82 189,284 88 207,578 23 352,275 83 434,522 36 524,863 92 563,413 oo 630,475 14 822,178 03 797,685 57
1889 1890...
1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 Total...
1,418,419	$1,218,415 72	1,441,234	727	$3,747.970 64	$4,966,384 36

203

AND PROGRESO RAILWAY.

YEARS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	MERCHANDISE.	OTHER RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
1881	56,085 84,016 83,231 87,159 64,173 77,139 85,044 109,997 158,534 l62,7OI 129,989 I08,II9 91,291 79-653	$ 28,639 50 37,642 38 36,239 83 37,940 54 29,078 41 33,353 16 22,844 42 29,812 76 56,763 81 55,566 97 46,155 85 36,528 45 39,276 08 33,387 18 38,228 81			$ 53,236 oo 75,242 88 108,248 80 I39>299 59 120,389 13 78,168 66 52,995 68 64,291 88 97,oi7 37 89,139 81 67,460 i 8 83,593 75 96,230 47 68,513 05 97,850 38	$ 81,875 50 112,885 26 144,488 63 177,240 13 149,467 54 111,521 82 75,840 10 94,104 64 153,781 18 144,706 78 113,616 03 120,132 20 135,506 55 101,900 23 136,079 19
1882	41,934 59-859 95,962 79,6ii 58,239 46,055 30,872 44,619 53,949 34,486 28,656 34,406 38,659	297 715 902 737 254 714 512 200 SiS ooo 499 476 401
1881...
1884 1885
1886
1887 1888
1889 1800...
1891
1892 1801...
I8Q4.. .
1895...
Total...
1,377,131	$561,458 15	647,313	525	$1,291,677 63	$1,853,135 78

TEHUACAN AND ESPERANZA RAILWAY.

1884 ....	l8 343	$11 4.27 64	6 o/n	813	ft -22 O2T 8*7	$AA i/tn RT
1885	* v» J*TJ I5.O4Q	J-A,H"'/ ^"r IO.O77 2O	**f**%3 «; 8^7	oi 3 257	v *?*»y*A u/ a i QO* 66	H^rjjny 3X 41 082 86
1886	J, ^7 12,942	. » / / ~ 9,iii 04	j » w J / 6,603	* o i 705	J*)7 VJ w 38,271 80	*fJ.,V^W** W 47,382 84
1887	14,848	10,080 15	7,669	730	47,437 77	57,517 92
1888	I7,Il6	15,376 57	8,764	045	54,500 93	69,877 50
1889	19,385	20,673 °°	9,858	360	61,564 09	82,237 09
1890	20,462	18,459 96	16,625	870	75,744 37	94,204 33
1891	17,426	11,087 06	14,381	340	68,684 08	79,771 14
1892	15,102	8,792 35	4,179	510	44,602 09	53,394 44
1893	16,096	9.4H 51	5,663	530	37,997 45	47,408 96
1804 .
1895	19,905	10,941 8 i	4,062	5OO	18,724 99	29,666 80
Total. . .	186,674	$135,438 29	89,709	660	$512,355 10	$647,793 39

M£RIDA AND PETO RAILWAY.

1881	22,852	$ 3,01'? 6q			$430 60	$4,344 20
1882	81,102	TK J, 7 J V7 12,20"! e;8			*u 2 6^7 41	^fJ.J'T^ "J I4..CHO QQ
1883	88,920	*-~9~yJ «? 14,422 31	5,654	H5	'*t'-fj/ ^* 4,833 23	•••t^VJ W 19,255 54
1884	81,566	17,818 29	11,063	915	11,588 49	29,406 78
1885	64,118	16,795 70	16,919	464	20,222 10	37,017 80
1886	62,983	16,728 82	17,368	079	21,710 91	38,439 73
1887	62,763	15,943 55	15,827	969	26,619 71	42,563 26
1888	92,773	22,146 61	20,231	714	37,013 76	59,i6o 37
1889	99,76i	25,351 70	25,397	822	52,553 95	77,905 65
1890	126,978	24,5H 70	30,024	477	69,390 02	93,904 72
1891	134,438	55,007 97	27,106	666	85,602 24	I40,6lO 21
1892	129,163	59,742 62	28,266	475	118,214 20	177,956 82
1893	163,852	71,970 64	36,202	439	128,115 61	2OO,086 25
1894	157,3"	70,898 03	32,260	765	121,547 79	192,445 82
1895	140,193	67,134 69	37,853	723	118,179 it	185,313 80
Total. . .	1,508,773	$494,682 90	304,177	623	$818,659 13	$1,313,342 03

204

Statistical "Rotes on /iDejico,

SINALOA AND DURANGO (ALTATA TO CULIACAN) RAILWAY.

YEARS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	FREIGHT.	MISCELLA- NEOUS RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
1882	2,727 12,251 21,776 I5,8l6 23,171 25,487 27,904 21,850 42,987 54,678 39.494 56,503 38,451 37,627	$ 3JI2 04 7,816 94 8,584 57 8,786 88 10,681 46 10,705 56 11,459 15 9,318 46 14,871 77 19,170 23 14,837 39 14,152 07 14,040 41 15,768 25	1,864 3,913 5,962 4,953 4,3i6 5,962 6,736 6,535 4,722 7,442 io,37i 12,893 12,093 8,538	589 457 325 364 116 325 532 236 749 886 701 822 568 024	$ 5,155 65 18,717 39 25,019 62 19,719 92 20,880 39 16,661 71 23,650 34 25,537 79 18,911 41 25,38i 35 28,131 17 35,205 12 38,393 29 29,390 59	$ 8,867 69 26,534 33 33,604 19 28,506 80 31,561 85 27,367 27 35,109 49 34,856 25 33,783 18 44,551 58 42,968 56 49,357 19 52,433 70 45,158 84
1883..
1884.. .
1885
1886
1887
1888
l88o . .
I8QO . .
1801 . .
1802 .
1803 . .
1804 . .
1801; . .
Total. . .
420,722	$163,905 18	96,306	694	$330,755 74	$494,660 92

M£RIDA AND CAMPECHE RAILWAY.

1883..	22.0(14	$ s.<?86 10	462	1 6Q	$I.I2O ^2	$4,7O6 42
1884 . .	07.20";	13 161 so	3QC2	E6<;	5 2O3 6?	18,365 26
1885	76,135	12,535 94	7,794	570	9,306 31	21,842 25
1886	65,274	io,779 44	6,265	722	9.579 90	20,359 34
1887	68,883	11,793 63	8,106	813	13,263 22	25,056 85
1888	86,329	22,172 ii	11,514	018	21,106 70	43,278 81
1889	58,383	17,017 46	12,534	035	28,300 44	45,317 90
1890	75,496	28,939 04	6,779	458	19,057 69	47,996 73
1891	96,994	35,303 04	17,328	478	36,035 70	71,338 74
1892	87,954	33,598 ii	17,363	5io	39,330 26	72,928 37
1893	124,983	56,034 03	21,775	IOI	53,390 97	109,425 oo
1804 . .
1895	139.349	66,174 14	24,699	277	72,923 31	139.097 45
Total. . .	I.OOO.Olg	$311,094 63	138,575	716	$308,618 49	$ 619,713 12

ME"RIDA AND VALLADOLID RAILWAY.

1883..	18,123	$ 2,570 17			$ 609 18	$ 3,179 35
.WJ • • 1884	75,541	12,595 63	4,248	788	5,287 96	17,883 59
1885	100,015	18,548 61	6,040	957	8,487 63	27,036 24
1886	132,210	25,798 73	25,l8l	498	33,276 45	59,075 18
1887	176,501	32,298 87	41,496	479	58,096 41	90,395 28
1888	183,973	37,957 45	35,975	207	65,864 26	103,821 71
1889	280,348	58,691 70	54,206	189	115,032 74	173,724 44
1890	295,034	63,485 18	50,781	662	96,611 23	160,096 41
1891	264,781	60,366 76	47,o64	535	98,212 31	158,579 07
1892	254,344	6i,573 70	46,124	159	134,209 85	195,783 55
1893	244,040	79,223 48	50,633	534	139,384 68	218,608 16
1895	199,670	72,828 22	62,342	134	165,983 26	238,811 48
Total. . .	2,224,580	$525,938 50	424,095	142	$921,055 96	$1,446,994 46

IRailways.

205

TLALMANALCO RAILWAY.

	PASSEN-	PASSENGER	FREIGI	IT.	MISCELLA-	TOTAL
YEARS.	GERS.	RECEIPTS.	Tons.	Kilos.	RECEIPTS.	RECEIPTS.
1883	39,688	$ 4,022 44	10,813	ooo	$ 5,564 91	$ 9,587 35
1884. .	4O,2II	4,596 80	9,641	ooo	7,276 95	11,873 75
iS8<; .	41,226	4.577 41	7,466	713	6,830 O6	11,407 49
1886	41 QCK	4,621 28	6,845	349	6,360 51	10,981 79
1887..	47,8o8	«>,OQ8 OQ	8,083	538	6,788 75	11,886 84
1888	46,150	5,076 97	10,722	122	9,164 56	14,241 53
1889 ....	49 866	«;.5i6 16	13,710	I7O	11,566 53	17,102 69
1890	ce 04.1:	6,6^4 20	24,988	131	12,019 62	18,673 82
1891	61,236	6,765 86	15,469	050	12,684 68	19,450 54
1802. .	62,6l8	7,225 65	12,303	O2O	9,853 83	17,079 48
1801 . .	60 8m	6,492 30	18,572	715	15,430 59	21,922 89
ifinA
I8Q5 . .	71.777	7,358 10	13,824	250	12,284 66	19,642 76
Total. . .	618,665	$68,025 28	152,439	058	$115,825 65	$183,850 93

SAN JUAN BAUTISTA AND CARRIZAL PASSENGER RAILWAY.

1888	OQ ?O4	$e 123 11				$e 123 17
1889	56 88O	4 4O6 IO				4,4.06 10
1890 1891 1892 1893	110,731 105,251 152,606 150,243	6,733 92 7,923 34 9,462 23 9,965 56	1,022 922 1,803 2,052	ooo ooo ooo ooo	$1,022 60 922 79 1,442 28 1,842 70	7,756 52 8,846 13 10,904 51 1 1, 808 26
1895	167,994	12,003 21	3,455	454	3,131 oo	15,134 21
Total. . .	843,209	$55,617 49	9,254	454	$8,361 37	$63,978 86

SAN ANDRES AND CHALCHICOMULA RAILWAY.

1882	6,851	$ 1-905 53	1,658	614	$ 2,847 76	$ 4,753 29
1883	15,053	4,002 51	4,802	280	9,548 51	13,551 02
1884	14,218	3,683 23	4,485	960	n,68i 15	15,364 38
1885	10,928	2,834 42	4,723	310	4,805 87	7,640 29
1886	9,994	2,595 58	4,079	294	4,980 84	7,576 42
1887	9,794	2,428 25	5,835	696	6,850 94	9,279 19
1888	10,173	2,489 80	8,324	735	9,592 88	12,082 68
1889. ...	12,727	3,137 07	5,832	4i7	7,100 57	10,237 64
1890	13,010	3,163 15	4,385	480	6,225 35	9,388 50
1891	12,711	3,079 10	6,258	307	8,140 76	11,219 86
1892	12,223	6,327 21	7,980	430	9,376 67	15,703 88
1893	12,239	3,o6i 75	IO,OII	250	n,474 05	14,535 80
1894	13,998	3,398 65	7,781	980	9,266 42	12,665 07
1806	Ta.JCd	a AAA ae			10,18'? oo	13,827 35
ioyo	* JjfD'r	3 1 irrr J D			~-vuvj v
Total. .	167,373	$45,550 60	76,159	753	$112,274 77	$157,825 37

206

Statistical Botes on

ORIZABA AND INGENIO RAILWAY.

YEARS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	FREIGHT.	MISCELLA- NEOUS RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons,	Kilos.
1882	38,636 91,949 94,323 34,921 86,047 40,364 41,945 46,640 106,773 IO3.0II 99,553 104,030 104,019 132,650	$ 4,473 30 10,645 94 10,920 74 4,365 12 9,962 57 4,673 38 4,800 oo 5,400 oo 12,362 20 12,532 10 13,303 20 13,900 50 13,990 77 17,438 04			$	$ 4,473 30 10,843 58 11,221 56 4,728 22 10,312 75 4.774 50 4,952 oo 5,540 00 12,782 20 13,042 10 14,031 56 14,300 50 14,518 77 17,999 04
1883..	237 360 435 384 121 182 168 504 612 750	168 972 720 813 344 400 ooo ooo 000 ooo	197 64 30O 82 363 10 350 18 IOI 12 152 oo 140 oo 420 oo 510 oo 728 36 400 oo 528 oo 561 oo
1884. .
l88«?. .
1886
1887
1888
l88o. .
l8QO. .
1801. .
1802. .
1803
l8Q4. .	704 748	ooo ooo
ISO*. .
Total. .
1,124,861	$138,767 86	5,208	417	$4,752 22	$143,520 oS

SANTA ANA AND TLAXCALA RAILWAY.

1883..	58,068	$ 2,860 20			$4Q4 38	$ 3,354 58
1884	117,560	8,580 60			I,4Q4 14	10,074 74
1885..	174 2O4	12.714 08			I 48^ OO	14. 107 08
1886	156,676	6,711 14			482 37	8, 215 51
1887..	II7,5l8	8,463 85			,37-3 2*	9,837 10-
1888	I2O,9IO	0,170 28			,6m 02	10,830 30-
1889. .	110,574	8,294 98			,475 20	9,770 18
1800. .	I4<i.26i	8,398 oo			,460 82	9,867 82
1801. .	66,716	0,008 10			,769 28	10,867 58
1892 1893 l804.	55,768 59,127	7,011 74 7,326 40	750 3,829	ooo 003	1,280 03 2,434 13	8,291 77 9.76o 53
1895	71,843	8,670 35	2,038	440	2,344 38	11,014 73
Total. .	1,254,227	$ 97,331 82	6,617	443	$18,751 oo	$116,082 82

CARDENAS AND RIO GRIJALVA RAILWAY.

1886		$ 263 01			$ 526 oo	$ 780 01
1887. ...		4OI 41			722 57	1,124 oo
1888		1OQ O7			78l 11	1,090 20
1880. .		216 72			830 60	1,056 41
1800. .		380 oo			8^0 60	1,219 69
1891. . . .		480 oo			Q^O 6O	I.4IQ 60
1892
1801
1884 ....
1801;
Total .		2.0^0 21			$.1,648 77	$6,699 oo

"Railways.

207

TOLUCA AND SAN JUAN DE LAS HUERTAS RAILWAY

YEARS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	FREIGHT.	MISCELLA- NEOUS RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
1885	75,052 97,535 94,874 93,512 134,193 178,072 156,917 107,122 176,241 121,949 204,591	$ 7,016 39 9,078 95 8,788 61 8,475 83 12,677 97 16,264 75 15,293 69 13,777 47 16,340 90 15,328 76 18,210 13			$ 1,138 19 5,201 59 6,755 49 4.729 99 8,087 03 12,156 67 11,082 76 11,702 56 11,690 24 11,536 10 10,136 78	$ 8,154 58 14,280 54 15,544 10 13,205 82 20,765 oo 28,421 42 26,376 45 25,480 03 28,031 14 26,864 86- 28,346 91
1886. ...	6,133 9,361 7,251 13,483 18,595 13,998 13,924 14,128 13,778 13,860	ooo ooo 750 088 861 185 530 510 920 796
1887..
1888
1889
iSQO ....
1891 ....
l8Q2. .
180^. .
iSod. .
1805 . .
Total. .
1,440,058	1141,253 45	124,515	640	$94,217 40	$235,470 85

VANEGAS, CEDRAL, MATEHUALA, AND RIO VERDE RAILWAY.

1889		$AA Q 60	28	C4.O	$T-ie 24	$784. OA
1890 ....	10,848	<\ 76^ 16	i 840	66 1	1C. 40,2 27	21 255 41
1801. .	16,742	12 78^ O^	5Q1O	568	6l 511 41	74 2Q& 48
1892 1893 1894 1895	44,502 46,083 35,213	16,083 ii l6,O30 02 13,798 53	94,112 83,"5 "3,384	500 ooo ooo	124,565 69 114,505 49 185,649 51	140,648 8O 130,535 51 199,448 04
Total. .	173,388	$64,907 56	298,420	269	$502,061 63	$566,969 19

MERIDA AND IZAMAL RAILWAY.

1887	42,812	$ 7,280 38	2,729	OOO	$ 3,954 64	$ 11,235 02.
1888	78,102	18,981 70	7,871	541	17,656 81	36,638 51
1889	106 089	38,330 34	11,633	376	28,069 91	66,4OO 25
1890	106,883	54,462 10	IO,I46	374	29,995 33	84,457 43
1891	80,042	41,891 51	13,775	771	44,798 43	86,689 94
1892	94,634	49,729 03	18,094	768	65,565 47	115,294 50
1893	96,458	45,684 12	21,476	676	65,7M M	111,398 26
I Sod. .		52 «;64 78			6l 115 45	113 900 23
180*. .		4Q 715 12			6l 2Q5 4Q	iig 030 61
Total . .	605,020	$358,659 08	85,727	506	$380,385 67	$739,044 75

SAN MARCOS AND NAUTLA RAILWAY.

1891	4,582	$ 3,i8i 70	5,307	750	$ 5,968 12	$ 9,149 82
1892	10,894	5,968 34	12,000	570	17,835 93	23,804 27
1893	14,136	7,339 H	19,576	ooo	27,008 47	34,347 61
1894	15,481	7,918 63			2Q 5IQ Q7	17 4l8 60
1895	17,309	8,195 77	24,452	440	27,603 55	35,799 32
Total. . .	62,402	$32,603 58	61,336	760	$107,936 04	$140,539 62

208

Statistical motes on flDejico.

MONTEREY AND GULF RAILWAY.

YEARS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	FREIGHT.	MISCELLA- NEOUS RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
l88o...	16,714 57,096 94,052 99,802 107,378	$ 17,144 65 70,185 08 II2,9IO 64 119,390 74 141,093 86	4.197 168,204 174,829 193,437 238,442	432 600 706 800 ooo	$ 13,440 52 791,398 47 876,563 75 664,072 42 820,433 06	$ 30,585 17 861,583 55 989,474 39 783,463 16 961,526 92
1800. .
1801...
1892 ....
1801...
l8Q4...
1895 Total..	I27,OX»O	150,005 75	329,059	008	1,162,009 39	1,312,015 14
502,942	$610,730 72	1,108,170	546	$4,327,9I7 61	$4,938,648 33

CORDOVA AND TUXTEPEC RAILWAY.

1880...	26.517	$4. 815 27			$1 285 11	$ 6 loo 40
1800	40,142	8,QI7 O6			2 17Q Q7	II.2Q7 OT
1801..	23,542	I4,OOQ 84			5.OQ7 08	I9,IO7 82
1892 1893	39,885 46,086	12,767 51 17.411 62	2,235 1.71O	571 4.24	5,"I 19 0,828 04	17,878 70 27,262 56
l8O4....
ISO*; ..
Total..	185,192	$57,943 30	5,965	995	$23,703 21	$81,646 51

MARAVATfO AND CUERNAVACA RAILWAY.

1890...	3,466	$ 3,380 66			$1,172 IO	$ 6,761 76
1801...	6 IQO	6.28l Q4.			l6 74.1 4.2	21 O2S 16
1892	0,081	8,O47 76			3O,IOO 42	38,208 18
1893...	12,867	Q,4lS 26			28,201 99	37,620 25
1804...	I5.I18	II 21S S8			12.218 11	43,473 91
IMC...	11,064	II.164. 72			10,714 So	51,079 52
Total..	60,706	$40,710 02			$150,429 06	$200,168 98

SALAMANCA AND SANTIAGO VALLEY RAILWAY.

1889	4,709	$ 1,486 51	132	270	$ 304 26	$ 1,790 77
1890	18,836	5,946 04	529	080	1,217 04	7,163 08
1891	25,432	8,554 "	3,324	430	7,237 67	I5,79i 78
1892	21,923	8,020 59	2,815	940	5,325 03	13.345 62
1893	22,674	7,719 44	3,38o	000	8,910 74	16,630 18
1894	27,496	8,740 90	4,142	690	9,584 17	18,325 07
1805...	1O.OQ4	10 376 66	7. 700	oso	1^.060 7^	24,146 10
Total..	151,164	$50,844 25	22,123	520	$46,548 64	$97,392 89

209

MONTE ALTO RAILWAY.

YEARS.	PASSEN- GERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	FREIGHT	MISCELLA- NEOUS RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
l8q2	3I,O8O 30,888 31,913 39,041	$ 2,652 89 3,260 28 3,318 14 4,005 14	4,006 6,135 6,221 5,430	ooo 000 ooo ooo	$1,330 13 1,965 72 2,002 79 1,410 85	$ 3,983 02 5,226 oo 5,320 93 5,415 99
l8ol .
l8cu .
1801...
Total..
132,922	$13,236 45	21,792	ooo	$6,709 49	$19,945 94

VALLEY OF MEXICO RAILWAY.

1801...	i. 423. 652	$QQ,6l5 OQ	Q.I O8	OOO	$ 5,912 38	$105,527 41
1892	I 6lQ 871	IIQ 170 76	21 154	ooo	12 1IO 15	131 690 I"
1801..	I 6l7 US	no 160 60	24,l6l	ooo	21.407 48	131,658 08
1804...
1805...
Total..	4,700,660	$329,155 45	54,623	ooo	$39,720 21	$368,875 66

PUEBLA INDUSTRIAL RAILWAY.

1801...	151,380	$21,214 66			$1.108 oo	$ 24,632 66
1892 ....	125 766	2O O^2 14.			i 239 oo	21 2QI 1J.
1893...	155,112	24,082 55			1,380 oo	25,462 55
1804...	IQO.48O	31,620 62			1.I4Q 17	14.760 QQ
1895	226,275	36,264 oo	14,250	ooo	11,122 35	47,386 35
Total..	849,013	$135,254 17	14,250	ooo	$18,288 72	$153,542 89

MEXICAN NORTHERN RAILWAY.

1891	4,870	$14,802 61	94,726	ooo	$ 740,122 98	$ 754,925 59
1892	4,369	14,802 61	I77,78i	825	1,337,853 47	1,352,656 08
1893	4,088	13,087 90	176,801	913	1,334,524 47	1,347,612 37
1894
1895	4,274	13,420 18	151,744	929	1,149,069 15	1,162,489 33
Total..	17,601	$56,113 30	601,054	667	$4,561,570 07	$4,617,683 37

MEXICO CUERNAVACA AND PACfFICO RAILWAY.

1895

17,209

$19,214 84

84,434

ooo J $130,662 86 1

$149,877 70

210

Statistical Betes on flDejtco.

FEDERAL DISTRICT TRAMWAYS.

YEARS.	PASSENGERS.	PASSENGER RECEIPTS.	FREIGHT.	MISCELLA- NEOUS RECEIPTS.	TOTAL RECEIPTS.
Tons.	Kilos.
1873.. 1874- • 1875.. 1876.. 1877.. 1878.. 1879-. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 1892. . 1893.. 1894.. 1895.. Total.	3,760,653 3,088,808 3,597,197 3,545,589 4,455,595 4,605,223 5,084,669 6,165,461 7,675,829 9,851,614 10,101,302 9,926,621 9-407,751 10,841,928 n, 121, 575 12,185,031 13,533,217 14,457,203 15,585,919 16,164,644 15,622,879 15,844,425 18,281,729	$ 232,347 92 240,277 12 286,248 25 278,068 94 357,262 43 360,175 98 390,298 10 458,547 60 586,167 20 703,422 06 775,550 34 717,264 90 690,457 87 746,107 46 810,974 85 881,646 36 981,922 98 1,028,871 57 1,002,224 50 1,023,617 85 990,265 03 1,028,430 01 1,194,335 17			$ 16,421 10 29,628 70 23,644 10 19,289 15 14,179 54 6,752 49 8,089 47 19,020 46 52,547 54 87,584 95 90,644 72 114,307 69 63,423 48 134,133 77 155,972 22 171,418 II 203,011 13 247,868 09 206,601 54 194,358 01 217,905 64 230,935 43 229,571 08	$ 248,769 02 269,905 82 309,892 35 297,358 09 371,441 97 366,928 47 398,387 57 477,568 06 638,714 74 791,007 oi 866,195 06 83L572 59 753,881 35 880,241 23 966,947 07 1,053,064 47 1,184,934 ii 1,276,739 66 1,208,826 04 1,217,975 86 1,208,170 67 1,259.365 44 1,423,906 25
224,904,862	$15,764,484 49			$2,537,308 41	$18,301,792 90

VERACRUZ AND ALVARADO RAILWAY.

1885	30 O?8	$18 4^1 oi			$	$18 4m oi
1886 1887 1888	37,772 29,971 58.127	18,673 04 16,677 46 31.174 2?	882	500	4,942 oo 14,316 16 26,549 26	23,615 04 30,993 62 5Q.721 51
1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895	63,328 72,292 74,317 73,249 73,705 32,964 87,291	36,779 93 42,128 89 39,304 87 47,831 14 47,298 50 44,294 74 53,050 84	8,500 11,500 16,845 14,498 22,976 20,197 22,764	412 892 178 ooo ooo ooo 103	31,779 57 34,829 14 44,831 36 51,025 73 49-955 98 56,927 90 69,450 61	68,559 50 76,958 03 84,136 23 98,856 87 97,254 48 101,222 64 122,501 45
Total..	642,094	$397,664 67	118,164	085	$384,607 71	$782,272 38

Total Traffic and Receipts of Mexican Railways. — Before concluding this chapter, I append a statement of the total traffic and receipts of the Mexican Railways from 1873 to I&95> taken from theAnuarw Esta- distico de la Republica Mexicana of ifyf, compiled in the Department of Communication of the Mexican Government from data furnished the same by the respective companies, in compliance with the provis- ions of their grants.

211

RAILWAY SUBSIDIES PAID BY THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT.

I append a statement of the railway subsidies paid by the Mexican Government from the beginning of railway construction to June 30, 1896, which is entirely correct, as it has been obtained from the ac- counts of the Federal Treasury of Mexico. I insert after that state- ment a detailed account of each of the railways to whom subsidies have

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213

been paid, stating the number of kilometres built, the amount of sub- sidy due for the same, and the manner in which the subsidy was paid, that statement being the most complete that has so far been published :

RESUM£. — Amount paid in Cash $ 46,896,901 95

" Certificates of Construction (convertible

in five per cent, bonds) 21,711,513 92

" " Bonds 31,127,00000

" of Balance due (payable either in cash or Bonds), 8,008,24438

Total amount of Subsidies, as per corresponding concessions, $107,743,660 25

The Tehuantepec Railway cost of construction is herein included, in order to give a complete statement of the Government's pecuniary outlay for the construction of railways in the country. As the $13,500,000 amount of the five per cent. Bonds paid on account of the construction of this line to the contractors, McMurdo & Co., represent a gold indebtedness, if reduced at the rate of 24 pence per dollar, the above total cost of railway construction should be increased by an equal amount, say $13,500,000 Mexican currency — or a grand total of $121,243,660.25.

DETAILED STATEMENT OF THE SUBSIDIES PAID BY THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT TO THE RAILWAY COMPANIES.

1. MEXICAN RAILWAY. — (From Mexico City to Veracruz.) Subsidy as per original concession, $560,000 per annum, during

25 years, equal to $14,000,000 oo

Paid previous to October 21, 1890 10,187,315 79

Balance in favor of the company, on October

21, 1890, as per special agreement of the

same date $3,497,878 80

9# deduction, for cash payment, according to

the second clause of said agreement 314,805 41

Total payment 14,000,000 oo

2. HIDALGO RAILWAY. — (From Mexico City to Pachuca, Hid.)

Subsidy, $8000, per kilometre, as per concession $1,232,088 oo

Paid on account thereof in cash $931,296 37

In $% and 5$ Bonds 300,791 63

Total payment 1,232,088 oo

3. VERACRUZ & ALVARADO RAILWAY. — (Coast Line between

the said ports.)

Subsidy due the Company, $6000 per kilometre, as per con- cession $440,000 oo

Paid on account thereof, in cash $394,000 oo

In 3# Bonds 46,000 oo 440,000 oo

4. MERIDA & PETO RAILWAY. — (Between the two named towns,

State of Yucatan.)

Subsidy, due the Company, $6000 per kilometre, as per con- cession $648.000 oo

Paid in cash $577.445 85

In & Bonds 70,554 15

Total payment 648,000 oo

214 Statistical IRotes on flDejico.

5. INTEROCEANIC RAILWAY. — (Narrow gauge, from Veracruz to

Acapulco, Pacific Coast.)

Subsidy due the Company $5, 570,511 12

483-rar Kilometres at $8000 $3,866,469 12

8l>jum " «' 6500 526,50000

j^o a&a «« " 6000 840,00000

38. Ml. unsubsidized

Construction bounty earned, as per concession

on the Mexico & Cuautla division 137,542 OO

Construction bounty earned, as per concession

on the Jalapa & Veracruz division 200,000 oo 5,570,511 12

Paid in cash $2,896,938 oo

In certificates already paid for, out of the 3$ of the Cus- toms Receipts 2,673,573 12

Total payment 5,57O,5H 12

6. OCCIDENTAL RAILWAY. — (Between points in the States of Sina-

loa and Durango.)

Length of the road, according to the concession 1373 kilometres, subsidy at the rate of $8000, per kilometre, as follows :

From Altata, (Port on the Paci- fic Coast, Gulf of Califor- nia), to Culiacan, capital of the State of Sinai oa 6i.£±l kilometres constructed

From Culiacan to Durango and

Fresnillo cities 600

A Branch to Guaymas 536

" " " Mazatlan 237

1,373 Subsidy due for the first 6i.^I kilometres

already built $495,416 oo

Construction bounty according to concession

$1000 per kilometre 61,927 oo

Total amount due and paid for to the Company $557,343 oo

7. MEXICAN CENTRAL, and sundry branches. — (Trunk-line, from Mexico City to El Paso del Norte, on the Rio Grande River.)

Subsidy due in accordance with the corresponding charter was $26,609,003 50

As follows : for 1970.^? kilo- metres of the trunk-line, of which 107 kilometres were subsidized at $1500 per kilo- metre $ 160,500 oo

And i,863.«M kilometres at

$9500 per kilometre 17,704,200 oo $17,864,700 OO

For 258.5M kilometres of the

215

Gaudalajara branch, which reduced as per special contract of Feb. 25, 1887, to 2I8.M2 kilometres at $9500 per kilo- metre $2,076,510 oo

For 653.1™ kilometres of the Aguascalientes & Tampico Branch, at $9500 per kilo- metre 6,208,250 oo

For 25 kilometres of the San Bias & Guaristemba at $9500

per kilometre 237,50000 8,522,26000

For 23.1™. kilometres of Silao & Guanajuato Branch at $9500

per kilometre 222,043 SO

Total payment $26,609,003 50

This total amount, was settled and paid for in accordance with special agreement entered into by and between the Department of Pub- lic Works and the Company, on August 23, 1890, as follows :

Lands, art-works, drafts and plans, etc. , due by the Company as per settlement effected

December 22, 1881 § 34,204 39

Rebate off the subsidy corresponding to 6600 kilometres of parallel lines, between Zaca- tecas & Guadalajara, as per agreement

therefor 52,800 oo

Rebate off the subsidy on 50 kilometres of the line, between Tantoyuquita & Tampico, as

per agreement 75,ooo oo

Cash received by the Government of the State of San Luis Potosi, on account of the old

branch line to Tampico 48,000 oo

Certificates of construction paid at various Cus- tom Houses out of the 8# of the receipts of the same, during the fiscal years 1881-1890 7,108,070 80 Paid with bills of exchange on London out of the proceeds of the loan negotiated in

1890 14,335,732 06

25$ discount on $19,820,793 01, amount of the balance acknowledged in favor of the Com- pany, according to the above mentioned

agreement, (August 23, 1890) 4,955,196 25

Total payment $26,609,003 50

8. MEXICAN NATIONAL, and branches. — (Trunk-line from Mexico City to Laredo, Tamaulipas.)

The Company constructed 1737. Ml kilometres for which the Government owed the fol- lowing subsidies : —

216 Statistical IRotes on flDejico.

On 1444. Mi kilometres of the trunk line, at the

rate of $7000 per kilometre $10,108,315 oo

On 273. aj>Ji kilometres of the trunk line, at the

rate of $6500 per kilometre 1,774, 500 oo

On 20 kilometres of the Salto Branch at the rate

of $8000 per kilometre 160,000 oo

Total amount of subsidy due $12,042,815 oo

The above amount was paid in certificates of construction for. .$11,929,870 oo of which the sum of $8,746,722 60 was paid at several Custom-Houses during the fiscal years 1882-1895, and the balance of $3,183,147 40, was converted, by special agreement between the Treasury Department and Messrs. Lionel Garden and H. P. Webb, as representatives of the Company in $% Bonds. The balance of $112,945 which in the preceding statement, appears as pending of payment, was accepted by the Company, as the value of the Government's shares in the Salto Branch.

9. " SONORA RAILWAY." — (From Guaymas, on the Gulf of Califor-

nia, to Nogales, on the boundary line.)

Subsidy on 422?i? kilometres at the rate of $7000 per kilometre, $ 2,956,184 oo

Paid to the Company, cash $ 2,071,310 60

Fine against the forfeiture of the concession. . . 100,000 oo yjt Bonds in accordance with the provisions of

the law of September 6th, 1894 784,873 40

Total payment $ 2,956, 184 oo

10. "MERIDA & VALLADOLID RAILWAY," with a branch. — (Be-

tween these two towns in the State of Yucatan.)

Subsidy due on io8.m kilometres at $6000 per kilometre $642,008 oo

Paid for as follows, cash $ 597,608 oo

In 3# Bonds (law of September 6th, 1894) 44,400 oo

Total payment $642,008 oo

11. "MERIDA & CAMPECHE RAILWAY," via. Kalkini. — (Between

the capitals of the States of Yucatan and Campeche.)

Subsidy due on 135.1*11 kilometres at $6000 per kilometre, $810,915 oo

Paid to the Company in cash $766,915 oo

In 3% Bonds 44,00000

Total payment $810,915 oo

12. "SAN MARCOS & NAUTLA RAILWAY." — Between San Marcos

station on the Mexican Ry. and Nautla bar on the Gulf of Mexico.)

Subsidy due on 75 kilometres at $6000 per kilometre $450,000 oo

Paid to the Company as follows : Cash $ 70,500 oo

In special $% subsidy Bonds 349,000 oo

In 3% Bonds according to the provisions of the

law of September 6th, 1894 500 oo

Rebatement of subsidy on 5 kilometres running

parallel with the " Interoceanic Ry 30,000 oo

Total payment $450,000 oo

217

13. " TOLUCA & SAN JUAN de las HUERTAS RAILWAY." — (Between

the capital of the State of Mexico and the San Juan estate.)

Subsidy due on is.721 kilometres at $3500 per kilometre $5 5, 023 50

Paid to the Company, cash $46,250 oo

In 3# Bonds (law of September 6th, 1894) 8,773 5°

Total payment $55,023 50

14. " VANEGAS, CEDRAL, MATEHUALA & Rio VERDE RAILWAY." —

(All townships within the State of San Luis Potosi.)

Subsidy due on 65. 1M kilometres at $5500 per kilometre $357, 500 oo

Paid to the Company, cash $341,000 oo

In 5# Bonds (September 6th, 1894) 16.500 oo

Total payment $357,5OO oo

15. " JIMENEZ and SIERRA MADRE RAILWAY." — (Through the

Hidalgo District, State of Chihuahua.)

Subsidy due on 5.M£ kilometres at $8000 per kilometre $40,000 OO

The whole paid to the Company in 3$ Bonds (Law of Septem- ber 6th, 1894.

16. " MEXICAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY." — (367 kilometres from the

City of Puebla to Oaxaca.)

Subsidy due under agreement of May 4th, 1892 $11,248,805 10

First annuity of interest paid to the Company in conformity with the original concession of April 2ist, 1886 $880,800 00

Conversion of the remaining 14 annuities, as per the above named agreement, in special Bonds denominated of the " Oaxaca Trunk Line" 8,558,888 55

Bounty paid to the Company, as per original

concession, in Bonds (special) 1,809,116 55

Total payment $11,248,805 IO-

Of the total amount of special Bonds issued, $10,368,000 oo

Cashed 1,108,000 oo

Outstanding 9,260,000 oo

17. "TONALA" (State of Chiapas, Pacific Coast) and " FRON-

TERA RAILWAY." — (State of Tabasco, on the Gulf of Mexico.)

Subsidy on 50 kilometres at $8000 per kilometre $400,000 oo~

Paid to the Company with f)% Bonds, valued at

90$ of their nominal $444,444 oo

The balance shown in the preceding statement

in favor of the Company for $44,444.00

proceeds from the want of a Bond of less

value than $1000 of the corresponding issue.

218 Statistical Notes on flDejico,

18. "MONTEREY" (Capital of the State of Nuevo Leon) and

" MEXICAN GULF RAILWAY." — (Port of Tampico.)

Subsidy on 624.1*2 kilometres at $8000 per kilometre $5i534-572 24'

Wholly paid for in 5# Bonds, issued under the law of Sep- tember 6th, 1894, with the exception of a balance of $572.24, which, on account of the want of bonds of less value than $1000, is still pending of settlement. Of the original issue of special Bonds given to the Company in payment of the subsidy, $235,000 is still pending of con- version.

19. " TECOLUTLA " (a bar on the Mexican Gulf) and " ESPINAL

RAILWAY." — (Both in the State of Veracruz.)

According to the original concession, the subsidy granted to this

Company was on 19 kilometres at the rate of $4500 in

cash per kilometre ; but under a new agreement, dated

January, 2oth, 1892, it was settled as follows :

9 kilometres at the rate of $4500 each in cash, $40,500 oo

10 kilometres in Bonds at $6000 each 60,000 oo

Total payment $100,500 oo

20. " PACHUCA " (Capital of the State of Hidalgo) and " TAMP-

ICO RAILWAY." — (On the Mexican Gulf.)

Subsidy on io.M2 kilometres at $8000 $80,000 oo

Totally paid in Bonds, in accordance with the law of Septem- ber 6th, 1894.

21. " MARAVATIO " & " IGUALA RAILWAY." — (Towns in the States

of Michoacan and Guerrero, respectively.)

Subsidy on 50 kilometres at $3000 in cash and $3000 in special Bonds, under 10% discount off their nominal value, and paid for, cash, $112,000 oo

Bonds 166,000 oo

Total payment $316,666 50'

22. " MEXICAN NORTHEASTERN RAILWAY." — (An extension of the

" Hidalgo " Ry. to Tizayuca, in the State of that name.)

Subsidy on 50.21° kilometres at $6000 $300,540 oo

Paid for, in cash $294,000 oo

In 3# Bonds 6,540 oo

Total payment $300,540 oo

1 Some of the total payments in this table do not correspond to the amount of sub- sidy due, because in some of those cases other payments have been made, like bounty, of which no account appears in the respective statement. In some cases a bounty was offered provided the road was finished before the time fixed in the respec- tive grant.

•Railways* 219

23. "VERACRUZ & BOCA del Rio RAILWAY."

Subsidy acknowledged on n.Mi kilometres at $8000 per kilo- metre $92,032 oo

Paid for, cash $83,000 oo

In 3# Bonds 9,032 oo

Total payment $92,032 oo

24. " TULA, ZACUALTIPAN " (State of Hidalgo), and TAMPICO

RAILWAY.

Subsidy on jo.m*. kilometres at $8,000 per kilometre $560,000 oo

The whole amount paid for in 5% Bonds, of which $285,000 were outstanding on the 3Oth of June, 1896.

25. "MATAMOROS IZUCAR" (State of Puebla) and "ACAPULCO

RAILWAY." — (On the Pacific coast.)

Subsidy under contract of March 22d, 1895, on 40 kilometres. . $988,776 49

Paid as follows : cash, for the amount of 2% in- terest annuities paid to the Company in conformity with the original concession. .. $111,370 62 In 5$ Bonds, according to the above con- tract 877,405 87

Total payment $988,776 49

26. " LOWER CALIFORNIA RAILWAY." — (From the town of San

Quintin to a point on the " Mexican Central," Chihuahua.)

Subsidy on 20 kilometres, payable in 6% Bonds at the rate of $8000 per kilometre, the said Bonds, afterwards converted in conformity with the corresponding law of conversion, were taken by the Company under io# discount off their nominal value $*77.777 77

27. " MONTE ALTO RAILWAY." — (Starts from the town of Tlalne-

pantla, on the Salto branch of the " Mexican National," towards Alizapan and Villa del Carbon.)

Subsidy on 10 kilometres at $6000 per kilometre, payable in 6% Bonds taken by the Company at the rate of go# of their face value $66,666 66

28. TEHUANTEPEC R. R. — (Between Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf of

Mexico, and Salina Cruz, on the Pacific coast.)

COSTS OF CONSTRUCTION TO THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT.

I. CONTRACTORS, EDWARD LEARNED & Co.— (Contract of June 2d, 1879.)

35 kilometres, of which only 25 were paid

for, at $7500 $187,500 oo

The Learned contract was 'rescinded by the Mexican Government on August i6th, 1882 ; but by agreement ad- justed with J. Tyng, as representative of the contractors, who received the following payments :

220 Statistical flotes on flDejico.

December 2ist, 1882, $125,000 oo

July gth, 1883 403,618 44

July igth, 1883 101,068 48

July 1 2th, 1888 1,075,726 90 1,705,413 82

Total amount paid to Learned & Co $1,892,913 82

Of which amount the sum of $230,413.82 represents interest accrued at the rate or b% per annum ; so that the 35 kilometers built by these contractors actually cost $14,083.25 per kilometre.

2. CONTRACTOR, MR. DELPIN SANCHEZ. — (Agreement of Oc- tober 5th, 1882.)

This contractor received from the Govern- ment the sum of $1,079,135 40

For the purchase of material, which he only accounted for the amount of $908,- 910.50 the balance of $170,224 90

Having been donated to the contractor ac- cording to special agreement of April 25th, 1888.

The same contractor received in 150 weekly installments of $1900 each during the fiscal years 1885, 1888 $285,000 oo

Mr. Sanchez delivered as constructed 74 kilo- meters which were paid to him at the rate of $25,000 each $1,850,000 oo $2,305,224 90

MAC-MuRDO CONTRACT. — (Agreement approved by Decree of October isth, 1888.)

For the completion of the construction and the furnishing of all the rolling material, etc., and for which the Con- tractors received in payment in 5$ Bonds, special issue, principal and interests payable in sterling currency, ,£2,700,000 $13,500,000 oo

This contract was rescinded on the I3th of January, 1892, when the contractors, in settlement of accounts, sur- rendered to the Government the sum of about $2,000,- ooo as surplus proceeding from the sale of the said bonds, and delivered, more or less, 250 kilometres of the lines as built or repaired within the stipulations of the said contract.

STANHOPE, HAMPSON & CORTHEL CONTRACT. — (Made under Decree of December 6th, 1893.)

For the construction of 59 kilometres and the completion of all the necessary works for the preservation and working of the whole line, for the fixed sum of $1,483.035 oo

Total cost of the line $19,181,173 72

public Debt.

221

PUBLIC DEBT.

In the first part of this paper I gave a brief statement of the differ- ent loans and liabilities which constitute the Mexican debt, and that statement will make it easy to understand the different issues and denominations of our bonds. Here I append a detailed statement of the National Debt of Mexico, up to June 30, 1896, submitted to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury on the i4th of December, 1896, and a further statement containing the same data in a more concise form.

STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL DEBT OF MEXICO TO JUNE 30, 1896.

Bonded Debt, Principal and Interest payable in Ster- ling currency.

Six per cent, interest bearing Bonds for the Loan of 1888,

with . . % sinking fund, Capital and Interest $51,908,786 50

Six per cent, interest bearing Bonds for the Loan of 1890,

with . . % sinking fund, Capital and Interest 30,068,710 25

Six per cent, interest bearing Bonds for the Loan of 1893,

with . . % sinking fund, Capital and Interest 15,325,561 50

Five per cent, interest bearing Bonds for the Construc- tion of the Tehuantepec Railway, 1889, Capital. . . . 13,500,000 oo

Six per cent, (non converted balance) Bonds of the Loan,

contracted in London, 1851, Capital 134,153 12

Total amount of outstanding Bonds, payable

in Sterling currency $110,937,311 37

Bonded Debt, Principal and Interest payable in Mexi- can Silver currency.

Three per cent, interest bearing Bonds of the Interior

Consolidated Debt, Capital and Interest $52,464,937 60

Five per cent, interest bearing Bonds of the Interior Re- deemable Debt, first series, Capital and Interest. . . . 19,995,689 48

Five per cent, interest bearing Bonds of the Interior Re- deemable Debt, second series, Capital and Interest. 987,127 15

Subsidy Bonds, non converted balances, for sundry

works and railways, Capital 9,792,865 75

Total 83,240,609 98

Railway Construction Certificates, pending of conver- sion, Capital _. 219 17

Balance-certificates corresponding to the fiscal years comprehended between 1882 and 1894, Capital pend- ing of conversion 329,221 91

Total amount of bonded debt, payable in Mexi- can Silver currency 83,570,051 06

Grand Total of Bonded Liabilities $194,507,263 43

Liabilities from various sources, and in forms, other

than Bonds, payable in Mexican Silver currency. To Railway, Harbor Works and Drainage of the Valley

of Mexico, Contractors $ 501,74102

To Unpaid for Appropriations in the Budgets for the

fiscal years between 1891 and 1896 612,337 82

To other credits pending of settlement : on account of

the same Budgets 600,894 63

To Balances in Account-current due various Contractors

with some of the Executive Departments 315,818 95

To sundry, cash or otherwise executed, Deposits, as

guarantee for pending contracts 2,681,662 95

To provisional certificates issued on account of the 1888,

1890 and 1893, Sterling Loans 3,738,684 12

To cash or other values pending of classification in the

corresponding accounts 74,434 57

To cash Receipts on account of credits, other than fiscal

and pending of payment to the corresponding offices. 32,829 68

To Balance due to Mint-Lessees 48,214 89

To outstanding Bills Payable 111,186 28

Total Amount of Liabilities from various sources and in forms other than Bonds. . . .

Grand Total of the Mexican National Debt

8,717,804 91 $303,225,067 34

222

Statistical IRotes on flDejico.

STATEMENT OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEBT ON JUNE 30, 1896.	INDEBTRDNESS SETTLED IN SUNDRY FORMS OTHER THAN BONDS.	Payable in Mexican silver currency.		oo>o1SS	O- -5- •< « m -	CO M	$5,308,561 87 $203,225,067 34
	• • M 0 S
	S3 jtafSI
	9 3 m m	2 8 M"* >o>o m>o_	M -fa
Payable in sterling money.		:;;; ;;;;; £;;;;	$3,738,684 12
	: ; ; ; | j j || *j j jj
BONDED DEBT.	Payable in Mexican silver currency.	>O •* M l~.	% 1 1
: : : : :«» : : : : : : : : : : : i
_ Principal and interest payable in sterling money.	« o o mo Minonm	$110,937,211 37
IAMOM
00 . en***	•« «a a a
_nc, _.«.*• ».|» .*. _ _ _
HI		1 u 1
. . . o •	• • • • A
	"2 : : : : :1 £ : : : : :3	1 j •=	5 : :JT : •8 : :-3 :				1 0 t-	1 1 1
8 : : : : : w, 2 :::::•£ •s ; *1 - 10 i! i 3 o.'o : §.	O | i- O 3	iw of Septemb g of conversior drainage of t	partmcnts. ... issued on the .	Cash receipts on account of municipal dues — pending of payment. . Cash receipts pending of classification for the corresponding account- Balances due to mint lessees. . .	Outstanding treasury bills
§S i •§	o.	« I-3 a	1-8 li s 2 : 2
Balance of the loan contracted in London in 1851, Loan of 1888 in Berlin and London to refund the Loan of 1889 for the Tehuantepec Railway Loan of 1890 for the payment of railway subsidies Conversion of 1886 to 1896 of the interior debt. . . Conversion of 1894 in settlement of railway : series . .	Conversion of 1895 in settlement of railway an series . .	Special subsidy bonds pending conversion under Balances of certificates of railway construction. . Certificates of balances due for public services, pt Balances due to several railways, public works, Mexico contractors	(J npald appropriations of 1891 to 1896 Sundry claims on said appropriations pending lie Balance, favor of sundry contracts witn the vario Sundry deposits to guarantee pending contracts. . Provisional certificates— not submitted to convers of 1888. tSoo. and iSm...

lpost>©ffice anfc ZTelegrapb Service. 223

POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPH SERVICE.

I append a statement containing the number of post-offices, and postal agencies in each of the Mexican states in 1895, and the num- ber of postal pieces transported by Mexican mails from the years 1878-1879 to 1894-1895. (See page 225.)

I have prepared a statement of the earnings and expenditures of the post-office and telegraph services in Mexico during the twenty- seven fiscal years elapsed from July i, 1869, to June 30, 1896. It was not possible to obtain full data of the earnings of the telegraph lines during the first ten years of that period, on account of the defective way in which the books were kept by the Federal Treasury of Mexico. With that exception the data embraced in the following statement is correct, as it has been taken from the official accounts. (See p. 224.)

POST-OFFICES IN MEXICO IN 1895 BY STATES.

POST- STATES. OFFICE POSTAL AGENCIES. TOTAL.

Aguascalientes 5 5 .. 10

Campeche 8 3 .. n

Chiapas 7 24 . . 31

Chihuahua 24 58 .. 82

Coahuila 25 26 i 52

Colima 2 9 .. n

Durango 19 42 .. 61

Federal District i 8 10 19

Guanajuato 27 38 . . 65

Guerrero 13 31 .. 44

Hidalgo 19 43 . . 62

Jalisco........ 35 83 .. 118

Lower California 7 17 .. 24.

Mexico 14 21 . . 35

Michoacan 22 59 .. 81

Morelos 9 9 . . 18-

New Leon 18 33 .. 51

Oaxaca 22 39 .. 61

Puebla 27 77 i 105

Queretaro 7 10 .. 17

San Luis Potosi 18 34 .. 52

Sinaloa 16 28 .. 44.

Sonora 14 75 . . 89

Tabasco 5 16 .. 21

Tamaulipas 17 36 .. 53

Tepic 7 13 .. 20

Tlaxcala 9 7 . . 16

Veracruz 36 82 .. 118

Yucatan 16 40 .. 56

Zacatecas 20 23 i 44

Total 469 989 13 1471

224

Statistical Botes on flDejico.

EARNINGS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE POST-OFFICE AND TELEGRAPH SERVICES DURING THE LAST TWENTY-SEVEN FISCAL YEARS, FROM JULY I, 1869, TO JUNE 30, 1896.

FISCAL YEARS.	POST-OFFICE.	TELEGRAPH.	BOTH SERVICES. — TOTAL.
Dr. Expenditure.	Cr. Earnings.	Dr. Cr. Dr. Expenditure. Earnings.1 : Expenditure.	Cr. Earnings.1
1869-1870. . . 1870-1871... 1871-1872... 1872-1873. . . 1873-1874... Total in five years. . Average per annum. 1874-1875. •• 1875-1876. . . 1876-1877... 1877-1878... 1878-1879... Total in five years.. Average per annum. 1879-1880... 1880-1881... 1881-1882... 1882-1883... 1883-1884. . . Total in five years.. Average per annum. 1884-1885... 1885-1886... 1886-1887... 1887-1888... 1888-1889... Total in five years. . Average per annum. 1889-1890. . . 1890-1891 . . . 1891-1892... 1892-1893. .. 1893-1894... Total in five years. . Average per annum. 1894-1895... 1895-1896. . . Total in two years . . Average per annum. Total in the 27 years . . . Average per annum.	$ 132,309 06 154.574 9° 340,324 63 457,153 '9 491,199 48	$ 120,120 24 167,348 85 265,440 22 474,819 II 523,583 09	$ 29,212 73 84,150 oo 48,379 77 72,418 96 174,504 S2	$ 1,809 53	$ 161,611 79 238,724 oo 388,704 40 529,572 15 665,703 80
$ !, 575,651 26	$ i.SS^S'i 5i	$ 408,66578 $1,984,31704
$ 315,130 25	$ 310,262 30	$ 81,733 16		$ 396,863 4I
$ 641,836 35 480,299 37 530,032 95 682,076 21 867,789 75	$ 549,820 14 455,473 IZ 441,329 10 590,384 36 679,392 06	$ 190,366 06 161,795 66 134,830 02 241,200 oo 259,095 86
	642,095 03 664,862 97 923,276 21 1,126,885 61
::::::
$ 1,789 15
$ 3,202,034 63	$ 2,716,398 78| | 987,287 60	$ 4,189,322 23
$ 640,406 93	$ 543,279 ?6, $ 197,457 52		$ 837,864 45
$ 892,856 73 983,606 17 873,201 78 840,354 7° 878,519 75	$ 702,080 39 $ 348,290 24 833,830 87 196,542 94 704,766 47 570,155 25 795,122 86 916,657 53 698,019 36 677,729 50	$ 101,064 69 135,144 02 174,301 24 219,384 91 239,051 45	$ 1,241,146 97 1,180,149 ii !,443,357 03 i,757,o!2 23 1,556,249 25	$ 803,145 08 968,974 89 879,067 71 1,014,507 77 937,070 81
$ 4.468,539 13	$ 3,733,8i9 95 $ 2,709,375 46	$ 868,946 31 $ 7,177,914 59	$ 4,602,766 26
$ 893,707 83	$ 746,763 99 $ 54I-875 09	$ 173,789 26 $ 1,435,582 92	$ 920,553 25
$ i,4",i83 03 751,227 37 943.33^ 74 956,701 47 1,049,880 10	$ 642,660 19 672,329 80 739,732 65 793,873 74 880,530 93	$ 618,829 54 622,858 67 718,821 70 799,074 24 820,072 05	$ 180,820 77 155,442 82 197,478 87 275,856 95 329,493 !3	$ 2,030,012 57 1,374,086 04 1,662,154 44 1,755,775 71 1,869,952 15	$ 823,480 96 827,772 62 937,211 52 1,069,730 69 1,210,024 °6
$ 5,112,324 71	$ 3,729,127 31	$ 3,579,656 20	$ 1,139,092 54	$ 8,691,980 91	$ 4,868,219 85
$ 1,022,464 94	$ 745,825 46	$ 715,931 24	$ 227,818 51	$ 1,738,396 18	$ 973,643 97
$ ,126,436 69 . ,196,329 63 ,342,437 ii ,278,587 20 ,250,855 82	$ 994,112 87 1,084,153 40 1,127,563 18 1,153,401 20 1,213,309 46	$ 872,316 69 972,164 06 1,045,726 44 1,073,105 81 954,864 48	$ 388,926 07 462,076 59 501,802 33 528,881 96 524,634 33	$ 1,998,753 58 2,168,493 69 2,388,163 55 2,351,693 oi 2,205,720 30	$ 1,383,038 94 1,546,229 99 1,629,365 51 1,682,283 16 1,737,943 79
$ 6,194,646 45	$ 5,572,540 ii	$ 4,918,17? 68	$ 2,406,321 28	$11,112,824 13	$ 7,978,861 39
$ 1,238,929 29	$ 1,114,508 02	$ 983,635 54	$ 481,264 26	$ 2,222,564 83	$ 1,595,772 28
$ 633,201 36 1,228,784 30	$ 1,337,691 40 1,062,415 99	$ 531,949 48 1,025.347 29	$ 547,308 67 622,340 69	$ 1,165,150 84 2,254,131 59	$ 1,885,000 07 1,684,756 68
$ 1,861,985 66	$ 2,400,107 39	$ 1,557,296 77	$ 1,169,649 36	$ 3,419,282 43	$ 3,569,756 75
$ 930,992 83	$ 1,200,053 7°	$ 778,648 38	| 584,824 68 $ 1,709,641 21	$ 1,784,878 38
$22,415,181 84	$19,703,305 05	$14,160,459 49	$ 5,584,009 49 $36,575,641 33	$21,019,604 25
$ 830,191 92	$ 729,752 04	$ 524,461 46	$ 328,471 14^$ 1,354,653 38	$ 1,236,447 30

1 The totals and averages per annum in the colums marked " Earnings" and " Total Earnings" cnly embrace seventeen years, as the returns for the first ten years being very incomplete are not computed.

Banfcs.

225

NUMBER OF PIECES TRANSPORTED BY MEXICAN MAILS FROM 1878-1879

TO 1894-1895. FISCAL YEARS. NUMBER OF PIECES.

1878-1879 5,992,6ll

1879—1880 5,786,790

l88o-l88l 6,141,790

l88l-l882 6,732,504

1882-1883 10,640,516

1883-1884 10,488,518

1884-1885 11,905,209

1885-1886 13,289,591

1886-1887 16,504,034

1887-1888 27,429,018

1888-1889 43,052,800

1889-1890 95,852,939

1890-1891 111,406,893

1891-1892 116,778,853

1892-1893 122,821,359

1893-1894 35,818,148

1894-1895 24,773,636

Total 665,415,209

Printed matter, samples, and parcel post articles in the year 1894- 1895, weighed in grammes, 1,107,755,679.

The notable reduction which appears in the last two years is due to the fact that in the preceding years all correspondence was counted, namely : such pieces as were received and sent, and such as came in transit, while in the last two years only are accounted such as were sent.

BANKS.

The following statement contains a list of all the banks existing in Mexico up to December 31, 1895, and their respective condition :

LIST OF MEXICAN BANKS.

STATE.	LOCATION.	NAME OF BANK.	DATE OF CHARTER.
Federal District.	Mexico City. . . .	National Bank of Mexico International and Hypothecary Bank of Mexico	February, 1882. May, 1883.
Chihuahua	Chihuahua City..	Bank of London and Mexico. . Mexican Chihuahua Bank.	October, 1886. September 1888.
		Chihuahua Mining Bank	September 1888
11	K 11	Chihuahua Bank.. . .	December 1889.
ii	it i>	Chihuahua Commercial Bank.	December 1890.
Yucatan	Merida	Yucateco Bank .	February 1890.
		Yucatan Mercantile Bank . . .	March, 1890.
Durango	Durango City . . .	Durango Bank	June i, 1891.
Zacatecas	Zacatecas City. .	Zacatecas Bank	December, 1891.
	Monterey	New Leon Bank	February 18, 1892

226

Statistical "Rotes on flDejico.

SITUATION OF THE MEXICAN BANKS ON DECEMBER 31, 1894.

	NATIONAL BANK OF MEXICO.	BANK OF LONDON AND MEXICO.	INTERNA- TIONAL AND HVPOTHECARY BANK OP MEXICO.	CHIHUAHUA MINING BANK.	MEXICAN CHIHUAHUA BANK.	CHIHUAHUA COM- MERCIAL BANK, ON FEBRUARY IS, 1895.
Social capital.. . . Unpaid capita}-. Accumulated	$20,000,000 oo 12,000,000 00	$3,000,000 oo	$5,000,000 oo 1,500,000 oo	$ 600,000 oo	$610,000 oo	$600,000 oo 300,000 oo
		50,342 62 108,600 oo 6,928 oo 100,855 86 265,630 62 281,713 84
Reserve funds.. Emergency	1,796,100 51 2,500,000 oo 190,000 oo 20,630,086 89 11,062,094 35	1,100,000 oo	34,500 oo	105,000 oo 22,729 55	5,000 oo
Real estate Cash	'111,266 94 7,783,647 78 8,892,749 25	242,662 76 656,496 33 i,58i,974 19
292,S55 01 1,167,942 29	52,026 61 229,199 13
Cash in hand . . . Guarantee ad-
Advances on			2. 788. "127 8<
Debtors' cur- rent accounts. Bills in circula- tion Mortgage bonds in circulation. Deposits and creditors' cur- rent accounts.	12,605,302 02 16,417,061 oo	5,318,895 69 9,195,535 00	1,854,417 78	264,538 80 538,429 25	786,108 62 287,133 28	222,115 58 122,782 oo
21,768,776 96	8,811,024 66	1,642,378 91	458,877 30	465,519 05	75,559 32

	CHIHUAHUA BANK, ON JANUARY 15, 1895.	YUCATECO BANK.	YUCATAN MERCANTILE BANK.	DURANGO BANK.	ZACATECAS BANK.	NEW LEON BANK.
Social capital.. . .	$500,000 oo	$1,000,000 oo	$ 750,000 oo	$500,000 oo	$600,000 oo	$600,000 oo
Reserve funds. . Real estate, fur-	5,666 25	22,654 71	I7,7l6 89	3,396 88	6,500 oo	8,278 82
Cash			508 805 68	178.282 «
Cash in hand. . . Guarantee ad-	109,113 ii	1,346,715 63	1,001,457 8 i	6o3*039 9°	565,032 52	600,323 71
Debtor's current accounts Bills in circula-	285,441 59 98,885 oo	172,391 75	426,601 32	322,927 09	339,306 74	1X8,521 26
Deposits and creditors' cur- rent accounts.	30,277 86	313,246 10	510,835 92	445,667 79	701,065 74	Xgi^ZS 26

PUBLIC LANDS.

I append four statements of the titles of public lands issued by the Mexican Government. The first one embraces a resum£ of the titles issued without cost, and under the act of December 14, 1874, of the Indian town lands held in common, called in Spanish " Ejidos " to the respective inhabitants of the said towns, from 1877 to 1895 : the second embraces a resume" of the titles issued in 1894 and 1895 for public lands held by private parties as portions of public land bought from the government but which were in excess of the respective titles, which we call in Spanish " Demacias " : the third one embraces a resume of the titles of public lands issued to private parties in the years 1894

public

227

and 1895 : and the fourth contains a resume of the titles issued by the Mexican Government to surveying companies for one-third of the land respectively surveyed by them in 1894 and 1895, according to law and the respective contracts.

FREE TITLES ISSUED UNDER THE ACT OF DECEMBER 14, 1874, OF

THE INDIAN TOWN LANDS TO THE RESPECTIVE

INHABITANTS FROM 1877 TO 1895.

YEARS.	TITLES.	AREA.
Hectares.	Ares.	Cts.
1877	I 195 72 2 195 259 1,932 383 774 254 1,524 2,237 1,130 499 1,449 452 791 273	85 3,572 128,144 5,000 5,629 14,616 61,497 13,068 20,662 2,999 20,547 100,627 68,086 6,516 15,807 17,709 6,262 6,160	06 7i 94 oo 29 14 56 18 93 85 73 65 3i 74 30 59 7i 03	00 41 56 oo 69 13 94 08 12 98 16 32 86 22 95 08 49 65
1878. .
l87Q. .
1880
1882
1883
1884
1885..
1886
1887
1888
1880. .
1800. .
1801. .
1802
1893
1894
1805. .
Total
12,422	496,994	79	64

TITLES ISSUED FOR UNWARRANTED POSSESSION BY PRIVATE PARTIES OF PUBLIC LANDS IN 1894 AND 1895.

YEARS.	Number of Titles.	AREA.	VALUE.
Hectares.	Ares.	Cts.
1804. .	17 10	34,78i 69,557	98 33	04 21	$21,554 91 20,254 12
1805
27	104,339	3i	25	$41,809 03

TITLES OF PUBLIC LANDS ISSUED TO PRIVATE PARTIES IN 1894 AND 1895.

YEARS.	Number of Titles.	AREA.	VALUE.
Hectares.	Ares.	Cts.
1804. . .	21 19	86,385 59,265	63 24	26 84	$140,067 72 81,883 95
1801;
40	145,650	88	10	$221,951 67

228

Statistical "Rotes on flDejfco.

TITLES ISSUED IN 1894 AND 1895 TO SURVEYING COMPANIES FOR ONE-THIRD OF THE LAND SURVEYED BY THEM.

YEARS.	Number of Titles.	AREA.
Hectares.	Ares.	Cts.
1804. .	32 29	484,257 243,576	30 II	70 81
I8Q5
6r	727,833	42	5i

EDUCATION.

The following official data received by the Census Bureau of the Mexican Government contains the number of schools in the different States of Mexico, supported by the Federal, State, and municipal ad- ministrations, and the number of students attending the same. That statement does not include the States of Mexico and Veracruz, which are among those having the largest number of schools and attendance.

I also append a statement of the number of schools supported by private parties, with the number of pupils attending the same and their cost ; and finally a detailed statement of the public libraries ex- isting in Mexico, and newspapers published in the country, taken from the publication of the Census Bureau in 1895.

NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN MEXICO IN 1895.

Aguascalientes 10

Campeche 4

Chiapas 4

Chihuahua 19

Coahuila 6

Colima 13

Durango 7

Federal District, City of Mexico. . . . 115

Guanajuato 14

Guerrero 6

Hidalgo 3

Jalisco 43

Lower California (Territory) 5

Mexico ii

Michoacan 30

Morelos 5

New Leon 8

Oaxaca 5

Puebla 17

Queretaro I

San Luis Potosi 6

Sinaloa. 14

Sonora 12

Tabasco 14

Tamaulipas 20

Territory of Tepic 6

Tlaxcala 2

Veracruz 24

Yucatan 18

Zacatecas 12

Total 454

These are published in several languages, namely :

English 12 German i

French , 2 Spanish 439

Dailies 44

Semi-weekly 33

Tri-weekly 5

Weekly 185

Semi-monthly 79

Monthly 87

Total 454

Bi-monthly 3

Quarterly 5

Yearly 3

Unknown 10

Total 454

Education.

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public ^Libraries.

235

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236

Statistical IRotes on

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IRavngation. 237

MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN MEXICO IN 1893.

I take from Les Finances des Etats- Unis Mexicains of Mr. Prosper Gloner the following table, which purports to give the number of some of the manufacturing establishments in Mexico during the year 1893. Mr. Gloner acknowledges that his table is very deficient, as he says in a note that appears at the foot of it that he failed to receive the data from 117 districts in different states of Mexico, and that besides the manufacturing establishments mentioned in his table there are in the City of Mexico the following : (See page 236.)

Carriages and wagons 1 1

Wax works 28

Agricultural implements 9

Wall paper i

Coloring substances 2

Mineral and soda-waters 4

Carriage varnishes 2

Jewelry boxes, etc 9

Mucilage and paste 1 1

Card-board 6

Scientific instruments i

Playing cards i

Pianos, organs, and harmonicas 4

Passementeries 6

Type foundries i

Gold and silver ribbons 2

Perfumeries 6

Hats 49

Musical instruments. . 6

Total 159

NAVIGATION.

The total number of vessels, both steamers and sailing vessels, which arrived at and departed from Mexican ports during the year 1895, appears in the following statement.

I also append a statement showing the number of passengers who arrived in and departed from Mexico by sea and rail during the year 1895, mentioning both their nationality and the port of their arrival. The number appears exceedingly small when compared with the very large number coming from Europe to the United States ; but I feel sure that before long we will have a large immigration.

238

Statistical "Motes on /IDejico,

VESSELS ARRIVED AT MEXICAN PORTS IN 1895.	IN BALLAST.	0	<xtf t* HI N ro •* 6*	? §" H-""—	O
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M	\O t-. M M « M OO OO O M M ro cT	M			1
TOTAL NUMBER.	U	|pH|rr«=x^||?||«"^	113,070
c o H	ioO roioo>c*oo o ONO 0 M*OU roo O N ^-vO 10 w ro 10	2,946,545 42
J3B8-BS- a-^-^« -
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COUNTRIES.	; .'.'.•' to . .	Totals
a j : : : :::::::::::::::: g. : : 0 n ••: j •': rs ••••••••••••'•

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AILING VESSI	c o H	mM o OVOOION ovooot^o \o\o O voroo^o «>o -*oo o i« * t~ «roNroio tv*^-M* lovo oo »o o**o M w r^ t^ o ^*" 10 CJ C^ « (»VO Olf^ O; * m "r « Oi M" 10 m^r M vifll O >O IO M M	f. v8 t
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M	O	3-0? O-OO N"M«-00«OOOOt^H O»«^ i" O^ H. O> >O •* «	110,494
OTAL NUMBE	1 0 H	oo-*OOOO'OO|o«orot-ioot-NO M Soo roOv5coO-*o5ot^ -«-oo 0 O 00 t-s OOO « fO N COCO IO t^ -^- ^ M ^« IT)\O \o H ^- IO O"*O OO O^O 1O1OO ^-IO « t^ M *O IO C^SO OilOt^-lOt^lOW M O> lC-4-^tC lOf>IH^'^-CO«' O-X-IO OOfOOfOM M	2,915,230 54
	|1	O^OO ^-MdHMCOa^l-lONfOI-lMCI O^fO VOcOCOOM	s
	X
	COUNTRI	ss : ; ; ; ; ; ; i : ; ; ; : S.S J3 J, o <« : '':'•'•' \e llllrrlllsjJlf IllliiS^iiJliill " O" 3 o o-" « c v~£ £ a.3 o c Ss5ooWoSB«S«(5«fcwrtwJ3	o H

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240

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p< .H O		•suButisg	: " -S 3"	oo M		t» • <T> o to M	sr
J8 M CO		•^MHfl	M ^h	5		j«to* « o>	§
a < A		-.sn3ua	H M VO OO ^ in	o 8 10		«*«M ; tO 0;	10
K O 3		•SOBOU3UIV				gB.8M«M«. £	vg
0 [fa		•SUBDIX3W	. M n f> jo • o_	i		• H H	s
		jo jaquina JBIOJ,	<N M fOOO M h^ O* W	>n		""""" " °°M *	1
				;
			....£-.... o'^ o nfW do '• g i- D, N -^ --3 H^*Q<<-' rte*'CbJDCvc* ^cgo^Sog.gjj	i &		: : : :J :u : <i : ^	3 o H

Bavigation.

241

MOpCAJBg

•iiredg

•suBujsny

•suctssn^

•sucuiasg

JO jaqmnu jejoj,

<* m tn 0*0 t*

M M M fO O

o • • -*• co

•• a'

to O CO •* tooo 00 0} M THo

•4- H H 10

242

Statistical IRotes on /IDejico.

DESTINATION.	•SUOUEU jaipf)	CO C1	v8	ft	\ V s « rvoo	1 t	8	O I in 0 0 06 -I ^ -	in m &• £
-.OpBA^S	5 j	CO	9
•umjSpg	t» •	"•	*
•*,qu,OIoD	S :	s	§
•»Ig*»o3	M •	«	N
•*n	- :	M	»
•AUEUU30	S?	s	3-	oo w p- f f ,.		M 1 M 0 1 n ~ «_\O CO^ Tf *o\o m 10	« m
•3DUEJJ	D CO VO •«•	eg	M
•roswa	S'iS	•s 1 CO	CO s	• :			1 73	i otai ot passengers arrived and departed by ports and rail in 1895 Difference between passengers arrived and departed by ports and railroads in i
•uredg	s-I	o	^
ro M	in	M			Total of passengers arrived and departed by rail in 1895	Difference between passengers arrived and departed by railrc Passengers arrived by the ports Passengers depaned by the ports
NATIONALITY.	•S3IJJIE -UOIJEU J3qjQ	oo ro	M	E
•SUETqUlOJOQ			•
•s^jnj,	O m M°° N O H M	m g	K	: : :
•SttEissn-ji	-	ft	8	Passengers arrived by the Central Railroad during 1895 International Railroad during 1895	Passengers departed by the Central Railroad during 1895 International Railroad during 1895
•qsiuedg	<£ i*	1 •*	1
•«»*«,	oco	?	2
•~«n«t3	00 •£	M*	i
•SUEUI^O	3 =	JO	s
•V«J	coo"	co"	ft
•Msn3u3	811	i	s
«TO	2 :	M	2
•su^u.y	f^	1	ro K
~-™	iv 0 CO \O	M	CO
•sjtaSuassvd jo jaquinu JBJO j.	o •» tv tv M^OO^	1	ef
	• • "3 u il g 1 II I

•navigation.

243

VESSELS ARRIVED AT AND DEPARTED FROM MEXICAN PORTS DURING THE FISCAL YEARS 1894-95 TO 1895-96.

	ARRIVED.	DEPARTED.
Steamers.	Sailing vessels.	Steamers.	Sailing vessels.
Ves- sels.	Ton- nage.	Ves- sels.	Ton- nage.	Ves- sels.	Ton- nage.	Ves- sels.	Ton- nage.
Total navigation in the fiscal	4,078 4,47i	3,083,050 3,300,444	5,497 5,723	345,923 395,041	3,399 4,378	3,026,964 3,242,711	5,S66 5,856	332,720 390,765
Total navigation in the fiscal
	393	217.394	226	49,118	979	215,747	290	58,045

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.

I take from the Anuario Estadistico de la Republica Mexicana of 1895 the following table, which gives the total production of some of our agricultural staples, although I feel perfectly satisfied that they are very much under-rated in said table, because of the difficulty in obtain- ing complete data about our agricultural productions, both for want of a proper machinery to collect it, and because manufacturers conceal the extent of these products for the purpose of avoiding taxation. I think if the figures in said table are duplicated they will be nearer the true production.

RE'SUME' OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN MEXICO.

ARTICLES.	BUSHELS.	POUNDS AND OTHER MEASURES.	VALUE.
Cereals : Rice		27. 174., 32O 5Q	$ I 400 299 40
Barley	A 7H2 21Q		3 587 682 65
Indian corn	71 9OO 598		7c 605 18^ 21
Wheat	10 034 328		11 271 7QO 5O
Leguminous : Chickling vetch (Arvejon). . .	251 210		116 771 4O
Beans	4-5 TO 8 14		1 260 121 2S
Chick-peas	mocj.		932 608 60
Lima beans	c6i mo		624 530 22
Lentils	•24. 121		6d 441 25
Root plants : Sweet potatoes	2 O5I 854		8eo 461 50
Huacamote	2TR Q7Q		108 348 82
Potatoes		20,472.804 45	87Q 41O 15
Solanaceous : Dried pepper		0,724,443 08	1,731,857 67
Green pepper	I OO7 O4.Q		7^8.100 QO
Cane products : Sugar cane		5.024 6I2.2T2 56	25 692 28l 25
Sugar		•}l6 511 21O O2	IO 281 QQ4 1§
Brown sugar		152 1OO QO1 O5	7 042 787 DO
Molasses		12,748,079 24	3,304,787 82

244

Statistical flotes on /IDejico.

ARTICLES.	BUSHELS.	POUNDS AND OTHER MEASURES.	VALUE.
Oleaginous : Sesame seed	214. 460		$14.4 TT\ OO
Peanuts	•JC7 56Q		32S 411 OO
	60 388		I3O, QSS OO
		(310 953,000 cocoa-
Linseed	^0^,425	nuts)	3,522,789 oo 373,115 oo
Falma Christi	50,460		83,434 oo
Turnip seed	20,708		34,806 oo
Lime-leaf sago	Q Q68		20,168 oo
Alcohol and Fermented Drinks:		12,768,716 gals.	5,056,474 82
		270,876 gals.	199,935 oo
Mezcal. .		6,011 602 gals	3,078,372 oo
Pulque		54, 624, 815 gals.	3,562,435 05
Tlachique or unfermented pulque		24,013,901 gals.	1,294,575 oo
Textiles : Henequen		93,427,740 04	4,104,096 oo
Ixtle		0,608,026 70	325,250 95
Cotton		78,511,486 26	10,176,050 50
Grape Products : Grape		3,114,519 05	161,372 25
Wine		162,816 16 gals.	146,028 70
Brandy		91,656 69 gals.	83,724 80
Dyeing Plants : Indigo		299,761 56	285,530 oo
Brazil		632 I3S 8s	64,795 oo
Campeachy		171,604,086 41	2,110,098 50
		19,826,253 38	195,300 oo
Tanning Plants : Cascalote		4,708,00,4 06	242,070 25
Tanning bark		33,036,812 04	457,167 26
Tropical Plants :		5,346,718 17	1,123,180 oo
Coffee		42,019,015 76	11,565,519 28
		124,852,597 69	6,464,733 50
Pepper. .		119,273 60	14,055 oo
Vanilla		(10,714,000 vanilla
Gums : Chewing gum		beans) "\ 006.630 32	667,145 50 549,865 50
		i.3S4,8si 48	410,290 oo
		130.806 07	7,292 75
		21,485 47	10,313 55
Medicinal Plants : Jalap		so, 099 oo	6,945 oo
Sarsaparilla		1,514,331 90	100,730 oo

CONCLUSION.

It has taken me a great deal of time and required a great deal of effort to obtain and prepare the data contained in this paper. I am sorry I have not been able to make it more complete than it is ; but I hope my article, by giving a general and superficial idea of Mexico, may promote the desire to read other papers and books treating on that subject in a fuller and more complete manner.

ADDENDA.

Since this paper has been printed the Federal Treasury of Mexico finished the accounts of the fiscal year ended June 30, 1897, and I give below the general results, showing the total amount of the Federal revenues and expenses during that year. I also give a statement, taken from the Statistical Bureau of the Treasury Department of Mexico, published since this paper has gone to press, of the imports and ex- ports in the same year, both by countries and custom houses, these two statements completing the data contained in this paper, and finally some data of the trade of both countries during the first nine months of the present calendar year.

FEDERAL REVENUE AND EXPENSES OF MEXICO IN THE FISCAL YEAR

1896-1897.

RECEIPTS.

Duties on imports and exports $23,639,580.91

Internal revenue 24,323,798.46

Public services 2,057,409.92

Extraordinary and incidental 2,084,496.30

$52,105,285.59 Extraordinary revenues proceeding from contracts

and other sources 2,819. 17

$52,108,104.76

EXPENSES.

1. Legislative power $ 989,758.38

2. Executive power 62,100.26

3. Judicial power 428,687.46

4. Department of Foreign Affairs 470,122.37

5. Department of Interior 3,354,888.95

6. Department of Justice and Public Education. 2,184,556.52

7. Department of Fomento, Colonization, and

Industry 611,863.83

8. Department of Communications and Public

Works 5,494,593.34

9. Department of the Treasury and Public

Credit 24,218,207.75

IO. Department of War and the Navy 10,550,955.18

Total $48,365,734.04

Surplus $3,742,370.72

245

246

Statistical Betes on /iDejico.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF MEXICO BY COUNTRIES AND CUSTOM HOUSES IN THE FISCAL YEAR 1896-97.

COUNTRIES.	IMPORTS.	EXPORTS.	CUSTOM HOUSES.	IMPORTS.	EXPORTS.
Algiers. .	$ 802 232 I,897 24,833 128,367 479.850 214 240 3,356 6,203 51,357 64,317		Acapulco .... Altata	$ 206,275 101,159 6,897 175,027 2,910,359 4,710,415 105,148 246,918 451,959 6,863 89,894 24,943 62,937 4,693,818 18,794 77,395 185,370 1,572,568 8,157 944,3" 1,463,515 15,150 11,676 152,643 547,726 231,078 8,773,275 14,297 140,268 106,494 76,926 14,036,136 35,703	$ 123,481 813,899 8,735 747.710 17,929-521 2,888,535 285,195 418,352 40,307 15,754 1,693,767 498,765 430,144 3,701,086 420,011 221.551 312,987 5,808,037 78,609 5,776,575 8,443,130 525,075 68,114 638,398 3,279,390 1,608,446 29,952,441 116,238 199.367 255,582 1,154,313 22,484,633 408,346
Arabia
Argentine Republic. . Australia. . . . Austria		Camargo
Campeche. . . . City of Juarez. City of Porfirio Diaz
Belgium. ....	$ 1,134,325
Bolivia	Coatzacoalcos . Frontera
Brazil
Canada	17 20 5,396 17,675 31,658 53,503	Guaymas
Chili	Guerrero
China	Isle of Carmen La Morita. . . .
Colombia. . . . Costa Rica. .
Cuba	363 3,614 53,249 IO,27I 6,881,701 4,989,082 4,003,263 1, 660 46,323	Laredo ....
Denmark... . Ecuador .... EjTVDt . .	Las Palomas . . Manzanillo . . . Matamoros.. . Mazatlan Mier
England ....	14,280,527 1,873,522 4,416,744
Germany. . . . Greece	Nogales
Progreso
Guatemala . . Hawaii	1,197,247 1,200 57,906	Puerto- Angel . Salina Cruz. . . San Bias
Holland	132,728 3 210,845 184,186 23,673
Honduras... . India	Sta. Rosalia. . Soconusco .... Tampico
Italy . .	10,765 1, 660 2, IIO
Japan .	Tijuana
Nicaragua . .	Todos Santos. Tonala
Norway	41,670 784 108 22,653 31,387 452 1,071 902 1,983,794 29,078 163,293 3,267 22,593,860 33 27,608 1,456
Persia		Tuxpam
Peru ....	19,690	Veracruz
Portugal .... Russia	Zapaluta Total
294,165 I2,l85
Salvador .... San Domingo Senegambia . Spain ........ Sweden Switzerland.. Turkey United States Uruguay .... Venezuela . . . Zanzibar .... Total
1,192,328 1 80 720
86,742,951
$42,204,095	$111,346,494	$42,204,095	$111,346,494

A comparison between the foreign trade in the fiscal year 1896-97 with the year before, 1895-96, gives the following results : During the year 1896-97 Mexico's exports increased $6,329,592, but the value of the exports sent to the United States increased $7,091,256. The

Hfcfcen&a. 247

total of Mexico's imports for the year 1896-97 shows a falling-off of $49,843, but, notwithstanding this fact, Mexico's imports from the United States increased $2,448,097. During the year England's ex- ports to Mexico decreased $1,023,315, and her imports from Mexico show a loss of $2,186,622, a combined loss of over 12 per cent, in her commercial relations with the Republic. Imports to Mexico from France fell off $1,110,101, a loss of one-sixth of all France's exports to Mexico. In 1895-96 the United States imported 75.8 per cent. of the total exports from Mexico ; in 1896-97 American exporters fur- nished 53^ per cent, of all that Mexico bought abroad, and, more than this, the United States took 47.67 per cent, of all that was ex- ported from Mexico. These figures sustain the prediction made, that any unsettlement or diminution of Mexico's importations either be- cause of fluctuating silver or the increased production of home manu- factories would affect American exporters less than those of any other country. The statistics given above show that these causes have affected them less than those of all the other countries combined ; in fact, their loss has been the gain of the United States.

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES DURING THE FIRST NINE MONTHS OF THE CALENDAR YEAR

The following data, taken from the publications of the Statistical Bureau of the United States Treasury Department, shows the results of the trade with Mexico in the nine months ended September 30, 1897, as compared with the similar period ended September 30, 1896.

Mexican Exports to the United States. — In the following items the first group of figures represents the amounts and values exported in the first nine months of this year, and the second those of the similar period in 1896 :

Coffee, 30,016,967 pounds, worth $4,574,252 gold, against 19,715,264 pounds, worth $3,333,385. The much lower price of coffee this year accounts for the disproportionate valuation. •

The people of the United States, besides being Mexico's chief cus- tomers for coffee, are buying more and more of our tobacco, which they now know and appreciate on its merits. The amount exported to the United States was 600,987 pounds, worth in gold $294,536, against

i9l,3°3, worth $78,769-

Mexico exported, in the period under consideration, to the United States, hides and skins to the value of $1,534,306 gold, against $1,055,- 299. The quantities, respectively, were 11,764,000 pounds, and 7,102,- 465 pounds. No diminution of activity there.

It is worth noting that oranges were shipped out to the value of $22,444 gold against $19,359.

248 Statistical IRotes on

Mexico's great argentiferous lead business did not fall behind, the nine months' exportation being 108,776,560 pounds, worth in gold $1,226,525, against 97,818,833 pounds, worth $949,926. The bulk of the American purchase of lead is from Mexico.

Yucatan is Mexico's henequen-growing region, and the exportation has been heavy, standing at 48,410 tons, worth in gold $2,889,003, against 35,746 tons, worth $2,323,585, a noteworthy increase. The henequen or sisal-grass trade into the United States is overwhelmingly Mexican, " other countries " furnishing but 399 tons in the first nine months of this year !

Mexico both exports and imports coal, and shipped into the United States 85,890 tons, worth in gold $182,416, against 52,674 tons, worth $115,015.

Logwood exports were $44,028, against $15,250.

Mahogany fell off, being $290,044 gold, against $306,715, but this trade is always variable.

Mexican Imports from the United States. — It is worthy of note that, in spite of the extraordinarily heavy gold premium, Mexico should be increasing her buying abroad of electrical apparatus, the purchase from the United States alone, in the first nine months of this year, amount- ing to $228,000 gold, as against $200,000 in the same period last year. Sewing machines went in to the value of $164,000 gold in the nine- month period, against $154,000 last year. Builders' hardware fell off from $556,600 gold value, in the first nine months of last year, to $424,000 this year, but lumber for builders ran up to $1,079,000 gold, against only $544,000 last year, all coming from the United States. Furniture increased slightly, $141,000 gold, against $126,000.

Carriages, cars, and other vehicles, in the nine-months' period, came from the United States to the value of $664,000 gold, as com- pared with $463,000 last year. Bicycles amounted to $56,000 gold, as against $37,700.

Other importations were as follows :

9 MOS., 1897. 9 MOS., 1896.

Cotton :

Bales 9,936 23,127

Value *$4ii,973 *$i, 020,000

Crude petroleum imports :

Gallons 6,260,164 5,486,667

Value * $277, 300 * $299,422

Refined petroleum :

Gallons 734,466 588,242

Value $136,180 $122,447

Cotton seed oil :

Gallons 1,010,580 912,905

Value * $199,000 * $195,000

*Gold.

Hppen&ij. 249

APPENDIX.

In the preceding paper I stated that I would give as an appendix some data concerning several subjects treated in the same, and I now append the documents mentioned ; the first one being a paper pub- lished in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York for March 31, 1894, under the title of " Mexico a Central American State," the second, some itineraries of the principal roads in Mexico, which show the broken surface of that country, and the third and last, a paper on the " Drainage of the Valley of Mexico," published by the Engineering Magazine of New York, Vol. viii., No. 4, for January, 1895.

MEXICO A CENTRAL AMERICAN STATE.

In the chapter of this paper entitled " Location, Boundaries, and Area," I referred, (page 9) to an article under the above heading, which I published in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York of March 31, 1894, and offered to give it in the appendix. That paper is the following :

MEXICO A CENTRAL AMERICAN STATE.1

There is in this city a social gathering of ladies and gentlemen called " The Travellers' Club," meeting weekly during the winter of each year, for the purpose of studying a foreign country, on the sup- position that its members are then travelling in that particular country, and with that view papers are read referring to the same, and they are illustrated with an exhibition of views and objects manufactured in the country under study, and of everything else that may contribute to impart more or less complete information regarding the place supposed to be visited.

During the winter of 1887-88 Mexico was chosen as the country un- der study by the club, and for that reason I received at the beginning of the year 1888 an invitation to attend some of its sessions, and to say something about the Republic. I accepted the invitation to attend some session, but stated to the invitation committee that, not having time to prepare a paper, I would only give some general notions on

1 This article was published in the Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York of March 31, 1894, and it is inserted here without any changes. Al- though the data contained in this article was published in the years 1887 and 1893, as it refers to the area which has not changed, I have not thought it necessary to revise the same. So far as the Mexican States are concerned, I have later and more accu- rate data ; but the differences are insignificant, and it is not worth while to notice them. As regards the population, the increase has been proportionate ; in respect to all the countries mentioned in this article there is no marked change in the general proportions.

250 Statistical notes on flDejfco.

Mexico, in a conversational form, and would be glad to answer any question that might be put to me by those attending the meeting who felt the desire to have further information and more details.

Accordingly, the evening of the i6th of January, 1888, 1 attended the meeting of the club and spoke for about an hour on the geographical position of Mexico, its physical conditions, its natural resources, and other matters connected with the situation of the country, but carefully avoiding to touch any political question, especially of an international character.

With a view to leave a record of what I intended to say, I had with me a stenographer to take down what I would say, and although his notes were not complete, by using them, and those taken by reporters, some extracts of my conversation were prepared and published the next morning.

Speaking of the geographical position of Mexico, I naturally stated, what is a fact, although not generally realized, that while the main portion of the territory of Mexico is located in North America it occupies a considerable portion of Central America, although politically it is considered as wholly situated in North America. On this subject I made the following remarks, taken from the newspapers, but which were correct:

" The isthmus of Panama divides the New World into two continents, one sit- uated on the northern and the other on the southern hemisphere, but as the position of that isthmus does not correspond with the line of the equator, and lies considerably north of that line, a large portion of South America proper lies in the boreal hemi- sphere. North America proper is divided by the isthmus of Tehauntepec in two sub- divisions— Central America from Panama to Tehauntepec, and North America from Tehauntepec to the North Pole.

"Central America in its present political organization includes the following States : Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, but from a geo- graphical standpoint it has a much larger area, since it begins at the isthmus of Panama and ends at the isthmus of Tehuantepec. Taking this view, Mexico exercises sov- ereignty over a large portion of Central America, larger still than any single State of the five which are generally considered as the only components of the same, and representing a third of the total territorial area of Central America.

" The Mexican State of Chiapas and a part of Oaxaca, on the Pacific ; of Yuca- tan, Campeche, and Tabasco, and a portion of the State of Vera Cruz on the Gulf of Mexico, are situated in geographical Central America.

' ' The following resume" of the territorial area and population of the several sec- tions of Central America, taken from the Statesman's Year Book, London, 1887, shows that Mexico is a Central American as well as a North American power :

FIVE STATES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

Area in sq. miles. Population.

Guatemala 46,800 1,224,602

Salvador 7,225 634,120

Honduras 46,400 458,000

Nicaragua 49, 500 275,815

Costa Rica 23,200 213,785

Total 1/3,125 2,806,322

flDejfco an& Central Bmertca.

25'

MEXICO.

State. Area in sq. miles.

Chiapas 16,048

Oaxaca (one-fifth)

Yucatan

Campeche

Tabasco

Vera Cruz (one-fourth)

6,718

29,567

25,832

11,815

. 6.558

Total 96,538

Population. 242,029

152,255 302,319

90,413 140,747 145,610

1,073.373

This shows that 36 per cent, of the total area of Central America belongs to Mexico.

In the foregoing list I omitted to take into account that, besides the States referred to, there are in Central America proper the British Colony of Belize or British Honduras, and that part of the State of Panama, in Colombia, which lies north of the isthmus of Panama.

Taking the area and population of those places from the statistical and geographical data published by the Almanack de Gotha for 1893, and from some official information in possession of Senor Doctor Don Manuel M. de Peralta, Costa Rican Minister to Washington, a gentleman very well versed in Central American affairs, the following results are obtained :

Population. 270,OOO 158,800 33O,OOO 94,000

140,747 181,000

1,174,547

Chiapas	Area in square miles. 16,048	Area in square kilometers. 4I.c6?
Oaxaca (one-fifth)	6,718	17 ilOO
Yucatan	2Q ^6?	76 "\7Q
	2? 8^2	66 905
Tabasco	ii 815	30 600
Veracruz (one-fourth) .	6,558	16,986

Guatemala ,

Honduras ,

Salvador ,

Nicaragua

Costa Rica

Panama (two-thirds)

British Honduras

96.538

48,300 46,262

8,135 47,857 24,000 19,278

8,300

202,132

250,035

125,100

119,820

21,070

123,950

62,000

50,000

21,475

523.415

1,520,000 400,000 800,000 320,000 270,000 200,000 31,500

3,541,500

GEOGRAPHICAL EXTENSION OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

Mexican Central America

Five Republics of Central America... .

British Honduras

Panama (two-thirds)

Square miles. Square kilometers.

96,538

174,554

8,300

19,278

298,670

250,035

451,940

21,475

50,000

773,450

The foregoing table shows that a little more than 32 per cent, of the whole of Central America, geographically speaking, belongs to Mexico.

252 Statistical Wotes on /IDejico.

When those statements were translated into Spanish and published by Las Novedades, of New York, in its issue of the i8th of January, 1888, they were read by Sefior Don Manuel Montufar, Secretary of the Guatemalan Legation in Washington, who, in the absence of the Minister, Senor Don Francisco Lainfiesta, was acting as Chargd d' Affaires, and he considered my statements in this connection as a geographical heresy, and as an evidence of the design of Mexico against the several States of Central America. His alarm was so great that he called the attention of the other representatives of the Central American States in Washington to this incident, in order to point out to them the serious dangers which he foresaw for their respective countries on account of my views, which he considered as more than extraordinary.

Fortunately, one of them, the representative of Costa Rica, Senor Doctor Don Manuel M. de Peralta, had attended the meeting of the Travellers' Club at which I spoke, and, I think, Doctor Don Horacio Guzman, the Nicaraguan Minister, was also present, although I am not sure of this, and both failed to see anything in what I stated in this connection that was not a geographical fact, and that, consequently, it could not be disputed; and therefore this incident, that threatened to assume certain proportions, died in its very cradle.

Senor Montufar showed himself over-sensitive at my remarks when there was not the slightest ground for such feeling. If I had made a geographical mistake in averring that a portion of the territory of Mexico was in Central America, geographically speaking, I would be the only sufferer by my mistake, because I would have been the laugh- ing-stock of everybody, including the school-boy studying geography; and, on the contrary, if I had stated a fact, nobody had reason to complain, and much less to be alarmed.

My object in now mentioning this incident is to show the extreme sensitiveness of some Guatemalan gentlemen in regard to Mexico, which goes so far that they cannot listen sometimes to indisputable facts without umbrage, and without ascribing it to purposes and designs against their country. Fortunately this incident happened when the long-pending boundary dispute between Mexico and Guatemala had already been settled for several years, as, had it taken place before, when that question was opened, the situation would have been still more embarrassing and unpleasant.

M. ROMERO.

WASHINGTON, December .29, 1893.

Utinerartes*

253

MEXICAN PROFILES.

In the chapter on Orography of this paper (page 31) I stated that I would give some profiles of the Mexican surface, which would show in an exact manner the different altitudes from the sea-level to the high plateaus of the country. I have selected for that purpose the principal measurements by railroads built in Mexico, as they naturally followed the easiest ascent and descent, both from the coast to the interior and back to the coast. I will also supplement those measurements with others made for wagon roads to and from important places.

FROM VERACRUZ TO MEXICO BY ORIZABA, BY THE MEXICAN RAILWAY.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
	15.500 15.250 11.250 2I.25O 12.750 10.000 19-750 26.250 20.250 20.250 6.500 24.250 20.500 18.000 17.250 25.500 27.000 19.500 15.500 22.000 1 1 . 500 11.250 32.500	9-63 9.48 6.99 13.21 7.92 6.22 12.27 16.52 12.58 12.59 4.04 15-07 12.74 11.19 10.72 15-84 16.79 12.12 9-63 13.67 7.15 6.99 20.20	O.OOO 15.500 30.750 42.OOO 63.250 76.000 86.OOO 105.750 I32.OOO 152.250 172.500 179.000 203.250 223,750 24L750 259.000 284.500 3II.5OO 33I.OOO 346.500 368.500 380.000 38O.OOO 423.750	o.oo 9.63 19.11 26.10 39.31 47.23 53-45 65-72 82.04 94.62 107.21 111.25 126.32 139.06 150.25 160.97 176.81 193.60 205.72 215-35 229.02 236.17 236.17 263.36	1.89 32.34 44-77 93,o8 340.76 475-55 400.77 827.88 1227.63 1601.79 2415-36 2451.79 2430.42 2357.32 2373.21 2488.06 2411.51 2507.62 2486.92 2452.58 2349.41 2281.57 2244.99 2239.83	6. 2O 106.10 146.89 305.39 1116.47 1560.25 I3I4-91 2713.61 4027.80 5255-40 7924.66 8044.20 7974.08 7734-24 7786.37 8164.97 7912.03 8227.37 815945 8046.78 7708.28 7485-71 7365-69 7348.76
Tejeria .
Purpa . .
Soledad
Camaron
Paso del Macho
Cordova
Esperanza
Soltepec
Irolo

FROM APIZACO TO PUEBLA, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD.

Mexico	no 2<;o	86.54	O.OOO	o.oo	2239.83	7348.76
	16. 7so	10.41	139.250	86.54	2411.51	7912.03
	18.250	11.29	156.000	96.95	2288.31	7507.82
Panzacola.	12 OOO	7.C2	174.250	108.24	2192.01	7191.86
Puebla			186.250	115.76	2154.63	7069.22

254

Statistical IRotes on

FROM VERACRUZ TO MEXICO BY JALAPA, BY THE INTEROCEANIC RAILWAY.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
Veracruz	20.234 I5.2OO 9.820 21.644 16.312 9.781 I5-603 14.675 8.558 10.510 14.227 14.870 16.569 20.827 29.476 17.041 17.064 11.303 14.014 10.357 "•344 I9-39I 7-9*9 15-586 15-231 12.721 24.259 23.275 9.302 9.648 15.617 4.724 31.209 11.452 9-353 17-495	12.58 9.46 6.09 13-45 IO.I4 6.07 9.70 g.12 5-32 6-53 8.84 9-25 10.29 12.95 18.31 10.59 10.61 7.02 8.71 6-44 7-05 12.05 4.92 9.69 9-47 7.91 15-05 14.49 5.78 5-99 9.71 2-94 19-39 7.92 5-19 11.50	o.ooo 20.234 35-434 45-254 66.898 83.210 92.991 108.594 123.269 131.827 142.337 156.564 I7L434 188.003 208.830 238.297 255-338 272.402 283.705 297.719 308.076 319.420 338.811 346.730 362.316 377-547 390.268 4I4-527 437.802 447.104 456.752 472.369 477.093 508.302 5I9.754 529.107 546.602	O.OO 12.58 22.04 28.13 41.58 51.72 57-79 67.49 76.61 8l.93 88.46 97-30 106.55 116.84 129.79 148.10 158.69 169.30 176.32 185.03 191.47 198.52 210.57 215.49 225.18 234.65 242.56 257.61 272.10 277.88 283.87 293.58 296.52 315,91 323.03 328.22 339-72	2.0O 28.60 5-50 24.44 254.00 520.70 690.08 941.24 1170.44 1336.18 I49O.OO 1780.22 2073 °9 2421.10 2390.30 2321.50 2346.40 2348.33 2412.60 2559.05 2469.25 2312.04 2155.60 2130.96 2197.50 2258.61 2472.10 2740.16 2576.10 2484.22 2447.25 2409.05 2361.30 2249.10 2235.20 2240.10 2240.00	6.56 93-84 18.04 80. 18 833.36 1708.39 2264.12 3088.16 3840.15 4383.94 4888.62 5840.82 6801.70 7943-50 7842.44 7615.23 7698.41 7704.74 7915.61 8396.10 8101.48 7585-67 7072.39 6991.56 7209.88 7410.38 8110.83 8990.31 8990.31 8150.60 8029.30 7903.96 7747.29 7379- !3 7333-52 7349.60 7349-27
Santa Fe
La Antigua
San Francisco
Colorado
El Palmar
Pacho
Talaoa
San Miguel
Cruz Verde
Las Vigas
Perote .
Tepeyahualco
Virreyes
La Venta
Amozoc
Puebla
Analco
San Martin Texmelucan. . . Atotonilco
Nanacamilpa
Calpulalpam
San Lorenzo
Irolo
Soapayuca
Texcoco ..»
San Vicente
Los Reyes
Mexico

FROM THE CITY OF MEXICO TO MORELOS, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD.

Mexico	17. 40?	II. SO	O.OOO	O.OO	2240.00	7349.27
Los Reyes	7.005	•5.71	17.495	11.50	2240.10	7149.60
Ayotla	9 .100	e.77	24. SOO	je 21	2241 1O	7l6o.OO
La Compania	12 900	8.O2	1l.8oo	21 OO	2244. SO	7164.O1
Tenango	10.800	6.71	46 7OO	2Q O2	2124.2O	7621?.';'?
Amecameca	1 2. 2OO	7.CQ	57.500	•IS. 7-2	2466. 5O	8092.42
Otumba	22.900	14.23	69.700	41. 12	2124. 4S	7626.33
Nepantla	26.800	16 66	92.600	1:7 re	1968.65	64SQ O4
Yecapixtla	16 500	IO.2S	IIQ 4OO	74 21	I^7O 2O	cjci 76
Cuautla de Morelos	8. 200	S.IO	IIS OOO	84 46	1216.48	1QQI.2O
Calderon	14 ooo	8.70	144.100	80. «6	I2S8 IS,	4I27.Q2
	18.000	ii. iq	158.100	08.26	1154 72	3788.59
Ticuman .	8 200	e OQ	176 100	IOQ 4S	968 22	1I76.6Q
Tlaltizapan	8 700	e 41	184 100	114 S4	Q14.IO	1O64.71
Tlalquitenango	2. 100	1.41	193 ooo	IIQ OS	9OO.2O	2953.51
Jojutla	I2.IOO	7.52	IQS.1OO	121 38	890.64	2922.15
San Jose	7.6OO	4.73	207 400	128 qo	QO2.1S	3255.84
Puente de Ixtla			215 ooo	HI 61	806 QQ	2Q42.99

Utineraries.

255

FROM PUEBLA TO IZUCAR DE MATAMOROS, A BRANCH OF THE SAME

ROAD.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
Puebla	7.919 5.000 8.900 I8.IOO 5.850 19.150 8.850 10.543	4.92 3-II 5-53 11.25 3-64 11.90 5-49 6.56	O.OOO 7.919 12.919 21.819 39.919 45-769 64.919 73.769 84.412	o.oo 4.92 8.03 13.56 24.81 28.45 40.35 45.84 52.40	2155.60 2130.96 2145.00 2120.10 2030.2O 1196.60 1685.18 1584.94 1443.80	7072.36 6991.52 7037. 5& 6955-89 6660.94 3925.99 5528.99 5200.10 4737-03
Los Arcos
Cholula
Santa Maria.
San Augustin
Atlixco
San Jose Teruel
Tatetla
Matamoros .

FROM MEXICO TO EL PASO DEL NORTE OR CIUDAD JUAREZ, BY THE CENTRAL MEXICAN RAILROAD.

Mexico	II 700	7.27	o.ooo	O.OO	2240.00	734Q.32
Tlalnepantla	5. QOO	7.67	11.700	7.27	2250.10	73Q2 46
Barrientos	3 300	2. OS.	17.600	IO.Q4.	22Q8 5O	7541 26
Lecheria	6.800	4.23	20.900	12. QQ	2253.2O	7392 63
Cuautitlan	8 100	5. 15	27.700	17.22	2252.5O	73QO. 33
Teoloyucan	10.500	6.52	36.000	22.37	2253.2O	73Q2.63
Huehuetoca	6.000	a. 74	46.500	28.89	2258.80	74II.OO
Nochistongo	Q QOO	6 15	C2. COO	32 6^	2248 oo	7375.57
El Salto	17.600	10.06	62.4OO	38.78	2162.60	7OQ5.37
Tula	11 5OO		8O.OOO	4O.72	2030.00	6660.32
	24.. 3OO	m.io	Q3.5OO	58.11	2187.00	7175 43
	3.800	2.^7	II7.8OO	73-21	2471.80	8109.84
	8.300	5.15	I2I.6OO	75.58	2426.50	7961.22
Nopala	8.000	5 04.	I2Q QOO	80.73	2341. 4.O	7682.00
Danu	14.000	8 63	137. QOO	85.77	2387 7O	7833.Q2
Polotitlan	Q.2OO	c.72	151. QOO	04.40	22Q2.3O	752O.QI
	lO.gOO	6.77	l6l.IOO	IOO. 12	2249.50	7380.49
Palmillas	l8.6OO	11.57	I72.OOO	106.89	2162.00	7093.40
San Juan del Rio	I3.3OO	8.26	190.600	118.46	IOO5.5O	6251.84
Chintepec	12 2OO	7.50	2O3. QOO	126.72	I8Q4.QO	6217.07
Ahorcado	24.400	15.16	2I6.IOO	134.31	IQO7.7O	6259.07
Hercules	5.OOO	^. II	24O.5OO	149.47	1843.90	6O4Q.74.
Queretaro	18 500	II. CQ	24.5.500	152.58	1813.20	5Q4Q.O2
Mariscala	I4.5OO	Q.OI	264.000	I64.O8	I788.2O	5867.00
Apaseo	13 ooo	8.08	278.500	177 OQ	1767.40	5798.75
Celaya	1 8 2OO	II 31	291 5OO	181 17	1757 4.O	576<i.Q4
Guaje	22.800	14.. 17	3OQ 7OO	1 02 4.8	I74.O OO	57O8 85
Salamanca	II IOO	6.QO	332.5OO	206.65	1721.50	5648.15
Chico ...	9 200	e 72	343 600	213 «;<;	I72O 80	^64.^.8^
Irapuato	16 600	IO.3I	352 8OO	2IQ 27	1723. 7O	c6«%^.^7
Villalobos	13.200	8. 20	369.400	22Q. 58	I746.IO	5-28.87
	19.000	11.82	382.600	237.78	1776.50	5828.61
Trinidad	14 2OO	8.82	4OI.6OO	24Q 6O	1818.00	5964.77
Leon	1 6 400	IO.IQ	415. 8OO	258.42	1785.80	5859.12
Francisco	TX 4.OO	Q $8	432 2OO	286 6l	1765 oo	5790.88
Pedrito	IT. 700	8.51	447.600	278.19	I7Q5.OO	5889.30
Loma	13 600	8 55	4.61.^00	286 70	1800 4.O	6202.31
Lairos. .	10 600	6 50	474 QOO	205 m	1871.00	6138.66

256

Statistical Botes on flDejico.

FROM MEXICO TO EL PASO DEL NORTE OR CUIDAD JUAREZ, BY THE CENTRAL MEXICAN RAILROAD. — Continued.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
Serrano (Altamira)	IO.30O 24.700 1 6 700 26.400 21.500 30.100 8.500 20.500 5.800 9.900 13.500 16.100 28.000 15-500 15.000 22.IOO 13.500 2O.7OO 25.800 ig.OOO 19.700 2I.40O 21.900 23.200 24.000 2I.OOO 23.900 15.500 14.400 I4.3OO 25.2OO I6.4OO 5.2OO 17.700 2O.OOO 24.OOO 22.20O 22.700 iS.gOO 18.500 I4.60O iS.OOO 21.400 19.400 I4.7OO ig.IOO I8.800 19.200 15.700 I6.OOO 2O.4OO I5.6OO I6.IOO 7.300 24.300	6.77 15-35 10.38 16.41 13.36 18.71 5-28 12.74 32.20 6.15 8.39 10. OO 17.41 9-63 9.32 13.74 8-39 12.86 16.04 11.81 12.24 13-30 13-61 14.42 14.92 13-05 14-85 9-64 8-95 8.88 15-67 IO.OI 3.16 11.25 12.43 14.92 13-79 14.11 11-75 11-55 9.07 10.57 13-30 12.06 9-13 11.87 11.69 H-93 9.76 9-94 12.68 9-70 IO.OO 4-54 15-08	485.500 495.800 520.500 537-200 563.600 585.100 615.200 623.700 644.200 696.000 705.900 719.400 735.500 763.500 779.000 794-000 816.100 829.600 850.300 876.100 895.100 914.800 936.200 958.100 981.300 1005.300 1026.300 1050.200 1065.700 1080.100 1094.400 1119.600 1136.000 1141.200 1158.900 1178.900 1202.900 1225.100 1247.800 1266.700 1285.200 1299.800 1317.800 1339.200 1358.600 1373.300 1392.400 1411.200 1430.400 1446. TOO 1462.100 1482.500 I498.IOO I5I4.2OO 1521.500	301.74 308.14 323.49 333-87 350.28 363-64 382.35 387.63 400-37 432.57 438.72 447.11 457." 474-52 484.15 493-47 50/.2I 515.60 528.46 544-50 556.31 568.55 581.85 595.46 609.88 624.80 637.85 652.70 662.34 671.29 680.17 695.84 705-85 709.01 720.26 732.69 747.61 761.40 775-51 787.26 798.76 805.83 819.02 832.32 844.38 853.51 865.38 877.07 889.00 898.76 908.70 921.38 931.08 941.08 945.62	2015.80 2035.00 1844.50 1851.00 1878.60 1884.00 1908.50 1296.60 1979.00 2330.20 2442.00 2306.50 2152.60 2091.50 2103.20 2087.10 2006.6o 1962.40 1957.20 1889.00 1810.60 I757-30 1664.60 1582.30 1568.90 1557.60 1525.00 1353-10 1267.20 1232.10 1205.10 "45-30 1140.30 "35-50 1116.90 1125.70 1114.20 1146.50 1158.70 i 188.50 1201.60 1263.20 1330.00 1442.70 1379.90 1381.20 I347.60 1298.90 1257.70 1226.00 1216.60 1219.90 I2IO.2O 1170.30 1157.10	6613.68 6676.68 6051.71 6073.04 6163.60 6181.31 6261.69 6321.08 6493.00 7645.22 8012.03 7567.46 7062.52 6862.06 6900.44 6847.63 6583.51 6438.53 6421.48 6197.72 5940.49 5765.60 5461.47 5I9L44 5147.48 5H0.4I 5003.44 4439-45 4157-63 4042.46 3953.87 3757-66 374LI3 3725.51 3664.49 3693.36 3657.63 3761.61 3801.64 3899.41 39-l2-39 4144.50 4363.66 4733-43 4527.38 4531.65 4421.41 4261.63 4126.46 4022.45 399i-6i 4002.43 3970.61 3839-69 3796-39
Los Salas
Santa Maria
Penuelas
Aguascalientes
Pabellon
Soledad
Guadalupe
Zacatecas
Pimienta
Calera
Fresnillo
Gutierrez
Cafiitas
La Colorada
Guzman
Gonzalez
San Isidro
Symon
La Mancha
Calvo
Peralta
Jimulco
Matamoros
Lerdo
Noe
Mapimi
Peronal
Yermo
Cevallos
Zavalza
Rellano
Corralitos
Dolores
Jimenez
La Ref onna
Diaz
Bustamante
Santa Rosalia
La Cruz
Concho
Saucillo
Las Delicias
Ortiz

Utinerarfes.

257

FROM MEXICO TO EL PASO DEL NORTE OR CIUDAD JUAREZ, BY THE CENTRAL MEXICAN RAILROAD. — Continued.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
Bachimba.	17.400 22.400 22.900 23.100 15.100 11.600 19.900 13.900 13.400 20.400 20.200 29.000 15.400 13.100 I3-500 II.3OO 22.800 24.100 28.700 I8.2OO 16.100 14.400 17.600	10.76 I3.9I 14.24 14.36 9.38 7.21 12.37 8.64 8.33 12.67 12.56 18.02 9-57 8.14 8.33 7.09 14.17 14.97 17.84 11.32 IO.OO 8-95 10.94	1545.800 1563.200 1585.600 1608.500 1631.600 1646.700 1658.300 1678.200 1692.100 1705.500 1725.900 I746.IOO 1775.100 1790.500 1803.600 1817.100 1828.400 1851.200 1875.300 1904.000 I922.2OO 1938.300 1952.700 1970.300	960.70 971-54 985.45 999.69 1014.05 1023.43 1030.64 1043.01 1051.65 1059.98 1072.65 1085.21 1103.23 III2.80 1120.94 1129.27 1136.36 H50.53 1165.50 1183.34 1194.66 1204.66 1213.61 1224.55	1264.10 1366.50 1514.40 1412.30 I5I9-90 1591.50 1564.40 1533.60 1527.50 I535.70 1618.90 I622.0O 1480.50 1382.80 1318.10 1233.30 I2I6.0O 1194.60 I28I.80 1298.30 1274.50 1263.50 1207.10 II33-IO	4147.45 4483.42 4968.66 4633-68 4986.71 5221.63 5132.71 5031.66 5011.65 5038.55 5311-53 5321.71 4857.45 4536.89 4324.62 4046.39 3989.64 3919.42 4205.52 4259.66 4I8I.57 4145.48 3960.40 37I7.64
Horcasitas
Mapula
Chihuahua
Sacramento
Ferragas
Sauz
Encinillas
Agua Nueva
Laguna
Puerto
Gallego
Chivatito
Las Minas
Ojo Caliente
Carmen
San Jose
Rancheria
Los Medanos
Tierra Blanca
Mesa
Ciudad Juarez

FROM AGUASCALIENTES TO TAMPICO, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD.

Aguascalientes	14.300	8.QO	o.ooo	o.oo	1884.00	6181.31
Chicalote	6 200	3.84	14.300	8.90	iSgi.OO	6204.28
Canada	10.500	6.52	20.500	12.74	1921.50	6304. 34
Gallardo	4 600	2.86	31.000	10.26	IQSS.7S	6416.71
El Tule	15.200	o 4";	3=,. 6OO	22.12	1962.75	6430.68
San Gil	8. 200	S. IO	5O.8OO	31.57	2OII.5O	6SQQ.62
San Marcos	II.OOO	6.84	5Q.OOO	36.67	2031.25	6664.42
	12.800	7. OS	70.000	43.71	2117.40	6947.07
La Honda	II OOO	6.84	82 8OO	ei 46	2138. so	7016.30
Penon Blanco	16 200	IO.O7	03 8OO	58.30	2IOO.75	6892.44
Salinas	13 600	8.44	IIO.OOO	68.37	2O75.63	6810.91
Zotol	I3.SOO	8.3Q	123.600	76.81	2I2O.5O	6957.24
Espiritu Santo	25.400	1C. 70	137.IOO	85.20	2038.25	6687.39
Solana	62 200	38.6s	162.500	IOO.QQ	2234.80	7332 2<5
San Louis Potosi	17 3OO	TO. 06	224.700	130.64	I877.OO	6158.35
Laguna Seca. .....	27 loo	16 84	242.OOO	ISO 4O	1827.00	5QO4.3O
Corcovada	15 100	Q.37	269.100	167 24	I7OO.OO	5577.62
Peotillos	7 CQO	4 60	284.200	176.61	I74O.OO	57O8.86
Silos	6 4SO	4 oo	291 700	181 30	ISOQ OO	4Q5O.Q5
Puerto de San Jose	15 650	Q.72	298.150	185.30	I566.OO	5137.97
San Isidro	13.400	8 33	313.800	195 O2	1257 oo	4124.16
Cerritos	ii 200	6 Q7	327.2OO	2O3 3S	1136 oo	3727.16
Santa Toribia (El Gato) San Bartolo	17-300 43.300	10.76 26.00	338.400 355.700	2IO.32 221 08	IIOO.OO 1030.00	3609.04 3379.38
Tanque de la Tinajilla Cardenas	14.200 14. 7OO	8.82 914.	399.000 4I3.2OO	247.98 256 80	1190.00 1 200.00	39°4-33 3937.14
La Labor	8.200	5.10	427.900	265.94	I2OO.OO	3937-14

Statistical IRotes on /iDejico.

FROM AGUASCALIENTES TO TAMPICO, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD.

Continued.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
Las Canoas	7.900 18.800 I6.800 15.100 9.500 IO.70O 13.800 Il.gOO 2.300 4.00O 8.000 68,700 13-700 17.900 13.100	4.91 11.68 10.44 9-38 5-91 6.65 8.58 7-39 i-43 2-49 4-98 42.68 8.52 11.13 8.14	436.100 444.000 462.800 479.600 494.700 504.200 514.900 528.700 540.600 542.900 546,900 554-900 623.600 637.300 655.200 668.300	271.04 275-95 287.63 298.07 307.45 313.36 320.OI 328.59 335.98 337-41 339-9° 344-88 387.56 396.08 407.21 415.35	99O.OO 825.00 350.00 295.00 275.00 2I8.0O 175-00 75-00 160.00 165.00 125.00 50.00 65.00 5.00 20.00 o.oo	3248.14 2706.78 "48.33 967.88 902.26 715.25 574-16 246.07 524.95 541-35 4IO.II 164.05 213.25 16.40 6.56 O.OO
Los Llanos (Zacate)
Tamazopo (La Garita)
Rascon
Las Crucitas
El Salto (Micos)
Valles
San Felipe
El Abra
Taninul
Chijol
Salinas (Chila)
Tamos

FROM IRAPUATO TO GUADALAJARA, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD.

Irapuato ...	5.100	3.17	o.ooo	o.oo	1724.00	5656.36
San Miguel	11.300	7.02	5.100	3.17	1721.00	5646.52
Rivera	7.600	4-73	16.400	10. iq	1712.00	5616.99
Cuitzeo	8.000	4.96	24.000	14.92	1700.00	5577.62
Abasolo (Rio Turbio) San Rafael	6. 200 I I. 600	3-85 7.22	32.000 38.200	19.88 23.73	1695 oo 1690.00	556I.2I 5544.81
	14.300	8.89	49.800	30.95	1700.00	5577.62
Villasenor	7.IOO	4.41	64.100	19.84	1690.00	5544.81
Palo Verde	13.500	8.40	71.200	44.25	1685.00	5528.4O
Cortez	6.600	4.10	84.700	"52. 65	1675.00	5495-59
La Piedad	20. 100	12.49	91.300	56.75	1675.00	5495-59
Patti	14.300	8.89	111.400	60.24	1665.00	5472.78
Yurecuaro	2I.OOO	13.05	125.700	78.13	1540.00	5052.56
	6.400	3.97	146.700	91.18	1531.00	5023.13
	4.700	2.93	153.100	95.15	1537.00	5042.82
Feliciano	8.100	5.15	157.800	98.08	1540.00	5052.66
Limon	13.200	8.21	166.100	103.23	1543.00	5062.50
Ocotlan	17.500	10.88	179.300	111.44	1525.00	5001.44
Poncitlan	21.600	13.41	196.800	122.32	1522.00	4001.60
	8.300	5.17	218.400	135.73	1512.00	4960. 79
La Capilla	7.600	4-73	226.700	140.00	ISIS. OO	4070.61
El Castillo	24.800	15.40	234.300	146.61	I525. OO	5001.44
Guadalajara			259.100	161.03	1543.00	5062.50

FROM MEXICO TO LAREDO TAMAULIPAS, BY THE MEXICAN NATIONAL

RAILWAY.

Mexico	4.600	2.86	o.ooo	O.OO	2240.00	714Q.12
Tacuba	4. 800	2.98	4.600	2.86	2250.00	7l82.I^
Naucalpan	1 QOO	2.42	Q.4OO	5.84	2280.00	74.80 <;6
Rio Hondo	8.700	5.41	I3.3OO	8.26	2300.00	7546.17
San Bartoli to	5.500	3.42	22.OOO	11.67	2460.00	8071.13
Dos Rios	5.500	3.41	27.500	17.00	2680.00	8702.04
Laurel	5. QOO	3.68	33.OOO	20.50	2820.00	9252,27
Cumbre	2.500	1-55	38.900	24.18	3050.00	10006.89

"[Itineraries.

259

FROM MEXICO TO LAREDO TAMAULIPAS. — Continued.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
	3.20O 3-400 2.500 5.600 3.000 13.900 7.400 16.700 14.700 12.300 9.800 2O.2OO 4.OOO 5.800 11.200 lO.gOO 7-100 7.800 4.8OO 3.400 14.100 I2.OOO 8.700 12. OOO 8.400 8.500 I2.9OO 12.500 17.500 15.500 S.gOO 14.200 5.200 7.400 3.800 7.200 8.900 13.000 9.100 II. 600 11.300 12.800 7.200 11.300 9.100 9.000 18.700 14.400 13.200 16.700 10.000 14.800 15.000 13.400 15.100 12.500 13.600 15.200 18.900	1.99 2. II 1.56 3-48 1.86 8.64 4.60 10.38 9.14 7.64 6.09 12.56 2.48 3.60 6.97 6.77 4.41 4-85 2-99 2.10 8.76 7-47 5-40 7-47 5.22 5.28 8.02 7.76 10.88 9-63 5-53 8.84 3.22 4.60 2.37 4-47 5-57 8.08 5-65 7.21 7-03 7-95 4.48 7.02 5.65 5-59 11.63 8.95 8.20 10.38 6.22 9.19 9-33 8.33 9-37 7.78 8-45 9-45 11.75	41.400 44.600 48.000 50.500 56.100 59.100 73.000 80.400 97.IOO III.800 124.100 133.900 154.100 158.100 163.900 I75.IOO 186.000 193.100 200.900 225.700 209. loo 223.200 235.200 243.900 255.900 264.300 272.800 285.700 298.200 315.700 331.200 340.100 354.300 359.500 366.900 370.700 377.900 386.800 399.800 408.900 420. 500 431.800 444.600 451.800 463.100 472.200 481.200 499.900 514.300 527.500 544-200 554-200 569.000 584.000 597-400 612.500 625.000 638.600 653.800	25-73 27.72 29-83 31-39 34-8? 36.73 45-37 49-97 60.35 69-49 77-13 83.22 95-78 98.26 101.86 108.83 115.60 I2O.OI 124.86 127.85 129.95 138.71 146.18 151.58 159-05 164.27 169-55 177-57 185.33 196.21 205.84 211.37 220.21 223.43 228.O3 230.40 234.87 240.40 248.48 254.t3 261.34 268.37 276.32 280.80 287.82 293-47 299.06 310.69 319.64 327.84 338.22 344-44 353-63 362.96 371.29 380.66 388.44 396.89 406.34	3OOO.OO 2900.00 280O.OO 272O.OO 2600.0O 2540.00 2640.00 2630.00 2580.00 2540.00 252O.OO 2520.00 2580.00 2560.00 2540.00 2430.00 232O.OO 2240.00 2l6o.OO 2IOO.OO 2O4O.OO 2OIO.OO 2080.OO 2010.00 I92O.OO I86O.OO l88o.OO I860.OO 1840.00 1760.00 I76O.OO 1770.00 I74O.OO 1760.00 I78O.OO 1785.00 1790.00 iSlO.OO 1825.00 1870.00 l86o.OO I870.OO 1890.00 igOO.OO I93O.OO I95O.OO iggO.OO 2O5O.OO I86O.OO 1840.00 1830.00 iSlO.OO IgOO.OO l86o.OO 1840.00 I82O.OO I7OO.OO l68o.OO l66o.OO	9842.84 95I4.74 9186.75 8924.18 8530.46 8333.60 8661.70 8628.89 8464.84 8333.60 8267.98 8267.98 8464.84 8399.22 8333.60 7972.70 7611.79 7349-32 7086.84 6889.98 6693.13 6594.70 6824.37 6594.70 6299.42 6102.57 6168.19 6102.57 6036.95 5774-48 5774-48 5807.29 5708.86 5774.48 5840.10 5856.50 5872.91 5938.52 5987.73 6135.38 6102.57 6I35.38 62OI.OO 6233.88 6332.23 6397-85 6529.09 6725.94 6102.57 6036.95 6004.14 5938.52 6233.88 6102.57 6036.95 5971-33 5577-62 5512.00 5446.38
Carretera de Toluca
Fresno
laialpa. .
Ocoyoacac
Toluca
Palmillas
Del Rio
Ixtlahuaca
Tepetitlan
Flor de Maria
Basoco
Venta del Aire
Tultenango
Solis
Tepetongo
Agua Buena (Buena Vista) . Mayor
Pateo
Pomoca
M aravatio
San Antonio
Zirizicuaro
Tarandacuao
San Jose
Providencia
Acambaro
San Cristobal
Salvatierra
Cascalote
Ojo Seno
Santa Rita
Soria
Chamacuero
Begona
San Miguel de Allende
Atotonilco
Tequizquiapan
Dolores Hidalgo. .
Rincon
Pena Prieta
Trancas
Obregon
Ciudad Gonzalez (SanFelipe) Chirimoya
Jaral
Villa de Reyes
Jesus Maria
La Pila.
San Luis Potosf
Penasco
Pinto
Bocas
Enramada
Moctezuma

260

Statistical IRotes on /IDejico.

FROM MEXICO TO LAREDO TAMAULIPAS. — Continued.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
El Venado .	17.000 16.300 II.6OO 15.400 I6.OOO 8.600 6.800 15.200 16.400 15.800 I5-/00 15.700 2O.2OO 2O.OOO 20.900 I3.2OO 17-300 9.600 I3.2OO 6.300 9.700 1.500 3-500 7.300 9.700 7.000 2.300 I0.40O 7.700 5-500 IO.2OO 2I.IOO 2.800 4.700 2.900 2.500 7.600 6.100 20.900 8.100 16.300 8.700 13.200 12.600 2.IOO 3.400 9.800 1.400 12.000 12.100 8.900 23.300 2I.2OO I2.4OO II.5OO I6.5OO 13.100 I6.IOO	10.56 10.13 7.20 9-58 9-94 5-35 4-23 9-44 IO.2O 9.8l 9.76 9-75 12.56 12.43 13.00 8.20 10.77 5-94 8.21 3-92 6.03 7-15 2.17 4-55 6.02 4.35 1.40 6.46 4.78 3-42 6.34 I3-" 1.74 2.87 1-79 1.56 4-73 3-79 12.99 5-03 10.13 5-40 8.20 7.84 .1.31 2. II 6.09 7.08 7.46 7-52 5-53 14.48 I3.I8 7-71 7.15 10.25 8.14 IO.OI	672.600 689.700 706.000 717.600 733.OOO 749.OOO 757-600 764.400 779.600 796.000 8ll.8oo 827.500 843.200 863.400 883.400 904.300 917.500 934.800 944.400 957.600 963.900 973.600 985.100 988.600 995.900 1005.600 IOI2.600 1014.900 1025 . 300 1033.000 1038.500 1048 . 7OO 1069.800 1072.600 1077.300 IO80.200 IO82.700 1090.300 1096.400 1117.300 1125.400 1141.700 1150.400 1163.600 1176.200 1178.300 Il8l.7OO Ilgl.SOO 1202.900 1214.900 1227 ooo	418.09 428.65 438.78 445-98 455-56 465.50 470.85 475-08 484.52 494-72 504.53 5M.29 524.04 536.60 549-03 562.03 570.23 580.99 586.93 595-H 599-06 605.09 612.24 614.41 618.96 624.98 629.33 630.77 637.23 642.01 645.43 65L77 664.88 666.62 669.55 67L34 672.90 677.63 681.42 694.41 899.44 709.57 7M.97 723-17 731.01 732.32 734-43 740.52 747-60 755.06 762.58 768.11 782.59 795-77 803.48 810.63 820.88 829.02 839.03	I/4O.OO 1880.00 2020.00 iggO.OO 1880.00 1840.00 I82O.OO I78O.OO I72O.OO I "2O.OO I7OO.OO I72O.OO 172O.OO I/2O.OO 1760.00 I94O.OO 1980.00 2080.00 1920.00 1840.00 I75O.OO lOOO.OO I43O.OO I4OO.OO I32O.OO I22O.OO 1160.00 1 1 20. 00 1000.00 930.00 820.00 740.00 640.00 600.00 590.00 580.00 560.00 510.00 480.00 430.00 460.00 580.00 560.00 490.00 420.00 420.00 440.00 470.00 410.00 380.00 340.00 300.09 240.00 200.00 200.00 2IO.OO 200.00 I60.00 I3O.OO	5708.86 6168.19 6627.51 6529.09 6168.19 6036.95 597L33 5840.10 5643.24 5643.24 5577-62 5643.24 5643.24 5643.24 5774.48 6365.04 6496.28 6824.37 6299.42 6036.95 5741.67 5249.52 4691.76 4593-33 4330.85 4002.76 3805.90 3674.66 3280.95 3051.28 2693.38 2427.91 2099.81 1968.57 1935.76 1902.95 1837.33 1673.28 1574-86 1410.81 1509.24 1902.95 1837.33 1607.67 1378.00 1378.00 1443-62 1542.05 1345.19 1246.76 1115.52 984.28 787.43 656.19 656.19 689.00 656.19 524.95 426.52
Los Charcos ...
Berrendo
La Maroma
Wadley
Catorce
Poblazon
Vanegas
La Trueba (La Parida)
San Vicente
Lulu
La Ventura
Santa Elena
Gomes Farias
El Oro
Carneros
Agua Nueva
Encantada
Buena Vista
Saltillo
Los Bosques
Ramos Arizpe
Santa Maria
Ojo Caliente
Los Muertos
Rinconada
Los Kierros
Soledad
Garcia
Santa Catarina
Leona
San Geronimo
Gonzalitos
Monterey
Ramon Trevifio
Topo. .
Salinas
Morales
Stevenson (Palmito)
Palo Blanco
Alamo
Villa Aldama
Guadalupe
Bustamante
Huizache
Golondrinas
Salome Botello
Brasil
Lampazos	1235.900 1259.200 1280 400
Mojina
Rodriguez
Camaron	1292.800 1304.300 1320.800 1333.900 1350.000
Huizachito
Jarita
San chez
Laredo de Tamaulipas

fltineraries.

261

FROM ACAMBARO TO PATZCUARO, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
Acambaro	13.250 17.610 6.170 12.360 4.000 IO.OOO 7.610 5.920 3-150 II.2OO 19.900 9.610 6.800 10.380 2.910 12.530	8.23 10.96 3-83 7.68 2.49 6.22 4-73 3-67 1-95 6.96 12.37 5-98 4.22 6.46 i. 80 7-79	0.000 I3-250 30.860 37.030 49.390 53-390 63.390 71.000 76.920 80.070 91.270 III.I7O I2O.780 127.580 137.960 140.870 153.400	0.00 8.23 19.19 23.02 30.70 33.19 39-41 44.14 47.81 49.76 56.72 69.09 75.07 79.29 85.75 87.55 95-34	1840.00 1960.00 1840.00 1840.00 1840.00 1840.00 l86o.OO 1870.00 1870.00 l88o.OO 1890.00 2OOO.OO 2O6O.OO 2IOO.OO 2I20.0O 2IOO.OO 2040.00	6036.95 6430.66 6036.95 6036.95 6036.95 6036.95 6102.57 6I35-38 6135.38 6168.19 62OI.OO 6561.89 6758.75 6889.98 6955.60 6889.98 6693.13
La Cumbre
Querendaro
Zinzimeo
Quirio
Charo . . . .
La Goleta
Atapaneo
Morelia
Jacuaro
Coapa
Lagunillas
Chapultepec
Patzcuaro .

FROM PIEDRAS NEGRAS OR CIUDAD PORFIRIO DIAZ TO DURANGO, BY THE MEXICAN INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY.

Ciudad Porfirio Diaz	6.540	4.O6	O.OOO	o.oo	220.00	721 81
Fuente "	7.060	4.1Q	6. 54.O	4. 06	232.00	761.17
Rosa	26.200	16.29	13 6OO	8 45	278.00	912 II
Nava	1 1 . 960	7 44	IQ.SOO	24.74.	124.00	1063 02
Allende	I4.04O	Q 28	51.760	12.18	175. OO	I21O.15
	1^.640	Q.7I	66.700	41.46	455.00	1402.81
Peyotes	21 41O	1*2 -22	82.^40	CI.I7	486.00	I5Q4 55
Blanco.	12 8^0	7 QQ	IO1.77O	64 4Q	187.00	I26o 71
Sabinas	1C 85O	a 8*	II6.62O	72.48	340.00	1115.52
Soledad	10 650	6.61	112 47O	82.11	371.00	I2T \23
Baroteran	14 1 2O	8 78	I43.I2O	88.94	425.00	1394.40
Aura	15 OOO	Q. 1Q	157.240	Q7.72	453.00	1486.27
	I5.11O	Q.52	172.330	107.11	196.00	1299.26
Baluarte	10.690	6.65	187.660	116.63	373.00	1223.79
Hermanas	21.230	13.18	198.350	123.28	396.00	1299.26
Adjuntas	I1.57O	8 44	219.580	136.46	465.00	1525.64
Estancia	4.770	2.97	211.I5O	T/I.I.OO	547.00	1 794. 68
	18.560	11-54	217. Q2O	147.87	587.00	1925.92
Castano	14 Q2O	Q.2Q	256.48o	I^Q 41	748.00	2454.16
Gloria	TO 5oO	12. I f)	271. 4OO	1 68 70	823.00	2700.22
Bajan	I2.42O	7.71	2QO.QQO	1 80 86	843.00	2765.84
Toya .	2O 4IO	12.68	303.410	188.57	829.00	2719.91
Espinazo	I2.O8O	7.52	323.820	201.25	817.00	2680.54
Reata	22.86O	14.21	335.900	208.77	ooo.oo	2952.85
Trevino (Venadito)	26.040	16.16	358.760	222.98	890.00	2920.05
Sauceda	24. 760	15.40	384.800	239.14	997.00	3271.11
Taral . .	23 O2O	14.11	409. 560	254 54	1144.00	3753.40
Pastora ....	21 6lO	11. -1 /I	432.580	268.85	1157.00	3796.06
Carmen	2"? Q7O	14.80	454.I9O	282.29	1182.00	3878.08
Paila	IQ.67O	12.23	478.160	297.18	1188.00	3897.77
	16.540	10.28	497.830	309.41	1132.00	3714.03
Rafael	I2.97O	8.05	514.370	319.69	IIO2.OO	3615.60
Pozo	II.29O	7.02	527.340	327.74	IIO5.0O	3625-44

262

Statistical "Hotes on flDejico.

FROM PIEDRAS NEGRAS OR CIUDAD PORFIRIO DIAZ TO DURANGO, BY THE MEXICAN INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY. Continued.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
Bola	13.480 10.870 13.410 17.620 22.540 8.050 15-740 19.280 20.870 15.200 25.640 24.540 21.580 12.760 12.150 22.040 16.930 26.420 11.760	8.38 6.75 8.35 10.95 14.00 5.00 9.18 11.98 12.98 9-45 15-93 15.25 13.41 7-93 7.56 13.70 10.52 16.42 7-30	538.630 552.110 562.980 576.390 594.OIO 616.550 624.600 640. 340 659.620 680.490 695.690 721.330 745.870 767.450 780.210 792.360 814.400 831.330 857.750 869.510	334.76 343-14 349.89 358.24 369.19 383.19 388.19 397-97 409.95 422.93 432.38 448.31 463,56 476.97 484.90 492.46 506.16 516.68 533-10 540.40	1089.00 1094.00 1096.00 II05.0O 1112.00 1134.00 "37-71 1181.52 1377.25 1325.37 1318.85 1605.28 1908.73 1895.00 1969.47 1982.72 1955-20 1868.10 1864.38 1880.13	3572.96 3589.36 3595-93 3625.44 3648.41 3720.59 3732-77 3876.51 4518.69 4348.45 4327.07 5266.84 6262.53 6217.40 6461.73 6505.21 9414.91 6129.15 6116.93 6168.62
Mayran
Colonia
Matamoros
Torreon
Loma
Chocolate
Huarichic
Pasaje
Nona
Catalina
Tapona
Gabriel
Chorro
Durango

FROM SABINAS TO HONDO, A BRANCH OF THE SAME ROAD.

Sabinas	I7.S-3O	10 81	o ooo	o oo	04.0 OO	II J5 C2
San Felipe	2.380	1.48	17.430	10.83	313.00	1026. QI
Hondo			19.810	12. 11	1IQ.OO	1046 62

FROM THE CITY OF MEXICO TO CUERNAVACA AND ACAPULCO. LINE FINISHED.

Mexico	28 060	17 44	o ooo	o oo	2240 oo	7-14.0 27
Contreras	17.883	II II	28 060	17.44	2480 oo	8001 7^
Ajusco	le.ioi	(i.j.4.	4^.Q41	28.5=;	2840 oo	O272 80
La Cima	12.966	8 07	61 114	17. QQ	1O4O OO	QQ74 08
Xacapexco (Tres Marias). . .	18.400	11.43	74.100	46.06	28OO.OO	9186.75

LINE IN CONSTRUCTION.

San Juanico	31.250	19.42	92.500	57-49	2290.00	7513.37
	7.250	4.51	123.750	76.91	1520.00	4987.04
Jiutepec	6.75O	4.2O	131.000	82.42	1300.00	4265.23
San Vicente	21. OOO	I3.O5	137.750	85.62	I26O.OO	4134.00
	14.050	8.73	158.750	98.67	1030.00	3379.38
Puente de Ixtla	8 Q"iO	5.56	172.800	107.40	900 oo	20^2.8'?
Rio Amacusac	21.25O	14. jc	181.750	112.96	890.00	2Q2O.O5
Buena Vista	21. OOO	17. o^	205.000	127.41	I2OO.OO	1Q17.I4
Iguala	II OOO	6.84	226.000	140.46	72O.OO	2362.29
Tepecoacuilco	34.750	21.13	237.000	147.30	800.00	2624.76
Xalitla	12 O5O	7.QI	271.750	168.47	62O.OO	2034.19
Mexcala	28 7OO	17.84	283.800	176.38	48o.OO	1574.86
Venta del Zopilote	II.5OO	7.15	312.500	194.22	76O.OO	2493.53
Zumpango	I3.OOO	8.08	324.000	201.37	IOOO.OO	3280.95

itineraries.

263

FROM THE CITY OF MEXICO TO CUERNAVACA AND ACAPULCO. LINE IN CONSTRUCTION. (Continued.)

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metre Feet.
Tierras Prietas	4.800 I5.2OO 8.250 11.750 6.000 I2.OOO I2.OOO 9.000 4.000 32.000 24.500 16.500	2.98 9-45 5-12 7-31 3-72 7.46 7.46 5.60 2.48 19.89 15.23 10.25	337.000 341.800 357-000 365.250 377.000 383.000 395.000 407.000 416.000 420.000 452.000 476.500 493.000	209.45 212.43 221.88 227.00 234.31 238.03 245.49 252.95 258.55 261.03 280.92 296.15 306.40	I32O.OO I2OO.OO 1300.00 IO60.00 IOOO.OO 670.00 600.00 300.00 180.00 140.00 60.00 20.00 o.oo	4330.85 3937.14 4265.23 3477-81 3280.95 2198.24 1968.57 984.28 590.57 459-33 196.86 65.62 o.oo
Chilpancingo
Cima de Valadez
La Imagen
Los Cajones
Dos Caminos
Tierra Colorada
Rio Omitlan
Peregrino
Cacahuatepec
Marquez
Acapulco

FROM PUEBLA TO OAXACA, BY THE MEXICAN SOUTHERN RAILWAY.

Puebla	18.400	11.4-1	o.ooo	o.oo	2I57.OO	7O77 OO
Amozoc	7.600	4.77	18.400	11.43	2312.00	7585.54
Santa Rosa	ii 200	6 05	26 ooo	16 16	2295 oo	752O 77
Tepeaca	I7.4OO	io 82	37 2OO	21 II	224'l.fir>	7364 41
Rosendo Marquez	10.500	6.5"?	54 6OO	33 03	2O55.OO	6742 34
Tecamachalco	12.600	7.83	65.100	4O.46	2OI4.IO	6608.15
Las Animas	Q.4OO	5.84	77.700	48.2O	2OOO.OO	6561.80
Tlacotepec	31.300	10.46	87.100	54.13	1988.25	652^. 1*
Carnero	8.QOO	5-53	118 400	73. 5Q	1752.37	5749.43
Tehuacan	14. 7OO	Q.I -I	127.300	70.12	1662.57	^Jcj-.Si
La Huerta	6. 300	3.Q2	142.000	88.25	I453.2Q	4768.18
Santa Cruz	10.900	6.76	148.300	Q2.I7	I37O.3I	44.uS.QI
Pantzingo	14.600	9-OQ	159.200	q8.Q3	1246.00	4O88.O7
Nopala	6 400	•1.07	173.800	IO8.O2	1060.56	347Q.65
Venta Salada	15.200	0.46	180.200	1 1 1 . QQ	972 07	3l8o 31
San Antonio	8.700	5-4°	195.400	121.45	787.92	2585.13
Mexia	20.300	12.62	204. 100	126.85	695.00	2280.26
	10.900	6.78	224.400	139.47	559.71	1836.38
Quiotepec	17.000	10.56	235.300	146.25	54O.OO	1771 71
Cuicatlan	4.800	2.98	252.300	I56.8I	592.OO	IQ42 32
Tomellin	19.200	11.93	257.100	159.70	672.00	22O4.8O
Almoloyas	16.500	10.26	276.300	171.72	IO55.OO	3461.40
Santa Catarina	16.200	10.06	292.800	181.98	1332.00	437O.22
El Parian	13.700	8.52	309.000	192.04	I495.OO	4905.02
Las Sedas	12.800	7.Q6	322.700	200.56	1927.00	6322.30
San Pablo Huitzo	13.100	8.13	335.500	208.52	1695.00	556l.2I
Villa de Etla	18.000	11.19	348.600	216.65	1642.00	5387.32
Oaxaca			366 600	227.84	1545 OO	5060.06

FROM COATZACOALCOS TO SALINA CRUZ, BY THE NATIONAL TEHUANTEPEC RAILWAY.

Coatzacoalcos	21 74Q	I a EI	o ooo	o.oo	2.OO	6.56
Los Llmones	15 140	O 42	21.749	13. 51	16.00	52.50
Chinameca ...	e 4.O7	a ae	36 880	22. Q3	6.00	1 0.60
Jaltipan	2O 547	12.77	42.296	26.28	40.00	131.24
Oiana . .	12.568	7.83	62.843	3Q.O5	32.00	104.99
Almagres	",589	7.19	75.411	46.88	48.00	157-49

264

Statistical Botes on flDejico.

STATIONS.	Distance between each station.	Distances.	Altitudes.
Kilom's.	Miles.	Kilom's.	Miles.	Metres.	Feet.
Juile	9.284 9.672 21.044 7.000 IO.OOO 14.801 7.199 20.570 15.176 13.254 17.764 10.236 17.186 28.218 3.596 17.617	5-77 6.01 13.08 4.36 6.21 9.20 4.47 12.78 9-43 8.25 11.04 6-35 10.68 17.54 2.24 10.94	87.000 96.284 105.956 127.000 134.000 144.000 158.801 166.000 186.570 201.746 215.000 232.764 243.000 260.186 288.404 292.000 309.617	54-07 59-84 65.85 78.93 83.29 89.50 98.70 103.17 "5-95 125.38 133-63 144.67 151.02 161.70 179-24 181.48 192.42	40.0O 32.00 44-00 30.00 35.oo 25.00 52.00 88.00 92.00 176.00 260.00 244.00 115.00 56.00 36.00 36.00 2.00	131.24 104.99 144.36 98.43 114.83 82.02 I7O.6I 288.73 301.85 577-45 853-05 800.55 377.30 183.74 108.12 108.12 6.56
Medias Aguas
Santa Lucrecia
Los Muertos
Ubero
Xolosa ,
Palomares
Mogofte
Rincon Antonio
Lagunas
Chivela
Rio Verde
San Geroniroo
Tehuan tepee
Santa Cruz
Salina Cruz

FROM THE CITY OF MEXICO TO PACHUCA, BY THE NORTHEASTERN MEXICAN RAILWAY. LINE FINISHED.

HIDALGO AND

NORTHEASTERN RAILWAY FROM MEXICO TO TIZAYUCA.

Mexico	19 ooo	11.80	o ooo	o oo	2264 76	741O 56
Canal	ii 400	7 10	19 ooo	II. 80	2266.01	7414.66
Ojo de Agua	5. 200	1.21	10.400	1 8 90	2272.06	7457 46
Santa Ana	14.800	920	15 600	22 13	2271.16	7452 21
Tizayuca			50.400	•31 a-I	2204.61;	7528.62

HIDALGO RAILWAY TO TUXPAN.

	16.100	10.00
Tezontepec	10.800	6.52	66.500	41.11	2144.87	7601 18
San Augustin	6 ooo	302	77 1OO	47 8c.	2390 oo	7841 46
Xepa	8 400	5 21	81 100	cr 77	2418 08	7QQQ 21
	ii 900	7.18	QI.7OO	1:7 OO	2518.OO	8127.O4
Somo Riel.	10 600	6.60	103.600	64.18	26l8.5O	8656.78
	7. ooo	4.14	II4.2OO	7O 08	2504.80	82I8.IO
Los Romeros	1 1 . 700	7.28	121. 2OO		2392 So	785O.64.
Santiago	5.700	3-54	132.900	82.60	2221.72	728o.11
Tulancingo	7.200	4.48	138.600	86.14	2187.29	7I76.1Q
Sototlan			I45.8OO	00.62	2171.46	7124.4.4

FROM TEPA TO PACHUCA, A BRANCH OF THE HIDALGO RAILROAD.

Tepa .	8. 700	5 41	o ooo	o oo	2438 08	7QQQ 21
Xochihuacan	17.100	IO.75	8.700	5 41	2380 06	7808.85
Pachuca			26.000	16.16	2420.99	7493.15

FROM SAN AUGUSTIN TO IKOLO, A BRANCH OF THE HIDALGO RAILWAY.

San Agustin	14 600	o 08	o ooo	o oo	2390 oo	7841 46
	13 700	8.51	14.600	0.08	2417 1Q	7QQ6.Q5
Irolo			28 300	17. en	2J.52 58	8O46.78

Utineraries,

265

FROM DURANGO TO MAZATLAN BY BRIDLE-PATH.

PLACES.	Altitudes.	PLACES.	Altitudes.
Metres.	Feet.	Metres.	Feet.
	1880.13 1925.00 1900.00 I80X).OO 1890.00 1980.00 21 2O.OO 2l8o.OO 226O.OO 2O2O.OO 2220.00 2260.OO 2I80.OO 2330.00 234O.OO 235O.OO 2260.OO 2l6o.OO 2230.00 227O.OO 2280.00 239O.OO 244O.OO 2390.00 21OO.OO I7IO.OO 2l6o.OO 205O.OO 2035.00	6168.62 6315.82 6233.80 62O1.OO 62OI.OO 6496.28 6955.60 7152.46 7414.94 6627.51 7283.70 7414-94 7152.46 7644.60 7674.41 7710.22 7414.94 7086.84 7316.51 7447-75 7480. 56 7841.46 8005.51 7841.46 6889.98 5610.43 7086.84 6725.94 6676.72	La Ramona	I22O.OO 950.00 630.00 770.00 1550.00 1825.00 I86O.OO I97O.OO I93O.OO I25O.OO II20.OO IOIO.OO 940.00 2IO.OO I3O.OO 110.00 85.00 55-00 65.00 50.00 45-00 62.00 68.00 30.00 22.30 15.50 1-54 o.oo	4OO2. 76 3116.90 2067.00 2526.34 5085.47 5987.73 6IO2.57 6463.47 6332.23 4101.19 3674.66 3313.76 3084.09 689.00 426.52 360.90 278.88 180.45 213.26 164.05 147.64 203.42 223.11 98.43 73-16 50.85 5-05 0.00
Salitre	El Chapote
El Salto	Rio del Baluarte
Arroyo Seco	La Ventanita
Camino del Taral	Sotolito
El Escalon	El Carrizo de Adentro. El Carrizo de Afuera. . Las Loberas
Las I ndias
Calzon Roto
El Pino	El Venteadero
Rio Chico	Puerta de los Pilares . . Arroyo del Leon ...
La Palvnita
Los Cerritos	Palotillo
Los Mimbres	Platanito
Buena Vista	Santa Catarina
Los Charcos	El Limon
	El Tecomate
Navajas	Tagarete
Llano Grande	Rio del Presidio Porras
Cruz de Piedra
Coyotes . .	Sigueros
El Salto	La Cofradia
Piloncillos	Confite
La Florida	La Escondida
Junta de los Caminos. . El Xecomate	Las Higueras
Las Conchas
Chavarria	Carboneras
La Cienega	Palos Prietos
Las Botijas	Mazatlan
La Escondida

FROM MANZANILLO TO GUADALAJARA BY WAGON ROAD.

	o.oo	o.oo	Ciudad Guzman (Zapot-
	125 oo	410 II	lan)	1412 oo	A6l2 7f>
Cola de Iguana	50.00	164.05	Santa Catarina	1412 oo	4612.7O
El Ciruelo	75.00	246.07	La Cuesta	1450.00	4767 18
Canoa Verde	7"? oo	•346. 07	San Nicolas	1300 oo	42&S 21
Las Trojes	IOO.OO	128.00	Amatitlan	1325 oo	4147 2S
	125 oo	410 II	Sayula	1350 oo	4429 28
Tecolapa	175 oo	574.16	Ojo de Agua	1360.00	A if>2 r«>
La Noria .	312.00	IO21.6S	Cofradia	• 117? OO	•IE 1 1 in
La Presa	362.00	1187 70	Techolula	I17S OO	/ICII -JO
Colima	560.00	l837. IT,	Cuevitas	1360 oo	4462 09
La Puerta	650.00	2132.62	El Cuemasate	I12S.OO	4147 2S
San Joaquin	650.00	2132.62	El Crucero	I125.OO	4147. 2S
Los Limones	850 oo	2788 81	Cebollas	1350 oo	442Q 28
San Geronimo	900.00	2QS2 8S	Los Pozos	1325.00	4147 2S
Los Alcaracos	I IOO.OO	1600 04.	Chimaltitan	I12S.OO	4147 2S
La Queseria	1162 oo	3812 46	Ocotan	1330 oo	4.l6l 66
Tonila	1175 oo	l8s4 61	Santa Ana Acatlan. . .	1350 oo	442Q 28
Barranca Cachepehuate	Q7S OO	1IQ8 Q2	Puerta	1500 oo	4Q2I.42
San M arcos	oSs.oo	1211 71	Cofradia	1512.00	4060.70
Barranca de Beltran. . .	850.00	2788.81	Santa Cruz	1475.00	4087. os
Playa	1025 oo	n62 Q7	Arenal	1600.00	S4.2Q S2
Barranca Platanar. . . .	QSO.OO	3116 90	San Agustin	IS7S.OO	SI67.4O
Loma ...	1225 oo	4019 1 6	La Calera	IS7S OO	Sl67 4O
Barranca de Atenquique Ocote Gacho	1025.00 1250 oo	3362.97 4IOI IQ	Puente de Santa Maria.	I55O.OO I5OO.OO	5085.47 4921.42
Pedregal	1375.00	4SII.1O

266

Statistical notes on dDejico.

FROM TEHUACAN TO OAXACA AND PUERTO ANGEL BY WAGON ROAD.

PLACES.	Altitudes.	PLACES.	Altitudes.
Metres.	Feet.	Metres.	Feet.
Tehuacan .. ......	1660.00 1480.00 1320.00 1120.00 IO6O.OO 960.00 900.00 860.00 900.00 62O.OO 600.00 730.00 7OO.OO 680.00 600.00 580.00 560.00 700.00 620.00 62O.OO 62O.OO 62O.OO 540.00 540.00 680.00 660.00 660.00 750.00 720.00 7IO.OO I240.OO 1360.00 1500.00 1400.00 l6oo.OO 1840.00 1000.00 2020.00 2220.00 2080.00 2160.00 2100.00	5446.38 4855.81 4330.85 3674.66 3477.81 3149-7' 2952.85 2821.62 2952.85 2034.19 1968.57 2395.10 2296.67 2231.05 1968.57 1902.95 1837.33 2296.67 2034.19 2034.19 2034.19 2034. 19 1771.71 I77L7I 2231.05 2165.43 2165.43 2460.72 2362.29 2329.48 4068.38 4462.09 4921.42 3412.19 5249.52 6036.95 6233.70 6627.51 7283.70 6824.37 7086.84 6889.98	Tierra Blanca . .	2000.00 l66o.OO 1700.00 l68o.OO l66o.OO 1640.00 1540.00 1540.00 1530.00 l6oo.OO 1900.00 1830.00 I72O.OO 1700.00 1700.00 1590.00 1540.00 1600.00 1840.00 iSlO.OO 1930.00 1840.00 1780.00 1800.00 2230.00 2400.00 2600.00 2800.00 3160.00 3000.00 2780.00 2340.00 2720.OO 250O.OO 80O.OO QOO.OO 830.00 750.00 530.00 340.00 160.00 o.oo	6561.89 5446.38 5577-62 5512.00 5446.38 5380.76 5052.66 5052.66 5019.85 5249.52 6233.70 6004.14 5643-24 5577-62 5577-62 5216.71 5052.66 5249-52 6036.95 5938.52 6332.23 6036.95 5840.33 5905-71 7316.51 7874.27 8530.46 9186.65 10367.79 9842.84 9121.04 7677.41 8858.56 8202.36 2624.76 2952.85 2723.19 2460.72 1738.90 1115.52 524.95 o.oo
	Rio Atoyac
Arroyo de Buena Vista. San Sebastian	San Pablo Huitzo Santiago Huitzo
Camino de Calipan. . . . Calaveras	Villa de Etla
Dolores
San Antonio	Panzacola
Hacienda de Ayotla. . . Rio de Reyes	Oaxaca.
San Agustin Juntas. . . Coyotepec
Tecomavaca
Rio Salado	Cuspide
Campanario	Santo Tomas Jaliera. . Ocotlan
Pajarito
	San Martin
Paraje Blanco	Rio Coapa. .
Rio Seco	Ejutla
Chonoslar	Arrogante
Rancho de Urrutia. . . . Rancho de Cuagulotal. Rancho de los Obos. . . Hacienda de Gtiendu- lain	Chichovo
Zopilote
Cuspide
Tlacuache
Tepehuaje
Rio Apoala	Miahuatlan
	Chapaneco
Balconcillo	Agua del Sol
Rancho del Chilar. . . . Infiernillo	San Jose del Pacifico. . Garganta del Encino. . Tres Cruces
Don Dominguillo
Arroyo Dominguillo . . Arroyo de Nopala. . . . El Pochote	Rancho de Canoas .... San Miguel Xuchistepec Rio de San Jose
Canton de Buena Vista. Cuspide	Cerro de Santa Ana. . . Cerro de San Pedro . . . El Porvenir
Puente de la Joya
Venta Vieja	Garganta del Cerro de la Pluma
Paredones ....
Llano del Timbre .... Cieneguilla	La Providencia
La Soledad
Portezuelo	San Jose Totoltepec. . . Rio Chacalapa
Las Xrancas
Carbonera	Pochutla
Ojo de Agua	Puerto Angel

THE VALLEY OF MEXICO'S DRAINAGE.1

Mexico is finishing a great work, the drainage of the valley where the capital city is located, which has required for its completion nearly three hundred years and many millions of dollars, and has cost the lives of hundreds of thousands of men. The necessity, importance,

1 This article was published in the Engineering Magazine of New York for January, 1895 (vol. viii., No 4), but has since been revised and considerably enlarged.

Dalles ot flDejico's Drainage. 267

and magnitude of this work, which will be classed among the grandest achievements of men, and the nearness of its completion, induce me to write this paper, which I hope will give some idea of its scope and purpose. I do not pretend to originality, as my work to some extent has been one of compilation from different monographs, which have appeared from time to time, and from some official publications of the Mexican Government.

Topographical Conditions of the Valley of Mexico. — The Valley of Mexico is an immense basin, of approximately circular shape with one extreme diameter of about sixty miles, completely bounded by high mountains, and having only two or three quite high passes out of it. No water drains out of the basin. The surface of this valley has a mean altitude above the sea of 7413 feet and an area of about 2220 square miles.

Mountain ranges rise on every side, making a great corral of rock containing dozens of villages and hamlets, with the ancient capital in the centre. In times past the fires of volcanoes licked up the earth, and such fires still live in the mammoth Popocatapetl, from whose great crater sulphur fumes and smoke with jets of flame have poured through the centuries.

The valley thus hemmed in with solid walls of rock had been an inland sea for many cycles, and during the early existence of man here the salt waters spread over a large extent of the depression. The waters have been gradually lessening by seepage and evaporation, and the Aztec pilgrims coming from the north in the fourteenth century, having received a sign that they were to build their queen-of-the-world city on a small island of the sea, set about building dikes and combat- ing the overflow of the waters.

Evaporation is so excessive at certain periods of the year that malaria, consequent on drought, was far more dreaded by the inhabit- ants than the periodical floods, and thousands perished annually, so that proper drainage was an absolute necessity for the preservation of health.

Work done by the Indians. — Nearly fifty years before the discov- ery of America, which took place in 1492, Netzahualcoyotl, saw the necessity for a drainage canal, and commenced the work in 1450. He constructed an immense dike to divide the fresh from the salt- water lakes of the valley. The City of Mexico was at this time the centre of the Aztec nation, and was built on floating structures, like rafts, on the water in the numerous islets on the margins of the lakes, so that in the event of the water rising or the city being subjected to a state of siege, the whole city would float. Mexico City now occupies the site of the old Aztec capital.

The waters of these lakes were liable to disturbances of all kinds;

268 Statistical Bot^s on

thus it is recorded by Prescott in his History of the Conquest of Mexico : "In 1510 the great lake of Texcoco, without the occurrence of a tempest or earthquake, or any other visible cause, became violently agitated, overflowed its banks, and, pouring into the streets of Mexico, swept off many of the buildings by the fury of its water."

When Cortez arrived in Mexico from Spain in 1519 to take posses- sion of the country in the name of the King of Spain, he found, to his great surprise, the defense of the city admirably arranged, and an almost enchanting view of flowering islets forming the floating capital. Little towns and villages lay half-concealed by the foliage, and from the distance these looked like companies of wild swans riding quietly on the waves.

A scene so new and wonderful filled the rude heart of the Spaniard with amazement. So astonished was he at the extent of the water of Lake Texcoco that he describes it as " a sea that embraces the whole valley," but upon hearing that it was a lake, with a mean depth of a few yards, he gave orders to cut a way through the dike and destroy the aqueduct of Chapultepec. The central dike dividing the fresh from the salt water lake was of such dimensions as to serve Cortez as a roadway for his army.

Prescott, in the work before alluded to, page 297, says: " Leaving the mainland, the Spaniards came on the great dike or causeway, which stretches some four or five miles in length, and divides Lake Chalco from Xochimilco on the west. It was a lance in breadth in the narrowest part, and in some places wide enough for eight horses to ride abreast. It was a solid structure of stone and lime, running directly through the lake, and struck the Spaniards as one of the most remark- able works they had seen in the country."

Having cut the dikes and drained the lake, the " floating city " was at once besieged, and where originally stood the great temple of the Aztecs a Christian temple was afterward raised. The Spaniards, finding themselves in complete possession, proceeded to erect the new City of Mexico, and building on the plan adopted by them at home, they cut down the points of the floating islands and by gradual exten- sion soon placed the town below the mean average level of the lake. Hence arose the great difficulties of the drainage of the Valley of Mexico.

One of the immense dikes built by King Netzahualcoyotl was ten miles long. It divided Lake Texcoco into two parts. Of the two lakes thus formed one was allowed to remain salt, but the other was fresh- ened by letting only fresh water enter by the streams flowing in, the water for the use of the city being taken from this latter. Little by little the waters have subsided since that period, and have been fought back, until now they are confined to six great lakes — Chalco, Xochi-

Dalles of /iDejfco's H)rainaae* 269

milco, Texcoco, Xaltocan, San Cristobal, and Zumpango. Each of these lakes is fed by streams which have little volume during the dry season, but which in the rainy season swell to considerable size, and at times overflow the valleys. The lake of Zumpango was the most dangerous of these, for it received the waters of the Cuautitlan River, — a river draining a large area of country, and having during the rainy season a great volume of water. This river has been turned into the cut of Nochistongo, and has ceased to threaten Mexico and its environs with its overflow.

From these topographical conditions frequent floodings of the old Aztec city and of the Spanish capital, situated almost at the lowest point of the valley, were sure to come in times of unusually heavy rains. In early days, when the Aztecs lived in the middle of Lake Mexico, when their temples and wigwams were built on piles and the streets were often only canals, the periodical overflows from the upper lakes were a matter of small concern, though even then the Nahua engineers were called upon to protect the city by dikes. But when by evaporation, by filling in at the site of the city, by lessened waters, due to the fissures caused by earthquakes, Lake Mexico had disappeared, and the city had come to be built on the spongy soil, above all, when the short-sighted choice of Cortez had been confirmed and the capital of New Spain had come to stand on the ruins of the Aztec town, increasing rapidly in population and wealth, — it became a serious matter that on an average of once in twenty-five years the streets should be from two to six feet under water for an indefinite time.

Work done by the Spaniards. — From 1519 to 1553 the Spaniards were busily engaged in building Mexico, and another grand dike, similar to that built by Netzahualcoyotl in 1450, was formed around the city; this protection proved insufficient, for in 1580 another inun- dation took place. The Viceroy of the day, Senor Don Martin Enriquez de Almanza, assisted by engineers, engaged to find an outlet for the waters north of the valley. During the time they were thus engaged, important facts were gleaned respecting the River Cuautitlan, and its curious behavior at the foot of Nochistongo, whence it doubled its course at a certain altitude and ran toward Lake Texcoco, instead of into its own lake of Xaltocan. The scheme formed by Enriquez de Almanza to remedy this evil was kept in abeyance, as his services were required in Peru.

In the year 1604 a serious inundation attacked Mexico City. The Marquis de Montes Glares did all in his power to carry out the plan of Senor Don Martin Enriquez to relieve the rivers of the north and of the valley of the excess of water from the central and south lakes, which are of higher altitudes. The/rar and cons of this plan were beset with many great difficulties, and respecting one of the methods

270 Statistical "Rotes on flDejico.

tried, mention must be made of a dike of great strength, constructed to prevent any excess or overflow of water from destroying the town of Zumpango and washing away its crops. This dike, which was to check the strong current of the river Pachuca, would also direct the river Cuautitlan to Mexico, direct the rivers north into Zumpango, and would inundate that verdant district, and probably submerge the town; whereas, to divert them into Lake Texcoco would submerge Mexico. To prevent this evil it was decided to make a tunnel ; but here, as in all countries and in all ages, engineers, when engaged in any work of magnitude, and of a different character from that commonly known, always find theorists to offer objections, and thus stop the way to actual progress. This was the case in Mexico City.

In 1607 another inundation, spreading over the whole valley, oc- curred, and, as all the dikes and other defences were swept away, caused a panic of terror among the inhabitants. The Marquis de Salinas was then Viceroy at Mexico City, and determined to carry out the plan of Senor Don Martin Enriquez, being assisted by an engineer of great repute named Enrico Martinez, and also solicited and obtained the co-operation of Father Sanchez, of the Society of Jesus. These three men, after many consultations, formulated the plan of embracing the whole of the lakes of the plain into one main channel of detention, and an outlet as required to keep the same under such control as to have at all times an abundance of water for use. The plan, broadly speaking, was to draw off the water from the south lakes which are at higher levels to those of the north, and to make them serve, by the scour the velocity of the water would cause, to deepen the passage for their exit, and, at the same time, assist the making of the grand canal

Great opposition to this plan was offered on the score of economy, and many insisted that the inundations were solely due to the waters of Cuautitlan and the freshets of Pachuca, and if these were directed north no more was needed, while the people of Zumpango tried to show that no more was needed to inundate their town and submerge the district. The Viceroy then requested Enrico Martinez to induce Father Sanchez to submit some modifications of his former scheme.

The plan was modified, and on November 28, 1607, Enrico Martinez started operations on the modified plan, and in about eleven months 6600 metres (4 -fa miles) of canal, with a transverse section of 3.50 metres (n£ feet) wide, and a depth of 4.20 metres (13!- feet), was completed. At the same time other important drainage works were being made; the passage was opened from Boca de San Gregorio to Salto de Tula; this was 8600 metres (5-3- miles) long, as well as two canals as aqueducts 6-J miles long, one for Lake Zumpango and the other for the river Cuautitlan from Teoloyucan to Huehuetoca.

Ube Dalles of flDejico's Bratnage. 271

In December, 1608, in the presence of the Viceroy Don Luis de Velasco and the Archbishop of Mexico, Enrico Martinez inaugurated the outlet of the waters, the whole of the work just described being executed in one year. Humboldt tells us that fifteen thousand native Indians were employed on these works.

In spite of the great good these works brought to the people, there was an outcry for economy, but it is certain that other motives prompted the disturbance and the attempt to harass and hamper the Viceroy. The object was to prevent a grant of money from being made to pay for the lining of the canal with cement. This was found to be necessary, as the greater part of the work was excavated in marl, and the liberated waters ran with such velocity that the symmetry of the tunnel was soon destroyed, and its passage and usefulness lessened by the debris that obstructed the fairway. This state of things was brought so forcibly home to the objectors that a small sum of money was reluctantly granted, sufficient to patch up the tunnel in places where the rush of waters had made the most havoc, hydraulic cement or mortar being used, but the sum granted proved to be totally inadequate, and for want of more money the tunnel was rendered per- fectly useless by falling obstructions. This occurred in the year 1609. Gossips and theorists then united to run down the scheme, although it was conceded that the work had averted a terrible inundation or sub- mergence of Mexico City.

A few years elapsed before the question of continuing the works for the tunnel again caused excitement; but a general feeling grew up that the work of the tunnel should be continued. The opposition was strong enough to obtain the hearing of an appeal in Madrid, with the result that the Spanish Government in 1614 procured the services of a Dutch engineer, named Adrian van Boot, to proceed to Mexico City to examine and report on the canal works, and to submit a plan to remedy the evils. As the result of his labors he condemned the plan of Father Sanchez, and recommended that the old means of defence used by the Indians should again be adopted, and that dams and dikes should be thrown up at once. This report had the effect of annoying almost everybody, and was the means of much fruitless discussion. In this dilemma the Spanish Government, when appealed to, confessed they were unable to advise the Viceroy of Mexico what to do, but sent the Marquis of Gelves to Mexico to see into matters, and he, having unbounded faith in the ability of the Dutch engineer, Adrian van Boot, and hoping to keep money in the treasury, ordered Enrico Martinez to close up the tunnel completely, and to return the rivers to their natural courses; but before these orders were half executed the enormous rush of waters grew so alarming that he had to accept again Enrico Martinez's plan over that of Adrian van Boot. The

272 Statistical Botes on /IDejico.

marquis was soon after deposed, his place being taken by the Marquis de Cerralvo, whose first act was to set Martinez free at the request of the city council who provided him with means of continuing his work on the canal and tunnel. The Viceroy revoked his predecessor's order and issued another to open up the tunnel, and that with all speed, on his personal responsibility. Although Cerralvo gave these orders, he forgot to give Martinez the money to carry them out, and, as a con- sequence, the works remained in a deplorable condition.

The tunnel was blocked up by this cause, and Martinez was cruelly scored for not having done his work aright by the very ones who had refused to give him the necessary material for it. He bravely essayed to repair the damage, but the water-soaked condition of the ground gave no resistance for the building of the needed walls, while death mowed down the enslaved workers. They were crushed to death by the frequent cavings in of the loose soil, or were sent to the grave by the deadly damps. Finally, the charge being made that the builder was blocking up the tunnel in revenge, he was thrown into prison, where he languished for many months. As there was no one else available who could carry on the great work, he was afterwards released and again put in charge. It was then decided that, the tunnel being completely useless, the next thing to be done would be to make a great cut down to the tunnel and thus open it out. This entailed the making of an excavation fourteen miles in length with an average depth of one hundred and eighty feet and width of four hundred feet.

On June 20, 1629, the ever troublesome river Cuautitlan over flowed and inundated the north of the plain, and swept with it other streams into Lake Texcoco. In the September following the increase of the water was greater than ever had been known. The city was so sud- denly and completely submerged that thirty thousand persons perished, the bodies floating about the streets for some time after. The destruc- tion of property and life, consequent on the inundation, was so great generally, and affected the tunnel to such an extent, that during a period of five years there was scarcely any reduction in the height of the water, and the water in the city remained during all this time as high as the second story of the houses; the slight difference in the heighth of the water being caused by evaporation.

The Spanish Government at Madrid gave orders to change the capital to a better and more secure site. To this suggestion the citizens demurred, saying, in effect, that to insure complete security an outlay of only $3,000,000 was necessary, this being the estimated cost of com- pleting the tunnel, whereas to build a new city would involve an outlay of $50,000,000, with a loss of another $50,000,000 in leaving the old one.

Several plans were now submitted in opposition to that of Enrico

Dalles of flDejico's H>cainage. 273

Martinez, and one by Simon Mendez was accepted, his plan being to direct all the waters of the valley by one canal into the neck of the Tula, the spot selected by Martinez for his outlet. It was soon dis- covered that the plan of Simon Mendez was far too costly, and as the money that could be spared was practically melting away without per- ceptible progress being made, Enrico Martinez was again requested to carry out the work as arranged with Father Sanchez.

The next Viceroy, the Marquis of Cadereita, was most desirous to see the work of the tunnel pushed on ; but however enthusiastic he may have been, lack of funds prevented him from giving effect to his desires. The work continued very slowly, Martinez being unable to do any work at the tunnel, and he contented himself with improving the canal by lining it in bad places with cement. Martinez struggled on for thirty-seven years with this work, and died unnoticed and un- cared for. All trace of his place of final rest was lost.

In 1637 an earthquake made sad havoc with the tunnel works, and for lack of funds no repairs could take place; but when funds were obtainable workmen could not be procured, the earthquakes and inun- dations having carried off many thousands of these poor fellows. The survivors lacked heart to return to such an unfortunate and, as they thought, accursed work.

In the year 1640 the work was being pressed on by men from the prisons, under the direction of the Franciscan monks, and carried on, with varying results, in this way for thirty-five years, until Serior Don Martin Solis was made head of the municipal council. He being an .avowed enemy to the Franciscans, sent them away, and undertook the superintendence of the work himself; but his method of treating the prisoners was so harsh and cruel that they broke out into open revolt, and the works were threatened. Therefore, to save the works and his own life, he consented to the return of the Franciscans. It is estimated that up to this time some two hundred thousand men lost their lives on this work. The Franciscans steadily, but slowly, worked on, always with a very limited exchequer, until 1767, when there remained some 1935 metres (i£ miles) still to be completed. A contract was entered into to finish this work in five years for $800,000; but instead of five years it took twenty-two years, and, instead of 8 metres (25 feet wide), as contracted for, it was only 3 metres (9 feet 10 inches) wide.

The Spaniards continued the work in other hands for one hundred and fifty years before the task of opening the cut was completed. Spasmodic work for a century and a half led at last to the accomplish- ment of this project in 1789. The old tunnel of Martinez is now a gigantic trench from 30 to 160 feet in depth and some 300 feet broad in some places, and is known as the Tajo de Nochistongo. The im- mediate vicinity of the workings was depopulated of its native inhabit-

274 Statistical IRotes on /IDejico.

ants by the insatiable demands of the killing labor, and recruits were then drawn from Puebla and other thickly populated Indian centres. Great prison barracks were built on the bare hills, and here all the criminals were sent to enter the work. The ones in charge were in- different with regard to the lives entrusted to their care, and the slaughter, of which scant record remains in the parish burial books, and which resulted from a combination of defects in appliances for both the safety and the comfort of the workmen, was terrific. As the burial trenches were filled with new dead, the depths of the cut were tenanted by new laborers.

The victims of three years of bondage numbered fully two hundred thousand ere the work was done. Yet the results were but slight, only the excess of water from the highest lakes and streams being carried off. However, the danger from inundations of the city has been very materially decreased by the Nochistongo opening, and no more deluges have occurred since its completion.

Still the fact that the bottom of the cut was thirty feet higher than the surface of Texcoco, the lowest lying of the lakes, left the city in danger of inundation, as Lake Texcoco is constantly filling up at the rate of one and one-half inches a year and is now but a few feet below the level of the main plaza of the city.

The drainage works had long been a heavy burden upon the Mexi- can treasury. Up to 1637 Bancroft estimates that $3,000,000 had been expended. Up to the year 1800 the outlay had reached $6,247,670. Up to 1830 the total expenditure was $8,000,000.

Work done by the Mexican Government. — The problem which the Mexican Government had to face was very different from that which confronted Martinez in 1607. The question of preventing submergence is practically solved. The work of Martinez, unsatisfactory as it was, did a great deal to solve it. Since his day the area of the lakes has been gradually diminishing. The rapid evaporation in the rarefied air and under the direct sun of the valley partly accounts for this. Twice the water in Lake Texcoco has almost entirely disappeared, leaving only a sea of mud and a small pool. The great problem which the Mexican Government has now solved is not how to prevent an inflow of water, but how to provide an outlet for sewage. The danger to be averted was not that of drowning, but that of dying from the plague.

Lake Texcoco more than any other now menaces the security of the capital. The unwise cutting down of forests since the Spanish con- quest permits the waters pouring down into the valley to bring with them annually great quantities of alluvial matter, which have so much raised the lake bottom and the water level that inundations have been of frequent occurrence. The general level of the City of Mexico is only 6.56 feet above the surface of the lake. The rainy season lasts

.»* ~~gzt& 77r "T"^ • W'»*'«B*y_v&L/

MAP OF THE VALLEY OF MEXICO, SHOWING THE CANAL AND TUNNEL.

Ube Dalles of flDejtco's Drainage. 275

from June to October inclusive. During this season five times as much water falls as during the rest of the year, evaporation can no longer compensate for rainfall, and the valley is more or less flooded.

Originally built in the midst of a lake, the city has been left on dry ground by the receding waters. Lake Texcoco, — some three miles distant, — Chalco, and Xochimilco have altitudes nearly four feet greater than the pavement of the capital. Still more imperiously do the lakes to the north dominate the city. San Cristobal and Xaltocan are about five feet, while Zumpango is over thirteen feet, above it.

The project now almost completed is a modification of the scheme projected by Simon Mendez in the time of the Spanish Government, and which in 1849 was adopted by Captain Smith of the corps of American engineers which accompanied General Scott's army. The tunnel was ultimately located under the saddle and through the ravine of Acatlan, its mouth being near the village of Tequixquiac. The works have been begun several times, and then suspended without effecting anything of importance. In 1866 the works now nearing completion were commenced. A project proposed by Senor Don Francisco de Garay, a well-known engineer of the City of Mexico, was pronounced the most feasible. But the revolutionary struggle succeeded, and for many years the work was relegated to the back- ground.

In 1879 engineer Don Luis Espinosa, the present director of the works, took charge of the undertaking. In the first period mentioned the cutting of Tequixquiac was excavated, and the greater part of the shafts were begun ; but at that point the work was stopped by political agitations.

The present gigantic work cannot have been considered to have been seriously undertaken, with a view of completion at any cost, until the year 1885, when the City Council of Mexico submitted a project to the Government to which they offered to contribute largely in the event of its being adopted.

A special commission, with ample authority to deal with the funds set aside for the work, was appointed by President Porfirio Diaz. The City Council set aside the sum of $400,000 per annum for the canal works, which sum was materially increased by the Federal Gov- ernment.

In 1887 the City Council raised a loan in London of ^2,400,000 to meet the cost of the work and guarantee its successful termination. The entire responsibility of the work was now assumed by the City Council, and the Government gave authority for the Council to make and collect new taxes. Still, there was not sufficient money forthcom- ing, so another loan was raised in London for ,£3,000,000, a portion of which was held for the work.

276 Statistical IRotes on /iDcjico,

The drainage works, when carried out, will receive the surplus waters and sewage of the City of Mexico and carry them outside of the valley, and will also control the entire waters of the valley, affording an outlet, whenever found necessary, to those which might otherwise over- flow fields and towns, rendering the soil stagnant and marshy. The work consists of three parts — ist, the tunnel; 2d, a canal starting from the gates of San Lazaro, and having a length of 67^ kilometres, or 43 miles, its line following on the eastern side of the Guadalupe range of hills and between that range and Lake Texcoco, changing its direc- tion after arriving at the 2oth kilometre to a northeasterly one, so as to diagonally cross Lake San Cristobal, a part of Lake Xaltocan, and a part of Lake Zumpango, and arriving finally at the mouth of the tunnel near the town of Zumpango; and 3d, the sewage of the City of Mexico.

The tunnel. — The contract for completing the tunnel was let to Messrs. Read & Campbell, of Mexico, but for some reason they were unable to finish the work. It was therefore continued and satisfactorily completed by the City Council for a sum considerably less than the price contracted with Messrs. Read & Campbell under their superin- tendence as hereafter stated.

The tunnel has a length of 10,021.79 rnetres, or 32,869 feet (6£ miles), with a curved section formed by four curves respectively of the following dimensions: The upper part has a span of 4.185 metres, or 13 feet 9 inches, and a rise of 1.570 metres, or 5 feet i£ inches; the two lateral arches have a chord each of 2.36 metres, or 7 feet 9 inches, a radius with a chord of 2.429 metres, or 8 feet, and a rise of 0.521 metre, or i foot 8£ inches; the elevation is 4.286 metres, or 14 feet, and the greatest width is the span of the upper arch. The accom- panying drawings show this section. The tunnel is lined with brick, having a thickness in the upper part of 0.45 metre, or i foot 6 inches, and in the lower part over which the water runs, of 0.04 metre, or i foot 4 inches in the side arches, and of 0.30 metre, or i foot in the radius, this latter lining being of artificial stone made of sand and Portland cement. The elevation of the invert at the beginning of the tunnel is 9.20 metres, or 30 feet i£ inches below datum; at the end of the tunnel, 17.53 metres, or 57 feet 6 inches below datum. The gradient is 0.00069 f°r tne fifst 2170.74 metres, or i in 1449 for 7120 feet; 0.00072 for the following 5831 metres, or i in 1389 for 19,125 feet 6 inches; o.ooi for 5100 metres, or i in 1389 for 16,728 feet; and 0.00135, I m 74°> f°r tne rest °f tne tunnel; these changes being in accordance with changes of details made from those of the original project, in some cases modifying the section and in other cases the lining. Twenty-five shafts, each 2 by 3 metres, or 16 feet 6f- inches by 9 feet 10 inches, were opened at a distance of 400 metres, or 1312

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Ube Dalles of flDejico'8 ^Drainage. 277

feet from each other. These served to ventilate the tunnel and to facilitate the work. The deepest of these shafts, situated on the saddle of Acatlan, has a depth of 92 metres, or 301 feet 9 inches; the shallow- est is 21 metres, or 68 feet 10 inches.

To give an idea of the labor involved beyond the mere tunneling, it is as well to mention that the quantity of materials required per lineal yard of tunnel was 1800 bricks, 94 cement blocks, 3 cubic yards of mortar, and 70 cubic feet of volcanic stone.

Maximum discharge through the tunnel = 18 cubic metres, 635! cubic feet.

When the drainage board took charge of the work, it was executed by day labor both in the canal and in the tunnel, the latter having the larger amounts expended on it. But, shortly afterwards, the contract for the tunnel was let to Messrs. Read & Campbell, of London, who, after having invested a considerable sum in the work, found themselves under the necessity of cancelling their contract at the beginning of the year 1892. These gentlemen continued to handle the work, but as managers, and under the direction of the board.

The canal. — In December, 1889, the Department of Public Works contracted with the Bucyrus Company of the United States, of which Colonel Ellis was the president, for the construction of the canal.

This company started with two spoon dredgers capable of raising a maximum of 1000 cubic metres, 1308 cubic yards, a day. They commenced operations at the twenty-second kilometre. In the opin- ion of the board of commissioners, the Bucyrus Company was not pro- ceeding with the work at a suitable rate of speed, for at 1000 cubic metres, 1308 cubic yards, per day, the work of dredging alone, as there were some 16,000,000 of cubic metres, 20,928,000 cubic yards, of ex- cavation to do, would take about forty-three years ; their contract was therefore cancelled.

In May, 1894, the Department of Public Works of Mexico con- tracted with Messrs. S. Pearson & Son of London for the completion of the canal, modifying former contracts of December 25, 1889, March 30, 1891, and April 18, 1893, under the following bases: the un- finished excavation in the first nine kilometres, and that between kilo- metre 47 and the entrance of the tunnel of Tequixquiac, are to be continued by the Board of Drainage Directors, who must have the latter portion completed to 10 metres below the surface of the soil by Decem- ber 31, 1894, and to the required depth of the canal by May 31, 1895, in order that the water in the canal may settle to that level and permit the contractors to slope the walls as required by the contract. The contractors are to complete the canal between kilometres 9 and 47 for the sum of $3,506,000. For making the monthly estimates the canal will be divided into two sections — kilometres 9 to 22 and kilometres

278 Statistical IRotes on fl&ejico.

22 to 47. In the first section the provisional estimate will be 40 cents per cubic metre; in the second a sum equal to the quotient obtained by dividing the remainder of the money by the number of cubic metres to be removed. The contractors may suspend the work of the dredgers when they fall below 40 cubic metres per hour, and can proceed with the excavation in any way they wish. The excavation had to be com- pleted by May i, 1896, except in the parts where the dredgers cannot work. Then for each day's delay the contractors must pay $500 fine, and after five months the contract will be rescinded.

These contractors carried out the work of the canal in two different ways — by hand work with centrifugal pumps to draw off the water which filtered into the work, and by means of enormously powerful Couloir dredgers which have a capacity for 3000 cubic metres of ex- cavation per day, and which throw the excavated earth to a distance of more than 200 metres from the centre of the canal. They had five of these dredgers at work, and by means of them excavated to a depth of 20 metres or 65 feet, raising the earth to an elevation of more than 1 6 metres, 52^ feet, so as to empty it into the shoots, along which it was carried by a stream of water that delivered it at a considerable dis- tance from the dredger. The dredgers have now done their work, and they have been taken to pieces, packed and transferred to the harbor works at Veracruz. The portion of the canal contracted for was completed to the satisfaction of all concerned in six years.

The level of the bottom of the canal above the datum line adopted is 2.25 metres, or 7 feet 4 inches, and the mouth of the tunnel is 9.20 metres, or 30 feet £ inch below the same datum, supposed to pass 10 metres, or 33.80 feet below the bottom of the Aztec calendar stone, since transferred to the National Museum. The level of the ground at the beginning of the canal is 8.94 metres, or 29 feet 4 inches, and at the end 15.86 metres, or 52 feet above datum. The uniform slope of the canal is at the rate of 0.187 per kilometre.

The canal has a depth, at its commencement, of 5.50 metres, or 18 feet, which in the last few kilometres is increased to 20.50 metres, or 67 feet 3 inches. The side slopes were projected with a batter of 45 de- grees, and the width of the bottom is 5.50 metres, or 18 feet for the first 20 kilometres, or 12^ miles, and 6.50 metres or 21 feet 2 inches in the rest of the canal. The first 20 kilometres, or 12^ miles, may be considered as a prolongation of the net of sewers in the city, and will receive only the water that passes through them. The flow is calculated for an average of 5 cubic metres, or 176^ cubic feet, although, when heavy rains require it, they can receive a greater volume; the rest of the canal communicates with Lake Texcoco, and will be utilized in con- trolling its waters, — the lowest in the valley, — which can be made to flow into the canal from all parts. Hence the canal has been built to

(Drainage of the Valley of Mexico.) VERTICAL SECTION OF THE TUNNEL.

ZTbe Dalles of /toejico's S>raina(je, 279

carry the largest flow that can pass through the tunnel, or 18 cubic metres, 635! cubic feet, per second. The cutting is through a strictly clay formation, comprising occasional thin strata of sand and sandstone.

For accommodation of railroads, wagon roads, and water-courses, it was necessary to construct five aqueducts — four of masonry and one of iron — to carry rivers, four iron bridges for the passage of railroads, and fourteen bridges for vehicular traffic.

Th€ sewage. — The sewers of the City of Mexico form a network of covered channels, located sometimes in the middle and sometimes on the sides of the streets, these being almost always gorges, com- municating with a system of secondary sewers that empty into a collect- ing sewer discharging into the canal of San Ldzaro, which transports the sewage to Lake Texcoco. If the water is high in the lake, water backs up into the sewers and saturates the soil under the houses and streets. As this has been the condition for several centuries, the state of the subsoil under the city can be better imagined than described. The death-rate touches 40 per 1000 — the highest in the civilized world. Mexico's elevation of over 7000 feet is all that saves it from a pesti- lence. Malarial and gastric fevers are almost continually epidemic.

For a century the problem has been settling into one of pure sanita- tion. The plans which the Government has been working since about 1883, though called plans for draining the valley, really seek to get a fall sufficient to dispose of the sewage. In fact, in the original plan, from considerations of economy, care was to be taken to keep out of the projected canal all water both from the surface of the valley and from the rivers. The Consulado and the Guadalupe rivers were to be car- ried over the new canal in iron aqueducts. The drainage system was thus to be simply a part of the sewage system of the city.

The excavated materials have been tipped on each side of the canal at their natural slopes, and a towpath near the canal level provided. Sluice gates will direct the city drainage either to the canal or to Lake Texcoco. A sluice gate at the junction of the smaller with the larger part of the canal will control the flow of Lake Texcoco, and another sluice gate will be placed at the entrance of the tunnel.

Completion of the work. — As this paper goes to press, the drainage works of the Valley of Mexico are practically finished, as the waters of the valley have been for several years passing through the canal and the tunnel to their outlet in the river which takes them to the Gulf of Mexico, and the company with whom the canal was contracted is now giving the finishing touches to the sides and bottom of the canal and will deliver it to the Government Board of the Drainage Directors in January, 1898. It was agreed with the contractors that the portion of the canal between the City of Mexico and the 2oth kilometre, which is comparatively easy, because the canal is not deep there, and the ex-

280 Statistical notes on flDejico.

cavations do not exceed 200,000 cubic metres, will be made directly by the Board as soon as the other portion of the canal has been finished; this last section of the work is expected to be finished in June, 1898, when the waters of the City of Mexico will leave the valley by the drainage works here mentioned.

The canal and six-mile tunnel through the mountain range have a total length approaching fifty miles. The present works will take rank with the great achievements of modern times, just as the immense " cut " of Nochistongo, their unsuccessful predecessor, was the leader among ancient earthworks in all the world. The completed system will have cost $20,000,000.

I have dwelt on these works at some length, because their import- ance to the City of Mexico can hardly be overestimated. Instead of being one of the healthiest cities in the world, as it should be with its magnificent climate and situation, Mexico, unfortunately, has a terribly heavy death-rate, due principally to want of drainage and generally bad sanitary condition. When the existing danger of floods is removed, and the sanitary evils are remedied by a proper system of drainage, the increased security that will be enjoyed by life and property will certainly have its effect on the prosperity of the city. Property will rise in value, the population will grow with rapidity, not to mention the tide of tourists that will set in from the United States, and this will mean larger revenues for the municipality.

I could not well finish this paper without paying General Diaz, President of Mexico, a just tribute for the great interest he has taken in having this gigantic work brought to a close during his administra- tion. To his exertions in this regard, and to his commanding position in Mexico, more than to anything else, this happy result, now in sight, is due. So after a weary search of centuries for relief, the beautiful Valley of Mexico will gain its deliverance not only from the engulfing floods, but from the sanitary evils which have long resulted from defective drainage.

INDEX.

Agave, where found, 48 ; use, 48, 49 Agriculture, products, 243, 244 Alfalfa, how grown, and uses, 56 Alligator pear, use, 63 Americans in Mexico, cannot compete

with Spaniards in frugality, 79 ; some

Mexicans were afraid the country would

become Americanized, 80 Area, of Mexico, 5, 91 ; of silver mines,

13 ; of City of Mexico, 98, 107 Army, strength of, 99, 100

B

Bananas, where grown, cost, yield, and

size, 6l ; export of, variety, an article

of food, 62 Bancroft, H. H., referred to, 108 ; his

statistics on drainage of Mexico, 274 Banks, names of, 131, 225, 226 ; National

Bank of Mexico, 131 ; Bank of London

and Mexico, 132 Bees, 71, 72

Belize, occupied by, 6 ; boundary of, 7 Birds, 71, 72 Bolson de Mapimi, 12 Boundary of Mexico, with the United

States, 5 ; with Guatemala, 6 ; with

Belize, 6, 7 Brocklehurst, 109 Bucyrus Co., 277 Bustamante, Don Alejandro, 15

Cables in Mexico, where located, 123

Cactus, species, 51

Cadereita, Marquis of, Viceroy, 273

Canaigre, use, where found, 55

Canal, size of, 270, 278, 279 ; lining of, report on, 271 ; sum appropriated for building of, and loan, 275 ; contracted by, articles of contract, 277, 278 ; how work carried out, 278 ; flow, 278, 279 ; length of, 280

Castillo, Bernal Diaz del, 19

Catholics, wealth of, 93, 94

Cattle, raising, export of, 56-8 ; cost of fattening, lack of water, 57

Cerralvo, Marquis de, his plan in regard to canal and tunnel, 272

Cession of territory to the United States, by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, by the Gadsden treaty, by treaty signed at Washington with Mexico, 7, 8

Charcoal, 4

Chewing-gum, demand, production, 53 ; value, 54

City of Mexico, location and settlement of old city, 107, 108, 267-9 '• present city, 108, 109, 268 ; public buildings, 109, no ; factories, no ; mortality, in, 114, 115, 279; threatened by an inun- dation in 1604, often flooded in the early days, 269 ; plan to change capi- tal, 272

Climate, rainfall, 35, 36 ; temperature, 36, 37 ; climatic conditions, 37, 38 ; meteorological observations taken in several cities of Mexico, 38, 40, 41 ; meteorological observations taken in several localities of Mexico, 39 ; Mex- ico as a sanitarium, 41, 42 ; of City of Mexico, no, in; meteorology in the Mexican Republic, in, 114; climato- logical data of the City of Mexico, 112; summary of meteorological observa- tions of the City of Mexico, 113 ; good for work, 128 ; of City of Mexico, 274, 275

Clouds, 38

Coal, cost of, and mining, 22 ; coal-fields,

23-5

Cochineal, where cultivated, price, 53 Cocoa, where produced, 51, 52 ; disad- vantages of raising, 52 Cocoa-nuts, where grown, use, 62, 63 Coffee, best location, production, 44, 45 ; advantages and disadvantages of rais- ing, 127

Coinage of precious metals, gold and silver, 21 ; mints, 27, 109

281

282

Colleges and universities established by the Spaniards, 100-102

Copper, quality, amount produced, 22, 23

Cortez, Hernan, reference to, 19, 55, 123, 268, 269

Cotton, best location, expense of produc- tion, 48 ; seed, 24

Courts, Supreme Federal, 26

D

Debt of Mexico, bonds, loans, etc., 129, 130; accomplishing credit, 130; amount of debt, 130, 131 ; National debt to June 30, 1896, 221, 222

Bering, Sir Henry, quotations from, 47, 54, 55. 64

Diaz, President, referred to, 115-18, 122-4, 130 ; tribute to, 280

Dikes, first dike in 1450, 267 ; descrip- tion of, by Prescott, 268 ; one built by Spaniards, 269

Domestic animals, 71, 72

Drainage works of the Valley of Mexico, where article on. was first published, how long to complete work, 266 ; mag- nitude of work, 267 ; by the Mexican Government, 274-6 ; works consist of, 276 ; works completed, 279, 280 ; im- portance to the City of Mexico, 280

E

Egypt, compared with Mexico, 10, n English in Mexico, immediately after the independence, nearly all disappeared,

79

Espinosa, Don Luis, present director of tunnel work, 275

Expenses, amount of, 137, 138 ; of Fed- eral Government, 139-41 ; of custom- houses, 147 ; of internal revenue, 148 ; of direct taxes, 149 ; of Mexican States, 151 ; of municipalities, 153 ; of Mexico in the year 1896-97, 245

Exports, from 1826-28, 155 ; from 1877-

96, 159 ; by countries and custom- houses from 1894-96, 1 60 ; value of metals and commodities exported in 1895-96, 161 ; of commodities from 1886-96, 162 ; of agricultural products from 1877-96, 164 ; destination and value of metals and commodities from 1882-92, 168, 169 ; total exports, 169 ; value of Mexican exports during 1872- 73, 172 ; from Mexico and to the United States, 173 ; of domestic mer- chandise to Mexico 1858-83, 178-80; from the United States to Mexico 1889-

97, 182, 183; articles exported from the United States to Mexico, 184, 185 ; tropical products supplied by Mexico to the United States, 185, 186 ; cattle exported to the United States, 186 ; of precious metals and minerals in

the years 1879-80, 1889-90, and 1894- 95, 1 88 ; of silver, of silver bullion, 189 ; of silver ore, 190 ; of gold, 190, 191 ; of gold from Mexico to the United States, 192 ; of Mexico by countries and custom-houses in the year 1896-97, 246 ; Mexican exports to the United States, 247

Financial condition, of Mexico, 126, 137, 138; of railroads, 119, 120, 195, 196; of banks, 132 ; of States and municipal- ities, 154

Fish, 71, 72

Flora in Mexico, products raised, 42, 43 ; flowers grown, 63, 64

Foreign immigration, encouragement to, 125 ; difference of, from the United States, 126, 127 ; cost of labor, 127 ; warning from consular reports, 127, 128 ; those who should immigrate, 128

Foreign trade, small before railroads built, cost of transportation, 154; amount of, with United States, 170; why difficult to have correct data with United States, 170, 171 ; commercial transactions between Mexico and the United States from 1820-50, 173 ; com- merce in merchandise between the United States and Mexico from 1851- 97, 174; total commerce between the United States and Mexico by years and decades from 1851-97, 175 ; increase of trade during 1896-97, 184 ; between Mexico and the United States during the first nine months of 1897, 247

Forests, 37, 38 ; destruction of, 65, 66 ; in Mississippi Valley, 66

Forey, Marshall, 108

Franciscan monks, work done by, 273

French in Mexico, own large dry-goods houses, 79

Fuel, 23-5 ; demand for, 24 ; consump- tion of, 64

Garay, Sefior Don Francisco de, plan for tunnel, 275

Gelves, Marquis de, his orders about tunnel, 271

Geology, rock formations, 12 ; rich in ores, 12, 13

Germans in Mexico, succeeded by Eng- lish, and are doing well, 79

Gil, Mr. George, British Colonies, 6

Ginger, yield, 55

Gold, where found and how reduced, 14, 19, 20 ; amount of production, ex- tract from Mr. Cramer, 20 ; weight and standard value, 133 ; production of, in years 1879-80, 1889-90, and 1894-95, 188 ; accredited to Mexico, 192

Government of Mexico, 98, 99 Grasses, where grown, use, 56 Guatemala, boundary, latitude, length of

southern boundary, 6 ; cochineal raised

there, 53 Guggenheim, smelter, 23, 28, 29

H

Henequen, where grown, average pounds

per acre, 49 Humboldt, Baron von, reference to, 13,

15, 81, 104, 271 Hydrography, coast, gulfs, harbors, bays,

32 ; islands, 33 ; rivers and torrents,

33, 34

Imports, from 1826-28, 155 ; from 1872- 75, 156 ; from 1885-86 and 1888-90, 157 ; from 1892-96, 158 ; by countries from 1888-90, by custom-houses from 1894-96, 160 ; values of metals and commodities from 1882-92, 165-7 1 resume of total, 167 ; to Mexico and to the United States, 172 ; of merchandise from Mexico from 1858-83, 176, 177 ; into the United States, 181, 182 ; lead- ing merchandise imports from Mexico to the United States, 184 ; of gold bullion, ore, and coin into the United States, 191 ; of Mexico by countries and custom-houses in the year 1896-97,246; from the United States, 248

Indians, Mexican, tribes, 72 ; classifica- tion of tribes, 73 ; similar to Malay- Asiatic races, 73, 74 ; extract from San Francisco, Cal., Bulletin, 73 ; char- acteristics, 74, 75 ; prominentmen among them, marriages, 74 ; education, 76, 105 ; strength, 78 ; religion, 97 ; Sir William Kingston on, 75 ; originated work on canal, 267-9

India-rubber, places best adapted for it,

46, 47 ; as an industry, amount of pro- duction, 46 ; profits and expense of,

47, 48

Inhabitants, most thickly inhabited parts, 37 ; manner of living, 128 ; aborigines, per cent, of, 72

Inundations of the City of Mexico, used to be flooded once on an average of every twenty-five years, the one in 1580, in 1604, 269; one in 1607, 270 ; one which occurred in 1629, 272 ; decrease in, since Nochistongo opening, caused by cutting of forests, 274

Iron, where found, 21, 22, 25 ; Cerro del Mercado mine, quality, 21 ; impor- tation of, foundries, 22

Irrigation, but little at present in Mexico, 63 ; scarcity of water, 64, 65 ; cause of decrease in rainfall, good investment, 66 ; reason for short grain supply, 70 ; Nazas irrigation, 67-70

Lakes, number of, description of, 268, 269 ; disappearance of Lake Mexico, 269 ; Lake Texcoco filling up, lake al- most disappeared, 274 ; altitudes of, 275 ; canal crosses Lake Texcoco, 276

Lamoreaux, map showing cession of ter- ritory, 7

Languages in Mexico, varieties, 85, 86 ; Indian, similar to Oriental, 74 ; synop- sis of Indian, 86-8

Latitude, of Mexico, 5 ; of Guatemala, 6 ; of silver mines, 13 ; of City of Mexico, 107

Laws, mining, 25-7 ; lands, 124 ; coloni- zation, 125, 126 ; banking, 131

Lead, ores. 17, 18 ; yield, 28, 29

Lemons, where grown, 60

Lempriere, Notes on Mexico, 9

Libraries in Mexico, 106 ; names, number of volumes and students, 233-5

Li Hung Chang and the Mexican silver mines, 18, 19

Limes and shaddocks, where planted, variety, 61

Longitude, of Mexico, 5 ; of silver mines, 13 ; of City of Mexico, 107

M

Mamey, use of, 63

Mangoes, cultivated taste, transporta- tion of, 63

Manufacturing, factories in 1893, 236 ; additional establishments, 237

Martinez, Eurico, his plan for canal, 270 ; plan inaugurated, 271 ; plan accepted in 1614, 271, 272 ; scored for not doing his work right, 272 ; referred to, 272-4 ; again requested to carry out work, 273

Matthews, Mr. James F., 18

Maximilian, 108 ; downfall, 95

Mendez, Simon, his plan for canal, 273 ; reference to, 275

Mercado, Gines Vazquez del, Cerro del, 21

Mexico as a Central American State, where article was published, 249 ; how article originated, 249, 250 ; geographi- cal situation of Mexico, 250 ; five States of Central America, 250 ; States of Mexico, 251 ; geographical extension of Central America, 251 ; how remarks were received by a Guatemalan repre- sentative, 252

Miller, Mr. Chas., 18

Mining, richness of mines, 13 ; miners, 25 ; Mexico offers great advantages in, 128, 129

Money, weights and measures, 133, 134

Monies Claros, Marquis de, reference to, 269

Museum, National, 103

284

N

Navigation, number of vessels, 237 ; ves- sels arrived at Mexican ports in 1895, 238 ; vessels departed from Mexican ports in 1895, 239; foreign passengers arrived at Mexican ports in 1895, 240 ; foreign passengers departed from Mex- ican ports in 1895, 241 ; resume of vessels and passengers arrived and de- parted by rail and ports in 1895, 242 ; vessels arrived and departed from Mex- ican ports in 1894-96, 243

Navy, strength of, 100

Netzahualcoyotl, saw the necessity for a drainage canal, 267 ; one of the dikes built by, 268

Newspapers, 106

Noyes, Theodore W., Mexico and Egypt,

10, IX

Ophidians, 71

Oranges, where and how raised, irrigation, distillation, 59 ; flavor, yield compared with coffee, Frederico Atristain re- ferred to, the cyclone in Florida, 60

Orography, mountains and plateaus, 29- 32 ; elevation of mountain ranges, 31

Papaya, use, 63

Patents, number of, 132

Pearson, S., & Son, contractors for canal, 277

Peat, 23, 24

Peppermint, where grown, 55

Pineapples, uses, where grown, 62

Political organizations of Mexico, of Federal Government, 98, 99

Political parties, Church, its wealth, 93, 94 ; Liberal, 94

Population of Mexico, increase of, 76, 77 ; decrease of Mexican Indians, 77, 78 ; from 1795 to 1895, 89 ; parts most thickly settled, 90 ; of United Mexi- can States, 91

Position of Mexico, 9

Postal service, number of offices and agencies, 123, 124 ; mail carried, re- ceipts, 133 ; post-offices in Mexico in 1895, 223 ; earnings and expenditures of post-offices from 1869-96, 224 ; number of postal pieces transported from 1878-95, 225

Prescott, History of Conquest of Mexico, 268

Profiles, Mexican, from Veracruz to Mexico by the Mexican Railway, from Apizaco to Puebla, a branch of the Mexican Railway, 253 ; from Veracruz to Mexico by the Interoceanic Railway,

from the City of Mexico to Morelos by a branch of the Interoceanic, 254 ; from Puebla to Izucar de Matamoros, a branch of the Interoceanic, 255 ; from the City of Mexico to El Paso del Norte by the Central Mexican, 255-7 J from Aguascalientes to Tampico by the Mexican Central, 257, 258 ; from Ira- puato to Guadalajara, a branch of the Mexican Central, 258 ; from the City of Mexico to Laredo Tamaulipas by the Mexican National, 258-60 ; from Acambaroto Patzcuaro, a branch of the Mexican National, 261 ; from Piedras Negras to Durango by the Mexican International, 261, 262 ; from Sabinas to Hondo, a branch of the Mexican International, 262 ; from the City of Mexico to Cuernavaca and Acapulco, 262, 263 ; from Puebla to Oaxacabythe Mexican Southern, 263; from Coatzacoalcos to Salina Cruz by the National Tehuantepec, 263, 264 ; from the City of Mexico to Pachuca by the Hidalgo and Northeastern Railway, from San Augustin to Irolo, a branch of the Hidalgo Railway, 264 ; from Durango to Mazatlan by bridle path, from Manzanillo to Guadalajara by wagon road, 265 ; from Tehuacan to Oaxaca and Puerto Angel by wagon road, 266

Publications about Mexico, non-official, 134 ; newspapers, 228

Public lands, granted to Indians and Spaniards, survey of, 124 ; division of, 124, 125 ; price of, 125 ; titles of, 227, 228

Pulque, where and how cultivated, 48, 49 ; fermentation of, expense and profit, 50 ; thorn and root useful, 51

Purpose of this paper, 244

Quicksilver, production of, 23 R

Railway itineraries (see Profiles) Railways in Mexico, history of, 115, 116 ; extent, 1 16, 119; President Diaz's policy on, 117, 118 ; President Diaz's statistics on, 119; financial condition of, 119- 21 ; length of, passengers and tons carried, 133 ; mileage in operation October 31, 1896, 193-5 ; resume of, 195 ; Mexican Central, 196, 197 ; Mexican National, 196-8 ; Mexican In- ternational, 199, 200 ; Mexican South- ern, 200*, 201 ; Mexican Railroad, 201 ;. Interoceanic Railway, Sonora Railway, Hidalgo and Northeastern Railway, 202 ; Merida and Progreso Railway, Tehuacan and Esperanza Railway,

Infcej.

285

Railways in Mexico — Continued.

Me'rida and Peto Railway, 203 ; Sinaloa and Durango Railway, Merida and Campeche Railway, Merida and Valla- dolid Railway, 204 ; Tlalmanalco Rail- way, San Juan Bautista and Carrizal Passenger Railway, San Andres and Chalchicomula Railway, 205 ; Orizaba and Ingenio Railway, Santa Ana and Tlaxcala Railway, Cardenas and Rio Grijaiva Railway, 206 ; Toluca and San Juan de las Huertas Railway, Vane- gas, Cedral, Matehuala, and Rio Verde Railway, Merida and Izamal Railway, San Marcos and Nautla Railway, 207 ; Monterey and Gulf Railway, Cordova and Tuxtepec Railway, Maravatio and Cuernavaca Railway, Salamanca and Santiago Valley Railway, 208 ; Monte Alto Railway, Valley of Mexico Railway, Puebla Industrial Railway, Mexican Northern Railway, Mexico, Cuernavaca, and Pacific Railway, 209 ; Federal District Tramways, Veracruz and Alvarado Railway, 210 ; traffic and receipts of Mexican railroads, 211 ; subsidies paid by Mexican Government to June 30, 1896, 212-20

Read & Campbell, Messrs., contractors of tunnel, 276, 277

Real del Monte, 15-17

Religion in Mexico, Catholic clergy and convents, 92, 93 ; in politics, 94 ; Catholics of to-day, 94, 95 ; Protestant missionaries, 95-7; Protestant churches established by Mr. Henry C. Riley, 96 ; statistics on Protestants, 97, 98

Revenue, increase, 137 ; difficult to get data, 138 ; statistics of, from 1808-67, 139 ; statistics on, from 1867-88, 140 ; statistics on, from 1888-96, 141 ; Fed- eral appropriations from 1868-95, 142 ; sources of, import duties, 143 ; addi- tional import duties, export duties, 144 ; custom receipts, 145, 146 ; internal revenue, 146, 147 ; direct taxes, 148, 149 ; of Mexican States, 150 ; of mu- nicipalities, 152 ; of Mexico in the year 1896-97, 245

Rice, how cultivated, 53

Ruins in Mexico, Uxmal, 80, 81 ; Pa- lenque, Cholula, 81 ; Teotihuacan, 81- 83 ; Mitla, 83 ; extract from Sir Vivien Cory on, 83-5

Sanchez, Father, plan for tunnel, 270 ;

plan condemned, 271 Sandy Plains of Mexico, 12 Sanitarium, Mexico as a, 41, 42 School of Engineering, 103 School of Medicine, 102, 103 Schools, statistics of, 105, 106 ; public,

229, 230 ; private, 231, 232

Sewage of the City of Mexico, danger of, 274 ; description of, and how to be effected, 279

Sheep, mistakes made in raising, 58

Shipping, mercantile marine, vessels in foreign and coasting trade, tons car- ried, 133

Silk culture, where grown, varieties, 52 ; how sold, 53

Silver, yield, and where found, 13, 14 ; system of reduction, 14 ; history of some mines, 15, 16 ; duties on, 28 ; weight and standard value, 133 ; total coinage of, 1 86 ; total production of, coined by Mexican mints from 1535 to 1895, 187 ; production of in the years 1879-80, 1889-90, and 1894-95, 188 ; coined and exported from 1874- 96, 189

Smelting plants, Mexican Metallurgical Co., 28 ; National Mexican Smelter at Monterey, 28, 29 ; Central Mexican Smelter, Velardena Mining Co., The Chihuahua Mining Co., The Mazapil Copper Co. , Limited, Sabinal Mining and Smelting Co., Chihuahua, La Preciosa, The Boleo Smelter, 29

Smith, Captain, referred to, 275

Spaniards in Mexico, characteristics, 78, 79 ; climate check on growth, little education, 79 ; built dike for canal, 269

Starr, Professor, his theory, 76

States of Mexico, classification and divi- sion, etc., 90, 91

Sugar-cane, size, places best adapted for raising, cost of raising, 45

Switzerland, compared with Mexico, 10

Technical schools, at the present time, 103, 104 ; reorganization of, 104, 105

Tejada, Senor Lerdo de, 115

Telegraphs, number of different com- panies, 121-3 ; length of, 133 ; earn- ings and expenditures from 1869-96, 224

Telephones, length of, 133

Terreros, Don Pedro Jose Romero de, 15, 109

Texas, annexation of, 7

Tobacco, quality of, 45, 46

Topia, new mines, 17

Trade-marks, number of, 132, 133

Transportation, of money, 131 ; cost of, railroads have revolutionized, 154, 155 ; of mangoes, 63 ; of postal pieces, 225

Treaties, Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Gadsden, one signed at Washington between the United States and Texas, 7, 8

Tunnel, originated, 270, 271 ; blocked up, 272 ; work carried on in 1614, closed, 271 ; opened out, 272 ; earth- quake destroyed it in 1637 ; condi- tion of old tunnel now, 273 ; dangers

286

Tunnel — Continued.

in building, 273, 274 ; location of, 275 ; contract for, size, 276, 277 ; discharged, managed by, 277 ; length of, 280

Valley of Mexico, its development, 106, 107 ; topographical conditions, 267

Van Boot, Adrian, sent to make a report, his plan, 271

Vanilla, where grown, production, varie- ties, etc., 52 ; how sold, 53

Vegetation, 36

Velasco, Viceroy Don Luis de, 271

W

Wages, advantages of foreign labor, 48 ; prevents immigration to Mexico of poor people, 126-9

Warner, Charles Dudley, Mexico com- pared with other countries, 10 ; climate of Mexico, 42, 43 ; on church edifices,

92.93 Water, Mr. J. A., Pinos Altos Gold

Mine, 14 Winds, 38 Woods, cabinet and dye, where grown,

some of the species, 43, 44, 55

Yuca, when and where grown, 54 ; yield

55 Yucatan, configuration, civilization, 9

Zapote, use, 63

Zones, products of cold, temperate, and hot, 58

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